Halogenia

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    <title>Halogenia</title>
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      <text bytes="3066" sha1="neb73pll7pmedgmexxlw3t0sj3ar5o5" xml:space="preserve">'''Halogenia''' sunt [[Elementum chemicum|elementa chemica]]  quae ad gregem 17 in [[Systema periodicum|systemate periodico]] pertinent quibus elementis unus [[Electron|electro]] tantummodo deest quominus configurationem electronicam proximi [[Gasia nobilia|gasis nobilis]]  accipiant: itaque [[anion|anionta]] formare solent  et cum [[metallum|metallis]] coniuncta [[sal|sales]] gignunt (unde nomen e verbis [[Graece|Graecis]] ἂλς, ἁλός 'sal' et γεννᾶν 'gignere', tamquam substantiae quae salem generant). Illa autem corpora pura, cum maneant, [[molecula]]s biatomicas formant; F&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, Cl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;...&lt;ref&gt;{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em auto 1em auto; text-align:center;&quot;
|-
! halogenium || molecula || structura || pictura || ''d''(X−X) / pm&lt;br /&gt;(gaseosa phasis) || ''d''(X−X) / pm&lt;br /&gt;(solida phasis)
|-
| [[fluorum]] || F&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; || [[Image:Difluorine-2D-dimensions.png|class=skin-invert|45px]] || [[Image:Fluorine-3D-vdW.png|45px]] || 143 || 149
|-
| [[chlorum]] || Cl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; || [[Image:Dichlorine-2D-dimensions.png|class=skin-invert|70px]] || [[Image:Chlorine-3D-vdW.png|63px]] || 199 || 198
|-
| [[bromium]] || Br&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; || [[Image:Dibromine-2D-dimensions.png|class=skin-invert|80px]] || [[Image:Bromine-3D-vdW.png|72px]] || 228 || 227
|-
| [[iodum]] || I&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; || [[Image:Diiodine-2D-dimensions.png|class=skin-invert|70px]] || [[Image:Iodine-3D-vdW.png|84px]] || 266 || 272
&lt;!--don't add astatine; it's not proven to form At2 molecules--&gt;
|}&lt;/ref&gt; Haec sunt:

* [[Fluorum]]: format cum metallo [[fluoridum|fluorida]], exempli gratia [[lithium|lithii]] fluoridum (LiF) , [[natrii fluoridum]] (NaF), kalii fluoridum (KF).
* [[Chlorum]]: format cum metallo [[chloridum|chlorida]], exempli gratia [[natrii chloridum]] (NaCl), quod salis maris maxima pars est.
*[[Bromium]]: format cum metallo [[bromidum|bromida]], exempli gratia [[natrii bromidum]] (NaBr)
* [[Iodum]]: format cum metallo [[iodidum|iodida]], exempli gratia [[natrii bromidum|kalii iodidum]] (KI).
*[[Astatium|Astatium, radioactivum]]: format cum metallo [[Astatidum|astatida]], exempli gratia [[natrii bromidum|kalii astatidum]] (KAt)

Halogenia cum [[hydrogenium|hydrogenio]] [[acidum|acida]] faciunt (HF, HCl, HBr, HI, HAt), cum in [[aqua]] solvuntur. 

Ex chloro etiam [[acidum chloricum]] (HClO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;) et [[acidum perchloricum]] (HClO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;) nascuntur. Sales chlorates vel perchlorates nominantur, exempli gratia [[natrii chloras|kalii chloras]] (KClO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;) vel [[kalii perchloras]] (KClO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;).

[[Compositum chemicum]] halogeniorum saepe exitium [[stratum ozontis|strato ozontis]] parit, ut chlorofluoricarbonida (CFC). Exempli gratia 1,2-dichlorofluoroethanum CHClFCH2Cl.

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*J. Rabiant, &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0003450908000102 Les halogènes : des découvertes de pharmaciens]&quot;, ''Annales Pharmaceutiques Françaises'', 2008: 45-49

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{chem-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Chemica]]
[[Categoria:Halogenica]]
{{Myrias|Physica}}</text>
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      <text bytes="3077" sha1="1z64miuj7e9bif7beqjaex146i0rjzx" xml:space="preserve">'''Halogenia''' sunt [[Elementum chemicum|elementa chemica]]  quae ad gregem 17 in [[Systema periodicum|systemate periodico]] pertinent quibus elementis unus [[Electron|electro]] tantummodo deest quominus configurationem electronicam proximi [[Gasia nobilia|gasis nobilis]]  accipiant: itaque [[anion|anionta]] formare solent  et cum [[metallum|metallis]] coniuncta [[sal|sales]] gignunt (unde nomen e verbis [[Graece|Graecis]] ἂλς, ἁλός 'sal' et γεννᾶν 'gignere', tamquam substantiae quae salem generant). Illa autem corpora pura, cum maneant, [[molecula]]s biatomicas formant; F&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, Cl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;...&lt;ref&gt;{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em auto 1em auto; text-align:center;&quot;
|-
! halogenium || molecula || structura || pictura || ''d''(X−X) / pm&lt;br /&gt;(gaseosa phasis) || ''d''(X−X) / pm&lt;br /&gt;(solida phasis)
|-
| [[fluorum]] || F&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; || [[Image:Difluorine-2D-dimensions.png|class=skin-invert|45px]] || [[Image:Fluorine-3D-vdW.png|45px]] || 143 || 149
|-
| [[chlorum]] || Cl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; || [[Image:Dichlorine-2D-dimensions.png|class=skin-invert|70px]] || [[Image:Chlorine-3D-vdW.png|63px]] || 199 || 198
|-
| [[bromium]] || Br&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; || [[Image:Dibromine-2D-dimensions.png|class=skin-invert|80px]] || [[Image:Bromine-3D-vdW.png|72px]] || 228 || 227
|-
| [[iodum]] || I&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; || [[Image:Diiodine-2D-dimensions.png|class=skin-invert|70px]] || [[Image:Iodine-3D-vdW.png|84px]] || 266 || 272
&lt;!--don't add astatine; it's not proven to form At2 molecules--&gt;
|}&lt;/ref&gt; Haec sunt:

* [[Fluorum]]: format cum metallo [[fluoridum|fluorida]], exempli gratia [[lithium|lithii]] fluoridum (LiF) , [[natrii fluoridum]] (NaF), kalii fluoridum (KF).
* [[Chlorum]]: format cum metallo [[chloridum|chlorida]], exempli gratia [[natrii chloridum]] (NaCl), quod salis maris maxima pars est.
*[[Bromium]]: format cum metallo [[bromidum|bromida]], exempli gratia [[natrii bromidum]] (NaBr)
* [[Iodum]]: format cum metallo [[iodidum|iodida]], exempli gratia [[natrii bromidum|kalii iodidum]] (KI).
*[[Astatium|Astatium, radioactivum]]: format cum metallo [[Astatidum|astatida]], exempli gratia [[natrii bromidum|kalii astatidum]] (KAt)

Halogenia cum [[hydrogenium|hydrogenio]] [[acidum|acida]] faciunt (HF, HCl, HBr, HI, HAt), cum in [[aqua]] solvuntur. 

Ex chloro etiam [[acidum chloricum]] (HClO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;) et [[acidum perchloricum]] (HClO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;) nascuntur. Sales chlorates vel perchlorates nominantur, exempli gratia [[natrii chloras|kalii chloras]] (KClO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;) vel [[kalii perchloras]] (KClO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;).

[[Compositum chemicum]] halogeniorum saepe exitium [[stratum ozontis|strato ozontis]] parit, ut chlorofluoricarbonida (CFC). Exempli gratia 1,2-dichlorofluoroethanum CHClFCH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;Cl.

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*J. Rabiant, &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0003450908000102 Les halogènes : des découvertes de pharmaciens]&quot;, ''Annales Pharmaceutiques Françaises'', 2008: 45-49

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{chem-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Chemica]]
[[Categoria:Halogenica]]
{{Myrias|Physica}}</text>
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      <text bytes="3294" sha1="kt7j3ck1vaf900yc6if9qqghupwrf0f" xml:space="preserve">'''Halogenia''' sunt [[Elementum chemicum|elementa chemica]]  quae ad gregem 17 in [[Systema periodicum|systemate periodico]] pertinent quibus elementis unus [[Electron|electro]] tantummodo deest quominus configurationem electronicam proximi [[Gasia nobilia|gasis nobilis]]  accipiant: itaque [[anion|anionta]] formare solent  et cum [[metallum|metallis]] coniuncta [[sal|sales]] gignunt (unde nomen e verbis [[Graece|Graecis]] ἂλς, ἁλός 'sal' et γεννᾶν 'gignere', tamquam substantiae quae salem generant). Illa autem corpora pura, cum maneant, [[molecula]]s biatomicas formant; F&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, Cl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;...&lt;ref&gt;{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em auto 1em auto; text-align:center;&quot;
|-
! halogenium || molecula || structura || pictura || ''d''(X−X) / pm&lt;br /&gt;(gaseosa phasis) || ''d''(X−X) / pm&lt;br /&gt;(solida phasis)
|-
| [[fluorum]] || F&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; || [[Image:Difluorine-2D-dimensions.png|class=skin-invert|45px]] || [[Image:Fluorine-3D-vdW.png|45px]] || 143 || 149
|-
| [[chlorum]] || Cl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; || [[Image:Dichlorine-2D-dimensions.png|class=skin-invert|70px]] || [[Image:Chlorine-3D-vdW.png|63px]] || 199 || 198
|-
| [[bromium]] || Br&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; || [[Image:Dibromine-2D-dimensions.png|class=skin-invert|80px]] || [[Image:Bromine-3D-vdW.png|72px]] || 228 || 227
|-
| [[iodum]] || I&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; || [[Image:Diiodine-2D-dimensions.png|class=skin-invert|70px]] || [[Image:Iodine-3D-vdW.png|84px]] || 266 || 272
&lt;!--don't add astatine; it's not proven to form At2 molecules--&gt;
|}&lt;/ref&gt; Haec sunt:

* [[Fluorum]]: format cum metallo [[fluoridum|fluorida]], exempli gratia [[lithium|lithii]] fluoridum (LiF) , [[natrii fluoridum]] (NaF), kalii fluoridum (KF).
* [[Chlorum]]: format cum metallo [[chloridum|chlorida]], exempli gratia [[natrii chloridum]] (NaCl), quod salis maris maxima pars est.
*[[Bromium]]: format cum metallo [[bromidum|bromida]], exempli gratia [[natrii bromidum]] (NaBr)
* [[Iodum]]: format cum metallo [[iodidum|iodida]], exempli gratia [[natrii bromidum|kalii iodidum]] (KI).
*[[Astatium|Astatium, radioactivum]]: format cum metallo [[Astatidum|astatida]], exempli gratia [[natrii bromidum|kalii astatidum]] (KAt)

Halogenia cum [[hydrogenium|hydrogenio]] [[acidum|acida]] faciunt (HF, HCl, HBr, HI, HAt), cum in [[aqua]] solvuntur. 

Ex chloro etiam [[acidum chloricum]] (HClO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;) et [[acidum perchloricum]] (HClO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;) nascuntur. Sales chlorates vel perchlorates nominantur, exempli gratia [[natrii chloras|kalii chloras]] (KClO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;) vel [[kalii perchloras]] (KClO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;).

In [[chemia organica]] halogenia vincula cum atomo carbonio radicalium [[Alcanum|alcanorum]] iungunt, quae composita halogenoalcana dicuntur. [[Compositum chemicum]] halogeniorum saepe exitium [[stratum ozontis|strato ozontis]] parit, ut chlorofluoricarbonida (CFC). Exempli gratia 1,2-dichlorofluoroethanum CHClFCH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;Cl. In [[Pesticida|pesticidis]] quoque halogenoalcana frequenter inveniuntur. 

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*J. Rabiant, &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0003450908000102 Les halogènes : des découvertes de pharmaciens]&quot;, ''Annales Pharmaceutiques Françaises'', 2008: 45-49

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{chem-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Chemica]]
[[Categoria:Halogenica]]
{{Myrias|Physica}}</text>
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      <text bytes="3453" sha1="8g9qwdwew6e4yepj66cg8dc3laj3a0d" xml:space="preserve">'''Halogenia''' sunt [[Elementum chemicum|elementa chemica]]  quae ad gregem 17 in [[Systema periodicum|systemate periodico]] pertinent quibus elementis unus [[Electron|electro]] tantummodo deest quominus configurationem electronicam proximi [[Gasia nobilia|gasis nobilis]]  accipiant: itaque [[anion|anionta]] formare solent  et cum [[metallum|metallis]] coniuncta [[sal|sales]] gignunt (unde nomen e verbis [[Graece|Graecis]] ἂλς, ἁλός 'sal' et γεννᾶν 'gignere', tamquam substantiae quae salem generant). Illa autem corpora pura, cum maneant, [[molecula]]s biatomicas formant; F&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, Cl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;...&lt;ref&gt;{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em auto 1em auto; text-align:center;&quot;
|-
! halogenium || molecula || structura || pictura || ''d''(X−X) / pm&lt;br /&gt;(gaseosa phasis) || ''d''(X−X) / pm&lt;br /&gt;(solida phasis)
|-
| [[fluorum]] || F&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; || [[Image:Difluorine-2D-dimensions.png|class=skin-invert|45px]] || [[Image:Fluorine-3D-vdW.png|45px]] || 143 || 149
|-
| [[chlorum]] || Cl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; || [[Image:Dichlorine-2D-dimensions.png|class=skin-invert|70px]] || [[Image:Chlorine-3D-vdW.png|63px]] || 199 || 198
|-
| [[bromium]] || Br&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; || [[Image:Dibromine-2D-dimensions.png|class=skin-invert|80px]] || [[Image:Bromine-3D-vdW.png|72px]] || 228 || 227
|-
| [[iodum]] || I&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; || [[Image:Diiodine-2D-dimensions.png|class=skin-invert|70px]] || [[Image:Iodine-3D-vdW.png|84px]] || 266 || 272
&lt;!--don't add astatine; it's not proven to form At2 molecules--&gt;
|}&lt;/ref&gt; Haec sunt:

* [[Fluorum]]: format cum metallo [[fluoridum|fluorida]], exempli gratia [[lithium|lithii]] fluoridum (LiF) , [[natrii fluoridum]] (NaF), kalii fluoridum (KF).
* [[Chlorum]]: format cum metallo [[chloridum|chlorida]], exempli gratia [[natrii chloridum]] (NaCl), quod salis maris maxima pars est.
*[[Bromium]]: format cum metallo [[bromidum|bromida]], exempli gratia [[natrii bromidum]] (NaBr)
* [[Iodum]]: format cum metallo [[iodidum|iodida]], exempli gratia [[natrii bromidum|kalii iodidum]] (KI).
*[[Astatium|Astatium, radioactivum]]: format cum metallo [[Astatidum|astatida]], exempli gratia [[natrii bromidum|kalii astatidum]] (KAt)

Halogenia cum [[hydrogenium|hydrogenio]] [[acidum|acida]] faciunt (HF, HCl, HBr, HI, HAt), cum in [[aqua]] solvuntur. 

Ex chloro etiam [[acidum chloricum]] (HClO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;) et [[acidum perchloricum]] (HClO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;) nascuntur. Sales chlorates vel perchlorates nominantur, exempli gratia [[natrii chloras|kalii chloras]] (KClO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;) vel [[kalii perchloras]] (KClO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;).

In [[chemia organica]] halogenia vincula cum atomo carbonio radicalium [[Alcanum|alcanorum]] iungunt, quae composita halogenoalcana dicuntur. [[Compositum chemicum]] halogeniorum saepe exitium [[stratum ozontis|strato ozontis]] parit, ut chlorofluoricarbonida (CFC). Exempli gratia 1,2-dichlorofluoroethanum CHClFCH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;Cl. In [[Pesticida|pesticidis]] quoque halogenoalcana frequenter inveniuntur. 

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*J. Rabiant, &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0003450908000102 Les halogènes : des découvertes de pharmaciens]&quot;, ''Annales Pharmaceutiques Françaises'', 2008: 45-49

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Halogens halogenia] pertinent
{{chem-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Chemica]]
[[Categoria:Halogenica]]
{{Myrias|Physica}}</text>
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      <text bytes="3557" sha1="33mbb97oudvqtznbwcl4zd5hzc7phyj" xml:space="preserve">'''Halogenia''' sunt [[Elementum chemicum|elementa chemica]]  quae ad gregem 17 in [[Systema periodicum|systemate periodico]] pertinent quibus elementis unus [[Electron|electro]] tantummodo deest quominus configurationem electronicam proximi [[Gasia nobilia|gasis nobilis]]  accipiant: itaque [[anion|anionta]] formare solent  et cum [[metallum|metallis]] coniuncta [[sal|sales]] gignunt (unde nomen e verbis [[Graece|Graecis]] ἂλς, ἁλός 'sal' et γεννᾶν 'gignere', tamquam substantiae quae salem generant). Illa autem corpora pura, cum maneant, [[molecula]]s biatomicas formant; F&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, Cl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;...&lt;ref&gt;{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em auto 1em auto; text-align:center;&quot;
|-
! halogenium || molecula || structura || pictura || ''d''(X−X) / pm&lt;br /&gt;(gaseosa phasis) || ''d''(X−X) / pm&lt;br /&gt;(solida phasis)
|-
| [[fluorum]] || F&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; || [[Image:Difluorine-2D-dimensions.png|class=skin-invert|45px]] || [[Image:Fluorine-3D-vdW.png|45px]] || 143 || 149
|-
| [[chlorum]] || Cl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; || [[Image:Dichlorine-2D-dimensions.png|class=skin-invert|70px]] || [[Image:Chlorine-3D-vdW.png|63px]] || 199 || 198
|-
| [[bromium]] || Br&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; || [[Image:Dibromine-2D-dimensions.png|class=skin-invert|80px]] || [[Image:Bromine-3D-vdW.png|72px]] || 228 || 227
|-
| [[iodum]] || I&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; || [[Image:Diiodine-2D-dimensions.png|class=skin-invert|70px]] || [[Image:Iodine-3D-vdW.png|84px]] || 266 || 272
&lt;!--don't add astatine; it's not proven to form At2 molecules--&gt;
|}&lt;/ref&gt; Haec sunt:

* [[Fluorum]]: format cum metallo [[fluoridum|fluorida]], exempli gratia [[lithium|lithii]] fluoridum (LiF) , [[natrii fluoridum]] (NaF), kalii fluoridum (KF).
* [[Chlorum]]: format cum metallo [[chloridum|chlorida]], exempli gratia [[natrii chloridum]] (NaCl), quod salis maris maxima pars est.
*[[Bromium]]: format cum metallo [[bromidum|bromida]], exempli gratia [[natrii bromidum]] (NaBr)
* [[Iodum]]: format cum metallo [[iodidum|iodida]], exempli gratia [[natrii bromidum|kalii iodidum]] (KI).
*[[Astatium|Astatium, radioactivum]]: format cum metallo [[Astatidum|astatida]], exempli gratia [[natrii bromidum|kalii astatidum]] (KAt)

Halogenia cum [[hydrogenium|hydrogenio]] [[acidum|acida]] faciunt (HF, HCl, HBr, HI, HAt), cum in [[aqua]] solvuntur. 

Ex chloro etiam [[acidum chloricum]] (HClO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;) et [[acidum perchloricum]] (HClO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;) nascuntur. Sales chlorates vel perchlorates nominantur, exempli gratia [[natrii chloras|kalii chloras]] (KClO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;) vel [[kalii perchloras]] (KClO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;).

In [[chemia organica]] halogenia vincula cum atomo carbonio radicalium [[Alcanum|alcanorum]] iungunt, quae composita halogenoalcana dicuntur&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.techno-science.net/glossaire-definition/Halogenoalcanes.html techno-science.net]&lt;/ref&gt;. [[Compositum chemicum]] halogeniorum saepe exitium [[stratum ozontis|strato ozontis]] parit, ut chlorofluoricarbonida (CFC). Exempli gratia 1,2-dichlorofluoroethanum CHClFCH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;Cl. In [[Pesticida|pesticidis]] quoque halogenoalcana frequenter inveniuntur. 

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*J. Rabiant, &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0003450908000102 Les halogènes : des découvertes de pharmaciens]&quot;, ''Annales Pharmaceutiques Françaises'', 2008: 45-49

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Halogens halogenia] pertinent
{{chem-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Chemica]]
[[Categoria:Halogenica]]
{{Myrias|Physica}}</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3959271</id>
      <parentid>3959270</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-12T14:53:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3959271</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3648" sha1="bregdn79eh1cfb6z17fuhpy0nsvncdt" xml:space="preserve">'''Halogenia''' sunt [[Elementum chemicum|elementa chemica]]  quae ad gregem 17 in [[Systema periodicum|systemate periodico]] pertinent quibus elementis unus [[Electron|electro]] tantummodo deest quominus configurationem electronicam proximi [[Gasia nobilia|gasis nobilis]]  accipiant: itaque [[anion|anionta]] formare solent  et cum [[metallum|metallis]] coniuncta [[sal|sales]] gignunt (unde nomen e verbis [[Graece|Graecis]] ἂλς, ἁλός 'sal' et γεννᾶν 'gignere', tamquam substantiae quae salem generant). Illa autem corpora pura, cum maneant, [[molecula]]s biatomicas formant; F&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, Cl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;...&lt;ref&gt;{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em auto 1em auto; text-align:center;&quot;
|-
! halogenium || molecula || structura || pictura || ''d''(X−X) / pm&lt;br /&gt;(gaseosa phasis) || ''d''(X−X) / pm&lt;br /&gt;(solida phasis)
|-
| [[fluorum]] || F&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; || [[Image:Difluorine-2D-dimensions.png|class=skin-invert|45px]] || [[Image:Fluorine-3D-vdW.png|45px]] || 143 || 149
|-
| [[chlorum]] || Cl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; || [[Image:Dichlorine-2D-dimensions.png|class=skin-invert|70px]] || [[Image:Chlorine-3D-vdW.png|63px]] || 199 || 198
|-
| [[bromium]] || Br&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; || [[Image:Dibromine-2D-dimensions.png|class=skin-invert|80px]] || [[Image:Bromine-3D-vdW.png|72px]] || 228 || 227
|-
| [[iodum]] || I&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; || [[Image:Diiodine-2D-dimensions.png|class=skin-invert|70px]] || [[Image:Iodine-3D-vdW.png|84px]] || 266 || 272
&lt;!--don't add astatine; it's not proven to form At2 molecules--&gt;
|}&lt;/ref&gt; Haec sunt:

* [[Fluorum]]: format cum metallo [[fluoridum|fluorida]], exempli gratia [[lithium|lithii]] fluoridum (LiF) , [[natrii fluoridum]] (NaF), kalii fluoridum (KF).
* [[Chlorum]]: format cum metallo [[chloridum|chlorida]], exempli gratia [[natrii chloridum]] (NaCl), quod salis maris maxima pars est.
*[[Bromium]]: format cum metallo [[bromidum|bromida]], exempli gratia [[natrii bromidum]] (NaBr)
* [[Iodum]]: format cum metallo [[iodidum|iodida]], exempli gratia [[natrii bromidum|kalii iodidum]] (KI).
*[[Astatium|Astatium, radioactivum]]: format cum metallo [[Astatidum|astatida]], exempli gratia [[natrii bromidum|kalii astatidum]] (KAt)

Halogenia cum [[hydrogenium|hydrogenio]] [[acidum|acida]] faciunt (HF, HCl, HBr, HI, HAt), cum in [[aqua]] solvuntur. 

Ex chloro etiam [[acidum chloricum]] (HClO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;) et [[acidum perchloricum]] (HClO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;) nascuntur. Sales chlorates vel perchlorates nominantur, exempli gratia [[natrii chloras|kalii chloras]] (KClO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;) vel [[kalii perchloras]] (KClO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;).

In [[chemia organica]] halogenia vincula cum atomo carbonio radicalium [[Alcanum|alcanorum]] iungunt, quae composita halogenoalcana dicuntur&lt;ref&gt;[https://tice.ac-montpellier.fr/ABCDORGA/Famille/HALOGENOALCANES.htm TICE Montepessulanum] [https://www.techno-science.net/glossaire-definition/Halogenoalcanes.html techno-science.net]&lt;/ref&gt;. [[Compositum chemicum]] halogeniorum saepe exitium [[stratum ozontis|strato ozontis]] parit, ut chlorofluoricarbonida (CFC). Exempli gratia 1,2-dichlorofluoroethanum CHClFCH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;Cl. In [[Pesticida|pesticidis]] quoque halogenoalcana frequenter inveniuntur. 

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*J. Rabiant, &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0003450908000102 Les halogènes : des découvertes de pharmaciens]&quot;, ''Annales Pharmaceutiques Françaises'', 2008: 45-49

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Halogens halogenia] pertinent
{{chem-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Chemica]]
[[Categoria:Halogenica]]
{{Myrias|Physica}}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>3959273</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
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      <origin>3959273</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3720" sha1="q1888tfer74p0ib4f5vqq098k3jguf3" xml:space="preserve">'''Halogenia''' sunt [[Elementum chemicum|elementa chemica]]  quae ad gregem 17 in [[Systema periodicum|systemate periodico]] pertinent quibus elementis unus [[Electron|electro]] tantummodo deest quominus configurationem electronicam proximi [[Gasia nobilia|gasis nobilis]]  accipiant: itaque [[anion|anionta]] formare solent  et cum [[metallum|metallis]] coniuncta [[sal|sales]] gignunt (unde nomen e verbis [[Graece|Graecis]] ἂλς, ἁλός 'sal' et γεννᾶν 'gignere', tamquam substantiae quae salem generant). Illa autem corpora pura, cum maneant, [[molecula]]s biatomicas formant; F&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, Cl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;...&lt;ref&gt;{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em auto 1em auto; text-align:center;&quot;
|-
! halogenium || molecula || structura || pictura || ''d''(X−X) / pm&lt;br /&gt;(gaseosa phasis) || ''d''(X−X) / pm&lt;br /&gt;(solida phasis)
|-
| [[fluorum]] || F&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; || [[Image:Difluorine-2D-dimensions.png|class=skin-invert|45px]] || [[Image:Fluorine-3D-vdW.png|45px]] || 143 || 149
|-
| [[chlorum]] || Cl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; || [[Image:Dichlorine-2D-dimensions.png|class=skin-invert|70px]] || [[Image:Chlorine-3D-vdW.png|63px]] || 199 || 198
|-
| [[bromium]] || Br&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; || [[Image:Dibromine-2D-dimensions.png|class=skin-invert|80px]] || [[Image:Bromine-3D-vdW.png|72px]] || 228 || 227
|-
| [[iodum]] || I&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; || [[Image:Diiodine-2D-dimensions.png|class=skin-invert|70px]] || [[Image:Iodine-3D-vdW.png|84px]] || 266 || 272
&lt;!--don't add astatine; it's not proven to form At2 molecules--&gt;
|}&lt;/ref&gt; Haec sunt:

* [[Fluorum]]: format cum metallo [[fluoridum|fluorida]], exempli gratia [[lithium|lithii]] fluoridum (LiF) , [[natrii fluoridum]] (NaF), kalii fluoridum (KF).
* [[Chlorum]]: format cum metallo [[chloridum|chlorida]], exempli gratia [[natrii chloridum]] (NaCl), quod salis maris maxima pars est.
*[[Bromium]]: format cum metallo [[bromidum|bromida]], exempli gratia [[natrii bromidum]] (NaBr)
* [[Iodum]]: format cum metallo [[iodidum|iodida]], exempli gratia [[natrii bromidum|kalii iodidum]] (KI).
*[[Astatium|Astatium, radioactivum]]: format cum metallo [[Astatidum|astatida]], exempli gratia [[natrii bromidum|kalii astatidum]] (KAt)

Halogenia cum [[hydrogenium|hydrogenio]] [[acidum|acida]] faciunt (HF, HCl, HBr, HI, HAt), cum in [[aqua]] solvuntur. 

Ex chloro etiam [[acidum chloricum]] (HClO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;) et [[acidum perchloricum]] (HClO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;) nascuntur. Sales chlorates vel perchlorates nominantur, exempli gratia [[natrii chloras|kalii chloras]] (KClO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;) vel [[kalii perchloras]] (KClO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;).

In [[chemia organica]] halogenia vincula cum atomo carbonio radicalium [[Alcanum|alcanorum]] iungunt, quae composita halogenoalcana dicuntur&lt;ref&gt;[https://tice.ac-montpellier.fr/ABCDORGA/Famille/HALOGENOALCANES.htm TICE Montepessulanum] [https://fr.scribd.com/presentation/825130288/Halogen-Oal-Canes SCRIBD] [https://www.techno-science.net/glossaire-definition/Halogenoalcanes.html techno-science.net]&lt;/ref&gt;. [[Compositum chemicum]] halogeniorum saepe exitium [[stratum ozontis|strato ozontis]] parit, ut chlorofluoricarbonida (CFC). Exempli gratia 1,2-dichlorofluoroethanum CHClFCH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;Cl. In [[Pesticida|pesticidis]] quoque halogenoalcana frequenter inveniuntur. 

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*J. Rabiant, &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0003450908000102 Les halogènes : des découvertes de pharmaciens]&quot;, ''Annales Pharmaceutiques Françaises'', 2008: 45-49

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Halogens halogenia] pertinent
{{chem-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Chemica]]
[[Categoria:Halogenica]]
{{Myrias|Physica}}</text>
      <sha1>q1888tfer74p0ib4f5vqq098k3jguf3</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3959274</id>
      <parentid>3959273</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-12T15:00:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
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      <origin>3959274</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3720" sha1="1gbkzkcf02l1neu8k4snzfsp7eczmtv" xml:space="preserve">'''Halogenia''' sunt [[Elementum chemicum|elementa chemica]]  quae ad gregem 17 in [[Systema periodicum|systemate periodico]] pertinent quibus elementis unus [[Electron|electro]] tantummodo deest quominus configurationem electronicam proximi [[Gasia nobilia|gasis nobilis]]  accipiant: itaque [[anion|anionta]] formare solent  et cum [[metallum|metallis]] coniuncta [[sal|sales]] gignunt (unde nomen e verbis [[Graece|Graecis]] ἂλς, ἁλός 'sal' et γεννᾶν 'gignere', tamquam substantiae quae salem generant). Illa autem corpora pura, cum maneant, [[molecula]]s biatomicas formant; F&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, Cl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;...&lt;ref&gt;{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em auto 1em auto; text-align:center;&quot;
|-
! halogenium || molecula || structura || pictura || ''d''(X−X) / pm&lt;br /&gt;(gaseosa phasis) || ''d''(X−X) / pm&lt;br /&gt;(solida phasis)
|-
| [[fluorum]] || F&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; || [[Image:Difluorine-2D-dimensions.png|class=skin-invert|45px]] || [[Image:Fluorine-3D-vdW.png|45px]] || 143 || 149
|-
| [[chlorum]] || Cl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; || [[Image:Dichlorine-2D-dimensions.png|class=skin-invert|70px]] || [[Image:Chlorine-3D-vdW.png|63px]] || 199 || 198
|-
| [[bromium]] || Br&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; || [[Image:Dibromine-2D-dimensions.png|class=skin-invert|80px]] || [[Image:Bromine-3D-vdW.png|72px]] || 228 || 227
|-
| [[iodum]] || I&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; || [[Image:Diiodine-2D-dimensions.png|class=skin-invert|70px]] || [[Image:Iodine-3D-vdW.png|84px]] || 266 || 272
&lt;!--don't add astatine; it's not proven to form At2 molecules--&gt;
|}&lt;/ref&gt; Haec sunt:

* [[Fluorum]]: format cum metallo [[fluoridum|fluorida]], exempli gratia [[lithium|lithii]] fluoridum (LiF) , [[natrii fluoridum]] (NaF), kalii fluoridum (KF).
* [[Chlorum]]: format cum metallo [[chloridum|chlorida]], exempli gratia [[natrii chloridum]] (NaCl), quod salis maris maxima pars est.
*[[Bromium]]: format cum metallo [[bromidum|bromida]], exempli gratia [[natrii bromidum]] (NaBr)
* [[Iodum]]: format cum metallo [[iodidum|iodida]], exempli gratia [[natrii bromidum|kalii iodidum]] (KI).
*[[Astatium|Astatium, radioactivum]]: format cum metallo [[Astatidum|astatida]], exempli gratia [[natrii bromidum|kalii astatidum]] (KAt)

Halogenia cum [[hydrogenium|hydrogenio]] [[acidum|acida]] faciunt (HF, HCl, HBr, HI, HAt), cum in [[aqua]] solvuntur. 

Ex chloro etiam [[acidum chloricum]] (HClO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;) et [[acidum perchloricum]] (HClO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;) nascuntur. Sales chlorates vel perchlorates nominantur, exempli gratia [[natrii chloras|kalii chloras]] (KClO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;) vel [[kalii perchloras]] (KClO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;).

In [[chemia organica]] halogenia vincula cum atomo carbonio radicalium [[Alcanum|alcanorum]] iungunt, quae composita halogenoalcana dicuntur&lt;ref&gt;[https://tice.ac-montpellier.fr/ABCDORGA/Famille/HALOGENOALCANES.htm TICE Montepessulanum] [https://fr.scribd.com/presentation/825130288/Halogen-Oal-Canes SCRIBD] [https://www.techno-science.net/glossaire-definition/Halogenoalcanes.html techno-science.net]&lt;/ref&gt;. [[Compositum chemicum]] halogeniorum saepe exitium [[stratum ozontis|strato ozontis]] parit, ut chlorofluorocarbonida (CFC). Exempli gratia 1,2-dichlorofluoroethanum CHClFCH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;Cl. In [[Pesticida|pesticidis]] quoque halogenoalcana frequenter inveniuntur. 

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*J. Rabiant, &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0003450908000102 Les halogènes : des découvertes de pharmaciens]&quot;, ''Annales Pharmaceutiques Françaises'', 2008: 45-49

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Halogens halogenia] pertinent
{{chem-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Chemica]]
[[Categoria:Halogenica]]
{{Myrias|Physica}}</text>
      <sha1>1gbkzkcf02l1neu8k4snzfsp7eczmtv</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>3959331</id>
      <parentid>3959274</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-12T19:05:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Plura legere si cupis */</comment>
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      <text bytes="3861" sha1="f8imyqa1098hrj87qfobfqqqcigntps" xml:space="preserve">'''Halogenia''' sunt [[Elementum chemicum|elementa chemica]]  quae ad gregem 17 in [[Systema periodicum|systemate periodico]] pertinent quibus elementis unus [[Electron|electro]] tantummodo deest quominus configurationem electronicam proximi [[Gasia nobilia|gasis nobilis]]  accipiant: itaque [[anion|anionta]] formare solent  et cum [[metallum|metallis]] coniuncta [[sal|sales]] gignunt (unde nomen e verbis [[Graece|Graecis]] ἂλς, ἁλός 'sal' et γεννᾶν 'gignere', tamquam substantiae quae salem generant). Illa autem corpora pura, cum maneant, [[molecula]]s biatomicas formant; F&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, Cl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;...&lt;ref&gt;{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em auto 1em auto; text-align:center;&quot;
|-
! halogenium || molecula || structura || pictura || ''d''(X−X) / pm&lt;br /&gt;(gaseosa phasis) || ''d''(X−X) / pm&lt;br /&gt;(solida phasis)
|-
| [[fluorum]] || F&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; || [[Image:Difluorine-2D-dimensions.png|class=skin-invert|45px]] || [[Image:Fluorine-3D-vdW.png|45px]] || 143 || 149
|-
| [[chlorum]] || Cl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; || [[Image:Dichlorine-2D-dimensions.png|class=skin-invert|70px]] || [[Image:Chlorine-3D-vdW.png|63px]] || 199 || 198
|-
| [[bromium]] || Br&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; || [[Image:Dibromine-2D-dimensions.png|class=skin-invert|80px]] || [[Image:Bromine-3D-vdW.png|72px]] || 228 || 227
|-
| [[iodum]] || I&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; || [[Image:Diiodine-2D-dimensions.png|class=skin-invert|70px]] || [[Image:Iodine-3D-vdW.png|84px]] || 266 || 272
&lt;!--don't add astatine; it's not proven to form At2 molecules--&gt;
|}&lt;/ref&gt; Haec sunt:

* [[Fluorum]]: format cum metallo [[fluoridum|fluorida]], exempli gratia [[lithium|lithii]] fluoridum (LiF) , [[natrii fluoridum]] (NaF), kalii fluoridum (KF).
* [[Chlorum]]: format cum metallo [[chloridum|chlorida]], exempli gratia [[natrii chloridum]] (NaCl), quod salis maris maxima pars est.
*[[Bromium]]: format cum metallo [[bromidum|bromida]], exempli gratia [[natrii bromidum]] (NaBr)
* [[Iodum]]: format cum metallo [[iodidum|iodida]], exempli gratia [[natrii bromidum|kalii iodidum]] (KI).
*[[Astatium|Astatium, radioactivum]]: format cum metallo [[Astatidum|astatida]], exempli gratia [[natrii bromidum|kalii astatidum]] (KAt)

Halogenia cum [[hydrogenium|hydrogenio]] [[acidum|acida]] faciunt (HF, HCl, HBr, HI, HAt), cum in [[aqua]] solvuntur. 

Ex chloro etiam [[acidum chloricum]] (HClO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;) et [[acidum perchloricum]] (HClO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;) nascuntur. Sales chlorates vel perchlorates nominantur, exempli gratia [[natrii chloras|kalii chloras]] (KClO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;) vel [[kalii perchloras]] (KClO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;).

In [[chemia organica]] halogenia vincula cum atomo carbonio radicalium [[Alcanum|alcanorum]] iungunt, quae composita halogenoalcana dicuntur&lt;ref&gt;[https://tice.ac-montpellier.fr/ABCDORGA/Famille/HALOGENOALCANES.htm TICE Montepessulanum] [https://fr.scribd.com/presentation/825130288/Halogen-Oal-Canes SCRIBD] [https://www.techno-science.net/glossaire-definition/Halogenoalcanes.html techno-science.net]&lt;/ref&gt;. [[Compositum chemicum]] halogeniorum saepe exitium [[stratum ozontis|strato ozontis]] parit, ut chlorofluorocarbonida (CFC). Exempli gratia 1,2-dichlorofluoroethanum CHClFCH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;Cl. In [[Pesticida|pesticidis]] quoque halogenoalcana frequenter inveniuntur. 

== Plura legere si cupis ==
* Francis A. Carey, &quot;[https://www.britannica.com/science/organohalogen-compound/Vinylic-halides organohalogen compound]&quot; in  ''Britannica''.
*J. Rabiant, &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0003450908000102 Les halogènes : des découvertes de pharmaciens]&quot;, ''Annales Pharmaceutiques Françaises'', 2008: 45-49

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Halogens halogenia] pertinent
{{chem-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Chemica]]
[[Categoria:Halogenica]]
{{Myrias|Physica}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Usor:Adam Bishop</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>1822</id>
    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-13T01:13:27Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="611" sha1="1dbmmgqy2zv2temztzj2qwht3emyxtk" xml:space="preserve">Londinium in [[Ontario]] mihi patria est. Doctoratus apud Centrum Studiorum Mediaevalium [[Universitas Torontonensis|Universitatis Torontonensis]], annis 2011-2012 iuris medii aevi investigator apud Universitatem [[Portus Namnetus|Namnetensem]] eram. 

Si me loqui vis, citius in [[:en:User talk:Adam Bishop|Wikipedia anglica]] inveniri possum.

[[en:User:Adam Bishop]] [[fr:Utilisateur:Adam Bishop]] [[de:Benutzer:Adam Bishop]]

Utilia:

*http://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specialis:Makesysop
*http://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specialis:Makebot
*http://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specialis:Renameuser
*[[Vicipaedia:Taberna]]</text>
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      <text bytes="428" sha1="i0qpwhyh0f2c2mlt47dziyxn55tu2uz" xml:space="preserve">Londinium in [[Ontario]] mihi patria est. Doctoratus apud Centrum Studiorum Mediaevalium [[Universitas Torontonensis|Universitatis Torontonensis]], annis 2011-2012 iuris medii aevi investigator apud Universitatem [[Portus Namnetus|Namnetensem]] eram. 

Si me loqui vis, citius in [[:en:User talk:Adam Bishop|Wikipedia anglica]] inveniri possum.

[[en:User:Adam Bishop]] [[fr:Utilisateur:Adam Bishop]] [[de:Benutzer:Adam Bishop]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>1955</title>
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        <id>206441</id>
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      <comment>/* Mense Octobri */</comment>
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      <text bytes="13379" sha1="kzrxidz5d0tv3llz2asvu3r1ogtnqkj" xml:space="preserve">{{Decennium|196|MCMLV}}

== Eventa ==
=== Mense Ianuario ===
* [[2 Ianuarii]] - [[Iosephus Antonius Remon]], praeses [[Panama]]e, per insidias interfectus est.
[[Fasciculus:Glas_Goggomobil_Coupe_250_1.jpg|thumb|100px|left|Goggomobil]]
* [[19 Ianuarii]] - In [[Germania]] primum autocinetum minimum typi ''Goggomobil'' aedificatum est.

=== Mense Maio ===
* [[6 Maii]] - [[Res publica foederata Germaniae (1949–1990)|Germania Occidentalis]] ad [[OTAN]] foedus militare accessit.
[[Fasciculus:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-30562-0001,_Warschauer_Konferenz,_Grotewohl_unterzeichnet.jpg|thumb|left|100px|[[Otto Grotewohl]] Foedus Varsoviae signavit]] 
* [[14 Maii]] - [[Varsovia]]e [[Foedus Varsoviae]] inter civitates communisticas [[Albania]]m, [[Bulgaria]]m, [[Res publica democratica Germanica|Rem publicam democraticam Germanicam]], [[Polonia]]m, [[Romania]]m, [[Cechoslovacia]]m, [[Ungaria]]m atque [[Unio Sovietica|Unionem Sovieticam]] conditum est.

=== Mense Septembri ===
* [[23 Septembris]] - [[Ioannes Perón]] ducibus militum coactus praeses [[Argentina]]e se recessit atque in [[Paraquaria]]m in exilium fugit. [[Eduardus Lonardi]] dux militum eius successor factus est.

=== Mense Octobri ===
* [[6 Octobris]] - primus conventus consilii  [[Ascalon|Ascalonensis]] in Domo Populi, media in {{Creanda|he|שכונת אפרידר|Afridare}}, coit&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://www.kan-ashkelon.co.il/news/18231 | titulus= 70 שנה: 70 אירועים ודמויות מתולדות אשקלון | domus editoria= כאן דרום אשקלון | tempus= 19-04-2018 00:14 | nomen auctoris 1= ג'ני | cognomen auctoris 1= פרנקל שלום | nomen auctoris 2=גייל | cognomen auctoris 2= מיכאלי | nomen auctoris 3= אורי| cognomen auctoris 3= קריספין| nomen auctoris 4=דוד | cognomen auctoris 4= לוי}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[23 Octobris]] - Incolae [[Saravia]]e suffragio propositum [[Francia]]e de terra Europaea Saravia facienda repulserunt. [[Ioannes Hoffmann]] praeses ministrorum, qui proposito favebat, a magistratu se recessit.

=== Mense Novembri ===
* [[9 Novembris]] - [[Carolus Coimbra da Luz]] praeses [[Brasilia]]e duorum dierum successor [[Ioannes Café Filho|Ioannis Café Filho]] nominatus est. 
* [[11 Novembris]] - [[Nereus de Oliveira Ramos]] successor [[Carolus Coimbra da Luz|Caroli Coimbra da Luz]] praeses [[Brasilia]]e nominatus est.

=== Mense Decembri ===
* [[1 Decembris]] - [[Rosa Parks]], propugnatrix aequalium iurum civium [[CFA|Americana]] contra legem aevi quae dicit sedes in [[laophorium|laophoreis]] per colorem segregandas esse, scilicet albos in principi nigros autem in tergo sedituros, restitit, sedem, quae fuit in principi laophoreo, albo deponere recusans.

== Nati ==
=== Mense Ianuario ===
* [[4 Ianuarii|4]] - [[Volfgangus Tiefensee]], vir publicus [[Germania|Germanicus]].
* [[6 Ianuarii|6]] - [[Rowan Atkinson]], actor et comoedus [[Regnum Unitum|Britannicus]].
* [[18 Ianuarii|18]]
** [[Michael Michaud]], vir rerum politicarum peritus [[CFA|Americanus]] factionis Democraticae.
** [[Coemgenus Costner|Kevin Michael Costner]], actor [[CFA|Americanus]].
** [[Franciscus Knuckles]], musicus [[CFA|Americanus]]; mortuus est anno [[2014]].
* [[19 Ianuarii|19]] - [[Simon Rattle]], concentus magister [[Regnum Unitum|Britannicus]].
* [[26 Ianuarii|26]] - [[Coemgenus McCarthy]], rerum politicarum peritus [[CFA|Civitatum Foederatarum]] factionis Republicanae.
* [[28 Ianuarii|28]] - [[Nicolaus Sarkozy]], praeses [[Francia]]e annis [[2007]] ad [[2012]].
* [[30 Ianuarii|30]] - [[Ioannes Baldacci]], gubernator [[Cenomannica]]e annis [[2003]] ad [[2011]].

=== Mense Februario ===
* [[2 Februarii|2]] - [[Lechus Engelking]], [[scriptor]], [[poeta]] et [[translator]] [[Polonia|Polonicus]].
* [[8 Februarii|8]] - [[Ioannes Grisham]], scriptor [[CFA|Americanus]].
* [[17 Februarii|17]] - [[Mo Yan]], scriptor [[Sina|Sinensis]].
* [[24 Februarii|24]] - [[Stephanus Jobs]], conditor societatis computatralis [[Apple Inc.]]; mortuus est anno [[2011]].

=== Mense Martio ===
* [[4 Martii|4]] - [[Elvira Bader]], rerum politicarum perita [[Helvetia|Helvetica]] factionis [[Factio Popularis Christiana Democratica|Popularis Christianae Democraticae]] (CVP/PPD).
* [[5 Martii|5]] - [[Hugo Sebag-Montefiore]], causidicus, diurnarius et scriptor [[Anglia|Anglicus]] etiam rerum [[historicus|historicarum]].
* [[13 Martii|13]] - [[Bruno Conti]], pedilusor [[Italia|Italicus]].
* [[15 Martii|15]] - [[Robertus Maroni]], rerum politicarum peritus [[Italia|Italicus]] factionis [[Foedus Septemtrionale|Foederis Septemtrionalis]].
* [[17 Martii|17]] - [[Gary Sinise]], histrio [[CFA|Americanus]].
* [[19 Martii|19]]
**[[Iosephus Daniele]], cantor et citharista [[Italia|Italicus]]; mortuus est anno [[2015]]. 
**[[Bruce Willis]], histrio [[CFA|Americanus]].
* [[27 Martii|27]] - [[Marianus Rajoy]], ministrorum praeses [[Hispania]]e.
* [[31 Martii|31]]
** [[Anna Finocchiaro]], rerum politicarum perita [[Italia]]na factionis [[Factio Democratica (Italia)|Democraticae]].
** [[Philippus Dimitrov]], scriptor, legatus ac rerum politicarum peritus [[Bulgaria|Bulgaricus]].

=== Mense Aprili ===
* [[1 Aprilis|1]] - [[Mircea Dușa]], vir publicus [[Romania|Dacoromanicus]].
* [[11 Aprilis|11]] - [[Coemgenus Brady]], politicarum rerum perituus [[CFA|Americanus]].
* [[13 Aprilis|13]] - [[Ole de Beust]], [[magister civium superior]] [[Hamburgum|Hamburgi]].
* [[16 Aprilis|16]] - [[Henricus Luxemburgi Magnus Dux]].
* [[19 Aprilis|19]] - [[Philippus Hope]], rerum politicarum peritus [[regnum Unitum|Britannicus]] factionis [[Factio Laboris|Laboris]].
* [[21 Aprilis|21]] - [[Curtius Sier]], eruditus philologiae antiquitatis [[Germania|Germanicus]].
* [[25 Aprilis|25]] - [[Bernadinus Marcus Ramaroson]], [[Farafangana]]e [[episcopus]] (Dioecesis Farafanganensis).

=== Mense Maio ===
* [[2 Maii|2]] - [[Donatella Versace]], sumptuosorum [[vestis|vestum]] factrix [[Italia|Italica]]. 
* [[6 Maii|6]] - [[Ioannes Hutton]], rerum politicarum peritus [[regnum Unitum|Britannicus]] factionis [[Factio Laboris|Laboris]].
* [[8 Maii|8]] - [[Meles Zenawi]], minister primus [[Aethiopia]]e; mortuus est anno [[2012]].
* [[10 Maii|10]] - [[Ricardus Benson]], musicus [[Italia|Italico]]-[[Regnum Unitum|Britannicus]].
* [[11 Maii|11]] - [[Paulus Rowen]], politicarum peritus [[Regnum Unitum|Britannicus]] factionis [[Factio Liberalis Democratica (Britanniarum Regnum)|Liberalis Democraticae]].
* [[14 Maii|14]] - [[Gulielmus Molterer]], vir publicus [[Austria]]cus [[Factio Popularis Austriaca|Factionis Popularis Austriacae]].
* [[15 Maii|15]] - [[Claudia Roth]], rerum politicarum perita [[Germania|Germanica]].
* [[19 Maii|19]] - [[Iacobus Gosling]], scientista computatralis [[Canada|Canadiensis]].
* [[25 Maii|25]] - [[Alexander Burt]], rerum politicarum peritus [[regnum Unitum|Britannicus]] factionis [[Factio Conservativa (Britanniarum Regnum)|Conservativae]].
* [[30 Maii|30]] - [[Brian Kobilka]], physicus [[CFA|Americanus]].
* [[31 Maii|31]] - [[Lynne Truss]], [[scriptor|scriptrix]] et [[diarium|diurnaria]] [[Regnum Unitum|Britannica]].

=== Mense Iunio ===
* [[2 Iunii|2]] - [[Ferdinandus Gatzweiler]], vir publicus [[Germania|Theodiscus]] factionis [[SPD|Socialisticae]].
* [[8 Iunii|8]] - [[Timotheus Ioannes Berners-Lee]], mathematicus et informaticus [[Regnum Unitum|Britannicus]].
* [[10 Iunii|10]] - [[Annetta Schavan]], rerum politicarum perita [[Germania|Germanica]].
* [[20 Iunii|20]] - [[Georgius Radanovich]], vir publicus [[CFA|Americanus]] et sodalis [[Factio Republicana (CFA)|Factionis Republicanae]].
* [[21 Iunii|21]] - [[Michael Platini]], pedilusor [[Francia|Francicus]].
* [[23 Iunii|23]] - [[Ioannes Tigana]], pedilusor [[Francia|Francicus]].
* [[27 Iunii|27]] - [[Isabella Adjani]], actrix [[Francia|Francica]].
* [[29 Iunii|29]] - [[Fridericus Kuhn]], vir publicus [[Germania|Theodiscus]] et sodalis factionis [[Foedus 90/Virides|Foederis 90 Viridum]].

=== Mense Iulio ===
* [[1 Iulii|1]] - [[Augustus De Luca]], [[photographus]] [[Italia]]nus.
* [[5 Iulii|5]] - [[Mia Couto]], [[Mozambicum|Mozambicanus]] [[scriptor]].
* [[9 Iulii|9]] - [[Lindsey Graham]], rerum politicarum peritus [[CFA|Americanus]] factionis [[Factio Republicana (CFA)|Republicanae]].
* [[12 Iulii|12]] - [[Leonardus Domenici]], vir publicus [[Italia|Italicus]] [[Factio Democratica (Italia)|Factionis Democraticae]].
* [[19 Iulii|19]]
** [[Ioannes Campbell]], rerum politicarum peritus [[CFA|Americanus]].
** [[Dalton McGuinty]], rerum politicarum peritus [[Canada|Canadensis]].

=== Mense Augusto ===
* [[25 Augusti|25]] - [[Gerhardus Müller]],  rerum politicarum peritus [[Germania|Germanicus]] factionis [[CSU]].
* [[30 Augusti|30]] - [[Helge Schneider]], comoedus atque musicus iazzensis, artifex scaenicus, [[scriptor]], ac dispositor spectaculi cinematographici [[Germania|Theodiscus]].

=== Mense Septembri ===
* [[5 Septembris|5]] - [[Galfridus Hull]], [[linguista]], [[rerum gestarum scriptor]] et [[ethnologus]] [[Australia]]nus.
* [[20 Septembris|20]] - [[Lucas Recordon]], rerum politicarum peritus [[Helvetia|Helveticus]] factionis [[Factio Viridis Helvetiae|Viridis Helveticae]].
* [[21 Septembris|21]] - [[Henrica Baehrens]], rerum politicarum perita [[Germania|Germanica]] factionis [[SPD]].

=== Mense Octobri ===
* [[5 Octobris|5]] - [[Dionysius Rehberg]], rerum politicarum peritus [[CFA|Americanus]] factionis [[Factio Republicana (CFA)|Republicanae]]. 
* [[20 Octobris|20]] - [[Sheldon Whitehouse]], rerum politicarum peritus [[CFA|Americanus]] factionis [[Factio Democratica (CFA)|Democraticae]].
* [[28 Octobris|28]] - [[Gulielmus Gates]], praeclarissimus homo negotiorum.
* [[30 Octobris|30]] - [[Bernhardus Riexinger]], rerum politicarum peritus [[Germania|Theodiscus]] factionis [[Sinistra (factio politica Germaniae)|Sinistrae]].

=== Mense Novembri ===
* [[11 Novembris|11]] - [[Fridericus Merz]], vir publicus [[Germania|Theodiscus]] factionis [[CDU]].
* [[13 Novembris|13]] - [[Whoopi Goldberg]], comoediarum actrix [[CFA|Americana]].
* [[15 Novembris|15]] - [[Stephanus Chalke]], [[clericus]] [[Regnum Unitum|Britannicus]] in libera ecclesia et propugnator pro aequitate sociali.
* [[20 Novembris|20]] - [[Angela Finocchiaro]], actrix [[Italia]]na.
* [[27 Novembris|27]] - [[Constantinus Niță]], oeconomus et vir publicus [[Romania|Dacoromanicus]].

=== Mense Decembri ===
* [[3 Decembris|3]]
** [[Albertus Tarantini]], illustris [[pedilusor]] [[Argentina|Argentinus]].
** [[Petrus Ferdinandus Casini]], vir publicus [[Italia|Italicus]].
* [[20 Decembris|20]] - [[Martinus Schulz]], rerum politicarum peritus [[Germania|Germanicus]].
* [[28 Decembris|28]] 
**[[Nicolaus Barthel]], rerum politicarum peritus [[Germania|Germanicus]] factionis [[SPD]].
**[[Liu Xiaobo]], activista [[Sina|Sinensis]].

=== Ignotis diebus ===
* [[Alexander Kazulin]], [[mathematica|mathematicus]], [[paedagogia|paedagogus]] et vir publicus [[Ruthenia Alba|Ruthenus]].

== Mortui ==
=== Mense Februario ===
* [[6 Februarii]] - [[Constantinus Argetoianu]], vir publicus [[Romania]]e; natus est anno [[1871]].
* [[18 Februarii]] - [[Kim Sung-Su]] vir publicus [[Respublica Coreana|Coreanus]], natus est anno [[1891]].

=== Mense Martio ===
* [[12 Martii]] - [[Leo Wohleb]], vir publicus [[Badenia]]e et sodalis primo Factionis Christianae Socialis Popularis Badeniae (BCSV) , deinde [[CDU]]; natus est anno [[1888]].

=== Mense Aprili ===
* [[7 Aprilis]] - [[Theda Bara]], actrix [[CFA|Americanan]]; nata est anno [[1885]].
* [[10 Aprilis]] - [[Petrus Teilhard de Chardin]], [[Iesuitae|Iesuita]], [[presbyter]] [[Ecclesia Catholica|Catholicus Romanus]], [[theologus]], [[philosophus]], studiosus [[Scientia (ratio)|scientiae]] [[palaeontologia]]eque [[Francia|Francicus]], qui orationibus et litteris recentiorem inter [[fides|fidem]] et [[Scientia (ratio)|scientiam]] disiunctionem resarcire conatus est. Natus est anno [[1881]].
* [[18 Aprilis]] - [[Albertus Einstein]], investigator naturalis et [[physicus]] acceptor praemii Nobeliani anno [[1921]] (natus [[1879]])

=== Mense Maio ===
* [[26 Maii]] - [[Albertus Ascari]], clarus autocinetorum ductor [[Italia|Italicus]], natus est anno [[1918]].

=== Mense Iulio ===
* [[6 Iulii]] - [[Gulielmus Hellpach]], vir publicus [[Germania]]e et sodalis factionis [[DDP]]; natus est anno [[1877]].
* [[26 Iulii]] - [[Gulielmus Hammann]], politicorum peritus [[Germania|Germanicus]] factionis [[Communismus|Comunisticae]] ([[KPD]]); natus est anno [[1897]].

=== Mense Augusto ===
* [[12 Augusti]] — [[Thomas Mann]], [[scriptor]] [[Germania|Germanicus]] (natus [[1875]]).

=== Mense Septembri ===
* [[16 Septembris]] - [[Leopoldus Amery]], diurnarius et politicorum peritus [[Britannia|Britannicus]]; natus est anno [[1873]].
* [[30 Septembris]] - [[Iacobus Dean]], histrio [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1931]].

=== Mense Octobri ===
* [[18 Octobris]] - [[Iosephus Ortega y Gasset]], [[philosophus]] [[Hispania|Hispanicus]]; natus est anno [[1883]].

=== Mense Novembri ===
* [[12 Novembris]] - [[Robertus Tillmanns]], vir publicus [[Germania|Germanicus]] factionis [[CDU]]; natus est anno [[1897]].
* [[15 Novembris]] - [[Gulielmus Höcker]], vir publicus [[Germania|Theodiscus]] factionis [[SPD]], deinde [[SED]]; natus est anno [[1886]].
* [[23 Novembris]] - [[Gulielmus Berning]], [[episcopus]] [[urbs|urbis]] [[Germania]]e ([[Dioecesis Osnabrugensis]]); natus est anno [[1877]].</text>
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    <title>1944</title>
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      <text bytes="15962" sha1="dboprjkb88upb2owm2mquo44a0m80yg" xml:space="preserve">{{Decennium|195|MCMXLIV}}

== Eventa ==
=== Mense Ianuario ===
* [[10 Ianuarii]] - Iudicium speciale [[Fascismus|fascistarum]] [[Verone]]e [[Galeatius Ciano|Galeatium Ciano]] atque 17 alios propter conspirationem contra [[Benitus Mussolini|Benitum Mussolini]] ad mortem damnavit. Postero die necati sunt.
* [[17 Ianuarii]] - [[18 Maii]] - Pugna furibunda, longinquua et sanguinea circa [[Mons Casini|montem Casini]] prope Romam.

=== Mense Martio ===
* [[19 Martii]] - Exercitus Theodiscus [[Hungaria]]m occupavit.

=== Mense Iunio ===
* [[6 Iunii]] - [[invasio]] alligatarum nationum in [[Normannia]]m facta.
* [[22 Iunii]] - [[Operatio strategica offensiva Belorussica]] incipit.

=== Mense Iulio ===
* [[17 Iulii]] - [[Calamitas Port Chicago]] magna [[apparatus belli]] [[diruptio]] in cella navali Port Chicago ad oppidum [[Port Chicago (California)|Port Chicago]] in civitate [[California]] [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitatum Foederatarum Americae]] accidit.
* [[20 Iulii]] - In [[Germania]] praefecti militum conati sunt [[Adolfus Hitler|Adolfum Hitler]] in suo praesidio &quot;lupari&quot; - ''Wolfsschanze'' - in [[Polonia]] sito necare, Hitler autem impetui militum levibus vulneribus acceptis supererat, vide [[Coniuratio 20 Iulii 1944|20 Iulii 1944]].

=== Mense Augusto ===
* [[1 Augusti|1]] - Initium seditonis exercitus Poloniae patriae [[Varsovia]]e contra occupationem [[Germania|Germanicam]].
* [[3 Augusti|3]] - Duo menses post invasionem Foederatorum in [[Normannia]] exercitus [[Germania|Germanicus]] se recessit: [[Condate Rendonum]] oppidum liberatum est.
* [[23 Augusti|23]] - [[Michael (rex Romaniae)|Michael]] rex [[Romania]]e dictatorem [[Ioannes Antonescu]] dimisit et pacem ab [[Unio Sovietica|Unione Sovietica]] petivit.
* [[25 Augusti|25]] - Nationes foederati [[Lutetia]]m expugnaverunt.

=== Mense Septembri ===
* [[2 Septembris|2]] - [[Constantinus Muraviev]] novus praeses ministrorum [[Bulgaria|Bulgaricus]] nominatus est, ut de pace cum Alligatis ageret.
* [[3 Septembris|3]] - Foederati [[Bruxellae|Bruxellas]] caput [[Belgia]]e expugnaverunt.
* [[4 Septembris|4]] - [[Antverpia]] a foederatis liberata est.
* [[5 Septembris|5]] - [[Constantinus Muraviev]] novus praeses ministrorum [[Bulgaria|Bulgaricus]] leges contra Iudaeos latas sustulit atque [[Germania]]e bellum indixit. Eodem die [[Unio Sovietica]] Bulgariae bellum indixit.
* [[8 Septembris|8]] - [[Constantinus Muraviev]] praeses ministrorum [[Bulgaria|Bulgaricus]] [[Germania]]e bellum indixit.
* [[9 Septembris|9]] - Seditione communistarum [[Constantinus Muraviev]] primus minister et consilium ministrorum [[Bulgaria]]e depositi sunt. [[Cimon Georgiev]] eius successor nominatus est.
* [[10 Septembris|10]] - [[Luxemburgum]] Ducatus Magnus a foederatis liberatus est.
* [[12 Septembris|12]] - Foederati cum [[Romania]] de indutiis convenerunt.
* [[17 Septembris|17]] - [[Operatio Market Garden]] foederatorum in [[Nederlandia]] coepit.
* [[19 Septembris|19]] - [[Finnia]] et [[Unio Sovietica]] de indutiis inter se convenerunt: Finnia [[Carelia]]m atque Petsamo regionem amisit. Initium [[Bellum Lapponiae|Belli Lapponiae]] Finniae contra [[Germania]]m.
* [[21 Septembris|21]] - [[Londinium|Londinii]] foederati contra [[Germania]]m, [[Britannia]], [[CFA]], [[Unio Sovietica]] de Germania in zonas dividenda convenerunt. Praeterea decretum et, ut [[Berolinum]] caput ab omnibus communiter administraretur.

=== Mense Octobri ===
* [[14 Octobris]] - [[Ervinus Rommel]], dux militum [[Germania|Germanicus]] coactus est, ut mortem sua manu peteret, quod conscius erat coniurationis [[20 Iulii 1944]].
* [[18 Octobris]] - Die [[Pugna Lipsiensis|pugnae Lipsiensis]] anni [[1813]] in [[Germania]] a foederatis victoribus pressa &quot;[[Deutscher Volkssturm]]&quot; (exercitus popularis Germanicus) conditus est, in quo senes ac iuvenes nec non feminae patriam defenderent.
* [[28 Octobris]] - [[Bulgaria]] indutias signavit cum [[Unio Sovietica|Unione Sovietica]] [[Regnum Unitum|Regno Unito]] et [[CFA]] atque hoc facto foedus cum [[Germania]] finivit.

=== Mense Novembri ===
* [[27 Novembris]] - [[Friburgum Brisgoviae]] a pyrobolariis foederatorum deletum est. Tria milia hominum necati et decem milia sauciati sunt.

=== Mense Decembri ===
* [[6 Decembris]] - [[Nicolaus Rădescu]] a [[Michael (rex Romaniae)|Michaele]] rege [[Romania]]e novus praeses ministrorum nominatus est.
* [[17 Decembris]] - Maxima pars [[Ulma]]e urbis impetu aeroplanorum alligatorum [[Bomba|Bombis]] deleta est.

== Nati ==
=== Mense Ianuario ===
* [[9 Ianuarii|9]] - [[Maximilianus Fuksas]], architectus [[Italia|Italicus]].
* [[16 Ianuarii|16]] - [[Iacobus Akiskal]], psychiater [[CFA|Americanus]]
* [[21 Ianuarii|21]] - [[Brutus Ughi]], praeclarus psaltes fidiculae [[Italia|Italicus]].
* [[23 Ianuarii|23]] - [[Rutger Hauer]], [[actor]] [[Nederlandia|Nederlandicus]].
* [[26 Ianuarii|26]] - [[Angela Davis]], scriptrix [[CFA|Americana]], quae pro [[ius|iuribus]] pauperum et captivorum pugnat.

=== Mense Februario ===
* [[9 Februarii|9]] - [[Alicia Walker]], scriptrix [[CFA|Americana]].
* [[14 Februarii|14]] - [[Ronaldus Peterson]], autocinetorum ductor [[Suecia|Suecicus]]; mortuus est anno [[1978]].
* [[22 Februarii|22]] - [[Ionathan Demme]], [[moderator cinematographicus]] [[CFA|Americanus]].
* [[23 Februarii|23]]
** [[Nassib Lahoud]], rerum politicarum peritus [[Libanus|Libani]]; mortuus anno [[2012]].
** [[Helgus Jankowski]] (''[[Oleg Jankovskij]]''), actor [[URSS|Sovieticus]] et [[Russia|Russicus]] (mortuus [[2009]]).
* [[24 Februarii|24]] - [[David Wineland]], physicus [[CFA|Americanus]].
* [[27 Februarii|27]] - [[Erica Forster]], rerum politicarum perita [[Helvetia|Helvetica]] factionis [[Factio Liberalis Democratica (Helvetia)|Factionis Liberalis Democraticae]].

=== Mense Martio ===
* [[7 Martii|7]] - [[Elton Gallegly]], politicus Democraticus [[CFA|Americanus]].
* [[21 Martii|21]] - [[Maria Christina Barrault]], actrix [[Francia|Francica]].
* [[24 Martii|24]] - [[Ronaldus Lee Ermey]], actor et exercitor aut disciplinae magister in [[Peditatus marinus|marino civitatum foederatarum corpore]].
* [[30 Martii|30]] - [[Gerhardus Komrij]], [[scriptor]] etiam scaenicus et [[litterae|litterarum]] peritus [[Nederlandia|Nederlandicus]]; mortuus anno [[2012]].

=== Mense Aprili ===
* [[2 Aprilis|2]]
** [[Philippus Stähelin]], rerum politicarum peritus [[Helvetia|Helveticus]] factionis [[Factio Popularis Christiana Democratica|Popularis Christianae Democraticae]] (CVP/PPD).
** [[Theodorus Maissen]], rerum politicarum peritus [[Helvetia|Helveticus]] [[Factio Popularis Christiana Democratica|Factionis Popularis Christianae Democraticae]] (CVP/PPD).
* [[4 Aprilis|4]]
** [[Elmar Ledergerber]], rerum politicarum peritus [[Helvetia|Helveticus]] [[Factio Socialistica Helvetica|Factionis Socialisticae Helveticae]] (SP/PS).
** [[Iuditha P. Hallett]], [[auctor|auctrix]], [[orator|oratrix]], et [[professor|profestrix]] rerum classicarum.
* [[7 Aprilis|7]] - [[Gerardus Schröder]], vir publicus [[Germania]]e factionis [[SPD]].
* [[9 Aprilis|9]] - [[Ludovicus Stiegler]], vir publicus [[Germania|Theodiscus]] factionis [[SPD]].
* [[10 Aprilis|10]] - [[Robertus Marshall-Andrews]], rerum politicarum peritus [[Regnum Unitum|Britannicus]] factionis [[Factio Laboris|Laboris]].
* [[14 Aprilis|14]] - [[Nguyễn Phú Trọng]], vir publicus [[Vietnamia]]e.
* [[21 Aprilis|21]] - [[Guity Novin]], pictrix [[Canada|Canadensis]].
* [[28 Aprilis|28]] - [[Gunterus Verheugen]], vir publicus [[Germania]]e et [[Unio Europaea|Unionis Europaeae]].

=== Mense Maio ===
* [[2 Maii|2]] - [[Kim Yong-il]], vir publicus [[Respublica Popularis Democratica Coreana|Reipublicae Popularis Democraticae Coreanae]].
* [[4 Maii|4]] - [[Monica Bleibtreu]], actrix [[Austria]]ca; mortua anno [[2009]].
* [[9 Maii|9]] - [[Petra Roth]], rerum politicarum perita [[Germania|Theodisca]].
* [[10 Maii|10]] - [[Maria Francia Pisier]], [[actrix]] [[Francia|Francica]]; mortua anno [[2011]].
* [[13 Maii|13]] - [[Uwe Barschel]], vir publicus [[Germania|Theodiscus]] et sodalis factionis [[CDU]]; mortuus anno [[1987]].
* [[27 Maii|27]] - [[Philippus Goddin]], artium plasticarum praeceptor [[Belgia|Belgicus]].

=== Mense Iunio ===
* [[5 Iunii|5]] - [[Maximus Cacciari]], [[philosophus]] [[Italia|Italicus]] et vir publicus [[Factio Democratica (Italia)|Factionis Democraticae]].
* [[11 Iunii|11]] - [[Sergius Givone]], [[philosophus]] [[Italia|Italicus]].
* [[23 Iunii|23]] - [[Petrus Bieri]], [[philosophus]] et [[scriptor]] [[Helvetia|Helveticus]].

=== Mense Iulio ===
* [[12 Iulii|12]] - [[Mercedes Bresso]], [[oeconomia]]e et rerum politicarum perita [[Italia|Italica]] factionis [[Factio Democratica (Italia)|Democraticae]].
* [[30 Iulii|30]]
** [[Petrus Bottomley]], rerum politicarum peritus [[Regnum Unitum|Britannicus]].
** [[Francisca de la Tour]], actrix [[Regnum Unitum|Britannica]].

=== Mense Augusto ===
* [[5 Augusti|5]]
** [[Polycarpus Pengo]], [[cardinalis]] [[Ecclesia Catholica|Ecclesiae Catholicae]], [[archiepiscopus]] [[Archidioecesis Daressalaamensis]].
** [[Ioannes-Petrus Uhl]], vir publicus [[Germania|Theodiscus]] et sodalis factionis [[CSU]].
* [[20 Augusti|20]] - [[Rajiv Gandhi]], rerum politicarum peritus [[India|Indicus]]; necatus est anno [[1991]].
* [[24 Augusti|24]] - [[Aboubacar Somparé]], rerum politicarum peritus [[Guineae]]. 
* [[25 Augusti|25]] - [[Patricius Martino]], [[Iazium|Iazii]] [[Cithara electrica|Citharae electricae]] psaltes.

=== Mense Septembri ===
* [[25 Septembris|25]] - [[Doris Matsui]], rerum politicarum perita [[CFA|Americana]] factionis DEmocraticae.

=== Mense Octobri ===
* [[4 Octobris|4]] - [[Ioannes McFall]], rerum politicarum peritus [[Regnum Unitum|Britannicus]] factionis [[Factio Laboris|Laboris]].
* [[5 Octobris|5]] - [[Caesar Nosiglia]], archiepiscopus [[Taurinum|Taurini]].
* [[10 Octobris|10]] - [[Balthasar Henricus Porras Cardozo]], [[archiepiscopus]] civitatis [[Emerita (Venetiola)|Emeritae]] ([[Venetiola]]).
* [[11 Octobris|11]] - [[Antonius Schaller]], vir publicus [[Helvetia|Helveticus]] factionis [[Foedus Liberorum|Foederis Liberorum]].
* [[13 Septembris|13]] - [[Iacoba Bisset]], [[Actor|actrix]] [[Cinematographia|cinematographica]] [[Anglia|Anglica]].

=== Mense Novembri ===
* [[10 Novembris|10]] - [[Silvester Reyes]], rerum politicarum peritus [[CFA|Americanus]] [[Factio Democratica (CFA)|Factionis Democraticae]].
* [[17 Novembris|17]] - [[Milcolumbus Bruce]], rerum politicarum peritus [[Regnum Unitum|Scoticus]] factionis [[Factio Liberalis Democratica (Britanniarum Regnum)|Liberalis Democraticae]].
* [[21 Novembris|21]] - [[Haroldus Ramis]], histrio ac moderator cinematographicus [[CFA|Americanus]]; mortuus est anno [[2014]].

=== Mense Decembri ===
* [[1 Decembris|1]]
** [[Tahar Ben Jelloun]], scriptor [[Marocum|Marocanus]]
** [[Daniel Pennac]], [[mythistoria]]rum [[scriptor]] [[Francia|Francicus]]. 
* [[4 Decembris|4]] - [[Machometus az-Zanati]], politicarum rerum peritus et praeses [[Libya]]e.
* [[11 Decembris|11]] - [[Teri Garr]], actrix [[CFA|Americana]].
* [[27 Decembris|27]] - [[Robertus Iacobus Brown]], rerum politicarum peritus [[Australia]]nus factionis [[Factio Viridiis (Australia)|Viridis]].
* [[28 Decembris|28]] - [[Iohannes Isakson]], rerum politicarum peritus [[CFA|Americanus]] factionis [[Factio Republicana (CFA)|Republicanae]].

== Ignotis diebus ==
* [[Werner Oechslin]], historiae artis et [[architectura]]e studiosus [[Helvetia|Helveticus]].

== Mortui ==
=== Mense Ianuario ===
* [[4 Ianuarii|4]] - [[Kaj Munk]], [[pastor]] [[Martinus Lutherus|Lutheranus]] et [[poeta]] [[Dania|Danicus]], a [[NSDAP|Nazistis]] necatus; natus est anno [[1898]].
* [[9 Ianuarii|9]] - [[Antonius Smetona]], vir publicus [[Lituania]]e; natus est anno [[1874]].
* [[10 Ianuarii|10]] - [[Andreas Tosev]], legatus atque rerum politicarum peritus [[Bulgaria|Bulgaricus]]; natus est anno [[1867]].
* [[11 Ianuarii|11]] - [[Aemilius De Bono]] (natus [[1866]]) [[miles]] et politicorum peritus [[Italia|Italicus]] et [[Galeatius Ciano]] legatus (natus anno [[1903]] atque alii duces [[Fascismus|Fascismi]] propter conspirationem contra [[Benitus Mussolini|Benitum Mussolini]] supplicio affecti sunt.

=== Mense Februario ===
* [[4 Februarii]] - [[Arsenius Kotsoiev]], scriptor [[Russia|Russicus]]; natus est anno [[1872]].

=== Mense Martio ===
* [[3 Martii|3]] - [[Antonius Geiß]],  vir publicus [[Badenia]]e et sodalis [[SPD]] factionis; natus est anno [[1858]].
* [[5 Martii|5]] - [[Maximus Jacob]], [[scriptor]], [[poeta]] et pictor [[Francia|Francicus]]; natus est anno [[1876]].
* [[12 Martii|12]] - [[Romulus Murri]], [[presbyter]] [[Italia|Italicus]], vir publicus et [[diarium|diarii]] scriptor; natus est anno [[1870]].
* [[29 Martii|29]] - [[Aelius Morpurgo]], [[politicus]] [[Italia|Italicus]] necatus est; natus est anno [[1858]].

=== Mense Maio ===
* [[8 Maii]]
** [[Thaddaeus Zieliński]], [[scriptor]], [[philologia|philologus]] et antiquitatis studiosus [[Polonia|Polonicus]]; natus est anno [[1859]].
** [[Georgius Groscurth]], [[medicus]] [[Germania|Germanicus]], qui [[secundum bellum mundanum|secundo bello mundano]] contra [[Adolfus Hitler|Adolfi Hitler]] [[tyrannis|tyrannidem]] certavit supplicio affectus est; natus est anno [[1904]].
** [[Herbertus Richter]], [[architectus]] [[Germania|Germanicus]] supplicio affectus est a [[NSDAP|Nazistis]]; natus est anno [[1901]].
** [[Paulus Rentsch]], medicus dentium [[Germania|Theodiscus]], inter [[secundum bellum mundanum]] [[Iudaei]]s et aliis a [[NSDAP|nazistis]] vexatis auxilium dedit supplicio affectus est; natus anno [[1898]].
* [[15 Maii]] - [[Sergius (patriarcha Moscuensis)|Sergius]], episcopus et ab anno [[1943]] patriarcha [[Ecclesia Orthodoxa Russica|Ecclesiae Orthodoxae Russicae]]; natus anno [[1867]].

=== Mense Iunio ===
* [[16 Iunii|16]] - [[Ioannes Henricus Böhmcker]], vir publicus [[Germania|Germanicus]] factionis [[NSDAP]] et magister civium [[Urbs Hanseatica Brema|Urbis Hanseaticae Bremae]]; natus anno [[1896]].

=== Mense Iulio ===
* [[7 Iulii]] - [[Georgius Mandel]], [[diarium|diurnarius]] politicorumque peritus [[Francia|Francicus]]; natus anno [[1885]]. 
* [[28 Iulii]] - [[Radulphus Howard Fowler]], [[physicus]] et [[astronomus]] [[Regnum Unitum|Britannicus]]; natus anno [[1889]].

=== Mense Augusto ===
* [[19 Augusti]] - [[Henricus Wood]], illustris [[orchestra]]e conductor [[Anglia|Anglicus]]; natus anno [[1869]].
* [[24 Augusti|24]] vel [[25 Augusti]] - [[Henricus Sławik]], politicus et [[legatus]] [[Polonia|Polonicus]] necatus est a [[NSDAP|nazistis]]; natus anno [[1894]].

=== Mense Septembri ===
* [[1 Septembris]] - [[Livius Rebreanu]], scriptor et diunarius [[Romania|Dacoromanicus]]; natus est anno [[1885]].
* [[16 Septembris]] - [[Gustavus Bauer]], vir publicus [[Germania|Theodiscus]] et sodalis factionis [[SPD]]; natus anno [[1870]].
* [[23 Septembris]] - [[Eduardus Hamm]], vir publicus [[Germania]]e et sodalis [[Factio Theodisca Democratica|Factionis Theodiscae Democraticae]]; natus anno [[1879]].

=== Mense Octobri ===
* [[14 Octobris]] - [[Ervinus Rommel]], miles [[Germania|Germanicus]], natus anno [[1891]].
* [[16 Octobris]] - [[Ioannes Sveinn filius]], [[scriptor]] [[Islandia|Islandicus]]; natus anno [[1857]].
* [[19 Octobris]] - [[Ericus Koch-Weser]], vir publicus [[Germania]]e et sodalis [[Factio Theodisca Democratica|Factionis Theodiscae Democraticae]] (DDP); natus anno [[1875]].

=== Mense Novembri ===
* [[12 Novembris]] - [[Otto Blumenthal]], [[mathematicus]] [[Germania|Germanicus]], necatus est a [[NSDAP|Nazistis]]; natus anno [[1876]].

=== Mense Decembri ===
* [[2 Decembris]] - [[Philippus Thomas Marinetti]], poeta et edictor (natus anno [[1876]]).
* [[10 Decembris]] - [[Udalricus Wilcken]], [[historia|historicus]] et [[Papyrus|papyrologus]] [[Germania|Germanicus]]; natus anno [[1862]].
* [[12 Decembris]] - [[Regina Jonas]], [[Rabbinus|Rabbina]] [[Germania|Theodisca]] necata est a [[NSDAP|Nazistis]]; nata anno [[1902]].</text>
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  <page>
    <title>2021</title>
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      <text bytes="5336" sha1="1vbpgr43gnt4znxg5c4ixnw54f8wrog" xml:space="preserve">{{Decennium|203|MMXXI}}

== Eventa ==
* 6 Ianuarii: [[Capitolium Civitatum Foederatarum]] a sectatoribus [[Praeses Civitatum Foederatarum|praesidis]] abituri [[Donaldus Trump|Donaldi Trump]] oppugnatum est, dum illic [[Congressus Civitatum Foederatarum|congressus]] succedentem praesidem [[Iosephus Biden|Iosephum Biden]] confirmavit. Quinque homines necati vel mortui sunt.
* 20 Ianuarii: [[Iosephus Biden]] [[Donaldus Trump|Donaldo Trump]] in munere [[Praeses Civitatum Foederatarum|praesidis Civitatum Foederatarum Americae]] successit et in [[Domus Alba|Domum Albam]] immigravit.
* 22 Ianuarii: Nunc viget [[foedus de interdictione armorum nuclearium]] a [[Nationes Unitae|Consociatione Nationum]] die [[7 Iulii]] anni [[2017]] decretum.
* 24 Ianuarii: [[Marcellus Rebelo de Sousa]] iterum praeses [[Portugallia]]e electus est.
* 1 Februarii: In [[Birmania]] interceptio regiminis a Min Aung Hlaing, duce exercitus, acta est.
* 14 Februarii: [[Carolus Menem]], pristinus praeses [[Argentinia]]e, mortuus est.
* 15 Februarii: [[Nigeria]]na [[Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala]] dux [[Ordo mercaturae mundanae|ordinis mercaturae mundanae]] electa est.
* 18 Februarii: Speculatrum spatiale &quot;Perseverance&quot; in superficiem [[Mars (planeta)|Martis]] planetae descendit.
* 24 Aprilis: Plus quam unum miliardum (1&amp;thinsp;002&amp;thinsp;000) hominum in toto orbe terrarum nunc contra virus [[SARS-CoV-2]] vaccinati sunt.
* 24 Maii: [[Gulielmus Lasso]] praeses [[Aequatoria]]e factus est.
* 18 Iunii: [[Abraham Raissi]] novus praeses [[Irania]]e electus est. 62 % electorum ei suffragati sunt.
[[Fasciculus:Kelly_Craft_poses_a_photo_with_Haitian_President_Moise_(cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|Jovenel Moïse]] 
* 7 Iulii: [[Jovenel Moïse]], praeses [[Haitia]]e, domi in [[Portus Principis|Portu Principis]] necatus est.
* 10 lulii : [[Turma Pediludica Nationalis Argentinae]] turmam [[Brasilia|Brasiliensem]] in [[Certamen Continentalis Pediludii 2020|Certamine Continentali Pediludii]] vicit.
* 11 Iulii: [[Turma Pediludica Nationalis Italica]] [[Londinium|Londinii]] [[Certamen Europaeum Pediludii 2021|Certamen Europaeum Pediludii]] vicit.
* 14 Augusti: [[Terrae motus]] magnitudinis 7.2 [[Haitia]]m percutiens saltem 1419 homines necavit.
* 15 Augusti: [[Cabura]] [[Afgania]]e caput iterum a militibus [[Taliban]] capta est.
* 5 Septembris: In [[Guinea]] seditio contra regimen praesidis [[Alpha Condé]] praefecto [[Mamady Doumbouya]] ducente perfecta est.
* 23 Septembris: Sergius Sarapul'tsev, praeses collegii sceleribus investigandis [[Permia]]e, ubi tribus diebus ante studiosus universitatis [[caedes|caedem]] fecerat, sex homines necans, pluresque quam quadraginta vulnerans, causis non satis claris se interfecit.
* 27 Septembris: In comitiis ad legatos [[Dieta foederalis Germaniae|Dietae foederalis Germaniae]] eligendos [[Factio socialis democratica Germaniae|Factio socialis democratica]] primum locum nacta est, [[Unio democratica Christiana Germaniae|Unio]] autem [[Unio democratica Christiana Germaniae|democratica Christiana]] secundum; Unioni haec labes est inopinata.
* 1 Octobris: [[Michael Saakašvili]], [[Georgia]]e praeses pristinus et [[Odessa]]e gubernator, in patriam, ubi octo annos afuerat, revertit et sine ulla mora in [[carcer]]em inclusus est.
* 23 Octobris: Legati variarum civitatum ad [[Turcia]]m a [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] praeside [[persona non grata|personae non gratae]] sunt denuntiati, inter quos [[Francia]]e, [[Batavia]]e, [[Canadia]]e, [[Dania]]e, [[Suecia]]e, [[Finnia]]e, [[Norvegia]]e, [[Germania]]e, [[Nova Zelandia|Novae Zelandiae]], [[CFA]].
* 24 Novembris: [[Magdalena Andersson]] [[Primus minister|praeses ministrorum]] [[Suecia]]e facta erat et post aliquot horas munere se abdicavit. Prima mulier fuit, hoc officio functa.
[[Fasciculus:Olaf Scholz 2021 cropped.jpg|thumb|80px|Olaus Scholz]]
* 8 Decembris: [[Olaus Scholz]] (SPD) [[cancellarius foederalis]] [[Germania|Rei Publicae Germaniae]] electus est.

== Nati ==
{{Nati desiderati}}

== Mortui ==
* 20 Ianuarii: [[Iacobus Akiskal]], psychiater [[CFA|Americanus]].
* 26 Ianuarii: [[Carolus Holmes Trujillo]] politicus [[Columbia]]e.
* 4 Februarii: [[Paulus Victor Borkhoche]], archiepiscopus Melkitae.
* 14 Februarii: [[Gulielmus Augustinus Meninger]], [[monachus]] Americanus.
* 23 Aprilis: [[Milva]], [[cantus|cantrix]] et [[theatrum|theatralis]] [[actor|actrix]] [[Italia|Italica]].
[[Fasciculus:Michael Collins (S69-31742).jpg|thumb|100px|Michael Collins]]
* 28 Aprilis: [[Michael Collins (astronauta)|Michael Collins]], astronauta [[Apollo 11|missioni Apollini 11]] pristini, primae navigationis ad [[luna]]m, mortuus est.
[[Fasciculus:Prince Philip in Berlin 2015 (cropped).JPG|thumb|100px|Princeps Philippus]]
* 9 Aprilis: [[Princeps Philippus, dux Edimburgi]], coniunx [[Elizabeth II (regina Britanniarum)|Elisabethae II]], reginae [[Index Regum Britanniae Britanniarumque|Britanniarum]].
* 1 Iunii: [[Amadeus di Savoia Aosta]], princeps Italicus.
* 29 Iunii: [[Donaldus Rumsfeld]], politicus Americanus.
* 36 Iulii: [[Albertus Bandura]] psychologus Canadicus.
* 15 Augusti: [[Gerd Müller]], [[pedilusor]] Germanicus
* 18 Septembris: [[Iulius Beaucarne]], poeta ac cantor [[Belgica|belgicus]].
* 2 Decembris: [[Aldus Giordano]], archiepiscopus Italicus.
* 31 Decembris: [[Aloisius Negri]], archiepiscopus Italicus.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sebastianus Brant</title>
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[[Fasciculus:Duerer_brant.jpg|thumb|Sebastianum Brant pinxit [[Albertus Durer Noricus]].]]
[[File:Brant, Sebastian – Margarita Decretalium, 1496 – BEIC 11773141.jpg|thumb|left|''Margarita Decretalium'', 1496]]

'''Sebastianus Brant''', [[Lingua Germanica|Germanice]] ''Sebastian Brant'', fuit [[iurisconsultus]] et [[scriptor]] [[Germania|Germanus]], [[Argentoratum|Argentorati]] [[1457]] natus ibidemque [[10 Maii]] [[1521]] mortuus. [[Philosophia]]e et [[iurisprudentia]]e studiis apud [[Universitas|Universitatem]] [[Basilia (urbs)|Basiliensem]] finitis, ibidem [[professor]] utriusque iuris factus est. Primo vere [[1501]] Argentoratum reversus, factus est primo [[syndicus]] et deinde civitatis notarius. Argentorati remansit usque ad mortem. Opus eius celeberrimum est [[satira]] anno [[1494]] [[Lingua Theodisca|Germanice]] scripta, cui titulus ''Das Narrenschiff'' est, cuiusque fama ultra fines Germanorum resonavit. More [[allegoria|allegorico]], describit [[navis]] a stultis solutae profectionem ad Narragoniam, stultorum paradisum. Brant hic deridet imbecillitates vitiaque aetatis suae, et Sanctum Grobianum creat, quem dicit esse patronum vulgaris rudisque plebis. Versio Latina huius operis, ab [[Iacobus Locher|Iacobo Locher]] elaborata sub nomine ''[[Stultifera navis (satira)|Stultifera navis]],'' anno [[1497]] edita est.

== Nexus externus ==
* [[Albertus Durerus]], Sebastianus Brant (1494) [http://www.wdl.org/en/item/8973 ''Das Narrenschiff'']{{Nexus deficit|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, World Digital Library
*[http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camena/locher2/lochernavis.html Stultifera Navis, versio latina]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Brant, Sebastianus}}

[[Categoria:Nati 1451]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1521]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Theodisci]]
[[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Basiliensis]]
[[Categoria:Satyrici]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Germaniae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Patriarcha</title>
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      <comment>/* Patriarchae Romani-Catholici */</comment>
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      <text bytes="9714" sha1="lgqyzff7dhtgejhf598i31losgch05q" xml:space="preserve">'''Patriarcha''' [[Antiquitas Posterior|Antiquitate Posteriore]] atque hodie est caput ecclesiae [[sui iuris]]

== Etymologia ==
[[Vocabulum|Vocabulum]] e [[Lingua Graeca|Graeco]] πατριάρχης ('princeps inter patres' sive 'pater patriae') deductum est. In [[Septuaginta]] pro maioribus populi [[Iudaei|Iudaici]] ([[Abraham]], [[Isaac]], [[Iacob]]) adhibetur.

== Usus ecclesiasticus et Iudaicus ==
Patriarchae hodie sunt in [[Ecclesiae Orientales|Ecclesiis Orientalibus]] ([[Ecclesiae Orthodoxae]], [[Ecclesiae orthodoxae orientales]]) et in [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana]] ([[Ecclesia Latina]] sive occidentalis et [[Ecclesiae Catholicae Orientales]]).

Patriarchae Orthodoxae quattuor patriarchatibus antiquis ([[Patriarchatus Oecumenicus Constantinopolitanus|Constantinopoli]], [[Patriarchatus Antiochenus|Antiochiae]], [[Patriarchatus Alexandrinus|Alexandriae]], [[Patriarchatus Hierosolymitanus|Hierosolymis]]), et quibusdam magnis ecclesiis gentiliciis (i.e. ecclesiis Orthodoxis [[Serbi|Serborum]], [[Russi|Russorum]], [[Bulgari|Bulgarorum]] et [[Dacoromani|Dacoromanorum]]) praesunt. Aliis ecclesiis Orthodoxis [[Metropolita]]e aut [[Episcopus|Archiepiscopi]] praesunt.

Quintus patriarchatus antiquus, [[Roma]]na, hodie sedes [[papa]]e est, qui [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Ecclesiam Catholicam Romanam]] regit. Papa titulum ''Patriarchae Occidentis'' ab anno [[2006]] non iam fert; secundum traditionem antiquam autem porro est patriarcha ecclesiae occidentis. Hoc tempore in Ecclesia Catholica Romana decem homines titulum patriarchae ferunt (quattuor in Ecclesia Latina et sex in Ecclesiis Catholicis Orientalibus); una cum papa octo patriarchae iurisdictione propria gaudent (duo in Ecclesia Latina et sex in Ecclesiis Unitis).

Etiam capita [[Ecclesia Catholica Apostolica Brasiliae|Ecclesiae Catholicae Apostolicae Brasiliae]] et [[Ecclesia Hussitica Cechoslovaca|Ecclesiae Hussiticae Cechoslovacae]] patriarchae appellantur.

Praeterea annis ab [[30]] ad [[415]] in [[Palaestina]] erat [[Patriarchatus terrae Israel]], princeps institutio [[Religio Iudaica|religionis Iudaicae]] illo tempore.

== Patriarchae Orthodoxae ==
[[Fasciculus:Armenian Patriarch of Jerusalem 1900.jpg|thumb|Patriarcha Armenus Hierosolymitanus ''Damianus'' (1897-1931); ''Damianus'' duo maxima insignia [[Imperium Ottomanicum|Imperii Ottomanici]] fert: ''Mecidî Nişanı'' et Osmanî Nişanı, quibus a Sultano ''Abdülhamid II'' dotatus est. Photographema e ''Library of Congress Collection'', Vasingtoniae D.C.)]] 
Patriarchae graeco-orthodoxi ecclesias suas partes ''unius Catholicae et Apostolicae Ecclesiae'' aestimant, i.e. [[Ecclesiae Orthodoxae]], cuius caput honorarium est [[Patriarcha Oecumenicus Constantinopolitanus]]. Aliae ecclesiae [[sui iuris]] uni e sequentibus patriarchis subiectae sunt.
* Patriarchatus antiqui:
** ''[[Bartholomaeus I]]'': Patriarcha Oecumenicus [[Patriarchatus Oecumenicus Constantinopolitanus|Constantinopolitanus]]
** ''[[Theodorus II (patriarcha Alexandrinus)|Theodorus II]]'': Papa et Patriarcha [[Patriarchatus Alexandrinus|Alexandriae]] et totius Africae
** ''[[Youhanna X]]'': Patriarcha Graeco-Orthodoxus [[Patriarchatus Antiochenus|Antiochiae]] et totius Orientis
** ''[[Theophilus III]]'': Patriarcha Graeco-Orthodoxus [[Patriarchatus Hierosolymitanus|Hierosolymitanus]]
* Patriarchatus post occasum [[Imperium Romanum Orientale|Imperii Romani Orientalis]] creati:
** ''[[Elias II]]'': ''[[Ecclesia Orthodoxa Apostolica Georgiana|Catholicus et Patriarcha totius Georgiae]]''; [[Triphelis]]; patriarchatus ab [[Saeculum 11|undecimo saeculo]] et denuo ab anno [[1943]]
** ''[[Maximus (patriarcha Bulgariae)|Maximus]]'': [[Ecclesia Orthodoxa Bulgarica|Patriarcha Bulgariae]]; [[Serdica]]
** ''[[Cyrillus (patriarcha Moscuensis)]]'': ''Patriarcha'' [[Moscua]]e et totius ''Rus''
** ''[[Porphyrius (patriarcha)|Porphyrius]]'': [[Ecclesia Orthodoxa Serbica|Patriarcha Serbiae]]
** ''[[Daniel Ciobotea]]'': [[Ecclesia Orthodoxa Dacoromanica|Patriarcha Romaniae]]; patriarchatus ab anno [[1925]]

== Patriarchae orthodoxae orientales ==
[[Ecclesiae orthodoxae orientales]] [[Concilium Chalcedonense]] non approbant. Patriarchae et Catholici sequentes ecclesiis praesunt:

* [[Ritus Alexandrinus]]:
** ''[[Theodorus II (papa Alexandriae)|Tawadros II]]'': ''Papa Alexandriae et Patriarcha Sedis Sancti Marci'' ([[Ecclesia Orthodoxa Coptorum]]), [[Patriarchatus Alexandrinus]], [[Cairus]]
** ''[[Matthias (patriarcha Aethiopiae)|Abuna Matthias]]'': ''Patriarcha et Catholicus'' [[Ecclesia Orthodoxa Aethiopica|Ecclesiae Orthodoxae Aethiopicae]], [[Neanthopolis]], [[Autocephalia|autocephalus]] ab anno [[1950]], patriarchatus ab anno [[1959]]
** ''[[Qerlos (patriarcha Erythraeae)|Abuna Qerlos]]'': ''Patriarcha'' [[Ecclesia Orthodoxa Erythraeensis|Ecclesiae Orthodoxae Erythraeensis]], [[Asmara]], patriarchatus ab anno [[1998]]

* [[Ritus Antiochenus]] (vel Syro-occidentalis): 
** ''[[Ignatius Ephraem II Karim]]'': ''Patriarcha'' [[Ecclesia Orthodoxa Antiochena Syrorum|Ecclesiae Orthodoxae Antiochenae Syrorum]] cum titulo ''Patriarcha Antiochiae et totius Orientis'', [[Damascus]]
** ''[[Baselios Marthoma Didymos I]]'': ''Catholicus Orientis'' (patriarcha [[Ecclesia Syrorum Orientis|Ecclesiae Syrorum Orientis]]), Kottayam, [[Kerala]] ([[India]]) (non est confundendus cum Catholico Indiae, qui Patriarchae Antiochiae et totius Orientis subiectus est)

* [[Ritus Armenicus]]:
** ''[[Karekin II. Nersissian]]'': ''Summus Patriarcha et Catholicus omnium Armenorum'' (Ecclesia Apostolica Armena), cathedra: [[Etschmiadsin]]; sedes: [[Vagharshapat]]
** ''[[Aram I]]'': ''Catholicus Magnae Domus [[Cilicia]]e'', ante [[1915]]: [[Sis]]
** ''[[Torkom Manoogian]]'', ''Patriarcha Armenus [[Patriarchatus Hierosolymitanus|Hierosolymitanus]]''
** ''[[Mesrop Mutafyan]]'', [[Patriarcha Armenus Constantinopolitanus]]

* [[Ritus Chaldaicus]] (vel Syro-orientalis, &quot;[[Nestorius|Nestoriani]]&quot;):
** ''[[Mar Dinkha IV]]'': ''Catholicus et Patriarcha'' [[Ecclesia Syrorum Orientis|Ecclesiae Syrorum Orientis]], cathedra: Seleucia-Ctesiphon ([[Babylon]]); sedes: [[Sicagum]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|USA]]
** ''[[Addai II]]'': ''Catholicus et Patriarcha'' [[Ecclesia Antiqua Orientis|Ecclesiae Antiquae Orientis]], [[Bagdatum]], patriarchatus ab anno [[1968]]

Quidam capita ecclesiarum titulum ''Catholici'' una cum titulo ''Patriarchae'' ferunt aut se tantum ''Catholicum'' vocant. Apud [[Armeni|Armenos]] ''Catholici'' ''Patriarchis'' anteunt.

== Patriarchae Romani-Catholici ==
Patriarchatus Romanus (vel: Occidentis) erat unicus e quinque antiquis patriarchatibus in occidente situs. Ceteri patriarchatus Orthodoxos formant (vide supra). Titulo &quot;Patriarcha Occidentis&quot;, quem papae a saeculo quinto ferebant, a [[2006]] papa praesens [[Benedictus XVI]] non iam utitur. Traditione Catholica papa quidem iurisdictionem patriarchalem super ecclesiam occidentalem et omnes regiones, quae alteri iurisdictioni patriarchali non subiectae sunt, admninistrat.

Intra [[Ecclesia Latina|Ecclesiam Latinam]] sunt quattuor patriarchatus:

* [[Ritus Latinus]]:
:: cum iurisdictione propria:
# ''[[Pierbattista Pizzaballa]]'', [[Patriarcha Latinus Hierosolymitanus]]
:: sine iurisdictione propria:
::: cum sede patriarchali (sedes episcopalis est patriarchatus titularis)
# ''[[Rui Manuel Sousa Valério]]'', Patriarcha [[Olisipo]]nis
# ''[[Franciscus Moraglia]]'', Patriarcha [[Venetiae|Venetiarum]]
::: sine sede patriarchali (Patriarcha est titulus ad honorem)
# ''[[Philippus Neri Antonius Sebastianus do Rosário Ferrão]]'', Patriarcha [[India]]e orientalis, archiepiscopus [[Goa]]nus et Daman,
# (ab anno [[1963]] vacans) Patriarcha [[India]]e occidentalis,

A Patriarchis [[Ritus Latinus|Ritus Latini]] ([[Hierosolyma|Hierosolymis]] exceptis) Patriarchae ecclesiarum cum Roma unitarum rituum orientalium discernendae sunt, quae tamquam capita ecclesiarum [[sui iuris]] propriam iurisdictionem (honorem excedentem) possident.

* [[Ecclesiae Catholicae Romanae]] sive Unitae
** ''[[Antonius Naguib]]'', Patriarcha emeritus [[Copti|Coptorum]] [[Alexandria]]e
** ''[[Ibrahim Isaac Sidrak|Abrahamus Isaacus Sidrak]]'', Patriarcha [[Copti|Coptorum]] [[Alexandria]]e
** ''[[Victor Petrus Sfeir|Nasrallah Petrus Sfeir]]'', Patriarcha emeritus [[Maronitae|Maronitarum]] [[Antiochia]]e et totius Orientis
** ''[[Béchara Petrus Raï]]'', Patriarcha [[Maronitae|Maronitarum]] [[Antiochia]]e et totius Orientis
** ''[[Ignatius Iosephus III Younan]]'', Patriarcha [[Syri|Syrorum]] [[Antiochia]]e et totius Orientis
** ''[[Gregorius III Laham]]'', Patriarcha emeritus [[Melcitae|Melcitarum]] [[Antiochia]]e et totius Orientis, [[Alexandria]]e, [[Hierosolyma|Hierosolymorum]]
** ''[[Iosephus Absi]]'', Patriarcha [[Melcitae|Melcitarum]] [[Antiochia]]e et totius Orientis, [[Alexandria]]e, [[Hierosolyma|Hierosolymorum]]
** ''[[Ludovicus Raphael I Sako]]'', Patriarcha [[Babylon]]is Chaldaeorum
** ''[[Raphael Petrus XXI Minassian]]'', [[Patriarchatus Ciliciae Armenorum|Patriarcha Ciliciae Armenorum]]

In Ecclesia Graeco-Melkta sunt tres sedes patriarchales, in unaquaque ceterorum una.

Eundem statum ac patriarchae, primatu honoris excepto, Magni Archiepiscopi tamquam capita quarundam ecclesiarum unitarum obtinent.

== Bibliographia ==
* Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2007: Annuario Pontificio per l'anno 2007
* ''Atlas Hierarchicus.'' [[1992]]. St. Gabriel-Verlag. 
* Ostkirchliches Institut Regensburg: Orthodoxia 2007
* Niccolo Del Re. [[1998]]. ''Vatikan Lexikon.'' Pattloch.

== Nexus externus ==
* {{CathEnc|11549a|Patriarch and Patriarchate}}

[[Categoria:Religio Christiana]]
[[Categoria:Religio Iudaica]]
[[Categoria:Munera in Ecclesia]]
[[Categoria:Patriarchati Ecclesiae Catholicae]]</text>
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    <title>Aether (chemica)</title>
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{{videdis|Aether}}
[[Fasciculus:Ether-(general).png|thumb|Structura [[molecula]]e aetheris.]]
'''Aether''' (-eris, ''m.'') est species [[compositum chemicum|compositorum chemicorum]] [[Chemia organica|organicorum]], cuius simplex [[formula chemica]] est ''&lt;math&gt;R_1-O-R_2&lt;/math&gt;'', ubi ''R'' est [[alkyl]] (hoc est alcanum cui atomus hydrogenii demptus est ita ut radicale fiat). Alterum nomen (IUPAC) est '''alkoxyalkan,''' h.e. ''alkoxy'' = R-O. Aetheres similes sunt [[ester]]ibus, quae etiam C-O-C nexum habent. Ita fit tamquam si in molecula aquae H-O-H in locum duorum atomorum hydrogenii greges alkyla posueris. 

== Exempla ==
* Aether diethylicum vel ethoxyethan: CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;-O-CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; quae prima substantia [[Anaesthesia|anaesthesica]] in [[chirurgia]] adhibita fuit, certe iam anno 1846
* [[Methoxymethan]] vel [[dimethylaether]]
* [[Aethoxymethan]] vel [[ethylmethylaether]] vel [[methoxyaethan]] vel [[methylaethylaether]]
* [[Aethoxyaethan]] vel [[diaethylaether]] (vulgo ''aether sulfuricus,'' a [[Valerius Cordus|Valerio Cordo]] [[saeculum 16|saeculo sexto decimo]] inventus)

== De proprietatibus ==
In aequa [[Massa molaris|massa molari]] aetheres magis volatilia [[alcohol|acoholibus]] sunt - hoc est [[Temperatura thermodynamica|temperatura]] multo inferiore [[Ebullitio|ebulliunt]] - quia illorum moleculae [[Vinculum chemicum|vincula hydrogenica]] inter se non iungunt. Ob eandem rationem in aqua minus facile [[Solutio (chemia)|solvuntur]] quam alcoholia. Simul cum ceteris corporibus parum [[Reactio chemica|reagunt]]: non enim [[polaritas (chemia)|polarizati]] sunt et ideo corpora organica libenter solvunt. Sed inflammabiles esse solent et eorum usus periculosus habetur.

==Bibliographia==
*Heitmann, Wilhelm, Günther Strehlke, et Dieter Mayer. [[2002]]. &quot;Ethers, Aliphatic.&quot; ''Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry'' Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a10_023
*L. Reutter de Rosemont. [[1917]]. ''Traité de chimie médico-pharmaceutique.'' Lutetiae Parisiorum: Typis Octavius Doin, p. 296.

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ethers aetheres] spectant
* [https://www.ai-futureschool.com/fr/chimie/comprendre-les-ethers-en-chimie.php Découvrez les éthers, leurs structures chimiques, leurs propriétés uniques et leurs nombreuses applications dans divers domaines de la chimie.] [[Francogallice|Francogallice.]]
*[https://ecampusontario.pressbooks.pub/supplementintroductionavanceecollegechimieorganiquebiochimie/chapter/23-6-ethers-structure-et-denomination/ Éthers – Structure et dénomination]
[[Categoria:Aether]]
[[Categoria:Chemica]]
[[Categoria:Composita chemica]]
{{Myrias|Physica}}</text>
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{{videdis|Aether}}
[[Fasciculus:Ether-(general).png|thumb|Structura [[molecula]]e aetheris.]]
'''Aether''' (-eris, ''m.'') est species [[compositum chemicum|compositorum chemicorum]] [[Chemia organica|organicorum]], cuius simplex [[formula chemica]] est ''&lt;math&gt;R_1-O-R_2&lt;/math&gt;'', ubi ''R'' est [[alkyl]] (hoc est [[alcanum]] cui atomus [[Hydrogenium|hydrogenii]] demptus est ita ut radicale fiat). Alterum nomen (IUPAC) est '''alkoxyalkan,''' h.e. ''alkoxy'' = R-O. Aetheres similes sunt [[ester]]ibus, quae etiam C-O-C nexum habent. Ita fit tamquam si in molecula aquae H-O-H in locum duorum atomorum hydrogenii greges alkyla posueris. 

== Exempla ==
* Aether diethylicum vel ethoxyethan: CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;-O-CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; quae prima substantia [[Anaesthesia|anaesthesica]] in [[chirurgia]] adhibita fuit, certe iam anno 1846
* [[Methoxymethan]] vel [[dimethylaether]]
* [[Aethoxymethan]] vel [[ethylmethylaether]] vel [[methoxyaethan]] vel [[methylaethylaether]]
* [[Aethoxyaethan]] vel [[diaethylaether]] (vulgo ''aether sulfuricus,'' a [[Valerius Cordus|Valerio Cordo]] [[saeculum 16|saeculo sexto decimo]] inventus)

== De proprietatibus ==
In aequa [[Massa molaris|massa molari]] aetheres magis volatilia [[alcohol|acoholibus]] sunt - hoc est [[Temperatura thermodynamica|temperatura]] multo inferiore [[Ebullitio|ebulliunt]] - quia illorum moleculae [[Vinculum chemicum|vincula hydrogenica]] inter se non iungunt. Ob eandem rationem in aqua minus facile [[Solutio (chemia)|solvuntur]] quam alcoholia. Simul cum ceteris corporibus parum [[Reactio chemica|reagunt]]: non enim [[polaritas (chemia)|polarizati]] sunt et ideo corpora organica libenter solvunt. Sed inflammabiles esse solent et eorum usus periculosus habetur.

==Bibliographia==
*Heitmann, Wilhelm, Günther Strehlke, et Dieter Mayer. [[2002]]. &quot;Ethers, Aliphatic.&quot; ''Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry'' Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a10_023
*L. Reutter de Rosemont. [[1917]]. ''Traité de chimie médico-pharmaceutique.'' Lutetiae Parisiorum: Typis Octavius Doin, p. 296.

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ethers aetheres] spectant
* [https://www.ai-futureschool.com/fr/chimie/comprendre-les-ethers-en-chimie.php Découvrez les éthers, leurs structures chimiques, leurs propriétés uniques et leurs nombreuses applications dans divers domaines de la chimie.] [[Francogallice|Francogallice.]]
*[https://ecampusontario.pressbooks.pub/supplementintroductionavanceecollegechimieorganiquebiochimie/chapter/23-6-ethers-structure-et-denomination/ Éthers – Structure et dénomination]
[[Categoria:Aether]]
[[Categoria:Chemica]]
[[Categoria:Composita chemica]]
{{Myrias|Physica}}</text>
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{{videdis|Aether}}
[[Fasciculus:Ether-(general).png|thumb|Structura [[molecula]]e aetheris.]]
'''Aether''' (-eris, ''m.'') est species [[compositum chemicum|compositorum chemicorum]] [[Chemia organica|organicorum]], cuius simplex [[formula chemica]] est ''&lt;math&gt;R_1-O-R_2&lt;/math&gt;'', ubi ''R'' est [[alkyl]] (hoc est [[alcanum]] cui atomus [[Hydrogenium|hydrogenii]] demptus est ita ut radicale fiat). Alterum nomen (IUPAC) est '''alkoxyalkan,''' h.e. ''alkoxy'' = R-O. Aetheres similes sunt [[ester]]ibus, quae etiam C-O-C nexum habent. Ita fit tamquam si in molecula aquae H-O-H in locum duorum atomorum hydrogenii greges alkyla posueris. 

== Exempla ==
* Aether diethylicum vel ethoxyethan: CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;-O-CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; quae prima substantia [[Anaesthesia|anaesthesica]] in [[chirurgia]] adhibita fuit, certe iam anno 1846
* [[Methoxymethan]] vel [[dimethylaether]]
* [[Aethoxymethan]] vel [[ethylmethylaether]] vel [[methoxyaethan]] vel [[methylaethylaether]]
* [[Aethoxyaethan]] vel [[diaethylaether]] (vulgo ''aether sulfuricus,'' a [[Valerius Cordus|Valerio Cordo]] [[saeculum 16|saeculo sexto decimo]] inventus)

== De proprietatibus ==
In aequa [[Massa molaris|massa molari]] aetheres [[alcohol|acoholibus]] magis volatilia sunt - hoc est [[Temperatura thermodynamica|temperatura]] multo inferiore [[Ebullitio|ebulliunt]] - quia illorum moleculae [[Vinculum chemicum|vincula hydrogenica]] inter se non iungunt. Ob eandem rationem in aqua minus facile [[Solutio (chemia)|solvuntur]] quam alcoholia. Simul cum ceteris corporibus parum [[Reactio chemica|reagunt]]: non enim [[polaritas (chemia)|polarizati]] sunt et ideo corpora organica libenter solvunt. Sed inflammabiles esse solent et eorum usus periculosus habetur.

==Bibliographia==
*Heitmann, Wilhelm, Günther Strehlke, et Dieter Mayer. [[2002]]. &quot;Ethers, Aliphatic.&quot; ''Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry'' Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a10_023
*L. Reutter de Rosemont. [[1917]]. ''Traité de chimie médico-pharmaceutique.'' Lutetiae Parisiorum: Typis Octavius Doin, p. 296.

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ethers aetheres] spectant
* [https://www.ai-futureschool.com/fr/chimie/comprendre-les-ethers-en-chimie.php Découvrez les éthers, leurs structures chimiques, leurs propriétés uniques et leurs nombreuses applications dans divers domaines de la chimie.] [[Francogallice|Francogallice.]]
*[https://ecampusontario.pressbooks.pub/supplementintroductionavanceecollegechimieorganiquebiochimie/chapter/23-6-ethers-structure-et-denomination/ Éthers – Structure et dénomination]
[[Categoria:Aether]]
[[Categoria:Chemica]]
[[Categoria:Composita chemica]]
{{Myrias|Physica}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ester</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="2692" sha1="83secxg13bn8jc12v0b8soosyj9l3xz" xml:space="preserve">:''Si personam Biblicam quaeris, vide [[Esther]]''.
[[Fasciculus:Ester-general.svg|130px|thumb|Ester carboxylatum. R et R' quamlibet catervam [[alcylium|alcyliam]]{{dubsig}} aut [[arylium|aryliam]]{{dubsig}} designant. R etiam atomus [[hydrogenium|hydrogenii]] esse potest.]]
'''Ester''' {{Victio|ester|is|n}}&lt;ref&gt;Vocabulum originis [[lingua Theodisca|Theodiscae]], fortasse ab ''Essig'' '[[acetum|aceto]]' et ''Äther'' '[[aether]]e' formatum.&lt;/ref&gt; est [[compositum chemicum]] ab [[acidum|acido]] tractum, in quo pro una saltem caterva -OH ([[hydroxylium|hydroxylia]]) caterva -O- ([[alcylium|alcylia]]) substituitur. Ester inventum anno [[1848]] a [[Leopoldus Gmelin|Leopoldo Gmelin]] et saepe ex [[acidum carboxylicum|acido carboxylico]] et [[alcohol]]e inter se [[Reactio chemica|reagentibus]] formatur. Inter estera sunt [[glyceridum|glycerida]], ex [[acidum adipatum|acidis adipatis]] et [[glycerol]]e formata, sunt unum ex principalibus generibus [[lipidum|lipidorum]], in [[pingue|pinguibus]] [[oleum|oleis]]que inventorum. Estera quorum [[pondus moleculare]] est humile in [[odor|odoribus]], [[oleum essentiale|oleis essentialibus]], [[pheromonum|pheromonis]] reperiuntur: volatilia enim dicuntur.

[[Phosphoester]]a structuram molecularum [[ADN|acidi desoxyribonucleici]] (ADN) formant. [[Ester nitratus|Estera nitrati]], ut [[nitroglycerinum]], proprietates [[materia displosiva|displosivas]] habent, et [[polyester]]a, quae sunt [[monomera]] medietatibus esterum coniuncta, sunt [[plastica (materia)|plasticae]] magni momenti.

[[Fasciculus:Bijenwas1591.JPG|thumb|[[Cera]] ab [[Apis mellifera|apibus]] facta plura estera continet.]]
Formula chemica simplex est ''&lt;math&gt;R_1-COO-R_2&lt;/math&gt;''. &quot;&lt;math&gt;R_1-COO&lt;/math&gt;&quot; est ''carboxylium''. &quot;&lt;math&gt;R_2&lt;/math&gt;&quot; est ''alkylium''.
Alterum nomen est Alkylii carboxylas sive Alkylii alkanoas&lt;ref&gt; Кириченко А. В., Протасевич Н. В.
Латинский язык: для студентов специальностей «Химия (фармацевтическая деятельность)»,
«Химия (охрана окружающей среды)» [Электронный ресурс]. - Мн.: БГУ, 2013. &lt;/ref&gt; (ester [[Acidum carboxylicum|acidi carboxylici]]). 

== Exempla ==
* [[Methylii formias]] sive [[Methylii methanoas]]
* [[Methylii acetas]] sive [[Methylii aethanoas]]
* [[Aethylii formias]] sive [[Aethylii methanoas]]
* [[Aethylii acetas]] sive [[Aethylii aethanoas]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Acetylcholinum]]

== Nexus externus ==
{{CommuniaCat|Esters|esteres}}

{{chem-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Chemica]]
[[Categoria:Composita chemica]]
[[Categoria:Ester]]

{{Myrias|Physica}}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>3959264</id>
      <parentid>3959263</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-12T14:21:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
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      <text bytes="2706" sha1="dgn49jj7156slzcryzaq1f77fuzwfaa" xml:space="preserve">:''Si personam Biblicam quaeris, vide [[Esther]]''.
[[Fasciculus:Ester-general.svg|130px|thumb|Ester carboxylatum. R et R' quamlibet catervam [[alcylium|alcyliam]]{{dubsig}} aut [[arylium|aryliam]]{{dubsig}} designant. R etiam atomus [[hydrogenium|hydrogenii]] esse potest.]]
'''Ester''' {{Victio|ester|is|n}}&lt;ref&gt;Vocabulum originis [[lingua Theodisca|Theodiscae]], fortasse ab ''Essig'' '[[acetum|aceto]]' et ''Äther'' '[[aether]]e' formatum.&lt;/ref&gt; est [[compositum chemicum]] ab [[acidum|acido]] tractum, in quo pro una saltem caterva -OH ([[hydroxylium|hydroxylia]]) caterva -O- ([[alcylium|alcylia]]) substituitur. Ester inventum anno [[1848]] a [[Leopoldus Gmelin|Leopoldo Gmelin]] et saepe ex [[acidum carboxylicum|acido carboxylico]] et [[alcohol]]e inter se [[Reactio chemica|reagentibus]] formatur. Inter estera sunt [[glyceridum|glycerida]], ex [[acidum adipatum|acidis adipatis]] et [[glycerol]]e formata, sunt unum ex principalibus generibus [[lipidum|lipidorum]], in [[pingue|pinguibus]] [[oleum|oleis]]que inventorum. Estera quorum [[massa molaris|pondus moleculare]] est humile in [[odor|odoribus]], [[oleum essentiale|oleis essentialibus]], [[pheromonum|pheromonis]] reperiuntur: volatilia enim dicuntur.

[[Phosphoester]]a structuram molecularum [[ADN|acidi desoxyribonucleici]] (ADN) formant. [[Ester nitratus|Estera nitrati]], ut [[nitroglycerinum]], proprietates [[materia displosiva|displosivas]] habent, et [[polyester]]a, quae sunt [[monomera]] medietatibus esterum coniuncta, sunt [[plastica (materia)|plasticae]] magni momenti.

[[Fasciculus:Bijenwas1591.JPG|thumb|[[Cera]] ab [[Apis mellifera|apibus]] facta plura estera continet.]]
Formula chemica simplex est ''&lt;math&gt;R_1-COO-R_2&lt;/math&gt;''. &quot;&lt;math&gt;R_1-COO&lt;/math&gt;&quot; est ''carboxylium''. &quot;&lt;math&gt;R_2&lt;/math&gt;&quot; est ''alkylium''.
Alterum nomen est Alkylii carboxylas sive Alkylii alkanoas&lt;ref&gt; Кириченко А. В., Протасевич Н. В.
Латинский язык: для студентов специальностей «Химия (фармацевтическая деятельность)»,
«Химия (охрана окружающей среды)» [Электронный ресурс]. - Мн.: БГУ, 2013. &lt;/ref&gt; (ester [[Acidum carboxylicum|acidi carboxylici]]). 

== Exempla ==
* [[Methylii formias]] sive [[Methylii methanoas]]
* [[Methylii acetas]] sive [[Methylii aethanoas]]
* [[Aethylii formias]] sive [[Aethylii methanoas]]
* [[Aethylii acetas]] sive [[Aethylii aethanoas]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Acetylcholinum]]

== Nexus externus ==
{{CommuniaCat|Esters|esteres}}

{{chem-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Chemica]]
[[Categoria:Composita chemica]]
[[Categoria:Ester]]

{{Myrias|Physica}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ohium</title>
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        <username>Bartholomite</username>
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      <text bytes="2672" sha1="6sgw406kvsunf772moc8hhauzjhx7mu" xml:space="preserve">{{latinitas}}{{videdis|Ohium (discretiva)}}
{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidatorum}}
{{res|Ohium}},&lt;ref&gt;{{TraupmanConvLat}}.&lt;/ref&gt; sive '''Ohio''' (-nis,),&lt;ref&gt;&quot;In solo pingui sylvarum Novæ Cæsareæ, Pennsylvaniæ, Ohionis, Virginiæ, usque ad Carolinam Australem et Texas&quot;: Asa Gray, ''Chloris Boreali-Americana'', 1846 {{Google Books|zeonAAAAYAAJ|p. 22}}.&lt;/ref&gt; plenius '''respublica Ohioënsis'''&lt;ref&gt;[[Franciscus Glass|Francisci Glass]] [https://books.google.ru/books?redir_esc=y&amp;hl=ru&amp;id=3zoFAAAAYAAJ&amp;q=Ohioënsi#v=snippet&amp;q=Ohioënsi&amp;f=false ''Georgii Washingtonii vita..., litteris Latinis conscripta,'' ed. J. N. Reynolds (Novi Eboraci: Harper &amp; Brothers, 1835), pp. vi, xviii].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Lingua Anglica|Anglice]] ''Ohio''), est [[Civitatum Foederatarum civitas|civitas]] in [[Medius Oriens|Medio Occidente]] ([[Anglice]] &quot;Midwest&quot;) [[Civitates Foederatae|Civitatum Foederatarum]]. Post [[Edictum Boreoccidentale]] (''Northwest Ordinance'') sanctum, Ohium prima civitas in [[Unio]]nem admissa est. [[Vocabulum]] ''ohio'' in [[linguae Iroquesiae|linguis Iroquesiis]] 'bonum flumen' aut 'pulchrum flumen' [[significatio (linguistica)|significat]]. [[Nomen proprium|Nomen]] e [[Ohium (flumen)|flumine Ohio]] deducitur, quod austrinus civitatis finis est. [[Columbopolis (Ohium)|Columbopolis]] est [[caput (oppidum)|caput]], forum negotiorum, et fabricarum. Prosperitas civitatis in maximis agris fabricisque condita est. Praesertim, [[Cleveterra]] caput pneumaticarum rotarum videtur, quia sedes domuum multarum quae producunt est.

Postalica Ohii imminutio est ''OH.''

== Oppida alia ==
* [[Delphos]]

== Lex ==
Ohium duodeviginti sedes in [[Camera Repraesentantum Civitatum Foederatarum]] habet. Duo [[Senatus Civitatum Foederatarum|Senatores]] Ohio sunt [[Bernardus Moreno]] et [[Ioannes Husted]]. Gubernator est [[Michael DeWine]].

== Praesides ==
Ohium est patria quinque [[praeses|praesidum]] Civitatum Foederatarum, qui sunt [[Gulielmus Henricus Harrison]], [[Iacobus Garfield]], [[Beniaminus Harrison]], [[Gulielmus McKinley]], [[Gulielmus Howard Taft]]. Etiam patria est unius [[praeses vicarius Civitatum Foederatarum Americae|praesidis vicarii]], [[Iacobus David Vance|Iacobi David Vance]].

== Signa Ohii ==
* Animal: [[Cervidae]]
* Arbor: ''[[Aesculus glabra]]''
* Avis: ''[[Cardinalis cardinalis]]''
* Caput: [[Columbopolis]]
* Elogium: &quot;With God All Things Are Possible&quot; (''Deo adiuvante, omnia fieri possunt'')
* Flos: ''[[Caryophyllus]]''
* Fossilia: [[Trilobita]]
* Gemma: [[Silex]]
* Insectum: [[Coccinellidae]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes geographici}}

{{Comitatus Ohii}}
{{Civitates foederalis}}

[[Categoria:Ohium| ]]</text>
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        <id>116968</id>
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      <text bytes="2639" sha1="nkz9ji9gvugmqlhbd5x56uox72bt28y" xml:space="preserve">{{latinitas}}{{videdis|Ohium (discretiva)}}
{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidatorum}}
{{res|Ohium}},&lt;ref&gt;{{TraupmanConvLat}}.&lt;/ref&gt; sive '''Ohio''' (-nis,),&lt;ref&gt;&quot;In solo pingui sylvarum Novæ Cæsareæ, Pennsylvaniæ, Ohionis, Virginiæ, usque ad Carolinam Australem et Texas&quot;: Asa Gray, ''Chloris Boreali-Americana'', 1846 {{Google Books|zeonAAAAYAAJ|p. 22}}.&lt;/ref&gt; plenius '''respublica Ohioënsis'''&lt;ref&gt;[[Franciscus Glass|Francisci Glass]] [https://books.google.ru/books?redir_esc=y&amp;hl=ru&amp;id=3zoFAAAAYAAJ&amp;q=Ohioënsi#v=snippet&amp;q=Ohioënsi&amp;f=false ''Georgii Washingtonii vita..., litteris Latinis conscripta,'' ed. J. N. Reynolds (Novi Eboraci: Harper &amp; Brothers, 1835), pp. vi, xviii].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Lingua Anglica|Anglice]] ''Ohio''), est [[Civitatum Foederatarum civitas|civitas]] in [[Medius Oriens|Medio Occidente]] ([[Anglice]] &quot;Midwest&quot;) [[Civitates Foederatae|Civitatum Foederatarum]]. Post [[Edictum Boreoccidentale]] (''Northwest Ordinance'') sanctum, Ohium prima civitas in [[Unio]]nem admissa est. [[Vocabulum]] ''ohio'' in [[linguae Iroquesiae|linguis Iroquesiis]] 'bonum flumen' aut 'pulchrum flumen' [[significatio (linguistica)|significat]]. [[Nomen proprium|Nomen]] e [[Ohium (flumen)|flumine Ohio]] deducitur, quod austrinus civitatis finis est. [[Columbopolis (Ohium)|Columbopolis]] est [[caput (oppidum)|caput]], forum negotiorum, et fabricarum. Prosperitas civitatis in maximis agris fabricisque condita est. Praesertim, [[Cleveterra]] caput pneumaticarum rotarum videtur, quia sedes domuum multarum quae producunt est.

Postalica Ohii imminutio est ''OH.''

== Lex ==
Ohium duodeviginti sedes in [[Camera Repraesentantum Civitatum Foederatarum]] habet. Duo [[Senatus Civitatum Foederatarum|Senatores]] Ohio sunt [[Bernardus Moreno]] et [[Ioannes Husted]]. Gubernator est [[Michael DeWine]].

== Praesides ==
Ohium est patria quinque [[praeses|praesidum]] Civitatum Foederatarum, qui sunt [[Gulielmus Henricus Harrison]], [[Iacobus Garfield]], [[Beniaminus Harrison]], [[Gulielmus McKinley]], [[Gulielmus Howard Taft]]. Etiam patria est unius [[praeses vicarius Civitatum Foederatarum Americae|praesidis vicarii]], [[Iacobus David Vance|Iacobi David Vance]].

== Signa Ohii ==
* Animal: [[Cervidae]]
* Arbor: ''[[Aesculus glabra]]''
* Avis: ''[[Cardinalis cardinalis]]''
* Caput: [[Columbopolis]]
* Elogium: &quot;With God All Things Are Possible&quot; (''Deo adiuvante, omnia fieri possunt'')
* Flos: ''[[Caryophyllus]]''
* Fossilia: [[Trilobita]]
* Gemma: [[Silex]]
* Insectum: [[Coccinellidae]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes geographici}}

{{Comitatus Ohii}}
{{Civitates foederalis}}

[[Categoria:Ohium| ]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Augusta Taurinorum</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Nexus externi */ +fontes</comment>
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      <text bytes="14065" sha1="ihf5x0hwwobrkgqg6he60hhdts0wpp2" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Mole Torino.jpg|thumb|[[Moles Antonelliana]]]]
'''Augusta Taurinorum'''&lt;ref&gt;[[Gaius Plinius Secundus|Plin.]] ''[[Naturalis historia (Plinius)|Nat.]]'' 3.123; [[Tacitus|Tac.]] ''[[Historiae (Tacitus)|Hist.]]'' 2.66.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]] ''Torino'') est [[urbes Italiae|urbs]] [[Italia|Italica]] et [[Commune Italiae|municipium]], circiter 896&amp;nbsp;350 incolarum, locus princeps [[regio Italiae|regionis]] [[Pedemontium|Pedemontii]] et [[caput (urbs)|caput]] [[urbs metropolitana Taurinensis|urbis metropolitanae Taurinensis]].

Fuit [[colonia Romana]], ab [[Augustus (imperator)|Augusto]] principe condita, sed iam ante [[Imperium Romanum]] fuerat, ut videtur, [[metropolis]] [[civitas|civitatis]] [[Taurini|Taurinorum]]. Temporibus recentioribus fuit caput [[ducatus Sabaudiae]], [[regnum Sardiniae|regni Sardiniae]], et ab [[1861]] ad [[1865]] [[Regnum Italiae (1861-1946)|Regni Italiae]] omnis; unde nuncupari potest cunabula [[unificatio Italiae|unificationis paeninsulae]]. Urbium [[industria]]lium Italiae hodiernae loco tertio enumeratur.

Hic admiratione digna sunt [[Porta Palatina (Augusta Taurinorum)|Porta Palatina]] urbis Romanae, [[Palatium Madama (Augusta Taurinorum)|Palatium ''Madama'']] reginarum Sabaudiensium, [[moles Antonelliana]] ad [[museum]] [[cinematographia|cinematographicum]] accommodata, necnon [[Ecclesia Cathedralis Taurinensis|ecclesia cathedralis Sancti Ioannis Baptistae]], ubi servatur [[sindon Taurinensis]]; hinc praeterea formosissimae [[Alpes|Alpium]] occidentalium [[vallis|valles]] visitantur.

== Nomen ==
[[Antiquitas|Antiquissimum]] urbis [[nomen proprium|nomen]], si recte huic loco adsignatur, est ''Taurasia''; ita appellabatur caput civitatis Taurinorum, quo tempore [[Hannibal]] hanc terram transivit.&lt;ref&gt;{{Polytonic|Ταυρασία}}: [[Appianus]], ''Bellum Hannibalicum'' 5. Vide &quot;Taurasia (2)&quot; in {{KP}} vol. 5 col. 540.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Colonia Romana]] ibi ad honorem imperatoris Augusti nomine pleno et sollemni ''Colonia Iulia Augusta Taurinorum,''&lt;ref&gt;De prisca &quot;colonia Iulia Taurinorum&quot; anno 33 a.C.n. condita vide {{EnciItaliana|http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/alpi_(Enciclopedia_Italiana)/|Alpi|R. A. et alii|1929}}. Collegae autem adseverant: &quot;È incerto se i due appellativi Iulia Augusta accennino a una doppia deduzione, la prima per opera di Ottaviano triumviro, la seconda per opera dello stesso già Augusto, o ad una sola, per opera di Augusto&quot;: {{EnciItaliana|http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/torino_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)|Torino|P. L. et alii|1937}}.&lt;/ref&gt; nomine autem communi ''Augusta Taurinorum'' laureata est.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Augusta Taurinorum&quot;: {{Pnh}} [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Pliny_the_Elder/3*.html 3.123]. &quot;{{Polytonic|Αὐγούστα Ταυρινῶν}}&quot;: {{Ptol Geog}} [https://archive.org/stream/claudiiptolemaei01ptol#page/146/mode/2up 3.1.35]. Ita &quot;Augusta Taurinorum&quot; in ''[[Tabula Peutingeriana]]'', sed &quot;Taurinis&quot; (casu dativo vel locativo) in {{IA}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haec appellatio a recentioribus saepe adhibetur. Multi autem brevius '''Taurinum''' Latine nuncupant.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Augusta Taurinorum . . . Taurinum&quot; apud [http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/hofmann/hof1/s0407a.html Hofmannum].&lt;/ref&gt; Haec urbs [[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]] hodie ''Torino'' appellatur, sed sermone [[Lingua Pedemontica|Pedemontico]] huius regionis (sicut et [[Lingua Theodisca|Theodisce]]) ''Turin''. Incola Latine Taurinensis&lt;ref&gt;Vide {{CathHierDiocese|tori|Archidioecesis Taurinensis}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Italiane ''Torinese''&amp;thinsp;; Pedemontice ''Turinèis'') nuncupatur.

== Historia ==
; Origines Italicae et Romanae
[[Saeculum 3 a.C.n.|Tertio saeculo a.C.n.]] secundum ripas [[Padana]]s primae [[tribus]] collocabantur, ab Alpibus venientes, quaerentes campos, quos colerent. Hi homines ex stirpe [[Celti|Celto]]-[[Liguri|Ligura]] appellabantur, etiam Taurini et nomen loci ''Taurasia'' dederunt; nomen autem e ''tauro'' non oritur, qui signum civitatis postea factum erit, sed a [[Celti]]co verbo ''tau,'' quod 'mons' significat.

Socii Romanorum invasioni Hannibalis anno [[218 a.C.n.]] restiterunt. Sita in via per Gallias, postea ''Castra Taurinorum'' a [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Gaio Iulio Caesare]] anno [[58 a.C.n.]] condita sunt.

Urbs comprehenditur in Imperio Romano, Augusto Principe, ut praesidia limitum, nomine ''Augusta Taurinorum''. Ex illo tempore oritur institutio tabulae latrunculariae, quae pertinet et ampliatur usque ad hodiernos dies, cum [[decumanus|decumano]], qui vocatur hodie Via Garibaldi, et [[cardo|cardine]], qui constituitur viis Sancti Thomae et portae Palatinae.

[[Saeculum 1 a.C.n.|Primo saeculo a.C.n.]] constructum est [[theatrum]] Romanum, e quo amplae partes exstant. Porta Palatina etiam illo tempore constructa est. Anno [[69]] in proelio inter [[Otho]]nem et [[Vitellius|Vitellium]] incendium civitatem partim delevit.

; Aetate hodierna
[[Fasciculus:TurinCafeLat.jpg|thumb|left|Inscriptio &quot;Qui bene bibit, bene dormit, qui bene dormit, non peccat, qui non peccat, venit in coelum, ergo, qui bene bibit, venit in coelum.&quot;]]
Anno [[1861]] Augusta Taurinorum, quae ab anno [[1563]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]] ducatús Sabaudiae (ab anno [[1720]] regni Sardiniae) fuerat, primum caput [[Italia]]e facta est; sed anno [[1865]] caput Italiae [[Florentia]]m et postea [[Roma]]m translatum est.

== Clima ==
Urbi Taurinensi inter [[clima]]ta duo per [[enumeratio climatum Köppen–Geiger|enumerationem Köppen–Geiger]], videlicet [[clima subtropicum humidum|subtropicum humidum]] et [[clima oceanicum|oceanicum]]. Clima in stationes quattuor dividitur, [[hiems|hieme]] frigida et admodum sicca, [[aestas|aestate]] calida, [[ver]]e et [[autumnus|autumno]] [[pluvia|pluviosioribus]], pluviis violentibus aestate interdum incidentibus; [[temperatura]] aëris media [[Ianuarius|mense Ianuario]] 2° atque [[Iulius|mense Iulio]] 22.5°, minima inter −2.5° et 17°, maxima inter 6.5° et 28°, sed minima extrema usque hodie nota −21.8°, maxima extrema 37.1°; pluviis mense Decembri ad 45 mm tantum, mense Maio 145 mm, toto anno non minus quam 981 mm elevatis; diebus pluviosis per annum totum fere 81 incidentibus; [[humiditas relativa|humiditate relativa]] inter mensuras 67 centesimas et 80 centesimas reperta, [[hora|horis]] [[sol]]is fulgentis [[November|mense Novembri]] 105, mense Iulio 260, per annum totum 1990 relatis.&lt;ref&gt;Res climatologicae e Vicipaedia Anglica extractae, fontibus fidei dignis ibi citatis.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Urbis administratio ==
Ab anno [[2016]] praefectus urbis est [[Clara Appendino]].

== Ecclesia Catholica ==
Augusta Taurinorum est [[sedes episcopalis metropolitana]] ([[Archidioecesis Taurinensis]]) [[Ecclesia Catholica|Ecclesiae Catholicae]]. Praesens [[archiepiscopus]] [[Caesar Nosiglia]] est. Multi [[archiepiscopus|archiepiscopi]] Augustae Taurinorum etiam [[cardinalis|cardinales]] fuerunt. Augustae Taurinorum archiepiscopus est custos [[sindon Taurinensis|sindonis Taurinensis]].

== Clari cives ==
Augustae Taurinorum vixerunt aut nati sunt (praeter alios praeclaros incolas):

=== Nati ===
* [[Maximus Taurinensis]], [[episcopus]] ac [[sanctus]]
* [[Iosephus Ludovicus Lagrange|Josephus Aloysius Lagrange]], [[mathematicus]]
* [[Maria Ludovica Sabaudiae Carignano]]
* [[Camillus Cavour]], primus praeses Consilii Ministrorum regni Italiae
* [[Victorius Emmanuel II (rex Italiae)|Victor Emmanuel II]], primus [[rex Italiae]]
* [[Leonardus Fea]], [[zoologus]] (1852–1903)
* [[Franciscus Tamagno]], [[tenor]]
* [[Guido Gozzano]], [[poeta]]
* [[Petrus Gobetti]], [[vir publicus]] ac [[diarium|diarii]] [[scriptor]]
* [[Primus Levi]], [[scriptor]]
* [[Iosephus Saragat]], praeses Rei Publicae Italiae
* [[Erminius Macario]], [[histrio]]
* [[Carolus Fruttero]], [[scriptor]]
* [[Carolus Maria Martini]], [[episcopus]]
* [[Ioannes Rondolino]], [[historicus]]
* [[Iulianus Amato]], [[vir publicus]], bis praeses Consilii Ministrorum Rei Publicae Italianae et administer rerum interiarum
* [[Fabricius Barca]], [[vir publicus]]
* [[Maximus Gramellini]], [[scriptor]]

=== Mortui ===
* [[Claudius Taurinensis]]
* [[Ioannes Bosco]], sanctus
* [[Camillus Cavour]], vir publicus
* [[Leonardus Fea]], zoologus (1852–1903)
* [[Petrus Georgius Frassati]], beatus
* [[Caesar Pavese]], scriptor
* [[1987]] [[Primus Levi]], scriptor
* [[Francus Lucentini]], scriptor
* [[Petrus Micca]] (1677– 1706), [[heros]]

== Res oeconomicae ==
Augusta Taurinorum est urbs industrialis. Hic est [[FIAT]], maxima [[societas lucrativa]] ad [[autocinetum|autocineta]] facienda in Italia dicata. Taurini ''[[La Stampa]]'', clarum [[diarium]], ac tertium, quod ad propagationem in Italia pertinet, edita est.

== Aedificia egregia ==
* [[Ecclesia Cathedralis Taurinensis|Ecclesia cathedralis Sancti Ioannis Baptistae]]
* [[Moles Antonelliana]]
* [[Porta Palatina (Augusta Taurinorum)|Porta Palatina]] urbis Romanae
* [[Palatium Madama (Augusta Taurinorum)|Palatium ''Madama'']]

== Vecturae ==
=== Aeroportus ===
* [[Aeroportus Augustae Taurinorum-Casellarum]] seu Aeroportus Internationalis &quot;Alexander Pertini&quot;

== Institutio Publica ==
=== Biliothecae ===
Anno [[1839]] [[Bibliotheca Regalis (Taurinum)|Bibliotheca Regalis]] condita est.

=== Scholae ===
* [[Universitas Taurinensis]]

== [[Ludus athleticus|Ludi athletici]] ==
[[Juventus FC]] et [[Torino FC]] turmae [[Pediludium|pediludii]] urbis Augustae Taurinorum sunt.

== Fractiones, vici et loci in municipio ==
=== Vici urbani (Circumscriptiones) ===
* [[I Regio (Augusta Taurinorum)|I Regio]] ''Centro, Crocetta''
* [[II Regio (Augusta Taurinorum)|II Regio]] ''Santa Rita, Mirafiori Nord''
* [[III Regio (Augusta Taurinorum)|III Regio]] ''Borgo San Paolo, Cenisia, Pozzo Strada, Cit Turin, Borgata Lesna''
* [[IV Regio (Augusta Taurinorum)|IV Regio]] ''San Donato, Campidoglio, Parella''
* [[V Regio (Augusta Taurinorum)|V Regio]] ''Borgo Vittoria, Madonna di Campagna, Lucento, Vallette''
* [[VI Regio (Augusta Taurinorum)|VI Regio]] ''Barriera di Milano, Regio Parco, Barca, Bertolla, Falchera, Rebaudengo, Villaretto''
* [[VII Regio (Augusta Taurinorum)|VII Regio]] ''Aurora, Vanchiglia, Sassi, Madonna del Pilone''
* [[VIII Regio (Augusta Taurinorum)|VIII Regio]] ''San Salvario, Cavoretto, Borgo Po''
* [[IX Regio (Augusta Taurinorum)|IX Regio]] ''Nizza Millefonti, Lingotto, Filadelfia''
* [[X Regio (Augusta Taurinorum)|X Regio]] ''Mirafiori Sud''

=== Loci clari ===
* [[Superga]]

== Municipia finitima ==
{{div col|2}}
* [[Baldicherium Cheriensium]]
* [[Benacum]]
* [[Burgarium Taurinense]]
* [[Collegium (Italia)|Collegium]]
* [[Gruliascum]]
* [[Amapanum]]
* [[Mons Calerius]]
* [[Nicolinum]]
* [[Orbacianum]]
* [[Picetum Taurinorum]]
* [[Pinetum Taurinensium]]
* [[Ripulae (Pedemontium)|Ripulae]]
* [[Pulcherada]]
* [[Septimum Taurinorum]]
* [[Venatica Regia]]
{{div col end}}

{{NexInt}}
* [[Pedemontium]]
* [[Provincia Taurinensis]]
* [[Urbs metropolitana Taurinensis]]
* [[Urbes Italiae]]
* [[512 Taurinensis]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
; De urbe antiqua
* &quot;Augusta (5). Augusta Taurinorum&quot; in {{KP}} vol. 1 col. 738
* &quot;Augusta Taurinorum (Torino)&quot; in {{TIR L32}} p. 29
* {{EnciArteAntica|http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/torino_%28Enciclopedia-dell%27-Arte-Antica%29/|Torino|C. Carducci}}

; Opera veteriora
* &quot;[http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/hofmann/hof1/s0407a.html Augusta Taurinorum]&quot; et &quot;[http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/hofmann/hof4/s0484b.html Taurini]&quot; in {{Hofmannus}}
* Onorato Derossi, ''Nuova guida per la città di Torino''. Taurinis, 1781 [http://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=609392&amp;custom_att_2=simple_viewer&amp;search_terms=DTL10&amp;pds_handle= Textus]

; Operea recentiora
* ''Storia di Torino''. 9 Voll. Taurinis: Einaudi, 1997-1999
* Norberto Bobbio, ''Trent'anni di storia della cultura a Torino (1920-1950)''. Taurinis: Einaudi, 2002
* A. L. Cardoza, G. W. Symcox, ''Storia di Torino''. Taurinis: Einaudi, 2006
* Giuseppe Culicchia, ''Torino è casa mia''. Mediolani: Laterza, 2006.
* Giuditta Dembech, ''Torino città magica''. Ariete Multimedia, 1995.
* Gennaro Di Napoli, Luca Mercalli, ''Il clima di Torino''. Taurinis: Società Meteorologica Subalpina, 2008.
* Enrico Martino, ''Gente chiamata Torino''. EGA Editore, 1996
* Vittorio Messori, Giovanni Cazzullo, ''Il Mistero di Torino''. Mediolani: Mondadori, 2005, ISBN 88-04-52070-1

; Aliae encyclopaediae
* &quot;[http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/torino_%28Dizionario-di-Storia%29/ Torino]&quot; in ''Dizionario di storia'' (Romae: Treccani, 2011)
* {{EnciItaliana|http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/torino_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)|Torino|P. L. et alii|1937}}
* {{EnciItaliana|http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/torino_res-4a683b63-9bca-11e2-9d1b-00271042e8d9_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)/|Torino: situazione politico-amministrativa; architettura|Francesca Socrate, Alessandro De Magistris|2007}}
* {{EnciItaliana|http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/torino_res-047342d6-87e7-11dc-8e9d-0016357eee51_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)/|Torino: appendice|Giuseppe Caraci, Emilio Lavagnino|1949}}

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Turin|Augustam Taurinorum}}
{{Fontes geographici}}
* {{opus|url=https://www.comune.torino.it/|titulus=Situs interretialis}} {{Ling|Lingua Italiana{{!}}Italiane}}
* [http://www.romanoimpero.com/2013/02/julia-augusta-taurinorum-torino-piemonte.html De urbe Romana]
{{Coord|45|04|00|N|07|42|00|E|display=title}}

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Map - IT - Torino - Municipality code 1272.svg|Collocatio finium Municipii Taurinensis in urbe metropolitana Taurinensi.
Fasciculus:Mole Antonelliana Torino.JPG|[[Moles Antonelliana]].
Fasciculus:Mole Antonelliana from Piazza Statuto.jpg|[[Moles Antonelliana]].
Fasciculus:Palazzo Reale (7379271406).jpg|Palatium regale.
Fasciculus:Duomo Torino.jpg|[[Ecclesia Cathedralis Turinensis]] et [[Cappella Sacri Sindonis]].
Fasciculus:Mg-k Basilica Superga1.jpg|[[Basilica Superga]]ana.

