Lingua Latina

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{{pro pagina discretiva vide|Latina}}

{{Capsa linguae
	| nomen = Lingua Latina
	| pronuntiatus = ˈlin.ɡʷa laˈtiː.na
	| color familiae = lawngreen
	| familia = [[Linguae Indoeuropaeae|Lingua Indoeuropaea]] [[Linguae Italicae|Italicae]] familiae
	| fabulantes = Incolae [[Libera res publica Romana|Liberae rei publicae Romanae]] et [[Imperium Romanum|Imperii Romani]] inter saecula [[saeculum 5 a.C.n.|5 a.C.n.]] et [[saeculum 8|8 p.C.n.]]
	| fabulantes2 = Hodie [[Lingua Latina botanica|lingua botanica]] et [[Lingua Latina zoologica|zoologica]]; lingua publica [[Ecclesia Catholica|ecclesiae Catholicae]] et [[Civitas Vaticana|Civitatis Vaticanae]]
	| nationes = [[Sancta Sedes]]
	| civitas = [[Roma]] et [[Imperium Romanum]]
	| scriptura = [[Abecedarium Latinum]]
	| litteratura = [[Litterae Latinae]]
	| procuratio = Nulla (classice)&lt;br/&gt;[[Ecclesia Catholica]] (ecclesice)
	| iso1 = la
	| iso2 = lat
	| iso3 = lat
	| tabula = [[Fasciculus:Human Language Families (wikicolors).png|center|255px|Familiae linguisticae coloribus Vicipaedicis picta]]
	| syllabus = [[Linguae mundi|Familiae linguisticae coloribus Vicipaedicis pictae]]
	| tabula2 = 
	| syllabus2 = 
}}

{{Res|Latīnum}}, {{Res|lingua Latīna}},&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero]], ''[[De finibus bonorum et malorum]]'' [http://latin.packhum.org/loc/474/48/3/218-223@1#3 1.10].&lt;/ref&gt; sive {{Res|sermō Latīnus}},&lt;ref&gt;Cicero, ''[[De oratore]]'' [http://latin.packhum.org/loc/474/37/26/286-301@1#26 2.28].&lt;/ref&gt; est [[lingua Indoeuropaea]] qua primum [[Latini]] universi et [[Romani antiqui]] in primis loquebantur quamobrem interdum etiam {{Res|lingua Latia}}&lt;ref&gt;[[Gaius Plinius Secundus|Plin.]] ''[[Naturalis historia (Plinius)|Nat.]]'' 13.135; et interdum apud [[poeta]]s.&lt;/ref&gt; (in [[Latium|Latio]] enim sueta) et {{Res|lingua Rōmāna}}&lt;ref&gt;[[Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus|Plin.]] ''[[Epistulae (Plinius)|Ep.]]'' 2.10.2.&lt;/ref&gt; (nam [[Imperium Romanum|imperii Romani]] [[sermo]] sollemnis) appellabatur. [[Nomen proprium|Nomen]] linguae ductum est a terra quam [[Latini|gentes Latine loquentes]] incolebant, [[Latium vetus]] interdum appellata, in [[paeninsula]] [[Italia|Italica]] inter [[Tiberis|Tiberim]], [[Volsci|Volscos]], [[Appenninus mons|Appenninum]], et [[Mare Tyrrhenicum|mare Inferum]] sita.

Cum populi [[Libera res publica Romana|rei publicae Romanae]] et [[imperium Romanum|imperii Romani]] lingua Latina in rebus publicis privatisque uterentur, etiam lingua Latina [[Lingua Graeca|linguam Graecam]] magnopere adfecit, nec minus haec illam. Sicut [[lingua Graeca]], Latina [[lingua flexiva]] est, ut nexus verborum non ex ordine appareat, sicut [[mos]] est [[linguae Romanicae|linguis Romanicis]] et [[Lingua Anglica|Anglicae]], sed ex [[affixum|affixis]].

Usus linguae Latinae continuo ab antiquitate usque ad tempora hodierna extenditur. Saeculis VII-IX multas peperit linguas quae [[linguae Romanicae]] vocantur, sicut [[Lingua Catalana|Catalanam]], [[Lingua Dacoromanica|Dacoromanicam]], [[Lingua Francogallica|Francogallicam]], [[Lingua Gallaica|Gallaicam]], [[Lingua Hispanica|Hispanicam]], [[Lingua Italiana|Italianam]], [[Lingua Lusitana|Lusitanam]], ne omnes afferantur. 

Ex tempore [[Res Novae Franciae|rerum novarum Francicarum]], quamquam [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana]] nec non institutiones academicae saeculares adhuc lingua Latina utuntur, [[lingua mortua]] appellari solet, praesertim [[nationalismus|nationalismi]] causa, quia ex [[saeculum 18|saeculo duodevicesimo]] patrius sermo esse gradatim desiit. Attamen hodie multi homines Latine loqui sciunt. Quin etiam [[Finlandia]] iam plus viginti annos undis radiophonicis nuntios emittere pergit, sedes Latinae interretiales multiplicantur ac conventus internationales, quorum participes solo hoc sermone utuntur.

== Historia ==
{{vide-etiam|Historia Latinae}}
In subfamilia [[linguae Indoeuropaeae|linguarum Indoeuropaearum]] [[Linguae Italicae|Italica]] linguam Latinam esse constat. [[Abecedarium]] quidem eius de abecedario [[lingua Etrusca|Etrusco]] venire putatur, quod se invicem de [[Euboeica|Euboeico]] evolvit. Huius [[glottologia|linguae historia]] usque hodie sex aetates complectitur: archaicam, classicam, postclassicam, medievalem, humanisticam, et neolatinam, quae subter in tabula ostentatur.

{{Historia Linguae Latinae}}
[[Fasciculus:Lapis-niger.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|left|[[Cippus]], in quo invenitur antiquissimum exemplum Latinae linguae, sub [[Lapis Niger|lapide nigro]] in [[Forum Romanum|Foro Romano]].]]

=== Archaica ===
[[Fasciculus:Hermes 16 illustration1.png|thumb|upright=0.8|''[[Inscriptio Duenos]]'' sic, ut historicus [[Hendricus Dressel]] reddit.]]
{{vide-etiam|Lingua Latina archaica}}
Lingua Latina censetur in Italiam circa [[saeculum 9 a.C.n.]] a [[migratio|migrantibus]] ex [[septentrio]]nibus lata esse, qui deinde Latium incolerent, in qua [[regio]]ne [[urbs]] [[Roma]] orta est. Ibi in linguam Latinam verba e variis linguis—[[lingua Etrusca|Etrusca]], [[lingua Graeca|Graeca]]—venerant, sicut ''persona'' (Etrusce ''perśnu''), quod est late agnitum, vel etiam talia vetustiora, ut visum est primum in [[Titus Maccius Plautus|Plauti]] et [[Publius Terentius Afer|Terentii]] operibus, qualia ''techna'' (Graece ''τέχνη'') et ''machaera'' (Graece ''μάχαιρα'').

[[Litterae Latinae]] hanc per aetatem mutatae sunt, cum exempli gratia terminationes veteres ''-os'', ''-om'', ''-oi'', et ''-osom'' aetate classica ad ''-us'', ''-um'', ''-i'' et ''-orum'' mutatae sunt. Littera intervocalica ''s'', quam [[Lingua prisca Indoeuropaea]] praeservabat, ubique in ''r'' mutata est, quod [[rhotacismus]] dicitur. Itaque, etiam ob rhotacismum genetivus ''*honos-is'' ad ''honor-is'' atque eodem modo etiam nominativus ''honos'' ad ''honor'' mutati sunt.

=== Classica sive Aurea ===
[[Fasciculus:Commentarii de Bello Gallico.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|left|''[[Commentarii de Bello Gallico]],'' versio anno [[1783]] edita, [[liber|libri]] a [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Iulio Caesare]] circa annum 40 a.C.n. scripti]]
Temporibus adversis{{dubsig}} in [[oeconomia]] et [[politica]] et [[cultura]], patricii ex Latinae colloquialis{{dubsig}} varietatibus [[lingua franca|linguam francam]] Latinam creaverunt, adhibitam in administratione et doctrina et ad [[litterae|litteras]] colendas. Hoc tempus fuit Aurea Latinae Aetas, [[saeculum 1 a.C.n.|saeculis 1 a.C.n.]]–[[saeculum 1|1 p.C.n.]].

Antequam tota Italia in dicionem Imperii Romani [[saeculum 1 a.C.n.|saeculo 1 a.C.n.]] redacta est, per totam paeninsulam homines utebantur sive [[Lingua Celtica]] (post huius gentis incursiones [[saeculum 4 a.C.n.|saeculo 4 a.C.n.]] trans Padum), sive illa non-Indoeuropaea lingua Etrusca, sive aliis linguis Italicis, sicut [[lingua Osca|linguis Osca]] et [[lingua Umbra|Umbra]] (appellatis &quot;Sabellicis&quot;), et [[lingua Falerica]], cognata linguae Latinae, qua loquebantur prope Romam ad septentriones. Sunt etiam Sicaniae aut Siculae linguarum pauca indicia, sed hae linguae modo videntur similes Latinae-Faliscae esse. [[Colonia|Coloni]] vero Graeci [[saeculum 8 a.C.n.|saeculo octavo a.C.n.]] etiam suam linguam in eas Italiae partes, quas ad litora meridiana [[Sicilia]]mque orientalem colebant, tulerunt. Imperio autem Romano crescente lingua Latina ideo praeoptata erat praeter linguam Graecam, ut omnes fere hac lingua locuti sunt, praesertim in Italia meridiana.
[[Fasciculus:Prologus Ioanni - Vulgata Clementina (Verlag Friedrich Pustet, 1922, p. 197).jpg|175px|thumb|[[Biblia Sacra]] [[Christianismus|Christiana]] in Latinum ab [[Hieronymus|Sancto Hieronymo]] annis [[390]]-[[400]] conversa (versio [[Vulgata Clementina]] anno [[1605]] edita).]]

=== Post aetatem classicam ===
Lingua, qua loquebantur populi, paulatim de Latina franca Latina distulit, quam [[schola]] tenere conabatur, et de litteraria. Diutissime de [[lex|legibus]] et de rebus publicis et de aliis per totum [[Imperium Romanum]] Latine dictum est. At, quamquam opera superstantia Romana sunt paene omnino scripta Latina Classica lingua, [[Cicero]]nis [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Caesarisque]] aliorumque opera comprehensa, vera lingua dicta in Imperio Romano occidentali erat [[Latina Vulgaris]], quae tantum [[grammatica|grammaticis]], vocabulario, et postea locutione differt.

Etiam Romani optimates linguam Graecam discere solebant, et illa uti amabant, cum eam ad [[philosophia]]m et litteras pertinere aestimassent. Alioqui Graece plurimi, praecipue in [[Imperium Romanum Orientale|Imperio Orientali]], adeo loquebantur, ut lingua Graeca, [[commercium|commercio]] et peregrinationi quasi lingua franca eo die habita est. Post ultimum discrimen inter Imperia Orientale et Occidentale anno [[395]], in Orientali demum Graeca pro Latina usui legitimo et gubernatorio substituta est, ex ea causa, quod in illis partibus omnes societatis ordines diu lingua Graeca locuti essent.

=== Mediaevalis ===
{{Vide-etiam|Latina Mediaevalis}}
[[Fasciculus:Digesta.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Textus digestorum [[Corpus Iuris Civilis|Corporis Iuris Civilis]] cum glossis et notis iuris consultorum medii aevi]]

[[Medium Aevum|Aevo Medio]] incipiente, lingua Latina fuit publicus multarum [[Europa|civitatum Europaearum]] sermo [[Status Pontificius|Stato Pontificio]] incluso. Quamquam autem lingua a [[schola|scholis]], [[eruditio|eruditis]], et [[civitas|civitatibus]] adhibebatur, sermones vulgares a lingua Latina magis magisque inter se differebantur, ut tandem [[Linguae Romanicae|Romanicae linguae]] ortae sunt. 

In [[Ducatus Sabaudiae|Sabaudiae Ducatu]], hodierna in sola aetate, linguae novae ut sermones adhibitae, verbi gratia linguae Italica et Francogallica, linguam Latinam ab anno [[1561]] suppleverunt.{{Cdref}} Itaque, Imperii [[Austria]]ci in ''[[Croatia]]e et Slavoniae Ducatu'' lingua Latina usque ad annum [[1848]] unica officialis fuit et in ducali contione usitata est, atque leges novae Latine editae sunt. ''Ephemerides Zagrabienses'' vel acta publica hebdomadalia in urbe Zagrabia Croatiae ad annum [[1772]] Latine edita fuerunt.{{Cdref}}
[[Fasciculus:Newton-Principia-Mathematica 1-500x700.jpg|thumb|left|125px|''Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica,'' [[liber]] ab [[Isaacus Newtonus|Isaaco Newtono]] Latine anno [[1687]] scriptus]]

=== Humanistica ===
{{Vide-etiam|Lingua Latina Renascentiae}}
Aetas humanistica censetur ex saeculo quartodecimo incipere. Post [[schisma]]ta [[Reformatio|protestantium]] scholares humanistici conati sunt linguam Latinam convertere in [[lingua internationalis|linguam internationalem]]. Lingua Latina igitur hac aetate lingua quotidiana [[Ecclesia Catholica|Ecclesiae Catholicae Romanae]] non tantum fuit, sed tamen [[Scientia (ratio)|scientiae]], [[Ius|iuris]], et litterarum. Pleraque nomina et [[taxinomia]]e et [[biologia]]e, et [[iurisprudentia|iuris]] ex hac lingua (et Graeca) ducta sunt. Describitur ergo ordo [[planta]]rum (id est florum herbarumque arborumque) et [[animalia|animalium]] adhuc Latine.

Nationalismus autem civitatum Europaearum magnopere per hanc aetatem quoque auctus est, quod effecit, ut civitas quaeque propriam linguam nationalem distinctamque petivisset: [[Britanniarum Regnum]] tandem [[lingua Anglica|linguam Anglicam]] habuit, [[Francia]] linguam Francogallicam, [[Hispania]] Hispanicam, [[Germania]] [[Lingua Theodisca|Theodiscam]], Italia Italicam, etc.

Demum lingua Latina ut [[lingua franca]] internationalis omnino desinit, a lingua Francogallica dimota, post [[Rerum Francicarum Eversio|Rerum Francicarum eversionem]], cum Francia revolutionem contra Ecclesiam Catholicam Romanam habuit, et imperium per [[Europa continentalis|continentem Europaeum]] extendit [[saeculum 18|saeculo duodevicensimo]] sub [[Napoleo Bonaparte|Napoleone Bonaparte]].

=== Neolatina ===
[[Fasciculus:Wallsend platfom 2 02.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Omnia signa [[Statio Segedunensis|Stationis Segedunensis]] hodie et Anglice et Latine scripta sunt.]]
{{vide-etiam|Lingua Neolatina}}

Aetas neolatina saeculo undevicensimo incipere putatur. Hac aetate linguae usus definitur ab [[Lingua Latina Ecclesiastica|Ecclesia Catholica Romana]] et ab [[Lingua Latina academica|academicis secularibus]], qui mores classicos recolere volunt.

[[Lingua Latina Ecclesiastica]] sermo specialis ab Ecclesia Catholica Romana adhibitus vocatur. Lingua adhibita est in editionibus typicis librorum liturgicorum, litteris et scriptis [[papa|Papae]], praesertim illis quae [[Epistula encyclica|encyclicae]] nominantur, ceterisque scriptis et congregationum sanctae sedis et Civitatis Vaticanae. Etenim cantus et preces sacrae liturgiae saepe Latine exercentur. Hodie est enim lingua Civitatis Vaticanae, cuius tamen cives in alloquio non lingua Latina, sed lingua Italica utuntur. Etiam relinquerunt in Ecclesia Catholica nonnullae communitates quae sicut [[Fraternitas Sacerdotalis Sancti Petri]] aut [[Fraternitas Sacerdotalis Sancti Pii X]] secundum Traditionem quam semper exercuit Ecclesiam ab Nicaei Consilio ad Vaticanum II Consilium Latinam Missam celebrunt.

[[Lingua Latina academica|Multi academici]] autem hodie etiam veram linguam aetatis classicae recreare petunt. Hi fautores neolatini praecipue modum [[latinitas viva|latinitatis vivae]] ad linguam Latinam discendam colunt, ubi discipuli linguam discunt ea utendo ad res quotidianas describendas. Quod ad propositum, fautores nova vocabula facile admittunt ad res hodiernas reddendas, multas [[Institutiones Latinae|institutiones]] ad linguam citandam statuunt, et multos [[Libri Latini|libros Latine]] scribunt.

=== Regnum Hungariae ===
Lingua Latina temporibus Neolatinis plura Europae regna non utuntur, nisi in rebus Ecclesiae operibusque scientiae. In [[Imperium Romanum Sacrum|Imperio Romano Sacro]] Italiaeque regionibus iam a [[saeculum 15|saeculo decimo quinto]] nobiles competentesque ad gubernandum non Latine, sed suae civitatis idiomate, scilicet Theodisce et Italiane his in casibus loquuntur. [[Hungaria]], quae minor in regnis Europae erat, usque ad [[1844]] multarum civitatum regni eiusque conservativismi causa in [[lex|legislatione]] in diaetis Latino sermone utebantur. Thesaurus Latinitatis Hungaricae etiam in eo demonstratur, quod regni historiae paene tota legenda gestaque, ephemerides, varii libri scientiae etc. in hoc sermone scripta sunt. Inito nationalismo multi fuerunt, qui pro Hungarorum sermone multum laboraverunt, sineque ulla animadversione variarum aliarum gentium, qui etiam in regno Hungarico vivebant hi linguarum cultores officium Hungarice discendi ad cunctas scholas amplificaverant; disputata igitur erat quaestio linguae civitatis 50 annos, a finibus saeculi duodevicensimi usque ad 1844. Contra totam solum Croati adversabantur: Croati nobiles decreverunt in diaeta provinciali anno [[25 Novembris]] [[1805]], ut &quot;nullo tempore linguae Hungaricae, aut alterius, praeter Latinam in his regnis usus fiat.&quot;

=== Condicio linguae hodiernae ===
==== Germania ====
Secundum [[Officium Rerum Statisticarum Foederale]] in [[Germania]] in scholis 8 centesimae partes omnium discipulorum annis [[2004]] et [[2005]] Latinum sermonem didicerunt, anno [[2009]] autem 9 partes centesimae.&lt;ref&gt;FAZ.Net 24 Iunii 2010: Nadine Bös: &quot;Für die Schule, nicht fürs Leben&quot; (Scholae, non vitae). {{ling|Germanice}}&lt;/ref&gt; Diarii, quod vulgo ''[[Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung]]'' vocatur, diurnarii moderatores de rebus personalibus triginta [[societas anonyma|societatum anonymarum]] quanti momenti apud seipsos linguae Latinae scientiam esse quaesiverunt. Diurnarii illarum societatum moderatores quaesiverunt quarum capitalis sortibus statistici utuntur ut medium pretium Germaniae syngrapharum&lt;ref&gt;[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/syngrapha#Latin Vide Victionarium.]&lt;/ref&gt; et eius momentum computent. Quae societates sunt maximi momenti in [[oeconomia]] Germanica et ille sortium numerus index vocatur [[DAX]]. Responsum est{{dubsig}} e viginti duabus societatibus ex triginta quaesitis. Ex una solum societate nomine &quot;[[Bayer AG]]&quot; responsum acceptum est, indicans pro nonnullis rebus in societate sermonis Latini scientiam aliquid valere. Alii responderunt Latinae linguae scientiam non esse criterium,{{dubsig}} secundum quod personas in societate munus ad fungendum eligerent.

== De sermone Latino ==
:''Vide rem principalem: [[Sermo vulgaris Latinus]].''
'''Latina vulgaris''' erat sermo plebis vel ordinis inferioris societatis [[Roma antiqua|Romae antiquae]] vel in Latio. Ne [[Cicero]] quidem Latina litterata formalique in sermone vulgari fari solebat. Rudium ordo vel ineruditum vulgus tamquam minime intellegeret et loquebatur simpliciori varietate Latinae minus tenens regulas et accipiens nova elementa. Haec haud classica qua exculta ad linguas Romanicas (Francogallica, Hispanica, Italica, Lusitanica, Dacoromanica),{{dubsig}} quia, quamvis auctoritas sit classica, genuinus sermo cotidianus fuit.&lt;ref&gt;Gavin Betts, ''Teach Yourself Complete Latin,'' p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;

Quomodo sermo Latinus cotidianus classicusque sonaret, recte nescimus, quia paene omnes litterae Romanae in lingua Latina classica erant.&lt;ref name=&quot;LKHS&quot;&gt;[[Thorus Janson]], ''Latin: Kulturen, historien, språket'' (Wahlström &amp; Widstrand, 2009), ISBN 978-91-46-20428-2.&lt;/ref&gt; Sed imaginem eius accipere potes per [[comoedia]]s Romanas.&lt;ref name=LKHS/&gt; Hic est aliquid a [[Plautus|Plauto]] conscriptum:&lt;ref name=LKHS/&gt;

:&lt;small&gt;CLEOSTRATA&lt;/small&gt; : Myrrhina, salve.
:&lt;small&gt;MYRRHINA&lt;/small&gt; : Salve mecastor: sed quid tu's tristis, amabo?
:&lt;small&gt;CLEOSTRATA&lt;/small&gt; : Ita solent omnes quae sunt male nuptae: Domi et foris aegre quod sit satis semper est. Nam ego ibam ad te.
:&lt;small&gt;MYRRHINA&lt;/small&gt; : Et pol ego istuc ad te. Sed quid est, quod tuo nunc animo aegre'st? Nam quod tibi'st aegre, idem mihi'st dividiae.

&quot;tu's&quot; = tu es, &quot;aegre'st&quot; = aegre est, &quot;tibi'st&quot; = tibi est, et &quot;mihi'st&quot; = mihi est.&lt;ref name=LKHS/&gt; Verbum &quot;pol&quot; est [[maledictum]] mite, significat &quot;apud Pollucem&quot;.&lt;ref name=LKHS/&gt;

== Litterae et pronuntiatus ==
{{vide-etiam|Abecedarium Latinum|Pronuntiatus Latinus}}
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|-
| 
{|border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=4 style=&quot;margin-bottom:1em;font-size:large; text-align:center; border:0 none transparent;&quot; summary=&quot;26 capital letters, each linked to its article&quot;
|+ style=&quot;font-weight:normal; font-size:small; margin-top:1em;&quot; | Litterae maiusculae 
|- style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #999;&quot;
|| [[A]]|| [[B]]|| [[C]]|| [[D]]|| [[E]]|| [[F]]|| [[G]]|| [[H]]|| [[I]]|| [[J]]||[[K]]|| [[L]]|| [[M]]
|-
| [[N]]||[[O]]||[[P]]||[[Q]]||[[R]]||[[S]]||[[T]]||[[U]]||[[V]]||[[W]]||[[X]]||[[Y]]||[[Z]]
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|-
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{|border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=4 style=&quot;margin-bottom:1em; font-size:large; text-align:center; border:0 none transparent&quot; summary=&quot;26 small letters&quot;
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Aetate classica abecedarium Latinum viginti tres litteras habuit, quod excludit litteras J, U, et W. [[Medium Aevum|Medio Aevo]] additae sunt ad abecedarium et litterae J, U, W, et litterae minusculae. 

Pronuntiatio litterarum aliquantum inter locutores hodie variat. Exempli gratia, litterae V et W [IPA|v] pronuntiantur apud locutores ecclesiaticos, sed semivocalis (IPA [uw] vel [w]) apud academicos. Littera J, cum adhibetur, pronuntiatur semivocalis (IPA [ij] aut [j]) aut ut 'J' aliarum linguarum (IPA [dʒ], [ʒ], aut [x]).

Lingua sex diphthongos ostendit: ae = [aɪ̯], ei = [eɪ̯], oe=[ɔɪ̯], au = [aʊ̯], eu = [ɛʊ̯], ui = [ʊɪ̯]. Ne diphthongi pronuntientur, [[diaeresis]] super secundam vocalem additur: aes (gen: aeris) versus aër (gen: aëris), heros (pl. heroës).

Lingua etiam vocales breves a longis distinguit. Antiquitate et apud multos huius diei locutores, vocales longae [[apex|apicibus]] super litteras monstrantur: breves enim scribuntur a, e, i, o, u, y, et longi á, é, í, ó, ú, ý. Sunt quoque hodie qui [[macron|macris]] vocales longas indicant scribentes: ā, ē, ī, ō, ū, ȳ.

[[Fasciculus:Hocgracili.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Litteratura cursiva antiqua recreata ad exemplum [[Tabulae Vindolandienses|Tabularum Vindolandiensium]]]]

Praeceptum Latinum, quo [[syllaba]]rum [[accentus]] in dictibus polysyllabis determinetur, est hoc: 
# Accentus in paenultima syllaba cadit cum dictum solum duas syllabas habet, aut cum vocalis paenultima est longa, aut cum duo consonantes vocalem paenultimam sequuntur;
# Accentus aliter in antepaenultima syllaba cadit.

Cum vocalium longitudo tantum in accentu determinando et in ablativo casu interdum distinguendo refert, sunt scriptores qui praecipue vocales longas apicibus macronibusve monstrent, cum in paenultimá vel ultimá syllabá cadunt (quod hác in clausulá monstrátur). Alii scriptores, sicut [[Arcadius Avellanus]], solos accentus ipsos apícibus denotavérunt cum extra paenúltimam sýllabam caderent (quod hac in cláusula monstratur).

== Grammatica ==
[[Fasciculus:Susenbrot.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|Grammaticae Artis Institutio ab Ioanne Susebrotum anno [[1539]] scripta]]
+[[Fasciculus:WIKITONGUES- Titus speaking Latin.webm|thumb|upright=0.8|Latine loquor.]]
{{vide-etiam|Grammatica Latina}}
Sicut linguae Graecae, sunt Latinae declinationes. Pro paradigmate nomina numerata sunt in declinationes et verba in coniugationes. In sententiis, voces sic ordinari solent: 
# primae sunt [[subiectum (grammatica generalis)|subiectum]]: ''nomen'' aut ''pronomen'' casu nominativo a nominibus adiectivis et nominibus casu [[genitivus|genitivo]] descriptum, 
# sequuntur [[praedicatum]]: ''verbum coniugatum'' subiectum describens, ei praefixum nomen casu accusativo, nomen casu dativo, adverbia et descriptionem adverbialem.

Quia nomina et pronomina declinantur, munus eorum casu patefit, et dictionum ordo in sententiis variare potest. More Latino, dictiones notabiles in initio vel fine sententiae ponuntur.

=== Nomina substantiva ===
[[Nomen substantivum]] est pars orationis quae sive rem, sive hominem, sive locum sive notionem nominat, et per se intellegitur:
* [[Nomen proprium]] singulum nominat hominem vel locum.
* [[Nomen appellativum]] classem nominat sive rerum sive hominum sive locorum.
* [[Nomen collectivum]] multitudinem rerum nominat singulariter.
* [[Nomen abstractum]] sive qualitatem sive statum sive actionem sive notionem nominat, sicut per se exsisteret.
[[Fasciculus:HofmanniLexiconUniversale.jpg|thumb|175px|[[Iohannes Iacobus Hofmannus|Hofmanni]] [[Lexicon Universale]] anno [[1698]] editum, quod multa nomina Latina nobis praebet]]

{{vide-etiam|Declinatio (grammatica)}}

Paene omnia nomina Latina declinantur, ut ea simul designent: 
* Casus septem, qui [[nominativus]], [[vocativus]], [[accusativus]], [[genitivus]], [[dativus]], [[ablativus]], [[locativus]]que appellantur, 
* Genera tria (masculinum, femininum, et neutrum), et
* Numeros duos (pluralem et singularem).
Paradigmata substantivorum divisa sunt in quinque declinationes, pro terminatione casus ablativi: ''a, o, i, e, u''

Quod ad casus grammaticos spectatur:
* Casus ''locativus'' iam quoque aetate classica, ut hodie, solus adhibitus est ad designandum quo loco aliquid exstat, utrum in ''urbe'' vel in ''[[oppidum|oppido]]'', vel in aliis locis sicut ''in urbe Roma=Romae'', ''in domo=domi'', ''in rure=ruri'', vel ''in foco=foci''. Nomina primae secundaeque declinationis ''propria'' formas speciales sumunt locativas, quae singulari numero idem sunt ut casus genetivus. Ablativus autem secundae declinationis quoque adhibitus est sensu locativo, cum ''quarto anno'' et similibus dicimus. Nominum tertiae declinationis locativus idem formatur ut dativus. Et aliarum declinationum et formarum pluralium locativus idem formatur ut ablativus. ''Tertio die'', ''pridie'', et ''hodie'', exempli gratia sunt exempla locativi quintae declinationis.

[[Fasciculus:Domine, quo vadis.jpg|thumb|200px|''Domine quo vadis?'', pictura anno [[1602]] ab [[Hannibal Carracci|Hannibale Carracci]] picta, et in [[Pinacotheca Nationalis (Londinii)|Pinacotheca Nationali Londinii]] monstrata, cuius titulus usum adverbii ''quo'' monstrat]]

* Casus ''ablativus'' quidem aetate classica multos usos complectitur: instrumentales, locativos, necnon ablativos veros ''unde'' vel ''a quo latere ortus'' significantes. Casu ''instrumentali'', quem aliae linguae Indoeuropaeae habent, lingua Latina aetate classica omnino iam caruit; munus eius et munus casus ablativi antiqui in casum ablativum classicum volvitur. Quamquam casus ablativus ''a quo latere ortus'' significare Latine solet, oportet nos notare adverbium ''quo'' a casu pronominis ablativo distinguendum esse, quia ''adverbium'' ''quo'' significat ''ad quem locum'' nec ''a quo loco'' (''unde'') nec ''in quo loco'' (''ubi''), neque ''quo tempore'' (''quando'').
[[Fasciculus:Advokat, Engelsk advokatdräkt, Nordisk familjebok.png|thumb|200px|[[Causidicus]] [[reus|reum]] in [[ius|iudicio]] accusat.]]

* Casus ''dativus'' indicat, sive quem actio verbi oblique afficit, sive cui aliquid datur, sive propter quem aliquid agitur, sive cui aliquid agendum est, sive cui aliquid licet, lubet, satis, bene, aut male sit. Dativus Latinus quoque sensu possessivo adhibitus est, ad possessionem fortiter dicendum, exempli gratia in sententia ''Nomen mihi est = Nomen meum est.'' 

* Casus ''genetivus'' indicat nomen quoddam alterum nomen afficere: possessionem vel materiam vel classem vel qualitatem vel quantitatem. Latine quoque genetivus fungit cum nominibus actionis
** cum nominibus substantivis scribimus e. g. &quot;caritas tui = caritas erga te&quot;, &quot;precatio deorum=precatio ad deos&quot;, &quot;impetus urbis = impetus in urbem&quot;, &quot;invidia mei= mea invidia&quot;; 
** cum nominibus adiectivis, quae obiectum petunt, scribimus e. g. &quot;avidus laudis&quot;, &quot;memor vestri&quot;, &quot;oblitus sui&quot;, &quot;amor sui&quot;, &quot;nostrae consuetudinis imperitus&quot;, &quot;plenus fidei&quot;;

* Casum ''genetivum'' regunt
** verba memorandi vel obliviscendi, quae aut accusativum aut genetivum petunt;
** verba impersonalia, sicut refert et interest, quae petunt hominem affectatum genetivo casu reddere.

* Casus ''accusativus'' Latine, ut in aliis [[lingua synthetica|linguis syntheticis]], rem designat illam, quam verbi actio directe afficit. Quoque autem designat Latine actionis effectum, tempus dum aliquid accidit, rem aut locum ab actione petitum, subiectum in sententis indirectis, exclamationes. Omnes [[praepositio]]nes Latinae aut ablativum aut accusativum petunt.

* Casus ''nominativus'' simpliciter id aut eum designat, qui verbi actionem agit.

* Casus ''vocativus'' designat quem ab altero vocatur. Vocativus Latinus semper idem est ut nominativus, praeterquam in declinatione secunda, ubi nomina quae in ''-us'' desinunt, vocativum formant ''-e'' addendo, et ubi nomina quae in ''-ius'' desinunt, vocativum formant ''-i'' addendo.

=== Nomina adiectiva ===
''[[Nomen adiectivum]]'' dicitur nomen, quo rei vel rerum qualitas et numerus indicetur:
* [[Nomen adiunctivum]] quod qualitatem rei describit
* [[Nomen numerale]] quod quantitatem vel [[numerus|numerum]] rei dat.

Sicut qualitas et numerus haud separatim exsistere intellegitur, tamen adiectivi [[exitus]] necessario adaptatur ad substantivi descripti genus, numerum et casum. Latine autem plurima nomina numeralia sunt indeclinabilia.

Adiectivi sensus ab adverbio et nomine casu ablativo et genetivo adaptatur, ubi ablativum saepe formatur vel ex [[supinum]], e.g. &quot;mirabile dictu.&quot;

Adiectiva ex nominibus substantivis et verbis derivantur, [[suffixum|suffixa]] ad [[thema grammatica|themata]] addendo, sicut -ulus, -culus, -osus, -tus, -eus, -alis, -arius, -orius, -ilis, -anus, -ensis, -inus, -eius, -icus, -ax, -idus, -ivus, -tivus, -ulus, -uvus, -ilis, -bilis, -tilis, et cetera. [[Participium]] specialiter dicitur adiectivum ex verbo formatum, quuod actionem quandam ad [[subiectum]] attribuit, e.g. faciens, factus, facturus. Ob naturam suam verbalem, haec adiectiva saepe argumenta casu ablativo, accusativo, et dativo additiva petunt, secundum consuetudinem verbi.

=== Comparationes ===
[[Fasciculus:BurjDubaiHeight.png|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Turris|Turres]] altae quae comparandae sunt: [[Turris Khalifa|Turris Chalifae]] (rubro colore depicta) altissima est omnium. [[Turris Taipeiensis]] est tam alta quam [[Turris Sicagoensis]] (in medio). Turris Taipeiensis autem altior est quam Turris Londoniensis (ad laevam).]]
Adiectiva generaliter tres gradus comparationis admittunt:
* Positivus: e.g. (genere masculino) bonus, malus, magnus, longus, . . . 
* Comparativus: e.g. melior, peior, maior, longior, . . .
* Superlativus: e.g. optimus, pessimus, maximus, longissimus, . . .

Ut substantiva comparentur, mos est adhibere: 
* casum ablativum rei comparatae
* adverbium &quot;quam&quot; + nomen rei comparatae (necessario cum casus rei comparatae nec nominativus nec accusativus est) 
Exempli gratia &quot;Ille est maior fratribus suis&quot; = &quot;Ille est maior quam fratres sui.&quot;

=== Pronomina ===
[[Pronomen]] pars orationis est, quae rem, locum, aut hominem numquam per se ''nominat'', sed nominis loco in sententiis adhibetur. Sicut nomina, pronomina pro numero, genere et casu declinatur.

In lingua Latina, omnia pronomina ex adiectivis ori putatur. Multa adiectiva enim saepe vim pronominalem in orationibus praebent.

=== Verba ===
[[Fasciculus:The Triumphs of Caesar, IX - Julius Caesar on his triumphal chariot; Andrea Mantegna (1484-92).JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Suetonius]] narrat verba [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|C. Iulii Caesaris]]: &quot;[[Triumphi Gai Iulii Caesaris|Pontico triumpho]] inter pompae fercula trium verborum praetulit titulum ''[[Veni, vidi, vici|veni: vidi: vici]],'' non acta belli significantem sicut ceteris, sed celeriter confecti notam.&quot;]]
{{vide-etiam|Coniugatio}}

''[[Verbum (temporale)|Verbum temporale sive verbum]]'' est pars orationis, quae actionem vel qualitatem rei praedicat. Quod verbum Latinum per eius [[coniugatio]]nem subiectum quoddam necessario implicat, verbum est unica orationis pars, quae perfectam orationem sola constituere potest.

Verba Latina coniugantur, ut ea simul designent: 
* Modos quattuor (indicativum, infinitivum, imperativum, coniunctivum), 
* Tempora tria (praesens, praeteritum, et futurum), 
* Aspectus duos (imperfectum et perfectum),
* Personas tres, 
* Numeros duos (pluralem et singularem),
* Genera duo (activum et passivum).
Paradigmata verborum in partes quattuor, coniugationes vocatas, divisa sunt pro terminatione infinitivi praesentis -āre, -ēre, -ere, -īre. 
Ut verba Latina ampliter declinentur, saltem studendae sunt hae quattuor verbi terminationes: indicativi praesentis primae personae, infinitivi praesentis, infinitivi perfecti, supini, e. g. :
* amo, amāre, amāvisse, amātum 
* moneo, monēre, monuisse, monitum
* lego, legere, lēgisse, lēctum
* capio, capere, cēpisse, captum
* audio,audīre, audīvisse, audītum

Ut verba irregularia, sicut sum, possum, eo, etc. declinantur, plures terminationes discendae sunt.

=== Adverbia ===
[[Fasciculus:Muybridge race horse animated.gif|thumb|upright=0.7|left|Quam celeriter currit equus! Hac in sententia adverbia describunt quomodo equus currat: Primum adverbium &quot;quam&quot; sequens adverbium &quot;celeriter&quot; describit, sensum eius augens.]]
[[Adverbium]] est pars orationis quae actionem describit, verborum vel adiectivorum. Adverbia respondunt ad quaestiones: quomodo? cur? quando? ubi? Exempli gratia, in oratione &quot;Puer bene legit.&quot;, adverbium &quot;bene&quot; actionem verbi &quot;legit&quot; describit. Adverbium etiam potest adverbium describere, e.g. in oratione &quot;Id multo bene est&quot;, &quot;multo&quot; &quot;bene&quot; describit.

Latine adverbia creare possumus libenter nominis adiectivi exitum mutando. Exempli gratia exitus ''-us'' in exitus ''-e'' aut ''-im'' mutatur, cum adiectiva primae declensionis habemus; et exitus ''-is'' in exitus ''-e'' aut ''-iter'' mutatur, cum adiectiva tertiae declensionis habemus. Videntur igitur: malus→male, seperatus→seperatim, facilis→facile, felix→feliciter.

=== Praepositiones ===
:::''Vide etiam: [[SIDSPACE]]''
Praepositiones sunt partes orationis indeclinabiles nomini, vel praenomini praepositae, quae affinitatem quandam inter ea indicant. Lingua Latina quadraginta et tres praepositiones habet.

Plurimae praepositiones ex adverbiis ortae sunt. Multa adverbia funguntur ut praepositiones, sicut &quot;palam&quot; et &quot;clam&quot;. Et nonnullae praepositiones quoque vim adverbialem interdum habent, e.g. &quot;Circum eo&quot;, &quot;Ante eo&quot;, et &quot;Propter eo&quot;. Interdum possumus idem dicere vi adverbiali ac vi praepositionali, e.g. &quot;illo propter&quot; (propter ut adverbium) = propter illum (propter ut praepositio).

=== Coniunctiones ===
[[Fasciculus:Handshake (Workshop Cologne '06).jpeg|thumb|upright=0.7|Coniunctiones dicta pariter conligant.]]
[[Coniunctio]] est pars orationis, quae alia elementa grammatica coniungit, dum relationes grammaticae inter ea praeservantur. Aliae coniunctiones ex [[adverbium|adverbiis]] ortae sunt, aliae ex pronominibus relativis praepositionibus ligatis. Nonnulla quidem adverbia Latina simul ut coniunctiones funguntur, sicut ''vel,'' ''ubi,'' ''ne,'' ''nec,'' et ''quam.''

=== Constructiones speciales ===
[[Fasciculus:Quentin Massys-Ecce Homo-1520,Doge's Palace,Venice.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|left|''[[Ecce Homo]],'' tabula a [[Quintinus Mesius|Quintino Mesio]] ca. annum [[1520]] picta, cuius titulus usum dicti ''ecce'' monstrat, et praeclara verba nobis revocat [[Pontius Pilatus|Pontii Pilati]], cum Iesum cruciatum populo ostendit.]]

* [[Articulum]]: lingua Latina omnino articulis caret. Notandum autem est consuetudinem Latinam esse pronomine &quot;hic&quot; uti cum dicti declinationis casus definiuntur, pronomen &quot;quisdam&quot; saepe paene sensum articuli indefiniti capit, et pronomina &quot;hic&quot; et &quot;ille&quot; saepe sensum articuli definiti capiunt.
* [[Ecce]] est dictum grammaticum exclamativum quod &quot;vide hoc!&quot; fere significat; e.g. &quot;ecce homo&quot; = &quot;vide hunc hominem&quot; 
* [[Res]] est nomen substantivum universale linguae Latinae. Dictum &quot;res&quot; adiectivo cuidam ligatum omnia significat, quae qualitatem adiectivo datam habeant. Hoc igitur est modus quo adiectiva in substantivum convertatur. Habemus igitur &quot;res malae&quot; = &quot;omnia quae mala videntur&quot;; &quot;[[res informatica]]&quot; = &quot;omnia quae de informatica tractat&quot;; &quot;[[res publica]]&quot; = &quot;omnes res quae publice habentur&quot; = &quot;[[civitatis regimen]], ius, et [[mercatus]]&quot;; [[res novae]] = &quot;[[nuntia]]&quot; = (in civilitate) &quot;[[rerum eversio]]&quot;
* Participium: est orationis pars, quae vim verbalem ostendit, dum adiectivo fungitur. In lingua Latina sunt quattuor participia:
:Praeteritum, vim passivam habens: amatus, visus, dictus, factus, sensus
:Praesens, vim activam habens: amans, videns, dicens, faciens, sentiens
:[[Gerundivum]], vim passivam habens, amandus, videndus, dicendus, sentiendus
:Futurum, vim activam habens: amaturus, visurus, dicturus, facturus, sensurus
* [[Supinum]], quod est nomen substantivum neutrum quartae declinationis ex participio praeterito formatum; habemus igitur supina: amatum, visum, factum, sensum. Addendo verbum &quot;ire&quot; ad supinum, Latine redditur propositum actionis quoddam. Ergo, &quot;eam amatum it&quot; = &quot;it ad eam amandum&quot; = &quot;it ut eam amet&quot; ~ &quot;eam amabit&quot;. Supinum casu ablativo redditum praecipue in adiectiva modificando fungit: e.g. ''mirabile dictu''.
* [[Gerundium]], quod est nomen substantivum secundae declensionis ex participio gerundivo et infinitivo formatum. 
:Gerundii significatio fere omnes significationes complectitur infinitivi, participii praesentis, et participii praeteriti. Casús nominativi loco verbi infinitivum adhibetur, loco aliorum casuum gerundivi neutri generis. Gerundii usus praecipue est in [[oratio obliqua|oratione obliqua]], [[clausula infinitiva|clausulis infinitivis]] et verborum adiectivorumque descriptionibus per genetivum. E.g. &quot;Dicit se esse bonum&quot;, &quot;Vivere est amare&quot;, et &quot;Vivit amandi causa&quot;. 
:Sicut gerundivum sensum normativum praebet, ita et gerundium. Habemus igitur: &quot;homo id facit ad eam amandam&quot; (gerundivum) = &quot;homo id facit ad eam amandum&quot; (gerundium) = &quot;homo id facit eam amandi causa&quot; (gerundium) = &quot;homo id facit eo consilio ut eam amet&quot; (clausula finalis)
[[Fasciculus:Diane de Versailles - Musée du Louvre AGER Ma 589.jpg|thumb|''Artemis cum damma'', [[sculptura]] Romana, quae Graecam anno [[325 a.C.n.]] a [[Leochares|Leochare]] factam simulat, monstratque venatricem [[Artemis|Artemidem]] bestiam [[damma]]m secutam (hoc est Artemis dammam iam assequitur et capit)]]
* Verba deponentia: ea dicuntur quae formá activá carent et cuius forma passiva sensum activum habent. Exempli gratia, inter verba deponentia numerantur: 
::Primae coniugationis: mirari, minari, venari, recordari
::Secundae: vereri, reri, fateri
::Tertiae: sequi, loqui, uti, fungi, oblivisci, pati, frui, nasci, apisci, gradi
::Quartae: partiri, metiri, adsentiri, oriri, moriri
:Verba deponentia saepe participia sensu activo habent: e.g. 
::&quot;Homo bestiam sequens&quot; = &quot;homo qui nunc bestiam sequitur&quot;.
::&quot;Homo bestiam secutus&quot; = &quot;homo qui iam bestiam sequitur&quot;
::&quot;Homini bestia sequenda&quot; = &quot;bestia quam hominem oportet sequi&quot;
::&quot;Homo bestiam secuturus&quot; =&quot;homo mox bestiam sequetur&quot;
::NB. Futurum semper sensum activum habet. Quare, dicendum igitur est &quot;Homo bestiam secuturus est&quot; nec numquam pravum &quot;Homo bestiam secutum it&quot;
* Verba semi-deponentia: ea dicuntur anomala, quae partem imperfectam formae activae et partem perfectam formae passivae habent. Exempli gratia:
::Secundae: audeo, audere, ausus esse; gaudeo, gaudere, gavisus esse; soleo, solere, solitus esse
::Tertiae: fido, fidere, fisus esse; fio, fieri, factus esse
* [[Ablativus absolutus]]: est inclyta constructio Latina, ex casu ablativo instrumentali derivata, ubi participium et eius argumenta casu ablativo reddita pro [[clausula subordinata|clausulis subordinatis]] substituta sunt. Exempli gratia: &quot;Urbe capta Aeneas fugit&quot; = &quot;cum urbs capta est, Aeneas fugit&quot; = &quot;quia urbs capta est, Aeneas fugit&quot; = &quot;postquam urbs capta est, Aeneas fugit.&quot; Ambiguitatem significationis quandam introducit, quam contextus sententiae solus potest resolvere.

== Auctores praeclari ==
{{vide-etiam|Libri Latini}}
[[Fasciculus:Heloïse et d'Abélard.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Petrus Abaelardus]] et Heloisa]]
[[Fasciculus:Methodus inveniendi - Leonhard Euler - 1744.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Leonhardus Eulerus]] multum de [[mathematica]] [[saeculum 18|saeculo duodevicensimo]] scripsit.]]
[[Fasciculus:Naturalishistoria.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Frons ''[[Naturalis historia]]e,'' veterrima [[encyclopaedia]]e a [[Gaius Plinius Secundus|Gaio Plinio Secundo]] [[saeculum 1|primo saeculo]] scriptae]]
[[Fasciculus:Meister der Fuldaer Schule (III) 001.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Calendarium]] antiquum anni [[1000]]]]
{{div col|3}}
* [[Titus Maccius Plautus]]
* [[Publius Terentius Afer]]
* [[Marcus Porcius Cato]]
* [[Gaius Valerius Catullus]]
* [[Quintus Horatius Flaccus]]
* [[Gaius Iulius Caesar]]
* [[Marcus Tullius Cicero]]
* [[Gaius Sallustius Crispus]]
* [[Titus Lucretius Carus]]
* [[Publius Ovidius Naso]]
* [[Publius Vergilius Maro]]
* [[Titus Livius]]
* [[Gaius Plinius Secundus]]
* [[Sextus Iulius Frontinus]]
* [[Cornelius Tacitus]]
* [[Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus]]
* [[Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus]]
* [[Augustinus|Aurelius Augustinus Hipponensis]]
* [[Isidorus Hispalensis]]
* [[Beda|Beda Venerabilis]]
* [[Anselmus Cantuariensis]] sive Augustanus
* [[Petrus Abaelardus]]
* [[Thomas Aquinas]]
* [[Ianus Secundus]]
* [[Nicolaus Copernicus]]
* [[Galilaeus Galilaei]]
* [[Franciscus Baco]]
* [[Thomas Hobbes Malmesburiensis]]
* [[Ioannes Miltonus]]
* [[Benedictus de Spinoza]]
* [[Isaacus Newtonus]]
* [[Leonhardus Eulerus]]
* [[Ioannes Pascoli]]
* [[Benedictus XVI|Benedictus PP XVI]]
{{div col end}}

== Lingua Latina et linguae aliae ==
Lingua Latina est fundamentum
* [[Calendarium Romanum|Calendarii Romani]]
* [[Calendarium Gregorianum|Calendarii Gregoriani]]
* [[Calendarium|et multorum aliorum calendariorum]]
* Linguarum praecipuarum:
** [[Lingua Latina botanica]]
** [[Lingua Latina zoologica]]
** [[Lingua Latina apothecariorum]]
* [[Linguae Romanicae|Linguarum Romanicarum]] omnium
* et linguarum arte factarum:
** [[Interlingua]]
** [[Latino sine Flexione]]
** [[Esperanto]]
** [[Ido]]

== Lingua Latina in cultura populari ==
Lingua Latina aliquando in [[Cultura popularis|cultura populari]] (ut [[series televisifica|seriebus televisificis]], [[pellicula|pelliculis]], libris, et ceteris) videtur, primum in genere [[Phantasma|phantasmate]] mediaevali, et similibus, ubi saepe ut lingua [[magia|magica]] adhibetur, exempli gratia ad incantandum aliquem aut aliquid. Ut lingua magica audiri potest exempli gratia in serie televisifica''[[The Vampire Diaries]]'' ('Diaria Vampyrorum'; [[2009]]–praesens).