&lt;/gallery&gt;

{{Capita regionum Italicarum}}
{{Capita provinciarum Italicarum}}

{{Myrias|Geographia}}

[[Categoria:Augusta Taurinorum| ]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Stultifera navis (Brant)</title>
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{{Videdis|Stultifera navis (discretiva)}}
'''''Stultifera navis''''' est [[liber]] a [[Sebastianus Brant|Sebastiano Brant]] nomine ''Das Narrenschyff'' (fere 'Navis stultorum') anno [[1494]] conscriptus [[Basilea]]eque divulgatus, quem in Latinum convertit edendumque curavit [[Iacobus Locher]] anno [[1497]]. Hic liber praeclarus [[satura|satirice]] mundum describit incolasque sicut [[navis|navem]] cuius dementes vectores nesciunt destinationem et cursum neglegunt. Radices huius [[allegoria]]e in litteris [[Medium Aevum|Medii Aevi]] iacent. Fama enim est stultos et fatuos a civibus in nave collocatos esse, ut sine cursu per flumina mariaque navigarent. Opus habet 114 saturas breves cum imaginibus ab [[Albertus Durerus|Alberto Durero]] pictis. In saturis multis, [[auctor]] deridet et reprehendit vitia sacerdotum [[Ecclesia Catholica|Catholicorum]]. Hic Sanctum Grobianum creavit, quem dixit esse patronum vulgaris rudisque plebis.

[[Stultifera navis]] est res thematica, quae saepe in [[litterae|litteris]] [[ars|artibusque]] [[cultura occidentalis|occidentalibus]] apparet.

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Imago:Narrenschiff.jpg|Imago in fronte editionis principis anno [[1494]] Germanice exaratae. Xylographia ab [[Albertus Durerus|Alberto Durero]] facta. 
Imago:Narrenschiff.JPG|Imago in fronte Latinae editionis, Basiliae anno [[1497]] prolatae. Xylographia ab [[Albertus Durerus|Alberto Durero]] facta. 
Imago:Narrenschiff Titelseite.jpg|Imago in fronte Latinae editionis, Argentorati anno [[1497]] prolatae. Xylographia ab [[Albertus Durerus|Alberto Durero]] facta.
Imago:Narrenschiff Titelblatt.jpg|Imago in fronte Germanicae editionis, Argentorati anno [[1549]] prolatae. Xylographia ab auctore Germano facta.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

{{NexInt}}
*[[Libri Latine redditi]]
*[[Stultitia]]
*[[Stupiditas]]
*[[5896 Narrenschiff]]

== Nexus externus ==
{{CommuniaCat|Narrenschiff}}
* [http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camena/locher2/lochernavis.html Stultifera navis, versio Latina]
* [[Albertus Durerus]], [[Sebastianus Brant]] (1494) [http://www.wdl.org/en/item/8973 ''Das Narrenschiff'']{{Nexus deficit|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, World Digital Library
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100618180057/http://info.lib.uh.edu/sca/digital/ship/index.html ''Das Narrenschiff'', textus Theodiscus]

[[Categoria:Germaniae scripta]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latine versae]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Theodiscae]]
[[Categoria:Mythologia mediaevalis]]
[[Categoria:Saturae]]
[[Categoria:Scripta 1494]]
[[Categoria:Scripta 1497]]
[[Categoria:Albertus Durerus]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Guido Aretinus</title>
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      <comment>/* Epistola ad Michaelem */</comment>
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{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Statue of Guido of Arezzo.jpg|thumb|upright=1|[[Monumentum]] Guidoni Aretino dicatum Aretii positum.]]
'''Guido Aretinus'''&lt;ref&gt;Etiam ''Guido Monachus'' a nonnullis [[rerum gestarum scriptor]]ibus appellatus.&lt;/ref&gt; (natus inter annos [[990]] et [[1000]]; mortuus circa annum [[1050]]) fuit [[monachus]] [[Ordo Sancti Benedicti|Benedictinus]], [[compositor]], et continuorum graduum [[musica|musicorum]] et [[notatio musica|notationis musicae]] [[auctor]]. 

== Vita ==
In [[abbatia]] [[Pompona|Pompomensi]] apud [[Ferraria (urbs)|Ferrariam]] et postea, inter annos [[1025]] et [[1035]], [[Arretium|Aretii]] docuit. 

== Opera ==
{{Latinitas|-3}}
=== Epistola ad Michaelem ===
Epistola ad Michaelem erat serum opus Guidonis, probabile scriptum post admissionem apud papam [[Ioannes XIX|Ioannem XIX]], itaque opus serissimus Guidonis. Ut explicuit in epistula ipsa [[hymnus|hymnum]] «Ut queant laxis» esse artem memoriae &lt;!--? &quot;musical art of memory&quot; melius novum reum «ars memoriae», etsi sine musica--&gt; in provincia [[cantus planus|cantus plani]]:
 
:''Ad inveniendum igitur ignotum cantum, beatissime Frater! prima et vulgaris regula haec est, si litteras, quas quaelibet neuma habuerit, in monochordo sonaveris, atque ab ipso audiens tamquam ab homine magistro discere poteris. Sed puerulis ista est regula, et bona quidem incipientibus, pessima autem perseverantibus. [...]''
:''Si quam ergo vocem vel neumam vis ita memoriae commendare, ut ubicumque velis, in quocumque cantu, quem scias vel nescias, tibi mox possit occurrere, quatenus mox illum indubitanter possis enuntiare, debes ipsam vocem vel neumam in capite alicuius notissimae symphoniae notare, et pro unaquaque voce memoriae retinenda huiusmodi symphoniam in promtu habere, quae ab eadem voce incipiat: utpote sit haec symphonia, qua ego docendis pueris imprimis atque etiam in ultimis utor C, D, E, F, G, a, «Ut queant laxis resonare fibris mira gestorum famuli tuorum, solve polluti labii reatum, sancte Iohannes».''&lt;ref&gt;Diagraphum in manuscripto tuscianense XII saeculi utitur letteras Γ, A, B, C, D, E, itaque hexachordum durum incipiens ab Gamma ut ([[Bibliotheca Bodmeriana|CH-CObodmer]] cod. [[#CObodmer77|77]], f. [http://www.e-codices.unifr.ch/de/doubleview/fmb/cb-0077/37v/ 37v]). Serus scriptor addebat imaginem manus apud marginem. Ecce etiam diagramma solmisationis in pagina 191 codicis montecass. [[#MC318|318]].&lt;/ref&gt;
:''Vides itaque, ut haec symphonia senis particulis suis a sex diversis incipiat vocibus? Si quis itaque uniuscuiusque particulae caput ita exercitatus noverit, ut confestim quamcumque particulam voluerit, indubitanter incipiat, easdem sex voces ubicumque viderit, secundum suas proprietates facile pronuntiare poterit. Audiens quoque aliquam neumam sine descriptione, perpende, quae harum particularum eius fini melius aptetur, ita ut finalis vox neumae et principalis particulae aequisonae sint. Certusque esto, quia in eam vocem neuma finita est, in qua conveniens sibi particula incipit. Si vero descriptam aliquam symphoniam incognitam cantare ceperis, multum cavendum est, ut ita proprie unamquamque finias neumam, ut eodem modo finis neumae bene iungatur cum principio eius particulae, quae ab eadem incipit voce, in qua neuma finita est. Ergo ut inauditos cantus, mox ut descriptos videris, competenter enunties, aut indescriptos audiens cito describendos bene possis discernere, optime te iuvabit haec regula.''
::—Guido Aretinus, ''Epistola ad Michaelem''&lt;ref&gt;Editio Gerbertis ([[#Gui1784|1784]], 44-45).&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fasciculus:Guidonian hand.jpg|thumb|Manus Guidoniana cum XX locibus per phthongos musicales quam gradus hexachordarum]]
Guido utebatur [[hymnus|hymno]] «[[Ut Queant Laxis|Ut qeant laxis]]» secundum illum gradus hexachordi (''Ut, Re, Mi, Fa, So, La'') ab versibus memorati erant.&lt;ref&gt;Posterior erat etiam versionem primi versus incipiens «Domine», inde syllaba ''Do'' erat usa apud solmisationem septem syllabarum ''do, re, mi, fa, sol, la, si'' secundum ''Opinioni de' cantori antichi, e moderni'' a [[:it:Pier Francesco Tosi|Piero Francesco Tosi]], sed non debet confusa esse cum methodo mediaevale apud Guidonem. Guido utebatur septem notis A, B, C, D, E, F, G, sed sine confusione cum sex vocibus hexachordi.&lt;/ref&gt; Hoc modo:
:'''Ut''' queant laxis
:'''Re'''sonare fibris
:'''Mi'''ra gestorum
:'''Fa'''muli tuorum
:'''Sol'''ve polluti
:'''La'''bii reatum
:Sancte Iohannes.
[[Fasciculus:Mano guidoniana.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Manus Guidoniana ad initium carminis «O roma nobilis orbis» cum diagramma solmisationis ([[Abbatia Territorialis Montis Cassini|I-MC]] cod. [[#MC318|318]], p. 291).]] 
Hymnus non solum dedit exemplum vitae monasticae, sed etiam prima syllaba uniusquisque versus amplio in litteris ut '''ut, re, mi, fa, sol, la''' (qui appelati erant «sex diversas voces» a Guido) monstraverunt hexachordum a melodia hymni. Inter voces intervalla sunt tonus (ut—re, re–mi, fa—sol, sol—la) et semitonium (mi—fa). Hoc quo efficitur ordinem T—T—S—T—T per hexachordum ut visibiliter apud manum manuscripto Bibliothecae Montis Casini.&lt;ref&gt;Symbolum intervalli est scriptum in atramento rubro super letteras «vocis» passus in alto, e.g. est scriptum «S» super C quam intervallum passus a '''B mi''' ad '''C fa'''.&lt;/ref&gt; Hexachordum potest incipere ab '''C ut''' (hexachordum naturale), ab '''F ut''' (hexachordum molle) et ab '''G ut''' (hexachordum durum).

Guido mano cum articulibus quam locos phthongorum utebatur.&lt;ref&gt;Verbum ''phthongus'' sive ''phthongos'' (gr. {{lang|grc|ὁ φθόγγος}}, «vox») est usum solum singulariter a Guidone («ita in harmonia sunt phtongi» cap. XV ''Micrologi''). Phthongus dicitur per unam notam quam elementum in musica si est positum loco memoriae ut certus articulus mani Guidonianae vel certa tasta tabulae lyrae vel certum punctum divisionis monochordis. Verbum «vox» quam elementum hexachordi verisimile est interpretationem latinam verbi graeci «phthongus». Verbum «[https://woerterbuchnetz.de/?sigle=LmL&amp;lemid=P00195 phthongus]» apud ''Lexicon musicum Latinum medii aevi''.&lt;/ref&gt; Phthongi sunt Gamma ('''Γ ut''') incipiens ab pollice cum hexachordo duro, '''A re, B mi, C fa ut''' (hexachordum naturale), '''D sol re, E la mi, F fa ut''' (hexachordum molle), '''G sol re ut''' (hexachordum durum), '''a la mi re, b mi / b fa, c fa sol ut''' (hexachordum naturale) etc. 

Manus Guidoniana erat pars artis memoriae in musica. Difficultas est mutatio hexachordarum selectandum '''b mi''' vel '''b fa''' vel '''mi diesis''' sub '''fa''' (ut '''a diesis''' sub '''b fa''')&lt;ref&gt;Nonnullae versiones ''Micrologus'' tractant diesem (cap. X).&lt;/ref&gt; atque manus est instrumentum facendum viam inter tres hexachorda. Manus paginae 291 refert tonum «autentum tetrardum» carminis «O roma nobilis orbis» (incipiendum ab '''d sol'''), inde cantor invenit a extremo minimi digiti '''b mi''' ut symbolum rubrum «T» monstrat. Itaque finalis cantus est '''G sol ut'''. Diagramma solmisationis habet solum hexachordum durum cum sex vocis ab '''G ut''': solmisatio apud verba «et domina» sunt syllabas «m[i] m[i] r[e] v[t]».

=== Micrologus ===
Hodie magis quam centum manuscripta cum scriptis Guidonis conservata sunt, fortasse unum vel duo decima erant scripta XI saeculo, maior pars eorum habet solum excerpta tractatus ''Micrologus''. Titulus graecus est traductus etiam in verba latina «brevis sermo in musica» quod habet solum viginti capitula, nonnulla tantum brevia continent solum unum periodum vel duo. Mirus est versio collectionis Montis Casini ([[Abbatia Territorialis Montis Cassini|I-MC]] cod. [[#MC318|318]], pp.156-291) ubi scriptor, verisimilis cantor abbatiae quod scripsit exempla cantuum in neumis italicis, fecit excerpta multarum tractatuum notarum in capitula (pp. 6-126), deinde [[Tonarium|tonaria]] sequuntur. Ad finem collectionis (p. 156) scriptor fecit diagraphum ''Micrologi'' substituendum ultimum capitulum ab alibus viginti novem capitulis (pp. 185-291), itaque versio Montis Casini habet quadraginta et novem capitula cum extractis epistolae ad Michaelem.&lt;ref&gt;Capitulum ultimum est scriptum in prima pagina manuscripti: «In nomine domini incipit michrologus, id est brevis ser[mo] in musica. Quomodo [musica] ex malleorum sonitu sit inventa» ([[Abbatia Territorialis Montis Cassini|I-MC]] cod. [[#MC318|318]], pp.1-2). Secundum Christianum Meyer ([[#Mey2018|2018]], nota 2) redactio capituli XX est multo similem, sed non eadem ac exemplum XII saeculi in manuscripto Tusciae ([[Bibliotheca Bodmeriana|CH-CObodmer]] ms. [[#CObodmer77|77]], ff.25v-27v) praesentem in editione Josephi Smits van Waesberghe ([[#JSWGuiMl|1955]], pp.228-234). Meyer ([[#Mey2018|2018]], pp.174-175, tabulam) et Angelo Rusconi ([[#Rus2018|2018]], pp.202-203) descripsunt omnes compilationes collectionis in manuscriptu.&lt;/ref&gt; Versiones manuscriptorum sunt similae, sed non eaedem. Selecta sunt duo manuscripta. Editio Josephi Smits van Waesberghe ([[#JSWGuiMl|1955]]) comparationem facere servit per versionem augmentatam Montis Casini. Editio Gerbertis ([[#GuiMicrologus|1784]], ii:2-24) habet nunnullas proprietates qui sunt conservatas a versione XIII saeculi, pars [[#clm5539|libris cantuum]] a Diessen.

==== Introductio ad litteras notarum ====
[[File:Guido e Teodaldo.jpg|thumb|Guido monachus cum monochordo et Theodaldus Cannossensis, episcopus [[Arretium|Arretii]] ([[Bibliotheca Nationalis Austriaca|A-Wn]] cod. lat. 51, f.35v, ''Micrologus'' ff.35r-41v)]]
Ut dixit in primo capitulo novam artem docendi apud Guidonem non repudiare usum monochordis, sed eius methodus solmisationis nominavit voces ad cognitionem ignoti vel noti cantus:

 Igitur qui nostram disciplinam petit, aliquantos cantus nostris notis descriptos addiscat, in monochordi usu manum exerceat, hasque regulas saepe meditetur, donec vi et natura vocum cognita ignotos ut notos cantus suaviter canat.
 ——Guido Aretinus, ''Micrologus'' (cap. I)&lt;ref&gt;Editio Josephi Smits van Waesberghe ([[#JSWGuiMl|1955]], pp.91-92).&lt;/ref&gt;

In capitulo secundo symbola notarum esse septem explicuit et omnes XXI (b est b fa sive b rotundum, ♮ est b mi sive b quadratum):

 Sequuntur septem alphabeti litterae graves ideoque maioribus litteris insignitae hoc modo: A. B. C. D. E. F. G. [...] Fiunt itaque simul omnes XXI, hoc modo: Γ. A. B. C. D. E. F. G. a. b. ♮. c. d. e. f. g. aa. bb. ♮♮. cc. dd.
 ——Guido Aretinus, ''Micrologus'' (cap. II)&lt;ref&gt;Editio Josephi Smits van Waesberghe ([[#JSWGuiMl|1955]], pp.94-95).&lt;/ref&gt;

In capitulo tertio Guido explicuit usum monochordis modo faciliore.

==== Guido et diesis ====
Cum magis quam centum manuscripta intentionem auctoris coniectare difficilis est. Tantum versionum capituli decimi sunt ubi differentiae sunt exempla selecta cum et sine notatione (e.g. [[Abbatia Territorialis Montis Cassini|I-MC]] cod. [[#MC318|318]], p.168 solum cum communione «Diffusa est gratia»). Nonnullae versiones tractant diesem et quomodo inveniat ipsam a divisionibus monochordis. Exemplum est manuscriptum ex Diessen cum passo describendo diesem:&lt;ref&gt;[[Bibliotheca publica Bavarica|D-Mbs]] clm cod. [[#clm5539|5539]], f.129r. Ipsum capitulum habet pluriora exempla nota etiam ab alia manuscripta antiquiore ut offertorium «Desiderium animae» (f.128v) cuius melodia incipiens ab '''C ut''' est notata a letteris Guidonianis et neumis in modo inusitato, non quam «plagium tritum» cum finale '''F fa ut''', sed «autentum protum» (finalis '''D re'''). Diesis faciatur sub tertiam ('''F fa''') et sextam notam ('''b fa'''). Aliae versiones incipiant melodiam offertorii ab '''c fa ut''' et deductio toni posita est ab verso [[Tonarium|tonarii]] «Tertia dies est quod haec facta sunt» qui erat versum tonus tertii cum finale '''E mi'''. Propterea tonus offertorii sit tertium sive «autentum deuterum», atque sexta nota sit '''♮ mi''' (Gerbert [[#GuiMicrologus|1784]], exempla ii:10 &amp; 12).&lt;/ref&gt;

 Igitur haec diesis, quae, sicut supra diximus, locum semitonii sumit, nusquam sumenda est, nisi isto modo, cum tritus canitur, et tetrardus producendus est in proto, iterumque deponendus est in semetipso, vel in eodem trito, vel etiam magis infimo.
 ——''Micrologus'', passus describendum diesem&lt;ref&gt;Editio Gerbertis ([[#GuiMicrologus|1784]], ii:11).&lt;/ref&gt;

Itaque verbum graecum «diesis» ({{lang|grc|ἡ δίεσις}}) dicitur minutio intervalli semitonii inter voces '''mi''' et '''fa''' qui usa est in melu ceterum tonorum ut apud «autentum tritum», «autentum tetrardum» et «autentum protus».&lt;ref&gt;In tractatu ''Micrologo'' nomina tonorum erant secundum terminologiam byzantinam notam ab [[Tonarium#Symbola 8 tonorum|tonario]] carolingio, non secundum enumerationem apud Hucbaldem.&lt;/ref&gt; Guido vel serus cantor redigendum tractatum explicuit etiam quomodo intervalla iusta diligenter invenire a divisionibus monochordis potuerunt. 
[[File:Diesis on the monochord.png|thumb|center|Modus inveniendi dieses ab divisionibus cordarum (''Micrologus'', cap. X)|531x531px]]
 Metitur autem hoc modo. Cum a G. ad finem feceris novem passus, reperisque a. tunc ab a. ad finem partire per septem, et in termino primae partis reperies primam diesim, inter ♮. et c.
 Mox secundus et tertius passus erunt vacui, quartus vero tertii diesis obtinebit locum, qui similiter erit inter ♮♮. et cc.
 Modo simili a d. passus fiant totidem ad finem, moxque secundae patebit locus, supradicto ordine, quae erit inter e. et f.
 Tunc revertens ad primam diesin, divide ad finem per quatuor, et primus item passus terminabit inter e. et f. secundus inter ♮♮. et cc. reliqui vacant.
 Admonemus vero lectorem, ne existimet nos desipere, eoquod primo omisimus ista scribere. Nos enim paratos habebit, post finem operis ex istis respondere sibi; nunc ad cepta revertamur.
 ——''Micrologus'' (cap. X)&lt;ref&gt;Editio Gerbertis ([[#GuiMicrologus|1784]], ii:11).&lt;/ref&gt;

Adiuvat monochordum quam instrumentum cum tres vel quinque cordas imaginare. Deinde, prima corda est '''G ut''', secunda est '''a re''' id est intervallum tonus (8:9) in alto, tertia corda '''d sol''' id est intervallum diapentis (2:3) in alto. 

Hoc modo dieses inter '''♮ mi''' et '''c fa''' (D&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;) atque in octavam inter '''♮♮ mi''' et '''cc fa''' (D&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) indigent divisione secundae cordae a septem partibus equalibus. Intervallum inter '''a re''' et '''♮ mi diesis''' habet proportionem 6:7 (et 3:7 in octava quae est duplum vel dimidium cordae ab '''♮ mi diesis'''). Diesis causat augmentationem tonus inter '''re''' et '''mi''' quae est quasi tertiam '''fa'''!

Alia diesis inveniatur apud cordam tertiam ab '''d re''' ubi est diesis tertia inter '''e mi''' et '''f fa''' (D&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;). Quoque hinc proportio est 6:7. 

Intonatio intervallorum ut ditonus vel tonus augmentatus a diese non est facilis. Itaque postulat usum monochordis quam preparationem consonantiae vocum. Capitula IV-VI tractant cuncta intervalla quam species diatessaron et diapente, hexachordum quam diapente cum tono (cap. IV), species diapason (cap. V) et qualitates intervallorum quam divisones vocum (cap. VI).

==== Affinitates vocum: modus, tropus, tonus ====
Guido elaborabat institutionem de musica solum ab quattuor modibus et verbum novum quod nominabat eorum «affinitates vocum»: A—D—a, B—E—♮, C—F—c et D—G—d:
 Primus modus vocum est, cum vox tono deponitur, et tono et semitonio, et duobus tonis intenditur, ut A. et D. Secundus modus est, cum vox duobus tonis remissa, semitonio et duobus tonis intenditur, ut B. et E. Tertius est modus, qui semitonio et duobus tonis descendit, duobus vero tonis et semitonio ascendit, ut C. et F. Quartus vero tono deponitur, surgit autem per duos tonos et semitonium, ut G. Et nota, quod se per ordinem sequuntur, ut primus in A. secundus in B. tertius in C. Item primus in D. secundus in E. tertius in F. quartus in G. Itemque nota has vocum affinitates per diatessaron et diapente constructas: A. enim ad D, et B. ad E, et C. ad F, et D. ad G, a gravibus diatessaron, ab acutis vero diapente coniungitur hoc modo:
 ——Guido Aretinus, ''Micrologus'' (cap. VII)&lt;ref&gt;Editio Gerbertis ([[#GuiMicrologus|1784]], ii:7-8).&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fasciculus:Guidonis Aretini IV modi.jpg|thumb|center|Affinitates vocum in IV modibus, deest quarto diapente G—d ([[Abbatia Territorialis Montis Cassini|I-MC]] cod. [[#MC318|318]], p.165)|500x500px]]
Itaque sunt quattuor species tetrachordarum et pentachordarum quas Guido appelavit «has vocum affinitates per diatessaron et diapente» secundum ordinem: primus modus (A—D, D—a), secundus modus (B—E, E—♮), tertius modus (C—F, F—c) et quartus modus (D—G, G—d). Initium capituli refert numerum troporum esse septem (hypodorium, hypophrygium, hypolydium, dorium, phrygium, lydium et mixolydium apud Boethium), sed Guido coniunxit septem tropos cum «vocibus» A–G. Studium Guidonis in quattuor tonos plagales habendas diatessaron a gravibus non erat solum simplificationem magni systematis perfecti, sed etiam interpretationem novam quae erat fundamentum diaphoniae sive organi. Guido non indiguit specierum aliarum quattuor octavae (illae autentorum tonorum) quia erat solum quaestionem utrum diatessaron sit in positione acuta an grave. Sine dubio positio gravis erat utilior quoque in cantu autentorum tonorum. Itaque species octavae non intererant ut illae diatessaron et diapente.

Videtur Guidonem evitasse verba tetrachordum et pentachordum, verisimile prohibendum confusionem aut solum vicinitatem cum hexachordo et eius sex vocibus—verbum unicum apud Guidonem et non usum prius in hoc modo.

Denique modus, tropus et tonus sunt tres verba et non debet confundere inter ea. Modus refert species tetrachordis (diatessaron apud Guidonem), pentachordis (diapente apud Guidonem) et octavae (diapason apud Guidonem), tropus invicem proportiones intervallorum apud monochordem et quoque transpositae. 

Tropus quam verbum etiam est usus attribuendum ad proprietates geographicas ut in capitulo quattuordecimo:

 Horum quidam troporum exercitati ita proprietates et discretas ut ita dicam, facies extemplo ut audierint, recognoscunt, sicut peritus gentium coram positis multis habitus eorum intueri potest et dicere: hic Graecus est, ille Hispanus, hic Latinus est, ille Teutonicus, iste vero Gallus. Atque ita diversitas troporum diversitati mentium coaptatur ut unus autenti deuteri fractis saltibus delectetur, alius plagae triti eligat voluptatem, uni tetrardi autenti garrulitas magis placet, alter eiusdem plagae suavitatem probat; sic et de reliquis.
 ——Guido Aretinus, ''Micrologus'' (cap. XIV)&lt;ref&gt;Editio Josephi Smits van Waesberghe ([[#JSWGuiMl|1955]], pp.158-159)&lt;/ref&gt;

Attributi graeci antiqui ut dorius, phrygius etc. desunt apud Guidonem, sed hinc coniunctionem ad «facies» troporum est manifestum. Hinc, facies referunt diversitatem inter cantores variarum regionum. Latini et graeci possunt etiam esse cantores in [[Langobardi|Italia]] ubi ritus graecus et latinus erant praesentes, non solum ritus graecus [[Thessalonica|Thessalonicae]] et in patriarchatibus [[Constantinopolis mediaevalis|Constantinopolis]], [[Hierosolyma|Hierosolymae]] et [[Alexandria|Alexandriae]], et diversitas inter cantores latini ut illi [[Mosarabes|mozarabicos]] in [[Hispania Visigothica|Hispania]], cantores [[Nova Aquitania|Aquitaniae]] et [[Ducatus Lotharingiae|Lotharingiae]] in [[Francia|Gallia]], et cantores apud [[Lacus Bodamicus|lacum Bodamicum]] in [[Regnum Teutonicum|Regno Teutonico]] cum [[Helvetia]] et [[Austria]].

[[Tonarium|Tonus]] invicem referet utrum tonalitatem cantus, eius formulas, psalmodiam et intonationem (echema) in contestu aliorum verborum ut «protus» et «tritus», an intervallum cum proportione 8:9 quod potest etiam dividere duo tetrachorda sive diatessera (e.g. A—D—G–a).

==== Appendix de diaphonia ====
Ad finem tractatus capitula octodecimum et nonodecimum sunt appendicem docendum polyphoniam dictam organum sive diaphoniam apud Guidonem, atque melius «cantare cantum in diaphonia» sive «cum organo».

Prima solum est ''Scolica'' et ''Musica enchiriadis'' ubi auctor tractabat polyphoniam et videtur usum systematis Dasiani cum regulis evitandis tritonum. Guido repudiabat usum ipsius et eorum absonias quoniam usum tres hexachordarum fecit usum primi obsoletum.

In capitulo octodecimo facebat differentiam inter modum durum et mollem diaphoniae. Modus durus est cantare cum tres vocibus, una gravior in diatessaron sub cantum et una acutior in duplum, id est diapente super cantum. Guido nominabat consonantiam ipsarum trium vocum «aptae vocum copulationes»:

 Diaphonia vocum disiunctio sonat, quam nos organum vocamus, cum disiunctae ab invicem voces et concorditer dissonant et dissonanter concordant. Qua quidam ita utuntur, ut canenti semper quarta chorda succedat, ut .A. ad .D. ubi si organum per acutum .a. duplices, ut sit .A.D.a., resonabit .A. ad .D. diatessaron, ad .a. diapason; .D. vero ad utrumque .A.a., diatessaron et diapente; .a. acutum ad graviores diapente et diapason. Et quia hae tres species tanta se ad organum societate ac ideo suavitate permiscent, ut superius vocum similitudines fecisse monstratae sunt symphoniae, id est aptae vocum copulationes dicuntur, cum symphonia et de omni cantu dicatur.
 ——Guido Aretinus, ''Micrologus'' (cap. XVIII)&lt;ref&gt;Editio Josephi Smits van Waesberghe ([[#JSWGuiMl|1955]], pp.196-198).&lt;/ref&gt; 

Modus mollis invicem dicitur organum cum duo vocibus qui occurunt apud distinctionem (verbum allatum a grammatica). Guido appellabat ipsum «modum nostrum». «Occursus» est verbum principale et regulae eius sunt:
 Qui occursus tono melius fit, ditono non adeo, semiditono numquam.
 ——Guido Aretinus, ''Micrologus'' (cap. XVIII)&lt;ref&gt;Editio Josephi Smits van Waesberghe ([[#JSWGuiMl|1955]], p.203).&lt;/ref&gt;
Itaque hexachordum interest quod habet sub se semitonium et semiditonum (tertiam minorem), intervalla non apta facendum occursus. Inde vox «ut» hexachordi dicitur «vis organi». Vox organalis sequitur cantum usque ad «ut», sed deinde non descendit. Regulae dant formam diaphoniae mutandum inter motum parallelum in diatessaron, sonum tentum et occursum vocum.

In capitulo nonodecimo exempla sunt ut primum exemplum per distinctionem in cantu plagii triti ubi vox cantus facet occursum, sed non vox organi:
 Igitur a trito non deponimus organum, sive in eo sive in sequentibus finiatur, hoc modo:
 ——Guido Aretinus, ''Micrologus'' (cap. XIX)&lt;ref&gt;Editio Josephi Smits van Waesberghe ([[#JSWGuiMl|1955]], pp.208-209 cum exemplo «Ipsi soli»).&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fasciculus:Guido of Arezzo's Diaphonia example «Ipsi soli».png|thumb|center|Guidonis Aretini exemplum diaphoniae «Ipsi soli» in plagio trito sive tono sexto ad initium capituli XIX, hinc nominatum «De non deponando organum a trito» ([[Abbatia Territorialis Montis Cassini|I-MC]] cod. [[#MC318|318]], p.183)|635x635px]]
 Ecce finis distinctionis in trito C. a quo non deponimus organum, quia non habet sub se tonum vel ditonum, quibus fit occursus, sed habet semiditonum, per quem non fit occursus.
 ——Guido Aretinus, ''Micrologus'' (cap. XIX)&lt;ref&gt;Editio Gerbertis ([[#GuiMicrologus|1784]], ii:22).&lt;/ref&gt;
Cantores abbatiae Montis Casini mutabantur exemplum occursus secundum regulam «tono melius fit, ditono non adeo». Maiores versiones finiantur tenendo organum a '''C ut''', hinc invicem voces continuant apud syllabam finalem «li» (vox organi—&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;vox cantus&lt;/span&gt;) C—&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;D&lt;/span&gt; B—&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;E&lt;/span&gt; C—&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;F&lt;/span&gt; D—&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;E&lt;/span&gt; C—&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;D&lt;/span&gt; C—&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Non C—&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;D&lt;/span&gt; C—&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;E&lt;/span&gt; C—&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;F&lt;/span&gt; C—&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;E&lt;/span&gt; C—&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;D&lt;/span&gt; C—&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;. Ad comparandum imaginem in editione Josephi Smits van Waesberghe ([[#JSWGuiMl|1955]], p.209) et in editione Gerbertis ([[#GuiMicrologus|1784]], ii:22).&lt;/ref&gt;

Aliud exemplum in plagio proto monstrat ut cantor vires organi inter '''C ut''' et '''Γ ut''' mutare debet:
 Item:
[[Fasciculus:Guido of Arezzo's diaphonia example «Veni ad docendum nos viam prudentiae».png|thumb|center|Exemplum diaphoniae «Veni ad docendum nos viam prudentiae» in plagio proto sive tono secundo ([[Abbatia Territorialis Montis Cassini|I-MC]] cod. [[#MC318|318]], p.184)|660x660px]]
 Distinctio in proto A. In hac distinctione in inferiore trito C, qui fini proxime subest D, voces admissae sunt, et locus prior finita gravitate repetitus est, ubi diximus viam prudentiae.
 ——Guido Aretinus, ''Micrologus'' (cap. XIX)&lt;ref&gt;Editio Gerbertis ([[#GuiMicrologus|1784]], ii:23, ex. 5).&lt;/ref&gt;
Ad finem debet esse '''D re''' cum duo vocibus in unisono: pru- C—&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;F&lt;/span&gt; den- C—&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; ti- D—&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;E&lt;/span&gt; ae D—&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;D&lt;/span&gt; sive ED—&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;D&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Exemplum editionis Josephi Smits van Waesberghe ([[#JSWGuiMl|1955]], p.211 ex. 3) est similiorem: (1) occursus a '''A re''' apud syllabam «nos» cum vi organi '''Γ ut''': A—&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;D&lt;/span&gt; Γ—&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; Γ—&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;B&lt;/span&gt; A—&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; atque (2) occursus a '''D re''' cum vi organi '''C ut''': pru- C—&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;F&lt;/span&gt; den- C—&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; ti- D—&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;E&lt;/span&gt; ae D—&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;D&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ut prima auctor tractatorum ''Musica'' et ''Scolica enchiriadis'' Guido descripsit usum cantare in diaphonia, invicem videtur diaphoniam usa esse in modo simile apud ceteras scholas cantorum [[Lutetia|Lutetiae]] et [[Wintonia|Wintoniae]].&lt;ref&gt;Diaphonia apud ''Musicam'' et ''Scolicam enchiriadis'' erat aequo minus aestimata, fortasse etiam propter systema Dasianum. Tamen musicologus Ioannis Varellius ([[#Var2013|2013]]) invenivit fontem probandum similem usum diaphoniae apud cantores [[Bingium|Bingii]] ([[Bibliotheca Britannica|GB-Lbl]] cod. Harleianus 3019, f.56v).&lt;/ref&gt;

Exemplum est schola cantorum abbatiae Sancti Mauri Fossarum ubi fontes hagiographicae monstrant conflictionem sub abbatem Odonem educatum cantorem apud [[Abbatia Cluniacensis|abbatiam Cluniacensem]].&lt;ref&gt;Michel Huglo ([[#Hug1982|1982]], pp.94-98).&lt;/ref&gt; Folius 306 recto libris gradualis et antiphonarii abbatiae ([[Bibliotheca Nationalis Francica|F-Pn]] lat. [[#Pa12584|12584]]) est testimonium antiquissimum cantus «Benedicamus domino» in plagio proto attributum ad [[Fulbertus Carnotensis|Fulbertum Carnotensem]], notatum apud cantores scholae Notre-Dame Lutetiae et in Aquitania.&lt;ref&gt;Michel Huglo ([[#Hug1982|1982]], exemplum in p.119).&lt;/ref&gt; Sub eo addendi sunt organa super responsorium prolixum «Petre amas me» et alias melodias per «Benedicamus domino». Unam videtur compositionem factam super echema primi tonus sive autento proto. Hodie est quasi non legibilis, sed restitutio organi fieri potest secundum regulas diaphoniae apud Guidonem:
[[Fasciculus:Organum over Benedicamus domino in autentus protus (school of Saint-Maur-des-Fossés).jpg|thumb|center|Organum super melodiam «Benedicamus domino» in autento proto secundum scholam cantorum localem abbatiae Sancti Mauri Fossarum ([[Bibliotheca Nationalis Francica|F-Pn]] lat. [[#Pa12584|12584]], f.306r)|585x585px]]
Duo partes neumarum (prima vox organalis, secunda vox cantus) sunt scriptae cum neumis in campo aperto, restitutio vocis organi solum est facta in modo approximativo. Ad finem potest aut occursum aut digressionem duo vocum in consonantia octavae, sed haec restitutio est exemplum diaphoniae secundum Guidonem ubi duo distinctiones («Benedicamus», «domino») sunt factae ab occursibus.&lt;ref&gt;Wulf Arlt ([[#Arl1993|1993]], p.136 ex. 20a &amp; 20b) praebet duo restitutiones organi responsorii «Martir clemens» in alio antiphonario abbatiae Sancti Mauri ([[Bibliotheca Nationalis Francica|F-Pn]] lat. 12596, f.166bis). Optiones sunt aut diaphoniam secundum Guidonem mutandum inter motum parallelum in diatessaron cum voce organi graviore, vim organi et occursum vocum, aut diaphoniam secundum cantores Aquitaniae cum mutatione vocum, occursibus vocum magis frequentibus ut voces circumdandum inter eae sunt semper in eadem altitudine. Historia notandum organos in Aquitania est dictam polyphoniam obscuram, ubi duo voces sunt notatae quam unam vocem cum voce organi in dimidio secundo, deinde cantor organi continuat ad initium.&lt;/ref&gt; Hoc exemplum est facile.

Aliud exemplum Wintoniae est multum difficilior. Versus alleluiaticus «Angelus domini descendit de caelo» in autento tetrardo est transpositus a '''G sol re ut''' ad '''C sol re ut'''.&lt;ref&gt;Non est visibilis in notatione troparii Wintoniae, sed melos ascendens finit a '''d sol''' ad finem tres partum, inde letterae Willelmis Volpianis sunt  «cd ef ghg fg g» ad initium (F-MOf cod. H159, f.67r).&lt;/ref&gt; Itaque opportet studiare exemplum per autentum tetrardum apud Guidonem:
[[Fasciculus:Guido of Arrezzo's example for diaphonia in tetrardus.jpg|thumb|center|Exemplum «Victor ascendens caelos unde descenderat» diaphoniae in tetrardo ([[Abbatia Territorialis Montis Cassini|I-MC]] cod. [[#MC318|318]], p.184)|658x658px]]
 Ecce ut .F. ad .G. et .a. in finem subsequitur.
 ——Guido Aretinus, ''Micrologus'' (cap. XIX)&lt;ref&gt;Editio Josephi Smits van Waesberghe ([[#JSWGuiMl|1955]], p.213).&lt;/ref&gt;
Notatus est b rotundum sive '''b fa''' apud vocem cantus in atramento rubro preparandum descensum, propterea vox organi mutat vim organi a '''G ut''' ad '''F ut''' evitandum semiditonum et preparandum occursum in tetrardo.

Versus alleluiaticus «Angelus domini descendit de caelo» tractat res similem:
[[Fasciculus:Organum over «Alleluia—Angelus domini descendit de caelo» (Winchester Troper).jpg|thumb|center|Organum (f.164v) super «Alleluia—Angelus domini descendit de caelo» (f.4r) troparii Wintoniae ([[Bibliotheca Parkeriana|GB-Ccc]] cod. [[#WinTr|473]])|523x523px]]
Notatio musicae melius neumae anglicae est descripta apud Andream Holschneider in capitulo secundo eius habilitationis.&lt;ref&gt;Andreas Holschneider ([[#Hol1968|1968]], cap. II pp.83-87).&lt;/ref&gt; Proprietas tantum diversa quam gradualem-antiphonarium Sancti Mauri est separationem vocis cantus a organo. Itaque cantores Wintoniae utebantur structuram libellorum notatam apud cantores Aquitaniae dictus prosarium (collectio tractuum) et troparium (collectio troporum quam versi et melodiae ad cantandum inter versos cantorum proprii missae, incipit troporum ordinarii missae erant atque utile identificare melodias). Collectio organorum facebat partem troparii, sed organi erant separati a tropibus. In Gallia organi erant additionem manus posterioris in paginis vacuis, troparium Wintoniae erat unicam collectionem organorum. In Galli organum versorum alleluiaticorum erat solum super intium dictum intonationem, inde super partem intonationis precantoris, organum alleluiae «Angelus domini» super alleluiam est completum. Verosimile usus localis cantare versos alleluiaticos sine choro erat.

Restitutio organi est diversa quam apud Andream Holschneider.&lt;ref&gt;Andreas Holschneider ([[#Hol1968|1968]], cap. II pp.110-112).&lt;/ref&gt; Annotatio manuscripti initiandum a C est transposita secundum transcriptionem apud Holschneider, sed debet esse clarum species octavae dicta mixolydia. Inde octava C–c est quartum modum cum E quam phthongum mobilem ('''E mi''' vel '''E fa'''), et septima minore ('''b fa''') et tono sub '''C sol''': '''B fa'''! Hexachorda Guidonis sunt ''B fa ut'' (hexachordum molle), '''C re ut''' (hexachordum durum), et hexachordum naturale initiabat '''F sol fa ut'''. Notatores et cantores templi antiqui Wintoniae utebantur letteras significativas descriptas a Notkeri Balbulo. Adiuvant coordinare vocem organi cum canto.

Notator cantus facebat errorem ([[Bibliotheca Parkeriana|GB-Ccc]] cod. [[#WinTr|473]], f.4r). Super «Allelui'''a'''» deest secunda virga annotata cum «[G]». Apud «et ascendens revolvit» (ultimum verbum sine annotatione) in versiculus psalmi melodia est eamdem quam illam responsorii. Melos figurandum resurrectionem ascendit ad '''G sol''' et ad finem responsorii et ad finem psalmelli quamvis  '''C ut''' sit finalis. Sine dubio interpunctio scriptoris est clarum distinctionem finire apud verba «de caelo».

Organum invicem initiat cum letteris signicativis «l s», id est «levate surso» ([[Bibliotheca Parkeriana|GB-Ccc]] cod. [[#WinTr|473]], f.164v). Itaque organum initiat iam a phthongo '''G sol''' preparandum occursum primi membri in phthongo ipso quod in Gallia sit finis intonationis. Argumentum et interpretatio letterarum «io» (id est «iorsum») apud Andream Holschneider est occursum apud finalem '''C ut''' non respectare vim organi hexachordis naturalis. Invicem non est hexachordis naturalis, sed illud durum. Inde cantus faciat apud torculum '''D mi—E fa—D mi''' cum presso D C. «Iorsum» alternatim indicet mutatio ad hexachordum molle a '''B fa ut''' cum salico BBC quam duo B rotunda, si regulae Guidonis sunt relevandum.

Altra solutio se offeret etiam apud verbum «descendit» ubi non faciat distinctionem ut monstrat in analogia a Guidone.&lt;ref&gt;Invicem Andreas Holschneider ([[#Hol1968|1968]], p.110) proponet occursum fortem a G sol contra structuram texti.&lt;/ref&gt; Immo letterae significativae ut «l» («levate») et «e» («equaliter») gubernant vocem organi in alto ut vox organi faciat partem cantus usque ad distinctionem et occursum a finale '''C sol''' apud verba «de caelo».  Intervallum diatessaron inter duo voces apud verbum «descendit» habet qualitatem ut Guido descripsit: «disiunctae ab invicem voces et concorditer dissonant et dissonanter concordant». Secundum Susannem Rankin salicus ascendit saepe solum tono vel semitonio cum tertia neuma (repetendum phthongum ad initium). Ornamentum orisci etiam causat modificationem phthongi ipsius a hemitono, id est intervallum minor quam semitonium.

==== Vocales quam machinam compositionis cantuum ====

== Fortuna ==
Guidoni Aretino ab [[astronomus|astronomis]] dicatus est [[Guido d'Arezzo (crater)|Guido d'Arezzo]], [[crater]] [[planeta]]e [[Mercurius (planeta)|Mercurii]].

== Notae ==
{{reflist|3}}

== Fontes ==
* {{cite web
|title=Lutetia, Bibliotheca Nationalis Francica, fundus lat., cod. 12584
|work=Liber gradualis, antiphonarium et processionale
|location=Abbatia Sancti Mauri Fossarum vulgo Saint-Maur-des-Fossés, [[Vallis Matronae]]
|date=XI saeculo
|url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8422977w
|access-date=6 June 2024
|ref=Pa12584
}}.
* {{cite web
|author=Vulfstan Cantor
|title=Cantabrigia, Collegio «Corpus Christi», Bibliotheca «Parker», cod. 473
|work=Troparium Wintoniae
|location=[[Wintonia]]
|date=1020-1040
|url=https://parker.stanford.edu/parker/catalog/yp193mg4537
|access-date=17 March 2018
|ref=WinTr
}}.
* {{cite web
|author=Guido Aretinus
|title=Archicoenobium Montis Casini, Bibliotheca archicoenobii, cod. 318 olim Q318, pp. 156-291; 1-2.
|work=«Incipit Michrologus id est brevi sermo in musica editus a Domno Widone» in XLIX [!] capitula (cap. I-XIX pp. 156-184, alia cap. 185-291) cum «epistola de ignoto cantu» («Qui vero monochordum desiderat...», «Ad inveniendum igitur ignotum cantum...» p.190) et capitulum XX substitutum (pp. 1-2) in collectione tractatuum de musica cum glossario scripto in scriptura dicta beneventana et neumis beneventanis 
|location=Scriptorium [[Abbatia Territorialis Montis Cassini|Montis Casini archicoenobii]] 
|date=1080-1100
|url=https://omnes.dbseret.com/montecassino/view.jsp?cid=IT-FR0084_0318
|ref=MC318
}}.
* {{cite web
|author=Guido Aretinus
|title=Monacum, Bibliotheca civitatis Bavariae, clm (codices latini monacenses) cod. 5539, ff.120v-142v
|work=«Incipiunt Guidonis usus de musicae explanatione suisque notis ordine», libellus artis musicae (XIII saeculo) in collectione cum cantu liturgico (troparium, sequentiarium) et paraliturgico (motteti) in notatione quadrata et mensurale
|location=Ecclesia collegata Augustinorum, Diessen (Bavariae Superior)
|date=1400
|url=http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/bsb00042722/image_245
|ref=clm5539
}}.
* {{cite web
|author=Guido Aretinus
|title=Colonia allobrogum, Opus fundatum Bodmerianum, cod. 77, ff.33r-47r, ff.81, 1r-27v
|url=http://www.e-codices.unifr.ch/de/fmb/cb-0077/33r/0/
|work=«Epistola ad Michaelem» et «Micrologus» in collectione tractatuum de musica
|location=[[Tuscia]]e
|date=XII saeculo
|ref=CObodmer77
}}.

== Editiones ==
* {{Cite book
| edition = Hildesheim 1963 reimpressio
| editor-last = Gerbert
| editor-first = Martin
| chapter = Epistola Guidonis Michaeli monacho de ignoto cantu directa 
| title = Scriptores Ecclesiastici de Musica Sacra Potissimum
| volume = 2
| pages = 43–50
| location = Sanct Blasius
| date = 1784
| chapter-url = https://chmtl.indiana.edu/tml/9th-11th/GUIEPI
| ref = GuiEpistola
}}.
* {{Cite book
| edition = Hildesheim 1963 reimpressio
| editor-last = Gerbert
| editor-first = Martin
| chapter = Guido d'Arezzo ''Micrologus'' 
| title = Scriptores Ecclesiastici de Musica Sacra Potissimum
| volume = 2
| pages = 2-24
| location = Sanct Blasius
| date = 1784
| chapter-url = https://chmtl.indiana.edu/tml/9th-11th/GUIMIC
| ref = GuiMicrologus
}}.
* {{Cite book
| publisher = American Institute of Musicology
| editor-last = Smits van Waesberghe
| editor-first = Joseph 
| title = Guidonis Aretini Micrologus
| series = Corpus scriptorum de musica
| volume = 4
| pages = 79–234
| location = Roma
| date = 1955
| url = https://chmtl.indiana.edu/tml/9th-11th/GUIMICR
| ref = JSWGuiMl
}}.
* {{Cite book
| publisher = Stainer and Bell
| isbn = 0-85249-894-2
| editor-last = Rankin
| editor-first = Susan 
| title = The Winchester Troper: Facsimile Edition and Introduction
| location = London
| date = 2007
| ref = Ran2007
}}.

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Cite book
| publisher = Clarendon
| isbn =  9780193161252
| last = Arlt
| first = Wulf
| chapter = Stylistic Layers in 11th-Century Polyphony: How can the Continental Sources contribute to our Understanding of the Winchester Organa?
| pages = 101-144
| editors = Susan Rankin, David Hiley 
| title = Music in the Medieval English Liturgy
| location = Oxford, New York, Toronto etc.
| series = Plainsong &amp; Mediaeval Music Society Centennial Essays
| date = 1993
| ref = Arl1993
| url = https://archive.org/details/musicinmedievale00susa
}}.
* {{cite book 
|last=Holschneider 
|first=Andreas 
|date=1968 
|title=Die Organa von Winchester: Studien zum ältesten Repertoire polyphoner Musik
|degree=Habilitation Universität Hamburg 1967
|publisher=Georg Olms
|location=Hildesheim
|language=de
|ref=Hol1968
}} (interpretatio capitulorum [https://www.robcwegman.org/materialia/Rob%20C%20Wegman%20-%20Holschneider%20Andreas,%20Winchester%20Organa%20ch.%202%20(1968,%20trans.%202016).pdf II] et [https://www.robcwegman.org/materialia/Rob%20C%20Wegman%20-%20Holschneider%20Andreas,%20Winchester%20Organa%20ch.%203%20(1968,%20trans.%202016).pdf III] in Anglice a Rob C. Wegman). 
* {{cite book
|last=Huglo|first=Michel
|chapter=Les débuts de la polyphonie à Paris: les premiers 'organa' parisiens
|title=Aktuelle Fragen der musikbezogenen Mittelalterforschung : Texte zu einem Basler Kolloquium des Jahres 1975
|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SbICcgAACAAJ
|series=Forum musicologicum
|volume=3
|date=1982
|publisher=Amadeus
|location=Winterthur
|pages=93-164
|language=fr
|ref=Hug1982
}} ([https://www.robcwegman.org/materialia/Rob%20C%20Wegman%20-%20Huglo%20Michel%20The%20First%20Parisian%20Organa%20(1982,%20trans.%202016).pdf interpretatio in Anglice a Rob C. Wegman]).
* {{Cite book
| publisher = Brepols
| isbn = 978-2-503-57828-6
| volume = 51
| pages = 159–193
| editors = Laura Albiero &amp; Isabelle Draelants 
| last1 = Meyer| first1 = Christian
| title = Sciences du quadrivium au Mont-Cassin. Regards croisés sur le manuscrit Montecassino, Archivio dell'Abbazia 318
| chapter = Une anthologie au carrefour des savoirs et des cultures
| location = Turnhout
| series = Bibliologia elementa ad librorum studia pertinentia
| date = 2018
| ref = Mey2018
}}.
* {{Cite encyclopedia
|publisher=Istituto Giovanni Treccani
|last=Ruini
|first=Cesarino
|title=GUIDO d'Arezzo (Guido Aretinus)
|series=Dizionario biografico degli italiani
|volume=61
|date=2004
|url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/guido-d-arezzo_%28Dizionario-Biografico%29/
}}.
* {{Cite book
| publisher = Viella
| isbn = 978-88-8334-932-4
| volume = 10
| pages = 45–50
| editors = Nicola Tangari 
| last1 = Rusconi| first1 = Angelo
| title = Musica e liturgia a Montecassino nel medioevo. Atti del Simposio internazionale di studi (Cassino, 9-10 dicembre 2010)
| chapter = Per un’edizione di Montecassino 318
| location = Roma
| series = Scritture e libri del medioevo
| date = 2012
| ref = Rus2012
}}.
* {{Cite book
| publisher = Brepols
| isbn = 978-2-503-57828-6
| volume = 51
| pages = 195–213
| editors = Laura Albiero &amp; Isabelle Draelants 
| last1 = Rusconi| first1 = Angelo
| title = Sciences du quadrivium au Mont-Cassin. Regards croisés sur le manuscrit Montecassino, Archivio dell'Abbazia 318
| chapter = Il ms. Montecassino 318 e la tradizione di Guido d'Arezzo
| location = Turnhout
| series = Bibliologia elementa ad librorum studia pertinentia
| date = 2018
| ref = Rus2018
}}.
* {{Cite journal
| url = https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261127913000053
| doi = 10.1017/S0261127913000053
| issn = 0261-1279, 1474-0559
| volume = 32
| pages = 277–315
| last = Varelli
| first = Giovanni
| title = Two Newly Discovered 10th-Century Organa
| journal = Early Music History
| date = 2013-09-27
| ref = Var2013
}}.

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061109224218/http://www.bookmine.org/music/arezzo.mp3 De Guidone Aretino.] [[MP3]].
* [http://www.musicologie.org/publirem/mafucci_fr.html ''Guido d'Arezzo: les vingt premières années de sa vie.''] {{Ling|Francogallice|Latine}}

{{Lifetime|saeculo 10|1050|Guido Aretinus}}
[[Categoria:Auctores Latini mediaevales]]
[[Categoria:Benedictini]]
[[Categoria:Compositores Italiae]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores de musica]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Italiae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>6 Octobris</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>20394</id>
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        <username>Archaeocursor</username>
        <id>206441</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Saeculo 20 */</comment>
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{{Calendarium-Octobris}}
'''6 Octobris''' est [[dies]] 279ª anni (280ª [[Annus bisextilis|anni bisextilis]]) in [[Calendarium Gregorianum|calendario Gregoriano]]. 86 dies manent.
Secundum [[calendarium Romanum]] '''pridie Nonas Octobres''' (pr. Non. Oct.) est.

== Eventa ==
[[File:PopeFormosusBW.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.65|[[Formosus]] papa]]
=== Saeculo 9 ===
* [[891]] - [[Formosus]] papa consecratur.

=== Saeculo 19 ===
* [[1808]] - [[Neapolio Bonaparte I|Napoleo]], imperator [[Francia|Francorum]] [[Ioannes Wolfgangus Goethe|Goetheque]] poeta [[Wimarium|Wimarii]] iterum convenerunt.
* [[1860]] - Franciae et [[Britannia]]e copiae secundo bello [[Opium|opii]] [[Pecinum]], caput [[Sinae|Sinarum]], expugnant.

=== Saeculo 20 ===
* [[1955]] - primus conventus consilii  [[Ascalon|Ascalonensis]] in Domo Populi, media in {{Creanda|he|שכונת אפרידר|Afridare}}, coit&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://www.kan-ashkelon.co.il/news/18231 | titulus= 70 שנה: 70 אירועים ודמויות מתולדות אשקלון | domus editoria= כאן דרום אשקלון | tempus= 19-04-2018 00:14 | nomen auctoris 1= ג'ני | cognomen auctoris 1= פרנקל שלום | nomen auctoris 2=גייל | cognomen auctoris 2= מיכאלי | nomen auctoris 3= אורי| cognomen auctoris 3= קריספין| nomen auctoris 4=דוד | cognomen auctoris 4= לוי}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[1995]] - [[51 Pegasi b]], primus [[planeta extrasolaris]], invenitur.
* [[1999]] - [[Protocollum facultativum ad Conventionem de abroganda omnis generis discriminatione mulierum]] a [[Nationes Unitae|Nationibus Unitis]] decernitur.

=== Saeculo 21 ===
* [[2006]] - [[Fridericus Reinfeldt]] primus minister [[Suecia]]e fit.
* [[2009]]
** Tumultus contra [[Aerarium Monetarium Internationale|Gentium Aerarium Monetarium]] [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopoli]] evenit, quia interpellatores id discriminis argentarii oeconomicique accusabant.
** [[Constantinus A. Caramanles]] factionis [[Nova Democratia (factio Graeca)|ND]] primus minister [[Graecia]]e a magistratu recedit; successor [[Georgius Papandreu (natus 1952)|Georgius Papandreu]] ([[PASOK]]) nominatur.
* [[2017]] - [[Expeditio Exarmationis Nuclearis|Expeditioni Exarmationis Nuclearis]] [[Praemium Nobelianum pacis]] redditur.
* [[2023]] - [[Narges Mohammadi]] Praemio Nobeliano pacis afficitur.

== Nati ==
=== Saeculo 3 a.C.n. ===
* [[210 a.C.n.]] (vel [[9 Octobris]]) - [[Ptolemaeus V (rex Aegypti)|Ptolemaeus V]], rex [[Aegyptus|Aegypti]]{{Cdref}} (mortuus anno [[181 a.C.n.]])

=== Saeculo 13 ===
* [[1289]] - [[Venceslaus III (rex Bohemiae)|Venceslaus III]], rex [[Bohemia]]e, [[Hungaria]]e et [[Polonia]]e (mortuus anno [[1305]])

=== Saeculo 16 ===
* [[1510]] - [[Ioannes Caius]], politicus [[Anglia|Anglicus]] (mortuus anno [[1573]])
* [[1552]] - [[Matthaeus Riccius]], presbyter et [[Iesuita]] (mortuus anno [[1610]])
* [[1573]] - [[Henricus Wriothesley, Tertius Comes Southampton]], vir nobilis Anglicus (mortuus anno [[1624]])

=== Saeculo 18 ===
* [[1767]] - [[Henricus Christophe]], rex [[Haitia]]e (mortuus anno [[1820]])
* [[1773]] - [[Ludovicus Philippus]], rex Franciae (mortuus anno [[1850]])
* [[1783]] - [[Franciscus Magendie]], [[medicus]] Francicus (mortuus anno [[1855]])

=== Saeculo 19 ===
* 1808 - [[Fridericus VII (rex Daniae)|Fridericus VII]], rex [[Dania]]e (mortuus anno [[1863]])
* 1820 - [[Ioanna Maria Lind]], cantrix Suecica (mortua anno [[1887]])
* [[1831]] - [[Richardus Dedekind]], mathematicus [[Germania|Germanicus]] (mortuus anno [[1916]])
* [[1872]] - [[Carolus Gustavus Ekman]], primus minister Sueciae (mortuus anno [[1945]])
* [[1874]] - [[Franciscus G. Allen]], gubernator [[Massachusetta]]e (mortuus anno [[1950]])
* [[1882]] - [[Carolus Szymanowski]], compositor [[Polonia|Polonicus]] (mortuus anno [[1937]])
* 1887 - [[Le Corbusier]], architectus Francicus et [[Helvetia|Helveticus]]; (mortuus anno [[1965]])

=== Saeculo 20 ===
* [[1903]] - [[Ernestus T.S. Walton]], physicus [[Hibernia|Hibernicus]], [[Praemium Nobelianum physicae|praemio Nobeliano physicae]] affectus (mortuus anno [[1995]])
* [[1914]] - [[Thor Heyerdahl]], explorator et anthropologus [[Norvegia|Norvegicus]] (mortuus anno [[2002]])
* [[1925]] - [[Ljuben Berov]], oeconomus et rerum politicarum peritus [[Bulgaria|Bulgaricus]] (mortuus anno 2006)
* [[1927]] - [[Emmanuel III Delly]], patriacha [[Babylon]]iae Ecclesiae Caldeae et archiepiscopus Baghdadae (mortuus anno [[2014]])
* [[1929]] - [[Bruno Cremer]], histrio Francicus (mortuus anno [[2010]])
* [[1930]] - [[Hafiz al-Assad]], vir publicus [[Syria]]e (mortuus anno [[2000]])
* [[1931]] - [[Ricardus Giacconi]], physicus [[CFA|Americanus]] origine [[Italia|Italica]], praemio Nobeliano physicae affectus (mortuus anno [[2018]])
* [[1934]] - [[Marshall B. Rosenberg]], psychologus Americanus (mortuus anno [[2015]])
* [[1939]] - [[Melvyn Bragg]], [[scriptor]] et [[diarium|diurnarius]] Britannicus
* [[1940]] - [[Victor Pavlov]], actor [[URSS|Sovieticus]] et [[Russia|Russicus]] (mortuus 2006)
* [[1946]] - [[Lloyd Doggett]], rerum politicarum peritus Americanus
* [[1948]] - [[Geraldus Adams]], vir publicus [[Hibernia Septentrionalis|Hiberniae Septentrionalis]]
* [[1960]] - [[Ivo Leterme]], vir publicus [[Belgica|Belgicus]]
* [[1962]] - [[David Baker]], biochemicus et biologus computationis Americanus
* [[1969]] - [[Mahometus V (sultanus Kelantan)|Mahometus V]], pristinus rex [[Malaesia]]e 
* [[1975]] - 
**[[Martinus Jørgensen]], pedilusor Danicus
**[[Petrus Pellegrini]], politicus et primus minister [[Slovacia]]e
* [[1985]] - [[Radolphus Fernández Valverde]], pedilusor [[Peruvia]]nus

== Mortui ==
=== Saeculo 5 ===
* [[404]] - [[Aelia Eudoxia]] imperatrix Romana et uxor [[Arcadius|Arcadii]] imperatoris (nata circa annum [[380]])

=== Saeculo 17 ===
* [[1615]]- [[Carolus Bascapè]], [[Novaria]]e [[episcopus]] (natus anno [[1550]]).

=== Saeculo 19 ===
* [[1863]] - [[Francisca Trollope]], scriptrix Anglica (nata anno [[1779]])
* [[1892]] - [[Alfredus Tennyson]], scriptor Anglicus (natus [[1809]])

=== Saeculo 20 ===
* [[1912]] - [[Augustus Beernaert]], primus minister Belgicae (natus anno [[1829]])
* [[1946]]
** [[Leonardus Conti]], medicus Germanicus [[NSDAP|Nazista]] et unus auctorum [[euthanasia]]e, i.e. caedis imbellorum, sua manu necatus (natus anno [[1900]])
** [[Petrus Albinus Hansson]], praeses ministrorum Sueciae (natus anno [[1885]])
* [[1953]] - [[Vera Muchina]], sculptrix Russica et Sovietica (nata [[1889]])
* [[1979]] - [[Elizabetha Bishop]], scriptrix Americana (nata anno [[1911]])
* [[1980]] - [[Felix Slavik]], rerum politicarum peritus [[Austria]]cus factionis [[Socialis Democratica Factio Austriae|Socialis Democraticae]] (natus anno [[1912]])
* [[1981]] - [[Anwar El Sadat]], praeses Aegypti siccariis necatus est (natus anno [[1918]])
* [[1989]] - [[Elisabetha Davis]], actrix Americana (nata anno [[1908]])
* [[1991]] - [[Inguarus Tal'kov]], cantor et auctor cantionum Russicus Sovieticus (natus [[1956]])

=== Saeculo 21 ===
* 2002 - [[Nicolaus Amsbergensis]], maritus [[Beatrix Nederlandiae Regina|Beatricis]] reginae et princeps [[Nederlandia]]e (natus anno [[1926]])
* [[2004]] - [[Verissimus Correia Seabra]], miles et breviter praeses [[Guinea Bissaviensis|Guineae Bissaviensis]], a militibus seditiosis necatus (natus anno [[1947]])
* [[2009]] - [[Wernerus Maihofer]], vir publicus Germaniae (natus anno [[1918]])
* [[2012]] - [[Chadli Bendjedid]], praeses [[Algerium|Algerii]] (natus anno 1929)
* 2014 - [[Inguarus Mitoraj]], sculptor Polonicus (natus anno [[1944]]).
* [[2015]] - [[Arpadus Göncz]], praeses [[Hungaria]]e (natus anno [[1922]])

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{menses}}

[[Categoria:Dies]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Scalholtum</title>
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      <text bytes="2988" sha1="138dhi5oz3wh4jr9kbst4h90j9mhz2d" xml:space="preserve">{{capsa urbis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:SkalholtInWinter.jpg|thumb|right|Scalholtum in hieme.]]
'''Scalholtum''' {{victio|Scalholtum|i|n}}&lt;ref&gt;[https://baekur.is/search?facetBook=&amp;facetAuthor=&amp;facetVolume=&amp;facetFromTo=&amp;searchType=TEXT&amp;titleSearchText=&amp;authorSearchText=&amp;keywordSearchText=&amp;searchText=scalholti Locativus: Scalholti]; nomen etiam ''Schalholtum'' scriptum invenies.&lt;/ref&gt; (seu '''Skalholtum'''&lt;ref&gt;''Scripta historica Islandorum'', tom. 12, Hafniae 1826, [https://baekur.is/bok/000121942/12/546/Scripta_historica#page/n545/mode/2up/search/skalholtum p. 539]{{Nexus deficit|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}; inspice etiam [https://baekur.is/search?facetBook=&amp;facetAuthor=&amp;facetVolume=&amp;facetFromTo=&amp;searchType=TEXT&amp;titleSearchText=HISTORIA+ECCLESIASTICA+ISLANDIÆ&amp;authorSearchText=&amp;keywordSearchText=&amp;searchText=skalholti ''Bibliothecam Nationalem Islandiae (Landsbókasafn Íslands)''] {{ling|Islandice}}, {{ling|Latine}}.&lt;/ref&gt;, '''Scalholtia''' {{victio|Scalholtia|ae|f}}&lt;ref&gt;Nicolaus Petrus Sibbern: ''Bibliotheca historica Dano-Norvegica.'' Hamburgi et Lipsiae 1716, [https://www.google.de/books/edition/Nicolai_Petri_Sibbern_Bibliotheca_histor/lKBbAAAAQAAJ?hl=de&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=scalholtia&amp;pg=PA71&amp;printsec=frontcover p. 71]; nomen etiam ''Schalholtia'' scriptum est.&lt;/ref&gt; et deteriore forma '''Scalotum'''&lt;ref&gt;''Scalotum'' seu ''Schalotum'' sunt formae dubia auctoritate, quibus Islandi numquam usi sunt. In Lexicis autem et in operibus geographicis in Continente Europaea editis est forma mire frequentissima. Plura de omnibus hisce formis legi possunt in disputatione huius rei.&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Lingua Islandica|Islandice]] ''Skálholt'', [[Lingua Nordica antiqua]] ''Skálaholt'') est locus historicus in [[Islandia]] australi ad flumen ''Hvítá'' situs. 

[[Isleifus Gissuri filius]], primus episcopus Islandiae, anno 1057 Scalholti cathedram episcopalem fundavit, cui etiam scholam adiunctam fuisse constat, ex qua [[Ioannes Ögmundi filius|Ionas Ogmundi filius]], primus [[Episcopi Holenses|episcopus Holensis]], exierit.&lt;ref&gt;Arngrimus Ionas: ''Crymogaea sive Rerum Islandicarum libri III.'' Hamburgi 1610 et 1613, [https://www.google.de/books/edition/Crymogaea_sive_rerum_islandicarum_libri/8_dGKM-4scoC?hl=de&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=scalholltia&amp;pg=PA106&amp;printsec=frontcover p. 106]&lt;/ref&gt;

Anno 1075 [[Adamus Bremensis]] scripsit Scalholtum (ab ipso ''Scaldholz'' nominatum) esse maximam civitatem Islandiae.&lt;ref&gt;''Adami Gesta Hammaburgensis Ecclesiae Pontificum'', ex recensione Lappenbergii. Hannoverae 1846, [https://www.google.de/books/edition/Adami_gesta_Hammaburgensis_ecclesiae_pon/i2VtT2HmgF8C?hl=de&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=gesta+hammaburgensis+ecclesiae+pontificum+scaldholz&amp;pg=PA211&amp;printsec=frontcover p. 211]: &quot;Civitas ibi maxima Scaldholz.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nexus interni ==
* [[Episcopi Scalholtenses]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes geographici}}
* [http://www.skalholt.is Situs publicus Scalholti]

[[Categoria:Urbes Islandiae]]
{{stipula}}</text>
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    <title>Basilicae Patriarchales</title>
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      <comment>/* Septem Basilicae Maiores */</comment>
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      <text bytes="9732" sha1="6ffx65lxofotbz364m9h1ajxlv5bate" xml:space="preserve">{{videdis|Basilica (discretiva)}}
'''Basilicae patriarchales''' sunt ecclesiae, quibus [[patriarcha]] praeest. In [[Ecclesia Catholica]] hoc verbo plerumque quattuor '''basilicae papales''' Romanae denotatae sunt, interdum septem '''basilicae maiores'''.

== Basilicae papales ==
Basilicae papales sunt quattuor ecclesiae Romae principales, quae olim patriarchales appellatae sunt:
* [[Archibasilica Sanctissimi Salvatoris]] aut [[Basilica Sancti Ioannis in Laterano]] (etiam: Archibasilica Lateranensis).
* [[Basilica Vaticana|Basilica Sancti Petri]] aut [[Basilica Vaticana]]
* [[Basilica Sancti Pauli extra moenia]] (etiam: Basilica Ostiensis)
* [[Basilica Sanctae Mariae Maioris]] (etiam: Basilica Liberiana).

[[Cathedra]] papali tantum archibasilica Lateranensis gaudet. Usque ad [[Concilium Vaticanum Secundum]] in altari papali solum papae aut - sub rara exceptione - ab eo delegato (plerumque cardinali) missam celebrare licuit.

Postquam papa [[Benedictus XVI]] titulo „Patriarcha Occidentis“ renuntiavit&lt;ref&gt;Vide: [http://www.kath.net/detail.php?id=13204 kath.net 23.03.2006]&lt;/ref&gt;, titulus in Annuario Pontificio non iam apparet et basilicae patriarchales „basilicae papales“ nominantur.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.vatican.va/various/basiliche/san_giovanni/index_it.htm Basilica Lateranensis], [http://www.vatican.va/various/basiliche/san_pietro/index_it.html Basilica Vaticana], [http://www.vatican.va/various/basiliche/sm_maggiore/index_it.html Basilica Liberiana], [http://www.vatican.va/various/basiliche/san_paolo/index_it.html Basilica Ostiense]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Septem Basilicae Maiores ==
*Quattuor basilicae papales Romanae
*[[Basilica Sancti Laurentii extra muros]]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Roma quinque patriarchatus esse noscuntur videlicet: ecclesia lateranensis in honorem S. Salvatoris, ecclesia S. Mariae Maioris, ecclesia S. Petri, ecclesia S. Pauli et ecclesia S. Laurentii foras murum&quot; (Gesta pauperis scholaris Albini, in Liber censuum, II, 30)&lt;/ref&gt;, quae autem numquam altari papali neque porta sancta gaudebat. Post [[Patriarchatus Latinus Hierosolymitanus|patriarchatum Hierosolymitanum Latinum]] anno [[1889]] denuo erectum (vide infra) inter [[Basilicae Minores|basilicas minores]] numeratur.
*[[Basilica Sancti Francisci]] [[Asisium|Asisi]] (die [[25 Martii]] anno [[1754]] a papa [[Benedictus XIV|Benedicto XIV]] in basilicam maiorem evecta)
*[[Basilica Sanctae Mariae Angelorum (Asisium)|Basilica Sanctae Mariae Angelorum de Portiuncula]] (die [[11 Aprilis]] anno [[1909]] a papa [[Pius IX|Pio IX]] in basilicam maiorem evecta)

Distinguendae sunt a [[Basilicae Minores|basilicis minoribus]], qui titulus saeculo praeterito multis ecclesiis datus est, ut puta:
*[[Sanctuarium Beatae Virginis Rosarii (Pompeii)]] (ab anno 1901)
*[[Basilica Sancti Antonii (Patavii)]]
*[[Sanctuarium Sanctae Domus (Laureti)]]

== Gyrus septem ecclesiarum ==
[[Gyrus septem ecclesiarum]] a sancto [[Philippus Neri|Philippo Neri]] die 25 Februarii anno 1552 institutus est peregrinatio circa Romana sanctuaria praecipua ad [[indulgentia]]m obtinendam. Haec visitatio includit:
* Quattuor basilicas maiores (Archibasilicam Lateranensem, Basilicam Vaticanam, Basilicam Liberianam, Basilicam Ostiensem)
*[[Basilica Sancti Laurentii extra muros|Basilicam Sancti Laurentii extra muros]]
*[[Basilica Sancti Sebastiani extra muros|Basilicam Sancti Sebastiani ad Catacumbas]]
*[[Ecclesia Sanctae Crucis in Hierusalem|Ecclesiam Sanctae Crucis in Hierusalem]].

== Pentarchia ==
Basilicae maiores Romanae (Sancti Laurentii inclusa) post [[Schisma Orientis]], anno [[1054]] habitum symbolice etiam [[pentarchia]]m repraesentabant. [[Patriarcha]]tus Orientis aemulans ecclesia Catholica usque ad annum [[1964]] ecclesiis maioribus Romanis titulares patriarcharum sedes attribuit:
* [[Archibasilica Sanctissimi Salvatoris|Archibasilica Lateranensis]]: Patriarcha Romanus sive [[papa]].
* [[Basilica Vaticana]]: [[Patriarcha Oecumenicus Constantinopolitanus]].
* [[Basilica Sancti Pauli extra moenia]]: [[Patriarchatus Alexandrinus|Patriarcha Alexandrinus]].
* [[Sancta Maria Maior|Basilica Sancta Maria Maior]]: [[Patriarchatus Antiochenus|Patriarcha Antiochenus]].
* [[Basilica Sancti Laurentii extra muros]]: [[Patriarchatus Hierosolymitanus|Patriarcha Hierosolymitanus]].

Post [[Patriarchatus Hierosolymitanus|patriarchatum Hierosolymitanum]] Latinum anno [[1889]] denuo erectum attributio ad ecclesiam Sancti Laurentii abolita est, quod [[Ecclesia Sancti Sepulcri (Hierosolyma)|Ecclesia Sancti Sepulcri]] [[Hierosolyma|Hierosolymis]] ad [[ecclesia cathedralis|ecclesiam cathedralem]] patriarchatus evecta est. Cum etiam aliae denominationes partem huius ecclesiae sibi vindicent, patriarchae sedes [[Ecclesia Sanctissimi nominis Iesu (Hierosolyma)|Ecclesia Sanctissimi nominis Iesu]] electa est, quae concathedralis vocatur.

== Aliae ecclesiae patriarchales ecclesiae catholicae ==
Etiam quattuor aliae basilicae ecclesiae catholicae patriarchales vocantur:
*[[Patriarchatus Hierosolymitanus]] Latinus (vide supra).
*[[Patriarchatus Lisbonensis]] (sive Ulixbonensis) [[Olisipo]]ne (ab anno [[1716]]); ecclesia cathedralis est &quot;Catedral Sé Patriarcal&quot;.
*[[Patriarchatus Venetiarum]], qui anno [[1457]] titulum antiqui patriarchtus [[Gradum|Gradensis]] recepit;  ecclesia cathedralis est [[Basilica Sancti Marci]].
*[[Archidioecesis Goana et Damanensis]] in [[India]], cuius archiepiscopus titulo &quot;Patriarchae Indiarum Orientalium&quot; ornatur (ab anno [[1886]]; ecclesia cathedralis est Sancti Caietani [[Goa]]e.

[[567]]- [[1751]] erat patriarchatus [[Aquileia|Aquileiensis]], [[575]]-[[1457]] patriarchatus Gradensis (sedes: Basilica Sanctae Euphemiae).

== Basilica Pontificia ==
Praeterea est titulus &quot;basilica pontificia&quot;. Saeculo vicesimo quattuor ecclesiae&lt;ref&gt;John Trigilio Jr. / Kenneth Brighenti / James Cafone: Catholic Mass for Dummies. John Wiley &amp; Sons, 2011, pars III ''Tools of the Trade'', sectio ''Minor basilicas''  | p. 231. ISBN= 978-0-470-76786-3&lt;/ref&gt; Italiae explicite [[Iurisdictio (ecclesia)|iurisdictioni]] Sanctae Sedis subiectae et ''Basilicae pontificiae'' titulatae sunt, quae sunt [[Sanctuarium Beatae Virginis Rosarii (Pompeii)|Sanctuarium Beatae Virginis Rosarii]] [[Pompeii]]s (1901), locus medius venerationis [[Rosarium (oratio)|rosarii]] et missionis Marianae,&lt;ref name=&quot;Rosario&quot;&gt;[http://www.santuario.it/ Benvenuti nella Città della Carità]; vide [[:it:Santuario della Beata Vergine del Rosario di Pompei|Santuario della Beata Vergine del Rosario di Pompei]],  Vicipedia Italiana&lt;/ref&gt; [[Basilica Sancti Antonii Patavina]], locus medius mundi Antoniniani,&lt;ref name=&quot;Antonius&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120404234837/http://www.basilicadelsanto.org/ted/home.asp Situs officialis mundi Antoniniani, basilicadelsanto.org]&lt;/ref&gt; et [[Sanctuarium Sanctae Domus Lauretanum]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Santa Casa&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20070926235213/http://www.santuarioloreto.it/default.htm Santuario di Loreto], Homepage; vide [[:it:Santa Casa|Santa Casa]], Vicipedia Italiana&lt;/ref&gt; nec non anno 1968 [[Basilica Pontificia Nicolaitana Barensis]] ordinis [[Ordo Fratrum Minorum|Fratrum Minorum]], quae anno 1951 in [[Basilica minor|Basilicam minorem]] evecta erat.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bari&quot;&gt;[[Pius XII]]: ''Sacris in aedibus.'' Litterae Apostolicae diei 5 Augusti 1959; [[Paulus VI]]: ''Basilicae Nicolaitanae'', Litterae Apostolicae diei 11 Februarii 1968 ([http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_p-vi_apc_19680211_barensis_lt.html], vatican.va); Vide [[Ioannes Paulus II]]: ''Nuovo ordinamento giuridico della Basilica di San Nicola a Bari''. Constitutio Apostolica diei 8 Martii 1989 ([http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_19890508_basilica-san-nicola_it.html] [http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_p-vi_apc_19680211_barensis_lt.html], vatican.va).&lt;/ref&gt; Tres ex iis sunt ''Basilicae ab immemorabilis'', Sanctuarium Beatae Virginis Rosarii anno 1901 in Basilicam minorem evecta est.

Praeterea anno 1959 [[Basílica Pontificia Sancti Michaelis Matritensis|Basilica Sancti Michaelis]] [[Matritum|Matriti]] in ''Basilicam pontificiam'' evecta est (Basilica minor ab anno 1930), cum [[Opus Dei]] [[Nuntiatura Apostolica|nuntiaturam Apostolicam]] Matritensem suscepit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120120174629/http://www.bsmiguel.es/opusdei.html El Opus Dei], bsmiguel.es (es)&lt;/ref&gt;

Inter Basilicas minores titulus ''Basilica pontificia'' ordine supremus habetur.

Ab anno 2006, titulo Patriarchae occidentalis a papa [[Benedictus XVI|Benedicto XVI]] deposito,  etiam omnes septem basilicae Patriarchales &quot;basilicae Pontificiae&quot; nominantur. 

== Bibliographia ==
* Gabriel Chow Hoi-Yan: Basilicas. Historical and Canonical Development. M.Div. Hons., Toronto, Ontario 2003, 5. Special Categories of Basilicas 5.1 Pontifical Basilicas, p. 54–58 (in interreti: [http://www.gcatholic.com/basilicas/book.htm gcatholic.com])

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Imago:San Giovanni in Laterano 2021.jpg|Frons [[Archibasilica Sanctissimi Salvatoris|Archibasilicae Lateranensis]] 
Imago:Petersdom von Engelsburg gesehen.jpg|[[Basilica Vaticana]] ex oppido Sancti Angeli visa
Imago:StPaul.jpg|Frons [[Basilica Sancti Pauli extra moenia|Basilicae Sancti Pauli extra moenia]]
Imago:Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore - Roma.jpg|Frons [[Sancta Maria Maior|Basilicae Sanctae Mariae Maioris]]
Imago:Basilica of Saint Lawrence outside the Walls.jpg|Frons [[Basilica Sancti Laurentii extra muros|Basilicae Sancti Laurentii extra muros]]
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== Nexus externus ==
{{CommuniaCat|Major basilicas|Basilicas maiores}}

[[Categoria:Basilicae pontificiae|!]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Alcanum</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <id>3959254</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-12T13:54:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
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      <text bytes="2236" sha1="72ee4rcuqxicgud466t133dob22s7f8" xml:space="preserve">{{Vicificanda}}[[Fasciculus:N-Alkanes General Formula V2.svg|thumb|Alcanorum formula chemica generalis]]
'''Alcana''', sive '''alkana''', sunt [[Hydrocarboneum|hydrocarbonea]] aliphata quae nec duplex nec triplex [[Vinculum chemicum|vinculum]] inter atomos [[carbonium|carbonii]] admittunt (saturata dicuntur quia  [[Carbonium|carbonium]] unumquodque tot hydrogenia iungit quot valentia eius -hoc est 4- admittit: plura addi non possunt). Tantum ex atomis hydrogenii carboniique constant quae saepius longas catenas formant aut cyclos. Summa alcanorum [[formula chemica]] est C&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;2n+2&lt;/sub&gt;: quia saturata sunt numerus hydrogeniorum facile e numero carboniorum deducitur. Vetustius nomen ad eandem rem designandam fuit [[paraffina]].

== Simplicia alcana ==
Primi alcani sunt: 
# [[Methanum]] CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;
# [[Ethanum]] C&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;
# [[Propanum]] C&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt;
# [[Butanum]] C&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;
# [[Pentanum]] C&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;12&lt;/sub&gt;

Alcana linearia sive ramificata possunt esse, si ad atomum carbonii unus aut plures atomi carbonii vinculati sunt. Etiam cyclici si anulum atomi carbonii formant (exempli gratia cyclohexanum).

[[Proprietas (physica)|Proprietates physicae]] dependunt de [[longitudo|longitudine]] et gradu ramificationis{{dubsig}} [[molecula]]e, ut in exemplis sequentibus videri potest:
# Methanum -161.7&amp;nbsp;°C
# Ethanum -88.6&amp;nbsp;°C
# Propanum -42.2&amp;nbsp;°C
# Butanum -0.5&amp;nbsp;°C; Iso-butanum (2-Methyl-propanum) -11.7&amp;nbsp;°C
# Pentanum 36.1&amp;nbsp;°C
# Hexanum 68.7&amp;nbsp;°C
# Heptanum 98.4&amp;nbsp;°C
# Octanum 125.6&amp;nbsp;°C
# Nonanum 150.7&amp;nbsp;°C
# Decanum 174.0&amp;nbsp;°C

Reactiones maiores sunt:
# reactiones cum [[Halogenia|halogenis]] ([[Chlorum|chloro]], [[Bromium|bromo]], [[Iodum|iodo]]) quae [[lux|luce]] aut [[calor]]e activantur.{{dubsig}} Miscelae multarum substantiarum obtinentur.
# dehydrogenationes, quae [[Catalysis|catalysatorem]] requirunt (exempli gratia: [[palladium]] super carbonem fixatum) ad [[alcenum|alcena]] et [[alcynum|alcyna]] obtinenda.

==Nexus externi==
* [https://www2.chemistry.msu.edu/faculty/reusch/VirtTxtJml/intro1.htm Virtual Textbook of Organic Chemistry]

[[Categoria:Chemia organica]]
{{Myrias|Physica}}</text>
      <sha1>72ee4rcuqxicgud466t133dob22s7f8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3959256</id>
      <parentid>3959254</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-12T13:56:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Nexus externi */</comment>
      <origin>3959256</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2370" sha1="3jourmew61zrz7limdrt076bkopgbks" xml:space="preserve">{{Vicificanda}}[[Fasciculus:N-Alkanes General Formula V2.svg|thumb|Alcanorum formula chemica generalis]]
'''Alcana''', sive '''alkana''', sunt [[Hydrocarboneum|hydrocarbonea]] aliphata quae nec duplex nec triplex [[Vinculum chemicum|vinculum]] inter atomos [[carbonium|carbonii]] admittunt (saturata dicuntur quia  [[Carbonium|carbonium]] unumquodque tot hydrogenia iungit quot valentia eius -hoc est 4- admittit: plura addi non possunt). Tantum ex atomis hydrogenii carboniique constant quae saepius longas catenas formant aut cyclos. Summa alcanorum [[formula chemica]] est C&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;2n+2&lt;/sub&gt;: quia saturata sunt numerus hydrogeniorum facile e numero carboniorum deducitur. Vetustius nomen ad eandem rem designandam fuit [[paraffina]].

== Simplicia alcana ==
Primi alcani sunt: 
# [[Methanum]] CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;
# [[Ethanum]] C&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;
# [[Propanum]] C&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt;
# [[Butanum]] C&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;
# [[Pentanum]] C&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;12&lt;/sub&gt;

Alcana linearia sive ramificata possunt esse, si ad atomum carbonii unus aut plures atomi carbonii vinculati sunt. Etiam cyclici si anulum atomi carbonii formant (exempli gratia cyclohexanum).

[[Proprietas (physica)|Proprietates physicae]] dependunt de [[longitudo|longitudine]] et gradu ramificationis{{dubsig}} [[molecula]]e, ut in exemplis sequentibus videri potest:
# Methanum -161.7&amp;nbsp;°C
# Ethanum -88.6&amp;nbsp;°C
# Propanum -42.2&amp;nbsp;°C
# Butanum -0.5&amp;nbsp;°C; Iso-butanum (2-Methyl-propanum) -11.7&amp;nbsp;°C
# Pentanum 36.1&amp;nbsp;°C
# Hexanum 68.7&amp;nbsp;°C
# Heptanum 98.4&amp;nbsp;°C
# Octanum 125.6&amp;nbsp;°C
# Nonanum 150.7&amp;nbsp;°C
# Decanum 174.0&amp;nbsp;°C

Reactiones maiores sunt:
# reactiones cum [[Halogenia|halogenis]] ([[Chlorum|chloro]], [[Bromium|bromo]], [[Iodum|iodo]]) quae [[lux|luce]] aut [[calor]]e activantur.{{dubsig}} Miscelae multarum substantiarum obtinentur.
# dehydrogenationes, quae [[Catalysis|catalysatorem]] requirunt (exempli gratia: [[palladium]] super carbonem fixatum) ad [[alcenum|alcena]] et [[alcynum|alcyna]] obtinenda.

==Nexus externi==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Alkanes alcana] spectant
* [https://www2.chemistry.msu.edu/faculty/reusch/VirtTxtJml/intro1.htm Virtual Textbook of Organic Chemistry]

[[Categoria:Chemia organica]]
{{Myrias|Physica}}</text>
      <sha1>3jourmew61zrz7limdrt076bkopgbks</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3959257</id>
      <parentid>3959256</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-12T14:01:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Simplicia alcana */</comment>
      <origin>3959257</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2374" sha1="kxayalmftuwwmxdb1g3y8s1796k5w22" xml:space="preserve">{{Vicificanda}}[[Fasciculus:N-Alkanes General Formula V2.svg|thumb|Alcanorum formula chemica generalis]]
'''Alcana''', sive '''alkana''', sunt [[Hydrocarboneum|hydrocarbonea]] aliphata quae nec duplex nec triplex [[Vinculum chemicum|vinculum]] inter atomos [[carbonium|carbonii]] admittunt (saturata dicuntur quia  [[Carbonium|carbonium]] unumquodque tot hydrogenia iungit quot valentia eius -hoc est 4- admittit: plura addi non possunt). Tantum ex atomis hydrogenii carboniique constant quae saepius longas catenas formant aut cyclos. Summa alcanorum [[formula chemica]] est C&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;2n+2&lt;/sub&gt;: quia saturata sunt numerus hydrogeniorum facile e numero carboniorum deducitur. Vetustius nomen ad eandem rem designandam fuit [[paraffina]].

== Alcana simplicia ==
Primi alcani sunt: 
# [[Methanum]] CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;
# [[Ethanum]] C&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;
# [[Propanum]] C&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt;
# [[Butanum]] C&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;
# [[Pentanum]] C&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;12&lt;/sub&gt;

Alcana sive linearia sive ramosa possunt esse, prout ad atomum carbonii unus aut plures atomi carbonii iuncti sunt. Etiam cyclici si anulum atomorum carbonii formant (exempli gratia cyclohexanum).

[[Proprietas (physica)|Proprietates physicae]] dependunt de [[longitudo|longitudine]] et gradu ramificationis{{dubsig}} [[molecula]]e, ut in exemplis sequentibus videri potest:
# Methanum -161.7&amp;nbsp;°C
# Ethanum -88.6&amp;nbsp;°C
# Propanum -42.2&amp;nbsp;°C
# Butanum -0.5&amp;nbsp;°C; Iso-butanum (2-Methyl-propanum) -11.7&amp;nbsp;°C
# Pentanum 36.1&amp;nbsp;°C
# Hexanum 68.7&amp;nbsp;°C
# Heptanum 98.4&amp;nbsp;°C
# Octanum 125.6&amp;nbsp;°C
# Nonanum 150.7&amp;nbsp;°C
# Decanum 174.0&amp;nbsp;°C

Reactiones maiores sunt:
# reactiones cum [[Halogenia|halogenis]] ([[Chlorum|chloro]], [[Bromium|bromo]], [[Iodum|iodo]]) quae [[lux|luce]] aut [[calor]]e activantur.{{dubsig}} Miscelae multarum substantiarum obtinentur.
# dehydrogenationes, quae [[Catalysis|catalysatorem]] requirunt (exempli gratia: [[palladium]] super carbonem fixatum) ad [[alcenum|alcena]] et [[alcynum|alcyna]] obtinenda.

==Nexus externi==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Alkanes alcana] spectant
* [https://www2.chemistry.msu.edu/faculty/reusch/VirtTxtJml/intro1.htm Virtual Textbook of Organic Chemistry]

[[Categoria:Chemia organica]]
{{Myrias|Physica}}</text>
      <sha1>kxayalmftuwwmxdb1g3y8s1796k5w22</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3959258</id>
      <parentid>3959257</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-12T14:05:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Alcana simplicia */</comment>
      <origin>3959258</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2439" sha1="sgnujk6r1zwipyk3fa0wrbskw6jojz6" xml:space="preserve">{{Vicificanda}}[[Fasciculus:N-Alkanes General Formula V2.svg|thumb|Alcanorum formula chemica generalis]]
'''Alcana''', sive '''alkana''', sunt [[Hydrocarboneum|hydrocarbonea]] aliphata quae nec duplex nec triplex [[Vinculum chemicum|vinculum]] inter atomos [[carbonium|carbonii]] admittunt (saturata dicuntur quia  [[Carbonium|carbonium]] unumquodque tot hydrogenia iungit quot valentia eius -hoc est 4- admittit: plura addi non possunt). Tantum ex atomis hydrogenii carboniique constant quae saepius longas catenas formant aut cyclos. Summa alcanorum [[formula chemica]] est C&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;2n+2&lt;/sub&gt;: quia saturata sunt numerus hydrogeniorum facile e numero carboniorum deducitur. Vetustius nomen ad eandem rem designandam fuit [[paraffina]].

== Alcana simplicia ==
Primi alcani sunt: 
# [[Methanum]] CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;
# [[Ethanum]] C&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;
# [[Propanum]] C&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt;
# [[Butanum]] C&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;
# [[Pentanum]] C&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;12&lt;/sub&gt;

Alcana sive linearia sive ramosa possunt esse, prout ad atomum carbonii unus aut plures atomi carbonii iuncti sunt. Etiam cyclici si anulum atomorum carbonii formant (exempli gratia cyclohexanum).

[[Proprietas (physica)|Proprietates physicae]] dependunt de [[longitudo|longitudine]] et gradu ramificationis{{dubsig}} [[molecula]]e, quod indicat exempli gratia diversa [[Temperatura thermodynamica|temperatura]] [[ebullitio|ebullitionis]]:
# Methanum -161.7&amp;nbsp;°C
# Ethanum -88.6&amp;nbsp;°C
# Propanum -42.2&amp;nbsp;°C
# Butanum -0.5&amp;nbsp;°C; Iso-butanum (2-Methyl-propanum) -11.7&amp;nbsp;°C
# Pentanum 36.1&amp;nbsp;°C
# Hexanum 68.7&amp;nbsp;°C
# Heptanum 98.4&amp;nbsp;°C
# Octanum 125.6&amp;nbsp;°C
# Nonanum 150.7&amp;nbsp;°C
# Decanum 174.0&amp;nbsp;°C

Reactiones maiores sunt:
# reactiones cum [[Halogenia|halogenis]] ([[Chlorum|chloro]], [[Bromium|bromo]], [[Iodum|iodo]]) quae [[lux|luce]] aut [[calor]]e activantur.{{dubsig}} Miscelae multarum substantiarum obtinentur.
# dehydrogenationes, quae [[Catalysis|catalysatorem]] requirunt (exempli gratia: [[palladium]] super carbonem fixatum) ad [[alcenum|alcena]] et [[alcynum|alcyna]] obtinenda.

==Nexus externi==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Alkanes alcana] spectant
* [https://www2.chemistry.msu.edu/faculty/reusch/VirtTxtJml/intro1.htm Virtual Textbook of Organic Chemistry]

[[Categoria:Chemia organica]]
{{Myrias|Physica}}</text>
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{{res|Heraclidae}} seu {{res|Heracleidae}} fuerunt complures posteri [[Hercules|Herculis]], praecipue intelleguntur esse [[Hyllus|Hylli]], qui fuit maximus natu ex quattuor filiis a [[Deianira]] (aliquando Hyllus putatur filius Herculis a [[Melite|Melita]]). Alii Heracleidae erant Macaria, Lamos, Manto, Bianor, Tlepolemus, et Telephus. Qui Heracleidae, ut fama erat, fuerunt reges [[Doriei]], qui regna [[Peloponnesus|Peloponnesiaca]] [[Mycenae|Mycenas]], [[Lacedaemon|Lacedaemona]], et [[Argus|Argum]] vicerunt, quoniam enuntiaverunt ius esse regnantibus per genetorem. Quod saepius est vocatum &quot;[[Incursio Doriana]].&quot;

== Bibliographia ==
* ''[[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Bibliotheca]]'' ii. 8 {{ling|Graece}}
* [[Diodorus Siculus]] iv. 57, 58 {{ling|Graece}}
* [[Pausanias]] i. 32, 41, ii. 13, 18, iii. I, iv. 3, v. 3 {{ling|Graece}}
* [[Euripides]], ''Heracleidae'' {{ling|Graece}}
* [[Pindarus]], ''[[Pythia]]'', ix. 137 {{ling|Graece}}
* [[Herodotus]] ix. 27 {{ling|Graece}}
* Connop Thirlwall, ''History of Greece'', ch. vii {{ling|Anglice}}
* Georgius Grote, ''History of Greece'', pt. i. ch. xviii {{ling|Anglice}}
* Georgius Busolt, ''Griechische Geschichte'', i. ch. ii. sec. 7 {{ling|Theodisce}}

{{mytho-stipula}}

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{{res|Heraclidae}} seu {{res|Heracleidae}} fuerunt complures posteri [[Hercules|Herculis]], praecipue intelleguntur esse [[Hyllus|Hylli]], qui fuit maximus natu ex quattuor filiis a [[Deianira]] (aliquando Hyllus putatur filius Herculis a [[Melite|Melita]]). Alii Heracleidae erant Macaria, Lamos, Manto, Bianor, Tlepolemus, et Telephus. Qui Heracleidae, ut fama erat, fuerunt reges [[Doriei]], qui regna [[Peloponnesus|Peloponnesiaca]] [[Mycenae|Mycenas]], [[Lacedaemon|Lacedaemona]], et [[Argus|Argum]] vicerunt, quoniam enuntiaverunt ius esse regnantibus per genetorem. Quod saepius est vocatum &quot;[[Incursio Doriana]].&quot;

== Bibliographia ==
* ''[[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Bibliotheca]]'' ii. 8 {{ling|Graece}}
* [[Diodorus Siculus]] iv. 57, 58 {{ling|Graece}}
* [[Pausanias]] i. 32, 41, ii. 13, 18, iii. I, iv. 3, v. 3 {{ling|Graece}}
* [[Euripides]], ''[[Heraclidae (Euripides)|Heraclidae]]'' {{ling|Graece}}
* [[Pindarus]], ''[[Pythia]]'', ix. 137 {{ling|Graece}}
* [[Herodotus]] ix. 27 {{ling|Graece}}
* Connop Thirlwall, ''History of Greece'', ch. vii {{ling|Anglice}}
* Georgius Grote, ''History of Greece'', pt. i. ch. xviii {{ling|Anglice}}
* Georgius Busolt, ''Griechische Geschichte'', i. ch. ii. sec. 7 {{ling|Theodisce}}

{{mytho-stipula}}

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{{res|Heraclidae}} seu {{res|Heracleidae}} fuerunt complures posteri [[Hercules|Herculis]], praecipue intelleguntur esse [[Hyllus|Hylli]], qui fuit maximus natu ex quattuor filiis a [[Deianira]] (aliquando Hyllus putatur filius Herculis a [[Melite|Melita]]). Alii Heracleidae erant Macaria, Lamos, Manto, Bianor, Tlepolemus, et Telephus. Qui Heracleidae, ut fama erat, fuerunt reges [[Dores|Dorienses]], qui regna [[Peloponnesus|Peloponnesiaca]] [[Mycenae|Mycenas]], [[Lacedaemon|Lacedaemona]], et [[Argus|Argum]] vicerunt, quoniam enuntiaverunt ius esse regnantibus per genetorem. Quod saepius est vocatum &quot;[[Incursio Doriana]].&quot;

== Bibliographia ==
* ''[[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Bibliotheca]]'' ii. 8 {{ling|Graece}}
* [[Diodorus Siculus]] iv. 57, 58 {{ling|Graece}}
* [[Pausanias]] i. 32, 41, ii. 13, 18, iii. I, iv. 3, v. 3 {{ling|Graece}}
* [[Euripides]], ''[[Heraclidae (Euripides)|Heraclidae]]'' {{ling|Graece}}
* [[Pindarus]], ''[[Pythia]]'', ix. 137 {{ling|Graece}}
* [[Herodotus]] ix. 27 {{ling|Graece}}
* Connop Thirlwall, ''History of Greece'', ch. vii {{ling|Anglice}}
* Georgius Grote, ''History of Greece'', pt. i. ch. xviii {{ling|Anglice}}
* Georgius Busolt, ''Griechische Geschichte'', i. ch. ii. sec. 7 {{ling|Theodisce}}

{{mytho-stipula}}

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{{res|Heraclidae}} seu {{res|Heracleidae}} fuerunt complures posteri [[Hercules|Herculis]], praecipue intelleguntur esse [[Hyllus|Hylli]], qui fuit maximus natu ex quattuor filiis a [[Deianira]] (aliquando Hyllus putatur filius Herculis a [[Melite|Melita]]). Alii Heracleidae erant Macaria, Lamos, Manto, Bianor, Tlepolemus, et [[Telephus]]. Qui Heracleidae, ut fama erat, fuerunt reges [[Dores|Dorienses]], qui regna [[Peloponnesus|Peloponnesiaca]] [[Mycenae|Mycenas]], [[Lacedaemon|Lacedaemona]], et [[Argus|Argum]] vicerunt, quoniam enuntiaverunt ius esse regnantibus per genetorem. Quod saepius est vocatum &quot;[[Incursio Doriana]].&quot;

== Bibliographia ==
* ''[[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Bibliotheca]]'' ii. 8 {{ling|Graece}}
* [[Diodorus Siculus]] iv. 57, 58 {{ling|Graece}}
* [[Pausanias]] i. 32, 41, ii. 13, 18, iii. I, iv. 3, v. 3 {{ling|Graece}}
* [[Euripides]], ''[[Heraclidae (Euripides)|Heraclidae]]'' {{ling|Graece}}
* [[Pindarus]], ''[[Pythia]]'', ix. 137 {{ling|Graece}}
* [[Herodotus]] ix. 27 {{ling|Graece}}
* Connop Thirlwall, ''History of Greece'', ch. vii {{ling|Anglice}}
* Georgius Grote, ''History of Greece'', pt. i. ch. xviii {{ling|Anglice}}
* Georgius Busolt, ''Griechische Geschichte'', i. ch. ii. sec. 7 {{ling|Theodisce}}

{{mytho-stipula}}

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{{res|Heraclidae}} seu {{res|Heracleidae}} fuerunt complures posteri [[Hercules|Herculis]], praecipue intelleguntur esse [[Hyllus|Hylli]], qui fuit maximus natu ex quattuor filiis a [[Deianira]] (aliquando Hyllus putatur filius Herculis a [[Melite|Melita]]). Alii Heracleidae erant [[Macaria (Herculis filia)|Macaria]], Lamos, Manto, Bianor, [[Tlepolemus (mythologia)|Tlepolemus]], et [[Telephus]]. Qui Heracleidae, ut fama erat, fuerunt reges [[Dores|Dorienses]], qui regna [[Peloponnesus|Peloponnesiaca]] [[Mycenae|Mycenas]], [[Lacedaemon|Lacedaemona]], et [[Argus|Argum]] vicerunt, quoniam enuntiaverunt ius esse regnantibus per genetorem. Quod saepius est vocatum &quot;[[Incursio Doriana]].&quot;

== Bibliographia ==
* ''[[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Bibliotheca]]'' ii. 8 {{ling|Graece}}
* [[Diodorus Siculus]] iv. 57, 58 {{ling|Graece}}
* [[Pausanias]] i. 32, 41, ii. 13, 18, iii. I, iv. 3, v. 3 {{ling|Graece}}
* [[Euripides]], ''[[Heraclidae (Euripides)|Heraclidae]]'' {{ling|Graece}}
* [[Pindarus]], ''[[Pythia]]'', ix. 137 {{ling|Graece}}
* [[Herodotus]] ix. 27 {{ling|Graece}}
* Connop Thirlwall, ''History of Greece'', ch. vii {{ling|Anglice}}
* Georgius Grote, ''History of Greece'', pt. i. ch. xviii {{ling|Anglice}}
* Georgius Busolt, ''Griechische Geschichte'', i. ch. ii. sec. 7 {{ling|Theodisce}}

{{mytho-stipula}}

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{{res|Heraclidae}} seu {{res|Heracleidae}} fuerunt complures posteri [[Hercules|Herculis]], praecipue intelleguntur esse [[Hyllus|Hylli]], qui fuit maximus natu ex quattuor filiis a [[Deianira]] (aliquando Hyllus putatur filius Herculis a [[Melite|Melita]]). Alii Heracleidae erant [[Macaria (Herculis filia)|Macaria]], Lamos, Manto, Bianor, [[Tlepolemus (mythologia)|Tlepolemus]], et [[Telephus]]. Qui Heracleidae, ut fama erat, fuerunt reges [[Dores|Dorienses]], qui regna [[Peloponnesus|Peloponnesiaca]] [[Mycenae|Mycenas]], [[Lacedaemon|Lacedaemona]], et [[Argus|Argum]] vicerunt, quoniam enuntiaverunt ius regni e genitore pendere. Quod saepius est vocatum &quot;[[Incursio Doriana]].&quot;

== Bibliographia ==
* ''[[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Bibliotheca]]'' ii. 8 {{ling|Graece}}
* [[Diodorus Siculus]] iv. 57, 58 {{ling|Graece}}
* [[Pausanias]] i. 32, 41, ii. 13, 18, iii. I, iv. 3, v. 3 {{ling|Graece}}
* [[Euripides]], ''[[Heraclidae (Euripides)|Heraclidae]]'' {{ling|Graece}}
* [[Pindarus]], ''[[Pythia]]'', ix. 137 {{ling|Graece}}
* [[Herodotus]] ix. 27 {{ling|Graece}}
* Connop Thirlwall, ''History of Greece'', ch. vii {{ling|Anglice}}
* Georgius Grote, ''History of Greece'', pt. i. ch. xviii {{ling|Anglice}}
* Georgius Busolt, ''Griechische Geschichte'', i. ch. ii. sec. 7 {{ling|Theodisce}}

{{mytho-stipula}}

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    <title>Semiconductrum</title>
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'''Semiconductrum''' est species [[materia (physica)|materiae]] [[solidum|solidae]] cuius [[conductivitas electrica]] [[magnitudo|magnitudine]] inter [[conductrum]] et [[insulatrum]] iacet, et cuius [[resistivitas]] plerumque variare potest inter illam conductri valorem (10&lt;sup&gt;-8&lt;/sup&gt; Ω m) et illam insulatri valorem (10&lt;sup&gt;+16&lt;/sup&gt; Ω m).&lt;!--En ?= This means a conductivity roughly in the range of 10&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; to 10&lt;sup&gt;−8&lt;/sup&gt; [[Siemens (unit)|siemens]] per centimeter.--&gt; Materiae semiconductri sunt fundamenta [[electronica digitalis|electronicae digitalis]] hodiernae, inter quas [[radiophonia|machina radiophonica]], [[computatrum|computatra]], [[telephonium|telephonia]], et multae aliae [[machina]]e electricae cum [[integratus circuitus|integrato circuito]]. Inter tales res sunt [[transistrum|transistra]], [[cellua solaris|cellulae solares]], et multa [[diodus|diodorum]] genera, inter quae diodus quod [[lux|lucem]] emittit, rectificator a [[silicium|silicio]] temperatus,&lt;!--silicon-controlled rectifier--&gt; et circuitus integrati digitales et analogi. Simile, tympana&lt;!--panels--&gt; photovoltaica solaria semiconductrorum [[energia]]m [[lux|lucis]] in [[electricitas|energiam electrica]] vertunt. In conductro [[metallum|metallico]], [[fluxus electricus|fluxus]] a flumine [[electron]]um fertur. In semiconductris, fluxus a flumine electronum vel a flumine [[foramen electronum|foraminum electronum]] onere postivorum in electronica materiei structura ferri saepe habetur.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Elementum electronicum]]
* [[Generatrum sonorum]]
* [[Memoria computatralis]]
* [[Nanometrum]]

==Nexus externi==
*Klimeck, Gerhard, et Dragica Vasileska. [http://nanohub.org/topics/EduSemiconductor &quot;ABACUS: Introduction to Semiconductor Devices,&quot;] apud situm nanohub.org.
*Zeghbroeck, Bart Van. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20090213122751/http://ece-www.colorado.edu/~bart/book/book/ Principles of Semiconductor Devices.]''
*[http://www.semiconductorglossary.com/ Glossarium] apud situm semiconductorglossary.com.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20091009135303/http://www.semi1source.com/shof/ &quot;Hall of Fame,&quot;] apud situm semi1source.com (University of Colorado at Boulder), liber scholasticus interretialis.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090826143426/http://www.semiconductor-scout.com/manufacturer/semiconductor-manufacturer.html Index fabricatorum semiconductrorum] apud situ, semiconductor.scout.com.
*[http://www.doitpoms.ac.uk/tlplib/semiconductors/index.php &quot;Introduction to Semiconductors,&quot;] apud situm doitpoms.ac.uk (DoITPoMS Teaching and Learning Package).
*[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/solids/semcn.html Notiones semiconductri] apud situm hyp;erphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu.
*[http://science.howstuffworks.com/diode.htm Pagine de semiconductro] apud situm science.howstuffworks.com.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090306114230/http://www.ioffe.rssi.ru/SVA/NSM/Semicond/index.html &quot;Physical Properties of Semiconductors,&quot;] apud situm ioffe.rssi.ru.
*[http://www.organicsemiconductors.com De semiconductris organicis,]{{Nexus deficit|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} apud situm organisemiconductors.com.
*[http://www.tpub.com/content/neets/14179/index.htm &quot;US Navy Electrical Engineering Training Series,&quot;] apud situm tpub.com.

[[Categoria:Notiones in physica]]
[[Categoria:Physica]]
[[Categoria:Electricitas]]
{{1000 paginae}}
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    <title>Scarlatina</title>
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[[Imago:Streptococcus pyogenes.jpg|thumb|[[Streptococcus pyogenes|Streptococci pyogenes]]]]

'''Scarlatina'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Kraus&quot;&gt;Kraus, L.A. (1844). ''Kritisch-etymologisches medicinisches Lexikon'' (editio 3). Gottingae: Verlag der Deuerlich- und Dieterichschen Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Arnaudov&quot;&gt;Arnaudov, G.D. (1964). ''Terminologia medica polyglotta. Latinum-Bulgarski-Russkij-English-Français-Deutsch.'' Serdicae: Editio medicina et physcultura.&lt;/ref&gt; est [[morbus]] accurate [[infectio]] praecipue [[puer]]orum ac [[puella]]rum, cuius causa [[bacterium]] [[streptococcus pyogenes]] est. Proprium scarlatinae sunt multae parvae maculae [[ruber|rubrae]] [[cutis]] ([[exanthema]]).

==Nexus externus==

*[https://web.archive.org/web/20151119054520/http://www.rki.de/DE/Content/InfAZ/S/Scharlach/Scharlach.html De scarlatina in pagina interretiali [[Institutum Roberto Koch dicatum|Instituti Roberto Koch dicati]] {{ling|Theodisce}}]
[[Imago:Scarlet fever 1.JPG|thumb|Puella scarlatina laborans]]

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;


{{med-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Morbi]]

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'''Snorro Sturlaeus'''&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;De formis Latinis huius nominis, vide [[Index formarum Latinarum nominum Islandicorum|Indicem formarum Latinarum nominum Islandicorum]].&lt;/ref&gt; vel '''Snorrius Sturlae filius'''&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Vide inscriptionem editionis [https://baekur.is/bok/000365881/1/4/Heimskringla#page/n3/mode/2up ''Heimskringla'']{{Nexus deficit|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} anno 1777 in lucem editae.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Lingua Islandica|Islandice]] ''Snorri Sturluson'', natus anno [[1178]], mortuus die [[23 Septembris]] [[1241]]) fuit [[rerum gestarum scriptor]], [[poesis|poeta]] et vir rerum civilium peritus [[Islandia|Islandicus]]. In senatu Islandico (sive ''Althing'') leges recitabat auctorque fuit multorum operum, inter quae sunt ''[[Edda (Snorronis)|Edda]]'' oratione soluta composita et ''[[Heimskringla]]'' sive Historia regum [[Norvegia|Norvegicorum]].

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Halvdan Koht: ''Snorre Sturlason''. In: ''Norsk biografisk Leksikon,'' tom. 14, Asloae 1962.
* Óskar Gudmundsson: ''Snorri Sturluson – Homer des Nordens: eine Biographie''. Böhlau: Coloniae Agrippinae/Vimariae/Vindobonae 2011, ISBN 978-3-412-20743-4.

==Nexus externi==
{{fontes biographici}}
* [https://books.google.fr/books?id=s9BfAAAAcAAJ ''Heimskringla'' sive ''Historia regum Norvegicorum''] (adiecta versione Latina)


{{bio-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Scriptores Islandiae]]
[[Categoria:Politici Islandiae]]
[[Categoria:Historici Islandiae]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Nordici antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1178]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1241]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tertium (exercitus)</title>
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      <text bytes="4901" sha1="c9ph0fi0i95scr6ax10cgcvxca8ges0" xml:space="preserve">{{L}}
[[Fasciculus:Desembarcoislasterceiras.jpg|thumb|Tertium Hispanicus in proelium apud Azores insulas.]]
[[Fasciculus:Heaume-Morges-3.jpg|thumb|Cassis militis tertii]]
[[Fasciculus:Tercio - Spínola.svg|thumb|Vexillum tertii]]
'''Tertium'''&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.com/books?id=itk2AAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA188&amp;dq=mosquetorum&amp;hl=es&amp;ei=n3i-TYysAoaAhQetoPjBBQ&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=1&amp;ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=snippet&amp;q=tertiorum&amp;f=false Angeli Galluccii e Societate Jesu De bello belgico ab anno Christi MDXCIII ad induntias annorum XII]&lt;/ref&gt; seu '''legio hispanorum'''&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.com/books?id=itk2AAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA188&amp;dq=mosquetorum&amp;hl=es&amp;ei=n3i-TYysAoaAhQetoPjBBQ&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=1&amp;ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=snippet&amp;q=hifpanorum&amp;f=false ibidem]&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Hispanice]]: ''tercio'') fuit exercitus Hispanicus inter [[Monarchia Hispanica|Monarchiam Hispanicam]], qui in paene omnibus Hispanici Imperii pugnavit territoriis. Creati sunt tertia ex copiis [[Carolus I (rex Hispaniae)|Caroli primi regis]] in Italia anno [[1534]], ubi divisae copiae sunt in partes tres, ergo nomen ''tertium'', simul [[landsknecti|landsknectes]] Sacri Imperii. Erant prima tertia Tertium vetus Siciliae, Tertium vetus Neapolis et Tertium vetus Langobardiae. Postea tertia creata sunt, Flandriam capiendi causa, et quoque tertium classis.

Tertia diluta sunt anno [[1704]].

== Armae atque modus pugnandi ==
Milites tertorium in partes duas separati erant: contarii ([[Hispanice|H]]: ''piqueros'') cum [[contus|contis]] ([[Hispanice|H]]: ''pica'') et [[arquebusum|arquebusarii]] ([[Hispanice|H]]: ''arcabuceros''). Milites quoque cassida ([[Hispanice|H]]: ''morrión''), spathas et lorigas ferebant. Milites tertiorum hoc modo pugnabant: contarii quadrum creabant dum scopletarii in verticibus statuebant et icaulabant, tunc cum inimicus impetum faciebat, scopletarii inter contarios se loabant et contarii pugnabant.

[[Fasciculus:Tercio piquiers.jpg|thumb|centre|300px|Contarii pugnantes]]

Erant in omnibus tertiis 15&amp;thinsp;000 militum dum bellum contra rebelles Batavos (inter annos [[1568]] et [[1648]]), et unusquisque tertiorum 3&amp;thinsp;000 milites constabat.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Landsknecti]]
* [[Monarchia Hispanica]]
* [[Legio Hispanica]]
* [[Deditio Bredae]]

== Bibliographia ==
* ''Los tercios'', Renatus Quatrefages, [[1983]], ISBN 84-500-8427-X
* ''La revolución militar moderna: el crisol español'', Renatus Quatrefages, [[1996]], ISBN 84-7823-473-X
* ''El ejército de Flandes y el camino español, 1567-1659'', Galfridus Parker, Alianza ([[Matritum|Matrito]], [[2003]]).
* ''De Pavía a Rocroi. Los Tercios de infantería española en los siglos XVI y XVII'', Iulius Albi de la Cuesta, [[1999]], ISBN 84-930790-0-6
* ''Tercios de Flandes'', Ioannes Giménez Martín, [[1999]], ISBN 84-930446-0-1
* ''Los Tercios en las Campañas del Mediterráneo, s. XVI (Italia)'', Eduardus de Mesa, Almena (Guerreros y Batallas, nº 4), [[2001]].
* ''El mundo hispánico'', Elliot, J.H., Crítica ([[Barcino]]ne, [[1995]]).
* ''Los Tercios en las Campañas del Mediterráneo, s. XVI (Norte de África)'', Eduardus de Mesa, Almena (Guerreros y Batallas, nº 6), [[2002]].
* ''Nördlingen 1634. Victoria Decisiva de los Tercios'', Eduardus de Mesa, Almena (Guerreros y Batallas, nº 9), [[2003]].
* ''La batalla de San Quintín, 1557'', Eduardus de Mesa, Almena (Guerreros y Batallas, nº 15), [[2004]].
* ''San Quintín'', Juan Carlos Losada, Aguilar, ([[Matritum|Matrito]], [[2005]]).
* ''Flandes y la monarquía hispánica, 1500-1713'', Michael Angelus Echevarría, Sílex, ([[Matritum|Matrito]], [[2000]]).
* '' Guerra y Sociedad en la Monarquía Hispánica. Política, estrategia y cultura en la Europa Moderna (1500-1700)'' Henricus García Hernán - David Maffi, editores. Laberinto, [[Matritum|Matrito]], [[2006]]. 2 vols.
* ''Tercios de España La Infantería Legendaria'', Ferdinandus Martínez Laínez y Iosephus Maria Sánchez de Toca, ISBN 84-414-1847-0
* ''Una Pica en Flandes'', Ferdinandus Martínez Laínez, ISBN 978-84-414-1947-6


== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Tercios|Tertios Hispanicos}}

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080602092008/http://www.myarmoury.com/feature_armies_spanish.html (Anglice)]
* [http://ferrol.historia.tripod.com/ferrolnaval1525/ (Hispanice) De proelio apud Papiam anni 1525]{{Nexus deficit|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://www.revistanaval.com/infanteriademarina/ (Hispanice) De tertiis classis]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080513174946/http://www.terciodearmada.com/ (Hispanice)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20021002232643/http://es.geocities.com/capitancontreras/ (Hispanice)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20020526110755/http://www.geocities.com/ao1617/Index.html (Hispanice)]
* [http://www.tercios.org/ (Hispanice)]

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

[[Categoria:Imperium Hispanicum]]
[[Categoria:Exercitus]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Maroun Lahham</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>51042</id>
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      <id>3959361</id>
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        <username>Adam Bishop</username>
        <id>4</id>
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[[Fasciculus:BISHOP-maroun-lahham.jpg|thumb|Episcopus Maroun Lahham]]

''' Maroun Lahham''' ([[Arabice]] مارون لحّام natus die [[20 Iulii]] [[1948]] in [[Irbed]] in [[Iordania]]) die [[19 Ianuarii]] [[2012]] [[Patriarchatus Hierosolymitanus|Hierosolymae]] [[episcopus]] auxiliaris nominatus est.

Consecratus est die [[2 Octobris]] [[2005]] a [[Patriarchatus Latinus Hierosolymitanus|Patriarcha Latino Hierosolymitano]] Michael Sabbah: co-consacrantes episcopi [[Fouad Twal]] et Petrus Sambi fuerunt.

In [[Cathedralis|Cathedralem]] Tunetanam introivit die [[30 Octobris]] [[2005]].

Die [[22 Maii]] [[2010]] Dioecesis Tunetana facta est Archidioecesis&lt;ref&gt;Cf. {{CathHierDiocese|tuni}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Episcopus Lahham moviat ad [[Patriarchatus Hierosolymitanus|Patriarchato Hierosolymitano]] cum titulo archiepiscopali et cum delega [[Iordania]]e.

== Sententia atque vexillum ==

'''UT COGNOSCANT TE'''

[[Fasciculus:CoA Archbishop Maroun Lahham.png|thumb|180px|left|Maroun Lahham vexillum]]

== Nexus externi ==

* {{CathHierBishop|lahh}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928133246/http://www.diocesetunisie.com/francese/pagfr/eveque.htm Pagina officialis archidioecesis]

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{bio-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lahham, Maroun}}
[[Categoria:Incolae Iordaniae]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1948]]
[[Categoria:Homines vivi]]
[[Categoria:Archiepiscopi Ecclesiae Catholicae]]
[[Categoria:Archiepiscopi Carthaginenses et Tunetani]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Fouad Twal</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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[[Fasciculus:Fouad-Twal-in-Codogno-Italy-set-20-th-2009.jpg|thumb|Patriarcha Fouad Twal, [[Cotoneum (Laus Nova)|Cotonei]] [[Italia]]e, die [[20 Septembris]] [[2009]]]]

''' Fouad Twal ''' ([[Arabice]] فؤاد طوال natus die [[23 Octobris]] [[1940]] in [[Madaba]] in [[Iordania]]) est a die [[24 Iunii]] [[2016]] [[Patriarcha Latinus Hierosolymitanus]] emeritus. Twal iam ab anno [[2005]] [[episcopus]] auxiliaris et coadiuvator Patriarchae Michael Sabbah cum iure successionis erat.

Antea accurate a die [[22 Iulii]] [[1992]] Twal [[Tunes|Tunis]] (Dioecesis Tunetana) [[episcopus]] fuerat.

Die [[22 Iunii]] [[2008]] Twal consecratus est Patriarcham.

== Sententia apostolica eius ==

'''COR UNUM'''

== Nexus externi ==
{{Commons}}
* {{CathHierBishop|twalf}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061030051716/http://www.lpj.org/newsite2006/index.html Pagina officialis Patriarchatus]

{{bio-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Twal, Fouad}}
[[Categoria:Archiepiscopi Carthaginenses et Tunetani]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Iordaniae]]
[[Categoria:Palaestina]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1940]]
[[Categoria:Homines vivi]]
[[Categoria:Episcopi Ecclesiae Catholicae]]
[[Categoria:Theologi]]
[[Categoria:Patriarchae Hierosolymitani]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sia Figiel</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="2867" sha1="hsujzoanej1dwiyed7skpjovsshdcta" xml:space="preserve">'''Sia Figiel''' (nata [[Matautu (Upolu)|Matautu Tai]] in vico prope [[Apia]]m anno [[1967]]; mortua mense Ianuarii [[2026]]) fuit [[poeta]], [[scriptor|scriptrix]], et [[pictor|pictrix]] [[Samoa]]na. Quae die [[26 Ianuarii]] [[2026]] mortua inventa est intra eius cellulam in [[Carcer]]e Tanumalala in [[Upolu]] ad meridiem et occidentalem [[Apia]]e [[caput (urbs)|capitis]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pouoa |first=Grace |date=2026-01-26 |title=Papalii Sia Figiel Found Dead in her Cell at Tanumalala Prison |work=Samoa Global News |url=https://samoaglobalnews.com/papalii-sia-figiel-found-dead-in-her-cell-at-tanumalala-prison/ |access-date=2026-01-26 |language=en-US}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Opera litteraria==
*[[1996]]. ''The Girl in the Moon Circle.'' ISBN 2742723722. Poemata.
*[[1996]]. ''Where We Once Belonged.'' New Zealand: Pasifika. ISBN 0908597274. Mythistoria.&lt;ref&gt;Vide etiam [https://web.archive.org/web/20081014141721/http://www.trout.auckland.ac.nz/journal/2/sullivan/sia.htm ''Trout2: Where we once belonged by Sia Figiel,'' apud www.trout.auckland.ac.nz].&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[1998]]. ''To a Young Artist in Contemplation.'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20081014073010/http://www.trout.auckland.ac.nz/journal/6/figiel/three.htm Excerpt]. Poemata
*[[1999]]. ''They Who do not Grieve.'' ISBN 1740510100, ISBN 1885030339. Mythistoria.

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Nexus externi==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20010913015042/http://www.time.com/time/pacific/magazine/20010820/sarts.html &quot;A Garland of Exile and Belonging,&quot;] www.time.com
*[http://www.nzepc.auckland.ac.nz/features/whetu_moana/figiel.asp &quot;Between the Steel Bars&quot; (poema),]{{Nexus deficit|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} www.nzepc.auckland.ac.nz
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060306024056/http://www.library.auckland.ac.nz/subjects/nzp/nzlit2/figiel.htm Bibliographia] usque ad [[2002]], www.library.auckland.ac.nz
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080916101951/http://www.frigatezine.com/essay/lives/eli03sia.html &quot;A Conversation with Sia Figiel&quot; (colloquium),] www.frigatezine.com
*[http://ireport.cnn.com/docs/DOC-1054666 &quot;Samoan Woman Loses 100 Pounds, Becomes a Triathlete,&quot;] ireport.cnn.com
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070928073152/http://www.southproject.org/profiles/figiel1.htm Sia Figiel (biographia),] www.southproject.org
*[http://www.vuw.ac.nz/modernletters/bnzp/2003/figiel.htm &quot;Songs of the Fat Brown Woman&quot; (poema),] www.vuw.ac.nz
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20020306072948/http://www.salon.com/audio/2000/10/05/figiel/ ''They Who do not Grieve,''] www.salon.com

{{ars-stipula}}
{{bio-stipula}}
{{lit-stipula}}
{{poesis-stipula}}

{{Lifetime|1967|2026|Figiel, Sia}}
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[[Categoria:Pictores]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Anglici]]
[[Categoria:Poetae Samoae]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores mythistoriarum Samoae]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Samoae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tacuinum sanitatis</title>
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[[Fasciculus:Laurentiana Plut.18 sin.7 fol.1 right margin.png|thumb|Lectrix ''Tacuini sanitatis'': marginale primi folii exemplaris Florentini saec. XIV ([[Bibliotheca Laurentiana]] Plut.18 sin.7)]]
'''''Tacuinum''''' (vel '''''Taccuinum''''') '''''sanitatis''''' (a nomine [[Lingua Arabica|Arabico]] تقويم الصحة ''taqwīm aṣ‑ṣiḥḥa'', i.e. 'tabularium sanitatis') est titulum Latinum operis medici Arabici 12&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt; saeculo ab [[Elbochasim]] [[Bagdatum|Bagdatensi]] compositi. Qui liber 13&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt; saeculo [[Panormus|Panormi]] aut [[Neapolis|Neapoli]] [[Manfredus (rex Siciliae)|Manfredo Siciliae rege]] (1258–1266) suadente Latine versus postea 14&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt; et 15&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt; saeculo textu magnopere redacto illuminationibus auctus magna fruebatur fama.

== Manuscripta adhuc exstantia, in interrete accessibilia ==
[[Fasciculus:1-albero, Taccuino Sanitatis, Casanatense 4182..jpg|thumb|Illuminatio e ''Tacuino sanitatis'' Casanatensi.]]
; Tabulata
* ''Tacuinum sanitatis'' Florentinum, saec. XIV, [[Bibliotheca Laurentiana]] ([[Florentia]]e), MS. Plut. 18 sin. 7 [https://web.archive.org/web/20211024054630/http://mss.bmlonline.it/catalogo.aspx?Level=m&amp;Shelfmark=Plut.18+sin.7 Textus] [http://www.bml.firenze.sbn.it/Diaita/schede/scheda32.htm Catalogus]
* ''Tacuinum sanitatis'' Granatense, ca. 1400-1450, Bibliotheca Universitatis Granatensis ([[Granata]]e), MS. C-67 [http://digibug.ugr.es/handle/10481/6525 Exemplar PDF] [https://granatensis.ugr.es/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991013992848704990&amp;context=L&amp;vid=34CBUA_UGR:VU1&amp;search_scope=MyInstitution&amp;tab=Granada&amp;lang=es Catalogus]

; Illuminata
* ''Tacuinum sanitatis'' Parisiense, saec. XIII exeunte, Bibliotheca Nationalis Francica ([[Lutetia]]e), MS. lat. 6977 [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8452202k Textus] [https://archivesetmanuscrits.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cc90780x Catalogus]&lt;ref&gt;[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b10000505s/f952.image De historia huius libri]&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Tacuinum sanitatis'' Leodicense, ca. 1380, Bibliotheca Universitatis Leodicensis ([[Leodicum|Leodici]]), MS. 1041 [https://donum.uliege.be/handle/2268.1/1525 Imagines paucae]
* ''Tacuinum sanitatis'' Vindobonense, Lombardia ca. 1385-1390, [[Bibliotheca Nationalis Austriaca]] ([[Vindobona]]e), MS. series nova  2644 [http://data.onb.ac.at/rep/10020524 Textus] [http://manuscripta.at/m1/lit_manu.php?ms=AT8500-SN2644 Bibliographia]
* ''Theatrum'' vel ''Tacuinum sanitatis'' Casanatense, Lombardia ca. 1390, Bibliotheca Casanatensis ([[Roma]]e), MS. 4182 [http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11560 Textus]{{Nexus deficit|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* ''Tacuinum sanitatis'' Parisiense alterum, Lombardia ca. 1395-1400, Bibliotheca Nationalis Francica ([[Lutetia]]e), MS. nouv. acqu. Lat. 1673 [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b105380445 Textus] [https://archivesetmanuscrits.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cc69994c Catalogus]
* ''Tacuinum sanitatis'' Rothomagense, ca. 1450, Bibliotheca Municipalis Rothomagensis ([[Rothomagus|Rothomagi]]), MS. Leber 1088, MS. 3054 [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b10102185j.r Textus]
* ''Tacuinum sanitatis'' Parisiense tertium, ca. 1450, Bibliotheca Nationalis Francica ([[Lutetia]]e), MS. lat. 9333 [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b105072169.r Textus] [https://archivesetmanuscrits.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cc773750 Catalogus]
* ''Tacuinum sanitatis'' Vindobonense alterum, ca. 1450/1475, Bibliotheca Nationalis Austriaca ([[Vindobona]]e), MS. 5264 [http://data.onb.ac.at/rep/10019A33 Textus]
* ''Tacuinum sanitatis'' Vindobonense tertium, ca. 1490, Bibliotheca Nationalis Austriaca ([[Vindobona]]e), MS. 2396 [http://data.onb.ac.at/rep/10035A1B Textus] [http://misc.onb.ac.at/cgi-bin/simader/literatur.cgi Catalogus]

== Editiones ==
* 1531 : ''Tacuini sanitatis Elluchasem Elimithar; Albengnefit De virtutibus medicinarum et ciborum; Iac. Alkindus De rerum gradibus''. Argentorati: apud Ioannem Schottum {{Google Books|ggFcAAAAcAAJ}} [http://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10197837-7 Editio 1533] apud Monacenses
* 1991 : Carmélia Opsomer, ed., ''L'art de vivre en santé. Images et recettes du Moyen Âge. Le « Tacuinum Sanitatis » (manuscrit 1041) de la bibliothèque de 'université de Liège''. Lutetiae: Perron [https://www.persee.fr/doc/medi_0751-2708_1993_num_12_25_1290_t1_0134_0000_2 recensio huius operis]

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Cathleen Hoeniger, &quot;The Illuminated ''Tacuinum sanitatis'' Manuscripts from Northern Italy ca. 1380-1400: sources, patrons, and the creation of a new pictorial genre&quot; in Jean Ann Givens, Karen Reeds, Alain Touwaide, edd., ''Visualizing Medieval Medicine and Natural History, 1200-1550'' (2006) {{Google Books|HK799l9nR4UC|p. 51 sqq.}}
* Carmélia Opsomer, &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20240620184350/https://cdn.uclouvain.be/public/Exports%20reddot/farm/documents/JPB2002_57_3.pdf La Pharmacopée médiévale: images et manuscrits]&quot; in ''Journal de pharmacie de Belgique'' vol. 52 (2002)
* Harry S. Paris, Marie-Christine Daunay, Jules Janick, &quot;[http://europepmc.org/backend/ptpmcrender.fcgi?accid=PMC2685323&amp;blobtype=pdf The Cucurbitaceae and Solanaceae illustrated in medieval manuscripts known as the Tacuinum Sanitatis]&quot; in ''Annals of Botany'' vol. 103 (2009) pp. 1187–1205 [https://www.academia.edu/21876550/The_Cucurbitaceae_and_Solanaceae_illustrated_in_medieval_manuscripts_known_as_the_Tacuinum_Sanitatis alibi]

== Nexus externi ==
* [http://www.godecookery.com/tacuin/tacuin.htm Introductio et collectio illuminationum apud ‘Gode Cookery’]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170927140021/http://www.joh.cam.ac.uk/library/special_collections/early_books/pix/taqwim.htm De editione impressa anni 1531 in Bibliotheca Collegii Sancti Iohannis Cantabrigiae]
{{commonscat|Tacuinum sanitatis}}

[[Categoria:Libri medici]]
[[Categoria:Libri botanici]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Arabicae]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latine versae]]
[[Categoria:Verba Arabica mutuata]]</text>
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    <title>Stieg Larsson</title>
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''' Stieg Larsson ''' accurate ''' Carolus Stig-Erland Larsson Carolus ''' ([[Uma]]e die [[15 Augusti]] [[1954]] natus; repente [[infarctus cordis|infarcto cordis]] [[Holmia]]e die [[9 Novembris]] [[2004]] mortuus) fuit [[scriptor]] et [[diurnarius]] [[Suecia|Suecicus]] et conditor libelli [[Expo (libellum)|„Expo“]], qui contra [[odium phyleticum]] &lt;ref&gt;cfr. [http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/institutions_connected/latinitas/documents/rc_latinitas_20040601_lexicon_it.html#r Lexico Recentis Latinitatis Italice ''odio razziale''] &lt;/ref&gt; et [[fascismus|neofascismum]] pugnat. Extra patriam suam Stieg Larson clarus est praecipue propter trilogiam Millennium quamquam haec opera solum post [[mors|mortem]] eius edita sunt.

== Mythistoriae ==

Millennium Trilogia:

* 2005 ''Män som hatar kvinnor'' (scilicet [[Latine]] ''Homines qui mulieres odio persequuntur'')
* 2006 ''Flickan som lekte med elden'' 
* 2007 ''Luftslottet som sprängdes'' 

== Nota ==

&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==

* [http://www.stieglarsson.se/ Pagina officialis] {{ling|Suedice}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081223063945/http://book.literaryawards.info/en/stieg_larsson.html Stieg Larsson operum index] {{ling|Anglice}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081231031530/http://book.literaryawards.info/de/stieg_larsson.html Stieg Larsson opera] {{ling|Germanice}}

{{scriptor-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Larsson, Stieg}}

[[Categoria:Scriptores mythistoriarum Sueciae]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Sueciae]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Suecici]]
[[Categoria:Diurnarii Sueciae]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1954]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 2004]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Universitas Californiensis Berkeleiensis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="9328" sha1="eef35ybzwu9q8z32333pm5a19lm06q2" xml:space="preserve">{{L1}}
{{Capsa scholae Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Berkeley Campus Sather Tower.jpg|thumb|Campus Berkeleiensis]]
{{res|Universitas Californiensis Berkeleiensis}}&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Senatus academicus Universitatis Californiensis Berkeleiensis&quot; [https://archive.org/stream/ksiegapamiatkow01jagigoog#page/n106/mode/2up vide p. 95]&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Anglice]] ''University of California, Berkeley''), contra urbem [[Franciscopolis|Franciscopolin]] longe trans [[sinus Sancti Francisci|sinum Sancti Francisci]] sita, est [[universitas publica]] [[Civitatum Foederatarum civitas|civitatis]] [[California|Californiensis]] ceteris universitatibus publicis eius civitatis praestans. Nam anno [[1868]] ex [[Academia Californiensis]] et Academia Artium Rusticae, Metallicae, Mechanicae [[Quercupolis|Quercupoli]] constituta, populi Californiensis iussu et [[res classicae|doctrinam antiqua consuetudine]] et [[ars|artes]] utiles docere conata est.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=History of UC Berkeley |publisher=University of California, Berkeley |url=http://berkeley.edu/about/hist/index.shtml |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5wKp6ajI8 |archivedate=February 7, 2011 |quote=Founded in the wake of the gold rush by leaders of the newly established 31st state, the University of California's flagship campus at Berkeley has become one of the preeminent universities in the world.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://cio.chance.berkeley.edu/chancellor/sp/flagship.htm|date=October 8, 1998|title=The Future of Flagship Universities|last=Berndahl|first=Robert|authorlink=Robert M. Berdahl|publisher=University of California, Berkeley|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5wJUI60xL|archivedate=February 7, 2011|quote=The issue I want to talk about tonight is the future of &quot;flagship&quot; universities, institutions like the University of Texas at Austin, or Texas A&amp;M at College Station, or the University of California, Berkeley. This is not an easy topic to talk about for a number of reasons, not the least of which is the fact that those of us in &quot;systems&quot; of higher education are frequently actively discouraged from using the term &quot;flagship&quot; to refer to our campuses because it is seen as hurtful to the self-esteem of colleagues at other institutions in our systems.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia ==
Anno [[1866]] privata impensa agris [[Berkeleia]]e emptis, necdum nominata urbe, propter inopiam argenti Academia Californiensis se Academiae Artium Rusticae, Metallicae, Mechanicae, vicinae scholae publicae, colligavit, ex quibus nova Universitas Californiensis nomine [[Georgius Berkeley|Georgii Berkelei]] praeclari [[philosophus|philosophi]], et sententia &quot;Fiat Lux&quot; constituta est. Septimo anno [[aedificium|aedificiis]] Berkeleiae sitis perfectis, eo adducta, discipulos primos, [[mas|mares]] 167 et [[femina]]s 222, praeceptis instruere coepit. Postea largis muneribus [[Phoebe Hearst|Phoebae Hearst]] donatis, [[Ioannes Galen Howard|Ioannis Galen Howard]] consilio multa statuta sunt nova aedificia. Tum agri ad rem rusticam docendam prope [[Sacramentum (California)|Sacramentum]] empti sunt, ubi [[Universitas Californiensis (Davis)]] multis annis post constituta est.

[[Secundum bellum mundanum|Secundo bello mundano]] coepto et [[plutonium|plutonio]] invento, [[exercitus Civitatum Foederatarum]] iussu ac [[J. Robertus Oppenheimer|J. Roberto Oppenheimer]] professore duce [[bomba atomica|bombam atomicam]] creare intendit. Itaque et tunc et hodie tria [[laboratorium|laboratoria]] sub [[gubernatio Civitatum Foederatarum|gubernatione]] administrat, primum [[Laboratorium Laurentium Berlekeiae]], deinde [[Laboratorium Laurentium Livermore]], denique [[Laboratorium Nationale Los Alamos]]. Aliis quoque modis necessitudinem maximam cum exercitu habuit illo tempore, ut omnes studiosos mares ad disciplinam militarem usque ad annum [[1962]] compelleret. Anno [[1949]] [[Iosephus McCarthy|Iosepho McCarthy]] imperium tenente, principum universitatis mandato omnibus ius iurandum contra [[communismus|communismum]] praescripsit. Huic aliquot professores cum conscientiae suae causa abnueret, statim expulsi sunt, nec ante decimum annum mercibus amissis redditis revenire iussit.

Fama verum hodierna universitatis maxime ex reclamatione contra [[bellum Vietnamicum]] orta est. Studiosi enim cum anno [[1964]] [[Marius Savio|Mario Savio]] duce edictum principum universitatis, quo orationes publicae vetantur, reclamant, statim a principibus oppressi sunt. Quorum multis in carcerem ductis, maior reclamatio quam prius facta est, functionibus universitatis suspensis, quam ob rem principes suum edictum rescidere. Quinto anno alter reclamatio cum per vicinas vias contra universitatem orta, quia principes agro quodam vicino empto campum athleticum construere intendere, tumultuosis verum [[People's Park (Berkeleiae)|campo ad libere orationes habendas]] uti malentibus, [[Vigiles Nationales Civitatum Foederatarum|vigilibus nationalibus]] statim a gubernatore [[Ronaldus Reagan|Reagan]] inimico reclamationis inductis vi pugnatum est, ut quiddam studiosorum interficeretur. His perturbationibus ortis praeses universitatis, [[Clark Kerr]], socius ferme earum, a factione fautorum oppressionis expulsus est. Reagan verum fama apud eandem factionem maxime aucta cito auctoritate crevit.

== Constitutio ==
=== Instructiones ===
Annus scholasticus in duo semestria (id est partitio sex menses) divisus est, sicut [[Universitatis Californiensis (Merced)]], sed ab ceteris universitatibus eiusdem civitatis differens. Bacalariis genera 102 sunt, magisteriis 88, licentiis docendi 97. Bacalario studiosis sex sunt collegia, quorum uni inscribendi sunt:
* Collegia Haas Artis Negotialis ([[Anglice]] ''Haas School of Business'')
* Collegia [[Chemia]]e (Anglice ''College of Chemistry'')
* Collegia Artis Mechanicae (Anglice ''College of Engineering'')
* Collegia Architecturae ad Res Naturas Servandas (Anglice ''College of Environmental Design'')
* Collegia Litterarum ac Doctrinae Rerum Naturarum (Anglice ''College of Letters and Science'')
* Collegia Opum Naturalium (Anglice ''College of Natural Resources'')

=== Investigationes ===
Investigatores universitatis multa praemia meruere, primum ut [[praemium Nobelianum]] bis et septuagiens assignatum, deinde [[praemium Wolf]] noviens, tum [[praemium Fields]] septiens, [[praemium Turing]] quindeciens, [[praemium MacArthur]] quinquiens et quadragiens, [[praemia Academiae]] viciens, denique [[praemium Pulitzer]] undeciens. [[Elementum|Elementa]] sedecim invenerunt, ex quibus sex nominata sunt aut universitatis aut eius investigatorum nomine: [[californium]], [[seaborgium]], [[berkelium]], [[einsteinium]], [[fermium]], [[lawrencium]]. Ceterum et [[bomba atomica]] et [[bomba hydrogenii]] a professoribus universitatis, haec ab [[Eduardus Teller|Eduardo Teller]], illa ab [[J. Robertus Oppenheimer|J. Roberto Oppenheimer]] inventae sunt.

{{NexInt}}
*[[:Categoria:Professores Universitatis Californiensis|Professores Universitatis Californiensis]]
*[[:Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Californiensis|Alumni Universitatis Californiensis]]

==Notae==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

==Bibliographia==
* {{cite book
 | first = Gray
 | last = Brechin
 | authorlink =
 | coauthors =
 | year = 1999
 | title = Imperial San Francisco
 | publisher = UC Press Ltd
 | location =
 | isbn = 0-520-21568-0
 | url =
}}
* {{cite book
 | first = Susan Dinkelspiel
 | last = Cerny
 | authorlink =
 | coauthors =
 | year = 2001
 | month =
 | title = Berkeley Landmarks: An Illustrated Guide to Berkeley, California's Architectural Heritage

 | publisher = Berkeley Architectural Heritage Association
 | location =
 | isbn = 0-9706676-0-4
 | url =
}}
* {{cite book
 | first = Jo
 | last = Freeman
 | authorlink =
 | coauthors =
 | year = 2003
 | month =
 | title = At Berkeley in the Sixties: The Education of an Activist, 1961–1965

 | publisher = Indiana University Press
 | location = Bloomington
 | isbn = 0-253-21622-2
 | url =
}}
* {{cite book
 | first = Harvey
 | last = Helfand
 | authorlink =
 | coauthors =
 | year = 2001
 | month =
 | title = University of California, Berkeley
 | publisher = Princeton Architectural Press
 | location = Princetoniae
 | isbn = 1-56898-293-3
 | url =
}}
* {{cite book | first = MFEM | last = Owens | year = 2004 | title = America's Best Value Colleges| edition = | publisher = The Princeton Review | isbn = 0-375-76373-2 | url =}}
* {{cite book
 | first = W. J.
 | last = Rorabaugh
 | authorlink =
 | coauthors =
 | year = 1990
 | month =
 | title = Berkeley at War: The 1960s
 | publisher = Oxford University Press
 | location =
 | isbn = 0-19-506667-7
 | url =
}}&lt;!--
* {{cite AV media
 | people = [[Frederick Wiseman|Wiseman, Frederick]] (Director)
 | year = 2013
 | title = At Berkeley
 | trans_title =
 | medium = Motion picture
 | location =
 | publisher = Zipporah Films
}}--&gt;
* {{cite book
 | first = Geoffrey
 | last = Wong
 | authorlink =
 | coauthors =
 |date=May 2001
 | title = A Golden State of Mind
 | publisher = Trafford Publishing
 | location =
 | isbn = 1-55212-635-8
 | url =
}}

==Nexus externi==
{{Communia|University of California, Berkeley|Universitatem Californiensem}}
{{Fontes geographici}}
*[http://www.berkeley.edu/ Situs interretialis]

[[Categoria:Constituta 1868]]
[[Categoria:Universitas Californiensis Berkeleiensis|!]]
{{Myrias|Societas}}</text>
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    <title>Samuel Taylor Coleridge</title>
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[[Fasciculus:SamuelTaylorColeridge.jpg|thumb|Samuel Taylor Coleridge anno [[1795]], aetatis suae 27.]]
'''Samuel Taylor Coleridge''' ([[21 Octobris]] [[1772]]–[[25 Iulii]] [[1834]]), alumnus [[Hospitium Christi|Hospitii Christi]], fuit [[poeta]], [[criticus]], et [[philosophia|philosophus]] [[Anglia|Anglicus]], qui, cum suo [[Gulielmus Wordsworth|Gulielmo Wordsworth]], [[Motus Romanticus|Motum Romanticum]] in [[litterae Anglicae|litteris Anglicis]] coepit et fuit unus ex [[Poetae Lacuum|Poëtis Lacuum]]. Commemoratissimus fere est pro [[poema]]tibus &quot;[[The Rime of the Ancient Mariner]]&quot; et &quot;[[Kubla Khan]]&quot; (poema de [[Kublai Khan]]), et pro ''[[Biographia Literaria]],'' opere in [[soluta oratio]]ne. Etiam sub influentia{{dubsig}} [[idealismus|idealismi]] Germaniae et [[transcendentalismus|transcendentalismi]] [[Radulphus Waldo Emerson|Radulphi Waldo Emerson]] fuit.

== Opera ficta de Coleridge ==
* [[Duglasssius Adams|Adams, Douglas]]. ''[[Dirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency]].'' Mythistoria scientificia. ISBN 0-671-74672-3.
* [[Ionathan Barnes|Barnes, Ionathan]]. ''[[The Somnambulist]].'' Fantasia. ISBN 978-0-06-137538-5.
* Bear, Greg. ''[[Songs of Earth And Power]].'' Fantasia. ISBN 0-8125-3603-7.
* [[Timothaeus Powers|Powers, Tim]]. ''[[The Anubis Gates]].'' Fantasia.

== Bibliographia ==
; Editiones operum
* ''The Poems of Samuel Taylor Coleridge.'' [[1912]]. Introduction. Oxford University Press.
* ''The Collected Works.'' [[1971]]–[[2001]]. In 16 voluminibus (nonnulla voluminibus duplicis), multis editoribus. Routledge &amp; Kegan Paul. Etiam Bollingen Series LXXV, Princeton University Press.
* Coburn, Kathleen, et alii, eds. [[1957]]–[[1990]]. ''The Notebooks.'' In 5 (vel 6) voluminibus duplicibus. Routledge. Etiam Bollingen Series L, Princeton University Press.
* Griggs, E. L. [[1956]]–[[1971]]. ''Collected Letters.'' In 6 voluminibus. [[Oxonia]]e: Clarendon Press.

; Scripta coaeva
* Engell, James, ed. ''Coleridge: the early family letters''. Oxonii: Clarendon Press, 1994. ISBN 0-19-818244-9

; Eruditio
* Ashton, Rosemary. 1996. ''The Life of Samuel Taylor Coleridge: a critical biography''. Oxoniae: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-18746-4
* Barbeau, Jefferey W., ed. [[2006]]. ''Coleridge’s Assertion of Religion: Essays on the Opus Maximum.'' Studies in Philosophical Theology, 33. Lovanii: Peeters Press. 
* Barbeau, Jeffrey W. [[2007]]. ''Coleridge, the Bible, and Religion.'' Palgrave Macmillan.
* Barfield, Owen. [[1971]]. ''What Coleridge Thought.'' Wesleyan University Press.
* Dean, Dennis R., ed. [[2004]]. ''Coleridge and Geology.'' Ann Arbor: Scholars' Facsimiles &amp; Reprints. ISBN 978-0-8201-1548-1.
* Holmes, Richard. [[1990]]. ''Coleridge: Early Visions.'' Urbe Novo Eboraco: Viking Penguin. ISBN 0-375-70540-6.
* Holmes, Richard. [[1997]]. ''Coleridge: Darker Reflections.'' [[Londinium|Londinii]]: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-375-70838-3.
* [[Theodorus Hughes|Hughes, Ted]]. [[1994]]. The Snake in the Oak. In ''Winter Pollen'. Faber and Faber. Etiam in &quot;A Choice of Coleridge's Verse,&quot; ed. Hughes, Faber and Faber, [[1996]].
* Lefebure, Molly. [[1974]]. ''Samuel Taylor Coleridge: A Bondage of [[Opium]].'' [[Novum Eboracum (urbs)|Novi Eboraci]]: Stein and Day. ISBN 0-8128-1711-7.
* Macfarlane, Robert. [[2003]]. ''Mountains of the Mind.'' Pantheon Books. ISBN 0-375-42180-7.
* [[Ioannes Stuart Mill|Mill, John Stuart]]. ''On Coleridge.''
* Paley, Morton D. 1996. ''Coleridge's Later Poetry''. Oxonii: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-818372-0 {{Google Books|QBezJcVeU6UC|Paginae selectae}}
* [[Thomas de Quincey|Quincey, Thomas de]]. ''[[Recollections of the Lake Poets]].'' ISBN 0-14-043973-0.
* Sagar, Keith. [[2005]]. &quot;The Curse of the Albatross.&quot; In ''Literature and the Crime Against Nature,'' [[Londinium|Londinii]]: Chaucer Press.
* Taussig, Gurion. [[2002]]. ''Coleridge and the Idea of Friendship 1789–1804.'' [[Londinium|Londinii]]: Associated University Presses.

{{NexInt}}
* ''[[Lyrical Ballads]]''

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://archive.is/20091025093339/www.geocities.com/Athens/4017/index.html Samuelis Taylor Coleridge genealogia]
* [http://www.poetryfoundation.org/archive/poet.html?id=1362 Samuelis Taylor Coleridge carmina apud PoetryFoundation.org]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110228024220/http://www.rc.umd.edu/ Circuli romantici]
* [http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/stc/Coleridge/stc.html Archivum Coleridge dicatum]
** [https://web.archive.org/web/20050303013439/http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/stc/Coleridge/poems/Rime_Ancient_Mariner.html &quot;Rime of the Ancient Mariner&quot;]
** [http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/stc/Coleridge/poems/Christabel.html Christabel]{{Nexus deficit|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
** [http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/stc/Coleridge/poems/Kubla_Khan.html Kubla Khan]
** [https://web.archive.org/web/20090304153602/http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/stc/Coleridge/poems/Lime_Tree_Bower.html &quot;This Lime Tree Bower My Prison&quot;]
** [https://web.archive.org/web/20100213191357/http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/stc/Coleridge/poems/Frost_at_Midnight.html &quot;Frost at Midnight&quot;]
** [https://web.archive.org/web/20100111115603/http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/stc/Coleridge/poems/Dejection_An_Ode.html &quot;Dejection&quot;]
** [https://web.archive.org/web/20090305071349/http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/stc/Coleridge/poems/Pains_of_Sleep.html &quot;The Pains of Sleep&quot;]
* [[s:The Raven (Coleridge)|The Raven]]
* [http://literalsystems.org/abooks/index.php/Author/SamuelTaylorColeridge Audio S.T. Coleridge operum] apud Creative Commons recordings.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081225000133/http://librivox.org/the-rime-of-the-ancient-mariner-by-samuel-taylor-coleridge/ Liber gratuitus]  ''[[The Rime of the Ancient Mariner]]'' apud [http://librivox.org LibriVox]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120305010406/http://rpo.library.utoronto.ca/poet/71.html Coleridge opera apud Universitatem Toronti]
* [http://www.archive.org/details/GoetheFausttrans.S.t.Coleridge Coleridge versio] Goethe operis Faust
* [http://vos.ucsb.edu/browse.asp?id=2268 De Coleridge in interete apud] ''Voice of the Shuttle''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160401220633/http://www.catherinemwallace.com/default.asp?id=32 Commentarii de Coleridge a femina docta Catherine M. Wallace scripti]
* [http://www.poetseers.org/the_romantics/samuel_taylor_coleridge/samp Coleridge carmina selecta]
* [http://www.poetsgraves.co.uk/coleridge.htm Coleridge sepulchrum]
* [http://www.friendsofcoleridge.com/ Societas Coleridge dicata]
* [http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&amp;GRid=215 De Samuele Taylor Coleridge apud Find-A-Grave ]
* [http://www.clas.ufl.edu/ipsa/journal/2003_benzon02.shtml &quot;Kubla Khan&quot; et Mens Incorporata]
* [http://www.clas.ufl.edu/ipsa/journal/2004_benzon03.shtml Cum natura loquens in &quot;This Lime-Tree Bower My Prison&quot;], acarmenis analysis
* [http://www.englishromantics.com/kublakhan/index.htm Carmen Kubla Khan in musica ornatum]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090415042510/http://thecoleridge.interfree.it/index.html Biographia Literaria et alia opera]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Coleridge, Samuel Taylor}}
[[Categoria:Nati 1772]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1834]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Hospitii Christi]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Cantabrigiensis]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Anglici]]
[[Categoria:Poetae Angliae]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Angliae]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores de litteris]]
[[Categoria:Socii Regiae Societatis Litterarum]]
[[Categoria:Theologi]]

{{Myrias|Homines}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Hellana</title>
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      <comment>/* Nexus externi */ fontes et opus</comment>
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      <text bytes="2324" sha1="f2hy6ygw65pbs32qo1zah0o4qt0tmyx" xml:space="preserve">{{pro pagina discretiva vide|Allianum (discretiva)}}
{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:San pietro 1.jpg|thumb|Hellana]]
'''Hellana'''&lt;ref name=&quot;repetti&quot;&gt;{{Repetti}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{victio|Hellana|ae|f}} vel '''Helliana'''&lt;ref&gt;Nomi d'Italia - AAVV, De Agostini&lt;/ref&gt; {{victio|Helliana|ae|f}}, deinde '''Alliana'''&lt;ref name=&quot;repetti&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nomi d'Italia - AAVV, De Agostini&lt;/ref&gt; {{victio|Alliana|ae|f}} (alia nomina: ''Eleana''&lt;ref name=&quot;graesse&quot; /&gt;, ''ad Hellana Mansio''&lt;ref name=&quot;repetti&quot; /&gt;, ''Statio Hellana''&lt;ref name=&quot;repetti&quot; /&gt;, ''Aliana''&lt;ref name=&quot;repetti&quot; /&gt;, ''Allianum''&lt;ref name=&quot;graesse&quot; /&gt;) ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Agliana|Agliana]]'') est [[oppidum]] [[Italia]]e et [[Commune Italiae|municipium]], circiter 17&amp;thinsp;080 incolarum, in [[Regio Italiae|Regione]] [[Tuscia]] et in [[Provincia Pistoriensis|Provincia Pistoriensi]] situm. Incolae ''Hellanenses'' vel ''Allianenses'' appellantur.

== Insigne ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Corona di comune.svg|''[[Municipium Italiae]]''
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Clari cives ==
=== Nati ===
* [[Fabricius Fabbri]], (1948)
* [[Reardus Tonti]], (1937)
* [[Rodolphus Bonacchi]], (1938-2007)

=== Hic vixerunt ===
* [[Nicolaus Tucci]], scrittore (1908-1999)

== Ecclesia Catholica Romana ==
* [[Dioecesis Pistoriensis]],

== Fractiones, vici et loci in municipio ==
=== Fractiones ===
''Catena, Ferruccia, Ponte alla Trave, Ponte dei Bini, San Michele, San Niccolò, San Piero, Spedalino''

== Municipia finitima ==
* [[Castrum Montalis]],
* [[Mons Murlus]] ([[Provincia Pratensis|PO]]),
* ''[[Pistorium]]'',
* [[Pratum (Italia)|Pratum]] ([[Provincia Pratensis|PO]]),
* [[Quadrata (Tuscia)|Quadrata]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Tuscia]] (''regio'',
* [[Provincia Pistoriensis]],
* [[Pistorium]] (''urbs''),
* [[Municipium Italiae]].

== Nexus externi ==
* {{opus|url=https://www.comune.agliana.pt.it/it-it/home|titulus=Situs Interretialis}} {{Ling|Lingua Italiana{{!}}Italiane}}
{{CommuniaCat|Agliana|Hellanam}}
{{fontes geographici}}

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Imago:Map of comune of Agliana (province of Pistoia, region Tuscany, Italy).svg|Collocatio finium municipii in Provincia Pistoriensi.
Imago:Agliana 08.jpg|Palatium municipale.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Municipia in provincia Pistoriae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Stephanus Luchian</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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[[Fasciculus:Luchian - Un zugrav.jpg|thumb|left|Stephanus Luchian a se pictus anno [[1907]]]]
''' Stephanus Luchian''' (natus in [[Ștefănești (Botoşani)|Ştefăneşti]] die [[1 Februarii]] [[1868]] – mortuus est [[Bucaresta]]e die [[27 Iunii]] [[1916]]) fuit pictor [[Romania|Dacoromanus]].

De vita eius anno [[1981]] pellicula ''Luchian'' a [[moderator cinematographicus|moderatore cinemetographico]] [[Nicolaus Mărgineanu|Nicolao Mărgineanu]] creata est. Histrio [[Ioannes Caramitru]] ut Luchian egit. 

== Nexus externus ==
{{commonscat|Ştefan Luchian}}
* [http://corinah.tripod.com/Stefan_Luchian1.htm Pinacotheca]{{Nexus deficit|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{bio-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Luchian, Stephanus}}

[[Categoria:Pictores Romaniae]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1868]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1916]]</text>
      <sha1>3f1brcmjz8wutm4kqoeda49nuwcjg7s</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Schola Extremi Orientis Francica</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>78316</id>
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'''Schola Extremi Orientis Francica''' (''École française d'Extrême-Orient'' vel ''EFEO'') est institutum [[Francia|Francicum]] transmarinum et internationale quae studia rerum [[Asia]]e [[Asia Meridiorientalis|meridiorientalis]] et [[Asia Orientalis|orientalis]] favet. Constituta est anno [[1898]]; anno [[1900]] sedem in urbe [[Hanoi]], eo tempore caput [[Indosina Francica|Indosinae Francicae]], posuit. Hodie [[Lutetia]]e stat iuxta ''[[Xystus praesidis Wilson|avenue du président Wilson]]''. Series symbolarum divulgat sub titulo ''[[Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient]]''.

== Directores ==
* 1900 : [[Ludovicus Finot]]
* 1905 : [[Alfredus Foucher]] 
* 1908 : [[Claudius Eugenius Maitre]]
* 1920 : [[Ludovicus Finot]]
* 1926 : [[Leonardus Aurousseau]]
* 1929 : [[Georgius Coedès]]
* 1947 : [[Paulus Lévy]]
* 1950 : [[Ludovicus Malleret]]
* 1956 : [[Ioannes Filliozat]]
* 1977 : [[Franciscus Gros]]
* 1989 : [[Leo Vandermeersch]]
* 1993 : [[Dionysius Lombard]]
* 1998 : [[Ioannes Petrus Drège]]
* 2004 : [[Franciscus Verellen]]
* 2014 : [[Ivo Goudineau]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.efeo.fr/biographies/notices/goudineau.htm Biobibliographia]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Pierre Singaravélou, ''L'École française d'Extrême-Orient ou l'institution des marges. Essai d'histoire sociale et politique de la science coloniale (1898-1956)''. Lutetiae: L'Harmattan, 1999

{{NexInt}}
* [[Angkor Wat]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{Commonscat|École française d'Extrême-Orient}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170520223134/http://www.efeo.fr/ Situs officialis]
** [http://www.efeo.fr/biographies/directeu.htm Index directorum]
** [http://www.efeo.fr/biographies/cherch.htm Indices sodalium]{{Nexus deficit|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

[[Categoria:Schola Extremi Orientis Francica|!]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1898]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Alexander Prochorov</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>78842</id>
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      <text bytes="2498" sha1="1o0ufnldbuz0a8o1ss28fc4fi3env2y" xml:space="preserve">{{latinitas}}
{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}

{{res|Alexander Michaelis filius Prochorov}} ([[Russice]] Александр Михайлович Прохоров, ''Aleksandr Michajlovič Prochorov''; natus in [[Atherton]] die [[11 Iulii]] [[1916]], [[Moscua]]e mortuus die [[8 Ianuarii]] [[2002]]) fuit [[physicus]] [[Russia|Russicus]] [[URSS|Sovieticus]]. 

Alexander Prochorov anno [[1939]] magna cum laude complevit studium in [[ordo professorum]][|facultate]] physica [[Universitas Publica Petropolitana|Universitatis Publicae Leninopolitana]]. Ut miles copiarum pedestrium [[URSS|Sovieticarum]] in [[Bellum Magnum Patrium|Bello Magno Patrio]] participavit, sed ab anno [[1944]], postquam grave vulneratus fuit, exercitus demissit et denuo se operi scientifici dedicavit. Annis [[1946]]–[[1982]] in Instituto Physico [[Academia Scientiarum Russica|Academiae Scientiarum URSS]] laborabat, et ab anno [[1982]] fuit praefectus Instituti Physicae Generalis Academiae illius. Praeterea, in [[Universitas Publica Moscuensis|Universitate Publica Moscuensi]] (cuius professor factus est anno [[1959]]) et in Instituto Physico-Technico Moscuensi docebat. Anno [[1960]] socius correspondens, et anno [[1966]] academicus Academiae Scientiarum URSS electus est. Ab anno [[1969]] erat editor principalis ''[[Encyclopaedia Magna Sovietica|Encyclopaediae Magnae Sovieticae]]''. 

Anno [[1964]] [[Praemium Nobelianum Physicae|Nobelianum Physicae Praemium]] una cum [[Carolus H. Townes|Carolo H. Townes]] et [[Nicolaus Basov|Nicolao Basov]] abstulit, ratione studii [[instrumentum lasericum|instrumenti laserici]] et mesar ex [[unda micrometrica]].

Androides [[7269 Alprokhorov]] in eius honorem nominatus fuit.

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Aleksandr Prokhorov|Alexandrum Prochorov}}
{{Fontes biographici}}
* [http://bse.sci-lib.com/article093736.html Pagina de Alexandro Prochorov ''Encyclopaediae Sovieticae Magnae'' editionis tertiae] {{ling|Russice}}
* [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1964/ De Alexandro Prochorov] in pagina Nobeliano Physicae Praemio dicata {{Ling|Anglice}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prochorov, Alexander}}

[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Petropolitanae]]
[[Categoria:Eruditi Unionis Sovieticae]]
[[Categoria:Physici Russiae]]
[[Categoria:Praemium Nobelianum Physicae]]
[[Categoria:Participes secundi belli mundani]]
[[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Moscuensis]]
[[Categoria:Socii Academiae Scientiarum Russicae]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1916]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 2002]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sognia et Fiordi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="2494" sha1="ldwoibk12hrr8s9k3jpqhb7yawvai5g" xml:space="preserve"> {{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}}
'''Sognia et Fiordi'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Creanda|en|Thormodus Torfæus|Thormodus Torfaeus|Thormodi Torfaei}} [https://books.google.ru/books?hl=fr&amp;id=pG1ZAAAAYAAJ&amp;q=Sognia+Fiordi#v=snippet&amp;q=Sognia%20Fiordi&amp;f=false ''Historia rerum Norvegicarum ...'', Hafniae 1711, p. 32, 33 etc.]; Per August Almqvist, [https://books.google.it/books?id=hDesvNGyLjcC&amp;q=Sognia+Fiordi#v=snippet&amp;q=Sognia%20Fiordi&amp;f=false ''Genealogia Frithiofiana'', Londinii Gothorum 1831, p. 2]; etc.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Norvegice]] ''Sogn og Fjordane'') est provincia (''fylke'') pristina [[Norvegia|Norvegica]] in regione [[Vestlandet]] sita, cuius sedes administrativa  [[Hermansverk]] vicus erat. Quae provincia anno [[2016]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://ssb.no Folkemengde og befolkningsendringar, 1. januar 2016, Statistisk sentralbyrå]&lt;/ref&gt; incolarum 109&amp;thinsp;530 habebat.

Anno 2020 cum [[Hordaland]]ia in [[Vestland]]iam provinciam novam unita est.

== Communia pagatim divisa ==
(Incolae die [[1 Ianuarii]] [[2007]])
{| border=&quot;0&quot;
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;25%&quot; | 
'''Districtus Sognia:'''
* 11. [[Gulen]] (2.406)
* 12. [[Solund]] (871)
* 13. [[Hyllestad]] (1.492)
* 16. [[Høyanger]] (4.420)
* 17. [[Vik (Norvegia)|Vik]] (2.835)
* 18. [[Balestrand]] (1.399)
* 19. [[Leikanger]] (2.199)
* 20. [[Sogndal]] (6.822)
** cum vico [[Kaupanger]] (ecclesia [[lignum|lignea]])
* 21. [[Aurland]] (1.715)
** cum vico [[Flåm]] (statio finalis [[Flåmsbahn]])
* 22. [[Lærdal]] (2.153)
** cum ecclesia lignea [[Borgund]]
* 24. [[Årdal]] (5.491)
* 26. [[Luster (Norvegia)|Luster]] (4.884) cum vicis
** [[Gaupne]],
** [[Skjolden]]
** [[Urnes]] (ecclesia lignea)
| valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;25%&quot; | 
'''Districtus Sunnfiordus'''&lt;ref name=&quot;i&quot;&gt;Torfaeus, p. 32; Almqvist, ibidem&lt;/ref&gt;:
* 01. [[Flora (Norvegia)|Flora]] (11.341)
* 28. [[Askvoll]] (3.143)
* 29. [[Fjaler]] (2.870)
* 30. [[Gaular]] (2.719)
* 31. [[Jølster]] (2.928)
* 32. [[Førde]] (11.465)
* 33. [[Naustdal]] (2.658)

'''Districtus Nordfiordus'''&lt;ref name=&quot;i&quot; /&gt;:
* 38. [[Bremanger]] (3.930)
* 39. [[Vågsøy]] (6.064)
** cum vici parte [[Måløy]]
* 41. [[Selium]] (2.911)
* 43. [[Eid (Norvegia)|Eid]] (5.848)
* 44. [[Hornindal]] (1.201)
* 45. [[Gloppen]] (5.723)
** [[Sandane]]
** [[Byrkjelo]]
* 49. [[Stryn]] (6.706)
|}

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{fontes geographici}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080430023122/http://www.sfj.no/cmssff/cmspublish.nsf Pagina officialis]

{{geo-stipula}}
{{Norvegiae provinciae}}

[[Categoria:Provinciae Norvegiae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Archidioecesis Vindobonensis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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        <username>~2026-28865-17</username>
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      <comment>Mortuus est.</comment>
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      <text bytes="2962" sha1="l9wlfmif6tf39q8guy0lu9g4tf2otsk" xml:space="preserve">{| border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;float:right; empty-cells:show; margin-left:1em; margin-bottom:0.5em; background:#DAA520;&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Archidioecesis Viennensis sive Vindobonensis
|---- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| [[Fasciculus:Bistuemer_oesterreich_wien.png|200px|Situs archidioeceseos Viennensis in Austria]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Indicia fundamentalia&lt;ref&gt;Fons: AP 2010&lt;/ref&gt;
|---- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;
| [[Episcopus]]:      ||[[Iosephus Grünwidl]]
|-
|Episcopus emeritus:
|[[Christophorus Schönborn|Christophorus Cardinalis Schönborn O.P.]]
|---- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;
| [[Auxiliarius|Episcopi auxiliarii:]]|| Franciscus Scharl; Stephanus Turnovzky
|---- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;
| ||
|---- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;
| [[Vicarius generalis]]: || Franciscus Schuster
|---- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;
| Vicariatus: || 3
|---- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;
| [[Decanatus]]: || 54 
|---- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;
| [[Paroecia]]e: || 660
|---- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;
| [[presbyter|Presbyteri dioecesani]]:   || 609
|---- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;
| [[presbyter|Presbyteri religiosi]]:   || 531
|---- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;
| [[Diaconus|Diaconi perpetui]]:   || 164
|---- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;
| [[Religiosus|Religiosi]]:   || 798
|---- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;
| [[Religiosus|Religiosae]]:   || 1473
|---- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;
| Area: || 9 100 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;
|---- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;
| Incolae: || 2 594 572
|---- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;
| [[Catholici]]: || 1 356 782
|---- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;
| Portio: || 52.3%
|---- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;
| Ritus: || [[Ritus Romanus|Romanus]]
|---- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;
| Ecclesia cathedralis: || [[Ecclesia Cathedralis Sancti Stephani Vindobonensis|Ecclesia Cathedralis Sancti Stephani]]
|---- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;
| Pagina interretialis: || [http://stephanscom.at/news/0|stephanscom.at]
|---- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;
| Suffraganeae: || [[Dioecesis Sideropolitana]] ([[Ferreum Castrum]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Dioecesis Linciensis]] ([[Lentia]])&lt;br /&gt;[[Dioecesis Sancti Hippolyti]] ([[Cetium]])
|}
'''Archidioecesis Viennensis''' sive '''Vindobonensis'''&lt;ref&gt;{{CathHierDiocese|wien}}.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Ecclesiae Catholicae]] in [[Austria]] [[septentrio]]ne et [[oriens|orientali]] sita est. Sedes archidioecesis est [[Vindobona]]e. Ex anno [[1995]] ab [[Archiepiscopus|archiepiscopo]] [[Iosephus Grünwid|Iosepho Grünwid]] regitur.

== Episcopi priores ==
* [[Theodorus Innitzer|Theodorus Cardinalis Innitzer]] (1932–1955)
* [[Franciscus König|Franciscus Cardinalis König]] (1956–1986)
* [[Ioannes Arminius Groër|Ioannes Arminius Cardinalis Groer]] (1986–1995)
* [[Christophorus Schönborn]] (1995-2025)
* [[Iosephus Grünwidl]] (ab anno 2025)

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Franciscus Loidl: Geschichte des Erzbistums Wien. Herold, Vindobonae 1983, ISBN 3-7008-0223-4.

{{NexInt}}
[[Ordinarius Fidelium Rituum Orientalium Austriae]]

{{Archiepiscopi Vindobonenses}}
{{Dioeceses archidioeceses catholicae Austriae}}
[[Categoria:Archidioecesis Vindobonensis|!]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Saturnalia (Macrobius)</title>
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[[Fasciculus:Macrobius and Eustachius.jpg|thumb|Macrobius opus suum Eustachio filio dat. Liber manu scriptus ''[[Somnium Scipionis|Somnii Scipionis]]'' cum commentario Macrobii anno circiter 1100 factus ([[Bibliotheca Britannica]])]]
{{Videhom|Saturnalia}}
'''''Saturnalia''''' est opus [[Latine]] [[saeculum 5|saeculo V]] medio ab [[Ambrosius Theodosius Macrobius|Ambrosio Theodosio Macrobio]] scriptum. Forma habet seriei conviviorum ubi de [[Romani antiqui|antiquitatibus Romanis]] disseritur et praecipue de religione, de litteris, de poëta [[Vergilius|Vergilio]]. ''Saturnalia'' Macrobii, filio Eustathio dicata, in libros septem divisa sunt.

Decius et Postumianus in dialogo exteriore rem introducunt de conviviis apud [[Vettius Agorius Praetextatus|Vettium Praetextatum]] habitis; quae convivia ad Postumianum ab Avieno et Eusebio olim narrata erant. Personae dialogorum interiorum, i.e. convivae cenarum singularum, sunt Vettius Praetextatus hospes, [[Avienus]], Aurelius Symmachus, Caecina Albinus, [[Maurus Servius Honoratus|Servius grammaticus]], Disarius medicus, Furius Albinus, Eustathius, Flavianus, Euangelus, Horus. Fontes litterariae permultae in dialogis citantur, inter quas Vergilius, [[Varro Reatinus|Varro]], [[Ennius]], [[Cato maior|Cato]].

== Index librorum et capitulorum ==
* Praefatio
* Liber I: 1-2. de [[Saturnalia|Saturnalibus]] apud Vettium Praetextatum celebratis; 3. de [[dies|die]] qua hora incepto; 4. de Saturnaliorum futurorum nuntiatu; 5. de verbis inusitatis; 6. de origine [[praetexta]]e; 7. de antiquitate Saturnaliorum; 8. de templo et mytho [[Saturnus (deus)|Saturni]]; 9. de mytho et nominibus [[Ianus|Iani]]; 10. de diebus Saturnaliorum; 11. de [[servus|servorum]] conditione; 12. de [[mensis|mensibus]] a [[Romulus|Romulo]] statutis; 13. de divisione anni et de intercalatione; 14. de calendario a [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Caesare]] et [[Augustus (imperator)|Augusto]] correcto; 15. de [[Kalendae|Kalendis]], [[Idus|Idibus]] et [[Nonae|Nonis]]; 16. de diebus mensium apud Romanos; 17. de origine deorum omnium, et imprimis [[Apollo|Apollinis]], e [[Sol]]e; 18-23. Dei alii Romani, Graeci et Mesopotameni eidem sunt ac Sol; 24. de eruditione [[Vergilius|Vergilii]] et de ordine librorum insequentium
* Liber II: 1-7. de [[facetia|facetiis]] antiquorum, et praesertim [[Cicero]]nis, [[Augustus (imperator)|Augusti]], [[Iulia minor|Iuliae]] Augusti filiae; 8. [[Plato]] de usu vini
* Liber III: 1-2. de Vergilio sacrorum descriptore; 3-4. de sacris, profanis, sanctis, religiosis; 5-6. de eruditione Vergilii in re sacrificiorum sacrorumque; 7. de profunditate Vergilii; 8. de lectionibus variis et falsis apud Vergilium; 9. de formulis ad tutelam divinam invocandam edictis; 10. de taurorum sacrificio; 11. de [[mulsum|mulsi]] sacrificio; 12. de [[Salii]]s; 13. de luxu [[Quintus Hortensius Hortalus|Hortensii]] aliorumque; 14. de [[saltatio]]ne et [[cantus|cantu]] apud antiquos indignis habitis; 15-16. de honore apud antiquos piscium et praesertim [[murena]]rum; 17. de legibus antiquorum [[lex sumptuaria|sumptuariis]]; 18. de generibus [[nux|nucum]]; 19-20. de varietatibus [[malus|malorum]] fructuumque aliorum
* Liber IV: 1-6. de pathetico a Vergilio et in litteris aliorum expresso 
* Liber V: 1. de Vergilio oratore; 2. de Vergilio Graecorum secutore; 3-10. de ''[[Aeneis|Aeneide]]'' ex ''[[Ilias|Iliade]]'' et ''[[Odyssea]]'' versa; 11-13. de Vergilio [[Homerus|Homeri]] interprete nunc meliori, nunc peiori; 14. de Vergilio etiam in vitiis imitatore Homeri; 15-16. de catalogis carminum Homericorum et ''Aeneidos''; 17. de rebus a Vergilio e [[Pindarus|Pindaro]] et [[Apollonius Rhodius|Apollonio]] sumptis; 18-19. de rebus e poëtis obscurioribus sumptis; 20. de rebus [[Mysia|Mysiis]] e carminibus Homericis in ''[[Georgica (Vergilius)|Georgica]]'' Vergiliana conversis; 21. de nominibus poculorum Graecis; 22. de personis a Vergilio sumptis ex antiquissimis carminibus Graecis
* Liber VI: 1-2. de rebus a Vergilio sumptis ex antiquis poëtis Latinis; 3. de rebus e carminibus Homericis a variis poëtis sumptis, postea a Vergilio adoptatis; 4-6. de verbis, epithetis, figuris e variis poëtis a Vergilio adoptatis; 7-9. de difficultatibus et crucibus operum Vergilianorum
* Liber VII: 1. in cenis qua hora et quomodo licet de philosophia loqui; 2. de rebus quae gaudium et dolorem apud convivas excitant; 3. de [[scomma]]tibus; 4-5. de victu simplici et composito; 6-7. de vino necnon musto, de ebrietate mulierum ac seniorum, de calore et frigido; 8. de digestione facili et difficili; 9. de cerebello et sensu; 10. de calvitie et de voce virorum ac mulierum; 11. de rubescendo; 12-13. de potu et victu quaestiones variae; 14. de visu; 15. de stomacho, venis, pulmonibus; 16. de [[ovumne prius exstitit an gallina?|ovo prius exstante an gallina]]

== Bibliographia ==
{{Vide-etiam|Ambrosius Theodosius Macrobius#Bibliographia}}
; Editiones et versiones
* 1969 : P. Davies, interpr., ''Macrobius: The Saturnalia''. Novi Eboraci: Columbia University Press, 1969 {{Ling|Anglice}}
* 1967 : Nino Marinone, ed. et interpr., ''I Saturnali de Macrobio Theodosio''. Taurinis. 2a ed., 1977 {{Ling|Latine|Italiane}}
* 2004 : C. Guittard, ed. et interpr., ''Macrobe: Les Saturnales, Livres I–III''. 2a ed. Lutetiae, 2004 {{Ling|Latine|Francogallice}}
* 2008 : O. Schönberger, E. Schönberger, ''Tischgespräche am Saturnalienfest: Ambrosius Theodosius Macrobius''. Würzburg, 2008

; Eruditio
* {{Fabricius Latina}} vol. 1 pp. 620-624
* Robert A. Kaster, ''Studies on the Text of Macrobius' Saturnalia''. Oxonii: Oxford University Press, 2010. ISBN 978-0-19-975136-5
* A. La Penna, ''Studi sulla tradizione dei Saturnali di Macrobio'' in ''ASNP'' vol. 22 (1953) pp. 225-252
* G. Lögdberg, ''In Macrobii Saturnalia adnotationes''. Upsaliae, 1936
* P. Wessner, &quot;[[:s:de:RE:Macrobius 7|Macrobius. 7]]&quot; in {{PW}} vol. 14 pars 1 (1928) coll. 170-198
* G. Wissowa, ''De Macrobii Saturnaliorum fontibus capita tria''. Vratislaviae: apud G. Koebnerum, 1880 [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb__2zRAAAAMAAJ/mode/2up Textus]

{{NexInt}}
* [[Porcus Troianus]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Macrobius/Saturnalia/1*.html Textus] in libros singulos divisus {{Ling|Latine}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100130080231/http://pot-pourri.fltr.ucl.ac.be/files/AClassFTP/TEXTES/Macrobe/ Versio] {{Ling|Francogallice}}
* ''[http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11612/ Macrobii Theodosii Illustrissimi Saturnaliorum Libri VII]{{Nexus deficit|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}'': liber manu scriptus saec. XV ([[Bibliotheca Laurentiana]] [[Florentia]]e)

[[Categoria:Scripta saeculo 5]]
[[Categoria:Italiae scripta]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae aetatis Imperii]]
[[Categoria:Cenae litterariae]]
[[Categoria:Dialogi]]
[[Categoria:Religio Romana]]
[[Categoria:Saturnalia]]</text>
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    <title>Psychiater</title>
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      <text bytes="2592" sha1="oxn7rna6jz9qin692zlvveb1snj6lwj" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Philippe Pinel à la Salpêtrière.jpg|thumb|300px|Psychiater [[Francia|Gallicus]] [[Philippus Pinel]] insanos e vinculis in manicomio Salpêtrière anno [[1795]] liberans.]]
{{res|Psychiater}}{{MLAL ref|psychiatrist|408|.psch psychiatrist}}{{TraupConv ref|psychiatrist|169}}{{Bacci ref|psichiatra|410}}{{DAEL ref|psiquiatra|883}}{{Calepinus Novus ref|psȳchīāter|83}}{{LLHL26 ref|Psychiater|416}} ({{pns|tri|m}}), seu {{res|psychiatrus}}&lt;ref name=&quot;mlal-psychiatrist-408&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bacci-psichiatra-410&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dael-psiquiatra-883&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;llhl26-psychiater-416&quot; /&gt; ({{pns|tri|m}}), forma feminina {{res|psychiatra}}&lt;ref name=&quot;llhl26-psychiater-416&quot; /&gt; ({{pns|trae|f}}) vel {{res|psychiatria}}&lt;ref name=&quot;traupman-conversational-psychiatrist-169&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Cave longitudinem vocalis! ''Psȳchīātria'' non confundenda est cum ''[[psychiatria|psȳchīātrīa]]''.&lt;/ref&gt; ({{pns|triae|f}}), est [[medicus]] qui callet in [[psychiatria]], disciplina [[medicina]]e se dedita ad [[diagnosis]], prohibitionem, indagationem curationem [[perturbatio mentis|perturbationium mentis]]. [[Psychologus|Psychologo]] differente, psychiater est [[medicus]] autem et aestimare debet aegrum ad determinandum [[symptoma]]s utrum morbi [[corpus|corporis]] [[morbus|aegritudinis]] an compositionem morbi et perturbationis an perturbationis purae psychiatricae. Ut pars aestimationis laboratoriorum, psychiater examinationem compotis animi et [[corpus|corporis]], delineationem cerebri sicut tomographiam computationis, MRI, tomographiam positroni emissionis, examinationem sanguinis adhiberi potest. Psychiater medicinam praescribit, et [[psychotherapia]]m adhiberi potest. Tametsi maioritas vasta administrationem medicalem facit et psychologum aut artificium [[therapeuta]]e delegat ad psychotherapiam [[hebdomas|hebdomadis]] vel per alternum mensem.

== Bibliographia ==
* American Psychiatric Association. (2000). ''Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM-IV-TR Fourth Edition''. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Publishing.
* Frances, A., &amp; First, M. (1999). ''Your Mental Health: A Layman's Guide to the Psychiatrist's Bible''.  New York: Scribner.
* {{Cite journal | author = Hafner, H. | year = 2002 | title = Psychiatry as a profession | url = | journal = Nervenarzt | volume = 73 | issue = 1|pmid = 11975061 | pages = 33–40}}
* Stout, E. (1993). ''From the Other Side of the Couch: Candid Conversations with Psychiatrists and Psychologists''. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Psychiatria]]
[[Categoria:Munera]]</text>
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      <comment>Abrogans recensionem 3959326 ab usore [[User:Bartholomite|Bartholomite]] ([[User talk:Bartholomite|Disputatio]] | [[Special:Contributions/Bartholomite|conlationes]]) Longitudines vocalium hic sunt peculiares, melius est eas ostendere</comment>
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      <text bytes="2416" sha1="emqncnem3p862wuphqs6vr10oye8l1k" xml:space="preserve">{{res|Psȳchīāter}}{{MLAL ref|psychiatrist|408|.psch psychiatrist}}{{TraupConv ref|psychiatrist|169}}{{Bacci ref|psichiatra|410}}{{DAEL ref|psiquiatra|883}}{{Calepinus Novus ref|psȳchīāter|83}}{{LLHL26 ref|Psychiater|416}} ({{pns|tri|m}}), seu {{res|psȳchīātrus}}&lt;ref name=&quot;mlal-psychiatrist-408&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bacci-psichiatra-410&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dael-psiquiatra-883&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;llhl26-psychiater-416&quot; /&gt; ({{pns|tri|m}}), forma feminina {{res|psȳchīātra}}&lt;ref name=&quot;llhl26-psychiater-416&quot; /&gt; ({{pns|trae|f}}) vel {{res|psȳchīātria}}&lt;ref name=&quot;traupman-conversational-psychiatrist-169&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Cave longitudinem vocalis! ''Psȳchīātria'' non confundenda est cum ''[[psychiatria|psȳchīātrīa]]''.&lt;/ref&gt; ({{pns|triae|f}}), est [[medicus]] qui callet in [[psychiatria]], disciplina [[medicina]]e se dedita ad [[diagnosis]], prohibitionem, indagationem curationem [[perturbatio mentis|perturbationium mentis]]. [[Psychologus|Psychologo]] differente, psychiater est [[medicus]] autem et aestimare debet aegrum ad determinandum [[symptoma]]s utrum morbi [[corpus|corporis]] [[morbus|aegritudinis]] an compositionem morbi et perturbationis an perturbationis purae psychiatricae. Ut pars aestimationis laboratoriorum, psychiater examinationem compotis animi et [[corpus|corporis]], delineationem cerebri sicut tomographiam computationis, MRI, tomographiam positroni emissionis, examinationem sanguinis adhiberi potest. Psychiater medicinam praescribit, et [[psychotherapia]]m adhiberi potest. Tametsi maioritas vasta administrationem medicalem facit et psychologum aut artificium [[therapeuta]]e delegat ad psychotherapiam [[hebdomas|hebdomadis]] vel per alternum mensem.

== Bibliographia ==
* American Psychiatric Association. (2000). ''Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM-IV-TR Fourth Edition''. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Publishing.
* Frances, A., &amp; First, M. (1999). ''Your Mental Health: A Layman's Guide to the Psychiatrist's Bible''.  New York: Scribner.
* {{Cite journal | author = Hafner, H. | year = 2002 | title = Psychiatry as a profession | url = | journal = Nervenarzt | volume = 73 | issue = 1|pmid = 11975061 | pages = 33–40}}
* Stout, E. (1993). ''From the Other Side of the Couch: Candid Conversations with Psychiatrists and Psychologists''. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Psychiatria]]
[[Categoria:Munera]]</text>
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      <comment>de Fraternitate Praeraphaelitarum</comment>
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      <text bytes="4548" sha1="i0p7lqszboudg9tsglhkpwond44cazm" xml:space="preserve">{{L}}
[[Fasciculus:VenusWillendorf.jpg|thumb|upright=1|[[Venus Willendorfensis]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Mohenjodaro Sindh.jpeg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Mohenjo-Daro]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Attica 06-13 Athens 35 Parthenon.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Parthenon]] [[Athenae|Athenis]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Spain Andalusia Cordoba BW 2015-10-27 13-54-14.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Meschita Cordubensis]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Notre Dame dalla Senna.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Ecclesia Cathedralis Nostrae Dominae Parisiensis]] [[Lutetia]]e.]]
[[Fasciculus:Angkor Wat W-Seite.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Templum|Templa]] apud [[Angkor Wat]].]]
[[Fasciculus:La Liberté guidant le peuple - Eugène Delacroix - Musée du Louvre Peintures RF 129 - après restauration 2024.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|''Libertas populum ducit.'']]

'''Historia artis''' est [[scientia socialis]] quae non solum progressioni [[historia|historicae]] studet [[ars|artis]], sicut [[architectura]]e, [[sculptura]]e, [[pictura]]e, [[musica]]e, [[cinematographia]]e et [[photographia]]e, sed etiam ordinem et descriptionem periodorum artisticarum instituit.

== Aetates artium ==
{{div col|2}}
=== Praehistoria ===
*[[Ars palaeolithica]]
*[[Ars neolithica]]
*[[Ars megalithica]]

=== Antiquitas ===
*[[Artes Mesopotamicae]]
*[[Ars Aegypti antiquae]]
*[[Ars Praecolombina]]
*[[Ars Africana]]
*[[Ars Indica]]
*[[Ars Sinica]]
*[[Ars Iaponica]]
*[[Ars Hetthaea]], [[Ars Persica]], [[Ars Iberica]], [[Ars Celtica]]

=== Aevum classicum ===
*[[Ars Graeca]]
*[[Ars Romana]]
*[[Ars antiquitatis posterioris]]

=== Medium aevum ===
*[[Ars Praeromanica]] ([[Ars Carolingica]], [[Ars Vicingorum]], [[Ars Asturiarum]], [[Ars Mozarabica]])
*[[Ars Romanica]]
*[[Ars Byzantina]]
*[[Ars Gothica]]
*[[Ars Islamica]] ([[Ars Andalusiae]])

=== Novum aevum ===
*[[Ars hodierna]]
*[[Neoclassicismus|Ars neoclassica]]
*[[Barocus]]
*[[Fraternitas Praeraphaelitarum]]
*[[Historia cinematographiae]]
*[[Historia photographiae]]
*[[Historismus]]
*[[Iconographia]]
*[[Impressionismus]]
*[[Modernismus]]
*[[Postimpressionismus]]
*[[Renascentia]]
*[[Realismus (artes)]]
*[[Romanticismus]]
*[[Transavanguardia]]
{{div col end}}

{{NexInt}}
* [[Ars oculorum]]
* [[Motus artis]]

==Bibliographia==
*Adams, Laurie. [[2007]]. ''Art across Time.'' Ed. tertia. Bostoniae: McGraw-Hill.
*Bell, Julian. [[2010]]. ''Mirror of the World: A New History Of Art.'' Ed. secunda. Londinii: Thames &amp; Hudson. ISBN 9780500287545.
*Gardner, Helen, &amp; Fred S. Kleiner. [[2009]]. ''Gardner's Art through the Ages: A Global History.'' Ed. tredecima. Australia: Thomson/Wadsworth.
*Gombrich, E. H. [[1990]]. ''The Story of Art.'' Ed quindecima. Englewood Cliffs Novae Caesareae: Prentice-Hall.
*Honour, Hugh, &amp; John Fleming. [[1999]]. ''The Visual Arts: A History.'' Ed. quinta. Novi Eboraci: Henry N. Abrams.
*Honour, Hugh, &amp; John Fleming. [[2005]]. ''A World History of Art.'' Ed. septima. Laurence King Publishing. ISBN 1856694518, ISBN 9781856694513.
*Janson, H. W., &amp; Penelope J. E. Davies. [[2007]]. ''Janson's History of Art: The Western Tradition.'' Ed. septima. Upper Saddle River Novae Caesareae: Pearson Prentice Hall.
*Oliver Grau, ed. [[2007]]. ''MediaArtHistories.'' Cantabrigiae Massachusettae.: MIT Press.
*La Plante, John D. [[1992]]. ''Asian Art.'' Ed. tertia. Dubuque Iovae: William C. Brown.
*Phaidon Editors. [[2015]]. ''30,000 Years of Art: The Story of Human Creativity Across Time &amp; Space.'' Ed. secunda. Londinii: Phaidon Press.
*Miller, Mary Ellen. [[2006]]. ''The Art of Mesoamerica: From Olmec to Aztec.''  Ed. quarta. World of Art. Londinii: Thames &amp; Hudson.
*Onians, John. [[2004]]. ''Atlas of World Art.'' Londinii: Laurence King Publishing. ISBN 9781856693776.
*Pierce, James Smith, &amp; H. W. Janson. [[2004]]. ''From Abacus to Zeus: A Handbook of Art History.'' Ed. septima. Upper Saddle River Novae Caesareae: Pearson Prentice Hall.
*Pohl, Frances K. [[2002]]. ''Framing America: A Social History of American Art.'' Novi Eboraci: Thames &amp; Hudson.
*Stokstad, Marilyn. [[2008]]. ''Art History.'' Ed. tertia. Upper Saddle River Novae Caesareae: Pearson Education.
*Thomas, Nicholas. [[1995]]. ''Oceanic Art, World of Art.'' Novi Eboraci: Thames and Hudson.
*Thuillier, Jacques. [[2002]]. ''Histoire de l'art.'' Lutetiae: Flammarion. ISBN 2080125354.
*Thuillier, Jacques. [[2002]]. ''History of Art.'' Lutetiae: Flammarion. ISBN 2080108751.
*Wilkins, David G., Bernard Schultz, &amp; Katheryn M. Linduff. [[2008]]. ''Art Past, Art Present.'' Ed. sexta. Upper Saddle River Novae Caesareae: Pearson Education.

[[Categoria:Historia artis| ]]

{{Myrias|Historia}}</text>
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    <title>Siren (Waterhouse)</title>
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&quot;'''Siren'''&quot; est tabula ab [[Iohannes Gulielmus Waterhouse|Iohanne Gulielmo Waterhouse]] anno [[1900]] picta. Tabulam olim a [[Seymore Stein]] possessam, iussu huius anno 2003 venditam, privatus quidam empsit.

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080929012349/http://www.jwwaterhouse.com/view.cfm?recordid=3 De hac pictura] apud jwwaterhouse.com

== Bibliographia ==
* Will Bennett, &quot;[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=/arts/2003/11/03/basir03.xml Siren set to lure buyers]&quot; in ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' (3 Nov. 2003) 

{{ars-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Confecta 1891]]
[[Categoria:Tabulae pictae]]
[[Categoria:Res mythologicae figuratae]]
[[Categoria:Sirenes]]
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      <text bytes="1441" sha1="39ty95lr28ii48cgh7tzo71vb2iinkh" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Saint-Didier (Ille-et-Vilaine) - église.jpg|thumb|200 px|Sancti Desiderii [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]]]]
[[Fasciculus:Héraldique - fretté.svg|thumb|200px|Sancti Desiderii arma gentilitia]]
'''Sanctus Desiderius'''&lt;ref&gt;Guy Alexis Lobineau, ''Histoire de Bretagne'', Parisiis, 1707, apud viduam François Muguet, T.II, p.212. [http://books.google.com.br/books?id=HO_R6hgt6tkC&amp;pg=RA1-PA210&amp;lpg=RA1-PA210&amp;dq=ecclesia+Sancti+Desiderii&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=ZM-BOJDdy1&amp;sig=_-0uQu5k0P5eAUL8f9dtvF64PnM&amp;hl=fr&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=QHMHUI7ZMND1mAW-2sygAw&amp;sqi=2&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=ecclesia%20Sancti%20Desiderii&amp;f=false] {{Ling|Francogallice}} &lt;/ref&gt; ([[Francogallice]] ''Saint-Didier'', [[Lingua Gallonica|Gallonice]] ''Saent-Didier'', [[Lingua Britonica|Britonice]] ''Sant-Ider'') est commune 1636 incolarum (anno [[2007]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Illa et Vicinonia|Illae et Vicinoniae]] in [[Francia]]e occidentalis regione [[Britannia Minor]]e.
{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Illae et Vicinoniae]]
== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Saint-Didier|Sanctum Desiderium}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20200320063950/http://www.saintdidier35.fr/ Sancti Desiderii pagina interretialis] {{Ling|Francice}}
* {{INSEE commune|35264|de=Sancto Desiderio}}
{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Ellae et Vicenoniae]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Ellae et Vicenoniae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sainte-Luce-sur-Loire</title>
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''' Sainte-Luce-sur-Loire ''' ([[Lingua Britonica|Britonice]] '''Santez-Lusenn''') est commune 11696 incolarum (anno [[2008]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Liger Atlanticus|Ligeris Atlantici]] in [[Francia]]e occidentalis regione [[Pagi Ligeris (regio Franciae)|Pagis Ligeris]]. Vici sententia est: ''Nutrisco Et Non Extinguor''.
{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Ligeris Atlantici]]
== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Sainte-Luce-sur-Loire |Sainte-Luce-sur-Loire }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110202175655/http://www.sainte-luce-loire.com/ Sainte-Luce-sur-Loire pagina interretialis]
{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Ligeris Atlantici]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Ligeris Atlantici]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sancta Pisenia</title>
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      <text bytes="1461" sha1="fw95vjnspvr2eal8brq29di0oud0cf4" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Sainte-Pazanne - Eglise Notre-Dame (1).jpg|thumb|Ecclesia [[Maria (mater Iesu)|Nostrae Donimae]]]]
[[Fasciculus:Blason ville 44 Sainte-Pazanne.svg|thumb|200 px|[[Insigne]] '''Sanctae Piseniae''']]
'''Sancta Pisenia'''&lt;ref&gt;G. de Lesquen, G. Mollat, ''Mesures fiscales exercées en Bretagne par les papes d'Avignon à l'époque du Grand Schisme d'Occident (suite et fin)''. In: Annales de Bretagne. T. 19, nº 4, 1903. p.514. [http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/abpo_0003-391x_1903_num_19_4_1186] {{Ling|Latine|Francogallice}}&lt;/ref&gt; ([[francogallice]] ''Sainte-Pazanne'', [[Lingua Gallonica|Gallonice]] ''Saentt-Pazann'', [[Lingua Britonica|Britonice]] ''Santez-Pezhenn'') est commune 6774 incolarum (anno [[2017]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Liger Atlanticus|Ligeris Atlantici]] in [[Francia]]e occidentalis regione [[Pagi Ligeris (regio Franciae)|Pagis Ligeris]].

== Geographia ==
Amnis [[Taunucus]] oppidulum Sanctam Piseniam rigat.
{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Ligeris Atlantici]]
== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Sainte-Pazanne|Sanctam Piseniam}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20200404050453/http://www.sainte-pazanne.fr/ Sanctae Piseniae pagina interretialis] {{Ling|Francogallice}}
* {{INSEE commune|44186|de=Sancta Pisenia}}
{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Ligeris Atlantici]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Ligeris Atlantici]]</text>
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    <title>Sanctus Philibertus de Grandi Lacu</title>
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[[Fasciculus:Blason ville 44 Saint-Philbert-de-Grand-Lieu.svg|thumb|200px|Sancti Philiberti Grandi Lacu scutum gentilitium]]
'''Sanctus Philibertus de Grandi Lacu'''&lt;ref&gt;Pierre François Chiflet, ''Histoire de l'Abbaye et de la Ville de Tournus'', 1644, [[Divio]]ne, chez la veuve de Philibert Chavance, p. 513. [http://books.google.com.br/books?id=BD1DAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA513&amp;lpg=PA513&amp;dq=Sancti+Philiberti+de+Grandi+Lacu&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=oaBkGsiehJ&amp;sig=jjTGxOowXdmMhtu-4YmCHeDOgG4&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=SbqBUaO2Ns3x0wHYy4GIDw&amp;ved=0CFIQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&amp;q=Sancti%20Philiberti%20de%20Grandi%20Lacu&amp;f=false] {{Ling|Latine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Francogallice]] ''Saint-Philbert-de-Grand-Lieu'', [[Lingua Gallonica|Gallonice]] ''Saent-Filbèrt-de-Granloec'', [[Lingua Britonica|Britonice]] ''Sant-Filberzh-Deaz'') est commune 7617 incolarum (anno [[2008]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Liger Atlanticus|Ligeris Atlantici]] in [[Francia]]e occidentalis regione [[Pagi Ligeris (regio Franciae)|Pagis Ligeris]].
{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Ligeris Atlantici]]
== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Saint-Philbert-de-Grand-Lieu|Sanctum Philibertum de Grandi Lacu}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100830043401/http://www.stphilbert.fr/ Sancti Philiberti de Grandi Lacu pagina interretialis] {{Ling|Francogallice}}
* {{INSEE commune|44188|de=Sancto Philiberto}}
{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Ligeris Atlantici]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Ligeris Atlantici]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Saturniidae</title>
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      <text bytes="16127" sha1="abrk2sjouxwkwowh8h99cb1e9ll33ag" xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox
| name = Saturniidae
| image = Saturnia pavonia 01.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = ''Saturnia pavonia'' [[mas]] ([[Saturniinae]])
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Arthropoda]]
| classis = [[Insecta]]
| ordo = [[Lepidoptera]]
| unranked_superfamilia = [[Macrolepidoptera]]
| superfamilia = [[Bombycoidea]]
| familia = '''Saturniidae'''
| familia_authority = [[Boisduval]], [[1837]]
| subdivision_ranks = [[Subfamilia]]e
| subdivision =
*[[Oxyteninae]]
*[[Cercophaninae]]
*[[Arsenurinae]]
*[[Ceratocampinae]]
*[[Hemileucinae]]
*[[Agliinae]]
*[[Ludiinae]]
*[[Salassinae]]
*[[Saturniinae]]
}}

'''Saturniidae,''' inter maximos gloriososque [[lepidoptera|papilionum]], sunt [[familia (taxinomia)|familia]] cui sunt circa 1300 ad 1500 [[species (taxinomia)|species]] omni ex orbe terrarum descriptae.&lt;ref&gt;Grimaldi et Engel 2005.&lt;!--IMPERFECTA CITATIO--&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Inter Saturniidas celeberrimas sunt papiliones ''[[Citheronia regalis]], [[Hyalophora cecropia]], [[Pavonia pavonia]],'' et ''[[Saturnia pyri]].''

Adulti sunt magni, [[corpus (physica)|corporibus]] gravibus setis tectis, [[ala|alis]] lobatis, [[os (oris)|oribus]] reductis, et [[caput|capitibus]] parvis praediti. Carent [[frenulum|frenulo]], sed alae posteriores et anteriores sunt imbricatae.&lt;!--, producing the same effect of an unbroken wing surface--&gt;&lt;ref name = tuskesetal1996&gt;Tuskes ''et al.'' (1996)&lt;/ref&gt; Hi papiliones [[color]]ibus aliquando sunt vividi, et saepe in eorum alis [[macula ocularis|maculas oculares]] vel &quot;fenestras&quot; translucentis habent. [[Dimorphismus sexualis]] speciebus variat, sed [[mas|mares]] maiore et latiore [[antenna|antennis]] commune distingui possunt. Plurimis adultis sunt [[latitudo alarum]] inter 2.5 et 15 cm (inter 1 et 6 uncias), sed aliquibus speciebus [[zona tropica|tropicis]], sicut ''[[Attacus atlas|Attaco atlas]],'' sunt latitudines alarum ad 30 cm (ad 12 uncias). Una cum quibusdam [[Noctuidae|Noctuidis]] (praecipue [[Calpinae|Calpinis]] et [[Catocalinae|Catocalinis]]), sicut [[genus (taxinomia)|genera]] ''[[Ascalapha]], [[Erebus (genus)|Erebus]],'' et ''[[Thysania]],'' Saturniidae sic sunt maximi papiliones, et nonnulla quidem ex maximis [[insecta|insectis]] hodie exstantibus.

== Distributio ==
Plurimae Saturniidarum species in regionibus [[silva|silvestribus]] zonarum [[zona tropica|tropicae]] et [[zona subtropica|subtropicae]] [[habitatio|habitant]], maxima varietate in [[Novus Mundus|Novo Mundo]] et [[Mexicum|Mexico]] [[zona tropica|tropicis]] inventa,&lt;ref name = tuskesetal1996 /&gt; quamquam omnem orbem terram habitant. Circa [[duodecim]] species descriptae in [[Europa]] habitant, quarum una, ''[[Pavonia pavonia]],'' in [[Insulae Britannicae|Insulis Britannicis]] fit; sexaginta-octo species descriptae in [[America Septentrionalis|America Septentrionali]] habitant, quarum quadgraginta-duae ad septentriones [[Mexicum|Mexici]] et [[California Meridiana|Californiae Meridianae]] habitant.

== Vita ==
[[Fasciculus:Great Peacock Moth.jpg|thumb|left|210px|Stationes [[vita]]e ''[[Saturnia pyri|Saturniae pyri]]'']]
Aliquae Saturniidae plus quam unum fetum per [[annus|annum]] gignunt. Fetus [[ver]]is [[aestas|aestatisque]] post paucas [[hebdomas|hebdomdata]] ex [[ovum|ovis]] excluduntur; fetus autem [[autumnus|autumni]] statum [[biostasis|biostasem]]{{dubsig}} intrant, et vere sequente excluduntur. Numerus fetuum variantur, et una gignere potest [[femina (sexus)|femina]] singulas quae celeriter singulasque quae tarde crescunt, vel ea varios fetuum numeros variis annis vel in variis regionibus potest gignere.&lt;ref name = tuskesetal1996 /&gt; In nonnullis speciebus, e.g. ''[[Actias luna|Actiate luna]]''&lt;!--declensio=?--&gt; et ''[[Callosamia securifera]]'' (ambae sunt [[Saturniinae]]), fetus [[ver]]is [[aestas|aestatisque]] diversi videntur, quia [[genum|gena]] varia a [[circumiectus|circumiectibus]] impelluntur.&lt;ref name = tuskesetal1996/&gt;

=== Ova ===
[[Fasciculus:Emperor Gum Moth eggs2.jpg|thumb|[[Ovum|Ova]] ''[[Opodiphthera eucalypti|Opodiphtherae eucalypti]]'']]
Singula femina usque ad 200 ova in selecta [[hostis (biologia)|hoste]] [[planta]] ([[Anglice]] ''host plant'') parire potest. Aliae singillatim vel in parvis gregibus pariunt.&lt;ref name = scoble1995&gt;Scoble (1995).&lt;/ref&gt; Ova sunt rotunda, aliquantulum plana, levia, et translucentia vel albida.
[[Fasciculus:Lagarta2.jpg|thumb|[[Larva]] Saturniidae ignotae [[Brasilia]] [[folium|folio]] vescitur.]]

=== Larvae ===
[[Larva]]e sunt magnae (50 ad 100 mm in [[instar]]i ultimo), pingues, et [[cylindrus|cylindraceae]]. Plurimis sunt [[tubercula]]e quae saepe sunt spinosae vel pilosae. Multae [[color]]ibus sunt crypticae.&lt;!--, with countershading or disruptive coloration to reduce detection, but some are more colorful.--&gt; Nonnullis sunt setae quae pingunt.&lt;ref name = scoble1995/&gt; Conturbatae nonnullarum specierum larvae (e.g. [[eruca]]e specierum ''[[Actias luna|Actiatis luna]]''&lt;!--declinatio =?--&gt; et ''[[Antheraea polyphemus|Antheraeae polyphemus]]'' in [[Saturniini]]s) [[mandibula|mandibulis]] [[sonus|sonos]] ''click''{{dubsig}} efficiunt; haec ''click'' ut signa monitus [[Aposematismus|aposematici]] defensionis [[vomitus|regurgitationis]] coniectantur.&lt;ref&gt;Brown ''et al.'' (2007).&lt;/ref&gt; Aliae solae, aliae congregari ut vescantur solent. [[Hemileucinae]] congregantur iuvenes, et setas habent quae pungunt,&lt;ref name = tuskesetal1996 /&gt; et setae ''[[Lonomia]]e'' [[venenum]] continent quod [[homo|homines]] interficere potest. 

Paene omnes aliae huius [[magnitudo|magnitudinis]] erucae sunt [[Sphingidae]], quae raro sunt setosae, et plerumque [[diagonalis|diagonales]] in lateribus lineas habere solent. Multae Sphingidarum [[eruca]]e unum [[cornu]] flexum in posteriore ferunt; hae erucae re vera non sunt periculosae, sed magnae erucae setosae usitate non tangendae sunt, nisi a peritis.

Plurimae [[larva]]e Saturniidarum [[folium|foliis]] [[arbor]]um [[frutex|fruticumque]] vescuntur. Nonnullae, praecipue Hemileucinae sicut ''[[Automeris louisiana]], [[Automeris patagonensis|A. patagonensis]],'' et ''[[Hemileuca oliviae]]'', [[gramen|graminibus]] vescuntur. Ei [[ecdysis|ecdysin]] ordinatim patiuntur, plerumque quater, quinquies, vel sexies, antequam station [[pupa (biologia)|pupa]]lem intrant. Ante [[pupatio]]nem est statio errans, et erucae [[color]]em commutare possunt, ut crypticiores{{dubsig}}&lt;!--cryptic--&gt; sub hanc stationem fiant.&lt;ref name = tuskesetal1996 /&gt;
[[Fasciculus:Actias luna pupa 2 sjh.JPG|thumb|left|''[[Actias luna]]'' ([[Saturniinae]]) pupa (dextra) ex ''cocoon''{{dubsig}} remota (laeva; nota ultimam larvae cutem)]]

=== Pupae ===
Plurimae larvae ''[[Cocoon (sericum)|cocoon]]''{{dubsig}} inter [[folium|folia]] [[planta]]e [[hostis (biologia)|hostis]] dilectae, vel in stramento foliorum humi lapsorum, vel in fissuris in [[saxum|saxis]] vel [[lignum|lignis]]&lt;!--logs--&gt; faciunt.&lt;!-- While only moderately close relatives to the silkworm (''[[Bombyx mori]]'') among the Lepidoptera, the cocoons of most larger saturniids can be gathered and used to make [[silk]] fabric.--&gt; Larvae autem nonnullarum specierum—commune [[Ceratocampinae|eratocampinarum]], inter quas ''[[Citheronia regalis]]'' et ''[[Eacles imperialis]]''—se in terram infodiunt et in parva camera sub humum pupant; sic saepe in [[Ceratocampinae|Ceratocampinis]] et [[Hemileucinae|Hemileucinis]]. Dissimiles plurimorum papilionum serici&lt;!--most silk moths--&gt;, papiliones in terra pupantes paululo serico in fabricatione puparum utuntur.&lt;ref name = tuskesetal1996 /&gt; Simul ac in ''cocoon'' includuntur, pupae [[Metamorphosis (biologia)|metamorphosim]] subeunt.
[[Fasciculus:Arsenura_pandora.jpg|thumb|''[[Arsenura pandora]]'' ([[Arsenurinae]])]]

=== Adulti ===
Adultis [[femina (sexus)|feminis]] ex [[ovum|ovis]] novissime exclusis sunt plena ovorum copia, et eae [[mas|mares]] emissione [[pherormon]]tum{{dubsig}} evocant (tempora evocationis inter species variantur). Mares haec indicia [[chemia|chemica]] ad [[milia passum]] procul reperire possunt.&lt;!-- with help from sensitive receptors located on the tips of their featherlike [[Antenna (biology)|antennae]] sicut [[pinna]]e. The males will fly several miles in one night to locate a female and mate with her; females generally will not fly until after they have mated.--&gt; [[Os (oris)|Ore]] adultorum Saturnidarum vestigiali et tractus [[digestio]]nis carens, adulti coacervatis per stationem [[larva]]e captis [[lipidum|lipidis]] confidunt. Mores adultorum paene omne ad [[reproductio]]nem deduntur, sed consequentia (ob inopiam [[victus]]) est [[vita]] [[hebdomas|dierum septem]] vel minus postquam eae ex pupis excluduntur.

== Hominibus momentum ==
[[Fasciculus:Antheraeagodmani.JPG|thumb|left|''[[Antheraea godmani]]'' ([[Saturniinae]])]]
[[Fasciculus:Anisota stigma.jpg|thumb|''[[Anisota stigma]]'' ([[Ceratocampinae]])]]
[[Fasciculus:Citheronia splendens male sjh.jpg|thumb|''[[Citheronia splendens]]'' [[mas]] ([[Ceratocampinae]])]]
[[Fasciculus:Rosy Maple Moth.png|thumb|''[[Dryocampa rubicunda]]'' ([[Ceratocampinae]])]]
[[Fasciculus:Automeris metzli.jpg|thumb|''[[Automeris metzli]]'' ([[Hemileucinae]])]]
[[Fasciculus:Aglia tau Femelle dos.jpg|thumb|''[[Aglia tau]]'' [[femina (sexus)|femina]] ([[Agliinae]])]]
[[Fasciculus:Argema mittrei 01.JPG|thumb|''[[Argema mittrei]]'' ([[Saturniinae]])]]
[[Fasciculus:Attacus atlas qtl1.jpg|thumb|''[[Attacus atlas]]'' ([[Saturniinae]])]]

Nonnullae species sunt graves ut [[pestis (organismus)|pestes]] defoliatores, inter quas ''[[Anisota senatoria]]'' in [[quercus|quercibus]], ''[[Coloradia pandora]]'' in [[pinus|pinis]], et ''[[Hemileuca oliviae]]'' in [[gramen|graminibus]] planitiei&lt;!--range grasses--&gt;. Aliis speciebus est maior gravitas [[commercium|commercii]] in productione ''[[tussah]]'' et [[sericum ferum|serici feri]]&lt;!--wild silk--&gt;. Hae species insigniter sunt ''[[Antheraea pernyi]],'' eius proles [[Hybrida (biologia)|hybridogenica]] ''[[Antheraea × proylei]]'', et ''[[Samia cynthia]].'' 

Erucae generis ''[[Lonomia]]e'' fortasse mortiferissimum omnium [[animal]]ium notorum [[venenum]]&lt;!--recte: toxin, non poison--&gt; efficiunt.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/full/179/2/158 Pagina apud situm cmaj.ca.]&lt;/ref&gt; Plurimae autem Saturniidae sunt innocua, saltem adulti, et saepissime per omnes suae [[vita]]e stationes. Ergo, nonnullae species gloriosiores—praecipue generis ''[[Antheraea]]e''—a [[puer]]is in [[schola|scholis]] ut deliciae [[educatio]]nis ali possunt.&lt;!--educational pets--&gt; [[pupa (biologia)|Pupa]]e—molles, lenes—[[discipulus|discipulis]] fiunt dona iucunda.

== Systematica et [[evolutio]] ==
Saturniidae numeris specierum sunt diversissimae in [[zona neotropica|neotropicis]]. Earum antiquissimae [[subfamilia]]e solum in [[America]] fiunt. Solum &quot;hodiernissimae&quot; Saturniidae in plurimis orbis terrarum regionibus [[habitatio|habitant]]. Ergo, [[fossile|fossilibus]] carentibus, recte sumitur primas Saturniidas in regionibus neotropicis volavisse.

Hic index subfamilias in opinabili sequentia [[phylogenetic]]a ordinat, ab antiquissimis ad novissimam. Etiam adsunt quaedam genera et species notabiles.
* '''Subfamilia [[Oxyteninae]]'''
** ''[[Oxytenis]]''
* '''Subfamilia [[Cercophaninae]]'''
* '''Subfamilia [[Arsenurinae]]''' (10 [[genus (taxinomia)|genera]], [[zona neotropica|neotropicae]])
** ''[[Paradaemonia]]'' &lt;small&gt;Bouvier, 1925&lt;/small&gt;&lt;!--RevBrasZool24 p1131--&gt;
* '''Subfamilia [[Ceratocampinae]]''' (27 genera, [[America]])
** ''[[Adeloneivaia]]''
** ''[[Anisota]]''
*** ''[[Anisota stigma]]''
*** ''[[Anisota senatoria]]''
** ''[[Citheronia]]''
*** ''[[Citheronia azteca]]''
*** ''[[Citheronia lobesis]]''
*** ''[[Citheronia regalis]]''
*** ''[[Citheronia sepulcralis]]''
*** ''[[Citheronia splendens]]''
** ''[[Dryocampa]]''
*** ''[[Dryocampa rubicunda]]''
** ''[[Eacles]]''&lt;!-- this is a mis-redirect and needs to be fixed. Genus is not monotypic. --&gt;
*** ''[[Eacles imperialis]]''
** ''[[Sphingicampa]]''
** ''[[Syssphinx]]''
*** ''[[Syssphinx albolineata]]''
*** ''[[Syssphinx bicolor]]''
*** ''[[Syssphinx bisecta]]''
*** ''[[Syssphinx blanchardi]]''
*** ''[[Syssphinx heiligbrodti]]''
*** ''[[Syssphinx hubbardi]]''
*** ''[[Syssphinx montana]]''
*** ''[[Syssphinx raspa]]''
* '''Subfamilia [[Hemileucinae]]''' (51 genera, [[America]])
** ''[[Automeris]]''
*** ''[[Automeris io]]''
*** ''[[Automeris louisiana]]''
*** ''[[Automeris patagonensis]]''
** ''[[Coloradia]]''
** ''[[Hemileuca]]''
*** ''[[Hemileuca nevadensis]]''
*** ''[[Hemileuca maia]]''
** ''[[Lonomia]]''
** ''[[Ormiscodes]]''
*** ''[[Ormiscodes cinnamomea]]''
*** ''[[Ormiscodes socialis]]''
*** ''[[Ormiscodes schmidtnielseni]]''
* '''Subfamilia [[Agliinae]]''' ([[monotypica]])
** ''[[Aglia]]''
*** ''[[Aglia tau]]''
* '''Subfamilia [[Ludiinae]]''' (8 genera, [[Africa]])
* '''Subfamilia [[Salassinae]]''' (monotypica, tropicae)
** ''[[Salassa (moth)|Salassa]]''
* '''Subfamilia [[Saturniinae]]''' (plus quam 70 genera, regiones tropicae et temperatae per orbem terrarum)

{{NexInt}}
* ''[[Argema]]''
* ''[[Attacus]]''

== Notae ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
{{CommuniaCat|Saturniidae|Saturnidas}}
* Brown, S. G., G. H. Boettner, et J. E. Yack. [[2007]]. Clicking caterpillars: acoustic aposematism in ''Antheraea polyphemus'' and other Bombycoidea. ''[[Journal of Experimental Biology]]'' 210(6): 993–1005. [http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/reprint/210/6/993.pdf PDF fulltext]
* Scoble, M. J. [[1995]]. ''The Lepidoptera: Form, Function and Diversity.'' Ed. 2a. Oxford University Press.
* Tuskes, P. M., J. P. Tuttle, et M. M. Collins. [[1996]]. ''The wild silk moths of North America.'' Ithacae: Cornell University Press. &lt;small&gt;ISBN 0-8014-3130-1&lt;/small&gt;.

== Lectiones additae ==
* Burnie, David. [[2001]]. ''Smithsonian: Animal.'' Novi Eboraci: DK Publishing Inc.
* [http://redalyc.uaemex.mx/redalyc/pdf/455/45513402.pdf Inventorium ex circa 200 taxorum Saturniidarum] apud situm redalyc.uaemex.mx
* Lampe, Rudolf E. J. [[2010]]. ''Saturniidae of the World: Their Life Stages from the Eggs to the Adults—Pfauenspinner der Welt: Ihre Entwicklungsstadien vom Ei zum Falter.'' ISBN 978-3-89937-084-3.
* Mitchell, Robert T. [[2002]]. ''Butterflies and Moths: A Golden Guide From St. Martin's Press''. Novi Eboraci: St. Martin's Press.
* Racheli, L., et T. Racheli. [[2006]]. The Saturniidae Fauna of Napo Province, Ecuador: An Overview (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae). ''SHILAP Revista de Lepidopterología'' 34(134): 125–139. 

== Nexus externi ==
* [http://www.scib.gc.ca/spp_pages/misc_moths/phps/bom_e.php &quot;Bombycoidea of Canada&quot;] apud situm scib.gc.ca
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040813180814/http://www.troplep.org/famlist.htm &quot;Family Classification of Lepidoptera&quot;] apud situm troplep.org
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080801111118/http://www.kiva.net/~daylight/moth.html &quot;How to rear saturniid moths&quot;] apud situm kiva.net
* [http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/distr/lepid/moths/usa/saturnii.htm &quot;Moths of North America: Saturniidae&quot;] apud situm npwrc.esgs.gov
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100307060349/http://www.877termite.com/resources.php?s=resources&amp;p=general &quot;Moth Mystery Solved by Entomologist Laurie Jo Jensen of The Termite Guy in San Clemente, CA&quot;] apud situm 877termite.com
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091027001209/http://geocities.com/mothman15/ &quot;Moths (Saturniidae) of the United States&quot;] apud situm geocities.com/mothman15
* [http://www.silkmoths.bizland.com/kirbywolfe.htm Photographemata] apud situm silkmoths.bizland.com
* [http://www.silkmoths.bizland.com/kirbywolfe.htm Photographemata Kirby Wolfe] apud situm silkmoths.bizland.com
* [http://www.uky.edu/Agriculture/Entomology/entfacts/misc/ef008.htm &quot;Saturniid Moths&quot;] apud situm uky.edu
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20221214173637/https://tpittaway.tripod.com/silk/satlist.htm Saturniidae Europae] apud situm tpittaway.tripod.com
* [http://www.saturnia.de/ &quot;Saturnia-Homepage&quot;] apud situm saturnia.de
* [http://www.saturniidae-web.de/index.html Saturniidae] apud situm saturnidae-web.de

[[Categoria:Bombycoidea]]
[[Categoria:Saturniidae| ]]
[[Categoria:Taxa Boisduval]]
[[Categoria:Taxa 1837]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Solothurner Filmtage</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>132953</id>
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      <id>3959382</id>
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      <text bytes="676" sha1="bpl41sffh0nvy9867jdp3jq4pmbvboo" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:44SFT_Landhaus_Uferbau.jpg|thumb|[[Flumen|Fluminis]] [[ripa]] et [[urbs]] collucentes inter [[cinematographia]]e festum]]

''' Solothurner Filmtage''' est [[festum cinematographicum]] anno [[1966]] conditum. Festum quotannis (fere in [[Ianuarius|Ianuario]]) [[Solodurum (urbs)|Soloduri]] celebratur.

== Nexus externus ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110831010003/http://www.solothurnerfilmtage.ch/custom/solo06/home/welcome.aspx Festum Soloduri pagina interretialis]
* [http://www.facebook.com/solothurnerfilmtage Facebook]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131106020046/https://twitter.com/sofilmfest Twitter]

{{cine-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Cinematographia]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Saxifraga virginiensis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>135208</id>
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      <text bytes="2433" sha1="715we2fb5jbakppz8zq6uu2dybomae4" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
{{taxobox
|name = ''Saxifraga virginiensis'' 
|image = Saxifraga virginiensis full plant.jpg
|image_caption = ''Saxifraga virginiensis'' 
|regnum = [[Plantae]]
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiospermae]]
|unranked_classis = [[Eudicotyledones]]
|unranked_ordo = [[Eudicotyledones nucleares]]
|ordo = [[Saxifragales]]
|familia = [[Saxifragaceae]]
|genus = ''[[Saxifraga]]''
|species = '''''S. virginiensis'''''
|binomial = ''Saxifraga virginiensis''
|binomial_authority = [[Andreas Michaux|Michx.]]
|}}

'''''Saxifraga virginiensis''''' ([[Anglice]] ''early saxifrage,''&lt;ref&gt;{{ITIS |id=24303 |taxon=''Saxifraga virginiensis''}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20111124162633/http://www.ct-botanical-society.org/galleries/saxifragavirg.html De specie] apud ct-botanical-society.org (Connecticut Botanical Society).&lt;/ref&gt; ''Virginia saxifrage'') est [[flos ferus]],{{dubsig}}&lt;!--wildflower (vel planta fera?)--&gt; in [[America Septentrionalis|America Septentrionali]] orientali et media [[endemismus|endemicus]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=SAVI5 De specie]{{Nexus deficit|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} apud situm plants.usda.gov (USDA PLANTS Database).&lt;/ref&gt;

Planta est [[herba]] quae ad 30 cm alta crescere potest.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110927095457/http://2bnthewild.com/plants/H20.htm De specie] apud situm 2bnthewild.com (2bnTheWild plant database).&lt;/ref&gt;

Haec [[species (taxinomia)|species]] [[ver]]e ineunte [[flos|floret]], et inter [[saxum|saxa]], [[scopulus|scopulos]], et [[lignum|ligna]] [[habitatio|habitat]]. Pubescentia [[caulis]] [[insecta]] terrestria ne flores attingant prohibere putatur, quae [[pollen|pollinatores]] sunt minus efficacia quam insecta [[volatus|volantia]].

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* [[Neltje Blanchan|Blanchan, Neltje]]. [[2002]] ''Wild Flowers: An Aid to Knowledge of our Wild Flowers and their Insect Visitors.'' [[Project Gutenberg|Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation]]
* [[Neltje Blanchan|Blanchan, Neltje]]. [[2005]]. ''Wild Flowers Worth Knowing.'' [[Project Gutenberg|Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation]].

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes biologici}}

{{biologia-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Flora Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Flora Ontarionis]]
[[Categoria:Flora Terrae Mariae]]
[[Categoria:Saxifragaceae]]
[[Categoria:Taxa Michaux]]
[[Categoria:Species plantarum]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Solidago caesia</title>
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      <text bytes="2056" sha1="tb3dw3ofbynowzxi3ffq8n6fb4fum3o" xml:space="preserve">{{taxobox
| name = ''Solidago caesia''
|image = Solidago caesia01.jpg
|regnum = [[Plantae]]
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiospermae]]
|unranked_classis = [[Eudicotyledones]]
|unranked_ordo = [[Asteridae]]
|ordo = [[Asterales]]
|familia = [[Asteraceae]]
|genus = [[Solidago]]
|species = '''S. caesia'''
|binomial = ''Solidago caesia''
|binomial_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]] }}
[[Fasciculus:Solidago caesia02.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|[[Achenium|Achenia]] ''Solidagonis caesiae,'']]
'''''Solidago caesia'''''&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/gardens-gardening/your-garden/plant-finder/plant-details/kc/y370/solidago-caesia.aspx ''Solidago caesia,''] Missouri Botanical Garden Gardening Help.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=FNA&gt;[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&amp;taxon_id=242417282 &quot;''Solidago caesia'' Linnaeus 1753. Blue-stem or woodland or wreath goldenrod , verge d’or bleuâtre.] Flora of North America.&lt;/ref&gt; (anno [[1753]] descripta) est [[familia (taxinomia)|familiae]] [[Asteraceae|Asteracearum]] [[angiospermae|planta florens]] quae in mediis et orientalibus [[continens|continentis]] [[America Septentrionalis|Americae Septentrionalis]] [[regio]]nibus [[endemismus|endemica]] est, plerumque a [[Manitoba]] ad orientem ad [[Novum Brunsvicum]], atque ad meridiem usque ad [[Florida]]m et [[Texia]]m orientalem.&lt;ref&gt;[http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=soca4 United States Department of Agriculture Plants Profile]{{Nexus deficit|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://bonap.net/MapGallery/County/Solidago%20caesia.png Biota of North America Program 2014 county distribution map]&lt;/ref&gt; Cui sunt [[duo|duae]] [[subspecies]]:
* ''Solidago caesia'' var. ''caesia''
* ''Solidago caesia'' var. ''zaedia''

== Notae ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes de plantis}}

{{Biologia-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Species plantarum]]{{Titulus italicus}} 
[[Categoria:Flora Alabamae]]
[[Categoria:Flora Terrae Mariae]]
[[Categoria:Solidago]]
[[Categoria:Taxa Linnaei]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Saturnia (papilio)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="3051" sha1="lj9ds88hej8sfa2gdd4omq6pr1k8388" xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox
| name = ''Saturnia''
| image = Saturnia pyri.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = ''[[Saturnia pyri]]''
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Arthropoda]]
| classis = [[Insecta]]
| ordo = [[Lepidoptera]]
| familia = [[Saturniidae]]
| genus = '''''Saturnia'''''
| genus_authority = [[Francisca Paula von Schrank|Schrank]], 1802&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://ftp.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/bombycoidea/saturniidae/saturniinae/saturnia/index.html |title=''Saturnia'' Schrank, 1802 |date=2005-11-06 |author=Markku Savela}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

'''''Saturnia''''' ([[Anglice]] ''emperor, emperor moth'') est [[genus (taxinomia)|genus]] magnorum [[lepidoptera|papilionum]] [[familia (taxinomia)|familiae]] [[Saturniidae|Saturniidarum]]. Plurimae sunt [[regio Palaearctica|Palaearcticae]], sed [[tres]] [[species (taxinomia)|species]]—''[[Saturnia mendocino|S. mendocino]], [[Saturnia walterorum|S. walterorum]], [[Saturnia albofasciata|S. albofasciata]]''—sunt in ''[[chaparral]]'' [[California|Californiensi]]  [[endemismus|endemicae]].

==Species==
*''[[Saturnia atlantica]]'' &lt;small&gt;Lucas, 1848&lt;/small&gt;
*''[[Saturnia cephalariae]]'' &lt;small&gt;Christoph, 1885&lt;/small&gt;
*''[[Saturnia mendocino]]''&lt;ref&gt;Opler, Paul A., Harry Pavulaan, Ray E. Stanford, et Michael Pogue, [https://web.archive.org/web/20061011133043/http://www.butterfliesandmoths.org/species?l=3298 &quot;Mendocino saturnia moth, ''Saturnia mendocino'' Behrens, 1876] in ''Butterflies and Moths of North America'' (2006), apud URL butterfliesandmoths.org&lt;/ref&gt;
*''[[Saturnia pavonia]]''
*''[[Saturnia pavoniella]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Scopoli, 1763)&lt;/small&gt;
*''[[Saturnia pyri]]''
*''[[Saturnia spini]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Denis &amp; Schiffermüller, 1775)&lt;/small&gt;
*''[[Saturnia walterorum]]''&lt;ref&gt;Opler, Paul A., Harry Pavulaan, Ray E. Stanford, et Michael Pogue, [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927032557/http://www.butterfliesandmoths.org/species?l=3299 &quot;Walters' saturnia moth ''Saturnia walterorum''(Hogue &amp; Johnson, 1958),&quot;] in ''Butterflies and Moths of North America'' (2006)), URL butterfliesandmoths.org.&lt;/ref&gt;
*''[[Saturnia albofasciata]]''&lt;ref&gt;Opler, Paul A., Harry Pavulaan, Ray E. Stanford, et Michael Pogue, [https://web.archive.org/web/20070207084148/http://www.butterfliesandmoths.org/species?l=3300 &quot;White-streaked saturnia moth, ''Saturnia albofasciata'' (Johnson, 1938)&quot;] in ''Butterflies and Moths of North America'' (2006), apud URL butterfliesandmoths.org&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''[[Saturnia zuleika]]''

{{NexInt}}
*Nässig, Wolfgang A. [[2006]]. [http://www.saturnia.de/ Saturnia,] situs domesticus apud saturnia.de, 16 Novembris.
*Pittaway, A. R. [[2007]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221214173637/https://tpittaway.tripod.com/silk/satlist.htm De Saturniidis Europae,] apud situm tpittaway.tripod.com, 6 Aprilis.

==Notae==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

{{insecta-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Genera insectorum ex hominibus mythologicis appellata|Saturnus]]
[[Categoria:Saturniinae]]
[[Categoria:Saturnia| ]]
[[Categoria:Taxa Schrank]]
[[Categoria:Taxa 1802]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Schefflera morototoni</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>137786</id>
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|name = ''Schefflera morototoni''
|image =
|regnum = [[Plantae]]
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiospermae]]
|unranked_classis = [[Eudicotyledones]]
|unranked_ordo = [[Asteridae]]
|ordo = [[Apiales]]
|familia = [[Araliaceae]]
|subfamilia = [[Aralioideae]]
|genus = ''[[Schefflera]]''
|species = '''''S. morototoni'''''
|binomial = ''Schefflera morototoni''
|binomial_authority = ([[Aubl.]]) [[Maguire]], [[Steyerm.]] &amp; [[Frodin]]
|}}

'''''Schefflera morototoni''''' (&lt;!--Yagrumo macho--&gt;[[synonymum|syn.]] ''Didymopanax morototoni'' ([[Aubl.]]) [[Decne.]] &amp; [[Planch.]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/Scheffleramorootoni.pdf ''Schefflera morototoni''] apus [[USDA Forest Service]].&lt;/ref&gt;, ''Didymopanax morototoni'' [[var.]] ''angustipetalum'' March; ''Panax morototoni'' Aublet; ''Sciadophyllum paniculatum'' Britton&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140714164155/http://www.agr.una.py/cgi-cef/cef.cgi?rm=detalle&amp;ID=43 ''Didymopanax morototoni''] at [[Universidad Nacional de Asunción]]&lt;/ref&gt;) est [[lignum|lignea]] [[familia (taxinomia)|familiae]] [[Araliaceae|Araliacearum]] [[arbor]],&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.na.fs.fed.us/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_2/didymopanax/morototoni.htm ''Didymopanax morototoni''] apud [[USDA Forest Service]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www2.fpl.fs.fed.us/TechSheets/Chudnoff/TropAmerican/htmlDocs_tropamerican/Didymopanaxmorototoni.html ''Didymopanax morototoni''] at [[USDA Forest Service]]&lt;/ref&gt; in [[Antillae Maiores|Antillis Maioribus]], [[Mexicum|Mexico]] [[meridies|meridiano]], [[America Centralis|America Media]], et [[America Australis|America Australi]] [[endemismus|endemica]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?414537 |title=Schefflera morototoni |work=[[Germplasm Resources Information Network]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]] |date=1999-09-01 |accessdate=2009-02-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; In variis [[habitatio]]nibus crescit, inter quas [[Caatinga]], [[Cerrado]], et [[Silva Amazonica]] [[Brasilia]]e.&lt;!--

==Vide etiam==
*[[List of plants of Caatinga vegetation of Brazil]]
*[[List of plants of Cerrado vegetation of Brazil]]
*[[Southwestern Amazonian moist forests]]--&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes de plantis}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051111152155/http://www.rngr.net/Publications/ttsm/Folder.2003-07-11.4726/PDF.2004-03-16.2551/file ''Schefflera morototoni''] apud situm rngr.net

{{Biologia-stipula}}

{{Titulus italicus}}

[[Categoria:Species plantarum]]
[[Categoria:Arbores Aequatoriae]]
[[Categoria:Arbores Amazoniae]]
[[Categoria:Arbores Belizae]]
[[Categoria:Arbores Boliviae]]
[[Categoria:Arbores Brasiliae]]
[[Categoria:Arbores Columbiae]]
[[Categoria:Arbores Cubae]]
[[Categoria:Arbores Guianae]]
[[Categoria:Arbores Guianae Francicae]]
[[Categoria:Arbores Guatimaliae]]
[[Categoria:Arbores Hispaniolae]]
[[Categoria:Arbores Honduriae]]
[[Categoria:Arbores Nicaraguae]]
[[Categoria:Arbores Mexici]]
[[Categoria:Flora Costaricae]]
[[Categoria:Arbores Panamae]]
[[Categoria:Arbores Peruviae]]
[[Categoria:Arbores Portus Divitis]]
[[Categoria:Arbores Surinamiae]]
[[Categoria:Arbores Venetiolae]]
[[Categoria:Schefflera|morototoni]]
[[Categoria:Taxa Maguire]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ponvallenum</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>148799</id>
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        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>capsa et nexus</comment>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1033" sha1="9ebbw1qwkhoqgqwogjhyw7hz9bdlsco" xml:space="preserve">{{capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Pontvallain - Mairie (2011).jpg |thumb|upright=0.8|left|Ponvalleni [[vici conciliabulum]] et [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Petrus|Sanctis Petro]] [[Sanctus Paulus|Pauloque]] dicata.]]
{{res|Ponvallenum}}&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|auctor=J.-R. Pesche |titulus=Dictionnaire topographique, historique et statistique de la Sarthe |locus= Cenomani et Lutetiae |tempus ostentum=1829 - 1842}}&lt;/ref&gt; (Francogallice ''Pontvallain'') est commune [[Francia|Francicum]] {{formatnum:1706}} incolarum (anno [[2011]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Sartha (praefectura Franciae)|Sarthae]] in regione occidentali [[Pagi Ligeris (regio Franciae)|Pagis Ligeris]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Sarthae|Indicem communium praefecturae Sarthae]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat| Pontvallain | Ponvallenum }}
{{INSEE commune|72243|de=Ponvalleno}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Sarthae]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Sarthae]]</text>
      <sha1>9ebbw1qwkhoqgqwogjhyw7hz9bdlsco</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3959418</id>
      <parentid>3959417</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-13T07:32:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>recentius</comment>
      <origin>3959418</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1033" sha1="8b0py66ssuyyk2hql5c3ij1e6a5uk19" xml:space="preserve">{{capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Pontvallain - Mairie (2011).jpg |thumb|upright=0.8|left|Ponvalleni [[vici conciliabulum]] et [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Petrus|Sanctis Petro]] [[Sanctus Paulus|Pauloque]] dicata.]]
{{res|Ponvallenum}}&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|auctor=J.-R. Pesche |titulus=Dictionnaire topographique, historique et statistique de la Sarthe |locus= Cenomani et Lutetiae |tempus ostentum=1829 - 1842}}&lt;/ref&gt; (Francogallice ''Pontvallain'') est commune [[Francia|Francicum]] {{formatnum:1607}} incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Sartha (praefectura Franciae)|Sarthae]] in regione occidentali [[Pagi Ligeris (regio Franciae)|Pagis Ligeris]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Sarthae|Indicem communium praefecturae Sarthae]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat| Pontvallain | Ponvallenum }}
{{INSEE commune|72243|de=Ponvalleno}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Sarthae]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Sarthae]]</text>
      <sha1>8b0py66ssuyyk2hql5c3ij1e6a5uk19</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Fervaches</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>150018</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3959332</id>
      <parentid>3472415</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-12T19:14:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>capsa et novissima</comment>
      <origin>3959332</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1087" sha1="5jmydedeovefhb01lxkn1nkg4un7vps" xml:space="preserve">{{capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus: Fervaches - Église.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Fervaches: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Sanctus Petrus|Sancto Petro]] dicata.]]
{{res|Fervaches}} est pristinum commune [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Manica (praefectura Franciae)|Manicae]] in [[Francia]]e borealis provincia [[Normannia (regio Franciae)|Normannia]], quod commune delegatum intra novum commune [[Tessy-Bocage]] die [[1 Ianuarii]] [[2016]] factum est, sed consilium communale mense Ianuario 2020 statum communis delegati abolere decrevit. Priusquam illi novo communi coniunctum fuisset, Fervaches 381 incolas (anno [[2009]]) habebat.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Manicae]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat| Fervaches | Fervaches }}
{{INSEE commune|50180|de=Fervaches}}
* [http://www.tessy-sur-vire.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=77%3Afervaches&amp;catid=29&amp;lang=fr Fervaches pagina interretialis]

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia abrogata Oceani Britannici]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Oceani Britannici]]</text>
      <sha1>5jmydedeovefhb01lxkn1nkg4un7vps</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Genêts</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>150089</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3959416</id>
      <parentid>3862514</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-13T07:27:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>capsa et nexus</comment>
      <origin>3959416</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="786" sha1="5zcsf9gois3cvqzeb8kc91zessu16sf" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Genêts (50) Église 01.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Genêts: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Virgo Maria|Nostrae Dominae]] dicata.]]

{{res|Genêts}} est [[commune]] 451 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Manica (praefectura Franciae)|Manicae]] in [[Francia]]e borealis provincia [[Normannia (regio Franciae)|Normannia]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Manicae]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Genêts|Genêts}}
{{INSEE commune|50199|de=Genêts}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110203143402/http://www.ville-genets.com/ Genêts pagina interretialis]

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Oceani Britannici]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Oceani Britannici]]</text>
      <sha1>5zcsf9gois3cvqzeb8kc91zessu16sf</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Saint-André-de-Bohon</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>150787</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3959415</id>
      <parentid>3726205</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-13T07:22:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>capsa et nexus</comment>
      <origin>3959415</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1004" sha1="r0ukq08xmo1a97hq9fvsaa3h1hb17cu" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Église Saint-André de Saint-André-de-Bohon - Clocher déporté.jpg |thumb|upright=0.8|left|Saint-André-de-Bohon: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]]e [[Sanctus Andreas|Sancto Andreae]] dicatae turris campanaria.]]

{{res|Saint-André-de-Bohon}} est [[commune]] 375 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Manica (praefectura Franciae)|Manicae]] in [[Francia]]e borealis provincia [[Normannia (regio Franciae)|Normannia]].

{{NexInt}}

* [[Index communium praefecturae Manicae]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat| Saint-André-de-Bohon | Saint-André-de-Bohon }}
{{INSEE commune|50445|de=Saint-André-de-Bohon}}
* [http://www.saintandredebohonmairie.web.officelive.com Saint-André-de-Bohon pagina interretialis]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Oceani Britannici]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Oceani Britannici]]</text>
      <sha1>r0ukq08xmo1a97hq9fvsaa3h1hb17cu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Saint-Planchers</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>150974</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3959327</id>
      <parentid>3443695</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-12T18:26:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>capsa et nexus</comment>
      <origin>3959327</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="715" sha1="jyih78rvoeb4yrrdi9l09jmp67dap6p" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus: Eglise de Saint-Planchers.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Saint-Planchers: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[paroecia]]lis]]

{{res|Saint-Planchers}} est commune {{formatnum:1486}} incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Manica (praefectura Franciae)|Manicae]] in [[Francia]]e borealis provincia [[Normannia (regio Franciae)|Normannia]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Manicae]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat| Saint-Planchers | Saint-Planchers }}
{{INSEE commune|50541|de=Saint-Planchers}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Oceani Britannici]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Oceani Britannici]]</text>
      <sha1>jyih78rvoeb4yrrdi9l09jmp67dap6p</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bernède</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>151727</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3959414</id>
      <parentid>3428854</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-13T07:14:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>capsa et nexus</comment>
      <origin>3959414</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="741" sha1="nj1o7s35zt4rak7ihl4yxnndbg5pjai" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:32- BERNEDE - Eglise.jpg |thumb|upright=0.8|left|Bernède: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[paroecia]]lis [[Sanctus Lupus|Sancto Lupo]] dicata.]]
{{res|Bernède}} ([[Gasconice]] ''Verneda'') est [[commune]] 182 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Francia]]e [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Aegirtius (praefectura Franciae)|Aegirtii]] in regione [[Occitania (regio hodierna)|Occitania]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Aegirtii|Indicem communium praefecturae Aegirtii]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Bernède|Bernède}}
{{INSEE commune|32046|de=Bernède}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Aegircii]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Aegircii]]</text>
      <sha1>nj1o7s35zt4rak7ihl4yxnndbg5pjai</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lussan (Aegirtius)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>152226</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3959323</id>
      <parentid>3927994</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-12T18:15:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>recentius et commons</comment>
      <origin>3959323</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="718" sha1="nqv5820i9ne15c1j5khc6c2q3vbl4td" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus: Lussan (Gers, Fr) église Saint-Barthélemy.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.8|Communis [[ecclesia]], [[Sanctus Bartholomaeus|Sancto Bartholomaeo]] dicata.]]
{{res|Lussan}} ([[Gasconice]] {{barbarice|Lussan}}) est [[commune]] 216 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Francia]]e [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Aegirtius (praefectura Franciae)|Aegirtii]] in regione [[Meridianum et Pyrenaeus|Meridiano et Pyrenaeo]].

{{NexInt}}
*[[Index communium praefecturae Aegirtii]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Lussan (Gers)|Lussan}}
{{INSEE commune|32221|de=Lussan}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Aegircii]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Aegircii]]</text>
      <sha1>nqv5820i9ne15c1j5khc6c2q3vbl4td</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3959324</id>
      <parentid>3959323</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-12T18:15:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>nexus</comment>
      <origin>3959324</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="740" sha1="suuayzj1jq4xlyfzdyd3uicw21jfv03" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus: Lussan (Gers, Fr) église Saint-Barthélemy.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.8|Communis [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]], [[Sanctus Bartholomaeus|Sancto Bartholomaeo]] dicata.]]
{{res|Lussan}} ([[Gasconice]] {{barbarice|Lussan}}) est [[commune]] 216 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Francia]]e [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Aegirtius (praefectura Franciae)|Aegirtii]] in regione [[Meridianum et Pyrenaeus|Meridiano et Pyrenaeo]].

{{NexInt}}
*[[Index communium praefecturae Aegirtii]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Lussan (Gers)|Lussan}}
{{INSEE commune|32221|de=Lussan}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Aegircii]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Aegircii]]</text>
      <sha1>suuayzj1jq4xlyfzdyd3uicw21jfv03</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Saint-Illide</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>153490</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3959413</id>
      <parentid>3453614</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-13T07:11:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>capsa et nexus</comment>
      <origin>3959413</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="831" sha1="34dfh9trcqtl6av0l0svu9xr0d37or8" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus: Postcard Saint-Illide.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Saint-Illide: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]]e [[forum]].]]
{{res|Saint-Illide}} est [[commune]] 656 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Francia]]e [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Mons Celtorum (praefectura Franciae)|Montis Celtorum]] in regione [[Arvernia Rhodanus Alpes|Arvernia Rhodano Alpibus]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Montis Celtorum|Indicem communium praefecturae Montis Celtorum]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Saint-Illide|Saint-Illide}}
{{INSEE commune|15191|de=Saint-Illide}}
* {{opus|url=https://www.saint-illide.fr/|titulus=Saint-Illide pagina interretialis}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Montis Cantalini]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Montis Cantalini]]</text>
      <sha1>34dfh9trcqtl6av0l0svu9xr0d37or8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Biollet</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>153763</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3959288</id>
      <parentid>3457353</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-12T16:53:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>capsa et nexus</comment>
      <origin>3959288</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="847" sha1="3z1y9zaso6emrj8d20pqxbzn71qaj7q" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus: Église Saint-Pierre de Biollet.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Biollet: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Sanctus Petrus|Sancto Petro]] dicata]]
[[Fasciculus: Map commune FR insee code 63041.png|thumb|300px|Biollet: communis tabula]]

{{res|Biollet}} est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] 309 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Podium Dumiatis (praefectura Franciae)|Podii Dumiatis]] in regione [[Arvernia Rhodanus Alpes|Arvernia Rhodano Alpibus]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Podii Dumiatis|Indicem communium praefecturae Podii Dumiatis]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Biollet|Biollet}}
{{INSEE commune|63041|de=Biollet}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Montis Dumae]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Montis Dumae]]</text>
      <sha1>3z1y9zaso6emrj8d20pqxbzn71qaj7q</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3959289</id>
      <parentid>3959288</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-12T16:53:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>tollitur tabula que in capsis invenitur</comment>
      <origin>3959289</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="758" sha1="j1uowlhyfncivenbzqvmij9j4cx916y" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus: Église Saint-Pierre de Biollet.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Biollet: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Sanctus Petrus|Sancto Petro]] dicata]]

{{res|Biollet}} est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] 309 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Podium Dumiatis (praefectura Franciae)|Podii Dumiatis]] in regione [[Arvernia Rhodanus Alpes|Arvernia Rhodano Alpibus]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Podii Dumiatis|Indicem communium praefecturae Podii Dumiatis]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Biollet|Biollet}}
{{INSEE commune|63041|de=Biollet}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Montis Dumae]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Montis Dumae]]</text>
      <sha1>j1uowlhyfncivenbzqvmij9j4cx916y</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3959292</id>
      <parentid>3959289</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-12T17:01:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3959292</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="712" sha1="ma5aj6exmdkjwvmhhytcdz2lpe0rf4h" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus: Église Saint-Pierre de Biollet.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Biollet: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Sanctus Petrus|Sancto Petro]] dicata]]

{{res|Biollet}} est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] 309 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Podium Dumiatis (praefectura Franciae)|Podii Dumiatis]] in regione [[Arvernia Rhodanus Alpes|Arvernia Rhodano Alpibus]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Podii Dumiatis]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Biollet|Biollet}}
{{INSEE commune|63041|de=Biollet}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Montis Dumae]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Montis Dumae]]</text>
      <sha1>ma5aj6exmdkjwvmhhytcdz2lpe0rf4h</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Corduba (Argentina)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>155289</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3959286</id>
      <parentid>3917900</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-12T16:49:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>nexus</comment>
      <origin>3959286</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1826" sha1="644yye3rxa5nmddr7skmuaajuzsgmyk" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
{{Videdis|Corduba (discretiva)}}
[[Fasciculus:Parque Sarmiento, Córdoba, Argentina 1.jpg|thumb|Parvus [[lacus]] in horto Sarmiento.]]
'''Corduba in Argentina'''&lt;ref&gt;Cf. {{CathHierDiocese|crdb|Archidioecesis Cordubensis in Argentina}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Hispanice]] ''Córdoba'') est [[urbs]] 1 505 250 habitantium et [[caput (urbs)|caput]] [[provincia Cordubensis (Argentina)|provinciae Cordubensis]] [[Argentina]]e. Corduba es secunda maior urbs Argentinae numero incolarum post '''Bonaëropolem.'''


Ab Hieronymo Ludovico Cabrera, expugnatore Hispanico, anno [[1573]] condita est. Saepe docta appellatur, quod magnam et antiquam [[universitas|universitatem]] habet, quae est [[Universitas Cordubensis Tucumanae]], a [[Societas Iesu|Societate Iesu]] anno [[1613]] condita. Corduba etiam [[oppidum]] [[campana]]rum nuncupatur, quod multas [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]]s habet.

Corduba est sedes archiepiscopalis Ecclesiae Catholicae Romanae cum nomine Archidioecesis Cordubensis. Hodiernus archiepiscopus est Angelus Sixtus Rossi.

== Oeconomia ==
Corduba est maior industriae humanae sedes.

== Incolae notabiles ==
* [[Iosephus Gabriel Funes]], sacerdos [[Societas Iesu|Societatis Iesu]], [[astronomus]] et rector [[Observatorium Vaticanum|Observatorii Vaticani]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Vicky Baker, &quot;[http://www.guardian.co.uk/travel/2013/mar/28/argentina-cordoba-pope-jesuit-tour In Pope Francis's footsteps: a Jesuit tour of Argentina],&quot; ''[[The Guardian]],'' 28 Martii 2013.

== Nexus externi ==
{{Coord|31|25|S|64|11|W|display=title}}
{{CommuniaCat|Córdoba, Argentina|Cordubam}}
{{fontes geographici}}
{{urbs-stipula}}
{{Urbes Americae Australis maximae}}

[[Categoria:Condita 1573]]
[[Categoria:Corduba (Argentina)|!]]
[[Categoria:Urbes milies milium incolarum]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>La Chaussée-sur-Marne</title>
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        <username>Pippobuono</username>
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      <comment>capsa et nexus</comment>
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      <text bytes="783" sha1="9ajordq565mx0qk0fak3iblwezyb62g" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus: Coulmiers - Eglise Saint-Pierre-ès-Liens -1.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|La Chaussée-sur-Marne: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Petrus|Sancto Petro]] dicata.]]
{{res|La Chaussée-sur-Marne}} est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] 758 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Matrona (praefectura Franciae)|Matronae]] in regione [[Magnus Oriens|Magno Oriente]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Matronae|Indicem communium praefecturae Matronae]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|La Chaussée-sur-Marne|La Chaussée-sur-Marne}}
{{INSEE commune|51141|de=La Chaussée-sur-Marne}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Matronae]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Matronae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Stargate (machina)</title>
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      <text bytes="13866" sha1="aokv7ejsjtpkkv08b8zgue8c5m9lbhg" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Pegasus Stargate with Pegasus DHD.png|thumb|250px|Porta Stellaris cum sua Machina Vocationis Domesticae in Pegaso usi.]]
'''Stargate''' (Anglice; scilicet &quot;porta stellaris&quot;; in lingua Antiquitatis ''Astria Porta''; in lingua goa'uld ''Chappa'ai'') vocatur portas [[foramen vermis|itineris foraminis vermis]] ab [[Alteran|Antiquitate]] (Anglice ''Ancients'') fabricatas, in serie fictionis scientificae [[Stargate|eiusdem nominis]] apparentes ubi motiones fabulares sunt. Tria specimina Portae Stellaris sunt; unum [[Via Lactea|Viae Lacteae]] adhibitum, alium [[Pegasus (Stargate)|Pegasi]] (galaxias), et tertium in multis locis [[universum|universi]]. Portae Stellares in planetis positae sunt et per sua DHD (Anglice et abbreviatio '''''D'''ial-'''H'''ome '''D'''evice'', verbatim &quot;machina vocationis domesticae&quot;) vocantur, ab Antiquitate etiam fabricata.

Species Portae Stellaris [[anulus|anuli]] magni sunt a minerale [[Superconductrum|superconductrivo]] ficticio naqahdah appellatus fabricati. Satis magni sunt navicula spatialis etiam capit, quod in serie cum Antiquitatis Puddle Jumper et [[Wraith (species ficticia)|Spirituum Malorum]] Wraith Dart vidimus. Species Portae Stellaris numerus signorum, primum constellationum, habent et eorum respectivae species Machinae Vocationis Domesticae eadem signa in pressoriolis. Porta Stellaris etiam vocari possunt per suum anulum interiorem se convertere.

Apparitio prima Portae Stellaris erat in primo opere seriei, pellicula [[1994]] etiam vocato ''[[Stargate (pellicula)|Stargate]]''. In planeta Abydos in Via Lactea posita est et a goa'uld malo [[Ra (Stargate)|Ra]] et eius exercitu [[jaffa (Stargate)|jaffa]] usa. Portae Stellares in mundo virtuali [[Second Life]] a [[Linden Lab]] divulgato etiam maxime inveniuntur. In similitudine itineris in serie, usor ad alios locos teleportatur. Quando membrana foraminis vermis intras aut per tabulam mundanam teleportas aut ultro teleportaris.

==Historia==
[[Fasciculus:Destiny stargate.png|thumb|200px|left|Primum saeculum Antiquitatis portae foraminis vermis.]]
Portae Stellares ab Antiquitate, una duarum turmarum speciei extraneae humanae nomine Alteran, abhinc nonnullas milliones annos fabricatae sunt. In sua lingua, in ficticia lingua Latina archaica fundata, ''Astria Porta'' ea vocant, incerte in ''Stargate'' de significatione, sed sine dubio aut &quot;porta stellaris&quot; aut &quot;stellarum porta&quot;. Primum specimen Portae Stellaris in serie televisiva ''[[Stargate Universe]]'' apparebat, secundum in pellicula ''Stargate'', prima apparitio quaeque Portae Stellaris in corpore, et serie televisiva ''[[Stargate SG-1]]'', et tertium in serie televisiva ''[[Stargate Atlantis]]''. Primum specimen in mundis inventis sub itione Antiquitatis navis spatialis Fati, aut Anglice ''Destiny'', robotice ponebatur, ut pars consilii navi spatiali originem universi investigare. Secundum specimen Viae Lacteae, aut ''Avalon'' in Antiquitatis lingua, utebatur, et tertium in galaxia Anglice vocato Pegasus interdum aliae linguae ignota. Obscurum est, sed Pegasus in [[Nanus Pegasi|Nano Pegasi]] in constellatione [[Pegasus (constellatio)|Pegaso]] collocato conditus sit. Porta Stellaris in galaxia innominato aliae turmae, ''Ori'' in lingua Anglica et lingua Antiquitatis et fortasse &quot;gradus&quot; significatione, etiam reperitur et ab eis possibilim fabricata.

Antiquitas abhinc circa 10 000 annos transcendebat, sed nonnullae eorum res relinquebat ut suam hereditatem esse, sicut Portae Stellares. Ambo ante et post tempus Antiquitatis, aliae species Portas Stellares quoque usae sunt, sicut [[Asgard (species ficticia)|anses]], [[goa'uld]], et [[Wraith (species ficticia)|Spiritus Mali]]. Malum [[goa'uld]], Via Lactea habitans et quo speciebus primitivis fallit [[deus|deos]] esse, eis servit et technologia furatur, Portam Stellarem, sive in sua lingua ''Chappa'ai'', abhinc multa millennia adhibuit. Populus decepit Porta Stellaris quoque fabricavit.

Pro specie ut homo, erat rebellio contra goa'uld Ra et eius exercitus jaffa Aegypti antiquae [[Tellus (planeta)|Telluris]] abhinc ca 5 000 annos, quae ducebat Ra (et fortasse eius exercitus) mundus relinquebat et populus Portam Stellarem humabat, in locatione quo hodie est urbs Aegyptia [[Giza]]. Serius in tempore, haec Porta Stellaris a Langford (praenomen indictum) archaeologo et professore anno [[1928]] inveniebatur et excavatio moderabatur, in pellicula ''Stargate'' visa.

Anno [[1939]], ad Civitates Foederatas Americae per navem amovebatur prohibendo a [[nazismus|hominibus superterraneis Germanicis]] captari. Ibi, [[Vis Aeria Civitatum Foederatarum]] in diversis locis per tempus id disponebat. Eius positio finalis erat in Administratione Portae Stellaris (Anglice Stargate Command), consociatio secreta, quo accomodabatur.

==Specimina Portae Stellaris==
===Porta Stellaris universalis===
====Signa====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background-color:white;text-align:center;&quot;
|-
! Positio
! Signum
! Constellatio
! Positio
! Signum
! Constellatio
! Positio
! Signum
! Constellatio
! Positio
! Signum
! Constellatio
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|1
|[[Image:UniverseGlyph01.png|55px]]
|A
|align=&quot;left&quot;|10
|[[Image:UniverseGlyph10.png|55px]]
|J
|align=&quot;left&quot;|19
|[[Image:UniverseGlyph19.png|55px]]
|S
|align=&quot;left&quot;|28
|[[Image:UniverseGlyph28.png|55px]]
|2
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|2
|[[Image:UniverseGlyph02.png|55px]]
|B
|align=&quot;left&quot;|11
|[[Image:UniverseGlyph11.png|55px]]
|K
|align=&quot;left&quot;|20
|[[Image:UniverseGlyph20.png|55px]]
|T
|align=&quot;left&quot;|29
|[[Image:UniverseGlyph29.png|55px]]
|3
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|3
|[[Image:UniverseGlyph03.png|55px]]
|C
|align=&quot;left&quot;|12
|[[Image:UniverseGlyph12.png|55px]]
|L
|align=&quot;left&quot;|21
|[[Image:UniverseGlyph21.png|55px]]
|U
|align=&quot;left&quot;|30
|[[Image:UniverseGlyph30.png|55px]]
|4
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|4
|[[Image:UniverseGlyph04.png|55px]]
|D
|align=&quot;left&quot;|13
|[[Image:UniverseGlyph13.png|55px]]
|M
|align=&quot;left&quot;|22
|[[Image:UniverseGlyph22.png|55px]]
|V
|align=&quot;left&quot;|31
|[[Image:UniverseGlyph31.png|55px]]
|5
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|5
|[[Image:UniverseGlyph05.png|55px]]
|E
|align=&quot;left&quot;|14
|[[Image:UniverseGlyph14.png|55px]]
|N
|align=&quot;left&quot;|23
|[[Image:UniverseGlyph23.png|55px]]
|W
|align=&quot;left&quot;|32
|[[Image:UniverseGlyph32.png|55px]]
|6
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|6
|[[Image:UniverseGlyph06.png|55px]]
|F
|align=&quot;left&quot;|15
|[[Image:UniverseGlyph15.png|55px]]
|O
|align=&quot;left&quot;|24
|[[Image:UniverseGlyph24.png|55px]]
|X
|align=&quot;left&quot;|33
|[[Image:UniverseGlyph33.png|55px]]
|7
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|7
|[[Image:UniverseGlyph07.png|55px]]
|G
|align=&quot;left&quot;|16
|[[Image:UniverseGlyph16.png|55px]]
|P
|align=&quot;left&quot;|25
|[[Image:UniverseGlyph25.png|55px]]
|Y
|align=&quot;left&quot;|34
|[[Image:UniverseGlyph34.png|55px]]
|8
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|8
|[[Image:UniverseGlyph08.png|55px]]
|H
|align=&quot;left&quot;|17
|[[Image:UniverseGlyph17.png|55px]]
|Q
|align=&quot;left&quot;|26
|[[Image:UniverseGlyph26.png|55px]]
|Z
|align=&quot;left&quot;|35
|[[Image:UniverseGlyph35.png|55px]]
|9
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|9
|[[Image:UniverseGlyph09.png|55px]]
|I
|align=&quot;left&quot;|18
|[[Image:UniverseGlyph18.png|55px]]
|R
|align=&quot;left&quot;|27
|[[Image:UniverseGlyph27.png|55px]]
|1
|align=&quot;left&quot;|36
|[[Image:UniverseGlyph36.png|55px]]
|0
|}

===Porta Stellaris Viae Lacteae===
====Signa====
[[Fasciculus:Milky Way stargate.png|thumb|200px|Porta Stellaris in [[Via Lactea]] adhibita.]]
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Positio
! Signum
! Constellatio humana similis
! Nomen additionale Antiquitatis
! Positio
! Signum
! Constellatio humana similis
! Nomen additionale Antiquitatis
! Positio
! Signum
! Constellatio humana similis
! Nomen additionale Antiquitatis
|-
|1
|[[Fasciculus:Stargate SG·1 symbol 01.svg|55px|01]]
|n/a (signum originale [[Tellus (planeta)|Telluris]])
| at
|14
|[[Fasciculus:Stargate SG·1 symbol 14.svg|55px|14]]
|[[Microscopium (constellatio)|Microscopium]]
|n/a
|27
|[[Fasciculus:Stargate SG·1 symbol 27.svg|55px|27]]
|[[Taurus (constellatio)|Taurus]]
|n/a
|-
|2
|[[Fasciculus:Stargate SG·1 symbol 02.svg|55px|02]]
|[[Crater (constellatio)|Crater]]
|n/a
|15
|[[Fasciculus:Stargate SG·1 symbol 15.svg|55px|15]]
|[[Capricornus (constellatio)|Capricornus]]
|n/a
|28
|[[Fasciculus:Stargate SG·1 symbol 28.svg|55px|28]]
|[[Auriga (constellatio)|Auriga]]
|n/a
|-
|3
|[[Fasciculus:Stargate SG·1 symbol 03.svg|55px|03]]
|[[Virgo (constellatio)|Virgo]]
| cla
|16
|[[Fasciculus:Stargate SG·1 symbol 16.svg|55px|16]]
|[[Piscis Austrinus (constellatio)|Piscis Austrinus]]
|n/a
|29
|[[Fasciculus:Stargate SG·1 symbol 29.svg|55px|29]]
|[[Eridanus (constellatio)|Eridanus]]
| Ta
|-
|4
|[[Fasciculus:Stargate SG·1 symbol 04.svg|55px|04]]
|[[Bootes (constellatio)|Bootes]]
|n/a
|17
|[[Fasciculus:Stargate SG·1 symbol 17.svg|55px|17]]
|[[Equuleus (constellatio)|Equuleus]]
| as
|30
|[[Fasciculus:Stargate SG·1 symbol 30.svg|55px|30]]
|[[Orion (constellatio)|Orion]]
|n/a
|-
|5
|[[Fasciculus:Stargate SG·1 symbol 05.svg|55px|05]]
|[[Centaurus (constellatio)|Centaurus]]
| on
|18
|[[Fasciculus:Stargate SG·1 symbol 18.svg|55px|18]]
|[[Aquarius (constellatio)|Aquarius]]
|n/a
|31
|[[Fasciculus:Stargate SG·1 symbol 31.svg|55px|31]]
|[[Canis Minor (constellatio)|Canis Minor]]
| rus
|-
|6
|[[Fasciculus:Stargate SG·1 symbol 06.svg|55px|06]]
|[[Libra (constellatio)|Libra]]
|n/a
|19
|[[Fasciculus:Stargate SG·1 symbol 19.svg|55px|19]]
|[[Pegasus (constellatio)|Pegasus]]
|n/a
|32
|[[Fasciculus:Stargate SG·1 symbol 32.svg|55px|32]]
|[[Monoceros (constellatio)|Monoceros]]
|n/a
|-
|7
|[[Fasciculus:Stargate SG·1 symbol 07.svg|55px|07]]
|[[Serpens (constellatio)|Serpens Caput]]
|n/a
|20
|[[Fasciculus:Stargate SG·1 symbol 20.svg|55px|20]]
|[[Sculptor (constellatio)|Sculptor]]
|n/a
|33
|[[Fasciculus:Stargate SG·1 symbol 33.svg|55px|33]]
|[[Gemini (constellatio)|Gemini]]
|n/a
|-
|8
|[[Fasciculus:Stargate SG·1 symbol 09.svg|55px|09]]
|[[Norma (constellatio)|Norma]]
|n/a
|21
|[[Fasciculus:Stargate SG·1 symbol 21.svg|55px|21]]
|[[Pisces (constellatio)|Pisces]]
|n/a
|34
|[[Fasciculus:Stargate SG·1 symbol 34.svg|55px|34]]
|[[Hydra (constellatio)|Hydra]]
|n/a
|-
|9
|[[Fasciculus:Stargate SG·1 symbol 08.svg|55px|08]]
|[[Scorpius (constellatio)|Scorpius]]
|n/a
|22
|[[Fasciculus:Stargate SG·1 symbol 22.svg|55px|22]]
|[[Andromeda (constellatio)|Andromeda]]
|n/a
|35
|[[Fasciculus:Stargate SG·1 symbol 35.svg|55px|35]]
|[[Lynx (constellatio)|Lynx]]
| pra
|-
|10
|[[Fasciculus:Stargate SG·1 symbol 10.svg|55px|10]]
|[[Corona Australis (constellatio)|Corona Australis]]
|n/a
|23
|[[Fasciculus:Stargate SG·1 symbol 23.svg|55px|23]]
|[[Triangulum (constellatio)|Triangulum]]
|n/a
|36
|[[Fasciculus:Stargate SG·1 symbol 36.svg|55px|36]]
|[[Cancer (constellatio)|Cancer]]
|n/a
|-
|11
|[[Fasciculus:Stargate SG·1 symbol 11.svg|55px|11]]
|[[Scutum (constellatio)|Scutum]]
|n/a
|24
|[[Fasciculus:Stargate SG·1 symbol 24.svg|55px|24]]
|[[Aries (constellatio)|Aries]]
|n/a
|37
|[[Fasciculus:Stargate SG·1 symbol 37.svg|55px|37]]
|[[Sextans (constellatio)|Sextans]]
|n/a
|-
|12
|[[Fasciculus:Stargate SG·1 symbol 12.svg|55px|12]]
|[[Sagittarius (constellatio)|Sagittarius]]
|n/a
|25
|[[Fasciculus:Stargate SG·1 symbol 25.svg|55px|25]]
|[[Perseus (constellatio)|Perseus]]
|n/a
|38
|[[Fasciculus:Stargate SG·1 symbol 38.svg|55px|38]]
|[[Leo Minor (constellatio)|Leo Minor]]
|n/a
|-
|13
|[[Fasciculus:Stargate SG·1 symbol 13.svg|55px|13]]
|[[Aquila (constellatio)|Aquila]]
|n/a
|26
|[[Fasciculus:Stargate SG·1 symbol 26.svg|55px|26]]
|[[Cetus (constellatio)|Cetus]]
|n/a
|39
|[[Fasciculus:Stargate SG·1 symbol 39.svg|55px|39]]
|[[Leo (constellatio)|Leo]]
|n/a
|}

===Porta Stellaris Pegasi===
====Signa====
[[Fasciculus:Pegasus stargate.png|thumb|200px|Porta Stellaris in Pegaso adhibita.]]
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background-color:white;&quot;
|-
! Positio
! Signum
! Constellatio
! Positio
! Signum
! Constellatio
! Positio
! Signum
! Constellatio
|-
|1
|[[Image:AtlantisGlyph12.svg|55px]]
|
|13
|[[Image:AtlantisGlyph13.svg|55px]]
|
|25
|[[Image:AtlantisGlyph15.svg|55px]]
| Salma 
|-
|2
|[[Image:AtlantisGlyph02.svg|55px]]
|
|14
|[[Image:AtlantisGlyph14.svg|55px]]
|
|26
|[[Image:AtlantisGlyph26.svg|55px]]
|
|-
|3
|[[Image:AtlantisGlyph18.svg|55px]]
|  Alura
|15
|[[Image:AtlantisGlyph25.svg|55px]]
|
|27
|[[Image:AtlantisGlyph27.svg|55px]]
|
|-
|4
|[[Image:AtlantisGlyph04.svg|55px]]
|
|16
|[[Image:AtlantisGlyph16.svg|55px]]
|
|28
|[[Image:AtlantisGlyph28.svg|55px]]
|
|-
|5
|[[Image:AtlantisGlyph06.svg|55px]]
|
|17
|[[Image:AtlantisGlyph17.svg|55px]]
|
|29
|[[Image:AtlantisGlyph29.svg|55px]]
|
|-
|6
|[[Image:AtlantisGlyph05.svg|55px]]
| Ecrumig
|18
|[[Image:AtlantisGlyph03.svg|55px]]
|
|30
|[[Image:AtlantisGlyph30.svg|55px]]
|
|-
|7
|[[Image:AtlantisGlyph07.svg|55px]]
|
|19
|[[Image:AtlantisGlyph19.svg|55px]]
| Subido (signum originale Atlantidis)&lt;sup&gt;†&lt;/sup&gt;
|31
|[[Image:AtlantisGlyph31.svg|55px]]
|
|-
|8
|[[Image:AtlantisGlyph08.svg|55px]]
|
|20
|[[Image:AtlantisGlyph20.svg|55px]]
| Roehi
|32
|[[Image:AtlantisGlyph35.svg|55px]]
|  Gilltin
|-
|9
|[[Image:AtlantisGlyph09.svg|55px]]
| Earth
|21
|[[Image:AtlantisGlyph21.svg|55px]]
|
|33
|[[Image:AtlantisGlyph33.svg|55px]]
|
|-
|10
|[[Image:AtlantisGlyph10.svg|55px]]
|
|22
|[[Image:AtlantisGlyph22.svg|55px]]
|
|34
|[[Image:AtlantisGlyph34.svg|55px]]
|
|-
|11
|[[Image:AtlantisGlyph11.svg|55px]]
|
|23
|[[Image:AtlantisGlyph23.svg|55px]]
|
|35
|[[Image:AtlantisGlyph32.svg|55px]]
|
|-
|12
|[[Image:AtlantisGlyph01.svg|55px]]
| Arami
|24
|[[Image:AtlantisGlyph24.svg|55px]]
|
|36
|[[Image:AtlantisGlyph36.svg|55px]]
|
|}

==Nexus interni==
* [[Foramen vermis]]
* [[Superconductrum]]
* [[Teleportatio#Stargate#Transportation rings|Transportation ring]]

==Nexus externi==
* [http://www.gateworld.net/wiki/Stargate De machina]{{Nexus deficit|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} in Gate World {{ling|Anglice}}

[[Categoria:Stargate]]
[[Categoria:Anuli]]
[[Categoria:Fictio scientifica]]
[[Categoria:Technologia opinabilis]]
[[Categoria:Iter transtemporale|!]]
[[Categoria:Tempus]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Balduinus IV (rex Hierosolymitanus)</title>
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      <text bytes="3836" sha1="8wiya0rdvc9btw218qi4dzrraxkkwwx" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:BaldwinIV.jpg|thumb|[[Balduinus IV (rex Hierosolymitanus)|Balduinus]] puer (rex Balduinus IV futurus) cum contubernalibus ludit; tutor [[Willelmus Tyrensis]] morbum prognosticat. ''[[Estoire de Eracles]]'': [[Bibliotheca Britannica]] MS [[BL Yates Thompson 12|Yates Thompson 12]] (saec. XIII)]]
[[Fasciculus:Amaurydeath-BaldwinIVcrowned.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|[[Amalricus I (rex Hierosolymitanus)|Amalrici I]] mors (supra) et Balduini IV coronatio (infra). ''[[Estoire de Eracles|Histoire de la guerre sainte]]'': [[Bibliotheca Nationalis Francica]] MS [[BNF Français 2628|Français 2628]] f. 218v]]
'''Balduinus IV''' (natus anno [[1161]]; mortuus ante diem [[16 Maii]] [[1185]]),&lt;ref&gt;Quidam &quot;die 15 Aprilis 1185&quot;, necrologia ''St Niçaise de Meulan'' citata, sed haud secure. Nonnulli &quot;16 Martii 1185&quot;, nullo fonte ut videtur. Vide Thomas Vogtherr, &quot;Die Regierungsdaten der lateinischen Könige von Jerusalem&quot; in ''Zeitschrift der deutschen Palästina-Vereins'' vol. 110 (1994) pp. 51-81 ad pp. 65-67; Bernard Hamilton, ''The Leper King and his Heirs: Baldwin IV and the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem'' (Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press, 2000. ISBN 9780521641876) p. 210 et nota 85 {{Google Books|IySQoHdviNkC|Paginae selectae}}&lt;/ref&gt; filius regis [[Amalricus I (rex Hierosolymitanus)|Amalrici I]] et [[Agnes de Cortiniaco|Agnetis de Cortiniaco]], fuit [[Index regum Hierosolymitanorum|rex Hierosolymitanus]], successor patri. Ei succedit nepos (filius sororis [[Sibylla (regina Hierosolymitana)|Sibylla]]e) [[Balduinus V (rex Hierosolymitanus)|Balduinus V]].

Tutor sive paedagogus Balduini ab anno fere 1170 fuit [[Willelmus Tyrensis|Willelmus]] archidiaconus (et postea archiepiscopus) [[Tyrus|Tyrensis]]. Ille ipse Balduinum aegrotantem (sicut mox revelatur, leprosum) observavit.

Balduinus die [[15 Iulii]] [[1174]] coronatus est, obeunte patriarcha [[Amalricus de Nesle|Amalrico de Nesle]]. Saepius contra [[Saladinus|Saladinum]] pugnabat: [[Proelium ad montem Gisardi commissum|ad montem Gisardi]] die [[25 Novembris]] [[1177]], optimo successu; peiori [[Proelium iuxta Leontem fluvium commissum|iuxta Leontem fluvium]] die [[10 Iunii]] [[1179]]. Annis fere 1178/1179 epistulam ad regem [[Ludovicus VII (rex Francorum)|Ludovicum VII]] misit (incipit &quot;[[Ad gerenda regis negotia]]&quot;) qua postulavit nobilem aliquem e regno [[Francia|Francico]] ad Hierosolyma mittendum qui sororem suam [[Sibylla (regina Hierosolymitana)|Sibyllam]] duceret regnumque gereret. 

Anno [[1184]] [[Legatio ad Occidentem Hierosolymitana (1184-1185)|legatio ad Occidentem]] missa est, duce [[Heraclius (patriarcha Hierosolymitanus)|Heraclio]] pratriarcha, cui rex litteras misit (incipit &quot;[[Litteras in quibus universos vos]]&quot;) de proeliis eo anno a [[Saladinus|Saladino]] gestis.

== Notae ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Marshall W. Baldwin, &quot;[http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/History/History-idx?type=article&amp;did=History.CrusOne.i0034&amp;id=History.CrusOne&amp;isize=M The Decline and Fall of Jerusalem, 1174-1189]&quot; in {{Setton}} vol. 1 (1969) pp. 590-621
* Bernard Hamilton, ''The Leper King and his Heirs: Baldwin IV and the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem''. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press, 2000. ISBN 9780521641876 {{Google Books|IySQoHdviNkC|Paginae selectae}}
* Hans Eberhard Mayer, &quot;Die Legitimität Balduins IV von Jerusalem und das Testament der Agnes von Courtenay&quot; in ''Historisches Jahrbuch'' vol. 108 (1988) pp. 63-89

== Nexus externi ==
* {{Medlands|http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/JERUSALEM.htm#_Toc284524517|Amaury of Jerusalem (et filii)}}

{{Bio-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Reges et reginae Hierosolymitani]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1161]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1185]]
[[Categoria:Balduinus IV (rex Hierosolymitanus)|!]]
[[Categoria:Amalricus I (rex Hierosolymitanus)]]</text>
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      <text bytes="3853" sha1="7lg717n3tcefa3nituqit4yt2gfqr10" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:BaldwinIV.jpg|thumb|Balduinus puer (rex Balduinus IV futurus) cum contubernalibus ludit; tutor [[Willelmus Tyrensis]] morbum prognosticat. ''[[Estoire de Eracles]]'': [[Bibliotheca Britannica]] MS [[BL Yates Thompson 12|Yates Thompson 12]] (saec. XIII)]]

{{res|Balduinus IV}} (natus anno [[1161]]; mortuus ante diem [[16 Maii]] [[1185]]),&lt;ref&gt;Quidam &quot;die 15 Aprilis 1185&quot;, necrologia ''St Niçaise de Meulan'' citata, sed haud secure. Nonnulli &quot;16 Martii 1185&quot;, nullo fonte ut videtur. Vide Thomas Vogtherr, &quot;Die Regierungsdaten der lateinischen Könige von Jerusalem&quot; in ''Zeitschrift der deutschen Palästina-Vereins'' vol. 110 (1994) pp. 51-81 ad pp. 65-67; Bernard Hamilton, ''The Leper King and his Heirs: Baldwin IV and the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem'' (Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press, 2000. ISBN 9780521641876) p. 210 et nota 85 {{Google Books|IySQoHdviNkC|Paginae selectae}}&lt;/ref&gt; filius regis [[Amalricus I (rex Hierosolymitanus)|Amalrici I]] et [[Agnes de Cortiniaco|Agnetis de Cortiniaco]], fuit [[Index regum Hierosolymitanorum|rex Hierosolymitanus]], successor patri. Ei succedit nepos (filius sororis [[Sibylla (regina Hierosolymitana)|Sibylla]]e) [[Balduinus V (rex Hierosolymitanus)|Balduinus V]].

Tutor sive paedagogus Balduini ab anno fere 1170 fuit [[Willelmus Tyrensis|Willelmus]] archidiaconus (et postea archiepiscopus) [[Tyrus|Tyrensis]]. Ille ipse Balduinum aegrotantem (sicut mox revelatur, leprosum) observavit.

[[Fasciculus:Amaurydeath-BaldwinIVcrowned.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|[[Amalricus I (rex Hierosolymitanus)|Amalrici I]] mors (supra) et Balduini IV coronatio (infra). ''[[Estoire de Eracles|Histoire de la guerre sainte]]'': [[Bibliotheca Nationalis Francica]] MS [[BNF Français 2628|Français 2628]] f. 218v]]

Balduinus die [[15 Iulii]] [[1174]] coronatus est, obeunte patriarcha [[Amalricus de Nesle|Amalrico de Nesle]]. Saepius contra [[Saladinus|Saladinum]] pugnabat: [[Proelium ad montem Gisardi commissum|ad montem Gisardi]] die [[25 Novembris]] [[1177]], optimo successu; peiori [[Proelium iuxta Leontem fluvium commissum|iuxta Leontem fluvium]] die [[10 Iunii]] [[1179]]. Annis fere 1178/1179 epistulam ad regem [[Ludovicus VII (rex Francorum)|Ludovicum VII]] misit (incipit &quot;[[Ad gerenda regis negotia]]&quot;) qua postulavit nobilem aliquem e regno [[Francia|Francico]] ad Hierosolyma mittendum qui sororem suam [[Sibylla (regina Hierosolymitana)|Sibyllam]] duceret regnumque gereret. 

Anno [[1184]] [[Legatio ad Occidentem Hierosolymitana (1184-1185)|legatio ad Occidentem]] missa est, duce [[Heraclius (patriarcha Hierosolymitanus)|Heraclio]] pratriarcha, cui rex litteras misit (incipit &quot;[[Litteras in quibus universos vos]]&quot;) de proeliis eo anno a [[Saladinus|Saladino]] gestis.

== Notae ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Marshall W. Baldwin, &quot;[http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/History/History-idx?type=article&amp;did=History.CrusOne.i0034&amp;id=History.CrusOne&amp;isize=M The Decline and Fall of Jerusalem, 1174-1189]&quot; in {{Setton}} vol. 1 (1969) pp. 590-621
* Bernard Hamilton, ''The Leper King and his Heirs: Baldwin IV and the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem''. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press, 2000. ISBN 9780521641876 {{Google Books|IySQoHdviNkC|Paginae selectae}}
* Hans Eberhard Mayer, &quot;Die Legitimität Balduins IV von Jerusalem und das Testament der Agnes von Courtenay&quot; in ''Historisches Jahrbuch'' vol. 108 (1988) pp. 63-89

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes biographici}}
* {{Medlands|http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/JERUSALEM.htm#_Toc284524517|Amaury of Jerusalem (et filii)}}

{{Bio-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Reges et reginae Hierosolymitani]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1161]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1185]]
[[Categoria:Balduinus IV (rex Hierosolymitanus)|!]]
[[Categoria:Amalricus I (rex Hierosolymitanus)]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Balduinus V (rex Hierosolymitanus)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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        <username>Adam Bishop</username>
        <id>4</id>
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      <text bytes="2369" sha1="ryqczod6z8oc4oyt5svuj9ckqltw5l4" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Balduin5.jpg|thumb|Balduinus puer (a [[Balianus de Ibelino|Baliano de Ibelino]] elevatus) anno 1183 rex iunior a patriarcha [[Heraclius (patriarcha Hierosolymitanus)|Heraclio]] coronatus. [[Bibliotheca Nationalis Francica]] MS [[BNF Français 2754|Français 2754]] f. 116]]
[[Fasciculus:Baldwin V of Jerusalem.jpg|thumb|Balduinus V rex solus, anno 1185 acclamatus. [[Bibliotheca Nationalis Francica]] MS [[BNF Français 779|Français 779]] f. 247]]
'''Balduinus V''' (natus anno [[1177]]; mortuus mense Augusto [[1186]]), filius [[Sibylla (regina Hierosolymitana)|Sibylla]]e et [[Guillelmus Longaspata|Guillelmi Montisferrati]], nepos igitur antecessoris [[Balduinus IV (rex Hierosolymitanus)|Balduini IV]], fuit [[Index regum Hierosolymitanorum|rex Hierosolymitanus]] ab anno [[1183]] (Balduino IV gravissime aegrotante) et rex solus iam ante diem [[16 Maii]] [[1185]].&lt;ref&gt;Quidam regem Balduinum IV &quot;die 15 Aprilis 1185&quot; mortuum adseverant, necrologia ''St Niçaise de Meulan'' citata, sed haud secure. Nonnulli &quot;16 Martii 1185&quot;, nullo fonte ut videtur. Vide Thomas Vogtherr, &quot;Die Regierungsdaten der lateinischen Könige von Jerusalem&quot; in ''Zeitschrift der deutschen Palästina-Vereins'' vol. 110 (1994) pp. 51-81 ad pp. 65-67; Bernard Hamilton, ''The Leper King and his Heirs: Baldwin IV and the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem'' (Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press, 2000. ISBN 9780521641876) p. 210 et nota 85 {{Google Books|IySQoHdviNkC|Paginae selectae}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ei succedit mater Sibylla, qui cum novo marito [[Guido de Leziniaco|Guidone de Leziniaco]] regnavit.

== Notae ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Marshall W. Baldwin, &quot;[http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/History/History-idx?type=article&amp;did=History.CrusOne.i0034&amp;id=History.CrusOne&amp;isize=M The Decline and Fall of Jerusalem, 1174-1189]&quot; in {{Setton}} vol. 1 (1969) pp. 590-621
* Bernard Hamilton, ''The Leper King and his Heirs: Baldwin IV and the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem''. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press, 2000. ISBN 9780521641876 {{Google Books|IySQoHdviNkC|Paginae selectae}}

== Nexus externi ==
* {{Medlands|http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/JERUSALEM.htm#_Toc284524517|Amaury of Jerusalem (et filii)}}

{{Bio-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Reges et reginae Hierosolymitani]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1177]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1186]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Iconographia</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <contributor>
        <username>LilyKitty</username>
        <id>18316</id>
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      <comment>de historia artis</comment>
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      <text bytes="6176" sha1="60q4xvzgdmh7o8z4awgxms3hal7zm57" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Hans Holbein the Younger - The Ambassadors - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|[[Ioannes Holpenius|Ioannis Holpenii]] ''[[Legati (Holpenius)|Legati]]'' est opus multiplex, cuius iconographia res disputationis manet.]]
 