=== ''Lost'' ===
Est in ''[[Lost]]'' ('Perditus'; [[2004]]-[[2010]]), serie televisifica [[Litterae mysteriae|litterarum mysteriae]] populus qui Anglice ''The Others'' (&quot;Alii&quot;) appellatur, et nostra lingua utitur.

=== ''Star Trek'' ===
Paulum nostrae linguae in ''[[Star Trek]]'' ('Iter Stellare'), universo [[scientia ficticia|ficto]], auditur. In parte cinematographica ''The Game'' ('Ludus') seriei televisificae ''[[Star Trek: The Next Generation]]'' ('Iter Stellare: Proxima Aetas'), brevis conversatio inter [[Wesley Crusher]] et [[Ioannes Lucius Picard|Ioannem Lucium Picard]] auditur:
:Picard: Quomodo tua Latinitas est?
:Wesley: Praestat quam prius.
:Picard: Oppido bonum.

Etiam sunt [[Sententiola|sententiolae]] Latinae scriptae usitataeque in universo ficto:

{|
|-
! Sententia
! Translatio Anglice
! Usus
! Pars cinematographica
|-
| Ad Astra per Aspera
| ''Reach for the Stars Through Adversity''
| Classis Spatialis Terrestris
| ENT - &quot;These Are the Voyages...&quot;
|-
| Audentes fortuna iuvat
| ''Fortune favors the bold''
| [[Columbia (Star Trek)|Columbia]]
| ENT - &quot;Home&quot;, &quot;Affliction&quot;, &quot;Divergence&quot;
|-
| Audentes Fortuna Imperii
| ''The bold (are) the fortune of the empire''
| [[ISS Avenger]]
| ENT - &quot;In a Mirror&quot;, Darkly, Part II&quot;
|-
| Caveat emptor
| ''Let the buyer beware''
| Datus et adhibitus ad ''[[Ferengi Alliance]]'' [[Data]]e
| TNG - &quot;The Last Outpost&quot;
|-
| Ex luna scientia
| ''From the moon, knowledge''
| [[NASA]]
| ENT - &quot;First Flight&quot;
|-
| Ex astris scientia
| ''From the stars, knowledge''
| ''[[Starfleet Academy]]''
| TNG - &quot;The First Duty&quot;
|-
| Inter Arma Enim Silent Leges
| ''In time of war, the law falls silent''
| Datus et adhibitus ad ''[[Section 31]]'' [[Gulielmus Ross|Gulielmi Ross]]
| DS9 - &quot;Inter Arma Enim Silent Leges&quot;
|-
| Res Gesta Per Excellentiam
| ''Achievement through excellence''
| [[NASA]]
| ENT - &quot;First Flight&quot;
|-
| Tempus fugit
| ''Time Flees'' vel ''Time Flies''
| [[Ducane]] locutum
| VOY - &quot;Relativity&quot;
|}

Plures tituli partium cinematographicarum Latini sunt:
* TNG
** Sub Rosa
* DS9
** Dramatis Personae
** Inter Arma Enim Silent Leges
* VOY
** Ex Post Facto
** Non Sequitur
** Alter Ego
* ENT
** Terra Nova
** Vox Sola

=== ''Stargate'' ===
In ''[[Stargate]]'' ('Astrorum Porta') universo [[scientia ficticia|ficto]], [[vita extraterrestris]] prudens est ''Alteri'' appellata. Ut nomen dicit, lingua Latina loquuntur, sed non nostra; alia versione linguae cuius [[Lingua Latina archaica|linguam Latinam archaicam]] agit. ''[[Stargate (machina)|Stargates]]'' (&quot;Astrorum Portae&quot;), quae in universo ficto videntur, Alterorum aedificabantur a pluriis [[millio]]nibus [[Annus|annis]].

Alteri duabus partibus consistunt: ''Anquietate'' ('antiquitas' Latine), Anglice autem (''The'') ''Ancients'', &quot;antiqui&quot;, appellatur, et ''Oris'' ('di'), qui Anglice ''Ori'' (['ɒraɪ]) appellantur. Antiquitas in [[Galaxias|galaxiis]] [[Via Lactea]] et Pegaso (galaxia in constellatione [[Pegasus (constellatio)|Pegasi]] sita) [[habitatio|habitabant]], et in indicto galaxia [[deus|Dei]] habitabant.

Certo tempore antiquitas nobis hominibus terrestribus linguam suam dabat, quae tempore procedente ad nostram linguam Latinam evolvebatur.&lt;!--?--&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Europa Latina]]
* [[Institutiones Latinae]]
* [[Latinitas viva]]
* [[Lingua Latina Renascentiae]]
* [[:Categoria: Professores rerum Classicarum]]

== Lexica et glossaria ==
* [[Vicipaedia:Lexica Latina interretialia]]
* [[:Categoria:Glossaria]]
* [[Index abbreviationum latine]]
* [[Index nominum Latine redditorum]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
=== Litterae ===
* [[Nicolaus Ostler|Ostler, Nicolaus]]. [[2007]]. ''Ad Infinitum: A Biography of Latin.'' HarperCollins in [[Britanniarum Regnum|Britanniarum Regno]] et Walker &amp; Co. in [[Civitates Foederatae|Civitatibus Foederatis]]: Londinii et Urbe Novo Eboraco.
* Baldi, Philip. [[2002]]. ''The Foundations of Latin.'' [[Novum Eboracum (urbs)|Novi Eboraci]] et [[Berolinum|Berolini]]: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 3-11-017208-9, ISBN 3-11-016294-6.
* [[Clemens Desessard|Desessard, Clementis]]. N.a. ''[[Lingua Latina sine molestia]].'' Assimil.
* Muriel Kasper. [[1996]]. ''Reclams Lateinisches Zitaten–Lexikon'', Philipp Reclam jun., [[Stutgardia|Stuttgart]], ISBN 3-15-029477-0.
* [[Aentius Mandruzzato|Mandruzzato, Aentii]]. [[1989]]. ''Il Piacere del latino. Per ricordarlo, impararlo, insegnarlo.'' [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]]: Mondadori.
* [[Aentius Mandruzzato|Mandruzzato, Aentii]]. [[1991]]. ''I segreti del latino.'' [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]]: Mondadori.
* Palmer, L. R. [[1954]]. {{Op|[https://archive.org/details/PalmerTheLatinLanguage The Latin Language]}}. [[Londinium|Londinii]]: Faber &amp; Faber.

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Latin language|linguam Latinam}}
{{Vicilibri|Grammatica Latina|grammatica Latina}}
{{Grc|Ῥωμαϊκὴ γλῶττα}}
* [http://www.grexlat.com/nexus/cone.html Latinitas in tela totius terrae. Hoc in indice nexus ad Latinitatem interretialem, generatim digesti, enumerantur]
* [http://ephemeris.alcuinus.net/ Ephemeris] - Acta diurna interretialis Latine
* [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/ The Latin library] - Litterae Latinae
* [http://www.forumromanum.org/ Forum Romanum] - Litterae Latinae et historia Romana
* [http://www.vatican.va/ Vatican - The Holy See] - Pagina domestica Civitatis Vaticanae in octo variae linguae, ut Latina
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110716211549/http://www.territorioscuola.com/tsodp/dmoz.php3?browse=%2FWorld%2FLingua_Latina%2F Opus commune, quo creetur TerritorioScuola ODP.]
* [http://la.bibliotheca.wikia.com/wiki/Pagina_prima Bibliotheca Latina]
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8y04po7Fq-0&amp;feature=related Sermonis Latini Elogium] apud ''[[YouTube]]'' {{ling|Latine}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100512051336/http://latindiscussion.com/forum/viewforum.php?f=19 Latine Loquere]
* [http://wikinfo.org/w/index.php/Themata_Latina ''Vichinfo Latina'' vel Inter-retis Encyclopaedia] {{ling|Latine|Anglice}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110411042013/http://www.slu.edu/colleges/AS/languages/classical/latin/tchmat/tchmat.html#latest Latin teaching materials at Saint Louis University] {{ling|Anglice|Latine}}
* [http://www.molinarium.com Molinarium]{{Nexus deficit|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Morphologia Latina {{ling|Hispanice}}
* [http://kath.net/news/38847 De Pontificia Academia Latinitatis condenda] kath.net {{ling|Latine}}

;Cultura popularis
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uuIb9rUNYZw Lingua Latina] ex ''[[Lost]]'', pars I (''The others speak Latin (w/ Latin subs) - Part I'') {{ling|Latine|Anglice}}
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iVz6mWYvnZ8 Lingua Latina] ex ''[[Lost]]'', pars II (''The others speak Latin - Part II'') {{ling|Latine|Anglice}}
* [http://stargate.wikia.com/wiki/Ancient_language De lingua Antiqua] Antiquitatis a ''[[Stargate]]'' apud ''[[Stargate Wiki]]''

{{Lingua Latina}}
{{1000 paginae}}
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      <text bytes="11557" sha1="hydddlyndzflpc9qcjhbk9ufiwjifr9" xml:space="preserve">{{Latinitas|-3}}
[[Fasciculus:Asklepios.3.jpg|thumb|alt=Marble statue of Asclepius on a pedestal, symbol of medicine in Western medicine|[[Statua]] [[Aesculapius|Aesculapii]], [[mythologia Graeca|dei Graeci]] medicinae, qui [[virga Aesculapii|virgam]] [[traditio]]nalem cum [[anguis|angue]] glomerante tenet.]]
[[Fasciculus:The Doctor Luke Fildes crop.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|alt=Oil painting of medicine in the age of colonialism|''Doctor.'' [[Pictura]] a [[Luca Fildes]] [[eques|Equitis]] (1891) facta.]]
'''Medicina''' {{victio|medicina|ae|f}} est [[ars]] malorum [[corpus|corporis]] [[mens|mentisque]] [[therapia|curandorum]]. Officium [[medicus|medici]] est [[valetudinarium|valetudinem]] tueri. Progressus medicinae [[saeculum|saeculis]] [[saeculum 19|undevicensimo]] et [[saeculum 20|vicensimo]] fuit magnus. Medicina hodierna multos homines adiuvare potest, ut [[vita]]m diuturnam degerant.

== Facultas medica ==
Studiosi medicinae quinque sive sex annos in [[facultas (universitatis)|facultate]] medica erudiuntur. Praeterea laborant in [[valetudinarium|nosocomio]], ut transforment rationem in usum. Uno vel duobus annis peractis sibi unam disciplinam medicinae eligunt.

== Disciplinae ==
Omnes disciplinas in tres ramos dividere possumus: medicinam chirurgicam, medicinam conservativam, sanitatem publicam. Sunt amplius disciplinae fundamentales, de quibus studiosi in facultate medica initio docentur, ut [[anatomia]], [[physiologia]], [[biochemia]], [[genetica]], [[histologia]], [[embryologia]], et ceterae. Hae disciplinae partim e [[chemica]], [[biologia]], [[physica]] oriuntur artique medicinae studendae necessariae sunt.

=== Disciplinae medicinae conservativae ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Algologia]]
* [[Angiologia]]
* [[Cardiologia]]
* [[Dermatologia]]
* [[Endocrinologia]]
* [[Gynaecologia et Obstetricia]]
* [[Gastroenterologia]]
* [[Haematologia]]
* [[Hepatologia]]
* [[Immunologia clinica]]
* [[Infectologia]]
* [[Nephrologia]]
* [[Neurologia]]
* [[Neuropsychologia]]
* [[Oncologia]]
* [[Paediatria]]
* [[Pharmacologia]] et [[Toxicologia]]
* [[Pneumonologia]]
* [[Psychiatria]]
* [[Rheumatologia]]
* [[Transfusiologia]]
* [[Virologia]]
{{div col end}}

=== Disciplinae medicinae chirurgicae ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Anaesthesia]]
* [[Chirurgia generalis]]
* [[Chirurgia maxillofacialis]]
* [[Chirurgia plastica]]
* [[Neurochirurgia]]
* [[Ophthalmologia]]
* [[Orthopaedia]]
* [[Otorhinolaryngologia]]
* [[Traumatologia]]
* [[Urologia]]
{{div col end}}

=== Disciplinae aliae ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Medicina dentium]]
* [[Medicina Legalis]]
* [[Microbiologia et Parasitologia]]
* [[Nanopathologia]]
* [[Pathologia]]
* [[Physiatria]]
* [[Physiologia]]
* [[Psychiatria]]
* [[Psychologia]]
* [[Psychologia clinica]]
* [[Psychotherapia]]
* [[Radiologia]]
* [[Salus publica]]
{{div col end}}

== Historia ==
[[Fasciculus:Medieval female physician.jpg|thumb|Medica aegrotum curare conatur, [[saeculum 15|saeculo quinto decimo]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Changing lives for girls and women every week (12330467294).jpg|thumb|Michael Akotionga, [[gynecologia|gynecologus]] hodiernus. [[Uagadugu]] in [[urbs|urbe]] [[Burkina Faso|Burkinae Fasonis]].]]
[[Hippocrates]], [[medicus]] [[Graecia|Graecus]] antiquus, pater medicinae vocatur. Tum medici cuiusvis morbi symptomata tractare solebant, praeter in [[Aegyptus antiqua|Aegypto antiqua]], nam [[Herodotus]] systema Aegyptum ita descripsit:
&lt;blockquote&gt;Iam vero medicina apud eos [Aegyptos] hunc in modum est distributa, ut singulorum morborum sint medici, non plurium. Itaque omnia referta sunt medicis. Alii enim sunt oculorum, alii capitis, alii dentium, alii alvi partium, alii morborum occultorum&lt;ref&gt;Herodoti historiae, Liber II (Euterpe) ([https://books.google.de/books?id=u0tzVmTLNqEC&amp;pg=PA255&amp;dq=herodoti+historiae&amp;hl=de&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwioqrqx8qbeAhWNqaQKHX6HBEcQ6AEITjAF#v=onepage&amp;q=herodoti%20historiae&amp;f=false ex interpretatione Laur. Vallae], 1566).&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Magna pars fundamentī medicae scientiae primō contactū cum Graeciā vēnit. Aliqui metuerunt adventum Graecorum doctorum Romam post [[200 a.C.n.]] Si tot alienī venīrent, in urbe dispositionem disturbarent. Tempore [[Imperium Romanum|Imperii Romani]], multī falsī doctores, ''pharmacopolae'' appellatī, notā professione falsās medicinās vendere conatī sunt. Clientibus imperaverunt ut pluri negotiī reverterent, et medicinam venderunt, quae saepe periculō hominibus fuit. Augusto autem imperatore, pars magna doctorum Romae vel [[servus|servī]] vel libertī fuit. Saepe, [[paterfamilias]], unum ex servīs selegit et instituit ut servus doctor medicinus [[familia]]e fieret. Interdum, hoc officium servō [[libertas|libertatem]] dedit. Cum Romani primās partes Graecarum medicinarum artium ascirent, tamen medicōs in divitibus familiīs ex Graeciā benigne exceperunt.

[[Claudius Galenus]], medicus [[Graecia antiqua|Graecus]] (ab [[129]] ad circum [[200]]), apud et Romanam [[cultura Occidentalis|Occidentalemque]] medicinam mille annorum magnopere valuit. Cum imperatori [[Marcus Aurelius|Marco Aurelio]] a consule [[Flavius Boethius|Flavio Boethio]] commendatus esset, Galenus Aureliō primus ab principalibus doctoribus factus est. Galenus tam clarus fiebat ut cum in publicō et forō circimiret, concursūs circumfluxerunt. Denique aliquos homines claros civitatis Romanae curavit, [[Lucius Verus|Lucio Vero]], [[Commodus|Commodo]], et [[Septimius Severus|Septimio Severo]] haud exceptis. Si Galenus non a Graecia venisset, hī imperatores mortui essent. Galenus Romae paucīs annīs mansit, scribens et dicens [[Graece]], quae [[lingua]] populo Romano grata erat.

== Credita{{dubsig}} ==
Romanī putaverunt optimam medicinam aegritudinem inhiberī. Igitur [[hygiene]] in Romanā humanitate/more maximī fuit. Etiam crēdiderunt hominem aegrum ā aquā foedatā fieri. Non paululam pecuniam collocaverunt ut aegritudines inhiberent. Etiam crēdiderunt se exercendō aegritudines inhibitare posse. Romanī intellexerunt certōs locōs maiores aedificandō esse quam aliīs, igitur pater familiās laborantibus imperaverunt ut prosperum locum ante condendīs publicīs aedificationibus et casīs elegerent.

Romanī Graecam formulam de [[quattuor humores|quattor humoribus]] corporeis asciverunt, qui humores coniungebantur liquaminibus corporeis, sic dicunt: [[cruor]], [[bilis]] fulva, bilis morula, [[phlegma]]. Si tot unius est in [[corpus|corpore]], homo affecta uno humoris secutae contacta sit: primus, “Sanguineus (Cruor)”, voluptatem petens et amicus, et secundus, “Cholericus (Bilis Morula)”, assiduus et habēns mores ducis, et tertius, “Phlegmaticus (Phlegma)”, remissivus et quietus, et quartus, “Melancholicus (Bilis Fulva)”, analyticus et saepe putans.

== Instrumenta ==
{{Pagina principalis|Instrumentum medicum}}
* [[Scalpellum]]: Antiqua scalpella de chalybe ac aere facta sunt. Doctores duō genera scalpellorum usurpavuerunt: Primum, Longum Scalpellum, Secundum, Breve Scalpellum. Longum scalpellum multīs modīs caedere potuit, sed prima formula longam incisuram facere fuit.
* [[Uncus (instrumentum medicum)|Uncus]]: Graeci Romanique crebro hīs instrumentīs usi sunt. Unci etiam duō dissimilibus varietatibus fuerunt: Hebes uter ac acutus uter. Uncīs hebitibus prima formula insecandīs tollendīsque venīs fuit. Acutīs uncīs prima formula tenendō paululō carone fuit ut hunc ab corpore abmoveretur.
* [[Ossea Terebra]]: Rotatione generato ab variīs compositionibus machinārum, Romani Graecique doctores osseīs terebrīs utī sunt ut osseam aegrotam caronem ab capite removerent, et aliena obiecta (sīcut arma lapides acutī) ex osse removerent.
* [[Forceps (instrumentum medicum)|Forceps]]: Forcipes saepe cum osseō terebrō utiles fuerunt. Osse fracta, aliqua partes osseae tam parva sunt ut non manīs tollī possent. Forcipibus, autem, medicī parva fragmenta tollere potuerunt.
* [[Catheter]]: Catheteres “fossam urinae” opplētam aperueram, quod urina exiret facile. Primī catheteres cavi tubuli facti ab chalybe ac aere fuerunt, et duobus modīs designatī sunt: Primus, catheter masculino patienti. Haec instrumenta sīcut curvum “S” designata sunt ut facilius in viribus corporibus functa essent. Secundus, catheter feminae patienti. Haec instrumenta sīcut virgula designata sunt.
* [[Spatula (instrumentum medicum)|Spatula]]: Hoc instrumentum utile miscēndīs adhibēndīsque variīs medicinīs patientibus fuit.

== Contributiones ==
Optima contributio Romanae medicinae societatem transferre [[sanitatis cura|hygenicae]] rationi fuit, quae contagiones aegritudinesque facilius inhibitavit quam prioribus cultibus. Romani publicās thermās aedificaverunt ut homines sēsē lavare potessent, et aquaeductūs aedificaverunt ut aqua recens ad urbem bibendō transiret.

== Morborum catalogus ==
Vide paginam de [[morbus|morbis]].

{{NexInt}}
{{div col|3}}
* [[Aesculapius]]
* [[Ethica medica]]
* [[Gallopavo frigida]]
* [[Diabetes mellitus]]
* [[Iusiurandum Hippocraticum]]
* [[Institutum Pasteur]]anum
* [[Ius vitae]]
* [[Medicamentum pharmaceuticum]]
* [[Medicina Islamica]]
* [[Medicina veterinaria]]
* [[Nosocomus]]
* [[Punctio]]
* [[Salus]]
* [[Salus publica]]
* [[Valetudinarium]]
{{div col end}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Bivins, Roberta. [[2007]]. ''Alternative Medicine? A History.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780191568817.
* Eckhart, Wolfgang U. [[2009]]. ''Geschichte der Medizin.'' Ed. 6a. Berolini: Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-79215-4.
* Inlow, William DePrez, [[1946]]. Medicine: its nature and definition. ''Bulletin of the History of Medicine'' 19: 249–73. ISSN 0194-1100.
* Margotta, Roberto. [[1968]]. ''The Story of Medicine.'' Novi Eboraci: Golden Press.
* Perez, Stanis. [[2015]]. ''Histoire des médecins: Artisans et artistes de la santé de l'Antiquité à nos jours.'' Perrin.
* Porter, Roy. [[2009]]. ''Cambridge illustrated history: Medicine.'' Ed. 4a. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-00252-3.
* Schulz, Stefan, Klaus Steigleder, et al., eds. [[2006]]. ''Geschichte, Theorie und Ethik der Medizin.'' Francofurti: Suhrkamp. ISBN 978-3-518-29391-1.
* Schwartz, Robert A., Gregory M Richards, et Supriya Goyal. [[2012]]. Clubbing of the Nails. ''Medscape Reference,'' 28 Februarii.
* Singer, Charles, et E. Ashworth Underwood. [[1968]]. ''A Short History of Medicine.'' Novi Eboraci et Oxoniae: Oxford University Press.

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070502083438/http://www.uni-mainz.de/FB/Medizin/Anatomie/workshop/Vokabular/S.html &quot;Vocabularium anatomiae macroscopicae&quot; - sermone Germanico et Anglico]
* [http://www.apple.pl/education/ade/personal/pp/folder2.pdf &quot;Non est medicina sine lingua Latina&quot; - sermone Polonico et Latino]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130730165040/http://www.biusante.parisdescartes.fr/histmed/medica.htm Bibliotheca &quot;medic@&quot;] universitatum trium Parisiensium
* https://web.archive.org/web/20131115033605/http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/medicine_in_ancient_rome.htm
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine_in_ancient_Rome
* http://www.gutenberg.org/files/21325/21325-h/21325-h.htm#CHAPTER_V
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_temperaments

{{Scientiae naturales et artes mathematicae}}
{{De medicina}}
&lt;!-- duplexne categoria? --&gt;
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{{Capsa linguae
	| nomen latine = {{PAGENAME}}
	| nomen = Lingua italiana
	| color familiae = lawngreen
	| tabula = [[Fasciculus:Linguistic map of the Italian language.svg|thumb|Tabula Italice loquentium.]]
	| syllabus = Tabula Italice loquentium.
	| civitas = [[America Meridionalis]], Europa Occidentalis, [[Albania]], [[Francia]], [[Melita (res publica)|Melitta]], [[Libya]]
	| fabulantes = circa 64&amp;thinsp;000&amp;thinsp;000 (sermo patrius) 
	| familia = lingua [[Linguae Indoeuropaeae|Indoeuropaea]] e stirpe [[Linguae Romanicae|Romanica]]
	| nationes = [[Italia]], [[Helvetia]], [[Civitas Vaticana]], [[Res publica Sancti Marini|Sanctus Marinus]], [[Croatia]], [[Slovenia]]
	| pronunciation = ˌitaˈljaːno
	| procuratio = [[Academia Furfuris]]
	| scriptura = [[Scriptura Latina|Latina]]
	| iso1 = it | iso2 = ita | iso3 = ita
}}

{{Res|Lingua Italiana}},&lt;ref&gt;Vide [[Disputatio:Lingua Italiana/Tabularium 1#Nomina linguarum Italicarum|disputationem]].&lt;/ref&gt; usque hodie {{res|plene=Lingua Italica|Italica}} dicta&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Italica vulgaris lingua&quot;, {{Mithridates}} f. 57r; &quot;lingua Italica&quot;, {{Kircher}} pp. 209–12; ''[[Ambrosius Calepinus|Ambrosii Calepini]] [[dictionarium]] undecim [[lingua]]rum: respondent autem Latinis vocabulis Hebraica, Graeca, Gallica, Italica,''&lt;/ref&gt;{{LTL ref|Italicē|945}}{{MLAL ref|.ggr Italian|35}}{{DAEL ref|italiano|601}}{{LLHL25 ref|Italienisch|52}} ([[Italice]] ''italiano'' et ''lingua italiana''), est [[linguae Romanicae|lingua Romanica]] [[familia (lingustica)|familiae]] [[linguae Indoeuropaeae|Indoeuropaeae]], qua utuntur in [[Europa]] multi homines (praecipue in [[Italia]], [[Helvetia]], [[Sanctus Marinus|Sancto Marino]], [[Civitas Vaticana|Civitate Vaticana]]), nonnulli quoque in [[Malta]], [[Principatus Monoeci|Monaco]], [[Croatia]], [[Slovenia]], [[Francia]], [[Libya]], [[Erythraea]], [[Somalia]],&lt;ref name=&quot;ethnologue.com&quot;&gt;[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ita Ethnologue report for language code:ita (Italy)] – Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), 2005. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International. Editio interretialis.&lt;/ref&gt; atque communitates [[migratio|advenarum]] in [[America]] et [[Australia]]. Multi loquentes sunt [[bilinguismus|bilingues]] qui Italiana normativa et [[linguae Italiae|aliis linguis regionalibus]] pro [[patrius sermo|patrio sermone]] utuntur.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=IT Languages of Italy] - Ethnologue - Languages of the World - Copyright © 2010 SIL International.&lt;/ref&gt;

Lingua Italiana est [[lingua publica|publica]] et primaria in [[Italia]], [[Civitas Vaticana|Vaticano Agro]], et [[Res publica Sancti Marini|Republica Sancti Marini]], et publica etiam in [[Confoederatio Helvetica|Confoederatione Helvetica]], [[Slovenia]], [[Croatia]] (accuratius in regione [[Histria]]). 

[[Fasciculus:Italy - Forms of Dialect.jpg|thumb|Tabula cognationis [[dialectos|dialectorum]] sive [[lingua]]rum Italiae.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20180226222406/http://www.atlantelinguistico.it/dialetti/DialettiItalia.html Atlante linguistico italiano]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120216121815/http://www.maldura.unipd.it/romanistica/viale/lezione_diatopia/ Università di Padova]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.italica.rai.it/principali/lingua/bruni/mappe/mappe/f_dialetti.htm Carta dei dialetti d'Italia (Pellegrini)]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;AIS, ''Sprach-und Sachatlas Italiens und der Südschweiz'', Zofingen 1928-1940.&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[Fasciculus:Corsivo- come scriverlo a mano in italiano, schede didattiche con alcuni esempi di Paolo Villa (prima edizione commons wikimedia org)-Letters-characters in italics-cursive- how to write it by hand in Italian.pdf|thumb|Manuscriptum cum characteribus Latinis in schola Italica scribens]]
[[Fasciculus:Languages_spoken_in_Italy.svg|thumb|Tabula dialectorum Italiae.]]

Variis linguis [[dialectos|dialectisque]] &quot;[[Ausbausprache - Abstandsprache - Dachsprache|Dachsprache]]&quot; (lingua tectoria) est. [[Septentrio]]nales sunt dialecti [[Gallo-Italicae dialecti|Galloitalicae]] et [[lingua Venetica|Veneticae]], etiam Histricae; exstant et Tuscae dialecti necnon mediae Italiae dialecti, etiam [[lingua Corsica|Corsae]]. [[Sermo]]nes vero [[Italia meridionalis|Italiae meridionalis]] et [[Sardinia]]e [[Sicilia]]eque insularum a plurimis non in numero dialectorum habentur, sed linguarum discretarum, ut linguae ([[Lingua Neapolitana|Neapolitana]], [[lingua Sarda|Sarda]], [[lingua Sicula|Sicula]]) vocentur.

== Morphologia ==
[[Grammatica]] linguae Italianae Latinam originem monstrat magna similitudine. Nonnullis partibus tamen grammatica Italiana a grammatica Latina differtur.

=== Nomen substantivum ===
Lingua Italiana [[casus grammaticus|casus grammaticos]] non habet. Plurima verba Italiana e verba Latina casu accusativo orta sunt. Complementa indirecta ex usu [[praepositio]]num nascuntur. In lingua Italiana, aliter quam Latina, sunt [[articulus (grammatica)|articuli]] qui partim statum [[nomen substantivum|nominis substantivi]] signant. Ergo sunt articulorum [[duo]]: articulus definitus et articulus indefinitus. Etiam duae species sunt divisae in partes complures, quae certae aestimantur: articuli [[genus (grammatica)|generum]] [[genus (grammatica)|masculini]] [[genus (grammatica)|femininique]] (Quia iam in sermone latino vulgari cottidiano tardo-antiquo substantiva casu accusativo dici solebant, sc. in coniunctione cum verbis poscendi et praebendi, emendi et vendendi ect., masculina (revera -us) a neutris (-um) magis magisque non distinguebantur. Quo factum est, ut neque in lingua italiana neque in aliis linguis e stirpe Romanica ortis genus neutrum permaneret.) Genus igitur nominis substantivi ex articulis finibusque suis decerni potest.

=== Articuli definiti ===
Hic articuli e latino ''ille'' orti sunt:

'''Singulares:''' 
{|
|'''genus masculinum'''
|
|'''genus femininum'''
|-
|''ille → il'' (ante consonantem)
|
|''illa → la'' (ante consonantem)
|-
|''illum → lo'' (ante ''z'' vel ''gn'' vel ''s'' + consonans)
|
|''illa → l''' (ante vocalem)
|-
|''illum → l''' (ante vocalem)
|}
'''Plurales:'''
{|
|'''genus masculinum'''
|
|'''genus femininum'''
|-
|''illi → i'' (ante consonantem)
|
|''illae → le''
|-
|''illi → gli'' (ante vocalis vel ante ''z'' vel ''gn'' vel ''s'' + consonans)
|
|
|}

=== Articuli indefiniti ===
Lingua latina utitur non solum definitis, sed etiam indefinitis articulis, nisi numeralibus nominibus. Hic articuli e latino ''unus'' orti sunt.

Apud Italianam linguam similiter ac [[lingua Theodisca|Theodiscam]] generaliter duo nomina in forma non divertunt. In hoc casu apud exempla non scribuntur articuli indefiniti, sed non significat linguam latinam non uti verbo quae Italiane respondet ad ''uno'', ''un'', ''un'''.

{|
|'''genus masculinum'''
|
|'''genus femininum'''
|-
|''un'' (ante consonantem vel vocalem)
|
|''un''' (ante vocalem)
|-
|''uno'' (''s'' + consonans &amp; ''z'')
|
|''una'' (ante consonantem)
|}

=== Genera ===
[[Genus (grammatica)|Genus]] [[nomen substantivum|nominis]] potest diligenter dicere quale genus nomen Italianum habeat. Nomina plurima quae ''o'' (in lingua Latina: II et IV [[declinatio (grammatica)|declinationes]]) finiuntur, sunt masculini, exceptis e.g. ''la mano'' (manus, -us, ''f.''). Nomina plurima quae ''a'' (in lingua latina: prima declinatio) finiuntur, sunt feminini, exceptis vocibus Graecis (''il programma'', ''il problema''). Nomina quae ''e'' (in lingua latina: tertia et quinta declinationes) finiuntur, possunt esse et masculina et feminina.

=== Numerus ===
[[Numerus singularis|Numeri singulari]] nomina finiuntur '''&lt;nowiki&gt;'&lt;/nowiki&gt;o', 'a', vel 'e&lt;nowiki&gt;'&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''. Nomina quae ''o'' vel ''e'' finiuntur, habet numerum pluralem ''i'' (in lingua Latina: secundae declinationis vocum nominativa forma est ''i'' finitimae, quartae verum est ''-us''; in tertia declinatione est ''-es'' vel ''-(i)a''; in quinta declinatione ''-es''). Nomina quae ''a'' finiuntur, in numero plurali finitur ''e''. (in declinatione prima ''-ae''). Animadvertendum est in Latino sermone verba quoque esse, quae masculino genere sunt, at pars est I. declinatio, quia finitur ''a''. In lingua latina tantum in adiectiva declinatione videntur hae voces divertere a generalibus nominibus I. declinationis, sed in sermone vulgari etiam finis mutatur: eg. ''poeta'' &gt; ''poeti'' (latine: poeta &gt; poetae), ''idiota'' &gt; ''idioti'' (idiota &gt; idiotae).

{|
|'''masculinum singulare'''
|
|'''masculinum plurale'''
|-
|''-o'', ''lupo'' (latine: lupus ''m'')
|
|''-i'', ''lupi'' (latine: lupi)
|-
|''-a'', ''poeta'' (latine: poeta ''m / f'')
|
|''-i'', ''poeti'' (latine: poetae)
|-
|''-e'', ''padre'' (latine: pater ''m'')
|
|''-i'', ''padri'' (latine: patres)
|-
|''-ma'', ''programma'' (latine: programma ''n'')
|
|''-i'', ''programmi'' (latine: programmata)
|-
|''il'' (latine: ille ''m'', casu demonstrativi pronominis)
|
|''-i'', ''i'' (latine: illi, casu demonstrativi pronominis)
|-
|''lo'' (latine: ille ''m'', casu demonstrativi pronominis)
|
|''-i'', ''gli'' [ʎi] (latine: illi, casu demonstrativi pronominis)
|-
|''l''' (latine: ille ''m'', casu demonstrativi pronominis)
|
|''-i'', ''gli'' [ʎi] (latine: illi, casu demonstrativi pronominis)
|-
|}
&lt;br /&gt;
{|
|'''femininum singulare'''
|
|'''femininum plurale'''
|-
|''-a'', ''rosa'' (latine: rosa ''f'')
|
|''-e'', ''rose'' (latine: rosae)
|-
|''-o'', ''mano'' (latine: manus ''f'')
|
|''-i'', ''mani'' (latine: manus)
|-
|''-e'', ''lezione'' (latine: lectio ''f'')
|
|''-i'', ''lezioni'' (latine: lectiones)
|-
|''la'' (latine: illa ''f'', casu demonstrativi pronominis)
|
|''le'' (latine: illae, casu demonstrativi pronominis)
|-
|''l''' (latine: illa ''f'', casu demonstrativi pronominis)
|
|''le'' (latine: illae, casu demonstrativi pronominis)
|-
|}

=== Nomina adiectiva ===
Sic adiectiva verba declinantur:
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{|
|'''masculinum singulare'''
|
|'''masculinum plurale'''
|-
|''-o'' (''bello'')
|
|''-i'' (''belli'')
|-
|''-e'' (''celebre'')
|
|''-i'' (''celebri'')
|-
|''-a'' (''idiota'')
|
|''-i'' (''idioti'')
|}
&lt;br /&gt;
{|
|'''femininum singulare'''
|
|'''femininum plurale'''
|-
|''-a'' (''bella'')
|
|''-e'' (''belle'')
|-
|''-e'' (''celebre'')
|
|''-i'' (''celebri'')
|-
|''-a'' (''idiota'')
|
|''-e'' (''idiote'')
|}

* '''bello''' - pulcher, bellus
* '''celebre''' - celebris, clarus
* '''idiota''' - idiota

=== Verba ===
Verba Italiana habent coniugationes octo pro tempora decem et modos decem. [[Pronomen personale|Pronomina personalia]] saepe non exprimuntur, quia [[coniugatio]] verbi quam personam agitur monstrat. Pronomina personalia modo utuntur acuere.

Exempli gratiae pro coniugationes verborum:

Praesens indicativus ab ''essere'', [ˈɛs.se.re], &quot;esse&quot;:

''singularis''

:'''(io) sono''' - sum (1 persona)
:'''(tu) sei''' - es (2 persona)
:'''(egli, ella, esso) è''' - est (3 persona)

''pluralis''

:'''(noi) siamo''' - sumus (1 persona)
:'''(voi) siete''' - estis (2 persona)
:'''(essi, esse) sono''' - sunt (3 persona)

Praesens indicativus ab ''avere'', [a've:re], &quot;habere&quot;:

''singularis''

:'''(io) ho''' - habeo (1 persona)
:'''(tu) hai''' - habes (2 persona)
:'''(egli, ella, esso) ha''' - habet (3 persona)

''pluralis''

:'''(noi) abbiamo''' - habemus (1 persona)
:'''(voi) avete''' - habetis (2 persona)
:'''(essi, esse) hanno''' - habent (3 persona)

== Textus exemplaris ==
'''La Toscana'''

La [[Tuscia|Toscana]] è una regione situata nel centro d'[[Italia]]. Questa regione, e specialmente la città di Firenze, ha una posizione centrale geograficamente e culturalmente.

Molti grandi personaggi della cultura italiana sono toscani: [[Dante Alighieri]], [[Leonardo da Vinci]], [[Michelangelo]] e [[Galileo Galilei]], vissuti nel 1200 - 1500. Fra i toscani celebri nel 2000 ci sono: [[Andrea Bocelli]], cantante, e [[Roberto Benigni]], premio Oscar per il film &quot;La vita è bella&quot;.

La cucina toscana è semplice e genuina. Una delle specialità è la fiorentina, una grande bistecca di 700 - 800 grammi. Con uno dei vini eccellenti della regione, il Chianti per esempio, è un pasto ideale.

:''Ex libro '''Prego 1''', a Britta Mangili et Serena Prina. Sanoma Utbildning, [[Suecia]], editio prima, [[februarius]] 2006.''

== Numeri ==
* '''uno''' - unus
* '''due''' - duo
* '''tre''' - tres
* '''quattro''' - quattuor
* '''cinque''' - quinque - ['tʃiŋkwe]
* '''sei''' - sex
* '''sette''' - septem
* '''otto''' - octo
* '''nove''' - novem
* '''dieci''' - decem - ['djɛ:tʃi]

== De historia ==
[[Fasciculus:Portrait de Dante.jpg|upright=0.6|thumb|[[Dantes Alagherius]], linguae italianae quasi pater.]]
Italiana ex [[Sermo vulgaris latinus|sermone vulgari latino]] venit, quo [[Italia]]ni tempore Romanorum usi sunt. Per saecula sequentia lingua latina in linguam italianam mutata est.

Sermo cotidianus vel vulgaris hodie cognoscitus est inscriptionibus (praecipue privatis) et libris qui vulgarem sermonem imitant, ut [[comedia]]e&lt;ref name=villa7&gt;Villa, cit., p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;. Sermo [[linguae Romanicae|romanicus]] autem non habemus ante aetatem medievalem.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Certificato di Lingua Italiana]]
* [[De vulgari eloquentia]]
*[[Litterae Italiae]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* ''Italian Phrasebook and Dictionary.'' [[2012]]. Ed. quinta. Lonely Planet Publications.
* Kinder, J. [[2008]]. ''CLIC: Cultura e Lingua d'Italia in CD-ROM / Culture and Language of Italy on CD-ROM.'' Novarae: Interlinea. ISBN 978-88-8212-637-7.
* Mangili, Britta, et Serena Prina. [[2006]]. ''Prego 1.'' Suecia: Sanoma Utbildning.
* Morgana, S. [[2003]]. ''Capitoli di Storia Linguistica Italiana.'' Mediolani: LED Edizioni Universitarie. ISBN 88-7916-211-X.
* Rogers, Derek, et Luciana d'Arcangeli. [[2004]]. Italian. ''Journal of the International Phonetic Association'' 34(1):117–121. {{doi|10.1017/S0025100304001628}}.
* Vitale, M. [[1992]]. ''Studi di Storia della Lingua Italiana.'' Mediolani: LED Edizioni Universitarie. ISBN 88-7916-015-X.

== Nexus externi ==
{{InterWiki|code=it}}
* [http://www.dizionario.rai.it Lexicon orthographicum et orthoëpicum Italianum]
* [http://www.dizionario.org/ Dictionarium Nicolai Tommaseo] (imperfecte)

{{Linguae Romanicae}}
{{Myrias|Anthropologia}}

[[Categoria:Lingua Italiana|!]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wolfgangus Amadeus Mozartus</title>
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      <comment>Mozart -&gt; Mozartus/Mozarta, except for the Vicidata box; Maria Anna Mozart page is unchanged despite link name change here</comment>
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      <text bytes="18474" sha1="cxd5xmshfk385te77iu6pugtdn9qxmn" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
'''Wolfgangus Amadeus Mozartus'''&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Quis non miratur ex recentioribus Hendelium et Gluckium, utrumque Germanum, Voglerum, Haydinium, Mozartum, '''Beethovenium'''&quot;; Godefridus Christianus Lauter, ''Germaniae et Germanorum laus'' (Heidelbergae, 1816): [https://www.google.it/books/edition/Germaniae_et_Germanorum_laus/H48XkqsqFZMC?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Beethovenium&amp;pg=PA43&amp;printsec=frontcover 43]. Praeterea, ipse Latine bis vel ter nomen &quot;Wolfgangus Amadeus Mozartus&quot; per ludibrium vindicavit; unde more Latinitatis recentioris praenomina accipimus. Vide {{citation | year=[[1996]] | title = Austria and other margins: reading culture | author1=Katherine Arens | publisher=Camden House | isbn=978-1-57113-109-6 | page=55 | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=shBHp2fyn1YC&amp;pg=PA55&amp;dq=%22Wolfgangus+Amadeus+Mozartus%22}}; {{citation | year=[[2006]] | title = For the love of music: invitations to listening | author1=Michael Steinberg | author2=Larry Rothe | publisher=Oxford University Press US | isbn=978-0-19-516216-5 | page=21 | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ep8fSTCwP74C&amp;pg=PA21&amp;dq=legend}}&lt;/ref&gt; (nomine [[baptismus|baptizatus]] &quot;Ioannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus Mozartus&quot;; natus [[Salisburgum|Salisburgi]] die [[27 Ianuarii]] [[1756]]; mortuus [[Vindobona]]e die [[5 Decembris]] [[1791]]) fuit fecundus potensque [[Aetas Classica (musica)|Aetatis Classicae]] [[compositor]].

Plus quam sescenta [[opus musicum|opera musica]] [[compositio musica|composuit]], quorum multa inter apices musicae [[symphonia|symphonicae]], [[concerto|concertantis]]{{dubsig}}, [[musica camerata|cameratae]], [[opera]]ticae, et [[chorus|choralis]] numerantur. Inter [[compositor]]es [[musica classica|classicos]] populo gratissimos manet perpetuo, et eius gratia in musica [[ars|artistica]] [[cultura Occidentalis|Occidentali]] sequente maxima est. [[Ludovicus van Beethoven]] sua opera prima in [[umbra]] Mozartiana composuit, atque [[Iosephus Haydn]] scripsit: &quot;Posteritas tale ingenium [[centum]] annos non videbit.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Landon 1990:171.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Vita ==
[[Fasciculus:Mozart Family Croce.jpg|left|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Familia Mozartiana]] circa [[1780]]. [[Imago]] in pariete suspensa [[mater|matrem]] compositoris pingit.]]
[[Fasciculus:Mozart (unfinished) by Lange 1782.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Wolfgangus Amadeus Mozartus a [[Iosephus Lange|Iosepho Lange]] pictus.]]
[[Fasciculus:Mozart Taufeintrag.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Actus [[baptisma]]tis Mozarti.
&lt;br /&gt;''[Ianuarius] 28. med[ia hora] 11. merid[iana] baptizatus est : natus pridie h[ora] 8. vesp[ertina]''
&lt;br /&gt;''Ioannes Chrysost[omus] Wolfgangus Theophilus fil[ius] leg[itimus]''
&lt;br /&gt;''Nob[ilis] D[ominus] [[Leopoldus Mozartus]] Aulæ Musicus, et [[Anna Maria Pertl Mozart|Maria Anna Pertlin]] coniuges''&lt;ref&gt;Ea littera prima, quae ''g'' legenda esse videtur, re vera abbreviatio solita sillabae ''con-'' est. (Reinhard Riepl, ''Wörterbuch zur Familien- und Heimatforschung in Bayern und Österreich''. Editio tertia 2009. Pag. 477)&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;''Nob[ilis] D[ominus] Ioannes Theophilus Pergmaÿr Senator et Mercator civicus p[ro] t[empore] sponsus''
&lt;br /&gt;''Idem [[Leopoldus Lamprecht Capellanus Civicus]]'']]
Mozartus postridie, quam hora 8 vespertina natus erat, [[Baptismus|baptizatus]] est [[praenomen|praenominibus]] ''Ioannes Chrysost. Wolfgangus Theophilus'' secundum matriculam [[parochia]]lem baptismatum,&lt;ref&gt;Archiv der Erzdiözese Salzburg (AES): Salzburg-Dompfarre Taufbuch TFCIX/2 1756-1814.&lt;/ref&gt; quorum [[duo]]bus tantum ultimis uti solebat, nempe ''Wolfgangus Theophilus.'' Nomen ''Theophilus,'' scilicet, erat in loco [[nomen proprium|nominis]] vulgaris ''Gottlieb'', et [[mos]] quidam ''Wolfgango'' erat de hac variatione iocari. Cavillans illud nomen, variis figuris scribere solebat, [[Theodisce]] ''Gottlieb'', [[Francogallice]] ''Amadé'', et denique rursus [[Latine]] ''Amadeus'' (quasi 'ama Deum'), quarum hanc ultimam figuram rarissime usurpavit. Iure igitur posuerimus nomen Latinum huic viro esse ''Wolfgangum Theophilum Mozartum,'' sed quoniam usus saeculorum nomen alterum, nempe ''Amadeus,'' usitatissimum fecerit, constat ea figura uti. A [[familia]]ribus a [[puer mirabilis|pueritia]] vel ''Wolgang'' vel ''Wolferl'' (i. e. quasi ''Wolfgangulus'') vocari solebat.

Amadeus fuit [[Leopoldus Mozartus|Ioannis Georgii Leopoldi Mozarti]] et [[Anna Maria Pertl|Annae Mariae Pertl]] [[filius]]. [[Soror]] [[Maria Anna Mozart|Maria Anna Mozarta]] cum Amadeo [[puer]]o in publico aliquando [[clavile|clavili]] cecinit.

Mozartus componere coepit cum puer quinque annos natus erat. Prima eius compositio minutissima (aut minuetus) pro clavichordio fuit.

Die [[4 Augusti]] [[1782]], Mozartus sine paterna assensione [[Constantia Mozart|Constantiam]], [[consobrinus|consobrinam]] compositoris [[Carolus Maria de Weber|Caroli Mariae de Weber]], Vindobonae [[uxor]]em duxit.

Mozartus [[canon (musica)|canonem]] in B molli maiore verbis [[Theodisce|Theodiscis]] ''Leck mich im Arsch'' ('linge meum podicem') composuit.&lt;ref&gt;Zaslaw 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Opera selecta ==
=== Operae ===
''Si plus cognoscere vis, vide [[Index operarum Mozarti|Indicem operarum Mozarti]].''
* 1767: ''[[Apollo et Hyacinthus]]''
* 1768: ''[[Sebastianus et Sebastiana]] (Vel Bastianus et Bastiana)
* 1770: ''[[Mitridate, re di Ponto]]'' (Mithridates, rex [[Pontus (regnum)|Ponti]])
* 1774: ''[[La finta giardiniera]]'' (Hortulana ficta)
* 1780–81: ''[[Idomeneo, re di Creta]]'' ([[Idomeneus]], rex [[Creta]]e)
* 1782: ''[[Die Entführung aus dem Serail]]'' (Raptus e seraio)
* 1786: ''[[Le nozze di Figaro]]'' (Nuptiae Figari)
* 1787: ''[[Don Giovanni]]'' ([[Dominus Ioannes]])
* 1790: ''[[Così fan tutte]]'' (Sic faciunt cunctae)
* 1791: ''[[Die Zauberflöte]]'' ([[Tibia]] magica)
* 1791: ''[[Clementia Titi]]'' (aut [[Titus]])

=== Musica sacra ===
* 1773: ''[[Exsultate jubilate]]'' (K. 165)
* 1779: ''[[Missa coronationis]]'' (K. 317)
* 1780: ''[[Vesperae solennes de Confessore]]''
* 1783: ''[[Missa magna]]'' (K. 427)
* 1791: ''[[Ave verum corpus (Mozart)|Ave verum corpus]]''
* 1791: ''[[Requiem (Mozart)|Requiem]]'' (missa defunctorum, KV 626, anno 1791 incepta, post mortem immaturam compositoris&lt;ref&gt;Mozartus cum anonymo cuidam petenti se hoc opus facturum esse promisisset, quamvis aegrotus promisso stare statim conatus est. Propter personam mandatoris adhuc ignotam et mortem compositoris inexspectatam et res quasdam in vita eius dubias non defuerunt nec desunt, qui suspicati sint et suspicentur Mozartum veneno interfectum esse.&lt;/ref&gt; ab Iosepho Eybler et Francisco Xaverio Süßmayr precibus coniugis obsequentibus eodem anno perfecta)

=== Symphoniae ===
* 1773: [[Symphonia vigesima quinta (Mozart)|Symphonia vigesima quinta]] (K.183)
* 1783. [[Symphonia trigesima sexta (Mozart)|Symphonia trigesima sexta]] (Linciencis, K.425)
* 1786: [[Symphonia trigesima octava (Mozart)|Symphonia trigesima octava]] (Pragensis, K. 504)
* 1788: [[Symphonia trigesima nona (Mozart)|Symphonia trigesima nona]] (K.543)
* 1788: [[Symphonia quadragesima (Mozart)|Symphonia quadragesima]] (K. 550)
* 1788: [[Symphonia quadragesmia prima (Mozart)|Symphonia quadragesima prima]] (Juppiter, K.551)

=== Alia ===
* 1766: [[Galimathias musicum (Quodlibet)]] (K. 32)
* 1775: [[Concentus pro violinum et orchestrae tertius (Mozart)|Concentus pro violinum et orchestrae tertius]] (K. 216)
* 1776: [[Concentus nocturnus septimus]] (Haffner appellatur, K.250)
* 1778: [[Sonata pro clavile octava (Mozart)|Sonata pro clavile octava]] (K. 310)
* 1778: [[Sonata pro clavile undecima (Mozart)|Sonata pro clavile undecima]] (Melodia in gradui Turcico, K.311)
* 1781: ''[[Partita grandis]]'' (Musica nocturna pro instrumentis musicis aërum, K. 361)
* 1785: [[Quadricinium fidium decimus nonus (Mozart)|Quadricinium fidium decimus nonus]] (Quadricinium dissonantiae K. 465)
* 1785: [[Concentus pro clavile et orchestrae vincesimus (Mozart)|Concentus pro clavile et orchestrae vincesimus]] (K. 466)
* 1785: [[Concentus pro clavile et orchestrae vicesimus primus (Mozart)|Concentus pro clavile et orchestrae vicesimus primus]] (K. 467)
* 1785: [[Quadricinium pro clavile primum (Mozart)|Quadricinium pro clavile primum]] (K. 478)
* 1786: [[Concentus pro clavile et orchestrae vicesimus quartus (Mozart)|Concentus pro clavile et orchestrae vicesimus quartus]] (K. 491)
* 1787: ''[[Ein musikalischer Spaß]]'' (Oblectatio musicalis, K. 522)
* 1787: ''[[Eine kleine Nachtmusik]]'' (Parva musica nocturna, K. 525)
* 1788: [[Sonata pro clavile sexta decima (Mozart)|Sonata pro clavile sexta decima]] (K. 545)
* 1791: [[Concentus pro tibia clarisona et orchestrae (Mozart)|Concentus pro tibia clarisona et orchestrae]] (K. 622)

== Mozartus in pelliculis ==
* [[1984]] ''[[Amadeus (pellicula)|Amadeus]]''

== Notae ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
[[Fasciculus:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Signature.svg|thumb|[[Subscriptio]] Mozartiana (facsimile).]]