'''Iconographia''' ([[Graece|Graeco]] [[icon|εἰκών]] '[[imago]]' + γράφειν 'scribere') est pars [[historia artium|historiae artis]] quae identificationem, descriptionem, et [[interpretatio]]nem rerum quae imaginibus insunt investigat: res depictas, compositiones et singula in eis adhibita, et alia elementa quae a [[modus artisticus|modo artistico]] distincta sint. Significatio secundaria, in translatis insolitis parum [[vocabulum|vocabulorum]] [[lingua Graeca|Graeci]] et [[lingua Russica|Russici]] condita, est productio imaginum [[religio]]sarum, [[icon]]es appellatae, in traditione [[ars Byzantina|Byzantina]] et [[Ecclesia Orthodoxa|Orthodoxa Christiana]]. In historia artis, certa iconographia etiam significare potest certam rei depictionem per res quae imagini insunt, sicut numerus figurarum adhibitarum earumque loci et [[gestus]]. Vocabulum in multis disciplinis academicis praeter historiam artis adhibetur (exempli gratia, [[semiotica]] et [[studia mediorum]]), atque in usu generali invenitur pro singulis imaginum, usitata rei depictione, et [[significatio (linguistica)|significationibus]] cognatis. Aliquando distinctiones factae sunt inter iconologiam et iconographiam, quamquam definitiones, itaque distinctio facta, variant. Ex relatione ex [[pellicula|pelliculis]], genera per eorum iconographiam statim agnoscuntur, rationes quae cum certo genere per repetitionem consociantur.&lt;ref&gt;Louis Giannetti, ''Understanding Movies'' (Toronti: Person Prentice Hall, 2008), 52.&lt;/ref&gt;
 
===Iconographia Christiana ===
Post primum tempus, fere duo [[saeculum|saecula]] post Christum natum, cum [[aniconismus]] praevalebat, [[ars palaeochristiana]] parvas imagines nunc in [[catacumbae Romanae|catacumbis Romanis]] exstantis produxit, quae [[orans|figuras orantis]],&lt;ref&gt;Edward Peters, [http://www.canonlaw.info/liturgysacraments_orans.htm &quot;The ''Orans'' Issue,&quot;] www.canonlaw.info.&lt;/ref&gt; imagines [[Iesus Christus|Christi]] et [[sanctus|sanctorum]], ac paucas &quot;repraesentationes imminutas&quot; eventuum [[biblia|biblicorum]] [[theologia liberationis|liberationem]] exprimentis monstrant. Ex tempore [[Constantinus I|Constantiniano]], ars [[monumentum|monumentalis]] proprietates ab imaginibus [[Imperium Romanum|imperialibus]], religione classica [[religio Graeca|Graeca]] et [[religio Romana|Romana]], atque arte populo grata cepit; exempli gratia, ratio [[Christus in Maiestate|Christi in Maiestate]] imagines [[imperium Romanum|imperatorum]] et depictiones [[Zeus|Iovis]] aliquantum imitatur. Iconographia [[antiquitas posterior|antiquitate posteriori]] normalis fieri et ad verba [[Biblia Sacra|biblica]] artius pertinere coepit, quamquam multi hiatus in [[narratio]]nibus [[evangelium|evangeliorum canonicorum]] materiis ex [[apocrypha|evangeliis apocryphis]] obturati sunt. Tandem [[Ecclesia]] plurimas harum rerum prospere amovit, sed nonnullae manent, sicut [[bos]] et [[asinus]] in [[Nativitas Iesu in arte|picta Christi nativitate]].

{{NexInt}}
*[[Historia artis]]
*[[Physiologus (liber)]]

==Notae==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;  

== Bibliographia ==
*Alunno, Marco. [[2013]]. [http://mediamusic-journal.com/Issues/2_2.html Iconography and Gesamtkunstwerk in Parsifal’s Two Cinematic Settings.] In ''ESM Mediamusic'' 2.
*Białostocki, Jan. [[2003]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070314231458/http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/cgi-local/DHI/dhi.cgi?id=dv2-57 Iconography.] ''Dictionary of The History of Ideas.'' Editio interretialis. University of Virginia Library, Gale Group.
*Frank Büttner, Andrea Gottdang: ''Einführung in die Ikonographie. Wege zur Deutung von Bildinhalten''. C.H.Beck, Monaci 2006, ISBN 3-406-53579-8, ISBN 978-3-406-53579-6.
*Cook, Pam, et Mieke Bernink, eds. [[1999]]. ''The Cinema Book,'' Ed. 2a. Londinii: BFI Publishing. ISBN 0851707262.
*''Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae.'' [[1981]]-[[2009]]. Artemis Verlag.

*[[Ervinus Panofsky|Panofsky, Ervinus]]. [[1975]]. ''Sinn und Deutung in der bildenden Kunst.'' Coloniae Agrippinae: Dumont.
*Krauss, Heinrich, et Eva Uthemann. [[1993]]. ''Was Bilder erzählen: Die klassischen Geschichten aus Antike und Christentum in der abendländischen Malerei.'' Ed. 3a. Monaci.
*Ottomeyer, Hans, ed. [[2011]]. ''Das Exponat als historisches Zeugnis: Präsentationsformen politischer Ikonographie.'' Dresdae: Sandstein Verlag. ISBN 9783942422307.
*Riese, Brigitte. [[2007]]. ''Seemanns Lexikon der Ikonografie: Religiöse und profane Bildmotive.'' Lipsiae: E. A. Seemann Verlag. ISBN 9783865021021.
*Schiller, Gunter. [[1971]]. ''Iconography of Christian Art.'' Vol. 1.&lt;!-- (English trans from German)--&gt; Londinii: Lund Humphries. ISBN 0853312702.

==Nexus externi==
{{CommuniaCat|Iconography|Iconographiam}}
{{wiktionary|iconography}}
*[http://www.sacredvulva.com/SV_Project.html De cultu Magnae Matris,]{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} www.sacredvulva.com
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160625123931/http://www.limc-france.fr/ Iconographia mythologiae antiquae,] www.limc.france.fr
*[http://www.aug.edu/augusta/iconography Iconographia Christiana,] www.aug.edu
*[http://www.religionswissenschaft.unizh.ch/idd/ Iconographia Deitatum et Daemonum in Oriente Propinquo Antiquo,] www.religionswissenschaft.unich.ch (Propositum Societatis Fundatae Scientiae Nationalis Helveticae Universitatum Turici et Friburgi)&lt;!--
*[http://www.sacrimonti.net/User/index.php?PAGE=Sito_en/app_storia_1 Web site for European Sacred Mountains, Calvaries and Devotional Complexes]
*[http://www.sacredvulva.com/order.html Sacred Icons in Modern Era ]
*[http://mnemosyne.org/iconography/practice/apollo/#top What iconographers do - case study]
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=DkqW4aAnl8AC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false &quot;Semiotics and Iconography&quot; from the Handbook of Visual Analysis]--&gt;

[[Categoria:Historia artis]]
[[Categoria:Iconographia| ]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sergius Haroche</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="1330" sha1="ae8gda4oxbez9si3y284dg838eb3dev" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Serge_Haroche_1_2012.jpg|thumb|&lt;center&gt;Serge Haroche [[Holmia]]e (anno [[2012]])]]
''' Sergius Haroche''' (natus in [[Casablanca]] die [[11 Septembris]] [[1944]]) est [[physicus]] [[Francia|Francicus]].

Alma mater erat [[Schola Normalis Superior (Lutetia)|Schola Normalis Superior]] et [[professor]] [[Collegium Franciae|Collegii Franciae]] electus est anno [[2001]]. Die [[9 Octobris]] [[2012]] studiorum de systematorum [[Mechanica quantica|quanticorum]] mensura  gratia [[Praemium Nobelianum Physicae|Nobelianum Physicae Praemium]] una cum [[CFA|Americano]] [[David Wineland]] abstulit.

== Nexus externus ==

* [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2012/ De Sergio Haroche] in pagina Nobeliano Physicae Praemio anno 2012 dicata {{Ling|Anglice}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110829041837/http://www.college-de-france.fr/default/EN/all/phy_qua/index.htm De Sergio Haroche] apud Collegium Francicum
{{scien-bio-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Haroche, Sergius}}

[[Categoria:Physici Franciae]]
[[Categoria:Eruditi Franciae]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1944]]
[[Categoria:homines vivi]]
[[Categoria:Iudaei]]
[[Categoria:Praemium Nobelianum Physicae]]
[[Categoria:Professores apud Collegium Franciae]]
[[Categoria:Socii Academiae Scientiarum Francicae]]
[[Categoria:Sodales Academiae Nationalis Scientiarum (CFA)]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Saint-Julien (Clivus Aureus)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <comment>capsa et rectificationes</comment>
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      <text bytes="736" sha1="24ljsio3dtj3qc6l6tsorbmhhzv3y76" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:EGLISE_DE_SAINT_jULIEN-20-11-2010.jpg |thumb|upright=0.8|left|Saint-Julien: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Sanctus Iulianus|Sancto Iuliano]] dicata.]]
{{res|Saint-Julien}} est commune [[Francia|Francicum]] {{formatnum:1864}} incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Clivus Aureus|Clivi Aurei]] in regione occidentali [[Burgundia (regio Franciae)|Burgundia]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Clivi Aurei]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Saint-Julien (Côte-d'Or)|Saint-Julien}}
{{INSEE commune|21555|de=Saint-Julien}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Collis Aurei]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Collis Aurei]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Synopolis</title>
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'''Synopolis'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Sacco}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{victio|Synopolis|is|m}} (alia nomina: ''Xenopolis, Sinopolis'') ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Sinopoli|Sinopoli]]'') est [[oppidum]] [[Italia]]e et [[Commune Italiae|municipium]], circiter 2&amp;thinsp;110 incolarum, in [[Regio Italiae|Regione]] [[Bruttium|Bruttio]] et in [[Urbs metropolitana Regina|Urbe metropolitana Regina]] situm. Incolae ''Synopolitani'' appellantur.

== Insigne ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Corona di comune.svg|''[[Municipium Italiae]]''
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Ecclesia Catholica Romana ==
* [[Dioecesis Oppidensis-Palmarum]]

== Fractiones, vici et loci in municipio ==
=== Fractiones ===
''Sinopoli Inferiore, Sinopoli Vecchio''

== Municipia finitima ==
''Cosoleto, Oppido Mamertina, Roccaforte del Greco, Roghudi, San Procopio, Sant'Eufemia d'Aspromonte, Scilla''.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Bruttium]] (''regionem''),
* [[Urbs metropolitana Regina|Urbem metropolitanam Reginam]],
* [[Provincia Regina|Provinciam Reginam]] (''provinciam abrogatam''),
* [[Regium (Bruttium)|Regium]] (''urbem''),
* [[Municipium Italiae]].

== Nexus externi ==
{{communiaCat|Sinopoli|Synopolim}}
* [http://www.comune.Sinopoli.rc.it/ Situs publicus]{{Nexus deficit|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{Ling|Lingua Italiana{{!}}Italiane}}

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Image:Map of comune of Sinopoli (province of Reggio Calabria, region Calabria, Italy).svg|Collocatio finium municipii in Urbe metropolitana Regina.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Municipia in Urbe metropolitana Regina]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Weigeliana domus</title>
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      <text bytes="2235" sha1="npcpcz4z2johuddacvt0fhww082gsq8" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Weigelsches Haus 1669.png|thumbnail|Weigeliana domus]] 
'''Weigeliana Domus'''&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.visit-jena.de/reise-planen/buchbare-angebote/stadtfuehrungen/die-sieben-wunder-von-jena/ nomen in Musei urbani paginis]&lt;/ref&gt; [[Septem miracula Ienae|septimum miraculum]] [[Iena]]e est; per totos fere fines Germanorum olim praeclara erat; studiosi enim Ienenses negare solebant, quicumque domum Weigelianam non vidisset, Ienae fuisse. Hodie autem non iam exstat, propterea quod anno 1898 destructa est, cum via amplificaretur.

== De situ ==
Domus Weigeliana prope ecclesiam St. Michaelis sita erat; tectum arduum habebat. Intus autem erant quaedam artificia et opera admiratione summa digna.&lt;ref&gt;Paul Lehfeld (Hrsg.): Jena. In: Bau- und Kunstdenkmäler Thüringens. Großherzogthum Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach. Amtsgerichtsbezirk Jena. Heft 1, Jena 1888, S. 148.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Erhardus Weigelius ==
[[Fasciculus:ErhardWeigelRichter.jpg|thumbnail|Erhardus Weigelius]]
Hanc domum ornandam curavit Erhardus Weigelius (1625-1699), vir doctissimus atque humanissimus; non modo mathematicam siderumque motus penitus cognoverat, sed etiam artem educandi Ienae professus est.

== Mirabilia singula ==

Primum miraculum fusus apertus erat. Tubus longus plenusque luminis ex cella ad tectum et circum scalas ductus erat. Reliquo tecto aperto fusus velis nigris operiebatur, ut stellae etiam interdiu observari possent.

Alterum miraculum corbis erat, qui ratione trochleae in illo tubo ita movebatur, ut res sursum tollerentur.

Tertium miraculum aquae ductus erat; antlia enim quadam hydraulica in omnia conclavia aqua fluens tollebatur.

Quartum miraculum apparatus erat, qui ancilla cellae vocabatur et parieti affixus erat. Summam admirationem praebuit, propterea quod, cum ab hac parte aqua infusa erat, ab illa parte vinum ipsum sua sponte profluere videbatur. Nam in cella duo dolia, quorum alterum vini plenum erat, aere remoto ita inter se duobus tubis coniuncta erant, ut aqua infusa vinum sursum tolleretur.

==Nexus externi==
*[https://www.erhard-weigel-gesellschaft.de/weigel-in-jena/weigeliana-domus/ societas Weigelio dedicata]
== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt; 

[[Categoria:Iena]]
[[Categoria:Aedificia Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Domus]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Scalenga</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="1398" sha1="iyk7ulppswc3iv503nmm9y2g45fhmri" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Scalenghe municipio.jpg|thumb|Scalenga]]
'''Scalenga'''&lt;ref&gt;''DIZIONARIO GEOGRAFICO'' - Di GOFFREDO CASALIS, Voll. V.V., Torino 1833-1854&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nomi d'Italia - AAVV, De Agostini&lt;/ref&gt; {{victio|Scalenga|ae|f}} (alia nomina&lt;ref&gt;''DIZIONARIO GEOGRAFICO'' - Di GOFFREDO CASALIS, Voll. V.V., Torino 1833-1854&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nomi d'Italia - AAVV, De Agostini&lt;/ref&gt;: ''Calengae'') ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Scalenghe|Scalenghe]]'') est [[oppidum]] [[Italia]]e et [[Commune Italiae|municipium]], in [[Regio Italiae|Regione]] [[Pedemontium|Pedemontio]] et in [[Provincia Taurinensis|Provincia Taurinensi]] situm. Incolae ''Scalengenses'' appellantur.

== Insigne ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Corona di comune.svg|''[[Municipium Italiae]]''
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Fractiones, vici et loci in municipio ==
== Municipia finitima ==

{{NexInt}}
* [[Pedemontium]] (''regio''),
* [[Provincia Taurinensis]],
* [[Augusta Taurinorum]] (''urbs''),
* [[Municipium Italiae]].

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080204003353/http://www.comune.scalenghe.to.it/ Pagina officialis]
{{CommuniaCat|Scalenghe|Scalengam}}

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Imago:Map - IT - Torino - Municipality code 1260.svg|Collocatio finium municipii in Provincia Taurinensi.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Municipia in Urbe metropolitana Taurinensi]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Samuel Camplenius</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="12675" sha1="32s1yvji050bt6dw4alweg0kfva3vle" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
'''Samuel Camplenius''' [[eques]]&lt;ref&gt;Louis Audiat, ''Samuel de Champlain, de Brouage, fondateur de Québec, 1567-1635''. &quot;Samuel Camplenius, eques, ex nauticis præfectis&quot; p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt; (vulgo ''Samuel de Champlain,'' sed nomine nativo ''Samuel Champlain''; [[13 Augusti]] (vel antea) [[1574]]&lt;ref name=&quot;birth&quot;&gt; ''Journal le Soleil,'' [[15 Aprilis]] [[2012]], p. 2; [http://www.fichierorigine.com/detail.php?numero=240788 ''Champlain (de), Samuel''], documentum renovatum [[5 Maii]] [[2012]].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;birth2&quot;&gt;Pro explicatione documenti baptismi, vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20131005113306/http://www.champlainsociety.ca/discovery-of-the-baptismal-certificate-of-samuel-de-champlain-2/ ''Discovery of the Baptismal Certificate of Samuel de Champlain''], a Janet Rich in ''Findings of The Champlain Society,'' documentum renovatum [[3 Octobris]] [[2013]].&lt;/ref&gt;—[[25 Decembris]] [[1635]]) fuit [[navigatio|navigator]], [[cartographus]], [[adumbratio|adumbrator]], [[miles]], [[explorator]], [[geographus]], [[ethnologus]], [[legatus (civilitas)|legatus]], et [[annales|annalium]] [[scriptor]] [[Francia|Francicus]]. Novam Franciam et [[Quebecum urbs|Urbs Quebecum]] die [[3 Iulii]] [[1608]] condidit, unde pater [[Nova Francia|Novae Franciae]] appellabatur. Magni momenti in [[historia]] [[Canada]]e est quia primam veram [[litus|litoris]] [[tabula geographica|tabulam]] fecit et [[colonia]]s deducendas curavit.
[[Fasciculus:Samchamprifle.jpg|thumb|Adumbratio [[scalptura]]e &quot;Deffaite des Yroquois au Lac de Champlain,&quot; in eius ''Voyages'' (1613).]]
[[Fasciculus:Samuel-de-champlain-s.jpg|thumb|Depictio opinabilis, a [[Theophilus Hamel|Theophilo Hamel]] (1870), post adumbrationem a Ducornet (d. 1856), post picturam [[Michael Particelli d'Emery|Michaelis Partifelli d'Emery]] (d. 1650) a Balthasare Moncornet (d. 1668).&lt;ref&gt;Morris Bishop, ''Samuel de Champlain: The Life of Fortitude' (Novi Eboraci: Knopf, 1948), 6-7.&lt;/ref&gt;]]

Camplenius adolescens [[America Septentrionalis|Americam Septentrionalem]] anno [[1603]] sub aegide avunculi [[Franciscus Gravé Du Pont|Francisci Gravé Du Pont]] explorare coepit.&lt;ref name=&quot;Davignon&quot;&gt;
{{cite book
|last1= d'Avignon (Davignon)
|first1= Mathieu
|authorlink1=
|title= Champlain et les fondateurs oubliés, les figures du père et le mythe de la fondation.
|trans_title=
|url= http://www.pulaval.com/catalogue/champlain-les-fondateurs-oublies-les-figures-9133.html
|year= [[2008]]
|month=
|origyear=
|publisher= Les Presses de l'Université Laval (PUL)
|location= [[Quebecum urbs|Urbe Quebeci)]]
|language= fr
|isbn= 2-7637-8644-5
|pages= 558
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[Denis Vaugeois]] (lors du 133e congrès du comtié des travaux historiques et scientifiques (CTHS) à Québec le 2 juin 2008), [http://www.septentrion.qc.ca/documents/2008/08/champlain_et_dupont_grave_en_c.php ''Champlain et Dupont Gravé en contexte.'']&lt;/ref&gt; Camplenius a 1604 ad 1607 fuit particeps explorationis et colonizationis [[Portus Regalis]] [[Acadia]]e, primae [[colonia]]e [[Europa]]eae stabiles ad septentriones [[Florida]]e (1605). Tum, anno 1608, coloniam Francicam quae nunc est [[Quebecum urbs|Urbs Quebecum]] constituit.&lt;ref&gt;Cum pecunia [[Petrus Dugua, Dominus de Mons|Petri Dugua, Domini de Mons]] (primum [[Acadia]], tum [[Quebecum urbs|Quebecum]]).&lt;/ref&gt; Camplenius fuit primus Europaeus qui [[Magni Lacus|Magnos Lacus]] exploravit et descripsit, et [[charta]]s suorum itinerum relationesque [[vita]]e cum [[Indi Americani|indigenis]] et Francicis qui inter eos [[habitatio|habitabant]] protulit. Coniunctiones cum [[populus Innu|montanis]] loci et [[Innu]] constituit et deinde cum aliis procul in occidente ([[Ottavia (flumen)|Flumen Ottavia]], [[Lacus Nipissing]], [[Sinus Georgianus]]), [[populus Algonquinus|Algonquinis]], et [[Hurones|Huronibus]] gentis [[populus Wyandot|Wendat]], atque auxilium in bellis contra [[Foedus Iroquesiorum|Iroquesios]] dare constituit.

[[Rex]] [[Ludovicus XIII (rex Franciae)|Ludovicus XIII]] anno [[1620]] Camplenium explorare desistere, Quebecum redire, et se ad civitatem administrandam dicare iussit.&lt;ref&gt;Apud [[Trudel]], Ludovicus fuit duodeviginti annos natus, et Champlain fuit legatus [[Henricus II de Bourbon, princeps de Condé|Principis de Condé]], viceregis Novae Franciae post [[1612]].&lt;/ref&gt; Camplenius omnino sed sine nomine rito [[Gubernator Novae Franciae]] meruit; titulum proprium ob eius statum non nobilem fortasse possidere non potuit. Societates [[mercatus (oeconomia)|mercatorias]] constituit quae bona, praecipue [[commercium pellis|pelles]], ad [[Francia]]m misit, et auctum Novae Franciae in valle [[Sancti Laurentii fluvius|Fluminis Sancti Laurentii]] usque ad [[mors|mortem]] anno [[1635]] curavit.

Commemoratur Camplenius pater Novae Franciae paterque [[Acadia]]e. Praeterea, multi loci, [[via]]e, et structurae in [[America Septentrionalis|America Septentrionali]] boreorientali eius nomen ferunt, vel [[monumentum|monumenta]] suae memoriae dicata habent, quorum notabilissimum est [[Lacus Champlain|Lacus Camplenii]], qui finem [[Novum Eboracum|Novi Eboraci]] septentrionalis et [[Mons Viridis|Montis Viridis]] varicat, aliquantulum trans finem in [[Canada]]m patentem. Anno [[1609]], expeditionem secundum [[Fluvius Richelaeus|Fluvium Richelaeum]] duxit, [[lacus|lacumque]] longum et angustum inter [[Montes Virides]] hodierni [[Civitatum Foederatarum civitas|civitatis]] [[Mons Viridis|Montis Viridis]] et [[Montes Adirondaci|Montes Adirondacos]] hodierni [[Novum Eboracum|Novi Eboraci]] situm exploravit; quem ex se appellavit ut primus [[Europa]]eus qui eum in tabulis rettulit et descripsit. &lt;!--PLUS IN EN:--&gt;

== Scripta ==
[[Fasciculus:Testament de Samuel Champlain 1 - Archives Nationales - ET-LXII-138 (RS-282).jpg|thumb|Testamentum anno 1635 scriptum et in [[Archivum Nationale (Francia)|Archivo Nationali]] Lutetiae servatum ]]
Haec opera a Champlain scripta fuisse habentur:
* c. 1602 : ''Brief Discours des choses plus remarquables que Sammuel Champlain de Brouage a reconneues aux Indes Occidentalles au voiage qu'il en a faict en icettes en l'année 1599 et en l'année 1601, comme ensuite'' in C.-H. Laverdière, ed., ''Oeuvres de Champlain'' vol. 1 (Quebeci, 1870) [https://archive.org/stream/uvresdechamplai01cham#page/n91/mode/2up Textus] [https://archive.org/details/narrativeofvoyag00chamrich Versio Anglica 1859]
* 1603 : {{ec|id=Champlain (1603)|c=''Des Sauvages, ou Voyage de Samuel Champlain de Brouage'' (Lutetiae) [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8626417m/f1.image Textus]}}
* 1612 : {{ec|id=Champlain (1612)|c=&quot;Carte géographique de la Nouvelle Franse faicte par le Sieur de Champlain Saint Tongois&quot; [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b53098793g/f1 imago]}}
* 1613 : {{ec|id=Champlain (1613)|c=''Les Voyages du Sieur de Champlain Xaintongeois'' (Lutetiae) [https://archive.org/details/lesvoyagesdusieu00cham Textus] [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1094934/f1.image Textus]}}
* 1619 : {{ec|id=Champlain (1619)|c=''Voyages et descouvertures faites en la Nouvelle France'' (Lutetiae) [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k8705145s Textus]}}
* 1632 (cum aliis auctoribus) : {{ec|id=Champlain (1632)|c=''Les Voyages de la Nouvelle-France occidentale, dicte Canada, faits par le Sr de Champlain'' (Lutetiae: inest &quot;Traitté de la marine et du devoir d’un bon marinier&quot;) [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5685518m/f4 Textus]}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
; Editiones operum
* 1870 : C.-H. Laverdière, ed., ''Oeuvres de Champlain''. 2a ed. 5 voll. Quebeci: Desbarats [https://www.gutenberg.org/files/17258/17258-h/17258-h.htm Recensio interretialis] apud ''Project Gutenberg'' {{Ling|Francogallice}}
* 1907 : W. L. Grant, ed., ''Voyages of Samuel de Champlain, 1604-1918''. Novi Eboraci: Scribner, 1907 [https://archive.org/details/voyagessam00chamrich Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/moa/AGD5994.0001.001?view=toc Recensio interretialis] apud ''Project Gutenberg'' {{Ling|Anglice}}
* 1922-1936 : ''The Works of Samuel de Champlain''. 6 voll. Toronti: Champlain Society [https://archive.org/details/worksofsamueldec02chamuoft vol. 2] [https://archive.org/details/worksofsamueldec03chamuoft vol. 3] [https://archive.org/details/worksofsamueldec04chamuoft vol. 4] [https://archive.org/details/worksofsamueldec06chamuoft vol. 6] {{Ling|Francogallice|Anglice}}

; De vita
* Bishop, Morris. [[1948]]. ''Champlain: The Life of Fortitude.''
* Dix, Edwin Asa. [[1903]]. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=0tXy3rBHDEQC&amp;lpg=PP1&amp;ots=R-kaQsLFpT&amp;dq='Champlain%2C%20the%20Founder%20of%20New%20France&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=true Champlain, the Founder of New France]'', IndyPublish ISBN 1-4179-2270-2
* Fischer, David Hackett. [[2008]]. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=_Igxh-pKXkkC&amp;lpg=PP1&amp;dq=Champlain's%20Dream&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=true Champlain's Dream]'', Simon and Schuster ISBN 978-1-4165-9332-4
* {{Cite book |last =Morganelli |first =Adrianna |coauthor= |year = [[2006]] |title =Samuel de Champlain: from New France to Cape Cod |url =http://books.google.ca/books?id=hBULxrkwi0cC&amp;lpg=PP1&amp;dq=Samuel%20de%20Champlain&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=true |publisher=Crabtree Pub |isbn=978-0-7787-2414-8 |accessdate = |postscript =}}
* Morison, Samuel Eliot. [[1972]]. ''Samuel de Champlain: Father of New France.'' Little Brown. ISBN 0-316-58399-5.
* Sherman, Josepha. [[2003]]. [http://books.google.ca/books?id=x_3IbOH2_HgC&amp;lpg=PP1&amp;dq=Samuel%20de%20Champlain&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=true ''Samuel de Champlain, Explorer of the Great Lakes Region and Founder of Quebec.''] Group's Rosen Central. ISBN 0-8239-3629-5.
* Vaugeois, Denis, et Raymonde Litalien, edd. [[2004]]. [http://books.google.ca/books?id=ZnE0tjj9MbgC&amp;lpg=PP1&amp;dq=Champlain%20%3A%20the%20birth%20of%20French%20America&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=true ''Champlain: The Birth of French America.''] Conversus Käthe Roth. McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 0-7735-2850-4.

; Aliae encyclopaediae
* {{cite book|last=Rainguet|first=Pierre-Damien|title=Biographie Saintongeaise ou Dictionnaire Historique de Tous les Personnages qui se sont illustrés dans les Anciennes Provinces de Saintonge et d'Aunis jusqu'à Nos Jours|year=1851|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=xEEBAAAAQAAJ|oclc=466560584|location=Mediolani Sanctonum|publisher=M. Niox}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?&amp;id_nbr=115|title=Biography of Samuel de Champlain|publisher=Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online|accessdate=2009-05-28|first=Marcel|last=Marcel Trudel|ref=Trudel}} [http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-f.php?&amp;id_nbr=115 ''recensio nova''].

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Samuel de Champlain|Samuelem de Champlain}}
* [http://www.civilization.ca/cmc/explore/virtual-museum-of-new-france/the-explorers/samuel-de-champlain Biographia,] (Museum of Civilization)
* [http://www.samueldechamplain.com Biographia,]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061231121142/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&amp;Params=A1ARTA0001505 Champlain, Samuel de,] (The Canadian Encyclopedia])
* [http://www.histori.ca/champlain/index.do Champlain in Acadia,]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131031204154/http://mychatham.com/chathamhistory.html Descriptio navigationis Champlainianae ad Chatham Capitis Cod annis 1605 et 1606,]
* [http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/02/books/review/Boot-t.html &quot;They Didn't Name That Lake for Nothing,&quot;] Sunday Book Review, ''The New York Times,'' 31 Octobris 2008
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170912014938/http://champlaininamerica.org/ &quot;Dead Reckoning: Champlain in America,] (documentarium PBS, 2009)
* [http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.wdl/wdl.280 ''Descripsion des costs, pts., rades, illes de la Nouuele France faict selon son vray méridien'' vel ''Description of the Coasts, Points, Harbours and Islands of New France,''] (Library of Congress)
* {{gutenberg author| id=Samuel+de+Champlain | name=Samuel de Champlain}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130126100552/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/2830/ ''Prima navigatio ad Novam Franciam'' (1603),] (World Digital Library)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060901060544/http://www.webhome.look.ca/~pdubeau1/maison.html Sepulcrum Champlainianum,] (State of the Art Inquiry)

{{Lifetime|1574|1635|Camplenius, Samuel}}

[[Categoria:Acadia]]
[[Categoria:Cartographi]]
[[Categoria:Equites]]
[[Categoria:Exploratores Francici]]
[[Categoria:Exploratores Americae Septentrionalis]]
[[Categoria:Exploratores Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Exploratores Floridae]]
[[Categoria:Geographi Franciae]]
[[Categoria:Historia Novi Eboraci]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Novae Franciae]]
[[Categoria:Milites Franciae]]
[[Categoria:Nova Francia]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Song of Myself</title>
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      <text bytes="10584" sha1="9scbe8wiq1v2b1d6cwrlplxck964xyn" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Walt Whitman, steel engraving, July 1854.jpg|alt=A black-on-white engraving of Whitman standing with his arm at his side|thumb|[[Gualterius Whitman]]. Scalptura [[chalybs|chalybis]].]]
&quot;'''Song of Myself'''&quot; ('Cantus Meimet') est [[poema]] [[Gualterius Whitman|Gualterii Whitman]], magnus mediusque textus in [[liber|libro]] ''[[Leaves of Grass]]'' conlocatus, qui dicitur &quot;[[cor]] [[poesis|poetici]] [[cogitatio]]nis Whitmanianae repraesentare.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Anglice]]: &quot;representing the core of Whitman’s poetic vision.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Greenspan&quot;&gt;Ezra Greenspan, ed., ''Walt Whitman’s &quot;Song of Myself&quot;: A Sourcebook and Critical Edition'' (Novi Eboraci: Routledge, 2005).&lt;/ref&gt;

==Editiones==
Poema primum sine partibus separatis prolatum est,&lt;ref&gt; Jerome Loving, ''Walt Whitman: The Song of Himself'' (Berkeleiae: University of California Press, 1999).&lt;/ref&gt; ut primum ex [[duodecim]] poematibus sine titulo in primá ''[[Leaves of Grass]]'' editione (1855). Prima editio a Whitman impendio suo prolata est. Whitman in editione altera (1856) titulum &quot;Poem of Walt Whitman, an American&quot; ('Poema Gualterii Whitman, [[Americani]]') adhibuit, ad &quot;Walt Whitman&quot; in editione tertia (1860) imminutum.&lt;ref name=&quot;Greenspan&quot;/&gt; Divisus est textus quartae editionis in quadraginta duabus partibus numeratis, atque ad ultimum titulum &quot;Song of Myself&quot; in ultima editione (1881–1882) habuit.&lt;ref name=&quot;Greenspan&quot;/&gt;

==Receptio==
Poema &quot;Song of Myself,&quot; anno [[1855]] simul ac prolatus, a [[iudicium litterarium|criticis]] et lectoribus vulgaribus electum est, et hodie inter poemata laudatissima et potentissima ab [[Americani|Americano]] facta manet.&lt;ref&gt;Huck Gutman, &quot;Walt Whitman's 'Song of Myself,'&quot; in ''The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Literature,'' ed. Jay Parini (Oxoniae: Oxford University Press, 2004). ''Oxford Reference Online''. Oxford University Press; interrete, 20 Octobris 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Periodicum]] ''Christian Spiritualist'' de poemate &quot;Song of Myself&quot; iudicium benigne et copiose anno [[1855]] expressit, Whitman conlaudans ob repraesentationem &quot;novi generis poetici,&quot; quod per ex [[cogitatio]]nem activam &quot;influentís [[anima]]m et [[respiratio|spiritum]] [[numen|divinum]]&quot; percepit.&lt;ref&gt;[[Anglice]]: &quot;a new poetic mediumship,&quot; [quod percepit] &quot;influx of spirit and the divine breath.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;David S. Reynolds, ''Walt Whitman’s America: A Cultural Biography'' (Novi Eboraci: Alfred A. Knopf, 1995).&lt;/ref&gt; [[Radulphus Waldo Emerson]] [[epistula]]m Whitman misit, eius opera ob ingenium et [[sapientia]]m&lt;ref&gt;[[Anglice]]: &quot;wit and wisdom.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; praedicans.&lt;ref name=&quot;Greenspan&quot;/&gt; Comprobatio autem populi cunctabatur. [[Conservativus|Conservativi]] [[societas humana|sociales]] poema vituperaverunt quia, ut dicebant, acceptas [[mos|morum]] normas ludificabatur ob eius manifestas [[sexualitas humana|sexualitatis humanae]] depictiones. [[Iurisconsultus districtus]] [[Bostonia]]e anno [[1882]] litem poetae minitatus est ob [[lex|leges]] [[obscenitas|obscenitatis]] violatas, mutationesque in nonnullis locis in &quot;Song of Myself&quot; fieri poposcit.&lt;ref name=&quot;Greenspan&quot;/&gt;

==Modus litterarius==
Poema usitato poetae modo [[versus liber|versibus liberis]] componitur. Whitman, qui verba &quot;tam simplicia quam [[poaceae|gramen]]&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Anglice]]: &quot;as simple as grass&quot; (section 39).&lt;/ref&gt; laudat, usitata ''[[stanza]]''{{dubsig}} versuum exemplaria declinat pro modo simplice, qui [[audientia]]m per [[satura]]m attrahere potest.&lt;ref&gt;Patrick Redding, &quot;Whitman Unbound: Democracy and Poetic Form,&quot; ''New Literary Theory'' 41.3 (2010):669-90. ''Project Muse''; interrete, 19 Octobris 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Iudicium litterarium|Iudices litterarii]] in poemate grave [[transcendentalismus|transcendentalismi]] momentum observaverunt. In parte 32, exempli gratia, Whitman exprimit desiderium &quot;[[vita|vivere]] inter [[animalia]]&quot; et [[divinitas|divinitatem]] inter [[insecta]] invenire. Poema per hoc [[romanticismus|romanticismum]] genus [[realismus (artes)|realismi]] antevenire videtur quod in [[litterae Civitatum Foederatarum|litteris Civitatum Foederatarum]] post [[Bellum Civile Americanum]] magnum momentum habuit. Hoc in loco (pars 15, 1855), exempli gratia, poetam videmus harenosorum [[vita]]e quotidianae singulorum amplecti:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!width=&quot;550&quot;|Verba [[Lingua Anglica|Anglica]]!!width=&quot;450&quot;|Verba [[Latine]] reddita
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
| 
&lt;poem&gt;
:The lunatic is carried at last to the asylum a confirm'd case,
:(He will never sleep any more as he did in the cot in his mother's bed-room;)
:The jour printer with gray head and gaunt jaws works at his case,
:He turns his quid of tobacco while his eyes blurr with the manuscript;
:The malform'd limbs are tied to the surgeon's table,
:What is removed drops horribly in a pail;
:The quadroon girl is sold at the auction-stand, the drunkard nods by the bar-room stove.
&lt;/poem&gt;
||
&lt;poem&gt;
:Homo [[morbus mentis|insanus]] ad [[valetudinarium|asylum]] tandem portatur, casus confirmatus,
:(numquam iterum dormiet ut in lectulo in cubiculo [[mater|materno]] dormivit);
:[[typographia|typographus]] diurnus cano [[caput|capite]] macraque [[maxilla]] capsam colit,
:bolum [[tabacum|tabaci]] volvit, [[oculus|oculis]] supra [[manuscriptum]] palantibus;
:membra deformia ad mensam [[chirurgus|chirurgi]] adligantur,
:quidquid removetur in hamam foede excidit;
:[[puella|quadrona]] sub hastá venitur, ebriosus prope focum cauponae dormitat.
&lt;/poem&gt;
|}

==&quot;Se&quot;==
[[Fasciculus:Quadroon type at Ponce, Porto Rico.jpg|thumb|&quot;Song of Myself&quot; locos de foedis [[Civitates Foederatae|Civitatum Foederatarum]] ante [[Bellum Civile Americanum|bellum]] [[realitas|realitatibus]] amplectitur, inter quos locus [[servus|servum]] [[rassismus|multiracialum]] tractans.]]
Whitman in poemate vehementius dicit omnipotentem &quot;[[ego|me]]&quot; qui pro [[narratio|narratore]] est, cum [[Gualterius Whitman|Gualterio Whitman]], homine [[historia|historico]], non confundendus. [[Persona]] descripta finibus sui usu receptis excelluit: &quot;[[Mors|Mortem]] cum moribundis, et ortum cum [[infans|infante]] recens lavato transgredior . . . et inter [[petasus|petasum]] et [[caliga]]s non comprehendor.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Anglice]]: &quot;I pass death with the dying, and birth with the new-washed babe . . . and am not contained between my hat and boots&quot; (sectio 7).&lt;/ref&gt; De argumento autem poematis, textus insigniter adfirmat: &quot;Haec revera sunt [[cogitatio]]nes omnium [[homo|hominum]] aetatibus terrisque omnibus vivorum; mei propriae non sunt.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Anglice]]: &quot;These are really the thoughts of all men in all ages and lands, they are not original with me.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; 
 
Sunt in poemate nonnulli loci alii qui Whitman patefaciant [[narratio|narratorem]] nonnullos singulos esse petentem; potius, poeta pro omnibus narrare videtur:
 
*&quot;Nam omnis [[atomus]] ad me pertinens aeque ad te pertinet.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Anglice]]: &quot;For every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you&quot; (pars 1).&lt;/ref&gt;

*&quot;Me in omnibus hominibus video, nemine plus et nemo non grano [[hordeum|hordei]] minus, / et bonum et malum quod de me dico de eis dico.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Anglice]]: &quot;In all people I see myself, none more and not one a barleycorn less / and the good or bad I say of myself I say of them&quot; (pars 20).&lt;/ref&gt;
 
*&quot;Tu es qui sermocinatur idem ac sermocinor. . . . [[Lingua]] tui sum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Anglice]]: &quot;It is you talking just as much as myself. . . . I act as the tongue of you&quot; (pars 47).&lt;/ref&gt;

*&quot;Magnus sum, multitudines contineo.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Anglice]]: &quot;I am large, I contain multitudes&quot; (pars 51)&lt;.&lt;/ref&gt;
 
[[Iudicium litterarium|Critici]] Alicia L. Cook et Ioannes B. Mason significationes verbi pro ''se'' et eius momentum in poemate explicant: Cook scribit [[ianua]]m poematis intellectae in &quot;notione sui&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Anglice]]: &quot;concept of the self.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; iacere, (a Whitman signata) &quot;rem et singularem et universalem&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Alice L. Cook, &quot;A Note on Whitman’s Symbolism in 'Song of Myself,'&quot; ''Modern Language Notes'' 65.4 (1950): 228-232.&lt;/ref&gt;; Mason de &quot;implicatione lectoris in motu poetae a re singulari ad rem cosmicam&quot; disserit.&lt;ref&gt;John B. Mason, &quot;Walt Whitman's Catalogues: Rhetorical Means for Two Journeys in 'Song of Myself,'&quot; ''American Literature'' 45.1 (1973): 34-49.&lt;/ref&gt; Hoc &quot;se&quot; pro perfecta forma est, sed, contra translaticiam [[poesis epica|poesim epicam]], [[identitas generis|identitas]] est unus ex [[plebs|plebibus]], potius quam [[heros|heroes]].&lt;ref&gt;James E. Miller, ''Walt Whitman'' (Novi Eboraci: Twayne Publishers, 1962).&lt;/ref&gt; 

===Politicus &quot;sui&quot; contextus===
Elizabetha Erkkilä, [[historicus]] [[litterae|litterarius]], scribit: &quot;[[drama (modus fictionis)|drama]] [[identitas generis|identitatis]]&quot; in poemate &quot;in [[civilitas|civile]] [[civitas|civitatis]] in discrimine versantis dramate inhaeret,&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Anglice]]: &quot;&quot;the drama of identity . . . [in the poem is] &quot;rooted in the political drama of a nation in crisis.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Greenspan&quot;/&gt; quod ad difficultates [[servitus|servitutis]], [[iura mulierum|iurum mulierum]], redintegrationis [[religio]]sae, et [[amor libera|amoris liberi]] spectat, quae per [[America]]m pervadebant cum Whitman &quot;A Song of Myself&quot; duceret.

==Adnotationes==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

==Nexus externi==
{{wikisource|Leaves of Grass/Book III|Song of Myself}}
*Cook, Alice L. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0149-6611%28195004%2965%3A4%3C228%3AANOWSI%3E2.0.CO%3B2-5 &quot;A Note on Whitman's Symbolism in 'Song of Myself',&quot;] links.jstor.org
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140106190128/http://www.classroomelectric.org/volume1/belasco/whitman-emerson.htm Epistula Emersoniana ad Whitman,] www.classroomelectric.org
*Mason, John B. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002-9831%28197303%2945%3A1%3C34%3AWWCRMF%3E2.0.CO%3B2-V &quot;Walt Whitman's Catalogues: Rhetorical Means for Two Journeys in ''Song of Myself,''&quot;] links.jstor.org
*[http://rpo.library.utoronto.ca/poems/song-myself Textus plenus,] rpo.library.utoronto.ca
* [http://www.supenn.com/whitman.html &quot;Quaker influence in ''Song of Myself,''&quot;]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} www.supenn.com
* Audio: [https://web.archive.org/web/20190731191624/http://poemsoutloud.net/columns/archive/whitman_celebrates_himself/ Robertus Pinsky locos ex ''Song of Myself'' legit,] poemsoutloud.net
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131104153340/http://iwp.uiowa.edu/whitmanweb/ Textus plenus in duodecim linguis datus,] iwp.uiowa.edu

[[Categoria:Gualterius Whitman]]
[[Categoria:Scripta 1855]]
[[Categoria:Poemata Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Civitatum Foederatarum scripta]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Anglicae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Souilhanels</title>
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      <text bytes="612" sha1="l7aiubkafau0jrkz5hdc5shgmguhbhc" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus: Map commune FR insee code 11389.png|thumb|left|250px|Souilhanels: communis tabula]]
''' Souilhanels''' ([[Occitanice]] ''Solhanèls'') est commune [[Francia|Francicum]] 379 incolarum (anno [[2011]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Atax (praefectura Franciae)|Atacis]] in regione australi [[Occitania et Ruscino]]ne.

{{NexInt}}

* [[Index communium praefecturae Atacis]]
== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Souilhanels|Souilhanels}}

* {{INSEE commune|11382|de=Souilhanels}}
{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Ataxis]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Ataxis]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Scarnafixium</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="1270" sha1="64d33n27c3uqi5502b108b68icqj24b" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
'''Scarnafixium'''&lt;ref&gt;''DIZIONARIO GEOGRAFICO'' - Di GOFFREDO CASALIS, Voll. V.V., Torino 1833-1854&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nomi d'Italia - AAVV, De Agostini&lt;/ref&gt; {{victio|Scarnafixium|ii|n}} (alia nomina&lt;ref&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;: ''Scarnaficium'') ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Scarnafigi|Scarnafigi]]'') est [[oppidum]] [[Italia]]e et [[Commune Italiae|municipium]], in [[Regio Italiae|Regione]] [[Pedemontium|Pedemontio]] et in [[Provincia Cuneensis|Provincia Cuneensi]] situm. Incolae ''Scarnafixienses'' appellantur.

== Insigne ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Corona di comune.svg|''[[Municipium Italiae]]''
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Sententia ===
Sententia municipalis est: ''UBI PAX IBI FELICITAS''.

== Municipia finitima ==

{{NexInt}}
* [[Pedemontium]] (''regio''),
* [[Provincia Cuneensis]],
* [[Cuneum]] (''urbs''),
* [[Municipium Italiae]].

== Nexus externi ==
* [http://www.comune.Scarnafigi.cn.it/ Pagina officialis]{{Nexus deficit|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
{{CommuniaCat|Scarnafigi|Scarnafixium}}

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Imago:Maps of the province of Cuneo.gif|Collocatio finium municipii in Provincia Cuneensi.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Municipia in provincia Cunei]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Styra (Austria Superior)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="2128" sha1="d9v5r82g31kn0otce4nrsrgestrupi3" xml:space="preserve">{{disambig2|urbe Austriaca|demum Graecum in Euboea situm|Styra}}
{{videhom|Styria}}
{{Videdis|Styria (discretiva)}}
[[Fasciculus:AUT Steyr COA.svg|thumb|Insigne Styrae urbis]]
[[Fasciculus:Blick ueber die Steyrer Altstadt.jpg|thumb|Prospectus urbis veteris]]
[[Fasciculus:Steyr Panorama Winter.jpg|thumb|Panorama Styrae urbis tempore hiemali]]
'''Styra'''&lt;ref&gt;Vide {{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt; vel '''Stira''', initio '''Styrense castrum''', est urbs et [[municipium]] (''Statutarstadt'') [[Austria Superior|Austriae Superioris]] 38140 inc olarum (die 1 Ianuarii 2013), magnitudine in civitate tertia. 

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
*Manfred Brandl: Neue Geschichte von Steyr. Vom [[Biedermeier]] bis heute. Verlag Wilhelm Ennsthaler, Styrae 1980, ISBN 3-85068-093-2.
*Reinhard Kaufmann: Kleiner Führer durch Steyr. Ennsthaler, Styrae 2004, ISBN 3-85068-297-8.
*Christian Fastl: Steyr. In: Oesterreichisches Musiklexikon. Editio interrretialis, Vindobonae 2002 ss., ISBN 3-7001-3077-5; Editia praelis data: Vol. 5, Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Vindobonae 2006, ISBN 3-7001-3067-8.
*Raimund Ločičnik: Steyr im Wandel der Zeit. Sutton Verlag, Erfordiae 2007, ISBN 978-3-86680-106-6.

== Nexus externi ==
{{Communia|Steyr|Styram}}
{{Wikisource|Topographia Austriacarum: Steyer|Styra in Topographia Austriacarum (M. Merian)}}
{{Wikisource|Topographia Austriacarum: Steyer (Anhang)|Styra in supplemento Topographiae Austriacarum (M. Merian)}}
* [http://www.steyr.at/ Situs urbis publicus]
* [http://austria-forum.org/af/AEIOU/Steyr Steyr] in Austriaforum=AEIOU
* [http://www.steyr.at/system/web/zusatzseite.aspx?menuonr=218378016&amp;detailonr=219059664 Aedificia historica]{{Nexus deficit|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120130185759/http://chronik.htl-steyr.ac.at/htlde/a/0hotspot/steyr/geschichte/Industriegeschichte-Steyr.pdf historia oeconomica Styrae urbis]
* [http://steyrerpioniere.wordpress.com/ Homines noti] (steyrerpioniere.wordpress.com)

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Loci habitati Austriae]]
[[Categoria:Austria Superior]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sodalitas Rosicruciana</title>
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      <text bytes="13528" sha1="e109gfam76rwbb1jjpdciqkt60mncju" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Emblème Rose Croix Max Heindel.jpg|thumb|[[Insigne]] sodalitatis.]]
[[Fasciculus:Max Heindel.jpg|thumb|[[Maximus Heindel]] (1865–1919), conditor sodalitatis.]]
[[Fasciculus:Spiritual Healing Temple of The Rosicrucian Fellowship (99).jpg|thumb|[[Templum]] Sodalitatis Rosicrucianae in [[Mons Ecclesia|Monte Ecclesia]].]]

'''Sodalitas Rosicruciana'''&lt;ref&gt;Confer [[Societas Rosicruciana]].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Anglice]] ''The Rosicrucian Fellowship''), quae se ''an international association of Christian mystics'' ('internationalis mysticorum [[Christianitas|Christianorum]] sodalitas') appellat, a [[Maximus Heindel|Maximo Heindel]] [[Seattlum|Seattli]] [[Vasingtonia]]e hora 3:00 p.m. diei [[8 Augusti]] [[1909]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210224050926/http://mount_ecclesia.tripod.com/chronology_about_max_heindel.htm De chronologia societatis,] mount+ecclesia.tripod.com..&lt;/ref&gt; condita est ad praenuntiandam [[Aetas Aquarii|Aetatem Aquarii]] et promulgandam veram [[philosophia]]m [[Rosicrucianismus|Rosicrucianismi]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Rosicrucian Societies in America,&quot; in ''Rays from the Rose Cross,'' 88(4), Iulio/Augusto 1996, p. 38.&lt;/ref&gt; Haec philosophia, quae ex [[theosophia]] plerumque procedit, adfirmat se praebere arcana vel [[scientia arcana|scientiam arcanam]]&lt;!--esoteric knowledge--&gt; [[Christianitas esoterica|Christianitatis esotericae]] quam evangelistae [[Evangelium secundum Matthaeum|Matthaeus]] (13:11) et [[Evangelium secundum Lucam|Luca]] (8:10) in [[Biblia Sacra|Bibliis Sacris]] commemorant, ad instituendam locum ubi [[ars]], [[religio]], et [[scientia (ratio)|scientia]] convenire possunt, et ad praeparandos [[homo|homines]] per concordem [[mens|mentis]] [[anima]]eque progressum pro [[officium beneficentiae|officio beneficentiae]]&lt;!--?selfless service (altruism)--&gt; [[humanitas|humanitati]] daturo.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.rosicrucian.com/zineen/pamen019.htm &quot;Rosicrucian Fundamentals in Questions and Answers.&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;

Sodalitas Rosicruciana ministeria [[sanatio]]nis [[spiritualitas|spiritualis]] administrat et cursus per [[epistula]]s in Christianitate esoterica, philosophia, [[astrologia]] spiritualis, et interpretatione biblica offert.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.rosicrucian.com/zineen/magen501.htm &quot;How the Rosicrucians Heal the Sick,&quot;] www.rosicrucian.com.&lt;/ref&gt; Praesidium in [[Mons Ecclesia|Monte Ecclesia]]&lt;!--Anglice: Mount Ecclesia--&gt; ad [[Oceanside (California)|Oceanside]] [[California]]e situs est, discipulique per omnem [[tellus|orbem terrarum]] in locis et gregibus studiosis ordinatis inveniuntur.&lt;ref&gt;Max Heindel, [http://www.rosicrucian.com/tin/tineng03.htm#Chapter_XX &quot;Our Work in the World,&quot;] capitulum 12 in ''Teachings of an Initiate'' (1912, opus postumum), ISBN 9780911274196.&lt;/ref&gt; Eius finis est promulgare [[scientia (ratio)|scientificam]] progressus rationem praecipue [[homo|hominibus]] [[cultura Occidentalis|Occidentalibus]] aptam, quo &quot;[[corpus]] [[anima]]e&quot; ([[Anglice]] ''soul body'') tam effici potest ut homines [[Parusia]]m properare possint.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.rosicrucian.com/zineen/pamen016.htm &quot;Eastern and Western Spiritual Alternatives,&quot;] www.rosicruciancom.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Erhi Uyota, [http://odili.net/news/source/2008/nov/15/227.html ''Of Serpents and Doves,'']{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, [[Lagos]] [[Nigeria]]e, [[15 Novembris]] [[2008]].&lt;/ref&gt;
 
{{NexInt}}
*[[Antiquus Mysticusque Ordo Roseae Crucis]]
*[[Christianus Rosenkreuz]]
 
;Genus&lt;!--lineage--&gt;
*[[Discipulus quem Iesus amavit]]
*[[Litterae Ioanninae]]
*[[Lazarus Bethaniae]]
 
;Schola
*[[Radii ex Cruce Roseo]]&lt;!--
*[[The Rosicrucian Cosmo-Conception]]--&gt;

;Notiones primae
*[[Aetas Astrologiae]]&lt;!--
*[[Christ#Esoteric Christian tradition|Christ (concept)]], [[Second coming#Non-Orthodox Esoteric or Gnostic tradition|Second Coming]]
*[[The Rosicrucian Cosmo-Conception#The Rosicrucian conception of God and the scheme of evolution|God and the scheme of evolution]]--&gt;

;Notiones miscellaneae
*[[Astrologia]]
*[[Cosmologia esoterica]]
*[[Karma]]
*[[Mysticismus Christianus]]
*[[Reincarnatio]]
*[[Templum Sodalitatis Rosicrucianae]] 
*[[Vegetarianismus]]&lt;!--
*[[Afterlife]] – [[Life review]] – [[Silver cord]]
*[[Root Race|Epochs (Anthropogenesis)]]
*[[Clairvoyance]] – [[Akashic Records|Memory of Nature]] – [[Musica universalis|Music of the Spheres]]
*[[Plane (esotericism)|Planes of existence]] – [[Subtle body|Subtle bodies]]--&gt;

==Notae==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

==Bibliographia==

===Portugallia===
*Coriel, Maria (pseudonymum). [[2007]]. ''O Céu dentro de Nós.'' Chá das Cinco: Parede. ISBN 9789898032041.&lt;!--
*[http://cosmocraciarosacruciana.pt.vu/  de Carvalho, Delmar Domingos], de Carvalho, Delmar Domingos, Catálogo da Exposição sob o Tema A Rosa, Rainha das Flores, Símbolo Mítico, Místico e Esotérico, Os Rosacruzes e o Primeiro Centenário da Fraternidade Rosacruz de Max Heindel, edição do author, Depósito Legal 293670/09, 24 pages a cores, 2009; de Carvalho, Delmar Domingos, Vegetarianismo, a solução para uma vida e mundo melhor, ISBN 9789725917534, Editorial Minerva (Lisbon)239 pages, 2009; de Carvalho, Delmar Domingos, A Quinta Via, Rumo à Cidade da Rosa, 2ª Edição, Revista, prefaciada, aumentada e comentada, ISBN 9789725917602, Editorial Minerva ( Lisabon), 184 pages, 2009;de Carvalho, Delmar Domingos &quot; Paracelso e a Cosmobiomedicina&quot;, ISBN 9789725917497, Editorial Minerva (Lisbon) 142 pages, 2009 [http://rosacruz.planetaclix.pt/cosmocraciarosacruciana/livros/livros011.htm wwww]--&gt;
*de Carvalho, Delmar Domingos. [[2002]]. ''A Via Rumo à Cidade da Rosa.'' Lisboae: Hugin Editores.&lt;!-- [http://rosacruz.planetaclix.pt/cosmocraciarosacruciana/livros/livros005.htm www]--&gt;
*de Carvalho, Delmar Domingos. [[2004]]. ''A Flor da Esperança.'' Lisboae: Hugin Editores.&lt;!-- [http://rosacruz.planetaclix.pt/cosmocraciarosacruciana/livros/livros006.htm www]--&gt;
*de Carvalho, Delmar Domingos. [[2007]]. ''Mozart, esse desconhecido.'' Lisboae: Editorial Minerva.&lt;!-- [http://rosacruz.planetaclix.pt/cosmocraciarosacruciana/livros/livros008.htm www]--&gt;
*de Carvalho, Delmar Domingos. [[2007]]. ''A Rosacruz e Portugal.'' Lisboae: Editorial Minerva. ISBN 9789725917268.&lt;!-- [http://rosacruz.planetaclix.pt/cosmocraciarosacruciana/livros/livros009.htm www]--&gt;
*de Carvalho, Delmar Domingos. [[2008]]. ''Meditações de um Neófito.'' Lisboae: Editorial Minerva. ISBN 9789725917411.&lt;!-- [http://rosacruz.planetaclix.pt/cosmocraciarosacruciana/livros/livros010.htm www]--&gt;
*Macedo, António de. [[2000]]. ''Instruções Iniciáticas: Ensaios Espirituais.'' Ed. 2a. Lisboae: Hugin Editores. ISBN 9789728534004.&lt;!-- [http://paginasesotericas.tripod.com/instrucoesiniciaticas.htm www]--&gt;
*Macedo, António de. [[2002]]. ''Laboratório Mágico: Ensaios Alquimísticos.'' Lisboae: Hugin Editores. ISBN 9789727941001.&lt;!-- [http://paginasesotericas.tripod.com/laboratoriomagico1.htm www]--&gt;
*Macedo, António de. [[2003]]. ''O Neoprofetismo e a Nova Gnose.'' Lisboae: Hugin Editores. ISBN 9789727942060.&lt;!-- [http://paginasesotericas.tripod.com/neoprofetismo.htm www]--&gt;
*Monteiro, António]. [[1981]]. ''A Ordem Rosacruz.'' Lisboae: Edições Europa-América. ISBN 9789721016736.&lt;!--http://pwp.netcabo.pt/AJCMONTEIRO/--&gt;
*Rodrigues, Francisco Marques (1899–1979). [[2005]]. ''Estudos Bíblicos: Ensinamentos da Tradição Esotérica Cristã.'' Vol. 1. Fraternidade Rosacruz de Portugal. ISBN 9789729381133.

===Civitates Foederatae===
*A Student. ''Etheric Vision and What It Reveals.'' ISBN 9780911274592. [http://www.rosicrucian.com/evw/evweng01.htm Situs interretialis.]
*Bacher, Elman. [[1990]]. ''Studies In Astrology.'' 9 vol. ISBN 9780911274998. [http://www.rosicrucian.com/sia/siaeng.htm Situs interretialis.]
*Auctores varii. [[1951]]. ''Aquarian Age Stories for Children.'' 7 vol. ISBN 9780911274943.
*Auctores varii. ''Sunday School Lessons.'' 6 vol. ISBN 9780911274639.
*Auctores varii. ''Complete Children's Collection.'' 17 vol., inter quae ''Aquarian Age Stories for Children'' et ''Sunday School Lessons,'' congeries ''Rex and Zendah,'' et ''Rosicrucian Principles of Child Training,'' et duo volumina ''Your Child's Horoscope.'' ISBN 9780911274264.
*Auctores varii. [[1983]]. ''Rosicrucian Ephemeris 1900–2000: At Midnight, 0 Hour Tdt.'' ISBN 9782902450206.
*Auctores Varii. [[1992]]. ''The Rosicrucian Ephemeris: 2000–2100 12H Tdt (Noon).'' ISBN 9780911274240.
**1. ''The Accuracy of Astrology.'' ISBN 9780911274509.
**2. ''The Outer Planets.'' ISBN 9780911274516.
**3. ''The Astrologer.'' ISBN 9780911274523.
**4. ''Aspects: &quot;Bad&quot; and &quot;Good.&quot;'' ISBN 9780911274530.
**5. ''The Astrologer as Scientist, Artist and Priest-Teacher.'' ISBN 9780911274547.
**6. ''The Point, Line, and Circle.'' ISBN 9780911274554.
**7. ''Astrology: The Art of Arts.'' ISBN 9780911274561.
**8. ''The Wedding Chart and Marriage.'' ISBN 9780911274578.
**9. ''The Light, The Astrological Path.'' ISBN 9780911274585.
*Badibanga, Fox Ngandu. [[2009]]. ''Global Warming and Al Gore Faustus Adventures inside the Earth.'' ISBN 9780615289670.
*Heline, Corinne. [[1930]]+. ''New Age Bible Interpretation.''&lt;!--magnum opus with various editions; various works: [http://www.rosicrucian.com/prices01.htm#cheline a list of books]):
**[[Old Testament]]:
***Vol I Five Books of Moses and Joshua
***Vol II Part I. Solomon and the Temple Builders – Part II. Books of Initiation
***Vol III Part I. The Promise – Part II. The Preparation
**[[New Testament]]:
***Vol IV Preparation for Coming of the Light of the World
***Vol V The Christ and His Mission
***Vol VI The Work of the Apostles and Paul and Book of Revelation ([http://newagebible.tripod.com/ch_discipleship1.htm ''The Three Degrees of Discipleship''])
***Vol VII Mystery of the Christos ([http://newagebible.tripod.com/ch_david1.htm ''The Harp of David''], [http://newagebible.tripod.com/ch_holy_days.htm ''The Twelve Holy Days''])--&gt;
*Glover, Elsa M. [[1987]]. ''Science and Religion.'' Novi Eboraci: Vantage Press. ISBN 9780533070480.&lt;!--[http://www.elsaglover.netfirms.com/science_and_religion.htm www]--&gt;
*Glover, Elsa M. [[1987]]. ''The Aquarian Age.'' Novi Eboraci: Vantage Press. ISBN 9780533073382.&lt;!-- [http://www.elsaglover.netfirms.com/the_aquarian_age.htm www]--&gt;
*Lewis, Robert C. ''The Sacred Word and its Creative Overtones.'' ISBN 9780881120219.
*Lewis, Robert C. ''Silver Cord and the Seed Atoms.'' ISBN 9780911274745.
*Parchment, Samuel Richard (1881–1946). ''Freemasonry at the Rosicrucian Fellowship.'' ISBN 9781425322144.
*Rich, Annet C. [[1914]]. ''Christ or Buddha?'' ISBN 9780766191655.&lt;!--[http://www.rosicrucian.com/cob/cobeng01.htm]--&gt;
*Scott, John P. [[1935]]. ''The Hidden Bible.'' ISBN 9780766185401.
*Scott, John P. [[1937]]. ''Four Gospels Esoterically Interpreted.'' ISBN 9781564598042.
*Scott, John P. ''Esoteric Bible Dictionary.'' ISBN 9781564599131.
*Swainson, Esme. ''Rex and Zendah.'' ISBN 9780911274615.
*Tucker, Prentiss. [[1929]]. ''In the Land of the Living Dead.'' ISBN 9780911274837.&lt;!--[http://members.shaw.ca/jamis/LivingDead.htm]--&gt;
*Tuttle, Amber M. [[1945]]. ''The Work of Invisible Helpers.'' ISBN 9781564596765.&lt;!-- [http://www.fraternidaderosacruz.org/invisiblehelpers.zip link to .zip (14 TXT files)]--&gt;

====Alii auctores====
*Bayard, Jean-Pierre. [[1986]]. &quot;Les Rose-Croix.&quot; In ''L'Association Rosicrucienne Max Heindel.'' Lutetiae: M.A. Éditions.
*Lindgren, Carl Edwin. [[1995]]. &quot;The Rose Cross: A Historical and Philosophical View.&quot; Capitulum 3 in &quot;The Rosicrucian Fellowship,&quot; ''Journal of Religion and Psychical Research'' 19(3):143–152.&lt;!-- [http://users.panola.com/lindgren/rosecross-2.html www]--&gt;
*Martin, Walter. [[1965]], [[1977]], [[1985]]. ''The Kingdom of the Cults.'' Minneapoli: Bethany House Publishers.&lt;!-- p. 507 (included in appendix)--&gt;
 
==Nexus externi==
*[http://www.rosicrucianfellowship.org/ Sodalitas Rosicruciana,] www.rosicrucianfellowship.org (The Rosicrucian Fellowship)
*[http://www.rosicrucian.com/foreign/frameara00.html جمعية مؤلفة من مسيحيين متصوّ فين,] www.rosicrucian.com
*[http://themysticlight.tripod.com/ ''The Mystic Light,'']{{Nexus deficit|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ageless-wisdom.tripod.com, magazina interretialis
*[http://ageless-wisdom.tripod.com ''Rose Cross,''] ageless-wisdom.tripod.com, magazina interretialis &lt;!--

*[http://www.rosicrucianfellowship.org/foreign/contacts.htm Worldwide Centers and Study Groups]
*[http://www.rosacruz.pt/rosacruz/artigo.asp?cod_artigo=131685 1st Virtual European Conference (2007) on Rosicrucian Fellowship's Excellence]
, online magazines created and supported by Students
*[http://www.rosicrucien.info/frameeng00.html The Western Wisdom Teachings]
*[http://www.e-rose-croix.org/ Free rosicrucian philosophy courses online(french)]
*[http://www.nctimes.com/articles/2006/07/28/faith/16_02_477_27_06.txt North County Times (2006 news): Rosicrucian Fellowship holds conclave]
*[http://www.fraternidaderosacruz.org/links.htm Rosicrucian Centers' LINKS]
*[http://www.fraternidaderosacruz.org/messageofmph_trf50thanniversary.pdf  Message of Manly P. Hall (Fiftieth Anniversary of The Rosicrucian Fellowship.] --&gt;


[[Categoria:Constituta 1909]]
&lt;!--melius: Religious organizations established in 1909--&gt;
[[Categoria:Christianitas esoterica]]
[[Categoria:Astrologia]]
[[Categoria:Societates Christianae]]
[[Categoria:Societates Rosicrucianae]]&lt;!--
[[Category:Religions that require vegetarianism]]
[[Category:Oceanside, California]]--&gt;</text>
      <sha1>e109gfam76rwbb1jjpdciqkt60mncju</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Sinna (Bavaria)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="660" sha1="83t2f2st25rl4hvmkzfdlhtbzlhhfk3" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:BurgsinnTor.JPG |thumb|300px|Sinna: [[porta]] Rienecker.]]

'''Sinna'''&lt;ref&gt;Vide [https://hdbg.eu/burgen/detail/burg-burgsinn/108 ''Burgen in Bayern''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Hermannus de Sinna (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Burgsinn'') est vicus et [[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]] [[Bavaria|Bavaricum]] 2&amp;thinsp;517 incolarum (anno [[2012]]).
==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{NexInt}}
* [[Index Communium Bavariae|Indicem Communium Bavariae]]
== Nexus externi ==
{{communiaCat| Burgsinn | Sinnam }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050307110409/http://www.vgem-burgsinn.de/  Sinnae pagina interretialis]
{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia Bavariae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Benzenum</title>
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      <text bytes="1416" sha1="344pkdhtv0c3nuoytyfnh9j0zpwjxtg" xml:space="preserve">{{Videdis|Benzenium}}
[[Fasciculus:Benz1.png|thumb|Hic anulus chemicus benzenum est. [[Atomus|Atomi]] [[carbonium|carbonii]] hospituntur in verticibus et [[anulus|anulum]] formant.]]
[[Fasciculus:Historic Benzene Formulae Kekulé (original).png|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Historica benzeni formula sicut primum proposita ab Kekulé.&lt;ref name=&quot;August Kekulé&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|author=Kekulé, August |title=Ueber einige Condensationsproducte des Aldehyds|journal=Liebigs Ann. Chem. |year=1872|volume=162|issue=1|pages= 77–124|doi=10.1002/jlac.18721620110}}.&lt;/ref&gt;]]
'''Benzenum''' est [[compositum chemicum]] organicum cuius formula est C&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt; et [[molecula]] est composita ex sex [[carbonium|carbonii]] [[atomus|atomis]] in [[anulus|anulum]] cohibitis cum singulis atomis [[hydrogenium|hydrogenii]] coniunctis ad unumquemque carbonii atomum. Quia haec molecula solum atomos carbonii hydrogeniique continet, benzenum numeratur inter [[hydrocarboneum|hydrocarbonea]].   


Benzenum est naturale [[petroleum|olei crudi]] elementum et aromaticum [[hydrocarboneum]]. Est etiam structura fundamentalis plurium derivationum cum diversis coetibus lateralibus, h.e. singula vel plura [[methylum|methyla]] ([[toluenum]], [[xylenum]]), hydroxyla (phenola), vel [[aminum|aminis]] (anilinis).

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{chem-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Composita organica]]
[[Categoria:Mutagena]]
{{Myrias|Physica}}</text>
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    <title>Seminarium Theologicum Baptisticum Meridioccidentale</title>
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      <text bytes="11102" sha1="pgiq93fe51vpp3tkz3eq55o1xh6e9fu" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa scholae Vicidata}}

[[Fasciculus:BHCarroll.jpg|thumb|350px|B. H. Carroll. conditor.]]
'''Seminarium Theologicum Baptisticum Meridioccidentale''' est privatum et non lucrativum [[eruditio altior|eruditionis altioris]] [[institutum]] [[Civitates Foederatae|Americanum]] cum [[Conventus Baptisticus Meridianus|Conventu Baptistico Meridiano]] consociatum et [[Arx Vorthensis|Arce Vorthensi]] [[Texia]]e situm, unum ex maximis [[tellus|mundi]] [[seminarium|seminariis]].&lt;ref&gt;Secundum [https://web.archive.org/web/20120207164630/http://www.swbts.edu/index.cfm?pageid=445 &quot;About Us,&quot;] publicum instituti situm, seminarium anno academico [[2005]]-[[2006]] discipulos 3567 in omnibus suis scholis et locis numeravit.&lt;/ref&gt; Accreditatur a [[Societas Scholarum Theologicarum in Civitatibus Foederatis et Canada|Societate Scholarum Theologicarum in Civitatibus Foederatis et Canada]]&lt;ref&gt;Annus recentissimae salutationis pro aestimatione comprehensiva fuit [[2001]]. Pro aliis salutationibus, vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20090324002125/http://www.ats.edu/MemberSchools/Pages/SchoolDetail.aspx?ID=493 &quot;Fall 2011 Data - Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary&quot;]; ;[https://web.archive.org/web/20071217174531/http://www.ats.edu/member_schools/sowestba.asp &quot;Fall 2006 Data - Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary&quot;] The Association of Theological Schools in the United States and Canada&lt;/ref&gt; et [[Societas Meridiana Collegiorum et Scholarum|Societate Meridiana Collegiorum et Scholarum]]&lt;!--Southern Association of Colleges and Schools--&gt; ut gradus [[gradus bacalaureatus|baccalaureatos]], [[gradus magistralis|magistrales]], et [[doctoratus|doctorales]] concedat.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20070926235251/http://www.swbts.edu/catalog/documents/2006-2007catalog.pdf Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary Official Catalog p. 11].&lt;/ref&gt; Seminarium [[Fides et Nuntius Baptisticus|Fide et Nuntio Baptistico]]&lt;!--Baptist Faith and Message--&gt; (2000) pro affirmatione confessionali utitur.&lt;ref&gt;Vide etiam ''Declarationem Meridioccidentalem de Integritate Academica et Theologica'': [https://web.archive.org/web/20060901191649/http://www.swbts.edu/about/declaration.cfm &quot;Southwestern Declaration on Academic and Theological Integrity,&quot;] Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fasciculus:BH Carroll Memorial Building Rotunda (Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary, Fort Worth, TX).JPG|thumb|300px|Aedificium Memoriale B. H. Carroll, principale seminarii [[aedificium]] administrativum.]]

Seminarium conditum est anno [[1908]], [[B. H. Carroll]] conditore et praeside.&lt;ref name=&quot;HistMarker&quot;&gt;Texas State Historical Commission, 
[http://www.stoppingpoints.com/texas/sights.cgi?marker=Southwest+Baptist+Theological+Seminary&amp;cnty=tarrant ''Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary Historical Marker.'']{{Nexus deficit|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ex [[theologia|theologica]] [[Universitas Baylorana|Universitatis Bayloranae]] parte ortum est, anno [[1901]] conditae. Ante [[1905]], Carroll partem [[professor]]um quinque in Seminarium Theologicum Bayloranum mutavit, quod sub aegide Universitatis Bayloranae iam mansit. Anno autem [[1907]], cum Samuel Palmer Brooks, praeses Universitatis Bayloranae, feriatus in [[Europa]] esset, Carroll, tum praeses Collegii Fiduciariorum Bayloranorum&lt;!--Baylor Board of Trustees--&gt;, fecit ut pars religionis ab universitate separetur et diploma ei ut [[institutum]] separatum donaretur.

==Praesides==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
!№
!Nomen
!Anni muneris
|-
! 1
| [[Benaiah Harvey Carroll]]
| 1908–1914
|-
!2
| [[Lee Rutland Scarborough]]
| 1915–1942
|-
! 3
| E. D. Head
| 1942–1953
|-
! 4
| J. Howard Williams
| 1953–1958
|-
! 5
| Robertus E. Naylor
| 1958–1978
|-
! 6
| [[Russell H. Dilday]]
| 1978–1994
|-
! 7
| Kennethus S. Hemphill
| 1994–2003
|-
! 8
| [[Paige Patterson|L. Paige Patterson]]
| 2003–praesens
|-
|}

==Alumni notabiles==
;Professores
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
!bgcolor=&quot;#e5e5e5&quot; width=&quot;30%&quot; | Nomen !! bgcolor=&quot;#e5e5e5&quot; width=&quot;42%&quot; | Gloria !! bgcolor=&quot;#e5e5e5&quot; width=&quot;28%&quot; | Coniunctio cum seminario
|-
|[[Benajah Harvey Carroll]] || [[pastor]], [[theologus]] || conditor et primus praeses
|-
|[[Gulielmus A. Dembski]] || propositor [[designatio intellegens|designationis intellegentis]] || professor of apologeticarum ex 2006&lt;ref name=&quot;swbtspr01&quot;&gt;{{cite web| last = Tomlin| first = Gregory| authorlink =|author2=Thompson, Brent | title = Press release: SWBTS trustees elect new deans, faculty, and vice president;expands program in San Antonio| publisher = Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary| date = 2006| url = http://www.swbts.edu/pressreleases/story.cfm?id=6AF30AD4-F56F-42A0-AECAE37C070C8424}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[E. Earle Ellis]] || eruditus Novi Testamenti || professor investigationis theologiae, [[emeritus]]
|-
|[[Gulielmus Roscoe Estep]] || [[historicus]] Baptisticus et Anabaptisticus, [[professor]] || professor historiae ecclesiasticae, [[emeritus]]
|-
|[[Iacobus Leo Garrett Jr.]] || [[theologus]] || professor theologiae distinctus emeritus
|-
| [[T. B. Maston]] || ethicista Christianus || professor ethicarum Christianarum
|-
| [[J. Franciscus Norris]] || praedicator fundamentalisticus || fiduciarius seminarii
|-
|[[Paige Patterson]] || olim praeses [[Conventus Baptisticus Meridianus|Conventus Baptistici Meridiani]] || praeses seminarii
|-
|[[Lee Rutland Scarborough]] || professor, evangelista || praeses secunsus seminarii
|-
|[[Terry Wilder]] || Novi Testamenti eruditus || professor Novi Testamenti
|}

;Alumni
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
!bgcolor=&quot;#e5e5e5&quot; width=&quot;30%&quot; | Nomen !! bgcolor=&quot;#e5e5e5&quot; width=&quot;42%&quot; | Gloria !! bgcolor=&quot;#e5e5e5&quot; width=&quot;28%&quot; | Coniunctio cum seminario
|-
| [[Gary Chapman]] || [[auctor]] || Magister Eruditionis Religiosae (M.R.E.) et Ph.D.
|-
| [[David S. Dockery]] || praeses [[Universitas Internationalis Trinitatis|Universitatis Internationalis Trinitatis]] || Magister Divinitatis
|-
| [[Ludovicus Giglio]]&lt;!--Louie--&gt; || pastor congressuum Passionis || Magister Divinitatis&lt;ref name=&quot;college&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|publisher=Christ Notes|year=2007|title=Louie Giglio Books and Ministry|url=http://www.christnotes.org/_louie-giglio.asp|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080223083952/http://www.christnotes.org/_louie-giglio.asp|archivedate=23 February 2008|deadurl=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[J. D. Grey]] || pastor Primae Ecclesiae Baptisticae Novae Aureliae, 1937-1972 || gradus magistralis&lt;ref&gt;James Cole et Robert L. Lee, ''Saint J. D.'' (Waco Texiae: Word Publishers, 1969), pp. 159-163.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Georgius E. Hearn]] || psychologus et professor in [[Collegium Ludovicianae|Collegio Ludivicianae]] || gradus magistralis
|-
| [[Michael Huckabee]] || Gubernator Arkansiae et candidatus [[Praeses Civitatum Foederatarum|Praesidis Civitatum Foederatarum]] anno 2008 || studium graduatum, uno anno
|-
| [[Robertus Jeffress]] || pastor Primae Ecclesiae Baptisticae Dallasiae Texiae || Doctor Ministrationis
|-
| [[Gulielmus Keith (Louisiana politician)|Gulielmus P. Keith]] || [[Legislatura Civica Ludoviciana|Senator Civicus Ludovicianus]] (1980-1984) et defensor [[scientia creationis]] || Discipulus inter 1950 et 1960
|-
| [[Iacobus Lankford]] || [[Camera Repraesentantium Civitatum Foederatarum|C.F. Repraesentans (R-OK)]] || Magister Divinitatis&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Campaign-2012: Candidates: Oklahoma: James Lankford: House|year=2012|publisher=''[[The Washington Times]]''|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6RJzhXuh6|archivedate=25 July 2014|deadurl=no|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/campaign-2012/candidates/james-lankford-61119/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Lawrentius Lea]]&lt;!--Larry--&gt; || [[televangelista]] || Programmati doctorali interfuit&lt;ref&gt;Randall Herbert Balmer, ''Encyclopedia of Evangelicalism'' (Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press, 2002), 333, ISBN 0664224091.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Fridericus L. Lowery]] || pastor of Primae Ecclesiae Baptisticae [[Urbs Bossier (Ludoviciana)|Urbis Bossier]] [[Ludoviciana]]e;&lt;br&gt;televangelista, ''The First Word''||Magister Theologiae&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.okbu.edu/news/2000-02-14/lowery-featured-speaker-for-obu-chapel-service|title=LoweryFeatured Speaker for Oklahoma Baptist University Chapel Service, February 14, 2000|publisher=okbu.edu}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Robertus L. Lynn]] || Praeses [[Collegium Ludovicianum|Collegii Ludoviciani]] ab 1975 ad 1997 ||&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Dr. Lynn is slated by Lions,&quot; ''[[Minden Press-Herald]],'' [[Minden]] Ludovicianae, 24 Septembris 24 1975, p. 1.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Ioannes Franciscus Mauldin]] || [[Scriptor]] de rebus [[oeconomia|oeconomicis]] || Magister Divinitatis
|-
| [[Baylus Beniaminus McKinney]] || [[cantor]], [[hymnodista]] || discipulus seminarii&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bpnews.net/bpnews.asp?ID=6344|title=Stacy Whitlow, 'Wherever He Leads I'll Go,' B. B. McKinney reunion sings anew, 14 Augusti 2000|publisher=bpnews.net}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
|- 
| [[Ervinus McManus]] || [[pastor]] ducens [[Ecclesia Operis Tessellati]]&lt;!--Mosaic Church--&gt; || Magister Divinitatis
|-
| [[Donaldus Miller (Tennessee politician)|Don Miller]] || [[Factio Republicana (Civitates Foederatae)|Republicanus]] legatus in [[Camera Repraesentantium Tennesiae]] || M.R.E.&lt;ref name=&quot;capitol&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20150107040203/http://www.capitol.tn.gov/house/members/h10.html House profile].&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Gulielmus Moyers]] || [[diurnarius]] || Magister Divinitatis
|-
| [[Ricardus Scarborough]] || olim pastor, nunc praeses [[Vision America]] || Magister Divinitatis&lt;ref name=Post&gt;Murray, Shailagh. [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/05/07/AR2005050701266_pf.html &quot;Filibuster Fray Lifts Profile of Minister: Scarborough Has Network and Allies&quot;], ''[[The Washington Post]],'' 8 Maii 2005.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Carolus Stanley]] || pastor [[Prima Ecclesia Baptistica Atlantae Georgiae|Primae Ecclesiae Baptisticae Atlantae Georgiae]] || Magister Divinitatis
|-
| [[Ricardus Warren]] || conditor et pastor senex [[Ecclesia Saddleback|Ecclesiae Saddleback]] || Magister Divinitatis
|-
| [[Edvinus Barry Young]] || conditor [[Ecclesia Sodalitatis|Ecclesiae Sodalitatis]]&lt;!--Fellowship Church--&gt; || Magister Divinitatis
|}

==Notae==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

==Nexus externi==
*[http://best-seminary.com/southwestern-baptist-theological-seminary/ Recognitiones SWBTS,] best-seminary.com
*[http://www.swbts.edu/ Situs proprius,] www.swbts.edu

{{coord|32.682|-97.348|type:landmark_region:US-TX|display=title}}

[[Categoria:Seminaria]]
[[Categoria:Arx Vorthensis]]
[[Categoria:Seminarium Theologicum Baptisticum Meridioccidentale|!]]
&lt;!--
[[Category:Seminaries and theological colleges in Texas]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges affiliated with the Southern Baptist Convention]]
[[Category:Evangelical seminaries and theological colleges]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Fort Worth, Texas]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1901]]
[[Category:Baptist universities and colleges in the United States]]--&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Spelunca Amud</title>
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{{charta locatrix 
|Israelis borealis physicalis
|label=''Spelunca Amud''
|lat_deg =32 |lat_min =57
|lon_deg =35  | lon_min =18
|position=left
|background = 
| mark = Brown pog.svg
|width=250
|float=right
|caption= Situs in Israele boreali
}}
'''Spelunca Amud''' est situs archaeologicus [[Israël]]is super [[Wadi Amud|vallem Amud]] eminens in [[Israël]]e boreali. Ibi repertae sunt reliquia [[Homo neanderthalensis|hominum neanderthalensium]] qui in regione abhinc annorum ab 50&amp;nbsp;000 ad 40&amp;nbsp;000 habitabant.

== Bibliographia ==
* Hisashi Suzuki, Fuyuji Takai, ''The Amud man and his cave site''. Tokii: Academic Press of Japan, 1970
* R. H. Gargett, &quot;Middle Paleolithic burial is not a dead issue: the view from Qafzeh, Saint-Césaire, Kebara, Amud and Dederiyeh&quot; in ''Journal of Human Evolution'' vol. 37 (1999) pp. 27–90
* E. Hovers, W. H. Kimbel, R. Lavi, Y. Rak, &quot;[http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/paleo_0153-9345_1995_num_21_2_4617 Hominid Remains from Amud Cave in the Context of the Levantine Middle Paleolithic]&quot; in ''Paléorient'' vol. 21 fasc. 2 (1995) pp. 47-61
* E. Hovers, W. H. Kimbel, Y. Rak, &quot;The Amud 7 skeleton: still a burial. Response to Gargett&quot; in ''Journal of Human Evolution'' vol. 39 (2000) pp. 253–260
* Y. Kuchikura, H. Watanabe, &quot;[http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/paleo_0153-9345_1973_num_1_1_902 Control Precision in the Flaking of Levallois Points from the Amud Cave. A Technological Approach to the Study of Early Man's Manual Dexterity]&quot; in ''Paléorient'' vol. 1 fasc. 1 (1973) pp. 87-95
* Marco Madella, Martin K. Jones, Paul Goldberg, Yuval Gorenc, Erella Hovers, &quot;The Exploitation of Plant Resources by Neanderthals in Amud Cave (Israel): The Evidence from Phytolith Studies&quot; in ''Journal of Archaeological Science'' vol. 29 (2002) pp. 703–719
* Ruth Shahack-Gross, Avner Ayalon, Paul Goldberg, Yuval Goren, Boaz Ofek, Rivka Rabinovich, Erella Hovers, &quot;Formation processes of cemented features in karstic cave sites revealed using stable oxygen and carbon isotopic analyses: A case study at middle paleolithic Amud Cave, Israel&quot; in ''Geoarchaeology'' vol. 23 (2008) pp. 43-62
* Ehud Weiss, Wilma Wetterstrom, Dani Nadel, Ofer Bar-Yosef, &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160716161043/http://www.pnas.org/content/101/26/9551.full The broad spectrum revisited: Evidence from plant remains]&quot; in ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' vol. 101 (2004) pp. 9551–9555

{{NexInt}}
* [[Spelunca Raqefet]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [http://ancientneareast.tripod.com/Amud_Cave.html Amud Cave in Israel]{{Nexus deficit|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&quot; apud ''The History of the Ancient Near East''

[[Categoria:Loci habitati palaeolithici]]
[[Categoria:Loci archaeologici Israelis]]
[[Categoria:Homo neanderthalensis]]</text>
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    <title>Aurons</title>
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[[Fasciculus: Aurons.jpg |thumb|upright=0.8|left|Aurons: despectus in medium vicum]]
{{res|Aurons}} est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] 555 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Ostia Rhodani|Ostiorum Rhodani]] in regione [[Provincia, Alpes, Litus Lazuli|Provincia, Alpibus et Litore Lazuli]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Ostiorum Rhodani|Indicem communium praefecturae Ostiorum Rhodani]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{communiaCat|Aurons|Aurons}}
{{INSEE commune|13008|de=Aurons}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20220302014906/http://www.aurons.fr/ Huius communis pagina interretialis]
* {{opus|url=http://cassini.ehess.fr/fr/html/fiche.php?select_resultat=1926 |titulus=De hoc communi|domus editoria=cassini.ehess.fr}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Ostiorum Rhodani]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Ostiorum Rhodani]]</text>
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[[Fasciculus: Aurons.jpg |thumb|upright=0.8|left|Aurons: despectus in medium vicum]]
{{res|Aurons}} est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] 555 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Ostia Rhodani|Ostiorum Rhodani]] in regione [[Provincia, Alpes, Litus Lazuli|Provincia, Alpibus et Litore Lazuli]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Ostiorum Rhodani]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{communiaCat|Aurons|Aurons}}
{{INSEE commune|13008|de=Aurons}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20220302014906/http://www.aurons.fr/ Huius communis pagina interretialis]
* {{opus|url=http://cassini.ehess.fr/fr/html/fiche.php?select_resultat=1926 |titulus=De hoc communi|domus editoria=cassini.ehess.fr}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Ostiorum Rhodani]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Ostiorum Rhodani]]</text>
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[[Fasciculus:Chapelle_Saint-Jean_d%27Alleins_1.JPG |thumb|upright=0.8|left|Alleins: [[aedicula]] [[Sanctus Ioannes|Sancto Ioanni]] dicata.]]

{{res|Alleins}} ([[Occitanice]] ''Alen'') est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] {{formatnum:2852}} incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Ostia Rhodani|Ostiorum Rhodani]] in regione [[Provincia, Alpes, Litus Lazuli|Provincia, Alpibus et Litore Lazuli]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Ostiorum Rhodani|Indicem communium praefecturae Ostiorum Rhodani]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{communiaCat|Alleins|Alleins}}
{{INSEE commune|13003|de=Alleins}}
* {{opus|url=https://www.alleins.fr/|titulus=Huius communis pagina interretialis}}
* {{opus|url=http://cassini.ehess.fr/cassini/fr/html/fiche.php?select_resultat=395|titulus=De hoc communi|domus editoria=cassini.ehess.fr}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Ostiorum Rhodani]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Ostiorum Rhodani]]</text>
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[[Fasciculus:Chapelle_Saint-Jean_d%27Alleins_1.JPG |thumb|upright=0.8|left|Alleins: [[aedicula]] [[Sanctus Ioannes|Sancto Ioanni]] dicata.]]

{{res|Alleins}} ([[Occitanice]] ''Alen'') est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] {{formatnum:2852}} incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Ostia Rhodani|Ostiorum Rhodani]] in regione [[Provincia, Alpes, Litus Lazuli|Provincia, Alpibus et Litore Lazuli]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Ostiorum Rhodani]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{communiaCat|Alleins|Alleins}}
{{INSEE commune|13003|de=Alleins}}
* {{opus|url=https://www.alleins.fr/|titulus=Huius communis pagina interretialis}}
* {{opus|url=http://cassini.ehess.fr/cassini/fr/html/fiche.php?select_resultat=395|titulus=De hoc communi|domus editoria=cassini.ehess.fr}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Ostiorum Rhodani]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Ostiorum Rhodani]]</text>
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[[Fasciculus: Mallemort_-_vue_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale.JPG |thumb|upright=0.8|left|Mallemort: despectus in vicum]]
{{res|Mallemort}} est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] {{formatnum:6166}} incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Ostia Rhodani|Ostiorum Rhodani]] in regione [[Provincia Alpes Litus Lazuli|Provincia Alpibus Litore Lazuli]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Ostiorum Rhodani|Indicem communium praefecturae Ostiorum Rhodani]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{communiaCat|Mallemort|Mallemort}}
{{INSEE commune|13053|de=Mallemort}}
* {{opus|url=https://www.mallemortdeprovence.com/fr/|titulus=Huius communis pagina interretialis}}
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[[Fasciculus: Mallemort_-_vue_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale.JPG |thumb|upright=0.8|left|Mallemort: despectus in vicum]]
{{res|Mallemort}} est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] {{formatnum:6166}} incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Ostia Rhodani|Ostiorum Rhodani]] in regione [[Provincia Alpes Litus Lazuli|Provincia Alpibus Litore Lazuli]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Ostiorum Rhodani]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{communiaCat|Mallemort|Mallemort}}
{{INSEE commune|13053|de=Mallemort}}
* {{opus|url=https://www.mallemortdeprovence.com/fr/|titulus=Huius communis pagina interretialis}}
* {{opus|url=http://cassini.ehess.fr/fr/html/fiche.php?select_resultat=20821 |titulus=De hoc communi|domus editoria=cassini.ehess.fr}}

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      <text bytes="22189" sha1="7qqkvhx1pox50jd7ni8qswpqr2jvqhg" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Use of Sharia by country.svg|350px|thumb|Adhibitio shariae per civitates:&lt;br/&gt;
{{legend|#179C86|Sharia rationi iudiciali abest.}}
{{legend|#F6DD4F|Sharia ad personales Mussulmanorum leges adhibetur.}}
{{legend|#706EA4|Sharia omnino adhibetur, legibus scelestibus non exclusis.}}
{{legend|#FF9950|Variationes [[regio]]nales in adhibitione shariae.}}
]]
'''Sharia''' vel '''lex sharia''' ([[Arabice]] شريعة, IPA |ʃaˈriːʕa|), est prima ratio legitima [[Islam]]ica, a [[religio]]sis praeceptis Islamicis derivata, praecipue [[Alcoranum|Alcorano]] et [[Hadith]]. [[Vocabulum]] ''sharia'' a ''sharīʿah,'' verbo [[Arabice|Arabico]], deducitur, quod significat corpus [[lex religiosa|legum moralium et religiosarum]], ex [[propheta|prophetia]] deductarum, contra [[lex|leges]] [[homo|hominum]].&lt;ref&gt;R. M. Ritter, ed., ''New Oxford Dictionary for Writers and Editors: The Essential A-Z Guide to the Written Word'' (Oxoniae: Oxford University Press, 2005), 349.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=shariaeoi&gt;Calder et Hooker [http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/sharia-COM_1040 2007.]&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;Rehman 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

Sharia multas res tractat, inter quas [[scelus]], [[civilitas]], et [[oeconomia|oeconomica]], ac res personales sicut [[coitus]], [[sanitatis cura]], [[diaeta]], [[prex|preces]], [[regimen morum]]&lt;!--etiquette--&gt;, et [[ieiunium]]. Adhaesus ad shariam diutissime in [[historia]] una fuit ex proprietatibus [[fides|fidei]] Islamicae.&lt;ref name=WahhabiIslam&gt;DeLong-Bas 2004:93.&lt;/ref&gt; Per definitionem severissimam et [[historia|historice]] cohaerentem, sharia in Islam habetur [[Deus (Islam)|Dei]] [[lex]], quae errare non potest.&lt;ref name=&quot;Coulson, N. J. 2011&quot;&gt;Coulson 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;

Sunt duo primarii [[fontes shariae|shariae fontes]]: [[Alcoranum]] et [[Hadith]], sententiae et vivum [[Mahometus|Mahometi]] exemplum.&lt;ref name=&quot;Esposito, John 2001&quot;&gt;Esposito 2001.&lt;/ref&gt; Ad res in his fontibus non recte pertinentes disputatas, sharia per varios modos inter varias sectas Islamicas ([[secta Sunnitica|Sunniticam]] et [[secta Siitica|Shiam]]), et inter varias [[schola]]s [[iurisprudentia]]e, sicut [[Hanafi]], [[Maliki]], [[Shafi'i]], [[Hanbali]], et [[jurisprudentia Ja'fari|Jafari]] derivatur.&lt;ref&gt;Esposito 1999.&lt;/ref&gt; Sharia in his [[schola|scholis]] per [[hierarchica]]m derivatur, per unam vel plures harum rationum: [[Ijma]] (plerumque consensus comitum Mahometi), [[Qiyas]] (analogia ex fontibus primariis derivata), [[Istihsan]] (sententia quae Islam secundum iudices Islamicos adiuvat), et [[Urf]] ([[mos|mores]]).
[[Fasciculus:Taliban beating woman in public RAWA.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Sodalis [[Taliban]] mulierem anno [[2001]] flagellat propter severam Shariae [[lex|legem]] ad [[Gilbab|vestimenta Gilbab]] pertinentem [[violentia in mulieres|violatam]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Melaka State Syariah Court.jpg|thumb|Curia shariae [[Malacca]]e in [[urbs|urbe]] [[Malaesia]]e.]]
[[Fasciculus:Ground Zero Mosque Protesters 11.jpg|thumb|Obtestator proposito [[Park51]] adversatur, titulum contra shariam ferens.]]
[[Fasciculus:Prière de Tarawih dans la Grande Mosquée de Kairouan. Ramadan 2012.jpg|thumb|[[Mussulmani]] [[prex|orant]] circa [[Mescita Grandis Kairuana|Mescitam Grandem Kairuanam]], antiquissimam [[mescita]]m in [[Africa Septentrionalis|Africa Septentrionali]]. Prex est una ex obligationibus (''fard'') in sharia antipicatis.]]

Sharia est fons [[lex|legum]] magni momenti in variis [[civitas sui iuris|civitatibus]] Islamicis. Nonnullae adhibent omnem vel plurimam partem codicis sharia, et inter has sunt [[Arabia Saudiana]], [[Sudania]], [[Irania]], [[Iraquia]], [[Afghanistania]], [[Pakistania]], [[Bruneium]], [[Emiratus Arabici Coniuncti]], [[Qatar]], [[Yemenia]], et [[Mauritania]]. In his civitatibus, homines poenas a sharia mandatas, sicut [[decollatio]], [[verberatio]], et [[lapidatio]], iam emetiuntur, aut secundum aut praeter leges.&lt;ref&gt;Otto 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; Introductio et constitutio shariae est diuturnus motuum [[Islamismus|Islamisticorum]] finis per orbem terrarum, etiam in [[cultura Occidentalis|civitatibus Occidentalibus]], sed conatus ad shariam imponendam duxerunt ad controversiam,&lt;ref&gt;Hamann, Katie (29 Decembris 2009). [https://web.archive.org/web/20100411072718/http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/religion/Acehs-Sharia-Law-Still-Controversial-in-Indonesia-80257482.html &quot;Aceh's Sharia Law Still Controversial in Indonesia&quot;]. Voice of America.
* Iijima, Masako (13 Ianuarii 2010). [http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE60D07420100114 &quot;Islamic Police Tighten Grip on Indonesia's Aceh&quot;]. Reuters.
* [http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/02/08/aceh-sharia-police-loved-and-hated.html &quot;Aceh Sharia Police Loved and Hated,&quot;] ''The Jakarta Post.&lt;/ref&gt; [[violentia]]m&lt;ref&gt;BBC News, 3 Ianuarii 2003: [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2632939.stm &quot;Analysis: Nigeria's Sharia Split&quot;]: &quot;Thousands of people have been killed in fighting between Christians and Muslims following the introduction of sharia punishments in northern Nigerian states over the past three years.&quot;
* Harnischfeger, Johannes (2008).&lt;br /&gt; p. 16. &quot;When the Governor of Kaduna announced the introduction of Sharia, although non-Muslims form almost half of the population, violence erupted, leaving more than 1,000 people dead.&quot;&lt;br /&gt; p. 189. &quot;When a violent confrontation loomed in February 200, because the strong Christian minority in Kaduna was unwilling to accept the proposed sharia law, the sultan and his delegation of 18 emirs went to see the governor and insisted on the passage of the bill.&quot;
* Mshelizza, Ibrahim, 28 Iulii 2009: [http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/fight-for-sharia-leaves-dozens-dead-in-nigeria-1763253.html &quot;Fight for Sharia Leaves Dozens Dead in Nigeria&amp;nbsp;– Islamic Militants Resisting Western Education Extend Their Campaign of Violence,&quot;] ''The Independent.''
* PBS, [https://web.archive.org/web/20030809092546/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/africa/nigeria/religous_violence.html &quot;Nigeria in Transition: Recent Religious Tensions and Violence.&quot;]
* Al Jazeera English, 28 Decembris 2010: [http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2010/01/201012314018187505.html &quot;Timeline: Tensions in Nigeria: A Look at the Country's Bouts of Inter-Religious and Ethnic Clashes and Terror Attacks&quot;]: &quot;Thousands of people are killed in northern Nigeria as non-Muslims opposed to the introduction of sharia, or Islamic law, fight Muslims who demand its implementation in the northern state of Kaduna.&quot;
* Roza Ibrahimova, 27 Iulii 2009: [http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2009/07/2009727182749635965.html &quot;Dozens Killed in Violence in Northern Nigeria&quot;] (pellicula [Adobe Flash requirit; 00:01:49]). Al Jazeera English: &quot;The group Boko Haram, which wants to impose sharia (Islamic law) across the country, has attacked police stations and churches.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; et etiam [[bellum]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://countrystudies.us/sudan/63.htm]. ''Library of Congress Country Studies: Sudan'': &quot;The factors that provoked the military coup, primarily the closely intertwined issues of Islamic law and of the civil war in the south, remained unresolved in 1991. The September 1983 implementation of the sharia throughout the country had been controversial and provoked widespread resistance in the predominantly non-Muslim south . . . Opposition to the sharia, especially to the application of hudud (sing., hadd), or Islamic penalties, such as the public amputation of hands for theft, was not confined to the south and had been a principal factor leading to the popular uprising of April 1985 that overthrew the government of Jaafar an Nimeiri.&quot;
* Marchal, R. (2013), Islamic political dynamics in the Somali civil war. In ''Islam in Africa South of the Sahara: Essays in Gender Relations and Political Reform,'' 331-352.
* {{cite web|url=http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/sudan/facts.html |title=PBS Frontline: &quot;Civil war was sparked in 1983 when the military regime tried to impose sharia law as part of its overall policy to &quot;Islamicize&quot; all of Sudan.&quot; |publisher=Pbs.org}}
* &quot;The shari'a was imposed on non-Muslim Sudanese peoples in September 1983, and since that time Muslims in the north have been fighting a jihad against the non-Muslims in the south&quot; (Tibi 2008:33).&lt;/ref&gt;

Plurimae [[civitas sui iuris|civitates]] shariam rite non agnoscunt; nonnullae autem in [[Asia]], [[Africa]], et [[Europa]] partes shariae agnoscunt et accipiunt inter [[lex|leges]] de [[divortium|divortio]], [[hereditas|hereditate]], et aliis rebus personalibus, sed solum inter cives Islamicos.&lt;ref&gt;Otto 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Stahnke et Blitt 2005.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Etiam vide [http://www.law.emory.edu/ifl/index2.html &quot;Sharia Law profile by Country,&quot;] Emory University (2011).&lt;/ref&gt; In [[Britannia]], [[Tribunal Arbitrii Islamicum]] lege familiarum in sharia utitur ad altercationes statuendas, et haec circumscripta shariae acceptio est controversiosa.&lt;ref&gt;Bowen 2009; Corbin 2013; Taher 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;

Sententia sceleris, ratio iudicialis, [[iustitia]], et punitio in sharia adiecta a punitione legum saecularium variat.&lt;ref&gt;Encyclopædia Britannica; vide commentarium de [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/538793/Shariah Shari'ah (Islamic law)], 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Otto 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; Variationes shariae et legum saecularium ad controversiam duxerunt num sharia cum saecularibus rectionis formis, [[iura humana|iuribus humanis]], [[libertas sentiendi|libertate sentiendi]], et [[iura mulierum|iuribus mulierum]] congruere possit.&lt;ref&gt;Al-Suwaidi 1995.&lt;/ref&gt;

{{NexInt}}
{{div col|3}}
* [[Arabizatio]]
* [[Fatwa]]
* [[Gilbab]]
* [[Halal]]
* [[Hudud]]
* [[Pegida]]
* [[Religio publica]]
* [[Res publica Islamica]]
* [[Theologia Islamica]]
* [[Theonomia]]
* [[Theocratia]]&lt;!--
*[[Topics in sharia law]]
*[[Ban on sharia law]]
*[[Dīn]]
*[[Glossary of Islam]]
*[[Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists]]
*[[Imam Nawawi's Forty Hadith]]
*[[Islam et artes]]
*[[Islamic Sharia Council]]
*[[Ma'ruf]]
*[[More danico]]--&gt;
{{div col end}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* al-Misri, Ahmad ibn Naqib. [[1994]]. ''Umdat al-Salik wa Uddat al-Nasik|Reliance of the Traveller: A Classic Manual of Islamic Sacred Law.'' Ed retractata. Ed. et conv. ex Arabicop com commentario a Nuh Ha Mim Keller. Amana Publications. ISBN 9780915957729.
* An-Na'im, Abdullahi Ahmed. [[1996]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140116094053/http://www.law.emory.edu/aannaim/pdfiles/dwnld15.pdf Islamic Foundations of Religious Human Rights.] In ''Religious Human Rights in Global Perspective: Religious Perspectives,'' ed. John Witte Jr. et Johan D. van der Vyver. Springer Publishing. ISBN 9789041101778.
* Al-Suwaidi, J. [[1995]]. Arab and western conceptions of democracy. In ''Democracy, war, and peace in the Middle East,'' ed. David Garnham et Mark A. Tessler. Bloomingtoniae: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0253209399.
* ash-Shafi'i, Muhammad ibn Idris. [[1993]]. ''Risala: Treatise on the Foundations of Islamic Jurisprudence.'' Islamic Texts Society. ISBN 0946621152.
* Badr, Gamal Moursi. [[1978]]. Islamic Law: Its Relation to Other Legal Systems. ''American Journal of Comparative Law'' 26(2):187–198. doi:10.2307/839667. Proceedings of an International Conference on Comparative Law, Salt Lake City, Utah, February 24–25, 1977. JSTOR 839667.
* Badr, Gamal Moursi, et Ann Elizabeth Mayer. [[1984]]. Islamic Criminal Justice. ''American Journal of Comparative Law'' 32(1):167–169. doi:10.2307/840274. JSTOR 840274.
* Bakhtiar, Laleh, et Kevin Reinhart. [[1996]]. ''Encyclopedia of Islamic Law: A Compendium of the Major Schools.'' Kazi Publications. ISBN 1567444989.
* Berg, Herbert. [[2005]]. Islamic Law. ''Berkshire Encyclopedia of World History'' 3:1030. History Reference Center.
* Bowen, J. R. [[2009]]. How could English courts recognize Shariah? ''University of Saint Thomas Law Journal'' 7:411.
* Brown, Daniel W. [[1996]]. ''Rethinking Traditions in Modern Islamic Thought.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521653940.
* Calder, Norman, et Michael Barry Hooker. [[2007]]. Sharīʿa. ''Encyclopaedia of Islam.'' Ed. 2a., ed. P. Bearman, T. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, et W. P. Heinrichs Brill. ISBN 9789004161214.
* Corbin, Jane. [[2013]]. [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/9975937/Inside-Britains-Sharia-courts.html Inside Britain's Sharia courts.] ''The Telegraph,'' 7 Aprilis.
* Coulson, Noel James. [[1964]]. ''A History of Islamic Law.'' Islamic Surveys. Oxoniae: Oxford University Press.
* Coulson, Noel James. [[2011]]. A History of Islamic Law.'' Aldine. ISBN 9781412818551.
* Darwish, Nonie. [[2008]]. ''Cruel and Usual Punishment: The Terrifying Global Implications of Islamic Law.'' Thomas Nelson. ISBN 9781595551610.
* DeLong-Bas, Natana J. [[2004]]. ''Wahhabi Islam: From Revival and Reform to Global Jihad.'' Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195169913.
* Dien, Mawil Izzi [[2004]]. ''Islamic Law: From Historical Foundations to Contemporary Practice.'' Notre Dame Illinoesiae: University of Notre Dame Press.
* Doi, Abd ar-Rahman I., et Abdassamad Clarke. [[2008]]. ''Shari'ah: Islamic Law.'' Ta-Ha Publishers Ltd. ISBN 1842000853 (charta); ISBN 9781842000878.
* El-Fadl, Khaled Abou. [[2003]]. ''Reasoning with God: Rationality and Thought in Islam.'' Oneworld. ISBN 1851683062.
* El-Gamal, Mahmoud A. [[2006]]. ''Islamic Finance: Law, Economics, and Practice.'' Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521864143.
* Esposito, John. [[1999]]. ''The Oxford history of Islam.'' Novi Eboraci: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195107999.
* Esposito, John. [[2001]]. ''Women in Muslim family law.'' Syracuse University Press. ISBN 9780815629085.
* Esposito, John. [[2004]]. ''The Oxford dictionary of Islam.'' Oxford University Press.
* Gaudiosi, Monica M. [[1988]]. The Influence of the Islamic Law of Waqf on the Development of the Trust in England: The Case of Merton College. ''University of Pennsylvania Law Review'' 136(4):231–261. doi:10.2307/3312162. JSTOR 3312162.
* Ghamidi, Javed. [[2014]]. ''Mizan.'' Dar al-Ishraq. OCLC 52901690.
* Glenn, H. Patrick. [[2014]]). ''Legal Traditions of the World: Sustainable Diversity in Law.'' Ed. 5a. Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199669837.
* Harnischfeger, Johannes. [[2008]]. ''Democratization and Islamic Law: The Sharia Conflict in Nigeria.'' Francofurti et Novi Eboraci: Campus Verlag; Sicagi University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9783593382562.
* Hudson, A. [[2003]]. ''Equity and Trusts.'' Ed. 3a. Londinii: Cavendish Publishing. ISBN 1859417299.
* Horrie, Chris, et Peter Chippindale. [[1991]]. ''What Is Islam? A Comprehensive Introduction.'' Virgin Books. ISBN 0753508273.
* Jackson, Sherman A. [[2005]]. ''Islam and the Blackamerican: Looking Toward the Third Resurrection.'' Novi Eboraci et Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195180817.
* Kafadar, Cemal. [[1996]]. ''Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State.'' University of California Press. ISBN 0520206002.
* Lewis, Bernard. [[1984]]. ''The Jews of Islam.'' Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691008073. [https://books.google.com/books?id=W0EbKFRxrT4C Google Books.]
* Liebesny, Majid, et J. Herbert Liebesny, eds. [[1955]]. ''Origin and Development of Islamic Law.'' Khadduri: Law in the Middle East, 1. Vasingtoniae: Middle East Institute.
* Makdisi, John A. [[1999]]. The Islamic Origins of the Common Law. ''North Carolina Law Review'' 77(5):1,635–1,739.
* Makdisi, John A. [[2005]]. ''Islamic Property Law: Cases and Materials for Comparative Analysis with the Common Law.'' Carolina Academic Press. ISBN 1594601100.
* Mumisa, Michael. [[2002]]. ''Islamic Law: Theory &amp; Interpretation.'' Amana Publications. ISBN 1590080106.
* Musa, A. Y. [[2008]]. ''Hadith as Scripture: Discussions on The Authority Of Prophetic Traditions in Islam.'' Novi Eboraci: Palgrave Macmillan.
* Otto, Jan Michiel. [[2008]]. ''Sharia and National Law in Muslim Countries: Tensions and Opportunities for Dutch and EU Foreign Policy: Law, Governance, and Development.'' Amstelodami: Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 9789087280482.
* Otto, Jan. [[2010]]. ''Sharia incorporated a comparative overview of the legal systems of twelve Muslim countries in past and present.'' Lugduni Batavorum: Leiden University Press. ISBN 9789087280574.
* Rehman, J. [[2007]]. The sharia, Islamic family laws and international human rights law: Examining the theory and practice of polygamy and talaq. ''International Journal of Law, Policy and the Family'' 21(1):108–127.
* Safi, Omi. [[2003]]. ''Progressive Muslims: On Justice, Gender, and Pluralism.'' Oneworld Publications. ISBN 185168316X.
* Shahin, Omar. [[2007]]. ''The Muslim Family in Western Society: A Study in Islamic Law.'' Cloverdale Corporation. ISBN 9781929569304.
* Stahnke, Tad, et Robert C. Blitt. [[2005]]. The Religion-State Relationship and the Right to Freedom of Religion or Belief: A Comparative Textual Analysis of the Constitutions of Predominantly Muslim Countries. ''Georgetown Journal of International Law'' 36(4).
* Standke, Corinna. [[2008]]. ''Sharia: The Islamic Law.'' GRIN Verlag.
* Taher, Abul. [[2008]]. Revealed: UK’s first official sharia courts. ''The Sunday Times,'' 14 Septembris.
* Tibi, Bassam. [[2008]]. ''Political Islam, World Politics and Europe.'' Routledge.
* Weeramantry, Christopher. [[1997]]. ''Justice Without Frontiers: Furthering Human Rights.'' Brill Publishers. ISBN 9041102418.
* Weiss, Bernard G. [[2002]]. ''Studies in Islamic Legal Theory.'' Lugduni Batavorum et Bostoniae: Brill Publishers. ISBN 9789004120662.

;Generalia
* Bearman, P., et al. [[1960]]–[[2005]]. ''Encyclopaedia of Islam.'' Ed. Lugduni Batavorum: Brill.

== Bibliographia addita ==
* Ali, Abdullah Yusuf. [[2000]]. ''The Holy Qur'an.'' Conv. Abdullah Yusuf Ali. Ware, Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Editions. ISBN 9781853267826.
* Bostom, Andrew. [[2012]]. ''Sharia Versus Freedom: The Legacy of Islamic Totalitarianism.'' Prometheus Books. ISBN 1616146664.
* Bowen, John R. [[2009]]. [http://bostonreview.net/john-bowen-private-arrangements-sharia-England Private Arrangements: &quot;Recognizing Sharia&quot; in Britain.] ''Boston Review,'' 1 Martii.
* Coulson, Noel J. [[1964]]. ''A History of Islamic Law.'' Edimburgi: Edinburgh University Press.
* Elliesie, Hatem. [[2014]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20141016010752/http://www.sfb-governance.de/publikationen/working_papers/wp54/SFB-Governance-Working-Paper-54.pdf ''Binnenpluralität des Islamischen Rechts: Diversität religiöser Normativität rechtsdogmatisch- und methodisch betrachtet.''] SFB Governance Working Paper Series, Collaborative Research Center 700, Governance in Areas of Limited Statehood, 54. ISSN 18636896.
* Hallaq, Wael B. [[2009]]. ''An Introduction to Islamic Law.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521678735.
* Hussain, Jamila. [[2011]]. ''Islam: Its Law and Society.'' Ed. 3a. Annandale, N.S.W. Australiae: The Federation Press. ISBN 1862874999. OCLC 742018517.
* Kadri, Sadakat. [[2011]]. ''Heaven on Earth: A Journey Through Shari'a Law.'' Londinii: The Bodley Head. ISBN 1847920160. OCLC 774921862, OCLC 670282592, OCLC 777379796.
* Kadri, Sadakat. [[2012]] ''Heaven on Earth: A Journey Through Shari'a Law from the Deserts of Ancient Arabia to the Streets of the Modern Muslim World.'' Editio Americana. Novi Eboraci: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 0374168725. OCLC 740628896. [https://books.google.com/books?id=dvRC2vdw1BwC Google Books.]
* Khan, Muhammad Muhsin. [[1996]]. ''The English Translation of Ṣaḥīḥ Al Bukhārī with the Arabic Text.'' Alexandria Virginiae: Al-Saadawi Publications. ISBN 9781881963592. OCLC 35673415.
* Mahmassani, Maher. [[2014]]. ''Islam in Retrospect: Recovering the Message.'' Olive Branch Press. ISBN 1566569222.
* Mahmassani, Sobhi. [[1961]]. ''The Philosophy of Jurisprudence in Islam.'' Conv. Farhat J. Ziadeh. Lugduni Batavorum: Brill.
* Mahmassani, Sobhi. [[1966]]. ''The Principles of International Law in the Light of Islamic Doctrine.'' Lugduni Batavorum: The Hague Academy of International Law.
* Potz, Richard. [[2011]]. [http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0159-2011112127 Islamic Law and the Transfer of European Law.] Moguntiaci: European History Online, Institute of European History.
* Nuh Ha Mim Keller, conv. et ed. [[1997]]. ''Reliance of the Traveller: Classic Manual of Islamic Sacred Law.'' Ed. retractata. Amana Publications. ISBN 9780915957729.
* Ramadan, Said. [[1980]]. ''Das islamische Recht: Theorie und Praxis.'' Wiesbaden. ISBN 3447020784.
* Rohe, Mathias. [[2011]]. ''Das islamische Recht: Geschichte und Gegenwart.'' Ed. 3a. Monaci. ISBN 9783406579554.
* Sachau, Edurad. [[2004]]. ''Das Recht der Scharia.'' Ed. nova. Francofurti.
* Schacht, Joseph. [[1964]]. ''An Introduction to Islamic Law.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press.
* Schacht, Joseph. [[1950]]. ''The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press.
* Warner, Bill. [[2010]]. ''Sharia Law for Non-Muslims.'' CSPI. ISBN 0979579481.

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Sharia|Shariam}}
{{Wiktionary}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150220104104/http://www.quraanicstudies.com/no-error-in-qur-an-division-of-inheritance-according-to-quran/ &quot;Division of Inheritance According to Qur'an,&quot;] www.quraanstudies.com
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190602075007/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/6895/ &quot;Explanation of 'The Reward of the Omnipotent,'&quot;] www.wdl.org ([[manuscriptum]], saec. 19 vel 20, de sharia)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140903142056/https://www.unaa.org.au/brunei-implements-sharia-law.html Sharia in civitatibus Islamicis,] www.unaa.org
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140905022923/http://yulr.org/sharia-law-in-the-international-legal-sphere/ &quot;Sharia Law in the International Legal Sphere,&quot;] yulr.org (Universitas Yalensis)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170202054116/http://bridgingcultures.neh.gov/muslimjourneys/items/show/226 &quot;Bridging Cultures,&quot;] bridgingcultures.neh.gov (National Endowment for the Humanities et George Mason University)
&lt;!--
[[Category:Legal codes]]--&gt;

{{Myrias|Philosophia}}

[[Categoria:Ius]]
[[Categoria:Religio Islamica]]
[[Categoria:Verba Arabica]]
[[Categoria:Cultura Islamica]]</text>
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      <text bytes="4674" sha1="8hwvdqxial0bs2ldxdodrnl3aklaios" xml:space="preserve">{{L1}}[[Fasciculus:Hash table 3 1 1 0 1 0 0 SP.svg|thumb|315px|[[Tabula hash]]. Forma [[Anglice]] signata.]]
'''Structura datorum''' in [[informatica|scientia computatrorum]] est certa ratio [[data|datorum]] ordinandorum intra [[computatrum]] ut [[efficientia algorithmica|perite]] adhiberi possit.&lt;ref&gt;Black 2004.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Structurae datorum unum vel plures [[typus datorum abstractus|abstractos datorum typos]] exsequi possunt, quae sunt ratio locationis effectionum subtiliter enumerandae&lt;!--of specifying the contract of operations (whatever that means)--&gt; et earum [[ratio complexitatis computationalis|multiplicitatum]]. Adversus abstractos datorum typos, structura datorum est concreta locationis a typo datorum abstracto praebitae exsecutio.&lt;!--contract provided by an abstract data type--&gt;

Varia structurarum datorum genera se ad varia [[applicatio]]num genera accommodare possunt, et nonnulla ad certa opera aptissima sunt. Exempli gratia, relationalia [[datorum repositorium|datorum repositoria]] indicibus [[arbor B|arboris B]] ad [[data]] recuperanda usitatissime utuntur,&lt;ref&gt;Powell 2006: capitulum 8, &quot;Building Fast-Performing Database Models.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; cum exsecutiones [[compilatrum|compilatri]] [[tabula hash|tabulis hash]] ad identificatores{{dubsig}}&lt;!--?identifiers--&gt; inveniendos usitate utuntur.

Structurae datorum rationes ad magnos datorum numeros diligenter tractandos in usus praebent sicut magna [[datorum repositorium|datorum repositoria]] et [[perscriptio interretialis|ministeria interretis perscribendi]]&lt;!--?web indexing|internet indexing services--&gt;. Structurae datorum habiles plerumque sunt res maximi momenti ad [[algorithmus|algorithmos]] habiles desigandos. Nonnullae rationes designationis formalis et [[lingua programmandi|linguae programmandi]] structuras datorum imprimunt, potius quam algorithmos, res ordinantes maximi momenti in designatione [[corpus programmatum|programmatum]]. Recondere et recuperare per [[data]] in [[memoria computatralis|memoria praecipua]] et in [[memoria auxiliaria]] coacervata effici possunt.

{{NexInt}}
*[[Arbor B]]
*[[Arbor digitalis]]
*[[Bibliotheca (computatio)]]
*[[Dynamizatio]]
*[[Exemplar datorum]]&lt;!--Data model--&gt;
*[[Fasciculus (structura datorum)]]
*[[Queap]]
*[[Systema datorum]]&lt;!-- +
*[[Abstract data type]]
*[[Blackboard (computatio)]]
*[[Concurrent data structure]]
*[[Linked data structure]]
*[[List of data structures]]
*[[Persistent data structure]]
*[[Plain old data structure]]--&gt;

==Notae==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

==Bibliographia==
*Black, Paul E., ed. [[2004]]. Data structure. ''Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures.'' U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology, 15 Decembris. [http://xlinux.nist.gov/dads/HTML/datastructur.html Textus interretialis.]
*Brass, Peter. [[2008]]. ''Advanced Data Structures.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521880378. ISBN 9780521880374.
*''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]].'' [[2009]]. Data structure. [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/152190/data-structure Textus interretialis.] 
*Knuth, Donald. [[2007]]. ''The Art of Computer Programming.'' Vol. 1. Ed. 3a. Addison-Wesley.
*Mehta, Dinesh, et Sartaj Sahni. [[2007]]. ''Handbook of Data Structures and Applications.'' Chapman and Hall et CRC Press.
*Powell, Gavin. [[2006]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070818140343/http://searchsqlserver.techtarget.com/generic/0,295582,sid87_gci1184450,00.html ''Beginning Database Design.''] Wrox Publishing. ISBN 9780764574900.
*Schaffer, C. [[2011]]. ''Data Structures and Algorithm Analysis.'' Editio 3.2, modo C++. [http://people.cs.vt.edu/~shaffer/Book/C++3e20110915.pdf PDF.]
*Wirth, Niklaus. [[1985]]. ''Algorithms and Data Structures.'' Englewood Cliffs Novae Caesareae: Prentice Hall.

==Nexus externi==
*[http://academicearth.org/computer-science/ Cursus de structuris datorum,] academicearth.org (Universitas Californiae Berkeleiae)
*[http://scanftree.com/Data_Structure/ Cursus de structuris datorum,] scanftree.com
*[http://www.cs.auckland.ac.nz/software/AlgAnim/ds_ToC.html Cursus de structuris datorum,] www.cs.auckland.ac.nz (Universitas Aucklandiae)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050624234059/http://www.nist.gov/dads/ Descriptiones,] nist.gov (''Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures'')
*[http://scanftree.com/programs/operation/data-structure/ Exempla programmatum structurarum datorum in C et Java,] scanftree.com
*[http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa289148(VS.71).aspx Investigatio structurarum datorum per prospectum .NET,] msdn.microsoft.com

{{Myrias|Technologia}}

[[Categoria:Structurae datorum| ]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Universitas Technica Regalis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <contributor>
        <username>LilyKitty</username>
        <id>18316</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>de qualitate universitatis et technologia</comment>
      <origin>3959354</origin>
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      <text bytes="685" sha1="d11kp8doigq87n2o1p2ca1uzwt0sccm" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa scholae Vicidata}}
'''Universitas Technica Regalis''' ([[Suecice]] ''Kungliga Tekniska högskolan'' et ''KTH'' abbreviate; [[Anglice]] ''KTH Royal Institute of Technology'') est [[universitas publica]] regalis [[Holmia]]e [[Suecia]]e sita cum primis studiis [[technologia|technica]]e et [[scientia naturalis|scientiae naturalis]].

== Nexus interni ==

* [[Blandaren]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Kungliga Tekniska högskolan|Universitatem Technicam Regalem}}
* [http://www.kth.se/ Situs officialis]

{{uni-stipula}}

{{Coord|59|20|49|N|18|04|19|E|display=title|region:SE_type:edu}}

[[Categoria:Universitates Sueciae]]
[[Categoria:Holmia]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1827]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Classificatio internationalis statistica morborum quaestionumque salutis relatarum</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>18316</id>
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      <comment>de ICD-10</comment>
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      <text bytes="3551" sha1="ipjefbmao4ob1th40ut8pl5qqndaea7" xml:space="preserve">'''Classificatio internationalis statistica morborum quaestionumque salutis relatarum''' seu breviter '''Classificatio internationalis morborum''', abbreviatura '''ICD''' est [[Ordo mundi sanitarius|ordinis mundi sanitarii]] (WHO) systema classificationis [[morbus|morborum]] et [[diagnosis medica|problematum]], quae ad [[salus|salutem]] referunt&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.who.int/classifications/icd/en/ Situs interretialis ordinis mundi sanitarii: classificationes]&lt;/ref&gt;. Versio vigens est [[ICD-10]] anno [[2016]] edita.&lt;ref&gt;[http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd/icd10updates/en/index.html Situs interretialis ordinis mundi sanitarii: de versionibus ICD-10]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia ==
Classificatio internationalis morborum ex consilio [[nosocomus|nosocomae]] [[Florentia Nightingale|Florentiae Nightingale]] orta est, ut data [[valetudinarium|valetudinariorum]] colligantur. Anno [[1893]] [[Iacobus Bertillon]] classificationem causarum mortis excogitavit, quam anno 1900 conventus internationalis emendavit et [[liber|librum]] classificationis cum indice alphabetico et tabula divulgavit.

== Versiones pristinae ==
* ICD-6 ab anno [[1949]]
* ICD-7 ab anno [[1955]]
* ICD-8 ab anno [[1965]]
* ICD-9 ab anno [[1976]] (17&amp;thinsp;000 codices continens)

== ICD-10 (in usu) == 
{{main|ICD-10}}
Anno 1990 versio decima a conventu mundiali salutis quadragesimo tertio approbata atque ab anno 1994 in usu est. Hoc systema classificationis facultatem 155&amp;thinsp;000 codices utendi&lt;ref&gt;ICD-10 CM &amp; ICD-10-PCS&lt;/ref&gt; expedit.

== ICD-11 (praeparata) ==
{{main|ICD-11}}
Hoc tempore ordo mundi sanitarius versionem decimam in versionem undecimam ([[ICD-11]]) convertere iussit, cuius descriptionem finalem in conventum mundialem salutis ([[Anglice]] ''world health assembly'', ''WHA'') detulit&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.who.int/classifications/icd/whoresponseicd11.pdf?ua=1 Recensionis externae renuntiatione responsum primum ordinis mundi salutarii] {{Ling|Anglice}}&lt;/ref&gt;. At finalis versio futura mense Maio anni [[2019]] ab illo conventu decreta est&lt;ref&gt;''[https://www.aerzteblatt.de/nachrichten/103394/Weltgesundheitsversammlung-beschliesst-die-ICD-11 Weltgesundheitsversammlung beschließt die ICD-11]''. Deutsches Ärzteblatt vom 27. Mai 2019.{{ling|Theodisce}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Vigebit ab anno 2022. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Reed G. M., First M. B., Kogan C. S., Hyman S. E., Gureje O., Gaebel W., Maj M., Stein D. J., Maercker A., et al. |title=Innovations and changes in the ICD-11 classification of mental, behavioural and neurodevelopmental disorders |journal=World Psychiatry |year=2019 |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=3-19 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30600616}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Exempla codicum morborum ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Morbus sive pertubatio
! ICD-9
! ICD-10
! ICD-11
|-
| Malaria per plasmodium falciparum effecta
| 084.0
| B50
| 1G70
|-
| Guttur diffusum (Hypothyreoidismus) inopiae iodi causa
| 244.2
| E01.2
| 5A01.1
|-
| [[Hypertensio arterialis]] essentialis
| 401
| I10
| BA00
|}

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
* [http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2016/en Situs interretialis ordinis mundus sanitarii cum navigatro classificationis internationalis morborum (ICD-10)] {{Ling|Anglice}}
* [http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd11/browse/l-m/en Versio futura (status &quot;beta&quot;): Situs interretialis ordinis mundus sanitarii cum navigatro classificationis internationalis morborum (ICD-11)] {{Ling|Anglice}}

[[Categoria:Medicina]]
[[Categoria:Ordo mundi sanitarius]]
[[Categoria:Classificatio internationalis morborum| ]]</text>
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    <title>Abdalla Nasirii filius Chalifae filii gentis Ṯānī</title>
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      <text bytes="2198" sha1="pnqunqnmr6aacwsvl6lrnx4bqphl5qo" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}
{{res|Abdalla Nasirii filius Chalifae filii gentis Ṯānī}} ([[Arabice]] عبد الله بن ناصر بن خليفة آل ثاني - ''ʿAbdallāh ibn Nāṣir ibn Ḫalīfa Āl Ṯānī''; in urbe [[Doha]] anno [[1960]] natus) est politicus [[Quataria]]e.

E familia regnante Quatariae ortus, abnepos conditoris [[Mahometus Ṯānī filius|Mahometi Ṯānī filii]], Abdalla Nasirii filius in [[Libanus|Libano]] eruditus est apud [[universitas Arabica Berytensis|universitatem Arabicam Berytensem]] ubi iuribus studuit.&lt;ref&gt;Fontes biographici alumnum esse &quot;''Durham Military College, United Kingdom''&quot; aiunt, de quo collegio nihil scitur.&lt;/ref&gt; Dux vigilium secretorum iuxta ministerium rerum internarum Quatariense operam dedit. Ibidem minister vicarius anno [[1995]] merere coepit, ministro principali rerum internarum [[Abdalla Chalidi filius gentis Ṯānī|Abdalla Chalidi filio]], primis ministris [[Abdalla Chalifae filius gentis Ṯānī|Abdalla Chalifae filio]] et [[Hamidus Ǧāsim filius gentis Ṯānī|Hamido Ǧāsim filio]]. Iussu cognati [[Tamimus Hamidi filius gentis Ṯānī|Tamimi Hamidi filii gentis Ṯānī]], qui ad dignitatem emiri nuper accederat, Abdalla Nasirii filius die [[26 Iunii]] [[2013]] primus minister et minister a rebus internis creatus est.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20161103215353/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/article/20130627/ARTICLE/306279886/1016 Qatar’s new PM Shaikh Abdullah bin Nasser Al Thani]&quot; in ''Khaleej Times'' (27 Iunii 2013)
* Rod Nordland, &quot;[http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/28/world/middleeast/qatar-names-new-cabinet.html Qatar’s Emir Names New Cabinet and Premier]&quot; in ''[[New York Times]]'' (27 Iunii 2013)

== Nexus externi ==
* Eduardus Atwood, &quot;[http://m.arabianbusiness.com/introducing-qatar-s-new-emir-506723.html?page=0 Introducing Qatar’s new Emir]&quot; (30 Iunii 2017) apud ''ArabianBusiness.com''

{{Primi ministri Quatariae}}

{{Lifetime|1960||Ṯānī, Abdalla Nasirii filius Chalifae filii}}
[[Categoria:Incolae Quatariae]]
[[Categoria:Vigiles]]
[[Categoria:Gubernatores civitatum]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Arabicae Berytensis]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sectio Aurea (grex)</title>
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      <text bytes="6068" sha1="aiaah0fqfrmj76rahc1hohd5iiiyixq" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:La Section d'Or, numero special, 9 Octobre 1912.jpg|thumb|Fasciculus praecipuus]]
[[Fasciculus:La Section d'Or exhibition, 1925, Galerie Vavin-Raspail, Paris.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Exhibitio]] 1925. Lutetiae: Galerie Vavin-Raspail. Videntur media parte [[Albertus Gleizes|Alberti Gleizes]] ''Portrait de l’éditeur Eugène Figuière,'' ''La Chasse,'' et ''Les Baigneuses.'' Opera [[Robertus Delaunay|Roberti Delauney]] et [[Andreas Lhote|Andreae Lhote]] laeva et dextra partibus proprie videntur, cum operibus aliorum pictorum.]]
[[Fasciculus:Theo van Doesburg Design for a poster.jpg|thumb|[[Theodorus van Doesburg|Theodori Van Doesburg]] designatio folii murale pro Sectione Aurea, circa 1920. [[Atramentum]] in charta, 65 × 62,5 cm. Instituut Collectie Nederland.]]
'''Sectio Aurea''' ([[Francogallice]] ''La Section d'Or''), etiam '''Grex Puteaux''' (''Groupe de Puteaux'') appellata, fuit grex [[pictor]]um, [[sculptor]]um, [[poeta]]rum, et [[criticus|criticorum]] qui [[cubismus|cubismo]] et [[orphismus (ars)|orphismo]] faverunt. Qui [[artifex|artifices]] in [[suburbium|suburbiis]] [[Lutetia]]nis domi [[frater|fratrum]] Duchamp [[Puteaux]] in vico et in officina [[Albertus Gleizes|Alberti Gleizes]] [[Curbavia]]e assidue conveniebant.&lt;ref&gt; http://mediation.centrepompidou.fr/education/ressources/ENS-futurisme2008/ENS-futurisme2008-07-section-or.html &quot;Le Salon de la Section d'Or, Octobre 1912,&quot;] Mediation Centre Pompidou.&lt;/ref&gt; Sodales ab [[1911]] ad [[1914]] fere [[exhibitio]]ne controversa in [[Salon des Indépendants]] [[ver]]e anni 1911 habita innotuerunt. Haec exhibitio, quae opera [[Albertus Gleizes|Alberti Gleizes]], [[Ioannes Metzinger|Ioannis Metzinger]], [[Robertus Delaunay|Roberti Delaunay]], [[Henricus le Fauconnier|Henrici le Fauconnier]], [[Fernandus Léger|Fernandi Léger]], et [[Maria Laurencin|Mariae Laurencin]] protulit [[Gulielmus Apollinaire|Gulielmo Apollinaire]] petente, opprobrio fuit civitati, quo [[cubismus]] animos hominum primum ad se convertit.

==Sodales notabiles==
{{div col|2}}
*[[Alexander Archipenko]], 1887–1964
*[[Constantinus Brâncuși]], 1876–1957
*[[Iosephus Csaky]], 1888–1971
*[[Alexandra Ekster|Alexandra Exter]], 1882–1949
*[[Robertus Delaunay]], 1885–1941
*[[Marcellus Duchamp]], 1887–1968
*[[Raymondus Duchamp-Villon]], 1876–1918
*[[Petrus Dumont (painter)|Pierre Dumont]], 1884–1936
*[[Alexandra Ekster]], 1882–1949
*[[Henricus le Fauconnier]], 1881–1946
*[[Rogerius de La Fresnaye]], 1885–1925
*[[Albertus Gleizes]], 1881–1953
*[[Natalia Goncharova]], 1881–1962
*[[Ioannes Gris]], 1887–1927
*[[František Kupka]], 1871–1957
*[[Ioannes Lambert-Rucki]], 1888–1967
*[[Maria Laurencin]], 1883–1956
*[[Fernandus Léger]], 1881–1955
*[[Andreas Lhote]], 1885–1962
*[[Ioannes Marchand (pictor)|Ioannes Marchand]], 1883–1940
*[[Ludovicus Marcoussis]], 1878–1941
*[[Andreas Mare]], 1885–1932
*[[Ioannes Metzinger]], 1883–1956
*[[Franciscus Picabia]], 1879–1953
*[[Georgius Ribemont-Dessaignes]], 1884–1974
*[[Ioanna Rij-Rousseau]], 1870–1956
*[[Andreas Dunoyer de Segonzac]], 1884–1974
*Eugenius Tirvert, 1881–1948
*[[Tobeen]], 1880–1938
*Henricus Valensi, 1883–1960
*[[Iacobus Villon]], 1875–1963
{{Div col end}}

===Collaboratores===
{{div col|2}}
*[[Gulielmus Apollinaire]], 1880–1918
*[[Rogerius Allard]], 1885–1961
*[[Gabriel Buffet-Picabia]], 1881–1985
*[[Renatus Blum (ballet)]], 1878–1942
*[[Adolphus Basler]], 1878–1949
*Marcus Brésil
*Maximust Goth (Maximilianus Gauthier), 1893–1977
*Olivier Hourcade
*[[Maximus Jacob]], 1876–1944
*Petrus Müller, 1884–1914
*Iacobus Nayral (Iosephus Houot), ?–1914
*[[Mauritius Princet]], 1875–1973
*[[Mauritius Raynal]], 1884–1954
*[[Paulus Napoleo Roinard]], 1856–1930
*[[Petrus Reverdy]], 1889–1960
*[[Andreas Salmon]], 1881–1969
*Paulus Villes, 1881-1977
*Andreas Warnod, 1885–1960
*Francis Yard, 1876–1947
{{Div col end}}

{{NexInt}}
*[[Ars abstracta]]
*[[Constructivismus (ars)]]
*[[Futurismus]]
*[[Orphismus (ars)]]
*[[Purismus (ars)]]
*''[[De Stijl]]''

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Bibliographia==
*Debray, Cécile, et Françoise Lucbert. [[2000]]. ''La Section d'or, 1912–1920–1925.'' Catalogus exhibitionis. Musées de Châteauroux, Musée Fabre. Lutetiae: Éditions Cercle d'art.
*[[Alfredus H. Barr, Jr.|Barr, Alfredus]]. [[1936]]. ''Cubism and Abstract Art.'' Novi Eboraci: Museum of Modern Art.
*Cauman, John, [[2001]]. ''Inheriting Cubism: The Impact of Cubism on American Art, 1909–1936.'' Novi Eboraci: Hollis Taggart Galleries. ISBN 0970572344.
*Cooper, Douglas. [[1970]]. ''The Cubist Epoch.'' Londinii: Phaidon, cum Los Angeles County Museum of Art &amp; Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 0875870414.
*Golding, John. [[1959]]. ''Cubism: A History and an Analysis, 1907–1914.'' Novi Eboraci: Wittenborn.
*Richardson, John. [[1991]]. ''A Life Of Picasso, The Cubist Rebel 1907–1916.'' Novi Eboraci: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 9780307266651.

==Nexus externi==
*[http://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/viewer/exhibit-catalog-salon-de-la-section-dor-15197 Catalogus exhibitionis Salon de &quot;La Section d'Or&quot;, 1912.] Chartae Gualterii Pach, Archives of American Art Instituti Smithsoniani.
*[http://www.archivesdefrance.culture.gouv.fr/action-culturelle/celebrations-nationales/recueil-2012/beaux-arts-musique-et-cinema/exposition-de-la-section-d-or Exposition de la Section d’Or à la galerie La Boétie (Paris) et parution du traité Du Cubisme de Gleizes et Metzinger, 1912.]{{Nexus deficit|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Archives de France.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150618235414/http://bibliothequekandinsky.centrepompidou.fr/cataloguedoc/fondsphoto/cgi-bin/image.asp?ind=BKUNI000000643PDF&amp;no=RP225&amp;id=BKUNI000000643PDF ''La Section d'Or,'' numero special, 9 Octobre 1912.] Documentum plenum, Bibliotheca Kandinskiana Centri Pompidou.

[[Category:Cubismus]]
[[Category:Orphismus]]
[[Categoria:Greges hominum]]&lt;!--
[[Category:French artist groups and collectives]]
[[Category:20th-century French painters]]--&gt;</text>
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    <title>Albertus Bandura</title>
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      <text bytes="9065" sha1="ppdzi8ke5gxaj6t4zx895uv17wqqz6n" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}
{{res|Albertus Bandura}} (natus [[Mundare]] in oppidulo [[Alberta]]e [[Canada]]e [[4 Decembris]] [[1925]]; mortuus [[Stanfordia]]e [[California]]e die 2[[26 Iulii]] [[2021]]) fuit [[psychologus]] qui [[professor]] [[scientia socialis|scientiae socialis]] in [[psychologia]] David Starr Jordan emeritus in [[Universitas Stanfordiensis|Universitate Stanfordiensi]] docebat.

Paene sex [[decennium|decennia]] operam [[educatio]]nis [[disciplina academica|disciplinae]] multisque psychologiae campis dat, inter quos [[theoria cognitiva socialis]], [[therapia]], et [[psychologia personalitatis]] [[psychologia socialis|socialisque]], ac transitum a [[behaviorismus|behaviorismo]] ad [[psychologia cognitiva|psychologiam cognitivam]] movit. Conditor [[theoria erudiendi socialis|theoriae erudiendi socialis]] (nunc theoriae cognitivae socialis appellatae) et [[efficacitas sui|efficacitatis sui]] constructi theoretici, [[experimentum pupae Bobo]] anno [[1961]] effectum procuravit, quod conceptum erudiendi observationalis insigniter monstravit.

Inspectio anno [[2002]] Bandura in numero quarto a maximo e psychologis omnium temporum saepissime citatis habuit, post [[B. F. Skinner]], [[Sigismundus Freud|Sigismundum Freud]], et [[Ioannes Piaget|Ioannem Piaget]], et citatissimus vivus.&lt;ref&gt;S. J. Haggbloom (2002), &quot;The 100 most eminent psychologists of the 20th century,&quot; ''Review of General Psychology'' 6(2):139–152.&lt;/ref&gt; Maximus psychologus vivus late describebatur,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.all-about-psychology.com/psychology-videos.html|title=Showcasing The Very Best Online Psychology Videos |publisher=All-about-psychology.com |date= |accessdate=30 Decembris 2010| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20101227030658/http://www.all-about-psychology.com/psychology-videos.html|archivedate= 27 Decembris 2010| deadurl= no}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Foster |first=Christine |url=http://www.stanfordalumni.org/news/magazine/2006/sepoct/features/bandura.html|title=STANFORD Magazine: September/October 2006 &gt; Features &gt; Albert Bandura |publisher=Stanfordalumni.org |date=2 Iulii 2003 |accessdate=30 Decembris 2010}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Vancouver |first=The |url=http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/story.html?id=48cdc46f-fa8a-4f03-8be2-5463567e17cf|title=Canadian-born psychology legend wins $200,000 prize |publisher=Canada.com |date=t Decembris 2007 |accessdate=30 Decembris 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903031605/http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/story.html?id=48cdc46f-fa8a-4f03-8be2-5463567e17cf|archivedate=3 Septembris 2011}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.apa.org/monitor/2016/03/upfront-bandura.aspx]&lt;/ref&gt; atque unus e psychologis omnium temporum potentissimis.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://psychology.about.com/od/historyofpsychology/tp/ten-influential-psychologists.htm |title=10 Most Influential Psychologists |publisher=Psychology.about.com |date=24 Septembris 2010 |accessdate=December 30, 2010}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;webspace.ship.edu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=C. George Boeree |url=http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/bandura.html|title=Albert Bandura |publisher=Webspace.ship.edu |date=4 Decembris [[1925]] |accessdate=30 Decembris 2010}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Anno [[1974]], Bandura electus est octogensimus secundus praeses [[Societas Psychologica Americana|Societatis Psychologicae Americanae]], unus e iuvenissimis, anno aetatis suae quadragensimo octavo. Socius Collegii Rerum Scientificarum consociationis dictae ab [[1968]] ad [[1970]] fuit. Unus ex [[editor]]ibus novem [[periodicum|periodicorum]] [[academia|academicorum]] de psychologia fuit, inter quae ''[[Journal of Personality and Social Psychology]],'' ab [[1963]] ad [[1972]].&lt;ref&gt;http://search.proquest.com/docview/614419572.&lt;/ref&gt; Anno aetatis suae octogensimo secundo, [[Praemium Grawemeyeranum|Praemio Grawemeyerano]] pro psychologis ornatus est. Civis [[Civitates Foederatae|Americanus]] anno [[1956]] factus est.

==Libri maiores==
His libris sunt plus quam 5000 citationum in Google Scholar:
*Bandura, Albert. [[1997]]. ''Self-efficacy: the exercise of control.'' Novi Eboraci: W. H. Freeman.
*Bandura, Albert. [[1986]]. ''Social Foundations of Thought and Action.'' Englewood Cliffs Novae Caesareae: Prentice-Hall.