* {{Cite book
| publisher=Yale University Press
| isbn = 9780300072235
| last = Abert
| first = Hermann
| authorlink = Hermannus Abert
| others = Cliff Eisen (ed.), Stewart Spencer (conv.)
| title = W. A. Mozart
| location = Portu Novi
| year = [[2007]]
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=l6I6BwTMJ3sC
| oclc = 70401564
| ref = harv
}}
* {{Cite book
| publisher=Pendragon Press
| isbn = 1576470105
| last = Barry
| first = Barbara R
| title = The Philosopher's Stone: Essays in the Transformation of Musical Structure
| location = Hillsdale, Novi Eboraci
| year = [[2000]]
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=whSIM4Snh7YC
| oclc = 466918491
| ref = harv
}}
* {{Cite book
| publisher=University of California Press
| isbn = 0520228987
| last = Cairns
| first = David
| title = Mozart and His Operas
| location = Berkeleiae Californiae
| year = [[2006]]
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=4rNjwC5HShkC
| oclc = 62290645
| ref = harv
}}
* Dent, Edward J. [[1947]]. ''Mozart's Operas: A Critical Study.'' Londinii, Oxoniae, Novi Eboraci: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-284001-0.
* {{Cite book
| publisher=Stanford University Press
| isbn = 9780804702331
| last = Deutsch
| first = Otto Erich
| others = Peter Branscombe, [[Ericus Blom]], Jeremy Noble (conv.)
| title = Mozart: A Documentary Biography
| location = Stanfordiae
| year = [[1965]]
| authorlink = Otto Ericus Deutsch
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=e8AtwaddUW4C
| oclc = 8991008
| ref = harv
}}
* [[Alfredus Einstein|Einstein, Alfred]]. [[1965]]. ''Mozart: His Character, His Work.'' Liber conversus ab Arthur Mendel et Nathan Broder. Galaxy Book 162. Novi Eboraci: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-304-92483-0. OCLC456644858. [http://books.google.com/books?id=U0KVSgAACAAJ URL.]{{Nexus deficitur|date=January 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{Cite journal
| last = Eisen
| first = Cliff
| coauthors = et al.
| title = Mozart
| journal=Grove Music Online
| url = http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/40258pg3
| accessdate =[[15 Septembris]] [[2010]]
| ref = harv
}}
* {{Cite book
| publisher=Cambridge University Press
| isbn = 0521856590
| editor1-last = Eisen
| editor1-first = Cliff
| editor2-last = Keefe
| editor2-first = Simon P
| title = The Cambridge Mozart Encyclopedia
| location = Cantabrigiae
| year = [[2006]]
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=8o6mVjlSzM4C
| oclc = 60245611
| ref = harv
}}
* {{Cite journal
| issue = 14
| last = Haberl
| first = Dieter
| title = Beethovens erste Reise nach Wien: die Datierung seiner Schülerreise zu W. A. Mozart
| journal=Neues Musikwissenschaftliches Jahrbuch
| year = [[2006]]
| oclc = 634798176
| ref = harv
}}
* Fradkin, Robert A. [[1996]]. ''The well-tempered announcer: a pronunciation guide to classical music.'' Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-21064-X.
* {{Cite book
| publisher=Harcourt Brace
| isbn = 9780156011716
| last = Gutman
| first = Robert
| title = Mozart: A Cultural Biography
| location = Londinii
| year = [[2000]]
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=wKm3sCZeyr8C
| oclc = 45485135
| ref = harv
}}
* {{Cite book
| publisher=Clarendon Press
| isbn = 9780198163718
| last = Halliwell
| first = Ruth
| title = The Mozart Family: Four Lives in a Social Context
| location = Novi Eboraci
| year = [[1998]]
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=TUMyCTKlAr0C
| oclc = 36423516
| ref = harv
}}
* {{Cite book
| edition = 1st
| publisher=W. W. Norton &amp; Company
| isbn = 0393050807
| last = Heartz
| first = Daniel
| authorlink = Daniel Heartz
| title = Music in European Capitals: The Galant Style, 1720–1780
| location = Novi Eboraci
| year = [[2003]]
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=Sq7rU0BGyREC
| oclc = 50693068
| ref = harv
}}
* {{Cite book
| publisher=Cosimo Classics
| last1 = Holmes
| first1 = Edward
| title = The Life of Mozart
| location = Novi Eboraci
| year = [[2005]]
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=V6dBeXZ3GTwC&amp;pg=PA268
| oclc = 62790104
| ref = harv
| isbn = 1596051477.}}
* {{Cite book
| publisher=Flamingo
| isbn = 9780006543244
| last = Landon
| first = Howard Chandler Robbins
| authorlink = Howardus Chandler Robbins Landon
| title = 1791: Mozart's Last Year
| location = Londinii
| year = [[1990]]
| authorlink = H. C. Robbins Landon
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=oXdNwE0mQ9UC
| oclc = 20932333
| ref = harv}}
* [[Howardus Chandler Robbins Landon|Landon, Howard Chandler Robbins]], et Donald Mitchell, eds. [[1956]]. ''The Mozart Companion.'' Novi Eboraci: W. W. Norton &amp; Company.
* {{Cite book
| edition = 30th
| publisher=Penguin Books|Penguin
| isbn = 0141022620
| last1 = March
| first1 = Ivan
| last2 = Greenfield
| first2 = Edward
| last3 = Layton
| first3 = Robert
| editor-last = Czajkowski
| editor-first = Paul
| title = Penguin Guide to Compact Discs And DVDs, 2005–2006
| location = Londinii
| year = [[2005]]
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=_H6KQgAACAAJ
| oclc = 416204627
| ref = harv
}}
* {{Cite book
| edition = 2nd
| publisher=Macmillan| last1 = Mozart
| first1 = Wolfgang
| last2 = Mozart
| first2 = Leopold
| authorlink2 = Leopoldus Mozart
| editor-last = Anderson
| editor-first = Emily
| editor-link = Emily Anderson
| title = The Letters of Mozart and his Family
| location = Londinii
| year = [[1966]]
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=VMkuAAAAIAAJ
| oclc = 594813
| ref = harv
| isbn = 039302248X
}}
* {{Cite book
| publisher=Dover Publications
| last1 = Mozart
| first1 = Wolfgang
| editor-last = Mersmann
| editor-first = Hans
| title = Letters of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
| location = Novi Eboraci
| year = [[1972]]
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=KpjYoajWID8C&amp;pg=PR8
| oclc = 753483
| ref = harv
| isbn = 0486228592
}}
* {{Cite book
| edition = 2nd
| publisher=W. W. Norton &amp; Company
| isbn = 0393317129
| last = Rosen
| first = Charles
| authorlink = Carolus Rosen
| title = The Classical Style: Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven
| location = Novi Eboraci
| year = [[1998]]
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=aAFUOreO-nMC
| oclc = 246977555
| ref = harv
}}
* {{Cite book
| publisher=Grove's Dictionaries of Music Inc.
| isbn = 9780333734322
| editor-last = Sadie
| editor-first = Stanley
| editor-link = Stanley Sadie
| title = The New Grove Dictionary of Opera
| location = Novi Eboraci
| year = [[1998]]
| oclc = 39160203
}}
* {{Cite book
| edition = 6a
| publisher=Macmillan
| isbn = 0333231112
| editor-last = Sadie
| editor-first = Stanley
| editor-link = Stanley Sadie
| title = The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians
| location = Londinii
| year = [[1980]]
| oclc = 5676891
}}
* {{Cite book
| edition = 1st
| publisher=HarperCollins
| isbn = 9780060190460
| last = Solomon
| first = Maynard
| authorlink = Maynard Solomon
| title = Mozart: A Life
| location = Novi Eboraci
| year = [[1995]]
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=UuEHAQAAMAAJ
| oclc = 31435799
}}
* {{Cite book
| publisher=Clarendon Press
| isbn = 0198162219
| last = Steptoe
| first = Andrew
| title = The Mozart-Da Ponte Operas: The Cultural and Musical Background to Le nozze di Figaro, Don Giovanni, and Così fan tutte
| location = Oxoniae
| year = [[1990]]
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=s7394NpN0YQC
| oclc = 22895166
}}
* {{Cite book
| publisher=W. W. Norton &amp; Company
| isbn = 0393313956
| last = Till
| first = Nicholas
| title = Mozart and the Enlightenment: Truth, Virtue and Beauty in Mozart's Operas
| location = Novi Eboraci
| year = [[1995]]
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=xCyegHQr2TwC
| oclc = 469628809
}}
* {{cite web
| title = Award of the Papal Equestrian Order of the &quot;Golden Spur&quot; to Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
| work=Vatican Secret Archives
| date = [[4 Iulii]] [[1770]]
| url = http://asv.vatican.va/en/doc/1770.htm
| ref = CITEREFVatican1770
}}
*Wakin, Daniel J. [[2010]]. [http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/25/arts/music/25death.html After Mozart’s Death, an Endless Coda.] ''[[The New York Times]],'' [[24 Augusti]]. ISSN 0362-4331.
*Zaslaw, Neal. [[2006]]. The Non-Canonic Status of Mozart's Canons. ''Eighteenth-Century Music'' 3: 109–23. doi:10.1017/S1478570606000510.

{{NexInt}}
*[[1034 Mozartia]]
== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes biographici}}
{{Grc|Οὐολφογάγγος Ἀμαδέος Μόσαρτος}} 
{{CommuniaCat|Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Wolfgangum Amadeum Mozartum}}
* {{cite web
| title = New Mozart Pieces Unveiled (VIDEO)
| work=The Huffington Post
| accessdate =[[29 Septembris]] [[2010]]
| date = [[8 Februarii]] [[2009]]
| url = http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/08/02/new-mozart-pieces-unveile_n_249532.html
}}
* {{cite web
| last = Lorenz
| first = Michael
| title = Mozart's Apartment on the Alsergrund
| accessdate =[[27 Septembris]] [[2010]]
| date = [[9 Augusti]] [[2010]]
| url = http://homepage.univie.ac.at/michael.lorenz/alsergrund/
| ref = harv}}
* {{cite web
| title = Mozart, Mozart's Magic Flute and Beethoven
| work=Raptus Association for Music Appreciation
| accessdate =[[27 Septembis]] [[2010]]
| url = http://www.raptusassociation.org/beethmoze.html
| ref = CITEREFRaptus.}}

{{Mozarti operae}}
{{1000 paginae}}
{{Myrias|Homines}}

{{Lifetime|1756|1791|Mozartus, Wolfgangus Amadeus}}
[[Categoria:Clavilistae]]
[[Categoria:Compositores Aetatis Classicae]]
[[Categoria:Compositores Austriae]]
[[Categoria:Compositores Germaniae]]
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[[Categoria:Compositores operarum]]
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[[Categoria:Wolfgangus Amadeus Mozart|!]]&lt;!--Mutari in Wolfgangus Amadeus Mozartus&quot;?--&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="18555" sha1="lxs2o2887yrcz965hlll422qu4jybx9" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
'''Wolfgangus Amadeus Mozartus'''&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Quis non miratur ex recentioribus Hendelium et Gluckium, utrumque Germanum, Voglerum, Haydinium, Mozartum, ''Beethovenium''&quot;; Godefridus Christianus Lauter, ''Germaniae et Germanorum laus'' (Heidelbergae, 1816): [https://www.google.it/books/edition/Germaniae_et_Germanorum_laus/H48XkqsqFZMC?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Beethovenium&amp;pg=PA43&amp;printsec=frontcover 43]. Praeterea, ipse Latine bis vel ter nomen &quot;Wolfgangus Amadeus Mozartus&quot; per ludibrium vindicavit; unde more Latinitatis recentioris praenomina accipimus. Vide {{citation | year=[[1996]] | title = Austria and other margins: reading culture | author1=Katherine Arens | publisher=Camden House | isbn=978-1-57113-109-6 | page=55 | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=shBHp2fyn1YC&amp;pg=PA55&amp;dq=%22Wolfgangus+Amadeus+Mozartus%22}}; {{citation | year=[[2006]] | title = For the love of music: invitations to listening | author1=Michael Steinberg | author2=Larry Rothe | publisher=Oxford University Press US | isbn=978-0-19-516216-5 | page=21 | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ep8fSTCwP74C&amp;pg=PA21&amp;dq=legend}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (nomine [[baptismus|baptizatus]] ''Ioannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus Mozartus''; natus [[Salisburgum|Salisburgi]] die [[27 Ianuarii]] [[1756]]; mortuus [[Vindobona]]e die [[5 Decembris]] [[1791]]) fuit fecundus potensque [[Aetas Classica (musica)|Aetatis Classicae]] [[compositor]].

Plus quam sescenta [[opus musicum|opera musica]] [[compositio musica|composuit]], quorum multa inter apices musicae [[symphonia|symphonicae]], [[concerto|concertantis]]{{dubsig}}, [[musica camerata|cameratae]], [[opera]]ticae, et [[chorus|choralis]] numerantur. Inter [[compositor]]es [[musica classica|classicos]] populo gratissimos manet perpetuo, et eius gratia in [[musica]] [[ars|artistica]] [[cultura Occidentalis|Occidentali]] sequente maxima est. [[Ludovicus van Beethoven]] sua opera prima in [[umbra]] Mozartiana composuit, atque [[Iosephus Haydn]] scripsit: &quot;Posteritas tale ingenium [[centum]] annos non videbit.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Landon 1990: 171.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Vita ==
[[Fasciculus:Mozart Family Croce.jpg|left|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Familia Mozartiana]] circa [[1780]]. [[Imago]] in pariete suspensa [[mater|matrem]] compositoris pingit.]]
[[Fasciculus:Mozart (unfinished) by Lange 1782.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Wolfgangus Amadeus Mozartus a [[Iosephus Lange|Iosepho Lange]] pictus.]]
[[Fasciculus:Mozart Taufeintrag.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Actus [[baptisma]]tis Mozarti:
&lt;br /&gt;&quot;[Ianuarius] 28. med[ia hora] 11. merid[iana] baptizatus est : natus pridie h[ora] 8. vesp[ertina]
&lt;br /&gt;Ioannes Chrysost[omus] Wolfgangus Theophilus fil[ius] leg[itimus]
&lt;br /&gt;Nob[ilis] D[ominus] [[Leopoldus Mozartus]] Aulæ Musicus, et [[Anna Maria Pertl Mozart|Maria Anna Pertlin]] coniuges&lt;ref&gt;Ea littera prima, quae ''g'' legenda esse videtur, re vera abbreviatio solita sillabae ''con-'' est. (Reinhard Riepl, ''Wörterbuch zur Familien- und Heimatforschung in Bayern und Österreich,'' editio tertia (2009), 477).&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;Nob[ilis] D[ominus] Ioannes Theophilus Pergmaÿr Senator et Mercator civicus p[ro] t[empore] sponsus
&lt;br /&gt;Idem [[Leopoldus Lamprecht Capellanus Civicus]].&quot;]]
Mozartus postridie, quam hora 8 vespertina natus erat, [[Baptismus|baptizatus]] est [[praenomen|praenominibus]] ''Ioannes Chrysost. Wolfgangus Theophilus'' secundum matriculam [[parochia]]lem baptismatum,&lt;ref&gt;Archiv der Erzdiözese Salzburg (AES): Salzburg-Dompfarre Taufbuch TFCIX/2 1756-1814.&lt;/ref&gt; quorum [[duo]]bus tantum ultimis uti solebat, nempe ''Wolfgangus Theophilus.'' Nomen ''Theophilus,'' scilicet, erat in loco [[nomen proprium|nominis]] vulgaris ''Gottlieb'', et [[mos]] quidam ''Wolfgango'' erat de hac variatione iocari. Cavillans illud nomen, variis figuris scribere solebat, [[Theodisce]] ''Gottlieb'', [[Francogallice]] ''Amadé'', et denique rursus [[Latine]] ''Amadeus'' (quasi 'ama Deum'), quarum hanc ultimam figuram rarissime usurpavit. Iure igitur posuerimus nomen Latinum huic viro esse ''Wolfgangum Theophilum Mozartum,'' sed quoniam usus saeculorum nomen alterum, nempe ''Amadeus,'' usitatissimum fecerit, constat ea figura uti. A [[familia]]ribus a [[puer mirabilis|pueritia]] vel ''Wolgang'' vel ''Wolferl'' (i. e. quasi ''Wolfgangulus'') vocari solebat.

Amadeus fuit [[Leopoldus Mozartus|Ioannis Georgii Leopoldi Mozarti]] et [[Anna Maria Pertl|Annae Mariae Pertl]] [[filius]]. [[Soror]] [[Maria Anna Mozart|Maria Anna Mozarta]] cum Amadeo [[puer]]o in publico aliquando [[clavile|clavili]] cecinit.

Mozartus musicam componere coepit cum puer quinque annos natus erat. Eius prima compositio minutissima (aut [[minuetus]]) pro [[clavichordium|clavichordio]] fuit.

Die [[4 Augusti]] [[1782]], Mozartus sine paterna assensione [[Constantia Mozart|Constantiam]], [[consobrinus|consobrinam]] compositoris [[Carolus Maria de Weber|Caroli Mariae de Weber]], Vindobonae [[uxor]]em duxit.

Mozartus [[canon (musica)|canonem]] in B molli maiore verbis [[Theodisce|Theodiscis]] ''Leck mich im Arsch'' ('linge meum podicem') composuit.&lt;ref&gt;Zaslaw 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Opera selecta ==
=== Operae ===
''Si plus cognoscere vis, vide [[Index operarum Mozarti|Indicem operarum Mozarti]].''
* 1767: ''[[Apollo et Hyacinthus]]''
* 1768: ''[[Sebastianus et Sebastiana]] (Vel Bastianus et Bastiana)
* 1770: ''[[Mitridate, re di Ponto]]'' (Mithridates, rex [[Pontus (regnum)|Ponti]])
* 1774: ''[[La finta giardiniera]]'' (Hortulana ficta)
* 1780–81: ''[[Idomeneo, re di Creta]]'' ([[Idomeneus]], rex [[Creta]]e)
* 1782: ''[[Die Entführung aus dem Serail]]'' (Raptus e seraio)
* 1786: ''[[Le nozze di Figaro]]'' (Nuptiae Figari)
* 1787: ''[[Don Giovanni]]'' ([[Dominus Ioannes]])
* 1790: ''[[Così fan tutte]]'' (Sic faciunt cunctae)
* 1791: ''[[Die Zauberflöte]]'' ([[Tibia]] magica)
* 1791: ''[[Clementia Titi]]'' (aut [[Titus]])

=== Musica sacra ===
* 1773: ''[[Exsultate jubilate]]'' (K. 165)
* 1779: ''[[Missa coronationis]]'' (K. 317)
* 1780: ''[[Vesperae solennes de Confessore]]''
* 1783: ''[[Missa magna]]'' (K. 427)
* 1791: ''[[Ave verum corpus (Mozart)|Ave verum corpus]]''
* 1791: ''[[Requiem (Mozart)|Requiem]]'' (missa defunctorum, KV 626, anno 1791 incepta, post mortem immaturam compositoris&lt;ref&gt;Mozartus cum anonymo cuidam petenti se hoc opus facturum esse promisisset, quamvis aegrotus promisso stare statim conatus est. Propter personam mandatoris adhuc ignotam et mortem compositoris inexspectatam et res quasdam in vita eius dubias non defuerunt nec desunt, qui suspicati sint et suspicentur Mozartum veneno interfectum esse.&lt;/ref&gt; ab Iosepho Eybler et Francisco Xaverio Süßmayr precibus coniugis obsequentibus eodem anno perfecta)

=== Symphoniae ===
* 1773: [[Symphonia vigesima quinta (Mozart)|Symphonia vigesima quinta]] (K.183)
* 1783. [[Symphonia trigesima sexta (Mozart)|Symphonia trigesima sexta]] (Linciencis, K.425)
* 1786: [[Symphonia trigesima octava (Mozart)|Symphonia trigesima octava]] (Pragensis, K. 504)
* 1788: [[Symphonia trigesima nona (Mozart)|Symphonia trigesima nona]] (K.543)
* 1788: [[Symphonia quadragesima (Mozart)|Symphonia quadragesima]] (K. 550)
* 1788: [[Symphonia quadragesmia prima (Mozart)|Symphonia quadragesima prima]] (Juppiter, K.551)

=== Alia ===
{{div col|2}}
* 1766: [[Galimathias musicum (Quodlibet)]] (K. 32)
* 1775: [[Concentus pro violinum et orchestrae tertius (Mozart)|Concentus pro violinum et orchestrae tertius]] (K. 216)
* 1776: [[Concentus nocturnus septimus]] (Haffner appellatur, K.250)
* 1778: [[Sonata pro clavile octava (Mozart)|Sonata pro clavile octava]] (K. 310)
* 1778: [[Sonata pro clavile undecima (Mozart)|Sonata pro clavile undecima]] (Melodia in gradui Turcico, K.311)
* 1781: ''[[Partita grandis]]'' (Musica nocturna pro instrumentis musicis aërum, K. 361)
* 1785: [[Quadricinium fidium decimus nonus (Mozart)|Quadricinium fidium decimus nonus]] (Quadricinium dissonantiae K. 465)
* 1785: [[Concentus pro clavile et orchestrae vincesimus (Mozart)|Concentus pro clavile et orchestrae vincesimus]] (K. 466)
* 1785: [[Concentus pro clavile et orchestrae vicesimus primus (Mozart)|Concentus pro clavile et orchestrae vicesimus primus]] (K. 467)
* 1785: [[Quadricinium pro clavile primum (Mozart)|Quadricinium pro clavile primum]] (K. 478)
* 1786: [[Concentus pro clavile et orchestrae vicesimus quartus (Mozart)|Concentus pro clavile et orchestrae vicesimus quartus]] (K. 491)
* 1787: ''[[Ein musikalischer Spaß]]'' (Oblectatio musicalis, K. 522)
* 1787: ''[[Eine kleine Nachtmusik]]'' (Parva musica nocturna, K. 525)
* 1788: [[Sonata pro clavile sexta decima (Mozart)|Sonata pro clavile sexta decima]] (K. 545)
* 1791: [[Concentus pro tibia clarisona et orchestrae (Mozart)|Concentus pro tibia clarisona et orchestrae]] (K. 622)
{{div col end}}

== Mozartus in pelliculis ==
* [[1984]] ''[[Amadeus (pellicula)|Amadeus]]''

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
[[Fasciculus:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Signature.svg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Subscriptio]] Mozartiana (facsimile).]]
* {{Cite book
| publisher=Yale University Press
| isbn = 9780300072235
| last = Abert
| first = Hermann
| authorlink = Hermannus Abert
| others = Cliff Eisen (ed.), Stewart Spencer (conv.)
| title = W. A. Mozart
| location = Portu Novi
| year = [[2007]]
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=l6I6BwTMJ3sC
| oclc = 70401564
| ref = harv
}}
* {{Cite book
| publisher=Pendragon Press
| isbn = 1576470105
| last = Barry
| first = Barbara R
| title = The Philosopher's Stone: Essays in the Transformation of Musical Structure
| location = Hillsdale, Novi Eboraci
| year = [[2000]]
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=whSIM4Snh7YC
| oclc = 466918491
| ref = harv
}}
* {{Cite book
| publisher=University of California Press
| isbn = 0520228987
| last = Cairns
| first = David
| title = Mozart and His Operas
| location = Berkeleiae Californiae
| year = [[2006]]
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=4rNjwC5HShkC
| oclc = 62290645
| ref = harv
}}
* Dent, Edward J. [[1947]]. ''Mozart's Operas: A Critical Study.'' Londinii, Oxoniae, Novi Eboraci: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-284001-0.
* {{Cite book
| publisher=Stanford University Press
| isbn = 9780804702331
| last = Deutsch
| first = Otto Erich
| others = Peter Branscombe, [[Ericus Blom]], Jeremy Noble (conv.)
| title = Mozart: A Documentary Biography
| location = Stanfordiae
| year = [[1965]]
| authorlink = Otto Ericus Deutsch
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=e8AtwaddUW4C
| oclc = 8991008
| ref = harv
}}
* [[Alfredus Einstein|Einstein, Alfred]]. [[1965]]. ''Mozart: His Character, His Work.'' Liber conversus ab Arthur Mendel et Nathan Broder. Galaxy Book 162. Novi Eboraci: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-304-92483-0. OCLC456644858. [http://books.google.com/books?id=U0KVSgAACAAJ URL.]{{Nexus deficitur|date=January 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{Cite journal
| last = Eisen
| first = Cliff
| coauthors = et al.
| title = Mozart
| journal=Grove Music Online
| url = http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/40258pg3
| accessdate =[[15 Septembris]] [[2010]]
| ref = harv
}}
* {{Cite book
| publisher=Cambridge University Press
| isbn = 0521856590
| editor1-last = Eisen
| editor1-first = Cliff
| editor2-last = Keefe
| editor2-first = Simon P
| title = The Cambridge Mozart Encyclopedia
| location = Cantabrigiae
| year = [[2006]]
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=8o6mVjlSzM4C
| oclc = 60245611
| ref = harv
}}
* {{Cite journal
| issue = 14
| last = Haberl
| first = Dieter
| title = Beethovens erste Reise nach Wien: die Datierung seiner Schülerreise zu W. A. Mozart
| journal=Neues Musikwissenschaftliches Jahrbuch
| year = [[2006]]
| oclc = 634798176
| ref = harv
}}
* Fradkin, Robert A. [[1996]]. ''The well-tempered announcer: a pronunciation guide to classical music.'' Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-21064-X.
* {{Cite book
| publisher=Harcourt Brace
| isbn = 9780156011716
| last = Gutman
| first = Robert
| title = Mozart: A Cultural Biography
| location = Londinii
| year = [[2000]]
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=wKm3sCZeyr8C
| oclc = 45485135
| ref = harv
}}
* {{Cite book
| publisher=Clarendon Press
| isbn = 9780198163718
| last = Halliwell
| first = Ruth
| title = The Mozart Family: Four Lives in a Social Context
| location = Novi Eboraci
| year = [[1998]]
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=TUMyCTKlAr0C
| oclc = 36423516
| ref = harv
}}
* {{Cite book
| edition = 1st
| publisher=W. W. Norton &amp; Company
| isbn = 0393050807
| last = Heartz
| first = Daniel
| authorlink = Daniel Heartz
| title = Music in European Capitals: The Galant Style, 1720–1780
| location = Novi Eboraci
| year = [[2003]]
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=Sq7rU0BGyREC
| oclc = 50693068
| ref = harv
}}
* {{Cite book
| publisher=Cosimo Classics
| last1 = Holmes
| first1 = Edward
| title = The Life of Mozart
| location = Novi Eboraci
| year = [[2005]]
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=V6dBeXZ3GTwC&amp;pg=PA268
| oclc = 62790104
| ref = harv
| isbn = 1596051477.}}
* {{Cite book
| publisher=Flamingo
| isbn = 9780006543244
| last = Landon
| first = Howard Chandler Robbins
| authorlink = Howardus Chandler Robbins Landon
| title = 1791: Mozart's Last Year
| location = Londinii
| year = [[1990]]
| authorlink = H. C. Robbins Landon
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=oXdNwE0mQ9UC
| oclc = 20932333
| ref = harv}}
* [[Howardus Chandler Robbins Landon|Landon, Howard Chandler Robbins]], et Donald Mitchell, eds. [[1956]]. ''The Mozart Companion.'' Novi Eboraci: W. W. Norton &amp; Company.
* {{Cite book
| edition = 30th
| publisher=Penguin Books|Penguin
| isbn = 0141022620
| last1 = March
| first1 = Ivan
| last2 = Greenfield
| first2 = Edward
| last3 = Layton
| first3 = Robert
| editor-last = Czajkowski
| editor-first = Paul
| title = Penguin Guide to Compact Discs And DVDs, 2005–2006
| location = Londinii
| year = [[2005]]
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=_H6KQgAACAAJ
| oclc = 416204627
| ref = harv
}}
* {{Cite book
| edition = 2nd
| publisher=Macmillan| last1 = Mozart
| first1 = Wolfgang
| last2 = Mozart
| first2 = Leopold
| authorlink2 = Leopoldus Mozart
| editor-last = Anderson
| editor-first = Emily
| editor-link = Emily Anderson
| title = The Letters of Mozart and his Family
| location = Londinii
| year = [[1966]]
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=VMkuAAAAIAAJ
| oclc = 594813
| ref = harv
| isbn = 039302248X
}}
* {{Cite book
| publisher=Dover Publications
| last1 = Mozart
| first1 = Wolfgang
| editor-last = Mersmann
| editor-first = Hans
| title = Letters of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
| location = Novi Eboraci
| year = [[1972]]
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=KpjYoajWID8C&amp;pg=PR8
| oclc = 753483
| ref = harv
| isbn = 0486228592
}}
* {{Cite book
| edition = secunda
| publisher=W. W. Norton &amp; Company
| isbn = 0393317129
| last = Rosen
| first = Charles
| authorlink = Carolus Rosen
| title = The Classical Style: Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven
| location = Novi Eboraci
| year = [[1998]]
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=aAFUOreO-nMC
| oclc = 246977555
| ref = harv
}}
* {{Cite book
| publisher=Grove's Dictionaries of Music Inc.
| isbn = 9780333734322
| editor-last = Sadie
| editor-first = Stanley
| editor-link = Stanley Sadie
| title = The New Grove Dictionary of Opera
| location = Novi Eboraci
| year = [[1998]]
| oclc = 39160203
}}
* {{Cite book
| edition = 6a
| publisher=Macmillan
| isbn = 0333231112
| editor-last = Sadie
| editor-first = Stanley
| editor-link = Stanley Sadie
| title = The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians
| location = Londinii
| year = [[1980]]
| oclc = 5676891
}}
* {{Cite book
| edition = 1st
| publisher=HarperCollins
| isbn = 9780060190460
| last = Solomon
| first = Maynard
| authorlink = Maynard Solomon
| title = Mozart: A Life
| location = Novi Eboraci
| year = [[1995]]
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=UuEHAQAAMAAJ
| oclc = 31435799
}}
* {{Cite book
| publisher=Clarendon Press
| isbn = 0198162219
| last = Steptoe
| first = Andrew
| title = The Mozart-Da Ponte Operas: The Cultural and Musical Background to Le nozze di Figaro, Don Giovanni, and Così fan tutte
| location = Oxoniae
| year = [[1990]]
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=s7394NpN0YQC
| oclc = 22895166
}}
* {{Cite book
| publisher=W. W. Norton &amp; Company
| isbn = 0393313956
| last = Till
| first = Nicholas
| title = Mozart and the Enlightenment: Truth, Virtue and Beauty in Mozart's Operas
| location = Novi Eboraci
| year = [[1995]]
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=xCyegHQr2TwC
| oclc = 469628809
}}
* {{cite web
| title = Award of the Papal Equestrian Order of the &quot;Golden Spur&quot; to Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
| work=Vatican Secret Archives
| date = [[4 Iulii]] [[1770]]
| url = http://asv.vatican.va/en/doc/1770.htm
| ref = CITEREFVatican1770
}}
*Wakin, Daniel J. [[2010]]. [http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/25/arts/music/25death.html After Mozart’s Death, an Endless Coda.] ''[[The New York Times]],'' [[24 Augusti]]. ISSN 0362-4331.
*Zaslaw, Neal. [[2006]]. The Non-Canonic Status of Mozart's Canons. ''Eighteenth-Century Music'' 3: 109–23. doi:10.1017/S1478570606000510.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Laurentius a Ponte]]
* [[Franciscus Schubertus]]
* [[1034 Mozartia]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Wolfgangum Amadeum Mozartum}}
{{Fontes biographici}}
{{Grc|Οὐολφογάγγος Ἀμαδέος Μόσαρτος}} 
* {{cite web
| title = New Mozart Pieces Unveiled (VIDEO)
| work=The Huffington Post
| accessdate =[[29 Septembris]] [[2010]]
| date = [[8 Februarii]] [[2009]]
| url = http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/08/02/new-mozart-pieces-unveile_n_249532.html
}}
* {{cite web
| last = Lorenz
| first = Michael
| title = Mozart's Apartment on the Alsergrund
| accessdate =[[27 Septembris]] [[2010]]
| date = [[9 Augusti]] [[2010]]
| url = http://homepage.univie.ac.at/michael.lorenz/alsergrund/
| ref = harv}}
* {{cite web
| title = Mozart, Mozart's Magic Flute and Beethoven
| work=Raptus Association for Music Appreciation
| accessdate =[[27 Septembis]] [[2010]]
| url = http://www.raptusassociation.org/beethmoze.html
| ref = CITEREFRaptus.}}

{{Mozarti operae}}
{{1000 paginae}}
{{Myrias|Homines}}

{{Lifetime|1756|1791|Mozartus, Wolfgangus Amadeus}}
[[Categoria:Clavilistae]]
[[Categoria:Compositores Aetatis Classicae]]
[[Categoria:Compositores Austriae]]
[[Categoria:Compositores Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Compositores operarum]]
[[Categoria:Compositores symphoniarum]]
[[Categoria:Francomurarii]]
[[Categoria:Wolfgangus Amadeus Mozart|!]]&lt;!--Mutari in Wolfgangus Amadeus Mozartus&quot;?--&gt;</text>
      <sha1>lxs2o2887yrcz965hlll422qu4jybx9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Luna</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="18226" sha1="sywaqy5lzo113gc082b3g7v2b7a2492" xml:space="preserve">{{Videdis|Luna (discretiva)}}

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;
|+ [[Luna]] [[file:Moon decrescent symbol (bold).svg|20px|☾]]
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Full Moon Luc Viatour.jpg|250px|none|Luna]]
|-
! bgcolor=&quot;#ffc0c0&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Inventio
|-
! bgcolor=&quot;#ffc0c0&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Proprietates orbitales
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | [[Axis semimaior]]
| 384&amp;thinsp;400 [[chiliometrum|km]]
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | [[Perigaeum]]
| 356&amp;thinsp;410 km
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | [[Apogaeum]]
| 406&amp;thinsp;740 km
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; |[[Eccentricitas]]
| 0.0549
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | [[Periodus orbitalis]]
| 27 d 7 h 43,7 m
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | [[Inclinatio orbitalis]]
| 5.1454°
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | [[Satelles]] planetae
| [[Tellus (planeta)|Terrae]]
|-
! bgcolor=&quot;#ffc0c0&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Proprietates physicae
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | [[Diametrum|Diametrum circuli aequinoctialis]]
| 3474.8 km
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | [[Area (geometria)|Area]]
| 38 × 10&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt; [[chiliometrum quadratum|km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;]]
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | [[Massa]]
| 7.347673 × 10&lt;sup&gt;22&lt;/sup&gt; [[chiliogramma|kg]]
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | [[Densitas]]
| 3.344 [[gramma|g]]/cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | [[Gravitas|Gravitas in circulo aequinoctiali]]
| 1.622 [[Acceleratio|m/s&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;]]
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | [[Periodus rotationis]]
| 27 d 7 h 43,7 m
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | [[Inclinatio axialis]]
| 1.5424°
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | [[Albedo]]
| 0.12
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | [[Temperatura]]
| 
{| cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; border=&quot;0&quot;
|-
! min
! med
! max
|-
| 40 [[Kelvin|K]]
| 250 K
| 396 K
|}
|-
! bgcolor=&quot;#ffc0c0&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Proprietates [[atmosphaerica]]e
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | [[Pressio atmosphaerica]]
| 3 × 10&lt;sup&gt;-13&lt;/sup&gt; [[Paschalis|kPa]]
|-
| [[Helium]]
| 25%
|-
| [[Neon]]
| 25%
|-
| [[Hydrogenium]]
| 23%
|-
| [[Argon]]
| 20%
|}

'''Luna''' (-ae, ''f'')&lt;ref&gt;Ebbe Vilborg, ''Norstedts svensk-latinska ordbok'', editio secunda, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; est solus [[Tellus (planeta)|Telluris]] [[satelles naturalis]],&lt;ref group=&quot;nb&quot;&gt;Sunt aliquot [[asteroidum prope Tellus|asteroida prope Tellus]], inter quae [[3753 Cruithne]], quae sunt [[co-orbitalis|co-orbitalia]] cum Tellure: eorum orbita se aliquando prope Tellus ferunt, sed deinde ad ultimum commutantur (Morais et al. 2002). Haec sunt [[quasi-satelles|quasi-satellites]], non lunae, quia ea circa Tellus non moventur. Pro singluis additis, vide [[Aliae Telluris lunae]].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Morais2002&quot;&gt;M. H. M. Morais et A. Morbidelli, &quot;The Population of Near-Earth Asteroids in Coorbital Motion with the Earth,&quot; ''Icarus'' 160 (1) (2002): 1–9. bibcode = 2002Icar..160....1M. doi 10.1006/icar.2002.6937.&lt;/ref&gt; [[quinque|quintus]] satelles a [[tabula satellitum naturalium Systematis Solaris|maximo]] in [[Systema Solare|Systemate Solari]], et maximus cuiuslibet [[planeta]]e satelles naturalis in Systemate Solari quod attinet ad [[magnitudo|magnitudinem]] eius [[primarius (astronomia)|primarii]], nam [[diametrum]] Lunae est [[quattuor|quarta]] pars diametri Telluris et octogesima-prima pars eius [[massa]]e.&lt;ref group=&quot;nb&quot;&gt;[[Charon (luna)|Charon]] pro portione est maius prae [[Pluto (planetulus)|Plutone]], sed Pluto in genus [[planeta nanus|planetae nani]] iterum descriptus est.&lt;/ref&gt; Luna [[densitas|densitate]] est secundus post [[Io (satelles)|Ion]], satellitem [[Iuppiter (planeta)|Iovis]]. Ei est [[rotatio synchrona]] cum Tellure, semper eandem [[facies|faciem]] exhibens; [[proximum Lunae latus|latus proximum]] obscuris [[mare lunare|maribus]] [[mons ignifer|vulcanicis]] inter claras et antiquas [[crusta (geologia)|crustae]] terras altas [[cratera impactionis|craterasque impactionis]] signatur. Luna est clarissima res in [[caelum|caelo]] post [[Sol]]em, quamquam sua [[superficies]] revera est obscurissima, cuius [[albedo]] illius [[carbo]]nis similis est. Sua eminentia in caelo suusque ordinarius [[vices lunaris|vicium]] cyclus, post tempora prima, faciunt ut Luna [[cultura]]m [[homo|humanam]], praecipue in [[ars|arte]], [[lingua]], [[mythologia]], et [[calendarium|compositione anni]], magnopere moveat. [[Vis]] [[gravitatio]]nis lunaris [[aestus|aestus oceanicos]] et minutam [[dies|diei]] [[acceleratio aestus|productionem]] efficit. Hodiernum Lunae spatium orbitale, circa decies triplus [[diametrum]] Telluris, facit ut Luna, paene eiusdem magnitudinis Solis in superficie Telluris apparens, faciem Solis paene subtiliter per totam [[defectio solis|solis defectionem]] contegat.

Luna est solum [[res astronomica|corpus caeleste]] in quo [[egressus lunaris|homines ex navi spatiali egressi sunt]].&lt;!--nexus:moon landing--&gt; [[Programma Lunare]] [[Unio Sovietica|Unionis Sovieticae]] fuit primum quod Lunam attigit, in robotica [[aeronavis spatii|navi spatiali]] anno [[1959]], sed [[Programma Apollo]] [[NASA]] [[Civitates Foederatae|Civitatum Foederatarum]] solas missiones frequentatas&lt;!--manned--&gt; confecit, quarum prima fuit [[Apollo 8]], missio quae circa Lunam anno [[1968]] mota est, et inter reliquas fuerunt [[sex]] [[astronauta]]rum egressus lunares inter [[1969]] et [[1972]], quorum primus fuit [[Apollo 11]]. Hae missiones plus quam 380 [[chiliogramma]]ta talia [[saxum lunare|saxorum lunarium]] rettulerunt qualem [[saxum Genesis]], quae adhibita sunt ad evolvendam [[geologia|geologicam]] originis Lunae (putatur se formavisse abhinc [[annus|annorum]] circa 4.5 billiones per [[coniectura impactionis gigantis|impactionem gigantem]], Tellurem implicantem), formationis [[interna Lunae compositio|eius compositionis internae]], et [[geologia Lunae|eius historiae insequentis]] intellegentiam.

Missione [[Apollo 17|Apolline 17]] anno [[1972]] confecta, Luna solum a roboticis [[astronavis|navibus spatialibus]] visitata est, insigniter ab ultimo ''[[Lunokhod]],'' [[erro]]ne&lt;!--rover--&gt; [[Unio Sovietica|Sovietico]]. Post 2004, [[Iaponia]], [[Sina (regio)|Sina]], [[India]], Civitates Foederatae, et [[Europaeum Spatii Ministerium]] res quae circa Lunam moventur&lt;!--lunar orbiters--&gt; miserunt. Hae naves spatiales inventum [[aqua lunaris|glaciei lunaris]] in crateris perpetuo umbrosis ad [[polus|polos]] et in [[regolithum|regolitho]] lunari adligatae confirmare adiuverunt. Futurae missiones ad Lunam ab hominibus [[navigatio|navigatae]] intentae sunt, inter quas conatus gubernationum publicarum et hominum privatorum. Luna omnibus civitatibus, sub condicionibus [[Foedus Spatii|Foederis Spatii]] ([[Anglice]] ''Outer Space Treaty''), libera manet, ut omnes eam pro propositis pacatis explorent.

== Origo ==
Nunquam confirmata est ulla cogitatione de Lunae origine: ea nam punctum est magni disputationes scientificae. Cogitationes quattuor adhuc propositae dicunt quod: 
#Luna a magno impulsu cum simili [[Mars (planeta)|Marti]] corpore creata est (huic fides maxima adlata).
#Luna uno tempore pars erat Telluris; ab eo disiugit propter magnam impulsionem internam.
#Luna in remota parte spatii creata erat, atque Tellus sua gravitate et pondere eam cepit.
#Uno tempore Lunae [[duo|duae]] existebant, quae deinde concurrerunt, nostrum satellitem unicum creantes.

== Physica ==

=== Compositio interna ===
&lt;!--{{Main|Internal structure of the Moon}}--&gt;
[[Fasciculus:Main lunar core en.jpg|thumb|Interna Lunae compositio ([[Anglice]] signata).]]

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;float: right; clear: right; margin-left: 2em; text-align: center&quot;
|+ Compositio chemica superficialis regolithi lunaris, ex saxorum crustae deducta&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book
|author=Taylor, Stuart Ross
|title= Lunar science: A post-Apollo view| year=1975
|page=64|publisher=New York, Pergamon Press, Inc.
|url=http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1975lspa.book.....T/0000064.000.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!-- After Turkevich, A.L. (1973) PLC 4:1159; Moon. 8:365. --&gt;
!rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Compositum
!rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Formula
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Compositio (pondus %)
|-
!style=&quot;font-size: smaller;&quot;|Maria
!style=&quot;font-size: smaller;&quot;|Terrae altae
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left&quot;|[[Dioxidum silicii]]
|SiO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|45.4%
|45.5%
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left&quot;|Oxidum aluminii
|Al&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|14.9%
|24.0%
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left&quot;|[[Oxidum calcii]]
|CaO
|11.8%
|15.9%
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left&quot;|[[Oxidum ferri(II)]]
|FeO
|14.1%
|5.9%
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left&quot;|[[Oxidum magnesii]]
|MgO
|9.2%
|7.5%
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left&quot;|[[Dioxidum titanii]]
|TiO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|3.9%
|0.6%
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left&quot;|[[Oxidum natrii]]
|Na&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O
|0.6%
|0.6%
|-
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Summa
!99.9%
!100.0%
|}

Luna est [[corpus]] [[differentiatio planetaria|differentiatum]]: ei est [[crusta (geologia)|crusta]], [[amiculum (geologia)|amiculum]],{{dubsig}} et [[nucleus planetarius|nucleus]], omnes [[geochemia|geochemice]] distincti. Lunae est [[solidum|solidus]] plerumque [[ferrum|ferro]] abundante nucleus interior, cuius [[radius (geometria)|radius]] est fere 240 [[chiliometrum|chiliometra]], et fluidus nucleus exterior, plerumque ferro liquido compositus, cuius radius est fere 300 chiliometra. Circa nucleum est stratum terminalis partim liquefactum, cuius radius est circa 500 chiliometra.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120111112210/http://www.nasa.gov/topics/moonmars/features/lunar_core.html &quot;NASA Research Team Reveals Moon Has Earth-Like Core,&quot;] apud www.nasa.gov.&lt;/ref&gt;

Totus Lunae radius 1738 chiliometra est; uno mense suum rotandi motum fungitur circa Tellus, a quo fere 384&amp;thinsp;000 chiliometrorum stat.

Cum satellitis nostri tempus se convertendi tempori in orbem volvendi idem est (29 dies), is perpetuo nobis eandem speciem monstrat. Luna maiorum satellitum est pro planetarum quorum in [[aer]]e: [[planeta]]rum maiorum satellites non molum differentum sunt eius; similes planetae Terrae satellites non tenent ([[Venus (planeta)|Venus]], [[Mercurius (planeta)|Mercurius]]), vel quos tenent ita parvi sunt ut quasi non considerentur ([[Mars (planeta)|Mars]]).

=== Planities ===
{{vide-etiam|Mare lunare}}
Lunae multae planities sunt, significatae cum nomine ''[[mare lunare|maribus]]''. Hic referuntur:
{{div col|2}}
*[[Mare Anguis]]
*[[Mare Fecunditatis]]
*[[Mare Nubium]]
*[[Mare Cognitum]]
*[[Mare Tranquillitatis]]
*[[Oceanus Procellarum]]
*[[Lacus Aestatis]]
{{div col end}}

=== Montes et Valla ===
{{vide-etiam|Index montium lunarium}}
*[[Apenninus (Luna)|Apenninus]]
*[[Argaeus mons (Luna)]]  
*[[Rupes Cauchy]]
*[[Rupes Kelvin]]

=== Crateres ===
{{vide-etiam|Index craterum lunarium}}
Cum Lunae aerem quasi non sit, meteora decidenta multa magis sunt gravioraque damna ferunt quam in Tellure. Quare satellitis superficiei permulti crateres sunt:
{{div col|2}}
* [[Anaxagoras (crater lunaris)|Anaxagoras]]
* [[Atlas (crater lunaris)|Atlas]]   
* [[Birkhoff (crater lunaris)|Birkhoff]]
* [[Demosthenes (crater lunaris)|Demosthenes]]
* [[Dirac (crater lunaris)|Dirac]]
* [[Eratosthenes (crater lunaris)|Eratosthenes]]
* [[Fermat (crater lunaris)|Fermat]]
* [[Hercules (crater lunaris)|Hercules]]
* [[Marius (crater)|Marius]]
{{div col end}}

== Figurae Lunae ==
[[Fasciculus:Moon-bonatti.png|thumb|Luna. [[Guido Bonatti|Guidonis Bonatti]] ''Liber astronomiae'' (1550).]]
[[Fasciculus:Moon names.svg|thumb|[[Mare lunare|Maiora maria]] et [[cratera Lunae|cratera]] [[proximum Lunae latus|proximi Lunae lateris]].|alt=Lunar nearside with major maria and craters labeled]]
[[Fasciculus:Lunar libration with phase Oct 2007 (continuous loop).gif|thumb|alt=Over one lunar month more than half of the Moon's surface can be seen from Earth's surface.|[[Libratio]] Lunae per unum [[mensis|mensem]] lunarem. Etiam videtur pauca variatio [[magnitudo|magnitudinis]] manifestae a Tellure visa.]]

:[[Fasciculus:New moon symbol.svg|20px]] Luna nova, novilunium
:[[Fasciculus:Waxing crescent moon (fixed width).svg|20px]] Luna accrescens corniculata
:[[Fasciculus:First quarter moon symbol.svg|20px]] Luna accrescens dimidiata
:[[Fasciculus:Waxing gibbous moon (fixed width).svg|20px]] Luna accrescens in orbem insinuata
:[[Fasciculus:Full moon symbol.svg|20px]] [[Luna plena]], plenilunium
:[[Fasciculus:Waning gibbous moon (fixed width).svg|20px]] Luna decrescens in orbem insinuata
:[[Fasciculus:Last quarter moon symbol.svg|20px]] Luna decrescens dimidiata
:[[Fasciculus:Waning crescent moon (fixed width).svg|20px]] Luna decrescens corniculata

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

; Explicationes
&lt;references group=&quot;nb&quot;/&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Bussey, B., et Paul D. Spudis. [[2004]]. ''The Clementine Atlas of the Moon.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521815282.
* Canup, R.M. [[2012]]. &quot;Forming a Moon with an Earth-like composition via a giant impact.&quot; ''Science'' 338: 1052–55. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23076098 Epitome.]
* Duncan, David Ewing. [[1998]]. ''The Calendar.'' Londinii: Fourth Estate. ISBN 978-1-85702-721-1.
* Jolliff, B., M. Wieczorek, C. Shearer, et C. Neal, eds. [http://www.minsocam.org/msa/RIM/Rim60.html &quot;New views of the Moon.&quot;] ''Reviews of Mineralogy and Geochemistry'' 60: 721.
* Li, Shuai, et al. [[2018]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180821181048/http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2018/08/14/1802345115 &quot;Direct evidence of surface exposed water ice in the lunar polar regions.&quot;] ''PNAS,'' 20 Augusti 2018.
* Lock, Simon J., et al. [[2018]]. [https://scirate.com/arxiv/1802.10223 &quot;The origin of the Moon within a terrestrial synestia.&quot;] ''arXiv.org,'' 28 Februarii 2018, pro Earth and Planetary Astrophysics.
* Mackenzie, Dana. [[2003]]. ''The Big Splat, or How Our Moon Came to Be.'' Hoboken: Wiley. ISBN 0471150576.
* José M Madiedo, José L Ortiz, Nicolás Morales, Pablo Santos-Sanz, &quot;[https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/486/3/3380/5480892 Multiwavelength observations of a bright impact flash during the 2019 January total lunar eclipse]&quot; in ''Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society'' vol. 486 (2019) pp. 3380–3387
* Moore, Patrick. [[2001]]. ''On the Moon.'' Tucson: Sterling Publishing. ISBN 0304354694.
* Saxena, Prabal, Lindy Elkins-Tanton, Noah Petro, et Avi Mandell. [[2017]]. [https://arxiv.org/pdf/1706.07501.pdf &quot;A Model of the Primordial Lunar Atmosphere.&quot;] ''arXiv,'' 22 Iunii 2017, pro Earth and Planetary Science Letters.
* Siraj, Amir, et Abraham Loeb. [[2019]]. [https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.08543 &quot;A Real-Time Search for Interstellar Impacts on the Moon.&quot;] ''arXiv.org,'' 22 Augusti 2017.
* Spudis, P. D. [[1996]]. ''The Once and Future Moon.'' Vasingtoniae: Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN 1560986344.
* S. A. Stern, &quot;[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/1999RG900005/epdf The lunar atmosphere: History, status, current problems, and context]&quot; in ''Reviews of Geophysics'' vol. 37 (1999) pp. 453–491
* Taylor, S. R. [[1982]]. ''Planetary science: A lunar perspective.'' Houstoniae: Lunar and Planetary Institute.
* Taylor, S. R. [[1992]]. ''Solar system evolution.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521372127.
* Wilhelms, D.E. [[1987]]. [http://ser.sese.asu.edu/GHM ''Geologic History of the Moon.''] U.S. Geological Survey Professional Papers, 1348.
* Wilhelms, D. E. [[1993]]. [http://www.lpi.usra.edu/publications/books/rockyMoon ''To a Rocky Moon: A Geologist's History of Lunar Exploration.''] Tucsoniae: University of Arizona Press. ISBN 0816510652.

{{NexInt}}
{{div col|2}}
* [[Aestus]]
* [[Argentum]], signum lunae
* [[Defectio lunae]]
* [[Lumen cinereum]]
* [[Luna (dea)]]
* [[Luna plena]]
* ''[[Lunaria]]''
* [[Luna Ring]]
* [[Pelvis Polus Australis–Aitken]]
* [[Programma Apollo]]
* [[Programma Artemis]]
* [[Saxum Genesis]]
* [[Selene]]
* [[Statio Tranquillitatis]]
* [[Terminator lunaris]]
* [[Theia]]
* [[Vices lunae]]
{{div col end}}

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Moon|Lunam}}
* Fraser Cain, [http://www.astronomycast.com/astronomy/episode-17-where-does-the-moon-come-from &quot;Where does the Moon Come From?&quot;] apud Astronomy Cast.
* [http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/Archive/Archive-Moon.html Archivum commentationum de Luna] apud Planetary Science Research Discoveries.
* &quot;[https://www.lpi.usra.edu/lunar/surface/ Lunar Surface]&quot; apud Lunar and Planetary Institute.
* &quot;[https://www.lpi.usra.edu/lunar/meteorites/ Lunar Meteorites]&quot; apud Lunar and Planetary Institute.

; De exploratione
* Jones, Eric M., et Ken Glover. [[2017]]. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20081216040656/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/alsj/ Apollo Lunar Surface Journal]'': ephemeris explorationum 1969-1972 apud [[NASA]].
* Teague, Kipp. [[1999]]. ''[http://www.apolloarchive.com/apollo_archive.html The Project Apollo Archive.]''
* Clementine Project. [[1994]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180408161927/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/clementine.html De proposito Clementino.]
* ''[http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specials/948_discovery_2008/page4.shtml Discovery 2008: The Moon]'' apud [[BBC]].
* [http://www.lpi.usra.edu/expmoon ''Lunar Science and Exploration''] apud Lunar and Planetary Institute.

; De toponymia
* ''[http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Page/MOON/target Target: The Moon]'' apud ''Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature''

; Fontes cartographici
* ''[https://www.lpi.usra.edu/lunar/lunar_images/ Lunar Images and Maps]'' apud ''Lunar and Planetary Institute''
* ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20070515064406/http://www.worldwindcentral.com/wiki/Moon Moon]'' apud ''WorldWind Central''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120305055023/https://wms.selene.jaxa.jp/index_e.html Imagines Kaguya (Selenis),] apud Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency.
* [http://www.geody.com/?world=moon Luna] apud Geody.
* Aeschliman, R. [http://ralphaeschliman.com/ralphaeschliman_008.htm &quot;The Moon.&quot;] Tabulae geographicae lunares et [[panorama]]ta locorum quos Apollo attigit.

===Instrumenta observationis===
* ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20070820075142/http://sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/SKYCAL/SKYCAL.html Eclipse Website]'' olim apud ''[[NASA]]'' divulgatus
* [https://www.timeanddate.com/moon/ Ortus lunae, occasus lunae, et phasis pro loco]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090204002746/http://www.crescentmoonwatch.org/nextnewmoon.htm Phases lunares] apud ''CrescentMoonWatch''

{{Systema solare nostrum}}
{{1000 paginae}}
{{Myrias|Physica}}

[[Categoria:Corpora astronomica speculatris visitata]]
[[Categoria:Luna|!]]
[[Categoria:Res astronomicae nominibus antiquis agnitae]]
[[Categoria:Satellites]]
[[Categoria:Terra]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Carolus Azeglio Ciampi</title>
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      <text bytes="2334" sha1="jczevtangtysh9q0aezmmpqv0v7zopd" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
'''Carolus''', vulgo ''Carlo'' '''Azeglio Ciampi''' ([[Labro]]ne die [[9 Decembris]] [[1920]] natus; [[Roma]]e die [[16 Septembris]] [[2016]] mortuus) publica bona administrandi peritus et vir in re publica exercitatus factus fuit.

== Vita ==
[[Fasciculus:Vittorio Foa.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|Carolus Azeglio Ciampi (ad sinistram) cum diurnario [[Victorius Foà|Victorio Foà]] die 31 Ianuarii 2001]]
Iuvenis Ciampi, in [[Schola Normalis Superior Pisarum|Schola Normali Superiore Pisarum]], Graecorum ac Romanorum Litterarum et, apud [[Universitas Pisarum|Universitatem Pisarum]], [[Ius|Iuris Prudentiae]] doctoris insigne consecutus est; [[Bellum Orbis Terrarum II|Secundo Totius Orbis Terrarum Bello]] e manibus Germanorum effugit et postea Labronicam Actionis Partis partitionem constituit.

Anno [[1956]] Ciampi curator [[Italia]]e Argentariae Mensae Publicae operam dare cepit; anno [[1978]] generalis moderator et anno insequenti rector factus est.

Anno [[1993]] Aprili mense Ciampi [[praeses consilii ministrorum]] delectus est.

Anno [[1996]] Pecuniarum Rationis atque Aerari minister factus est et hoc munere functus est usque ad annum [[1999]], quo [[Duces Rei Publicae Italicae|Rei Publicae praeses]] electus est.

Anno [[2006]] Ciampi praeses iterum creari noluit, ergo senator in perpetuum evasit.

== Administratio cui Carolus Azelius Ciampi praefuit ==

* A die [[28 Aprilis]] [[1993]] usque ad diem [[10 Maii]] [[1994]].

== Bibliographia ==
* Donald Sassoon, &quot;[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/sep/19/carlo-azeglio-ciampi-obituary Carlo Azeglio Ciampi obituary]&quot; in ''[[The Guardian]]'' (19 Septembris 2016) {{Ling|Anglice}}

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Carlo Azeglio Ciampi|Carolum Azeglio Ciampi}}
{{Fontes biographici}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120917173639/http://www.bancaditalia.it/bancaditalia/storia/governatori/Ciampi De Carolo Azeglio Ciampi] apud Argentariae Italicae paginas interretiales {{Ling|Italice}}

{{Duces Rei Publicae Italianae}}
{{Primi ministri Italiae}}
{{Consilium Italicum Prodi I}}
{{Consilium Italicum D'Alema I}}
{{Gubernatores Argentariae Italicae}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ciampi, Carolus Azeglio}}

[[Categoria:Praesides Consilii Ministrorum Italiae]]
[[Categoria:Praesides Reipublicae Italiae]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1920]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 2016]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Silvius Berlusconius</title>
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      <text bytes="14977" sha1="r751ky4r5n6l7g1um2i6ai0xcp6u1zo" xml:space="preserve">{{Latinitas|-3}}
{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}

{{res|Silvius Berlusconius}},&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen 1 = Halensis
	| nomen 1 = Stephanus
	| titulus = Senatum Italicum mutationem formae civitatis probavisse
	| annus = 2006
	| domus editoria = Ephemeris
	| url = http://www.alcuinus.net/ephemeris/archi2006/nuntius.php?id=35
}}: “Silvius {{lectio|Berlusconius}} praeses administrorum Italicus hac lege rem publicam stabilitum iri affirmavit.”&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{*Cfr}} {{Opus
	| cognomen 1 = Caveosanus
	| nomen 1 = Dominicus
	| titulus = Quando, nisi nunc ipsum? Mulierum dignitas in Italia defendenda est!
	| annus = 2011
	| domus editoria = Ephemeris
	| url = http://ephemeris.alcuinus.net/archi2011/nuntius1.php?id=960
}}: “Nemo ignorat {{lectio|Berlusconium}} accusatum esse quod cum adulescentula scorto (cui “Ruby” nomen est) se coniunxerit”.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{*Cfr}} {{Opus
	| cognomen 1 = Caveosanus
	| nomen 1 = Dominicus
	| titulus = SPQR sanxit: extra Berlusconius!
	| annus = 2013
	| domus editoria = Ephemeris
	| url = http://www.alcuinus.net/ephemeris/archi2013/nuntius1.php?id=1238
}}: “Senatores italici pluribus sententiis sanxerunt ut “Eques” {{lectio|Berlusconius}}, de fraude fiscali accusatus . . . a Senatu amoveretur.”&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{*Cfr}} {{Opus
	| cognomen 1 = Groß
	| nomen 1 = Nicolaus
	| titulus = Nicolaus Joanni Carolo suo s.pl.
	| tempus = 2022-08-22
	| domus editoria = Ephemeris
	| url = https://ephemerisnuntii.eu/leonina/EL%20266.pdf
	| retrospectio = 20240812225609
	| salus url = obiit
}}: “Amici mei Itali dicere solent {{lectio|Berlusconium}} certe non esse animam candidissimam”.&lt;/ref&gt; (vulgo ''Silvio Berlusconi,'' [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]] die [[29 Septembris]] [[1936]] natus; ibidem [[12 Iunii]] [[2023]] [[leuchaemia]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://jp.reuters.com/article/italy-berlusconi-dead-idAFKBN2XY0FM &lt;nowiki&gt;“Silvio Berlusconi, Italy's ex-prime minister and media mogul[,] dies at 86.”&lt;/nowiki&gt;] in ''Japan Reuters'' (12 Iunii 2023). {{Ling|Anglice}}&lt;/ref&gt; mortuus) fuit [[negotiator]] et [[politicus|vir in re publica]] [[Italia|Italica]] exercitatus.&lt;!--Quattuor annos damnatus fuit frode{{dubsig}} fiscale et altro, nunc ter indagines de eo eveniunt, in una accusatus est strage.{{dubsig}} (Quod haud intellegibile est? Definitioni quoque non aptum?)--&gt; Berlusconius fuit dux [[Forza Italia|Fortitudinis Italia]], ab ipso condita, quae novis petitionibus mense Aprili 2008 coniuncta cum factione [[Foedus Nationale|Foederis Nationalis]] in nova factione [[Populus Libertatis|Populi Libertatis]] interfuit. Post has petitiones hae duae factiones contributae sunt. A die [[8 Maii]] [[2008]], usque ad diem [[16 Novembris]] [[2011]] quartum Italiae [[praeses consilii ministrorum]] fuit.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;“[https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2011/11/12/news/dimissioni_berlusconi_approvata_legge_stabilit-24911363/ Silvio Berlusconi si è dimesso la piazza in festa grida 'Buffone']” in ''[[La Repubblica]]'' (12 Novembris 2011). {{Ling|Italice}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Eius adversarii dicebant eum magni [[televisio|stationum televisificarum]] et [[diarium |diariorum]] dominii gratia quasi novam [[tyrannis|tyrannidis]] speciem (“videocratiam”) creavisse.

Berlusconius etiam fuit dominus societatis pediludii Mediolani cui nomen est ''Consociatio Pediludii Mediolanum,'' sive ''[[AC Milan]].''

Idem die [[1 Augusti]] [[2013]] ob fraudem fiscalem a [[Tribunal Supremum Cassationis|Tribunali Supremo Cassationis]] ad quadriennem custodiam damnatus est. Triennio poenae indulti cuiusdam vi detracto, unus custodiae annus eum manet.

== De vita ==
Alumnus fuit [[Universitas Studiorum Mediolanensis|Universitatis Studiorum Mediolanensis]]. Antea in provincia aedificandi artis, postea librorum edendorum et stationum televisificarum privatarum redemptor fuit.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;“[https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2023/06/12/silvio-berlusconi-figure-majeure-de-la-droite-italienne-est-mort_6177250_3382.html Silvio Berlusconi, figure majeure de la droite italienne, est mort]” in ''[[Le Monde]]'' (12 Iunii 2023). {{Ling|Francogallice}}&lt;/ref&gt; Divitias magnas celeriter (et sunt qui putent haud omnino honeste) ita indeptus est Silvius Berlusconius. Anno 1974 {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Victorius Mangano||it|qid=Q2528920}}, [[Mafia|mafiosus]] [[Panormus|Panormitanus]], pro eo ut stabularius in villa [[Arculae (Langobardia)|Arculense]] sua, 'villa Sancti Martini' ([[Italice]] ''Villa San Martino''), operabat.&lt;ref&gt;“[https://www.repubblica.it/online/cronaca/mangano/morto/morto.html È morto Vittorio Mangano l'ex stalliere di Berlusconi]” in ''[[La Repubblica]]'' (23 Iulii 2000). {{Ling|Italice}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;“[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2638609.stm Berlusconi accused of Mafia links]” in ''BBC News'' (8 Ianuarii 2003). {{Ling|Anglice}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Causidicus]] Panormitanus {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Marcellus Dell'Utri||it|qid=Q558815}} mediator fuisse videtur inter Mangano Berlusconioque.&lt;ref&gt;“[https://www.corriere.it/cronache/11_novembre_24/stato-mafia-indagato-dellutri_6b1ddbbe-16c0-11e1-a1c0-69f6106d85c1.shtml Trattativa Stato-mafia: indagato Dell'Utri]” in ''[[Corriere della Sera]]'' (24 Novembris 2011). {{Ling|Italice}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;“[https://www.lapresse.ca/international/europe/201404/11/01-4756784-un-senateur-ami-de-berlusconi-en-fuite-pour-collusion-avec-la-mafia.php Un sénateur ami de Berlusconi en fuite pour collusion avec la mafia]”, in ''La Presse'' (11 Aprilis 2014). {{Ling|Francogallice}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hunc, post damnationem sodalis sui [[Bettinus Craxi|Bettini Craxi]], libido maxima invaserat rei publicae capiendae et anno [[1994]] nova factio, [[Forza Italia]], constituta est, tum mediae dextraeque partium dux ille factus est;&lt;ref&gt;“[https://web.archive.org/web/20230616090523/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-guardian/126492362/ Italian right enters poll race divided]” in ''[[The Guardian]]'' (8 Ianuarii 1994). {{Ling|Anglice}}&lt;/ref&gt; Libertatum Polus et Boni Gubernii Polus in petitionibus victoriam reportaverunt: Berlusconius [[praesidens consilii ministrorum]] delectus est, sed post decem menses a regenda re publica recessit, quia Libertatum Poli foedus ruptum est.

Anno [[1996]] Polus pro Libertatibus suffragiis superatus est et insequentibus annis Berlusconius nonnunquam in [[iudicium]] vocatus est, sed damnatus non est quia novae leges ab eo factae erant. Anno [[2001]] Libertatum Domus in comitiis adversarios vicit et Berlusconius rectorum caput etiam factus est.&lt;ref&gt;“[https://www.caymancompass.com/2001/05/15/tycoon-back-in-power Tycoon back in power]” in ''Cayman Compass'' (15 Maii 2001). {{Ling|Anglice}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fasciculus:Dmitry Medvedev at the G8 Summit - 8 July 2009-11.jpg|left|thumb|Berlusconius cum [[Nicolaus Sarkozius|Nicolao Sarkozio]] praeside Francico atque [[Demetrius Medvedev|Demetrio Medvedev]] praeside Russico, anno 2009.]]
Anno [[2006]] in comitiis mediae dextraeque partium societas Domus Libertatum paucis subselliis victa est, ergo Berlusconius Consilii Praesidis munus deposuit et maiori parti adversam factionem direxit, sed iam anno 2008 iterum ex petitionibus victor evasit adversarium suum [[Gualterius Veltroni|Gualterium Veltroni]] profligando.&lt;ref&gt;“[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7347618.stm Italy returns Berlusconi to power]” in ''BBC News'' (15 Aprilis 2008). {{Ling|Italice}}&lt;/ref&gt; Adversarii eius putant eum vicisse quia Italicos inani promisso illuserat.

Post has petitiones factio ''Forza Italia'' cum factione Foederis Nationalis et aliis parvis factionibus in nova factione Populi Libertatis coniunctae sunt. Iam mense Augusto [[2010]] tamen [[Ioannes Francus Fini]] et alii antiqui Foederis Nationalis legati a Silvio Berlusconi e factione Populi Libertatis expulsi sunt.&lt;ref&gt;“[https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2010/04/22/news/fini-berlusconi-3540161/ Pdl, è rottura tra Fini e Berlusconi. Il premier: ‘Se non si allinea è fuori’]” in ''[[La Repubblica]]'' (22 Aprilis 2010). {{Ling|Italice}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hi novam factionem ''[[Futurum et Libertas |Futurum et Libertatem]]'' condiderunt.

Die [[12 Decembris]] [[2009]] pone [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]] [[Ecclesia cathedralis Mediolanensis|cathedralem]], contione facta, dum populum salutat, percutitur Silvius Berlusconius in facie ab homine insano Mediolanensis cathedralis parvo simulacro uso.&lt;ref&gt;“[https://www.corriere.it/politica/09_dicembre_13/berlusconi-colpito-al-viso-da-manifestante_0cd154c4-e80e-11de-8657-00144f02aabc.shtml Premier colpito al viso dopo il comizio «Sto bene, sto bene». Ma resta in ospedale]” in ''[[Corriere della Sera]]'' (13-14 Decembris 2009). {{Ling|Italice}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;“[https://elpais.com/internacional/2009/12/13/actualidad/1260658803_850215.html Berlusconi, agredido en Milán por un hombre con problemas mentales]” in ''El País'' (13 Decembris 2009). {{Ling|Hispanice}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Die [[15 Februarii]] [[2011]] tractus in iudicium est de repetundis accusatus et de coitu cum puella prostituta nondum tutelae suae facta.&lt;ref&gt;“[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/feb/15/silvio-berlusconi-trial-teenage-sex Silvio Berlusconi sent for trial accused of paying for sex with teenager]” in ''[[The Guardian]]'' (15 Februarii 2011). {{Ling|Anglice}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haec puella, Karima El Marough, se appellavit “Ruby Rubacuori” et dixit se neptem praesidis Aegypti [[Mahometus Husnius Mubarakus|Mubaraki]] esse.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Non liquet utrum hoc mendacium a Karima an a Silvio Berlusconio provenerit.
[[Fasciculus:Berlusconi adieu - tutti in attesa sotto il Quirinale il 12-11-2011 1220366.JPG|thumb|Forum Quirinalis ([[Piazza del Quirinale]]) nocte abdicationis Berlusconii, die 12 Novembris 2011.]]
Die [[12 Novembris]] [[2011]] Silvius Berlusconius se munere praesidentis consilii ministrorum abdicavit, quod haud satis delegatorum parlamentariorum iam regimen a se ductum sustineret.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Petitionibus anni 2013 Berlusconius rursus candidatus fuit. Eodem anno pellicula titulo ''[[Girlfriend in a Coma]]'' divulgata est de Italia a Silvio Berlusconi recta. Die [[27 Ianuarii]] [[2013]] Mediolani Silvius Berlusconius inter ipsas [[Soa|Holocausti]] diei memoriae celebrationes tyrannum [[Italia|Italicum]] [[Benitus Mussolinius|Benitum Mussolinium]], [[Adolfus Hitler|Adolfi Hitleri]] complicem, defendit.&lt;ref&gt;“[https://www.swissinfo.ch/ita/italia-berlusconi-mussolini-fece-cose-buone-ed-%C3%A8-polemica/34839154 Italia, Berlusconi: Mussolini fece cose buone, ed è polemica]” in ''swissinfo.ch'' (27 Ianuarii 2013). {{Ling|Italice}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kalendis Augustis [[2013]] Summum Tribunal italicum affirmat condemnationem [[crimen|criminalem]] contra Silvium Berlusconiu, propter [[falsimonia|fraudem]] in dispendium aerarii. Die [[27 Novembris]] [[2013]] Senatus [[Italia|Rei publicae Italicae]] statuit ut Silvius Berlusconius de Senatu expellatur.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Anno 2019, socius [[Parlamentum Europaeum|Parlamenti Europaei]] electus fuit. Mortuus est anno 2023, die 12 Iunii.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== Familia ==
[[Fasciculus:Flickr - europeanpeoplesparty - EPP Summit 11 December 2008 (11).jpg|thumb|upright=1|Silvius Berlusconius et [[Petrus Ferdinandus Casini]]us anno 2008 colloquuntur.]]
Anno [[1965]], Berlusconius [[Carola Elvira Lucia Dall'Oglio|Carolam Elviram Luciam Dall'Oglio]] in [[matrimonium]] duxit, quae mater eorum duorum liberorum [[Marina Berlusconi|Marinae Elvirae]] ([[1966]]) et [[Petrus Silvius Berlusconi|Petri Silvii]] (''Piersilvio'', [[1969]]) est.

Silvii Berlusconius altera uxor fuit [[Veronica Lario]]. Veronica iam ab anno circiter [[1979]] Berlusconi amatrix fuit, quocum more uxorio ab anno [[1985]] vivebat et cui anno [[1990]] nupsit. Silvius ex ea tres liberos genuit, scilicet [[Barbara Berlusconi|Barbaram]] (1984), [[Eleonora Berlusconi|Eleonoram]] (1986) et [[Ludovicum Berlusconi|Ludovicum]] (1988). Mense Maio anno [[2009]] Veronica se velle [[divortium]] facere nuntiavit.&lt;ref&gt;“[https://www.repubblica.it/2009/04/sezioni/politica/elezioni-2009-2/veronica-divorzio/veronica-divorzio.html Veronica, addio a Berlusconi ‘Ho deciso, chiedo il divorzio’]” in ''[[La Repubblica]]'' (3 Maii 2009). {{Ling|Italiane}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Ab anno 2020 iusque ad mortem, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Martha Fascina||it|qid=Q55281541}} amasia sua fuit.&lt;ref&gt;“[https://www.leparisien.fr/international/italie-silvio-berlusconi-83-ans-quitte-francesca-pascale-sa-compagne-de-34-ans-pour-une-femme-plus-jeune-05-03-2020-8273232.php Italie: Berlusconi, 83 ans, quitte sa compagne de 34 ans pour une femme plus jeune]”, in ''Le Parisien'' (5 Martii 2020). {{Ling|Francogallice}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;“[https://sol.sapo.pt/2022/03/25/o-casamento-simbolico-de-berlusconi-com-uma-mulher-53-anos-mais-nova/ O casamento simbólico de Berlusconi com uma mulher 53 anos mais nova]” in ''Sol'' (25 Martii 2022). {{Ling|Lusitanice}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Post hunc nuntium multa [[Diarium|diaria]] Silvii Berlusconii vitam percensuerunt, quae dicitur dissoluta esse, tamen Berlusconi has accusationes semper vehementer reiecit.

== Administrationes quibus Silvius Berlusconius praefuit ==
* I administratio a die [[10 Maii]] [[1994]] usque ad diem [[17 Ianuarii]] [[1995]];
* II administratio a die [[11 Iunii]] [[2001]] usque ad diem [[23 Aprilis]] [[2005]];
* III administratio a die [[23 Aprilis]] [[2005]] usque ad diem [[17 Maii]] [[2006]];
* IV administratio a die [[8 Maii]] [[2008]] usque ad diem [[16 Novembris]] 2011.

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* &quot;[http://www.spiegel.de/schulspiegel/0,1518,545715,00.html Sehr gebildet: Berlusconi protzt mit Lateinkenntnissen]&quot; in ''Der Spiegel'' (6 Aprilis 2008) {{Ling|Theodisce}}
* &quot;[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/nov/06/silvio-berlusconi-set-to-return-to-italian-politics-after-sicilian-election-victory Silvio Berlusconi set to return to Italian politics after Sicilian election victory]&quot; in ''[[The Guardian]]'' (6 Novembris 2017) {{Ling|Anglice}}

{{NexInt}}
* [[Berlusconismus]]
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Edictum Bulgaricum||it|qid=Q3719278}}
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Iudicium de Ruby||it|qid=Q2096610}}
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Mediaset||it|qid=Q368151}}

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Silvio Berlusconi|Berlusconium, Silvium}}
{{Fontes biographici}}
* {{CIDOB|http://www.cidob.org/biografias_lideres_politicos/europa/italia/silvio_berlusconi/(language)/esl-ES|Berlusconi, Silvio}}

{{Primi ministri Italiae}}
{{Consilium Italicum Berlusconi I}}
{{Consilium Italicum Berlusconi II}}
{{Consilium Italicum Berlusconi III}}
{{Consilium Italicum Berlusconi IV}}
{{Ministri valetudinis Italici}}
{{Ministri rerum externarum Italici}}

{{Lifetime|1936|2023|Berlusconius, Silvius}}

[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Mediolanensis]]
[[Categoria:Magistri officinarum]]
[[Categoria:Praesides Consilii Ministrorum Italiae]]
[[Categoria:Silvius Berlusconius|!]]</text>
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{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}

{{res|Silvius Berlusconius}},&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen 1 = Halensis
	| nomen 1 = Stephanus
	| titulus = Senatum Italicum mutationem formae civitatis probavisse
	| annus = 2006
	| domus editoria = Ephemeris
	| url = http://www.alcuinus.net/ephemeris/archi2006/nuntius.php?id=35
}}: “Silvius {{lectio|Berlusconius}} praeses administrorum Italicus hac lege rem publicam stabilitum iri affirmavit.”&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{*Cfr}} {{Opus
	| cognomen 1 = Caveosanus
	| nomen 1 = Dominicus
	| titulus = Quando, nisi nunc ipsum? Mulierum dignitas in Italia defendenda est!
	| annus = 2011
	| domus editoria = Ephemeris
	| url = http://ephemeris.alcuinus.net/archi2011/nuntius1.php?id=960
}}: “Nemo ignorat {{lectio|Berlusconium}} accusatum esse quod cum adulescentula scorto (cui “Ruby” nomen est) se coniunxerit”.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{*Cfr}} {{Opus
	| cognomen 1 = Caveosanus
	| nomen 1 = Dominicus
	| titulus = SPQR sanxit: extra Berlusconius!
	| annus = 2013
	| domus editoria = Ephemeris
	| url = http://www.alcuinus.net/ephemeris/archi2013/nuntius1.php?id=1238
}}: “Senatores italici pluribus sententiis sanxerunt ut “Eques” {{lectio|Berlusconius}}, de fraude fiscali accusatus . . . a Senatu amoveretur.”&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{*Cfr}} {{Opus
	| cognomen 1 = Groß
	| nomen 1 = Nicolaus
	| titulus = Nicolaus Joanni Carolo suo s.pl.
	| tempus = 2022-08-22
	| domus editoria = Ephemeris
	| url = https://ephemerisnuntii.eu/leonina/EL%20266.pdf
	| retrospectio = 20240812225609
	| salus url = obiit
}}: “Amici mei Itali dicere solent {{lectio|Berlusconium}} certe non esse animam candidissimam”.&lt;/ref&gt; (vulgo ''Silvio Berlusconi,'' [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]] die [[29 Septembris]] [[1936]] natus; ibidem [[12 Iunii]] [[2023]] [[leuchaemia]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://jp.reuters.com/article/italy-berlusconi-dead-idAFKBN2XY0FM &lt;nowiki&gt;“Silvio Berlusconi, Italy's ex-prime minister and media mogul[,] dies at 86.”&lt;/nowiki&gt;] in ''Japan Reuters'' (12 Iunii 2023). {{Ling|Anglice}}&lt;/ref&gt; mortuus) fuit [[negotiator]] et [[politicus|vir in re publica]] [[Italia|Italica]] exercitatus.&lt;!--Quattuor annos damnatus fuit frode{{dubsig}} fiscale et altro, nunc ter indagines de eo eveniunt, in una accusatus est strage.{{dubsig}} (Quod haud intellegibile est? Definitioni quoque non aptum?)--&gt; Berlusconius fuit dux [[Forza Italia|Fortitudinis Italia]], ab ipso condita, quae novis petitionibus mense Aprili 2008 coniuncta cum factione [[Foedus Nationale|Foederis Nationalis]] in nova factione [[Populus Libertatis|Populi Libertatis]] interfuit. Post has petitiones hae duae factiones contributae sunt. A die [[8 Maii]] [[2008]], usque ad diem [[16 Novembris]] [[2011]] quartum Italiae [[praeses consilii ministrorum]] fuit.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;“[https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2011/11/12/news/dimissioni_berlusconi_approvata_legge_stabilit-24911363/ Silvio Berlusconi si è dimesso la piazza in festa grida 'Buffone']” in ''[[La Repubblica]]'' (12 Novembris 2011). {{Ling|Italice}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Eius adversarii dicebant eum magni [[televisio|stationum televisificarum]] et [[diarium |diariorum]] dominii gratia quasi novam [[tyrannis|tyrannidis]] speciem (“videocratiam”) creavisse.

Berlusconius etiam fuit dominus societatis pediludii Mediolani cui nomen est ''Consociatio Pediludii Mediolanum,'' sive ''[[AC Milan]].''

Idem die [[1 Augusti]] [[2013]] ob fraudem fiscalem a [[Tribunal Supremum Cassationis|Tribunali Supremo Cassationis]] ad quadriennem custodiam damnatus est. Triennio poenae indulti cuiusdam vi detracto, unus custodiae annus eum manet.

== De vita ==
Alumnus fuit [[Universitas Studiorum Mediolanensis|Universitatis Studiorum Mediolanensis]]. Antea in provincia aedificandi artis, postea librorum edendorum et stationum televisificarum privatarum redemptor fuit.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;“[https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2023/06/12/silvio-berlusconi-figure-majeure-de-la-droite-italienne-est-mort_6177250_3382.html Silvio Berlusconi, figure majeure de la droite italienne, est mort]” in ''[[Le Monde]]'' (12 Iunii 2023). {{Ling|Francogallice}}&lt;/ref&gt; Divitias magnas celeriter (et sunt qui putent haud omnino honeste) ita indeptus est Silvius Berlusconius. Anno 1974 {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Victorius Mangano||it|qid=Q2528920}}, [[Mafia|mafiosus]] [[Panormus|Panormitanus]], pro eo ut stabularius in villa [[Arculae (Langobardia)|Arculense]] sua, 'villa Sancti Martini' ([[Italice]] ''Villa San Martino''), operabat.&lt;ref&gt;“[https://www.repubblica.it/online/cronaca/mangano/morto/morto.html È morto Vittorio Mangano l'ex stalliere di Berlusconi]” in ''[[La Repubblica]]'' (23 Iulii 2000). {{Ling|Italice}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;“[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2638609.stm Berlusconi accused of Mafia links]” in ''BBC News'' (8 Ianuarii 2003). {{Ling|Anglice}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Causidicus]] Panormitanus {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Marcellus Dell'Utri||it|qid=Q558815}} mediator fuisse videtur inter Mangano Berlusconioque.&lt;ref&gt;“[https://www.corriere.it/cronache/11_novembre_24/stato-mafia-indagato-dellutri_6b1ddbbe-16c0-11e1-a1c0-69f6106d85c1.shtml Trattativa Stato-mafia: indagato Dell'Utri]” in ''[[Corriere della Sera]]'' (24 Novembris 2011). {{Ling|Italice}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;“[https://www.lapresse.ca/international/europe/201404/11/01-4756784-un-senateur-ami-de-berlusconi-en-fuite-pour-collusion-avec-la-mafia.php Un sénateur ami de Berlusconi en fuite pour collusion avec la mafia]”, in ''La Presse'' (11 Aprilis 2014). {{Ling|Francogallice}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hunc, post damnationem sodalis sui [[Bettinus Craxi|Bettini Craxi]], libido maxima invaserat rei publicae capiendae et anno [[1994]] nova factio, [[Forza Italia]], constituta est, tum mediae dextraeque partium dux ille factus est;&lt;ref&gt;“[https://web.archive.org/web/20230616090523/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-guardian/126492362/ Italian right enters poll race divided]” in ''[[The Guardian]]'' (8 Ianuarii 1994). {{Ling|Anglice}}&lt;/ref&gt; Libertatum Polus et Boni Gubernii Polus in petitionibus victoriam reportaverunt: Berlusconius [[praesidens consilii ministrorum]] delectus est, sed post decem menses a regenda re publica recessit, quia Libertatum Poli foedus ruptum est.

Anno [[1996]], Polus pro Libertatibus suffragiis superatus est et insequentibus annis Berlusconius nonnunquam in [[iudicium]] vocatus est, sed damnatus non est, quia novae leges ab eo factae erant. Anno [[2001]] Libertatum Domus in comitiis adversarios vicit et Berlusconius rectorum caput etiam factus est.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.caymancompass.com/2001/05/15/tycoon-back-in-power &quot;Tycoon back in power,&quot;] ''Cayman Compass,'' 15 Maii 2001. {{Ling|Anglice}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fasciculus:Dmitry Medvedev at the G8 Summit - 8 July 2009-11.jpg|left|thumb|upright=0.8|Berlusconius cum [[Nicolaus Sarkozius|Nicolao Sarkozio]] praeside Francico et [[Demetrius Medvedev|Demetrio Medvedev]] praeside Russico, anno 2009.]]
Anno [[2006]] in comitiis mediae dextraeque partium societas Domus Libertatum paucis subselliis victa est, ergo Berlusconius Consilii Praesidis munus deposuit et maiori parti adversam factionem direxit, sed iam anno 2008 iterum ex petitionibus victor evasit adversarium suum [[Gualterius Veltroni|Gualterium Veltroni]] profligando.&lt;ref&gt;“[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7347618.stm Italy returns Berlusconi to power]” in ''BBC News'' (15 Aprilis 2008). {{Ling|Italice}}&lt;/ref&gt; Adversarii eius putant eum vicisse quia Italicos inani promisso illuserat.

Post has petitiones factio ''Forza Italia'' cum factione Foederis Nationalis et aliis parvis factionibus in nova factione Populi Libertatis coniunctae sunt. Iam mense Augusto [[2010]] tamen [[Ioannes Francus Fini]] et alii antiqui Foederis Nationalis legati a Silvio Berlusconi e factione Populi Libertatis expulsi sunt.&lt;ref&gt;“[https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2010/04/22/news/fini-berlusconi-3540161/ Pdl, è rottura tra Fini e Berlusconi. Il premier: ‘Se non si allinea è fuori’]” in ''[[La Repubblica]]'' (22 Aprilis 2010). {{Ling|Italice}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hi novam factionem ''[[Futurum et Libertas |Futurum et Libertatem]]'' condiderunt.

Die [[12 Decembris]] [[2009]] pone [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]] [[Ecclesia cathedralis Mediolanensis|cathedralem]], contione facta, dum populum salutat, percutitur Silvius Berlusconius in facie ab homine insano Mediolanensis cathedralis parvo simulacro uso.&lt;ref&gt;“[https://www.corriere.it/politica/09_dicembre_13/berlusconi-colpito-al-viso-da-manifestante_0cd154c4-e80e-11de-8657-00144f02aabc.shtml Premier colpito al viso dopo il comizio «Sto bene, sto bene». Ma resta in ospedale]” in ''[[Corriere della Sera]]'' (13-14 Decembris 2009). {{Ling|Italice}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;“[https://elpais.com/internacional/2009/12/13/actualidad/1260658803_850215.html Berlusconi, agredido en Milán por un hombre con problemas mentales]” in ''El País'' (13 Decembris 2009). {{Ling|Hispanice}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Die [[15 Februarii]] [[2011]] tractus in iudicium est de repetundis accusatus et de coitu cum puella prostituta nondum tutelae suae facta.&lt;ref&gt;“[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/feb/15/silvio-berlusconi-trial-teenage-sex Silvio Berlusconi sent for trial accused of paying for sex with teenager]” in ''[[The Guardian]]'' (15 Februarii 2011). {{Ling|Anglice}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haec puella, Karima El Marough, se appellavit “Ruby Rubacuori” et dixit se neptem praesidis Aegypti [[Mahometus Husnius Mubarakus|Mubaraki]] esse.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Non liquet utrum hoc mendacium a Karima an a Silvio Berlusconio provenerit.
[[Fasciculus:Berlusconi adieu - tutti in attesa sotto il Quirinale il 12-11-2011 1220366.JPG|thumb|Forum Quirinalis ([[Piazza del Quirinale]]) nocte abdicationis Berlusconii, die 12 Novembris 2011.]]
Die [[12 Novembris]] [[2011]] Silvius Berlusconius se munere praesidentis consilii ministrorum abdicavit, quod haud satis delegatorum parlamentariorum iam regimen a se ductum sustineret.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Petitionibus anni 2013 Berlusconius rursus candidatus fuit. Eodem anno pellicula titulo ''[[Girlfriend in a Coma]]'' divulgata est de Italia a Silvio Berlusconi recta. Die [[27 Ianuarii]] [[2013]] Mediolani Silvius Berlusconius inter ipsas [[Soa|Holocausti]] diei memoriae celebrationes tyrannum [[Italia|Italicum]] [[Benitus Mussolinius|Benitum Mussolinium]], [[Adolfus Hitler|Adolfi Hitleri]] complicem, defendit.&lt;ref&gt;“[https://www.swissinfo.ch/ita/italia-berlusconi-mussolini-fece-cose-buone-ed-%C3%A8-polemica/34839154 Italia, Berlusconi: Mussolini fece cose buone, ed è polemica]” in ''swissinfo.ch'' (27 Ianuarii 2013). {{Ling|Italice}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[1 Augusti|Kalendis Augustis]] [[2013]] Summum Tribunal Italicum affirmavit condemnationem [[crimen|criminalem]] contra Silvium Berlusconium propter [[falsimonia|fraudem]] in aerario dispendendo.{{dubsig}} Die [[27 Novembris]] [[2013]], Senatus [[Italia|Rei publicae Italicae]] eum ex Senatu expulsit.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Anno 2019, Berlusconius socius [[Parlamentum Europaeum|Parlamenti Europaei]] electus est. Mortuus est die [[12 Iunii]] [[2023]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== Familia ==
[[Fasciculus:Flickr - europeanpeoplesparty - EPP Summit 11 December 2008 (11).jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Silvius Berlusconius et [[Petrus Ferdinandus Casini]]us anno 2008 colloquuntur.]]
Anno [[1965]], Berlusconius [[Carola Elvira Lucia Dall'Oglio|Carolam Elviram Luciam Dall'Oglio]] in [[matrimonium]] duxit, quae mater eorum duorum liberorum [[Marina Berlusconi|Marinae Elvirae]] ([[1966]]) et [[Petrus Silvius Berlusconi|Petri Silvii]] (''Piersilvio'', [[1969]]) est.

Silvii Berlusconius altera uxor fuit [[Veronica Lario]]. Veronica iam ab anno circiter [[1979]] Berlusconi amatrix fuit, quocum more uxorio ab anno [[1985]] vivebat et cui anno [[1990]] nupsit. Silvius ex ea tres liberos genuit, scilicet [[Barbara Berlusconi|Barbaram]] (1984), [[Eleonora Berlusconi|Eleonoram]] (1986) et [[Ludovicum Berlusconi|Ludovicum]] (1988). Mense Maio anno [[2009]] Veronica se velle [[divortium]] facere nuntiavit.&lt;ref&gt;“[https://www.repubblica.it/2009/04/sezioni/politica/elezioni-2009-2/veronica-divorzio/veronica-divorzio.html Veronica, addio a Berlusconi ‘Ho deciso, chiedo il divorzio’]” in ''[[La Repubblica]]'' (3 Maii 2009). {{Ling|Italiane}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Ab anno 2020 iusque ad mortem, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Martha Fascina||it|qid=Q55281541}} amasia sua fuit.&lt;ref&gt;“[https://www.leparisien.fr/international/italie-silvio-berlusconi-83-ans-quitte-francesca-pascale-sa-compagne-de-34-ans-pour-une-femme-plus-jeune-05-03-2020-8273232.php Italie: Berlusconi, 83 ans, quitte sa compagne de 34 ans pour une femme plus jeune]”, in ''Le Parisien'' (5 Martii 2020). {{Ling|Francogallice}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;“[https://sol.sapo.pt/2022/03/25/o-casamento-simbolico-de-berlusconi-com-uma-mulher-53-anos-mais-nova/ O casamento simbólico de Berlusconi com uma mulher 53 anos mais nova]” in ''Sol'' (25 Martii 2022). {{Ling|Lusitanice}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Post hunc nuntium multa [[Diarium|diaria]] Silvii Berlusconii vitam percensuerunt, quae dicitur dissoluta esse, tamen Berlusconi has accusationes semper vehementer reiecit.

== Administrationes quibus Silvius Berlusconius praefuit ==
* I administratio a die [[10 Maii]] [[1994]] usque ad diem [[17 Ianuarii]] [[1995]];
* II administratio a die [[11 Iunii]] [[2001]] usque ad diem [[23 Aprilis]] [[2005]];
* III administratio a die [[23 Aprilis]] [[2005]] usque ad diem [[17 Maii]] [[2006]];
* IV administratio a die [[8 Maii]] [[2008]] usque ad diem [[16 Novembris]] 2011.

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* &quot;[http://www.spiegel.de/schulspiegel/0,1518,545715,00.html Sehr gebildet: Berlusconi protzt mit Lateinkenntnissen]&quot; in ''Der Spiegel'' (6 Aprilis 2008) {{Ling|Theodisce}}
* &quot;[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/nov/06/silvio-berlusconi-set-to-return-to-italian-politics-after-sicilian-election-victory Silvio Berlusconi set to return to Italian politics after Sicilian election victory]&quot; in ''[[The Guardian]]'' (6 Novembris 2017) {{Ling|Anglice}}

{{NexInt}}
* [[Berlusconismus]]
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Edictum Bulgaricum||it|qid=Q3719278}}
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Iudicium de Ruby||it|qid=Q2096610}}
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Mediaset||it|qid=Q368151}}

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Silvio Berlusconi|Berlusconium, Silvium}}
{{Fontes biographici}}
* {{CIDOB|http://www.cidob.org/biografias_lideres_politicos/europa/italia/silvio_berlusconi/(language)/esl-ES|Berlusconi, Silvio}}

{{Primi ministri Italiae}}
{{Consilium Italicum Berlusconi I}}
{{Consilium Italicum Berlusconi II}}
{{Consilium Italicum Berlusconi III}}
{{Consilium Italicum Berlusconi IV}}
{{Ministri valetudinis Italici}}
{{Ministri rerum externarum Italici}}

{{Lifetime|1936|2023|Berlusconius, Silvius}}

[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Mediolanensis]]
[[Categoria:Silvius Berlusconius|!]]
[[Categoria:Magistri officinarum]]
[[Categoria:Praesides Consilii Ministrorum Italiae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Macbeth</title>
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[[Fasciculus:The Three Witches from Shakespeares Macbeth by Daniel Gardner, 1775.jpg|thumb|[[Maleficae (personae Shakesperianae)|Tres maleficae]] a [[Daniel Gardner|Daniele Gardner]] anno [[1775]] pictae; qua pictura [[Georgiana Cavendish]], [[Elisabetha Lamb]] et [[Anna Seymour Damer]] describuntur ([[Pinacotheca Effigierum Nationalis (Londinium)|Pinacotheca Effigierum Nationalis]] [[Londinium|Londinii]])]]
[[Fasciculus:Lady_Macbeth_Cattermole.jpg|thumb|&quot;[[Domina Macbeth cum Duncan (Cattermole)|Domina Macbeth cum Duncan]]&quot;, pictura [[Georgius Cattermole|Georgii Cattermole]]]]
'''''Macbeth''''' est [[tragoedia]] a [[Gulielmus Shakesperius|Gulielmo Shakesperio]] composita. Scripta est annis fere [[1603]]-[[1607]], docta (si verba [[Simon Forman|Simonis Forman]] recte intelleguntur) die [[20 Aprilis]] [[1611]] et primum in [[Shakesperiana editio in folio|editione in folio]] (titulo ''Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories &amp; Tragedies'') anno [[1623]] edita. [[Carmen|Carmina]] maleficarum duarum, a [[Thomas Middleton|Thoma Middleton]] composita et in ludo suo ''[[The Witch (Middleton)|The Witch]]'' comprehensa, in  textu ''Macbeth '' inserta sunt, &quot;''[[Come away]]''&quot; et &quot;''[[Black spirits]]''&quot;.

Auctor maiorem argumenti partem ex historiis antea scriptis derivavit, quas [[Anglice]] perlexit in [[Raphael Holinshed|Raphaëlis Holinshed]] opere ''[[Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland]]''.