Eius alii libri maximi momenti sunt:
*Bandura, Albert, et R. H. Walters. [[1959]]. ''Adolescent Aggression.'' Novi Eboraci: Ronald Press.
*Bandura, Albert. [[1962]]. ''Social Learning through Imitation.'' Lincolniae Nebrascae: University of Nebraska Press.
*Bandura, Albert. [[1969]]. ''Principles of behavior modification.'' Novi Evoraci: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
*Bandura, Albert. [[1971]]. ''Psychological modeling: conflicting theories.'' Sicagi: Aldine·Atherton.
*Bandura, Albert. [[1973]]. ''Aggression: a social learning analysis.'' Englewood Cliffs Novae Caesareae: Prentice-Hall.
*Bandura, Albert. [[1975]]. ''Social Learning &amp; Personality Development.'' Nova Caesarea: Holt, Rinehart &amp; Winston.
*Bandura, Albert, et Emilio Ribes-Inesta. [[1976]]. ''Analysis of Delinquency and Aggression.'' Nova Caesarea: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
*Bandura, Albert. [[1977]]. ''Social Learning Theory.'' Englewood Cliffs Novae Caesareae: Prentice Hall.
*Bandura, Albert. [[2015]]. ''Moral Disengagement: How People Do Harm and Live with Themselves.'' Novi Eboraci: Worth.

{{NexInt}}
*[[Actio humana]]&lt;!--Human agency--&gt;
*[[Determinismus mutuus]]
*[[Psychologia cognitiva]]
*[[Psychologia socialis]]

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Bibliographia==
*Bandura, Albert, et Richard H. Walters. [[1959]]. ''Adolescent aggression; a study of the influence of child-training practices and family interrelationships.'' Novi Eboraci: Ronald Press.
*Bandura, Albert, et Richard H. Walters. [[1963]]. ''Social learning and personality development.'' Novi Eboraci: Holt, Rinehart, &amp; Winston.
*Bandura, Albert. [[1986]]. ''Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory.'' Englewood Cliffs Novae Caesareae: Prentice-Hall. ISBN 0-13-815614-X.
*Bandura, Albert. [[1989]]. Social cognitive theory. In ''Annals of Child Development, 6,'' ed. R. Vasta, 1–60. Grenovici Connecticutae: JAI Press.
*Bandura, Albert. [[1997]]. ''Self-efficacy: The exercise of control.'' Novi Eboraci: Freeman. ISBN 978-0-7167-2626-5.
*Bandura, Albert. [[1999]]. Moral disengagement in the perpetration of inhumanities. ''Personality and Social Psychology Review'' 3(3):193–209. {{doi|10.1207/s15327957pspr0303_3}}. [http://www.des.emory.edu/mfp/Bandura1999PSPR.pdfPDF.]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} PMID 15661671.
*Bandura, Albert. [[2002]]. Selective moral disengagement in the exercise of moral agency. ''Journal of Moral Education'' 31(2):101–119. doi:10.1080/0305724022014322.
*Bandura, Albert. [[2006]]. Toward a Psychology of Human Agency. ''Perspectives on Psychological Science'' 1:2. doi:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2006.00011.x.
*Benight, C. C., et Albert Bandura. [[2004]]. Social cognitive theory of posttraumatic recovery: The role of perceived self-efficacy. ''Behaviour Research and Therapy'' 42 (10): 1129–48. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2003.08.008. 
*Caprara, G., R. Fida, M. Vecchione, G. Del Bove, G. Vecchio, C. Barabaranelli, et A. Bandura. [[2008]]. Longitudinal analysis of the role of perceived self-efficacy for self-regulatory learning in academic continuance an achievement. ''Journal of Educational Psychology'' 100(3):525–534. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.100.3.525.
*Evans, R. I. [[1989]]. ''Albert Bandura: The man and his ideas: A dialogue.'' Novi Eboraci: Praeger. ISBN 0275933520.
*Haggbloom, S. J., et R. Warnick. [[2002]]. The 100 most eminent psychologists of the 20th century. ''Review of General Psychology'' 6 (2): 139–52. doi:10.1037/1089-2680.6.2.139.
*Zimmerman, Barry J., et Dale H. Schunk, eds. [[2003]]. ''Educational psychology: A century of contributions.'' Mahwah Novae Caesareae: Erlbaum. ISBN 0-8058-3681-0.

==Nexus externi==
{{Fontes biographici}}
*[http://www.psych.ualberta.ca/~gcpws/Bandura/Biography/Bandura_bio1.html Biographi Alberti Bandura.]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20180716044946/http://kappp.com.ua/blogs/blog-kappp/albert-bandura-ob-otklyuchenii-moralnoi-.html Moral Disengagement.] (Russice)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20210228001639/https://www.loopa.co.uk/social-learning-theory-aggression-psya3/ Social learning theory and aggression.]

{{Lifetime|1925|2021|Bandura, Albertus}}
[[Categoria:Auctores Anglici]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Columbiae Britannicae]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Iovensis]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Californiae]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Canadae]]
[[Categoria:Praesides Societatis Psychologicae Americanae]]
[[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Stanfordiensis]]
[[Categoria:Psychologi Canadae]]
[[Categoria:Psychologi Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Psychologi educationis]]
[[Categoria:Psychologi positivi]]
[[Categoria:Socii Academiae Artium et Scientiarum Americanae]]
[[Categoria:Socii Guggenheimiani]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Civitatum Foederatarum]]
{{Myrias|Homines}}</text>
      <sha1>ppdzi8ke5gxaj6t4zx895uv17wqqz6n</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sergius Rumas</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="1792" sha1="d75t4is1dehtgztu999u4e9hpootrka" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
'''Sergius Nicolai f. Rumas''', litteris Cyrillicis Сяргей Мікалаевіч Румас (die [[1 Decembris]] [[1969]] in urbe [[Gomel]]) est oeconomus et politicus [[Ruthenia Alba|Rutheniae Albae]].

[[Minscum|Minsci]] educatus, alumnus est [[Institutum Oeconomicum Militare (Iaroslavia)|Instituti Oeconomici Militaris]] [[Iaroslavia]]e in [[Russia]] et [[academia Administrationis Publicae (Minscum)|academiae administrationis publicae]] Rutheniae Albae. Praeside [[Alexander Lukašenko|Alexandro Lukašenko]] die [[18 Augusti]] [[2018]] primus minister factus est.

== Bibliographia ==
* Руслан Горбачев, &quot;[https://gazetaby.com/cont/art.php?sn_nid=42452 Кто вы, господин Румас?]{{Nexus deficit|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&quot; in ''Салiдарнасцi'' (31 Ianuarii 2012)
* Руслан Равяка, &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190330210241/https://www.intex-press.by/2018/08/18/kto-takoj-sergej-rumas-kotorogo-lukashenko-nazanachil-18-avgusta-premer-ministrom/ Кто такой Сергей Румас, которого Лукашенко назначил 18 августа премьер-министром]&quot; (18 Augusti 2018) apud ''Intex-Press''

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://news.tut.by/tag/ex6503-sergey-rumas.html?crnd=60943 Сергей Румас]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&quot; apud ''TUT.by''

{{Primi ministri Rutheniae Albae}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rumas, Sergius}}

[[Categoria:Nati 1969]]
[[Categoria:Homines vivi]]
[[Categoria:Politici Rutheniae Albae]]
[[Categoria:Gubernatores civitatum]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Academiae Administrationis Publicae (Minscum)]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Instituti Oeconomici Militaris (Iaroslavia)]]</text>
      <sha1>d75t4is1dehtgztu999u4e9hpootrka</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tenax (cantiuncula)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <parentid>3385466</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-13T10:50:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>139091</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>3959430</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="829" sha1="k1r0rf58meizmjwvwkh6abqz2xplywr" xml:space="preserve">&quot;'''Tenax'''&quot; est [[cantus]] ab [[Henricus Ruggeri|Henrico Ruggeri]] et [[Stephanus Previsti|Stephano Previsti]] anno [[1982]] [[compositio|compositus]], quod magnum opus cantorum [[Diana Est|Dianae Est]] et factum est.

In hac cantiuncula adest versum [[Publius Terentius Afer|Terentii]]: &quot;''Sed modo senectus morbus est… carmen vitae immoderatae hic est''&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.treccani.it/vocabolario/senectus-ipsa-est-morbus/ ''Senectus ipsa est morbus'']&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externus ==

* [https://www.discogs.com/it/master/154120 Tenax in pagina Discogs]
* [https://www.last.fm/it/music/Diana+Est/_/Tenax Tenax in pagina Last.fm, CBS Interactive]{{Nexus deficit|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{musica-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Carmina popularia]]
[[Categoria:Musica 1982]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Vicipaedia:Index paginarum cottidianarum/Promovendae</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-12T18:14:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Paucas paginas addidi</comment>
      <origin>3959322</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8674" sha1="ek7zs7rxdj1vm31ody4jqk9tzsm3yge" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{/Praefatio}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;{{safesubst:Index paginarum quotidianarum
|##=&lt;!-- ######################################################################

                        SCRIBE NOVAS PAGINAS HIC INFRA

Omnes paginae a te promotae *semper summae parti indicis* addendae sunt
(etiam quum commentationes antiquissimas inseras). Si plures paginas addis,
tibi suademus ut recentiores earum ante vetustiores disponas (ordo tamen haud
stricte tibi servandus est).

SYNTAXIS: Pagina // Descriptio // Imago

NOTA BENE: Paginae iam promotae non sunt delendae! Tantummodo adde paginas
           novas hic subter, *nihil ex indice detrahens*.

NOTA BENE: Si currentem ordinem mutare vis, a te petimus ut recensionem vacuam
           primum divulges.

############################################################ --&gt;| promovendae =

Fas et nefas ambulant // [[Carmen]] a [[Goliardia|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scriptum, sub numero XIX in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] servatum // Carmina Burana - Wheel of Fortune.JPG

Starbucks // [[Collegium (ius)|Societas]] [[coffearia]]rum [[mundus|mundialis]], quae [[Seattlum|Seattli]] anno [[1971]] a [[Geraldus Baldwin|Geraldo Baldwin]], [[Zev Siegl]], et [[Gordonus Bowker|Gordono Bowker]] condita est // Starbuckscenter.jpg

Regnabo; regno; regnavi; sum sine regno // [[Carmen]] a [[Goliardia|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scriptum, sub numero XVIIIa in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] servatum // Carmina Burana - Wheel of Fortune.JPG

Gulielmus Foege // [[Medicus]] et [[epidemiologia|epidemiologus]] [[CFA|Americanus]] qui [[Variola]]m eradicavit // William H. Foege Color.jpg

O Fortuna levis // [[Carmen]] a [[Goliardia|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scriptum, sub numero XVIII in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] servatum // Carmina Burana - Wheel of Fortune.JPG

The Silence of the Lambs (pellicula 1991) // [[Fabula formidulosa|Pellicula formidulosa]] a [[Ionathan Demme]] disposita, anno [[1991]] edita, quae in libro [[The Silence of the Lambs|eiusdem tituli]] a [[Thomas Harris|Thoma Harris]] scripto posita est // The Silence of the Lambs.png

Fortune plango vulnera // [[Carmen]] a [[Goliardia|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scriptum, sub numero XVI in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] servatum // Carmina Burana - Wheel of Fortune.JPG

Spatium topologicum // Structura fundamentalis mathematicae atque obiectum praecipuum [[topologia]]e in quo notio “[[vicinitas (topologia)|vicinitatis]]” inter puncta intellegitur // Topological space examples.svg

Celum, non animum // [[Carmen]] a [[Goliardia|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scriptum, sub numero XV in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] servatum // Carmina Burana - Wheel of Fortune.JPG

Enheduanna // Fuisse dicitur summa sacerdos [[Sumer]]orum aut [[Achad]]orum tertii [[millennium|millennii]] [[a.C.n.]], quae carmina longiora et hymnos templares scripsit // Enheduanna, daughter of Sargon of Akkad.jpg

O varium Fortune // [[Carmen]] a [[Goliardia|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scriptum, sub numero XIV in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] servatum // Carmina Burana - Wheel of Fortune.JPG

In laudem Iustini Minoris // Laudatio sub specie carminis epici [[Latine|Latini]], a [[Flavius Cresconius Corippus|Flavio Cresconio Corippo]] [[Africa]]no [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopoli]] fere anno [[566]] compositum // Corippi Africani grammatici De laudibus Iustini Augusti.jpg

Invidus invidia // [[Carmen]] a [[Goliardia|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scriptum, sub numero XIII in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] servatum // Carmina Burana - Wheel of Fortune.JPG

Raphia // [[Urbs]] plerumque [[Bellum Israëlianum-Hamasianum anni 2023|bello Israëlianum-Hamasianum anni 2023]] devastata et depopulata in [[meridies|meridiana]] [[Lacinia Gazetica|Laciniae Gazeticae]] parte [[Palaestina]]e sita // Emblem of the Palestinian Rafah Municipal.png

Procurans odium // [[Carmen]] a [[Goliardia|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scriptum, sub numero XII in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] servatum // Carmina Burana - Wheel of Fortune.JPG

Christophorus Zetterstrand // [[Artifex]] [[Suecia|Suecicus]], qui in plurimis [[pictura|picturis]] [[Ludus computatralis|ludi]] ''[[Minecraft]]'' collaboravit // Self portrait by Kristoffer Zetterstrand.jpg

In terra summus // [[Carmen]] a [[Goliardia|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scriptum, sub numero XI in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] servatum // Carmina Burana - Wheel of Fortune.JPG

Guntur // [[Urbs]] in [[Andhra Pradesa]] civitate Indica et administrativa [[Districtus Gunturensis]] sedes // NTR Bus Station Bepartye Block.jpg

Ecce sonat in aperto // [[Carmen]] a [[Goliardia|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scriptum, sub numero X in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] servatum // Carmina Burana - Wheel of Fortune.JPG

|?#=&lt;!-- ######################################################################

                           NOLI HIC SUBTER SCRIBERE!

Partes hic subter *non sunt* manu recensendae. Quotienscumque hanc paginam
divulgabitur totienscumque nostrum mechanema ordinem sponte dabit.

########################################################################### --&gt;

							| 2026-01 =

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							| 2026-02 =

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Studium Op. 10, No. 12 (Chopin)
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							| 2026-03 =

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Index Carminum Buranorum
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							| 2026-04 =

Mos maiorum
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Reactio nuclearis
Deuterium
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							| 2026-05 =

The Night of the Hunter (pellicula 1955)
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Licet eger cum egrotis
Sergius Kamenev

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    <title>Adumbratio:Ascalon</title>
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      <text bytes="26034" sha1="hv1h2g9jm33ia7qsatu7x8s6qt2b10e" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Adumbratio}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:93439_marina_ashkelon_PikiWiki_Israel.jpg|thumb]]

{{res|Ascalon}} ([[Hebraice]] אַשְׁקְלוֹן) est [[urbs]] in [[Israël]]e sita. Quae urbs primum condita esse abhinc annorum decem milia dicitur. [[Portus|Portum]] habebat, unde [[merx|merces]] et inferebantur et exportabantur.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = &quot;העבר של אשקלון הוא הנשמה שלה, ועדות לכל מה שהיא מסמלת&quot;
	| lingua = he
	| domus editoria = The Marker
	| url = https://www.themarker.com/labels/ashkelon/2022-09-22/ty-article-labels/00000183-6525-dd85-a9f3-67bfe3d00000
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Ascalon una ex quinque urbibus [[Philistaei|Philistaeorum]] est quae in [[Liber Iosue|libro Iosue]] 13:3 memorantur.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Ascalon
	| domus editoria = New Advent
	| url = https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01766b.htm
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Urbs autem hodierna anno [[1948]] condita est.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = היסטוריה ותרבות באשקלון – כשישן וחדש נפגשים
	| domus editoria = אלדן
	| url = https://www.eldan.co.il/magazine/carrental/rentcarashkelon/history-ashkelon#
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Anno [[2020]] circiter 146&amp;thinsp;500 homines ibi habitabant.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = אשקלון
	| lingua = he
	| domus editoria = הלשקה המרכזית לסטטיסטיקה
	| url = https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/publications/doclib/2022/local_authorities20_1879/58_7100.pdf
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia ==
=== Ascalon praehistorica ===
Ascalon [[Neolithicum|Neolithica]] criciter centum metra a mari aberat et 15-20 metra supra [[maris aequor]] sita erat. Multa instrumenta silicea et lapidea, nonnulla autem ossea, in eo loco inventa sunt. Ossa humana fragmanta inventa sunt. Bona testemonia ovium domesticarum quoque sunt, qaue in eam regionem fortasse [[Millennium 6 a.C.n.|millenio 6 a.C.n.]] introdactae sunt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://www.jstor.org/stable/27926432 | titulus= A Late Neolithic Site near Ashkelon | nomen auctoris 1= Jean | cognomen auctoris 1= Perrot | nomen auctoris 2= Avi | cognomen auctoris 2= Gopher | domus editoria = Israel Exploration Journal | volumen= 46 | paginae= 145-166 | annus = 1996}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Historia antiqua ===
{{Paginae principales|Ascalon (urbs antiqua)}}
[[Fasciculus:Ashkelon – The Canaanite city gate and ramparts.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Ascalonis Chananaeae porta.]]
Urbs [[Chanaan|Chananaea]] [[Saeculum 20 a.C.n.|saeculo vicensimo a.C.n.]] condita est, longitudine 1100 metrorum et latitudine 600 metrorum, moenibus quindecim metra altis circumdata.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Tel Ashkelon
	| domus editoria = Bible Walks
	| url = https://www.biblewalks.com/ashkelon/
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Primum memorantur Ascalon in textibus execrationis [[Aegyptus|Aegyptiis]] quae ad {{Creanda|en|Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt|Domus Aegypti 11|undecimam dynastiam}} referuntur, et per dynastias {{Creanda|en|Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt|Domus Aegypti 18|XVIII}} ad XX fortasse urbs Chananaea Aegyptiorum imperio subiecta erat. Anno [[1280 a.C.n.]], frustra Ascalon contra [[Rhamses II|Ramsem II]] rebellavit. Anno [[1229 a.C.n.]], urbs ab [[Amenephthis|Amenephthe]] [[Pharao]]ne rursus capta est.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Ashkelon
	| domus editoria = Jewish Virtual Library
	| url = https://jewishvirtuallibrary.org/ashkelon
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Ascalon a [[Tribus Iudae|tribu Iudae]] capta est:&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;Cepitque Iudas [[Gaza]]m cum finibus suis et Ascalonem atque Accaron cum terminis suis. (Iudicum 1:18).&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_vt_iudicum_lt.html | titulus= Nova Vulgata LIBER IUDICUM | domus editoria= Vatican}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

[[Saeculum 12 a.C.n.|Saeculo duodecimo a.C.n.]], urbs a [[Philistae]]is capta est. Ascalon saepe in [[narratio]]nibus de [[Samson]]e in [[Biblia|Bibliis]] commemoratur. Quae urbs tempore {{Creanda|en|Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)|Regnum Israeliticum (monarchia unita)|monarchiae Israeliticae}} adhuc erat Philistaeorum una ex praecipuis urbibus.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt; [[Saul (Rex)|Saul]], Israëlis Rex primus, Philistinos Philistinos vicit et multas urbes cepit. Rex ipse in proelio cecidit, [[David]]que lugens eos versiculos recitavit:&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;Incliti, o Israel, super montes tuos interfecti, quomodo ceciderunt fortes! Nolite annuntiare in Geth neque annuntietis in compitis Ascalonis, ne forte laetentur filiae Philisthim, ne exsultent filiae incircumcisorum. (II Samuelis 1:19-20),&lt;ref&gt;{{opus |titulus=Nova Vulgata LIBER SECUNDUS SAMUELIS |domus editoria= Vatican | url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_vt_ii-samuelis_lt.html}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Ascalonem punitum iri preaedixerunt prophetae [[Ieremias]], [[Amos (propheta)|Amos]], [[Sophonias]], et [[Zacharias (propheta)|Zacharias]].&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt; [[Saeculum 18 a.C.n.|Saeculo duodevicensimo a.C.n.]] a regno Ascalonis multas terras a regno expugnavit [[Assyria]], et Anno [[734 a.C.n.]] urbs a {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Tiglatpileser III|Tiglatpilesero III|en|qid=Q210074}} capta est. Anno [[732 a.C.n.]] Rex Ascalonis frustra contra Assyrios rebellavit, propter quod urbs graviter punita est. [[Rex Sidqia]] postea participavit in alia rebellione contra Assyriam, duce [[Ezechias|Ezechia]]. Apud [[Sennacherib]], urbes Sidqiae prope [[Iappa|Iappam]] captae sunt, et Ascalon ipse se dedidit, cuius rex exsulatus est. Tributum quod Ascalon reddidit in inscriptionibus principum Esarhaddon et Assurbanipal memoratur, qui urbem fine [[Saeculum 7 a.C.n.|saeculi 7]] et initio [[Saeculum 6 a.C.n.|sexto a.C.n.]] ad [[Aegyptus antiqua|Aegyptum]] pugnandum adhibuit. De calamitatibus quas urbs sufferebat scripserunt prophetae biblici.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;

Cum imperium Assyriorum caderet, Aegyptus urbem occupavit. Anno [[604 a.C.n.]], Ascalon a [[Nabuchodonosor II|Nabuchodonosore]] deleta est, qui multos cives urbis exsulavit, quo facto sexcentorum annorum praesentiae Philistaeorum in Israele finis impositus est. Munitiones Ascalonis post Babylonicam excidionem non reaedificatae sunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;

Sub [[Imperium Achaemenidarum|imperio Persarum]], quod Ascalonem a Babyloniis cepit, Iudaeis [[Ierusalem]] redire licuit, sed Ascalon tum pars provinciae Iudaeae non fuit. In Ascalone ceterisque urbibus Philistaeorum, habitabant [[Phoenices]], et ipsa Ascalon [[Tyros|Tyriorum]] dicioni parebat. Id urbi magnas divitias attulit. [[Archaeologus|Archaeologi]] in Ascalone magnum [[Ascalonis Canum Coemeterium|canum coemeterium]] invenerunt, quod ad ritum Phoenicum pertinebat. In eo coemeterio plus quam mille [[Canis|canes]] erant.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;

[[Alexander Magnus|Alexandro Magno]] Ascalon se anno [[332 a.C.n.]] dedit, neque, ut [[Gaza]], laesa est.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt; Post divisionem imperii [[Alexander Magnus|Alexandri]], Ascalon in [[Regnum Ptolemaicum|regno Ptolemaico]] erat, et urbs sui iuris facta est. Tum [[Iudaei]] in Ascalone [[floruit|floruerunt]]. Urbs deinde ab [[Antiochus III|Antiocho III]] capta sedes [[Cultura Graeca|culturae Graecae]] magni momenti facta est. Propter imminutam potentiam [[Seleucidae|Seleucidarum]], Anno [[104 a.C.n.]] Ascalon rursus in [[libertas|libertatem]] se recepit. Reges {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Hyrcanus|Ioannes Hyrcanus|en|he|qid=Q319043}} et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Alexander Jannaeus|Alexander Jannaeus|en|he|qid=Q319107}} ex [[Hasmonaei|genere Hasmonaeorum]] urbem capere frustra conati sunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;

[[Fasciculus:Ask NTL PARK.jpg|thumb|Columnae Romanae in Saepto Nationali Ascalonis.]]
[[Imperium Romanum|Aetate Romana]], Colonia Ascalonensis liberate et foederata fuit. In urbe [[Paganismus|pagani]] [[Apollo|Apollinem]], [[Hercules|Herculem]], et [[Atargatis|Atargatidem]] venerati sunt, deam facie et parte superiore corporis muliebri, parte inferiore corporis et cauda piscis. [[Herodes Magnus|Herodes]], quamquam urbem non regebat, fora tamen ibi atque balnea publica hortosque exstruxit, fortasse quod ibi natus erat. In [[Primum Bellum Iudaicum|primo bello Iudaico]], Ascalon Iudaeos aggressus, victor exiit.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;

Tempore [[Misna]] et [[Talmud]], [[Iudaei]] in urbe degere soliti sunt, quarum [[Synagoga|synagogas]] [[Synagoga|archeologi]] invenerunt. In Talmude de [[Arbustum|pomariis]], quae reditus e [[Babylonia]] prope Ascalonem fundaverunt, legitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;

[[Aetas Byzantina|Aetate Byzantina]], urbs [[Religio Christiana|Christiana]] facta est. Ascalon sedes commercii [[vinum|vini]] optimi et [[frumentum|frumenti]] erat.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt; [[Vinum]] ex Ascalone illo tempore in [[Anglia]] repertum est.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://cbnisrael.org/2024/10/15/biblical-israel-ashkelon-4/ | titulus= Biblical Israel: Ashkelon | cognomen auctoris= Turnage | nomen auctoris= Marc | tempus=15-10-2024 | domus editoria=CBN Israel}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Medium Aevum ===
Anno [[637]] Ascalon ab Arabibus capta atque deleta est. Anno [[685]] urbs restituta est, in qua iam et [[Christianus|Christiani]] et [[Iudaei]] et [[Samaritani]] et [[Musulmanus|Musulmani]] habitabant. Inter religiones interdum erant conflictus, propter quos ecclesia in urbe anno [[937]] combusta est.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;

[[Fasciculus:Battle of Ascalon-engraving.jpg | thumb | Pugna Ascalonis]]
Cum [[Regnum Hierosolymitanum]] a [[Expeditio sacra|crucesignatis]]  conditum esset, urbs inter Christianos et Musulmanos finis facta est. Diu exercitus circa urbem pugnaverunt, et anno [[1099]] [[Pugna Ascalonis|pugna Ascalonis]] committeretur. Crucesignati Ascalonem aliquandiu teneuerunt, deinde ad [[Oriens|orientem]] se receperunt. Ab anno [[1101]] ad annum [[1114]] Aegyptii terram sanctam capere conabantur, dum duus exercitus circa urbem saepissime puganabant. Anno [[1125]] Rex [[Balduinus II (rex Hierosolymitanus)|Balduinus II]] Ascalonem capere frustra conatus est, anno autem [[1154]] [[Balduinus III (rex Hierosolymitanus)|Balduinus III]] successit. Urbs crucesignatis magni momenti fuit; anno autem [[1187]], [[4 Septembris|quarto die mensis Septembris]], a [[Saladinus|Saladino]] capta est, qui castella, ne Christiani eis uterentur, delevit.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;

Anno [[1191]], [[Ricardus I (rex Angliae)|Rex Ricardus I]] Ascalonem recepit atque muros aedificavit, quos Arabes rursus deleverunt. Anno [[1240]], [[Ricardus (comes Cornubiae)|Ricardus comes Cornubiae]] urbem iterum munivit. Anno autem [[1247]], [[Ayyubidae]] urbem ceperunt. Anno [[1270]], urbs a [[Mamluci|Mamlucis]] capta atque deleta est, nec Crucesignati eam rursus condiderunt. Dua [[oppidum|oppida]] Arabum, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Magdala||he|qid=Q132129150}} et Iagur, prope Ascalonem antiquam condita sunt, in quibus homines ex Aegypto vivebant.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt; Ascalonis propter excidionem, Magdala magni momenti facta est.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= אשקלון - שכונת מגדל העברית | url= https://shimur.org/%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9F-%D7%A9%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%AA-%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%93%D7%9C-%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA/ | domus editoria= מועצה לשימור אתרי מורשת בישראל | nomen auctoris 1= גד | cognomen auctoris 1= סובול | nomen auctoris 2= אבי | cognomen auctoris 2= ששון | tempus= 01-10-2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Aetas Turcica ac Britannica ===

=== Aetas Israelita ===
Die [[5 Novembris]] anno [[1948]], locus ab [[Israel|Israele]] captus est. Urbs primum [[Lingua Hebraica|Hebraice]] vocatus est “Migdal Aza”, postea “Migdal Gad”, anno tandem [[1951]] “Migdal Aškelon”. Anno [[1955]], urbs Migal Aškelon et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Afridar||he|qid=Q6632325}}, qui prope eam erat, in unum coniunctae sunt, et urbs una vocatur Ascalon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://www.kan-ashkelon.co.il/news/18231 | titulus= 70 שנה: 70 אירועים ודמויות מתולדות אשקלון | domus editoria= כאן דרום אשקלון | tempus= 19-04-2018 00:14 | nomen auctoris 1= ג'ני | cognomen auctoris 1= פרנקל שלום | nomen auctoris 2=גייל | cognomen auctoris 2= מיכאלי | nomen auctoris 3= אורי| cognomen auctoris 3= קריספין| nomen auctoris 4=דוד | cognomen auctoris 4= לוי}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Demographia ==
Anno [[2023]], 86.1 centesimae hominum qui in Ascalone vivebant [[Iudaei]] erant, 0.4 centesimae [[Musulmanus|Musulmani]], et 13.5 centesimae alias [[Religio|religiones]] profitebantur.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/publications/DocLib/2026/local_authorities23/%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9F.pdf | titulus= הרשויות המקומיות ישראל 2023 אשקלון | domus editoria= הלשכה המרכזית לסטטיסטיקה }}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Monumenta ==
=== Saeptum Nationale Ascalonense ===
[[Fasciculus:Mosaic floor at Ashkelon.jpg |thumb|upright=0.8|[[Opus tessellatum]] in Saepto Nationali Ascalonense]]
Ubi fuit urbs antiqua hodie est [[Saeptum Nationale Ascalonense]],&lt;ref name=&quot;placesToVisit&quot;/&gt; quod anno [[1964]] primum [[saeptum nationale]] in Israele designatum est.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/mobile/0,7340,L-2124593,00.html | titulus= הגן הלאומי באשקלון | nomen auctoris= בועז | cognomen auctoris= כרמל | tempus= 26-09-2002 10:59 | domus editoria= ynet }}.&lt;/ref&gt; Muri, qui urbem circumdederunt, in eo loco quoque hodie sunt. Saeptum [[hortus|hortum]] multis [[statua|statuis]] Romanis ornatum habet.&lt;ref name=&quot;placesToVisit&quot;&gt;{{Opus | url= https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vie/Ashkelon.html#Ashkelon | titulus= Ashkelon &amp; Surroundings PLACES TO VISIT | domus editoria=Jewish Virtual Library}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Altitudo vallis Chananaeae est 15 metra, latitudo 30 metra, longitudo 2200 metra.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://www.mako.co.il/travel-israel/magazine-themostbeautifulcities/Article-78f8f49c8c26371026.htm | domus editoria= mako | titulus= חופש הערים הכי יפות בארץ. מה יש לעשות באשקלון| tempus=19-05-2021}}.&lt;/ref&gt; In saepto est basilica Romana, quam [[archeologus|archaeologi]] ab [[Herodes Magnus|Herode]] conditam esse putant,&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.jpost.com/archaeology/2000-year-old-basilica-unearthed-in-ashkelon-669665 |titulus=2,000-year-old basilica unearthed in Ashkelon | nomen auctoris=Rosella | cognomen auctoris=Tercatin | domus editoria=Jerusalem Post | tempus=31-05-2021 19:25}}.&lt;/ref&gt; et maximum in orbe terrarum canum coemeterium.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/mobile/0,7340,L-5047211,00.html | titulus=תעלומת בית הקברות לכלבים הגדול בעולם שהתגלה באשקלון  | nomen auctoris= אסף| cognomen auctoris= קמר| tempus= 25-11-2017 07:59 | domus editoria= ynet}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Anno [[2024]] Saeptum quintum in popularitate in Israele fuit; anno autem [[2025]] secundum.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= גם ב-2025 – זה אתר הטיולים הפופולרי בישראל | url=https://www.ynet.co.il/vacation/israeltrips/article/rjp9q7egwl | nomen auctoris= אסף| cognomen auctoris= רוזן| domus editoria=ynet | tempus= 08-12-2025 15:00 }}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Multa animalia quoquoe in hoc loco vivunt. [[Dendrocopos syriacus]], [[Upapa]], et [[Psittacula krameri]] in cavis arborum [[Tamarix|tamaricis]] veterum nidificant; [[Prinia gracilis]], [[Burhinus]], [[Passer hispaniolensis]], et [[Lanius nubicus]] in campis. [[Jynx torquilla]] et [[Luscinia svecica]] hieme in saepto inveniuntur. [[Laudakia stellio]], [[Vulpes vulpes]], [[Gazella gazella gazella]], [[Herpestes]], et [[Caretta caretta]] quoque invenientur in hoc loco.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus |  url=https://www.ynet.co.il/environment-science/article/skv5vvbsn | titulus= מחרדונים ועד נמיות: הצצה לעולם החי הקסום בגן הלאומי תל אשקלון | domus editoria= ynet | tempus= 28-07-2023 16:28}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Monumentum in honorem caesorum in bellis Israel ===
[[Fasciculus:Lanoflim Askelon 11.jpg | thumb |upright=0.8|[[Monumentum]] in honorem caesorum in bellis Israeliensibus.]]
{{Creanda|he|אנדרטה לנופלים (אשקלון) | Monumentum in honorem caesorum in bellis Israel}} in prato herboso est ante [[Curia municipalis|curiam municipalem]]. Elementum sculptile compositum virtutem et bellum significat. Parietes aedificii sexanguli tabulas marmoris nigras constant, in quibus inscripta sunt nomina caesorum. In parite contra inscriptum est “Aeternum vobis gratias agimus. De gerenatione in generationem gloriam eorum narrabimus.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://www.izkor.gov.il/monument/en_d9b0257bc0e71a1983f1ec8d7e8bde66/ | titulus= אנדרטה לנופלים במערכות ישראל. אשקלון| domus editoria= יזכור }}.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Portus Navigiorum Ascalonensis===
[[Fasciculus:מרינה אשקלון.PNG | thumb |upright=0.8|Portus Navigiorum Ascalonensis.]]
{{Creanda|he| מרינה אשקלון | Portus Navigiorum Ascalonensis}}, anno [[1991]] conditus, locus est ad navigia velifera et [[Navis lusoria |naves lusorias]] ancorandas, et multasque [[Popina sellariola| popinas sellariolas]] habet.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus| url= https://baliletayel.co.il/atraction/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94-%D7%A9%D7%9C-%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9F-%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%AA-%D7%90%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%99%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA-%D7%9C%D7%A6%D7%93-%D7%9E/ | titulus= המרינה של אשקלון – טיילת אטרקטיבית לצד מעגן סירות | domus editoria= בא לי לטייל}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Portus, qui plerumque ad oblectamentum destinatur, in {{Creanda| en| Twelve-Day War |bello contra Iraniam}} magni momenti factus est. Homines eo usi sunt ut via ad Israëlem ingrediendum et ex eo egrediendum esset, cum [[aeroportus]] clausus esset.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://www.kan-ashkelon.co.il/news/95583 | titulus= מי היה מאמין? זה התפקיד של המרינה באשקלון במלחמה עם איראן | domus editoria= כאן דרום אשקלון | tempus= 18-06-2025 15:22}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Porum visitant non modo qui in Ascalone habitant, sed quoque in [[Berosaba]], [[Azotus|Azoto]], [[Kiriat-Gat]], et aliis urbibus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://www.israelhayom.co.il/travel/tourism-news/article/19966651 | titulus= שעה מתל אביב: מתחם הבילוי שעבר מהפך - וכולם נוהרים אליו | nomen auctoris= ליאת | cognomen auctoris= מופז מילצ'ן | tempus= 23-02-2026 19:40 | domus editoria= ישראל היום}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Urbes geminae ==
* {{Vexillum icon|Canada}} [[Côte Saint-Luc]], [[Quebecum]], [[Canada]] (ab anno [[1975]])&lt;ref&gt;{{opus | url=https://cotesaintluc.org/en/the-city/about-csl/ | titulus=About CSL | domus editoria= cotesaintluc.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{opus | url=https://www.bnaibrith.ca/advocacy/jewish-heritage-month/jhm-cote-saint-luc/ | titulus=JEWISH HERITAGE MONTH PARTNER: COTE SAINT LUC, QUEBEC | domus editoria= Bnai Brith Canada}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Ruthenia Alba}} [[Grodna]], [[Ruthenia Alba]] (ab anno [[2011]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | tempus= 23-02-2011 | url= https://ashkelon.news/article/9023 |titulus= עוד עיר תאומה ברית ערים תאומות נחתמה בין העיר אשקלון לגרודנו (בלרוס). רה&quot;ע של גרודנו קוזלקוב בוריס הגיע לאשקלון עם אנשי עסקים המעוניינים ליצור קשרי מסחר | domus editoria= ashkelon.news}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | tempus= 2011-03-01 13:16 | url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402150430/https://news.tut.by/society/216834.html | titulus= Израильский город Ашкелон стал двенадцатым городом-побратимом Гродно | domus editoria=news.tut.by}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Francia}} [[Aquae Sextiae]], [[Francia]] (ab anno [[1994]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.aixenprovence.fr/Ashkelon-ISRAEL | titulus=Ashkelon (ISRAEL) | domus editoria= aixenprovence.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Germania}} [[Pancovium]], [[Germania]] (Ab anno [[1994]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.berlin.de/ba-pankow/ueber-den-bezirk/staedtepartner/artikel.1535473.en.php | titulus = City Partnerships | domus editoria= Bezirksamt
Pankow}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://pankow-ashkelon.org/en/about-us | titulus= About Us | domus editoria= Freundeskreis Berlin Pankow-Ashkelon}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Civitates Foederatae Americae}} [[Portlandia (Oregonia)|Portlandia]], [[Oregonia]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] (ab anno [[1987]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.studycountry.com/wiki/what-is-portland-oregon-sister-city | titulus=What is Portland Oregon sister city? | domus editoria= studycountry.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Civitates Foederatae Americae}} [[Baltimora (Terra Mariae)|Baltimora]], [[Terra Mariae]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] (ab anno [[2003]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://baltimorefishbowl.com/stories/baltimores-awkward-relationship-sister-cities/ |domus editoria= Baltimore Fish Bowl | titulus=Baltimore’s Awkward Relationship with Our Sister Cities |nomen auctoris=Rachel | cognomen auctoris=Monroe | tempus=22-04-2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://www.jewishtimes.com/baltimore-ashkelon-partnership-supports-israeli-city-after-rocket-strikes/ | titulus= Baltimore-Ashkelon Partnership Supports Israeli City After Rocket Strikes | nomen auctoris=Jillian |cognomen auctoris=Diamond | tempus=24-05-2023 | domus editoria=Jewish Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus |url=https://associated.org/stories/the-baltimore-ashkelon-partnership-celebrating-20-years/ | titulus=The Baltimore-Ashkelon Partnership: Celebrating 20 Years | domus editoria= The Associated Jewish Federation in Baltimore}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Civitates Foederatae Americae}} [[Sacramentum (California)|Sacramentum]], [[California]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] (ab anno [[2012]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/after-battle-sacramento-okays-sisterhood-with-ashkelon/ | domus editoria= Times of Israel | titulus= After battle, Sacramento okays sisterhood with Ashkelon | nomen auctoris= Joshua | cognomen auctoris= Davidovich | tempus=15-08-2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.cbsnews.com/sacramento/news/sumy-ukraine-becomes-sacramentos-latest-sister-city/ | titulus=Sumy, Ukraine becomes Sacramento's latest Sister City | domus editoria= CBS News | nomen auctoris=Cecilio | cognomen auctoris=  Padilla| tempus=29-06-2023}} “Eleven other cities have been named Sister Cities with Sacramento … Ashkelon, Israel”&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus |url=https://jweekly.com/2012/08/17/its-unanimous-sacramento-ashkelon-now-sister-cities/ | domus editoria= Jewish Weekly | titulus= Its unanimous: Sacramento, Ashkelon now sister cities | nomen auctoris= Emma | cognomen auctoris=Silvers |tempus=17-08-2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Polonia}} [[Sopot (Polonia)|Sopot]], [[Polonia]] (ab anno [[1993]] ad annum [[2025]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= Sopot pierwszym samorządem w Polsce, który zerwał partnerstwo z izraelskim miastem. Zdecydowali o tym radni | url= https://trojmiasto.wyborcza.pl/trojmiasto/7,35612,32429747,sopot-pierwszy-w-polsce-zerwal-partnerstwo-z-izraelskim-miastem.html | tempus=27-11-2025 | nomen auctoris= Maciej | cognomen auctoris= Pietrzak | domus editoria= wyborcza.pl}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= הלחץ הפרו-פלסטיני הכריע 30 שנות יחסים: בוטל הסכם &quot;ערים תאומות&quot; בין אשקלון לסופוט | url= https://www.maariv.co.il/news/world/article-1257675 | tempus=01-12-2025 | nomen auctoris= דן | cognomen auctoris= עזרא | domus editoria= מעריב}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= &quot;בגלל רצח העם בעזה&quot;: עיירת נופש בפולין ביטלה ברית ערים תאומות עם אשקלון | url= https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/r1ucjukbbx | tempus=30-11-2025 | nomen auctoris 1= איתמר | cognomen auctoris 1= אייכנר | domus editoria= ynet | nomen auctoris 2= רוני | cognomen auctoris 2= גרין שאולוב}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= לאחר 32 שנים: בוטלה שותפות עיר תאומה עם אשקלון בגלל &quot;רצח עם בעזה&quot; | url= https://www.kan-ashkelon.co.il/news/99197 | tempus=30-11-2025 | nomen auctoris= דוד | cognomen auctoris= לוי | domus editoria= כאן חדשות דרום אשקלון}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= &quot;רצח עם&quot;: העיר באירופה שביטלה הסכם ערים עם אשקלון | url= https://www.i24news.tv/he/news/international/europe/artc-30d542eb | tempus=30-11-2025 | nomen auctoris= מעיין | cognomen auctoris= רפאל | domus editoria= i24}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Ucraina}} [[Uman]], [[Regio Circassiensis]], [[Ucraina]] (ab anno [[2010]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus|url=https://uman-rada.gov.ua/index.php/mizhnarodni-zviazky | domus editoria=Уманська міська рада Виконавчий комітет | titulus=Міжнародні зв'язки}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|India}} [[Vadodara]], [[Guzarata]], [[India]] (ab anno [[2017]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url = https://www.kan-ashkelon.co.il/municipality/10841 | titulus= אשקלון-בארודה ערים תאומות: ראש הממשלה מברך| domus editoria= כאן דרום אשקלון | nomen auctoris= ג'ני | cognomen auctoris= פרנקל שלום | tempus= 8-12-2017 15:13 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus| url= https://www.kan-ashkelon.co.il/news/11526 | titulus= העירייה: כ-2,000 משתתפים בפסטיבל הודו באשקלון | domus editoria= כאן דרום אשקלון| nomen auctoris= אלירם | cognomen auctoris= משה | tempus= 20-12-2017 12:07 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus interni ==
* [[Ascalon (urbs antiqua)]]
* [[Israël]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Ashkelon|Ascalonam}}
{{Fontes geographici}}

[[Categoria:Israel]]
[[Categoria:Urbes antiquae]]
[[Categoria:Urbes Israelis]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>3959335</id>
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      <comment>/* Ascalon praehistorica */</comment>
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      <text bytes="26848" sha1="l9153ag0v49bnndiq6x6nv9p0joqfmg" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Adumbratio}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:93439_marina_ashkelon_PikiWiki_Israel.jpg|thumb]]

{{res|Ascalon}} ([[Hebraice]] אַשְׁקְלוֹן) est [[urbs]] in [[Israël]]e sita. Quae urbs primum condita esse abhinc annorum decem milia dicitur. [[Portus|Portum]] habebat, unde [[merx|merces]] et inferebantur et exportabantur.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = &quot;העבר של אשקלון הוא הנשמה שלה, ועדות לכל מה שהיא מסמלת&quot;
	| lingua = he
	| domus editoria = The Marker
	| url = https://www.themarker.com/labels/ashkelon/2022-09-22/ty-article-labels/00000183-6525-dd85-a9f3-67bfe3d00000
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Ascalon una ex quinque urbibus [[Philistaei|Philistaeorum]] est quae in [[Liber Iosue|libro Iosue]] 13:3 memorantur.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Ascalon
	| domus editoria = New Advent
	| url = https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01766b.htm
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Urbs autem hodierna anno [[1948]] condita est.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = היסטוריה ותרבות באשקלון – כשישן וחדש נפגשים
	| domus editoria = אלדן
	| url = https://www.eldan.co.il/magazine/carrental/rentcarashkelon/history-ashkelon#
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Anno [[2020]] circiter 146&amp;thinsp;500 homines ibi habitabant.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = אשקלון
	| lingua = he
	| domus editoria = הלשקה המרכזית לסטטיסטיקה
	| url = https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/publications/doclib/2022/local_authorities20_1879/58_7100.pdf
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia ==
=== Ascalon praehistorica ===
Ascalon [[Neolithicum|Neolithica]] criciter centum metra a mari aberat et 15-20 metra supra [[maris aequor]] sita erat. Multa instrumenta silicea et lapidea, nonnulla autem ossea, in eo loco inventa sunt. Ossa humana fragmanta inventa sunt. Bona testemonia ovium domesticarum quoque sunt, qaue in eam regionem fortasse [[Millennium 6 a.C.n.|millenio 6 a.C.n.]] introdactae sunt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://www.jstor.org/stable/27926432 | titulus= A Late Neolithic Site near Ashkelon | nomen auctoris 1= Jean | cognomen auctoris 1= Perrot | nomen auctoris 2= Avi | cognomen auctoris 2= Gopher | domus editoria = Israel Exploration Journal | volumen= 46 | paginae= 145-166 | annus = 1996 | fasciculus= 3/4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Prima [[Aetas aënea|Aetate aënea]] Ascalon ad instrumenta ex [[Cuprum|cupro]] {{Creanda | en | Arabah | Arabahensi}} facienda praecipue exculta est. Inventa [[archaeologia|archaeologica]] cum migratione fabrorum aerariorum ex [[Berosaba]] congruunt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-archaeological-journal/article/cultural-metallurgya-key-factor-in-the-transition-from-the-chalcolithic-to-bronze-age-in-the-southern-levant/0B642A3959D1C9B9BA9EF447AAD59EC3 | titulus= Cultural Metallurgy-A Key Factor in the Transition from the Chalcolithic to Bronze Age in the Southern Levant | domus editoria= Cambridge Archaeological Journal | volumen= 32 | fasciculus= 3 | annus= 2021 | cognomen auctoris= Amzallag | nomen auctoris = Amzallag | paginae= 445-465}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Historia antiqua ===
{{Paginae principales|Ascalon (urbs antiqua)}}
[[Fasciculus:Ashkelon – The Canaanite city gate and ramparts.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Ascalonis Chananaeae porta.]]
Urbs [[Chanaan|Chananaea]] [[Saeculum 20 a.C.n.|saeculo vicensimo a.C.n.]] condita est, longitudine 1100 metrorum et latitudine 600 metrorum, moenibus quindecim metra altis circumdata.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Tel Ashkelon
	| domus editoria = Bible Walks
	| url = https://www.biblewalks.com/ashkelon/
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Primum memorantur Ascalon in textibus execrationis [[Aegyptus|Aegyptiis]] quae ad {{Creanda|en|Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt|Domus Aegypti 11|undecimam dynastiam}} referuntur, et per dynastias {{Creanda|en|Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt|Domus Aegypti 18|XVIII}} ad XX fortasse urbs Chananaea Aegyptiorum imperio subiecta erat. Anno [[1280 a.C.n.]], frustra Ascalon contra [[Rhamses II|Ramsem II]] rebellavit. Anno [[1229 a.C.n.]], urbs ab [[Amenephthis|Amenephthe]] [[Pharao]]ne rursus capta est.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Ashkelon
	| domus editoria = Jewish Virtual Library
	| url = https://jewishvirtuallibrary.org/ashkelon
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Ascalon a [[Tribus Iudae|tribu Iudae]] capta est:&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;Cepitque Iudas [[Gaza]]m cum finibus suis et Ascalonem atque Accaron cum terminis suis. (Iudicum 1:18).&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_vt_iudicum_lt.html | titulus= Nova Vulgata LIBER IUDICUM | domus editoria= Vatican}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

[[Saeculum 12 a.C.n.|Saeculo duodecimo a.C.n.]], urbs a [[Philistae]]is capta est. Ascalon saepe in [[narratio]]nibus de [[Samson]]e in [[Biblia|Bibliis]] commemoratur. Quae urbs tempore {{Creanda|en|Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)|Regnum Israeliticum (monarchia unita)|monarchiae Israeliticae}} adhuc erat Philistaeorum una ex praecipuis urbibus.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt; [[Saul (Rex)|Saul]], Israëlis Rex primus, Philistinos Philistinos vicit et multas urbes cepit. Rex ipse in proelio cecidit, [[David]]que lugens eos versiculos recitavit:&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;Incliti, o Israel, super montes tuos interfecti, quomodo ceciderunt fortes! Nolite annuntiare in Geth neque annuntietis in compitis Ascalonis, ne forte laetentur filiae Philisthim, ne exsultent filiae incircumcisorum. (II Samuelis 1:19-20),&lt;ref&gt;{{opus |titulus=Nova Vulgata LIBER SECUNDUS SAMUELIS |domus editoria= Vatican | url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_vt_ii-samuelis_lt.html}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Ascalonem punitum iri preaedixerunt prophetae [[Ieremias]], [[Amos (propheta)|Amos]], [[Sophonias]], et [[Zacharias (propheta)|Zacharias]].&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt; [[Saeculum 18 a.C.n.|Saeculo duodevicensimo a.C.n.]] a regno Ascalonis multas terras a regno expugnavit [[Assyria]], et Anno [[734 a.C.n.]] urbs a {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Tiglatpileser III|Tiglatpilesero III|en|qid=Q210074}} capta est. Anno [[732 a.C.n.]] Rex Ascalonis frustra contra Assyrios rebellavit, propter quod urbs graviter punita est. [[Rex Sidqia]] postea participavit in alia rebellione contra Assyriam, duce [[Ezechias|Ezechia]]. Apud [[Sennacherib]], urbes Sidqiae prope [[Iappa|Iappam]] captae sunt, et Ascalon ipse se dedidit, cuius rex exsulatus est. Tributum quod Ascalon reddidit in inscriptionibus principum Esarhaddon et Assurbanipal memoratur, qui urbem fine [[Saeculum 7 a.C.n.|saeculi 7]] et initio [[Saeculum 6 a.C.n.|sexto a.C.n.]] ad [[Aegyptus antiqua|Aegyptum]] pugnandum adhibuit. De calamitatibus quas urbs sufferebat scripserunt prophetae biblici.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;

Cum imperium Assyriorum caderet, Aegyptus urbem occupavit. Anno [[604 a.C.n.]], Ascalon a [[Nabuchodonosor II|Nabuchodonosore]] deleta est, qui multos cives urbis exsulavit, quo facto sexcentorum annorum praesentiae Philistaeorum in Israele finis impositus est. Munitiones Ascalonis post Babylonicam excidionem non reaedificatae sunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;

Sub [[Imperium Achaemenidarum|imperio Persarum]], quod Ascalonem a Babyloniis cepit, Iudaeis [[Ierusalem]] redire licuit, sed Ascalon tum pars provinciae Iudaeae non fuit. In Ascalone ceterisque urbibus Philistaeorum, habitabant [[Phoenices]], et ipsa Ascalon [[Tyros|Tyriorum]] dicioni parebat. Id urbi magnas divitias attulit. [[Archaeologus|Archaeologi]] in Ascalone magnum [[Ascalonis Canum Coemeterium|canum coemeterium]] invenerunt, quod ad ritum Phoenicum pertinebat. In eo coemeterio plus quam mille [[Canis|canes]] erant.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;

[[Alexander Magnus|Alexandro Magno]] Ascalon se anno [[332 a.C.n.]] dedit, neque, ut [[Gaza]], laesa est.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt; Post divisionem imperii [[Alexander Magnus|Alexandri]], Ascalon in [[Regnum Ptolemaicum|regno Ptolemaico]] erat, et urbs sui iuris facta est. Tum [[Iudaei]] in Ascalone [[floruit|floruerunt]]. Urbs deinde ab [[Antiochus III|Antiocho III]] capta sedes [[Cultura Graeca|culturae Graecae]] magni momenti facta est. Propter imminutam potentiam [[Seleucidae|Seleucidarum]], Anno [[104 a.C.n.]] Ascalon rursus in [[libertas|libertatem]] se recepit. Reges {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Hyrcanus|Ioannes Hyrcanus|en|he|qid=Q319043}} et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Alexander Jannaeus|Alexander Jannaeus|en|he|qid=Q319107}} ex [[Hasmonaei|genere Hasmonaeorum]] urbem capere frustra conati sunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;

[[Fasciculus:Ask NTL PARK.jpg|thumb|Columnae Romanae in Saepto Nationali Ascalonis.]]
[[Imperium Romanum|Aetate Romana]], Colonia Ascalonensis liberate et foederata fuit. In urbe [[Paganismus|pagani]] [[Apollo|Apollinem]], [[Hercules|Herculem]], et [[Atargatis|Atargatidem]] venerati sunt, deam facie et parte superiore corporis muliebri, parte inferiore corporis et cauda piscis. [[Herodes Magnus|Herodes]], quamquam urbem non regebat, fora tamen ibi atque balnea publica hortosque exstruxit, fortasse quod ibi natus erat. In [[Primum Bellum Iudaicum|primo bello Iudaico]], Ascalon Iudaeos aggressus, victor exiit.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;

Tempore [[Misna]] et [[Talmud]], [[Iudaei]] in urbe degere soliti sunt, quarum [[Synagoga|synagogas]] [[Synagoga|archeologi]] invenerunt. In Talmude de [[Arbustum|pomariis]], quae reditus e [[Babylonia]] prope Ascalonem fundaverunt, legitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;

[[Aetas Byzantina|Aetate Byzantina]], urbs [[Religio Christiana|Christiana]] facta est. Ascalon sedes commercii [[vinum|vini]] optimi et [[frumentum|frumenti]] erat.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt; [[Vinum]] ex Ascalone illo tempore in [[Anglia]] repertum est.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://cbnisrael.org/2024/10/15/biblical-israel-ashkelon-4/ | titulus= Biblical Israel: Ashkelon | cognomen auctoris= Turnage | nomen auctoris= Marc | tempus=15-10-2024 | domus editoria=CBN Israel}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Medium Aevum ===
Anno [[637]] Ascalon ab Arabibus capta atque deleta est. Anno [[685]] urbs restituta est, in qua iam et [[Christianus|Christiani]] et [[Iudaei]] et [[Samaritani]] et [[Musulmanus|Musulmani]] habitabant. Inter religiones interdum erant conflictus, propter quos ecclesia in urbe anno [[937]] combusta est.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;

[[Fasciculus:Battle of Ascalon-engraving.jpg | thumb | Pugna Ascalonis]]
Cum [[Regnum Hierosolymitanum]] a [[Expeditio sacra|crucesignatis]]  conditum esset, urbs inter Christianos et Musulmanos finis facta est. Diu exercitus circa urbem pugnaverunt, et anno [[1099]] [[Pugna Ascalonis|pugna Ascalonis]] committeretur. Crucesignati Ascalonem aliquandiu teneuerunt, deinde ad [[Oriens|orientem]] se receperunt. Ab anno [[1101]] ad annum [[1114]] Aegyptii terram sanctam capere conabantur, dum duus exercitus circa urbem saepissime puganabant. Anno [[1125]] Rex [[Balduinus II (rex Hierosolymitanus)|Balduinus II]] Ascalonem capere frustra conatus est, anno autem [[1154]] [[Balduinus III (rex Hierosolymitanus)|Balduinus III]] successit. Urbs crucesignatis magni momenti fuit; anno autem [[1187]], [[4 Septembris|quarto die mensis Septembris]], a [[Saladinus|Saladino]] capta est, qui castella, ne Christiani eis uterentur, delevit.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;

Anno [[1191]], [[Ricardus I (rex Angliae)|Rex Ricardus I]] Ascalonem recepit atque muros aedificavit, quos Arabes rursus deleverunt. Anno [[1240]], [[Ricardus (comes Cornubiae)|Ricardus comes Cornubiae]] urbem iterum munivit. Anno autem [[1247]], [[Ayyubidae]] urbem ceperunt. Anno [[1270]], urbs a [[Mamluci|Mamlucis]] capta atque deleta est, nec Crucesignati eam rursus condiderunt. Dua [[oppidum|oppida]] Arabum, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Magdala||he|qid=Q132129150}} et Iagur, prope Ascalonem antiquam condita sunt, in quibus homines ex Aegypto vivebant.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt; Ascalonis propter excidionem, Magdala magni momenti facta est.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= אשקלון - שכונת מגדל העברית | url= https://shimur.org/%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9F-%D7%A9%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%AA-%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%93%D7%9C-%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA/ | domus editoria= מועצה לשימור אתרי מורשת בישראל | nomen auctoris 1= גד | cognomen auctoris 1= סובול | nomen auctoris 2= אבי | cognomen auctoris 2= ששון | tempus= 01-10-2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Aetas Turcica ac Britannica ===

=== Aetas Israelita ===
Die [[5 Novembris]] anno [[1948]], locus ab [[Israel|Israele]] captus est. Urbs primum [[Lingua Hebraica|Hebraice]] vocatus est “Migdal Aza”, postea “Migdal Gad”, anno tandem [[1951]] “Migdal Aškelon”. Anno [[1955]], urbs Migal Aškelon et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Afridar||he|qid=Q6632325}}, qui prope eam erat, in unum coniunctae sunt, et urbs una vocatur Ascalon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://www.kan-ashkelon.co.il/news/18231 | titulus= 70 שנה: 70 אירועים ודמויות מתולדות אשקלון | domus editoria= כאן דרום אשקלון | tempus= 19-04-2018 00:14 | nomen auctoris 1= ג'ני | cognomen auctoris 1= פרנקל שלום | nomen auctoris 2=גייל | cognomen auctoris 2= מיכאלי | nomen auctoris 3= אורי| cognomen auctoris 3= קריספין| nomen auctoris 4=דוד | cognomen auctoris 4= לוי}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Demographia ==
Anno [[2023]], 86.1 centesimae hominum qui in Ascalone vivebant [[Iudaei]] erant, 0.4 centesimae [[Musulmanus|Musulmani]], et 13.5 centesimae alias [[Religio|religiones]] profitebantur.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/publications/DocLib/2026/local_authorities23/%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9F.pdf | titulus= הרשויות המקומיות ישראל 2023 אשקלון | domus editoria= הלשכה המרכזית לסטטיסטיקה }}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Monumenta ==
=== Saeptum Nationale Ascalonense ===
[[Fasciculus:Mosaic floor at Ashkelon.jpg |thumb|upright=0.8|[[Opus tessellatum]] in Saepto Nationali Ascalonense]]
Ubi fuit urbs antiqua hodie est [[Saeptum Nationale Ascalonense]],&lt;ref name=&quot;placesToVisit&quot;/&gt; quod anno [[1964]] primum [[saeptum nationale]] in Israele designatum est.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/mobile/0,7340,L-2124593,00.html | titulus= הגן הלאומי באשקלון | nomen auctoris= בועז | cognomen auctoris= כרמל | tempus= 26-09-2002 10:59 | domus editoria= ynet }}.&lt;/ref&gt; Muri, qui urbem circumdederunt, in eo loco quoque hodie sunt. Saeptum [[hortus|hortum]] multis [[statua|statuis]] Romanis ornatum habet.&lt;ref name=&quot;placesToVisit&quot;&gt;{{Opus | url= https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vie/Ashkelon.html#Ashkelon | titulus= Ashkelon &amp; Surroundings PLACES TO VISIT | domus editoria=Jewish Virtual Library}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Altitudo vallis Chananaeae est 15 metra, latitudo 30 metra, longitudo 2200 metra.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://www.mako.co.il/travel-israel/magazine-themostbeautifulcities/Article-78f8f49c8c26371026.htm | domus editoria= mako | titulus= חופש הערים הכי יפות בארץ. מה יש לעשות באשקלון| tempus=19-05-2021}}.&lt;/ref&gt; In saepto est basilica Romana, quam [[archeologus|archaeologi]] ab [[Herodes Magnus|Herode]] conditam esse putant,&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.jpost.com/archaeology/2000-year-old-basilica-unearthed-in-ashkelon-669665 |titulus=2,000-year-old basilica unearthed in Ashkelon | nomen auctoris=Rosella | cognomen auctoris=Tercatin | domus editoria=Jerusalem Post | tempus=31-05-2021 19:25}}.&lt;/ref&gt; et maximum in orbe terrarum canum coemeterium.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/mobile/0,7340,L-5047211,00.html | titulus=תעלומת בית הקברות לכלבים הגדול בעולם שהתגלה באשקלון  | nomen auctoris= אסף| cognomen auctoris= קמר| tempus= 25-11-2017 07:59 | domus editoria= ynet}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Anno [[2024]] Saeptum quintum in popularitate in Israele fuit; anno autem [[2025]] secundum.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= גם ב-2025 – זה אתר הטיולים הפופולרי בישראל | url=https://www.ynet.co.il/vacation/israeltrips/article/rjp9q7egwl | nomen auctoris= אסף| cognomen auctoris= רוזן| domus editoria=ynet | tempus= 08-12-2025 15:00 }}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Multa animalia quoquoe in hoc loco vivunt. [[Dendrocopos syriacus]], [[Upapa]], et [[Psittacula krameri]] in cavis arborum [[Tamarix|tamaricis]] veterum nidificant; [[Prinia gracilis]], [[Burhinus]], [[Passer hispaniolensis]], et [[Lanius nubicus]] in campis. [[Jynx torquilla]] et [[Luscinia svecica]] hieme in saepto inveniuntur. [[Laudakia stellio]], [[Vulpes vulpes]], [[Gazella gazella gazella]], [[Herpestes]], et [[Caretta caretta]] quoque invenientur in hoc loco.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus |  url=https://www.ynet.co.il/environment-science/article/skv5vvbsn | titulus= מחרדונים ועד נמיות: הצצה לעולם החי הקסום בגן הלאומי תל אשקלון | domus editoria= ynet | tempus= 28-07-2023 16:28}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Monumentum in honorem caesorum in bellis Israel ===
[[Fasciculus:Lanoflim Askelon 11.jpg | thumb |upright=0.8|[[Monumentum]] in honorem caesorum in bellis Israeliensibus.]]
{{Creanda|he|אנדרטה לנופלים (אשקלון) | Monumentum in honorem caesorum in bellis Israel}} in prato herboso est ante [[Curia municipalis|curiam municipalem]]. Elementum sculptile compositum virtutem et bellum significat. Parietes aedificii sexanguli tabulas marmoris nigras constant, in quibus inscripta sunt nomina caesorum. In parite contra inscriptum est “Aeternum vobis gratias agimus. De gerenatione in generationem gloriam eorum narrabimus.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://www.izkor.gov.il/monument/en_d9b0257bc0e71a1983f1ec8d7e8bde66/ | titulus= אנדרטה לנופלים במערכות ישראל. אשקלון| domus editoria= יזכור }}.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Portus Navigiorum Ascalonensis===
[[Fasciculus:מרינה אשקלון.PNG | thumb |upright=0.8|Portus Navigiorum Ascalonensis.]]
{{Creanda|he| מרינה אשקלון | Portus Navigiorum Ascalonensis}}, anno [[1991]] conditus, locus est ad navigia velifera et [[Navis lusoria |naves lusorias]] ancorandas, et multasque [[Popina sellariola| popinas sellariolas]] habet.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus| url= https://baliletayel.co.il/atraction/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94-%D7%A9%D7%9C-%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9F-%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%AA-%D7%90%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%99%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA-%D7%9C%D7%A6%D7%93-%D7%9E/ | titulus= המרינה של אשקלון – טיילת אטרקטיבית לצד מעגן סירות | domus editoria= בא לי לטייל}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Portus, qui plerumque ad oblectamentum destinatur, in {{Creanda| en| Twelve-Day War |bello contra Iraniam}} magni momenti factus est. Homines eo usi sunt ut via ad Israëlem ingrediendum et ex eo egrediendum esset, cum [[aeroportus]] clausus esset.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://www.kan-ashkelon.co.il/news/95583 | titulus= מי היה מאמין? זה התפקיד של המרינה באשקלון במלחמה עם איראן | domus editoria= כאן דרום אשקלון | tempus= 18-06-2025 15:22}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Porum visitant non modo qui in Ascalone habitant, sed quoque in [[Berosaba]], [[Azotus|Azoto]], [[Kiriat-Gat]], et aliis urbibus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://www.israelhayom.co.il/travel/tourism-news/article/19966651 | titulus= שעה מתל אביב: מתחם הבילוי שעבר מהפך - וכולם נוהרים אליו | nomen auctoris= ליאת | cognomen auctoris= מופז מילצ'ן | tempus= 23-02-2026 19:40 | domus editoria= ישראל היום}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Urbes geminae ==
* {{Vexillum icon|Canada}} [[Côte Saint-Luc]], [[Quebecum]], [[Canada]] (ab anno [[1975]])&lt;ref&gt;{{opus | url=https://cotesaintluc.org/en/the-city/about-csl/ | titulus=About CSL | domus editoria= cotesaintluc.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{opus | url=https://www.bnaibrith.ca/advocacy/jewish-heritage-month/jhm-cote-saint-luc/ | titulus=JEWISH HERITAGE MONTH PARTNER: COTE SAINT LUC, QUEBEC | domus editoria= Bnai Brith Canada}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Ruthenia Alba}} [[Grodna]], [[Ruthenia Alba]] (ab anno [[2011]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | tempus= 23-02-2011 | url= https://ashkelon.news/article/9023 |titulus= עוד עיר תאומה ברית ערים תאומות נחתמה בין העיר אשקלון לגרודנו (בלרוס). רה&quot;ע של גרודנו קוזלקוב בוריס הגיע לאשקלון עם אנשי עסקים המעוניינים ליצור קשרי מסחר | domus editoria= ashkelon.news}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | tempus= 2011-03-01 13:16 | url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402150430/https://news.tut.by/society/216834.html | titulus= Израильский город Ашкелон стал двенадцатым городом-побратимом Гродно | domus editoria=news.tut.by}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Francia}} [[Aquae Sextiae]], [[Francia]] (ab anno [[1994]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.aixenprovence.fr/Ashkelon-ISRAEL | titulus=Ashkelon (ISRAEL) | domus editoria= aixenprovence.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Germania}} [[Pancovium]], [[Germania]] (Ab anno [[1994]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.berlin.de/ba-pankow/ueber-den-bezirk/staedtepartner/artikel.1535473.en.php | titulus = City Partnerships | domus editoria= Bezirksamt
Pankow}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://pankow-ashkelon.org/en/about-us | titulus= About Us | domus editoria= Freundeskreis Berlin Pankow-Ashkelon}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Civitates Foederatae Americae}} [[Portlandia (Oregonia)|Portlandia]], [[Oregonia]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] (ab anno [[1987]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.studycountry.com/wiki/what-is-portland-oregon-sister-city | titulus=What is Portland Oregon sister city? | domus editoria= studycountry.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Civitates Foederatae Americae}} [[Baltimora (Terra Mariae)|Baltimora]], [[Terra Mariae]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] (ab anno [[2003]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://baltimorefishbowl.com/stories/baltimores-awkward-relationship-sister-cities/ |domus editoria= Baltimore Fish Bowl | titulus=Baltimore’s Awkward Relationship with Our Sister Cities |nomen auctoris=Rachel | cognomen auctoris=Monroe | tempus=22-04-2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://www.jewishtimes.com/baltimore-ashkelon-partnership-supports-israeli-city-after-rocket-strikes/ | titulus= Baltimore-Ashkelon Partnership Supports Israeli City After Rocket Strikes | nomen auctoris=Jillian |cognomen auctoris=Diamond | tempus=24-05-2023 | domus editoria=Jewish Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus |url=https://associated.org/stories/the-baltimore-ashkelon-partnership-celebrating-20-years/ | titulus=The Baltimore-Ashkelon Partnership: Celebrating 20 Years | domus editoria= The Associated Jewish Federation in Baltimore}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Civitates Foederatae Americae}} [[Sacramentum (California)|Sacramentum]], [[California]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] (ab anno [[2012]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/after-battle-sacramento-okays-sisterhood-with-ashkelon/ | domus editoria= Times of Israel | titulus= After battle, Sacramento okays sisterhood with Ashkelon | nomen auctoris= Joshua | cognomen auctoris= Davidovich | tempus=15-08-2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.cbsnews.com/sacramento/news/sumy-ukraine-becomes-sacramentos-latest-sister-city/ | titulus=Sumy, Ukraine becomes Sacramento's latest Sister City | domus editoria= CBS News | nomen auctoris=Cecilio | cognomen auctoris=  Padilla| tempus=29-06-2023}} “Eleven other cities have been named Sister Cities with Sacramento … Ashkelon, Israel”&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus |url=https://jweekly.com/2012/08/17/its-unanimous-sacramento-ashkelon-now-sister-cities/ | domus editoria= Jewish Weekly | titulus= Its unanimous: Sacramento, Ashkelon now sister cities | nomen auctoris= Emma | cognomen auctoris=Silvers |tempus=17-08-2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Polonia}} [[Sopot (Polonia)|Sopot]], [[Polonia]] (ab anno [[1993]] ad annum [[2025]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= Sopot pierwszym samorządem w Polsce, który zerwał partnerstwo z izraelskim miastem. Zdecydowali o tym radni | url= https://trojmiasto.wyborcza.pl/trojmiasto/7,35612,32429747,sopot-pierwszy-w-polsce-zerwal-partnerstwo-z-izraelskim-miastem.html | tempus=27-11-2025 | nomen auctoris= Maciej | cognomen auctoris= Pietrzak | domus editoria= wyborcza.pl}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= הלחץ הפרו-פלסטיני הכריע 30 שנות יחסים: בוטל הסכם &quot;ערים תאומות&quot; בין אשקלון לסופוט | url= https://www.maariv.co.il/news/world/article-1257675 | tempus=01-12-2025 | nomen auctoris= דן | cognomen auctoris= עזרא | domus editoria= מעריב}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= &quot;בגלל רצח העם בעזה&quot;: עיירת נופש בפולין ביטלה ברית ערים תאומות עם אשקלון | url= https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/r1ucjukbbx | tempus=30-11-2025 | nomen auctoris 1= איתמר | cognomen auctoris 1= אייכנר | domus editoria= ynet | nomen auctoris 2= רוני | cognomen auctoris 2= גרין שאולוב}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= לאחר 32 שנים: בוטלה שותפות עיר תאומה עם אשקלון בגלל &quot;רצח עם בעזה&quot; | url= https://www.kan-ashkelon.co.il/news/99197 | tempus=30-11-2025 | nomen auctoris= דוד | cognomen auctoris= לוי | domus editoria= כאן חדשות דרום אשקלון}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= &quot;רצח עם&quot;: העיר באירופה שביטלה הסכם ערים עם אשקלון | url= https://www.i24news.tv/he/news/international/europe/artc-30d542eb | tempus=30-11-2025 | nomen auctoris= מעיין | cognomen auctoris= רפאל | domus editoria= i24}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Ucraina}} [[Uman]], [[Regio Circassiensis]], [[Ucraina]] (ab anno [[2010]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus|url=https://uman-rada.gov.ua/index.php/mizhnarodni-zviazky | domus editoria=Уманська міська рада Виконавчий комітет | titulus=Міжнародні зв'язки}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|India}} [[Vadodara]], [[Guzarata]], [[India]] (ab anno [[2017]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url = https://www.kan-ashkelon.co.il/municipality/10841 | titulus= אשקלון-בארודה ערים תאומות: ראש הממשלה מברך| domus editoria= כאן דרום אשקלון | nomen auctoris= ג'ני | cognomen auctoris= פרנקל שלום | tempus= 8-12-2017 15:13 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus| url= https://www.kan-ashkelon.co.il/news/11526 | titulus= העירייה: כ-2,000 משתתפים בפסטיבל הודו באשקלון | domus editoria= כאן דרום אשקלון| nomen auctoris= אלירם | cognomen auctoris= משה | tempus= 20-12-2017 12:07 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus interni ==
* [[Ascalon (urbs antiqua)]]
* [[Israël]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Ashkelon|Ascalonam}}
{{Fontes geographici}}

[[Categoria:Israel]]
[[Categoria:Urbes antiquae]]
[[Categoria:Urbes Israelis]]</text>
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[[Fasciculus:93439_marina_ashkelon_PikiWiki_Israel.jpg|thumb]]

{{res|Ascalon}} ([[Hebraice]] אַשְׁקְלוֹן) est [[urbs]] in [[Israël]]e sita. Quae urbs primum condita esse abhinc annorum decem milia dicitur. [[Portus|Portum]] habebat, unde [[merx|merces]] et inferebantur et exportabantur.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = &quot;העבר של אשקלון הוא הנשמה שלה, ועדות לכל מה שהיא מסמלת&quot;
	| lingua = he
	| domus editoria = The Marker
	| url = https://www.themarker.com/labels/ashkelon/2022-09-22/ty-article-labels/00000183-6525-dd85-a9f3-67bfe3d00000
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Ascalon una ex quinque urbibus [[Philistaei|Philistaeorum]] est quae in [[Liber Iosue|libro Iosue]] 13:3 memorantur.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Ascalon
	| domus editoria = New Advent
	| url = https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01766b.htm
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Urbs autem hodierna anno [[1948]] condita est.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = היסטוריה ותרבות באשקלון – כשישן וחדש נפגשים
	| domus editoria = אלדן
	| url = https://www.eldan.co.il/magazine/carrental/rentcarashkelon/history-ashkelon#
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Anno [[2020]] circiter 146&amp;thinsp;500 homines ibi habitabant.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = אשקלון
	| lingua = he
	| domus editoria = הלשקה המרכזית לסטטיסטיקה
	| url = https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/publications/doclib/2022/local_authorities20_1879/58_7100.pdf
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia ==
=== Ascalon praehistorica ===
Ascalon [[Neolithicum|Neolithica]] criciter centum metra a mari aberat et 15-20 metra supra [[maris aequor]] sita erat. Multa instrumenta silicea et lapidea, nonnulla autem ossea, in eo loco inventa sunt. Ossa humana fragmanta inventa sunt. Bona testemonia ovium domesticarum quoque sunt, qaue in eam regionem fortasse [[Millennium 6 a.C.n.|millenio 6 a.C.n.]] introdactae sunt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://www.jstor.org/stable/27926432 | titulus= A Late Neolithic Site near Ashkelon | nomen auctoris 1= Jean | cognomen auctoris 1= Perrot | nomen auctoris 2= Avi | cognomen auctoris 2= Gopher | domus editoria = Israel Exploration Journal | volumen= 46 | paginae= 145-166 | annus = 1996 | fasciculus= 3/4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Prima [[Aetas aënea|Aetate aënea]] Ascalon ad instrumenta ex [[Cuprum|cupro]] {{Creanda | en | Arabah | Arabahensi}} facienda praecipue exculta est. Inventa [[archaeologia|archaeologica]] cum migratione fabrorum aerariorum ex [[Berosaba]] congruunt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-archaeological-journal/article/cultural-metallurgya-key-factor-in-the-transition-from-the-chalcolithic-to-bronze-age-in-the-southern-levant/0B642A3959D1C9B9BA9EF447AAD59EC3 | titulus= Cultural Metallurgy-A Key Factor in the Transition from the Chalcolithic to Bronze Age in the Southern Levant | domus editoria= Cambridge Archaeological Journal | volumen= 32 | fasciculus= 3 | annus= 2021 | cognomen auctoris= Amzallag | nomen auctoris = Amzallag | paginae= 445-465}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Argumenta sunt instrumentorum metallicorum in laniena animalium usurpatorum, sed maxima pars signorum secturarum instrumentis lapideis facta est.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Haskel-Greenfield/publication/285404224_Metallurgy_in_the_Near_East_A_Zooarchaeological_Perspective_on_the_Origins_of_Metallurgy_in_the_Near_East_Analysis_of_Stone_and_Metal_Cut_Marks_on_Bone_from_Israel/links/565de58208ae4988a7bd14d2/Metallurgy-in-the-Near-East-A-Zooarchaeological-Perspective-on-the-Origins-of-Metallurgy-in-the-Near-East-Analysis-of-Stone-and-Metal-Cut-Marks-on-Bone-from-Israel.pdf | titulus= Metallurgy in the Near East A Zooarchaeological Perspective on the Origins of Metallurgy in the Near East: Analysis of Stone and Metal Cut Marks on Bone from Israel | nomen auctoris= Haskel J. | cognomen auctoris= Greenfield}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Historia antiqua ===
{{Paginae principales|Ascalon (urbs antiqua)}}
[[Fasciculus:Ashkelon – The Canaanite city gate and ramparts.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Ascalonis Chananaeae porta.]]
Urbs [[Chanaan|Chananaea]] [[Saeculum 20 a.C.n.|saeculo vicensimo a.C.n.]] condita est, longitudine 1100 metrorum et latitudine 600 metrorum, moenibus quindecim metra altis circumdata.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Tel Ashkelon
	| domus editoria = Bible Walks
	| url = https://www.biblewalks.com/ashkelon/
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Primum memorantur Ascalon in textibus execrationis [[Aegyptus|Aegyptiis]] quae ad {{Creanda|en|Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt|Domus Aegypti 11|undecimam dynastiam}} referuntur, et per dynastias {{Creanda|en|Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt|Domus Aegypti 18|XVIII}} ad XX fortasse urbs Chananaea Aegyptiorum imperio subiecta erat. Anno [[1280 a.C.n.]], frustra Ascalon contra [[Rhamses II|Ramsem II]] rebellavit. Anno [[1229 a.C.n.]], urbs ab [[Amenephthis|Amenephthe]] [[Pharao]]ne rursus capta est.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Ashkelon
	| domus editoria = Jewish Virtual Library
	| url = https://jewishvirtuallibrary.org/ashkelon
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Ascalon a [[Tribus Iudae|tribu Iudae]] capta est:&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;Cepitque Iudas [[Gaza]]m cum finibus suis et Ascalonem atque Accaron cum terminis suis. (Iudicum 1:18).&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_vt_iudicum_lt.html | titulus= Nova Vulgata LIBER IUDICUM | domus editoria= Vatican}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

[[Saeculum 12 a.C.n.|Saeculo duodecimo a.C.n.]], urbs a [[Philistae]]is capta est. Ascalon saepe in [[narratio]]nibus de [[Samson]]e in [[Biblia|Bibliis]] commemoratur. Quae urbs tempore {{Creanda|en|Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)|Regnum Israeliticum (monarchia unita)|monarchiae Israeliticae}} adhuc erat Philistaeorum una ex praecipuis urbibus.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt; [[Saul (Rex)|Saul]], Israëlis Rex primus, Philistinos Philistinos vicit et multas urbes cepit. Rex ipse in proelio cecidit, [[David]]que lugens eos versiculos recitavit:&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;Incliti, o Israel, super montes tuos interfecti, quomodo ceciderunt fortes! Nolite annuntiare in Geth neque annuntietis in compitis Ascalonis, ne forte laetentur filiae Philisthim, ne exsultent filiae incircumcisorum. (II Samuelis 1:19-20),&lt;ref&gt;{{opus |titulus=Nova Vulgata LIBER SECUNDUS SAMUELIS |domus editoria= Vatican | url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_vt_ii-samuelis_lt.html}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Ascalonem punitum iri preaedixerunt prophetae [[Ieremias]], [[Amos (propheta)|Amos]], [[Sophonias]], et [[Zacharias (propheta)|Zacharias]].&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt; [[Saeculum 18 a.C.n.|Saeculo duodevicensimo a.C.n.]] a regno Ascalonis multas terras a regno expugnavit [[Assyria]], et Anno [[734 a.C.n.]] urbs a {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Tiglatpileser III|Tiglatpilesero III|en|qid=Q210074}} capta est. Anno [[732 a.C.n.]] Rex Ascalonis frustra contra Assyrios rebellavit, propter quod urbs graviter punita est. [[Rex Sidqia]] postea participavit in alia rebellione contra Assyriam, duce [[Ezechias|Ezechia]]. Apud [[Sennacherib]], urbes Sidqiae prope [[Iappa|Iappam]] captae sunt, et Ascalon ipse se dedidit, cuius rex exsulatus est. Tributum quod Ascalon reddidit in inscriptionibus principum Esarhaddon et Assurbanipal memoratur, qui urbem fine [[Saeculum 7 a.C.n.|saeculi 7]] et initio [[Saeculum 6 a.C.n.|sexto a.C.n.]] ad [[Aegyptus antiqua|Aegyptum]] pugnandum adhibuit. De calamitatibus quas urbs sufferebat scripserunt prophetae biblici.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;

Cum imperium Assyriorum caderet, Aegyptus urbem occupavit. Anno [[604 a.C.n.]], Ascalon a [[Nabuchodonosor II|Nabuchodonosore]] deleta est, qui multos cives urbis exsulavit, quo facto sexcentorum annorum praesentiae Philistaeorum in Israele finis impositus est. Munitiones Ascalonis post Babylonicam excidionem non reaedificatae sunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;

Sub [[Imperium Achaemenidarum|imperio Persarum]], quod Ascalonem a Babyloniis cepit, Iudaeis [[Ierusalem]] redire licuit, sed Ascalon tum pars provinciae Iudaeae non fuit. In Ascalone ceterisque urbibus Philistaeorum, habitabant [[Phoenices]], et ipsa Ascalon [[Tyros|Tyriorum]] dicioni parebat. Id urbi magnas divitias attulit. [[Archaeologus|Archaeologi]] in Ascalone magnum [[Ascalonis Canum Coemeterium|canum coemeterium]] invenerunt, quod ad ritum Phoenicum pertinebat. In eo coemeterio plus quam mille [[Canis|canes]] erant.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;

[[Alexander Magnus|Alexandro Magno]] Ascalon se anno [[332 a.C.n.]] dedit, neque, ut [[Gaza]], laesa est.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt; Post divisionem imperii [[Alexander Magnus|Alexandri]], Ascalon in [[Regnum Ptolemaicum|regno Ptolemaico]] erat, et urbs sui iuris facta est. Tum [[Iudaei]] in Ascalone [[floruit|floruerunt]]. Urbs deinde ab [[Antiochus III|Antiocho III]] capta sedes [[Cultura Graeca|culturae Graecae]] magni momenti facta est. Propter imminutam potentiam [[Seleucidae|Seleucidarum]], Anno [[104 a.C.n.]] Ascalon rursus in [[libertas|libertatem]] se recepit. Reges {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Hyrcanus|Ioannes Hyrcanus|en|he|qid=Q319043}} et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Alexander Jannaeus|Alexander Jannaeus|en|he|qid=Q319107}} ex [[Hasmonaei|genere Hasmonaeorum]] urbem capere frustra conati sunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;

[[Fasciculus:Ask NTL PARK.jpg|thumb|Columnae Romanae in Saepto Nationali Ascalonis.]]
[[Imperium Romanum|Aetate Romana]], Colonia Ascalonensis liberate et foederata fuit. In urbe [[Paganismus|pagani]] [[Apollo|Apollinem]], [[Hercules|Herculem]], et [[Atargatis|Atargatidem]] venerati sunt, deam facie et parte superiore corporis muliebri, parte inferiore corporis et cauda piscis. [[Herodes Magnus|Herodes]], quamquam urbem non regebat, fora tamen ibi atque balnea publica hortosque exstruxit, fortasse quod ibi natus erat. In [[Primum Bellum Iudaicum|primo bello Iudaico]], Ascalon Iudaeos aggressus, victor exiit.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;

Tempore [[Misna]] et [[Talmud]], [[Iudaei]] in urbe degere soliti sunt, quarum [[Synagoga|synagogas]] [[Synagoga|archeologi]] invenerunt. In Talmude de [[Arbustum|pomariis]], quae reditus e [[Babylonia]] prope Ascalonem fundaverunt, legitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;

[[Aetas Byzantina|Aetate Byzantina]], urbs [[Religio Christiana|Christiana]] facta est. Ascalon sedes commercii [[vinum|vini]] optimi et [[frumentum|frumenti]] erat.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt; [[Vinum]] ex Ascalone illo tempore in [[Anglia]] repertum est.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://cbnisrael.org/2024/10/15/biblical-israel-ashkelon-4/ | titulus= Biblical Israel: Ashkelon | cognomen auctoris= Turnage | nomen auctoris= Marc | tempus=15-10-2024 | domus editoria=CBN Israel}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Medium Aevum ===
Anno [[637]] Ascalon ab Arabibus capta atque deleta est. Anno [[685]] urbs restituta est, in qua iam et [[Christianus|Christiani]] et [[Iudaei]] et [[Samaritani]] et [[Musulmanus|Musulmani]] habitabant. Inter religiones interdum erant conflictus, propter quos ecclesia in urbe anno [[937]] combusta est.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;

[[Fasciculus:Battle of Ascalon-engraving.jpg | thumb | Pugna Ascalonis]]
Cum [[Regnum Hierosolymitanum]] a [[Expeditio sacra|crucesignatis]]  conditum esset, urbs inter Christianos et Musulmanos finis facta est. Diu exercitus circa urbem pugnaverunt, et anno [[1099]] [[Pugna Ascalonis|pugna Ascalonis]] committeretur. Crucesignati Ascalonem aliquandiu teneuerunt, deinde ad [[Oriens|orientem]] se receperunt. Ab anno [[1101]] ad annum [[1114]] Aegyptii terram sanctam capere conabantur, dum duus exercitus circa urbem saepissime puganabant. Anno [[1125]] Rex [[Balduinus II (rex Hierosolymitanus)|Balduinus II]] Ascalonem capere frustra conatus est, anno autem [[1154]] [[Balduinus III (rex Hierosolymitanus)|Balduinus III]] successit. Urbs crucesignatis magni momenti fuit; anno autem [[1187]], [[4 Septembris|quarto die mensis Septembris]], a [[Saladinus|Saladino]] capta est, qui castella, ne Christiani eis uterentur, delevit.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;

Anno [[1191]], [[Ricardus I (rex Angliae)|Rex Ricardus I]] Ascalonem recepit atque muros aedificavit, quos Arabes rursus deleverunt. Anno [[1240]], [[Ricardus (comes Cornubiae)|Ricardus comes Cornubiae]] urbem iterum munivit. Anno autem [[1247]], [[Ayyubidae]] urbem ceperunt. Anno [[1270]], urbs a [[Mamluci|Mamlucis]] capta atque deleta est, nec Crucesignati eam rursus condiderunt. Dua [[oppidum|oppida]] Arabum, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Magdala||he|qid=Q132129150}} et Iagur, prope Ascalonem antiquam condita sunt, in quibus homines ex Aegypto vivebant.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt; Ascalonis propter excidionem, Magdala magni momenti facta est.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= אשקלון - שכונת מגדל העברית | url= https://shimur.org/%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9F-%D7%A9%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%AA-%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%93%D7%9C-%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA/ | domus editoria= מועצה לשימור אתרי מורשת בישראל | nomen auctoris 1= גד | cognomen auctoris 1= סובול | nomen auctoris 2= אבי | cognomen auctoris 2= ששון | tempus= 01-10-2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Aetas Turcica ac Britannica ===

=== Aetas Israelita ===
Die [[5 Novembris]] anno [[1948]], locus ab [[Israel|Israele]] captus est. Urbs primum [[Lingua Hebraica|Hebraice]] vocatus est “Migdal Aza”, postea “Migdal Gad”, anno tandem [[1951]] “Migdal Aškelon”. Anno [[1955]], urbs Migal Aškelon et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Afridar||he|qid=Q6632325}}, qui prope eam erat, in unum coniunctae sunt, et urbs una vocatur Ascalon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://www.kan-ashkelon.co.il/news/18231 | titulus= 70 שנה: 70 אירועים ודמויות מתולדות אשקלון | domus editoria= כאן דרום אשקלון | tempus= 19-04-2018 00:14 | nomen auctoris 1= ג'ני | cognomen auctoris 1= פרנקל שלום | nomen auctoris 2=גייל | cognomen auctoris 2= מיכאלי | nomen auctoris 3= אורי| cognomen auctoris 3= קריספין| nomen auctoris 4=דוד | cognomen auctoris 4= לוי}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Demographia ==
Anno [[2023]], 86.1 centesimae hominum qui in Ascalone vivebant [[Iudaei]] erant, 0.4 centesimae [[Musulmanus|Musulmani]], et 13.5 centesimae alias [[Religio|religiones]] profitebantur.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/publications/DocLib/2026/local_authorities23/%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9F.pdf | titulus= הרשויות המקומיות ישראל 2023 אשקלון | domus editoria= הלשכה המרכזית לסטטיסטיקה }}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Monumenta ==
=== Saeptum Nationale Ascalonense ===
[[Fasciculus:Mosaic floor at Ashkelon.jpg |thumb|upright=0.8|[[Opus tessellatum]] in Saepto Nationali Ascalonense]]
Ubi fuit urbs antiqua hodie est [[Saeptum Nationale Ascalonense]],&lt;ref name=&quot;placesToVisit&quot;/&gt; quod anno [[1964]] primum [[saeptum nationale]] in Israele designatum est.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/mobile/0,7340,L-2124593,00.html | titulus= הגן הלאומי באשקלון | nomen auctoris= בועז | cognomen auctoris= כרמל | tempus= 26-09-2002 10:59 | domus editoria= ynet }}.&lt;/ref&gt; Muri, qui urbem circumdederunt, in eo loco quoque hodie sunt. Saeptum [[hortus|hortum]] multis [[statua|statuis]] Romanis ornatum habet.&lt;ref name=&quot;placesToVisit&quot;&gt;{{Opus | url= https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vie/Ashkelon.html#Ashkelon | titulus= Ashkelon &amp; Surroundings PLACES TO VISIT | domus editoria=Jewish Virtual Library}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Altitudo vallis Chananaeae est 15 metra, latitudo 30 metra, longitudo 2200 metra.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://www.mako.co.il/travel-israel/magazine-themostbeautifulcities/Article-78f8f49c8c26371026.htm | domus editoria= mako | titulus= חופש הערים הכי יפות בארץ. מה יש לעשות באשקלון| tempus=19-05-2021}}.&lt;/ref&gt; In saepto est basilica Romana, quam [[archeologus|archaeologi]] ab [[Herodes Magnus|Herode]] conditam esse putant,&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.jpost.com/archaeology/2000-year-old-basilica-unearthed-in-ashkelon-669665 |titulus=2,000-year-old basilica unearthed in Ashkelon | nomen auctoris=Rosella | cognomen auctoris=Tercatin | domus editoria=Jerusalem Post | tempus=31-05-2021 19:25}}.&lt;/ref&gt; et maximum in orbe terrarum canum coemeterium.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/mobile/0,7340,L-5047211,00.html | titulus=תעלומת בית הקברות לכלבים הגדול בעולם שהתגלה באשקלון  | nomen auctoris= אסף| cognomen auctoris= קמר| tempus= 25-11-2017 07:59 | domus editoria= ynet}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Anno [[2024]] Saeptum quintum in popularitate in Israele fuit; anno autem [[2025]] secundum.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= גם ב-2025 – זה אתר הטיולים הפופולרי בישראל | url=https://www.ynet.co.il/vacation/israeltrips/article/rjp9q7egwl | nomen auctoris= אסף| cognomen auctoris= רוזן| domus editoria=ynet | tempus= 08-12-2025 15:00 }}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Multa animalia quoquoe in hoc loco vivunt. [[Dendrocopos syriacus]], [[Upapa]], et [[Psittacula krameri]] in cavis arborum [[Tamarix|tamaricis]] veterum nidificant; [[Prinia gracilis]], [[Burhinus]], [[Passer hispaniolensis]], et [[Lanius nubicus]] in campis. [[Jynx torquilla]] et [[Luscinia svecica]] hieme in saepto inveniuntur. [[Laudakia stellio]], [[Vulpes vulpes]], [[Gazella gazella gazella]], [[Herpestes]], et [[Caretta caretta]] quoque invenientur in hoc loco.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus |  url=https://www.ynet.co.il/environment-science/article/skv5vvbsn | titulus= מחרדונים ועד נמיות: הצצה לעולם החי הקסום בגן הלאומי תל אשקלון | domus editoria= ynet | tempus= 28-07-2023 16:28}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Monumentum in honorem caesorum in bellis Israel ===
[[Fasciculus:Lanoflim Askelon 11.jpg | thumb |upright=0.8|[[Monumentum]] in honorem caesorum in bellis Israeliensibus.]]
{{Creanda|he|אנדרטה לנופלים (אשקלון) | Monumentum in honorem caesorum in bellis Israel}} in prato herboso est ante [[Curia municipalis|curiam municipalem]]. Elementum sculptile compositum virtutem et bellum significat. Parietes aedificii sexanguli tabulas marmoris nigras constant, in quibus inscripta sunt nomina caesorum. In parite contra inscriptum est “Aeternum vobis gratias agimus. De gerenatione in generationem gloriam eorum narrabimus.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://www.izkor.gov.il/monument/en_d9b0257bc0e71a1983f1ec8d7e8bde66/ | titulus= אנדרטה לנופלים במערכות ישראל. אשקלון| domus editoria= יזכור }}.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Portus Navigiorum Ascalonensis===
[[Fasciculus:מרינה אשקלון.PNG | thumb |upright=0.8|Portus Navigiorum Ascalonensis.]]
{{Creanda|he| מרינה אשקלון | Portus Navigiorum Ascalonensis}}, anno [[1991]] conditus, locus est ad navigia velifera et [[Navis lusoria |naves lusorias]] ancorandas, et multasque [[Popina sellariola| popinas sellariolas]] habet.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus| url= https://baliletayel.co.il/atraction/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94-%D7%A9%D7%9C-%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9F-%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%AA-%D7%90%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%99%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA-%D7%9C%D7%A6%D7%93-%D7%9E/ | titulus= המרינה של אשקלון – טיילת אטרקטיבית לצד מעגן סירות | domus editoria= בא לי לטייל}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Portus, qui plerumque ad oblectamentum destinatur, in {{Creanda| en| Twelve-Day War |bello contra Iraniam}} magni momenti factus est. Homines eo usi sunt ut via ad Israëlem ingrediendum et ex eo egrediendum esset, cum [[aeroportus]] clausus esset.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://www.kan-ashkelon.co.il/news/95583 | titulus= מי היה מאמין? זה התפקיד של המרינה באשקלון במלחמה עם איראן | domus editoria= כאן דרום אשקלון | tempus= 18-06-2025 15:22}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Porum visitant non modo qui in Ascalone habitant, sed quoque in [[Berosaba]], [[Azotus|Azoto]], [[Kiriat-Gat]], et aliis urbibus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://www.israelhayom.co.il/travel/tourism-news/article/19966651 | titulus= שעה מתל אביב: מתחם הבילוי שעבר מהפך - וכולם נוהרים אליו | nomen auctoris= ליאת | cognomen auctoris= מופז מילצ'ן | tempus= 23-02-2026 19:40 | domus editoria= ישראל היום}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Urbes geminae ==
* {{Vexillum icon|Canada}} [[Côte Saint-Luc]], [[Quebecum]], [[Canada]] (ab anno [[1975]])&lt;ref&gt;{{opus | url=https://cotesaintluc.org/en/the-city/about-csl/ | titulus=About CSL | domus editoria= cotesaintluc.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{opus | url=https://www.bnaibrith.ca/advocacy/jewish-heritage-month/jhm-cote-saint-luc/ | titulus=JEWISH HERITAGE MONTH PARTNER: COTE SAINT LUC, QUEBEC | domus editoria= Bnai Brith Canada}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Ruthenia Alba}} [[Grodna]], [[Ruthenia Alba]] (ab anno [[2011]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | tempus= 23-02-2011 | url= https://ashkelon.news/article/9023 |titulus= עוד עיר תאומה ברית ערים תאומות נחתמה בין העיר אשקלון לגרודנו (בלרוס). רה&quot;ע של גרודנו קוזלקוב בוריס הגיע לאשקלון עם אנשי עסקים המעוניינים ליצור קשרי מסחר | domus editoria= ashkelon.news}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | tempus= 2011-03-01 13:16 | url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402150430/https://news.tut.by/society/216834.html | titulus= Израильский город Ашкелон стал двенадцатым городом-побратимом Гродно | domus editoria=news.tut.by}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Francia}} [[Aquae Sextiae]], [[Francia]] (ab anno [[1994]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.aixenprovence.fr/Ashkelon-ISRAEL | titulus=Ashkelon (ISRAEL) | domus editoria= aixenprovence.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Germania}} [[Pancovium]], [[Germania]] (Ab anno [[1994]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.berlin.de/ba-pankow/ueber-den-bezirk/staedtepartner/artikel.1535473.en.php | titulus = City Partnerships | domus editoria= Bezirksamt
Pankow}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://pankow-ashkelon.org/en/about-us | titulus= About Us | domus editoria= Freundeskreis Berlin Pankow-Ashkelon}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Civitates Foederatae Americae}} [[Portlandia (Oregonia)|Portlandia]], [[Oregonia]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] (ab anno [[1987]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.studycountry.com/wiki/what-is-portland-oregon-sister-city | titulus=What is Portland Oregon sister city? | domus editoria= studycountry.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Civitates Foederatae Americae}} [[Baltimora (Terra Mariae)|Baltimora]], [[Terra Mariae]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] (ab anno [[2003]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://baltimorefishbowl.com/stories/baltimores-awkward-relationship-sister-cities/ |domus editoria= Baltimore Fish Bowl | titulus=Baltimore’s Awkward Relationship with Our Sister Cities |nomen auctoris=Rachel | cognomen auctoris=Monroe | tempus=22-04-2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://www.jewishtimes.com/baltimore-ashkelon-partnership-supports-israeli-city-after-rocket-strikes/ | titulus= Baltimore-Ashkelon Partnership Supports Israeli City After Rocket Strikes | nomen auctoris=Jillian |cognomen auctoris=Diamond | tempus=24-05-2023 | domus editoria=Jewish Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus |url=https://associated.org/stories/the-baltimore-ashkelon-partnership-celebrating-20-years/ | titulus=The Baltimore-Ashkelon Partnership: Celebrating 20 Years | domus editoria= The Associated Jewish Federation in Baltimore}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Civitates Foederatae Americae}} [[Sacramentum (California)|Sacramentum]], [[California]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] (ab anno [[2012]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/after-battle-sacramento-okays-sisterhood-with-ashkelon/ | domus editoria= Times of Israel | titulus= After battle, Sacramento okays sisterhood with Ashkelon | nomen auctoris= Joshua | cognomen auctoris= Davidovich | tempus=15-08-2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.cbsnews.com/sacramento/news/sumy-ukraine-becomes-sacramentos-latest-sister-city/ | titulus=Sumy, Ukraine becomes Sacramento's latest Sister City | domus editoria= CBS News | nomen auctoris=Cecilio | cognomen auctoris=  Padilla| tempus=29-06-2023}} “Eleven other cities have been named Sister Cities with Sacramento … Ashkelon, Israel”&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus |url=https://jweekly.com/2012/08/17/its-unanimous-sacramento-ashkelon-now-sister-cities/ | domus editoria= Jewish Weekly | titulus= Its unanimous: Sacramento, Ashkelon now sister cities | nomen auctoris= Emma | cognomen auctoris=Silvers |tempus=17-08-2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Polonia}} [[Sopot (Polonia)|Sopot]], [[Polonia]] (ab anno [[1993]] ad annum [[2025]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= Sopot pierwszym samorządem w Polsce, który zerwał partnerstwo z izraelskim miastem. Zdecydowali o tym radni | url= https://trojmiasto.wyborcza.pl/trojmiasto/7,35612,32429747,sopot-pierwszy-w-polsce-zerwal-partnerstwo-z-izraelskim-miastem.html | tempus=27-11-2025 | nomen auctoris= Maciej | cognomen auctoris= Pietrzak | domus editoria= wyborcza.pl}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= הלחץ הפרו-פלסטיני הכריע 30 שנות יחסים: בוטל הסכם &quot;ערים תאומות&quot; בין אשקלון לסופוט | url= https://www.maariv.co.il/news/world/article-1257675 | tempus=01-12-2025 | nomen auctoris= דן | cognomen auctoris= עזרא | domus editoria= מעריב}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= &quot;בגלל רצח העם בעזה&quot;: עיירת נופש בפולין ביטלה ברית ערים תאומות עם אשקלון | url= https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/r1ucjukbbx | tempus=30-11-2025 | nomen auctoris 1= איתמר | cognomen auctoris 1= אייכנר | domus editoria= ynet | nomen auctoris 2= רוני | cognomen auctoris 2= גרין שאולוב}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= לאחר 32 שנים: בוטלה שותפות עיר תאומה עם אשקלון בגלל &quot;רצח עם בעזה&quot; | url= https://www.kan-ashkelon.co.il/news/99197 | tempus=30-11-2025 | nomen auctoris= דוד | cognomen auctoris= לוי | domus editoria= כאן חדשות דרום אשקלון}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= &quot;רצח עם&quot;: העיר באירופה שביטלה הסכם ערים עם אשקלון | url= https://www.i24news.tv/he/news/international/europe/artc-30d542eb | tempus=30-11-2025 | nomen auctoris= מעיין | cognomen auctoris= רפאל | domus editoria= i24}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Ucraina}} [[Uman]], [[Regio Circassiensis]], [[Ucraina]] (ab anno [[2010]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus|url=https://uman-rada.gov.ua/index.php/mizhnarodni-zviazky | domus editoria=Уманська міська рада Виконавчий комітет | titulus=Міжнародні зв'язки}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|India}} [[Vadodara]], [[Guzarata]], [[India]] (ab anno [[2017]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url = https://www.kan-ashkelon.co.il/municipality/10841 | titulus= אשקלון-בארודה ערים תאומות: ראש הממשלה מברך| domus editoria= כאן דרום אשקלון | nomen auctoris= ג'ני | cognomen auctoris= פרנקל שלום | tempus= 8-12-2017 15:13 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus| url= https://www.kan-ashkelon.co.il/news/11526 | titulus= העירייה: כ-2,000 משתתפים בפסטיבל הודו באשקלון | domus editoria= כאן דרום אשקלון| nomen auctoris= אלירם | cognomen auctoris= משה | tempus= 20-12-2017 12:07 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus interni ==
* [[Ascalon (urbs antiqua)]]
* [[Israël]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Ashkelon|Ascalonam}}
{{Fontes geographici}}

[[Categoria:Israel]]
[[Categoria:Urbes antiquae]]
[[Categoria:Urbes Israelis]]</text>
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      <text bytes="27793" sha1="3f8lt9x1vllfiiog6c1ymppt4mfj1cp" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Adumbratio}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:93439_marina_ashkelon_PikiWiki_Israel.jpg|thumb]]

{{res|Ascalon}} ([[Hebraice]] אַשְׁקְלוֹן) est [[urbs]] in [[Israël]]e sita. Quae urbs primum condita esse abhinc annorum decem milia dicitur. [[Portus|Portum]] habebat, unde [[merx|merces]] et inferebantur et exportabantur.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = &quot;העבר של אשקלון הוא הנשמה שלה, ועדות לכל מה שהיא מסמלת&quot;
	| lingua = he
	| domus editoria = The Marker
	| url = https://www.themarker.com/labels/ashkelon/2022-09-22/ty-article-labels/00000183-6525-dd85-a9f3-67bfe3d00000
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Ascalon una ex quinque urbibus [[Philistaei|Philistaeorum]] est quae in [[Liber Iosue|libro Iosue]] 13:3 memorantur.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Ascalon
	| domus editoria = New Advent
	| url = https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01766b.htm
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Urbs autem hodierna anno [[1948]] condita est.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = היסטוריה ותרבות באשקלון – כשישן וחדש נפגשים
	| domus editoria = אלדן
	| url = https://www.eldan.co.il/magazine/carrental/rentcarashkelon/history-ashkelon#
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Anno [[2020]] circiter 146&amp;thinsp;500 homines ibi habitabant.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = אשקלון
	| lingua = he
	| domus editoria = הלשקה המרכזית לסטטיסטיקה
	| url = https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/publications/doclib/2022/local_authorities20_1879/58_7100.pdf
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia ==
=== Ascalon praehistorica ===
Ascalon [[Neolithicum|Neolithica]] criciter centum metra a mari aberat et 15-20 metra supra [[maris aequor]] sita erat. Multa instrumenta silicea et lapidea, nonnulla autem ossea, in eo loco inventa sunt. Ossa humana fragmanta inventa sunt. Bona testemonia ovium domesticarum quoque sunt, qaue in eam regionem fortasse [[Millennium 6 a.C.n.|millenio 6 a.C.n.]] introdactae sunt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://www.jstor.org/stable/27926432 | titulus= A Late Neolithic Site near Ashkelon | nomen auctoris 1= Jean | cognomen auctoris 1= Perrot | nomen auctoris 2= Avi | cognomen auctoris 2= Gopher | domus editoria = Israel Exploration Journal | volumen= 46 | paginae= 145-166 | annus = 1996 | fasciculus= 3/4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Prima [[Aetas aënea|Aetate aënea]] Ascalon ad instrumenta ex [[Cuprum|cupro]] {{Creanda | en | Arabah | Arabahensi}} facienda praecipue exculta est. Inventa [[archaeologia|archaeologica]] cum migratione fabrorum aerariorum ex [[Berosaba]] congruunt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-archaeological-journal/article/cultural-metallurgya-key-factor-in-the-transition-from-the-chalcolithic-to-bronze-age-in-the-southern-levant/0B642A3959D1C9B9BA9EF447AAD59EC3 | titulus= Cultural Metallurgy-A Key Factor in the Transition from the Chalcolithic to Bronze Age in the Southern Levant | domus editoria= Cambridge Archaeological Journal | volumen= 32 | fasciculus= 3 | annus= 2021 | cognomen auctoris= Amzallag | nomen auctoris = Amzallag | paginae= 445-465}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Argumenta sunt instrumentorum metallicorum in laniena animalium usurpatorum, sed maxima pars signorum secturarum instrumentis lapideis facta est.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Haskel-Greenfield/publication/285404224_Metallurgy_in_the_Near_East_A_Zooarchaeological_Perspective_on_the_Origins_of_Metallurgy_in_the_Near_East_Analysis_of_Stone_and_Metal_Cut_Marks_on_Bone_from_Israel/links/565de58208ae4988a7bd14d2/Metallurgy-in-the-Near-East-A-Zooarchaeological-Perspective-on-the-Origins-of-Metallurgy-in-the-Near-East-Analysis-of-Stone-and-Metal-Cut-Marks-on-Bone-from-Israel.pdf | titulus= Metallurgy in the Near East A Zooarchaeological Perspective on the Origins of Metallurgy in the Near East: Analysis of Stone and Metal Cut Marks on Bone from Israel | nomen auctoris= Haskel J. | cognomen auctoris= Greenfield}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Historia antiqua ===
{{Paginae principales|Ascalon (urbs antiqua)}}
[[Fasciculus:Ashkelon – The Canaanite city gate and ramparts.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Ascalonis Chananaeae porta.]]
Urbs [[Chanaan|Chananaea]] [[Saeculum 20 a.C.n.|saeculo vicensimo a.C.n.]] condita est, longitudine 1100 metrorum et latitudine 600 metrorum, moenibus quindecim metra altis circumdata.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Tel Ashkelon
	| domus editoria = Bible Walks
	| url = https://www.biblewalks.com/ashkelon/
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Primum memorantur Ascalon in textibus execrationis [[Aegyptus|Aegyptiis]] quae ad {{Creanda|en|Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt|Domus Aegypti 11|undecimam dynastiam}} referuntur, et per dynastias {{Creanda|en|Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt|Domus Aegypti 18|XVIII}} ad XX fortasse urbs Chananaea Aegyptiorum imperio subiecta erat. Anno [[1280 a.C.n.]], frustra Ascalon contra [[Rhamses II|Ramsem II]] rebellavit. Anno [[1229 a.C.n.]], urbs ab [[Amenephthis|Amenephthe]] [[Pharao]]ne rursus capta est.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Ashkelon
	| domus editoria = Jewish Virtual Library
	| url = https://jewishvirtuallibrary.org/ashkelon
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Ascalon a [[Tribus Iudae|tribu Iudae]] capta est:&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;Cepitque Iudas [[Gaza]]m cum finibus suis et Ascalonem atque Accaron cum terminis suis. (Iudicum 1:18).&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_vt_iudicum_lt.html | titulus= Nova Vulgata LIBER IUDICUM | domus editoria= Vatican}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

[[Saeculum 12 a.C.n.|Saeculo duodecimo a.C.n.]], urbs a [[Philistae]]is capta est. Ascalon saepe in [[narratio]]nibus de [[Samson]]e in [[Biblia|Bibliis]] commemoratur. Quae urbs tempore {{Creanda|en|Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)|Regnum Israeliticum (monarchia unita)|monarchiae Israeliticae}} adhuc erat Philistaeorum una ex praecipuis urbibus.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt; [[Saul (Rex)|Saul]], Israëlis Rex primus, Philistinos Philistinos vicit et multas urbes cepit. Rex ipse in proelio cecidit, [[David]]que lugens eos versiculos recitavit:&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;Incliti, o Israel, super montes tuos interfecti, quomodo ceciderunt fortes! Nolite annuntiare in Geth neque annuntietis in compitis Ascalonis, ne forte laetentur filiae Philisthim, ne exsultent filiae incircumcisorum. (II Samuelis 1:19-20),&lt;ref&gt;{{opus |titulus=Nova Vulgata LIBER SECUNDUS SAMUELIS |domus editoria= Vatican | url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_vt_ii-samuelis_lt.html}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Ascalonem punitum iri preaedixerunt prophetae [[Ieremias]], [[Amos (propheta)|Amos]], [[Sophonias]], et [[Zacharias (propheta)|Zacharias]].&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt; [[Saeculum 18 a.C.n.|Saeculo duodevicensimo a.C.n.]] a regno Ascalonis multas terras a regno expugnavit [[Assyria]], et Anno [[734 a.C.n.]] urbs a {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Tiglatpileser III|Tiglatpilesero III|en|qid=Q210074}} capta est. Anno [[732 a.C.n.]] Rex Ascalonis frustra contra Assyrios rebellavit, propter quod urbs graviter punita est. [[Rex Sidqia]] postea participavit in alia rebellione contra Assyriam, duce [[Ezechias|Ezechia]]. Apud [[Sennacherib]], urbes Sidqiae prope [[Iappa|Iappam]] captae sunt, et Ascalon ipse se dedidit, cuius rex exsulatus est. Tributum quod Ascalon reddidit in inscriptionibus principum Esarhaddon et Assurbanipal memoratur, qui urbem fine [[Saeculum 7 a.C.n.|saeculi 7]] et initio [[Saeculum 6 a.C.n.|sexto a.C.n.]] ad [[Aegyptus antiqua|Aegyptum]] pugnandum adhibuit. De calamitatibus quas urbs sufferebat scripserunt prophetae biblici.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;

Cum imperium Assyriorum caderet, Aegyptus urbem occupavit. Anno [[604 a.C.n.]], Ascalon a [[Nabuchodonosor II|Nabuchodonosore]] deleta est, qui multos cives urbis exsulavit, quo facto sexcentorum annorum praesentiae Philistaeorum in Israele finis impositus est. Munitiones Ascalonis post Babylonicam excidionem non reaedificatae sunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;

Sub [[Imperium Achaemenidarum|imperio Persarum]], quod Ascalonem a Babyloniis cepit, Iudaeis [[Ierusalem]] redire licuit, sed Ascalon tum pars provinciae Iudaeae non fuit. In Ascalone ceterisque urbibus Philistaeorum, habitabant [[Phoenices]], et ipsa Ascalon [[Tyros|Tyriorum]] dicioni parebat. Id urbi magnas divitias attulit. [[Archaeologus|Archaeologi]] in Ascalone magnum [[Ascalonis Canum Coemeterium|canum coemeterium]] invenerunt, quod ad ritum Phoenicum pertinebat. In eo coemeterio plus quam mille [[Canis|canes]] erant.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;

[[Alexander Magnus|Alexandro Magno]] Ascalon se anno [[332 a.C.n.]] dedit, neque, ut [[Gaza]], laesa est.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt; Post divisionem imperii [[Alexander Magnus|Alexandri]], Ascalon in [[Regnum Ptolemaicum|regno Ptolemaico]] erat, et urbs sui iuris facta est. Tum [[Iudaei]] in Ascalone [[floruit|floruerunt]]. Urbs deinde ab [[Antiochus III|Antiocho III]] capta sedes [[Cultura Graeca|culturae Graecae]] magni momenti facta est. Propter imminutam potentiam [[Seleucidae|Seleucidarum]], Anno [[104 a.C.n.]] Ascalon rursus in [[libertas|libertatem]] se recepit. Reges {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Hyrcanus|Ioannes Hyrcanus|en|he|qid=Q319043}} et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Alexander Jannaeus|Alexander Jannaeus|en|he|qid=Q319107}} ex [[Hasmonaei|genere Hasmonaeorum]] urbem capere frustra conati sunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;

[[Fasciculus:Ask NTL PARK.jpg|thumb|Columnae Romanae in Saepto Nationali Ascalonis.]]
[[Imperium Romanum|Aetate Romana]], Colonia Ascalonensis liberate et foederata fuit. In urbe [[Paganismus|pagani]] [[Apollo|Apollinem]], [[Hercules|Herculem]], et [[Atargatis|Atargatidem]] venerati sunt, deam facie et parte superiore corporis muliebri, parte inferiore corporis et cauda piscis. [[Herodes Magnus|Herodes]], quamquam urbem non regebat, fora tamen ibi atque balnea publica hortosque exstruxit, fortasse quod ibi natus erat. In [[Primum Bellum Iudaicum|primo bello Iudaico]], Ascalon Iudaeos aggressus, victor exiit.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;

Tempore [[Misna]] et [[Talmud]], [[Iudaei]] in urbe degere soliti sunt, quarum [[Synagoga|synagogas]] [[Synagoga|archeologi]] invenerunt. In Talmude de [[Arbustum|pomariis]], quae reditus e [[Babylonia]] prope Ascalonem fundaverunt, legitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;

[[Aetas Byzantina|Aetate Byzantina]], urbs [[Religio Christiana|Christiana]] facta est. Ascalon sedes commercii [[vinum|vini]] optimi et [[frumentum|frumenti]] erat.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt; [[Vinum]] ex Ascalone illo tempore in [[Anglia]] repertum est.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://cbnisrael.org/2024/10/15/biblical-israel-ashkelon-4/ | titulus= Biblical Israel: Ashkelon | cognomen auctoris= Turnage | nomen auctoris= Marc | tempus=15-10-2024 | domus editoria=CBN Israel}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Medium Aevum ===
Anno [[637]] Ascalon ab Arabibus capta atque deleta est. Anno [[685]] urbs restituta est, in qua iam et [[Christianus|Christiani]] et [[Iudaei]] et [[Samaritani]] et [[Musulmanus|Musulmani]] habitabant. Inter religiones interdum erant conflictus, propter quos ecclesia in urbe anno [[937]] combusta est.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;

[[Fasciculus:Battle of Ascalon-engraving.jpg | thumb | Pugna Ascalonis]]
Cum [[Regnum Hierosolymitanum]] a [[Expeditio sacra|crucesignatis]]  conditum esset, urbs inter Christianos et Musulmanos finis facta est. Diu exercitus circa urbem pugnaverunt, et anno [[1099]] [[Pugna Ascalonis|pugna Ascalonis]] committeretur. Crucesignati Ascalonem aliquandiu teneuerunt, deinde ad [[Oriens|orientem]] se receperunt. Ab anno [[1101]] ad annum [[1114]] Aegyptii terram sanctam capere conabantur, dum duus exercitus circa urbem saepissime puganabant. Anno [[1125]] Rex [[Balduinus II (rex Hierosolymitanus)|Balduinus II]] Ascalonem capere frustra conatus est, anno autem [[1154]] [[Balduinus III (rex Hierosolymitanus)|Balduinus III]] successit. Urbs crucesignatis magni momenti fuit; anno autem [[1187]], [[4 Septembris|quarto die mensis Septembris]], a [[Saladinus|Saladino]] capta est, qui castella, ne Christiani eis uterentur, delevit.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;

Anno [[1191]], [[Ricardus I (rex Angliae)|Rex Ricardus I]] Ascalonem recepit atque muros aedificavit, quos Arabes rursus deleverunt. Anno [[1240]], [[Ricardus (comes Cornubiae)|Ricardus comes Cornubiae]] urbem iterum munivit. Anno autem [[1247]], [[Ayyubidae]] urbem ceperunt. Anno [[1270]], urbs a [[Mamluci|Mamlucis]] capta atque deleta est, nec Crucesignati eam rursus condiderunt. Dua [[oppidum|oppida]] Arabum, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Magdala||he|qid=Q132129150}} et Iagur, prope Ascalonem antiquam condita sunt, in quibus homines ex Aegypto vivebant.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt; Ascalonis propter excidionem, Magdala magni momenti facta est.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= אשקלון - שכונת מגדל העברית | url= https://shimur.org/%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9F-%D7%A9%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%AA-%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%93%D7%9C-%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA/ | domus editoria= מועצה לשימור אתרי מורשת בישראל | nomen auctoris 1= גד | cognomen auctoris 1= סובול | nomen auctoris 2= אבי | cognomen auctoris 2= ששון | tempus= 01-10-2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Aetas Turcica ac Britannica ===

=== Aetas Israelita ===
Die [[5 Novembris]] anno [[1948]], locus ab [[Israel|Israele]] captus est. Urbs primum [[Lingua Hebraica|Hebraice]] vocatus est “Migdal Aza”, postea “Migdal Gad”, anno tandem [[1951]] “Migdal Aškelon”. Anno [[1955]], urbs Migal Aškelon et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Afridar||he|qid=Q6632325}}, qui prope eam erat, in unum coniunctae sunt, et urbs una vocatur Ascalon. Primus conventus consilii [[6 Octobris]] anno [[1955]] in Domo Populi, media in Afridare, coiit&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://www.kan-ashkelon.co.il/news/18231 | titulus= 70 שנה: 70 אירועים ודמויות מתולדות אשקלון | domus editoria= כאן דרום אשקלון | tempus= 19-04-2018 00:14 | nomen auctoris 1= ג'ני | cognomen auctoris 1= פרנקל שלום | nomen auctoris 2=גייל | cognomen auctoris 2= מיכאלי | nomen auctoris 3= אורי| cognomen auctoris 3= קריספין| nomen auctoris 4=דוד | cognomen auctoris 4= לוי}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Demographia ==
Anno [[2023]], 86.1 centesimae hominum qui in Ascalone vivebant [[Iudaei]] erant, 0.4 centesimae [[Musulmanus|Musulmani]], et 13.5 centesimae alias [[Religio|religiones]] profitebantur.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/publications/DocLib/2026/local_authorities23/%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9F.pdf | titulus= הרשויות המקומיות ישראל 2023 אשקלון | domus editoria= הלשכה המרכזית לסטטיסטיקה }}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Monumenta ==
=== Saeptum Nationale Ascalonense ===
[[Fasciculus:Mosaic floor at Ashkelon.jpg |thumb|upright=0.8|[[Opus tessellatum]] in Saepto Nationali Ascalonense]]
Ubi fuit urbs antiqua hodie est [[Saeptum Nationale Ascalonense]],&lt;ref name=&quot;placesToVisit&quot;/&gt; quod anno [[1964]] primum [[saeptum nationale]] in Israele designatum est.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/mobile/0,7340,L-2124593,00.html | titulus= הגן הלאומי באשקלון | nomen auctoris= בועז | cognomen auctoris= כרמל | tempus= 26-09-2002 10:59 | domus editoria= ynet }}.&lt;/ref&gt; Muri, qui urbem circumdederunt, in eo loco quoque hodie sunt. Saeptum [[hortus|hortum]] multis [[statua|statuis]] Romanis ornatum habet.&lt;ref name=&quot;placesToVisit&quot;&gt;{{Opus | url= https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vie/Ashkelon.html#Ashkelon | titulus= Ashkelon &amp; Surroundings PLACES TO VISIT | domus editoria=Jewish Virtual Library}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Altitudo vallis Chananaeae est 15 metra, latitudo 30 metra, longitudo 2200 metra.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://www.mako.co.il/travel-israel/magazine-themostbeautifulcities/Article-78f8f49c8c26371026.htm | domus editoria= mako | titulus= חופש הערים הכי יפות בארץ. מה יש לעשות באשקלון| tempus=19-05-2021}}.&lt;/ref&gt; In saepto est basilica Romana, quam [[archeologus|archaeologi]] ab [[Herodes Magnus|Herode]] conditam esse putant,&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.jpost.com/archaeology/2000-year-old-basilica-unearthed-in-ashkelon-669665 |titulus=2,000-year-old basilica unearthed in Ashkelon | nomen auctoris=Rosella | cognomen auctoris=Tercatin | domus editoria=Jerusalem Post | tempus=31-05-2021 19:25}}.&lt;/ref&gt; et maximum in orbe terrarum canum coemeterium.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/mobile/0,7340,L-5047211,00.html | titulus=תעלומת בית הקברות לכלבים הגדול בעולם שהתגלה באשקלון  | nomen auctoris= אסף| cognomen auctoris= קמר| tempus= 25-11-2017 07:59 | domus editoria= ynet}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Anno [[2024]] Saeptum quintum in popularitate in Israele fuit; anno autem [[2025]] secundum.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= גם ב-2025 – זה אתר הטיולים הפופולרי בישראל | url=https://www.ynet.co.il/vacation/israeltrips/article/rjp9q7egwl | nomen auctoris= אסף| cognomen auctoris= רוזן| domus editoria=ynet | tempus= 08-12-2025 15:00 }}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Multa animalia quoquoe in hoc loco vivunt. [[Dendrocopos syriacus]], [[Upapa]], et [[Psittacula krameri]] in cavis arborum [[Tamarix|tamaricis]] veterum nidificant; [[Prinia gracilis]], [[Burhinus]], [[Passer hispaniolensis]], et [[Lanius nubicus]] in campis. [[Jynx torquilla]] et [[Luscinia svecica]] hieme in saepto inveniuntur. [[Laudakia stellio]], [[Vulpes vulpes]], [[Gazella gazella gazella]], [[Herpestes]], et [[Caretta caretta]] quoque invenientur in hoc loco.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus |  url=https://www.ynet.co.il/environment-science/article/skv5vvbsn | titulus= מחרדונים ועד נמיות: הצצה לעולם החי הקסום בגן הלאומי תל אשקלון | domus editoria= ynet | tempus= 28-07-2023 16:28}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Monumentum in honorem caesorum in bellis Israel ===
[[Fasciculus:Lanoflim Askelon 11.jpg | thumb |upright=0.8|[[Monumentum]] in honorem caesorum in bellis Israeliensibus.]]
{{Creanda|he|אנדרטה לנופלים (אשקלון) | Monumentum in honorem caesorum in bellis Israel}} in prato herboso est ante [[Curia municipalis|curiam municipalem]]. Elementum sculptile compositum virtutem et bellum significat. Parietes aedificii sexanguli tabulas marmoris nigras constant, in quibus inscripta sunt nomina caesorum. In parite contra inscriptum est “Aeternum vobis gratias agimus. De gerenatione in generationem gloriam eorum narrabimus.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://www.izkor.gov.il/monument/en_d9b0257bc0e71a1983f1ec8d7e8bde66/ | titulus= אנדרטה לנופלים במערכות ישראל. אשקלון| domus editoria= יזכור }}.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Portus Navigiorum Ascalonensis===
[[Fasciculus:מרינה אשקלון.PNG | thumb |upright=0.8|Portus Navigiorum Ascalonensis.]]
{{Creanda|he| מרינה אשקלון | Portus Navigiorum Ascalonensis}}, anno [[1991]] conditus, locus est ad navigia velifera et [[Navis lusoria |naves lusorias]] ancorandas, et multasque [[Popina sellariola| popinas sellariolas]] habet.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus| url= https://baliletayel.co.il/atraction/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94-%D7%A9%D7%9C-%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9F-%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%AA-%D7%90%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%99%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA-%D7%9C%D7%A6%D7%93-%D7%9E/ | titulus= המרינה של אשקלון – טיילת אטרקטיבית לצד מעגן סירות | domus editoria= בא לי לטייל}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Portus, qui plerumque ad oblectamentum destinatur, in {{Creanda| en| Twelve-Day War |bello contra Iraniam}} magni momenti factus est. Homines eo usi sunt ut via ad Israëlem ingrediendum et ex eo egrediendum esset, cum [[aeroportus]] clausus esset.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://www.kan-ashkelon.co.il/news/95583 | titulus= מי היה מאמין? זה התפקיד של המרינה באשקלון במלחמה עם איראן | domus editoria= כאן דרום אשקלון | tempus= 18-06-2025 15:22}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Porum visitant non modo qui in Ascalone habitant, sed quoque in [[Berosaba]], [[Azotus|Azoto]], [[Kiriat-Gat]], et aliis urbibus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://www.israelhayom.co.il/travel/tourism-news/article/19966651 | titulus= שעה מתל אביב: מתחם הבילוי שעבר מהפך - וכולם נוהרים אליו | nomen auctoris= ליאת | cognomen auctoris= מופז מילצ'ן | tempus= 23-02-2026 19:40 | domus editoria= ישראל היום}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Urbes geminae ==
* {{Vexillum icon|Canada}} [[Côte Saint-Luc]], [[Quebecum]], [[Canada]] (ab anno [[1975]])&lt;ref&gt;{{opus | url=https://cotesaintluc.org/en/the-city/about-csl/ | titulus=About CSL | domus editoria= cotesaintluc.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{opus | url=https://www.bnaibrith.ca/advocacy/jewish-heritage-month/jhm-cote-saint-luc/ | titulus=JEWISH HERITAGE MONTH PARTNER: COTE SAINT LUC, QUEBEC | domus editoria= Bnai Brith Canada}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Ruthenia Alba}} [[Grodna]], [[Ruthenia Alba]] (ab anno [[2011]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | tempus= 23-02-2011 | url= https://ashkelon.news/article/9023 |titulus= עוד עיר תאומה ברית ערים תאומות נחתמה בין העיר אשקלון לגרודנו (בלרוס). רה&quot;ע של גרודנו קוזלקוב בוריס הגיע לאשקלון עם אנשי עסקים המעוניינים ליצור קשרי מסחר | domus editoria= ashkelon.news}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | tempus= 2011-03-01 13:16 | url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402150430/https://news.tut.by/society/216834.html | titulus= Израильский город Ашкелон стал двенадцатым городом-побратимом Гродно | domus editoria=news.tut.by}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Francia}} [[Aquae Sextiae]], [[Francia]] (ab anno [[1994]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.aixenprovence.fr/Ashkelon-ISRAEL | titulus=Ashkelon (ISRAEL) | domus editoria= aixenprovence.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Germania}} [[Pancovium]], [[Germania]] (Ab anno [[1994]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.berlin.de/ba-pankow/ueber-den-bezirk/staedtepartner/artikel.1535473.en.php | titulus = City Partnerships | domus editoria= Bezirksamt
Pankow}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://pankow-ashkelon.org/en/about-us | titulus= About Us | domus editoria= Freundeskreis Berlin Pankow-Ashkelon}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Civitates Foederatae Americae}} [[Portlandia (Oregonia)|Portlandia]], [[Oregonia]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] (ab anno [[1987]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.studycountry.com/wiki/what-is-portland-oregon-sister-city | titulus=What is Portland Oregon sister city? | domus editoria= studycountry.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Civitates Foederatae Americae}} [[Baltimora (Terra Mariae)|Baltimora]], [[Terra Mariae]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] (ab anno [[2003]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://baltimorefishbowl.com/stories/baltimores-awkward-relationship-sister-cities/ |domus editoria= Baltimore Fish Bowl | titulus=Baltimore’s Awkward Relationship with Our Sister Cities |nomen auctoris=Rachel | cognomen auctoris=Monroe | tempus=22-04-2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://www.jewishtimes.com/baltimore-ashkelon-partnership-supports-israeli-city-after-rocket-strikes/ | titulus= Baltimore-Ashkelon Partnership Supports Israeli City After Rocket Strikes | nomen auctoris=Jillian |cognomen auctoris=Diamond | tempus=24-05-2023 | domus editoria=Jewish Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus |url=https://associated.org/stories/the-baltimore-ashkelon-partnership-celebrating-20-years/ | titulus=The Baltimore-Ashkelon Partnership: Celebrating 20 Years | domus editoria= The Associated Jewish Federation in Baltimore}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Civitates Foederatae Americae}} [[Sacramentum (California)|Sacramentum]], [[California]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] (ab anno [[2012]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/after-battle-sacramento-okays-sisterhood-with-ashkelon/ | domus editoria= Times of Israel | titulus= After battle, Sacramento okays sisterhood with Ashkelon | nomen auctoris= Joshua | cognomen auctoris= Davidovich | tempus=15-08-2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.cbsnews.com/sacramento/news/sumy-ukraine-becomes-sacramentos-latest-sister-city/ | titulus=Sumy, Ukraine becomes Sacramento's latest Sister City | domus editoria= CBS News | nomen auctoris=Cecilio | cognomen auctoris=  Padilla| tempus=29-06-2023}} “Eleven other cities have been named Sister Cities with Sacramento … Ashkelon, Israel”&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus |url=https://jweekly.com/2012/08/17/its-unanimous-sacramento-ashkelon-now-sister-cities/ | domus editoria= Jewish Weekly | titulus= Its unanimous: Sacramento, Ashkelon now sister cities | nomen auctoris= Emma | cognomen auctoris=Silvers |tempus=17-08-2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Polonia}} [[Sopot (Polonia)|Sopot]], [[Polonia]] (ab anno [[1993]] ad annum [[2025]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= Sopot pierwszym samorządem w Polsce, który zerwał partnerstwo z izraelskim miastem. Zdecydowali o tym radni | url= https://trojmiasto.wyborcza.pl/trojmiasto/7,35612,32429747,sopot-pierwszy-w-polsce-zerwal-partnerstwo-z-izraelskim-miastem.html | tempus=27-11-2025 | nomen auctoris= Maciej | cognomen auctoris= Pietrzak | domus editoria= wyborcza.pl}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= הלחץ הפרו-פלסטיני הכריע 30 שנות יחסים: בוטל הסכם &quot;ערים תאומות&quot; בין אשקלון לסופוט | url= https://www.maariv.co.il/news/world/article-1257675 | tempus=01-12-2025 | nomen auctoris= דן | cognomen auctoris= עזרא | domus editoria= מעריב}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= &quot;בגלל רצח העם בעזה&quot;: עיירת נופש בפולין ביטלה ברית ערים תאומות עם אשקלון | url= https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/r1ucjukbbx | tempus=30-11-2025 | nomen auctoris 1= איתמר | cognomen auctoris 1= אייכנר | domus editoria= ynet | nomen auctoris 2= רוני | cognomen auctoris 2= גרין שאולוב}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= לאחר 32 שנים: בוטלה שותפות עיר תאומה עם אשקלון בגלל &quot;רצח עם בעזה&quot; | url= https://www.kan-ashkelon.co.il/news/99197 | tempus=30-11-2025 | nomen auctoris= דוד | cognomen auctoris= לוי | domus editoria= כאן חדשות דרום אשקלון}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= &quot;רצח עם&quot;: העיר באירופה שביטלה הסכם ערים עם אשקלון | url= https://www.i24news.tv/he/news/international/europe/artc-30d542eb | tempus=30-11-2025 | nomen auctoris= מעיין | cognomen auctoris= רפאל | domus editoria= i24}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Ucraina}} [[Uman]], [[Regio Circassiensis]], [[Ucraina]] (ab anno [[2010]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus|url=https://uman-rada.gov.ua/index.php/mizhnarodni-zviazky | domus editoria=Уманська міська рада Виконавчий комітет | titulus=Міжнародні зв'язки}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|India}} [[Vadodara]], [[Guzarata]], [[India]] (ab anno [[2017]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url = https://www.kan-ashkelon.co.il/municipality/10841 | titulus= אשקלון-בארודה ערים תאומות: ראש הממשלה מברך| domus editoria= כאן דרום אשקלון | nomen auctoris= ג'ני | cognomen auctoris= פרנקל שלום | tempus= 8-12-2017 15:13 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus| url= https://www.kan-ashkelon.co.il/news/11526 | titulus= העירייה: כ-2,000 משתתפים בפסטיבל הודו באשקלון | domus editoria= כאן דרום אשקלון| nomen auctoris= אלירם | cognomen auctoris= משה | tempus= 20-12-2017 12:07 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus interni ==
* [[Ascalon (urbs antiqua)]]
* [[Israël]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Ashkelon|Ascalonam}}
{{Fontes geographici}}

[[Categoria:Israel]]
[[Categoria:Urbes antiquae]]
[[Categoria:Urbes Israelis]]</text>
      <sha1>3f8lt9x1vllfiiog6c1ymppt4mfj1cp</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Fraternitas Praeraphaelitarum</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>284767</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>LilyKitty</username>
        <id>18316</id>
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      <comment>de historia artis</comment>
      <origin>3959355</origin>
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      <text bytes="9923" sha1="2e34lkpez0jgmyzkwke4f56k98s1h52" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Dante Gabriel Rossetti - Proserpine - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|''[[Proserpina (pictura Rossetti)|Proserpina]].'' Pictura a [[Dante Gabriel Rossetti]] anno [[1874]] facta.]]
'''Fraternitas Praeraphaelitarum'''{{FD ref}} fuit [[pictor]]um et [[poeta]]rum [[ars|artisque]] existimatorum [[Anglia|Anglicorum]] sodalitas, primum anno [[1848]] constituta a [[Gulielmus Holman Hunt|Gulielmo Holman Hunt]] pictore, [[Ioannes Everett Millais|Ioanne Everett Millais]] pictore, [[Dantes Gabriel Rossetti|Dante Gabriele Rossetti]] pictore ac poeta, [[Gulielmus Michael Rossetti|Gulielmo Michaele Rossetti]] [[criticus|existimatore]], [[Iacobus Collinson|Iacobo Collinson]] pictore, [[Fridericus Georgius Stephens|Friderico Georgio Stephens]] existimatore ac [[Thomas Woolner|Thoma Woolner]] sculptore et poeta, qui [[artifex|artifices]] una [[fraternitas|fraternitatem]] septem sodalium fecerunt, ex parte ad exemplum [[motus Nazarenus|motus Nazareni]].&lt;ref&gt;Dorra 1995: 17.&lt;/ref&gt; Postea '''Praeraphaelitae''' appellati sunt, quorum quidem fraternitas nihil erat nisi societas laxissima, cuius principia in alios [[aevum Victorianum|eiusdem aetatis]] artifices vulgabantur, inter quos erant [[Ford Madox Brown]], [[Arthurus Hughes (artifex)|Arthurus Hughes]] ac [[Maria Spartali Stillman]]. Posteriores sectatores principiorum fraternitatis erant [[Eduardus Burne-Jones]], [[Gulielmus Morris]], [[Ioannes William Waterhouse]].

[[Fasciculus:John Everett Millais - Ophelia - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|''[[Ophelia (pictura)|Ophelia]].'' Pictura ab [[Ioannes Everett Millais|Ioanne Everett Millais]] facta, [[1851]]-[[1852]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Germ.jpg|thumb|Illustratio ab Holman Hunt facta [[poema]]tis &quot;My Beautiful Lady&quot; Thomae Woolner, in ''[[The Germ (periodicum)|The Germ]]'' anno [[1850]] edita.]]
[[Fasciculus:John Everett Millais - Christ in the House of His Parents (`The Carpenter's Shop') - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|''[[Christus in domo parentium]] (Officina Fabri Tignarii).'' Pictura ab Ioanne Everett Millais facta, [[1850]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Arthur Hughes - Fair Rosamund - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|&quot;Rosamunda Bella.&quot; Pictura ab [[Arthurus Hughes (artifex)|Arthuro Hughes]] facta, [[1854]].]]
[[Fasciculus:The Death of King Arthur by James Archer (1860).jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|''Mors Arthuri Regis.'' Pictura ab [[Iacobus Archer|Iacobo Archer]] facta, [[1860]].]]
[[Fasciculus:De Morgan Medea.jpg|thumb|upright|''[[Medea]].'' Pictura ab Evelyn De Morgan modo ''[[quattrocento]]'' facta, [[1889]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Cesare Saccaggi - Incipit Vita Nova - Dante, 1903.jpg|alt=&quot;Incipit vita nova&quot;, 1903, Pictura ab Cesare Saccaggi facta|thumb|upright=0.8|Incipit ''Vita Nova'': [[pictura]] a Caesare Saccaggi facta (1903).]]

Praeraphaelitae reditum petierunt ad abundantiam singulorum membrorum, colores vividos, multiplicesque compositiones artis [[Italia|Italicae]] ''[[Quattrocento]]'' quae dicitur ([[saeculum 15|saeculo XV]]). Rationem mechanisticam reiecerunt [[manierismus|manieristarum]], qui primi [[Raphael]]em et [[Michelangelus|Michelangelum]] imitati sunt. Fraternitas illa Praeraphaelitarum corruptam esse credebat artis institutionem academicam, quippe qua status [[antiquitas classica|classici]] venustaeque compositiones praecipue Raphaelis ipsius vehementer proferebantur. Praesertim adversabatur auctoritati [[Iosua Reynolds|Iosuae Reynolds]], conditoris [[Royal Academy of Arts|academiae artium regalis]] Anglicae, quem &quot;Sir Sloshua&quot; appellabant. Nam secundum Gulielmum Michaelem Rossetti ''sloshy'' apud illos ad &quot;aliquid remissi aut neglegens in ratione pingendi, et proinde aliquid vel aliquis generis vulgaris aut ex opinione hominum&quot; refertur.&lt;ref&gt;Dorra 1995: 17: &quot;anything lax or scamped in the process of painting ... and hence ... any thing or person of a commonplace or conventional kind.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; Fratres illi sua opera consociabant cum [[Ioannes Ruskin|Ioanne Ruskin]],&lt;ref&gt;Landow, &quot;Pre-Raphaelites: An Introduction.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; artis existimatore Anglico, cuius efficientia in persuasione religiosà posita erant.

Fratres [[pictura historiae|picturam historiae]], [[mimesis|mimesin]], imitationemque naturae putabant maximum finem esse artis. Sese describebant motum emendatorium, distinctumque suae artis nomen excogitaverunt, et ''[[The Germ (periodicum)|The Germ]]'' edebant, [[periodicum]] ad suas sententias promovendas dicatum. Praeterea, disceptationes suas et iudicia in ''Pre-Raphaelite Journal'' publicabant.

{{NexInt}}
{{div col|2}}
*[[Aevum Victorianum]]
*[[Ars Renascentiae]]
*[[Aubrey Beardsley]]
*[[Ioannes Wharlton Bunney]]
*[[Eduardus Burne-Jones]]
*[[Florentia Claxton]]
*[[Christina Rossetti]]
*[[Historia artis]]
*[[Schola picturae Anglica]]
{{div col end}}

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Bibliographia==
*Andres, Sophia. [[2005]]. ''The Pre-Raphaelite Art of the Victorian Novel: Narrative Challenges to Visual Gendered Boundaries.'' Ohio State University Press. 
*Barringer, Tim. [[1998]]. ''Reading the Pre-Raphaelites.'' Portu Novo: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-07787-4.
*Bate, P. H. (1901/1972) ''The English Pre-Raphaelite painters: their associates and successors.'' Novi Eboraci: AMS Press. 
*Bucher, Gregory. [[2004]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20091231160442/http://moses.creighton.edu/JRS/2004/2004-r3.html Recognitio]: Dickerson, Matthew. ''Following Gandalf: Epic Battles and Moral Victory in The Lord of the Rings.'' ''Journal of Religion &amp; Society'' 6. ISSN 1522-5658.
*Daly, Gay. [[1989]]. ''Pre-Raphaelites in Love.'' Novi Eboraci: Ticknor &amp; Fields. ISBN 0-89919-450-8.
*des Cars, L. [[2000]]. ''The Pre-Raphaelites: Romance and Realism.'' Abrams Discoveries series. Novi Eboraci: Harry N. Abrams. 
*Dickerson, Matthew. [[2003]]. ''Following Gandalf: epic battles and moral victory in the Lord of the rings.'' Grand Rapids Michiganiae: Brazos Press. ISBN 1-58743-085-1.
*Dorra, Henri. [[1995]]. ''Symbolist Art Theories: A Critical Anthology.'' Berkeleiae: University of California Press.
*Gaunt, William. [[1975]]. ''The Pre-Raphaelite Tragedy.'' Ed. retractata. Londinii: Cape. ISBN 0-224-01106-5.
*Hawksley, Lucinda. [[1999]]. ''Essential Pre-Raphaelites.'' Bath: Dempsey Parr. ISBN 1-84084-524-4.
*Hilton, Timothy. [[1970]]. ''The Pre-Raphaelites.'' Novi Eboraci: H. N. Abrams. ISBN 0810904241.
*Latham, David. [[2003]]. ''Haunted Texts: Studies in Pre-Raphaelitism in Honour of William E. Fredeman,'' ed. William Evan Fredeman et David Latham. Toronti: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0802036627, ISBN 9780802036629.
*Mancoff, D. N. [[2003]]. ''Flora symbolica: flowers in Pre-Raphaelite art.'' Monaci, Londinii, Novi Eboraci: Prestel. ISBN 3-7913-2851-4.
*Marsh, Jan, &amp; P. G. Nunn (1998) ''Pre-Raphaelite women artists.'' Thames &amp; Hudson. 
*Prettejohn, Elizabeth. [[2000]]. ''The Art of the Pre-Raphaelites.'' Princeton Novae Caesareae: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-07057-1.
*Ramm, John. [[2003]]. &quot;The Forgotten Pre-Raphaelite: Henry Wallis.&quot; ''Antique Dealer &amp; Collectors Guide'' 56 (Martius/Aprilis): 8–9.
*Sharp, Frank C., et Jan Marsh. [[2012]]. ''The Collected Letters of Jane Morris.'' Londinii: Boydell &amp; Brewer.
*Simons, J. [[2008]]. ''Rossetti's Wombat: Pre-Raphaelites and Australian animals in Victorian London.'' Londinii: Middlesex University Press.
*Staley, A., &amp; C. Newall. [[2004]]. ''Pre-Raphaelite vision: truth to nature.'' Londinii: Tate. ISBN 1-85437-499-0.
*Todd, Pamela. [[2001]]. ''Pre-Raphaelites at Home.'' Novi Eboraci: Watson-Giptill Publications. ISBN 0-8230-4285-5.
*Townsend, J., J. Ridge, &amp; S. Hackney. [[2004]]. ''Pre-Raphaelite painting techniques: 1848–56.'' Londinii: Tate. ISBN 1-85437-498-2.