== Argumentum ==
[[Scotia]] ab inimicis [[exercitus|exercitibus]] liberata, [[Macbethus]] et [[Bancho]] duces [[tres magae|tres magificis]] in saltu occurrunt, quae oraculum obscure canunt. Macbetho vaticinantur eum et Thanum Caledoris fore et regem Scotiae, sed Banchonem maiorem sequentium regum nec ipsum tamen coronam laturum fore.
[[Fasciculus:Thomas_Keene_in_Macbeth_1884_Wikipedia_crop.png|thumb|left|Histrio [[Thomas Keene]] anno [[1884]] personam ''Macbeth'' agit]]
[[Fasciculus:Théodore Chassériau - Le Spectre de Banquo.jpg|thumb|&quot;[[Macbeth spectrum Banquo videt (Chassériau)|Macbeth spectrum Banquo videt]]&quot;, pictura e [[Macbeth (tabulae Chassériau)|serie]] a [[Theodorus Chassériau|Theodoro Chassériau]] confectae]]

Qui profecto, uxoris voto atque voluptate ad regnum incitatus, per insidias [[Duncanus|Duncano]] rege necato, ipse regnum accipit. Mox et Banchonem filiumque [[Fleanchus|Fleanchum]] interficiendos statuit ne regnum arripeant; ad [[Cena Banchoni a Macbetho oblata|cenam incitatos]], ante cenam necari iubet. Banchone autem interfecto Fleanchus effugit. Inimici nonnulli cum exercitu Anglico in regem recentem animadvertunt; qui a maleficis certior fit se regem fore dum silva Birnam non ad arcem accedit, seque tamen ab aliquo e femina non nato interfecturum. Duncani familiares, ramis ex ea silva caesis celati, impetum in arcem faciunt; [[Macduffus]] &quot;e matris [[partus caesareus|ventre intempestative ereptus]]&quot; Macbethum necat. Ita oracula magificarum perfecta sunt.

== Bibliographia ==
; Editiones
* 1623 : ''Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, histories &amp; tragedies, published according to the true originall copies'' (Londinii) p. 131 ff. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110811215640/http://internetshakespeare.uvic.ca/Library/facsimile/overview/play/Mac.html Textus apud Universitatem Victoriae]

; Eruditio
* Natalia Brzozowska, &quot;[https://journals.openedition.org/shakespeare/1710 Dangerous Feasts and the Social Appetite in Macbeth and Titus Andronicus]&quot; in Pierre Kapitaniak, Christophe Hauserman, Dominique Goy-Blanquet, edd., ''Shakespeare et les arts de la table: Actes du congrès organisé par la Société Française Shakespeare les 17, 18 et 19 mars 2011'' (OpenEdition Journals, 2012 [https://journals.openedition.org/shakespeare/1684 ~])

{{NexInt}}
* ''[[Macbeth (Verdi)|Macbeth]]'', opera [[Iosephus Verdi|Iosephi Verdi]]
* ''[[Domina Macbeth districti Mtsenscensis]]'', opera [[Demetrius Szostakowicz|Demetrii Szostakowicz]]
* ''[[Voodoo Macbeth]]''

== Nexus externi ==
* [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2264 Textus apud gutenberg.org] {{Ling|Anglice}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110924085009/http://shakespeare.mit.edu/macbeth/index.html Textus apud MIT] {{Ling|Anglice}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150225020715/http://theshakespeareproject.com/macbeth/macbeth-1-1.html Textus cum glossis] {{Ling|Anglice}}
* [[s:fr:Macbeth|Versio]] M. Guizot {{Ling|Francogallice}}
* [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/7269 Versio] C. M. Wieland apud gutenberg.org {{Ling|Theodisce}}
* [http://www.philological.bham.ac.uk/scothist/7lat.html#8 Macbethi somnium] in ''Historia'' Georgii Buchanani
* [http://www.english.ox.ac.uk/holinshed/texts.php?text1=1577_1939 Macbeth et Banquo cum magis conventus]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} in ''Chronicis'' Holinshed

{{Opera Shakesperii|Macbeth|
[[Duncanus|Duncan]], rex Scotiae • [[Milcolumbus|Malcolm]], filius Duncan • Donalbain, filius Duncan • [[Macbeth (persona Shakesperiana)|Macbeth]], dux exercitus, deinde rex • [[Bancho|Banquo]], dux exercitus • [[Macduffus|Macduff]], dominus Fife • Lennox • Ross • Menteith • Angus • Caithness • [[Fleanchus|Fleance]], filius Banquo • Siward, comes Northumbriae, exercitus Anglici dux • Filius Siward • Seton, minister Macbeth • Filius Macduff • Medicus Anglicus • Medicus Scoticus • Capitanus • Ianitor • Senex • Tres necatores&lt;br /&gt;
[[Domina Macbeth]], uxor • [[Domina Macduff]], uxor • [[Ministra dominae Macbeth]] • [[Maleficae (personae Shakesperianae)|Tres maleficae]] • [[Hecate (malefica)|Hecate]], dea noctis • Aliae tres maleficae&lt;br /&gt;
Domini, ingenui, duces, milites, sicarii, nuntii, ministri&lt;br /&gt;
Spectrum Banquo • Apparitiones}}

[[Categoria:Macbethus]]
[[Categoria:Opera Shakespeare]]
[[Categoria:Scripta 1611]]
[[Categoria:Scripta 1623]]
[[Categoria:Tragoediae]]
{{Myrias|Ars}}</text>
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    <title>Romanus Prodi</title>
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'''Romanus Prodi''' ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''Romano Prodi'') [[1939]] anno in oppido [[Scandianum|Scandiani]] [[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]] vocato, in [[Regium Lepidi|Regiensi]] Provincia, natus est: publica bona administrandi et rerum civilium peritus vir factus est. Bis ( [[1996]] - [[1998]]; [[2006]] - [[2008]]) Italiae [[praeses consilii ministrorum]] fuit .
Anno [[1961]] in [[Universitas Catholica Sacri Cordis Iesu|Catholica Universitate]] [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]], iuris prudentiae doctoris insigne consecutus est, et postea [[Londinium|Londinii]] atque in [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Americae Foederatis Rebus Publicis]] studia penitus didicit. Anno [[1963]], Prodi munus academicum in [[Bononia]]e Universitate incepit: officinae apparatus docuit, et parvarum fabricarum progessionem contentionemque pervestigavit; deinde nexus inter res publicas mercatumque, &quot;privatidiaciones,&quot; scholasticas rationes, Europaeam &quot;integrationem&quot; et &quot;capitalismi&quot; exemplaria perdidicit. &quot;Professor&quot; (''il Professore'') saepe nuncupatur.

Inter annos [[1974]] et [[1978]] praefuit officinae librariae; anno [[1981]] sodalitatem pertinentem ad publicarum divitiarum studia instituit.

[[Fasciculus:Flavia Franzoni and Romano Prodi - Giornata Autonomia 2014.JPG|thumb|upright=1.25|Romanus Prodi cum uxore [[Flavia Franzoni]] a Nicolao Caranti anno 2014 pictus]]
Inter [[1978]] et [[1979]], fuit Fabricae Administer. Inter [[1982]] et [[1989]] annos Instituto pro &quot;Reconstructione Industriali&quot; (Fabricae Refectione) praefuit; anno [[1993]], ad Institutum revocatus est et privatis magnorum negotiorum possessione cessit.

Anno [[1995]], Uliva societas constituta est et Prodi rem publicam capessivit: anno [[1996]], post creationes [[praeses consilii ministrorum]] factus est; Prodi rectores in euronis coniunctionem nummariam Italiam tulerunt et anno [[1998]] imperium deposuerunt.

Anno [[1999]], [[Consilium Europaeum]] et [[Parlamentum Europaeum]] Prodi [[Europaeae Commissionis Praeses|Europaeae Commissionis Praesidem]]  designaverunt. Anno [[2004]], mandatum exiit: Prodi in Italia mediae sinistraeque partium princeps rursus factus est.

Anno [[2006]] in creationibus mediae sinistraeque partium Unio exiguis subselliis vicit, ergo Prodi [[Georgius Neapolitanus|Neapolitanus]] vixdum electus praeses mandavit ut rem publicam gubernaret, quamquam Italiam administrare debuit cum multis factionibus et iis vacillantibus.

Die [[24 Ianuarii]] [[2008]], cum [[senator]]es [[Clemens Mastella]] et [[Lambertus Dini]] in [[Silvius Berlusconi|Silvii Berlusconi]] partes transierunt (accurate redierunt), se a munere removere debuit, quia in parlamentum profligatus.

==Bibliographia ==
* Paolo Valentino, &quot;[http://www.corriere.it/politica/14_novembre_11/quegli-incarichi-mai-arrivati-prodi-premier-distacco-professore-ab88b0e8-696a-11e4-96be-d4ee9121ff4d.shtml?refresh_ce-cp Quegli incarichi mai arrivati a Prodi: Il premier e il distacco dal Professore]&quot; in ''[[Corriere della Sera]]'' (11 Novembris 2014)

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Romano Prodi|Romanum Prodi}}
{{Fontes biographici}}
* {{CIDOB|http://www.cidob.org/biografias_lideres_politicos/europa/italia/romano_prodi/(language)/esl-ES|Prodi, Romano}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120626144600/http://www.clubmadrid.org/en/miembro/romano_prodi Vita] apud ''Club de Madrid''

{{Commissionis Europaeae Praesides}}
{{Primi ministri Italiae}}
{{Consilium Italicum Prodi I}}
{{Consilium Italicum Prodi II}}
{{Ministri pro industria Italici}}
{{Ministri iustitiae Italici}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prodi, Romanus}}

[[Categoria:Praesides Consilii Ministrorum Italiae]]
[[Categoria:Commissarii Unionis Europaeae]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1939]]
[[Categoria:Homines vivi]]
[[Categoria:Iuris consulti]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Catholicae Sacri Cordis Iesu]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Scholae Scientiarum Oeconomicarum et Politicarum Londiniensis]]
[[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Bononiensis]]
[[Categoria:Politici internationales]]</text>
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    <title>Georgius Neapolitanus</title>
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[[Fasciculus:14-02-04-strasbourgh-napolitano-RalfR-06.jpg|thumb|Georgius Napolitano (2014)]]
'''Georgius Napolitano''', seu Latine etiam '''Neapolitanus''',&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus|cognomen 1=Caveosanus|nomen 1=Dominicus|titulus=Nunc omnes ebrios fieri opoortet, invitos quoque, Myrsilus mortuus est|annus=2013|domus editoria=Ephemeris|url=http://ephemeris.alcuinus.net/opiniones.php?id=1208}}: “Inverecunde Berlusconiani a Neapolitano praeside veniam pro eo petere in animo habent, cum lites adhuc sub iudicibus sint.”&lt;/ref&gt; vulgo ''Giorgio Napolitano'' (die [[29 Iunii]] anno [[1925]] [[Neapolis|Neapoli]] natus; die [[22 Septembris]] [[2023]] mortuus), fuit vir publicus, qui a die [[10 Maii]] [[2006]] usque ad diem [[14 Ianuarii]] [[2015]] [[Praeses Reipublicae Italicae|praeses Rei Publicae Italicae]] fuit. 
== Vita ==
Anno [[1942]] Georgius Napolitano studia [[iurisprudentia]]e Neapoli incepit.

Post [[secundum bellum mundanum]] anno [[1945]] Napolitano socius [[factio Communistica Italica|factionis communisticae Italicae]] factus est atque eidem factioni Neapoli praesedit. Anno [[1947]] iurisprudentiae doctoris insigne consecutus est. [[1989|Anno 1989]] apud [[Parlamentum Europaeum]] legatus electus est, [[1992|anno 1992]] [[Camera Deputatorum Reipublicae Italicae|Camerae Deputatorum]] praesidens, [[1996|anno 1996]] minister a rebus domesticis designatus est, [[2005|anno 2005]] senator in totam vitam nominatus. Die [[10 Maii]] anno [[2006]] [[Praeses Reipublicae Italicae|praeses Rei Publicae Italicae]] creatus est et die [[20 Aprilis]] [[2013]] iterum a [[Parlamentum|parlamento]] et a delegatis regionalibus praeses Rei Publicae electus est.

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Stephanie Kirchgaessner, &quot;[http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/14/italian-president-giorgio-napolitano-steps-down Italian president Giorgio Napolitano steps down]&quot; in ''[[The Guardian]]'' (14 Ianuarii 2015) {{Ling|Anglice}}

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Giorgio Napolitano|Georgium Napolitano}}
{{Fontes biographici}}
{{bio-stipula}}


{{Duces civitatum Unionis Europaeae}}
{{Duces Rei Publicae Italianae}}
{{Consilium Italicum Prodi I}}
{{Ministri rerum internarum Italici}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Napolitano, Georgius}}
[[Categoria:Praesides Reipublicae Italiae]]
[[Categoria:Praesides Camerae Deputatorum Reipublicae Italicae]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1925]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 2023]]</text>
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    <title>Ioannes Francus Fini</title>
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'''Ioannes Francus Fini''' ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Gianfranco Fini|Gianfranco Fini]]'', [[Bononia]]e die [[3 Ianuarii]] [[1952]] natus) est rerum politicarum peritus [[Italia|Italicus]]. 

== Vita ==
[[Fasciculus:Gianfranco Fini.jpg|thumb|left|Ioannes Francus Fini anno [[2008]]]]
Fini [[psychologia]]e studuit et postea scriptor [[diarium|diarii]] fuit. 

Multos annos fuit vir in re publica exercitatus antiquae factionis dextrae ''[[Motus Socialis Italicus|Movimento Sociale Italiano]]'', ubi illustris huius factionis ducis [[Georgius Almirante|Georgii Almirante]] heres factus est.

Anno [[1993]] Fini ''Movimento Sociale Italiano'' nomen in [[Foedus Nationale]], ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]] ''Alleanza Nazionale'') mutavit.

Haec factio novis petitionibus mense Aprili [[2008]] coniuncta cum factione [[Forza Italia]] [[Silvius Berlusconius|Silvii Berlusconii]] in nova factione [[Populus Libertatis|Populi Libertatis]] interfuit et iisdem petitionibus victoriam reportavit. 

Iam mense Augusto [[2010]] tamen Ioannes Francus Fini, qui die [[30 Aprilis]] [[2008]] [[Conventus Populi Legatorum]] ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''Camera dei deputati'') praeses electus erat, et alii pristini Foederis Nationalis legati a [[Silvius Berlusconi|Silvio Berlusconi]] e factione Populi Libertatis expulsi sunt.&lt;ref&gt;“[https://www.lastampa.it/politica/2010/04/22/news/tra-berlusconi-e-fini-e-scontro-totale-1.37017868/ Tra Berlusconi e Fini è scontro totale]” in ''[[La Stampa]]'' (22 Aprilis 2010). {{Ling|Italice}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hi novam factionem, ''[[Futurum et Libertas|Futurum et Libertatem]]'' nomine, condiderunt.&lt;ref&gt;“[https://web.archive.org/web/20100802140319/http://tg24.sky.it/tg24/politica/2010/07/30/gianfranco_fini_gruppi_parlamentari_futuro_e_liberta_per_l_italia.html Alla Camera l'annuncio del nuovo gruppo dei finiani: VIDEO]” in ''Sky.it'' (30 Iulii 2010). {{Ling|Italice}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Fini etiam minister a rebus exteris [[Italia]]e fuit.

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Gianfranco Fini|Ioannem Francum Fini}}
{{Fontes biographici}}

{{Ministri rerum externarum Italici}}
{{Consilium Italicum Berlusconi II}}
{{Consilium Italicum Berlusconi III}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fini, Ioannes Francus}}

[[Categoria:Politici Italiae]]
[[Categoria:Praesides Camerae Deputatorum Reipublicae Italicae]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1952]]
[[Categoria:Homines vivi]]</text>
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      <text bytes="2326" sha1="csm9fki1kt8mwwhlmqqk7nuog5gqskk" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
'''Ioannes Francus Fini''' ([[Italiane]] ''Gianfranco Fini'', [[Bononia]]e die [[3 Ianuarii]] [[1952]] natus) est [[rerum politicarum peritus]] [[Italia|Italicus]]. 

== Vita ==
[[Fasciculus:Gianfranco Fini.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Ioannes Francus Fini anno [[2008]].]]
Fini [[psychologia]]e studuit et postea [[scriptor]] [[diarium|diarii]] fuit. 

Multos annos fuit vir in re publica exercitatus antiquae factionis dextrae ''[[Motus Socialis Italicus|Movimento Sociale Italiano]]'', ubi illustris huius factionis ducis [[Georgius Almirante|Georgii Almirante]] heres factus est. Anno [[1993]], Fini ''Movimento Sociale Italiano'' nomen in [[Foedus Nationale]], ([[Italiane]] ''Alleanza Nazionale'') mutavit. Quae factio novis petitionibus mense Aprili [[2008]] coniuncta cum factione [[Forza Italia]] [[Silvius Berlusconius|Silvii Berlusconii]] in nova factione [[Populus Libertatis|Populi Libertatis]] interfuit, et iisdem comitiis victoriam reportavit. 

Iam mense Augusto [[2010]] tamen Ioannes Francus Fini, qui die [[30 Aprilis]] [[2008]] [[Conventus Populi Legatorum]] ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''Camera dei deputati'') praeses electus erat, et alii pristini Foederis Nationalis legati a [[Silvius Berlusconi|Silvio Berlusconi]] e factione Populi Libertatis expulsi sunt.&lt;ref&gt;“[https://www.lastampa.it/politica/2010/04/22/news/tra-berlusconi-e-fini-e-scontro-totale-1.37017868/ Tra Berlusconi e Fini è scontro totale]” in ''[[La Stampa]]'' (22 Aprilis 2010). {{Ling|Italice}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hi novam factionem, ''[[Futurum et Libertas|Futurum et Libertatem]]'' nomine, condiderunt.&lt;ref&gt;“[https://web.archive.org/web/20100802140319/http://tg24.sky.it/tg24/politica/2010/07/30/gianfranco_fini_gruppi_parlamentari_futuro_e_liberta_per_l_italia.html Alla Camera l'annuncio del nuovo gruppo dei finiani: VIDEO]” in ''Sky.it'' (30 Iulii 2010). {{Ling|Italice}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Fini etiam minister a rebus exteris Italiae meruit.

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Gianfranco Fini|Ioannem Francum Fini}}
{{Fontes biographici}}

{{Ministri rerum externarum Italici}}
{{Consilium Italicum Berlusconi II}}
{{Consilium Italicum Berlusconi III}}

{{Lifetime|1952||Fini, Ioannes Francus}}

[[Categoria:Politici Italiae]]
[[Categoria:Praesides Camerae Deputatorum Reipublicae Italicae]]</text>
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    <title>4 Iulii</title>
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      <text bytes="7167" sha1="kv6g6vdnglojfctnmk1t80z5o4f617a" xml:space="preserve">{{Calendarium-Iulii}}
'''4 Iulii''' dies 185ª anni est (186ª in [[annus bisextilis|annis bisextilibus]]) in [[Calendarium Gregorianum|Calendario Gregoriano]]. 180 dies manent.

Secundum [[Calendarium Romanum]] est ''ante diem quartum Nonas Iulias'', quod a.d. IV Non. Iul. [[abbreviatio|abbreviatur]].

== Eventa ==
=== Saeculo 12 ===
* [[1187]] - [[Saladinus]] dux Arabum exercitum Christianum apud Hattin vicit.

=== Saeculo 15 ===
* [[1456]] - [[Obsidio Belgradi (1456)|Obsessio Belgradi]] a [[Imperium Ottomanicum|Imperio Ottomanico]] coepta est. 

=== Saeculo 18 ===
[[Fasciculus:Declaration of Independence (1819), by John Trumbull.jpg|thumb|180px|right|[[Declaratio Libertatis Civitatum Americae Foederatarum]].]]
* [[1775]] - [[Bellum Independentiae Americanae]] coepit.
* [[1776]] - [[Declaratio Libertatis Civitatum Americae Foederatarum]] decreta est.

=== Saeculo 20 ===
* [[1940]] - [[Ioannes Gigurtu]] primus minister [[Romania]]e a rege [[Carolus II (rex Romaniae)|Carolo II]] nominatus est.
* [[1946]] - [[Philippinae]] civitas [[independentia|indepens]] factae sunt.
* [[1976]]
** [[CFA|Civitates Foederatae]] iubilaeum CC annorum libertatis celebraverunt.
** Milites [[Israel]]ienses obsides, qui terroristae in oppido Entebbe in [[Uganda]], ubi tum [[Idi Amin]] dictator rexit, vi liberaverunt.
* [[1994]] - [[Genocidium]] in [[Rwanda]] finit.

=== Saeculo 21 ===
* [[2012]] - [[CERN]] [[Boso Higgsianus|boson Higgsianum]] invenire poblicat.
* [[2026]] - [[funus (ritus)|Funus]] [[Ali Khamenei]] in [[Teheranum|Teherano]] initiat.

== Nati ==
=== Saeculo 15 ===
* [[1477]] - [[Iohannes Aventinus]], rerum gestarum scriptor [[Germania|Germanicus]]; mortuus est anno [[1534]].
* [[1478]] - [[Ioannes Georgius Trissinus]], [[poeta]] et [[scriptor]] [[Italia]]nus; mortuus est anno [[1550]].

=== Saeculo 16 ===
* [[1546]] - [[Muradus III (sultanus Ottomanicus)|Muradus III]], sultanus Ottomanicus; mortuus est anno [[1595]].

=== Saeculo 17 ===
* [[1610]] - (aut [[14 Iulii]]) - [[Paulus Scarron]], scriptor [[Francia|Francicus]]; mortuus est anno [[1660]]. 

=== Saeculo 18 ===
* [[1799]] - [[Anscharius I (rex Sueciae)|Anscharius I]], rex [[Suecia]]e et [[Norvegia]]e; mortuus est anno [[1859]].

=== Saeculo 19 ===
* [[1803]] - [[Iulius Leopoldus Eduardus Avé-Lallemant]], studiosus [[botanica]]e [[Germania|Germanicus]]; mortuus est anno [[1867]].
* [[1804]] - [[Nathaniel Hawthorne]], scriptor [[CFA|Americanus]]; mortuus est anno [[1864]].
* [[1807]] - [[Iosephus Garibaldi]], rerum novarum cupidus [[Italia|Italicus]] (mortuus [[1882]]).
* [[1842]] - [[Arminius Cohen]], [[philosophia|philosophus]] [[Germania|Germanicus]]; mortuus est anno [[1918]].
* [[1854]] - [[Alexander Marghiloman]], vir publicus [[Romania|Dacoromanicus]]; mortuus est anno [[1925]].
* [[1872]] - [[Calvinus Coolidge]], praeses [[CFA]] (mortuus [[1933]]).
* [[1898]] 
** [[Hanning Schröder]], [[compositor]] [[Germania|Germanicus]]; mortuus est anno [[1987]].
** [[Gertrudis Weaver]], veterrimus homo vivens; mortua est anno [[2015]].

=== Saeculo 20 ===
* [[1910]] - [[Gloria Stuart]], actrix [[CFA|Americana]]; mortua est anno [[2010]].
* [[1918]] - [[Tāufa'ahau Tupou IV]], rex [[Tonga]]e ab anno [[1965]]; mortuus est anno [[2006]].
* [[1920]] - [[Antonius Barber]], rerum politicarum peritus [[Britanniarum regnum|Britannicus]] factionis [[Factio Conservativa (Britanniarum Regnum)|Conservativae]]; mortuus est anno [[2005]].
* [[1921]] - [[Gerardus Debreu]], oeconomiae peritus [[Francia|Francicus]]; mortuus est anno [[2004]].
* [[1923]] - [[Rudolphus Friedrich]], vir publicus [[Helvetia|Helveticus]]; mortuus est anno [[2013]].
* [[1926]] - [[Alfredus Di Stéfano]], pedilusor [[Argentina|Argentino]]-[[Hispania|Hispanicus]]; mortuus est anno [[2014]].
* [[1927]] - [[Gina Lollobrigida]], actrix [[Italia|Italica]].
* [[1941]] 
**[[Samuel Farr]], politicarum rerum peritus [[CFA|Americanus]].
**[[Ryuichi Sugiyama]], pedilusor [[Iaponia|Iaponicus]].
* [[1943]] - [[Heida Simonis]], rerum politicarum perita [[Germania|Germanica]] et sodalis factionis [[SPD]]; (mortua anno [[2023]]).
* [[1945]] - [[Eizo Yuguchi]], pedilusor [[Iaponia|Iaponicus]]; mortuus est anno [[2003]].
* [[1949]] - [[Horatius Seehofer]], praeses ministrorum [[Bavaria]]e.
* [[1951]] - [[Susumu Kitagawa]], chemicus [[Iaponia|Iaponicus]].
* [[1952]] - [[Alvarus Uribe]], praeses [[Colombia]]e annis [[2006]] ad [[2010]].
* [[1964]] - [[Edvinus Rama]], artifex et rerum politicarum peritus [[Albania|Albanicus]].
* [[1986]] - [[Drago Gabrić]], pedilusor [[Croatia|Croaticus]].
* [[1990]] - [[Naoki Yamada]], pedilusor [[Iaponia|Iaponicus]].

== Mortui ==
=== Saeculo 10 ===
* [[965]] - [[Benedictus V]], papa.

=== Saeculo 16 ===
* [[1533]] - [[Ioannes Frith]], [[scriptor]] [[Anglia|Anglicus]], [[Martinus Lutherus|Martini Lutheri]] [[doctrina]]e admirator supplicio affectus est; anno [[1503]] natus est.
* [[1558]] - [[Maximilianus II Burgundiae]], admiralis [[Nederlandia]]e; natus est anno [[1514]].

=== Saeculo 19 ===
* [[1808]] - [[Fisher Ames]], politicus [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1758]].
* [[1826]]
** [[Ioannes Adams]], praeses CFA secundus (n. [[1735]]).
** [[Thomas Jeffersonius]], praeses CFA tertius (n. [[1743]]).
* [[1831]] - [[Iacobus Monroe]], praeses CFA quintus (n. [[1758]]).
* [[1857]] - [[Gulielmus Learned Marcy]], politicus et legatus [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1786]].
* [[1888]] - [[Theodorus Storm]], poeta Theodiscus (natus [[1817]]).
* [[1891]] - [[Hannibal Hamlin]], [[Praeses vicarius Civitatum Foederatarum Americae]]; natus est anno [[1809]].

=== Saeculo 20 ===
* [[1925]] - [[Georgius Wesley Atkinson]], gubernator [[Virginia Occidentalis|Virginiae Occidentalis]]; natus est anno [[1865]].
* [[1934]] - [[Maria Curie]], physica et chemica [[Polonia|Polonica]]; natus est anno [[1867]].
* [[1938]] - [[Otto Bauer]] homo politicus Austriae
* [[1948]] - [[Iosephus Benedictus Monteiro Lobato|José Bento Monteiro Lobato]], scriptor [[Brasilia|Brasiliensis]] (n. [[1882]])
* [[1985]] - [[Gulielmus Visser 't Hooft]], theologus [[Reformatio|reformatus]] et primus secretarius generalis [[Oecumenicum concilium|Consilii Ecclesiarum Oecumenici]]; natus est anno [[1900]].
* [[1996]] - [[Petrus Jaccoud]], factionis [[Factio Liberalis Democratica (Helvetia)|Liberalis Democraticae Helveticae]] politicorum peritus [[Helvetia|Helveticus]]; natus est anno [[1905]].

=== Saeculo 21 ===
* [[2008]] - [[Iesse Alexander Helms, Minor]], politicus [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1921]].
* [[2009]] - [[Béla Király]], legatus militum et rerum gestarum scriptor [[Hungaria|Hungaricus]], natus anno [[1912]]
* [[2011]] - [[Otto de Habsburgo]], rerum politicarum peritus, [[diurnarius]] et [[scriptor]] [[Austria]]cus; natus est anno [[1912]].
* [[2013]] - [[Innocentius Hilarius Lotocky]], episcopus [[Ucraina|Ucraino]]-[[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1915]].
* [[2014]] - [[Georgius Faletti]], scriptor et comoedus [[Italia|Italicus]]; natus est anno [[1950]].
* [[2017]] - [[Daniel Granin]], scriptor [[Russia|Russicus]]; natus est anno [[1919]].

== Festa et Feriae ==
* Dies Nationalis [[CFA]].

{{menses}}

[[Categoria:Dies]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>3 Iulii</title>
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      <text bytes="6826" sha1="h3t5riz2jrue44rgd4qzq6uxaaf6xjz" xml:space="preserve">{{Calendarium-Iulii}}
'''3 Iulii''' est dies 184ª anni (185ª in [[annus bisextilis|annis bissextilibus]]) in [[Calendarium Gregorianum|Calendario Gregoriano]]. 181 dies manent.

Secundum [[Calendarium Romanum]], est ''ante diem quintum Nonas Iulias,'' quod ''a. d. V Non. Iul.'' [[abbreviatio|abbreviatur]].

== Eventa ==
=== Saeculo 4 ===
* [[324]] - [[Licinius]] Augustus bello civili ab imperatore [[Constantinus I|Constantino I]] apud [[Hadrianopolis|Hadrianopolim]] victus est.
* [[353]] - [[Magnentius]] et [[Decentius]] usurpatores [[pugna Montis Seleuci|pugnam Montis Seleuci]] contra [[Constantius II|Constantium II]] imperatorem perdiderunt. Paulo post (vide infra) mortem sua manu petiverunt.

=== Saeculo 7 ===
* [[683]] - [[Leo II (papa)|Leo II]] papa (ab anno [[682]]), natus ignoto anno.

=== Saeculo 10 ===
* [[987]] - [[Hugo Capet]] rex [[Francia]]e coronatus est.
* [[993]] - [[Potestampium|Potestampii]] primo mentio facta est in tabulis.

=== Saeculo 18 ===
* [[1778]] - [[Fridericus II (rex Borussiae)|Fridericus II]] rex [[Borussia]]e [[Austria]]e imperatrici [[Maria Theresia Austriaca (imperatrix)|Mariae Theresiae]] bellum intulit. Certabatur de hereditate [[Bavaria]]e.

=== Saeculo 19 ===
* [[1853]] - Milites [[Russia|Russici]] principatus [[Principatus Moldaviae|Moldaviae]] et [[Principatus Valachiae|Valachiae]], quae regiones adhuc ad [[Imperium Ottomanicum]] pertinuerant, occupaverunt. Id factum initium [[Bellum Crimaeanum|Belli Crimaeani]] fuit.
* [[1866]] - [[Pugna apud Reginogradecium]] [[Austria]]ci a [[Borussia|Borussis]] victi sunt et bellum [[bellum Germanicum]] decretum est.
[[Fasciculus:1885Benz.jpg|80px|right|Autocinetum primum Benz]]
* [[1886]] - [[Carolus Benz]] ingeniarius [[Germania|Theodiscus]] primo [[autocinetum|autocineto]] a se invento [[Manhemium|Manhemii]] vexit.
* [[1890]] - [[Idahum]] civitas [[CFA]] factus est.

=== Saeculo 20 ===
* [[1908]] - Archaeologi apud [[Phaestus (Creta)|Phaestum]] in [[Creta]] [[Discus Phaestius|Discum Phaestium]] perantiquum invenerunt, qui signis impressis ornatus est.
* [[1940]] - [[Secundum bellum mundanum]]: Proelium Mers-el-Kébir inter [[Regnum Britanniarum]] et [[Francia]]m fit
* [[1991]] - [[Ruthenia Alba]] libertatem declaravit.

=== Saeculo 21 ===
* [[2005]] - [[Matrimonium aequum]] e lege admissus est in [[Hispania]].
* [[2013]] - [[Mahometus Mursi]] praeses [[Aegyptus|Aegypti]] se a munere removit.
* [[2016]] - Impetus [[tromocratia]] [[bomba]]rum a [[Civitas Islamica (regimen)|grece ISIL]] in [[Bagdatum|Bagdato]] fit, quod plus quam 213 homines mortui sunt.
* [[2017]] - Ignis [[Laophorium|laophorii]] in [[Bavaria]] Septentrionalis: 18 homines mortui sunt.
* [[2025]] - [[Keiko Fujimori]] praeses [[Peruvia]]e electa est.

== Nati ==
=== Saeculo 15 ===
* [[1423]] - [[Ludovicus XI]], rex [[Francia]]e, mortuus anno [[1483]].

=== Saeculo 17 ===
* [[1683]] - [[Eduardus Young]], poeta [[Anglia|Anglicus]], mortuus anno [[1765]].

=== Saeculo 18 ===
* [[1728]] - [[Robertus Adam]], architecus [[Scotia|Scotus]], mortuus anno [[1792]].
* [[1782]] - [[Petrus Berthier]], [[mineralogia]]e et [[metallurgia]]e peritus [[Francia|Francicus]], mortuus anno [[1861]]. 
* [[1789]] - [[Fridericus Overbeck]], pictor [[Germania|Germanicus]], mortuus anno [[1869]].
* [[1790]] - [[Georgius Brown]], dux militum [[Britanniarum regnum|Britannicus]], mortuus anno [[1865]].

=== Saeculo 19 ===
* [[1821]] - [[Ferdinandus Kürnberger]], scriptor Austriacus
* [[1854]] - [[Leo Janáček]], compositor et organista Bohemicus, mortuus anno [[1928]].
* [[1867]] - [[Ioannes Hoffmann (Bavaria)|Ioannes Hoffmann]], praeses ministrorum [[Bavaria]]e, mortuus anno [[1930]].
* [[1874]] - [[Ioannes Gunnar Andersson]], [[Archaeologia|archaeologus]], [[Palaeontologia|palaeontologus]] et [[Geologia|geologus]] [[Suecia|Suecicus]], mortuus anno [[1960]].
* [[1883]] - [[Franciscus Kafka]], scriptor [[Bohemia|Bohemicus]], mortuus anno [[1924]].

=== Saeculo 20 ===
* [[1906]] - [[Albertus Lleras Camargo]], praeses [[Columbia]]e; mortuus est anno [[1990]].
* [[1924]] - [[Sellapan Ramanathan]], praeses [[Singapura]]e; mortuus est anno [[2016]].
* [[1930]] - [[Carolus Kleiber]], concentus magister [[Austria]]cus, mortuus anno [[2004]].
* [[1945]] - [[Michael Martin (politicus Scotiae)|Michael Martin]], rerum politicarum peritus [[Scotia|Scotus]]; mortuus est anno [[2018]].
* [[1950]] - [[Petra Crone]], rerum politicarum perita [[Germania|Germanica]] factionis [[SPD]].
* [[1951]] - [[Ioannes Claudius Duvalier]], praeses [[Haitia]]nus, mortuus anno [[2014]].
* [[1952]]
**[[Maria Ludovica Colombo]], cantrix mediolanensis
**[[Andreas Fraser]], musicus [[Britanniarum regnum|Britannicus]], mortuus anno [[2015]].
* [[1955]] - [[Gualterus Veltroni]], rerum politicarum peritus [[Italia|Italicus]].
* [[1962]] - [[Thomas Cruise]], histrio [[CFA|Americanus]].
* [[1964]] - [[Yeardley Smith]], actrix [[CFA|Americana]].
* [[1970]] - [[Audra McDonald]], actrix [[CFA|Americana]].
* [[1971]] - [[Iulianus Assange]], [[diurnarius]] [[Australia]]nus et conditor ''[[Wikileaks]]''.
* [[1976]] - [[Hiroki Tsurumoto]], compositor [[Iaponia|Iaponicus]].
* [[1984]] - [[Francisca Cipriani]], [[actor|actrix]] [[Italia|Italica]].
* [[1987]] - [[Sebastianus Vettel]], autocinetor [[Germania|Germanicus]].

== Mortui ==
=== Saeculo 17 ===
* [[1642]] - [[Maria Medicaea]], regina [[Francia]]e, nata anno [[1575]].

=== Saeculo 20 ===
* [[1904]] - [[Theodorus Herzl]], Zionismi conditor, natus [[1860]].
* [[1935]] - [[Andrea Gustavus Citroën]], ingenius [[Francia|Francicus]], natus anno [[1878]].
* [[1971]] - [[Iacobus Morrison]], musicus [[CFA|Americanus]], natus anno [[1943]].
* [[1982]] - [[Hannibal Bugnini]], [[episcopus]] [[Italia|Italicus]], natus anno [[1912]].

=== Saeculo 21 ===
* [[2005]] - [[Albertus Lattuada]], histrio et moderator cinematographicus [[Italia|Italicus]], natus anno [[1914]].
* [[2009]] - [[Georgius Henricus Adoum]], [[scriptor]] [[Aequatoria]]nus, natus anno [[1926]].
* [[2012]]
** [[Andreas Samuel Griffith]], [[histrio]] et ''[[Country]]/[[Gospel]]'' cantor [[CFA|Americanus]], natus anno [[1926]].
** [[Laura Grimaldi]], [[scriptrix]] [[Italia]]na, nata anno [[1927]] vel [[1928]].
** [[Sergius Pininfarina]], autocinetor [[Italia|Italicus]], natus anno [[1926]].
* [[2013]] - [[Radu Vasile]], rerum politicarum peritus [[Romania|Dacoromanus]], natus anno [[1942]].
* [[2014]] - [[Georgius Le Rider]], bibliothecarius et historicus [[Francia|Francicus]], natus anno [[1928]].
* [[2016]] - [[Marcus Werner]], scriptor [[Helvetia|Helveticus]]; natus est anno [[1944]].
* [[2017]] - [[Paulus Villaggio]], histrio et scriptor [[Italia|Italicus]]; natus est anno [[1932]].

== Festa et Feriae ==
* Festum Sancti Irenaei, episcopi et martyri
* Dies Nationalis ([[Ruthenia Alba]])

{{menses}}

[[Categoria:Dies]]</text>
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    <title>Otho Bismarckius</title>
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{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Otto von Bismarck.JPG|thumb|Otho de Bismarck]]

'''Otho Eduardus Leopoldus Bismarckius''',&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Inde animi Russorum in Germanos parum iam benevoli facti sunt. Cuius inimicitiae semen quum '''Bismarckius''' ille vir sagacissimus animadvertisset, Caesaris Russorum animum avertere a re omni ope sua studuit&quot;; ''Alma Roma'', ann. I, n. VII (Romae, mense Novembris 1914): 124 [https://arxlatina.org/pegmata/periodica/almaroma/AlmaRoma.1914.ann01.fasc07.Id_Nov.tusc.pdf].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Bismarckius, vir rerum civilium peritus&quot;; ''Iuventus'', ann. XXVI, n. 2 (Budapestini, 1941): 11 [https://arxlatina.org/pegmata/periodica/iuventus/Iuventus.1941.ann26.num02_292.Oct.avent.pdf].&lt;/ref&gt; vulgo plene ''Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck'' (natus [[1 Aprilis]] [[1815]] [[Bellidomus (Megapolis)|Bellidomi]] (Theodisce ''Schönhausen''); mortuus [[30 Iulii]] [[1898]] in oppidulo ''Friedrichsruh,'' non procul ab [[Hamburgum|Hamburgo]] sito), in rebus publicis [[Germania|Germanorum]] versatus primum praeses ministrorum ([[Germanice]]: ''Ministerpräsident'') [[Borussia]]e ab anno [[1862]] usque ad annum 1890, tum cancellarius et minister negotiorum externorum novae [[Foederatio Germanica Septemtrionalis|Foederationis Germanicae Septentrionalis]] (ab anno [[1866]] ad annum [[1871]]), postea denique et ab anno quidem [[1871]] ad annum [[1890]] cancellarius et minister negotiorum externorum [[Imperium Germanicum|Imperii Germanici]] erat. In eius honorem multae [[turris Bismarckiana|turres]] constructae sunt in Germania et extra.

== De iuventute ==
Ab anno [[1832]] usque ad annum [[1835]] Bismarck [[Berolinum|Berolini]] [[Gottinga]]eque [[Ius|iuri]] studuit et legibus. Ab anno [[1849]] usque ad annum [[1852]], erat senator in [[parlamentum|parlamento]] Borussiae, qui anno [[1851]] legatus regis Borussici [[Francofurtum ad Moenum|Francofurtum]] missus est ad conventum [[Foederatio Germanica|Foederationis Germanicae]]. Postea nuntius primum [[Petropolis|Petropolim]], ubi tres annos mansit, tum [[Lutetia]]m missus est. Diplomatica eum didicisse in mora [[Erfordia]]e anno 1850 tabula memorialis quaedam in [[Domus Bismarck (Erfordia)|Domu Bismarck Erfordiensi]] affixa sublineat.

== Bismarck cancellarius Borussiae Germaniaeque ==
Die [[8 Octobris]] [[1962]] praeses ministrorum Borussiae nominatus est, ut regem [[Gulielmus I (Imperator Germaniae)|Gulielmum I]] contra domum legatorum Borussiae adiuvaret. Bismarck postquam ad honorum certamina accessit, ea tam forti iniit animo, ut, etiamsi pleraque inter obstacula, tamen victoriam et in domesticis et in externis rebus saepissime obtineret. Quae nobilis hic vir molitus est, ut [[Napoleo III|Napoleo tertius, imperator Gallorum]], inscius foederum secretorum, quae [[Foederatio Germanica Septemtrionalis]] fecerat cum monarchis civitatum Germaniae meridionalis (dicta &quot;Schutz- und Trutzbündnisse&quot;, i. e. &quot;foedera ad tutandum et resistendum&quot;), in insidias induceretur bellumque [[Borussia|Borussico]] regno inconsiderate indiceret, ea ab omnibus rerum gestarum scriptoribus perfectissimum opus artis ad legatorum munera spectantis aestimantur. Post [[Bellum Germano-Francicum|bellum inter Francicos Borussosque gestum]] et fere omnes Germaniae res publicas in unum imperium coagmentatas, arbiter quodammodo Europaeorum populorum Bismarck factus est, qui nihil intemptatum reliquit, ut eorum concordiam foveret vel saltem firmaret.

Propter ingentem et severitatem et pertinaciam Bismarck a plebe admiratione commota &quot;cancellarius ferreus&quot; cognominatus est. Eques fuit [[ordo Aurei Velleris|Ordinis Aurei Velleris]].

Quae tamen prudenter Bismarck apparaverat, ut exitiale novi belli periculum amoveretur, ea mutata sunt a [[Gulielmus I (Imperator Germaniae)|Gulielmo altero]] eius nominis [[Imperium Germanicum|imperatore Germanico]]: ita ut [[bellum Orbis Terrarum I|bellum per totum orbem terrarum gestum prius]] sit concitatum, quo factum est, ut Europaeorum opes, cultus civilis, mores necessario prolabi inciperent.

== Fontes ==
* Michael Howard. [[1960]]. ''The Franco-Prussian War.'' [[Londinium|Londinii]].
* Alan Palmer. ''Bismarck.''

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Otto von Bismarck|Othonem Bismarckium}}
* [http://www.deutsche-schutzgebiete.de/bismarck.htm Breve curriculum vitae]{{Nexus deficit|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://www.bismarck-stiftung.de Societas Othoni de Bismarck dicata] 

{{Cancellarii Germaniae}}
{{Praesides Ministrorum Borussiae}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bismarck, Otho de}}

[[Categoria:Cancellarii Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Praesides ministrorum Borussiae]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Goettingensis]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1815]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1898]]
{{1000 paginae}}
[[Categoria:Bellum Franco-Borussicum]]

{{Myrias|Homines}}</text>
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      <text bytes="4876" sha1="0vygosvk8ziv7k8h1axlgdui796syxw" xml:space="preserve">{{Movenda|Otho Bismarckius}}
{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Otto von Bismarck.JPG|thumb|Otho de Bismarck]]

'''Otho Eduardus Leopoldus Bismarckius''',&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Inde animi Russorum in Germanos parum iam benevoli facti sunt. Cuius inimicitiae semen quum '''Bismarckius''' ille vir sagacissimus animadvertisset, Caesaris Russorum animum avertere a re omni ope sua studuit&quot;; ''Alma Roma'', ann. I, n. VII (Romae, mense Novembris 1914): 124 [https://arxlatina.org/pegmata/periodica/almaroma/AlmaRoma.1914.ann01.fasc07.Id_Nov.tusc.pdf].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Bismarckius, vir rerum civilium peritus&quot;; ''Iuventus'', ann. XXVI, n. 2 (Budapestini, 1941): 11 [https://arxlatina.org/pegmata/periodica/iuventus/Iuventus.1941.ann26.num02_292.Oct.avent.pdf].&lt;/ref&gt; vulgo plene ''Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck'' (natus [[1 Aprilis]] [[1815]] [[Bellidomus (Megapolis)|Bellidomi]] (Theodisce ''Schönhausen''); mortuus [[30 Iulii]] [[1898]] in oppidulo ''Friedrichsruh,'' non procul ab [[Hamburgum|Hamburgo]] sito), in rebus publicis [[Germania|Germanorum]] versatus primum praeses ministrorum ([[Germanice]]: ''Ministerpräsident'') [[Borussia]]e ab anno [[1862]] usque ad annum 1890, tum cancellarius et minister negotiorum externorum novae [[Foederatio Germanica Septemtrionalis|Foederationis Germanicae Septentrionalis]] (ab anno [[1866]] ad annum [[1871]]), postea denique et ab anno quidem [[1871]] ad annum [[1890]] cancellarius et minister negotiorum externorum [[Imperium Germanicum|Imperii Germanici]] erat. In eius honorem multae [[turris Bismarckiana|turres]] constructae sunt in Germania et extra.

== De iuventute ==
Ab anno [[1832]] usque ad annum [[1835]] Bismarck [[Berolinum|Berolini]] [[Gottinga]]eque [[Ius|iuri]] studuit et legibus. Ab anno [[1849]] usque ad annum [[1852]], erat senator in [[parlamentum|parlamento]] Borussiae, qui anno [[1851]] legatus regis Borussici [[Francofurtum ad Moenum|Francofurtum]] missus est ad conventum [[Foederatio Germanica|Foederationis Germanicae]]. Postea nuntius primum [[Petropolis|Petropolim]], ubi tres annos mansit, tum [[Lutetia]]m missus est. Diplomatica eum didicisse in mora [[Erfordia]]e anno 1850 tabula memorialis quaedam in [[Domus Bismarck (Erfordia)|Domu Bismarck Erfordiensi]] affixa sublineat.

== Bismarck cancellarius Borussiae Germaniaeque ==
Die [[8 Octobris]] [[1962]] praeses ministrorum Borussiae nominatus est, ut regem [[Gulielmus I (Imperator Germaniae)|Gulielmum I]] contra domum legatorum Borussiae adiuvaret. Bismarck postquam ad honorum certamina accessit, ea tam forti iniit animo, ut, etiamsi pleraque inter obstacula, tamen victoriam et in domesticis et in externis rebus saepissime obtineret. Quae nobilis hic vir molitus est, ut [[Napoleo III|Napoleo tertius, imperator Gallorum]], inscius foederum secretorum, quae [[Foederatio Germanica Septemtrionalis]] fecerat cum monarchis civitatum Germaniae meridionalis (dicta &quot;Schutz- und Trutzbündnisse&quot;, i. e. &quot;foedera ad tutandum et resistendum&quot;), in insidias induceretur bellumque [[Borussia|Borussico]] regno inconsiderate indiceret, ea ab omnibus rerum gestarum scriptoribus perfectissimum opus artis ad legatorum munera spectantis aestimantur. Post [[Bellum Germano-Francicum|bellum inter Francicos Borussosque gestum]] et fere omnes Germaniae res publicas in unum imperium coagmentatas, arbiter quodammodo Europaeorum populorum Bismarck factus est, qui nihil intemptatum reliquit, ut eorum concordiam foveret vel saltem firmaret.

Propter ingentem et severitatem et pertinaciam Bismarck a plebe admiratione commota &quot;cancellarius ferreus&quot; cognominatus est. Eques fuit [[ordo Aurei Velleris|Ordinis Aurei Velleris]].

Quae tamen prudenter Bismarck apparaverat, ut exitiale novi belli periculum amoveretur, ea mutata sunt a [[Gulielmus I (Imperator Germaniae)|Gulielmo altero]] eius nominis [[Imperium Germanicum|imperatore Germanico]]: ita ut [[bellum Orbis Terrarum I|bellum per totum orbem terrarum gestum prius]] sit concitatum, quo factum est, ut Europaeorum opes, cultus civilis, mores necessario prolabi inciperent.

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Fontes ==
* Michael Howard. [[1960]]. ''The Franco-Prussian War.'' [[Londinium|Londinii]].
* Alan Palmer. ''Bismarck.''

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Otto von Bismarck|Othonem Bismarckium}}
{{Fontes biographici}}
* [http://www.deutsche-schutzgebiete.de/bismarck.htm Breve curriculum vitae]{{Nexus deficit|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://www.bismarck-stiftung.de Societas Othoni de Bismarck dicata] 

{{Cancellarii Germaniae}}
{{Praesides Ministrorum Borussiae}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bismarck, Otho de}}

[[Categoria:Cancellarii Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Praesides ministrorum Borussiae]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Goettingensis]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1815]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1898]]
{{1000 paginae}}
[[Categoria:Bellum Franco-Borussicum]]

{{Myrias|Homines}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cothoneum</title>
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      <comment>/* Municipia finitima */</comment>
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      <text bytes="3031" sha1="4m5avxfg4gobvg3i7fcogpqvcaojgja" xml:space="preserve">{{Videdis|Cotoneum}}
{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Codogno-Ospedale-Soave.JPG|thumb|Antiquum ''Valetudinarium Soave'' Cotonei]]
'''Cothoneum'''&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.it/books?id=YPzTAgAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=it&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Dizionario di toponomastica lombarda - Dante Olivieri, Lampi di stampa, 01/gen/2001 - 624 pagine]&lt;/ref&gt; {{victio|Cothoneum|i|n}} seu '''Cotoneum'''&lt;ref&gt;Nomi d'Italia - AAVV, De Agostini&lt;/ref&gt; {{victio|Cotoneum|i|n}} (alia nomina: ''Cotonium''&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.it/books?id=YPzTAgAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=it&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Dizionario di toponomastica lombarda - Dante Olivieri, Lampi di stampa, 01/gen/2001 - 624 pagine]&lt;/ref&gt;, ''Codonium''&lt;ref&gt;Nomi d'Italia - AAVV, De Agostini&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.it/books?id=YPzTAgAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=it&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Dizionario di toponomastica lombarda - Dante Olivieri, Lampi di stampa, 01/gen/2001 - 624 pagine]&lt;/ref&gt;) ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Codogno|Codogno]]'') est [[Urbes Italiae|Urbs]] [[Italia]]e et [[Commune Italiae|municipium]], circiter 15&amp;thinsp;450 incolarum, in [[Regio Italiae|Regione]] [[Langobardia]] et in [[Provincia Laudensis|Provincia Laudensi]] situm. Urbani ''Cothoneenses'' appellantur. 

== Insigne ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Corona di città.svg|''[[Urbs Italiae]]''&lt;ref&gt;D.P.R. [[26 Iunii]] [[1955]]&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Geographia ==
Urbs 20 km [[septentrio]]ni civitatis [[Placentia]]e et 60 km [[auster]]i [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]] est. Municipium patet 20 km² et altitudo urbis est 58 m.

== Clari cives ==

* [[Iosephus Pagani]], ([[31 Martii]] [[1937]] - [[8 Decembris]] [[2023]]), diurnarius, moderator radiophonicus et poeta dialecticus
* [[Salvator Fisichella]], ([[25 Augusti]] [[1951]]), [[theologia|theologus]] et [[archiepiscopus]]
* [[Ludovicus Negri]], ([[4 Augusti]] [[1956]]), rerum politicarum peritus
* [[Mauritius Milani]], ([[20 Maii]] [[1961]]), comicus et scriptor

== Fractiones, vici et loci in municipio ==
=== Fractiones ===
* Maiocca, 
* Triulza.

== Municipia finitima ==
* [[Camairagum]], 
* [[Casalis Pistorum]], 
* [[Cavacurta]], 
* [[Flumpum]], 
* [[Maleum]], 
* [[Fanum Sancti Floriani (Italia)|Fanum Sancti Floriani]], 
* [[Summalea]], 
* [[Terra Nova Passerinorum]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Langobardia]] (''regio''),
* [[Provincia Laudensis]],
* [[Laus Nova]] (''urbs''),
* [[Urbes Italiae]].
* [[Coemeterium Monumentalis Cothinei]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [http://www.comune.codogno.lo.it/ Pagina officialis]
{{CommuniaCat|Codogno|Cothoneum}}

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Map of comune of Codogno (province of Lodi, region Lombardy, Italy).svg|Collocatio finium municipii in Provincia Laudensi.
Imago:Map - IT - Lodi - Codogno.png|Collocatio Municipii Cotonei in Provincia Laudensi.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Urbes Italiae in Langobardia]]
[[Categoria:Municipia in provincia Laudis Novae]]</text>
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      <text bytes="3031" sha1="1n9v5icarfvgwqs18ldfq2aaxryignd" xml:space="preserve">{{Videdis|Cotoneum}}
{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Codogno-Ospedale-Soave.JPG|thumb|Antiquum ''Valetudinarium Soave'' Cotonei]]
'''Cothoneum'''&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.it/books?id=YPzTAgAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=it&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Dizionario di toponomastica lombarda - Dante Olivieri, Lampi di stampa, 01/gen/2001 - 624 pagine]&lt;/ref&gt; {{victio|Cothoneum|i|n}} seu '''Cotoneum'''&lt;ref&gt;Nomi d'Italia - AAVV, De Agostini&lt;/ref&gt; {{victio|Cotoneum|i|n}} (alia nomina: ''Cotonium''&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.it/books?id=YPzTAgAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=it&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Dizionario di toponomastica lombarda - Dante Olivieri, Lampi di stampa, 01/gen/2001 - 624 pagine]&lt;/ref&gt;, ''Codonium''&lt;ref&gt;Nomi d'Italia - AAVV, De Agostini&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.it/books?id=YPzTAgAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=it&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Dizionario di toponomastica lombarda - Dante Olivieri, Lampi di stampa, 01/gen/2001 - 624 pagine]&lt;/ref&gt;) ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Codogno|Codogno]]'') est [[Urbes Italiae|Urbs]] [[Italia]]e et [[Commune Italiae|municipium]], circiter 15&amp;thinsp;450 incolarum, in [[Regio Italiae|Regione]] [[Langobardia]] et in [[Provincia Laudensis|Provincia Laudensi]] situm. Urbani ''Cothoneenses'' appellantur. 

== Insigne ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Corona di città.svg|''[[Urbs Italiae]]''&lt;ref&gt;D.P.R. [[26 Iunii]] [[1955]]&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Geographia ==
Urbs 20 km [[septentrio]]ni civitatis [[Placentia]]e et 60 km [[auster]]i [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]] est. Municipium patet 20 km² et altitudo urbis est 58 m.

== Clari cives ==

* [[Iosephus Pagani]], ([[31 Martii]] [[1937]] - [[8 Decembris]] [[2023]]), diurnarius, moderator radiophonicus et poeta dialecticus
* [[Salvator Fisichella]], ([[25 Augusti]] [[1951]]), [[theologia|theologus]] et [[archiepiscopus]]
* [[Ludovicus Negri]], ([[4 Augusti]] [[1956]]), rerum politicarum peritus
* [[Mauritius Milani]], ([[20 Maii]] [[1961]]), comicus et scriptor

== Fractiones, vici et loci in municipio ==
=== Fractiones ===
* Maiocca, 
* Triulza.

== Municipia finitima ==
* [[Camairagum]], 
* [[Casalis Pistorum]], 
* [[Cavacurta]], 
* [[Flumpum]], 
* [[Maleum]], 
* [[Fanum Sancti Floriani (Italia)|Fanum Sancti Floriani]], 
* [[Summalea]], 
* [[Terra Nova Passerinorum]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Langobardia]] (''regio''),
* [[Provincia Laudensis]],
* [[Laus Nova]] (''urbs''),
* [[Urbes Italiae]].
* [[Coemeterium Monumentalis Cothonei]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [http://www.comune.codogno.lo.it/ Pagina officialis]
{{CommuniaCat|Codogno|Cothoneum}}

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Map of comune of Codogno (province of Lodi, region Lombardy, Italy).svg|Collocatio finium municipii in Provincia Laudensi.
Imago:Map - IT - Lodi - Codogno.png|Collocatio Municipii Cotonei in Provincia Laudensi.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Urbes Italiae in Langobardia]]
[[Categoria:Municipia in provincia Laudis Novae]]</text>
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    <title>Mediolanum Santonum</title>
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{{Videdis|Mediolanum (discretiva)}}
'''Mediolanum Santonum'''&lt;ref&gt;''Murray's Handy Classical Maps: Gallia''; cf. [[:en:Mediolanum Santonum]].&lt;/ref&gt; aut simplicius '''Santones''' ([[Francogallice]] ''Saintes''), est [[urbs]] et [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] circiter 25 000 habitantium [[praefectura]]e [[Carantonus Maritimus|Carantoni Maritimi]] in regione occidentali [[Aquitania Nova]] (usque ad diem [[31 Decembris]] [[2015]] [[Pictaviensis et Carantoni|Pictaviensi et Carantonis]]). Fere 25 milia passuum ab urbe [[Rupella]] distat.

== Historia ==
[[Fasciculus:Arc de Germanicus.JPG|thumb|Arcus Germanici]]
Haec urbs, non longe a flumine [[Carantonus|Carantono]] et ad nexum viarum Romanarum iacens, circa annum 20 a.C.n. condita est ut caput civitatis [[Santones|Santonum]] in provincia [[Aquitania]] [[Imperium Romanum|Imperii Romani]].

== Incolae notabiles ==
[[Fasciculus:Clocher.Saintes.png|thumb|Turris abbatiae feminarum Mediolani Santonum]]
* [[Benedictus Violier]], coquus, hic anno 1971 natus (mortuus 2016)
* [[Franciscus Rivière]], scriptor, hic natus anno 1949

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Louis Maurin et al., &quot;[https://www.academia.edu/20776761/Maurin_L._Bouet_A._Hiriart_E._Landreau_G._Sireix_C._Tardy_D._Saintes_Mediolanum_cité_des_Santons_et_Bordeaux_Burdigala_cité_des_Bituriges_Vivisques_destins_croisés Saintes/Mediolanum, cité des Santons, et Bordeaux/Burdigala, cité des Bituriges Vivisques : destins croisés]&quot; in ''Gallia'' vol. 72 (2015) pp. 53-78
* Laurence Tranoy, [https://web.archive.org/web/20190915160938/http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/bib/portal/simulacraromae/libro/c12.pdf « Mediolanum Santonum, Saintes : de la fondation à l’époque julio-claudienne »], Roma. La época de la expansión exterior de Roma. Cartago.'' Alicante : Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes, 2007, p 226

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Carantoni Maritimi]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat| Saintes|Mediolanum Santonum}}
{{Fontes geographici}}
* [http://cassini.ehess.fr/cassini/fr/html/fiche.php?select_resultat=31580 De hoc commune apud ''Cassini'']
* [http://www.ville-saintes.fr/ Mediolani Santonum pagina interretialis]

{{urbs-stipula}}

{{Capita civitatum Galliae Romanae}}

[[Categoria:Mediolanum Santonum| ]]
[[Categoria:Urbes Galliae Romanae]]
[[Categoria:Capita civitatum Imperii Romani]]
[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Carantoni Maritimi]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Carantoni maritimi]]
[[Categoria:Condita saeculo 1 a.C.n.]]
[[Categoria:Santones]]
[[Categoria:Sedes episcopales Franciae]]</text>
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    <title>Nubes (Aristophanes)</title>
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      <text bytes="14552" sha1="7baq5h9ysn2musm5y01b05amrpld211" xml:space="preserve">{{titulus italicus}}{{latinitas}}
[[Fasciculus:Socrates in a basket.jpg|thumb|Socrates in machina theatrali, in Phrontisterio.]]
'''''Nubes''''' ([[Graece]] {{lang|grc|Νεφέλαι}}) est [[comoedia]] [[Aristophanes|Aristophanis]]. Anno [[423 a.C.n.]] primum [[Dionysia|Dionysiis]] acta est, et tertias tantum tulitː [[Cratinos]] hoc anno laureatus est, Ameipsias secundas rettulit. Textum quem nunc habemus anno [[419 a.C.n.|419]] vel [[418 a.C.n.|418]] aliqua parte poeta emendavit&lt;ref&gt;Quod argumenta antiqua testantur et ipse Aristophanes in [[Parabasis|parabasi]] repulsam anni 423 memorabat (versus 523-526).&lt;/ref&gt;. In hac comoedia Aristophanes [[Sophistae|sophistas]], tum Athenis maxime florentes, et eorum discipulos deridere voluit, eos quidem qui deos non esse docebant&lt;ref&gt;Versu 367 Socrates aitː ''Ποῖος Ζεύς ; Οὐ μὴ ληρήσεις. Οὐδ᾿ ἐστὶ Ζεύς'' = &quot;Qualem Iovem? Ne ineptias dixerisː non est Iuppiter.&quot; Vide etiam versus 423-6 et 817-831.&lt;/ref&gt; aut quomodo causa inferior et iniusta iustam et superiorem causam vincere possit&lt;ref&gt;Versus 98-99ː Οὗτοι 
 ''διδάσκουσ᾿, ἀργύριον ἤν τις διδῷ,
 λέγοντα νικᾶν καὶ δίκαια κἄδικα''. Et 112-115ː ''Εἶναι παρ᾿ αὐτοῖς φασὶν ἄμφω τὼ λόγω,
τὸν κρείττον᾿, ὅστις ἐστί, καὶ τὸν ἥττονα.
Τούτοιν τὸν ἕτερον τοῖν λόγοιν, τὸν ἥττονα,
νικᾶν λέγοντά φασι τἀδικώτερα''.&lt;/ref&gt;. Sophistarum velut coryphaeum [[Socrates|Socratem]] elegit qui praecipua persona fieret, quod nobis quidem dubium videtur quoniam per [[Xenophon|Xenophontem]] et [[Plato|Platonem]] Socratem accepimus non rerum naturae arcanorum investigatorem fuisse sed de homine et eius officiis plerumque disseruisse&lt;ref&gt;''[[Apologia Socratis (Plato)|Apologia Socratis]]'' 19.b-d.&lt;/ref&gt;. Hoc ipso quod viginti quattuor post annos Socrates morte damnatus est quod iuventutem corrumperet et novos deos in civitatem introduceret haec comoedia, quamvis alias optima, quibusdam minus grata videtur. 

== De personis ==
* Strepsiades, senex rusticus. Ob filii prodigalitatem a creditoribus vexatur. Causam perite agere ut discat et creditores apud iudices vincat fit Socratis discipulus. Persona comica est quia homo rusticus verba Socratis plerumque prave interpretatur. Tam discendo impar visus est ut dimissus in fine filium pro se apud Socratem docendum miserit.
* Phidippides, filius Strepsiadis. Ille iuvenis nihil nisi equos [[Somnium|somniat]] et multo aere alieno cupiditatum causa patrem obruit. Illud nomen comice e duobus verbis Graecis compositum est&lt;ref&gt;Versus 60-72.&lt;/ref&gt;, φειδώ (parsimonia) secundum patris vota et ἴππος (equus) secundum matris vota nobili loco natae. Nobiles enim et divites in exercitu equites erant.
[[Fasciculus:Anvil shaped cumulus panorama edit crop.jpg|thumb|Nubes.]]
* [[Famulus]] Strepsiadis
* [[Discipulus]] Socratis
* [[Socrates]]. Apud Aristophanem Socrates quae sub terra et in caelo lateant scrutatur, in corbe suspensus. In ''phrontisterio'' (appellatio comice creata e verbo φροντίζειν) discipulos docet. Praeter nonnullas nugas grammaticales de [[Genus grammaticum|genere]] nominum,  imprimis causas naturales [[Phaenomenon|phaenomenis]] caelestibus adsignatː non [[Iuppiter]] pluit aut fulminat aut tonat, ut Strepsiades credebat, sed nubes ventis inflatae et invicem collidentes&lt;ref&gt;Versus 365-411.&lt;/ref&gt;. [[Maieutica|Maieuticam]] quoque Socraticam comice imitatur poetaː nam Socrates Strepsiadem ita interrogat ut ille veritatem opinionum magistri e propriis experimentis agnoscat&lt;ref&gt;Versus 345 et 385ː ''Ἀπὸ σαυτοῦ ᾿γώ σε διδάξω''.&lt;/ref&gt;.
* [[Chorus Graecus|Chorus]] Nubium quae comoediae titulum indiderunt. Etenim a Socrate accitae feminarum formam induerunt&lt;ref&gt;Versus 355.&lt;/ref&gt; et [[Aër|aereos]] cantus canunt aut spectatores adloquuntur aut Strepsiadem monent. Solae verae deae a Socrate habentur&lt;ref&gt;Versus 365ː ''Αὗται γάρ τοι μόναι εἰσὶ θεαί, τἄλλα δὲ πάντ᾿ ἐστὶ φλύαρος'' = &quot;Hae solae sunt deae, omnia alia sunt nugae&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; addito tamen alias [[Chaos|Chao]] et Lingua&lt;ref&gt;Versus 423/4ː ''Ἄλλο τι δῆτ᾿ οὐ νομιεῖς ἤδη θεὸν οὐδένα πλὴν ἅπερ ἡμεῖς, //
τὸ Χάος τουτὶ καὶ τὰς Νεφέλας καὶ τὴν Γλῶτταν, τρία ταυτί ;'' &lt;/ref&gt;. Ac revera Strepsiades ad earum cultum velut ad [[Sacra Eleusinia|mysteria]] initiatur. Simul ad nimiam subtilitatem et vanitatem Socraticarum cogitationum allegorice alludunt.
* Iustus orator&lt;ref&gt;Graece ''δίκαιος λόγος'' quod fortasse rectius interpretatus sis &quot;recta oratio&quot; nisi &quot;recta ratio&quot; etiam melius sit.&lt;/ref&gt;. Haec persona allegorica veterem educationem defendit quae [[Marathonia pugna|pugnae Marathoniae]] victores formavit et corporibus vigorem praebebat&lt;ref&gt;961-1104&lt;/ref&gt;. Auctoris opiniones aliquo modo profert. Ab iniusto oratore victus ad alteram partem transiit.
* Iniustus orator econtra educationem novam laudat quae linguam potius quam corpus exercet et tralaticia moralia subvertit.
* Pasias, [[faenerator]]
* Amynias, faenerator
* Testis
* (Chaerepho)&lt;ref&gt;Sic Stephanus Berglerus dramatis personas reddit.&lt;/ref&gt; in scaena non loquitur sed ab aliis personis memoratur. Ille discipulus fuit qui [[Oraculum Delphicum|oraculum Delphicum]] de Socratis sapientia consuluit&lt;ref&gt;''[[Apologia Socratis (Plato)|Apologia Socratis]]'' 20e-21a.&lt;/ref&gt;. Apud Aristophanem aegrotans et livida cute ostendit debiles homines educationem Socraticam producere&lt;ref&gt;Versus 503-4.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Actio Athenis agitur, scaena et domum Strepsiadis et ludum Socratis (&quot;phrontisterium&quot;) ostendit.

== Synopsis ==
Strepsiades est [[agricultura|agricola]] qui divitem feminam in matrimonium duxit; filius eorum Phidippides propter equorum amorem multum [[aes alienum]] contraxit. Strepsiades  filium ad ludum Socratis mittere cupit ut argumenta discat  quibus Strepsiades eius pater creditores apud iudices vincat. Filius non vult, quamobrem patrem ipsum ire ad ludum necesse est. In ludo quibusdam discipulis, Socrati ipsi in corbe pendenti, Nubibus 'novi studii' patronis Strepsiades occurrit, a quibus persuasus consentit ad sacra ludi initiari, sed res discendas nullo modo discere potest. Tandem Strepsiades filium ad ludum ire pro se compellit, ubi certamen argumentorum spectat quo Iniustus Orator Iustum Oratorem vincit atque ita magister Phidippidis fit. Ultima scaena sophista factus Phidippides efficit ut pater Strepsiades duos creditores deludat. Mox tamen contentione de poetis inter eos in cena orta (patri placent [[Simonides]] et [[Aeschylus]], filio [[Euripides]])  Phidippides patrem Euripidem male dicentem verberare incipit. Tum Strepsiadi indignanti filius   parentes si peccent liberis poenas dare oportere non minus quam liberos parentibus ita speciosis argumentis probat ut Strepsiades iustum esse fateri cogatur. Ad nubes querelas deinde pater convertit quae respondent sua culpa senem in miserias incidisse, ipsas vero homines mala consilia foventes punire solere metum deorum eis impingendi causa. Postremo Strepsiades exasperatus Socratis ludum incendit.

Tertias aegre tulit Aristophanes quia ex omnibus suis comoediiis ''Nubes'' maxime sophisticam fuisse iudicabat et ei plurimam operam impendisset&lt;ref&gt;Graeceː ''καὶ ταύτην σοφώτατ᾿ ἔχειν τῶν ἐμῶν κωμῳδιῶν
... ἣ παρέσχε μοι ἔργον πλεῖστον''· Cf ''[[Vespae (Aristophanes)|Vespae]]'' 1046/7ː  ''ὄμνυσιν τὸν Διόνυσον
μὴ πώποτ᾽ ἀμείνον᾽ ἔπη τούτων κωμῳδικὰ μηδέν᾽ ἀκοῦσαι.'' &lt;/ref&gt;. Proximo anno de iniuria sibi facta in [[Parabasis|parabasi]] ''[[Vespae (Aristophanes)|Vesparum]]''&lt;ref&gt;1043-1050.&lt;/ref&gt; apud spectatores questus est. Idem facit in parabasi rescripta ''Nubium''&lt;ref&gt;520-526.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Editiones et commentarii ==
*[[Editio princeps]] Graeca anno [[1498]] apud [[Aldus Manutius|Aldum Manutium]] [[Venetiae|Venetiis]].
* [[:en:Stephan Bergler|en|Berglerus, Stephanus]], et [[:de:Karl Andreas Duker|de|Carolus Andrea Dukerus]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=e7uj19CjlQAC&amp;pg=PA99 &quot;Nubes&quot;]. In ''Aristophanis comoediis undecim, Graece et Latine''. [[Lugduni Batavorum]]: apud [[:nl:Luchtmans (uitgeverij)#Samuel_Luchtmans_(II)_en_Johannes_Luchtmans_(1755-1809)|nl|Samuelem et Ioannem Luchtmans]] ([[:nl:Koninklijke Brill NV]]), 1760.
* Dover, Kenneth J. ''Clouds,'' commentarium.  Oxoniae:  Oxford University Press, 1968.  ISBN 0198143958 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1969_num_38_1_1551_t1_0223_0000_2 Recensio critica]
* Grilli, Alessandro. ''Le nuvole / Aristofane ; introduzione, traduzione e note'',  Biblioteca universale Rizzoli, 2001 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=EL6S2-w7atkC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ViewAPI&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]
*  Olson, S. Douglas. ''Aristophanes' Clouds : a commentary'', University of Michigan Press, 2021
*Sommerstein, Alan H. ''The Comedies of Aristophanes, Vol. 3: Clouds.''. Warminster, Aris &amp; Phillips, 1982.

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Malika C M Bastin-Hammou, &quot;[https://www.academia.edu/17595720/La_r%C3%A9ception_des_Nu%C3%A9es_dAristophane_en_France_quelques_jalons La réception des Nuées d'Aristophane en France : quelques jalons]&quot;, in ''Météôrosophistai - Contributions sur les ''Nuées'' d'Aristophane'', Cahiers du GITA(19), 2015ː 143-169
*Pierre Brulé, &quot;[https://books.openedition.org/pulg/556 Contribution des ''Nuées'' au problème de l’incroyance au ve siècle]&quot;, in ''La Norme en matière religieuse en Grèce ancienne'', Presses universitaires de Liège, 2009ː 49-67.
*Simon Byl, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rhr_0035-1423_1987_num_204_3_2133 Pourquoi Aristophane a-t-il intitulé sa comédie de 423 « Les Nuées » ?]&quot;, ''Revue de l'histoire des religions'', 1987ː 239-248
**	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_1980_num_58_1_3269 Parodie d'une initiation dans les Nuées d'Aristophane]&quot;, ''Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire'', 1980ː 5-21
**	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1981_num_50_1_1995 Le vocabulaire de la métis dans les Nuées d'Aristophane]&quot;, ''L'Antiquité Classique'', 1981ː 112-120
*Pablo A. Cavallero, &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20201127044410/http://www.scielo.org.ar/pdf/circe/n10/n10a06.pdf Algunas claves interpretativas de Nubes de Aristófanes Some keys to the interpretation of Aristophanes' Clouds]&quot;, ''Circe'', 2006: 75-96
*''Comédie et philosophie. Socrate et les « Présocratiques » dans les Nuées d’Aristophane'' (curantibus A. Laks et R. Saetta Cottone), Paris : Editions Rue d’Ulm, 2013 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_2013_num_115_2_5846_t12_0690_0000_1 Recensio critica]
*F. Courby, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_1933_num_35_1_2681 La composition des « Nuées» d'Aristophane]&quot;, ''Revue des Études Anciennes'', 1933ː 5-23
*Marcel Delaunois, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1986_num_55_1_2171 Le comique dans les Nuées d'Aristophane]&quot;, ''L'Antiquité Classique'', 1986ː 86-112
* Hartmut Erbse, ''[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4474862 Sokrates im Schatten der aristophanischen „Wolken“]'', ''Hermes. Zeitschrift für klassische Philologie''. 1954ː 385–420.
*Thomas Gelzer, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/24812479 Aristophanes und sein Sokrates]&quot;, ''Museum Helveticum'', 1956ː 65-93 
*Paul Girard, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/crai_0065-0536_1914_num_58_3_73401 L'échec des Nuées d'Aristophane aux Grandes Dionysies de l'année 423]&quot;, ''Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres'', 1914ː 275-276
*C. Kechagias, G.Papaioannou, A.Antoniou, &quot;[https://doi.org/10.26512/dramaturgias.v0i7.9534 Burning Socrates’ School down with Aristophanes: Learning and teaching under Clouds]&quot;, ''Dramaturgias'', 2018ː 512-527
*Marie-Pierre Noël,	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/keryl_1275-6229_2000_act_10_1_1018 Aristophane et les intellectuels : le portrait de Socrate et des «sophistes» dans les Nuées]&quot; in ''Actes du 10ème colloque de la Villa Kérylos à Beaulieu-sur-Mer les 1er &amp; 2 octobre 1999'', Publications de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 2000ː 111-128
**&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/ktema_0221-5896_1997_num_22_1_2192 Mots nouveaux et idées nouvelles dans les Nuées d’Aristophane]&quot;, ''Ktèma'', 1997ː 173-184
* Nikolaos Papageorgiou, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/20546828 Prodicus and the Agon of the Logoi in Aristophanes' &quot;Clouds&quot;]&quot;, ''Quaderni Urbinati di Cultura Classica'', 2004ː 61-69.
*Ignacio Rodríguez Alfageme, &quot;[https://edisciplinas.usp.br/pluginfile.php/5811936/mod_resource/content/1/nuees%20structure.pdf La structure scénique dans les Nuées d'Aristophane]&quot;. In: ''Le théâtre grec antique : la comédie.''. Paris, Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 2000ː 25-45. (Cahiers de la Villa Kérylos, 10)
*Yannick Scolan, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/bude_0004-5527_2009_num_1_1_2319 À propos du personnage de Phidippide dans les Nuées d'Aristophane]&quot;, ''Bulletin de l'Association Guillaume Budé'', 2009ː 69-80
*Sophia Stone, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/dha_0755-7256_2018_num_44_2_4654 Aristophanes in the Apology of Socrates]&quot;,  ''Dialogues d'histoire ancienne'', 2018ː 65-85
* Leo Strauss, ''Socrate et Aristophane''. Lutetiae: Éd. de l'Éclat, 1993. ISBN 978-2-905372-83-3 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=DFGQczvwG5oC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]
*Yves Touchefeu, &quot;[https://books-openedition-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/pur/38574 Les Nuées, dans Les Nuées d’Aristophane]&quot; in ''Nues, Nuées, Nuages'', PUR, 2010ː 85-95

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Clouds (Aristophanes)|''Nubes''}}
{{Vicifons|el:Νεφέλαι|''Νεφέλαι''}}
* [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0027%3Acard%3D1 ''Nubes''] apud Perseum {{ling|Graece|Anglice}}
*[https://www.greekmythology.com/Plays/Aristophanes/The_Clouds/the_clouds.html ''The Clouds'' apud GreekMythology.com]

{{Aristophanis fabulae}}

[[Categoria:Aristophanes]]
[[Categoria:Comoediae Graecae antiquae]]
[[Categoria:Graeciae scripta]]
[[Categoria:Scripta 423 a.C.n.]]
[[Categoria:Socrates]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ioannes Monnet</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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        <username>LilyKitty</username>
        <id>18316</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>de Praemio Ersamiano anno 1977</comment>
      <origin>3970005</origin>
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      <text bytes="1591" sha1="94bmt0sae8f5rr7mml1mr3t0expp8hw" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Bazoches-sur-Guyonne Affiche Monnet.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|Imago quae Ioannem Monnet commemorat.]]
'''Ioannes Audomarus Maria Gabriel Monnet''' (natus [[Condate (Carantonus)|Condate]] in oppido [[Francice|Francico]] die [[9 Novembris]] [[1888]]; [[Lutetia]]e mortuus die [[16 Martii]] [[1979]]) fuit [[vir publicus]] [[Francia|Francicus]], qui cum [[Conradus Adenauer|Conrado Adenauer]], [[Altierus Spinelli|Altiero Spinelli]], [[Alcide De Gasperi]], et [[Robertus Schuman|Roberto Schuman]] pater [[Unio Europaea|Unionis Europaeae]] habetur. Anno [[1953]], [[Praemium Caroli Magni]] et anno [[1977]], [[Praemium Erasmianum]] accepit.

==Bibliographia==
* ''Jean Monnet: The First Statesman of Interdependence'' by Francois Duchene ([[1994]]); ISBN 0-393-03497-6
* Éric Roussel, ''Jean Monnet'' (biographia), Fayard, Lutetiae, [[1996]], 915 pages.
* G. Bossuat, A. Wilkens, ''Jean Monnet : l'Europe et les chemins de la paix'', Lutetiae, [[2000]].
* Pascal Fontaine, ''Jean Monnet l'Inspirateur'', Jacques Grancher, Lutetiae, [[1988]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Jean Monnet|Ioannem Monnet}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070609143526/http://www.jean-monnet.ch/indexEn.php Societas ]Ioanne Monnet dicata pro [[Europa]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070703100747/http://www.jean-monnet.ch/en/pMedia/media.php Biographia] {{ling|Anglice}}

{{bio-stipula}}

{{Commissionis Europaeae Praesides}}

{{Lifetime|1888|1979|Monnet, Ioannes}}
[[Categoria:Incolae Franciae]]
[[Categoria:Politici Unionis Europaeae]]
[[Categoria:Praemium Caroli Magni]]</text>
      <sha1>94bmt0sae8f5rr7mml1mr3t0expp8hw</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Iulianus Amato</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="3334" sha1="4or512eweohscgo9zp93p15w223owaz" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
'''Iulianus''', vulgo ''Giuliano'' '''Amato''' (natus die [[13 Maii]] [[1938]]) est [[iuris consultus]] atque [[vir publicus]] [[Italia|Italicus]], ''dottore sottile'' propter astutiam in rebus politicis nuncupatus, scilicet &quot;[[doctor subtilis]]&quot;. 

== De vita ==
Iulianus Amato parentibus [[Sicilia]]nis, [[Taurinum|Taurinis]] natus, in [[Etruria]] educatus est. [[Iurisprudentia]]e [[Pisae|Pisis]] apud [[Schola normalis superior Pisarum|scholam normalem superiorem]] et postea [[Novum Eboracum (urbs)|Novi Eboraci]] apud [[Universitas Columbiae|universitatem Columbiae]] studuit. Lector vel professor iuxta universitates [[universitas Mutinensis|Mutinensem]], [[universitas Perusina|Perusinam]], [[universitas Florentina|Florentinam]] sed denuo apud [[studium Urbis]] meruit.

Anno [[1958]] membrum [[factio socialistica (Italia)|factionis socialisticae]] factus est. Legatus est apud [[parlamentum Italicum]] ab anno [[1983]] usque in [[1993]]. Secretarius civicus vicarius iuxta primum ministrum ab 1983, primus minister vicarius et minister ab aerario ab [[1987]] usque in [[1989]], bis etiam primus minister meruit. Postea minister a rebus internis fuit a die [[17 Maii]] [[2006]] usque ad [[8 Maii]] [[2008]], administratione a [[Romanus Prodi|Romano Prodi]] ducta. Iudex factus est [[curia constitutionalis Italiae|curiae constitutionalis Italicae]] die [[18 Septembris]] [[2013]], quo officio hodie fungitur.

== Administrationes quibus Iulianus Amato praefuit ==
[[Fasciculus:Afternoon Session - Giuliano Amato and Philippe Fargues cropped.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Iulianus Amato (ad sinistram) et [[Philippus Fargues]] apud congressum [[Institutum Universitatis Europaeae|Instituti Universitatis Europaeae]] die [[9 Maii]] [[2013]] habitum.]]
* I administratio a die [[28 Iunii]] [[1992]] usque ad diem [[28 Aprilis]] [[1993]]
* II administratio a die [[25 Aprilis]] [[2000]] usque ad diem [[11 Iunii]] [[2001]]

== Opera ==
* 1997 : ''Antitrust and the Bounds of Power''. Oxoniae: Hart Publishing
* 2000 : ''Il gusto della libertà: l'Italia e l'antitrust''. Bari: Laterza

== Bibliographia ==
* B. Hawk, [http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/ilj/vol21/iss4/11/ recensio operis ''Antitrust and the Bounds of Power''] in ''Fordham International Law Journal'' vol. 21 (1998) pp. 1670-1675

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Giuliano Amato|Iulianum Amato}}
{{Fontes biographici}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20030803063003/http://european-convention.eu.int/CVs/pdf/Amato.pdf Curriculum Vitae] in pagina Conventionis Europaeae {{Ling|Anglice}}
* [http://www.interno.it/sezioni/ministro/index.php?idarticolo=22262 Biographia] in pagina Ministri Negotiorum Internorum

{{Primi ministri Italiae}}
{{Consilium Italicum Prodi I}}
{{Consilium Italicum D'Alema I}}
{{Consilium Italicum D'Alema II}}
{{Consilium Italicum Amato II}}
{{Consilium Italicum Prodi II}}
{{Ministri rerum internarum Italici}}

{{Lifetime|1938||Amato, Iulianus}}
[[Categoria:Alumni Scholae Normalis Superioris Pisarum]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Columbiae]]
[[Categoria:Iuris consulti]]
[[Categoria:Praesides Consilii Ministrorum Italiae]]
[[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Mutinensis]]
[[Categoria:Professores Studii Generalis Perusii]]
[[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Florentinae]]
[[Categoria:Professores Studii Urbis]]</text>
      <sha1>4or512eweohscgo9zp93p15w223owaz</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Maximus D'Alema</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="1751" sha1="dqu3r5eca0b7j4d6weqg1nim1elo8zn" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
'''Maximus''' seu vulgo ''Massimo'' '''D'Alema''' ([[Roma]]e die [[20 Aprilis]] [[1949]] natus) est diurnarius et vir publicus [[Italia|Italicus]] factionis [[Factio Democratica Sinistra|Democraticae Sinistrae]], cui praefuit ab [[2000]] usque ad annum [[2007]].

Patre et matre politicis [[factio communistica (Italia)|factionis communisticae]], Maximus D'Alema apud [[Schola Normalis Superior Pisarum|scholam normalem superiorem Pisanam]] studuit. Fuit minister a rebus externis in administratione a [[Romanus Prodi|Romano Prodi]] ducta, atque [[Praeses consilii ministrorum|praeses consilii ministrorum]] [[Italia]]e a die [[21 Octobris]] [[1998]] usque ad diem [[25 Aprilis]] [[2000]].

== Nexus externi ==
[[Fasciculus:D'Alema et Rice.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Maximus D'Alema et [[Condoleezza Rice]] die [[16 Iunii]] [[2006]] picti]]
{{communiaCat|Massimo D'Alema|Maximum D'Alema}}
{{Fontes biographici}}
* {{CIDOB|http://www.cidob.org/biografias_lideres_politicos/europa/italia/massimo_d_alema|Massimo D'Alema}}
* [http://www.massimodalema.it Pagina officialis]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120723040044/http://nuovo.camera.it/29?shadow_deputato=29400 Vita] apud [[parlamentum Italicum]]
* [http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/en/28431/MASSIMO_D%27ALEMA_home.html Vita] apud [[parlamentum Europaeum]]

{{bio-stipula}}

{{Primi ministri Italiae}}
{{Consilium Italicum D'Alema I}}
{{Consilium Italicum D'Alema II}}
{{Consilium Italicum Prodi II}}
{{Ministri rerum externarum Italici}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dalema, Maximus}}

[[Categoria:Praesides Consilii Ministrorum Italiae]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1949]]
[[Categoria:Homines vivi]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Scholae Normalis Superioris Pisarum]]
[[Categoria:Legati Parlamenti Europaei]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mogadiscium</title>
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      <text bytes="1399" sha1="0wb73i8ydm6y5imqyj3vou07nk8nb9d" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
'''Mogadiscium'''&lt;ref&gt;Pontificia Academia Latinitatis, Latinitas: commentarii linguae latinae excolendae provehendae, tomus 20, anno 1972 {{Google Books|0WdfAAAAMAAJ}}; Institutum Historicum O.F.M.C., Historia generalis Ordinis Fratrum Minorum Capuccinorum, pars 2a, tomus 2, anno 1947 {{Google Books|AYGiphyoX9cC}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (in [[Lingua Somala]] ''Muqdisho'') est urbs et caput [[Somalia]]e. Ab 1991 est area belli civilis. Gubernaculum opem habet paucam in urbe. Societates obtinent pacem relativam, sed crimina frequentia sunt.

== Notae ==
[[Fasciculus:So-map.png|thumb|Collocatio Mogadiscii in Somalia]]
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Mogadishu|Mogadiscium}}
{{Coord|2|2|27|N|45|20|33|E|display=title}}
* [http://mogadishuimages.tumblr.com/ Mogadiscium hodie]
* [https://mogadishuimages.wordpress.com/ Mogadiscium heri]
* [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/somalia/mogadishu.htm GlobalSecurity.org Historia urbis]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/picture_gallery/04/africa_mogadishu_life/html/1.stm BBC Pinacotheca imaginum]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20181103225730/http://mogadishu.info/ Mogadishu.info]

{{urbs-stipula}}
{{Urbes Africae maximae}}
{{Urbes Africae capitales}}

{{Myrias|Geographia}}

[[Categoria:Capita]]
[[Categoria:Mogadiscium|!]]
[[Categoria:Urbes milies milium incolarum]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tetanus</title>
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[[Fasciculus:Clostridium_tetani.jpg|thumb|200px| Clostridia tetani]]

'''Tetanus'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Lewis &amp; Short&quot;&gt;Lewis, C.T. &amp; Short, C. (1859). ''A Latin dictionary founded on Andrews' edition of Freund's Latin dictionary.'' Oxoniae: Clarendon Press.&lt;/ref&gt; est [[morbus]] accurate [[infectio]], cuius causa [[bacterium]] [[clostridium tetani]] est.  [[Spora]]e huius bacterii in terra [[hortus|hortorum]] et in [[pulvis|pulvere]] [[via]]rum sunt. Infectio incipit, cum hae sporae per [[vulnus]] corpus invadunt. Bacterii [[toxinum]] tetanospasminum conficiunt, quae [[cellula]]s [[systema nervosus|systematis nervosi]]  laedit et [[spasmi|spasmos]] [[musculi|musculorum]]  efficit.
Tetanus [[homo|hominem]] aegrum [[mors|morti]] saepe (in  10 ad 20 % casuum) obicit.&lt;ref&gt;Berner,R. (2011): Clostridien-Infektionen in: Domschke, W. et alii (editores): Therapie-Handbuch (editio 5), Monachi: Urban &amp; Fischer&lt;/ref&gt;

== Indicia morbi ==
Tempus [[incubatio]]nis inter tres [[dies]] et tres [[hebdomada]]s durat, post quod indicia sunt dolores [[caput|capitis]], [[vertigo]], [[defatigatio]], dolores [[musculi|musculares]] et postea vehementes spasmi musculorum. Morbus [[conscientia]]m et sensorium non tangit. 

== Quomodo agat toxinum clostridii tetani ==
Toxinum tetani est [[enzymum|proteasis]] quae secat certas [[Proteina|proteinas]] SNARE  extremitatis praesynapticae in neuronum axonibus, imprimis synaptobrevinam quae membranam [[vesicula|vesicularum]] [[Neurotransmissor|neurotransmissores]] continentium  [[Membrana cellulae|membranae]] [[Synapsis chemica|praesynapticae]] adligat. Ita neurotransmissorum emissionem per [[Exocytosis|exocytosim]] prohibet. Non aliter agit quam toxinum [[Clostridium|clostridii]] [[Botulismus|botuli]] sed [[Interneuron|interneurones]] inhibitores [[Medulla spinalis|medullae]] sibi eligere solet, non [[Nervus motorius|neurones motorios]]. Cum inhibitio tollitur excitatio maxima et diuturna fit, musculis spasmum et rigorem efficiens.

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Imago:Tetanos.png|Propagatio tetani in mundo
Imago:Lock-jaw 2857.jpg|Spasmi musculorum vultus  (''[[Risus sardonicus]]'')
Imago:PHIL tetanus.jpg|Spasmi musculorum dorsi (''Opisthotonus'')
&lt;/gallery&gt;


{{med-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Morbi]]

{{Myrias|Biologia}}</text>
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[[Fasciculus:Clostridium_tetani.jpg|thumb|200px| Clostridia tetani]]

'''Tetanus'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Lewis &amp; Short&quot;&gt;Lewis, C.T. &amp; Short, C. (1859). ''A Latin dictionary founded on Andrews' edition of Freund's Latin dictionary.'' Oxoniae: Clarendon Press.&lt;/ref&gt; est [[morbus]] accurate [[infectio]], cuius causa [[bacterium]] [[clostridium tetani]] est.  [[Spora]]e huius bacterii in terra [[hortus|hortorum]] et in [[pulvis|pulvere]] [[via]]rum sunt. Infectio incipit, cum hae sporae per [[vulnus]] corpus invadunt. Bacterii [[toxinum]] tetanospasminum conficiunt, quae [[cellula]]s [[systema nervosus|systematis nervosi]]  laedit et [[spasmi|spasmos]] [[musculi|musculorum]]  efficit.
Tetanus [[homo|hominem]] aegrum [[mors|morti]] saepe (in  10 ad 20 % casuum) obicit.&lt;ref&gt;Berner,R. (2011): Clostridien-Infektionen in: Domschke, W. et alii (editores): Therapie-Handbuch (editio 5), Monachi: Urban &amp; Fischer&lt;/ref&gt;

== Indicia morbi ==
Tempus [[incubatio]]nis inter tres [[dies]] et tres [[hebdomada]]s durat, post quod intervallum temporis indicia fiunt dolores [[caput|capitis]], [[vertigo]], [[defatigatio]], dolores [[musculi|musculares]] et postea vehementes spasmi musculorum. Morbus [[conscientia]]m et sensorium non tangit.

== Quomodo agat toxinum clostridii tetani ==
Toxinum tetani est [[enzymum|proteasis]] quae secat certas [[Proteina|proteinas]] SNARE  extremitatis praesynapticae in neuronum axonibus, imprimis synaptobrevinam quae membranam [[vesicula|vesicularum]] [[Neurotransmissor|neurotransmissores]] continentium  [[Membrana cellulae|membranae]] [[Synapsis chemica|praesynapticae]] adligat. Ita neurotransmissorum emissionem per [[Exocytosis|exocytosim]] prohibet. Non aliter agit quam toxinum [[Clostridium|clostridii]] [[Botulismus|botuli]] sed [[Interneuron|interneurones]] inhibitores [[Medulla spinalis|medullae]] sibi eligere solet, non [[Nervus motorius|neurones motorios]]. Cum inhibitio tollitur excitatio maxima et diuturna fit, musculis spasmum et rigorem efficiens.

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Imago:Tetanos.png|Propagatio tetani in mundo
Imago:Lock-jaw 2857.jpg|Spasmi musculorum vultus  (''[[Risus sardonicus]]'')
Imago:PHIL tetanus.jpg|Spasmi musculorum dorsi (''Opisthotonus'')
&lt;/gallery&gt;


{{med-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Morbi]]

{{Myrias|Biologia}}</text>
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[[Fasciculus:Clostridium_tetani.jpg|thumb|200px| Clostridia tetani]]

'''Tetanus'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Lewis &amp; Short&quot;&gt;Lewis, C.T. &amp; Short, C. (1859). ''A Latin dictionary founded on Andrews' edition of Freund's Latin dictionary.'' Oxoniae: Clarendon Press.&lt;/ref&gt; est [[morbus]] accurate [[infectio]], cuius causa [[bacterium]] [[clostridium tetani]] est.  [[Spora]]e huius bacterii in terra [[hortus|hortorum]] et in [[pulvis|pulvere]] [[via]]rum sunt. Infectio incipit, cum hae sporae per [[vulnus]] corpus invadunt. Bacterii [[toxinum]] tetanospasminum conficiunt, quae [[cellula]]s [[systema nervosus|systematis nervosi]]  laedit et [[spasmi|spasmos]] [[musculi|musculorum]]  efficit.
Tetanus [[homo|hominem]] aegrum [[mors|morti]] saepe (in  10 ad 20 % casuum) obicit.&lt;ref&gt;Berner,R. (2011): Clostridien-Infektionen in: Domschke, W. et alii (editores): Therapie-Handbuch (editio 5), Monachi: Urban &amp; Fischer&lt;/ref&gt;

== Indicia morbi ==
Tempus [[incubatio]]nis inter tres [[dies]] et tres [[hebdomada]]s durat, post quod intervallum temporis indicia fiunt dolores [[caput|capitis]], [[vertigo]], [[defatigatio]], dolores [[musculi|musculares]] et postea vehementes spasmi musculorum. Morbus [[conscientia]]m et sensus non tangit.

== Quomodo agat toxinum clostridii tetani ==
Toxinum tetani est [[enzymum|proteasis]] quae secat certas [[Proteina|proteinas]] SNARE  extremitatis praesynapticae in neuronum axonibus, imprimis synaptobrevinam quae membranam [[vesicula|vesicularum]] [[Neurotransmissor|neurotransmissores]] continentium  [[Membrana cellulae|membranae]] [[Synapsis chemica|praesynapticae]] adligat. Ita neurotransmissorum emissionem per [[Exocytosis|exocytosim]] prohibet. Non aliter agit quam toxinum [[Clostridium|clostridii]] [[Botulismus|botuli]] sed [[Interneuron|interneurones]] inhibitores [[Medulla spinalis|medullae]] sibi eligere solet, non [[Nervus motorius|neurones motorios]]. Cum inhibitio tollitur excitatio maxima et diuturna fit, musculis spasmum et rigorem efficiens.

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Imago:Tetanos.png|Propagatio tetani in mundo
Imago:Lock-jaw 2857.jpg|Spasmi musculorum vultus  (''[[Risus sardonicus]]'')
Imago:PHIL tetanus.jpg|Spasmi musculorum dorsi (''Opisthotonus'')
&lt;/gallery&gt;


{{med-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Morbi]]

{{Myrias|Biologia}}</text>
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[[Fasciculus:Clostridium_tetani.jpg|thumb|200px| Clostridia tetani]]

'''Tetanus'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Lewis &amp; Short&quot;&gt;Lewis, C.T. &amp; Short, C. (1859). ''A Latin dictionary founded on Andrews' edition of Freund's Latin dictionary.'' Oxoniae: Clarendon Press.&lt;/ref&gt; est [[morbus]] accurate [[infectio]], cuius causa [[bacterium]] [[clostridium tetani]] est.  [[Spora]]e huius bacterii in terra [[hortus|hortorum]] et in [[pulvis|pulvere]] [[via]]rum sunt. Infectio incipit, cum hae sporae per [[vulnus]] corpus invadunt. Bacterii [[toxinum]] tetanospasminum conficiunt, quae [[cellula]]s [[systema nervosus|systematis nervosi]]  laedit et [[spasmi|spasmos]] [[musculi|musculorum]]  efficit.
Tetanus [[homo|hominem]] aegrum [[mors|morti]] saepe (in  10 ad 20 % casuum) obicit.&lt;ref&gt;Berner,R. (2011): Clostridien-Infektionen in: Domschke, W. et alii (editores): Therapie-Handbuch (editio 5), Monachi: Urban &amp; Fischer&lt;/ref&gt;

== Indicia morbi ==
Tempus [[incubatio]]nis inter tres [[dies]] et tres [[hebdomada]]s durat, post quod intervallum temporis indicia fiunt dolores [[caput|capitis]], [[vertigo]], [[defatigatio]], dolores [[musculi|musculares]] et postea vehementes spasmi musculorum. Morbus [[conscientia]]m et sensus non tangit.

== Quomodo agat toxinum clostridii tetani ==
Toxinum tetani est [[enzymum|proteasis]] quae secat certas [[Proteina|proteinas]] SNARE  extremitatis [[Synapsis chemica|praesynapticae]] in neuronum [[axon|axonibus]], imprimis synaptobrevinam quae membranam [[vesicula|vesicularum]] [[Neurotransmissor|neurotransmissores]] continentium  [[Membrana cellulae|membranae]] [[Synapsis chemica|praesynapticae]] adligat. Ita neurotransmissorum emissionem per [[Exocytosis|exocytosim]] prohibet. Non aliter agit quam toxinum [[Clostridium|clostridii]] [[Botulismus|botuli]] sed [[Interneuron|interneurones]] inhibitores [[Medulla spinalis|medullae]] sibi eligere solet, non [[Nervus motorius|neurones motorios]]. Cum inhibitio tollitur excitatio maxima et diuturna fit, musculis spasmum et rigorem efficiens.