==Nexus externi==
{{CommuniaCat|Pre-Raphaelite paintings|picturas praeraphaeliticas}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090529144625/http://www.preraphaelites.org/ &quot;Birmingham Museums &amp; Art Gallery's Pre-Raphaelite Online Resource.&quot;]
*[http://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/tate-britain/exhibition/pre-raphaelites-victorian-avant-garde Exhibitio de praeraphaelitis, Tate Britain.]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20040416083323/http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/walker/pre-raphaelites/index.asp Collectio praeraphaelitica.] Liverpool Walker Art Gallery.
*[http://www.gutenberg.org/files/23593/23593-h/23593-h.htm#LECTURE_IV ''Pre-Raphaelitism.''] [[Acroasis]] [[Ioannes Ruskin|Ioannis Ruskin]].
*[http://www.pre-raphaelitesociety.org/ Situs interretialis Societatis praeraphaeliticae.]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090529144625/http://www.preraphaelites.org/ &quot;Pre-Raphaelite online resource project.&quot;] Birmingham Museums &amp; Art Gallery.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20220615142125/http://preraph.org/ &quot;The Samuel and Mary R. Bancroft Collection of Pre-Raphaelite Art.&quot;]
*[http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/67586 ''Edward Burne-Jones, Victorian artist-dreamer.''] Catalogus [[exhibitio]]nis apud  [[Museum Artis Metropolitanum]].
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20180531072000/http://www.oxford-union.org/library/murals Picturae murales in &quot;Old Library&quot; apud Oxford Union.]
**[http://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/__data/assets/mp3_file/0018/140517/muralsaudioguidepodcast.mp3#OUL Podcast.] [[Bibliotheca Bodleiana]].
**[http://www.youtube.S4DbKkeqP-A. Res apud YouTube.]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*Landow, George P. [http://www.victorianweb.org/painting/prb/1.html &quot;Pre-Raphaelites: An Introduction.&quot;] Situs ''The Victorian Web.''

[[Categoria:Aevum Victorianum]]
[[Categoria:Fraternitas Prae-Raphaelitica| ]]
[[Categoria:Historia artis]]
[[Categoria:Motus artis]]&lt;!--
[[Category:19th-century art groups]]
[[Category:British artist groups and collectives]]
[[Category:19th century in the arts]]
[[Category:Arts organizations established in the 1840s]]
[[Category:1848 establishments in England]]
[[Category:19th century in art]]--&gt;
{{Myrias|Ars}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Dies internationalis infirmariorum</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>288388</id>
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        <id>18316</id>
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      <comment>de sententia anno 2026</comment>
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      <text bytes="1868" sha1="03ohghmqanqm37j75ew5yeh18g7kr6l" xml:space="preserve">{{Latinitas|-3}}
[[Fasciculus:Nursing students.jpg|thumb|Nosocomae in [[Cechia]] anno [[2000]] celebratur.]]
'''Dies internationalis infirmariorum'''{{convertimus}} est dies quae quotannis die [[12 Maii]] inter gentes celebratur, anno [[1965]] a [[Concilium Internationale Nosocomorum|Concilio Internationali Nosocomorum]] apud diem [[natalis|natalem]] [[Florentia Nightingale|Florentiae Nightingale]] decreta. Quae dies sit ad opera [[nosocomus|nosocomarum]] et artem earum protegendum pro [[salus|salute]] omnium.

Sententia diei sunt:
:2018: &quot;Nosocomi; Vox ducendi - Salus [[iura humana]] est&quot;
:2019: &quot;Nosocomi: Vox ducendi - [[Salus]] pro omnibus&quot;
:2020: &quot;Nosocomi: Vox ducendi - Ars infirmariorum pro mundi ad salutem&quot;
:2021: &quot;Nosocomi: Vox ducendi - Visio pro futura cura salutis&quot;
:2022: &quot;Nosocomi: differentiam faciendo&quot;
:2023: &quot;Nostrae infirmariae, nostra [[futurum|futura]]&quot;
:2024: &quot;Nostrae infirmariae, nostra futura: Potentia oeconomica [[therapia|curae]]&quot;
:2025: &quot;Nostrae infirmariae, nostra futura: Cura pro infirmaris oeconomiam fortificat&quot;.
:2026: &quot;Nostrae infirmariae. nostra futura: Infirmariae cum [[autonomia]] vitam salvant.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.icn.ch/how-we-do-it/campaigns/international-nurses-day International Nurse Day],&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|International Nurses Day|Diem Internationalem Infirmariorum}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20200520231955/https://www.icn.ch/what-we-docampaigns/international-nurses-day Situs publicus] ([[Anglice]])
*[https://www.inc.ch/fr Situs publicus]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ([[Francogallice]])
*[https://www.inc.ch/es Situs publicus]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ([[Hispanice]])

[[Categoria:Ars infirmariorum]]
[[Categoria:Ritus Maii]]
[[Categoria:Salus]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tetraoninae</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="5448" sha1="a1ax4hno6r0lppj509qh0flp7x6m1g3" xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox
| name = '''Tetraoninae'''
| image = SageGrouse21.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Centrocercus urophasianus]]'' [[mas]]
| fossil_range = [[Pliocaenum|Pliocaeno]] iniente ad recens
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
| classis = [[Aves]]
| ordo = [[Galliformes]]
| superfamilia = [[Phasianoidea]]
| familia = [[Phasianidae]]
| subfamilia = '''Tetraoninae'''
| taxon = Tetraoninae
| subfamilia_authority = [[Nicolaus Aylward Vigors|Vigors]], [[1825]]
| subdivision_ranks = [[Genus (taxinomia)|Genera]]
| subdivision =
''[[Bonasa]]''&lt;br /&gt;
''[[Falcipennis]]''&lt;br /&gt;
''[[Centrocercus]]''&lt;br /&gt;
''[[Dendragapus]]''&lt;br /&gt;
''[[Lagopus]]''&lt;br /&gt;
''[[Tetrao]]''&lt;br /&gt;
''[[Lyrurus]]''&lt;br /&gt;
''[[Tetrastes]]''&lt;br /&gt;
''[[Tympanuchus]]''&lt;br /&gt;
''e vide commentarium.''
| synonyms =
Tetraonidae &lt;small&gt;Vigors, 1825&lt;/small&gt;
}}

'''Tetraoninae''' sunt [[subfamilia]] [[phasianidae|phasianidarum]] [[ordo (taxinomia)|ordinis]] [[Galliformes|Galliformium]]. Quae [[taxinomia|classificatio]] ab investigationibus [[DNA]] [[mitochondrium|mitochondrialis]] sustinetur,&lt;ref&gt;
Gutiérrez, Barrowclough, et Groth 2000.&lt;/ref&gt; et ab [[American Ornithologists' Union]],&lt;ref&gt;[http://checklist.americanornithology.org/taxa/ Checklist of North and Middle American Birds.]&lt;/ref&gt; [[ITIS]],&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&amp;search_value=553485#null Tetraoninae.]&lt;/ref&gt; aliisque eruditis adhibetur.&lt;ref&gt;[http://jboyd.net/Taxo/List2.html#phasianidae Phasianidae: Turkeys, Grouse, Pheasants, Partridges.]&lt;/ref&gt; Tetraoninae [[zona temperata|temperatas]] et [[regio subarctica|subarcticas]] [[hemisphaerium septentrionale|hemisphaerii septentrionalis]] [[regio]]nes [[habitatio|habitant]], a [[silva|silvis]] [[pinus|pinorum]] ad [[tesqua]]s et [[mons|montes]],&lt;ref&gt;Michael R. W. Rands, in ''Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds,'' ed. Joseph Forshaw (Londinii: Merehurst Press, 1991), 91. ISBN 978-1-85391-186-6.&lt;/ref&gt; a parallelo 83 septentrionali (''[[Lagopus muta|Lagopus muta]]'' in [[Groenlandia]] [[septentrio]]nali) ad parallelum 28 septentrionalem (''[[Tympanuchus cupido|Tympanuchus cupido attwateri]]'' in [[Texia]]).&lt;ref&gt;Storch et Bendell 2003.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Species==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Imago !! Genus   !! Species exstantes
|-
|[[File:Falcipennis-canadensis-002.jpg|120px]]|| ''[[Falcipennis]]'' || 
* ''[[Falcipennis falcipennis]]''
* ''[[Falcipennis canadensis]]''
** ''[[Falcipennis (canadensis) franklinii]]''
|-
|[[File:Dendragapus obscurus USNPS.jpg|120px]]||''[[Dendragapus]]''  || 
* ''[[Dendragapus obscurus]]''
* ''[[Dendragapus fuliginosus]]''
|-
|[[File:Lagopus muta japonica Mount Tsubakuro.jpg|120px]]||''[[Lagopus]]'' || 
* ''[[Lagopus lagopus]]''
** ''[[Lagopus (lagopus) scotica]]''
* ''[[Lagopus muta]]''
* ''[[Lagopus leucura]]''
|-
|[[File:Capercaillie (8751340764).jpg|120px]]|| ''[[Tetrao]]'' || 
* ''[[Tetrao urogallus]]''
** ''[[Tetrao urogallus cantabricus]]''
* ''[[Tetrao urogalloides]]''
|-
|[[File:Birkhahn.jpg|120px]]|| ''[[Lyrurus]]'' || 
* ''[[Lyrurus tetrix]]''
* ''[[Lyrurus mlokosiewiczi]]''
|-
|[[File:Tetrastes bonasia 2.jpg|120px]]|| ''[[Tetrastes]]'' || 
* ''[[Tetrastes bonasia]]''
* ''[[Tetrastes sewerzowi]]''
|-
|[[File:Gélinotte huppée - Montagne des Érables 2018.jpg|120px]]||''Bonasa''  || 
* ''[[Bonasa umbellus]]''
|-
|[[File:Centrocercus urophasianus -USA -male-8.jpg|120px]]|| ''[[Centrocercus]]'' || 
* ''[[Centrocercus urophasianus]]''
* ''[[Centrocercus minimus]]''
|-
|[[File:Prairie Chicken.jpg|120px]]|| ''[[Tympanuchus]]'' || 
* ''[[Tympanuchus phasianellus]]''
** ''[[Tympanuchus phasianellus columbianus]]''
* ''[[Tympanuchus cupido]]''
** ''[[Tympanuchus cupido attwateri]]''
** ''[[Tympanuchus cupido cupido]]'' ([[exstinctio|exstinctus]], 1932)
* ''[[Tympanuchus pallidicinctus]]''
|-
|}

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Bibliographia==
*De Juana, E. [[1994]]. &quot;Family Tetraonidae (Grouse).&quot; In ''Handbook of the Birds of the World, Vol. 2. New World Vultures to Guineafowl,'' ed. J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, et J. Sargatal, 376–411. Barcinonae: Lynx Edicions. ISBN 978-84-87334-15-3.
*Gutiérrez, R. J., G. F. Barrowclough, et J. G. Groth. [[2000]]. &quot;A classification of the grouse (Aves: Tetroninae) based on mitochondrial DNA sequences.&quot; ''Wildlife Biology'' 6 (4): 205–12. doi:10.2981/wlb.2000.017. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150327211714/http://fwcb.cfans.umn.edu/research/owls/lit%20folder/gutierrez%20et%20al.%202000.pdf PDF.]
*Storch, Ilse, et J. F. Bendell. [[2003]]. &quot;Grouse.&quot; In ''The Firefly Encyclopedia of Birds,'' ed. Christopher Perrins, 184–187. Firefly Books. ISBN 978-1-55297-777-4.

==Nexus externi==&lt;!-- Auk113:811. MolPhylEvol20:149. SystBiol51:930. WildlBiol6:205. --&gt;
{{CommuniaCat|Tetraoninae|Tetraoninas}}
*[http://ibc.lynxeds.com/family/grouse-tetraonidae Pelliculae.] Internet Bird Collection.
*Johnsgard, P. [[1982]]. &quot;Etho-Ecological Apects of Hybridization in the Tetraonidae.&quot; ''World Pheasant Association Journal'' 7: 42–57. [http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/johnsgard/16/ Editio interretialis.]&lt;!--
*{{Cite NIE|wstitle=Grouse|short=x}}--&gt;
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20171004214440/https://theuplandhunter.com/ruffed-grouse-eat-spring-fall-winter/ &quot;What Do Grouse Eat?&quot;] ''The Upland Hunter,'' 1 Septembris 2017.&lt;!--

{{Taxonbar|from=Q201240}}--&gt;

[[Categoria:Subfamiliae animalium]]&lt;!--
[[Categoria:Subfamiliae avium]]--&gt;
[[Categoria:Tetraoninae|*]]
[[Categoria:Taxa Vigors]]
[[Categoria:Taxa 1825]]
{{Myrias|Biologia}}</text>
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        <id>2059</id>
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      <text bytes="1395" sha1="a3sq26zxsup8iohx6sn0kmbresex6o5" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Phenol2.svg|thumb|120px|Phenolum]]
'''Phenolum,''' vel '''acidum carbolicum''' et '''acidum phenylicum,''' est [[compositum chemicum]], quae anno [[1834]] a quodam Runge [[inventio|inventum fuit]]. Formula summarum&lt;ref&gt;L. Reutter de Rosemont, ''Traité de chimie médico-pharmaceutique'' (Lutetia Parisiorum: Typis Octavius Doin, 1917), 507.&lt;/ref&gt; est &lt;chem&gt;C6H5OH&lt;/chem&gt;. Ut omnia alia phenola [[acidum|acidum debile]] est in quo grex [[Hydroxylum|hydroxylum]] -OH cum cyclo aromatico iunctus est. Olim ex [[Destillatio|destillatione]] [[carbo|carbonis]], hodie ex [[Benzenum|benzeno]] &lt;chem&gt;C6H6&lt;/chem&gt; per substitutionem producitur. In medicina adversus microorganismos adhibetur quia toxicum est.

=== Descriptio ===
Massa [[Crystallum|crystallina]] radiata, vel crystalli aculosi. Liquescens ad temperaturas 33 ad 40°C. Crystalli [[Evaporatio|evaporantur]]  sine residuo ad [[temperatura]]m 100°C.&lt;ref&gt;''Pharmacopoea Helvetica'' (Scaphusiae, 1872), 5.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Phenol phenolum] pertinent.
* [https://www.inrs.fr/publications/bdd/fichetox/fiche.html?refINRS=FICHETOX_15&amp;section=generalites Scheda INRS]
{{chem-stipula}}
{{Myrias|Physica}}

[[Categoria:Composita organica]]
[[Categoria:Phenola|!]]
[[Categoria:Toxicologia]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sepulcretum Sancti Ioannis (Iena)</title>
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      <text bytes="4529" sha1="n83z3co833t2xq2qawfoarxhoxu8n2v" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Friedenskirche Jena.JPG|thumb|[[Sepulcretum]] cum Ecclesia Pacis; ad sinistram turris Ecclesiae Ioannis Baptistae]]
'''Sepulcretum Sancti Ioannis''' ([[Theodisce]] ''Johannisfriedhof'') est area viridissima quaedam media in urbe [[iena|Ienensi]] sita. Anno 1307 eius mentio prima in documento quodam facta est; homines ibidem usque annum 1889 sepeliebantur. 

Ibi plus quam mille cippi nominatim distribui atque descriibi possunt, quo permulti egregii Ienensis necnon [[Universitas Litterarum Ienensis]] saeculis inter XVII et XX nobilis translati sunt. Neque cippi [[barocus|Baroci]] desunt cum ornamentis calvae, [[clepsydra (horologium)|clepsydrae]], [[Mors (personificatio)|mortis personificatae]], et [[papilio]]nis, velut tunc erat mos. 
==Locus fanorum duorum==
Coemeterium olim extra muros iacuisse constat, quod in principio [[Ecclesia Catholica|communitas Catholica]] Ioannis Baptistae Leutra in vico curabat. Cum [[Reformatio]] terram ingressa esset communitas abolita est et fanum in oratorium coemeterii simplex redactum est. A saeculo XVII ecclesia ruinosa putrescebat: anno autem 1806 [[Napoleo I (imperator Francogallorum)|Napoleo tyrannus]] oratorium tradidit fidelibus Catholicis circa [[Gabriel Henry|Gabrielem Henry]] presbyterum congregatis, qui Franciam rebus novis percussam emigraverat.

Econtra Ecclesia Pacis genere Baroco erectum est annis inter 1686 et 1693 tamquam nova capella tempore quo dux pro Ducatu Ienensi nova bella construi iussit. Ichnographias fecerunt Ioannes Henricus Genenbach ([[Zeitz]]) et Ioannes Leonardus Reinhold ([[Ysenacum]]) et in principio nomen ducis Ioannis Georgii II (Saxonia-Eisenach) sumpserat. Anno 1743 autem cohortes urbanae eam ecclesiam nacti sunt, ut usque annum 1946 Ecclesia urbaniciana ''(Garnisonskirche)'' nuncuparetur. Quoad coemeterium: id pluries amplificatum est, de quo testimonium perhibent muri nunc interni olim externi. 

Ex anno 1938 strata magna (nomen hodiernum ''Straße des 17. Juni'') sepulcretum cum Ecclesia Pacis in septentrione a territorio ecclesiae Catholicae Ioannis Baptistae in meridie separat. Itaque pars sepulcreti vetustissima demolita est. Feliciter effigies, cippi, tabulae antea in septentrionem translata partim circa aedificium ecclesiasticum posita sunt. Die 13 Martii 1881 magistratus de coemeterio protegendo declarationem fecit. Ex anno 2014 sodalitas tumbarum conservandarum res ad sepulcretum spectantes colit.

==Cippi selecti ==
[[Fasciculus:Übersicht Johannisfriedhof (Jena).jpg|thumb|]]
*01. [[Ioannes Lauterbach]] (* 1719), rector ludorum
*02. Christus crucem baiulans et Christus crucifixus (tabula duplex, 1484)
*04. [[Carolus Fredericus Loening]] (1810-1884), bibliopola
*07. [[Carolus Zeiß]] (1816-1888), institor
*17. [[Ioannes Iacobus Griesbach]] (1745-1812), theologus
*22. [[Carolus Fredericus Ernestus Frommann]] (1765-1837), bibliopola et editor
*23. [[Godehardus Prüssing]] (1828-1903), institor
*25. [[Ioannes Christophorus Fredericus Weimar]] (1766-1838), linteorum negotiator
*26. [[Guntherus Herwagen]] (1503-1556), quaestor Saxonicus
*29. [[Fredericus Gottlob Schulze]] (1795-1860), oeconomicus politicus
*31. [[Mauritius Seebeck]] (1805-1884), universitatis curator
*37. [[Henricus Wackenroder]] (1798-1854), medicaminum fabricator
*38. [[Immanuel Christiani Wilhelmi]] (1745-1827) pharmacopola
*41. [[Fredericus Kreußler]] (1632-1707)
*45. [[Bruno Hildebrand]] (1812-1878), oeconomicus
*55. [[Volkmar Stoy]] (1815-1885), paedagogus
*61. [[Ioanna Schopenhauer]] (1766-1838)
*63. [[Carolina de Wolzogen]] (1763-1847), scriptrix
*64. [[Carolus Timler]] (1836-1905), architectus
*68. [[Carolus Ludovicus Knebel]] (1744-1834), poeta
*70. [[Carolus Augustus de Hase]] (1800-1890), theologus
*71. [[Arminius Ludovicus]] (1819-1873), theologus
*72. [[Ioannes Berger (psychiater)|Ioannes Berger]] (1873-1941), psychiater
*74. [[Ioannes Volfgangus Döbereiner]] (1780-1849), chemicus
*75. [[Ioannes Christianus Stark]] (1753-1811), medicus
*87. [[Iulius Schnauß]] (1827-1895), photographus
*93. [[Carolus Ludovicus Henricus Maurer]] (1850-1913), hortulanus

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Johannisfriedhof (Jena)|sepulcretum Sancti Ioannis Ienense}} 
* [http://www.friedenskirche-jena.de/25.html Fani historia]{{Nexus deficit|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 
* [http://www.johannisfriedhof-jena.de/ Situs proprius sodalium coemeterium tuentium ''Förderverein Johannisfriedhof Jena e.V.'']

[[Categoria:Coemeteria]]
[[Categoria:Iena]]
[[Categoria:Viridaria]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sapa Inca</title>
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      <text bytes="13551" sha1="ewqm8r9szlb4qulblyusw104kb3kg6f" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Pachacuti statue in Plaza de Armas.jpg|thumb|[[Statua]] Pachacuteci Sapae Incae ''mascapaicham'' (coronam imperialem) gerentis.]]

{{res|Sapa Inca}} (-ae, {{pns|ae|m}}; [[Linguae Quechuae|Quechua]] ''sapa inka,'' ‘[[imperator]] solus’) fuit maximum imperatorum [[Imperium Incarum|Imperii Incarum]] nomen. Fuit atque titulus ducis [[Cuschum|Regni Cusci]] prioris et Status Incae Novae posterioris. Origines huius dignitatis [[mythologia|mythicae]] sunt; titulus videtur circa anno [[1100]] creatus esse. A populo Incano Sapa Inca credebatur esse filius Inti, [[Deus solis|dei Solis]], et saepe appellabatur ''Inti churi'' (‘filius solaris’) vel ''Intip churin'' (‘filius Solis’); hoc munus erat [[Monarchia hereditaria|hereditarium]], filio patri succedente.&lt;ref&gt;Byford-Jones, Wilfred. ''Four Faces of Peru.'' Roy Publishers, 1967, p. 17, p. 50.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Poma, Felipe Guaman. ''El primer nueva corónica y buen gobierno.'' 1615.&lt;/ref&gt; Maximus fuit Sapa Inca in societate Incarum, locum summum in hierarchia societatis tenens, et in [[res politicae|rebus politicis]] et spiritualibus imperii partem praevalentem egit.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Cartwright, Mark. &quot;[https://www.worldhistory.org/Inca_Government/ Inca Government.]&quot; ''World History Encyclopedia,'' 21 Octobris 2015. Accessum 6 Maii 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

Quamquam primus rex Incarum fuisset [[Mancus Capac]],&lt;ref&gt;McEwan, Gordon Francis. ''The Incas: New Perspectives.'' Bloomsbury, 2006, p. 57.&lt;/ref&gt; primus qui auctoritatem Sapae Incae publice gessit fuit {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Inca Roca||d|en|qid=Q377942}}, sextus [[Monarchia|monarcha]] Incarum, qui inter annos [[1350]] et [[1380]] regebat.&lt;ref&gt;Hyams, Edward &amp; Ordish, George. ''The Last of the Incas: the Rise and Fall of an American Empire.'' Dorset, 1990, p. 46.&lt;/ref&gt; Nomina alia Sapae Incae sunt '''''Apu''''' (‘dominus’), '''''Quapac Inca''''' (‘Inca fortis’), et '''''Sapa''''' (‘solus’).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Erant duae [[Dynastia|domus]] Saparum Incarum, prima a gente Hurinis ducta, vel [[Cuschum|Parvi Cusci]]; secunda a gente Hananis ducta, quae imperium tempore [[America praecolumbiana|Americae Praecolumbianae]] a [[Conquisitatores Hispani|Conquistatoribus Hispanis]] subiciendae rexit ([[saeculum 16|saeculo 16]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Sarmiento de Gamboa, Pedro &amp; de Ocampo, Baltasar. ''History of the Incas.'' Hakluyt Society, 1907, p. 72.&lt;/ref&gt; Ultimus Sapa Inca fuit Atahualpa, qui anno [[1533]] a Conquistatoribus [[Franciscus Pizardus|Francisci Pizardi]] necatus est; postea tamen, illo mortuo, multi titulum sibi vindicaverunt.&lt;ref&gt;Von Hagen, Victor. &quot;[https://www.latinamericanstudies.org/incas/collier.htm The Incas.]&quot; ''Latin American Studies,'' 28 Februarii 1996. Accessum 6 Maii 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Officia ==
[[Fasciculus:Banner of the Inca Empire.svg|thumb|upright=0.7|left|[[Vexillum]] Saparum Incarum.]]
Fuit Sapa Inca [[Dux|dux absolutus]] imperii, potestatem [[Civilitas|administrationis civitatis]], socialem, [[Oeconomica|oeconomicam]], et [[Exercitus|militarem]] habens.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Constructiones direxit operum magnorum imperii, ut Sacsaiuaman, quod sedes erat imperii, et [[Machu Pikchu|Machum Pikchum]], situs imperatoris.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;Temoche, Patricia. ''Breve Historia de los Incas.'' Nowtilus, 2010, p. 227.&lt;/ref&gt; Curandum fuit quoque illi inopes papueresque imperii; tenuit officium cibi tempore [[Calamitas|calamitatis]] distribuendi atque [[Festum|festis]] populo providendi. Nomen igitur alterum tenuit Sapa Inca &quot;amatoris et benefactoris pauperum&quot; (Quechua ''huacchacoya'' vel ''waqcha khuyaq'')''.''&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; 
[[Fasciculus:Tupa-inca-tunic.png|thumb|upright=0.8|''T'opaqu,'' tunica unica quam licebat soli Sapae Incae gerere.]]

Sapa Inca fuit symbolus [[Deus solis|dei Solis]], qui in Imperio Incarum ''Inti'' appellabatur, et non solum mandavit cultum Solis, sed etiam [[calendarium]] adorationis fecit.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Gubernatores (Quechua ''kuraka'') et conquistores, qui inspicerent populos subactos et tributa ab eis colligeret, ad provincias imperii misit;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; haec provinciae imperiales (Quechua ''suyu'') quotannis munera imperatori dederunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;Henderson, Peter. ''The Course of Andean History.'' Alba Querci: University of New Mexico Press, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;

Initio electus est Sapa Inca per ritualibus asperis, in quis Inti deo Soli creditus est Sapam Incam proximum eligere.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Postea Sapae Incae filios dilectissimos suos gubernatores fecerunt ut eos imperatorem proximum nominarent, facientes igitur imperium [[Monarchia hereditaria|monarchiam hereditariam]];&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;Rostworowski, Maria. ''History of the Inca Realm.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press, 1998, p. 53.&lt;/ref&gt; in his rationibus tenuit Sapae Incae uxor prima (Quechua ''coya'') auctoritatem magnam.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Ubi mortuus est Sapa Inca, vel si deposuit coronam, successor eius gentem suam (Quechua ''panaka'') fecit, atque novas divitias et spolias cepit, quae ad gentem suam darentur.&lt;ref&gt;Rodríguez, Celso. ''Entre el aroma de las encinas.'' Universidad Inca de Colombia, 1985, p. 95.&lt;/ref&gt;

Symbolos divinitatis atque maiestatis regiae multos tenuit Sapa Inca, ut [[sceptrum]] (Quechua ''topayauri''), thronum aureum (''ushno''), [[Hasta|hastam]] plumatam (''suntur páucar''), et [[Corona|coronam]] imperialem (''mascapaicha'').&lt;ref&gt;Molestina, María. ''Transferencias ideόlogicas en la sierra norte (Ecuador).'' 1998.&lt;/ref&gt; Habuit quoque tunicam unicam, nomine ''t'opaqu,'' quae repraesentavit regiones omnes Imperii Incarum et quas Sapa Inca solus gerere potuit.&lt;ref&gt;Scher, Sarahh. &quot;[https://smarthistory.org/all-toqapu-tunic/ All-T'opaqu Tunic.]{{Nexus deficit|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&quot; ''Smarthistory,'' 9 Augusti 2015. Accessum 6 Maii 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Etiam post mortem [[Veneratio|veneratus]] est Sapa Inca: [[mumia]] facta est corpore, et ossa sua saepe visitabantur ut populus de rebus magni momenti quaereret.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Sapae Incae Americae Praecolumbianae ==

=== Dynastia prima ===
De ducibus dynastiae primae Saparum Incarum parum notum est: putantur a gente Hurinis originem duxisse, et regnum suum non ultra [[Cuschum|Regnum Cuscum]] extendit. Principia huius dynastiae obscura sunt et involvuntur mythis fundationis imperii. Dicta est haec dynastia a [[Mancus Capac|Manco Capac]], cui creditabatur filius Inti dei Solis fuisse a populo Incano, condita esse.&lt;ref&gt;Sutherland, Angus. &quot;[https://www.ancientpages.com/2024/07/29/who-was-the-sapa-inca/ Who Was The Sapa Inca?]{{Nexus deficit|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&quot; ''Ancient Pages,'' 29 Iulii 2024. Accessum 6 Maii 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; width:100%&quot;
! Nomen !! Imago !! Gens !! Uxor prima&lt;br&gt;{{Small|(''Coya'')}} !! width=&quot;30%&quot; | Regnum
|-
| '''[[Mancus Capac]]'''&lt;br&gt;{{Small|(''Manqu Qhapaq'')}}|| [[File:Brooklyn Museum - Manco Capac, First Inca, 1 of 14 Portraits of Inca Kings.jpg|120px]] || Creditus filius Inti dei Solis fuisse || Mama Ocllo&lt;br&gt;''{{Small|(Mama Uqllu)}}''|| {{*circa}} 1200–1230
|-
| '''Sinchius Roca'''&lt;br&gt;''{{Small|(Sinchi Ruq'a)}}'' || [[File:Brooklyn Museum - Sinchi Roca, Second Inca, 1 of 14 Portraits of Inca Kings - restoration.jpg|120px]] || Filius Manci Capacis || Mama Cora&lt;br&gt;''{{Small|(Mama Qura)}}'' || {{*circa}} 1230–1260
|-
| '''Lloceus Iupancius'''&lt;br&gt;''{{Small|(Lluq'i Yupanki)}}'' || [[File:Brooklyn Museum - Lloqui Ypanqui, Third Inca, 1 of 14 Portraits of Inca Kings - restoration.jpg|120px]] || Filius Sinchii Rocae || Mama Cahua&lt;br&gt;''{{Small|(Mama Qawa)}}'' || {{*circa}} 1260–1290
|-
| '''Maita Capacus'''&lt;br&gt;''{{Small|(Mayta Qhapaq)}}'' || [[File:Brooklyn Museum - Mayta Capac, Fourth Inca, 1 of 14 Portraits of Inca Kings - overall.jpg|120px]] || Filius Llocei Iupancii || Mama Tacucarai
''{{Small|(Mama Takukaray)}}'' 
| {{*circa}} 1290–1320
|-
| '''Capacus Iupancius'''&lt;br&gt;''{{Small|(Qhapaq Yupanki)}}'' || [[File:Cápac Yupanqui (cropped).jpg|120px]] || Filius Maitae Capaci || Mama Chimpu Curihillapi
''{{Small|(Mama Chimpu Qurihillpay)}}'' 
| {{*circa}} 1320–1350
|}

=== Domus secunda ===
Inca Roca, filius Capaci Iupancii de gente Hananis et imperator primus qui nomen Sapae Incae gessit, incipit dynastiam secundam circa anno 1350. Post mortem Capaci Iupancii, Quispe Iupancius, filius alter eius et frater consanguineus Incae Rocae, debuit rex fieri; gens tamen Hananis rebellavit et bellum civile gessit, et postea Incam Rocam regem fecit.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; width:100%&quot;
! Nomen !! Imago !! Gens !! Uxor prima&lt;br&gt;{{Small|(''Coya'')}} !! width=&quot;30%&quot; | Regnum
|-
| '''Inca Roca'''&lt;br&gt;{{Small|(''Inka Ruqa'')}}|| [[File:Brooklyn Museum - Inca Roca, Sixth Inca, 1 of 14 Portraits of Inca Kings.jpg|120px]] || Filius Capaci Iupancii || Mama Micai&lt;br&gt;''{{Small|(Mama Mikay)}}'' || {{*circa}} 1350–1380
|-
| '''Iavar Vacacus'''&lt;br&gt;''{{Small|(Yawar Waqaq)}}'' || [[File:Brooklyn Museum - Yahuar Huacac Yupanqui, Seventh Inca, 1 of 14 Portraits of Inca Kings - overall.jpg|120px]] || Filius Incae Rocae || Mama Chicia&lt;br&gt;''{{Small|(Mama Chikya)}}'' || {{*circa}} 1380–1410
|-
| '''Viracocha Inca'''&lt;br&gt;''{{Small|(Wiraqucha Inka)}}'' || [[File:Brooklyn Museum - Viracocha, Eighth Inca, 1 of 14 Portraits of Inca Kings - overall.jpg|120px]] || Filius Iavaris Vacaci || Mama Runtu Cuia&lt;br&gt;''{{Small|(Mama Runtu Quya)}}'' || {{*circa}} 1410–1438
|-
| '''Pachacutecus'''&lt;br&gt;''{{Small|(Pachakuti)}}'' || [[File:Brooklyn Museum - Pachacuti, Tenth Inca, 1 of 14 Portraits of Inca Kings (cropped).jpg|120px]] || Filius Viracochae Incae || Mama Anavarci
''{{Small|(Mama Anawarkhi)}}'' 
| 1438–1471
|-
| '''Tupacus Iupancuius'''&lt;br&gt;''{{Small|(Tupa Inka Yupanki)}}'' || [[File:Brooklyn Museum - Tupac Yupanqui, Eleventh Inca, 1 of 14 Portraits of Inca Kings - overall.jpg|120px]] || Filius Pachacuteci || Mama Ocllo Coia
''{{Small|(Mama Uqllu Quya)}}'' 
| 1471–1493
|-
| '''Huaina Capacus'''&lt;br&gt;''{{Small|(Wayna Qhapaq)}}'' || [[File:Brooklyn Museum - Huayna Capac, Twelfth Inca.jpg|120px]] || Filius Tupaci Iupancuii || Cusirimai&lt;br&gt;''{{Small|(Kusi Rimay)}}''&lt;hr&gt;Rahua Ocllo&lt;br&gt;{{Small|''(Rawa Uqllu)''}} 
| 1493–1527
|-
| '''Huascar'''&lt;ref&gt;''Annales Minorum seu trium ordinum a S. Francisco institutorum ab anno MDLXIV. usque ad annum MDLXXIV.'', continuati a P. F. Caietano Michelesio Asculano, tomus XX (Romae: in typographio Paleariniano, 1794): 58–59 [https://www.google.it/books/edition/Annales_minorum_seu_trium_ordinum_a_S_Fr/lMJJ3J2rnEoC?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Mancus+Huafcar+Atabalipa&amp;pg=PA59&amp;printsec=frontcover].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br&gt;''{{Small|(Waskhar)}}'' || [[File:Brooklyn Museum - Huascar, Thirteenth Inca, 1 of 14 Portraits of Inca Kings - overall.jpg|120px]] || Filius Huainae Capaci || Chuqui Huipa
| 1527–1532
|-
| '''Atabalipa''' || [[File:Brooklyn Museum - Atahualpa, Fourteenth Inca, 1 of 14 Portraits of Inca Kings - overall.jpg|120px]] || Filius Huainae Capaci || Asarpai
''{{Small|(Asarpay)}}'' 
| 1532–1533
|}
Vascare victo post bellum civile Incarum, in quo filii Huainae Capaci Vascar et Atahualpa inter se pugnabant, Atahualpa factus est Sapa Inca; fuit de facto imperator ultimus Imperii Incarum. Die 26 Iulii [[1533]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; interfectus est Atahualpa a Conquistatoribus Hispanicis iussu [[Franciscus Pizardus|Francisci Pizardi]];&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; post eum fuerunt nonnulli duces qui a Hispanicis electi sunt et qui nomen Sapae Incae sibi imposuerunt.

== Sapae Incae post deductionem Hispanicam Americarum ==
{| style=&quot;text-align:center; width:100%&quot; class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Titulus
! width=22% | Nomen !! width=&quot;100px&quot; | Imago !! Gens !! Regnum
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | '''Inca Incarum'''
| '''Tupacus Huallpa'''&lt;br&gt;''{{Small|(Tupa Wallpa)}}''|| || Filius Huainae Capaci || 1533 
|-
| '''Mancus Inca Iupancuius'''&lt;br&gt;''{{Small|(Manqu Inka Yupanki)}}''|| [[File:POMA0400v.jpg|120px]] || Filius Huainae Capaci || 1533–1536 
|-
| '''Paullu Inca'''&lt;br&gt;''{{Small|(Pawllu Inka)}}''|| [[File:Paullu 1838.jpg|120px]] || Filius Huainae Capaci || 1536–1549 
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | '''Inca Vilcabambae'''
| '''Sairi Tupacus'''&lt;br&gt;''{{Small|(Sayri Tupa)}}''|| [[File:Hurtado de Mendoza and Sayri Tupac Inka.jpg|120px]] || Filius Manci Incae Iupancuii || 1544–1560 
|-
| '''Titu Cusi'''&lt;br&gt;''{{Small|(T'itu Kusi)}}''|| [[File:SAHUARAURA p118 - TTUPAC AMARO.jpg|120px]] || Filius Manci Incae Iupancuii || 1563–1571 
|-
| '''Tupacus Amaru'''&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot; name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Hic imperator non confudendus est cum Tupaco II Amaru, qui dux erat rebellionis contra Hispanicos saeculo 18.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br&gt;''{{Small|(Tupa Amaru)}}''|| [[File:TupacamaruI.JPG|120px]] || Filius Manci Incae Iupancuii || 1571–1572 
|}

== Nota bene ==
&lt;references group=&quot;note&quot; /&gt;

== Nexus interni ==
* [[America praecolumbiana|America Praecolumbiana]]
* [[Cuschum|Cuscum]]
* [[Imperium Incarum]]
* [[Mancus Capac]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
* ''[https://poma.kb.dk/permalink/2006/poma/info/en/frontpage.htm El primer nueva corónica y buen gobierno],'' liber a [[Philippus Guamán Poma de Ayala|Philippo Guamán]] nobili Quechuano de historia Imperii Incarum
* ''[https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/20218/pg20218-images.html Historia Incarum],'' commentarius regium Cusci Saparumque Incarum a Manco Capac usque ad Atahualpam, a Petro Sarmiento de Gamboa scriptus

[[Categoria:America praecolumbiana]]
[[Categoria:Historia Aequatoriae]]
[[Categoria:Monarchia]]
[[Categoria:Tituli regales]]</text>
      <sha1>ewqm8r9szlb4qulblyusw104kb3kg6f</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Usor:Pippobuono/Harenarium</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>319751</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3959337</id>
      <parentid>3959033</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-12T19:54:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Nomina locorum */ progressus</comment>
      <origin>3959337</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="35221" sha1="cvwdpvcl7q9nekgzu4hezkrwdwuh6u0" xml:space="preserve">= Utilia =
== Ad civitates ==
&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidatorum}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

&lt;nowiki&gt;[[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;

&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Fontes geographici}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

== Ad homines ==
&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

&lt;nowiki&gt;* {{CathHierBishop|}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Archiepiscopi Friburgenses}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Fontes biographici}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

= [[Sanctus Iulianus]] =
&lt;nowiki&gt;{{discretiva}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

'''Sanctus Iulianus''' ad complures sanctos refertur, nomine '''Iulianus'''. Inde multi loci nomini horum sanctorum vocantur.

== Sancti ==
* [[Julien l'Hospitalier]], personnage légendaire, martyr en [[Égypte]], fêté le {{date+|8 janvier}} en Orient et le {{date+|29 janvier}} ou le {{date+|12 février}} en Occident&lt;ref&gt;[http://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/5680/Saint-Julien-l-Hospitalier.html Nominis] : Saint Julien l'Hospitalier.&lt;/ref&gt;.
* [[Julien de Sora]] († entre [[138]] et [[161]]), martyr à [[Sora (Italie)|Sora]] (aujourd'hui en [[Italie]]) sous [[Antonin le Pieux|Antonin]] ; fêté le {{date+|27 janvier}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/5416/Saint-Julien-de-Sora.html Nominis] : Saint Julien de Sora.&lt;/ref&gt;.
* ''Julien'' († [[250]]), et Eunus son serviteur, martyrs en [[Égypte]] ; fêtés localement le {{date+|27 février}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/713/Saints-Julien-et-Eunus.html Nominis] : Saints Julien et Eunus.&lt;/ref&gt;.
* [[Julien de Carthage]] († [[259]]), avec Lucius, [[Montanus de Carthage|Montanus]], Victoric, Flavien, Victor, Primole, Renus et Donatien, martyrs à [[Carthage]] sous l’empereur [[Valérien]] ; fêtés le {{date+|23 mai}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/1208/Saints-Lucius--Montanus.html Nominis] : Saints Lucius, Montanus et leurs compagnons.&lt;/ref&gt; en Occident et le {{date+|24 février}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.forum-orthodoxe.com/~forum/viewtopic.php?f=5&amp;t=467&amp;p=2172&amp;hilit=+LUCIEN+MONTAN#p2172 Forum orthodoxe.com] : saints pour le 24 février du calendrier ecclésiastique.&lt;/ref&gt; en Orient.
* [[Julien de Terracine]] († [[268]] ou [[269]]), prêtre, et [[Césaire de Terracina|Césaire]], diacre, martyrs décapités à [[Terracine]] en [[Campanie]] sous [[Claude II le Gothique]] ; fêtés le {{date+|7 octobre}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/8465/Saints-Julien-et-Cesaire.html Nominis] : Saints Julien et Césaire.&lt;/ref&gt;.
* [[Julien d'Émèse]] († {{circa}} [[284]]), [[guérisseur]] né à [[Émèse]] ([[Homs]]), en [[Syrie]], martyr ; fêté le {{date+|6 février}}.
* [[Julien de Brioude]] ({{IIIe siècle}}), martyr en [[Auvergne]], fêté le {{date+|28 août}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/1753/Saint-Julien-de-Brioude.html Nominis] : Saint Julien de Brioude.&lt;/ref&gt;.
* [[Julien du Mans]] ({{IVe siècle}}), évêque du [[Le Mans|Mans]] ; fêté le {{date+|27 janvier}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/516/Saint-Julien-du-Mans.html Nominis] : Saint Julien du Mans.&lt;/ref&gt;.
* [[Julien de Galatie]] († entre [[303]] et [[305]] ou en [[320]] ?), peut-être prêtre, avec ses quarante compagnons, martyrs en [[Galatie]] sous [[Dioclétien]] ou sous [[Licinius]] ; fêtés le {{date+|13 septembre}} en Occident&lt;ref&gt;[http://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/10401/Saint-Julien-de-Galatie.html Nominis] : Saint Julien de Galatie.&lt;/ref&gt; et le {{date+|12 septembre}} en Orient&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.forum-orthodoxe.com/~forum/viewtopic.php?f=5&amp;t=921&amp;p=4521&amp;hilit=JULIEN+DE+GALATIE#p4521 Forum orthodoxe.com] : saints pour le 12 septembre du calendrier ecclésiastique.&lt;/ref&gt;.
* [[Julien de Tarse]] († entre [[305]] et [[311]]) ou ''Julien d'Antioche'', martyrisé pendant les persécutions de [[Galère (empereur romain)|Galère]], fêté le {{date+|21 juin}} en Orient et le {{date+|16 mars}} dans l'Église latine.
* [[Julien Sabas]] († [[377]]), ermite dans l'[[Osrohène]] en [[Mésopotamie]] (aujourd'hui en [[Irak]] et [[Turquie]]) ; fêté le {{date+|18 octobre}} en Orient&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.forum-orthodoxe.com/~forum/viewtopic.php?f=5&amp;t=975&amp;p=4923&amp;hilit=JULIEN+SABAS#p4923 Forum orthodoxe.com] : saints pour le 18 octobre du calendrier ecclésiastique.&lt;/ref&gt; et le {{date+|17 janvier}} en Occident&lt;ref&gt;[http://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/5222/Saint-Julien-Sabas.html Nominis] : Saint Julien Sabas.&lt;/ref&gt;.
* [[Julien d'Orta]] († [[391]]), [[Diacre (christianisme)|diacre]], frère de [[Jules d'Orta|Jules]] le prêtre, fêté le {{date+|31 janvier}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/5494/Saint-Jules.html Nominis] : Saints Jules et Saint Julien.&lt;/ref&gt;.
* [[Julien de Vienne]] († après [[533]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Léon Cristiani]], [http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/rhef_0300-9505_1945_num_31_118_2986 ''Liste chronologique des saints de France, des origines à l'avènement des carolingiens (essai critique)''], Revue d'histoire de l'Église de France, 1945, {{vol}}31, {{n°}}118, pp. 5-96, {{p.}}42&lt;/ref&gt;), [[Liste des évêques et archevêques de Vienne (France)|évêque de Vienne]], assista au {{IIe}} [[concile d'Orléans]], fêté le {{date+|22 avril}}&lt;ref&gt;[[Jacques Longueval]], [https://books.google.fr/books?id=QyEIS6SsmHsC&amp;vq=aspais&amp;dq=PA392&amp;hl=fr&amp;pg=PA392#v= ''Histoire de l’Église gallicane''], {{vol}}2, 1732, {{p.}}392&lt;/ref&gt;.
* [[Julien de Constantinople]] († entre [[726]] et [[730]]), avec ses neuf compagnons&lt;ref&gt;Les neuf compagnons martyrs de [[Julien de Constantinople]] († entre [[726]] et [[730]]) sont : Marcien, Jean, Jacques, Alexis, Démètre, Photios, Pierre et léonce, moines, et [[Marie la Patricienne]].&lt;/ref&gt; martyrs sous [[Léon III l'Isaurien]] durant la persécution [[Iconoclasme|iconoclaste]] ; célébrés le {{date+|9 août}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/7834/Saints-Julien-et-ses-compagnons.html nominis.cef.fr] Nominis : Saints Julien et ses compagnons.&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.forum-orthodoxe.com/~forum/viewtopic.php?t=143 www.forum-orthodoxe.com] Forum orthodoxe francophone : Saints pour le 9 août du calendrier ecclésiastique.&lt;/ref&gt;.
*[[Pierre-Julien Eymard|Saint Julien Eymard]] (1811-1868) : Prêtre [[Isère (département)|isérois]], fondateur de la [[Congrégation du Très-Saint-Sacrement|congrégation du Saint-Sacrement]]. Canonisé en 1963, il est fêté le {{date|2 août}}.
* [[Julien Maunoir]] ({{XVIIe siècle}}), prêtre breton, fêté le {{date+|28 janvier}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/521/Saint-Julien-Maunoir.html Nominis] : Saint Julien Maunoir.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Nomina locorum ==

=== France ===
* [[Sanctus Iulianus (Corsica)|Sanctus Iulianus]] (Corsica)
* [[Sanctus Iulianus de Concellis]] (Liger Atlanticus)
* [[Sanctus Iulianus de Voantis]] (Liger Atlanticus)

* [[Fanum Sancti Iuliani (Rhodanus et Alpes)|Fanum Sancti Iuliani]] (Sabaudia Superior)
* [[Fanum Sancti Iuliani-Mons Dionisius]] (Sabaudia)

=== Italie ===
* [[Sanctus Iulianus (Molisium)|Sanctus Iulianus]], commune provinciae Campobassensis;
* [[Fanum Sancti Iuliani (Urbs metropolitana Mediolanensis)|Fanum Sancti Iuliani]], Urbs in [[Urbs metropolitana Mediolanensis|Urbe metropolitana Mediolanensis]];
* [[Fanum Sancti Iuliani Samniticum]], commune [[Provincia Campobassensis|provinciae Campobassensis]]; 
* [[Aquae Pisanae|Fanum Sancti Iuliani ad Aquas]], urbs [[Provincia Pisana|Provinciae Pisanae]];

=== Argentine ===
* [[Puerto San Julián]], ville de la [[province de Santa Cruz]]

=== Bolivie ===
* [[San Julián (Bolivie)|San Julián]], ville de Bolivie

=== Chili ===
* [[San Julián (Chili)|San Julián]], ville de la [[province de Limarí]]

=== Espagne ===
* [[San Julián (Séville)|San Julián]], quartier de [[Séville]] ;
* [[San Julián de Cela]], paroisse de la [[province de La Corogne]].

=== Mexique ===
* [[San Julián (Jalisco)|San Julián]], municipalité de l'État de [[Jalisco]] ;
** [[San Julián (ville)|San Julián]], localité et chef-lieu de cette municipalité.

=== Philippines ===
* [[San Julian (Samar oriental)|San Julian]], municipalité du [[Samar oriental]].

=== Salvador ===
* [[San Julián (Sonsonate)|San Julián]], municipalité du [[département de Sonsonate]].

== Notae et Fontes ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[:Categoria:Sancti|Iulianus]]

= [[Dioecesis Cenomanensis]] =
{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidatorum}} 
{{res|Dioecesis Cenomanensis}} ([[Francogallice]] {{barbarice|lingua=fr|Diocèse du Mans}})  est [[dioecesis]] [[Ecclesia Latina|Ecclesiae Latinae]] [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Ecclesiae Catholicae Romanae]] in [[Francia]] sita, cuius sedes [[Cenomanum|Cenomani]] est. Dioecesis Cenomanensis [[saeculum 5|saeculo V]] erecta est. Post Revolutionem Gallicam, dioecesis territoria praefectorarum [[Sartha (praefectura Franciae)|Sarthae]] et [[Meduana (praefectura Franciae)|Meduanae]] complectebatur.
Ab anno 836, dioecesis cum [[Archidioecesis Paderbornensis|archidioecesi Paderbornensi]] in Germania geminata est.&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=https://www.sarthecatholique.fr/des-origines-au-ixeme-siecle/|titulus=Des origines au IXeme siècle|domus editoria=sarthecatholique.fr}} {{ling|Francogallice}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Die [[30 Iunii]] [[1855]] [[dioecesis Valleguidonensis]] creata est, ea a dioecesi Cenomanensis separando, hac ad territorium praefecturae Sarthae reducendo. 

Antehac [[Archidioecesis Turonensis]] suffraganea, anno [[2002]], dioecesis [[Archidioecesis Rhedonensis]] suffraganea facta est.

== Ecclesia cathedralis ==
[[Fasciculus:Cath saint julien.JPG|thumb|upright=0.7|Ecclesia cathedralis [[Sanctus Iulianus|Sancto Iuliano]] dicata.]]
[[Ecclesia cathedralis]] Sancto Iuliano dicata, [[Cenomanum|Cenomani]] sita, sedes archidioeceseos est.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
* {{Opus|url=https://www.sarthecatholique.fr/|titulus=Situs officialis}} {{ling|Francogallice}}
{{CommuniaCat|Roman Catholic Diocese of Le Mans|Dioecesem Cenomanensem}}
{{Fontes geographici}}
* {{CathHierDiocese|lema|Dioecesis Cenomanensis}}

&lt;!--{{RC-stipula}}--&gt;
{{Dioeceses archidioeceses catholicae Franciae}}
[[:Categoria:Dioecesis Cenomanensis]]

= Ad formulam =
{{Dioeceses archidioeceses catholicae Poloniae}}
{{Capsa navigationis
| titulus = [[dioecesis|Dioeceses]] et ''archidioeceses'' [[ecclesia Catholica Romana|catholicae]] [[Polonia]]e
| formula = Dioeceses archidioeceses catholicae Poloniae
| Imago = [[Fasciculus:CatholicDiocesesPoland2004.svg|100px|Dioeceses Poloniae]]
| corpus = ''[[Archidioecesis Bialostocensis|Bialostocensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Bielscensis-Zyviecensis|Bielscensis-Zyviecensis]] . [[Dioecesis Bydgostiensis|Bydgostiensis]] . [[Dioecesis Calissiensis|Calissiensis]] . [[Dioecesis Coslinensis-Colubregana|Coslinensis-Colubregana]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Cracoviensis|Cracoviensis]]'' . ''[[Archidioecesis Czestochoviensis|Czestochoviensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Drohiczinensis|Drohiczinensis]] . [[Dioecesis Elbingensis|Elbingensis]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Gedanensis|Gedanensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Glivicensis|Glivicensis]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Gnesnensis|Gnesnensis]]'' . ''[[Archidioecesis Katovicensis|Katovicensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Kielcensis|Kielcensis]] . [[Dioecesis Legnicensis|Legnicensis]] . [[Dioecesis Liccanensis]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Lodziensis|Lodziensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Lomzensis|Lomzensis]] . [[Dioecesis Lovicensis|Lovicensis]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Lublinensis|Lublinensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Opoliensis|Opoliensis]] . [[Dioecesis Pelplinensis|Pelplinensis]] . [[Dioecesis Plocensis|Plocensis]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Posnaniensis|Posnaniensis]]'' . ''[[Archidioecesis Premisliensis Latinorum|Premisliensis Latinorum]]'' . [[Dioecesis Radomensis|Radomensis]] . [[Dioecesis Rzeszoviensis|Rzeszoviensis]] . [[Dioecesis Sandomiriensis|Sandomiriensis]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Sedinensis-Caminensis|Sedinensis-Caminensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Siedlecensis|Siedlecensis]] . [[Dioecesis Sosnoviensis|Sosnoviensis]] . [[Dioecesis Suidniciensis|Suidniciensis]] . [[Dioecesis Tarnoviensis|Tarnoviensis]] . [[Dioecesis Thoruniensis|Thoruniensis]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Varmiensis|Varmiensis]]'' . ''[[Archidioecesis Varsaviensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Varsaviensis-Pragensis]] . [[Dioecesis Viridimontanensis-Gorzoviensis|Viridimontanensis-Gorzoviensis]] . [[Dioecesis Vladislaviensis|Vladislaviensis]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Vratislaviensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Zamosciensis-Lubaczoviensis|Zamosciensis-Lubaczoviensis]] . [[Ordinariatus Militaris Poloniae]]
}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;
== Vide etiam ==
* [[Dioeceses Ecclesiae Catholicae]]

&lt;!--[[Categoria:Formulae Poloniam spectantes]]
[[Categoria:Dioeceses Ecclesiae Catholicae in Polonia|!]]
[[Categoria:Formulae navigationis hierarchiae Catholicae]]--&gt;
&lt;/noinclude&gt;

= [[Index episcoporum Onasbrugensium]] =
Episcopi [[Dioecesis Osnabrugensis]], a [[saeculum 11|saeculo XI]] usque ad annum [[1802]] ut Comites-Episcopi et etiam rectores Principatus Osnabrugensis.

{| class=&quot;wikitable toptextcells&quot;
|-
! style=&quot;width:20%&quot;|Tempus episcopatus
! style=&quot;width:35%&quot;|Nomen
! style=&quot;width:25%&quot;|Adnotationes
! style=&quot;width:20%&quot;|Imago
|-
| a 783 ad [[20 Aprilis]] 804/805
| [[Wiho I]] (sive: Wicho I) ||antea praefectus nuper conditi districtus missionalis Osnabrugensis||
|-
| a 805 ad [[12 Aprilis]] [[829]] || [[Meginhardus]] ||||
|-
| 829–845 || [[Gosvinus]] ||||
|-
| a 847 ad [[11 Aprilis]] [[860]] || [[Gauzbertus]] ||||
|-
| a 860 ad [[1 Februarii]] [[887]] || [[Egbertus]]||||
|-
| a 887 ad [[11 Maii]] [[906]] || [[Egilmarus]] ||||
|-
| 906–918 || Bernardus I ||||
|-
| a 918 ad [[14 Maii]] [[949]] || [[Dodo I]] ||||
|-
| a 949 ad [[7 Novembris]] [[967]] || [[Drogo]] ||||
|-
| a 967 ad [[31 Martii]] [[978]] || [[Ludolphus]] ||||
|-
| a 978 ad [[12 Aprilis]] [[996]] || Dodo II ||978-980: Cuno [[antiepiscopus]]||
|-
| a 996 ad [[27 Novembris]] [[998]] || Gonthierus ||||
|-
| a 998 ad [[17 Februarii]] [[1003]] || Vodilulphus ||||
|-
| a 1003 ad [[18 Iunii]] [[1022]] || [[Dietmarus]] ||||
|-
| a 1023 ad [[10 Decembris]] [[1027]] || Meginherus ||||
|-
| a [[1028]] ad 10 Decembris [[1036]] || Gosmarus ||||
|-
| a 1036 ad [[19 Aprilis]] [[1052]] || Albericus ||||
|-
| a 1052 ad 19 aut [[20 Septembris]] [[1068]] || Benno I ||||
|-
| a 1068 ad [[27 Iulii]] [[1088]] || [[Benno II]] |||| [[Fasciculus:BadIburgBennoII.JPG|center|80px|Benno II epsicopus, scultpura a Hans Gerd Ruwe in [[Bad Iburg]]]]
|-
| 1088–1093 || [[Marquardus]] ||||
|-
| a 1093 ad [[21 Aprilis]] [[1101]] || [[Wiho II]] sive Guido ||||
|-
| a 1101 ad [[13 Iulii]] [[1109]] || [[Iohannes I (Osanbrugensis)|Iohannes I]] ||||
|-
| a 1109 ad [[1 Ianuarii]] [[1119]] || [[Gottschalk von Diepholz]] |||| [[Fasciculus:Gottschalk von Diepholz.jpg|center|80px|Sepultura Episcopi Onasbrugensis Gottschalk.]]
|-
| 1119–1137 || [[Detmardus]] ||1119–1125: Conradus (antiepiscopus)||
|-
| a 1137 ad [[28 Iunii]] [[1141]] || [[Udo (Osnabrugensis)|Udo]] ||||
|-
| a 1141 ad [[15 Iunii]] [[1173]] || [[Philippus a Katzenelnbogen]] ||1141: Veselus (antiepiscopus) ||
|-
| 1173–1190 || [[Arnoldus (Osnabrugensis)]] ||||
|-
| 1190–1216 || [[Gerardus I ab Oldenburg-Wildeshausen]] ||||
|-
| 1216–1224 || [[Adolphus Osnabrugensis]] ||||
|-
| 1224–1226 || [[Engelbertus I ab Isenberg]] ||Cum titulo principe-episcopo (1225-1803)||
|-
| 1226–1227 || Otto I ||||
|-
| 1227–1239 || [[Conradus I a Velber]] ||||
|-
| 1239–1250 || [[Engelbertus I ab Isenberg]] ||Rehabilitatus post supensionem||
|-
| 1251–1258 || [[Bruno ab Isenberg]] ||||
|-
| 1259–1264 || Balduinus (Rusle) ||||
|-
| 1265–1269 || Vidufilius a Waldeck ||||
|-
| 1270–1297 || [[Conradus II a Rietberg]] ||||
|-
| 1297–1308 || [[Ludovicus a Ravensberg (episcopus)|Ludovicus a Ravensberg]] ||||
|-
| 1309–1320 || Engelbertus II a Weyhe ||||
|-
| 1321–1349 || [[Gaudfridus ab Arnsberg]] ||||
|-
| 1350–1366 || [[Iohannes II Hoet]] ||||
|-
| 1366–1376 || [[Melchior a Braunschweig-Grubenhagen]] ||||
|-
| 1376–1402 || [[Theodoricus a Horne]] |||| [[Fasciculus:Dietrich von horne.jpg|center|80px|Episcopus Theodoricus a Horne]]
|-
| 1402–1410 || [[Henricus III a Schauenburg-Holstein]] ||||
|-
| 1410–1424 || [[Otto II a Hoya]] ||||
|-
| 1424–1437 || [[Iohannes III a Diepholz]] ||||
|-
| 1437–1442 || [[Ericus II a Hoya]] ut [[Ericus I Osnabrugensis|Ericus I]] (''administrator'') ||||
|-
| 1442–1450 || [[Henricus II a Moers]] (''administrator'') ||||
|-
| 1450–1454 || [[Albertus a Hoya]] (''administrator'') ||||
|-
| 1454–1455 || [[Rudolphus a Diepholz]] ||||
|-
| 1455–1482 || [[Conradus III a Diepholz]] |||| [[Fasciculus:Konrad III. von Diepholz.jpg|center|200px|Sculptura sepulcralis Conradi III Episcopi Osnabrugensis.]]
|-
| 1482–1508 || [[Konrad VI. (Rietberg)|Konrad IV. von Rietberg]] ||||
|-
| 1508–1532 || [[Erich von Braunschweig-Grubenhagen]] |||| [[Datei:Braunschweig, Erich von-2.jpg|zentriert|80px|Erich von Braunschweig-Grubenhagen]]
|-
| 1532–1553 || [[Franz von Waldeck]] ||||[[Datei:Franz Graf von Waldeck.jpeg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1553–1574 || [[Johann IV. von Hoya|Johann IV.]], als Johann III. [[Bischof von Münster]] und als Johann II. [[Bistum Paderborn|Administrator von Paderborn]] |||| [[Datei:Johannes von Hoya.jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1574–1585 || [[Heinrich von Sachsen-Lauenburg]], auch Heinrich III. von [[Erzbistum Bremen|Bremen]] |||| [[Datei:FBPB 17 Heinrich IV. von Sachsen-Lauenburg (1577–1585).jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1585 || [[Wilhelm von Schencking]] ||||
|-
| 1585–1591 || [[Bernhard von Waldeck]] ||||
|-
| 1591–1623 || [[Philipp Sigismund von Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel]] |||| [[Datei:PhilippSigismundBraunschweig.JPG|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1623–1625
| [[Eitel Friedrich von Hohenzollern (1582–1625)|Eitel Friedrich von Hohenzollern]] ||||[[Datei:Eitel Fridrich Grav zu Zollern.tif|zentriert|132x132px]]
|-
 | 1625–1661 || [[Franz Wilhelm von Wartenberg]] |||| [[Datei:Kardinal Franz Wilhelm von Wartenberg.jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; class=&quot;hintergrundfarbe5&quot;|'''Nach dem Tode von [[Fürstbischof]] Franz Wilhelm galt die „immerwährende Kapitulation“, nach der abwechselnd ein katholischer und ein lutherischer Bischof aus dem [[Herzogtum Braunschweig-Lüneburg|Hause Braunschweig-Lüneburg]] gewählt werden sollte.'''
|-
| 1662–1698 || [[Ernst August (Hannover)|Ernst August I., Herzog zu Braunschweig und Lüneburg]] (lutherischer Fürstbischof) |||| [[Datei:ErnstAugustKurfürst.JPG|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1698–1715 || [[Karl Joseph von Lothringen]] (katholischer Fürstbischof) |||| [[Datei:Karel III. Lotrinský.jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1716–1728 || [[Ernst August II. von Hannover|Ernst August II., Herzog zu Braunschweig und Lüneburg]] (lutherischer Fürstbischof) |||| [[Datei:1674 Ernst August.jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1728–1761 || [[Clemens August I. von Bayern]] (katholischer Fürstbischof) |||| [[Datei:1700 Clemens-August.JPG|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1764–1802 || [[Friedrich August, Herzog von York und Albany|Friedrich, Herzog zu Braunschweig und Lüneburg, Prinz von Großbritannien]] (lutherischer und letzter Fürstbischof) |||| [[Datei:Frederick, Duke of York in Garter Robes.jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1803–1827 || [[Karl Klemens von Gruben|Karl von Gruben]] (leitender Weihbischof) |||| [[Datei:Karl Klemens von Gruben (1764-1827).jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1830–1855 || [[Carl Anton Lüpke]] (leitender Weihbischof) ||||[[Datei:Carl Anton Lüpke (1775-1855).jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; class=&quot;hintergrundfarbe5&quot;|'''Mit Hildesheim vereinigt 1855–1857 unter [[Eduard Jakob Wedekin]]'''
|-
| 1857–1866
| [[Paulus Melchers]] (später [[Erzbistum Köln|Erzbischof von Köln]] und [[Kardinal]]) |||| [[Datei:Paul Melchers (1).jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1866–1878 || [[Johann Heinrich Beckmann]] |||| [[Datei:Johannes Heinrich Beckmann Detail.jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; class=&quot;hintergrundfarbe5&quot;|'''[[Sedisvakanz]] 1878–1882'''
|-
| 1882–1898 || [[Bernhard Höting]] |||| [[Datei:Bernhard Höting (1821-1898).jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1899–1914 || [[Hubertus Voß]] |||| [[Datei:Hubertus Voß (1841-1914).jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1914–1955 || [[Gulielmus Berning]] |||| [[Fasciculus:Hermann Wilhelm Berning.jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 27. März 1957 || [[Franziskus Demann]] |||| [[File:Porträt Totenzettel Demann.jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1957–1987 || [[Helmut Hermann Wittler]] |||| [[Datei:Wittler.jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1987–1995 || [[Ludwig Averkamp]] (später [[Erzbistum Hamburg|Erzbischof von Hamburg]])||||
|-
| 1995–2023 || [[Franciscus Iosephus Bode]] |||| [[Fasciculus:Franz-Josef Bode.jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| seit 2024 || [[Dominicus Meier]] [[Benediktiner|OSB]] || || [[Datei:Abt-Dominicus-Meier.JPG|zentriert|80px]]
|-
|}
{{Archiepiscopi Friburgenses}} !!
[[:Categoria:Indices episcoporum|Osnabrugensis]]
[[:Categoria:Episcopi Osnabrugenses| ]]
[[:Categoria:Dioecesis Osnabrugensis]]
&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Attributio|de|Liste der Bischöfe von Osnabrück|247761516}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

= [[Raymondus Aron]] =
{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}
{{Res|Raymondus Aron}}, {{barbarice|lingua=fr|Raymond Aron}} ([[Lutetia]]e [[14 Martii]] [[1905]] natus; eadem civitate [[17 Octobris]] [[1983]] mortuus) fuit [[philosophus]], [[sociologus]], [[politologus]], [[historicus]] et [[diurnarius]] [[Francia|Francicus]].

== Biographia ==
Initio amicus et condiscipulus [[Ioannes Paulus Sartre|Ioannis Pauli Sartre]] et [[Paulus Nizan|Pauli Nizan]] in [[Schola normalis superior (Lutetia)|Schola Normali Superiore]], ardens [[liberalismus|liberalismi]] fautor, contra ambitum intellectualem [[Pacifismus|pacifisticum]] qui dominabatur, factus est. In opere suo celeberrimo, ''L'Opium des intellectuels'', caecitatem et complicitatem intellectualium erga regimina communistarum denuntiavit.

Triginta annos, Aron scriptor editorialis pro diurno ''[[Le Figaro]]'' fuit. Postremis annis apud ''[[L'Express]]'' laboravit. Anno [[1978]], periodicum intellectuale ''[[Commentaire]]'' condidit, ut principia, quae democratiam liberalem sive societatem liberalem regere debent, defenderet et illustraret. Hoc conatum, alia perspectiva et alio titulo continuans, ad periodicum ''[[Contrepoint]]'' contulit, a tribus studentibus [[Institutum Scientiarum Politicarum Parisiense|Sciences Po]] mense Maio 1970 conditum.

Il enseigne pendant trente ans, notamment à l'[[Institut d'études politiques de Paris]] et à l'[[École des hautes études en sciences sociales]] et devient titulaire de la chaire de « Sociologie de la civilisation moderne » au [[Collège de France]] en 1970. Il est un commentateur reconnu de [[Karl Marx|Marx]], [[Carl von Clausewitz|Clausewitz]], [[Alexandre Kojève|Kojève]] et [[Jean-Paul Sartre|Sartre]].

Grâce à des compétences et des centres d'intérêt multiples (en [[économie (discipline)|économie]], [[sociologie]], [[philosophie]], [[relations internationales]], [[géopolitique]]), il se distingue et acquiert une grande réputation auprès des intellectuels. Ses convictions [[libéralisme|libérales]] et [[atlantisme|atlantistes]] lui attirent de nombreuses critiques venant des partisans de la gauche et de la droite. Il garde néanmoins tout au long de sa vie un ton modéré&lt;ref&gt;{{Article |langue=fr |auteur=Perrine Simon |titre=Raymond Aron dans l'histoire du siècle |périodique=[[Vingtième Siècle : Revue d'histoire]] |volume=9 |date=1986 |lire en ligne=https://www.persee.fr/doc/xxs_0294-1759_1986_num_9_1_1460 |pages=124-126 }}.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Il est élu en 1963 à l'[[Académie des sciences morales et politiques]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web |langue=fr |titre=M. Raymond Aron est élu l'Académie des sciences morales et politiques |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1963/11/27/m-raymond-aron-est-elu-membre-de-l-academie-des-sciences-morales-et-politiques_2220400_1819218.html |site=lemonde.fr |date=27 novembre 1963 }}.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Le {{date|17 octobre 1983}}, il meurt d'une [[Infarctus du myocarde|crise cardiaque]] à l'âge de 78 ans, alors qu'il quitte le [[palais de justice de Paris]], situé dans le [[4e arrondissement de Paris|{{4e}} arrondissement]], après avoir témoigné en faveur de [[Bertrand de Jouvenel]] lors du procès qui oppose ce dernier à [[Zeev Sternhell]]&lt;ref&gt;{{lien web|périodique=émission de [[Canal Académie]] |url=http://www.canalacademie.com/ida3922-Un-intellectuel-atypique-Bertrand-de-Jouvenel.html|titre=Un intellectuel atypique : Bertrand de Jouvenel|date=}}, fiche de présentation.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Il est inhumé dans le caveau familial du [[cimetière du Montparnasse]] (division 24)&lt;ref&gt;{{lien web|périodique= |url=https://www.landrucimetieres.fr/spip/spip.php?article722|titre=Cimetières de France et d'ailleurs|date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Opera ==
[[Image:Book signed by Raymond Aron and offered to Maurice Halbwachs.JPG|thumb|right|Envoi de R. Aron à [[Maurice Halbwachs]] sur ''La Sociologie allemande contemporaine'', Paris, Alcan, 1935. &lt;br&gt;Ouvrage conservé à la [[Bibliothèque Saint-Germain-des-Prés|Bibliothèque de sciences humaines et sociales Paris Descartes-CNRS]].]]
Les œuvres complètes de Raymond Aron ont été établies par Perrine Simon et Élisabeth Dutartre aux éditions Julliard avec la Société des amis de Raymond Aron en 1989.
* ''[[La Sociologie allemande contemporaine]]'', Paris, [[Alcan]], 1935
* ''[[Introduction à la philosophie de l'histoire|Introduction à la philosophie de l'histoire. Essai sur les limites de l'objectivité historique]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1938
* ''[[Essai sur la théorie de l'histoire dans l'Allemagne contemporaine|Essai sur la théorie de l'histoire dans l'Allemagne contemporaine. La philosophie critique de l'histoire]]'', Paris, [[Librairie philosophique Vrin|Vrin]], 1938
* ''[[L'Homme contre les tyrans]]'', New York, La Maison française, 1944
* ''[[De l'armistice à l'insurrection nationale]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1945
* ''[[L'Âge des empires et l'Avenir de la France]]'', Paris, [[Défense de la France]], 1945
* ''Chroniques de guerre. « La France Libre », 1940-1945'', [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1945&lt;br&gt; Rassemble les trois livres précédents. Nouvelle édition avec introduction de [[Jean-Marie Soutou]] et appareil critique de Christian Bachelier, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1990.
* ''Les Français devant la Constitution'' (en collaboration avec Francis Cleirens), Paris, [[Défense de la France]], 1946
* ''[[Le Grand Schisme]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1948
* ''[[Les Guerres en chaîne]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1951
* ''[[La Coexistence pacifique|La Coexistence pacifique. Essai d'analyse]]'', Paris, Monde nouveau, 1953&lt;br&gt;Sous le pseudonyme de « François Houtisse », signalé par [[Boris Souvarine]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|url=http://raymond-aron.ehess.fr/document.php?id=48|titre=Bulletin d’information – Archives Raymond Aron|éditeur=[[École des hautes études en sciences sociales]]|date=juin 1995|site=raymond-aron.ehess.fr|consulté le=3 décembre 2013}}.&lt;/ref&gt;.
* ''[[L'Opium des intellectuels]]'', Paris, [[Calmann-Lévy]], 1955
* ''[[Polémiques]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1955
* ''[[La Tragédie algérienne]]'', Paris, [[Plon]], 1957
* ''[[Espoir et peur du siècle|Espoir et peur du siècle. Essais non partisans]]'', Paris, [[Calmann-Lévy]], 1957
* ''[[L'Algérie et la République]]'', Paris, [[Plon]], 1958
* ''[[La Société industrielle et la guerre suivi d'un Tableau de la diplomatie mondiale en 1958|La Société industrielle et la Guerre]]'' suivi d'un ''[[Tableau de la diplomatie mondiale en 1958]]'', Paris, [[Plon]], 1959
* ''[[Immuable et changeante|Immuable et changeante. De la IVe à la Ve République]]'', Paris, [[Calmann-Lévy]], 1959
* ''[[Dimensions de la conscience historique]]'', Paris, [[Plon]], 1961
* ''[[Paix et guerre entre les nations]]'', Paris, [[Calmann-Lévy]], 1962
* ''[[Le Grand Débat (Raymond Aron)|Le Grand Débat. Initiation à la stratégie atomique]]'', Paris, [[Calmann-Lévy]], 1963
* ''[[Dix-huit leçons sur la société industrielle]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1963
* ''[[La Lutte des classes (Aron)|La Lutte des classes]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1964
* ''[[Essai sur les libertés]]'', Paris, [[Calmann-Lévy]], 1965
* ''[[Démocratie et Totalitarisme]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1965
* ''[[Trois essais sur l'âge industriel]]'', Paris, [[Plon]], 1966
* ''[[Les Étapes de la pensée sociologique]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1967
* ''[[De Gaulle, Israël et les Juifs]]'', Paris, [[Plon]], 1968
* ''[[La Révolution introuvable|La Révolution introuvable. Réflexions sur les événements de mai]]'', Paris, [[Librairie Arthème Fayard|Fayard]], 1968
* ''[[Les Désillusions du progrès]]'', Paris, [[Calmann-Lévy]], 1969
* ''[[D'une sainte famille à l'autre|D'une sainte famille à l'autre. Essai sur le marxisme imaginaire]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1969
* ''[[De la condition historique du sociologue]]'', Paris, Gallimard, 1971
* ''[[Études politiques]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1972
* ''[[République impériale|République impériale. Les États-Unis dans le monde (1945–1972)]]'', Paris, [[Calmann-Lévy]], 1973
* ''[[Histoire et dialectique de la violence]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1973&lt;br&gt;Ce livre, qui est un commentaire de la ''Critique de la raison dialectique'' de [[Jean-Paul Sartre|Sartre]], fait l'objet d'une analyse par son ancien éditeur [[Pierre Verstraeten]], professeur à l'ULB : ''L'Anti-Aron'', [[Éditions de la Différence]], 2008).
* ''[[Penser la guerre, Clausewitz]]'', 2 vol., Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1976
* ''[[Plaidoyer pour l'Europe décadente]]'', Paris, [[Robert Laffont]], 1977
* ''[[Le Spectateur engagé]]'', entretiens avec [[Jean-Louis Missika]] et [[Dominique Wolton]], Paris, [[Éditions Julliard|Julliard]], 1981, 342 pages avec présentation finale de Jean-Louis Missika et Dominique Wolton. Bibliographie des principaux ouvrages, articles et pamphlets de Raymond Aron, p. 333-339. 
* ''[[Mémoires. 50 ans de réflexion politique]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Julliard]], 1983, 1082{{nb p.}}

===À titre posthume===
* ''[[Les Dernières Années du siècle]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Julliard|Julliard]], 1984
* ''Études sociologiques'', Paris, [[Presses universitaires de France|PUF]], 1988&lt;ref&gt;{{Article |langue=fr |auteur=Hervé Coutau-Bégarie |titre=Raymond Aron. Etudes sociologiques |périodique=Politique étrangère |volume=53 |numéro=4 |date=1988 |lire en ligne=https://www.persee.fr/doc/polit_0032-342x_1988_num_53_4_3826_t1_1016_0000_1 |pages=1016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Une histoire du {{s-|XX}}, anthologie'', Paris, Plon, 1996
* {{Ouvrage|langue=fr|auteur1=Raymond Aron|auteur2=[[Louis Séchan]]|titre=''Introduction à la philosophie de l'histoire''|lieu=Paris|éditeur=[[Éditions de Fallois]]|année=1997|pages totales=254|isbn=2-253-90536-4}}
* ''[[Le Marxisme de Marx]]'', Paris, [[Éditions de Fallois|Fallois]], 2002 {{ISBN|2-87706-423-9}} ; rééd. poche, 1082{{nb p.}}, Paris, 2004 {{ISBN|2-253-10800-6}}
* ''[[De Giscard à Mitterrand : 1977-1983]]'', éditoriaux parus dans ''[[L'Express]]'', préface de Jean-Claude Casanova, Paris, [[Éditions de Fallois|Fallois]], 2005, 895{{nb p.}} {{ISBN|2-87706-570-7}}
* ''Essais sur la condition juive contemporaine'', Paris, Tallandier, 2007.
* ''Liberté et égalité (cours au Collège de France)'', Paris, Éditions de l'École des hautes études en sciences sociales, 2013
* {{Ouvrage|langue=fr|titre=Aron et De Gaulle|prénom1=Jean-Claude|nom1=Casanova|lien auteur1=Jean-Claude Casanova|prénom2=Jean-Claude|nom2=Casanova|lieu=Paris|éditeur=Calmann Lévy|lien éditeur=Calmann-Levy|année=2022|pages totales=399|isbn=978-2-702-18360-1|isbn10=2-702-18360-3|oclc=1350349818|id=JC C 2022}}.
* ''Critique de la pensée sociologique : Cours au Collège de France (1970-1971 et 1971-1972)'', 2023, Éditions Odile Jacob, {{ISBN|978-2738157652}},
* ''Leçons sur l'histoire : Cours au Collège de France (1972-1973 et 1973-1974)'', 2023, Éditions De Fallois. 
* ''L'Europe selon Aron'', recueil de textes de Raymond Aron, textes choisis et préfaces par Joël Mouric, Paris, Calmann-Lévy, coll. Bibliothèque Raymond Aron, 400 p., 2024 {{ISBN|978-2702189603}}
* ''Aron, critique de Sartre : Textes rassemblés et commentés par [[Perrine Simon-Nahum]]'', Paris, Calmann-Lévy, coll. Bibliothèque Raymond Aron, 350 p., 2025 {{ISBN|978-2702191644}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Raymond Aron|Raymondum Aron}}
{{Fontes biographici}}

&lt;!--{{Lifetime|1905|1983|Aron, Raymondus}}--&gt;

[[:Categoria:Agnostici]]
[[:Categoria:Politologi]]
[[:Categoria:Sectatores Franciae liberae]]
[[:Categoria:Diurnarii Franciae]]
[[:Categoria:Professores apud Collegium Franciae]]
[[:Categoria:Scriptores Franciae]]
[[:Categoria:Socii Academiae Scientiarum Moralium et Politicarum]]
[[:Categoria:Socii Academiae Artium et Scientiarum Americanae]]
[[:Categoria:Professores Scholae Studiorum ad Scientias Sociales Superiorum (Lutetia)]]
[[:Categoria:Professores Instituti Scientiarum Politicarum Parisiensis]]
[[:Categoria:Philosophi]]
[[:Categoria:Alumni Lycei Condorcet]]
[[:Categoria:Alumni Scholae Normalis Superioris (Lutetia)]]
[[:Categoria:Sociologi]]

= [[Wendelinus (Sanctus)]] =
Wendelinus (Theodisce Wendelin) est sanctus [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Ecclesiae Catholicae Romanae]], die [[21 Octobris]] veneratus, qui in [[Religio Christiana|Christianisatione]] [[Rhenania et Palatinatus|Rhenaniae et Palatinatus]] et praesertim septentrionalis [[Saravia]]e participavit. Persona virtuosa, popularis et agricola, originis [[Scotia|Scoticae]] vel [[Hibernia|Hibernicae]], nobilis et divitis stirpis, nihilominus [[eremita]], [[peregrinus]], agricola, pastor, deinde [[monachus]] factus est, antequam munus abbatis [[Abbatia Theulegii|Abbatiae]] [[Theulegium|Theulegii]] occupavit. Sanctus Wendelinus patronus pastorum, segetum et pecorum, et postea omnium animalium domesticorum (vaccarum, gallinorum, canum, felium, etc.) est.

cf fr.wikipedia 

Secundum fabulam, Sanctus Vandalinus filius erat Frochardi et Evelinae regiorum coniugum Scotorum. Iuvenis, coronam et voluptates mundi repudiavit et Deo in paupertate et obscuritate servire constituit. Romam aliaque loca peregrinationis ut peregrinus visitavit, deinde aliquamdiu ut eremita in regione Westrich Episcopatus Trevirensis vixit, domino manerii serviens, primum ut subulcus, deinde ut pastor boum, et denique ut pastor ovium. Postea, abbas Monasterii Tholey electus et a Severino Episcopo Trevirensi anno 517 consecratus est. Anno 607 mortuus est et prope casam ubi antea ut eremita vixerat sepultus est. Oppidum Sancti Wendel ibi conditum est propter multas peregrinationes saeculi XIV. In calendariis, Sanctus Wendelinus diebus XX, XXI, vel XXII Octobris celebratur. Patronus pastorum et gregum veneratur. Vitae antiquissimae quas Bollandistis notae sunt ad saeculum XV pertinent. Utrum fundamentum historicum habeant vehementer dubium est.

== Fontes ==
Acta Sanctorum. Oct. T. IX, p. 342–351. – Stadler, Heiligen- Lex. V, 776. – (Stramberg,) Rhein. Antiquarius, 2. Abth., 2. Bd., S. 481 bis 491.

cf. ADB:Wendelinus der Heilige de.wikisource.org

&lt;!--{{lifetime|554|617|Wendelinus}}--&gt;
[[:Categoria:Sanctus catholicus]]</text>
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      <text bytes="34416" sha1="fetyuauzryommhcos3ehwj5sthacpju" xml:space="preserve">= Utilia =
== Ad civitates ==
&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidatorum}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

&lt;nowiki&gt;[[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;

&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Fontes geographici}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

== Ad homines ==
&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

&lt;nowiki&gt;* {{CathHierBishop|}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Archiepiscopi Friburgenses}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Fontes biographici}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

= [[Sanctus Iulianus]] =
&lt;nowiki&gt;{{discretiva}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

'''Sanctus Iulianus''' ad complures sanctos refertur, nomine '''Iulianus'''. Inde multi loci nomini horum sanctorum vocantur.

== Sancti ==
* [[Julien l'Hospitalier]], personnage légendaire, martyr en [[Égypte]], fêté le {{date+|8 janvier}} en Orient et le {{date+|29 janvier}} ou le {{date+|12 février}} en Occident&lt;ref&gt;[http://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/5680/Saint-Julien-l-Hospitalier.html Nominis] : Saint Julien l'Hospitalier.&lt;/ref&gt;.
* [[Julien de Sora]] († entre [[138]] et [[161]]), martyr à [[Sora (Italie)|Sora]] (aujourd'hui en [[Italie]]) sous [[Antonin le Pieux|Antonin]] ; fêté le {{date+|27 janvier}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/5416/Saint-Julien-de-Sora.html Nominis] : Saint Julien de Sora.&lt;/ref&gt;.
* ''Julien'' († [[250]]), et Eunus son serviteur, martyrs en [[Égypte]] ; fêtés localement le {{date+|27 février}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/713/Saints-Julien-et-Eunus.html Nominis] : Saints Julien et Eunus.&lt;/ref&gt;.
* [[Julien de Carthage]] († [[259]]), avec Lucius, [[Montanus de Carthage|Montanus]], Victoric, Flavien, Victor, Primole, Renus et Donatien, martyrs à [[Carthage]] sous l’empereur [[Valérien]] ; fêtés le {{date+|23 mai}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/1208/Saints-Lucius--Montanus.html Nominis] : Saints Lucius, Montanus et leurs compagnons.&lt;/ref&gt; en Occident et le {{date+|24 février}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.forum-orthodoxe.com/~forum/viewtopic.php?f=5&amp;t=467&amp;p=2172&amp;hilit=+LUCIEN+MONTAN#p2172 Forum orthodoxe.com] : saints pour le 24 février du calendrier ecclésiastique.&lt;/ref&gt; en Orient.
* [[Julien de Terracine]] († [[268]] ou [[269]]), prêtre, et [[Césaire de Terracina|Césaire]], diacre, martyrs décapités à [[Terracine]] en [[Campanie]] sous [[Claude II le Gothique]] ; fêtés le {{date+|7 octobre}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/8465/Saints-Julien-et-Cesaire.html Nominis] : Saints Julien et Césaire.&lt;/ref&gt;.
* [[Julien d'Émèse]] († {{circa}} [[284]]), [[guérisseur]] né à [[Émèse]] ([[Homs]]), en [[Syrie]], martyr ; fêté le {{date+|6 février}}.
* [[Julien de Brioude]] ({{IIIe siècle}}), martyr en [[Auvergne]], fêté le {{date+|28 août}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/1753/Saint-Julien-de-Brioude.html Nominis] : Saint Julien de Brioude.&lt;/ref&gt;.
* [[Julien du Mans]] ({{IVe siècle}}), évêque du [[Le Mans|Mans]] ; fêté le {{date+|27 janvier}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/516/Saint-Julien-du-Mans.html Nominis] : Saint Julien du Mans.&lt;/ref&gt;.
* [[Julien de Galatie]] († entre [[303]] et [[305]] ou en [[320]] ?), peut-être prêtre, avec ses quarante compagnons, martyrs en [[Galatie]] sous [[Dioclétien]] ou sous [[Licinius]] ; fêtés le {{date+|13 septembre}} en Occident&lt;ref&gt;[http://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/10401/Saint-Julien-de-Galatie.html Nominis] : Saint Julien de Galatie.&lt;/ref&gt; et le {{date+|12 septembre}} en Orient&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.forum-orthodoxe.com/~forum/viewtopic.php?f=5&amp;t=921&amp;p=4521&amp;hilit=JULIEN+DE+GALATIE#p4521 Forum orthodoxe.com] : saints pour le 12 septembre du calendrier ecclésiastique.&lt;/ref&gt;.
* [[Julien de Tarse]] († entre [[305]] et [[311]]) ou ''Julien d'Antioche'', martyrisé pendant les persécutions de [[Galère (empereur romain)|Galère]], fêté le {{date+|21 juin}} en Orient et le {{date+|16 mars}} dans l'Église latine.
* [[Julien Sabas]] († [[377]]), ermite dans l'[[Osrohène]] en [[Mésopotamie]] (aujourd'hui en [[Irak]] et [[Turquie]]) ; fêté le {{date+|18 octobre}} en Orient&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.forum-orthodoxe.com/~forum/viewtopic.php?f=5&amp;t=975&amp;p=4923&amp;hilit=JULIEN+SABAS#p4923 Forum orthodoxe.com] : saints pour le 18 octobre du calendrier ecclésiastique.&lt;/ref&gt; et le {{date+|17 janvier}} en Occident&lt;ref&gt;[http://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/5222/Saint-Julien-Sabas.html Nominis] : Saint Julien Sabas.&lt;/ref&gt;.
* [[Julien d'Orta]] († [[391]]), [[Diacre (christianisme)|diacre]], frère de [[Jules d'Orta|Jules]] le prêtre, fêté le {{date+|31 janvier}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/5494/Saint-Jules.html Nominis] : Saints Jules et Saint Julien.&lt;/ref&gt;.
* [[Julien de Vienne]] († après [[533]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Léon Cristiani]], [http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/rhef_0300-9505_1945_num_31_118_2986 ''Liste chronologique des saints de France, des origines à l'avènement des carolingiens (essai critique)''], Revue d'histoire de l'Église de France, 1945, {{vol}}31, {{n°}}118, pp. 5-96, {{p.}}42&lt;/ref&gt;), [[Liste des évêques et archevêques de Vienne (France)|évêque de Vienne]], assista au {{IIe}} [[concile d'Orléans]], fêté le {{date+|22 avril}}&lt;ref&gt;[[Jacques Longueval]], [https://books.google.fr/books?id=QyEIS6SsmHsC&amp;vq=aspais&amp;dq=PA392&amp;hl=fr&amp;pg=PA392#v= ''Histoire de l’Église gallicane''], {{vol}}2, 1732, {{p.}}392&lt;/ref&gt;.
* [[Julien de Constantinople]] († entre [[726]] et [[730]]), avec ses neuf compagnons&lt;ref&gt;Les neuf compagnons martyrs de [[Julien de Constantinople]] († entre [[726]] et [[730]]) sont : Marcien, Jean, Jacques, Alexis, Démètre, Photios, Pierre et léonce, moines, et [[Marie la Patricienne]].&lt;/ref&gt; martyrs sous [[Léon III l'Isaurien]] durant la persécution [[Iconoclasme|iconoclaste]] ; célébrés le {{date+|9 août}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/7834/Saints-Julien-et-ses-compagnons.html nominis.cef.fr] Nominis : Saints Julien et ses compagnons.&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.forum-orthodoxe.com/~forum/viewtopic.php?t=143 www.forum-orthodoxe.com] Forum orthodoxe francophone : Saints pour le 9 août du calendrier ecclésiastique.&lt;/ref&gt;.
*[[Pierre-Julien Eymard|Saint Julien Eymard]] (1811-1868) : Prêtre [[Isère (département)|isérois]], fondateur de la [[Congrégation du Très-Saint-Sacrement|congrégation du Saint-Sacrement]]. Canonisé en 1963, il est fêté le {{date|2 août}}.
* [[Julien Maunoir]] ({{XVIIe siècle}}), prêtre breton, fêté le {{date+|28 janvier}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/521/Saint-Julien-Maunoir.html Nominis] : Saint Julien Maunoir.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Nomina locorum ==

=== France ===
* [[Sanctus Iulianus (Corsica)|Sanctus Iulianus]] (Corsica)
* [[Sanctus Iulianus de Concellis]] (Liger Atlanticus)
* [[Sanctus Iulianus de Voantis]] (Liger Atlanticus)

* [[Fanum Sancti Iuliani (Rhodanus et Alpes)|Fanum Sancti Iuliani]] (Sabaudia Superior)
* [[Fanum Sancti Iuliani-Mons Dionisius]] (Sabaudia)

=== Italie ===
* [[Sanctus Iulianus (Molisium)|Sanctus Iulianus]], commune provinciae Campobassensis;
* [[Fanum Sancti Iuliani (Urbs metropolitana Mediolanensis)|Fanum Sancti Iuliani]], Urbs in [[Urbs metropolitana Mediolanensis|Urbe metropolitana Mediolanensis]];
* [[Fanum Sancti Iuliani Samniticum]], commune [[Provincia Campobassensis|provinciae Campobassensis]]; 
* [[Aquae Pisanae|Fanum Sancti Iuliani ad Aquas]], urbs [[Provincia Pisana|Provinciae Pisanae]];

== Notae et Fontes ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[:Categoria:Sancti|Iulianus]]

= [[Dioecesis Cenomanensis]] =
{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidatorum}} 
{{res|Dioecesis Cenomanensis}} ([[Francogallice]] {{barbarice|lingua=fr|Diocèse du Mans}})  est [[dioecesis]] [[Ecclesia Latina|Ecclesiae Latinae]] [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Ecclesiae Catholicae Romanae]] in [[Francia]] sita, cuius sedes [[Cenomanum|Cenomani]] est. Dioecesis Cenomanensis [[saeculum 5|saeculo V]] erecta est. Post Revolutionem Gallicam, dioecesis territoria praefectorarum [[Sartha (praefectura Franciae)|Sarthae]] et [[Meduana (praefectura Franciae)|Meduanae]] complectebatur.
Ab anno 836, dioecesis cum [[Archidioecesis Paderbornensis|archidioecesi Paderbornensi]] in Germania geminata est.&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=https://www.sarthecatholique.fr/des-origines-au-ixeme-siecle/|titulus=Des origines au IXeme siècle|domus editoria=sarthecatholique.fr}} {{ling|Francogallice}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Die [[30 Iunii]] [[1855]] [[dioecesis Valleguidonensis]] creata est, ea a dioecesi Cenomanensis separando, hac ad territorium praefecturae Sarthae reducendo. 

Antehac [[Archidioecesis Turonensis]] suffraganea, anno [[2002]], dioecesis [[Archidioecesis Rhedonensis]] suffraganea facta est.

== Ecclesia cathedralis ==
[[Fasciculus:Cath saint julien.JPG|thumb|upright=0.7|Ecclesia cathedralis [[Sanctus Iulianus|Sancto Iuliano]] dicata.]]
[[Ecclesia cathedralis]] Sancto Iuliano dicata, [[Cenomanum|Cenomani]] sita, sedes archidioeceseos est.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
* {{Opus|url=https://www.sarthecatholique.fr/|titulus=Situs officialis}} {{ling|Francogallice}}
{{CommuniaCat|Roman Catholic Diocese of Le Mans|Dioecesem Cenomanensem}}
{{Fontes geographici}}
* {{CathHierDiocese|lema|Dioecesis Cenomanensis}}

&lt;!--{{RC-stipula}}--&gt;
{{Dioeceses archidioeceses catholicae Franciae}}
[[:Categoria:Dioecesis Cenomanensis]]

= Ad formulam =
{{Dioeceses archidioeceses catholicae Poloniae}}
{{Capsa navigationis
| titulus = [[dioecesis|Dioeceses]] et ''archidioeceses'' [[ecclesia Catholica Romana|catholicae]] [[Polonia]]e
| formula = Dioeceses archidioeceses catholicae Poloniae
| Imago = [[Fasciculus:CatholicDiocesesPoland2004.svg|100px|Dioeceses Poloniae]]
| corpus = ''[[Archidioecesis Bialostocensis|Bialostocensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Bielscensis-Zyviecensis|Bielscensis-Zyviecensis]] . [[Dioecesis Bydgostiensis|Bydgostiensis]] . [[Dioecesis Calissiensis|Calissiensis]] . [[Dioecesis Coslinensis-Colubregana|Coslinensis-Colubregana]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Cracoviensis|Cracoviensis]]'' . ''[[Archidioecesis Czestochoviensis|Czestochoviensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Drohiczinensis|Drohiczinensis]] . [[Dioecesis Elbingensis|Elbingensis]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Gedanensis|Gedanensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Glivicensis|Glivicensis]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Gnesnensis|Gnesnensis]]'' . ''[[Archidioecesis Katovicensis|Katovicensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Kielcensis|Kielcensis]] . [[Dioecesis Legnicensis|Legnicensis]] . [[Dioecesis Liccanensis]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Lodziensis|Lodziensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Lomzensis|Lomzensis]] . [[Dioecesis Lovicensis|Lovicensis]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Lublinensis|Lublinensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Opoliensis|Opoliensis]] . [[Dioecesis Pelplinensis|Pelplinensis]] . [[Dioecesis Plocensis|Plocensis]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Posnaniensis|Posnaniensis]]'' . ''[[Archidioecesis Premisliensis Latinorum|Premisliensis Latinorum]]'' . [[Dioecesis Radomensis|Radomensis]] . [[Dioecesis Rzeszoviensis|Rzeszoviensis]] . [[Dioecesis Sandomiriensis|Sandomiriensis]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Sedinensis-Caminensis|Sedinensis-Caminensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Siedlecensis|Siedlecensis]] . [[Dioecesis Sosnoviensis|Sosnoviensis]] . [[Dioecesis Suidniciensis|Suidniciensis]] . [[Dioecesis Tarnoviensis|Tarnoviensis]] . [[Dioecesis Thoruniensis|Thoruniensis]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Varmiensis|Varmiensis]]'' . ''[[Archidioecesis Varsaviensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Varsaviensis-Pragensis]] . [[Dioecesis Viridimontanensis-Gorzoviensis|Viridimontanensis-Gorzoviensis]] . [[Dioecesis Vladislaviensis|Vladislaviensis]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Vratislaviensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Zamosciensis-Lubaczoviensis|Zamosciensis-Lubaczoviensis]] . [[Ordinariatus Militaris Poloniae]]
}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;
== Vide etiam ==
* [[Dioeceses Ecclesiae Catholicae]]

&lt;!--[[Categoria:Formulae Poloniam spectantes]]
[[Categoria:Dioeceses Ecclesiae Catholicae in Polonia|!]]
[[Categoria:Formulae navigationis hierarchiae Catholicae]]--&gt;
&lt;/noinclude&gt;

= [[Index episcoporum Onasbrugensium]] =
Episcopi [[Dioecesis Osnabrugensis]], a [[saeculum 11|saeculo XI]] usque ad annum [[1802]] ut Comites-Episcopi et etiam rectores Principatus Osnabrugensis.

{| class=&quot;wikitable toptextcells&quot;
|-
! style=&quot;width:20%&quot;|Tempus episcopatus
! style=&quot;width:35%&quot;|Nomen
! style=&quot;width:25%&quot;|Adnotationes
! style=&quot;width:20%&quot;|Imago
|-
| a 783 ad [[20 Aprilis]] 804/805
| [[Wiho I]] (sive: Wicho I) ||antea praefectus nuper conditi districtus missionalis Osnabrugensis||
|-
| a 805 ad [[12 Aprilis]] [[829]] || [[Meginhardus]] ||||
|-
| 829–845 || [[Gosvinus]] ||||
|-
| a 847 ad [[11 Aprilis]] [[860]] || [[Gauzbertus]] ||||
|-
| a 860 ad [[1 Februarii]] [[887]] || [[Egbertus]]||||
|-
| a 887 ad [[11 Maii]] [[906]] || [[Egilmarus]] ||||
|-
| 906–918 || Bernardus I ||||
|-
| a 918 ad [[14 Maii]] [[949]] || [[Dodo I]] ||||
|-
| a 949 ad [[7 Novembris]] [[967]] || [[Drogo]] ||||
|-
| a 967 ad [[31 Martii]] [[978]] || [[Ludolphus]] ||||
|-
| a 978 ad [[12 Aprilis]] [[996]] || Dodo II ||978-980: Cuno [[antiepiscopus]]||
|-
| a 996 ad [[27 Novembris]] [[998]] || Gonthierus ||||
|-
| a 998 ad [[17 Februarii]] [[1003]] || Vodilulphus ||||
|-
| a 1003 ad [[18 Iunii]] [[1022]] || [[Dietmarus]] ||||
|-
| a 1023 ad [[10 Decembris]] [[1027]] || Meginherus ||||
|-
| a [[1028]] ad 10 Decembris [[1036]] || Gosmarus ||||
|-
| a 1036 ad [[19 Aprilis]] [[1052]] || Albericus ||||
|-
| a 1052 ad 19 aut [[20 Septembris]] [[1068]] || Benno I ||||
|-
| a 1068 ad [[27 Iulii]] [[1088]] || [[Benno II]] |||| [[Fasciculus:BadIburgBennoII.JPG|center|80px|Benno II epsicopus, scultpura a Hans Gerd Ruwe in [[Bad Iburg]]]]
|-
| 1088–1093 || [[Marquardus]] ||||
|-
| a 1093 ad [[21 Aprilis]] [[1101]] || [[Wiho II]] sive Guido ||||
|-
| a 1101 ad [[13 Iulii]] [[1109]] || [[Iohannes I (Osanbrugensis)|Iohannes I]] ||||
|-
| a 1109 ad [[1 Ianuarii]] [[1119]] || [[Gottschalk von Diepholz]] |||| [[Fasciculus:Gottschalk von Diepholz.jpg|center|80px|Sepultura Episcopi Onasbrugensis Gottschalk.]]
|-
| 1119–1137 || [[Detmardus]] ||1119–1125: Conradus (antiepiscopus)||
|-
| a 1137 ad [[28 Iunii]] [[1141]] || [[Udo (Osnabrugensis)|Udo]] ||||
|-
| a 1141 ad [[15 Iunii]] [[1173]] || [[Philippus a Katzenelnbogen]] ||1141: Veselus (antiepiscopus) ||
|-
| 1173–1190 || [[Arnoldus (Osnabrugensis)]] ||||
|-
| 1190–1216 || [[Gerardus I ab Oldenburg-Wildeshausen]] ||||
|-
| 1216–1224 || [[Adolphus Osnabrugensis]] ||||
|-
| 1224–1226 || [[Engelbertus I ab Isenberg]] ||Cum titulo principe-episcopo (1225-1803)||
|-
| 1226–1227 || Otto I ||||
|-
| 1227–1239 || [[Conradus I a Velber]] ||||
|-
| 1239–1250 || [[Engelbertus I ab Isenberg]] ||Rehabilitatus post supensionem||
|-
| 1251–1258 || [[Bruno ab Isenberg]] ||||
|-
| 1259–1264 || Balduinus (Rusle) ||||
|-
| 1265–1269 || Vidufilius a Waldeck ||||
|-
| 1270–1297 || [[Conradus II a Rietberg]] ||||
|-
| 1297–1308 || [[Ludovicus a Ravensberg (episcopus)|Ludovicus a Ravensberg]] ||||
|-
| 1309–1320 || Engelbertus II a Weyhe ||||
|-
| 1321–1349 || [[Gaudfridus ab Arnsberg]] ||||
|-
| 1350–1366 || [[Iohannes II Hoet]] ||||
|-
| 1366–1376 || [[Melchior a Braunschweig-Grubenhagen]] ||||
|-
| 1376–1402 || [[Theodoricus a Horne]] |||| [[Fasciculus:Dietrich von horne.jpg|center|80px|Episcopus Theodoricus a Horne]]
|-
| 1402–1410 || [[Henricus III a Schauenburg-Holstein]] ||||
|-
| 1410–1424 || [[Otto II a Hoya]] ||||
|-
| 1424–1437 || [[Iohannes III a Diepholz]] ||||
|-
| 1437–1442 || [[Ericus II a Hoya]] ut [[Ericus I Osnabrugensis|Ericus I]] (''administrator'') ||||
|-
| 1442–1450 || [[Henricus II a Moers]] (''administrator'') ||||
|-
| 1450–1454 || [[Albertus a Hoya]] (''administrator'') ||||
|-
| 1454–1455 || [[Rudolphus a Diepholz]] ||||
|-
| 1455–1482 || [[Conradus III a Diepholz]] |||| [[Fasciculus:Konrad III. von Diepholz.jpg|center|200px|Sculptura sepulcralis Conradi III Episcopi Osnabrugensis.]]
|-
| 1482–1508 || [[Konrad VI. (Rietberg)|Konrad IV. von Rietberg]] ||||
|-
| 1508–1532 || [[Erich von Braunschweig-Grubenhagen]] |||| [[Datei:Braunschweig, Erich von-2.jpg|zentriert|80px|Erich von Braunschweig-Grubenhagen]]
|-
| 1532–1553 || [[Franz von Waldeck]] ||||[[Datei:Franz Graf von Waldeck.jpeg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1553–1574 || [[Johann IV. von Hoya|Johann IV.]], als Johann III. [[Bischof von Münster]] und als Johann II. [[Bistum Paderborn|Administrator von Paderborn]] |||| [[Datei:Johannes von Hoya.jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1574–1585 || [[Heinrich von Sachsen-Lauenburg]], auch Heinrich III. von [[Erzbistum Bremen|Bremen]] |||| [[Datei:FBPB 17 Heinrich IV. von Sachsen-Lauenburg (1577–1585).jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1585 || [[Wilhelm von Schencking]] ||||
|-
| 1585–1591 || [[Bernhard von Waldeck]] ||||
|-
| 1591–1623 || [[Philipp Sigismund von Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel]] |||| [[Datei:PhilippSigismundBraunschweig.JPG|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1623–1625
| [[Eitel Friedrich von Hohenzollern (1582–1625)|Eitel Friedrich von Hohenzollern]] ||||[[Datei:Eitel Fridrich Grav zu Zollern.tif|zentriert|132x132px]]
|-
 | 1625–1661 || [[Franz Wilhelm von Wartenberg]] |||| [[Datei:Kardinal Franz Wilhelm von Wartenberg.jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; class=&quot;hintergrundfarbe5&quot;|'''Nach dem Tode von [[Fürstbischof]] Franz Wilhelm galt die „immerwährende Kapitulation“, nach der abwechselnd ein katholischer und ein lutherischer Bischof aus dem [[Herzogtum Braunschweig-Lüneburg|Hause Braunschweig-Lüneburg]] gewählt werden sollte.'''
|-
| 1662–1698 || [[Ernst August (Hannover)|Ernst August I., Herzog zu Braunschweig und Lüneburg]] (lutherischer Fürstbischof) |||| [[Datei:ErnstAugustKurfürst.JPG|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1698–1715 || [[Karl Joseph von Lothringen]] (katholischer Fürstbischof) |||| [[Datei:Karel III. Lotrinský.jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1716–1728 || [[Ernst August II. von Hannover|Ernst August II., Herzog zu Braunschweig und Lüneburg]] (lutherischer Fürstbischof) |||| [[Datei:1674 Ernst August.jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1728–1761 || [[Clemens August I. von Bayern]] (katholischer Fürstbischof) |||| [[Datei:1700 Clemens-August.JPG|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1764–1802 || [[Friedrich August, Herzog von York und Albany|Friedrich, Herzog zu Braunschweig und Lüneburg, Prinz von Großbritannien]] (lutherischer und letzter Fürstbischof) |||| [[Datei:Frederick, Duke of York in Garter Robes.jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1803–1827 || [[Karl Klemens von Gruben|Karl von Gruben]] (leitender Weihbischof) |||| [[Datei:Karl Klemens von Gruben (1764-1827).jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1830–1855 || [[Carl Anton Lüpke]] (leitender Weihbischof) ||||[[Datei:Carl Anton Lüpke (1775-1855).jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; class=&quot;hintergrundfarbe5&quot;|'''Mit Hildesheim vereinigt 1855–1857 unter [[Eduard Jakob Wedekin]]'''
|-
| 1857–1866
| [[Paulus Melchers]] (später [[Erzbistum Köln|Erzbischof von Köln]] und [[Kardinal]]) |||| [[Datei:Paul Melchers (1).jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1866–1878 || [[Johann Heinrich Beckmann]] |||| [[Datei:Johannes Heinrich Beckmann Detail.jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; class=&quot;hintergrundfarbe5&quot;|'''[[Sedisvakanz]] 1878–1882'''
|-
| 1882–1898 || [[Bernhard Höting]] |||| [[Datei:Bernhard Höting (1821-1898).jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1899–1914 || [[Hubertus Voß]] |||| [[Datei:Hubertus Voß (1841-1914).jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1914–1955 || [[Gulielmus Berning]] |||| [[Fasciculus:Hermann Wilhelm Berning.jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 27. März 1957 || [[Franziskus Demann]] |||| [[File:Porträt Totenzettel Demann.jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1957–1987 || [[Helmut Hermann Wittler]] |||| [[Datei:Wittler.jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1987–1995 || [[Ludwig Averkamp]] (später [[Erzbistum Hamburg|Erzbischof von Hamburg]])||||
|-
| 1995–2023 || [[Franciscus Iosephus Bode]] |||| [[Fasciculus:Franz-Josef Bode.jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| seit 2024 || [[Dominicus Meier]] [[Benediktiner|OSB]] || || [[Datei:Abt-Dominicus-Meier.JPG|zentriert|80px]]
|-
|}
{{Archiepiscopi Friburgenses}} !!
[[:Categoria:Indices episcoporum|Osnabrugensis]]
[[:Categoria:Episcopi Osnabrugenses| ]]
[[:Categoria:Dioecesis Osnabrugensis]]
&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Attributio|de|Liste der Bischöfe von Osnabrück|247761516}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

= [[Raymondus Aron]] =
{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}
{{Res|Raymondus Aron}}, {{barbarice|lingua=fr|Raymond Aron}} ([[Lutetia]]e [[14 Martii]] [[1905]] natus; eadem civitate [[17 Octobris]] [[1983]] mortuus) fuit [[philosophus]], [[sociologus]], [[politologus]], [[historicus]] et [[diurnarius]] [[Francia|Francicus]].

== Biographia ==
Initio amicus et condiscipulus [[Ioannes Paulus Sartre|Ioannis Pauli Sartre]] et [[Paulus Nizan|Pauli Nizan]] in [[Schola normalis superior (Lutetia)|Schola Normali Superiore]], ardens [[liberalismus|liberalismi]] fautor, contra ambitum intellectualem [[Pacifismus|pacifisticum]] qui dominabatur, factus est. In opere suo celeberrimo, ''L'Opium des intellectuels'', caecitatem et complicitatem intellectualium erga regimina communistarum denuntiavit.

Triginta annos, Aron scriptor editorialis pro diurno ''[[Le Figaro]]'' fuit. Postremis annis apud ''[[L'Express]]'' laboravit. Anno [[1978]], periodicum intellectuale ''[[Commentaire]]'' condidit, ut principia, quae democratiam liberalem sive societatem liberalem regere debent, defenderet et illustraret. Hoc conatum, alia perspectiva et alio titulo continuans, ad periodicum ''[[Contrepoint]]'' contulit, a tribus studentibus [[Institutum Scientiarum Politicarum Parisiense|Sciences Po]] mense Maio 1970 conditum.

Il enseigne pendant trente ans, notamment à l'[[Institut d'études politiques de Paris]] et à l'[[École des hautes études en sciences sociales]] et devient titulaire de la chaire de « Sociologie de la civilisation moderne » au [[Collège de France]] en 1970. Il est un commentateur reconnu de [[Karl Marx|Marx]], [[Carl von Clausewitz|Clausewitz]], [[Alexandre Kojève|Kojève]] et [[Jean-Paul Sartre|Sartre]].

Grâce à des compétences et des centres d'intérêt multiples (en [[économie (discipline)|économie]], [[sociologie]], [[philosophie]], [[relations internationales]], [[géopolitique]]), il se distingue et acquiert une grande réputation auprès des intellectuels. Ses convictions [[libéralisme|libérales]] et [[atlantisme|atlantistes]] lui attirent de nombreuses critiques venant des partisans de la gauche et de la droite. Il garde néanmoins tout au long de sa vie un ton modéré&lt;ref&gt;{{Article |langue=fr |auteur=Perrine Simon |titre=Raymond Aron dans l'histoire du siècle |périodique=[[Vingtième Siècle : Revue d'histoire]] |volume=9 |date=1986 |lire en ligne=https://www.persee.fr/doc/xxs_0294-1759_1986_num_9_1_1460 |pages=124-126 }}.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Il est élu en 1963 à l'[[Académie des sciences morales et politiques]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web |langue=fr |titre=M. Raymond Aron est élu l'Académie des sciences morales et politiques |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1963/11/27/m-raymond-aron-est-elu-membre-de-l-academie-des-sciences-morales-et-politiques_2220400_1819218.html |site=lemonde.fr |date=27 novembre 1963 }}.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Le {{date|17 octobre 1983}}, il meurt d'une [[Infarctus du myocarde|crise cardiaque]] à l'âge de 78 ans, alors qu'il quitte le [[palais de justice de Paris]], situé dans le [[4e arrondissement de Paris|{{4e}} arrondissement]], après avoir témoigné en faveur de [[Bertrand de Jouvenel]] lors du procès qui oppose ce dernier à [[Zeev Sternhell]]&lt;ref&gt;{{lien web|périodique=émission de [[Canal Académie]] |url=http://www.canalacademie.com/ida3922-Un-intellectuel-atypique-Bertrand-de-Jouvenel.html|titre=Un intellectuel atypique : Bertrand de Jouvenel|date=}}, fiche de présentation.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Il est inhumé dans le caveau familial du [[cimetière du Montparnasse]] (division 24)&lt;ref&gt;{{lien web|périodique= |url=https://www.landrucimetieres.fr/spip/spip.php?article722|titre=Cimetières de France et d'ailleurs|date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Opera ==
[[Image:Book signed by Raymond Aron and offered to Maurice Halbwachs.JPG|thumb|right|Envoi de R. Aron à [[Maurice Halbwachs]] sur ''La Sociologie allemande contemporaine'', Paris, Alcan, 1935. &lt;br&gt;Ouvrage conservé à la [[Bibliothèque Saint-Germain-des-Prés|Bibliothèque de sciences humaines et sociales Paris Descartes-CNRS]].]]
Les œuvres complètes de Raymond Aron ont été établies par Perrine Simon et Élisabeth Dutartre aux éditions Julliard avec la Société des amis de Raymond Aron en 1989.
* ''[[La Sociologie allemande contemporaine]]'', Paris, [[Alcan]], 1935
* ''[[Introduction à la philosophie de l'histoire|Introduction à la philosophie de l'histoire. Essai sur les limites de l'objectivité historique]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1938
* ''[[Essai sur la théorie de l'histoire dans l'Allemagne contemporaine|Essai sur la théorie de l'histoire dans l'Allemagne contemporaine. La philosophie critique de l'histoire]]'', Paris, [[Librairie philosophique Vrin|Vrin]], 1938
* ''[[L'Homme contre les tyrans]]'', New York, La Maison française, 1944
* ''[[De l'armistice à l'insurrection nationale]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1945
* ''[[L'Âge des empires et l'Avenir de la France]]'', Paris, [[Défense de la France]], 1945
* ''Chroniques de guerre. « La France Libre », 1940-1945'', [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1945&lt;br&gt; Rassemble les trois livres précédents. Nouvelle édition avec introduction de [[Jean-Marie Soutou]] et appareil critique de Christian Bachelier, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1990.
* ''Les Français devant la Constitution'' (en collaboration avec Francis Cleirens), Paris, [[Défense de la France]], 1946
* ''[[Le Grand Schisme]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1948
* ''[[Les Guerres en chaîne]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1951
* ''[[La Coexistence pacifique|La Coexistence pacifique. Essai d'analyse]]'', Paris, Monde nouveau, 1953&lt;br&gt;Sous le pseudonyme de « François Houtisse », signalé par [[Boris Souvarine]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|url=http://raymond-aron.ehess.fr/document.php?id=48|titre=Bulletin d’information – Archives Raymond Aron|éditeur=[[École des hautes études en sciences sociales]]|date=juin 1995|site=raymond-aron.ehess.fr|consulté le=3 décembre 2013}}.&lt;/ref&gt;.
* ''[[L'Opium des intellectuels]]'', Paris, [[Calmann-Lévy]], 1955
* ''[[Polémiques]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1955
* ''[[La Tragédie algérienne]]'', Paris, [[Plon]], 1957
* ''[[Espoir et peur du siècle|Espoir et peur du siècle. Essais non partisans]]'', Paris, [[Calmann-Lévy]], 1957
* ''[[L'Algérie et la République]]'', Paris, [[Plon]], 1958
* ''[[La Société industrielle et la guerre suivi d'un Tableau de la diplomatie mondiale en 1958|La Société industrielle et la Guerre]]'' suivi d'un ''[[Tableau de la diplomatie mondiale en 1958]]'', Paris, [[Plon]], 1959
* ''[[Immuable et changeante|Immuable et changeante. De la IVe à la Ve République]]'', Paris, [[Calmann-Lévy]], 1959
* ''[[Dimensions de la conscience historique]]'', Paris, [[Plon]], 1961
* ''[[Paix et guerre entre les nations]]'', Paris, [[Calmann-Lévy]], 1962
* ''[[Le Grand Débat (Raymond Aron)|Le Grand Débat. Initiation à la stratégie atomique]]'', Paris, [[Calmann-Lévy]], 1963
* ''[[Dix-huit leçons sur la société industrielle]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1963
* ''[[La Lutte des classes (Aron)|La Lutte des classes]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1964
* ''[[Essai sur les libertés]]'', Paris, [[Calmann-Lévy]], 1965
* ''[[Démocratie et Totalitarisme]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1965
* ''[[Trois essais sur l'âge industriel]]'', Paris, [[Plon]], 1966
* ''[[Les Étapes de la pensée sociologique]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1967
* ''[[De Gaulle, Israël et les Juifs]]'', Paris, [[Plon]], 1968
* ''[[La Révolution introuvable|La Révolution introuvable. Réflexions sur les événements de mai]]'', Paris, [[Librairie Arthème Fayard|Fayard]], 1968
* ''[[Les Désillusions du progrès]]'', Paris, [[Calmann-Lévy]], 1969
* ''[[D'une sainte famille à l'autre|D'une sainte famille à l'autre. Essai sur le marxisme imaginaire]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1969
* ''[[De la condition historique du sociologue]]'', Paris, Gallimard, 1971
* ''[[Études politiques]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1972
* ''[[République impériale|République impériale. Les États-Unis dans le monde (1945–1972)]]'', Paris, [[Calmann-Lévy]], 1973
* ''[[Histoire et dialectique de la violence]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1973&lt;br&gt;Ce livre, qui est un commentaire de la ''Critique de la raison dialectique'' de [[Jean-Paul Sartre|Sartre]], fait l'objet d'une analyse par son ancien éditeur [[Pierre Verstraeten]], professeur à l'ULB : ''L'Anti-Aron'', [[Éditions de la Différence]], 2008).
* ''[[Penser la guerre, Clausewitz]]'', 2 vol., Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1976
* ''[[Plaidoyer pour l'Europe décadente]]'', Paris, [[Robert Laffont]], 1977
* ''[[Le Spectateur engagé]]'', entretiens avec [[Jean-Louis Missika]] et [[Dominique Wolton]], Paris, [[Éditions Julliard|Julliard]], 1981, 342 pages avec présentation finale de Jean-Louis Missika et Dominique Wolton. Bibliographie des principaux ouvrages, articles et pamphlets de Raymond Aron, p. 333-339. 
* ''[[Mémoires. 50 ans de réflexion politique]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Julliard]], 1983, 1082{{nb p.}}

===À titre posthume===
* ''[[Les Dernières Années du siècle]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Julliard|Julliard]], 1984
* ''Études sociologiques'', Paris, [[Presses universitaires de France|PUF]], 1988&lt;ref&gt;{{Article |langue=fr |auteur=Hervé Coutau-Bégarie |titre=Raymond Aron. Etudes sociologiques |périodique=Politique étrangère |volume=53 |numéro=4 |date=1988 |lire en ligne=https://www.persee.fr/doc/polit_0032-342x_1988_num_53_4_3826_t1_1016_0000_1 |pages=1016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Une histoire du {{s-|XX}}, anthologie'', Paris, Plon, 1996
* {{Ouvrage|langue=fr|auteur1=Raymond Aron|auteur2=[[Louis Séchan]]|titre=''Introduction à la philosophie de l'histoire''|lieu=Paris|éditeur=[[Éditions de Fallois]]|année=1997|pages totales=254|isbn=2-253-90536-4}}
* ''[[Le Marxisme de Marx]]'', Paris, [[Éditions de Fallois|Fallois]], 2002 {{ISBN|2-87706-423-9}} ; rééd. poche, 1082{{nb p.}}, Paris, 2004 {{ISBN|2-253-10800-6}}
* ''[[De Giscard à Mitterrand : 1977-1983]]'', éditoriaux parus dans ''[[L'Express]]'', préface de Jean-Claude Casanova, Paris, [[Éditions de Fallois|Fallois]], 2005, 895{{nb p.}} {{ISBN|2-87706-570-7}}
* ''Essais sur la condition juive contemporaine'', Paris, Tallandier, 2007.
* ''Liberté et égalité (cours au Collège de France)'', Paris, Éditions de l'École des hautes études en sciences sociales, 2013
* {{Ouvrage|langue=fr|titre=Aron et De Gaulle|prénom1=Jean-Claude|nom1=Casanova|lien auteur1=Jean-Claude Casanova|prénom2=Jean-Claude|nom2=Casanova|lieu=Paris|éditeur=Calmann Lévy|lien éditeur=Calmann-Levy|année=2022|pages totales=399|isbn=978-2-702-18360-1|isbn10=2-702-18360-3|oclc=1350349818|id=JC C 2022}}.
* ''Critique de la pensée sociologique : Cours au Collège de France (1970-1971 et 1971-1972)'', 2023, Éditions Odile Jacob, {{ISBN|978-2738157652}},
* ''Leçons sur l'histoire : Cours au Collège de France (1972-1973 et 1973-1974)'', 2023, Éditions De Fallois. 
* ''L'Europe selon Aron'', recueil de textes de Raymond Aron, textes choisis et préfaces par Joël Mouric, Paris, Calmann-Lévy, coll. Bibliothèque Raymond Aron, 400 p., 2024 {{ISBN|978-2702189603}}
* ''Aron, critique de Sartre : Textes rassemblés et commentés par [[Perrine Simon-Nahum]]'', Paris, Calmann-Lévy, coll. Bibliothèque Raymond Aron, 350 p., 2025 {{ISBN|978-2702191644}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Raymond Aron|Raymondum Aron}}
{{Fontes biographici}}

&lt;!--{{Lifetime|1905|1983|Aron, Raymondus}}--&gt;

[[:Categoria:Agnostici]]
[[:Categoria:Politologi]]
[[:Categoria:Sectatores Franciae liberae]]
[[:Categoria:Diurnarii Franciae]]
[[:Categoria:Professores apud Collegium Franciae]]
[[:Categoria:Scriptores Franciae]]
[[:Categoria:Socii Academiae Scientiarum Moralium et Politicarum]]
[[:Categoria:Socii Academiae Artium et Scientiarum Americanae]]
[[:Categoria:Professores Scholae Studiorum ad Scientias Sociales Superiorum (Lutetia)]]
[[:Categoria:Professores Instituti Scientiarum Politicarum Parisiensis]]
[[:Categoria:Philosophi]]
[[:Categoria:Alumni Lycei Condorcet]]
[[:Categoria:Alumni Scholae Normalis Superioris (Lutetia)]]
[[:Categoria:Sociologi]]

= [[Wendelinus (Sanctus)]] =
Wendelinus (Theodisce Wendelin) est sanctus [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Ecclesiae Catholicae Romanae]], die [[21 Octobris]] veneratus, qui in [[Religio Christiana|Christianisatione]] [[Rhenania et Palatinatus|Rhenaniae et Palatinatus]] et praesertim septentrionalis [[Saravia]]e participavit. Persona virtuosa, popularis et agricola, originis [[Scotia|Scoticae]] vel [[Hibernia|Hibernicae]], nobilis et divitis stirpis, nihilominus [[eremita]], [[peregrinus]], agricola, pastor, deinde [[monachus]] factus est, antequam munus abbatis [[Abbatia Theulegii|Abbatiae]] [[Theulegium|Theulegii]] occupavit. Sanctus Wendelinus patronus pastorum, segetum et pecorum, et postea omnium animalium domesticorum (vaccarum, gallinorum, canum, felium, etc.) est.

cf fr.wikipedia 

Secundum fabulam, Sanctus Vandalinus filius erat Frochardi et Evelinae regiorum coniugum Scotorum. Iuvenis, coronam et voluptates mundi repudiavit et Deo in paupertate et obscuritate servire constituit. Romam aliaque loca peregrinationis ut peregrinus visitavit, deinde aliquamdiu ut eremita in regione Westrich Episcopatus Trevirensis vixit, domino manerii serviens, primum ut subulcus, deinde ut pastor boum, et denique ut pastor ovium. Postea, abbas Monasterii Tholey electus et a Severino Episcopo Trevirensi anno 517 consecratus est. Anno 607 mortuus est et prope casam ubi antea ut eremita vixerat sepultus est. Oppidum Sancti Wendel ibi conditum est propter multas peregrinationes saeculi XIV. In calendariis, Sanctus Wendelinus diebus XX, XXI, vel XXII Octobris celebratur. Patronus pastorum et gregum veneratur. Vitae antiquissimae quas Bollandistis notae sunt ad saeculum XV pertinent. Utrum fundamentum historicum habeant vehementer dubium est.

== Fontes ==
Acta Sanctorum. Oct. T. IX, p. 342–351. – Stadler, Heiligen- Lex. V, 776. – (Stramberg,) Rhein. Antiquarius, 2. Abth., 2. Bd., S. 481 bis 491.

cf. ADB:Wendelinus der Heilige de.wikisource.org

&lt;!--{{lifetime|554|617|Wendelinus}}--&gt;
[[:Categoria:Sanctus catholicus]]</text>
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      <text bytes="34416" sha1="nfeylvxym1dv7fmwm1a1r547tiv4h9c" xml:space="preserve">= Utilia =
== Ad civitates ==
&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidatorum}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

&lt;nowiki&gt;[[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;

&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Fontes geographici}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

== Ad homines ==
&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

&lt;nowiki&gt;* {{CathHierBishop|}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Archiepiscopi Friburgenses}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Fontes biographici}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

= [[Sanctus Iulianus]] =
&lt;nowiki&gt;{{discretiva}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

'''Sanctus Iulianus''' ad complures sanctos refertur, nomine '''Iulianus'''. Inde multi loci nomini horum sanctorum vocantur.

== Sancti ==
* [[Julien l'Hospitalier]], personnage légendaire, martyr en [[Égypte]], fêté le {{date+|8 janvier}} en Orient et le {{date+|29 janvier}} ou le {{date+|12 février}} en Occident&lt;ref&gt;[http://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/5680/Saint-Julien-l-Hospitalier.html Nominis] : Saint Julien l'Hospitalier.&lt;/ref&gt;.
* [[Julien de Sora]] († entre [[138]] et [[161]]), martyr à [[Sora (Italie)|Sora]] (aujourd'hui en [[Italie]]) sous [[Antonin le Pieux|Antonin]] ; fêté le {{date+|27 janvier}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/5416/Saint-Julien-de-Sora.html Nominis] : Saint Julien de Sora.&lt;/ref&gt;.
* ''Julien'' († [[250]]), et Eunus son serviteur, martyrs en [[Égypte]] ; fêtés localement le {{date+|27 février}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/713/Saints-Julien-et-Eunus.html Nominis] : Saints Julien et Eunus.&lt;/ref&gt;.
* [[Julien de Carthage]] († [[259]]), avec Lucius, [[Montanus de Carthage|Montanus]], Victoric, Flavien, Victor, Primole, Renus et Donatien, martyrs à [[Carthage]] sous l’empereur [[Valérien]] ; fêtés le {{date+|23 mai}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/1208/Saints-Lucius--Montanus.html Nominis] : Saints Lucius, Montanus et leurs compagnons.&lt;/ref&gt; en Occident et le {{date+|24 février}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.forum-orthodoxe.com/~forum/viewtopic.php?f=5&amp;t=467&amp;p=2172&amp;hilit=+LUCIEN+MONTAN#p2172 Forum orthodoxe.com] : saints pour le 24 février du calendrier ecclésiastique.&lt;/ref&gt; en Orient.
* [[Julien de Terracine]] († [[268]] ou [[269]]), prêtre, et [[Césaire de Terracina|Césaire]], diacre, martyrs décapités à [[Terracine]] en [[Campanie]] sous [[Claude II le Gothique]] ; fêtés le {{date+|7 octobre}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/8465/Saints-Julien-et-Cesaire.html Nominis] : Saints Julien et Césaire.&lt;/ref&gt;.
* [[Julien d'Émèse]] († {{circa}} [[284]]), [[guérisseur]] né à [[Émèse]] ([[Homs]]), en [[Syrie]], martyr ; fêté le {{date+|6 février}}.
* [[Julien de Brioude]] ({{IIIe siècle}}), martyr en [[Auvergne]], fêté le {{date+|28 août}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/1753/Saint-Julien-de-Brioude.html Nominis] : Saint Julien de Brioude.&lt;/ref&gt;.
* [[Julien du Mans]] ({{IVe siècle}}), évêque du [[Le Mans|Mans]] ; fêté le {{date+|27 janvier}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/516/Saint-Julien-du-Mans.html Nominis] : Saint Julien du Mans.&lt;/ref&gt;.
* [[Julien de Galatie]] († entre [[303]] et [[305]] ou en [[320]] ?), peut-être prêtre, avec ses quarante compagnons, martyrs en [[Galatie]] sous [[Dioclétien]] ou sous [[Licinius]] ; fêtés le {{date+|13 septembre}} en Occident&lt;ref&gt;[http://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/10401/Saint-Julien-de-Galatie.html Nominis] : Saint Julien de Galatie.&lt;/ref&gt; et le {{date+|12 septembre}} en Orient&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.forum-orthodoxe.com/~forum/viewtopic.php?f=5&amp;t=921&amp;p=4521&amp;hilit=JULIEN+DE+GALATIE#p4521 Forum orthodoxe.com] : saints pour le 12 septembre du calendrier ecclésiastique.&lt;/ref&gt;.
* [[Julien de Tarse]] († entre [[305]] et [[311]]) ou ''Julien d'Antioche'', martyrisé pendant les persécutions de [[Galère (empereur romain)|Galère]], fêté le {{date+|21 juin}} en Orient et le {{date+|16 mars}} dans l'Église latine.
* [[Julien Sabas]] († [[377]]), ermite dans l'[[Osrohène]] en [[Mésopotamie]] (aujourd'hui en [[Irak]] et [[Turquie]]) ; fêté le {{date+|18 octobre}} en Orient&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.forum-orthodoxe.com/~forum/viewtopic.php?f=5&amp;t=975&amp;p=4923&amp;hilit=JULIEN+SABAS#p4923 Forum orthodoxe.com] : saints pour le 18 octobre du calendrier ecclésiastique.&lt;/ref&gt; et le {{date+|17 janvier}} en Occident&lt;ref&gt;[http://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/5222/Saint-Julien-Sabas.html Nominis] : Saint Julien Sabas.&lt;/ref&gt;.
* [[Julien d'Orta]] († [[391]]), [[Diacre (christianisme)|diacre]], frère de [[Jules d'Orta|Jules]] le prêtre, fêté le {{date+|31 janvier}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/5494/Saint-Jules.html Nominis] : Saints Jules et Saint Julien.&lt;/ref&gt;.
* [[Julien de Vienne]] († après [[533]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Léon Cristiani]], [http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/rhef_0300-9505_1945_num_31_118_2986 ''Liste chronologique des saints de France, des origines à l'avènement des carolingiens (essai critique)''], Revue d'histoire de l'Église de France, 1945, {{vol}}31, {{n°}}118, pp. 5-96, {{p.}}42&lt;/ref&gt;), [[Liste des évêques et archevêques de Vienne (France)|évêque de Vienne]], assista au {{IIe}} [[concile d'Orléans]], fêté le {{date+|22 avril}}&lt;ref&gt;[[Jacques Longueval]], [https://books.google.fr/books?id=QyEIS6SsmHsC&amp;vq=aspais&amp;dq=PA392&amp;hl=fr&amp;pg=PA392#v= ''Histoire de l’Église gallicane''], {{vol}}2, 1732, {{p.}}392&lt;/ref&gt;.
* [[Julien de Constantinople]] († entre [[726]] et [[730]]), avec ses neuf compagnons&lt;ref&gt;Les neuf compagnons martyrs de [[Julien de Constantinople]] († entre [[726]] et [[730]]) sont : Marcien, Jean, Jacques, Alexis, Démètre, Photios, Pierre et léonce, moines, et [[Marie la Patricienne]].&lt;/ref&gt; martyrs sous [[Léon III l'Isaurien]] durant la persécution [[Iconoclasme|iconoclaste]] ; célébrés le {{date+|9 août}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/7834/Saints-Julien-et-ses-compagnons.html nominis.cef.fr] Nominis : Saints Julien et ses compagnons.&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.forum-orthodoxe.com/~forum/viewtopic.php?t=143 www.forum-orthodoxe.com] Forum orthodoxe francophone : Saints pour le 9 août du calendrier ecclésiastique.&lt;/ref&gt;.
*[[Pierre-Julien Eymard|Saint Julien Eymard]] (1811-1868) : Prêtre [[Isère (département)|isérois]], fondateur de la [[Congrégation du Très-Saint-Sacrement|congrégation du Saint-Sacrement]]. Canonisé en 1963, il est fêté le {{date|2 août}}.
* [[Julien Maunoir]] ({{XVIIe siècle}}), prêtre breton, fêté le {{date+|28 janvier}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/521/Saint-Julien-Maunoir.html Nominis] : Saint Julien Maunoir.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Nomina locorum ==

=== Francia ==
* [[Sanctus Iulianus (Corsica)|Sanctus Iulianus]] (Corsica)
* [[Sanctus Iulianus de Concellis]] (Liger Atlanticus)
* [[Sanctus Iulianus de Voantis]] (Liger Atlanticus)

* [[Fanum Sancti Iuliani (Rhodanus et Alpes)|Fanum Sancti Iuliani]] (Sabaudia Superior)
* [[Fanum Sancti Iuliani-Mons Dionisius]] (Sabaudia)

=== Italia ===
* [[Sanctus Iulianus (Molisium)|Sanctus Iulianus]], commune provinciae Campobassensis;
* [[Fanum Sancti Iuliani (Urbs metropolitana Mediolanensis)|Fanum Sancti Iuliani]], Urbs in [[Urbs metropolitana Mediolanensis|Urbe metropolitana Mediolanensis]];
* [[Fanum Sancti Iuliani Samniticum]], commune [[Provincia Campobassensis|provinciae Campobassensis]]; 
* [[Aquae Pisanae|Fanum Sancti Iuliani ad Aquas]], urbs [[Provincia Pisana|Provinciae Pisanae]];

== Notae et Fontes ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[:Categoria:Sancti|Iulianus]]

= [[Dioecesis Cenomanensis]] =
{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidatorum}} 
{{res|Dioecesis Cenomanensis}} ([[Francogallice]] {{barbarice|lingua=fr|Diocèse du Mans}})  est [[dioecesis]] [[Ecclesia Latina|Ecclesiae Latinae]] [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Ecclesiae Catholicae Romanae]] in [[Francia]] sita, cuius sedes [[Cenomanum|Cenomani]] est. Dioecesis Cenomanensis [[saeculum 5|saeculo V]] erecta est. Post Revolutionem Gallicam, dioecesis territoria praefectorarum [[Sartha (praefectura Franciae)|Sarthae]] et [[Meduana (praefectura Franciae)|Meduanae]] complectebatur.
Ab anno 836, dioecesis cum [[Archidioecesis Paderbornensis|archidioecesi Paderbornensi]] in Germania geminata est.&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=https://www.sarthecatholique.fr/des-origines-au-ixeme-siecle/|titulus=Des origines au IXeme siècle|domus editoria=sarthecatholique.fr}} {{ling|Francogallice}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Die [[30 Iunii]] [[1855]] [[dioecesis Valleguidonensis]] creata est, ea a dioecesi Cenomanensis separando, hac ad territorium praefecturae Sarthae reducendo. 

Antehac [[Archidioecesis Turonensis]] suffraganea, anno [[2002]], dioecesis [[Archidioecesis Rhedonensis]] suffraganea facta est.

== Ecclesia cathedralis ==
[[Fasciculus:Cath saint julien.JPG|thumb|upright=0.7|Ecclesia cathedralis [[Sanctus Iulianus|Sancto Iuliano]] dicata.]]
[[Ecclesia cathedralis]] Sancto Iuliano dicata, [[Cenomanum|Cenomani]] sita, sedes archidioeceseos est.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
* {{Opus|url=https://www.sarthecatholique.fr/|titulus=Situs officialis}} {{ling|Francogallice}}
{{CommuniaCat|Roman Catholic Diocese of Le Mans|Dioecesem Cenomanensem}}
{{Fontes geographici}}
* {{CathHierDiocese|lema|Dioecesis Cenomanensis}}

&lt;!--{{RC-stipula}}--&gt;
{{Dioeceses archidioeceses catholicae Franciae}}
[[:Categoria:Dioecesis Cenomanensis]]

= Ad formulam =
{{Dioeceses archidioeceses catholicae Poloniae}}
{{Capsa navigationis
| titulus = [[dioecesis|Dioeceses]] et ''archidioeceses'' [[ecclesia Catholica Romana|catholicae]] [[Polonia]]e
| formula = Dioeceses archidioeceses catholicae Poloniae
| Imago = [[Fasciculus:CatholicDiocesesPoland2004.svg|100px|Dioeceses Poloniae]]
| corpus = ''[[Archidioecesis Bialostocensis|Bialostocensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Bielscensis-Zyviecensis|Bielscensis-Zyviecensis]] . [[Dioecesis Bydgostiensis|Bydgostiensis]] . [[Dioecesis Calissiensis|Calissiensis]] . [[Dioecesis Coslinensis-Colubregana|Coslinensis-Colubregana]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Cracoviensis|Cracoviensis]]'' . ''[[Archidioecesis Czestochoviensis|Czestochoviensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Drohiczinensis|Drohiczinensis]] . [[Dioecesis Elbingensis|Elbingensis]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Gedanensis|Gedanensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Glivicensis|Glivicensis]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Gnesnensis|Gnesnensis]]'' . ''[[Archidioecesis Katovicensis|Katovicensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Kielcensis|Kielcensis]] . [[Dioecesis Legnicensis|Legnicensis]] . [[Dioecesis Liccanensis]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Lodziensis|Lodziensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Lomzensis|Lomzensis]] . [[Dioecesis Lovicensis|Lovicensis]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Lublinensis|Lublinensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Opoliensis|Opoliensis]] . [[Dioecesis Pelplinensis|Pelplinensis]] . [[Dioecesis Plocensis|Plocensis]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Posnaniensis|Posnaniensis]]'' . ''[[Archidioecesis Premisliensis Latinorum|Premisliensis Latinorum]]'' . [[Dioecesis Radomensis|Radomensis]] . [[Dioecesis Rzeszoviensis|Rzeszoviensis]] . [[Dioecesis Sandomiriensis|Sandomiriensis]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Sedinensis-Caminensis|Sedinensis-Caminensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Siedlecensis|Siedlecensis]] . [[Dioecesis Sosnoviensis|Sosnoviensis]] . [[Dioecesis Suidniciensis|Suidniciensis]] . [[Dioecesis Tarnoviensis|Tarnoviensis]] . [[Dioecesis Thoruniensis|Thoruniensis]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Varmiensis|Varmiensis]]'' . ''[[Archidioecesis Varsaviensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Varsaviensis-Pragensis]] . [[Dioecesis Viridimontanensis-Gorzoviensis|Viridimontanensis-Gorzoviensis]] . [[Dioecesis Vladislaviensis|Vladislaviensis]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Vratislaviensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Zamosciensis-Lubaczoviensis|Zamosciensis-Lubaczoviensis]] . [[Ordinariatus Militaris Poloniae]]
}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;
== Vide etiam ==
* [[Dioeceses Ecclesiae Catholicae]]

&lt;!--[[Categoria:Formulae Poloniam spectantes]]
[[Categoria:Dioeceses Ecclesiae Catholicae in Polonia|!]]
[[Categoria:Formulae navigationis hierarchiae Catholicae]]--&gt;
&lt;/noinclude&gt;

= [[Index episcoporum Onasbrugensium]] =
Episcopi [[Dioecesis Osnabrugensis]], a [[saeculum 11|saeculo XI]] usque ad annum [[1802]] ut Comites-Episcopi et etiam rectores Principatus Osnabrugensis.

{| class=&quot;wikitable toptextcells&quot;
|-
! style=&quot;width:20%&quot;|Tempus episcopatus
! style=&quot;width:35%&quot;|Nomen
! style=&quot;width:25%&quot;|Adnotationes
! style=&quot;width:20%&quot;|Imago
|-
| a 783 ad [[20 Aprilis]] 804/805
| [[Wiho I]] (sive: Wicho I) ||antea praefectus nuper conditi districtus missionalis Osnabrugensis||
|-
| a 805 ad [[12 Aprilis]] [[829]] || [[Meginhardus]] ||||
|-
| 829–845 || [[Gosvinus]] ||||
|-
| a 847 ad [[11 Aprilis]] [[860]] || [[Gauzbertus]] ||||
|-
| a 860 ad [[1 Februarii]] [[887]] || [[Egbertus]]||||
|-
| a 887 ad [[11 Maii]] [[906]] || [[Egilmarus]] ||||
|-
| 906–918 || Bernardus I ||||
|-
| a 918 ad [[14 Maii]] [[949]] || [[Dodo I]] ||||
|-
| a 949 ad [[7 Novembris]] [[967]] || [[Drogo]] ||||
|-
| a 967 ad [[31 Martii]] [[978]] || [[Ludolphus]] ||||
|-
| a 978 ad [[12 Aprilis]] [[996]] || Dodo II ||978-980: Cuno [[antiepiscopus]]||
|-
| a 996 ad [[27 Novembris]] [[998]] || Gonthierus ||||
|-
| a 998 ad [[17 Februarii]] [[1003]] || Vodilulphus ||||
|-
| a 1003 ad [[18 Iunii]] [[1022]] || [[Dietmarus]] ||||
|-
| a 1023 ad [[10 Decembris]] [[1027]] || Meginherus ||||
|-
| a [[1028]] ad 10 Decembris [[1036]] || Gosmarus ||||
|-
| a 1036 ad [[19 Aprilis]] [[1052]] || Albericus ||||
|-
| a 1052 ad 19 aut [[20 Septembris]] [[1068]] || Benno I ||||
|-
| a 1068 ad [[27 Iulii]] [[1088]] || [[Benno II]] |||| [[Fasciculus:BadIburgBennoII.JPG|center|80px|Benno II epsicopus, scultpura a Hans Gerd Ruwe in [[Bad Iburg]]]]
|-
| 1088–1093 || [[Marquardus]] ||||
|-
| a 1093 ad [[21 Aprilis]] [[1101]] || [[Wiho II]] sive Guido ||||
|-
| a 1101 ad [[13 Iulii]] [[1109]] || [[Iohannes I (Osanbrugensis)|Iohannes I]] ||||
|-
| a 1109 ad [[1 Ianuarii]] [[1119]] || [[Gottschalk von Diepholz]] |||| [[Fasciculus:Gottschalk von Diepholz.jpg|center|80px|Sepultura Episcopi Onasbrugensis Gottschalk.]]
|-
| 1119–1137 || [[Detmardus]] ||1119–1125: Conradus (antiepiscopus)||
|-
| a 1137 ad [[28 Iunii]] [[1141]] || [[Udo (Osnabrugensis)|Udo]] ||||
|-
| a 1141 ad [[15 Iunii]] [[1173]] || [[Philippus a Katzenelnbogen]] ||1141: Veselus (antiepiscopus) ||
|-
| 1173–1190 || [[Arnoldus (Osnabrugensis)]] ||||
|-
| 1190–1216 || [[Gerardus I ab Oldenburg-Wildeshausen]] ||||
|-
| 1216–1224 || [[Adolphus Osnabrugensis]] ||||
|-
| 1224–1226 || [[Engelbertus I ab Isenberg]] ||Cum titulo principe-episcopo (1225-1803)||
|-
| 1226–1227 || Otto I ||||
|-
| 1227–1239 || [[Conradus I a Velber]] ||||
|-
| 1239–1250 || [[Engelbertus I ab Isenberg]] ||Rehabilitatus post supensionem||
|-
| 1251–1258 || [[Bruno ab Isenberg]] ||||
|-
| 1259–1264 || Balduinus (Rusle) ||||
|-
| 1265–1269 || Vidufilius a Waldeck ||||
|-
| 1270–1297 || [[Conradus II a Rietberg]] ||||
|-
| 1297–1308 || [[Ludovicus a Ravensberg (episcopus)|Ludovicus a Ravensberg]] ||||
|-
| 1309–1320 || Engelbertus II a Weyhe ||||
|-
| 1321–1349 || [[Gaudfridus ab Arnsberg]] ||||
|-
| 1350–1366 || [[Iohannes II Hoet]] ||||
|-
| 1366–1376 || [[Melchior a Braunschweig-Grubenhagen]] ||||
|-
| 1376–1402 || [[Theodoricus a Horne]] |||| [[Fasciculus:Dietrich von horne.jpg|center|80px|Episcopus Theodoricus a Horne]]
|-
| 1402–1410 || [[Henricus III a Schauenburg-Holstein]] ||||
|-
| 1410–1424 || [[Otto II a Hoya]] ||||
|-
| 1424–1437 || [[Iohannes III a Diepholz]] ||||
|-
| 1437–1442 || [[Ericus II a Hoya]] ut [[Ericus I Osnabrugensis|Ericus I]] (''administrator'') ||||
|-
| 1442–1450 || [[Henricus II a Moers]] (''administrator'') ||||
|-
| 1450–1454 || [[Albertus a Hoya]] (''administrator'') ||||
|-
| 1454–1455 || [[Rudolphus a Diepholz]] ||||
|-
| 1455–1482 || [[Conradus III a Diepholz]] |||| [[Fasciculus:Konrad III. von Diepholz.jpg|center|200px|Sculptura sepulcralis Conradi III Episcopi Osnabrugensis.]]
|-
| 1482–1508 || [[Konrad VI. (Rietberg)|Konrad IV. von Rietberg]] ||||
|-
| 1508–1532 || [[Erich von Braunschweig-Grubenhagen]] |||| [[Datei:Braunschweig, Erich von-2.jpg|zentriert|80px|Erich von Braunschweig-Grubenhagen]]
|-
| 1532–1553 || [[Franz von Waldeck]] ||||[[Datei:Franz Graf von Waldeck.jpeg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1553–1574 || [[Johann IV. von Hoya|Johann IV.]], als Johann III. [[Bischof von Münster]] und als Johann II. [[Bistum Paderborn|Administrator von Paderborn]] |||| [[Datei:Johannes von Hoya.jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1574–1585 || [[Heinrich von Sachsen-Lauenburg]], auch Heinrich III. von [[Erzbistum Bremen|Bremen]] |||| [[Datei:FBPB 17 Heinrich IV. von Sachsen-Lauenburg (1577–1585).jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1585 || [[Wilhelm von Schencking]] ||||
|-
| 1585–1591 || [[Bernhard von Waldeck]] ||||
|-
| 1591–1623 || [[Philipp Sigismund von Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel]] |||| [[Datei:PhilippSigismundBraunschweig.JPG|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1623–1625
| [[Eitel Friedrich von Hohenzollern (1582–1625)|Eitel Friedrich von Hohenzollern]] ||||[[Datei:Eitel Fridrich Grav zu Zollern.tif|zentriert|132x132px]]
|-
 | 1625–1661 || [[Franz Wilhelm von Wartenberg]] |||| [[Datei:Kardinal Franz Wilhelm von Wartenberg.jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; class=&quot;hintergrundfarbe5&quot;|'''Nach dem Tode von [[Fürstbischof]] Franz Wilhelm galt die „immerwährende Kapitulation“, nach der abwechselnd ein katholischer und ein lutherischer Bischof aus dem [[Herzogtum Braunschweig-Lüneburg|Hause Braunschweig-Lüneburg]] gewählt werden sollte.'''
|-
| 1662–1698 || [[Ernst August (Hannover)|Ernst August I., Herzog zu Braunschweig und Lüneburg]] (lutherischer Fürstbischof) |||| [[Datei:ErnstAugustKurfürst.JPG|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1698–1715 || [[Karl Joseph von Lothringen]] (katholischer Fürstbischof) |||| [[Datei:Karel III. Lotrinský.jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1716–1728 || [[Ernst August II. von Hannover|Ernst August II., Herzog zu Braunschweig und Lüneburg]] (lutherischer Fürstbischof) |||| [[Datei:1674 Ernst August.jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1728–1761 || [[Clemens August I. von Bayern]] (katholischer Fürstbischof) |||| [[Datei:1700 Clemens-August.JPG|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1764–1802 || [[Friedrich August, Herzog von York und Albany|Friedrich, Herzog zu Braunschweig und Lüneburg, Prinz von Großbritannien]] (lutherischer und letzter Fürstbischof) |||| [[Datei:Frederick, Duke of York in Garter Robes.jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1803–1827 || [[Karl Klemens von Gruben|Karl von Gruben]] (leitender Weihbischof) |||| [[Datei:Karl Klemens von Gruben (1764-1827).jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1830–1855 || [[Carl Anton Lüpke]] (leitender Weihbischof) ||||[[Datei:Carl Anton Lüpke (1775-1855).jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; class=&quot;hintergrundfarbe5&quot;|'''Mit Hildesheim vereinigt 1855–1857 unter [[Eduard Jakob Wedekin]]'''
|-
| 1857–1866
| [[Paulus Melchers]] (später [[Erzbistum Köln|Erzbischof von Köln]] und [[Kardinal]]) |||| [[Datei:Paul Melchers (1).jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1866–1878 || [[Johann Heinrich Beckmann]] |||| [[Datei:Johannes Heinrich Beckmann Detail.jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; class=&quot;hintergrundfarbe5&quot;|'''[[Sedisvakanz]] 1878–1882'''
|-
| 1882–1898 || [[Bernhard Höting]] |||| [[Datei:Bernhard Höting (1821-1898).jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1899–1914 || [[Hubertus Voß]] |||| [[Datei:Hubertus Voß (1841-1914).jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1914–1955 || [[Gulielmus Berning]] |||| [[Fasciculus:Hermann Wilhelm Berning.jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 27. März 1957 || [[Franziskus Demann]] |||| [[File:Porträt Totenzettel Demann.jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1957–1987 || [[Helmut Hermann Wittler]] |||| [[Datei:Wittler.jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1987–1995 || [[Ludwig Averkamp]] (später [[Erzbistum Hamburg|Erzbischof von Hamburg]])||||
|-
| 1995–2023 || [[Franciscus Iosephus Bode]] |||| [[Fasciculus:Franz-Josef Bode.jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| seit 2024 || [[Dominicus Meier]] [[Benediktiner|OSB]] || || [[Datei:Abt-Dominicus-Meier.JPG|zentriert|80px]]
|-
|}
{{Archiepiscopi Friburgenses}} !!
[[:Categoria:Indices episcoporum|Osnabrugensis]]
[[:Categoria:Episcopi Osnabrugenses| ]]
[[:Categoria:Dioecesis Osnabrugensis]]
&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Attributio|de|Liste der Bischöfe von Osnabrück|247761516}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

= [[Raymondus Aron]] =
{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}
{{Res|Raymondus Aron}}, {{barbarice|lingua=fr|Raymond Aron}} ([[Lutetia]]e [[14 Martii]] [[1905]] natus; eadem civitate [[17 Octobris]] [[1983]] mortuus) fuit [[philosophus]], [[sociologus]], [[politologus]], [[historicus]] et [[diurnarius]] [[Francia|Francicus]].

== Biographia ==
Initio amicus et condiscipulus [[Ioannes Paulus Sartre|Ioannis Pauli Sartre]] et [[Paulus Nizan|Pauli Nizan]] in [[Schola normalis superior (Lutetia)|Schola Normali Superiore]], ardens [[liberalismus|liberalismi]] fautor, contra ambitum intellectualem [[Pacifismus|pacifisticum]] qui dominabatur, factus est. In opere suo celeberrimo, ''L'Opium des intellectuels'', caecitatem et complicitatem intellectualium erga regimina communistarum denuntiavit.

Triginta annos, Aron scriptor editorialis pro diurno ''[[Le Figaro]]'' fuit. Postremis annis apud ''[[L'Express]]'' laboravit. Anno [[1978]], periodicum intellectuale ''[[Commentaire]]'' condidit, ut principia, quae democratiam liberalem sive societatem liberalem regere debent, defenderet et illustraret. Hoc conatum, alia perspectiva et alio titulo continuans, ad periodicum ''[[Contrepoint]]'' contulit, a tribus studentibus [[Institutum Scientiarum Politicarum Parisiense|Sciences Po]] mense Maio 1970 conditum.

Il enseigne pendant trente ans, notamment à l'[[Institut d'études politiques de Paris]] et à l'[[École des hautes études en sciences sociales]] et devient titulaire de la chaire de « Sociologie de la civilisation moderne » au [[Collège de France]] en 1970. Il est un commentateur reconnu de [[Karl Marx|Marx]], [[Carl von Clausewitz|Clausewitz]], [[Alexandre Kojève|Kojève]] et [[Jean-Paul Sartre|Sartre]].

Grâce à des compétences et des centres d'intérêt multiples (en [[économie (discipline)|économie]], [[sociologie]], [[philosophie]], [[relations internationales]], [[géopolitique]]), il se distingue et acquiert une grande réputation auprès des intellectuels. Ses convictions [[libéralisme|libérales]] et [[atlantisme|atlantistes]] lui attirent de nombreuses critiques venant des partisans de la gauche et de la droite. Il garde néanmoins tout au long de sa vie un ton modéré&lt;ref&gt;{{Article |langue=fr |auteur=Perrine Simon |titre=Raymond Aron dans l'histoire du siècle |périodique=[[Vingtième Siècle : Revue d'histoire]] |volume=9 |date=1986 |lire en ligne=https://www.persee.fr/doc/xxs_0294-1759_1986_num_9_1_1460 |pages=124-126 }}.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Il est élu en 1963 à l'[[Académie des sciences morales et politiques]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web |langue=fr |titre=M. Raymond Aron est élu l'Académie des sciences morales et politiques |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1963/11/27/m-raymond-aron-est-elu-membre-de-l-academie-des-sciences-morales-et-politiques_2220400_1819218.html |site=lemonde.fr |date=27 novembre 1963 }}.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Le {{date|17 octobre 1983}}, il meurt d'une [[Infarctus du myocarde|crise cardiaque]] à l'âge de 78 ans, alors qu'il quitte le [[palais de justice de Paris]], situé dans le [[4e arrondissement de Paris|{{4e}} arrondissement]], après avoir témoigné en faveur de [[Bertrand de Jouvenel]] lors du procès qui oppose ce dernier à [[Zeev Sternhell]]&lt;ref&gt;{{lien web|périodique=émission de [[Canal Académie]] |url=http://www.canalacademie.com/ida3922-Un-intellectuel-atypique-Bertrand-de-Jouvenel.html|titre=Un intellectuel atypique : Bertrand de Jouvenel|date=}}, fiche de présentation.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Il est inhumé dans le caveau familial du [[cimetière du Montparnasse]] (division 24)&lt;ref&gt;{{lien web|périodique= |url=https://www.landrucimetieres.fr/spip/spip.php?article722|titre=Cimetières de France et d'ailleurs|date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Opera ==
[[Image:Book signed by Raymond Aron and offered to Maurice Halbwachs.JPG|thumb|right|Envoi de R. Aron à [[Maurice Halbwachs]] sur ''La Sociologie allemande contemporaine'', Paris, Alcan, 1935. &lt;br&gt;Ouvrage conservé à la [[Bibliothèque Saint-Germain-des-Prés|Bibliothèque de sciences humaines et sociales Paris Descartes-CNRS]].]]
Les œuvres complètes de Raymond Aron ont été établies par Perrine Simon et Élisabeth Dutartre aux éditions Julliard avec la Société des amis de Raymond Aron en 1989.
* ''[[La Sociologie allemande contemporaine]]'', Paris, [[Alcan]], 1935
* ''[[Introduction à la philosophie de l'histoire|Introduction à la philosophie de l'histoire. Essai sur les limites de l'objectivité historique]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1938
* ''[[Essai sur la théorie de l'histoire dans l'Allemagne contemporaine|Essai sur la théorie de l'histoire dans l'Allemagne contemporaine. La philosophie critique de l'histoire]]'', Paris, [[Librairie philosophique Vrin|Vrin]], 1938
* ''[[L'Homme contre les tyrans]]'', New York, La Maison française, 1944
* ''[[De l'armistice à l'insurrection nationale]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1945
* ''[[L'Âge des empires et l'Avenir de la France]]'', Paris, [[Défense de la France]], 1945
* ''Chroniques de guerre. « La France Libre », 1940-1945'', [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1945&lt;br&gt; Rassemble les trois livres précédents. Nouvelle édition avec introduction de [[Jean-Marie Soutou]] et appareil critique de Christian Bachelier, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1990.
* ''Les Français devant la Constitution'' (en collaboration avec Francis Cleirens), Paris, [[Défense de la France]], 1946
* ''[[Le Grand Schisme]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1948
* ''[[Les Guerres en chaîne]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1951
* ''[[La Coexistence pacifique|La Coexistence pacifique. Essai d'analyse]]'', Paris, Monde nouveau, 1953&lt;br&gt;Sous le pseudonyme de « François Houtisse », signalé par [[Boris Souvarine]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|url=http://raymond-aron.ehess.fr/document.php?id=48|titre=Bulletin d’information – Archives Raymond Aron|éditeur=[[École des hautes études en sciences sociales]]|date=juin 1995|site=raymond-aron.ehess.fr|consulté le=3 décembre 2013}}.&lt;/ref&gt;.
* ''[[L'Opium des intellectuels]]'', Paris, [[Calmann-Lévy]], 1955
* ''[[Polémiques]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1955
* ''[[La Tragédie algérienne]]'', Paris, [[Plon]], 1957
* ''[[Espoir et peur du siècle|Espoir et peur du siècle. Essais non partisans]]'', Paris, [[Calmann-Lévy]], 1957
* ''[[L'Algérie et la République]]'', Paris, [[Plon]], 1958
* ''[[La Société industrielle et la guerre suivi d'un Tableau de la diplomatie mondiale en 1958|La Société industrielle et la Guerre]]'' suivi d'un ''[[Tableau de la diplomatie mondiale en 1958]]'', Paris, [[Plon]], 1959
* ''[[Immuable et changeante|Immuable et changeante. De la IVe à la Ve République]]'', Paris, [[Calmann-Lévy]], 1959
* ''[[Dimensions de la conscience historique]]'', Paris, [[Plon]], 1961
* ''[[Paix et guerre entre les nations]]'', Paris, [[Calmann-Lévy]], 1962
* ''[[Le Grand Débat (Raymond Aron)|Le Grand Débat. Initiation à la stratégie atomique]]'', Paris, [[Calmann-Lévy]], 1963
* ''[[Dix-huit leçons sur la société industrielle]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1963
* ''[[La Lutte des classes (Aron)|La Lutte des classes]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1964
* ''[[Essai sur les libertés]]'', Paris, [[Calmann-Lévy]], 1965
* ''[[Démocratie et Totalitarisme]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1965
* ''[[Trois essais sur l'âge industriel]]'', Paris, [[Plon]], 1966
* ''[[Les Étapes de la pensée sociologique]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1967
* ''[[De Gaulle, Israël et les Juifs]]'', Paris, [[Plon]], 1968
* ''[[La Révolution introuvable|La Révolution introuvable. Réflexions sur les événements de mai]]'', Paris, [[Librairie Arthème Fayard|Fayard]], 1968
* ''[[Les Désillusions du progrès]]'', Paris, [[Calmann-Lévy]], 1969
* ''[[D'une sainte famille à l'autre|D'une sainte famille à l'autre. Essai sur le marxisme imaginaire]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1969
* ''[[De la condition historique du sociologue]]'', Paris, Gallimard, 1971
* ''[[Études politiques]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1972
* ''[[République impériale|République impériale. Les États-Unis dans le monde (1945–1972)]]'', Paris, [[Calmann-Lévy]], 1973
* ''[[Histoire et dialectique de la violence]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1973&lt;br&gt;Ce livre, qui est un commentaire de la ''Critique de la raison dialectique'' de [[Jean-Paul Sartre|Sartre]], fait l'objet d'une analyse par son ancien éditeur [[Pierre Verstraeten]], professeur à l'ULB : ''L'Anti-Aron'', [[Éditions de la Différence]], 2008).
* ''[[Penser la guerre, Clausewitz]]'', 2 vol., Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1976
* ''[[Plaidoyer pour l'Europe décadente]]'', Paris, [[Robert Laffont]], 1977
* ''[[Le Spectateur engagé]]'', entretiens avec [[Jean-Louis Missika]] et [[Dominique Wolton]], Paris, [[Éditions Julliard|Julliard]], 1981, 342 pages avec présentation finale de Jean-Louis Missika et Dominique Wolton. Bibliographie des principaux ouvrages, articles et pamphlets de Raymond Aron, p. 333-339. 
* ''[[Mémoires. 50 ans de réflexion politique]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Julliard]], 1983, 1082{{nb p.}}

===À titre posthume===
* ''[[Les Dernières Années du siècle]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Julliard|Julliard]], 1984
* ''Études sociologiques'', Paris, [[Presses universitaires de France|PUF]], 1988&lt;ref&gt;{{Article |langue=fr |auteur=Hervé Coutau-Bégarie |titre=Raymond Aron. Etudes sociologiques |périodique=Politique étrangère |volume=53 |numéro=4 |date=1988 |lire en ligne=https://www.persee.fr/doc/polit_0032-342x_1988_num_53_4_3826_t1_1016_0000_1 |pages=1016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Une histoire du {{s-|XX}}, anthologie'', Paris, Plon, 1996
* {{Ouvrage|langue=fr|auteur1=Raymond Aron|auteur2=[[Louis Séchan]]|titre=''Introduction à la philosophie de l'histoire''|lieu=Paris|éditeur=[[Éditions de Fallois]]|année=1997|pages totales=254|isbn=2-253-90536-4}}
* ''[[Le Marxisme de Marx]]'', Paris, [[Éditions de Fallois|Fallois]], 2002 {{ISBN|2-87706-423-9}} ; rééd. poche, 1082{{nb p.}}, Paris, 2004 {{ISBN|2-253-10800-6}}
* ''[[De Giscard à Mitterrand : 1977-1983]]'', éditoriaux parus dans ''[[L'Express]]'', préface de Jean-Claude Casanova, Paris, [[Éditions de Fallois|Fallois]], 2005, 895{{nb p.}} {{ISBN|2-87706-570-7}}
* ''Essais sur la condition juive contemporaine'', Paris, Tallandier, 2007.
* ''Liberté et égalité (cours au Collège de France)'', Paris, Éditions de l'École des hautes études en sciences sociales, 2013
* {{Ouvrage|langue=fr|titre=Aron et De Gaulle|prénom1=Jean-Claude|nom1=Casanova|lien auteur1=Jean-Claude Casanova|prénom2=Jean-Claude|nom2=Casanova|lieu=Paris|éditeur=Calmann Lévy|lien éditeur=Calmann-Levy|année=2022|pages totales=399|isbn=978-2-702-18360-1|isbn10=2-702-18360-3|oclc=1350349818|id=JC C 2022}}.
* ''Critique de la pensée sociologique : Cours au Collège de France (1970-1971 et 1971-1972)'', 2023, Éditions Odile Jacob, {{ISBN|978-2738157652}},
* ''Leçons sur l'histoire : Cours au Collège de France (1972-1973 et 1973-1974)'', 2023, Éditions De Fallois. 
* ''L'Europe selon Aron'', recueil de textes de Raymond Aron, textes choisis et préfaces par Joël Mouric, Paris, Calmann-Lévy, coll. Bibliothèque Raymond Aron, 400 p., 2024 {{ISBN|978-2702189603}}
* ''Aron, critique de Sartre : Textes rassemblés et commentés par [[Perrine Simon-Nahum]]'', Paris, Calmann-Lévy, coll. Bibliothèque Raymond Aron, 350 p., 2025 {{ISBN|978-2702191644}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Raymond Aron|Raymondum Aron}}
{{Fontes biographici}}

&lt;!--{{Lifetime|1905|1983|Aron, Raymondus}}--&gt;

[[:Categoria:Agnostici]]
[[:Categoria:Politologi]]
[[:Categoria:Sectatores Franciae liberae]]
[[:Categoria:Diurnarii Franciae]]
[[:Categoria:Professores apud Collegium Franciae]]
[[:Categoria:Scriptores Franciae]]
[[:Categoria:Socii Academiae Scientiarum Moralium et Politicarum]]
[[:Categoria:Socii Academiae Artium et Scientiarum Americanae]]
[[:Categoria:Professores Scholae Studiorum ad Scientias Sociales Superiorum (Lutetia)]]
[[:Categoria:Professores Instituti Scientiarum Politicarum Parisiensis]]
[[:Categoria:Philosophi]]
[[:Categoria:Alumni Lycei Condorcet]]
[[:Categoria:Alumni Scholae Normalis Superioris (Lutetia)]]
[[:Categoria:Sociologi]]

= [[Wendelinus (Sanctus)]] =
Wendelinus (Theodisce Wendelin) est sanctus [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Ecclesiae Catholicae Romanae]], die [[21 Octobris]] veneratus, qui in [[Religio Christiana|Christianisatione]] [[Rhenania et Palatinatus|Rhenaniae et Palatinatus]] et praesertim septentrionalis [[Saravia]]e participavit. Persona virtuosa, popularis et agricola, originis [[Scotia|Scoticae]] vel [[Hibernia|Hibernicae]], nobilis et divitis stirpis, nihilominus [[eremita]], [[peregrinus]], agricola, pastor, deinde [[monachus]] factus est, antequam munus abbatis [[Abbatia Theulegii|Abbatiae]] [[Theulegium|Theulegii]] occupavit. Sanctus Wendelinus patronus pastorum, segetum et pecorum, et postea omnium animalium domesticorum (vaccarum, gallinorum, canum, felium, etc.) est.

cf fr.wikipedia 

Secundum fabulam, Sanctus Vandalinus filius erat Frochardi et Evelinae regiorum coniugum Scotorum. Iuvenis, coronam et voluptates mundi repudiavit et Deo in paupertate et obscuritate servire constituit. Romam aliaque loca peregrinationis ut peregrinus visitavit, deinde aliquamdiu ut eremita in regione Westrich Episcopatus Trevirensis vixit, domino manerii serviens, primum ut subulcus, deinde ut pastor boum, et denique ut pastor ovium. Postea, abbas Monasterii Tholey electus et a Severino Episcopo Trevirensi anno 517 consecratus est. Anno 607 mortuus est et prope casam ubi antea ut eremita vixerat sepultus est. Oppidum Sancti Wendel ibi conditum est propter multas peregrinationes saeculi XIV. In calendariis, Sanctus Wendelinus diebus XX, XXI, vel XXII Octobris celebratur. Patronus pastorum et gregum veneratur. Vitae antiquissimae quas Bollandistis notae sunt ad saeculum XV pertinent. Utrum fundamentum historicum habeant vehementer dubium est.

== Fontes ==
Acta Sanctorum. Oct. T. IX, p. 342–351. – Stadler, Heiligen- Lex. V, 776. – (Stramberg,) Rhein. Antiquarius, 2. Abth., 2. Bd., S. 481 bis 491.

cf. ADB:Wendelinus der Heilige de.wikisource.org

&lt;!--{{lifetime|554|617|Wendelinus}}--&gt;
[[:Categoria:Sanctus catholicus]]</text>
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      <text bytes="34417" sha1="bctmz7aaqzi6v8jau7monqskmr0salm" xml:space="preserve">= Utilia =
== Ad civitates ==
&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidatorum}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

&lt;nowiki&gt;[[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;

&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Fontes geographici}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

== Ad homines ==
&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

&lt;nowiki&gt;* {{CathHierBishop|}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Archiepiscopi Friburgenses}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Fontes biographici}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

= [[Sanctus Iulianus]] =
&lt;nowiki&gt;{{discretiva}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

'''Sanctus Iulianus''' ad complures sanctos refertur, nomine '''Iulianus'''. Inde multi loci nomini horum sanctorum vocantur.

== Sancti ==
* [[Julien l'Hospitalier]], personnage légendaire, martyr en [[Égypte]], fêté le {{date+|8 janvier}} en Orient et le {{date+|29 janvier}} ou le {{date+|12 février}} en Occident&lt;ref&gt;[http://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/5680/Saint-Julien-l-Hospitalier.html Nominis] : Saint Julien l'Hospitalier.&lt;/ref&gt;.
* [[Julien de Sora]] († entre [[138]] et [[161]]), martyr à [[Sora (Italie)|Sora]] (aujourd'hui en [[Italie]]) sous [[Antonin le Pieux|Antonin]] ; fêté le {{date+|27 janvier}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/5416/Saint-Julien-de-Sora.html Nominis] : Saint Julien de Sora.&lt;/ref&gt;.
* ''Julien'' († [[250]]), et Eunus son serviteur, martyrs en [[Égypte]] ; fêtés localement le {{date+|27 février}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/713/Saints-Julien-et-Eunus.html Nominis] : Saints Julien et Eunus.&lt;/ref&gt;.
* [[Julien de Carthage]] († [[259]]), avec Lucius, [[Montanus de Carthage|Montanus]], Victoric, Flavien, Victor, Primole, Renus et Donatien, martyrs à [[Carthage]] sous l’empereur [[Valérien]] ; fêtés le {{date+|23 mai}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/1208/Saints-Lucius--Montanus.html Nominis] : Saints Lucius, Montanus et leurs compagnons.&lt;/ref&gt; en Occident et le {{date+|24 février}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.forum-orthodoxe.com/~forum/viewtopic.php?f=5&amp;t=467&amp;p=2172&amp;hilit=+LUCIEN+MONTAN#p2172 Forum orthodoxe.com] : saints pour le 24 février du calendrier ecclésiastique.&lt;/ref&gt; en Orient.
* [[Julien de Terracine]] († [[268]] ou [[269]]), prêtre, et [[Césaire de Terracina|Césaire]], diacre, martyrs décapités à [[Terracine]] en [[Campanie]] sous [[Claude II le Gothique]] ; fêtés le {{date+|7 octobre}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/8465/Saints-Julien-et-Cesaire.html Nominis] : Saints Julien et Césaire.&lt;/ref&gt;.
* [[Julien d'Émèse]] († {{circa}} [[284]]), [[guérisseur]] né à [[Émèse]] ([[Homs]]), en [[Syrie]], martyr ; fêté le {{date+|6 février}}.
* [[Julien de Brioude]] ({{IIIe siècle}}), martyr en [[Auvergne]], fêté le {{date+|28 août}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/1753/Saint-Julien-de-Brioude.html Nominis] : Saint Julien de Brioude.&lt;/ref&gt;.
* [[Julien du Mans]] ({{IVe siècle}}), évêque du [[Le Mans|Mans]] ; fêté le {{date+|27 janvier}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/516/Saint-Julien-du-Mans.html Nominis] : Saint Julien du Mans.&lt;/ref&gt;.
* [[Julien de Galatie]] († entre [[303]] et [[305]] ou en [[320]] ?), peut-être prêtre, avec ses quarante compagnons, martyrs en [[Galatie]] sous [[Dioclétien]] ou sous [[Licinius]] ; fêtés le {{date+|13 septembre}} en Occident&lt;ref&gt;[http://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/10401/Saint-Julien-de-Galatie.html Nominis] : Saint Julien de Galatie.&lt;/ref&gt; et le {{date+|12 septembre}} en Orient&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.forum-orthodoxe.com/~forum/viewtopic.php?f=5&amp;t=921&amp;p=4521&amp;hilit=JULIEN+DE+GALATIE#p4521 Forum orthodoxe.com] : saints pour le 12 septembre du calendrier ecclésiastique.&lt;/ref&gt;.
* [[Julien de Tarse]] († entre [[305]] et [[311]]) ou ''Julien d'Antioche'', martyrisé pendant les persécutions de [[Galère (empereur romain)|Galère]], fêté le {{date+|21 juin}} en Orient et le {{date+|16 mars}} dans l'Église latine.
* [[Julien Sabas]] († [[377]]), ermite dans l'[[Osrohène]] en [[Mésopotamie]] (aujourd'hui en [[Irak]] et [[Turquie]]) ; fêté le {{date+|18 octobre}} en Orient&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.forum-orthodoxe.com/~forum/viewtopic.php?f=5&amp;t=975&amp;p=4923&amp;hilit=JULIEN+SABAS#p4923 Forum orthodoxe.com] : saints pour le 18 octobre du calendrier ecclésiastique.&lt;/ref&gt; et le {{date+|17 janvier}} en Occident&lt;ref&gt;[http://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/5222/Saint-Julien-Sabas.html Nominis] : Saint Julien Sabas.&lt;/ref&gt;.
* [[Julien d'Orta]] († [[391]]), [[Diacre (christianisme)|diacre]], frère de [[Jules d'Orta|Jules]] le prêtre, fêté le {{date+|31 janvier}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/5494/Saint-Jules.html Nominis] : Saints Jules et Saint Julien.&lt;/ref&gt;.
* [[Julien de Vienne]] († après [[533]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Léon Cristiani]], [http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/rhef_0300-9505_1945_num_31_118_2986 ''Liste chronologique des saints de France, des origines à l'avènement des carolingiens (essai critique)''], Revue d'histoire de l'Église de France, 1945, {{vol}}31, {{n°}}118, pp. 5-96, {{p.}}42&lt;/ref&gt;), [[Liste des évêques et archevêques de Vienne (France)|évêque de Vienne]], assista au {{IIe}} [[concile d'Orléans]], fêté le {{date+|22 avril}}&lt;ref&gt;[[Jacques Longueval]], [https://books.google.fr/books?id=QyEIS6SsmHsC&amp;vq=aspais&amp;dq=PA392&amp;hl=fr&amp;pg=PA392#v= ''Histoire de l’Église gallicane''], {{vol}}2, 1732, {{p.}}392&lt;/ref&gt;.
* [[Julien de Constantinople]] († entre [[726]] et [[730]]), avec ses neuf compagnons&lt;ref&gt;Les neuf compagnons martyrs de [[Julien de Constantinople]] († entre [[726]] et [[730]]) sont : Marcien, Jean, Jacques, Alexis, Démètre, Photios, Pierre et léonce, moines, et [[Marie la Patricienne]].&lt;/ref&gt; martyrs sous [[Léon III l'Isaurien]] durant la persécution [[Iconoclasme|iconoclaste]] ; célébrés le {{date+|9 août}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/7834/Saints-Julien-et-ses-compagnons.html nominis.cef.fr] Nominis : Saints Julien et ses compagnons.&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.forum-orthodoxe.com/~forum/viewtopic.php?t=143 www.forum-orthodoxe.com] Forum orthodoxe francophone : Saints pour le 9 août du calendrier ecclésiastique.&lt;/ref&gt;.
*[[Pierre-Julien Eymard|Saint Julien Eymard]] (1811-1868) : Prêtre [[Isère (département)|isérois]], fondateur de la [[Congrégation du Très-Saint-Sacrement|congrégation du Saint-Sacrement]]. Canonisé en 1963, il est fêté le {{date|2 août}}.
* [[Julien Maunoir]] ({{XVIIe siècle}}), prêtre breton, fêté le {{date+|28 janvier}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/521/Saint-Julien-Maunoir.html Nominis] : Saint Julien Maunoir.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Nomina locorum ==

=== Francia ===
* [[Sanctus Iulianus (Corsica)|Sanctus Iulianus]] (Corsica)
* [[Sanctus Iulianus de Concellis]] (Liger Atlanticus)
* [[Sanctus Iulianus de Voantis]] (Liger Atlanticus)

* [[Fanum Sancti Iuliani (Rhodanus et Alpes)|Fanum Sancti Iuliani]] (Sabaudia Superior)
* [[Fanum Sancti Iuliani-Mons Dionisius]] (Sabaudia)

=== Italia ===
* [[Sanctus Iulianus (Molisium)|Sanctus Iulianus]], commune provinciae Campobassensis;
* [[Fanum Sancti Iuliani (Urbs metropolitana Mediolanensis)|Fanum Sancti Iuliani]], Urbs in [[Urbs metropolitana Mediolanensis|Urbe metropolitana Mediolanensis]];
* [[Fanum Sancti Iuliani Samniticum]], commune [[Provincia Campobassensis|provinciae Campobassensis]]; 
* [[Aquae Pisanae|Fanum Sancti Iuliani ad Aquas]], urbs [[Provincia Pisana|Provinciae Pisanae]];

== Notae et Fontes ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[:Categoria:Sancti|Iulianus]]

= [[Dioecesis Cenomanensis]] =
{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidatorum}} 
{{res|Dioecesis Cenomanensis}} ([[Francogallice]] {{barbarice|lingua=fr|Diocèse du Mans}})  est [[dioecesis]] [[Ecclesia Latina|Ecclesiae Latinae]] [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Ecclesiae Catholicae Romanae]] in [[Francia]] sita, cuius sedes [[Cenomanum|Cenomani]] est. Dioecesis Cenomanensis [[saeculum 5|saeculo V]] erecta est. Post Revolutionem Gallicam, dioecesis territoria praefectorarum [[Sartha (praefectura Franciae)|Sarthae]] et [[Meduana (praefectura Franciae)|Meduanae]] complectebatur.
Ab anno 836, dioecesis cum [[Archidioecesis Paderbornensis|archidioecesi Paderbornensi]] in Germania geminata est.&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=https://www.sarthecatholique.fr/des-origines-au-ixeme-siecle/|titulus=Des origines au IXeme siècle|domus editoria=sarthecatholique.fr}} {{ling|Francogallice}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Die [[30 Iunii]] [[1855]] [[dioecesis Valleguidonensis]] creata est, ea a dioecesi Cenomanensis separando, hac ad territorium praefecturae Sarthae reducendo. 

Antehac [[Archidioecesis Turonensis]] suffraganea, anno [[2002]], dioecesis [[Archidioecesis Rhedonensis]] suffraganea facta est.

== Ecclesia cathedralis ==
[[Fasciculus:Cath saint julien.JPG|thumb|upright=0.7|Ecclesia cathedralis [[Sanctus Iulianus|Sancto Iuliano]] dicata.]]
[[Ecclesia cathedralis]] Sancto Iuliano dicata, [[Cenomanum|Cenomani]] sita, sedes archidioeceseos est.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
* {{Opus|url=https://www.sarthecatholique.fr/|titulus=Situs officialis}} {{ling|Francogallice}}
{{CommuniaCat|Roman Catholic Diocese of Le Mans|Dioecesem Cenomanensem}}
{{Fontes geographici}}
* {{CathHierDiocese|lema|Dioecesis Cenomanensis}}

&lt;!--{{RC-stipula}}--&gt;
{{Dioeceses archidioeceses catholicae Franciae}}
[[:Categoria:Dioecesis Cenomanensis]]

= Ad formulam =
{{Dioeceses archidioeceses catholicae Poloniae}}
{{Capsa navigationis
| titulus = [[dioecesis|Dioeceses]] et ''archidioeceses'' [[ecclesia Catholica Romana|catholicae]] [[Polonia]]e
| formula = Dioeceses archidioeceses catholicae Poloniae
| Imago = [[Fasciculus:CatholicDiocesesPoland2004.svg|100px|Dioeceses Poloniae]]
| corpus = ''[[Archidioecesis Bialostocensis|Bialostocensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Bielscensis-Zyviecensis|Bielscensis-Zyviecensis]] . [[Dioecesis Bydgostiensis|Bydgostiensis]] . [[Dioecesis Calissiensis|Calissiensis]] . [[Dioecesis Coslinensis-Colubregana|Coslinensis-Colubregana]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Cracoviensis|Cracoviensis]]'' . ''[[Archidioecesis Czestochoviensis|Czestochoviensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Drohiczinensis|Drohiczinensis]] . [[Dioecesis Elbingensis|Elbingensis]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Gedanensis|Gedanensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Glivicensis|Glivicensis]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Gnesnensis|Gnesnensis]]'' . ''[[Archidioecesis Katovicensis|Katovicensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Kielcensis|Kielcensis]] . [[Dioecesis Legnicensis|Legnicensis]] . [[Dioecesis Liccanensis]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Lodziensis|Lodziensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Lomzensis|Lomzensis]] . [[Dioecesis Lovicensis|Lovicensis]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Lublinensis|Lublinensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Opoliensis|Opoliensis]] . [[Dioecesis Pelplinensis|Pelplinensis]] . [[Dioecesis Plocensis|Plocensis]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Posnaniensis|Posnaniensis]]'' . ''[[Archidioecesis Premisliensis Latinorum|Premisliensis Latinorum]]'' . [[Dioecesis Radomensis|Radomensis]] . [[Dioecesis Rzeszoviensis|Rzeszoviensis]] . [[Dioecesis Sandomiriensis|Sandomiriensis]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Sedinensis-Caminensis|Sedinensis-Caminensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Siedlecensis|Siedlecensis]] . [[Dioecesis Sosnoviensis|Sosnoviensis]] . [[Dioecesis Suidniciensis|Suidniciensis]] . [[Dioecesis Tarnoviensis|Tarnoviensis]] . [[Dioecesis Thoruniensis|Thoruniensis]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Varmiensis|Varmiensis]]'' . ''[[Archidioecesis Varsaviensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Varsaviensis-Pragensis]] . [[Dioecesis Viridimontanensis-Gorzoviensis|Viridimontanensis-Gorzoviensis]] . [[Dioecesis Vladislaviensis|Vladislaviensis]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Vratislaviensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Zamosciensis-Lubaczoviensis|Zamosciensis-Lubaczoviensis]] . [[Ordinariatus Militaris Poloniae]]
}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;
== Vide etiam ==
* [[Dioeceses Ecclesiae Catholicae]]

&lt;!--[[Categoria:Formulae Poloniam spectantes]]
[[Categoria:Dioeceses Ecclesiae Catholicae in Polonia|!]]
[[Categoria:Formulae navigationis hierarchiae Catholicae]]--&gt;
&lt;/noinclude&gt;

= [[Index episcoporum Onasbrugensium]] =
Episcopi [[Dioecesis Osnabrugensis]], a [[saeculum 11|saeculo XI]] usque ad annum [[1802]] ut Comites-Episcopi et etiam rectores Principatus Osnabrugensis.

{| class=&quot;wikitable toptextcells&quot;
|-
! style=&quot;width:20%&quot;|Tempus episcopatus
! style=&quot;width:35%&quot;|Nomen
! style=&quot;width:25%&quot;|Adnotationes
! style=&quot;width:20%&quot;|Imago
|-
| a 783 ad [[20 Aprilis]] 804/805
| [[Wiho I]] (sive: Wicho I) ||antea praefectus nuper conditi districtus missionalis Osnabrugensis||
|-
| a 805 ad [[12 Aprilis]] [[829]] || [[Meginhardus]] ||||
|-
| 829–845 || [[Gosvinus]] ||||
|-
| a 847 ad [[11 Aprilis]] [[860]] || [[Gauzbertus]] ||||
|-
| a 860 ad [[1 Februarii]] [[887]] || [[Egbertus]]||||
|-
| a 887 ad [[11 Maii]] [[906]] || [[Egilmarus]] ||||
|-
| 906–918 || Bernardus I ||||
|-
| a 918 ad [[14 Maii]] [[949]] || [[Dodo I]] ||||
|-
| a 949 ad [[7 Novembris]] [[967]] || [[Drogo]] ||||
|-
| a 967 ad [[31 Martii]] [[978]] || [[Ludolphus]] ||||
|-
| a 978 ad [[12 Aprilis]] [[996]] || Dodo II ||978-980: Cuno [[antiepiscopus]]||
|-
| a 996 ad [[27 Novembris]] [[998]] || Gonthierus ||||
|-
| a 998 ad [[17 Februarii]] [[1003]] || Vodilulphus ||||
|-
| a 1003 ad [[18 Iunii]] [[1022]] || [[Dietmarus]] ||||
|-
| a 1023 ad [[10 Decembris]] [[1027]] || Meginherus ||||
|-
| a [[1028]] ad 10 Decembris [[1036]] || Gosmarus ||||
|-
| a 1036 ad [[19 Aprilis]] [[1052]] || Albericus ||||
|-
| a 1052 ad 19 aut [[20 Septembris]] [[1068]] || Benno I ||||
|-
| a 1068 ad [[27 Iulii]] [[1088]] || [[Benno II]] |||| [[Fasciculus:BadIburgBennoII.JPG|center|80px|Benno II epsicopus, scultpura a Hans Gerd Ruwe in [[Bad Iburg]]]]
|-
| 1088–1093 || [[Marquardus]] ||||
|-
| a 1093 ad [[21 Aprilis]] [[1101]] || [[Wiho II]] sive Guido ||||
|-
| a 1101 ad [[13 Iulii]] [[1109]] || [[Iohannes I (Osanbrugensis)|Iohannes I]] ||||
|-
| a 1109 ad [[1 Ianuarii]] [[1119]] || [[Gottschalk von Diepholz]] |||| [[Fasciculus:Gottschalk von Diepholz.jpg|center|80px|Sepultura Episcopi Onasbrugensis Gottschalk.]]
|-
| 1119–1137 || [[Detmardus]] ||1119–1125: Conradus (antiepiscopus)||
|-
| a 1137 ad [[28 Iunii]] [[1141]] || [[Udo (Osnabrugensis)|Udo]] ||||
|-
| a 1141 ad [[15 Iunii]] [[1173]] || [[Philippus a Katzenelnbogen]] ||1141: Veselus (antiepiscopus) ||
|-
| 1173–1190 || [[Arnoldus (Osnabrugensis)]] ||||
|-
| 1190–1216 || [[Gerardus I ab Oldenburg-Wildeshausen]] ||||
|-
| 1216–1224 || [[Adolphus Osnabrugensis]] ||||
|-
| 1224–1226 || [[Engelbertus I ab Isenberg]] ||Cum titulo principe-episcopo (1225-1803)||
|-
| 1226–1227 || Otto I ||||
|-
| 1227–1239 || [[Conradus I a Velber]] ||||
|-
| 1239–1250 || [[Engelbertus I ab Isenberg]] ||Rehabilitatus post supensionem||
|-
| 1251–1258 || [[Bruno ab Isenberg]] ||||
|-
| 1259–1264 || Balduinus (Rusle) ||||
|-
| 1265–1269 || Vidufilius a Waldeck ||||
|-
| 1270–1297 || [[Conradus II a Rietberg]] ||||
|-
| 1297–1308 || [[Ludovicus a Ravensberg (episcopus)|Ludovicus a Ravensberg]] ||||
|-
| 1309–1320 || Engelbertus II a Weyhe ||||
|-
| 1321–1349 || [[Gaudfridus ab Arnsberg]] ||||
|-
| 1350–1366 || [[Iohannes II Hoet]] ||||
|-
| 1366–1376 || [[Melchior a Braunschweig-Grubenhagen]] ||||
|-
| 1376–1402 || [[Theodoricus a Horne]] |||| [[Fasciculus:Dietrich von horne.jpg|center|80px|Episcopus Theodoricus a Horne]]
|-
| 1402–1410 || [[Henricus III a Schauenburg-Holstein]] ||||
|-
| 1410–1424 || [[Otto II a Hoya]] ||||
|-
| 1424–1437 || [[Iohannes III a Diepholz]] ||||
|-
| 1437–1442 || [[Ericus II a Hoya]] ut [[Ericus I Osnabrugensis|Ericus I]] (''administrator'') ||||
|-
| 1442–1450 || [[Henricus II a Moers]] (''administrator'') ||||
|-
| 1450–1454 || [[Albertus a Hoya]] (''administrator'') ||||
|-
| 1454–1455 || [[Rudolphus a Diepholz]] ||||
|-
| 1455–1482 || [[Conradus III a Diepholz]] |||| [[Fasciculus:Konrad III. von Diepholz.jpg|center|200px|Sculptura sepulcralis Conradi III Episcopi Osnabrugensis.]]
|-
| 1482–1508 || [[Konrad VI. (Rietberg)|Konrad IV. von Rietberg]] ||||
|-
| 1508–1532 || [[Erich von Braunschweig-Grubenhagen]] |||| [[Datei:Braunschweig, Erich von-2.jpg|zentriert|80px|Erich von Braunschweig-Grubenhagen]]
|-
| 1532–1553 || [[Franz von Waldeck]] ||||[[Datei:Franz Graf von Waldeck.jpeg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1553–1574 || [[Johann IV. von Hoya|Johann IV.]], als Johann III. [[Bischof von Münster]] und als Johann II. [[Bistum Paderborn|Administrator von Paderborn]] |||| [[Datei:Johannes von Hoya.jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1574–1585 || [[Heinrich von Sachsen-Lauenburg]], auch Heinrich III. von [[Erzbistum Bremen|Bremen]] |||| [[Datei:FBPB 17 Heinrich IV. von Sachsen-Lauenburg (1577–1585).jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1585 || [[Wilhelm von Schencking]] ||||
|-
| 1585–1591 || [[Bernhard von Waldeck]] ||||
|-
| 1591–1623 || [[Philipp Sigismund von Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel]] |||| [[Datei:PhilippSigismundBraunschweig.JPG|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1623–1625
| [[Eitel Friedrich von Hohenzollern (1582–1625)|Eitel Friedrich von Hohenzollern]] ||||[[Datei:Eitel Fridrich Grav zu Zollern.tif|zentriert|132x132px]]
|-
 | 1625–1661 || [[Franz Wilhelm von Wartenberg]] |||| [[Datei:Kardinal Franz Wilhelm von Wartenberg.jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; class=&quot;hintergrundfarbe5&quot;|'''Nach dem Tode von [[Fürstbischof]] Franz Wilhelm galt die „immerwährende Kapitulation“, nach der abwechselnd ein katholischer und ein lutherischer Bischof aus dem [[Herzogtum Braunschweig-Lüneburg|Hause Braunschweig-Lüneburg]] gewählt werden sollte.'''
|-
| 1662–1698 || [[Ernst August (Hannover)|Ernst August I., Herzog zu Braunschweig und Lüneburg]] (lutherischer Fürstbischof) |||| [[Datei:ErnstAugustKurfürst.JPG|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1698–1715 || [[Karl Joseph von Lothringen]] (katholischer Fürstbischof) |||| [[Datei:Karel III. Lotrinský.jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1716–1728 || [[Ernst August II. von Hannover|Ernst August II., Herzog zu Braunschweig und Lüneburg]] (lutherischer Fürstbischof) |||| [[Datei:1674 Ernst August.jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1728–1761 || [[Clemens August I. von Bayern]] (katholischer Fürstbischof) |||| [[Datei:1700 Clemens-August.JPG|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1764–1802 || [[Friedrich August, Herzog von York und Albany|Friedrich, Herzog zu Braunschweig und Lüneburg, Prinz von Großbritannien]] (lutherischer und letzter Fürstbischof) |||| [[Datei:Frederick, Duke of York in Garter Robes.jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1803–1827 || [[Karl Klemens von Gruben|Karl von Gruben]] (leitender Weihbischof) |||| [[Datei:Karl Klemens von Gruben (1764-1827).jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1830–1855 || [[Carl Anton Lüpke]] (leitender Weihbischof) ||||[[Datei:Carl Anton Lüpke (1775-1855).jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; class=&quot;hintergrundfarbe5&quot;|'''Mit Hildesheim vereinigt 1855–1857 unter [[Eduard Jakob Wedekin]]'''
|-
| 1857–1866
| [[Paulus Melchers]] (später [[Erzbistum Köln|Erzbischof von Köln]] und [[Kardinal]]) |||| [[Datei:Paul Melchers (1).jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1866–1878 || [[Johann Heinrich Beckmann]] |||| [[Datei:Johannes Heinrich Beckmann Detail.jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; class=&quot;hintergrundfarbe5&quot;|'''[[Sedisvakanz]] 1878–1882'''
|-
| 1882–1898 || [[Bernhard Höting]] |||| [[Datei:Bernhard Höting (1821-1898).jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1899–1914 || [[Hubertus Voß]] |||| [[Datei:Hubertus Voß (1841-1914).jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1914–1955 || [[Gulielmus Berning]] |||| [[Fasciculus:Hermann Wilhelm Berning.jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 27. März 1957 || [[Franziskus Demann]] |||| [[File:Porträt Totenzettel Demann.jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1957–1987 || [[Helmut Hermann Wittler]] |||| [[Datei:Wittler.jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1987–1995 || [[Ludwig Averkamp]] (später [[Erzbistum Hamburg|Erzbischof von Hamburg]])||||
|-
| 1995–2023 || [[Franciscus Iosephus Bode]] |||| [[Fasciculus:Franz-Josef Bode.jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| seit 2024 || [[Dominicus Meier]] [[Benediktiner|OSB]] || || [[Datei:Abt-Dominicus-Meier.JPG|zentriert|80px]]
|-
|}
{{Archiepiscopi Friburgenses}} !!
[[:Categoria:Indices episcoporum|Osnabrugensis]]
[[:Categoria:Episcopi Osnabrugenses| ]]
[[:Categoria:Dioecesis Osnabrugensis]]
&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Attributio|de|Liste der Bischöfe von Osnabrück|247761516}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

= [[Raymondus Aron]] =
{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}
{{Res|Raymondus Aron}}, {{barbarice|lingua=fr|Raymond Aron}} ([[Lutetia]]e [[14 Martii]] [[1905]] natus; eadem civitate [[17 Octobris]] [[1983]] mortuus) fuit [[philosophus]], [[sociologus]], [[politologus]], [[historicus]] et [[diurnarius]] [[Francia|Francicus]].

== Biographia ==
Initio amicus et condiscipulus [[Ioannes Paulus Sartre|Ioannis Pauli Sartre]] et [[Paulus Nizan|Pauli Nizan]] in [[Schola normalis superior (Lutetia)|Schola Normali Superiore]], ardens [[liberalismus|liberalismi]] fautor, contra ambitum intellectualem [[Pacifismus|pacifisticum]] qui dominabatur, factus est. In opere suo celeberrimo, ''L'Opium des intellectuels'', caecitatem et complicitatem intellectualium erga regimina communistarum denuntiavit.

Triginta annos, Aron scriptor editorialis pro diurno ''[[Le Figaro]]'' fuit. Postremis annis apud ''[[L'Express]]'' laboravit. Anno [[1978]], periodicum intellectuale ''[[Commentaire]]'' condidit, ut principia, quae democratiam liberalem sive societatem liberalem regere debent, defenderet et illustraret. Hoc conatum, alia perspectiva et alio titulo continuans, ad periodicum ''[[Contrepoint]]'' contulit, a tribus studentibus [[Institutum Scientiarum Politicarum Parisiense|Sciences Po]] mense Maio 1970 conditum.

Il enseigne pendant trente ans, notamment à l'[[Institut d'études politiques de Paris]] et à l'[[École des hautes études en sciences sociales]] et devient titulaire de la chaire de « Sociologie de la civilisation moderne » au [[Collège de France]] en 1970. Il est un commentateur reconnu de [[Karl Marx|Marx]], [[Carl von Clausewitz|Clausewitz]], [[Alexandre Kojève|Kojève]] et [[Jean-Paul Sartre|Sartre]].

Grâce à des compétences et des centres d'intérêt multiples (en [[économie (discipline)|économie]], [[sociologie]], [[philosophie]], [[relations internationales]], [[géopolitique]]), il se distingue et acquiert une grande réputation auprès des intellectuels. Ses convictions [[libéralisme|libérales]] et [[atlantisme|atlantistes]] lui attirent de nombreuses critiques venant des partisans de la gauche et de la droite. Il garde néanmoins tout au long de sa vie un ton modéré&lt;ref&gt;{{Article |langue=fr |auteur=Perrine Simon |titre=Raymond Aron dans l'histoire du siècle |périodique=[[Vingtième Siècle : Revue d'histoire]] |volume=9 |date=1986 |lire en ligne=https://www.persee.fr/doc/xxs_0294-1759_1986_num_9_1_1460 |pages=124-126 }}.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Il est élu en 1963 à l'[[Académie des sciences morales et politiques]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web |langue=fr |titre=M. Raymond Aron est élu l'Académie des sciences morales et politiques |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1963/11/27/m-raymond-aron-est-elu-membre-de-l-academie-des-sciences-morales-et-politiques_2220400_1819218.html |site=lemonde.fr |date=27 novembre 1963 }}.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Le {{date|17 octobre 1983}}, il meurt d'une [[Infarctus du myocarde|crise cardiaque]] à l'âge de 78 ans, alors qu'il quitte le [[palais de justice de Paris]], situé dans le [[4e arrondissement de Paris|{{4e}} arrondissement]], après avoir témoigné en faveur de [[Bertrand de Jouvenel]] lors du procès qui oppose ce dernier à [[Zeev Sternhell]]&lt;ref&gt;{{lien web|périodique=émission de [[Canal Académie]] |url=http://www.canalacademie.com/ida3922-Un-intellectuel-atypique-Bertrand-de-Jouvenel.html|titre=Un intellectuel atypique : Bertrand de Jouvenel|date=}}, fiche de présentation.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Il est inhumé dans le caveau familial du [[cimetière du Montparnasse]] (division 24)&lt;ref&gt;{{lien web|périodique= |url=https://www.landrucimetieres.fr/spip/spip.php?article722|titre=Cimetières de France et d'ailleurs|date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Opera ==
[[Image:Book signed by Raymond Aron and offered to Maurice Halbwachs.JPG|thumb|right|Envoi de R. Aron à [[Maurice Halbwachs]] sur ''La Sociologie allemande contemporaine'', Paris, Alcan, 1935. &lt;br&gt;Ouvrage conservé à la [[Bibliothèque Saint-Germain-des-Prés|Bibliothèque de sciences humaines et sociales Paris Descartes-CNRS]].]]
Les œuvres complètes de Raymond Aron ont été établies par Perrine Simon et Élisabeth Dutartre aux éditions Julliard avec la Société des amis de Raymond Aron en 1989.
* ''[[La Sociologie allemande contemporaine]]'', Paris, [[Alcan]], 1935
* ''[[Introduction à la philosophie de l'histoire|Introduction à la philosophie de l'histoire. Essai sur les limites de l'objectivité historique]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1938
* ''[[Essai sur la théorie de l'histoire dans l'Allemagne contemporaine|Essai sur la théorie de l'histoire dans l'Allemagne contemporaine. La philosophie critique de l'histoire]]'', Paris, [[Librairie philosophique Vrin|Vrin]], 1938
* ''[[L'Homme contre les tyrans]]'', New York, La Maison française, 1944
* ''[[De l'armistice à l'insurrection nationale]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1945
* ''[[L'Âge des empires et l'Avenir de la France]]'', Paris, [[Défense de la France]], 1945
* ''Chroniques de guerre. « La France Libre », 1940-1945'', [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1945&lt;br&gt; Rassemble les trois livres précédents. Nouvelle édition avec introduction de [[Jean-Marie Soutou]] et appareil critique de Christian Bachelier, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1990.
* ''Les Français devant la Constitution'' (en collaboration avec Francis Cleirens), Paris, [[Défense de la France]], 1946
* ''[[Le Grand Schisme]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1948
* ''[[Les Guerres en chaîne]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1951
* ''[[La Coexistence pacifique|La Coexistence pacifique. Essai d'analyse]]'', Paris, Monde nouveau, 1953&lt;br&gt;Sous le pseudonyme de « François Houtisse », signalé par [[Boris Souvarine]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|url=http://raymond-aron.ehess.fr/document.php?id=48|titre=Bulletin d’information – Archives Raymond Aron|éditeur=[[École des hautes études en sciences sociales]]|date=juin 1995|site=raymond-aron.ehess.fr|consulté le=3 décembre 2013}}.&lt;/ref&gt;.
* ''[[L'Opium des intellectuels]]'', Paris, [[Calmann-Lévy]], 1955
* ''[[Polémiques]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1955
* ''[[La Tragédie algérienne]]'', Paris, [[Plon]], 1957
* ''[[Espoir et peur du siècle|Espoir et peur du siècle. Essais non partisans]]'', Paris, [[Calmann-Lévy]], 1957
* ''[[L'Algérie et la République]]'', Paris, [[Plon]], 1958
* ''[[La Société industrielle et la guerre suivi d'un Tableau de la diplomatie mondiale en 1958|La Société industrielle et la Guerre]]'' suivi d'un ''[[Tableau de la diplomatie mondiale en 1958]]'', Paris, [[Plon]], 1959
* ''[[Immuable et changeante|Immuable et changeante. De la IVe à la Ve République]]'', Paris, [[Calmann-Lévy]], 1959
* ''[[Dimensions de la conscience historique]]'', Paris, [[Plon]], 1961
* ''[[Paix et guerre entre les nations]]'', Paris, [[Calmann-Lévy]], 1962
* ''[[Le Grand Débat (Raymond Aron)|Le Grand Débat. Initiation à la stratégie atomique]]'', Paris, [[Calmann-Lévy]], 1963
* ''[[Dix-huit leçons sur la société industrielle]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1963
* ''[[La Lutte des classes (Aron)|La Lutte des classes]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1964
* ''[[Essai sur les libertés]]'', Paris, [[Calmann-Lévy]], 1965
* ''[[Démocratie et Totalitarisme]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1965
* ''[[Trois essais sur l'âge industriel]]'', Paris, [[Plon]], 1966
* ''[[Les Étapes de la pensée sociologique]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1967
* ''[[De Gaulle, Israël et les Juifs]]'', Paris, [[Plon]], 1968
* ''[[La Révolution introuvable|La Révolution introuvable. Réflexions sur les événements de mai]]'', Paris, [[Librairie Arthème Fayard|Fayard]], 1968
* ''[[Les Désillusions du progrès]]'', Paris, [[Calmann-Lévy]], 1969
* ''[[D'une sainte famille à l'autre|D'une sainte famille à l'autre. Essai sur le marxisme imaginaire]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1969
* ''[[De la condition historique du sociologue]]'', Paris, Gallimard, 1971
* ''[[Études politiques]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1972
* ''[[République impériale|République impériale. Les États-Unis dans le monde (1945–1972)]]'', Paris, [[Calmann-Lévy]], 1973
* ''[[Histoire et dialectique de la violence]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1973&lt;br&gt;Ce livre, qui est un commentaire de la ''Critique de la raison dialectique'' de [[Jean-Paul Sartre|Sartre]], fait l'objet d'une analyse par son ancien éditeur [[Pierre Verstraeten]], professeur à l'ULB : ''L'Anti-Aron'', [[Éditions de la Différence]], 2008).
* ''[[Penser la guerre, Clausewitz]]'', 2 vol., Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1976
* ''[[Plaidoyer pour l'Europe décadente]]'', Paris, [[Robert Laffont]], 1977
* ''[[Le Spectateur engagé]]'', entretiens avec [[Jean-Louis Missika]] et [[Dominique Wolton]], Paris, [[Éditions Julliard|Julliard]], 1981, 342 pages avec présentation finale de Jean-Louis Missika et Dominique Wolton. Bibliographie des principaux ouvrages, articles et pamphlets de Raymond Aron, p. 333-339. 
* ''[[Mémoires. 50 ans de réflexion politique]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Julliard]], 1983, 1082{{nb p.}}

===À titre posthume===
* ''[[Les Dernières Années du siècle]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Julliard|Julliard]], 1984
* ''Études sociologiques'', Paris, [[Presses universitaires de France|PUF]], 1988&lt;ref&gt;{{Article |langue=fr |auteur=Hervé Coutau-Bégarie |titre=Raymond Aron. Etudes sociologiques |périodique=Politique étrangère |volume=53 |numéro=4 |date=1988 |lire en ligne=https://www.persee.fr/doc/polit_0032-342x_1988_num_53_4_3826_t1_1016_0000_1 |pages=1016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Une histoire du {{s-|XX}}, anthologie'', Paris, Plon, 1996
* {{Ouvrage|langue=fr|auteur1=Raymond Aron|auteur2=[[Louis Séchan]]|titre=''Introduction à la philosophie de l'histoire''|lieu=Paris|éditeur=[[Éditions de Fallois]]|année=1997|pages totales=254|isbn=2-253-90536-4}}
* ''[[Le Marxisme de Marx]]'', Paris, [[Éditions de Fallois|Fallois]], 2002 {{ISBN|2-87706-423-9}} ; rééd. poche, 1082{{nb p.}}, Paris, 2004 {{ISBN|2-253-10800-6}}
* ''[[De Giscard à Mitterrand : 1977-1983]]'', éditoriaux parus dans ''[[L'Express]]'', préface de Jean-Claude Casanova, Paris, [[Éditions de Fallois|Fallois]], 2005, 895{{nb p.}} {{ISBN|2-87706-570-7}}
* ''Essais sur la condition juive contemporaine'', Paris, Tallandier, 2007.
* ''Liberté et égalité (cours au Collège de France)'', Paris, Éditions de l'École des hautes études en sciences sociales, 2013
* {{Ouvrage|langue=fr|titre=Aron et De Gaulle|prénom1=Jean-Claude|nom1=Casanova|lien auteur1=Jean-Claude Casanova|prénom2=Jean-Claude|nom2=Casanova|lieu=Paris|éditeur=Calmann Lévy|lien éditeur=Calmann-Levy|année=2022|pages totales=399|isbn=978-2-702-18360-1|isbn10=2-702-18360-3|oclc=1350349818|id=JC C 2022}}.
* ''Critique de la pensée sociologique : Cours au Collège de France (1970-1971 et 1971-1972)'', 2023, Éditions Odile Jacob, {{ISBN|978-2738157652}},
* ''Leçons sur l'histoire : Cours au Collège de France (1972-1973 et 1973-1974)'', 2023, Éditions De Fallois. 
* ''L'Europe selon Aron'', recueil de textes de Raymond Aron, textes choisis et préfaces par Joël Mouric, Paris, Calmann-Lévy, coll. Bibliothèque Raymond Aron, 400 p., 2024 {{ISBN|978-2702189603}}
* ''Aron, critique de Sartre : Textes rassemblés et commentés par [[Perrine Simon-Nahum]]'', Paris, Calmann-Lévy, coll. Bibliothèque Raymond Aron, 350 p., 2025 {{ISBN|978-2702191644}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Raymond Aron|Raymondum Aron}}
{{Fontes biographici}}

&lt;!--{{Lifetime|1905|1983|Aron, Raymondus}}--&gt;

[[:Categoria:Agnostici]]
[[:Categoria:Politologi]]
[[:Categoria:Sectatores Franciae liberae]]
[[:Categoria:Diurnarii Franciae]]
[[:Categoria:Professores apud Collegium Franciae]]
[[:Categoria:Scriptores Franciae]]
[[:Categoria:Socii Academiae Scientiarum Moralium et Politicarum]]
[[:Categoria:Socii Academiae Artium et Scientiarum Americanae]]
[[:Categoria:Professores Scholae Studiorum ad Scientias Sociales Superiorum (Lutetia)]]
[[:Categoria:Professores Instituti Scientiarum Politicarum Parisiensis]]
[[:Categoria:Philosophi]]
[[:Categoria:Alumni Lycei Condorcet]]
[[:Categoria:Alumni Scholae Normalis Superioris (Lutetia)]]
[[:Categoria:Sociologi]]

= [[Wendelinus (Sanctus)]] =
Wendelinus (Theodisce Wendelin) est sanctus [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Ecclesiae Catholicae Romanae]], die [[21 Octobris]] veneratus, qui in [[Religio Christiana|Christianisatione]] [[Rhenania et Palatinatus|Rhenaniae et Palatinatus]] et praesertim septentrionalis [[Saravia]]e participavit. Persona virtuosa, popularis et agricola, originis [[Scotia|Scoticae]] vel [[Hibernia|Hibernicae]], nobilis et divitis stirpis, nihilominus [[eremita]], [[peregrinus]], agricola, pastor, deinde [[monachus]] factus est, antequam munus abbatis [[Abbatia Theulegii|Abbatiae]] [[Theulegium|Theulegii]] occupavit. Sanctus Wendelinus patronus pastorum, segetum et pecorum, et postea omnium animalium domesticorum (vaccarum, gallinorum, canum, felium, etc.) est.

cf fr.wikipedia 

Secundum fabulam, Sanctus Vandalinus filius erat Frochardi et Evelinae regiorum coniugum Scotorum. Iuvenis, coronam et voluptates mundi repudiavit et Deo in paupertate et obscuritate servire constituit. Romam aliaque loca peregrinationis ut peregrinus visitavit, deinde aliquamdiu ut eremita in regione Westrich Episcopatus Trevirensis vixit, domino manerii serviens, primum ut subulcus, deinde ut pastor boum, et denique ut pastor ovium. Postea, abbas Monasterii Tholey electus et a Severino Episcopo Trevirensi anno 517 consecratus est. Anno 607 mortuus est et prope casam ubi antea ut eremita vixerat sepultus est. Oppidum Sancti Wendel ibi conditum est propter multas peregrinationes saeculi XIV. In calendariis, Sanctus Wendelinus diebus XX, XXI, vel XXII Octobris celebratur. Patronus pastorum et gregum veneratur. Vitae antiquissimae quas Bollandistis notae sunt ad saeculum XV pertinent. Utrum fundamentum historicum habeant vehementer dubium est.

== Fontes ==
Acta Sanctorum. Oct. T. IX, p. 342–351. – Stadler, Heiligen- Lex. V, 776. – (Stramberg,) Rhein. Antiquarius, 2. Abth., 2. Bd., S. 481 bis 491.

cf. ADB:Wendelinus der Heilige de.wikisource.org

&lt;!--{{lifetime|554|617|Wendelinus}}--&gt;
[[:Categoria:Sanctus catholicus]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Saīd Seif</title>
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{{res|Saīd Seif}} (Persice {{lang|fa|سعید سیف}}, natus Kirmanshah in [[Irania]] anno [[1984]]) est [[diurnarius]] Iranicus atque [[scriptor]] investigativus. Qui [[editor princeps]] est ''[[Didbān Iran]],'' interretialis nuntiorum situs liberi, quem anno [[2015]] [[Teheranum|Teherani]] condidit.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-01-01 |title=تماس با دیدبان ایران – درباره ما |url=https://www.didbaniran.ir/صفحه-تماس-با-دیدبان-ایران-درباره-ما-13 |access-date=2025-01-01 |language=fa}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Vita ==
Saʿīd Seif anno 1984 [[Kirmanshah]] in urbe natus est. Studia diurnaria et [[communicatio]]nis socialis perfecit. Postea diurnarius in variis instrumentis operam dedit. Anno [[2015]], ''Didbān Iran,'' interretialem nuntiorum situm Persicum condidit et ex eo tempore editor princeps manet.

== Activitates professionales ==
Seif investigationes de [[res politicae|rebus politicis]], socialibus, et oeconomicis edidit. Eius situs saepe de corruptione, [[pecunia]]rum malversatione, et aliis rebus sensilibus nuntiavit.

== Conflictūs et arresti{{dubsig}} ==
* '''Decembris 2022 (Azar 1401)''': post relationes de demonstrationibus nationalibus captus est.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=بازداشت مدیرمسئول دیدبان ایران به دلیل پوشش اعتراضات |url=https://www.radiofarda.com/a/32199999.html |access-date=2025-03-05 |language=fa}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Aprilis 2023 (Farvardin 1402)''': iterum detentus est, accusatus quod demonstratores sustineret.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=بازداشت دوباره سعید سیف، مدیرمسئول دیدبان ایران |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/didban-iran-chief-arrested-again/7042831.html |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=VOA Persian}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Decembris 2024 (Azar 1403)''': duabus hebdomadibus incarceratus est post colloquia de casibus corruptionis divulgata.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=بازداشت مجدد مدیرمسئول دیدبان ایران پس از انتشار گفتگوهای افشاگرانه |url=https://www.dw.com/fa-ir/a-70672813 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=DW فارسی}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notabilitas ==
Per opera investigativa, Saʿīd Seif in Irania notus factus est, praesertim ob creationem ''Didbān Iran,'' qui a nonnullis instrumentis &quot;WikiLeaks Iranicum&quot; appellatur.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=دیدبان ایران؛ ویکی‌لیکس ایرانی |url=https://www.parsnews.com/بخش-اخبار-2/698916-دیدبان-ایران-ویکی-لیکس-ایرانی |access-date=2025-03-05 |language=fa}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://didbaniran.ir Pagina officialis ''Didbān Iran'']{{Nexus deficit|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{Lifetime|1984||Seif, Saīd}}

[[Categoria:Diurnarii Iraniae]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Teherani]]</text>
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    <title>Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve/bivium</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>320926</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3959385</id>
      <parentid>3958392</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-13T02:45:27Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Minora</comment>
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	| {{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#if:{{{#verba-ostendenda|}}}
		| {{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#ifeq:{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;ucfirst:{{{#verba-ostendenda}}}}}|{{{#instantia-iam-creata}}}
			| [[{{{#verba-ostendenda}}}]]
			| [[{{{#instantia-iam-creata}}}|{{{#verba-ostendenda}}}]]
		}}
		| {{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#ifeq:{{{#instantia-iam-creata}}}|{{{#pagina-desiderata}}}
			| [[{{{#instantia-iam-creata}}}]]
			| [[{{{#instantia-iam-creata}}}|{{{#pagina-desiderata}}}]]
		}}
	}}{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#ifeq:{{{#propositum|}}}|exhibitio||{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Si in substitutione||{{Recensio vacua exspectatur|summarium=Formulam {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve]]}} detraxi, quia pagina creata est.}}}}}}
	| {{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#if:{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Si in substitutione|/}}
		| &lt;noinclude /&gt;{&lt;noinclude /&gt;{&lt;noinclude /&gt;safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;!}}{{{#pagina-desiderata}}}{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;!}}{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#if:{{{#verba-ostendenda|}}}|{{{#verba-ostendenda}}}}}{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#if:{{{#qid|}}}
			| {{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#invoke:params|
				sequential|
				setting|hi|{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;!}}|
				list_values|
			}}{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#invoke:params|
				with_name_not_matching|^#|
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					excluding_non-numeric_names|
					detaching_substack|
					renaming_by_mixing|$@|
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				setting|hi|{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;!}}|
				for_each|$#}}{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;!}}qid{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;=}}{{{#qid}}}
			| {{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#invoke:params|
				excluding_numeric_names|
				with_name_not_matching|^#|
				with_value_not_matching||strict|
				all_sorted|
				setting|hi/p|{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;!}}|{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;=}}|
				list
			}}
		}}&lt;noinclude /&gt;}&lt;noinclude /&gt;}&lt;noinclude /&gt;
		| {{#if:{{{#qid|}}}
			| {{#if:{{{#verba-ostendenda|}}}
				| [[{{{#pagina-desiderata}}}|{{{#verba-ostendenda|}}}]]
				| [[{{{#pagina-desiderata}}}]]
			}}{{Sin secus
				| 1 = {{#invoke:params|
					excluding_non-numeric_names|
					sequential|
					trimming_values|
					with_value_not_matching||strict|
					squeezing|
					entering_substack|
						with_value_matching|d|strict|
						detaching_substack|
						mapping_by_calling|Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve/nexus|
							values_only_as|lingua|
							let|pagina|{{{#qid}}}#sitelinks-wikipedia|
							let|latine|{{{#pagina-desiderata}}}|
					leaving_substack|
					mapping_by_calling|Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve/legatio|values_only|
						let|#qid|{{{#qid}}}|
						let|#latine|{{{#pagina-desiderata}}}|
					flushing|
					list_values
				}}{{#invoke:params|
					with_name_not_matching|^#|
					all_sorted|
					entering_substack|
						excluding_non-numeric_names|
						detaching_substack|
						renaming_by_mixing|$@|
						detaching_substack|
					dropping_substack|
					with_value_not_matching||strict|
					mapping_by_calling|Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve/nexus|
						names_and_values_as|lingua|pagina|
						let|latine|{{{#pagina-desiderata}}}|
					list_values
				}}
				| 2 = &lt;sup style=&quot;font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;[[:d:{{{#qid}}}#sitelinks-wikipedia|(d)]]&lt;/sup&gt;
				| 3 = &lt;sup style=&quot;font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;
				| 4 = &lt;/sup&gt;
			}}{{#if:{{{#titulus-iam-creatus|}}}|{{Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve/nectenda|qid={{{#qid}}}|propositum={{{#propositum}}}}}}}
			| {{#if:{{{#verba-ostendenda|}}}
				| [[{{{#pagina-desiderata}}}|{{{#verba-ostendenda|}}}]]
				| [[{{{#pagina-desiderata}}}]]
			}}{{#invoke:params|
				excluding_numeric_names|
				with_name_not_matching|^#|
				all_sorted|
				with_value_not_matching||strict|
				mapping_by_calling|Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve/nexus|
					names_and_values_as|lingua|pagina|
					let|latine|{{{#pagina-desiderata}}}|
				setting|h/f/n|&lt;sup style{{=}}&quot;font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;|&lt;/sup&gt;{{#if:{{{#titulus-iam-creatus|}}}
					| {{Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve/nectenda|qid=|propositum={{{#propositum}}}}}
					| {{#ifeq:{{{#propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Paginae quae ad paginas interviciales sine Vicidatis nectuntur]]}}
				}}|&lt;sup style{{=}}&quot;padding-left: 1px; font-size: .75em; cursor: help; color: #090;&quot; title{{=}}&quot;Significatio huius nexus rubri non intellegitur; adde nexum intervicialem si potes (e.g. ‘…&amp;#124;en&amp;#61;{{Textus planus|{{{#pagina-desiderata}}}}}’).&quot;&gt;&amp;#91;&lt;i&gt;nexus intervicialis desideratur ([[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|auxilium]])&lt;/i&gt;&amp;#93;&lt;/sup&gt;{{#ifeq:{{{#propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Paginae quae nexus internos obscuros exhibent]]}}|
				list_values
			}}
		}}
	}}
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentatio|contenta={{Formula machinaria}}}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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	| {{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#if:{{{#verba-ostendenda|}}}
		| {{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#ifeq:{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;ucfirst:{{{#verba-ostendenda}}}}}|{{{#instantia-iam-creata}}}
			| [[{{{#verba-ostendenda}}}]]
			| [[{{{#instantia-iam-creata}}}|{{{#verba-ostendenda}}}]]
		}}
		| {{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#ifeq:{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;ucfirst:{{{#pagina-desiderata}}}}}|{{{#instantia-iam-creata}}}
			| [[{{{#instantia-iam-creata}}}]]
			| [[{{{#instantia-iam-creata}}}|{{{#pagina-desiderata}}}]]
		}}
	}}{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#ifeq:{{{#propositum|}}}|exhibitio||{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Si in substitutione||{{Recensio vacua exspectatur|summarium=Formulam {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve]]}} detraxi, quia pagina creata est.}}}}}}
	| {{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#if:{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Si in substitutione|/}}
		| &lt;noinclude /&gt;{&lt;noinclude /&gt;{&lt;noinclude /&gt;safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;!}}{{{#pagina-desiderata}}}{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;!}}{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#if:{{{#verba-ostendenda|}}}|{{{#verba-ostendenda}}}}}{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#if:{{{#qid|}}}
			| {{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#invoke:params|
				sequential|
				setting|hi|{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;!}}|
				list_values|
			}}{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#invoke:params|
				with_name_not_matching|^#|
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					excluding_non-numeric_names|
					detaching_substack|
					renaming_by_mixing|$@|
					detaching_substack|
				dropping_substack|
				setting|hi|{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;!}}|
				for_each|$#}}{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;!}}qid{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;=}}{{{#qid}}}
			| {{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#invoke:params|
				excluding_numeric_names|
				with_name_not_matching|^#|
				with_value_not_matching||strict|
				all_sorted|
				setting|hi/p|{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;!}}|{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;=}}|
				list
			}}
		}}&lt;noinclude /&gt;}&lt;noinclude /&gt;}&lt;noinclude /&gt;
		| {{#if:{{{#qid|}}}
			| {{#if:{{{#verba-ostendenda|}}}
				| [[{{{#pagina-desiderata}}}|{{{#verba-ostendenda|}}}]]
				| [[{{{#pagina-desiderata}}}]]
			}}{{Sin secus
				| 1 = {{#invoke:params|
					excluding_non-numeric_names|
					sequential|
					trimming_values|
					with_value_not_matching||strict|
					squeezing|
					entering_substack|
						with_value_matching|d|strict|
						detaching_substack|
						mapping_by_calling|Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve/nexus|
							values_only_as|lingua|
							let|pagina|{{{#qid}}}#sitelinks-wikipedia|
							let|latine|{{{#pagina-desiderata}}}|
					leaving_substack|
					mapping_by_calling|Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve/legatio|values_only|
						let|#qid|{{{#qid}}}|
						let|#latine|{{{#pagina-desiderata}}}|
					flushing|
					list_values
				}}{{#invoke:params|
					with_name_not_matching|^#|
					all_sorted|
					entering_substack|
						excluding_non-numeric_names|
						detaching_substack|
						renaming_by_mixing|$@|
						detaching_substack|
					dropping_substack|
					with_value_not_matching||strict|
					mapping_by_calling|Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve/nexus|
						names_and_values_as|lingua|pagina|
						let|latine|{{{#pagina-desiderata}}}|
					list_values
				}}
				| 2 = &lt;sup style=&quot;font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;[[:d:{{{#qid}}}#sitelinks-wikipedia|(d)]]&lt;/sup&gt;
				| 3 = &lt;sup style=&quot;font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;
				| 4 = &lt;/sup&gt;
			}}{{#if:{{{#titulus-iam-creatus|}}}|{{Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve/nectenda|qid={{{#qid}}}|propositum={{{#propositum}}}}}}}
			| {{#if:{{{#verba-ostendenda|}}}
				| [[{{{#pagina-desiderata}}}|{{{#verba-ostendenda|}}}]]
				| [[{{{#pagina-desiderata}}}]]
			}}{{#invoke:params|
				excluding_numeric_names|
				with_name_not_matching|^#|
				all_sorted|
				with_value_not_matching||strict|
				mapping_by_calling|Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve/nexus|
					names_and_values_as|lingua|pagina|
					let|latine|{{{#pagina-desiderata}}}|
				setting|h/f/n|&lt;sup style{{=}}&quot;font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;|&lt;/sup&gt;{{#if:{{{#titulus-iam-creatus|}}}
					| {{Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve/nectenda|qid=|propositum={{{#propositum}}}}}
					| {{#ifeq:{{{#propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Paginae quae ad paginas interviciales sine Vicidatis nectuntur]]}}
				}}|&lt;sup style{{=}}&quot;padding-left: 1px; font-size: .75em; cursor: help; color: #090;&quot; title{{=}}&quot;Significatio huius nexus rubri non intellegitur; adde nexum intervicialem si potes (e.g. ‘…&amp;#124;en&amp;#61;{{Textus planus|{{{#pagina-desiderata}}}}}’).&quot;&gt;&amp;#91;&lt;i&gt;nexus intervicialis desideratur ([[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|auxilium]])&lt;/i&gt;&amp;#93;&lt;/sup&gt;{{#ifeq:{{{#propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Paginae quae nexus internos obscuros exhibent]]}}|
				list_values
			}}
		}}
	}}
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentatio|contenta={{Formula machinaria}}}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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      <parentid>3959386</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-13T02:48:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
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      <text bytes="4957" sha1="1q6gxv7fk0l6rj5dovh9nxspq9xquig" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#if:{{{#instantia-iam-creata|}}}
	| {{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#if:{{{#verba-ostendenda|}}}
		| {{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#ifeq:{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;ucfirst:{{{#verba-ostendenda}}}}}|{{{#instantia-iam-creata}}}
			| [[{{{#verba-ostendenda}}}]]
			| [[{{{#instantia-iam-creata}}}|{{{#verba-ostendenda}}}]]
		}}
		| {{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#ifeq:{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;ucfirst:{{{#pagina-desiderata}}}}}|{{{#instantia-iam-creata}}}
			| [[{{{#pagina-desiderata}}}]]
			| [[{{{#instantia-iam-creata}}}|{{{#pagina-desiderata}}}]]
		}}
	}}{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#ifeq:{{{#propositum|}}}|exhibitio||{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Si in substitutione||{{Recensio vacua exspectatur|summarium=Formulam {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve]]}} detraxi, quia pagina creata est.}}}}}}
	| {{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#if:{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Si in substitutione|/}}
		| &lt;noinclude /&gt;{&lt;noinclude /&gt;{&lt;noinclude /&gt;safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;!}}{{{#pagina-desiderata}}}{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;!}}{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#if:{{{#verba-ostendenda|}}}|{{{#verba-ostendenda}}}}}{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#if:{{{#qid|}}}
			| {{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#invoke:params|
				sequential|
				setting|hi|{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;!}}|
				list_values|
			}}{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#invoke:params|
				with_name_not_matching|^#|
				entering_substack|
					excluding_non-numeric_names|
					detaching_substack|
					renaming_by_mixing|$@|
					detaching_substack|
				dropping_substack|
				setting|hi|{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;!}}|
				for_each|$#}}{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;!}}qid{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;=}}{{{#qid}}}
			| {{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#invoke:params|
				excluding_numeric_names|
				with_name_not_matching|^#|
				with_value_not_matching||strict|
				all_sorted|
				setting|hi/p|{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;!}}|{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;=}}|
				list
			}}
		}}&lt;noinclude /&gt;}&lt;noinclude /&gt;}&lt;noinclude /&gt;
		| {{#if:{{{#qid|}}}
			| {{#if:{{{#verba-ostendenda|}}}
				| [[{{{#pagina-desiderata}}}|{{{#verba-ostendenda|}}}]]
				| [[{{{#pagina-desiderata}}}]]
			}}{{Sin secus
				| 1 = {{#invoke:params|
					excluding_non-numeric_names|
					sequential|
					trimming_values|
					with_value_not_matching||strict|
					squeezing|
					entering_substack|
						with_value_matching|d|strict|
						detaching_substack|
						mapping_by_calling|Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve/nexus|
							values_only_as|lingua|
							let|pagina|{{{#qid}}}#sitelinks-wikipedia|
							let|latine|{{{#pagina-desiderata}}}|
					leaving_substack|
					mapping_by_calling|Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve/legatio|values_only|
						let|#qid|{{{#qid}}}|
						let|#latine|{{{#pagina-desiderata}}}|
					flushing|
					list_values
				}}{{#invoke:params|
					with_name_not_matching|^#|
					all_sorted|
					entering_substack|
						excluding_non-numeric_names|
						detaching_substack|
						renaming_by_mixing|$@|
						detaching_substack|
					dropping_substack|
					with_value_not_matching||strict|
					mapping_by_calling|Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve/nexus|
						names_and_values_as|lingua|pagina|
						let|latine|{{{#pagina-desiderata}}}|
					list_values
				}}
				| 2 = &lt;sup style=&quot;font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;[[:d:{{{#qid}}}#sitelinks-wikipedia|(d)]]&lt;/sup&gt;
				| 3 = &lt;sup style=&quot;font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;
				| 4 = &lt;/sup&gt;
			}}{{#if:{{{#titulus-iam-creatus|}}}|{{Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve/nectenda|qid={{{#qid}}}|propositum={{{#propositum}}}}}}}
			| {{#if:{{{#verba-ostendenda|}}}
				| [[{{{#pagina-desiderata}}}|{{{#verba-ostendenda|}}}]]
				| [[{{{#pagina-desiderata}}}]]
			}}{{#invoke:params|
				excluding_numeric_names|
				with_name_not_matching|^#|
				all_sorted|
				with_value_not_matching||strict|
				mapping_by_calling|Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve/nexus|
					names_and_values_as|lingua|pagina|
					let|latine|{{{#pagina-desiderata}}}|
				setting|h/f/n|&lt;sup style{{=}}&quot;font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;|&lt;/sup&gt;{{#if:{{{#titulus-iam-creatus|}}}
					| {{Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve/nectenda|qid=|propositum={{{#propositum}}}}}
					| {{#ifeq:{{{#propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Paginae quae ad paginas interviciales sine Vicidatis nectuntur]]}}
				}}|&lt;sup style{{=}}&quot;padding-left: 1px; font-size: .75em; cursor: help; color: #090;&quot; title{{=}}&quot;Significatio huius nexus rubri non intellegitur; adde nexum intervicialem si potes (e.g. ‘…&amp;#124;en&amp;#61;{{Textus planus|{{{#pagina-desiderata}}}}}’).&quot;&gt;&amp;#91;&lt;i&gt;nexus intervicialis desideratur ([[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|auxilium]])&lt;/i&gt;&amp;#93;&lt;/sup&gt;{{#ifeq:{{{#propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Paginae quae nexus internos obscuros exhibent]]}}|
				list_values
			}}
		}}
	}}
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentatio|contenta={{Formula machinaria}}}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>1q6gxv7fk0l6rj5dovh9nxspq9xquig</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Snohomish Comitatus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>322166</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3959399</id>
      <parentid>3939631</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-13T05:39:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bartholomite</username>
        <id>116968</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3959399</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1406" sha1="r3kzx6p0kr9wa98yir5pf0stryru1sb" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}}
{{res|Snohomish Comitatus}} ([[Anglice]] ''Snohomish County'') est [[Vasintonia (civitas)|Vasintoniae]] comitatus in [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitatibus Foederatis Americae]] 827&amp;thinsp;957 incolarum.&lt;ref&gt;Census Civitatum Foederatarum anno 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; Comitatus, cuius [[sedes comitatus|sedes]] est urbs [[Everardum]], die [[15 Ianuarii]] [[1861]] creatus est.

== Urbes ==
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Arlingtonia (Vasingtonia)|Arlingtonia]]
* [[Bothell (Vasingtonia)|Bothell]]
* [[Brier (Vasingtonia)|Brier]]
* [[Edmonds (Vasingtonia)|Edmonds]]
* [[Everardum]]
* [[Gold Bar (Vasingtonia)|Gold Bar]]
* [[Granite Falls (Vasingtonia)|Granite Falls]]
* [[Lake Stevens (Vasingtonia)|Lake Stevens]]
* [[Lynnwood (Vasingtonia)|Lynnwood]]
* [[Mariopolis (Vasingtonia)|Mariopolis]]
* [[Mill Creek (Vasingtonia)|Mill Creek]]
* [[Monroe (Vasingtonia)|Monroe]]
* [[Mountlake Terrace]]
* [[Mukilteum]]
* [[Snohomish (urbs)|Snohomish]]
* [[Stanwood (Vasingtonia)|Stanwood]]
* [[Sultana (Vasingtonia)|Sultana]]
* [[Woodway (Vasingtonia)|Woodway]]
{{div col end}}

=== Oppidi ===
* [[Darringtonia]]
* [[Index (Vasingtonia)|Index]]

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Snohomish County, Washington|Snohomish Comitatum}}
{{fontes geographici}}

{{geo-stipula}}

{{Comitatus Vasingtoniae}}

[[Categoria:Comitatus Vasingtoniae]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1861]]</text>
      <sha1>r3kzx6p0kr9wa98yir5pf0stryru1sb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Formula:Recensio vacua exspectatur</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>322839</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3959392</id>
      <parentid>3938921</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-13T02:56:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>&lt;indicator&gt;...&lt;/indicator&gt; → {{#tag:indicator}}</comment>
      <origin>3959392</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="375" sha1="ep83zy04uvc3gmxw43ya1ydm9lbcjlv" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#tag:indicator|{{Icon de recensione vacua|22px|monitus=Formula:Recensio vacua exspectatur/monitus|summarium={{{summarium|}}}|annotatio=Haec pagina recensionem vacuam exspectat.}}|name=recensio-vacua-exspectatur}}{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Paginae quae recensionem vacuam exspectant]]}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentatio}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>ep83zy04uvc3gmxw43ya1ydm9lbcjlv</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Formula:Icon de recensione vacua</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>322842</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3959390</id>
      <parentid>3939018</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-13T02:53:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>+Experimentum</comment>
      <origin>3959390</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1632" sha1="90z7ttaa5hywlo265nqrjzck6yp931i" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{Nexus ad recensendum
	| annotatio = {{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#if:{{{annotatio|}}}
		| {{{annotatio|}}}
		| {{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#if:{{{2|}}}
			| {{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#ifeq:{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;FULLPAGENAME:{{{2|}}}}}|{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;FULLPAGENAME}}
				| Hanc paginam
				| Paginam “{{{2}}}”
			}}
			| Hanc paginam
		}} nihil tangens recensere.
	}}
	| monitus = {{{monitus|Formula:Icon de recensione vacua/monitus}}}
	| summarium = {{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#if:{{{summarium|}}}
		| {{{summarium}}}
		| Recensio vacua
	}}
	| 1 = {{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#if:{{{2|}}}|{{{2}}}|{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;FULLPAGENAME}}}}
	| 2 = {{SVG
		| width = {{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}|78px}}
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		&lt;defs&gt;&lt;style&gt;@keyframes coruscatio { 0%, 40%, 60%, 100% { opacity: 1; } 50% { opacity: 0; } } .coruscans { animation: coruscatio 2s infinite; }&lt;/style&gt;&lt;/defs&gt;
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	}}{{{summarium|}}}
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentatio}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>90z7ttaa5hywlo265nqrjzck6yp931i</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3959391</id>
      <parentid>3959390</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-13T02:54:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>-Experimentum</comment>
      <origin>3959391</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1616" sha1="3rwhen55yv2ami0wonly1zq4kjzvg6l" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{Nexus ad recensendum
	| annotatio = {{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#if:{{{annotatio|}}}
		| {{{annotatio|}}}
		| {{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#if:{{{2|}}}
			| {{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#ifeq:{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;FULLPAGENAME:{{{2|}}}}}|{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;FULLPAGENAME}}
				| Hanc paginam
				| Paginam “{{{2}}}”
			}}
			| Hanc paginam
		}} nihil tangens recensere.
	}}
	| monitus = {{{monitus|Formula:Icon de recensione vacua/monitus}}}
	| summarium = {{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#if:{{{summarium|}}}
		| {{{summarium}}}
		| Recensio vacua
	}}
	| 1 = {{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#if:{{{2|}}}|{{{2}}}|{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;FULLPAGENAME}}}}
	| 2 = {{SVG
		| width = {{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}|78px}}
		| alt = Recensio vacua
		| #width = 368
		| #height = 325
		| #viewBox = 0 0 368 325
		| content =

		&lt;defs&gt;&lt;style&gt;@keyframes coruscatio { 0%, 40%, 60%, 100% { opacity: 1; } 50% { opacity: 0; } } .coruscans { animation: coruscatio 2s infinite; }&lt;/style&gt;&lt;/defs&gt;
		&lt;path fill=&quot;#181&quot; class=&quot;coruscans&quot; aria-label=&quot;0&quot; d=&quot;M10 167C10 89 29 18 127 18s116 71 116 149-18 147-116 147S10 245 10 167m117 94c34 0 38-46 38-94s-4-94-38-94-38 46-38 94 4 94 38 94&quot; /&gt;
		&lt;g transform=&quot;rotate(-45 347 48)&quot;&gt;
			&lt;path fill=&quot;#f0f0f0&quot; d=&quot;M48 0 12 21.75v14.5L48 58h8V0Z&quot; /&gt;
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	}}
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentatio}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>3rwhen55yv2ami0wonly1zq4kjzvg6l</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ecce sonat in aperto</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>324340</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3959243</id>
      <parentid>3957010</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-12T12:29:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Descriptio */</comment>
      <origin>3959243</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5619" sha1="saoa1175ukkq28949awn3aww70iuwt2" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus ad litteram}}
{{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}}
{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum
| Titulus    =
| Imago      =
| Descriptio =
| Categoria  =
| Numerus    =
| Auctor     =
| Argumenta  =
| Datum      =
| Lingua     =
| Album      =
| Praecedi   =
| Sequi      =
}}

{{lres|Ecce sonat in aperto}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Goliardia|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero X reperitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot;&gt;{{Opus
| titulus = De avaritia 1-25
| url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo1.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Textus ==
{{Versus numerati|
Ecce sonat in aperto
vox clamantis in deserto:
nos desertum, nos deserti,
nos de pena sumus certi.
nullus fere vitam querit,
et sic omne vivens perit.
omnes quidem sumus rei,
nullus imitator Dei,
nullus vult portare crucem,
nullus Christum sequi ducem.
quis est verax, quis est bonus,
vel quis Dei portat onus?
ut in uno claudam plura:
mors extendit sua iura.
iam mors regnat in prelatis:
nolunt sanctum dare gratis,
quod promittunt sub ingressu,
sancte mentis in excessu;
postquam sedent iam securi,
contradicunt sancto iuri.
rose fiunt saliunca,
domus Dei fit spelunca.
sunt latrones, non latores,
legis Dei destructores.
Simon sedens inter eos
dat magnates esse reos.
Simon prefert malos bonis,
Simon totus est in donis,
Simon regnat apud Austrum,
Simon frangit omne claustrum.
cum non datur, Simon stridet,
sed si detur, Simon ridet;
Simon aufert, Simon donat,
hunc expellit, hunc coronat,
hunc circumdat gravi peste,
illum nuptiali veste;
illi donat diadema,
qui nunc erat anathema.
iam se Simon non abscondit,
res permiscet et confundit.
iste Simon confundatur,
cui tantum posse datur!
Simon Petrus hunc elusit
et ab alto iusum trusit;
dum superbit motus penna,
datus fuit in gehenna.
quisquis eum imitatur,
cum eodem puniatur
et sepultus in infernum
penas luat in eternum! Amen.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;
}}

== Descriptio ==
In hoc carmine, auctor [[Biblia|biblicam]] [[prophetia|prophetiam]] [[Ioannes Baptista|Iohannis Baptistae]] (&quot;vox clamantis in deserto&quot;) ad statum [[Moralitas|moralem]] sui temporis convertit, ubi mundus ipse desertum virtutum factus est. Poeta deplorat absentiam veri exempli Christiani, cum nemo velit [[crux|crucem]] portare aut Christum sequi, et mors [[Spiritualitas|spiritualis]] iura sua super omnes extendat.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;

Maxima pars carminis in vituperationem praelatorum et simoniae intenditur. Auctor denuntiat ecclesiae duces, qui sancta munera gratis dare nolunt et ius divinum post adeptam securitatem neglegunt, domum Dei in speluncam latronum convertentes. Per personificationem &quot;Simonis&quot; (scilicet Simonis Magi), describitur quomodo pecunia omnia regat, honores distribuat, et iustitiam confundat, praeferendo malos bonis ob dona accepta.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;

Conclusio carminis gravem exsecrationem in simoniacos continet, memorando casum Simonis Magi a Sancto Petro deiecti. Sicut ille ob superbiam et cupiditatem in gehennam praecipitatus est, ita scriptor postulat ut omnes eius imitatores aeternis poenis in inferno puniantur, ordinem iustum restituendo.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;

==Investigatio critica==
Hoc carmen satiricum ac morale contra humani generis Ecclesiaeque corruptionem invehitur, praecipue simoniae vitium severe reprehendens. Argumentum nititur in imagine filiarum sanguisugae, quae secundum traditionem exegeticam [[Liber Proverbiorum|Libri Proverbiorum]] avaritiam et luxuriam significant, incessanter &quot;affer, affer&quot; clamantes. Poeta, ut moralem deiectionem demonstret, verbis [[Iuvenalis]] utitur monens vitium specie virtutis homines decipere posse. In hac rerum perturbatione, [[Epicurus]] ut auctor doctrinae hedonisticae inducitur, qui voluptates corporis animae immortalitati anteponit; quae figura in ''Carminibus Buranis'' modo a moralistis vituperatur, modo in potionis carminibus per parodiam extollitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2000-pp-238-239&quot;&gt;{{qc|Rossi, 2006}}, pp. 238–239.&lt;/ref&gt;

Auctores horum versuum crebro ad [[Biblia Sacra]] recurrunt ut mundi nequitiam depingant. Vox poetae similis fit voci clamantis in deserto, dum deploratur defectus caritatis et renuntiatio crucis propriae, contra praecepta evangelica. Per metaphoram ab [[Vergilius|Vergilio]] et [[Isaias (propheta)|Isaia]] sumptam, ordo naturae subvertitur: rosae enim in humiles saliuncas mutantur, quod indicat bonum in malum degeneravisse. Denique domus Dei, quae orationis locus esse deberet, in speluncam latronum mutata esse videtur.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2000-pp-238-239&quot; /&gt;

Critica deinde ad Curiam Romanam dirigitur, ubi Simon Magus regnare dicitur. Locatio geographica ad meridiem spectat, quod plane ad Romam refertur respectu sedis scriptoris septentrionalis. Quamvis olim [[Simon Petrus]] simoniam vicisset, nunc vitium ubique dominari videtur, trahens homines ad Gehennam, quae vallis prope Hierosolymam hic tamquam aeterni supplicii et perditionis imago adhibetur.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2000-pp-238-239&quot; /&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Rossi, 2006
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen redactoris = Rossi
		| nomen redactoris = Petrus Victorius
		| titulus = Carmina Burana. Testo latino a fronte
		| annus = 2006
		| annus primae editionis = 1989
		| editio = 8
		| locus = [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]]
		| domus editoria = Tascabili Bompiani
		| isbn = 88-452-5307-4
		| lingua = it
	}}
}}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]</text>
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      <text bytes="5651" sha1="0klb5haozr7aio8xbpli2m24fw892fx" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus ad litteram}}
{{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}}
{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum
| Titulus    =
| Imago      =
| Descriptio =
| Categoria  =
| Numerus    =
| Auctor     =
| Argumenta  =
| Datum      =
| Lingua     =
| Album      =
| Praecedi   =
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{{lres|Ecce sonat in aperto}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Goliardia|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero X reperitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot;&gt;{{Opus
| titulus = De avaritia 1-25
| url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo1.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Textus ==
{{Versus numerati|
Ecce sonat in aperto
vox clamantis in deserto:
nos desertum, nos deserti,
nos de pena sumus certi.
nullus fere vitam querit,
et sic omne vivens perit.
omnes quidem sumus rei,
nullus imitator Dei,
nullus vult portare crucem,
nullus Christum sequi ducem.
quis est verax, quis est bonus,
vel quis Dei portat onus?
ut in uno claudam plura:
mors extendit sua iura.
iam mors regnat in prelatis:
nolunt sanctum dare gratis,
quod promittunt sub ingressu,
sancte mentis in excessu;
postquam sedent iam securi,
contradicunt sancto iuri.
rose fiunt saliunca,
domus Dei fit spelunca.
sunt latrones, non latores,
legis Dei destructores.
Simon sedens inter eos
dat magnates esse reos.
Simon prefert malos bonis,
Simon totus est in donis,
Simon regnat apud Austrum,
Simon frangit omne claustrum.
cum non datur, Simon stridet,
sed si detur, Simon ridet;
Simon aufert, Simon donat,
hunc expellit, hunc coronat,
hunc circumdat gravi peste,
illum nuptiali veste;
illi donat diadema,
qui nunc erat anathema.
iam se Simon non abscondit,
res permiscet et confundit.
iste Simon confundatur,
cui tantum posse datur!
Simon Petrus hunc elusit
et ab alto iusum trusit;
dum superbit motus penna,
datus fuit in gehenna.
quisquis eum imitatur,
cum eodem puniatur
et sepultus in infernum
penas luat in eternum! Amen.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;
}}

== Descriptio ==
Hoc in carmine, [[poeta]] [[Biblia|biblicam]] [[prophetia|prophetiam]] [[Ioannes Baptista|Ioannis Baptistae]] (vocem &quot;clamantis in deserto&quot;) ad statum [[Moralitas|moralem]] sui temporis convertit, ubi mundus ipse [[deserta]] virtutum factus est. Poeta deplorat absentiam veri exempli Christiani, cum nemo [[crux|crucem]] portare aut [[Christus|Christum]] sequi velit, et [[mors]] [[Spiritualitas|spiritualis]] [[ius|iura]] sua super omnes extendat.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;

Maxima pars carminis in vituperationem praelatorum et simoniae intenditur. Auctor denuntiat ecclesiae duces, qui sancta munera gratis dare nolunt et ius divinum post adeptam securitatem neglegunt, domum Dei in speluncam latronum convertentes. Per personificationem &quot;Simonis&quot; (scilicet Simonis Magi), describitur quomodo pecunia omnia regat, honores distribuat, et iustitiam confundat, praeferendo malos bonis ob dona accepta.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;

Conclusio carminis gravem exsecrationem in simoniacos continet, memorando casum Simonis Magi a Sancto Petro deiecti. Sicut ille ob superbiam et cupiditatem in gehennam praecipitatus est, ita scriptor postulat ut omnes eius imitatores aeternis poenis in inferno puniantur, ordinem iustum restituendo.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;

==Investigatio critica==
Hoc carmen satiricum ac morale contra humani generis Ecclesiaeque corruptionem invehitur, praecipue simoniae vitium severe reprehendens. Argumentum nititur in imagine filiarum sanguisugae, quae secundum traditionem exegeticam [[Liber Proverbiorum|Libri Proverbiorum]] avaritiam et luxuriam significant, incessanter &quot;affer, affer&quot; clamantes. Poeta, ut moralem deiectionem demonstret, verbis [[Iuvenalis]] utitur monens vitium specie virtutis homines decipere posse. In hac rerum perturbatione, [[Epicurus]] ut auctor doctrinae hedonisticae inducitur, qui voluptates corporis animae immortalitati anteponit; quae figura in ''Carminibus Buranis'' modo a moralistis vituperatur, modo in potionis carminibus per parodiam extollitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2000-pp-238-239&quot;&gt;{{qc|Rossi, 2006}}, pp. 238–239.&lt;/ref&gt;

Auctores horum versuum crebro ad [[Biblia Sacra]] recurrunt ut mundi nequitiam depingant. Vox poetae similis fit voci clamantis in deserto, dum deploratur defectus caritatis et renuntiatio crucis propriae, contra praecepta evangelica. Per metaphoram ab [[Vergilius|Vergilio]] et [[Isaias (propheta)|Isaia]] sumptam, ordo naturae subvertitur: rosae enim in humiles saliuncas mutantur, quod indicat bonum in malum degeneravisse. Denique domus Dei, quae orationis locus esse deberet, in speluncam latronum mutata esse videtur.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2000-pp-238-239&quot; /&gt;

Critica deinde ad Curiam Romanam dirigitur, ubi Simon Magus regnare dicitur. Locatio geographica ad meridiem spectat, quod plane ad Romam refertur respectu sedis scriptoris septentrionalis. Quamvis olim [[Simon Petrus]] simoniam vicisset, nunc vitium ubique dominari videtur, trahens homines ad Gehennam, quae vallis prope Hierosolymam hic tamquam aeterni supplicii et perditionis imago adhibetur.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2000-pp-238-239&quot; /&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Rossi, 2006
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen redactoris = Rossi
		| nomen redactoris = Petrus Victorius
		| titulus = Carmina Burana. Testo latino a fronte
		| annus = 2006
		| annus primae editionis = 1989
		| editio = 8
		| locus = [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]]
		| domus editoria = Tascabili Bompiani
		| isbn = 88-452-5307-4
		| lingua = it
	}}
}}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]</text>
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{{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}}
{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum
| Titulus    =
| Imago      =
| Descriptio =
| Categoria  =
| Numerus    =
| Auctor     =
| Argumenta  =
| Datum      =
| Lingua     =
| Album      =
| Praecedi   =
| Sequi      =
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{{lres|Ecce sonat in aperto}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Goliardia|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero X reperitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot;&gt;{{Opus
| titulus = De avaritia 1-25
| url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo1.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Textus ==
{{Versus numerati|
Ecce sonat in aperto
vox clamantis in deserto:
nos desertum, nos deserti,
nos de pena sumus certi.
nullus fere vitam querit,
et sic omne vivens perit.
omnes quidem sumus rei,
nullus imitator Dei,
nullus vult portare crucem,
nullus Christum sequi ducem.
quis est verax, quis est bonus,
vel quis Dei portat onus?
ut in uno claudam plura:
mors extendit sua iura.
iam mors regnat in prelatis:
nolunt sanctum dare gratis,
quod promittunt sub ingressu,
sancte mentis in excessu;
postquam sedent iam securi,
contradicunt sancto iuri.
rose fiunt saliunca,
domus Dei fit spelunca.
sunt latrones, non latores,
legis Dei destructores.
Simon sedens inter eos
dat magnates esse reos.
Simon prefert malos bonis,
Simon totus est in donis,
Simon regnat apud Austrum,
Simon frangit omne claustrum.
cum non datur, Simon stridet,
sed si detur, Simon ridet;
Simon aufert, Simon donat,
hunc expellit, hunc coronat,
hunc circumdat gravi peste,
illum nuptiali veste;
illi donat diadema,
qui nunc erat anathema.
iam se Simon non abscondit,
res permiscet et confundit.
iste Simon confundatur,
cui tantum posse datur!
Simon Petrus hunc elusit
et ab alto iusum trusit;
dum superbit motus penna,
datus fuit in gehenna.
quisquis eum imitatur,
cum eodem puniatur
et sepultus in infernum
penas luat in eternum! Amen.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;
}}

== Descriptio ==
Hoc in carmine, [[poeta]] [[Biblia|biblicam]] [[prophetia|prophetiam]] [[Ioannes Baptista|Ioannis Baptistae]] (vocem &quot;clamantis in deserto&quot;) ad statum [[Moralitas|moralem]] sui temporis convertit, ubi mundus ipse [[deserta]] virtutum factus est. Poeta deplorat absentiam veri exempli Christiani, cum nemo [[crux|crucem]] portare aut [[Christus|Christum]] sequi velit, et [[mors]] [[Spiritualitas|spiritualis]] [[ius|iura]] sua super omnes extendat.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;

Maxima pars carminis in vituperationem [[Praelatus|praelatorum]] et [[simonia|simoniae]] intenditur. Auctor denuntiat Ecclesiae duces, qui sancta munera gratis dare nolunt et ius divinum post adeptam securitatem neglegunt, domum Dei in speluncam latronum convertentes. Per personificationem &quot;Simonis&quot; (scilicet Simonis Magi), describitur quomodo pecunia omnia regat, honores distribuat, et iustitiam confundat, praeferendo malos bonis ob dona accepta.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;

Conclusio carminis gravem [[exsecratio|exsecrationem]] in simoniacos continet, memorando casum Simonis Magi a Sancto Petro deiecti. Sicut ille ob superbiam et cupiditatem in [[Gehenna|gehennam]] praecipitatus est, ita scriptor postulat ut omnes eius imitatores aeternis poenis in [[Infernus|inferno]] puniantur, ordinem iustum restituendo.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;

==Investigatio critica==
Hoc carmen satiricum ac morale contra humani generis Ecclesiaeque corruptionem invehitur, praecipue simoniae vitium severe reprehendens. Argumentum nititur in imagine filiarum sanguisugae, quae secundum traditionem exegeticam [[Liber Proverbiorum|Libri Proverbiorum]] avaritiam et luxuriam significant, incessanter &quot;affer, affer&quot; clamantes. Poeta, ut moralem deiectionem demonstret, verbis [[Iuvenalis]] utitur monens vitium specie virtutis homines decipere posse. In hac rerum perturbatione, [[Epicurus]] ut auctor doctrinae hedonisticae inducitur, qui voluptates corporis animae immortalitati anteponit; quae figura in ''Carminibus Buranis'' modo a moralistis vituperatur, modo in potionis carminibus per parodiam extollitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2000-pp-238-239&quot;&gt;{{qc|Rossi, 2006}}, pp. 238–239.&lt;/ref&gt;

Auctores horum versuum crebro ad [[Biblia Sacra]] recurrunt ut mundi nequitiam depingant. Vox poetae similis fit voci clamantis in deserto, dum deploratur defectus caritatis et renuntiatio crucis propriae, contra praecepta evangelica. Per metaphoram ab [[Vergilius|Vergilio]] et [[Isaias (propheta)|Isaia]] sumptam, ordo naturae subvertitur: rosae enim in humiles saliuncas mutantur, quod indicat bonum in malum degeneravisse. Denique domus Dei, quae orationis locus esse deberet, in speluncam latronum mutata esse videtur.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2000-pp-238-239&quot; /&gt;

Critica deinde ad Curiam Romanam dirigitur, ubi Simon Magus regnare dicitur. Locatio geographica ad meridiem spectat, quod plane ad Romam refertur respectu sedis scriptoris septentrionalis. Quamvis olim [[Simon Petrus]] simoniam vicisset, nunc vitium ubique dominari videtur, trahens homines ad Gehennam, quae vallis prope Hierosolymam hic tamquam aeterni supplicii et perditionis imago adhibetur.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2000-pp-238-239&quot; /&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Rossi, 2006
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen redactoris = Rossi
		| nomen redactoris = Petrus Victorius
		| titulus = Carmina Burana. Testo latino a fronte
		| annus = 2006
		| annus primae editionis = 1989
		| editio = 8
		| locus = [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]]
		| domus editoria = Tascabili Bompiani
		| isbn = 88-452-5307-4
		| lingua = it
	}}
}}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]</text>
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        <id>2059</id>
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      <text bytes="5734" sha1="m5mrqq4koy179qs380lgmfiz9drtt9m" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus ad litteram}}
{{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}}
{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum
| Titulus    =
| Imago      =
| Descriptio =
| Categoria  =
| Numerus    =
| Auctor     =
| Argumenta  =
| Datum      =
| Lingua     =
| Album      =
| Praecedi   =
| Sequi      =
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{{lres|Ecce sonat in aperto}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Goliardia|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero X reperitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot;&gt;{{Opus
| titulus = De avaritia 1-25
| url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo1.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Textus ==
{{Versus numerati|
Ecce sonat in aperto
vox clamantis in deserto:
nos desertum, nos deserti,
nos de pena sumus certi.
nullus fere vitam querit,
et sic omne vivens perit.
omnes quidem sumus rei,
nullus imitator Dei,
nullus vult portare crucem,
nullus Christum sequi ducem.
quis est verax, quis est bonus,
vel quis Dei portat onus?
ut in uno claudam plura:
mors extendit sua iura.
iam mors regnat in prelatis:
nolunt sanctum dare gratis,
quod promittunt sub ingressu,
sancte mentis in excessu;
postquam sedent iam securi,
contradicunt sancto iuri.
rose fiunt saliunca,
domus Dei fit spelunca.
sunt latrones, non latores,
legis Dei destructores.
Simon sedens inter eos
dat magnates esse reos.
Simon prefert malos bonis,
Simon totus est in donis,
Simon regnat apud Austrum,
Simon frangit omne claustrum.
cum non datur, Simon stridet,
sed si detur, Simon ridet;
Simon aufert, Simon donat,
hunc expellit, hunc coronat,
hunc circumdat gravi peste,
illum nuptiali veste;
illi donat diadema,
qui nunc erat anathema.
iam se Simon non abscondit,
res permiscet et confundit.
iste Simon confundatur,
cui tantum posse datur!
Simon Petrus hunc elusit
et ab alto iusum trusit;
dum superbit motus penna,
datus fuit in gehenna.
quisquis eum imitatur,
cum eodem puniatur
et sepultus in infernum
penas luat in eternum! Amen.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;
}}

== Descriptio ==
Hoc in carmine, [[poeta]] [[Biblia|biblicam]] [[prophetia|prophetiam]] [[Ioannes Baptista|Ioannis Baptistae]] (vocem &quot;clamantis in deserto&quot;) ad statum [[Moralitas|moralem]] sui temporis convertit, ubi mundus ipse [[deserta]] virtutum factus est. Poeta deplorat absentiam veri exempli Christiani, cum nemo [[crux|crucem]] portare aut [[Christus|Christum]] sequi velit, et [[mors]] [[Spiritualitas|spiritualis]] [[ius|iura]] sua super omnes extendat.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;

Maxima pars carminis in vituperationem [[Praelatus|praelatorum]] et [[simonia|simoniae]] intenditur. Auctor denuntiat Ecclesiae duces, qui sancta munera gratis dare nolunt et ius divinum post adeptam securitatem neglegunt, domum Dei in speluncam latronum convertentes. Per personificationem &quot;Simonis&quot; (scilicet Simonis Magi), describitur quomodo pecunia omnia regat, honores distribuat, et iustitiam confundat, praeferendo malos bonis ob dona accepta.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;

Conclusio carminis gravem [[exsecratio|exsecrationem]] in simoniacos continet, memorando casum Simonis Magi a Sancto Petro deiecti. Sicut ille ob superbiam et cupiditatem in [[Gehenna|gehennam]] praecipitatus est, ita scriptor postulat ut omnes eius imitatores aeternis poenis in [[Infernus|inferno]] puniantur, ordinem iustum restituendo.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;

==Investigatio critica==
Hoc carmen satiricum ac morale contra humani generis Ecclesiaeque corruptionem invehitur, praecipue simoniae vitium severe reprehendens. Argumentum nititur in imagine filiarum sanguisugae, quae secundum traditionem exegeticam [[Liber Proverbiorum|Libri Proverbiorum]] avaritiam et luxuriam significant, incessanter &quot;affer, affer&quot; clamantes. Poeta, ut moralem deiectionem demonstret, verbis [[Iuvenalis]] utitur monens vitium specie virtutis homines decipere posse. In hac rerum perturbatione, [[Epicurus]] ut auctor doctrinae hedonisticae inducitur, qui voluptates corporis animae immortalitati anteponit; quae figura in ''Carminibus Buranis'' modo a moralistis vituperatur, modo in potionis carminibus per parodiam extollitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2000-pp-238-239&quot;&gt;{{qc|Rossi, 2006}}, pp. 238–239.&lt;/ref&gt;

Auctores horum versuum crebro ad [[Biblia Sacra]] recurrunt ut mundi nequitiam depingant. Vox poetae similis fit voci clamantis in deserto, dum deploratur defectus caritatis et renuntiatio crucis propriae, contra praecepta evangelica. Per metaphoram ab [[Vergilius|Vergilio]] et [[Isaias (propheta)|Isaia]] sumptam, ordo naturae subvertitur: rosae enim in humiles saliuncas mutantur, quod indicat bonum in malum degeneravisse. Denique domus Dei, quae orationis locus esse deberet, in speluncam latronum mutata esse videtur.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2000-pp-238-239&quot; /&gt;

Critica deinde ad [[Curia Romana|Curiam Romanam]] dirigitur, ubi Simon Magus regnare dicitur. Locatio geographica ad meridiem spectat, quod plane ad Romam refertur respectu sedis scriptoris septentrionalis. Quamvis olim [[Simon Petrus]] simoniam vicisset, nunc vitium ubique dominari videtur, trahens homines ad Gehennam, quae vallis prope Hierosolymam hic tamquam aeterni supplicii et perditionis imago adhibetur.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2000-pp-238-239&quot; /&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Rossi, 2006
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen redactoris = Rossi
		| nomen redactoris = Petrus Victorius
		| titulus = Carmina Burana. Testo latino a fronte
		| annus = 2006
		| annus primae editionis = 1989
		| editio = 8
		| locus = [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]]
		| domus editoria = Tascabili Bompiani
		| isbn = 88-452-5307-4
		| lingua = it
	}}
}}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]</text>
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        <id>2059</id>
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{{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}}
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| Titulus    =
| Imago      =
| Descriptio =
| Categoria  =
| Numerus    =
| Auctor     =
| Argumenta  =
| Datum      =
| Lingua     =
| Album      =
| Praecedi   =
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{{lres|Ecce sonat in aperto}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Goliardia|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero X reperitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot;&gt;{{Opus
| titulus = De avaritia 1-25
| url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo1.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Textus ==
{{Versus numerati|
Ecce sonat in aperto
vox clamantis in deserto:
nos desertum, nos deserti,
nos de pena sumus certi.
nullus fere vitam querit,
et sic omne vivens perit.
omnes quidem sumus rei,
nullus imitator Dei,
nullus vult portare crucem,
nullus Christum sequi ducem.
quis est verax, quis est bonus,
vel quis Dei portat onus?
ut in uno claudam plura:
mors extendit sua iura.
iam mors regnat in prelatis:
nolunt sanctum dare gratis,
quod promittunt sub ingressu,
sancte mentis in excessu;
postquam sedent iam securi,
contradicunt sancto iuri.
rose fiunt saliunca,
domus Dei fit spelunca.
sunt latrones, non latores,
legis Dei destructores.
Simon sedens inter eos
dat magnates esse reos.
Simon prefert malos bonis,
Simon totus est in donis,
Simon regnat apud Austrum,
Simon frangit omne claustrum.
cum non datur, Simon stridet,
sed si detur, Simon ridet;
Simon aufert, Simon donat,
hunc expellit, hunc coronat,
hunc circumdat gravi peste,
illum nuptiali veste;
illi donat diadema,
qui nunc erat anathema.
iam se Simon non abscondit,
res permiscet et confundit.
iste Simon confundatur,
cui tantum posse datur!
Simon Petrus hunc elusit
et ab alto iusum trusit;
dum superbit motus penna,
datus fuit in gehenna.
quisquis eum imitatur,
cum eodem puniatur
et sepultus in infernum
penas luat in eternum! Amen.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;
}}

== Descriptio ==
Hoc in carmine, [[poeta]] [[Biblia|biblicam]] [[prophetia|prophetiam]] [[Ioannes Baptista|Ioannis Baptistae]] (vocem &quot;clamantis in deserto&quot;) ad statum [[Moralitas|moralem]] sui temporis convertit, ubi mundus ipse [[deserta]] virtutum factus est. Poeta deplorat absentiam veri exempli Christiani, cum nemo [[crux|crucem]] portare aut [[Christus|Christum]] sequi velit, et [[mors]] [[Spiritualitas|spiritualis]] [[ius|iura]] sua super omnes extendat.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;

Maxima pars carminis in vituperationem [[Praelatus|praelatorum]] et [[simonia|simoniae]] intenditur. Auctor denuntiat Ecclesiae duces, qui sancta munera gratis dare nolunt et ius divinum post adeptam securitatem neglegunt, domum Dei in speluncam latronum convertentes. Per personificationem &quot;Simonis&quot; (scilicet Simonis Magi), describitur quomodo pecunia omnia regat, honores distribuat, et iustitiam confundat, praeferendo malos bonis ob dona accepta.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;

Conclusio carminis gravem [[exsecratio|exsecrationem]] in simoniacos continet, memorando casum Simonis Magi a Sancto Petro deiecti. Sicut ille ob superbiam et cupiditatem in [[Gehenna|gehennam]] praecipitatus est, ita scriptor postulat ut omnes eius imitatores aeternis poenis in [[Infernus|inferno]] puniantur, ordinem iustum restituendo.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;

==Investigatio critica==
Hoc carmen satiricum ac morale contra humani generis Ecclesiaeque corruptionem invehitur, praecipue simoniae vitium severe reprehendens. Argumentum nititur in imagine filiarum sanguisugae, quae secundum traditionem exegeticam [[Liber Proverbiorum|Libri Proverbiorum]] avaritiam et luxuriam significant, incessanter &quot;affer, affer&quot; clamantes. Poeta, ut moralem deiectionem demonstret, verbis [[Iuvenalis]] utitur monens vitium specie virtutis homines decipere posse. In hac rerum perturbatione, [[Epicurus]] ut auctor doctrinae hedonisticae inducitur, qui voluptates corporis animae immortalitati anteponit; quae figura in ''Carminibus Buranis'' modo a moralistis vituperatur, modo in potionis carminibus per parodiam extollitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2000-pp-238-239&quot;&gt;{{qc|Rossi, 2006}}, pp. 238–239.&lt;/ref&gt;

Auctores horum versuum crebro ad [[Biblia Sacra]] recurrunt ut mundi nequitiam depingant. Vox poetae similis fit voci clamantis in deserto, dum deploratur defectus caritatis et renuntiatio crucis propriae, contra praecepta evangelica. Per metaphoram ab [[Vergilius|Vergilio]] et [[Isaias (propheta)|Isaia]] sumptam, ordo naturae subvertitur: rosae enim in humiles saliuncas mutantur, quod indicat bonum in malum degeneravisse. Denique domus Dei, quae orationis locus esse deberet, in speluncam latronum mutata esse videtur.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2000-pp-238-239&quot; /&gt;

Critica deinde ad [[Curia Romana|Curiam Romanam]] dirigitur, ubi Simon Magus regnare dicitur. Locatio geographica ad meridiem spectat, quod plane ad Romam refertur respectu sedis scriptoris septentrionalis. Quamvis olim [[Simon Petrus]] simoniam vicisset, nunc vitium ubique dominari videtur, trahens homines ad Gehennam, quae vallis prope [[Hierosolyma|Hierosolymam]] hic tamquam aeterni supplicii et perditionis imago adhibetur.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2000-pp-238-239&quot; /&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Rossi, 2006
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen redactoris = Rossi
		| nomen redactoris = Petrus Victorius
		| titulus = Carmina Burana. Testo latino a fronte
		| annus = 2006
		| annus primae editionis = 1989
		| editio = 8
		| locus = [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]]
		| domus editoria = Tascabili Bompiani
		| isbn = 88-452-5307-4
		| lingua = it
	}}
}}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]</text>
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{{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}}
{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum
| Titulus    =
| Imago      =
| Descriptio =
| Categoria  =
| Numerus    =
| Auctor     =
| Argumenta  =
| Datum      =
| Lingua     =
| Album      =
| Praecedi   =
| Sequi      =
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{{lres|Ecce sonat in aperto}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Goliardia|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero X reperitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot;&gt;{{Opus
| titulus = De avaritia 1-25
| url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo1.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Textus ==
{{Versus numerati|
Ecce sonat in aperto
vox clamantis in deserto:
nos desertum, nos deserti,
nos de pena sumus certi.
nullus fere vitam querit,
et sic omne vivens perit.
omnes quidem sumus rei,
nullus imitator Dei,
nullus vult portare crucem,
nullus Christum sequi ducem.
quis est verax, quis est bonus,
vel quis Dei portat onus?
ut in uno claudam plura:
mors extendit sua iura.
iam mors regnat in prelatis:
nolunt sanctum dare gratis,
quod promittunt sub ingressu,
sancte mentis in excessu;
postquam sedent iam securi,
contradicunt sancto iuri.
rose fiunt saliunca,
domus Dei fit spelunca.
sunt latrones, non latores,
legis Dei destructores.
Simon sedens inter eos
dat magnates esse reos.
Simon prefert malos bonis,
Simon totus est in donis,
Simon regnat apud Austrum,
Simon frangit omne claustrum.
cum non datur, Simon stridet,
sed si detur, Simon ridet;
Simon aufert, Simon donat,
hunc expellit, hunc coronat,
hunc circumdat gravi peste,
illum nuptiali veste;
illi donat diadema,
qui nunc erat anathema.
iam se Simon non abscondit,
res permiscet et confundit.
iste Simon confundatur,
cui tantum posse datur!
Simon Petrus hunc elusit
et ab alto iusum trusit;
dum superbit motus penna,
datus fuit in gehenna.
quisquis eum imitatur,
cum eodem puniatur
et sepultus in infernum
penas luat in eternum! Amen.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;
}}

== Descriptio ==
Hoc in carmine, [[poeta]] [[Biblia|biblicam]] [[prophetia|prophetiam]] [[Ioannes Baptista|Ioannis Baptistae]] (vocem &quot;clamantis in deserto&quot;) ad statum [[Moralitas|moralem]] sui temporis convertit, ubi mundus ipse [[deserta]] virtutum factus est. Poeta deplorat absentiam veri exempli Christiani, cum nemo [[crux|crucem]] portare aut [[Christus|Christum]] sequi velit, et [[mors]] [[Spiritualitas|spiritualis]] [[ius|iura]] sua super omnes extendat.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;

Maxima pars carminis in vituperationem [[Praelatus|praelatorum]] et [[simonia|simoniae]] intenditur. Auctor denuntiat Ecclesiae duces, qui sancta munera gratis dare nolunt et ius divinum post adeptam securitatem neglegunt, domum Dei in speluncam latronum convertentes. Per personificationem &quot;Simonis&quot; (scilicet Simonis Magi), describitur quomodo pecunia omnia regat, honores distribuat, et iustitiam confundat, praeferendo malos bonis ob dona accepta.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;

Conclusio carminis gravem [[exsecratio|exsecrationem]] in simoniacos continet, memorando casum Simonis Magi a Sancto Petro deiecti. Sicut ille ob superbiam et cupiditatem in [[Gehenna|gehennam]] praecipitatus est, ita scriptor postulat ut omnes eius imitatores aeternis poenis in [[Infernus|inferno]] puniantur, ordinem iustum restituendo.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;

==Investigatio critica==
Hoc carmen satiricum ac morale contra humani generis Ecclesiaeque corruptionem invehitur, praecipue simoniae vitium severe reprehendens. Argumentum nititur in imagine filiarum sanguisugae, quae secundum traditionem exegeticam [[Liber Proverbiorum|Libri Proverbiorum]] avaritiam et luxuriam significant, incessanter &quot;affer, affer&quot; clamantes. Poeta, ut moralem deiectionem demonstret, verbis [[Iuvenalis]] utitur monens vitium specie virtutis homines decipere posse. In hac rerum perturbatione, [[Epicurus]] ut auctor doctrinae hedonisticae inducitur, qui voluptates corporis animae immortalitati anteponit; quae figura in ''Carminibus Buranis'' modo a moralistis vituperatur, modo in potionis carminibus per parodiam extollitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2000-pp-238-239&quot;&gt;{{qc|Rossi, 2006}}, pp. 238–239.&lt;/ref&gt;

Auctores horum versuum crebro ad [[Biblia Sacra]] recurrunt ut mundi nequitiam depingant. Vox poetae similis fit voci clamantis in deserto, dum deploratur defectus caritatis et renuntiatio crucis propriae, contra praecepta [[Evangelium|evangelica]]. Per [[metaphora|metaphoram]] ab [[Vergilius|Vergilio]] et [[Isaias (propheta)|Isaia]] sumptam, ordo naturae subvertitur: rosae enim in humiles saliuncas mutantur, quod indicat bonum in malum degeneravisse. Denique domus Dei, quae orationis locus esse deberet, in speluncam latronum mutata esse videtur.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2000-pp-238-239&quot; /&gt;

Critica deinde ad [[Curia Romana|Curiam Romanam]] dirigitur, ubi Simon Magus regnare dicitur. Locatio geographica ad meridiem spectat, quod plane ad Romam refertur respectu sedis scriptoris septentrionalis. Quamvis olim [[Simon Petrus]] simoniam vicisset, nunc vitium ubique dominari videtur, trahens homines ad Gehennam, quae vallis prope [[Hierosolyma|Hierosolymam]] hic tamquam aeterni supplicii et perditionis imago adhibetur.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2000-pp-238-239&quot; /&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Rossi, 2006
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen redactoris = Rossi
		| nomen redactoris = Petrus Victorius
		| titulus = Carmina Burana. Testo latino a fronte
		| annus = 2006
		| annus primae editionis = 1989
		| editio = 8
		| locus = [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]]
		| domus editoria = Tascabili Bompiani
		| isbn = 88-452-5307-4
		| lingua = it
	}}
}}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]</text>
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      <text bytes="5790" sha1="02u0glt8dczpuaetendbl9wdpi43rcj" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus ad litteram}}
{{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}}
{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum
| Titulus    =
| Imago      =
| Descriptio =
| Categoria  =
| Numerus    =
| Auctor     =
| Argumenta  =
| Datum      =
| Lingua     =
| Album      =
| Praecedi   =
| Sequi      =
}}

{{lres|Ecce sonat in aperto}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Goliardia|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero X reperitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot;&gt;{{Opus
| titulus = De avaritia 1-25
| url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo1.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Textus ==
{{Versus numerati|
Ecce sonat in aperto
vox clamantis in deserto:
nos desertum, nos deserti,
nos de pena sumus certi.
nullus fere vitam querit,
et sic omne vivens perit.
omnes quidem sumus rei,
nullus imitator Dei,
nullus vult portare crucem,
nullus Christum sequi ducem.
quis est verax, quis est bonus,
vel quis Dei portat onus?
ut in uno claudam plura:
mors extendit sua iura.
iam mors regnat in prelatis:
nolunt sanctum dare gratis,
quod promittunt sub ingressu,
sancte mentis in excessu;
postquam sedent iam securi,
contradicunt sancto iuri.
rose fiunt saliunca,
domus Dei fit spelunca.
sunt latrones, non latores,
legis Dei destructores.
Simon sedens inter eos
dat magnates esse reos.
Simon prefert malos bonis,
Simon totus est in donis,
Simon regnat apud Austrum,
Simon frangit omne claustrum.
cum non datur, Simon stridet,
sed si detur, Simon ridet;
Simon aufert, Simon donat,
hunc expellit, hunc coronat,
hunc circumdat gravi peste,
illum nuptiali veste;
illi donat diadema,
qui nunc erat anathema.
iam se Simon non abscondit,
res permiscet et confundit.
iste Simon confundatur,
cui tantum posse datur!
Simon Petrus hunc elusit
et ab alto iusum trusit;
dum superbit motus penna,
datus fuit in gehenna.
quisquis eum imitatur,
cum eodem puniatur
et sepultus in infernum
penas luat in eternum! Amen.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;
}}

== Descriptio ==
Hoc in carmine, [[poeta]] [[Biblia|biblicam]] [[prophetia|prophetiam]] [[Ioannes Baptista|Ioannis Baptistae]] (vocem &quot;clamantis in deserto&quot;) ad statum [[Moralitas|moralem]] sui temporis convertit, ubi mundus ipse [[deserta]] virtutum factus est. Poeta deplorat absentiam veri exempli Christiani, cum nemo [[crux|crucem]] portare aut [[Christus|Christum]] sequi velit, et [[mors]] [[Spiritualitas|spiritualis]] [[ius|iura]] sua super omnes extendat.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;

Maxima pars carminis in vituperationem [[Praelatus|praelatorum]] et [[simonia|simoniae]] intenditur. Auctor denuntiat Ecclesiae duces, qui sancta munera gratis dare nolunt et ius divinum post adeptam securitatem neglegunt, domum Dei in speluncam latronum convertentes. Per personificationem &quot;Simonis&quot; (scilicet Simonis Magi), describitur quomodo pecunia omnia regat, honores distribuat, et iustitiam confundat, praeferendo malos bonis ob dona accepta.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;

Conclusio carminis gravem [[exsecratio|exsecrationem]] in simoniacos continet, memorando casum Simonis Magi a Sancto Petro deiecti. Sicut ille ob superbiam et cupiditatem in [[Gehenna|gehennam]] praecipitatus est, ita scriptor postulat ut omnes eius imitatores aeternis poenis in [[Infernus|inferno]] puniantur, ordinem iustum restituendo.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;

==Investigatio critica==
Hoc carmen [[Satura|satiricum]] ac morale contra humani generis Ecclesiaeque corruptionem invehitur, praecipue simoniae vitium severe reprehendens. Argumentum nititur in imagine filiarum sanguisugae, quae secundum traditionem exegeticam [[Liber Proverbiorum|Libri Proverbiorum]] avaritiam et luxuriam significant, incessanter &quot;affer, affer&quot; clamantes. Poeta, ut moralem deiectionem demonstret, verbis [[Iuvenalis]] utitur monens vitium specie virtutis homines decipere posse. In hac rerum perturbatione, [[Epicurus]] ut auctor doctrinae hedonisticae inducitur, qui voluptates corporis animae immortalitati anteponit; quae figura in ''Carminibus Buranis'' modo a moralistis vituperatur, modo in potionis carminibus per parodiam extollitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2000-pp-238-239&quot;&gt;{{qc|Rossi, 2006}}, pp. 238–239.&lt;/ref&gt;

Auctores horum versuum crebro ad [[Biblia Sacra]] recurrunt ut mundi nequitiam depingant. Vox poetae similis fit voci clamantis in deserto, dum deploratur defectus caritatis et renuntiatio crucis propriae, contra praecepta [[Evangelium|evangelica]]. Per [[metaphora|metaphoram]] ab [[Vergilius|Vergilio]] et [[Isaias (propheta)|Isaia]] sumptam, ordo naturae subvertitur: rosae enim in humiles saliuncas mutantur, quod indicat bonum in malum degeneravisse. Denique domus Dei, quae orationis locus esse deberet, in speluncam latronum mutata esse videtur.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2000-pp-238-239&quot; /&gt;

Critica deinde ad [[Curia Romana|Curiam Romanam]] dirigitur, ubi Simon Magus regnare dicitur. Locatio geographica ad meridiem spectat, quod plane ad Romam refertur respectu sedis scriptoris septentrionalis. Quamvis olim [[Simon Petrus]] simoniam vicisset, nunc vitium ubique dominari videtur, trahens homines ad Gehennam, quae vallis prope [[Hierosolyma|Hierosolymam]] hic tamquam aeterni supplicii et perditionis imago adhibetur.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2000-pp-238-239&quot; /&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Rossi, 2006
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen redactoris = Rossi
		| nomen redactoris = Petrus Victorius
		| titulus = Carmina Burana. Testo latino a fronte
		| annus = 2006
		| annus primae editionis = 1989
		| editio = 8
		| locus = [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]]
		| domus editoria = Tascabili Bompiani
		| isbn = 88-452-5307-4
		| lingua = it
	}}
}}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]</text>
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{{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}}
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| Titulus    =
| Imago      =
| Descriptio =
| Categoria  =
| Numerus    =
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| Lingua     =
| Album      =
| Praecedi   =
| Sequi      =
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{{lres|Ecce sonat in aperto}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Goliardia|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero X reperitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot;&gt;{{Opus
| titulus = De avaritia 1-25
| url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo1.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Textus ==
{{Versus numerati|
Ecce sonat in aperto
vox clamantis in deserto:
nos desertum, nos deserti,
nos de pena sumus certi.
nullus fere vitam querit,
et sic omne vivens perit.
omnes quidem sumus rei,
nullus imitator Dei,
nullus vult portare crucem,
nullus Christum sequi ducem.
quis est verax, quis est bonus,
vel quis Dei portat onus?
ut in uno claudam plura:
mors extendit sua iura.
iam mors regnat in prelatis:
nolunt sanctum dare gratis,
quod promittunt sub ingressu,
sancte mentis in excessu;
postquam sedent iam securi,
contradicunt sancto iuri.
rose fiunt saliunca,
domus Dei fit spelunca.
sunt latrones, non latores,
legis Dei destructores.
Simon sedens inter eos
dat magnates esse reos.
Simon prefert malos bonis,
Simon totus est in donis,
Simon regnat apud Austrum,
Simon frangit omne claustrum.
cum non datur, Simon stridet,
sed si detur, Simon ridet;
Simon aufert, Simon donat,
hunc expellit, hunc coronat,
hunc circumdat gravi peste,
illum nuptiali veste;
illi donat diadema,
qui nunc erat anathema.
iam se Simon non abscondit,
res permiscet et confundit.
iste Simon confundatur,
cui tantum posse datur!
Simon Petrus hunc elusit
et ab alto iusum trusit;
dum superbit motus penna,
datus fuit in gehenna.
quisquis eum imitatur,
cum eodem puniatur
et sepultus in infernum
penas luat in eternum! Amen.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;
}}

== Descriptio ==
Hoc in carmine, [[poeta]] [[Biblia|biblicam]] [[prophetia|prophetiam]] [[Ioannes Baptista|Ioannis Baptistae]] (vocem &quot;clamantis in deserto&quot;) ad statum [[Moralitas|moralem]] sui temporis convertit, ubi mundus ipse [[deserta]] virtutum factus est. Poeta deplorat absentiam veri exempli Christiani, cum nemo [[crux|crucem]] portare aut [[Christus|Christum]] sequi velit, et [[mors]] [[Spiritualitas|spiritualis]] [[ius|iura]] sua super omnes extendat.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;

Maxima pars carminis in vituperationem [[Praelatus|praelatorum]] et [[simonia|simoniae]] intenditur. Auctor denuntiat Ecclesiae duces, qui sancta munera gratis dare nolunt et ius divinum post adeptam securitatem neglegunt, domum Dei in speluncam latronum convertentes. Per personificationem &quot;Simonis&quot; (scilicet Simonis Magi), describitur quomodo pecunia omnia regat, honores distribuat, et iustitiam confundat, praeferendo malos bonis ob dona accepta.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;

Conclusio carminis gravem [[exsecratio|exsecrationem]] in simoniacos continet, memorando casum Simonis Magi a Sancto Petro deiecti. Sicut ille ob superbiam et cupiditatem in [[Gehenna|gehennam]] praecipitatus est, ita scriptor postulat ut omnes eius imitatores aeternis poenis in [[Infernus|inferno]] puniantur, ordinem iustum restituendo.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;

==Investigatio critica==
Hoc carmen [[Satura|satiricum]] ac morale contra humani generis Ecclesiaeque corruptionem invehitur, praecipue simoniae vitium severe reprehendens. Argumentum nititur in imagine filiarum sanguisugae, quae secundum traditionem exegeticam [[Liber Proverbiorum|Libri Proverbiorum]] avaritiam et luxuriam significant, incessanter &quot;affer, affer&quot; clamantes. Poeta, ut moralem deiectionem demonstret, verbis [[Iuvenalis]] utitur monens vitium specie virtutis homines decipere posse. In hac rerum perturbatione, [[Epicurus]] ut auctor doctrinae hedonisticae inducitur, qui voluptates corporis animae immortalitati anteponit; quae figura in ''Carminibus Buranis'' modo a moralistis vituperatur, modo in potionis carminibus per [[Parodia|parodiam]] extollitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2000-pp-238-239&quot;&gt;{{qc|Rossi, 2006}}, pp. 238–239.&lt;/ref&gt;

Auctores horum versuum crebro ad [[Biblia Sacra]] recurrunt ut mundi nequitiam depingant. Vox poetae similis fit voci clamantis in deserto, dum deploratur defectus caritatis et renuntiatio crucis propriae, contra praecepta [[Evangelium|evangelica]]. Per [[metaphora|metaphoram]] ab [[Vergilius|Vergilio]] et [[Isaias (propheta)|Isaia]] sumptam, ordo naturae subvertitur: rosae enim in humiles saliuncas mutantur, quod indicat bonum in malum degeneravisse. Denique domus Dei, quae orationis locus esse deberet, in speluncam latronum mutata esse videtur.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2000-pp-238-239&quot; /&gt;

Critica deinde ad [[Curia Romana|Curiam Romanam]] dirigitur, ubi Simon Magus regnare dicitur. Locatio geographica ad meridiem spectat, quod plane ad Romam refertur respectu sedis scriptoris septentrionalis. Quamvis olim [[Simon Petrus]] simoniam vicisset, nunc vitium ubique dominari videtur, trahens homines ad Gehennam, quae vallis prope [[Hierosolyma|Hierosolymam]] hic tamquam aeterni supplicii et perditionis imago adhibetur.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2000-pp-238-239&quot; /&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Rossi, 2006
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen redactoris = Rossi
		| nomen redactoris = Petrus Victorius
		| titulus = Carmina Burana. Testo latino a fronte
		| annus = 2006
		| annus primae editionis = 1989
		| editio = 8
		| locus = [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]]
		| domus editoria = Tascabili Bompiani
		| isbn = 88-452-5307-4
		| lingua = it
	}}
}}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]</text>
      <sha1>1d752egc6nl4h4zjvsut1tsgoxs53ta</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3959252</id>
      <parentid>3959251</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-12T13:30:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Investigatio critica */</comment>
      <origin>3959252</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5817" sha1="nyk749bzeoycrshaohceke6cac1jz9p" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus ad litteram}}
{{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}}
{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum
| Titulus    =
| Imago      =
| Descriptio =
| Categoria  =
| Numerus    =
| Auctor     =
| Argumenta  =
| Datum      =
| Lingua     =
| Album      =
| Praecedi   =
| Sequi      =
}}

{{lres|Ecce sonat in aperto}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Goliardia|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero X reperitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot;&gt;{{Opus
| titulus = De avaritia 1-25
| url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo1.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Textus ==
{{Versus numerati|
Ecce sonat in aperto
vox clamantis in deserto:
nos desertum, nos deserti,
nos de pena sumus certi.
nullus fere vitam querit,
et sic omne vivens perit.
omnes quidem sumus rei,
nullus imitator Dei,
nullus vult portare crucem,
nullus Christum sequi ducem.
quis est verax, quis est bonus,
vel quis Dei portat onus?
ut in uno claudam plura:
mors extendit sua iura.
iam mors regnat in prelatis:
nolunt sanctum dare gratis,
quod promittunt sub ingressu,
sancte mentis in excessu;
postquam sedent iam securi,
contradicunt sancto iuri.
rose fiunt saliunca,
domus Dei fit spelunca.
sunt latrones, non latores,
legis Dei destructores.
Simon sedens inter eos
dat magnates esse reos.
Simon prefert malos bonis,
Simon totus est in donis,
Simon regnat apud Austrum,
Simon frangit omne claustrum.
cum non datur, Simon stridet,
sed si detur, Simon ridet;
Simon aufert, Simon donat,
hunc expellit, hunc coronat,
hunc circumdat gravi peste,
illum nuptiali veste;
illi donat diadema,
qui nunc erat anathema.
iam se Simon non abscondit,
res permiscet et confundit.
iste Simon confundatur,
cui tantum posse datur!
Simon Petrus hunc elusit
et ab alto iusum trusit;
dum superbit motus penna,
datus fuit in gehenna.
quisquis eum imitatur,
cum eodem puniatur
et sepultus in infernum
penas luat in eternum! Amen.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;
}}

== Descriptio ==
Hoc in carmine, [[poeta]] [[Biblia|biblicam]] [[prophetia|prophetiam]] [[Ioannes Baptista|Ioannis Baptistae]] (vocem &quot;clamantis in deserto&quot;) ad statum [[Moralitas|moralem]] sui temporis convertit, ubi mundus ipse [[deserta]] virtutum factus est. Poeta deplorat absentiam veri exempli Christiani, cum nemo [[crux|crucem]] portare aut [[Christus|Christum]] sequi velit, et [[mors]] [[Spiritualitas|spiritualis]] [[ius|iura]] sua super omnes extendat.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;

Maxima pars carminis in vituperationem [[Praelatus|praelatorum]] et [[simonia|simoniae]] intenditur. Auctor denuntiat Ecclesiae duces, qui sancta munera gratis dare nolunt et ius divinum post adeptam securitatem neglegunt, domum Dei in speluncam latronum convertentes. Per personificationem &quot;Simonis&quot; (scilicet Simonis Magi), describitur quomodo pecunia omnia regat, honores distribuat, et iustitiam confundat, praeferendo malos bonis ob dona accepta.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;

Conclusio carminis gravem [[exsecratio|exsecrationem]] in simoniacos continet, memorando casum Simonis Magi a Sancto Petro deiecti. Sicut ille ob superbiam et cupiditatem in [[Gehenna|gehennam]] praecipitatus est, ita scriptor postulat ut omnes eius imitatores aeternis poenis in [[Infernus|inferno]] puniantur, ordinem iustum restituendo.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;

==Investigatio critica==
Hoc carmen [[Satura|satiricum]] ac morale contra humani generis Ecclesiaeque corruptionem invehitur, praecipue simoniae vitium severe reprehendens. Argumentum nititur in imagine filiarum sanguisugae, quae secundum traditionem exegeticam [[Liber Proverbiorum|Libri Proverbiorum]] avaritiam et luxuriam significant, incessanter &quot;affer, affer&quot; clamantes. Poeta, ut moralem deiectionem demonstret, verbis [[Iuvenalis]] utitur monens vitium specie virtutis homines decipere posse. In hac rerum perturbatione, [[Epicurus]] ut auctor doctrinae [[Hedonismus|hedonisticae]] inducitur, qui voluptates corporis animae immortalitati anteponit; quae figura in ''Carminibus Buranis'' modo a moralistis vituperatur, modo in potionis carminibus per [[Parodia|parodiam]] extollitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2000-pp-238-239&quot;&gt;{{qc|Rossi, 2006}}, pp. 238–239.&lt;/ref&gt;

Auctores horum versuum crebro ad [[Biblia Sacra]] recurrunt ut mundi nequitiam depingant. Vox poetae similis fit voci clamantis in deserto, dum deploratur defectus caritatis et renuntiatio crucis propriae, contra praecepta [[Evangelium|evangelica]]. Per [[metaphora|metaphoram]] ab [[Vergilius|Vergilio]] et [[Isaias (propheta)|Isaia]] sumptam, ordo naturae subvertitur: rosae enim in humiles saliuncas mutantur, quod indicat bonum in malum degeneravisse. Denique domus Dei, quae orationis locus esse deberet, in speluncam latronum mutata esse videtur.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2000-pp-238-239&quot; /&gt;

Critica deinde ad [[Curia Romana|Curiam Romanam]] dirigitur, ubi Simon Magus regnare dicitur. Locatio geographica ad meridiem spectat, quod plane ad Romam refertur respectu sedis scriptoris septentrionalis. Quamvis olim [[Simon Petrus]] simoniam vicisset, nunc vitium ubique dominari videtur, trahens homines ad Gehennam, quae vallis prope [[Hierosolyma|Hierosolymam]] hic tamquam aeterni supplicii et perditionis imago adhibetur.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2000-pp-238-239&quot; /&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Rossi, 2006
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen redactoris = Rossi
		| nomen redactoris = Petrus Victorius
		| titulus = Carmina Burana. Testo latino a fronte
		| annus = 2006
		| annus primae editionis = 1989
		| editio = 8
		| locus = [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]]
		| domus editoria = Tascabili Bompiani
		| isbn = 88-452-5307-4
		| lingua = it
	}}
}}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]</text>
      <sha1>nyk749bzeoycrshaohceke6cac1jz9p</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>In laudem Iustini Minoris</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>324436</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3959312</id>
      <parentid>3955313</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-12T17:36:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>-{{In usu}}: Plus quam septem dies in pagina mansit</comment>
      <origin>3959312</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1166" sha1="ej8ygeoqwz9elkh6r2m3dykgpa4iia1" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
{{ores|In laudem Iustini Augusti minoris}}, laudatio sub specie carminis epici [[Latine|Latini]], a [[Flavius Cresconius Corippus|Flavio Cresconio Corippo]] [[Africa]]no [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopoli]] in urbe anno fere [[566]] compositum est. De morte imperatoris [[Iustinianus I|Iustiniani]] et successione [[Iustinus II|Iustini II]] agitur; praeponuntur praefatio Iustino ipso directa et panegyricus quaestoris Anastasii (qui carmen omne fortasse commendaverat). 