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Imago:Tetanos.png|Propagatio tetani in mundo
Imago:Lock-jaw 2857.jpg|Spasmi musculorum vultus  (''[[Risus sardonicus]]'')
Imago:PHIL tetanus.jpg|Spasmi musculorum dorsi (''Opisthotonus'')
&lt;/gallery&gt;


{{med-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Morbi]]

{{Myrias|Biologia}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Index nominum Latinorum hominum praeclarorum</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="88211" sha1="7o5vanxddosbnqvqc0r8r7jf8s75hy4" xml:space="preserve">{{Index imperfectus}}
'''Index nominum Latinorum praeclarorum hominum.'''—Homines [[antiquitas|aevo antiquo]], [[Medium Aevum|aevo medio]], [[Aevum litterarum artiumque renatarum|aevoque litterarum artiumque renatarum]] [[nomen proprium|nomina propria]] et [[patrius sermo|linguis vulgaribus]] et [[lingua Latina|nostra lingua]] habere solebant. Etiam nomina in [[sermo]]nibus in [[Europa]] ignotis Latine scribebantur. Hic est index aliquorum exemplorum:

__NOTOC__
{| border=&quot;0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;toccolours&quot;
! Argumentum 
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |
[[#A|A]] [[#B|B]] [[#C|C]] [[#D|D]] [[#E|E]] [[#F|F]] [[#G|G]] [[#H|H]] [[#I|I]] [[#J|J]] [[#K|K]] [[#L|L]] [[#M|M]] [[#N|N]] [[#O|O]] [[#P|P]] [[#Q|Q]] [[#R|R]] [[#S|S]] [[#T|T]] [[#U|U]] [[#V|V]] [[#W|W]] [[#X|X]] [[#Y|Y]] [[#Z|Z]]
|-
|}

== A ==
[[Fasciculus:St-thomas-aquinas.jpg|thumb|&lt;center&gt;[[Thomas Aquinas]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Johannes Aventinus.png|thumb|&lt;center&gt;[[Ioannes Aventinus]].]]
* [[Abubacer]] (Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Muhammad ibn Tufail) (1105-1185)
* [[Abulcasis]] (Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi) (936–1013)
* [[Gregorius Abulpharagius]] (Grīghōr Abū'l-Faraǧ) (1226–1286)
* [[Ioannes Acascicamon]] (Akashi Takenori) (1569?–1618?)
* [[Acbarus (imperator)|Acbarus]] (Jalāl-ud-dīn Muhammad Akbar) (1542–1605)
* [[Valens Acidalius]] (Havekenthal) (1567–1595)
* [[Iacobus Acontius]] (Giacomo Aconcio) (mortuus circa annum [[1567]])
* [[Melchior Acontius]] (Melchior Volz) (1515-1569)
* [[Ioannes Acutus]] (John Hawkwood) (circa 1320-1394)
* [[Ioannes Adamius]] (John Adams) (1735-1826)
* [[Ioannes Quintius Adamius]] (John Quincy Adams) (1767-1848)
* [[Gustavus II Adolphus (rex Sueciae)|Gustavus II Adolphus]] (Gustav II Adolf Vasa) (1594-1632)
* [[Fridericus I (imperator)|Fridericus I]], dictus Aënobarbus (Friedrich I Hohenstaufen) (1122-1190)
* [[Iohannes Aepinus]] (Johann Hoeck, etiam Huck, Hugk, Hoch aut Äpinus) (circa annum [[1499]] -[[1553]])
* [[Iohannes Aesticampianus]] (Johannes Rak) (1457-1520)
* [[Leo Africanus]] (Al-Hassan al-Wazzan al-Fasi) (1492-1527)
* [[Georgius Agricola]] (Georg Pawer sive Bauer) (1494-1555)
* [[Rudolphus Agricola]] (Roelof Huysman) ([[1444]]-[[1485]])
* [[Dantes Alagherius]] (Dante Alighieri) (1265-1321)
* [[Albatenius]] (Muḥammad ibn Jābir al-Harrānī al-Battānī) (circa 858– 929)
* [[Leo Baptista Albertus]] (Leone Battista Alberti) (1404-1472)
* [[Agrippa Albinaeus]] (Théodore-Agrippa d'Aubigné) (1552-1630)
* [[Bernardus Siegfriedus Albinus]] (Bernhard Siegfried Weiss) ([[1697]]-[[1770]])
* [[Albirunius]] (Abū Rayḥān Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad al-Bīrūnī) (973-1048)
* [[Andreas Alciatus]] (Andrea Alciato) (1492-1550)
* [[Hippolytus Aldobrandinius]] (Ippolito Aldobrandini aut Papa [[Clemens VIII (papa)|Clemens VIII]]) (1536-1605)
* [[Stephanus Aldoensis]]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Stephanus Aldoensis, doctus Maronitarum patriarcha&quot; apud librum ''De vita et scriptis Sancti Jacobi, Batnarum Sarugi in Mesopotamia episcopi'' (Lovanii, 1867): 305 [https://www.google.it/books/edition/De_vita_et_scriptis_Sancti_Jacobi_Batnar/XSIYAAAAYAAJ?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Stephanus+Aldoensis&amp;pg=PA305&amp;printsec=frontcover].&lt;/ref&gt; (Isṭifānūs al-Duwayhī) (1630-1704)
* [[Ulysses Aldrovandus]] (Ulisse Aldrovandi) ([[1522]]-[[1605]])
* [[Franciscus Alegrius|Franciscus Xaverius Alegrius]] (Francisco Javier Alegre) (1729-1788)
* [[Eberhardus Alemannus]] (Eberhard von Bremen) (XIII saeculum)
* [[Victorius Alfierius]] (Vittorio Alfieri) (1749-1803)
* [[Algorismus]] (Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī) (circa 750-circa 850)
* [[Alhazenus]] (Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥasan ibn al-Ḥasan ibn al-Haytham) (965-1040)
* [[Aliaptu]] (Öljaitü) (1282-1316)
* [[Franciscus Alidosius]] (Francesco Alidosi) ([[1455]]-[[1511]])
* [[Alexander Allorius]] (Alessandro Allori) (1535-1607)
* [[Andreas Alpagus]] (Andrea Alpago) (...-1521)
* [[Alpetragius]] (Nur ed-Din al-Betrugi) (XI saeculum-1204)
* [[Alpharabius]] (Abū Naṣr Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad al-Fārābī) (ca. 872 – ca. 950)
* [[Amavangus]] (Dorgon) (1612-1650)
* [[Vitus Amerbachus]] (Veit Amerbach) (1503-1557)
* [[Amitrochates]] (Bindusara Amitraghata) (320 a.C.n. circa-272/268 a.C.n.)
* [[Ioannes Amorbachius]] (Johannes Welcker) (circa 1444 - 1513)
* [[Marcus Antonius Amulius]] (Marco Antonio da Mula) (1506-1572)
* [[Paulus Lucius Anafestus]] (Paoluccio Anafesto) (...-...)
* [[Marcus Antonius Amulius]] (Marcantonio Amulio) (1506-1572)
* [[Kyriacus Anconitanus de Picenicollibus]] (Ciriaco de'Pizzecolli) (1391–1452)
* [[Georgius de Ambasia]]&lt;ref&gt;cfr.[http://www.araldicavaticana.com/creati%20da%20paolo_iii1.htm]&lt;/ref&gt; (Georges d’Amboise) ([[1460]]-[[1510]])
* [[Andreas Ammonius]] (Andrea Ammonio) (1476-1517)
* [[Anselmus Cantuariensis]] (Anselmo d'Aosta / Anselm of Canterbury) (1033-1109)
* [[Antelmus Ciniensis]] (Anthelme de Belley) (1107-1178)
* [[Petreius Aperbacchus]] (Peter Eberbach) (1480-1531)
* [[Petrus Apianus]] (Peter Apian) (1495 -1552)
* [[Matthias Apiarius]] (Matthias Biener) (circa [[1500]]–[[1554]]) 
* [[Aquecius]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; (Akechi Mitsuhide) (1528-1582) 
* [[Thomas Aquinas]] (Tommaso d'Aquino) (1225-1274)
* [[Ioanna Arcensis]] (Jehanne Darc) (1412-1431)
* [[Iosephus Arcimboldus]] (Giuseppe Arcimboldo) (1527-1593)
* [[Guido Aretinus]] (Guido d'Arezzo) (992-1050)
* [[Spinellus Aretinus|Spinellus Lucae Aretinus]] (Spinello Aretino) (1350 circa-1410)
* [[Leonardus Aretinus]] (Leonardo Bruni) (circa 1369-1444)
* [[Philippus Argelatus]] (Filippo Argelati) (1685 - 1755)
* [[Michaël Arimandonus]] (Arima Naozumi) (1586-1641)
* [[Protasius Arimondonus]] (Arima Harunobu) (1567-1612)
* [[Arminius]] (Hermann der Cherusker) (18 a.C.n.-19)
* [[Iacobus Arminius]] (Jacob Harmensz) (1560-1609)
* [[Benedictus Arnoldius]] (Benedict Arnold) (1741-1801)
* [[Arzachel]] (Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī) (1029-1087)
* [[Asonodangius]] (Asano Nagimasa) (1547-1611)
* [[Atabalipa]] (Atahualpa) (1502-1533)
* [[Ioannes Auratus]] (Jean Dinemandi aut Jean Dorat) ([[1508]]- [[1588]])
* [[Carolus Aurelianensis]] (Charles d'Orléans) (1394-1465)
* [[Andreas Auria]] (Andrea Doria) (1466-1560)
* [[Gulielmus Auriacus]] (Willem van Oranje) (1533-1584)
* [[Avempace]] (Ibn Bajjah) (1080-1138)
* [[Iohannes Avenarius]] (Johann(es) Habermann) ([[1516]]-[[1590]])
* [[Ioannes Aventinus]] (Johann Georg Turmair) ([[1477]]-[[1534]])
* [[Avenzoar]] (Abū Marwān ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Zuhr) (1091-1162)
* [[Averroës]] (Ibn Rušd) (1126-1198)
* [[Avicenna]] (Ibn Sina Abū ‘Alī al-Ḥusayn) (980-1037)
* [[Maximus Azelius]] (Massimo d'Azeglio) (1798-1866)
* [[Ignatius Azevedius]] (Inácio de Azevedo) (1526-1570)
* [[Azilises]] (Ayiliṣa) (floruit 57 a.C.n.-35 a.C.n.)
* [[Azophi]] (ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Ṣūfī) (903-986)

== B ==
[[Fasciculus:Bale1.JPG|thumb|&lt;center&gt;[[Ioannes Balaeus]]&lt;/center&gt;]]
[[Fasciculus:Hendrik Hondius (I) 005.jpg|thumb|&lt;center&gt;[[Hieronymus Boschius (pictor)|Hieronymus Boschius]]&lt;/center&gt;]]
* [[Andreas Baccius]] (Andrea Bacci) (1524-1600)
* [[Ioannes Sebastianus Bachius|Iohannes Sebastianus Bachius]] (Johann Sebastian Bach) (1685-1750)
*[[Franciscus Baco]],&lt;ref&gt;'''1662''' ''Fr. Baconis de Verulam. Angliae cancellarii De avgmentis scientiarvm lib. IX.''&lt;/ref&gt; seu Baconus seu Baconis de Verulamio''&lt;ref&gt;'''1662''' ''Fr. Baconi de Verulamio Historia naturalis &amp; experimentalis de ventis &amp;c.''&lt;/ref&gt; ''(Francis Bacon) (1561- 1626)
*[[Ioannes Antonius Baifius]] (Jean-Antoine de Baïf) (1532-1589)
*[[Ioannes Balaeus]] (John Bale) (1495-1563)
*[[Ioannes Balbus]] (Giovanni Balbi) (...-1298)
*[[Ioannes Ludovicus Guez de Balzac|Ioannes Ludovicus Guezius Balzacius]] (Jean-Louis Guez de Balzac) (1597-1654)
*[[Adrianus Bancherius]] (Adriano Banchieri) (1568-1634)
*[[Hermolaus Barbarus]] (Ermolao Barbaro) (1454-1493)
*[[Ariadenus Barbarussa]] (Barbaros Hayreddin Paşa) (circa 1466-1546)
*[[Ioannes Barclaius]] (John Barclay) (1582-1621)
*[[Gulielmus Barentsius]] (Willem Barentsoen) (circa 1550-1597)
*[[Casparus Barlaeus]] (Kaspar van Baerle) (1584-1648)
*[[Franciscus Barocius]] (Francesco Barozzi) (1537-1604)
*[[Fridericus Barocius]] (Federico Barocci) (1535-1612)
*[[Caesar Baronius]] (Cesare Baronio) (1538-1607)
*[[Ebrahimus Bassa]] (İbrāhīm Paşa) (1493 circa-1536)
*[[Adelardus Bathensis]] (Adelard of Bath) (circa 1080 - circa 1152)
*[[Andreas Bathoreus]] (Andrei Báthory) (1563-1599)
*[[Batus]] seu Bathus (Batu) (1205-1255)
*[[Gulielmus Baudartius]] (Willem Baudaert) (1565-1640)
*[[Casparus Bauhinus]] (Gaspard Bauhin) (1560-1624)
*[[Theodorus I (tzar Russiae)|Theodorus I Beatus]] (Fёdor I Ivanovič Blažennyj) (1557-1598)
*[[Franciscus Beaumontius]] (Francis Beaumont) (1584-1616)
*[[Iacobus Bedrotus]] (Jacob Bedrott) (1493 aut 1497-1541)
*[[Ludovicus Beethovenius]] (Ludwig van Beethoven) (1770-1827)
*[[Menachem Beginus]] (Menachem Begin) (1913-1992)
*[[Ulug Beigus]] sive Beighus (Mīrzā Muhammad Tāriq bin Schāhruch Ulugh Beg) (1394-1449)
*[[Ionas Beius]] (Yunus Bey) (...-1550/1551)
*[[Ioachimus Bellaius]] (Ioachim Du Bellay) (circa 1522-1560)
*[[Robertus Bellarminus]] (Roberto Bellarmino) (1542-1621)
*[[Petrus Bembus]] (Pietro Bembo) (1470-1547)
*[[Marcus Mantua Benavidius]] (Marco Mantova Benavides) (1489-1582)
*[[Philippus Benitius]] (Filippo Benizi) (1233-1285)
*[[Vitus Bering|Vitus Beringius]] (Vitus Bering) (1681-1741)
*[[Georgius Berkeley|Georgius Berkeleius]] (George Berkeley) (1685-1753)
*[[Silvius Berlusconius]] (Silvio Berlusconi) (1936-2023)
*[[Ioannes Laurentius Berninus]] (Gian Lorenzo Bernini) (1598-1680)
*[[Iohannes Bernoullius]] (Johann Bernoulli) (1667-1748)
*[[Xystus Betulius]] (Sixt Birck) (1501-1554)
*[[Sigismundus Betulius]] (Sigmund von Birken) (1626-1681)
*[[Theodorus Bibliander]] (Theodor Buchmann) (1509-1564)
*[[Iacobus Bifrons]] (Jachiam Bifrun) (1506-1572)
*[[Vannoccius Biringuccius]]&lt;ref&gt;Cf. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110320074507/http://archimedes.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/cgi-bin/toc/toc.cgi?page=4;dir=agric_remet_001_la_1556;step=textonly Agricola, Georgius De re metallica 1556]&lt;/ref&gt; (Vannoccio Biringuccio) ([[1480]] -[[1537]])
*[[Otho Bismarckius]] (Otto von Bismarck) (1815-1898)
*[[Georgius Blandrata]] (Giorgio Biandrata) (1515 circa-1590 circa)
*[[Flavius Blondus]] (Flavio Biondo) (1388-1463)
*[[Boadicea]] (Boudicca) (circa annum 60)
*[[Iohannes Boccacius]] (Giovanni Boccaccio) (1313-1375)
*[[Samuel Bochartus]] (Samuel Bochartus) (1599-1667)
*[[Ioannes Bodinus]] (Jean Bodin) (1530-1596)
*[[Matthaeus Maria Boiardus]] (Matteo Maria Boiardo) (1441-1494)
*[[Ioannes Iacobus Boissardus]] (Jean-Jacques Boissard) (1528-1602)
*[[Anna Bolena]] (Anne Boleyn) (1507-1536)
*[[Perinus Bonaccursius]] (Piero Buonaccorsi, qui dicitur Perin del Vaga) (1501-1547)
*[[Lazarus Bonamicus]] (Lazzaro Buonamici) (1479-1552)
*[[Michael Angelus Bonarotius]] (Michelangelo Buonarroti) (1475-1564)
*[[Napoleo I (imperator Franciae)|Napoleo Bonapars]] (Napoléon Bonaparte sed natus Napoleone di Buonaparte) (1769-1821)
*[[Hugo Boncompagnius]] (Ugo Boncompagni aut papa [[Gregorius XIII]]) (1502-1585)
*[[Giottus Bondonis]] (Giotto di Bondone) (1266/1267-1337)
*[[Howelus Bonus]] (Hywel Dda) (880-950)
*[[Carolus Borromeus]] (Carlo Borromeo) (1538-1584)
*[[Fridericus Borromeus]] (Federico Borromeo) (1564-1631)
*[[Hieronymus Boschius]] (Jeroen Anthoniszoon van Aken Bosch) (1450-1516)
*[[Hieronymus Boschius (poëta)|Hieronymus Boschius]] (Jeronimo de Bosch) (1740-1811)
*[[Bartholomaeus Boscovichius]] (Baro Bošković) (1699-1770)
*[[Rogerius Boscovicius|Rogerius Iosephus Boscovicius]] (Ruđer Josip Bošković) (1711-1787)
*[[Paulus Bosellius]] (Paolo Boselli) (1838-1932)
*[[Alexander Botticellus]] (Alessandro Mariani Vanni Filipepi, qui dicitur Sandro Botticelli) (1445-1510)
*[[Carolus Boucheronus]] (Carlo Boucheron) (1773-1838)
*[[Carolus Bovillus]] (Charles de Bouelles) ([[1476]] - [[1566]])
*[[Marcus Zuerius Boxhornii]] (Marcus Zuerius van Boxhorn) ([[1612]] - [[1653]])
*[[Poggius Bracciolinus]] (Poggio Bracciolini) (1380-1459)
*[[Iacobus Bradleius]] (James Bradley) (1692 circa-1762)
*[[Marcus Antonius Bragadinus]] (Marcantonio Bragadin) (1523-1571)
*[[Tycho Brahe]]&lt;ref&gt;Sed etiam ''Braheus'' seu ''Braheorum'' seu Tycho de Brahe&lt;/ref&gt; seu Braheus (Tyge Ottesen Brahe) (1546 -1601)
*[[Donatus Bramantius]] (Donato Bramante) (1444-1514)
*[[Ioannes Angelus Braschius]] (Giovanni Angelo Braschi aut Papa [[Pius VI]]) (1717-1799)
*[[Iohannes Brassicanus]] (Johannes Kölli, Köl, Kohl, Koehl) (post annum [[1475]] - [[1514]])
*[[Ormus Ioannis filius|Ormus Breidabolstadicus]] (Ormur Jónsson Breiðbælingur) (saeculum 12-1218)
*[[Iohannes Brentius]] (Johannes Brenz) ([[1499]] -[[1570]])
*[[Aristides Briandus]] (Aristide Briand) (1862-1932)
*[[Plautilla Briccia]] (Plautilla Bricci) (1616-1705)
*[[Ioannes Briccius]] (Giovanni Briccio) (1579-1645)
*[[Guillelmus Brito|Gullelmus Brito]] (Guillaume le Breton) (circa 1165-1226)
*[[Germanus Brixius]] (Germain de Brie) ([[1490]] - [[1538]])
*[[Angelus Bronzinus]] (Agnolo Bronzino) (1503-1572)
*[[Miecislaus Broscius]] (Mieczysław Brożek) (1911-2000)
*[[Philippus Brunelleschi|Philippus Brunelleschius]]&lt;ref&gt;Cfr. Ianotii Manetti ''De dignitate et excellentia hominis'': (...) quanto mentis acumine Philippus, cognomento ''Brunelleschius'', architectorum omnium nostri temporis facile princeps.&lt;/ref&gt; (Filippo Brunelleschi) (1377-1446)
*[[Iordanus Brunus]] (Giordano Bruno) (1548-1600)
*[[Franciscus Brusonus]] (Francesco Brusoni) (1465/1470-1536)
*[[Gabriel Bucelinus]] (Gabriel Buzlin) (1599-1681)
*[[Martinus Bucerus]] (Martin Butzer) (1491 - 1551)
*[[Arnoldus Buchelius]] (Aernout van Buchel) (1565-1641)
*[[Guglielmus Budaeus]] (Guillaume Budé) (1468-1540)
*[[Melchior Bugendonus]] (Kumagai Motonao) (1555-1605)
*[[Ismaël Bullialdus]] (Ismaël Boulliau) (1605-1691)
*[[Henricus Bullingerus]] (Heinrich Bullinger) (1504-1575)
*[[Vincentius Buneus]] (Vice Bune) (1559-1612)
*[[Burchardus Wormatiensis]] (Burchard von Worms) (965-1025)
*[[Iohannes Burckardus]] (Johannes Burckard) (circa annum [[1450]] -[[1506]])
*[[Camillus Burghesius]] (Camillo Borghese aut papa [[Paulus V]])
*[[Petrus de Burgo]] (Piero della Francesca) (1416/1417-1492)
*[[Ioannes Buridanus]] (Jean Buridan) (1290/1300-post 1358)
*[[Margarita Maria Burgunda]] (Marguerite-Marie Alacoque) (1647-1690)
*[[Ioannes Burmannus]] (Johannes Burman) ([[1706]] -[[1779]])
**[[Nicolaus Laurentius Burmannus]] (Nicolaas Laurens Burman) ([[1734]] -[[1793]])
*[[Augerius Gislenius Busbequius]] (Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq) (ante 1522-1592)
*[[Buddha|Butta]]&lt;ref&gt;Nomen invenitur in [[Clemens Alexandrinus|Clementis Alexandrini]] ''Miscellaneis'' 1.15.71.6, &quot;εἰσὶ δὲ τῶν Ἰνδῶν οἱ τοῖς Βούττα πειθόμενοι παραγγέλμασιν.&quot; ('sunt apud Indos qui Buttae praecepta sequuntur').&lt;/ref&gt; (Siddhārtha Gautama vel Buddha) (566 a.C.n.-486 a.C.n.)
*[[Aetius Buxus]] (Ezio Bosso) (1971-2020)

== C ==
[[Fasciculus:Nikolaus Kopernikus.jpg|thumb|220x220px|Nicolaus Copernicus]]
[[Fasciculus:Caterina Cornaro - Queen of Cyprus.jpg|thumb|273x273px|Catharina Cornara]]
* [[Ioannes Cabottus]] (Giovanni Caboto) (1450-1498/1500)
* [[Cacubau]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;Berhardus Varenius, ''Tractatus in quo agitur de Japoniorum religione, de Christianae religionis introductione in ea loca, de eiusdem exstirpatione'' (Amstelodami 1649): 17 [https://www.google.it/books/edition/Tractatus_in_quo_agitur_de_Japoniorum_re/6P1AAAAAcAAJ?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=cacubau+Combadaxi&amp;pg=PA17&amp;printsec=frontcove].&lt;/ref&gt; (Kakuban) (1095-1144)
* [[Aloisius Cadamustus]] (Alvise Ca' Da Mosto) (circa 1430-1483)
* [[Andreas Caesalpinus]] (Andrea Cesalpino) (1519-1603)
* [[Iosephus Caesar Arpinas]] (Giuseppe Cesari, qui dicitur Cavalier d'Arpino) (1568-1640)
* [[Cainocamus]] (Kuroda Nagamasa) (1568-1623)
* [[Ioannes Caius]] (John Kees) (1510-1573)
* [[Calid]] (Khalid ibn Yazid) (?-704)
* [[Philippus Callimachus Experiens]] (Filippo Buonaccorsi) (1437-1497)
* [[Ioannes Calvinus]] (Jean Cauvin) (1509-1564)
* [[Sethus Calvisius]] (Seth Kalwitz) (1556-1615)
* [[Cambacudonus]] (Toyotomi Hidetsugu) (1568-1595)
* [[Arnulphus de Cambio]] (Arnolfo di Cambio) (1235 circa-1302 circa)
* [[Gulielmus Camdenus]] (William Camdem) (1551-1623)
* [[Georgius Iosephus Camellus]] (Georg Joseph Kamel) (1661-1706)
* [[Ioachim Camerarius Senior]] (Joachim Kammermeister) (1500-1574)
* [[Laurentius Campeggius]] (Lorenzo Campeggio) (1474-1539)
* [[Ioannes Bruyerinus Campegius]] (Jean Bruyerin Champier) (circa 1500-circa 1565)
* [[Samuel Camplenius]] (Samuel de Champlain) (1574-1635)
* [[Ludovicus Camonius]] (Luís Vaz de Camões) (1524-1580)
* [[Alexander V (antipapa)|Petrus de Candia]] (Pietro di Candia aut Antipapa Alexander V) (1339-1410)
* [[Petrus Canisius]] (Pieter Kanijs) (1521-1597)
* [[Serbanus Cantacuzenus]] (Șerban Cantacuzino) (1640 circa-1688)
* [[Demetrius Cantemirius]] (Dimitrie Cantemir) (1673-1723)
* [[Augustinus Cantuariensis]] (Augustine of Canterbury) (534-604)
* [[Canzuiendonus]] (Katō Kiyomasa, cuius titulus erat Kazue-no-Kami) (1562-1611)
* [[Hugo Capetius]] (Hugues Capet) (939-996)
* [[Wolfgangus Fabricius Capito]] (Wolfgang Köpfel) ([[1478]]–[[1541]])
* [[Ioannes Capnio]] (Johannes Reuchlin) (1455-1522)
* [[Samuel Fridericus Capricornus]] (Samuel Friedrich Bockshorn) ([[1628]]-[[1665]])
* [[Franciscus Caracciolus]]&lt;ref&gt;Vincentius Gioberti, ''Vita di Fra Lorenzo Ganganelli, Papa Clemente XIV'' (Romae et Lausannae 1847): 187 [https://www.google.it/books/edition/Vita_di_Fra_Lorenzo_Ganganelli_Papa_Clem/TXc9AQAAMAAJ?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=franciscum+caracciolum&amp;pg=RA1-PA186&amp;printsec=frontcover].&lt;/ref&gt; (Francesco Caracciolo) (1563-1608)
* [[Michael Angelus Caravagius]] (Michelangelo Merisi, qui dicitur Caravaggio) (1571-1610)
* [[Hieronymus Cardanus]] (Gerolamo Cardano) (1501-1576)
* [[Iosue Carduccius]] (Giosuè Carducci) (1835-1907)
* [[Andreas Carlostadius]] (Andreas Rudolf Bodenstein aut Andreas Rudolff-Bodenstein) ([[1482]]-[[1541]]) 
* [[Augustinus Carraccius]] (Agostino Carracci) (1557-1602) 
* [[Hannibal Carraccius]] (Annibale Carracci) (1560-1609) 
* [[Ludovicus Carraccius]] (Ludovico Carracci) (1555-1619) 
* [[Carolus Magnus]] ([[imperator]]) (Charlemagne) (742-814)
* [[Victor Carpathius]]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Victor Carpathius venetus pinxit MDXVIIII&quot;; Ioannes Antonius Moschini, ''Giovanni Bellini e pittori contemporanei'' (1834): 94 [https://www.google.it/books/edition/Giovanni_Bellini_e_pittori_contemporanei/p8lWAAAAcAAJ?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Victor+Carpathius&amp;pg=PA94&amp;printsec=frontcover].&lt;/ref&gt; (Vittore Carpaccio) (1465-1520)
* [[Carolus Carrollius Carrolltoniae]] (Charles Carroll of Carrollton) (1737-1832)
* [[Renatus Cartesius]] (René Descartes) (1596-1650)
* [[Michael Carvallius]] (Miguel de Carvalho) (1579-1624)
* [[Isaacus Casaubonus]] (Isaac Casaubon) (1559-1614)
* [[Bartholomaeus Casaus]] (Bartolomé de las Casas) (1484-1566) 
* [[Ioannes Caselius]] (Johannes Bracht) (1533-1613)
* [[Petrus Castellanus]] (Pierre du Chastel) (circa 1480-1552)
* [[Branda Castellioneus]] (Branda Castiglioni) (ante 1360-1443)
* [[Ranulphus Castrensis]] (Ranulf Higden) (1280 circa-1364)
* [[Sebastianus Castellio]] (Sébastien Châtillon) (1515-1563)
* [[Gulielmus Caulius]] (Guillaume du Choul) (1495/1500-1560)
* [[Caupolicanus]] (Kallfülikan) (saeculum XVI-1568)
* [[Pomponius Cecius]] (Pomponio Ceci) (circa 1500-1542)
*[[Christophorus Cellarius]] (Christoph Keller) (1634-1707)
* [[Conradus Celtis]] (Konrad Pickel) ([[1459]]-[[1508]])
* [[Beatrix Cencia]] (Beatrice Cenci) (1577-1599)
* [[Aelius Lampridius Cervinus]] (Ilija Crijević aut Elio Lampridio Cerva)
* [[Melchior Cesarottus]] (Melchiorre Cesarotti) (1730-1808)
* [[Ceteus]] (Malayketu) (IV saeculum a.C.n.)
* [[Ioannes Franciscus Champollio]] (Jean-François Champollion) (1790-1832)
* [[Georgius Chapmanus]] (George Chapman) (1559 circa-1634)
* [[Charamostis]] (Kharamosta) (…-...)
* [[Martinus Chemnitius]] (Martin Chemnitz) (1522-1586)
* [[Ioannes Iacobus Chiffletius]] (Jean-Jacques Chifflet) (1588-1673)
* [[Chingus]] (Qín Shǐ Huáng) (259 a.C.n.-210 a.C.n.)
* [[Bogdanus Chmielnicius]] (Bohdan Chmel'nyc'kyj) (circa 1595-1657)
* [[Nicolaus Chorerius]] (Nicolas Chorier) (1612-1692)
* [[David Chytraeus]] (David Kochhafe) ([[1530]]–[[1600]])
* [[Ioannes Cincinnius]] (Johannes Kruyshaer) (1485-1555)
* [[Cingischam]] (Činggis Qaɣan sed natus Temüjin) (probabiliter 1162–1227)
* [[Geraldus Cinthius]] (Giambattista Giraldi) (1504-1573)
* [[Nicolaus Cisnerus]] (Nikolaus Kistner) (1529-1583)
* [[Henricus Citharoedus]] (Hendrik Herp) (ca. 1405–1478)
* [[Franciscus Ciuan]] (Ōtomo Sōrin) (1530-1587)
* [[Petrus Ciunangodonus]] (Oda Hidenobu) (1580-1605)
* [[Nicolaus de Clamengiis]] (Nicolas de Clamanges aut Clémanges) (circa 1360–1435/40)
* [[Christophorus Clavius]] (Christoph Clau) (1537/1538-1612))
* [[Alexius (tzar Russiae)|Alexius Clementissius]] (Aleksej Michajlovič Tišajšij) (1629-1676)
* [[Bernardus Clesius]] (Bernardo Clesio aut Bernhard von Cles) (1485-1539)
* [[Hilaria Clintonia]] (Hillary Clinton) (1947-)
* [[DeWitt Clintonius]] (DeWitt Clinton) (1769-1828)
* [[Henricus Clintonius]] (Henry Clinton) (1738-1795)
* [[Carolus Clusius]] (Charles de l’Écluse) (1526-1609)
* [[Christophorus Clavius]] (scilicet Christoph Clau) (1537/38–1612)
* [[Philippus Cluverius]] (Philipp Clüver etiam Klüwer, Cluwer, aut Cluvier) ([[1580]]–[[1623]]) 
* [[Chlodovechus|Chlodovechus I]] (Clodovech/Chlodwig, [[Franci|Francorum]] rex) (466–511)
* [[Ioannes Churchillus (dux Marlburiensis)|Ioannes Churchillus, dux Malburiensis]] (John Churchill) (1650-1722)
* [[Scipio Cobellutius]] (Scipione Cobelluzzi) (1564-1616)
* [[Cobila]] (Kublai Khan) (1215-1294)
* [[Ioannes Cocceius]] (Johannes Koch) (1603-1669)
* [[Ioannes Cochanovius]] (Jan Kochanowski) (1530–1584)
* [[Ioannes Cochlaeus]] (Johannes Dobeneck) (1479–1552)
* [[Collimitius]] (Georg Tannstetter) (1482–1535)
* [[Antonius de Allegris Corigiensis]] (Antonio Allegri, il Correggio) (circa 1489-1534)
* [[Antonius Cornazzanus|Antonius Cornazzarus]] (Antonio Cornazzaro) (circa 1430-1484)
* [[Christophorus Columbus]] (Cristoforo Colombo) ([[1451]]–[[1506]])
* [[Realdus Columbus]] (Matteo Realdo Colombo) (1516-1559)
* [[Franciscus Columna]] (Francesco Colonna) (1433-1527)
* [[Victoria Columna]] (Vittoria Colonna) (1490/1492-1547)
* [[Combodasci]]&lt;ref&gt;Daniel Bartoli, ''De Vita et gestis S. Francisci Xaverii'' (Lugduni 1666): 149 [https://www.google.it/books/edition/De_Vita_Et_Gestis_S_Francisci_Xaverii_E/hzllAAAAcAAJ?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=De+Vita+et+gestis+S.+Francisci+Xaverii+Combodafci&amp;pg=PA149&amp;printsec=frontcover].&lt;/ref&gt; seu Combadaxi&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; (Kūkai, qui dicitur Kōbō Daishi) (774-835)
* [[Iohannes Amos Comenius]] (Jan Amos Komenský) ([[1592]]–[[1670]])
* [[Philippus Cominaeus]] (Philippe de Commynes) (1447-1511)
* [[Natalis de Comitibus]] seu Natalis Comes (Natale Conti) (circa 1520-1582)
* [[Ioannes Commelinus]] (Jan Commelin) (1623-1690)
* [[Confucius]] (Kǒng Fū Zǐ) (551–[[479 a.C.n.]])
* [[Hermannus Conringlus]] (Hermann Conrin) ([[1606]]–[[1681]])
* [[Terrentius Constantiensis]] (natus Johann Schreck) ([[1576]]–[[1630]])
* [[Matthaeus Contarellus]] (natus Matthieu Cointerel) ([[1519]]–[[1585]])
* [[Hermannus Contractus]] (Hermann von Reichenau) ([[1013]]–[[1054]]) 
* [[Nicolaus Copernicus]] (Nikolaus Koppernigk) ([[1473]]–[[1543]])
* [[Andreas Corsalius]] (Andrea Corsali) (1487-...)
* [[Catharina Cornara (regina Cypri)|Catharina Cornara]] (Caterina Cornaro) (1454-1510)
* [[Ianus Cornarius]] (Simon Haynpol) ([[1500]]–[[1588]])
* [[Nicolaus Corderius]] (Nicolas Cordier) (1567-1612)
* [[Maturinus Corderius]] (Mathurin Cordier) (circa annum [[1480]]–[[1564]]) 
* [[Euricius Cordus]] (Heinrich Ritze) ([[1486]]–[[1535]])
* [[Archangelus Corellius]] (Arcangelo Corelli) (1653-1713)
* [[Ferdinandus Cortesius]] (Hernán Cortés) (1485-1547)
* [[Gregorius Cortesius]] (Giovanni Andrea Cortese) (1483-1548)
* [[Franciscus Corticius]] (Francesco Corteccia) ([[1502]]–[[1571]])
* [[Laurentius Corvinus]] (Lorenz Rabe) ([[1465]]–[[1527]])
* [[Matthias Corvinus]] (Hunyadi Mátyás) (1443-1490)
* [[Thaddaeus Cosciusco]] (Tadeusz Kościuszko) (1746-1817)
* [[Hieronymus Cotendadonus]] (Koteda Yasukazu) (1553-XVII saeculum)
* [[Sanctus Patricius|Magonus Succetus Patricius Cothirthiacus]] (Maewyin Succat) (385-461)
* [[Ioannes Craigius]] (John Craig) (...-1620)
* [[Gerardus Cremonensis]] (Gerardo da Cremona) ([[1114]]–[[1187]])
* [[Oliverius Cromwellus]] (Oliver Cromwell) (1599-1658)
* [[Nicolaus Samuelis Cruquius]] (Nicolaas aut Klaas Kruik) ([[1678]]–[[1754]])
* [[Martinus Crusius]] (Martin Kraus) (1526–1607)
* [[Balthasar Crusius]] (Balthasar Kraus) (1550–1630)
* [[Raymundus Cunichius]] (Rajmund Kunić) (1719-1794)
* [[Ioachim Cureus]] seu Curaeus (Joachim Scheer) (1532-1573)
* [[Coelius Secundus Curio]] (Celio Secondo Curione) (1503-1569)
* [[Nicolaus Cusanus]] (Nikolaus von Kues) (1401–1464)
* [[Ioannes Cuspinianus]] (Johannes Spießheimer) (1473–1529)
* [[Georgius Cuvier|Georgius Leopoldus Christianus Fredericus Dagobertus Cuvierius]] aut breviter Georgius Cuvierius (Georges Cuvier) (1769-1832)
* [[Henricus Cuyckius]] (Hendrik van Cuyk) (1546-1609)

== D ==
[[Fasciculus:Dürer - Selbstbildnis im Pelzrock - Alte Pinakothek.jpg|thumb|Albertus Durerus]]
* [[Ieiasus Daifusama]] (Tokugawa Ieyasu) (1543-1616)
* [[Iacobus Dalechampius]] (Jacques Daléchamps) (1513-1588)
* [[Dajondonus]] (Matsunaga Hisahide) (1508-1577)
*[[Henricus Dandulus]] (Enrico Dandolo) (circa 1107-1205)
* [[Carolus Darwinius]] (Charles Darwin) (1809-1882)
*[[Leonardus Dathius]] (Leonardo Dati) (1408-1472)
*[[Augustinus Datus|Augustinus Dathus]] (Agostino Dati) (1420/1421-1478)
*[[Nicolaus de Albergatis]] (Niccolò Albergati) [[cardinalis]] ([[1375]]-[[1443]])
*[[Petrus de Alliarco]] (Pierre d'Ailly) [[cardinalis]] ([[1351]]-[[1420]])
*[[Iacobus de Cessolis]] (Jacopo da Cessole) (circa annum [[1250]] - circa annum [[1322]])
*[[Ioannes de Lapide]] (Johannes Heynlin) ([[1430]] –[[1496]])
*[[Petrus Candidus Decembrius]] (Pier Candido Decembrio) (1399-1477)
*[[Iohannes Decumanus]] (Johannes Zehender) (1564-1613)
*[[Demetrius Tanaiticus]] (Dmitrij Donskoj) (1350-1389)
*[[Dionysius Diderotus]] (Denis Diderot) (1713-1784)
*[[Kenelmus Digbius]] (Kenelme Digby) (1603-1665)
*[[Gabriel Divutius]] (Gabriel von Dievoet) (1875-1934)
*[[Rembertus Dodonaeus]] (Rembert Dodoens) (1517-1585)
*[[Stephanus Doletus]] (Estienne Dolet) (1509-1546)
*[[Donatellus Florentinus]] (Donato di Niccolò di Betto Bardi, Donatello) (1386-1466)
*[[Caietanus Donizettus]] (Gaetano Donizetti) (1797-1848)
*[[Ianus Dousa]] (Jan van der Does) ([[1545]]-[[1604]])
*[[Franciscus Drakus]] (Francis Drake) (circa annum [[1540]]-[[1596]])
*[[Dreses]] (Muḥammad al-Idrīsī) (1099-1164 circa)
*[[Franciscus Dryander]] (Francisco de Enzinas) (1518 circa-1552)
*[[Robertus Duraeus Fortunatus]] (Robert Dure, dit Fortunat) (?-1527)
*[[Albertus Durerus]] (Albrecht Dürer) (1471-1528)

== E ==
* [[Ebenbitar]] (Ibn al-Baiṭār) (1190-1248)
* [[Sveinbjörnus Egil filius|Sveinbjörnus Egilssonius]] (Sveinbjörn Egilsson) (1791-1852)
* [[Iohannes Sylvius Egranus]] (Johannes Wildenauer) (...-1535)
* [[Laurentius Eichstadius]] (Lorentz Eichstadt) (1596-1660)
* [[Engentinus]] (Philipp Engelbrecht) (1490-1528)
* [[Desiderius Erasmus]] (Gerrit Gerritszoon) (1466-1536)
* [[Thomas Erastus]] (Thomas Lieber aut Lüber) (1524-1583)
* [[Leifus Erissonius]] (Leifr Eiríksson) (circa 970-circa 1020)
* [[Ianus Nicius Erythraeus]] (Gian Vittorio Rossi) (1570-1647)
* [[Thomas Erpenius]] (Thomas van Erpe) (1584-1624)
* [[Hippolytus Estensis]] (Ippolito d'Este) (1479-1520)
* [[Leonhardus Eulerus]] (Leonhard Euler) (1701-1783)
* [[Bartholomaeus Eustachius]] (Bartolomeo Eustachi) (circa annum 1510-1574)

== F ==
[[Fasciculus:Portrait of Marsilio Ficino at the Duomo Firence 2.jpg|thumb|Marsilius Ficinus]]
* [[Basilius Faber]] (Basilius Schmidt) (circa annum [[1520]]–[[1576]]) 
* [[Henricus Faber]] aut Henricus Fabri (Heinrich Schmidt) (circa annum [[1490]]–[[1552]]) 
* [[Iacobus Faber Stapulensis]] (Jacques Lefèvre d’Étaples) ([[1450]]/[[1455|55]]-[[1536]])
* [[Petrus Faber]] (Pierre Favre) ([[1506]]-[[1546]])
* [[Balthasar Fabricius]] (Balthasar Vach) ([[1478]]-[[1541]])
* [[Georgius Fabricius]] (Georg Goldschmidt) ([[1516]]–[[1571]])
* [[Gulielmus Fabricius Hildanus]] (Wilhelm Fabry) ([[1560]]-[[1634]])
* [[Hieronymus Fabricius ab Aquapendente]] (Girolamo Fabrizio) (1537-1619)
* [[Iohannes Fabricius Montanus]] (Johannes Schmid) (1527-1566)
* [[Theodosius Fabricius]] (Theodor Faber) (1560 - 1597)
* [[Bartholomaeus Facius]] (Bartolomeo Facio) (1400-1457)
* [[Ioannes Faesulanus]], dictus Angelicus (Beato Angelico sed natus Guido di Pietro) (1395 circa-1455)
* [[Sigismundus Fagilucus]] (Sigismund Buchwald) (1483 -ante annum 1510)
* [[Gabriel Fallopius]] (Gabriele Falloppio) ([[1523]]-[[1562]])
* [[Guido Fawkes|Guido Falxius]] seu Fauxus&lt;ref&gt;Nomen apud Ioannem Miltonum:

&quot;Cum simul in regem nuper satrapasque Britannos
Ausus es infandum, perfide Fauxe''',''' nefas…&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; (Guy Fawkes) (1570-1606)
* [[Ioannes Faramondus]] (Hara Tanenobu, cuius titulus erat &quot;Mondo-no-Suke&quot;) (1587-1623)
* [[Prosper Farinaccius]] (Prospero Farinacci) (1544-1618)
* [[Alexander Farnesius (dux Parmae et Placentiae)|Alexander Farnesius]], dux Parmae et Placentiae (Alessandro Farnese) (1545-1592)
* [[Eduardus Farnesius]] (Odoardo Farnese) (1612-1646)
* [[Fascegava Gonrocuus]] (Hasegawa Fujimasa, seu Gonroku) (...-1630)
* [[Fasciegaua Safiogius]] (Hasegawa Fujihirō, seu Sahyōe) (1567-1617)
* [[Faxecura Rocuyemon]] (Hasekura Rokuemon) (1571-1622)
* [[Iustinus Febronius]] (Joannes Nikolaus ab Honthemio) (1711-1790)
* [[Ioannes Fernelius]] (Jean François Fernel) (1497-1558)
* [[Iohannes Ferrarius]] aut Ferrarius Montanus (Johannes Eisermann) (circa annum [[1486]]–[[1558]])
* [[Ludovicus Ferrarius]] (Ludovico Ferrari) (1522-1565)
* [[Marsilius Ficinus]] (Marsilio Ficino) (1433-1499)
* [[Orontius Finaeus]] (Oronce Finé) (1494-1555)
* [[Leo Findadonus]] (Gamō Ujisato) (1556-1595)
* [[Normanus Finkelsteinius]] (Norman G. Finkelstein) (1953)
* [[Thomas Finkius]] (Thomas Fincke) (1561-1656)
* [[Andreas Fiocchus]] (Andrea Fiocchi) (…-ante 1452)
* [[Armen Firman]] (Abbas Qasim Ibn Firnas) (810-887)
* [[Matthias Flacius]] (Matija Vlačić) (1520-1575)
* [[Nicolaus Flamellus]] (Nicolas Flamel) (ca. 1330-1417)
* [[Ioannes Fletcherus]] (John Fletcher) (1579-1625)
* [[Rubeus Florentinus]]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Rubeus Florentinus inven.&quot; apud [https://www.google.it/books/edition/Notices_of_engravers_and_their_works_the/VKzjQ3NLkLMC?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=rubeus+florentinus&amp;pg=PP50&amp;printsec=frontcover librum] Gulielmi Young Ottley nuncupatur.&lt;/ref&gt; (Rosso Fiorentino) (1494-1540)
* [[Petrus Forestus]] (Pieter van Foreest) (1521-1597)
* [[Hieronymus Fracastorius]] (Girolamo Fracastoro) (ca. [[1478]]-[[1513]])
* [[Ioannes Fragosus]] (Juan Fragoso) (circa 1530-1597)
* [[Augustus Hermannus Franckius]] (August Hermann Francke) (1663-1727)
* [[Hieronymus Frescobaldus]] (Girolamo Frescobaldi) (1583-1643)
* [[Iohannes Freinsheimius]] (Johann Freinsheim) (1608-1660)
* [[Gemma Frisius]] (Reiner Gemma) (1508-1555)
* [[Iohannes Frobenius]] (Johann Froben) (circa 1460 - 1527)
* [[Ioannes Froissartius]] (Jean Froissart) (1337-1404)
* [[Vannes Fuccius]]&lt;ref&gt;Cf. [https://books.google.it/books?id=6RNFAQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA94&amp;lpg=PA94&amp;dq=Vannes+Fuccius&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=W_tO8dehHZ&amp;sig=ACfU3U1OjKEzCPl6V33tdgZLy7e_JaeUzQ&amp;hl=it&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjcgdf_iOPzAhWM66QKHWhmBeMQ6AF6BAgDEAM#v=onepage&amp;q=Vannes%20Fuccius&amp;f=false ''Dantis Alligherii Divina comoedia hexametris latinis reddita ab abbate dalla Piazza, Vicentino''], p. 94.&lt;/ref&gt; (Vanni Fucci) (...-post 1295 sed ante 1300)
* [[Leonhartus Fuchsius]] (Leonhart Fuchs) (1501-1566)
* [[Fucuscimandonus]] (Fukushima Masanori) (1561-1624)
* [[Oquaxen Fungedonus]] (Oda Nobukatsu) (1558-1630)