== Bibliographia ==
; Editiones et versiones
* [[Averil Cameron]], ed. et interpr., ''Flavius Cresconius Corippus: In laudem Iustini Augusti minoris.'' Londinii: Athlone Press, 1976

; Eruditio
* A. D. Lee, &quot;Abduction and Assassination: The Clandestine Face of Roman Diplomacy in Late Antiquity&quot; in ''International History Review'' vol. 31 (2009) pp. 1-23 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/40111053 JSTOR]

== Nexus externi ==
{{Vicifons|Panegyricus in laudem Iustini Augusti|In laudem Iustini minoris}}
{{Vicifons|Panegyricus in laudem Anastasii|Panegyricus Anastasii quaestoris}}

[[Categoria:Carmina epica]]
[[Categoria:Constantinopoleos scripta]]
[[Categoria:Scripta 566]]</text>
      <sha1>ej8ygeoqwz9elkh6r2m3dykgpa4iia1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3959313</id>
      <parentid>3959312</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-12T17:38:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>3959313</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1166" sha1="ax2msfclz84x2iwcm5kwh2q212wurvl" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
{{ores|In laudem Iustini Augusti minoris}}, est laudatio sub specie carminis epici [[Latine|Latini]], a [[Flavius Cresconius Corippus|Flavio Cresconio Corippo]] [[Africa]]no [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopoli]] in urbe anno fere [[566]] compositum. De morte imperatoris [[Iustinianus I|Iustiniani]] et successione [[Iustinus II|Iustini II]] agitur; praeponuntur praefatio Iustino ipso directa et panegyricus quaestoris Anastasii (qui carmen omne fortasse commendaverat). 

== Bibliographia ==
; Editiones et versiones
* [[Averil Cameron]], ed. et interpr., ''Flavius Cresconius Corippus: In laudem Iustini Augusti minoris.'' Londinii: Athlone Press, 1976

; Eruditio
* A. D. Lee, &quot;Abduction and Assassination: The Clandestine Face of Roman Diplomacy in Late Antiquity&quot; in ''International History Review'' vol. 31 (2009) pp. 1-23 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/40111053 JSTOR]

== Nexus externi ==
{{Vicifons|Panegyricus in laudem Iustini Augusti|In laudem Iustini minoris}}
{{Vicifons|Panegyricus in laudem Anastasii|Panegyricus Anastasii quaestoris}}

[[Categoria:Carmina epica]]
[[Categoria:Constantinopoleos scripta]]
[[Categoria:Scripta 566]]</text>
      <sha1>ax2msfclz84x2iwcm5kwh2q212wurvl</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Patricius I. Conroy</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>324506</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3959316</id>
      <parentid>3955825</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-12T17:46:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Minora</comment>
      <origin>3959316</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1634" sha1="kgdhp5osck7q19k0low28y64fx45y7k" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}

{{res|Patricius I. Conroy}}, [[Societas Iesu|S.I.]] (natus [[Everardum|Everardi]] die [[31 Octobris]] [[1950]]), est [[iuris consultus]] et [[presbyter]] [[CFA|Americanus]]. [[Capellanus]] fuit [[Camera Repraesentantium Civitatum Foederatarum|Camerae Repraesentantium Civitatum Foederatarum]] ab anno [[2011]] ad annum [[2021]]. Secundus [[Ecclesia Catholica|Catholicus]] necnon primus [[Societas Iesu|Iesuita]] est qui hoc munere praeponitur.

Anno [[2018]], [[Paulus Ryan]] praeses Camerae Repraesentantium conatus est a munere eius Patricium Conroy dimittere; Conroy tamen favorem [[Congressus Civitatum Foederatarum|Congressus]] habuit et usque ad annum [[2021]] mansit.

== Bibliographia ==
* Dias, Elizabetha (26 Aprilis 2018). [https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/26/us/politics/patrick-conroy-paul-ryan-house-chaplain.html House chaplain was asked to resign. He still doesn't know why]. ''[[The New York Times]]''. {{ling|Anglice}}
* Kane, Paulus (4 Maii 2018). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/house-chaplain-rescinds-resignation-after-furor-over-his-ouster-by-ryan/2018/05/03/b770de7c-4f07-11e8-84a0-458a1aa9ac0a_story.html In a reversal, Speaker Ryan says the House chaplain will remain in his post]. ''[[The Washington Post]]''. {{ling|Anglice}}

{{bio-stipula}}

{{Lifetime|1950||Conroy, Patricius I.}}
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Gonzagae]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Sanctae Clarae]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Sancti Ludovici]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Torontonensis]]
[[Categoria:Clerici Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Vasingtoniae civitatis]]</text>
      <sha1>kgdhp5osck7q19k0low28y64fx45y7k</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Samuel Hartlib</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>324590</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3959319</id>
      <parentid>3956154</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-12T17:58:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>+{{Bio-stipula}}</comment>
      <origin>3959319</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1641" sha1="eilo3cx40d8ut6okfwf57ez64qog7ef" xml:space="preserve">{{res|Samuel Hartlib}} sive {{res|plene=Samuel Hartlieb|Hartlieb}} ([[1600]] – [[10 Martii]] [[1662]]) fuit vir {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|polymathes||en|qid=Q270141}} [[Germania|Germanicae]] [[Polonia|Polonicae]]&lt;nowiki /&gt;que originis,&lt;ref&gt;{{*Cfr}} {{Opus
	| cognomen auctoris 1 = Johnson
	| nomen auctoris 1 = Mark S.
	| nomen auctoris 2 = Peter N.
	| cognomen auctoris 2 = Stearns
	| titulus = Education in World History
	| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=lnN4EAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=More+practically,+Samuel+Hartlib+(c.+1600%E2%80%931662),+of+German-Polish+origin+but+making+his+career+in+England,+tirelessly+promoted+the+idea+of+a+%E2%80%9Cnew+education%E2%80%9D+that+would+pick+up+on+advances+in+science+occurring+at+the+time+and+offer+...&amp;pg=PT125
}}: “More practically, Samuel Hartlib (c. 1600–1662), of German-Polish origin, but making his career in England, tirelessly promoted the idea of a ‘new education’ {{omissis}}”&lt;/ref&gt; qui sedem in [[Anglia]]m collocavit, in matrimonium duxit, et ibidem mortuus est. 

Contemporaneus fuit [[Robertus Boyle|Roberti Boyle]], quem bene noverat, atque vicinus [[Samuel Pepys|Samuelis Pepys]] in Axe Yard, [[Londinium|Londinii]], {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|decennium 167|decennio 167|en|qid=Q196549}} incipiente. Postquam in Angliam advenit breviter in [[Universitas Cantabrigiensis|Universitate Cantabrigiensi]] studuit.

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Robertus Boyle]]
* [[Samuel Pepys]]

{{Bio-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Cantabrigiensis]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Regiomontanae]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1662]]</text>
      <sha1>eilo3cx40d8ut6okfwf57ez64qog7ef</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3959325</id>
      <parentid>3959319</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-12T18:16:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>3959325</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1659" sha1="kd2fmgqbehhu35ht9lbstte8pqr3pv9" xml:space="preserve">{{res|Samuel Hartlib}} sive {{res|plene=Samuel Hartlieb|Hartlieb}} ([[1600]] – [[10 Martii]] [[1662]]) fuit vir {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|polymathes||en|qid=Q270141}} [[Germania|Germanicae]] [[Polonia|Polonicae]]&lt;nowiki /&gt;que originis,&lt;ref&gt;{{*Cfr}} {{Opus
	| cognomen auctoris 1 = Johnson
	| nomen auctoris 1 = Mark S.
	| nomen auctoris 2 = Peter N.
	| cognomen auctoris 2 = Stearns
	| titulus = Education in World History
	| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=lnN4EAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=More+practically,+Samuel+Hartlib+(c.+1600%E2%80%931662),+of+German-Polish+origin+but+making+his+career+in+England,+tirelessly+promoted+the+idea+of+a+%E2%80%9Cnew+education%E2%80%9D+that+would+pick+up+on+advances+in+science+occurring+at+the+time+and+offer+...&amp;pg=PT125
}}: “More practically, Samuel Hartlib (c. 1600–1662), of German-Polish origin, but making his career in England, tirelessly promoted the idea of a ‘new education’ {{omissis}}”&lt;/ref&gt; qui sedem in [[Anglia]]m collocavit, ibidem Mariam Burmingham in matrimonium duxit, et mortuus est. 

Contemporaneus fuit [[Robertus Boyle|Roberti Boyle]], quem bene noverat, atque vicinus [[Samuel Pepys|Samuelis Pepys]] in Axe Yard, [[Londinium|Londinii]], {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|decennium 167|decennio 167|en|qid=Q196549}} incipiente. Postquam in Angliam advenit breviter in [[Universitas Cantabrigiensis|Universitate Cantabrigiensi]] studuit.

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Robertus Boyle]]
* [[Samuel Pepys]]

{{Bio-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Cantabrigiensis]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Regiomontanae]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1662]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Starbucks</title>
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      <id>3959321</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
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      <comment>Minora</comment>
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      <text bytes="2173" sha1="cxdp56nnathb2xkh77eqni2n7f45434" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa societatis
	| nomen = Starbucks
	| imago =
	| de_imagine = Insignia ab anno [[2011]]
	| fundatus = 1971
	| praetorium = [[Seattlum]]
	| dux = [[Huardus Schultz]] (emeritus)&lt;br/&gt;[[Brianus Niccol]]
	| opus = [[Coffeum]]
}}
[[Fasciculus:Starbuckscenter.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Praetorium [[Seattlum|Seattli]] situm.]]
{{res|Starbucks}} est [[collegium (ius)|societas]] [[coffearia]]rum [[mundus|mundialis]], quae [[Seattlum|Seattli]] anno [[1971]] a [[Geraldus Baldwin|Geraldo Baldwin]], [[Zev Siegl]], et [[Gordonus Bowker|Gordono Bowker]] condita est societas mercatoria [[coffeum|coffeae]]. Sub ductu [[Huardus Schultz|Huardi Schultz]] in catenam coffeariarum inter gentes se ipsam imposuit.

Mense Novembri [[2022]], societas {{num|35711}} coffearias in octoginta [[civitas|terris]] habebat, quarum {{num|15873}} in [[CFA|Civitatibus Foederatis]] sitae erant. Starbucks praecipuas “torrerias reservatas” [[Tokium|Tokii]], [[Sciamhaevum|Sciamhaevi]], [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]], [[Novum Eboracum (urbs)|Novi Eboraci]], [[Sicagum|Sicagi]], et olim Seattli gerit.

== Bibliographia ==
* Behar, Howard et Janet Goldstein. (2007). ''It's Not About the Coffee: Leadership Principles from a Life at Starbucks''. {{ISBN|1-59184-192-5}}.
* Clark, Taylor. (2007). ''Starbucked: A Double Tall Tale of Caffeine, Commerce and Culture''. {{ISBN|0-316-01348-X}}.
* Michelli, Iosephus A. (2006). ''The Starbucks experience: 5 principles for turning ordinary into extraordinary''. {{ISBN|0-07-147784-5}}.
* {{cite book| last =Pendergrast | first =Mark | title =Uncommon Grounds: The History of Coffee and How It Transformed Our World | publisher=Texere | location=Londinii |year=2001|orig-year=1999 | isbn =1-58799-088-1}}
* Schultz, Howard et Dori Jones Yang. (1997). ''Pour Your Heart Into It: How Starbucks Built a Company One Cup at a Time''. {{ISBN|0-7868-6315-3}}.
* Simon, Bryant. (2009). ''Everything but the Coffee: Learning about America from Starbucks''. {{ISBN|0-520-26106-2}}.

{{NexInt}}
* [[coffearia]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat}}
* [https://www.starbucks.com/ Situs interretialis]

[[Categoria:Coffeariae]]
[[Categoria:Condita 1971]]
[[Categoria:Seattlum]]</text>
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      <text bytes="2173" sha1="f3kb0iel7g6lune1g8mqhskls4hiamh" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa societatis
	| nomen = Starbucks
	| imago =
	| de_imagine = Insignia ab anno [[2011]]
	| fundatus = 1971
	| praetorium = [[Seattlum]]
	| dux = [[Huardus Schultz]] (emeritus)&lt;br/&gt;[[Brianus Niccol]]
	| opus = [[Coffeum]]
}}
[[Fasciculus:Starbuckscenter.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Praetorium [[Seattlum|Seattli]] situm.]]
{{res|Starbucks}} est [[collegium (ius)|societas]] [[coffearia]]rum [[mundus|mundialis]], quae [[Seattlum|Seattli]] anno [[1971]] a [[Geraldus Baldwin|Geraldo Baldwin]], [[Zev Siegl]], et [[Gordonus Bowker|Gordono Bowker]] condita est societas mercatoria [[coffeum|coffeae]]. Sub ductu [[Huardus Schultz|Huardi Schultz]] in catenam coffeariarum inter gentes se ipsam imposuit.

Mense Novembri [[2022]], societas {{num|35711}} coffearias in octoginta [[civitas|terris]] habebat, quarum {{num|15873}} in [[CFA|Civitatibus Foederatis]] sitae erant. Starbucks praecipuas “torrerias reservatas” [[Tokium|Tokii]], [[Sciamhaevum|Sciamhaevi]], [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]], [[Novum Eboracum (urbs)|Novi Eboraci]], [[Sicagum|Sicagi]], et olim Seattli gerit.

== Bibliographia ==
* Behar, Howard et Janet Goldstein. (2007). ''It's Not About the Coffee: Leadership Principles from a Life at Starbucks''. {{ISBN|1-59184-192-5}}.
* Clark, Taylor. (2007). ''Starbucked: A Double Tall Tale of Caffeine, Commerce and Culture''. {{ISBN|0-316-01348-X}}.
* Michelli, Iosephus A. (2006). ''The Starbucks experience: 5 principles for turning ordinary into extraordinary''. {{ISBN|0-07-147784-5}}.
* {{cite book| last =Pendergrast | first =Mark | title =Uncommon Grounds: The History of Coffee and How It Transformed Our World | publisher=Texere | location=Londinii |year=2001|orig-year=1999 | isbn =1-58799-088-1}}
* Schultz, Howard et Dori Jones Yang. (1997). ''Pour Your Heart Into It: How Starbucks Built a Company One Cup at a Time''. {{ISBN|0-7868-6315-3}}.
* Simon, Bryant. (2009). ''Everything but the Coffee: Learning about America from Starbucks''. {{ISBN|0-520-26106-2}}.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Coffearia]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat}}
* [https://www.starbucks.com/ Situs interretialis]

[[Categoria:Coffeariae]]
[[Categoria:Condita 1971]]
[[Categoria:Seattlum]]</text>
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    <title>Pamphile (Apuleius)</title>
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        <username>~2026-28724-93</username>
        <id>209243</id>
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      <comment>Sectiones addidt et priora errata amendavi. Mox sectionem de sagis in litteraris addam, sic addens fontem externum.</comment>
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      <text bytes="2956" sha1="tl8swsj9b4suytl7wcmwmx50lzt3ec4" xml:space="preserve">{{Augenda|2026|4}}
{{Pagina non annexa}}
{{Vicificanda}}
[[Fasciculus:Les_Métamorphoses_ou_l'Asne_d'or_(...)Apulée_(0125-0180_)_bpt6k8706866p_156.jpg|thumb|Pamphile (dextra) alas sibi crescentes habet, dum Photis (ad sinistram extremam) et Lucius (sinistra) per rimam ianuae eius metamorphosin spectant.]]

In libro [[Metamorphoses (Apuleius)|''Metamorphoseon'']] a [[Lucius Apuleius|Lucio Apuleio Madaurensi]] scripto (qui etiam Asinus aureus appellatur), Pamphile ([[Lingua Graeca antiqua|Graece]]: Παμφίλη) persona ficta est quae inter strigas vel magas numeratur, etsi ipsa raro in scaena directe apparet. Sicut nuptam [[Iason|Iasonis]], Creusam, in ''[[Medea (Euripides)|Medeam]]'' vel Sauron in ''[[Anulorum Erus|Anulorum Ero]]'' non in suis quisque fabulis visi erant, ita persona Pamphiles magis per narrationem quam per directam praesentiam efficitur. Sic ‘quasi personam inaspectam’ illa intellegamus. Illa uxor Milonis est atque domina Photidis; cuncti domum Milonis constituunt. 

== Nomen ==
Nomen 'Pamphile' ex Graeco Παμφίλη derivatur, quod 'ab omnibus amata' significat (ex παν - 'omnis' et φίλος - 'amicus'). Hoc nomen formam ironicam gerit ut illa persona quae per artes magicas iuvenes pulchros conciliare conatur. 

== Persona in fabula ==
Pamphile per totam fabulam semper per relationes aliarum cognoscitur potius quam per actiones suas directe descriptas. Solum semel lector eam ut persona videt, cum Lucius metamorphosin eius per rimam ianuae observat. Ergo Apuleius personam arcanam et mysticam efficit. 

== Descriptio Byrrhenae ==
In libro secundo, Byrrhena, ‘matertera’ (vel ceu in fabulam illa ‘parens’ eius describitur) Lucii, Pamphilem “[m]aga primi nominis et omnis carminis sepulcralis magistra creditur” esse dicit.&lt;ref&gt;Apuleius, Metamorphoses II.5.&lt;/ref&gt; Pericula vis magicae Pamphiles ad illum narrantur, sed omnes descriptiones Byrrhenas de Pamphile nonnisi cupiditatem eius scire augent. Propter hoc, Lucius Photidem exquirit ut duplex consilium eius efficiat: ea perlicere et ad artes magicas Pamphiles accedere.

== Transformatio in bubonem ==
In libro tertio, Photis Lucium in cubiculum dominae secreto ducit (nam Lucius ipse rogavit), ubi per rimam ianuae Pamphilem observat: &quot;omnibus laciniis se devestit Pamphile et arcula quadam reclusa pyxides plusculas inde depromit, de quis unius operculo remoto atque indidem egesta unguedine diuque palmulis suis adfricta ab imis unguibus sese totam adusque summos capillos perlinit multumque cum lucerna secreto conlocuta membra tremulo succussu quatit. Quis leniter fluctuantibus promicant molles plumulae, crescunt et fortes pinnulae, duratur nasus incurvus, coguntur ungues adunci. Fit bubo Pamphile.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Apuleius, Metamorphoses III.21.&lt;/ref&gt; Lucius deinde Photidem rogat ut sibi quoque unguentum unguat ut in avem mutetur. Sed cum illa aliud unguentum ei applicat, non in avem sed in [[Equus asinus|asinum]] mutatur.{{dubcat}}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>3959432</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>IacobusAmor</username>
        <id>1163</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>~</comment>
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      <text bytes="2954" sha1="i3uxja6il070s6c1y0q2el2midz9se0" xml:space="preserve">{{Augenda|2026|4}}
{{Pagina non annexa}}
{{Vicificanda}}
[[Fasciculus:Les_Métamorphoses_ou_l'Asne_d'or_(...)Apulée_(0125-0180_)_bpt6k8706866p_156.jpg|thumb|Pamphile (dextra) alas sibi crescentes habet, dum Photis (ad sinistram extremam) et Lucius (sinistra) per rimam ianuae eius metamorphosin spectant.]]

In libro [[Metamorphoses (Apuleius)|''Metamorphoseon'']] a [[Lucius Apuleius|Lucio Apuleio Madaurensi]] scripto (qui etiam Asinus aureus appellatur), Pamphile ([[Graece]] Παμφίλη) persona ficta est quae inter strigas vel magas numeratur, etsi ipsa raro in scaena directe apparet. Sicut nuptam [[Iason|Iasonis]], Creusam, in ''[[Medea (Euripides)|Medeam]]'' vel Sauron in ''[[Anulorum Erus|Anulorum Ero]]'' non in suis quisque fabulis visi erant, ita persona Pamphiles magis per narrationem quam per directam praesentiam efficitur. Sic ‘quasi personam inaspectam’ illa intellegamus. Illa uxor Milonis est atque domina Photidis; cuncti domum Milonis constituunt. 

== Nomen ==
Nomen ''Pamphile'' ex Graeco Παμφίλη derivatur, quod 'ab omnibus amata' significat (ex παν 'omnis' et φίλος 'amicus'). Hoc nomen formam [[ironia|ironicam]] gerit, ut illa persona quae per [[magica|artes magicas]] iuvenes pulchros conciliare conatur. 

== Persona in fabula ==
Pamphile per totam fabulam semper per relationes aliarum cognoscitur potius quam per actiones suas directe descriptas. Solum semel lector eam ut persona videt, cum Lucius metamorphosin eius per rimam ianuae observat. Ergo Apuleius personam arcanam et mysticam efficit. 

== Descriptio Byrrhenae ==
In libro secundo, Byrrhena, ‘matertera’ (vel ceu in fabulam illa ‘parens’ eius describitur) Lucii, Pamphilem “[m]aga primi nominis et omnis carminis sepulcralis magistra creditur” esse dicit.&lt;ref&gt;Apuleius, Metamorphoses II.5.&lt;/ref&gt; Pericula vis magicae Pamphiles ad illum narrantur, sed omnes descriptiones Byrrhenas de Pamphile nonnisi cupiditatem eius scire augent. Propter hoc, Lucius Photidem exquirit ut duplex consilium eius efficiat: ea perlicere et ad artes magicas Pamphiles accedere.

== Transformatio in bubonem ==
In libro tertio, Photis Lucium in cubiculum dominae secreto ducit (nam Lucius ipse rogavit), ubi per rimam ianuae Pamphilem observat: &quot;omnibus laciniis se devestit Pamphile et arcula quadam reclusa pyxides plusculas inde depromit, de quis unius operculo remoto atque indidem egesta unguedine diuque palmulis suis adfricta ab imis unguibus sese totam adusque summos capillos perlinit multumque cum lucerna secreto conlocuta membra tremulo succussu quatit. Quis leniter fluctuantibus promicant molles plumulae, crescunt et fortes pinnulae, duratur nasus incurvus, coguntur ungues adunci. Fit bubo Pamphile.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Apuleius, Metamorphoses III.21.&lt;/ref&gt; Lucius deinde Photidem rogat ut sibi quoque unguentum unguat ut in avem mutetur. Sed cum illa aliud unguentum ei applicat, non in avem sed in [[Equus asinus|asinum]] mutatur.{{dubcat}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>The Green Years</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>324919</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3959291</id>
      <parentid>3959169</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-12T17:00:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Summarium */</comment>
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      <text bytes="6837" sha1="lkmezgioqxpfsbm91vkpbqc3c07dvrq" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}} 
'''''The Green Years''''' ('''Latine''' ''Virides anni'') est [[mythistoria]] anno [[1944]] ab [[Archibaldus Iosephus Cronin|Archibaldo Iosepho Cronin]] [[scriptor]]e [[Scotti|Scotico]] publicata, quae plurimos lectores habuit et in multas [[lingua]]s versa est. [[Pellicula]] Americana eiusdem nominis [[Victor Saville|Victoris Saville]] anno 1946 e mythistoria ducta est,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.themoviedb.org/movie/99351-the-green-years TMDB]. [https://www.imdb.com/fr/title/tt0038578/?language=fr-fr IMDb]&lt;/ref&gt; et Archibaldus Cronin ipse ei continuationem composuit: ''Shannon's way'' (1948). Suae [[pueritia]]e experimentis fretus [[auctor]] iuventutem Roberti Shannon [[Orbus|orphani]] narrat, imprimis quomodo [[somnium|somnia]] et vanae imagines in pueri ac postea adulescentis animo nascentes cum dura rerum veritate confligant. Etenim omnium iudicio Robertus Shannon cogitationibus suis pertinaciter haerebat et longe a rebus veris aberrabat. Quocirca hanc mythistoriam in [[Genus litterarum|genere]] ''[[Bildungsroman|Bildungsromane]]'' ponere licet.

== Summarium ==
Eventa in mythistoria narrata vicesimo saeculo ineunte geruntur usque ad annum [[1912]].

Robertus Shannon postquam ambos parentes e [[Phthisis|phtisi]] amisit, octavum tantum annum agens, ex [[Hibernia]] ubi vivebat Levenford (urbem commenticiam) in [[Scotia|Scotiam]] apud [[avia|aviam]] maternam advenit, qua in familia nunc vitam aget. Illa avia quam matrem appellat domesticis laboribus dedita familiae vitam dulciorem reddere omni modo conatur sed 'pater Leckie', eius maritus, sordida avaritia adfectus eos paene omnibus vitae dulcedinibus privat. In domo vivunt etiam eorum filia Kate (Roberti matertera) ludi magistra - tristis et aditu aspero solet esse quia non formosa puella est, in secunda parte mythistoriae postquam sponsum invenit atque puerum peperit mitior fit - et eorum filius Murdoch (Roberti avunculus) qui hortorum culturam et flores ante omnia amat sed a patre cogitur certamina parare quae aditum in administrationem permittunt; quocirca libros invitus semper legit. Eorum frater Adamus quo parentes maxime gloriantur quia rem bene gessisse atque pecuniam habere videtur non iam cum eis habitat atque satis raro eos visitat; revera tamen homo parum scrupulosus et divitiarum cupidine captus patri persuadet ut rem familiarem in dubiis negotiis collocet.

Sed personae primum locum in pueri educatione tenentes fuerunt proavus et proavia quibuscum primo anno etiam dormivit antequam proprium cubiculum acciperet. Alexander Gow, pater matris Leckie, vitam dissolutam egit ac nunc sine reditu e genero pendet quocum ita dissentit ut semper in cubiculo suo cenet nec umquam tabulae communi adsideat dum ille adest. Res gloriosas sed mendaces  de se puero narravit atque etiam poma furari eum didicit. Alia vitia quoque praebebat inprimis [[alcohol]] et feminas. Sed in adversis rebus Roberto semper solacio et auxilio fuit qui et ipse eum usque ad mortem numquam deseruit.

Proavia, mater 'patris Leckie', econtra moribus austeris  et [[Reformatio|religionis Evangelicae]] studiosissima erat. Praeterea reditum annuum ob mariti fatalem casum vidua accipiebat et locationem cubiculi filio pendebat. Itaque ut primum advenit (nam partem tantum anni apud filium morabatur) auctoritatem proavi apud Robertum impugnare instituit atque ei veritatem  de eo detexit. 

In schola res primum difficiles Roberto fuerunt quia solus [[Catholicismus|catholicus]] inter reformatos erat et insuper habitum viridem satis ridiculum gerebat quem ei consuerat avia. A condiscipulis male mulcebatur. Mox tamen amicitia maioris filii Gavin Blair quem admirabatur et omnes respiciebant rem in melius vertit. Cum Gavin Robertus [[Piscatus|piscatum]] ibat et naturalium studio delectabatur.

Adulescens factus [[Religio Catholica|religioni catholicae]] usque ad [[Mortificatio|mortificationem]] sensuum deditus est. Simul discipulus optimus erat qui [[biologia]] imprimis delectabatur. Ad [[Universitas|universitatem]] Winton igitur transire cupiebat medicinae discendae causa sed pater Leckie pecuniam ad hoc impendere nolebat et eum potius in proximam [[Fabrica (officina)|fabricam]] ad [[Mechanica|mechanicum]] artificium discendum mittere decreverat ita ut pecuniam domum referret qua hospitium compensaret. Quod fatum ut effugeret Robertus ab avo et professore Iasone Reid stimulatus summa contentione studuit ad praemium Marshall impetrandum quod optimo candidato [[stipendium scholasticum]] conferebat. Probationes ceteras optime absolvit sed ante ultimam in gravem morbum incidit ([[Diphtheria|diphtheriam]]) nec certare potuit. Nihilominus secundus evasit paucis punctis tantum a primo superatus ita ut liqueret certamen victurum fuisse nisi aeger fuisset. Circa idem tempus amicus quem inter omnes diligebat, Gavin Blair, [[Tramen|tramine]] percussus obiit. Tum adversus religionem rebellare coepit eo magis quo [[Liber Genesis|Genesis]] cum scientia moderna non congruere ei videbatur. Itaque cum [[canonicus]] Roche ei studia in [[Seminarium|seminario]] episcopali ad ecclesiasticam vitam amplectendam obtulit recusavit atque in fabrica laborare maluit. Puellae, Allison Keith nomine, amore flagrabat sed timidior fuit quam ut rem peragere posset: Allison matrem secuta quae Iasoni Reid nupsit [[Londinium]] abiit.

Ita omnia quae sibi optaverat misere perisse videbantur cum proavus mortuus est quem diligebat et paene solus (mater Leckie iam obierat) ploravit. Nam eius [[testamentum]] velut [[deus ex machina]] fatum Roberti e toto mutavit. Qui certe pecuniam non habebat sed pater Leckie ab Adamo persuasus, qui [[assecuratio|assecurationum]] societatis particeps erat, assecurationis [[Contractus|contractum]] super Alexandri Gow vita subscripserat atque pluries postea pecuniam addiderat beneficiarium fore sperans. At ille ipso die quo Robertus in certamine Marshall offendit una cum [[Notarius|notario]] hoc consilium approbante beneficiarium (hoc est filiam) mutaverat et Robertum designarat. Simul notarius McKellar [[tutor]] Roberti nominabatur in administratione nummorum qui ad studia medicinae persolvenda destinabantur. Ita finis laetus opus satis tragicum coronat.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Tiphaine Averlant-Arnould, ''Archibald Joseph Cronin : médecin, écrivain et humaniste : introduction à l'univers romanesque de l'auteur de La citadelle'', Éditions Complicités, 2024. 978-2-38647-077-6
* Dale Salwak, ''A.J. Cronin'',  [[Bostonia|Bostonii]], Twayne Publishers, 1985. 978-0-8057-6884-8

== Nexus externi ==
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.460925/page/n1/mode/2up Textus apud archive.org]

[[Categoria:Libri de Scotia]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Anglicae]]
[[Categoria:Mythistoriae]]
[[Categoria:Mythistoriae ad pelliculas accommodatae]]
[[Categoria:Scripta 1944]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Robertus Barker</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>324920</id>
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        <username>Bartholomite</username>
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      <text bytes="1104" sha1="84li73bsuj94e0kqlx6bsb4uv8neuns" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}
{{res|Robertus Gulielmus Barker}} (vulgo ''Bob''; natus [[Darringtonia]]e in [[oppidum|oppido]] [[Vasintonia (civitas)|Vasintonia]] die [[12 Decembris]] [[1923]]; mortuus [[Angelopolis|Angelopoli]] die [[26 Augusti]] [[2023]]) fuit persona [[televisio|televisifica]], moderator [[spectaculum lusorium|ludorum spectaculorum]], et defensor [[iura animalium|iurium animalium]] [[CFA|Americanus]].

In [[terra reservata Indiana|reservatione Indorum]] ''Rosebud Sioux'' in [[Dacota Meridiana]] crevit. Alumnus [[Universitas Druriensis|Universitatis Druriensis]] fuit. ''Truth or Consequences'' ad anno [[1956]] ad annum [[1975]] et ''[[The Price is Right]]'' ab anno [[1972]] ad annum [[2007]] moderavit.

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Bob Barker|Robertum Gulielmum Barker}}
*{{IMDb|0054837|Roberto Gulielmo Barker}}

{{bio-stipula}}

{{Lifetime|1923|2023|Barker, Robertus Gulielmus}}
[[Categoria:Actores televisifici Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Dacotae Meridionalis]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Vasingtoniae civitatis]]
[[Categoria:Milites Civitatum Foederatarum]]</text>
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    <title>Electronica usui domestico destinata</title>
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      <text bytes="2399" sha1="5z3bunwgf9eqemvaz3je3e2nsem59yd" xml:space="preserve">'''Electronica usui domestico destinata''' sunt apparatus electronici ad usum domesticum quotidianum, oblectationem, communicationem, et relaxationem destinati. Inter quae etiam hodie numeri possunt instrumenta domestica, ut [[machina lavandi|machinas lavandi]] et [[refrigeratorium|refrigeratoria]], quae [[moderamen|moderaminibus]] et [[interfacies|interfaciebus electronicis]] instructa sunt.

'''Historia et Evolutio'''

[[Radio]]phonica emissio ineunte saeculo vicesimo primum productum populare attulit: receptaculum radiophonicum. Postea accesserunt [[telephonum|telephona]], [[televisorium|televisoria]], [[calculatrum|calculatra]], [[camara]]e, [[consoles lusoriae]], [[telephona mobilia]], [[computatra personalia]], et [[dispositivus MP3|dispositivos MP3]]. Annis bismillesimis decimis, tabernae haec instrumenta vendentes saepe [[GPS]], [[electronica autocinetica]], instrumenta [[musica synthetica]], [[machina karaoke|machinas karaoke], et [[dispositivus visificus|dispositivos visificos]] (e.g. VCR, DVD, et Blu-ray) praebebant. Hodie etiam venduntur: [[perspicilla realitatis virtualis]], [[instrumenta domestica callida]] quae ad interrete connectunt, et [[technologiae gestabiles]].

Annis bismillesimis decimis, plurima haec instrumenta technologiis digitalibus nitebantur et cum [[industria computatralis|industriis computatralibus]] et [[industrai lusoria|lusoriis]] coaluerunt. Mercatus hic, a [[semiconductrum|semiconductris]] impulsus, anno bismillesimo vicesimo ad $2.9 trillion pervenire sperabatur.

'''Res Gestae'''

'''Radiophonia''' '''et [[tubus vacuus|Tubi Vacui]]:''' Initio [[phonographum|phonographa]] mechanica erant, sed annis 1920  radiophonia fundamentum productionis massivae iecit. Tubi vacui ad sonum     amplificandum in grammophonis et radiophonis adhibiti sunt.

'''Transistra:''' Primis transistris a John Bardeen et Walter Houser Brattain anno 1947 inventis, Sony hanc technologiam ad usum popularem convertit.

'''Circuitus Integrati (IC):''' Haec technologia instrumenta minioris dimensionis et provectiora reddidit, ut computatra personalia.

'''Digitalizatio:''' Ab annis 1980, inductione Discorum Compactorum (CD) et computatrorum,  machinae ad signa digitalia transierunt, secundum Legem Mooreanum (Moore'sLaw) quae potentiam auxit et magnitudinem minuit.

Anno 2004, haec industria $240 billiones valebat, cum dominatu Sony, Samsung, et Philips.</text>
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      <text bytes="2417" sha1="o9ava24nxoyrbnlpcy81w5npq28tz5c" xml:space="preserve">'''Electronica usui domestico destinata''' sunt apparatus electronici ad usum domesticum quotidianum, oblectationem, communicationem, et relaxationem destinati. Inter quae etiam hodie numeri possunt instrumenta domestica, ut [[machina lavandi|machinas lavandi]] et [[refrigeratorium|refrigeratoria]], quae [[moderamen|moderaminibus]] et [[interfacies|interfaciebus electronicis]] instructa sunt.

'''Historia et Evolutio'''

[[Radio]]phonica emissio ineunte saeculo vicesimo primum productum populare attulit: receptaculum radiophonicum. Postea accesserunt [[telephonum|telephona]], [[televisorium|televisoria]], [[calculatrum|calculatra]], [[camara]]e, [[consoles lusoriae]], [[telephona mobilia]], [[computatra personalia]], et [[dispositivus MP3|dispositivos MP3]]. Annis bismillesimis decimis, tabernae haec instrumenta vendentes saepe [[GPS]], [[electronica autocinetica]], instrumenta [[musica synthetica]], &lt;nowiki&gt;[[machina karaoke|machinas karaoke]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;, et [[dispositivus visificus|dispositivos visificos]] (e.g. VCR, DVD, et Blu-ray) praebebant. Hodie etiam venduntur: [[perspicilla realitatis virtualis]], [[instrumenta domestica callida]] quae ad interrete connectunt, et [[technologiae gestabiles]].

Annis bismillesimis decimis, plurima haec instrumenta technologiis digitalibus nitebantur et cum [[industria computatralis|industriis computatralibus]] et [[industrai lusoria|lusoriis]] coaluerunt. Mercatus hic, a [[semiconductrum|semiconductris]] impulsus, anno bismillesimo vicesimo ad $2.9 trillion pervenire sperabatur.

'''Res Gestae'''

'''Radiophonia''' '''et [[tubus vacuus|Tubi Vacui]]:''' Initio [[phonographum|phonographa]] mechanica erant, sed annis 1920  radiophonia fundamentum productionis massivae iecit. Tubi vacui ad sonum     amplificandum in grammophonis et radiophonis adhibiti sunt.

'''Transistra:''' Primis transistris a John Bardeen et Walter Houser Brattain anno 1947 inventis, Sony hanc technologiam ad usum popularem convertit.

'''Circuitus Integrati (IC):''' Haec technologia instrumenta minioris dimensionis et provectiora reddidit, ut computatra personalia.

'''Digitalizatio:''' Ab annis 1980, inductione Discorum Compactorum (CD) et computatrorum,  machinae ad signa digitalia transierunt, secundum Legem Mooreanum (Moore'sLaw) quae potentiam auxit et magnitudinem minuit.

Anno 2004, haec industria $240 billiones valebat, cum dominatu Sony, Samsung, et Philips.</text>
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      <text bytes="2509" sha1="jiejvj2dxivoq0ooeqk2k6fxl6t7d15" xml:space="preserve">'''Electronica usui domestico destinata''' sunt apparatus electronici ad usum domesticum quotidianum, oblectationem, communicationem, et relaxationem destinati. Inter quae etiam hodie numeri possunt instrumenta domestica, ut [[machina lavandi|machinas lavandi]] et [[refrigeratorium|refrigeratoria]], quae [[moderamen|moderaminibus]] et [[interfacies|interfaciebus electronicis]] instructa sunt.

'''Historia et Evolutio'''

[[Radio]]phonica emissio ineunte saeculo vicesimo primum productum populare attulit: receptaculum radiophonicum. Postea accesserunt [[telephonum|telephona]], [[televisorium|televisoria]], [[calculatrum|calculatra]], [[camara]]e, [[consoles lusoriae]], [[telephona mobilia]], [[computatra personalia]], et [[dispositivus MP3|dispositivos MP3]]. Annis bismillesimis decimis, tabernae haec instrumenta vendentes saepe [[GPS]], [[electronica autocinetica]], instrumenta [[musica synthetica]], &lt;nowiki&gt;[[machina karaoke|machinas karaoke]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;, et [[dispositivus visificus|dispositivos visificos]] (e.g. VCR, DVD, et Blu-ray) praebebant. Hodie etiam venduntur: [[perspicilla realitatis virtualis]], [[instrumenta domestica callida]] quae ad interrete connectunt, et [[technologiae gestabiles]].

Annis bismillesimis decimis, plurima haec instrumenta technologiis digitalibus nitebantur et cum [[industria computatralis|industriis computatralibus]] et [[industrai lusoria|lusoriis]] coaluerunt. Mercatus hic, a [[semiconductrum|semiconductris]] impulsus, anno bismillesimo vicesimo ad $2.9 trillion pervenire sperabatur.

'''Res Gestae'''

'''[[Radiophonia]] et [[tubus vacuus|Tubi Vacui]]:''' Initio [[phonographum|phonographa]] mechanica erant, sed annis 1920  radiophonia fundamentum productionis massivae iecit. Tubi vacui ad sonum     amplificandum in grammophonis et radiophonis adhibiti sunt.

[[Transistrum|'''Transistra''']]''':''' Primis transistris a'''[[''' John Bardeen et Walter Houser Brattain anno 1947 inventis, Sony hanc technologiam ad usum popularem convertit.

[[Circuitus integratus|'''Circuitus integrati''']]''':''' Haec technologia instrumenta minioris dimensionis et provectiora reddidit, ut computatra personalia.

'''Digitalizatio:''' Ab annis 1980, inductione Discorum Compactorum (CD) et computatrorum,  machinae ad [[Signum digitale|Signa digitalia]] transierunt, secundum [[Lex Mooriana|Legem Moorianam]] (Moore's Law) quae potentiam auxit et magnitudinem minuit.

Anno 2004, haec industria $240 billiones valebat, cum dominatu Sony, Samsung, et Philips.</text>
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      <text bytes="2576" sha1="9luzm6hx7gb1gs74z78wbihvos96juc" xml:space="preserve">'''Electronica usui domestico destinata''' sunt apparatus electronici ad usum domesticum quotidianum, oblectationem, communicationem, et relaxationem destinati. Inter quae etiam hodie numeri possunt instrumenta domestica, ut [[machina lavandi|machinas lavandi]] et [[refrigeratorium|refrigeratoria]], quae [[moderamen|moderaminibus]] et [[interfacies|interfaciebus electronicis]] instructa sunt.

'''Historia et Evolutio'''

[[Radio]]phonica emissio ineunte saeculo vicesimo primum productum populare attulit: receptaculum radiophonicum. Postea accesserunt [[telephonum|telephona]], [[televisorium|televisoria]], [[calculatrum|calculatra]], [[camara]]e, [[consoles lusoriae]], [[telephona mobilia]], [[computatra personalia]], et [[dispositivus MP3|dispositivos MP3]]. Annis bismillesimis decimis, tabernae haec instrumenta vendentes saepe [[GPS]], [[electronica autocinetica]], instrumenta [[musica synthetica]], &lt;nowiki&gt;[[machina karaoke|machinas karaoke]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;, et [[dispositivus visificus|dispositivos visificos]] (e.g. VCR, DVD, et Blu-ray) praebebant. Hodie etiam venduntur: [[perspicilla realitatis virtualis]], [[instrumenta domestica callida]] quae ad interrete connectunt, et [[technologiae gestabiles]].

Annis bismillesimis decimis, plurima haec instrumenta technologiis digitalibus nitebantur et cum [[industria computatralis|industriis computatralibus]] et [[industrai lusoria|lusoriis]] coaluerunt. Mercatus hic, a [[semiconductrum|semiconductris]] impulsus, anno bismillesimo vicesimo ad $2.9 trillion pervenire sperabatur.

'''Res Gestae'''

'''[[Radiophonia]] et [[tubus vacuus|Tubi Vacui]]:''' Initio [[phonographum|phonographa]] mechanica erant, sed annis 1920  radiophonia fundamentum productionis massivae iecit. Tubi vacui ad sonum     amplificandum in grammophonis et radiophonis adhibiti sunt.

[[Transistrum|'''Transistra''']]''':''' Primis transistris a''''' [[Ioannes Bardeen|Ioanne Bardeen]] et [[Gualterius Brattain|Gualterio Houser Brattain]] anno 1947 inventis, Sony hanc technologiam ad usum popularem convertit.

[[Circuitus integratus|'''Circuitus integrati''']]''':''' Haec technologia instrumenta minioris dimensionis et provectiora reddidit, ut computatra personalia.

'''Digitalizatio:''' Ab annis 1980, inductione [[Discus compactus|Discorum Compactorum (CD)]] et computatrorum,  machinae ad [[Signum digitale|Signa digitalia]] transierunt, secundum [[Lex Mooriana|Legem Moorianam]] (Moore's Law) quae potentiam auxit et magnitudinem minuit.

Anno 2004, haec industria $240 billiones valebat, cum dominatu Sony, Samsung, et Philips.</text>
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      <text bytes="2565" sha1="oouu8hd0u7hewx17ttzuur45sst4fhd" xml:space="preserve">'''Electronica usui domestico destinata''' sunt apparatus electronici ad usum domesticum quotidianum, oblectationem, communicationem, et relaxationem destinati. Inter quae etiam hodie numeri possunt instrumenta domestica, ut [[machina lavandi|machinas lavandi]] et [[refrigeratorium|refrigeratoria]], quae [[moderamen|moderaminibus]] et [[interfacies|interfaciebus electronicis]] instructa sunt.

'''Historia et Evolutio'''

[[Radio]]phonica emissio ineunte saeculo vicesimo primum productum populare attulit: receptaculum radiophonicum. Postea accesserunt [[telephonum|telephona]], [[televisorium|televisoria]], [[calculatrum|calculatra]], [[camara]]e, [[consoles lusoriae]], [[telephona mobilia]], [[computatra personalia]], et [[dispositivus MP3|dispositivos MP3]]. Annis bismillesimis decimis, tabernae haec instrumenta vendentes saepe [[GPS]], [[electronica autocinetica]], instrumenta [[musica synthetica]], &lt;nowiki&gt;[[machina karaoke|machinas karaoke]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;, et [[dispositivus visificus|dispositivos visificos]] (e.g. VCR, DVD, et Blu-ray) praebebant. Hodie etiam venduntur: [[perspicilla realitatis virtualis]], [[instrumenta domestica callida]] quae ad interrete connectunt, et [[technologiae gestabiles]].

Annis bismillesimis decimis, plurima haec instrumenta technologiis digitalibus nitebantur et cum [[industria computatralis|industriis computatralibus]] et [[industrai lusoria|lusoriis]] coaluerunt. Mercatus hic, a [[semiconductrum|semiconductris]] impulsus, anno bismillesimo vicesimo ad $2.9 trillion pervenire sperabatur.

'''Res Gestae'''

'''[[Radiophonia]] et [[tubus vacuus|Tubi Vacui]]:''' Initio [[phonographum|phonographa]] mechanica erant, sed annis 1920  radiophonia fundamentum productionis massivae iecit. Tubi vacui ad sonum     amplificandum in grammophonis et radiophonis adhibiti sunt.

[[Transistrum|'''Transistra''']]: Primis transistris a [[Ioannes Bardeen|Ioanne Bardeen]] et [[Gualterius Brattain|Gualterio Houser Brattain]] anno 1947 inventis, Sony hanc technologiam ad usum popularem convertit.

[[Circuitus integratus|'''Circuitus integrati''']]''':''' Haec technologia instrumenta minioris dimensionis et provectiora reddidit, ut computatra personalia.

'''Digitalizatio:''' Ab annis 1980, inductione [[Discus compactus|Discorum Compactorum (CD)]] et computatrorum,  machinae ad [[Signum digitale|Signa digitalia]] transierunt, secundum [[Lex Mooriana|Legem Moorianam]] (Moore's Law) quae potentiam auxit et magnitudinem minuit.

Anno 2004, haec industria $240 billiones valebat, cum dominatu Sony, Samsung, et Philips.</text>
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      <text bytes="2657" sha1="7u3xo1b20twukdorm32l1t9lqzxdxdr" xml:space="preserve">'''Electronica usui domestico destinata''' sunt apparatus electronici ad usum domesticum quotidianum, oblectationem, communicationem, et relaxationem destinati. Inter quae etiam hodie numeri possunt instrumenta domestica, ut [[machina lavandi|machinas lavandi]] et [[refrigeratorium|refrigeratoria]], quae [[moderamen|moderaminibus]] et [[interfacies|interfaciebus electronicis]] instructa sunt.
[[File:Radio&amp;TV store 1961.jpg|thumb|Taberna radiophona and televisoria vendens anno 1961.]]
'''Historia et Evolutio'''

[[Radio]]phonica emissio ineunte saeculo vicesimo primum productum populare attulit: receptaculum radiophonicum. Postea accesserunt [[telephonum|telephona]], [[televisorium|televisoria]], [[calculatrum|calculatra]], [[camara]]e, [[consoles lusoriae]], [[telephona mobilia]], [[computatra personalia]], et [[dispositivus MP3|dispositivos MP3]]. Annis bismillesimis decimis, tabernae haec instrumenta vendentes saepe [[GPS]], [[electronica autocinetica]], instrumenta [[musica synthetica]], &lt;nowiki&gt;[[machina karaoke|machinas karaoke]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;, et [[dispositivus visificus|dispositivos visificos]] (e.g. VCR, DVD, et Blu-ray) praebebant. Hodie etiam venduntur: [[perspicilla realitatis virtualis]], [[instrumenta domestica callida]] quae ad interrete connectunt, et [[technologiae gestabiles]].

Annis bismillesimis decimis, plurima haec instrumenta technologiis digitalibus nitebantur et cum [[industria computatralis|industriis computatralibus]] et [[industrai lusoria|lusoriis]] coaluerunt. Mercatus hic, a [[semiconductrum|semiconductris]] impulsus, anno bismillesimo vicesimo ad $2.9 trillion pervenire sperabatur.

'''Res Gestae'''

'''[[Radiophonia]] et [[tubus vacuus|Tubi Vacui]]:''' Initio [[phonographum|phonographa]] mechanica erant, sed annis 1920  radiophonia fundamentum productionis massivae iecit. Tubi vacui ad sonum     amplificandum in grammophonis et radiophonis adhibiti sunt.

[[Transistrum|'''Transistra''']]: Primis transistris a [[Ioannes Bardeen|Ioanne Bardeen]] et [[Gualterius Brattain|Gualterio Houser Brattain]] anno 1947 inventis, Sony hanc technologiam ad usum popularem convertit.

[[Circuitus integratus|'''Circuitus integrati''']]''':''' Haec technologia instrumenta minioris dimensionis et provectiora reddidit, ut computatra personalia.

'''Digitalizatio:''' Ab annis 1980, inductione [[Discus compactus|Discorum Compactorum (CD)]] et computatrorum,  machinae ad [[Signum digitale|Signa digitalia]] transierunt, secundum [[Lex Mooriana|Legem Moorianam]] (Moore's Law) quae potentiam auxit et magnitudinem minuit.

Anno 2004, haec industria $240 billiones valebat, cum dominatu Sony, Samsung, et Philips.</text>
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      <text bytes="2640" sha1="9qz99xola6hngr2g9dzlxcxx2limt4p" xml:space="preserve">'''Electronica usui domestico destinata''' sunt apparatus electronici ad usum domesticum quotidianum, oblectationem, communicationem, et relaxationem destinati. Inter quae etiam hodie numeri possunt instrumenta domestica, ut [[machina lavandi|machinas lavandi]] et [[refrigeratorium|refrigeratoria]], quae [[moderamen|moderaminibus]] et [[interfacies|interfaciebus electronicis]] instructa sunt.
[[File:Radio&amp;TV store 1961.jpg|thumb|Taberna radiophona and televisoria vendens anno 1961.]]
'''Historia et Evolutio'''

[[Radio]]phonica emissio ineunte saeculo vicesimo primum productum populare attulit: receptaculum radiophonicum. Postea accesserunt [[telephonum|telephona]], [[televisorium|televisoria]], [[calculatrum|calculatra]], [[camara]]e, [[consoles lusoriae]], [[telephona mobilia]], [[computatra personalia]], et [[dispositivus MP3|dispositivos MP3]]. Annis bismillesimis decimis, tabernae haec instrumenta vendentes saepe [[GPS]], [[electronica autocinetica]], instrumenta [[musica synthetica]], [[machina karaoke|machinas karaoke]], et [[dispositivus visificus|dispositivos visificos]] (e.g. VCR, DVD, et Blu-ray) praebebant. Hodie etiam venduntur: [[perspicilla realitatis virtualis]], [[instrumenta domestica callida]] quae ad interrete connectunt, et [[technologiae gestabiles]].

Annis bismillesimis decimis, plurima haec instrumenta technologiis digitalibus nitebantur et cum [[industria computatralis|industriis computatralibus]] et [[industrai lusoria|lusoriis]] coaluerunt. Mercatus hic, a [[semiconductrum|semiconductris]] impulsus, anno bismillesimo vicesimo ad $2.9 trillion pervenire sperabatur.

'''Res Gestae'''

'''[[Radiophonia]] et [[tubus vacuus|Tubi Vacui]]:''' Initio [[phonographum|phonographa]] mechanica erant, sed annis 1920  radiophonia fundamentum productionis massivae iecit. Tubi vacui ad sonum     amplificandum in grammophonis et radiophonis adhibiti sunt.

[[Transistrum|'''Transistra''']]: Primis transistris a [[Ioannes Bardeen|Ioanne Bardeen]] et [[Gualterius Brattain|Gualterio Houser Brattain]] anno 1947 inventis, Sony hanc technologiam ad usum popularem convertit.

[[Circuitus integratus|'''Circuitus integrati''']]''':''' Haec technologia instrumenta minioris dimensionis et provectiora reddidit, ut computatra personalia.

'''Digitalizatio:''' Ab annis 1980, inductione [[Discus compactus|Discorum Compactorum (CD)]] et computatrorum,  machinae ad [[Signum digitale|Signa digitalia]] transierunt, secundum [[Lex Mooriana|Legem Moorianam]] (Moore's Law) quae potentiam auxit et magnitudinem minuit.

Anno 2004, haec industria $240 billiones valebat, cum dominatu Sony, Samsung, et Philips.</text>
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    <title>Iacobus Akiskal</title>
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      <text bytes="1278" sha1="ni7p4qvk0u5imwvwfkk0nl05q14n6os" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}
{{res|Iacobus Souren Akiskal}} ([[Armenice]] Յակոբ Սուրէն Աքըսգալ, ''Hagop Souren Akiskal''; natus [[Berytus|Beryti]] die [[16 Ianuarii]] [[1944]]; mortuus [[Didacopolis|Didacopoli]] die [[20 Ianuarii]] [[2021]]) fuit [[psychiater]] et [[professor]]. De [[temperamentum|temperamento]] et [[psychosis affectiva bipolaris]] peritus erat. Alumnus [[Universitas Americana Berytensis|Universitatis Americanae Berytensis]] fuit. Professor [[Universitas Tennesiensis|Universitatis Tennesiensis]] ab anno [[1972]] ad annum [[1990]] et [[Universitas Californiensis Didacopolitana|Universitatis Californiensis Didacopolitanae]] ex anno [[1992]] fuit.

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Cite journal|last=Rihmer|first=Zoltan|date=21 Februarii 2021|title=In memoriam of Professor Hagop S. Akiskal|url= |journal=Annals of General Psychiatry|volume=20|issue=1|pages=16|doi=10.1186/s12991-021-00338-2|issn=1744-859X|pmc=7897382|pmid=33612097 |doi-access=free }}

{{bio-stipula}}

{{Lifetime|1944|2021|Akiskal, Iacobus}}
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Americanae Berytensis]]
[[Categoria:Eruditi Armeniae]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Beryti]]
[[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Californiensis Didacopolitanae]]
[[Categoria:Psychiatri Civitatum Foederatarum]]</text>
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      <text bytes="2333" sha1="9fo6sms0ih76h48ixzfiu8xdpsdvplo" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}
{{res|Iacobus Souren Akiskal}} ([[Armenice]] Յակոբ Սուրէն Աքըսգալ, ''Hagop Souren Akiskal''; natus [[Berytus|Beryti]] die [[16 Ianuarii]] [[1944]]; mortuus [[Didacopolis|Didacopoli]] die [[20 Ianuarii]] [[2021]]) fuit [[psychiater]] et [[professor]] [[Libanus|Libani]] [[Armenia|Armeno]]-[[CFA|Americanus]]. De [[temperamentum|temperamento]] et [[psychosis affectiva bipolaris]] peritus erat. Alumnus [[Universitas Americana Berytensis|Universitatis Americanae Berytensis]] fuit. Professor [[Universitas Tennesiensis|Universitatis Tennesiensis]] ab anno [[1972]] ad annum [[1990]] et [[Universitas Californiensis Didacopolitana|Universitatis Californiensis Didacopolitanae]] ex anno [[1992]] fuit.

== Opera selecta ==
* Akiskal HS, McKinney WT: Depressive disorders: Toward a unified hypothesis. ''Science 182'':20-29, 1973.
* Akiskal HS: Dysthymia: Psychopathology of proposed chronic depressive subtypes. ''Am J Psychiatry 140'':11-20, 1983.
* Akiskal HS, Downs J, Jordan P, Watson S, Daugherty D, Pruitt DB: Affective disorders in the referred children and younger siblings of manic-depressives: Mode of onset and prospective course. ''Arch Gen Psychiatry 42'':996-1003, 1985.
* Akiskal HS, Maser JD, Zeller P, Endicott J, Coryell W, Keller M, Warshaw M, Clayton P, Goodwin FK: Switching from “unipolar” to bipolar II: An 11-year prospective study of clinical and temperamental predictors in 559 patients. ''Arch Gen Psychiatry 52'':114-123, 1995.
* Akiskal HS, Bourgeois ML, Angst J, Post R, Moller HJ, Hirschfeld RMA: Re-evaluating the prevalence of and diagnostic composition within the broad clinical spectrum of bipolar disorders. ''J Affect Disord 59'' [Suppl 1]: 5s – 30s, 2000.

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Cite journal|last=Rihmer|first=Zoltan|date=21 Februarii 2021|title=In memoriam of Professor Hagop S. Akiskal|url= |journal=Annals of General Psychiatry|volume=20|issue=1|pages=16|doi=10.1186/s12991-021-00338-2|issn=1744-859X|pmc=7897382|pmid=33612097 |doi-access=free }}

{{bio-stipula}}

{{Lifetime|1944|2021|Akiskal, Iacobus}}
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Americanae Berytensis]]
[[Categoria:Eruditi Armeniae]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Beryti]]
[[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Californiensis Didacopolitanae]]
[[Categoria:Psychiatri Civitatum Foederatarum]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nicolaus Robinson</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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        <id>116968</id>
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      <comment>nova</comment>
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      <text bytes="739" sha1="kd3i1y3p4p2e8mdm0dukiye7jutsqd8" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}
{{res|Nicolaus Ioannes Robinson}} (vulgo ''Nick''; natus [[Seattlum|Seattli]] die [[22 Martii]] [[1995]]) est [[histrio]] [[CFA|Americanus]]. Alumnus [[Universitas Neo-Eboracensis|Universitatis Neo-Eboracensis]] est.

== Pelliculae selecta ==
* [[2010]]: ''[[Melissa &amp; Joey]]''
* [[2015]]: ''[[Jurassic World]]''
* [[2018]]: ''[[Love, Simon]]''
* [[2020]]: ''A Teacher''
* [[2021]]: ''Maid''

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Nick Robinson (American actor)|Nicolaum Ioannem Robinson}}
* {{IMDb|3538718|Nicolao Robinson}}

{{Lifetime|1995||Robinson, Nicolaus Ioannes}}
[[Categoria:Actores Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Neo-Eboracensis]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Vasingtoniae civitatis]]</text>
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      <text bytes="961" sha1="biavvm5pj2rx3j8c1jhzcyj4a454dym" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}
{{res|Nicolaus Ioannes Robinson}} (vulgo ''Nick''; natus [[Seattlum|Seattli]] die [[22 Martii]] [[1995]]) est [[histrio]] [[CFA|Americanus]]. Praecipue notus est ob partes Ryder Scanlon in ''[[Melissa &amp; Joey]]'', Zach Mitchell in ''[[Jurassic World]]'', et Simon Spier in [[Love, Simon]]. Alumnus [[Universitas Neo-Eboracensis|Universitatis Neo-Eboracensis]] est.

== Pelliculae selecta ==
* [[2010]]: ''[[Melissa &amp; Joey]]''
* [[2015]]: ''[[Jurassic World]]''
* [[2018]]: ''[[Love, Simon]]''
* [[2020]]: ''A Teacher''
* [[2021]]: ''Maid''
* [[2024]]: ''Turn Me On''
* [[2025]]: ''Charlie Harper''

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Nick Robinson (American actor)|Nicolaum Ioannem Robinson}}
* {{IMDb|3538718|Nicolao Robinson}}

{{bio-stipula}}

{{Lifetime|1995||Robinson, Nicolaus Ioannes}}
[[Categoria:Actores Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Neo-Eboracensis]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Vasingtoniae civitatis]]</text>
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    <title>Robertus Nannetensis</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-12T21:41:08Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Adam Bishop</username>
        <id>4</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Paginam instituit, scribens ''''Robertus Nannetensis''' (mortuus die 8 Junii [[1254]]) [[patriarcha latinus Hierosolymitanus]] ab [[1240]] usque ad 1254 fuit.  == Educatio == [[File:Jean-Marie Oscar Gué - Louis IX reçoit le patriarche de Jérusalem.jpg|thumb|right|250px|''Ludovicus IX patriarcham Hierosoymitanum Damiatae accipit '', Jean-Marie Oscar Gué (1847)]] Robertus in comitatu [[Mediolanum Santonum|Xanctonensi]] natus est, secundum litteras a papa [[Alexander IV|Alexandro IV]] ann...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="9211" sha1="pkgaja3uy77b31nkihwmny6bmzh1twj" xml:space="preserve">'''Robertus Nannetensis''' (mortuus die 8 Junii [[1254]]) [[patriarcha latinus Hierosolymitanus]] ab [[1240]] usque ad 1254 fuit.

== Educatio ==
[[File:Jean-Marie Oscar Gué - Louis IX reçoit le patriarche de Jérusalem.jpg|thumb|right|250px|''Ludovicus IX patriarcham Hierosoymitanum Damiatae accipit '', Jean-Marie Oscar Gué (1847)]]
Robertus in comitatu [[Mediolanum Santonum|Xanctonensi]] natus est, secundum litteras a papa [[Alexander IV|Alexandro IV]] anno 1255 datas nepoti Roberti Petro Vigerii, tum presbytero in dioecesi Xanctonensi. Petrus fratrum habuit nomine Hugonem, qui annis 1260 discipulus [[Universitas Bononiensis|Universitatis Bononiensis]] fuit, uno cum condiscipulo Godefrido [[Archiac]]ense. Petrus archipresbyter paroechis Archiacensis fuit et omnes tres, Petrus, Hugo ac Godefridus episocopi Xanctonenses facti sunt. Nomen patris Petri Hugonisque etiam Hugo fuit, affinitas quidem Roberti cum Hugone seniore et locum tempusque nativitatis suae ignoti sunt.&lt;ref&gt;Bishop, p. 20-22.&lt;/ref&gt;

== In Italia ==
Secundum Albericum Trium Fontium, Robertus episcopus fuit in ducatu [[Apulia]], unde a [[Fridericus II (imperator)|Friderico II imperatore]] expulsus est. Fieri potest ut Robertus fuerit [[Dioecesis Sorana-Cassinensis-Aquinatensis-Pontiscurvi|episcopus Aquinatensis]], aliter anonymus, qui annis 1229-1230 “Bellum Clavium” cum papa [[Gregorius IX|Gregorio IX]] contra imperatorem, tum [[expeditio sacra sexta|expeditionem sacram]] in oriente ducentem, pugnavit. Imperatore in Italiam regresso, episcopus Aquinatensis in [[Abbatia Territorialis Montis Cassini|Montem Casinum]] in tempus exulatus est, sed Pacto Sancti Germani facto, in dioecesem suam revenit. 

Quomodo Robertus in Italiam venit item ignotum est. Fieri potest ut, velut nepos suum Hugo, discipulus vel magister fuerit Universitatis Bononiensis, unde annis 1220 satelles cardinali Hugulini, tum legati [[Sancta Sedes|apostolicae sedis]] in [[Lombardia]], factus sit. Quod si verum est, Robertus episcopus Aquinatensis ab anno 1225 usque ad 1235 fuerit.&lt;ref&gt;Bishop, p. 34-39.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Episcopus Nannetensis ==
Anno 1236 papa [[Gregorius IX]], olim legatus cardinalis Hugulinus, Robertum in dioecesem [[Portus Namnetum|Nannetensem]] transtulit in ducatum [[Britannia Minor|Britanniae]], ubi dux Britannie Petrus et filius suus Johannes, ad instar Friderici imperatoris, de bonis ecclesiasticis avertendis et de damno ecclesiae apportando accusati sunt. Robertus autem, concertationem inter duces ecclesiamque expedire impotens, papae saepius per epistulas questus est et denique anno 1238, dioecese deserta, Romam revenit.&lt;ref&gt;Bishop, p. 75-78.&lt;/ref&gt;

Interdum Fridericus imperator [[Isabella II (regina Hierosolymitana)|Isabellam]] [[Regnum Hierosolymitanum|reginam Hierosolymitanam]] uxorem duxit. Isabella puerpera autem anno 1228 mortua, filius infans [[Conradus IV (imperator)|Conradus]] rex Hierosolymitanum factus est. Fridericus, licet a papa Gregorio excommunicatus, anno 1229 expeditionem sacram duxit et urbem [[Hierusalem]] per pactum decennialem cum [[Meledinus|Meledino]] soldano [[Aegyptus|Aegypti]] recupevarit.&lt;ref&gt;Bishop, p. 69-70.&lt;/ref&gt; Pacto exito anno 1239, [[expedition sacra baronum]] protectum Hierusalem advenit.&lt;ref&gt;Bishop, p. 57-58.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Patriarcha Hierosolymitanus ==
In hoc tempore, fortasse anno 1238 ante expeditionem baronum, patriarcha Hierosolymitanus [[Girardus de Losana]] mortuus est. Canonici [[Ecclesia Sancti Sepulcri|ecclesiae Sancti Sepulcri]] [[Iacobus Vitriacensis|Iacobum Vitriacensem]], olim episcopum [[Acco]]nensem, elegerunt. Iacobus autem iamdudum dioecesem odiosam deseruerat. Deinde Gregorius annuit Landoni archiepiscopo [[Messana|Messanensi]], Friderici familiari, qui, gaudia tamen imperatoris accepit, demum non consecratus est. Die [[14 Maii]] anno 1240, non multo post mortem Iacobi kalendis Maii, Gregorius delegit Robertum,&lt;ref&gt;Bishop, p. 72-75.&lt;/ref&gt; socium apostolicum et in rebus imperialibus in Apulia expertum.&lt;ref&gt;Hamilton, p. 262.&lt;/ref&gt;

Robertus iam legatus apostolicus in Italia remansit et, [[Genua]]m veniens, naves acquisivit ad episcopos adportandos Romam, ubi Gregorius concilium tenere et imperatorem deponere desideravit. Fridericus tamen anno [[1241]] classem [[Igilium (municipium)|Igilii]] cepit et multos episcopos clausit. Et Gregorio et suo successore [[Caelestinus IV|Caelestino IV]] brevi postea mortuis atque sede apostolica vacante,  Fridericus electionem candidati imperialis exhortari conatus est. Denique anno [[1243]] [[Innocentius IV]], imperatoris adversator, electus est.&lt;ref&gt;Bishop, p. 82-84.&lt;/ref&gt;

Robertus Genuae, urbi natali Innocentii, remanserit, non prius in Lombardia a Friderico capta progredi audens quam Innocentius anno [[1244]] electionem eius patriarchalem et legationem in orientem confirmavit, et eadem aestate Genua ad portum Accon navigans Hierusalem peregrinationem fecit. Paulo postea mense Augusti Hierusalem a [[Chorasmia|Corasminis]] capta est.&lt;ref&gt;Bishop, p. 86-88.&lt;/ref&gt;

Robertus et alii domini Hierosolymitani, cum Chorasmini satelles soldani Aegypti (filii Meledini) facti erint, pactum cum rectore [[Damascus|Damasci]] [[Al-Salih 'Imad al-Din Isma'il]] contraxerunt. Mense octobris exercitus Aegyptius–Corasminus copias Hierosolymitanas–Damascenas in proelio prope [[Gaza]]m pervicit. Secundum suas litteras Robertus cladem &quot;semivivus&quot; apud [[Ascalon (urbs antiqua)|Ascalonam]] evasit.&lt;ref&gt;Bishop, p. 88-91.&lt;/ref&gt; Tot dominis secularibus ecclesiasticisque Hierosolymitanis interfectis, Robertus iam &quot;auctoritatem in regno gravissimam&quot; tenuit.&lt;ref&gt;Hamilton, p. 264.&lt;/ref&gt; Salutem regni contra Aegyptios Corasminosque praestitit et auxilium papae ac aliorum dominorum occidentalium petit.&lt;ref&gt;Bishop, p. 91-92.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Expeditio sacra septima ==
Cum Innocentius voluerit ut [[Ludovicus IX (rex Francorum)|Ludovicus IX]], rex Franciae, [[Expeditio sacra septima|novam expeditionem sacram]] conduceret, Robertus tamen anno [[1247]] appellavit, vero infelice, [[Henricus III (rex Angliae)|Henricum III]], regem Angliae, ad illum vasculum sanguinis Christi mittens.&lt;ref&gt;Vincent, p. 14-15.&lt;/ref&gt;

Anno [[1248]] Ludovicus in oriente uno cum novo legato apostolico [[Odo de Castro Radulfi|Odone de Castro Radulfi]] applicuit. Ludovicus Aegyptum mense Junii [[1249]] invasit et confestim cepit portum [[Tamiathis|Damiatam]]. Ibi usque ad mensem Februarii [[1250]] remanentes, tum ad [[Cairus|Cairum]] iter facientes, denique ad proelium Fariskur Ludovicus et omnes crucesignati victi et usque ad mensem Maii clausi sunt.&lt;ref&gt;Bishop, p. 100-104.&lt;/ref&gt; Interdum [[Mamluci]], servi [[Ayyubidae|Ayyubidarum]] militares, soldanum subverterunt. Robertus cum Mamlucis transactum veniens carceratus et tortatus est.&lt;ref&gt;Hamilton, p. 263-265.&lt;/ref&gt; Crucesignati Mamlucis ingentem pecuniae summam Ludovici, Roberti, et aliorum captivorum liberatione ac urbi Damiatae permutaverunt et urbem Damiatae reliquerunt. Ludovicus et crucesignati revenerunt Accon ubi rex quattuor annos ad castellos murosque regni reficiendos absumpsit.&lt;ref&gt;Bishop, p. 105-106.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mors ==
Ludovicus domum vere anno [[1254]] redivit. Novus legatus Odo de Castro Radulfi etiam in vice Roberti, fortasse causa aegritudine senectuteve inepti, negotium patriarchae peregit. Secundum [[Ioannes de Ionvilla|Iohannem de Ionvilla]], biographum Ludovici, anno 1250 Robertus iam &quot;senex venerabilis octoginta annos habens&quot; fuit.&lt;ref&gt;Smith, p. 235.&lt;/ref&gt; Robert die octavo mense Junii 1254 mortuus est.&lt;ref&gt;Hamilton, p. 267.&lt;/ref&gt; Odo ad Franciam non multo postea redivit. Fieri potest ut Opicius Fieschi, [[Patriarchatus Antiochenus|patriacha Latinus Antiochenus]] et nepos Innocentii IV, patriarchatum postulavit, sed papa etiam mortuo electio non confirmata est. Innocentio succedit Alexander IV qui episcopum [[Virodunum|Verodunensem]] [[Urbanus IV|Iacobum Pantaléon]] delegit.&lt;ref&gt;Hamilton, p. 233.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Notae==
{{Reflist|20em}}

==Bibliographia==
*{{cite book | last=Hamilton| first=Bernard | title=The Latin Church in the Crusader States: The Secular Church | publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis | date=1980 | isbn=978-0-86-078072-4}}
*{{cite book | last=Vincent| first=Nicholas | title=The Holy Blood: King Henry III and the Westminster Blood Relic | publisher=Cambridge University Press | date=2006 | isbn=0-521-57128-6}}
*{{cite book | last=Smith| first=Caroline | title=Joinville and Villehardouin: Chronicles of the Crusades | publisher=Penguin | date=2008 | isbn=978-0-75-465363-9}} 
*{{cite book | last=Bishop| first=Adam M. | title=Robert of Nantes, Patriarch of Jerusalem (1240-1254) | publisher=Routledge | date=2024 | isbn=978-1-03-226704-3}} 

{{arca initii}}
{{arca successionis unus |
  ante=Henricus|
  titulus= Episcopus Nannetensis |
  anni=[[1236]]–[[1240]] |
  postquam=Galeranus
}}
{{arca successionis duo |
  ante=Girardus de Losana |
  titulus= [[Patriarcha Hierosolymitanus]] |
  anni=[[1240]]–[[1254]] |
  postquam=[[Urbanus IV|Iacobus Pantaléon]]
}}
{{arca finis}}

[[Categoria:Patriarchae Hierosolymitani]]
[[Categoria:Clerici Syropalaestinae mediaevalis]]
[[Categoria:Nati saeculo 12]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1254]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Bononiensis]]
[[Categoria:Episcopi Nannetenses]]</text>
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      <text bytes="9211" sha1="t07x2h9fisz3dp2tnkn0i3l1f5m2p4s" xml:space="preserve">'''Robertus Nannetensis''' (mortuus die 8 Junii [[1254]]) [[patriarcha Latinus Hierosolymitanus]] ab [[1240]] usque ad 1254 fuit.

== Educatio ==
[[File:Jean-Marie Oscar Gué - Louis IX reçoit le patriarche de Jérusalem.jpg|thumb|right|250px|''Ludovicus IX patriarcham Hierosoymitanum Damiatae accipit '', Jean-Marie Oscar Gué (1847)]]
Robertus in comitatu [[Mediolanum Santonum|Xanctonensi]] natus est, secundum litteras a papa [[Alexander IV|Alexandro IV]] anno 1255 datas nepoti Roberti Petro Vigerii, tum presbytero in dioecesi Xanctonensi. Petrus fratrum habuit nomine Hugonem, qui annis 1260 discipulus [[Universitas Bononiensis|Universitatis Bononiensis]] fuit, uno cum condiscipulo Godefrido [[Archiac]]ense. Petrus archipresbyter paroechis Archiacensis fuit et omnes tres, Petrus, Hugo ac Godefridus episocopi Xanctonenses facti sunt. Nomen patris Petri Hugonisque etiam Hugo fuit, affinitas quidem Roberti cum Hugone seniore et locum tempusque nativitatis suae ignoti sunt.&lt;ref&gt;Bishop, p. 20-22.&lt;/ref&gt;

== In Italia ==
Secundum Albericum Trium Fontium, Robertus episcopus fuit in ducatu [[Apulia]], unde a [[Fridericus II (imperator)|Friderico II imperatore]] expulsus est. Fieri potest ut Robertus fuerit [[Dioecesis Sorana-Cassinensis-Aquinatensis-Pontiscurvi|episcopus Aquinatensis]], aliter anonymus, qui annis 1229-1230 “Bellum Clavium” cum papa [[Gregorius IX|Gregorio IX]] contra imperatorem, tum [[expeditio sacra sexta|expeditionem sacram]] in oriente ducentem, pugnavit. Imperatore in Italiam regresso, episcopus Aquinatensis in [[Abbatia Territorialis Montis Cassini|Montem Casinum]] in tempus exulatus est, sed Pacto Sancti Germani facto, in dioecesem suam revenit. 

Quomodo Robertus in Italiam venit item ignotum est. Fieri potest ut, velut nepos suum Hugo, discipulus vel magister fuerit Universitatis Bononiensis, unde annis 1220 satelles cardinali Hugulini, tum legati [[Sancta Sedes|apostolicae sedis]] in [[Lombardia]], factus sit. Quod si verum est, Robertus episcopus Aquinatensis ab anno 1225 usque ad 1235 fuerit.&lt;ref&gt;Bishop, p. 34-39.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Episcopus Nannetensis ==
Anno 1236 papa [[Gregorius IX]], olim legatus cardinalis Hugulinus, Robertum in dioecesem [[Portus Namnetum|Nannetensem]] transtulit in ducatum [[Britannia Minor|Britanniae]], ubi dux Britannie Petrus et filius suus Johannes, ad instar Friderici imperatoris, de bonis ecclesiasticis avertendis et de damno ecclesiae apportando accusati sunt. Robertus autem, concertationem inter duces ecclesiamque expedire impotens, papae saepius per epistulas questus est et denique anno 1238, dioecese deserta, Romam revenit.&lt;ref&gt;Bishop, p. 75-78.&lt;/ref&gt;

Interdum Fridericus imperator [[Isabella II (regina Hierosolymitana)|Isabellam]] [[Regnum Hierosolymitanum|reginam Hierosolymitanam]] uxorem duxit. Isabella puerpera autem anno 1228 mortua, filius infans [[Conradus IV (imperator)|Conradus]] rex Hierosolymitanum factus est. Fridericus, licet a papa Gregorio excommunicatus, anno 1229 expeditionem sacram duxit et urbem [[Hierusalem]] per pactum decennialem cum [[Meledinus|Meledino]] soldano [[Aegyptus|Aegypti]] recupevarit.&lt;ref&gt;Bishop, p. 69-70.&lt;/ref&gt; Pacto exito anno 1239, [[expedition sacra baronum]] protectum Hierusalem advenit.&lt;ref&gt;Bishop, p. 57-58.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Patriarcha Hierosolymitanus ==
In hoc tempore, fortasse anno 1238 ante expeditionem baronum, patriarcha Hierosolymitanus [[Girardus de Losana]] mortuus est. Canonici [[Ecclesia Sancti Sepulcri|ecclesiae Sancti Sepulcri]] [[Iacobus Vitriacensis|Iacobum Vitriacensem]], olim episcopum [[Acco]]nensem, elegerunt. Iacobus autem iamdudum dioecesem odiosam deseruerat. Deinde Gregorius annuit Landoni archiepiscopo [[Messana|Messanensi]], Friderici familiari, qui, gaudia tamen imperatoris accepit, demum non consecratus est. Die [[14 Maii]] anno 1240, non multo post mortem Iacobi kalendis Maii, Gregorius delegit Robertum,&lt;ref&gt;Bishop, p. 72-75.&lt;/ref&gt; socium apostolicum et in rebus imperialibus in Apulia expertum.&lt;ref&gt;Hamilton, p. 262.&lt;/ref&gt;

Robertus iam legatus apostolicus in Italia remansit et, [[Genua]]m veniens, naves acquisivit ad episcopos adportandos Romam, ubi Gregorius concilium tenere et imperatorem deponere desideravit. Fridericus tamen anno [[1241]] classem [[Igilium (municipium)|Igilii]] cepit et multos episcopos clausit. Et Gregorio et suo successore [[Caelestinus IV|Caelestino IV]] brevi postea mortuis atque sede apostolica vacante,  Fridericus electionem candidati imperialis exhortari conatus est. Denique anno [[1243]] [[Innocentius IV]], imperatoris adversator, electus est.&lt;ref&gt;Bishop, p. 82-84.&lt;/ref&gt;

Robertus Genuae, urbi natali Innocentii, remanserit, non prius in Lombardia a Friderico capta progredi audens quam Innocentius anno [[1244]] electionem eius patriarchalem et legationem in orientem confirmavit, et eadem aestate Genua ad portum Accon navigans Hierusalem peregrinationem fecit. Paulo postea mense Augusti Hierusalem a [[Chorasmia|Corasminis]] capta est.&lt;ref&gt;Bishop, p. 86-88.&lt;/ref&gt;

Robertus et alii domini Hierosolymitani, cum Chorasmini satelles soldani Aegypti (filii Meledini) facti erint, pactum cum rectore [[Damascus|Damasci]] [[Al-Salih 'Imad al-Din Isma'il]] contraxerunt. Mense octobris exercitus Aegyptius–Corasminus copias Hierosolymitanas–Damascenas in proelio prope [[Gaza]]m pervicit. Secundum suas litteras Robertus cladem &quot;semivivus&quot; apud [[Ascalon (urbs antiqua)|Ascalonam]] evasit.&lt;ref&gt;Bishop, p. 88-91.&lt;/ref&gt; Tot dominis secularibus ecclesiasticisque Hierosolymitanis interfectis, Robertus iam &quot;auctoritatem in regno gravissimam&quot; tenuit.&lt;ref&gt;Hamilton, p. 264.&lt;/ref&gt; Salutem regni contra Aegyptios Corasminosque praestitit et auxilium papae ac aliorum dominorum occidentalium petit.&lt;ref&gt;Bishop, p. 91-92.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Expeditio sacra septima ==
Cum Innocentius voluerit ut [[Ludovicus IX (rex Francorum)|Ludovicus IX]], rex Franciae, [[Expeditio sacra septima|novam expeditionem sacram]] conduceret, Robertus tamen anno [[1247]] appellavit, vero infelice, [[Henricus III (rex Angliae)|Henricum III]], regem Angliae, ad illum vasculum sanguinis Christi mittens.&lt;ref&gt;Vincent, p. 14-15.&lt;/ref&gt;

Anno [[1248]] Ludovicus in oriente uno cum novo legato apostolico [[Odo de Castro Radulfi|Odone de Castro Radulfi]] applicuit. Ludovicus Aegyptum mense Junii [[1249]] invasit et confestim cepit portum [[Tamiathis|Damiatam]]. Ibi usque ad mensem Februarii [[1250]] remanentes, tum ad [[Cairus|Cairum]] iter facientes, denique ad proelium Fariskur Ludovicus et omnes crucesignati victi et usque ad mensem Maii clausi sunt.&lt;ref&gt;Bishop, p. 100-104.&lt;/ref&gt; Interdum [[Mamluci]], servi [[Ayyubidae|Ayyubidarum]] militares, soldanum subverterunt. Robertus cum Mamlucis transactum veniens carceratus et tortatus est.&lt;ref&gt;Hamilton, p. 263-265.&lt;/ref&gt; Crucesignati Mamlucis ingentem pecuniae summam Ludovici, Roberti, et aliorum captivorum liberatione ac urbi Damiatae permutaverunt et urbem Damiatae reliquerunt. Ludovicus et crucesignati revenerunt Accon ubi rex quattuor annos ad castellos murosque regni reficiendos absumpsit.&lt;ref&gt;Bishop, p. 105-106.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mors ==
Ludovicus domum vere anno [[1254]] redivit. Novus legatus Odo de Castro Radulfi etiam in vice Roberti, fortasse causa aegritudine senectuteve inepti, negotium patriarchae peregit. Secundum [[Ioannes de Ionvilla|Iohannem de Ionvilla]], biographum Ludovici, anno 1250 Robertus iam &quot;senex venerabilis octoginta annos habens&quot; fuit.&lt;ref&gt;Smith, p. 235.&lt;/ref&gt; Robert die octavo mense Junii 1254 mortuus est.&lt;ref&gt;Hamilton, p. 267.&lt;/ref&gt; Odo ad Franciam non multo postea redivit. Fieri potest ut Opicius Fieschi, [[Patriarchatus Antiochenus|patriacha Latinus Antiochenus]] et nepos Innocentii IV, patriarchatum postulavit, sed papa etiam mortuo electio non confirmata est. Innocentio succedit Alexander IV qui episcopum [[Virodunum|Verodunensem]] [[Urbanus IV|Iacobum Pantaléon]] delegit.&lt;ref&gt;Hamilton, p. 233.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Notae==
{{Reflist|20em}}

==Bibliographia==
*{{cite book | last=Hamilton| first=Bernard | title=The Latin Church in the Crusader States: The Secular Church | publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis | date=1980 | isbn=978-0-86-078072-4}}
*{{cite book | last=Vincent| first=Nicholas | title=The Holy Blood: King Henry III and the Westminster Blood Relic | publisher=Cambridge University Press | date=2006 | isbn=0-521-57128-6}}
*{{cite book | last=Smith| first=Caroline | title=Joinville and Villehardouin: Chronicles of the Crusades | publisher=Penguin | date=2008 | isbn=978-0-75-465363-9}} 
*{{cite book | last=Bishop| first=Adam M. | title=Robert of Nantes, Patriarch of Jerusalem (1240-1254) | publisher=Routledge | date=2024 | isbn=978-1-03-226704-3}} 

{{arca initii}}
{{arca successionis unus |
  ante=Henricus|
  titulus= Episcopus Nannetensis |
  anni=[[1236]]–[[1240]] |
  postquam=Galeranus
}}
{{arca successionis duo |
  ante=Girardus de Losana |
  titulus= [[Patriarcha Hierosolymitanus]] |
  anni=[[1240]]–[[1254]] |
  postquam=[[Urbanus IV|Iacobus Pantaléon]]
}}
{{arca finis}}

[[Categoria:Patriarchae Hierosolymitani]]
[[Categoria:Clerici Syropalaestinae mediaevalis]]
[[Categoria:Nati saeculo 12]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1254]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Bononiensis]]
[[Categoria:Episcopi Nannetenses]]</text>
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      <text bytes="9242" sha1="62vfclqf0vycx5uub072yr127fulvxe" xml:space="preserve">'''Robertus Nannetensis''' (mortuus die 8 Junii [[1254]]) fuit [[patriarcha Latinus Hierosolymitanus]] ab [[1240]] usque ad [[1254]].

== Educatio ==
[[Fasciculus:Jean-Marie Oscar Gué - Louis IX reçoit le patriarche de Jérusalem.jpg|thumb|''Ludovicus IX patriarcham Hierosoymitanum Damiatae accipit.'' Ioannes Maria Anscarius Gué anno 1847 pinxit.]]
Robertus in comitatu [[Mediolanum Santonum|Xanctonensi]] natus est, secundum litteras a papa [[Alexander IV|Alexandro IV]] anno 1255 datas nepoti Roberti Petro Vigerii, tum presbytero in dioecesi Xanctonensi. Petrus fratrum habuit nomine Hugonem, qui annis 1260 discipulus [[Universitas Bononiensis|Universitatis Bononiensis]] fuit, una cum condiscipulo Godefrido [[Archiac]]ense. Petrus archipresbyter paroechis Archiacensis fuit et omnes tres, Petrus, Hugo ac Godefridus episocopi Xanctonenses facti sunt. Nomen patris Petri Hugonisque etiam Hugo fuit, affinitas quidem Roberti cum Hugone seniore et locum tempusque nativitatis suae ignoti sunt.&lt;ref&gt;Bishop, p. 20-22.&lt;/ref&gt;

== In Italia ==
Secundum Albericum Trium Fontium, Robertus episcopus fuit in ducatu [[Apulia]], unde a [[Fridericus II (imperator)|Friderico II imperatore]] expulsus est. Fieri potest ut Robertus fuerit [[Dioecesis Sorana-Cassinensis-Aquinatensis-Pontiscurvi|episcopus Aquinatensis]], aliter anonymus, qui annis 1229-1230 “Bellum Clavium” cum papa [[Gregorius IX|Gregorio IX]] contra imperatorem, tum [[expeditio sacra sexta|expeditionem sacram]] in oriente ducentem, pugnavit. Imperatore in Italiam regresso, episcopus Aquinatensis in [[Abbatia Territorialis Montis Cassini|Montem Casinum]] in tempus exulatus est, sed Pacto Sancti Germani facto, in dioecesem suam revenit. 

Quomodo Robertus in Italiam venit item ignotum est. Fieri potest ut, velut nepos suum Hugo, discipulus vel magister fuerit Universitatis Bononiensis, unde annis 1220 satelles cardinali Hugulini, tum legati [[Sancta Sedes|apostolicae sedis]] in [[Lombardia]], factus sit. Quod si verum est, Robertus episcopus Aquinatensis ab anno 1225 usque ad 1235 fuerit.&lt;ref&gt;Bishop, p. 34-39.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Episcopus Nannetensis ==
Anno 1236 papa [[Gregorius IX]], olim legatus cardinalis Hugulinus, Robertum in dioecesem [[Portus Namnetum|Nannetensem]] transtulit in ducatum [[Britannia Minor|Britanniae]], ubi dux Britannie Petrus et filius suus Johannes, ad instar Friderici imperatoris, de bonis ecclesiasticis avertendis et de damno ecclesiae apportando accusati sunt. Robertus autem, concertationem inter duces ecclesiamque expedire impotens, papae saepius per epistulas questus est et denique anno 1238, dioecese deserta, Romam revenit.&lt;ref&gt;Bishop, p. 75-78.&lt;/ref&gt;

Interdum Fridericus imperator [[Isabella II (regina Hierosolymitana)|Isabellam]] [[Regnum Hierosolymitanum|reginam Hierosolymitanam]] uxorem duxit. Isabella puerpera autem anno 1228 mortua, filius infans [[Conradus IV (imperator)|Conradus]] rex Hierosolymitanum factus est. Fridericus, licet a papa Gregorio excommunicatus, anno 1229 expeditionem sacram duxit et urbem [[Hierusalem]] per pactum decennialem cum [[Meledinus|Meledino]] soldano [[Aegyptus|Aegypti]] recupevarit.&lt;ref&gt;Bishop, p. 69-70.&lt;/ref&gt; Pacto exito anno 1239, [[expedition sacra baronum]] protectum Hierusalem advenit.&lt;ref&gt;Bishop, p. 57-58.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Patriarcha Hierosolymitanus ==
Hoc tempore, fortasse anno 1238 ante expeditionem baronum, patriarcha Hierosolymitanus [[Girardus de Losana]] mortuus est. Canonici [[Ecclesia Sancti Sepulcri|ecclesiae Sancti Sepulcri]] [[Iacobus Vitriacensis|Iacobum Vitriacensem]], olim episcopum [[Acco]]nensem, elegerunt. Iacobus autem iamdudum dioecesem odiosam deseruerat. Deinde Gregorius annuit Landoni archiepiscopo [[Messana|Messanensi]], Friderici familiari, qui, gaudia tamen imperatoris accepit, demum non consecratus est. Die [[14 Maii]] anno 1240, non multo post mortem Iacobi kalendis Maii, Gregorius delegit Robertum,&lt;ref&gt;Bishop, p. 72-75.&lt;/ref&gt; socium apostolicum et in rebus imperialibus in Apulia expertum.&lt;ref&gt;Hamilton, p. 262.&lt;/ref&gt;

Robertus iam legatus apostolicus in Italia remansit et, [[Genua]]m veniens, naves acquisivit ad episcopos adportandos Romam, ubi Gregorius concilium tenere et imperatorem deponere desideravit. Fridericus tamen anno [[1241]] classem [[Igilium (municipium)|Igilii]] cepit et multos episcopos clausit. Et Gregorio et suo successore [[Caelestinus IV|Caelestino IV]] brevi postea mortuis atque sede apostolica vacante,  Fridericus electionem candidati imperialis exhortari conatus est. Denique anno [[1243]] [[Innocentius IV]], imperatoris adversator, electus est.&lt;ref&gt;Bishop, p. 82-84.&lt;/ref&gt;

Robertus Genuae, urbi natali Innocentii, remanserit, non prius in Lombardia a Friderico capta progredi audens quam Innocentius anno [[1244]] electionem eius patriarchalem et legationem in orientem confirmavit, et eadem aestate Genua ad portum Accon navigans Hierusalem peregrinationem fecit. Paulo postea mense Augusti Hierusalem a [[Chorasmia|Corasminis]] capta est.&lt;ref&gt;Bishop, p. 86-88.&lt;/ref&gt;

Robertus et alii domini Hierosolymitani, cum Chorasmini satelles soldani Aegypti (filii Meledini) facti erint, pactum cum rectore [[Damascus|Damasci]] [[Al-Salih 'Imad al-Din Isma'il]] contraxerunt. Mense octobris exercitus Aegyptius–Corasminus copias Hierosolymitanas–Damascenas in proelio prope [[Gaza]]m pervicit. Secundum suas litteras Robertus cladem &quot;semivivus&quot; apud [[Ascalon (urbs antiqua)|Ascalonam]] evasit.&lt;ref&gt;Bishop, p. 88-91.&lt;/ref&gt; Tot dominis secularibus ecclesiasticisque Hierosolymitanis interfectis, Robertus iam &quot;auctoritatem in regno gravissimam&quot; tenuit.&lt;ref&gt;Hamilton, p. 264.&lt;/ref&gt; Salutem regni contra Aegyptios Corasminosque praestitit et auxilium papae ac aliorum dominorum occidentalium petit.&lt;ref&gt;Bishop, p. 91-92.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Expeditio sacra septima ==
Cum Innocentius voluerit ut [[Ludovicus IX (rex Francorum)|Ludovicus IX]], rex Franciae, [[Expeditio sacra septima|novam expeditionem sacram]] conduceret, Robertus tamen anno [[1247]] appellavit, vero infelice, [[Henricus III (rex Angliae)|Henricum III]], regem Angliae, ad illum vasculum sanguinis Christi mittens.&lt;ref&gt;Vincent, p. 14-15.&lt;/ref&gt;

Anno [[1248]] Ludovicus in oriente uno cum novo legato apostolico [[Odo de Castro Radulfi|Odone de Castro Radulfi]] applicuit. Ludovicus Aegyptum mense Junii [[1249]] invasit et confestim cepit portum [[Tamiathis|Damiatam]]. Ibi usque ad mensem Februarii [[1250]] remanentes, tum ad [[Cairus|Cairum]] iter facientes, denique ad proelium Fariskur Ludovicus et omnes crucesignati victi et usque ad mensem Maii clausi sunt.&lt;ref&gt;Bishop, p. 100-104.&lt;/ref&gt; Interdum [[Mamluci]], servi [[Ayyubidae|Ayyubidarum]] militares, soldanum subverterunt. Robertus cum Mamlucis transactum veniens [[carcer]]atus et tortatus est.&lt;ref&gt;Hamilton, p. 263-265.&lt;/ref&gt; Crucesignati Mamlucis ingentem pecuniae summam Ludovici, Roberti, et aliorum captivorum liberatione ac urbi Damiatae permutaverunt et urbem Damiatae reliquerunt. Ludovicus et crucesignati revenerunt Accon, ubi rex quattuor annos ad castellos murosque regni reficiendos absumpsit.&lt;ref&gt;Bishop, p. 105-106.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mors ==
Ludovicus domum vere anno [[1254]] redivit. Novus legatus Odo de Castro Radulfi etiam in vice Roberti, fortasse causa aegritudine senectuteve inepti, negotium patriarchae peregit. Secundum [[Ioannes de Ionvilla|Ioannem de Ionvilla]], [[biographus|biographum]] Ludovici, anno 1250 Robertus iam &quot;senex venerabilis octoginta annos habens&quot; fuit.&lt;ref&gt;Smith, p. 235.&lt;/ref&gt; Robertus die octavo mense Junii 1254 mortuus est.&lt;ref&gt;Hamilton, p. 267.&lt;/ref&gt; Odo ad Franciam non multo postea redivit. Fieri potest ut Opicius Fieschi, [[Patriarchatus Antiochenus|patriacha Latinus Antiochenus]] et nepos Innocentii IV, patriarchatum postulavit, sed papa etiam mortuo electio non confirmata est. Innocentio succedit Alexander IV, qui episcopum [[Virodunum|Verodunensem]] [[Urbanus IV|Iacobum Pantaléon]] delegit.&lt;ref&gt;Hamilton, p. 233.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Notae==
{{Reflist|20em}}

==Bibliographia==
*{{cite book | last=Hamilton| first=Bernard | title=The Latin Church in the Crusader States: The Secular Church | publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis | date=1980 | isbn=978-0-86-078072-4}}.
*{{cite book | last=Bishop| first=Adam M. | title=Robert of Nantes, Patriarch of Jerusalem (1240-1254) | publisher=Routledge | date=2024 | isbn=978-1-03-226704-3}}.
*{{cite book | last=Smith| first=Caroline | title=Joinville and Villehardouin: Chronicles of the Crusades | publisher=Penguin | date=2008 | isbn=978-0-75-465363-9}}.
*{{cite book | last=Vincent| first=Nicholas | title=The Holy Blood: King Henry III and the Westminster Blood Relic | publisher=Cambridge University Press | date=2006 | isbn=0-521-57128-6}}.

{{arca initii}}
{{arca successionis unus |
  ante=Henricus|
  titulus= Episcopus Nannetensis |
  anni=[[1236]]–[[1240]] |
  postquam=Galeranus
}}
{{arca successionis duo |
  ante=Girardus de Losana |
  titulus= [[Patriarcha Hierosolymitanus]] |
  anni=[[1240]]–[[1254]] |
  postquam=[[Urbanus IV|Iacobus Pantaléon]]
}}
{{arca finis}}
{{Lifetime|saeculo 12|1254|Nannetensis, Robertus}}

[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Bononiensis]]
[[Categoria:Clerici Syropalaestinae mediaevalis]]
[[Categoria:Episcopi Nannetenses]]
[[Categoria:Patriarchae Hierosolymitani]]</text>
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    <title>Patriarchatus Latinus Hierosolymitanus</title>
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      <comment>Paginam instituit, scribens ''''Patriarchatus Latinus Hierosolymitanus''' caput [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana]] in provincia [[Hierusalem]] est cum [[cathedra]] in [[Ecclesia Sancti Sepulcri]].  == Patriarchae ==  *Arnulfus de Chocques (1099)&lt;ref name=&quot;dhi&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dhi.ac.uk/crusaders/person/?id=77|title=Arnulf unmarried of Chocques &amp;#124; A Database of Crusaders to the Holy Land, 1095 - 1149}}&lt;/ref&gt; *Dagobertus Pisanus (1099–1101)&lt;ref name=&quot;Runciman&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last1=R...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="4317" sha1="k0u1eji4l0201b7dsovpcghehojiu1o" xml:space="preserve">'''Patriarchatus Latinus Hierosolymitanus''' caput [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana]] in provincia [[Hierusalem]] est cum [[cathedra]] in [[Ecclesia Sancti Sepulcri]].

== Patriarchae ==

*Arnulfus de Chocques (1099)&lt;ref name=&quot;dhi&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dhi.ac.uk/crusaders/person/?id=77|title=Arnulf unmarried of Chocques &amp;#124; A Database of Crusaders to the Holy Land, 1095 - 1149}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Dagobertus Pisanus (1099–1101)&lt;ref name=&quot;Runciman&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Runciman|first1= Steven|title=The First Crusade. A History of the Crusades|volume= 1|location=Cambridge, UK|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year= 1951|pages=305–307}}&lt;/ref&gt;
**Mauricius Portuensis (1101–1102),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bz_O7-Lb_CsC&amp;dq=Maurice+of+Porto&amp;pg=PP75|last1=Barber|first1=Malcolm|title=The Crusader States|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2012|others=no pagination|isbn=9780300189315}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''ad interim''
*Evremarus (1102–1105)&lt;ref name=&quot;Fortescue&quot;&gt;[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08364a.htm Fortescue, Adrian. &quot;Jerusalem (After 1291).&quot; The Catholic Encyclopedia] Vol. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 1 October 2022 {{PD-notice}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Dagobertus Pisanus (iterum) (1105)&lt;ref name=&quot;Runciman&quot; /&gt;
*Ghibbelinus Arelatensis (1107–1112)&lt;ref name=&quot;Fortescue&quot; /&gt;
*Arnulf de Chocques (iterim) (1112–1118)&lt;ref name=&quot;dhi&quot; /&gt;
*Warmundus Pinquigniacensis (1119–1128)&lt;ref name=&quot;Fortescue&quot; /&gt;
*Stephanus Firmitatensis (1128–1130)&lt;ref&gt;Robinson, I. S., ''The Papacy, 1073-1198: Continuity and Innovation'', Cambridge University Press, 1990, p. 357 {{isbn|9780521319225}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Guillelmus Mechliniensis (1130–1145)&lt;ref name=&quot;Fortescue&quot; /&gt;
*Fulcherius Engolismensis (1146–1157)&lt;ref name=&quot;Fortescue&quot; /&gt;
*Amalricus Nigellensis (1157–1180)&lt;ref&gt;[https://centaur.reading.ac.uk/84227/1/RMS-2010-02_M._Barber,_The_Challenge_of_State_Building_in_the_Twelfth_Century.pdf Barber, Malcolm. &quot;The challenge of state building in the twelfth century&quot;, ''Reading Medieval Studies'', XXXVI. p. 9]&lt;/ref&gt;
*Heraclius (1180–1191)&lt;ref name=&quot;Fortescue&quot; /&gt;
*Rodolfus (1191–1192)&lt;ref name=&quot;gc.jeru0.info&quot;&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=GCatholic.org |url=https://gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/jeru0?tab=info |title=Patriarchal See of Jerusalem |publisher=Gabriel Chow |date=March 30, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Michael Corboliensis (1193–1194)
*Aimarus Monachus (1194–1202)
*Soffredus (1202–1204)
*Albertus Vercellensis (1204–1214)&lt;ref&gt;[https://carmelites.ie/saints/saint-albert-of-jerusalem/ &quot;Saint Albert of Jerusalem&quot;, Irish Province of Carmelites]&lt;/ref&gt;
*Radulphus (1214–1225)&lt;ref name=&quot;Fordham&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/byzantium/texts/byzpatjlem.asp|title=Internet History Sourcebooks Project|website=sourcebooks.fordham.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Gerardus de Losana (1225–1238)&lt;ref name=&quot;Fordham&quot; /&gt;
*[[Robertus Nannetensis]] (1240–1254)&lt;ref name=&quot;Fordham&quot; /&gt;
*[[Urbanus IV|Iacobus Pantaléon]] (1255–1261), future Pope Urban IV of Rome
*Guillelmus Agenensis (1261–1270)
*Thomas Agni da Lentini (1271–1277)
*Iohannes Vercellensis (1278–1279)
*Elias Petragoricensis (1279–1287)
*Nicholas de Hanapes (1288–1291)

Patriarchatus iterum conditus anno [[1847]]: 
*Joseph Valerga (1847–1872)
*Giovanni Vincenzo Bracco (1872–1889)
*Luigi Piavi (1889–1905)
*Filippo Camassei (1906–1919)&lt;ref name=&quot;lpj&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.lpj.org/posts/the-latin-patriarchs-of-jerusalem-ten-facts-about-filippo-camassei.html|title=&quot;Mgr Filippo Camassei – Patriarch from 1906 to 1919&quot;, Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Luigi Barlassina (1920–1947)
*Alberto Gori (1949–1970)
*Giacomo Giuseppe Beltritti (1970–1987)
*Michel Sabbah (1987–2008)
*[[Fouad Twal]] (2008–2016)
*[[Petrus Baptista Pizzaballa]] (2020-)

== Notae ==
{{reflist}}

==Nexus externi==
* {{Official website|https://www.lpj.org/}}
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/jeru0.htm Patriarchae Hierosolymitani]
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dgeru.html Patriarchate of Jerusalem {Gerusalemme}] at the Catholic Hierarchy website
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140203081618/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/travels/documents/hf_jp-ii_hom_20000326_holy-sepulchre_en.html Homily of John Paul II in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre]

[[Categoria:Hierosolyma]]</text>
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      <text bytes="4329" sha1="pbhmc8km1muveel5m0w79dv9yznzhom" xml:space="preserve">'''Patriarchatus Latinus Hierosolymitanus''' est caput [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana]] in provincia [[Hierosolyma]]tis, cuius [[cathedra]] in [[Ecclesia Sancti Sepulcri]] patet.

== Patriarchae ==
*Arnulfus de Chocques (1099)&lt;ref name=&quot;dhi&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dhi.ac.uk/crusaders/person/?id=77|title=Arnulf unmarried of Chocques &amp;#124; A Database of Crusaders to the Holy Land, 1095 - 1149}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Dagobertus Pisanus (1099–1101)&lt;ref name=&quot;Runciman&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Runciman|first1= Steven|title=The First Crusade. A History of the Crusades|volume= 1|location=Cambridge, UK|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year= 1951|pages=305–307}}&lt;/ref&gt;
**Mauricius Portuensis (1101–1102),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bz_O7-Lb_CsC&amp;dq=Maurice+of+Porto&amp;pg=PP75|last1=Barber|first1=Malcolm|title=The Crusader States|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2012|others=no pagination|isbn=9780300189315}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''ad interim''
*Evremarus (1102–1105)&lt;ref name=&quot;Fortescue&quot;&gt;[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08364a.htm Fortescue, Adrian. &quot;Jerusalem (After 1291).&quot; The Catholic Encyclopedia] Vol. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 1 October 2022 {{PD-notice}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Dagobertus Pisanus (iterum) (1105)&lt;ref name=&quot;Runciman&quot; /&gt;
*Ghibbelinus Arelatensis (1107–1112)&lt;ref name=&quot;Fortescue&quot; /&gt;
*Arnulf de Chocques (iterim) (1112–1118)&lt;ref name=&quot;dhi&quot; /&gt;
*Warmundus Pinquigniacensis (1119–1128)&lt;ref name=&quot;Fortescue&quot; /&gt;
*Stephanus Firmitatensis (1128–1130)&lt;ref&gt;Robinson, I. S., ''The Papacy, 1073-1198: Continuity and Innovation'', Cambridge University Press, 1990, p. 357 {{isbn|9780521319225}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Guillelmus Mechliniensis (1130–1145)&lt;ref name=&quot;Fortescue&quot; /&gt;
*Fulcherius Engolismensis (1146–1157)&lt;ref name=&quot;Fortescue&quot; /&gt;
*Amalricus Nigellensis (1157–1180)&lt;ref&gt;[https://centaur.reading.ac.uk/84227/1/RMS-2010-02_M._Barber,_The_Challenge_of_State_Building_in_the_Twelfth_Century.pdf Barber, Malcolm. &quot;The challenge of state building in the twelfth century&quot;, ''Reading Medieval Studies'', XXXVI. p. 9]&lt;/ref&gt;
*Heraclius (1180–1191)&lt;ref name=&quot;Fortescue&quot; /&gt;
*Rodolfus (1191–1192)&lt;ref name=&quot;gc.jeru0.info&quot;&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=GCatholic.org |url=https://gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/jeru0?tab=info |title=Patriarchal See of Jerusalem |publisher=Gabriel Chow |date=March 30, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Michael Corboliensis (1193–1194)
*Aimarus Monachus (1194–1202)
*Soffredus (1202–1204)
*Albertus Vercellensis (1204–1214)&lt;ref&gt;[https://carmelites.ie/saints/saint-albert-of-jerusalem/ &quot;Saint Albert of Jerusalem&quot;, Irish Province of Carmelites]&lt;/ref&gt;
*Radulphus (1214–1225)&lt;ref name=&quot;Fordham&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/byzantium/texts/byzpatjlem.asp|title=Internet History Sourcebooks Project|website=sourcebooks.fordham.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Gerardus de Losana (1225–1238)&lt;ref name=&quot;Fordham&quot; /&gt;
*[[Robertus Nannetensis]] (1240–1254)&lt;ref name=&quot;Fordham&quot; /&gt;
*[[Urbanus IV|Iacobus Pantaléon]] (1255–1261), future Pope Urban IV of Rome
*Guillelmus Agenensis (1261–1270)
*Thomas Agni da Lentini (1271–1277)
*Iohannes Vercellensis (1278–1279)
*Elias Petragoricensis (1279–1287)
*Nicholas de Hanapes (1288–1291)

Patriarchatus iterum conditus anno [[1847]]: 
*Joseph Valerga (1847–1872)
*Giovanni Vincenzo Bracco (1872–1889)
*Luigi Piavi (1889–1905)
*Filippo Camassei (1906–1919)&lt;ref name=&quot;lpj&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.lpj.org/posts/the-latin-patriarchs-of-jerusalem-ten-facts-about-filippo-camassei.html|title=&quot;Mgr Filippo Camassei – Patriarch from 1906 to 1919&quot;, Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Luigi Barlassina (1920–1947)
*Alberto Gori (1949–1970)
*Giacomo Giuseppe Beltritti (1970–1987)
*Michel Sabbah (1987–2008)
*[[Fouad Twal]] (2008–2016)
*[[Petrus Baptista Pizzaballa]] (2020-)

== Notae ==
{{reflist}}

==Nexus externi==
* {{Official website|https://www.lpj.org/}}
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/jeru0.htm Patriarchae Hierosolymitani]
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dgeru.html Patriarchate of Jerusalem {Gerusalemme}] at the Catholic Hierarchy website
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140203081618/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/travels/documents/hf_jp-ii_hom_20000326_holy-sepulchre_en.html Homily of John Paul II in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre]

[[Categoria:Hierosolyma]]</text>
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      <text bytes="4342" sha1="o1djk6qwqb3sy8abcpk19ezdkv5xsxs" xml:space="preserve">'''Patriarchatus Latinus Hierosolymitanus''' est caput [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana]] in provincia [[Hierosolyma|Hierosolymitana]], cuius [[cathedra]] in [[Ecclesia Sancti Sepulcri]] patet.

== Patriarchae ==
*Arnulfus de Chocques (1099)&lt;ref name=&quot;dhi&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dhi.ac.uk/crusaders/person/?id=77|title=Arnulf unmarried of Chocques &amp;#124; A Database of Crusaders to the Holy Land, 1095 - 1149}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Dagobertus Pisanus (1099–1101)&lt;ref name=&quot;Runciman&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Runciman|first1= Steven|title=The First Crusade. A History of the Crusades|volume= 1|location=Cambridge, UK|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year= 1951|pages=305–307}}&lt;/ref&gt;
**Mauricius Portuensis (1101–1102),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bz_O7-Lb_CsC&amp;dq=Maurice+of+Porto&amp;pg=PP75|last1=Barber|first1=Malcolm|title=The Crusader States|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2012|others=no pagination|isbn=9780300189315}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''ad interim''
*Evremarus (1102–1105)&lt;ref name=&quot;Fortescue&quot;&gt;[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08364a.htm Fortescue, Adrian. &quot;Jerusalem (After 1291).&quot; The Catholic Encyclopedia] Vol. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 1 October 2022 {{PD-notice}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Dagobertus Pisanus (iterum) (1105)&lt;ref name=&quot;Runciman&quot; /&gt;
*Ghibbelinus Arelatensis (1107–1112)&lt;ref name=&quot;Fortescue&quot; /&gt;
*Arnulf de Chocques (iterim) (1112–1118)&lt;ref name=&quot;dhi&quot; /&gt;
*Warmundus Pinquigniacensis (1119–1128)&lt;ref name=&quot;Fortescue&quot; /&gt;
*Stephanus Firmitatensis (1128–1130)&lt;ref&gt;Robinson, I. S., ''The Papacy, 1073-1198: Continuity and Innovation'', Cambridge University Press, 1990, p. 357 {{isbn|9780521319225}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Guillelmus Mechliniensis (1130–1145)&lt;ref name=&quot;Fortescue&quot; /&gt;
*Fulcherius Engolismensis (1146–1157)&lt;ref name=&quot;Fortescue&quot; /&gt;
*Amalricus Nigellensis (1157–1180)&lt;ref&gt;[https://centaur.reading.ac.uk/84227/1/RMS-2010-02_M._Barber,_The_Challenge_of_State_Building_in_the_Twelfth_Century.pdf Barber, Malcolm. &quot;The challenge of state building in the twelfth century&quot;, ''Reading Medieval Studies'', XXXVI. p. 9]&lt;/ref&gt;
*Heraclius (1180–1191)&lt;ref name=&quot;Fortescue&quot; /&gt;
*Rodolfus (1191–1192)&lt;ref name=&quot;gc.jeru0.info&quot;&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=GCatholic.org |url=https://gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/jeru0?tab=info |title=Patriarchal See of Jerusalem |publisher=Gabriel Chow |date=March 30, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Michael Corboliensis (1193–1194)
*Aimarus Monachus (1194–1202)
*Soffredus (1202–1204)
*Albertus Vercellensis (1204–1214)&lt;ref&gt;[https://carmelites.ie/saints/saint-albert-of-jerusalem/ &quot;Saint Albert of Jerusalem&quot;, Irish Province of Carmelites]&lt;/ref&gt;
*Radulphus (1214–1225)&lt;ref name=&quot;Fordham&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/byzantium/texts/byzpatjlem.asp|title=Internet History Sourcebooks Project|website=sourcebooks.fordham.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Gerardus de Losana (1225–1238)&lt;ref name=&quot;Fordham&quot; /&gt;
*[[Robertus Nannetensis]] (1240–1254)&lt;ref name=&quot;Fordham&quot; /&gt;
*[[Urbanus IV|Iacobus Pantaléon]] (1255–1261), future Pope Urban IV of Rome
*Guillelmus Agenensis (1261–1270)
*Thomas Agni da Lentini (1271–1277)
*Iohannes Vercellensis (1278–1279)
*Elias Petragoricensis (1279–1287)
*Nicholas de Hanapes (1288–1291)

Patriarchatus iterum conditus anno [[1847]]: 
*Joseph Valerga (1847–1872)
*Giovanni Vincenzo Bracco (1872–1889)
*Luigi Piavi (1889–1905)
*Filippo Camassei (1906–1919)&lt;ref name=&quot;lpj&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.lpj.org/posts/the-latin-patriarchs-of-jerusalem-ten-facts-about-filippo-camassei.html|title=&quot;Mgr Filippo Camassei – Patriarch from 1906 to 1919&quot;, Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Luigi Barlassina (1920–1947)
*Alberto Gori (1949–1970)
*Giacomo Giuseppe Beltritti (1970–1987)
*Michel Sabbah (1987–2008)
*[[Fouad Twal]] (2008–2016)
*[[Petrus Baptista Pizzaballa]] (2020-)

== Notae ==
{{reflist}}

==Nexus externi==
* {{Official website|https://www.lpj.org/}}
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/jeru0.htm Patriarchae Hierosolymitani]
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dgeru.html Patriarchate of Jerusalem {Gerusalemme}] at the Catholic Hierarchy website
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140203081618/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/travels/documents/hf_jp-ii_hom_20000326_holy-sepulchre_en.html Homily of John Paul II in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre]

[[Categoria:Hierosolyma]]</text>
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      <text bytes="4524" sha1="19ird6cnq87tgvj0ig7b8z7697ay406" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidatorum}}
{{res|Patriarchatus Latinus Hierosolymitanus}} est caput [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana]] in provincia [[Hierosolyma|Hierosolymitana]], cuius [[cathedra]] in [[Ecclesia Sancti Sepulcri]] patet.

== Patriarchae ==
* Arnulphus de Chocques (1099)&lt;ref name=&quot;dhi&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dhi.ac.uk/crusaders/person/?id=77|title=Arnulf unmarried of Chocques &amp;#124; A Database of Crusaders to the Holy Land, 1095 - 1149}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Dagobertus Pisanus (1099–1101)&lt;ref name=&quot;Runciman&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Runciman|first1= Steven|title=The First Crusade. A History of the Crusades|volume= 1|location=Cambridge, UK|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year= 1951|pages=305–307}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** Mauricius Portuensis (1101–1102),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bz_O7-Lb_CsC&amp;dq=Maurice+of+Porto&amp;pg=PP75|last1=Barber|first1=Malcolm|title=The Crusader States|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2012|others=no pagination|isbn=9780300189315}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''ad interim''
* Evremarus (1102–1105)&lt;ref name=&quot;Fortescue&quot;&gt;[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08364a.htm Fortescue, Adrian. &quot;Jerusalem (After 1291).&quot; The Catholic Encyclopedia] Vol. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 1 October 2022 {{PD-notice}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Dagobertus Pisanus (iterum) (1105)&lt;ref name=&quot;Runciman&quot; /&gt;
* Ghibbelinus Arelatensis (1107–1112)&lt;ref name=&quot;Fortescue&quot; /&gt;
* Arnulphus de Chocques (iterim) (1112–1118)&lt;ref name=&quot;dhi&quot; /&gt;
* Warmundus Pinquigniacensis (1119–1128)&lt;ref name=&quot;Fortescue&quot; /&gt;
* Stephanus Firmitatensis (1128–1130)&lt;ref&gt;Robinson, I. S., ''The Papacy, 1073-1198: Continuity and Innovation'', Cambridge University Press, 1990, p. 357 {{isbn|9780521319225}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Guillelmus Mechliniensis (1130–1145)&lt;ref name=&quot;Fortescue&quot; /&gt;
* Fulcherius Engolismensis (1146–1157)&lt;ref name=&quot;Fortescue&quot; /&gt;
* [[Amalricus (patriarcha Hierosolymitanus)|Amalricus Nigellensis]] (1157–1180)&lt;ref&gt;[https://centaur.reading.ac.uk/84227/1/RMS-2010-02_M._Barber,_The_Challenge_of_State_Building_in_the_Twelfth_Century.pdf Barber, Malcolm. &quot;The challenge of state building in the twelfth century&quot;, ''Reading Medieval Studies'', XXXVI. p. 9]&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Amalricus (patriarcha Hierosolymitanus)|Heraclius]] (1180–1191)&lt;ref name=&quot;Fortescue&quot; /&gt;
* Rodolfus (1191–1192)&lt;ref name=&quot;gc.jeru0.info&quot;&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=GCatholic.org |url=https://gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/jeru0?tab=info |title=Patriarchal See of Jerusalem |publisher=Gabriel Chow |date=March 30, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Michael Corboliensis (1193–1194)
* Aimarus Monachus (1194–1202)
* Soffredus (1202–1204)
* Albertus Vercellensis (1204–1214)&lt;ref&gt;[https://carmelites.ie/saints/saint-albert-of-jerusalem/ &quot;Saint Albert of Jerusalem&quot;, Irish Province of Carmelites]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Radulphus (1214–1225)&lt;ref name=&quot;Fordham&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/byzantium/texts/byzpatjlem.asp|title=Internet History Sourcebooks Project|website=sourcebooks.fordham.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Gerardus de Losana (1225–1238)&lt;ref name=&quot;Fordham&quot; /&gt;
* [[Robertus Nannetensis]] (1240–1254)&lt;ref name=&quot;Fordham&quot; /&gt;
* [[Urbanus IV|Iacobus Pantaléon]] (1255–1261), future Pope Urban IV of Rome
* Gulielmus Agenensis (1261–1270)
* Thomas Agni da Lentini (1271–1277)
* Iohannes Vercellensis (1278–1279)
* Elias Petragoricensis (1279–1287)
* Nicolaus de Hanapes (1288–1291)

Patriarchatus iterum conditus anno [[1847]]: 
* Iosephus Valerga (1847–1872)
* Ioannes Vincentius Bracco (1872–1889)
* Ludovicus Piavi (1889–1905)
* Philippus Camassei (1906–1919)&lt;ref name=&quot;lpj&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.lpj.org/posts/the-latin-patriarchs-of-jerusalem-ten-facts-about-filippo-camassei.html|title=&quot;Mgr Filippo Camassei – Patriarch from 1906 to 1919&quot;, Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ludovicus Barlassina (1920–1947)
* Albertus Gori (1949–1970)
* Iacobus Iosephus Beltritti (1970–1987)
* Michael Sabbah (1987–2008)
* [[Fouad Twal]] (2008–2016)
* [[Petrus Baptista Pizzaballa]] (2020-)

== Notae ==
{{reflist}}

==Nexus externi==
* [https://www.lpj.org/ Situs interretialis]
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/jeru0.htm Patriarchae Hierosolymitani]
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dgeru.html Patriarchate of Jerusalem {Gerusalemme}] at the Catholic Hierarchy website
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140203081618/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/travels/documents/hf_jp-ii_hom_20000326_holy-sepulchre_en.html Homily of John Paul II in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre]

[[Categoria:Hierosolyma]]</text>
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      <text bytes="4524" sha1="qt5awsjcm49r833kv0r0yqrnb6n16f0" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidatorum}}
{{res|Patriarchatus Latinus Hierosolymitanus}} est caput [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana]] in provincia [[Hierosolyma|Hierosolymitana]], cuius [[cathedra]] in [[Ecclesia Sancti Sepulcri]] patet.

== Patriarchae ==
* Arnulphus de Chocques (1099)&lt;ref name=&quot;dhi&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dhi.ac.uk/crusaders/person/?id=77|title=Arnulf unmarried of Chocques &amp;#124; A Database of Crusaders to the Holy Land, 1095 - 1149}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Dagobertus Pisanus (1099–1101)&lt;ref name=&quot;Runciman&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Runciman|first1= Steven|title=The First Crusade. A History of the Crusades|volume= 1|location=Cambridge, UK|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year= 1951|pages=305–307}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** Mauricius Portuensis (1101–1102),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bz_O7-Lb_CsC&amp;dq=Maurice+of+Porto&amp;pg=PP75|last1=Barber|first1=Malcolm|title=The Crusader States|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2012|others=no pagination|isbn=9780300189315}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''ad interim''
* Evremarus (1102–1105)&lt;ref name=&quot;Fortescue&quot;&gt;[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08364a.htm Fortescue, Adrian. &quot;Jerusalem (After 1291).&quot; The Catholic Encyclopedia] Vol. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 1 October 2022 {{PD-notice}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Dagobertus Pisanus (iterum) (1105)&lt;ref name=&quot;Runciman&quot; /&gt;
* Ghibbelinus Arelatensis (1107–1112)&lt;ref name=&quot;Fortescue&quot; /&gt;
* Arnulphus de Chocques (iterim) (1112–1118)&lt;ref name=&quot;dhi&quot; /&gt;
* Warmundus Pinquigniacensis (1119–1128)&lt;ref name=&quot;Fortescue&quot; /&gt;
* Stephanus Firmitatensis (1128–1130)&lt;ref&gt;Robinson, I. S., ''The Papacy, 1073-1198: Continuity and Innovation'', Cambridge University Press, 1990, p. 357 {{isbn|9780521319225}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Guillelmus Mechliniensis (1130–1145)&lt;ref name=&quot;Fortescue&quot; /&gt;
* Fulcherius Engolismensis (1146–1157)&lt;ref name=&quot;Fortescue&quot; /&gt;
* [[Amalricus (patriarcha Hierosolymitanus)|Amalricus Nigellensis]] (1157–1180)&lt;ref&gt;[https://centaur.reading.ac.uk/84227/1/RMS-2010-02_M._Barber,_The_Challenge_of_State_Building_in_the_Twelfth_Century.pdf Barber, Malcolm. &quot;The challenge of state building in the twelfth century&quot;, ''Reading Medieval Studies'', XXXVI. p. 9]&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Heraclius (patriarcha Hierosolymitanus)|Heraclius]] (1180–1191)&lt;ref name=&quot;Fortescue&quot; /&gt;
* Rodolfus (1191–1192)&lt;ref name=&quot;gc.jeru0.info&quot;&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=GCatholic.org |url=https://gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/jeru0?tab=info |title=Patriarchal See of Jerusalem |publisher=Gabriel Chow |date=March 30, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Michael Corboliensis (1193–1194)
* Aimarus Monachus (1194–1202)
* Soffredus (1202–1204)
* Albertus Vercellensis (1204–1214)&lt;ref&gt;[https://carmelites.ie/saints/saint-albert-of-jerusalem/ &quot;Saint Albert of Jerusalem&quot;, Irish Province of Carmelites]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Radulphus (1214–1225)&lt;ref name=&quot;Fordham&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/byzantium/texts/byzpatjlem.asp|title=Internet History Sourcebooks Project|website=sourcebooks.fordham.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Gerardus de Losana (1225–1238)&lt;ref name=&quot;Fordham&quot; /&gt;
* [[Robertus Nannetensis]] (1240–1254)&lt;ref name=&quot;Fordham&quot; /&gt;
* [[Urbanus IV|Iacobus Pantaléon]] (1255–1261), future Pope Urban IV of Rome
* Gulielmus Agenensis (1261–1270)
* Thomas Agni da Lentini (1271–1277)
* Iohannes Vercellensis (1278–1279)
* Elias Petragoricensis (1279–1287)
* Nicolaus de Hanapes (1288–1291)

Patriarchatus iterum conditus anno [[1847]]: 
* Iosephus Valerga (1847–1872)
* Ioannes Vincentius Bracco (1872–1889)
* Ludovicus Piavi (1889–1905)
* Philippus Camassei (1906–1919)&lt;ref name=&quot;lpj&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.lpj.org/posts/the-latin-patriarchs-of-jerusalem-ten-facts-about-filippo-camassei.html|title=&quot;Mgr Filippo Camassei – Patriarch from 1906 to 1919&quot;, Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ludovicus Barlassina (1920–1947)
* Albertus Gori (1949–1970)
* Iacobus Iosephus Beltritti (1970–1987)
* Michael Sabbah (1987–2008)
* [[Fouad Twal]] (2008–2016)
* [[Petrus Baptista Pizzaballa]] (2020-)

== Notae ==
{{reflist}}

==Nexus externi==
* [https://www.lpj.org/ Situs interretialis]
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/jeru0.htm Patriarchae Hierosolymitani]
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dgeru.html Patriarchate of Jerusalem {Gerusalemme}] at the Catholic Hierarchy website
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140203081618/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/travels/documents/hf_jp-ii_hom_20000326_holy-sepulchre_en.html Homily of John Paul II in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre]

[[Categoria:Hierosolyma]]</text>
      <sha1>qt5awsjcm49r833kv0r0yqrnb6n16f0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Patriarcha Latinus Hierosolymitanus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>324946</id>
    <redirect title="Patriarchatus Latinus Hierosolymitanus" />
    <revision>
      <id>3959357</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-12T23:21:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Adam Bishop</username>
        <id>4</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Prima adumbratio</comment>
      <origin>3959357</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="52" sha1="o4gvg0az1nph1jygrwmpl61392kz228" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Patriarchatus Latinus Hierosolymitanus]]</text>
      <sha1>o4gvg0az1nph1jygrwmpl61392kz228</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Pierbattista Pizzaballa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>324947</id>
    <redirect title="Petrus Baptista Pizzaballa" />
    <revision>
      <id>3959362</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-12T23:24:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Adam Bishop</username>
        <id>4</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirigens ad [[Petrus Baptista Pizzaballa]]</comment>
      <origin>3959362</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="40" sha1="1eta0slp3az3emkt9nb8p5ve9yzs3xa" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Petrus Baptista Pizzaballa]]</text>
      <sha1>1eta0slp3az3emkt9nb8p5ve9yzs3xa</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Archidioecesis Hierosolymitanus Latinorum</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>324948</id>
    <redirect title="Patriarchatus Latinus Hierosolymitanus" />
    <revision>
      <id>3959366</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-12T23:25:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Adam Bishop</username>
        <id>4</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirigens ad [[Patriarchatus Latinus Hierosolymitanus]]</comment>
      <origin>3959366</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="52" sha1="o4gvg0az1nph1jygrwmpl61392kz228" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Patriarchatus Latinus Hierosolymitanus]]</text>
      <sha1>o4gvg0az1nph1jygrwmpl61392kz228</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Darringtonia</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>324949</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3959397</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-13T05:28:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bartholomite</username>
        <id>116968</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>nova</comment>
      <origin>3959397</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="669" sha1="6a7dctg21g04cr5inpw2zx5ig6wnz5u" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Bluegrass Cardinals reunion.jpeg|thumb|Festus ''Bluegrass'' Darringtoniae.]]
{{res|Darringtonia}} est [[oppidum]] [[Snohomish Comitatus|comitato Snohomish]] {{num|1462}} incolarum.&lt;ref&gt;Census Civitatum Foederatarum anno 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; Anno [[1891]] condita et anno [[1945]] incorporata est. In valle [[Montes Cascades|Cascadum Septentrionalium]] sita est et ab incolis [[Appalachia]]e inhabitata est, culturae ''[[bluegrass]]'' communitati dans.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Darrington, Washington|Darringtoniam}}
{{Fontes geographici}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Urbes Vasingtoniae civitatis]]</text>
      <sha1>6a7dctg21g04cr5inpw2zx5ig6wnz5u</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3959402</id>
      <parentid>3959397</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-13T05:46:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bartholomite</username>
        <id>116968</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3959402</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="748" sha1="7nadnstj7bxqy1c806sw8i7iektdfbg" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Bluegrass Cardinals reunion.jpeg|thumb|Festus ''Bluegrass'' Darringtoniae.]]
{{res|Darringtonia}} est [[oppidum]] [[Snohomish Comitatus|comitato Snohomish]] {{num|1462}} incolarum.&lt;ref&gt;Census Civitatum Foederatarum anno 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; Anno [[1891]] condita et anno [[1945]] incorporata est. In valle [[Montes Cascades|Cascadum Septentrionalium]] sita est et ab incolis [[Appalachia]]e inhabitata est, culturae ''[[bluegrass]]'' communitati dans.

== Incola insignis ==
* [[Robertus Barker]] (1923-2023), persona televisifica

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Darrington, Washington|Darringtoniam}}
{{Fontes geographici}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Urbes Vasingtoniae civitatis]]</text>
      <sha1>7nadnstj7bxqy1c806sw8i7iektdfbg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3959433</id>
      <parentid>3959402</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-13T11:46:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>IacobusAmor</username>
        <id>1163</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>3959433</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="819" sha1="9vzju7xol0eayh4xf001qwte8t3szep" xml:space="preserve">{{Latinitas|-2}}
{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Bluegrass Cardinals reunion.jpeg|thumb|upright-0.8|Feria ''Bluegrass'' Darringtoniae.]]
{{res|Darringtonia}} est [[oppidum]] in [[Snohomish Comitatus|Comitatu Snohomish]] [[Vasingtona]]e {{num|1462}} incolarum.&lt;ref&gt;Census Civitatum Foederatarum anno 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; Anno [[1891]] condita, anno [[1945]] incorporata est. In valle [[Montes Cascades|Cascadum Septentrionalium]] sita est, et ab immigrantibus ex [[Appalachia]] primum colonizata est, [[cultura]]m ''[[bluegrass]]'' communitati dantibus.

== Incola insignis ==
* [[Robertus Barker]] (1923–2023), persona televisifica

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Darrington, Washington|Darringtoniam}}
{{Fontes geographici}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Urbes Vasingtoniae civitatis]]</text>
      <sha1>9vzju7xol0eayh4xf001qwte8t3szep</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3959434</id>
      <parentid>3959433</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-13T11:49:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>IacobusAmor</username>
        <id>1163</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Nexus</comment>
      <origin>3959434</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="858" sha1="eqg1n50pg37d2vse4awizktcwh2gdbh" xml:space="preserve">{{Latinitas|-2}}
{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Bluegrass Cardinals reunion.jpeg|thumb|upright-0.8|Homines in Feriis ''Bluegrass'' Darringtoniae agunt.]]
{{res|Darringtonia}} est [[oppidum]] in [[Snohomish Comitatus|Comitatu Snohomish]] [[Vasintonia (civitas)|Vasintoniae]] {{num|1462}} incolarum.&lt;ref&gt;Census Civitatum Foederatarum anno 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; Anno [[1891]] condita, anno [[1945]] incorporata est. In valle [[Montes Cascades|Cascadum Septentrionalium]] sita est, et ab immigrantibus ex [[Appalachia]] primum colonizata est, [[cultura]]m ''[[bluegrass]]'' communitati dantibus.

== Incola insignis ==
* [[Robertus Barker]] (1923–2023), persona televisifica

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Darrington, Washington|Darringtoniam}}
{{Fontes geographici}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Urbes Vasingtoniae civitatis]]</text>
      <sha1>eqg1n50pg37d2vse4awizktcwh2gdbh</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3959435</id>
      <parentid>3959434</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-13T11:51:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>IacobusAmor</username>
        <id>1163</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Nexus</comment>
      <origin>3959435</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="873" sha1="8u9j8ywr9c907p9c5v7zyzqshg4p9v9" xml:space="preserve">{{Latinitas|-2}}
{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Bluegrass Cardinals reunion.jpeg|thumb|upright-0.8|Homines in Feriis ''Bluegrass'' Darringtoniae agunt.]]
{{res|Darringtonia}} est [[oppidum]] in [[Snohomish Comitatus|Comitatu Snohomish]] [[Vasintonia (civitas)|Vasintoniae]] {{num|1462}} incolarum.&lt;ref&gt;Census Civitatum Foederatarum anno 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; Anno [[1891]] condita, anno [[1945]] incorporata est. In valle [[Montes Cascades|Cascadum Septentrionalium]] sita est, et ab [[immigratio|immigrantibus]] ex [[Appalachia]] primum colonizata est, [[cultura]]m ''[[bluegrass]]'' communitati dantibus.

== Incola insignis ==
* [[Robertus Barker]] (1923–2023), persona televisifica

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Darrington, Washington|Darringtoniam}}
{{Fontes geographici}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Urbes Vasingtoniae civitatis]]</text>
      <sha1>8u9j8ywr9c907p9c5v7zyzqshg4p9v9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>La Bresse</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>324950</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3959424</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-13T10:18:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>creatio a francica documentatione</comment>
      <origin>3959424</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="689" sha1="082sksg29xh782mdo7pg43wppi7oiwy" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:La Bresse depuis Bouchaux.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|La Bresse: despectus in urbe cum [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Sanctus Laurentius|Sancto Laurentio]] dicata.]]
{{res|La Bresse}} est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] {{formatnum:3853}} incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Vosegus (praefectura Franciae)|Vosegi]] in regione [[Magnus Oriens|Magno Oriente]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Vosegi]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|La Bresse|La Bresse}}
{{Fontes geographici}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Vosegi]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Vosegi]]</text>
      <sha1>082sksg29xh782mdo7pg43wppi7oiwy</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Disputatio:La Bresse</title>
    <ns>1</ns>
    <id>324951</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3959425</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-13T10:20:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>attributio</comment>
      <origin>3959425</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="37" sha1="g41s0k2skrcpqep1u2yx6mro3zsih4a" xml:space="preserve">{{attributio|fr|La Bresse|235794863}}</text>
      <sha1>g41s0k2skrcpqep1u2yx6mro3zsih4a</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Xonrupt-Longemer</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>324952</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3959426</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-13T10:27:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>creatio a francica documentatione</comment>
      <origin>3959426</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="689" sha1="mxetty1yiedw6uuixn71oj3nm7584wx" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Xonrupt88.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Xonrupt-Longemer: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Bernardina Lordensis|Sanctae Mariae-Bernardae]] dicata.]]
{{res|Xonrupt-Longemer}} est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] {{formatnum:1479}} incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Vosegus (praefectura Franciae)|Vosegi]] in regione [[Magnus Oriens|Magno Oriente]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Vosegi]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Xonrupt-Longemer|Xonrupt-Longemer}}
{{Fontes geographici}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Vosegi]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Vosegi]]</text>
      <sha1>mxetty1yiedw6uuixn71oj3nm7584wx</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ahéville</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>324953</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3959427</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-13T10:35:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>creatio a francica documentatione</comment>
      <origin>3959427</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="655" sha1="ihycd7i6oz6oa80gfy1gohdsdlk3owe" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Ahéville, Église Saint-Quirin 1.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Ahéville: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Sanctus Quirinus|Sancto Quirino]] dicata.]]
{{res|Ahéville}} est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] 67 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Vosegus (praefectura Franciae)|Vosegi]] in regione [[Magnus Oriens|Magno Oriente]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Vosegi]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Ahéville|Ahéville}}
{{Fontes geographici}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Vosegi]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Vosegi]]</text>
      <sha1>ihycd7i6oz6oa80gfy1gohdsdlk3owe</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Disputatio:Xonrupt-Longemer</title>
    <ns>1</ns>
    <id>324954</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3959428</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-13T10:37:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>attributio</comment>
      <origin>3959428</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="44" sha1="td5b7739i56arr7qna2qvi8edvbsxdr" xml:space="preserve">{{attributio|fr|Xonrupt-Longemer|235195566}}</text>
      <sha1>td5b7739i56arr7qna2qvi8edvbsxdr</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Disputatio:Ahéville</title>
    <ns>1</ns>
    <id>324955</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3959429</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-13T10:38:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>attributio</comment>
      <origin>3959429</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="37" sha1="knyt0k7tm0sxunmo1wxp0x5pryv7ewi" xml:space="preserve">{{attributio|fr|Ahéville|235639811}}</text>
      <sha1>knyt0k7tm0sxunmo1wxp0x5pryv7ewi</sha1>
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