== G ==
[[Fasciculus:Janæ Graiæ, PA01244.jpg|thumb|Iana Graia]]
[[Fasciculus:Flickr - Yale Law Library - JX 2093.A1 1670.jpg|thumb|Hugo Grotius]]
*[[Franchinus Gaffurius]] (Franchino Gaffori aut Gaffurio aut Gafori) (1451 -1522)
*[[Robertus Gaguinus]] (Robert Gaguin) (1433-1501)
*[[Galilaeus Galilaei]] (Galileo Galilei) (1564-1642)
*[[Iacobus Gallus]] (Jacob Handl) (1550-1591)
*[[Aloisius Galvanus]] (Luigi Galvani) (1737-1798)
*[[Galvarinus]] (Kalwarëngo seu Kallfürüngi) (1490-1557)
*[[Vascus Gama]] (Vasco da Gama) (1469-1524)
*[[Ioannes Gandavensis]] (John of Gaunt) (1340-1399)
*[[Iustus Gandavinus]] (Joos van Wassenhove) (circa 1410-circa 1480)
*[[Iosephus Garibaldius]] (Giuseppe Garibaldi) (1807-1882)
*[[Achilles Pirminius Gassarus]] (Achilles Pirminius Gasser) (1505 -1577)
*[[Geber]] (Ǧābir ibn Hayyān) (721-815)
*[[Sigismundus Gelenius]] (Zikmund Hrubý z Jelení) ([[1497]]-[[1554]])
*[[Augustinus Gemuseus]] (Augustin Gschmus) (1490-1543)
*[[Artemisia Gentilescia]] (Artemisia Gentileschi) (1593-1654)
*[[Horatius Gentilescius]]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;HORATIVS GENTILESCIVS, ITAL. PICTOR HVMANARVM FIGVRARVM, IN ANGLIA&quot;, sub [https://www.nga.gov/collection/art-object-page.10780.html hoc imaginem] pictoris.&lt;/ref&gt; (Orazio Gentileschi) (1563-1639)
*[[David Georgius]] (David Joris) (1501/1502-1556)
*[[Franciscus Georgius]] (Francesco Zorzi) (1466-1540)
*[[Conradus Gesnerus]] (Conrad Gessner) ([[1516]]–[[1565]])
*[[Iohannes Gesnerus]] (Johannes Gessner) ([[1709]]–[[1790]])
*[[Gersonides]] (Levi ben Gershom) (1288-1344)
*[[Thaddaeus Gaddi|Thaddaeus Ghaddus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;Quid dicam de viris excellentibus in pictura ut fuit Joctus ac Thomas Masacius, Stephanus Symia, Thadeus Ghaddus ...&quot;; ''Opusculum de mirabilibus novae et veteris urbis Romae'' (1519): 96 [https://books.google.it/books?id=36hSAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA96&amp;lpg=PA96&amp;dq=thadeus+ghaddus&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=8BfAOwEH6v&amp;sig=ACfU3U3v09077otzuIqvFZMbhzRxDGHK0Q&amp;hl=it&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwiCqdfJkpP0AhWD3KQKHWl5D7UQ6AF6BAgCEAM#v=onepage&amp;q=thadeus%20ghaddus&amp;f=false].&lt;/ref&gt; (Taddeo Gaddi) (1300 circa-1366)
*[[Ghenifoin]] vel Genefoin&lt;ref&gt;Ludovicus Frois, ''De rebus Iaponicis historica relatio'' (Moguntiae, 1599): 115 [https://www.google.it/books/edition/De_rebus_Iaponicis_historica_relatio/qMYWAAAAQAAJ?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Genefoin&amp;pg=PA115&amp;printsec=frontcover].&lt;/ref&gt; (Maeda Gen'i, seu Gen'i Hōin) (1539-1602)
*[[Gibunoscius]] (Ishida Mitsunari) (1559-1600)
*[[Iohannes Gigas]] (Johannes Hüne) (1514-1581)
*[[Dominicus Girlandaeus|Dominicus Girlandeus]] (Domenico Ghirlandaio) (1449-1494)
*[[Christophorus Willibaldus Gluckius]] (Christoph Willibald Gluck) (1714-1787)
*[[Ioannes Georgius Gmelin]] (Johann Georg Gmelin) (1709-1755)
*[[Ioannes Volfgangus Goethius]] (Johann Wolfgang von Goethe) (1749-1832)
*[[Carolus Goldonius]] (Carlo Goldoni) (1707-1793)
*[[Iacobus Golius]] (Jacob van Gool) (1596–1667)
*[[Theodorus Golovinius]] (Fëdor Golovin) (1867-1937)
*[[Hendricus Goltius]] (Hendrick Goltzius) (1588-1616/1617)
*[[Agenor Maria Goluchowskius]]&lt;ref&gt;''Vox Urbis'', ann. VI, n. III (Romae, 1903): 27 [https://arxlatina.org/pegmata/periodica/voxurbis/VoxUrbis.1903.ann06.num03.Kal_Feb.vat.pdf].&lt;/ref&gt; (Agenor Maria Gołuchowski) (1849-1921)
*[[Iohannes Oger Gombaldus]] (Jean Ogier de Gombauld, sive Gombault) (1576-1666)
*[[Alexander Gorciakofius]] (Aleksandr Michajlovič Gorčakov) (1798-1883)
*[[Abrahamus Gorlaeus]] (Abraham van Goorle) (1549-1608)
*[[Iohannes Goropius Becanus]] (Jan Gerartsen) (1519-1572)
*[[Gotondonus]] (Gotō Harumasa) (1548-1612)
*[[Laurentius Grimalius Goslicius|Laurentius Gromalius Goslicius]] (Wawrzyniec Grzymała Goślicki) (1538-1607)
*[[Dionysius Gothofredus]] (Denis Godefroy) (1549-1622)
*[[Ioannes Christophorus Gottschedius]] (Johann Christoph Gottsched) (1700-1766)
*[[Iohannes Georgius Graevius]] (Johann Georg Graeve seu Graef) (1632-1703)
*[[Antonius Gramscius]] (Antonio Gramsci) (1891-1937)
*[[Iana Graia]] (Jane Grey) (1534-1554)
*[[Ulysses S. Grantius]] (Ulysses S. Grant) (1822-1885)
*[[Iacobus Greselius]] (Jakob Gresel) (1483-1552)
*[[Franciscus Griffus]] (Francesco Griffo) (1450-1518)
*[[Melchior Grodecius]] (Melichar Grodecký) (1584 circa-1619)
*[[Hugo Grotius]] (Huig de Groot seu Hugo de Groot) (1583-1645)
*[[Andreas Gryphius]] (Andreas Greif) (1616–1664)
*[[Simon Grynaeus]] (Simon Griner) ([[1493]]–[[1541]])
*[[Iosephus Guarnerius]] (Giuseppe Guarneri) (1698–1744)
*[[Iulianus Guembadonus]] (Naitō Genba) (Saeculum XVI)
*[[Guercinus]] (Giovanni Francesco Barbieri, il Guercino) (1591-1666)
*[[Bernardus Guidonis]] (Bernard Gui) (1261/1262-1331)
*[[Melchior Guilandinus]] (Melchior Wieland) (circa annum [[1520]]-[[1589]])
*[[Robertus de Altavilla]], dictus Guiscardus (Robert Guiscard aut Roberto il Guiscardo) (1015-1085)
*[[Petrus Gyllius]] (Pierre Gilles) (1489-1555)

== H ==
[[Fasciculus:Stanisław Hozjusz 1.PNG|thumb|Stanislaus Hosius]]
[[Fasciculus:Jacob Verheiden-IOANNES HVSSVS BOHEMVS.jpg|thumb|Ioannes Hussus]]
*[[Laurentius Haechtanus]] (Laureis van Haecht Goidtsenhoven) (1527-1603)
*[[Ricardus Hakluytus]] (Richard Hakluyt) (1552/1553-1616)
*[[Edmundus Halleius]] (Edmund Halley) (1656-1742)
* [[Alexander Hamiltonius]] (Alexander Hamilton) (1755/1757-1804)
* [[Georgius Fridericus Handelius]] (Georg Friederich Händel) (1685-1759)
*[[Martin Hayneccius]] (Martin Heinigke) (1544-1611)
*[[Martinus Hanckius]] (Martin Hancke) (1633-1709)
*[[Gulielmus Henricus Harrisonius]] (William Henry Harrison) (1773-1841)
*[[Gulielmus Harveus]] (William Harvey) (1578-1657)
*[[Iosephus Haydinius]] (Joseph Haydn) (1732-1809)
*[[Georgius Gulielmus Fridericus Hegel|Georgius Gulielmus Fridericus Hegelius]] (Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel) (1770-1831)
*[[Bartholomaeus Herbelotius]] (Barthélemy d'Herbelot) (1625-1695)
*[[Conradus Heresbachius]] (Konrad Heresbach) (1496-1576)
*[[Helius Eobanus Hessus]] (Eoban Koch) (1488-1540)
*[[Iohannes Hevelius]] (Johannes Hewelcke) (1611-1687)
*[[Hiangyus]] (Xiàng Yǔ) (232 a.C.n.-202 a.C.n.)
*[[Thomas Hobbius]] vel Hobbesius&lt;ref&gt; Cf. [https://www.google.it/books/edition/Dionysii_Andreae_Pasio_in_regio_taurinen/ZWJduHPwkLYC?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=thomas+hobbesius&amp;pg=PA74&amp;printsec=frontcover ''Dionysii Andreae Pasio in regio taurinensi athenaeo professoris Elementa philosophiae moralis''] (1822).&lt;/ref&gt; (Thomas Hobbes) (1588-1679)
*[[Iohannes Fridericus Hodannus]] (Johann Friedrich Hodann) (1674 – post annum 1734)
*[[Fridericus Hoelderlinus|Fridericus Hoederlinus]] (Friedrich Hölderlin) (1770-1843)
*[[Iohannes Iacobus Hofmannus]] (Johann Jacob Hofmann) (1635-1706)
*[[Robertus Hookius]] (Robert Hooke) (1635-1703)
*[[Henricus Hollandus]] (Henry Holland) (1583-post 1649)
*[[Iohannes Holpenius]] seu Holbenius (Hans Holbein) (1497-1543)
*[[Lucas Holstenius]] (Lukas Holste) (1596-1661)
*[[Stanislaus Hosius]] (Stanisław Hozjusz) (1504-1579)
*[[Gregorius Horstius]] (Gregor Horst) (1578-1636)
*[[Mathias Hovius]] (Matthijs Van Hove) (1542-1620)
*[[Petrus Daniel Huetius]] (Pierre Daniel Huet) (1630-1721)
*[[Christianus Hugenius]] (Christiaan Huygens) (1629-1695)
*[[Saddamus Husseinus]] (Saddām Ḥusayn ʿAbd al-Maǧīd al-Tikrītī) (1937-2006)
*[[Ioannes Hussius]] vel Hussus (Jan Hus) (circa 1370-1415)
*[[Nicolaus Hussovianus]] (Mikołaj Hussowski) (circa 1470-circa 1533)
*[[Anna Hutchinsonia]] (Anne Hutchinson) (1591-1643)
*[[Iohannes Huttichius]] (Iohannes Huttich) (circa 1490-1544)
*[[Martinus Hylacomylus|Martinus Hylacomylus aut Ilacomilus]] (Martin Waldseemüller) (1470-1522)
*[[Ursus Hypatus]]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Ursus Hypatus Venetiarum Dux&quot; apud librum ''Rerum Italicarum scriptores'' (1733): 1284 [https://www.google.it/books/edition/Rerum_Italicarum_scriptores/jU6byajDoDIC?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=ursus+hypatus&amp;pg=PA1283&amp;printsec=frontcover].&lt;/ref&gt; (Orso Ipato) (...-737)

== I ==
* [[Iaenoquida Cambioie]] (Yonekitsu Tadamasa) (1563-1625)
* [[Georgius Iafensidonus]] (Yūki Yaheiji) (1544-...)
* [[Cornelius Iansenius]] (Cornelius Jansen) (1585-1638)
* [[Idates Massamunes]] (Date Masamune) (1567-1636)
* [[Eduardus Iennerus]] (Edward Jenner) (1749-1823)
* [[Paulus Iensius]] aut Ienischius (Paul Jenisch) ([[1551]]-[[1612]])
* [[Carolus Iesualdus]] (Carlo Gesualdo) (1566-1613)
* [[Angelus Illycinus]]&lt;ref&gt;Bibliotheca Laurentana Florentiae&lt;/ref&gt; (Angelo Maria d'Elci) (1751-1824)
* [[Iohannes Iessenius]] (János Jeszenszky or Ján Jesenský) (1566-1621)
* [[Franciscus Irenicus]] (Franz Friedlieb) (1494/95-1553)
* [[Henricus Institor]] (Heinrich Kramer) (1430-1505)
* [[Iohannitius]] (Ḥunayn ibn Isḥāq) (808-873)
* [[Arngrimus Ionas]] (Arngrímur Jónsson) (1568-1648)
* [[Ionoschedonus]] (Oda Nobutada) (1557-1582)
* [[Lucas Iordanus]] (Luca Giordano) (1634-1705)
* [[Paulus Iovius]] (Paolo Giovio) (1483-1552)
* [[Simeon Iquenda Tangodonus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;Franciscus Sacchinus, ''Historiae Societatis Iesu pars quarta siue Euerardus. Auctore R.P. Francisco Sacchino Societatis eiusdem sacerdote'' (Romae, 1652): 131 [https://www.google.it/books/edition/Historiae_Societatis_Iesu_pars_quarta_si/KZ2pJNs4iFQC?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Sancius+Tangodonus&amp;pg=PA131&amp;printsec=frontcover].&lt;/ref&gt; (Ikeda Norimasa) (saeculum XVI)
* [[Isafaydonus]] (Ryūzōji Ieharu) (saeculum XVI-1613)
* [[Ioachim Iungius]] (Joachim Jung) (1587-1657)
* [[Marcus Antonius Iustinianus]] (Marcantonio Giustinian) (1619-1688)

== J ==
* [[Andreas Jacksonius]] (Andrew Jackson) (1767-1845)
* [[Jacondonus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; (Hosokawa Tadaoki) (1563-1646)
* [[Martha Jeffersonia Randolphia]] (Martha Jefferson Randolph) (1772-1836)
* [[Thomas Jeffersonius]] (Thomas Jefferson) (1743-1826)

== K ==
[[Fasciculus:Portrait Confused With Johannes Kepler 1610.jpg|thumb|Iohannes Keplerus]]
* [[Engelbertus Kaempfer|Engelbertus Kaempferus]] (Engelbert Kaempfer) (1651-1716)
* [[Immanuel Kantius]] (Immanuel Kant) ([[1724]]-[[1804]])
* [[Iohannes Keplerus]] (Johannes Kepler) (1571-1630)
* [[Ibn Khaldunus]] (''‘''Abd al-Raḥmān ibn Ḫaldūn al-Ḥaḍramī) (1332-1406)
* [[Athanasius Kircherus]] (Athanasius Kircher) (1602-1680)
* [[Michael Korycius]] (Michal Karycki) (1714-1781)
* [[Aloysius Kossuthius]] (Kossuth Lajos) (1802-1894)
* [[Paulus Krugerius]]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Ad lacus Lemanni ripas [...]  gravis annis procellosae vitae cursum absolvit Paulus ille Krugerius&quot;; ''Vox Urbis'', ann. VII, n. IX (Romae, 1904): 73 [https://arxlatina.org/pegmata/periodica/voxurbis/VoxUrbis.1904.ann07.num09.Kal_Sept.tusc.pdf].&lt;/ref&gt; (Paul Kruger) (1825-1904)
* [[Iosaphat Kuncevicius]] (Josafat Kuncevyč) (1580-1623)

== L ==
* [[Ioannes Baptista Lamarckius|Ioannes Baptista Lamarkius]] (Jean-Baptiste de Monet de Lamarck) (1744-1829)
*[[Petrus Lambeccius]] aut Lambecius (Peter Lambeck) ([[1628]] - [[1680]])
*[[Dionysius Lambinus]] (Denis Lambin) (1520-1572)
*[[Ioannes Maria Lancisium|Ioannes Maria Lancisius]]&lt;ref&gt;Cf. [https://web.archive.org/web/20041214023337/http://www.antiqbook.com/boox/bok/7706.shtml www.antiqbook.com].&lt;/ref&gt; (Giovanni Maria Lancisi) ([[1654]]-[[1720]])
*[[Fridericus Lanckisius]] (Friedrich Lanckisch) (1648-1669)
*[[Christophorus Landinus]] (Cristoforo Landino) ( [[1424]]-[[1498]])
*[[Ioannes Lanfrancus]] (Giovanni Lanfranco) (1582-1647)
*[[Laocius]] (Lǎozǐ aut Lao Zi) ([[6 a.C.n. saeculum|VI saeculo a.C.n.]])
*[[Orlandus Lassus]] (Orlande de Lassus aut Orlando di Lasso) (ca. 1530-1594)
*[[Burnectus Latinus]] (Brunetto Latini) (circa 1220-1294)
*[[Lautarus]] (Lef-Traru) (1535-1557)
*[[Antonius Lavoisierius]] (Antoine Laurent de Lavoiser) (1743-1794)
*[[Vladimirus Leninus]] (Vladimir Lenin, vere Vladimir Il'ič Ul'janov) (1870-1924)
*[[Nicolaus Leoninus]] aut Nicolaus Leonicenus Vicentinus (Niccolò Leoniceno aut Nicolo Lonigo aut Nicolò da Lonigo da Vincenza) ([[1428]]-[[1524]])
*[[Iacobus Leopardius]]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Jacobus Leopardius, cujus nomine inter poetas aeque ac pedestris orationis scriptores vix aliud majus&quot; apud librum Italicum ''[https://www.google.it/books/edition/Opere_di_Giacomo_Leopardi/_PsFAAAAQAAJ?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Iacobus+Leopardius&amp;pg=PA25&amp;printsec=frontcover Opere di Giacomo Leopardi]'' (1884): 25.&lt;/ref&gt; (Giacomo Leopardi) (1798-1837)
*[[Mundinus de Leuciis]] (Mondino dei Luzzi) (ca. 1275-1326)
*[[Lieupangus]] (Liu Bang) (256 a.C.n.-195 a.C.n.)
*[[Pyrrhus Ligorius]] (Pirro Ligorio) (1513-1583)
*[[Aloisius Lilius]] (Luigi Lilio aut Giglio) (ca. 1510-1576)
*[[Thomas Linacrius]] (Thomas Linacre) (ca. 1460-1524)
*[[Abrahamus Lincolnius]] (Abraham Lincoln) (1809-1865)
*[[Carolus Linnaeus]] (Carl von Linné) (1707-1778)
*[[Philippus Lippius]] (Filippo Lippi) (1406 circa-1469 circa)
*[[Iustus Lipsius]] (Joest Lips) (1547-1606)
*[[Franciscus Lisztius]] (Liszt Ferenc) (1811-1886)
*[[Ioannes Lockius]] (John Locke) (1632-1704)
*[[Theodoricus Loher a Stratis]] (Dietrich Loher) (circa annum 1495–1554)
*[[Michael Lomonosov|Michael Lomonosovius]] (Михаил Ломоносов, tr. Michail Lomonosov) (1711-1765)
*[[Georgius Longimanus]] (Jurij Dolgorukij) (1090-1157)
*[[Christophorus Longolius]] (Christophe de Longueil)
*[[Gisbertus Longolius]] (Gijsbert van Langerack) (1507-1543)
*[[Adamus Lonicerus]] vel Adam Lonicer (Adam Lonitzer) (1528 - 1586)
*[[Leonardus Loredanus]] (Leonardo Loredan) (1436-1521)
*[[Petrus Lotichius Secundus]] (Peter Lotz) (1528-1560)
*[[Amatus Lusitanus]] (João Rodrigues) (1511-1568)
*[[Martinus Lutherus]] (Martin Luther) (1483–1546)
*[[Sigismundus Luxemburgicus]] (Sigismund von Luxemburg) (1368-1437)
*[[Luzzalus]] (Kılıç Ali Paşa sed natus Giovanni Dionigi Galeni) (1519-1587)
*[[Georgius Lycoripensis]] (Georg Tannstetter) (1482-1535)
*[[Conrad Lycosthenes]] (Konrad Wolffhart) (1518–1561)
*[[Gulielmus Lylius]] (William Lilye aut Lily) (circa [[1468]]–[[1522]])

== M ==
[[Fasciculus:Philipp Melanchthon 3.jpg|thumb|251x251px|Phillippus Melanchthon]]
[[Fasciculus:GerhardMercator.jpg|thumb|Gerardus Mercator]]
* [[Machometus]] (Muḥammad) (circa 570–632)
*[[Nicolaus Maclavellus]] (Niccolò Machiavelli) (1469-1527)
* [[Georgius Macropedius]] (Joris van Lanckvelt) (1487-1558)
* [[Iacobus Madisonius]] (James Madison) (1751-1836)
* [[Nicolaus Madurus]] (Nicolás Maduro) (1962)
* [[Christophorus Madrutius]] (Cristoforo Madruzzo) (1512-1578)
** [[Ioannes Ludovicus Madrutius]] (Giovanni Ludovico Madruzzo) (1532–1600) 
* [[Bruno Magdeburgensis]] (Bruno von Sachsenkrieg) (saeculum XI)
*[[Ferdinandus Magellanus]] (Fernão de Magalhães) (1480-1521)
*[[Moses Maimonides]] (Moshe ben Maimon) (1135-1204)
* [[Thomas Maius]] (Thomas May) (1594/1595-1650)
*[[Felix Malleolus]] (Felix Hemmerlin) (ca. 1389 - ca. 1459)
*[[Iohannes Manardus]] (Giovanni Manardo aut Giovanni Manardi aut [[Hungarice]] János Manardus) (1462-[[1536]])
*[[Mandorocosamia]]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mandorocosamia quondam Tayci coniunx &amp; mater Fideyori&quot;; ''Francisci Pasii Relatio historica rerum in Iaponiae gestarum anno 1603, 1604, 1605 et parte 1606'' (1610): 6 [https://www.google.it/books/edition/Franc_Pasii_Relatio_historica_rerum_in_I/Em5GAAAAcAAJ?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=mater+Fideyori&amp;pg=PA6&amp;printsec=frontcover].&lt;/ref&gt; (Yodo-dono) (1569-1615)
*[[Aldus Manutius]] (Aldo Manuzio) (1449-1515)
*[[Alexander Manzonius]] (Alessandro Manzoni) (1785-1873)
*[[Alexander Marcellus|Alexander Ignatius Marcellus]] (Alessandro Marcello) (1673-1747)
*[[Guidus Ubaldus e Marchionibus Montis]] (Guidobaldo del Monte) (1545-1607)
*[[Ioannes Marcus Marci]] (Jan Marek Marci) (1595-1667)
*[[Gulielmus Marconius]] (Guglielmo Marconi) (1874-1937)
*[[Heribertus Marcusius]] (Herbert Marcuse) (1898-1979)
*[[Hyacintha Marescotta]] (Giacinta Marescotti) (1585-1640)
*[[Simon Marius]] (Simon Mayr) (1573-1624)
*[[Christophorus Marlovius]] (Christopher Marlowe) (1564-1593)
*[[Philippus Marnixius]] (Philips van Marnix) (1540-1598)
*[[Lanzarotus Marocelus]] (Lanzerotto Marocello) (1270-1336)
*[[Ioannes Marshallus]] (John Marshall) (1755-1835)
*[[Aloysius Ferdinandus Marsilius]] (Luigi Ferdinando Marsigli) ([[1658]]-[[1730]])
*[[Marcus Marulus]] (Marko Marulić) (1450-1524)
*[[Carolus Marxius]] (Karl Heinrich Marx) (1818-1883)
*[[Thomas Masacius]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; (Tommaso di ser Giovanni di Mone Cassai, Masaccio) (1401-1428)
*[[Mesrobes Mastosius]] (Mesrop Maštoc’) (360-440)
*[[Theodoricus Martinus]] (Dick Martens) (1446–1534)
*[[Galeottus Martius]]&lt;ref&gt;Cf. [http://www.maremagnum.com/index.php?option=com_ricerca&amp;task=risult&amp;desiditem=33886991 ''Maremagnum'' apud www.maremagnum.com]{{Nexus deficitur|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Galeotto Marzio) (1427-[[1497]])
*[[Andreas Masius]] (Andreas Maes) (1514-1573)
*[[Petrus Andreas Matthiolus]] (Piero Andrea Gregorio Mattioli) (1501-1577)
*[[Matsucuza Bungodonus]] (Matsukura Shigemasa) (1574-1630)
*[[Franciscus Maturantius]] (Francesco Maturanzio) (1443-1518)
*[[Franciscus Maurocenus]] (Francesco Morosini) (1619-1694)
*[[Franciscus Maurolicus]] vel Maurolycus (Francesco Maurolico) (1494-1575)
*[[Iulius Mazarinus]] (Jules Mazarin aut [[Italice]] Giulio Mazzarino) (1602-1661)
*[[Marcus Mazzaroppus]] (Marco Mazzaroppi) (1550-1620)
*[[Iosephus Mazzinius]] (Giuseppe Mazzini) (1805-1872)
*[[Iacobus Mazochius]] (Giacomo Mazzocchi) (...-1527?)
*[[Laurentius Medices]] seu Maediceus (Lorenzo de' Medici) (149-1492)
*[[Ioannes Megabachus]] (Johann Magenbuch) ([[1487]]-[[1546]])
*[[Philippus Melanchthon]] (Philippus Schwarzerd) (1497–1560)
*[[Rupertus Meldenius]] (Peter Meiderlin) ([[1582]] - [[1661]])
*[[Meledinus]] (Al-Kāmil Muḥammad) (1178-1238)
*[[Carolus Mellinus]] (Charles Mellin) (1597-1641)
*[[Mencius]] (Mèngzǐ) (ca. 370-[[290 a.C.n.]])
*[[Iacobus Menochius]] (Giacomo Menochio) (1532-1607)
*[[Gerardus Mercator]] (Gerard de Kremer) (1512-1594)
*[[Nicolaus Mercator]] (Nikolaus Kauffmann) (1620-1687)
*[[Hieronymus Mercurialis]] (Girolamo Mercuriale) (1530-1606)
*[[Angela Merkela]] (Angela Merkel) (1954)
*[[Georgius Merula]] (Giorgio Merlano di Negro) (natus circa annum [[1430]]-[[1494]])
*[[Paulus Merula]] (Paul van Merle) (1558-1607)
*[[Marinus Mersennus]] (Marin Mersenne) ([[1588]]-[[1648]])
*[[Quintinus Mesius]] (Quentin Massys) (circa annum 1466–1530)
*[[Antonellus Messanensis]] (Antonello da Messina) (1430-1479)
*[[Petrus Metastasius]] (Pietro Metastasio sed natus Pietro Trapassi) (1698-1782)
*[[Clemens Vencelus Nepomucus Lotharius Metternicus]] (Klemens Wenzel Lothar Nepomuk von Metternich) (1773-1859)
*[[Ioannes Meursius]] (Johannes van Meurs) ([[1579]]–[[1639]])
*[[Micius]] (Mòzi) (479 a.C.n.-381 a.C.n.)
*[[Iacobus Micyllus]] (Jakob Moltzer) (1503–1558)
*[[Midsunus Cavachius]] (Mizuno Morinobu, cuius titulus erat &quot;Kawachi-no-Kami&quot;) (1577-1637)
*[[Paulus Mikius]] (Pauro Miki) (1565-1597)
*[[Ioannes Miltonus]] (John Milton) (1608-1674)
*[[Mimbudonus]] (Ōmura Sumiyori) (1592-1616)
*[[Simon Minervius]] (Simon Schaidenreisser) (1497-1572)
*[[Mioxindonus]] (Miyoshi Yoshitsugu) (1549-1573)
*[[Ioannes Picus Mirandula]] (Giovanni Pico della Mirandola) (1463-1494)
*[[Andreas Fricius Modrevius]] (Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski) (1503-1572)
*[[Ambrosius Moibanus]] (Ambrosius Moyben) (1494–1554)
*[[Ioannes Molanus]] (Jan Vermeulen) (1533-1585)
*[[Molierus]] (Molière, vere Jean-Baptiste Poquelin) (1622-1673)
*[[Claudius Mons Viridis]] (Claudio Monteverdi) (1567-1643)
*[[Vladimirus II Monomachus]] (Volodimer Monomach) (1053-1125)
*[[Iacobus Montanus]] (Jakob Berg) (circa annum 1460–1534)
*[[Michael Montanus]] (Michel de Montaigne) (1533-1592)
*[[Guidus Ubaldus e Marchionibus Montis]] (Guidobaldo Del Monte) (1545–1607)
*[[Braccius Montonus]] (Braccio da Montone seu vere Andrea Fortebraccio) (1368-1424)
*[[Iacobus Monrovius]] (James Monroe) (1758-1831)
*[[Paulus Morigius]] (Paolo Morigia) (1525-1604)
*[[Ioannes Baptista Morinus]] (Jean-Baptiste Morin) (1583-1656)
*[[Ioannes Morinus]] (Jean Morin) (1591 – 1659)
*[[Ioannes Mortonus]] (John Morton) (circa 1420-1500)
*[[Thomas Morus]] (Thomas More) (1478-1535)
*[[Petrus Mosellanus]] (Peter Schade) (1493-1524)
*[[Leopoldus Mozartus]] (Leopold Mozart) (1719-1787)
*[[Wolfgangus Amadeus Mozartus]] (Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart) (1756-1791)
*[[Nicolaus Mulerius]] (Nicolaas des Mulier/s) (1564-1630)
*[[Carolus Mullerus]] (Karl Wilhelm Ludwig Müller) (1813-1894)
*[[Ludovicus Antonius Muratorius]] (Ludovico Antonio Muratori) ([[1672]] - [[1750]])
*[[Wolfgangus Musculus]] (Wolfgang Müslin) ([[1497]]-[[1563]])
*[[Iohannes Carolus Augustus Musaeus]] (Johann Karl August Musäus) (1735-1787)
*[[Benitus Mussolinius]] vel Mussolinus&lt;ref&gt;Nomen latinum nuncupatum apud varias medalias aetatis Fasticicae, ubi BENITVS MVSSOLINVS (sic) scribitur. Vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20211112151241/https://digital.wolfsonian.org/WOLF007140/00001 hic].&lt;/ref&gt; (Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini) (1883-1945)
*[[Marcus Antonius Muretus]] (Marc Antoine Muret) (1526-1585)
*[[Elonus Muscus]] (Elon Musk) (1971-)
*[[Mutezuma I]] (Motēcuhzōma Ilhuicamīna) (1398-1469)
*[[Mutezuma II]] (Motēcuhzōma Xōcoyōtzin) (1465-1520)
*[[Hieronymus Mutianus]] (Girolamo Muziano) 1532-1592)
*[[Mutianus Rufus]] (Konrad Muth) (1470-1526)
*[[Fridericus Myconius]] (Friedrich Mekum) (1490-1546)

== N ==
[[Fasciculus:Nostradamus by Lemud.jpg|thumb|Michael Nostradamus]]
* [[Naichidonus]] (Hosokawa Tadatoshi) (1586-1641)
* [[Magdalena Nagasaciensis]] (Nagasaki no Magudarena) (1610-1634)
* [[Ioannes Naitodonus]] (Naitō Yukiyasu) (1550-1626)
* [[Nangatodonus]] (Matsukura Katsuie, cuius titulus erat Nagato-no-Kami) (1598-1638)
* [[Ioannes Nannius Utinensis]] (Giovanni Nanni da Udine) (1487-1564)
* [[Pamphilus Narvaëzius]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Cf. [https://books.google.it/books?id=hIc9faAutbgC&amp;pg=RA1-PP15&amp;lpg=RA1-PP15&amp;dq=Quatimocus&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=H_YwiVdnVD&amp;sig=ACfU3U20XTzBszQOSkFo9YdaqFLFRlEz_g&amp;hl=it&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwi-icfH_OLzAhW7hP0HHdLcD2UQ6AF6BAgCEAM#v=onepage&amp;q=Quatimocus&amp;f=false ''Joannis Genesii Sepulvedæ ... Opera, cum edita, tum inedita, accurante Regia Historiæ Academia'']&lt;/ref&gt; (Pánfilo de Narváez) (1470-1528)
* [[Adolphus Nassovius]] (Adolf von Nassau) (ante 1250-1298)
* [[Petrus Paulus Navarrus]] (Pietro Paolo Navarro) (1560-1622)
* [[Christophorus Neander]] (Christoph Neumann) (1589-1625) 
* [[Philippus Nerius|Philippus Romulus Nerius]] (Filippo Romolo Neri) (1515-1595)
* [[Beniaminus Netanjahuus]] (Binyamin Netanyahu) (1949)
* [[Isaacus Newtonus]]&lt;ref&gt;''Isaacus Newtonus'' apud [[Christianus Hugenius|Christianum Hugenium]], ''Cosmotheoros'' liber 2 [http://web.clas.ufl.edu/users/rhatch/pages/11-ResearchProjects/boulliau/bio-historical/06-b-sir-d-brewster.htm ''Boulliau Biography - Sir David Brewster on Ismael Boulliau - Boulliau Homepage - Information, Resources, Links, Images, Original Research &amp; Writing'' apud web.clas.ufl.edu].&lt;/ref&gt; (Isaac Newton) (1642-1727) 
* [[Paulus Niavis]] (Paul Schneevogel) (circa annum 1460-1514)
* [[Ioannes Nicolaus Niclasius]] (Johann Nicolaus Niclas) (1733-1808)
* [[Petrus Niger]] aut Petrus Nigrus&lt;ref&gt;Cf. [[Marcus Tanner]], ''The Raven King: Matthias Corvinus and the Fate of His Lost Library,'' pag. 122.&lt;/ref&gt; (Peter Schwarz) (1434- 1481 circa)
* [[Guliemus Nigrinus]] (Wilhelm Schwartze) (1588 -1638)
* [[Baptista Nigronus]] (Battista Negrone) (1530-1592)
* [[Gaspar Nixiguenca]]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Gaspar Nixiguenca, Jamandæ dynaftes, genere ac pietate Christiana nobilissimus&quot;: Josephus Juvencius, ''Historiæ Societatis Jesu pars quinta. Tomus posterior ab anno Christi 1591. ad 1616'' (Romae, 1710): 629 [https://www.google.it/books/edition/Histori%C3%A6_Societatis_Jesu_pars_quinta_To/fAp6T_O7llAC?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=gaspar+nixiguenca&amp;pg=PA629&amp;printsec=frontcover].&lt;/ref&gt; (Nishi Genka) (1556-1609)
* [[Marius Nizolius]] (Mario Nizolio) (1488-1567) 
* [[Nobexima Xinanonus]]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Præcipuus Dynastarum, qui sunt in regno Figensi, est Nobexima Xinanonus&quot;: Ioannes Rodrigues, ''Historia Japonensis a. 1624'' (Moguntiae, 1624): 46 [https://www.google.it/books/edition/Historia_Japonensis_a_1624/GDw8AAAAcAAJ?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Nobexima+Xinanonus&amp;pg=PA46&amp;printsec=frontcover].&lt;/ref&gt; (Nabeshima Katsushige, cuius titulus erat &quot;Shinano-no-Kami&quot;) (1580-1657)
* [[Robertus Nobilis]] (Roberto de' Nobili) (1541-1559)
* [[Ludovicus Nonnius]] (Ludovic Nunez) (1553-1645)
* [[Noradinus (Saladini filius)|Noradinus]] (Nūr al-Dīn al-Malik al-ʾAfḍal) (1170-1225)
* [[Michael Nostradamus]] (Michel de Nostredame) (1503-1566)
* [[Gabriel Nuntius]] (Gabriele d'Annunzio) (1863-1938)
* [[Nuraldinus]] (Nūr al-Dīn Zangī) (1118-1174)

== O ==
* [[Bernardinus Ochinus|Bernandinus Ochinus]] (Bernandino Ochino) (1487-1564)
* [[Odoacer]] sive Odovacar (Audawakrs) (433-493)
* [[Nicolaus Odoenus]] (Nicholas Owen) (1550-1606)
* [[Hyacinthus Odrovantius]] (Jacek Odrowąż) (1185-1257)
* [[Ioannes Oecolampadius]] (Johannes Heussgen) (1482–1531)
* [[Arnaldus Oihenartus]] ([[Vasconice]] Arnaut Oihenart seu [[Francogallice]] Arnauld Oihénart) (1592-1668)
* [[Odoardus Olcornus]] (Edward Oldcorne) (1561-1606)
* [[Adam Olearius]] (Adam Oehlschlegel aut Ölschläger) (1599-1671)
* [[Omar|Omar Magnus]] ('Umar ibn al-Ḫaṭṭāb) (ca. 582 - 644)
* [[Bartholomaeus Omurandonus]] (Ōmura Sumitada) (1533-1587)
* [[Gualterus Ophamilius]] (Gualtiero Offamilio) (12 saeculum-1190)
* [[Iohannes Oporinus]] (Iohannes Herbst) (1507-1568)
* [[Bernardus Oricellarius]] (Bernardo Rucellai) (1449-1514)
** [[Ioannes Oricellarius]] (Giovanni Rucellai) (1475-1525)
* [[David Origanus]] (David Tost) (1558 - 1628)
* [[Petrus Orseolus (rex Hungariae)|Petrus Orseolus]] (Velencei Péter) (1010/1011-circa 1056)
* [[Abraham Ortelius]] (Abraham Ortels, Oertel, Örtel, Orthellius, Wortels) ([[1527]] - [[1598]])r
* [[Abraham Ortelius]] (Abraham Ortels, Oertel, Örtel, Orthellius, Wortels) ([[1527]] - [[1598]])
* [[Hieronymus Osorius]] (Jerónimo Osório) (1506-1580)
* [[Fridericus Ozanamius]] (Frédéric Ozanam) (1813-1853)

== P ==
[[Fasciculus:MatteoPalmieri.jpg|thumb|Matthaeus Palmerius [[humanista]] et [[rerum gestarum scriptor]] [[Italia|Italus]] ]]
[[Fasciculus:Magdalena de Passe.png|thumb|301x301px|[[Magdalena Passaea]]]]
* [[Eduardus Pachecus]] (Duarte Pacheco Pereira) (1460-1533)
* [[Franciscus Pachecus]] (Francisco Pacheco) (1566-1626)
*[[Iulius Pacius de Beriga]] (Giulio Pace da Beriga) (1550-1631)
*[[Aonius Palearius]] (Antonio della Pagliara) ([[1503]]-[[1570]])
*[[Marcellus Palingenius Stellatus]] sive Palingenius (Marcello Palingenio Stellato aut Pier Angelo Manzolli) (circa 1500-ante 1551)
*[[Arcangela Palladinia]] (Arcangela Paladini) (1599-1622)
*[[Petrus Simon Pallas|Petrus Simon Pallasius]], seu Pallas (Peter Simon Pallas) (1741-1811)
*[[Matthaeus Palmerius]] (Matteo Palmieri) ([[1406]]-[[1475]])
*[[Benedictus Pamphilius]] (Benedetto Pamphilij) (1653-1730)
*[[Ianus Pannonius]] (Hungarice ''János Csezmicei'' aut Croatice ''Ivan Česmički'') (1434-1472)
*[[Onuphrius Panvinius]] (Onofrio Panvinio) (1530-1568)
*[[Daniel Papebrochius]] (Daniel Papebroch) (1628-1714)
*[[Philippus Theophrastus Aureolus Bombastus von Hohenheim]] sive [[Paracelsus]] (Phillip von Hohenheim) (1493-1541)
*[[Ambrosius Paraeus]] (Ambroise Paré) (circa annum [[1510]]-[[1590]])
*[[Petrus Parlerius]] (Peter Parler) (1330 vel 1333-1399)
*[[Matthaeus Parisiensis]] (Matthew Paris) (1200 circa-1259)
*[[Angelus Particiacus]] (Agnello vel Angelo Partecipazio) (...-827)
*[[Blasius Pascalis]] (Blaise Pascal) ([[1623]]-[[1662]])
*[[Ioannes Pascoli|Ioannes Pascolus]]&lt;ref&gt; Cf. [https://www.google.it/books/edition/Humanistica_Lovaniensia/EEgwaHabP88C?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=ioannes+pascolus&amp;pg=PA440&amp;printsec=frontcover ''Humanistica Lovaniensia'']&lt;/ref&gt; (Giovanni Pascoli) (1855-1912)
*[[Ioannes Baptista Pasqualinus]] (Giovanni Battista Pasqualini) (1595-1631)
*[[Magdalena Passaea]] (Magdalena van de Passe) (1600-1638)
*[[Crispianus Passaeus]] (Crispijn van de Pass) (1564-1637)
*[[Wilhelmus Passaeus]] (Willem van de Passe) (1597-1637)
*[[Marsilius Patavinus]]&lt;ref&gt;Cf. [http://www.antiqbook.de/boox/hein/21070.shtml ww.antiqbook.de]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Marsiglio dei Mainardini) ([[1275]]/[[1290]]-[[1342]] aut [[1343|43]])
*[[Gabrielis Carola Patina]] (Gabrielle-Charlotte Patin) (1655-1750)
*[[Carolus Patinus]] (Charles Patin) (1633-1693)
*[[Franciscus Patricius]] (Francesco Patrizi da Cherso aut Frane Petrić/Petris/Petrišević) (1526-1597)
*[[Marcus Paulus Venetus|Marcus Paulus]] (Marco Polo) (1254-1324)
*[[Maria Magdalena de Pazzis]] seu Pactia&lt;ref&gt;Vincentius Puccini, ''Vita di Suor Maria Maddalena de' Pazzi'' (Florentiae, 1611): 765 [https://www.google.it/books/edition/Vita_di_Suor_Maria_Maddalena_de_Pazzi/MSxSAAAAcAAJ?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=maria+magdalena+pactia&amp;pg=PA15&amp;printsec=frontcover].&lt;/ref&gt; (Maria Maddalena de' Pazzi) (1566-1607)
*[[Iacobus Peletarius]] (Jacques Peletier du Mans) (1517-1582)
*[[Petrus Ioannes Perpinianus]] (Pedro Juan Perpiñá) (1530-1566)
*[[Balthasar Perutius]]&lt;ref&gt;Cf. [http://books.google.ch/books?id=PiwDAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA216&amp;lpg=PA216&amp;dq=Balthasar+Perutius&amp;source=web&amp;ots=6VD-m_6-P_&amp;sig=O_Nd94jxMxnVA7oklRBQG3igjkc&amp;hl=it&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;resnum=1&amp;ct=result Angelo Fabroni, Leonis X. pontificis maximi vita - - 1797].&lt;/ref&gt; (Baldassarre Peruzzi) ([[1481]] – [[1536]])
*[[Felix Petancius Ragusinus]]&lt;ref&gt;cfr. [[Marcus Tanner]], ''The Raven King: Matthias Corvinus and the Fate of His Lost Library'' , pag. 122&lt;/ref&gt; (Feliks Petančić) (1455-1517/1522)
*[[Simon Peterzanus]]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;SIMON PETERZANUS VENETUS TITIANI ALUMNUS FECIT MDLXXXVIIII&quot; apud encyclopaediam Italicam [https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/simone-peterzano_%28Dizionario-Biografico%29/ Treccani] {{ling|Italice}}&lt;/ref&gt; (Simone Peterzano) (1535-1599)
*[[Petrus Petitus]] (Pierre Petit) (1617-1687)
*[[Alexander Petofius]] (Petőfi Sándor) (1823-1849)
*[[Pandolfus Petrucius]] (Pandolfo Petrucci) ([[1452]] – [[1512]])
*[[Georgius Peurbachius]] (Georg von Peuerbach) ([[1423]]-[[1461]])
*[[Bernardinus Pictoricius]] (Pinturicchio) ([[1454]] – [[1513]])
*[[Ioannes Baptista Piranesius]] (Giambattista Piranesi) ([[1720]]-[[1778]])
*[[Ascanius Philamarinus]] (Ascanio Filomarino) (1583-1666)
*[[Franciscus Philelphus]] (Francesco Filelfo) (1398-1481)
*[[Aimericus Picaudus]] (Aymeric Picaud) (XII saeculum-?)
*[[Philippus Picinellus]] (Filippo Picinelli) (1604-1678)
*[[Aeneas Silvius Picolomineus]] (Enea Silvio Piccolomini vel papa Pius II) (1405-1464)
*[[Bernardinus Pictoricius|Bernandinus Pictoricius]] (Bernardino di Betto di Biagio, Pinturicchio) (1454-1511)
*[[Antonius Pinaeus]] (Antoine du Pinet) (?-1584)
*[[Piodasses]] (Aśoka) (circa 304 a.C.n.-232 a.C.n.)
*[[Andreas Pisanus]] (Andrea Pisano) (1290-1348)
*[[Ioannes Piscator]] (Johannes Fischer) (1546-1625)
*[[Pisanus]] (Pisanello sed natus Antonio di Puccio Pisano) (ante 1390-1455 circa)
*[[Antonius Pintus Ixida]] (Ishida Kyūtaku) (1569-1632)
*[[Franciscus Pizardus]] seu Pizarrus (Francisco Pizarro) (1476-1541)
*[[Iohannes Placentius]] (Léon le Plaisant) (...-1548)
*[[Bartholomaeus Platina]] (Bartolomeo Sacchi) ([[1421]]-[[1481]])
*[[Pocahonta]] (Matoaka, quae dicitur Pocahontas) (1595 circa-1617)
*[[Francisca Polentana]] (Francesca da Polenta) (1259-1285)
*[[Reginaldus Polus]] (Reginald Pole) (1500-1558)
*[[Petrus Pomponatius]] (Pietro Pomponazzi) ([[1462]]-[[1525]])
*[[Iulius Pomponius Laetus]] (Giulio Pomponio Leto) (1428-1498)
*[[Ioannes Pontius Legionensis]] (Juan Ponce de Leòn) (1460-1521)
*[[Iacobus Pontormus]] (Jacopo da Pontormo) (1494-1557)
*[[Simon Portius]]&lt;ref&gt;Cf.filium eius Camillum Portium [http://edit16.iccu.sbn.it/scripts/iccu_ext.dll?fn=11&amp;res=17016]&lt;/ref&gt; (Simone Porzio) ([[1497]] – [[1554]])
**[[Camillus Portius]]&lt;ref&gt;Cf.[http://edit16.iccu.sbn.it/scripts/iccu_ext.dll?fn=11&amp;res=17016]&lt;/ref&gt; (Camillo Porzio) ([[1526]] – [[1580]])
*[[Porus]] (Puruṣottama) (?-317 a.C.n.)
*[[Powhatanus]] (Wahunsenacawh, qui dicitur Chief Powhatan) (1547 circa-1618 circa)
*[[Antonius Possevinus]] (Antonio Possevino) ([[1533]]–[[1611]])
*[[Gulielmus Postellus]] (Guillaume Postel) ([[1510]]–[[1581]])
*[[Hieronymus Pragensis]] (Jeroným Pražský) (1365 circa-1416)
*[[Iosquinus Pratensis]] (Josquin Des Prés) (1450-1521)
*[[Michael Praetorius]] (Michael Schultheiß) ([[1571]]–[[1621]])
*[[Laurentius Pucius]] (Lorenzo Pucci) (1458-1531)
*[[Casimirus Pulaskius]] (Kazimierz Pułaski) (1746-1779)
*[[Ioannes II (magnus dux Moscoviae)|Ioannes II Pulcher]] (Ivan II Krasnyj) (1326-1359)
*[[Antonius Pullarius]] (Antonio del Pollaiolo) (circa 1430-1498)
*[[Alexander Puskinus]] (Aleksandr Puškin) (1799-1837)
*[[Nicolaus Pussinus]] (Nicolas Poussin) (1594-1665)
*[[Vladimirus Putinus]] (Vladimir Putin) (1952-)

== Q ==
* [[Quahutimocus]]&lt;ref&gt;Cf. [https://www.google.it/books/edition/Annales_ecclesiastici0/GgRlAAAAcAAJ?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Quahutimocus&amp;pg=PA317&amp;printsec=frontcover ''Annales ecclesiastici ab anno quo desinit Caes. Card. Baronius MCXCVIII usque ad annum MDXXXIV..... ab anno MDIV vsque ad annum MDXXXIV'']&lt;/ref&gt; (Cuitláhuac) (circa 1476-1520)
* [[Simon Quambioiendonus]] (Kuroda Yoshitaka) (1546-1587)
*[[Iacobus Quarterius]] (Jacques Cartier) (1491-1557)
* [[Quatimocus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; (Cuauhtémoc) (1496-1525)
* [[Artus Quellinus]] (Arnoldus Quellijn) ([[1609]] - [[1668]])
* [[Quingodonus]] (Kobayakawa Hideaki, cuius titulus erat ''Kingo Chūnagon'')
* [[Quitano Mandocoro]] (Kōdai-in, cuius titulus erat ''Kita no Mandokoro'') (16 saeculum-1624)
* [[Quoniambecus]] (Cunhambebe) (XVI saeculum)

== R ==
[[Fasciculus:Ludwika Karolina Radziwill.jpg|thumb|306x306px|[[Ludovica Carolina Radivilia]]]]
[[Fasciculus:Pope_Julius_II.jpg|thumb|200 px|Papa [[Iulius II]], natus ''Giuliano della Rovere'', [[Latine]] Iulianus Roverus]]
* [[Franciscus Rabelaesus]] (François Rabelais) (circa annum 1494–1553)
* [[Ludovica Carolina Radivilia]] (Ludwika Karolina Radziwiłł) (1667-1695)
*[[Ioannes Radvanus]] (Jonas Radvanas) (16 saeculum-post 1591)
*[[Raisulius]] (Mūlāy ʿAḥmad al-Raisūnī) (1871-1925)
*[[Benedictus Rambertus]] (Benedetto Ramberti) (1503-1547)
*[[Petrus Ramus]] (Pierre de la Ramée) (1515-1572)
*[[Ioannes Baptista Ramusius]] (Giovanni Battista Ramusio) (1485-1557)
*[[Renatus Rapinus]] (René Rapin) (1621-1687)
*[[Raschius]] vere Salomo Isaacides Iarchi (Rabbi Shlomo Yitzhaqi) (1040-1105)
*[[Wolfgangus Ratichius]] (Wolfgang Ratke) (1571-1635)
*[[Urbanus Rattazzius]] (Urbano Rattazzi) (1808-1873)
* [[Iohannes Ravisius Textor]] (Jean Tixier de Ravisi) (1480–1524)
* [[Ioannes Regiomontanus]] (Johannes Müller aus Königsberg) (1436–1476)
* [[Guido Renius]] (Guido Reni) (1575-1642)
* [[Balthasar Resinarius]] (Balthasar Harzer) (circiter [[1480]]-[[1544]])
* [[Urbanus Rhegius]] (Urban Rieger) ([[1489]]–[[1541]])
* [[Beatus Rhenanus]] (Beat Bild) (1485–1547)
* [[Georgius Ioachim Rheticus]] etiam ''Rhäticus'', ''Rhaeticus'', ''Rhetikus'' (Georg Joachim von Lauchen) ([[1514]]– [[1574]])
* [[Matthaeus Riccius]] (Matteo Ricci) (1552-1610)
*[[Armandus Ioannes Plessaeus Richelaeus]] (Armand-Jean du Plessis Richelieu) (1585-1642)
* [[Paulus Ricius]] (Paul Ritz) (circa 1480-1541)
* [[Robertus Ridolfus]] (Roberto di Ridolfo) (1531-1612)
* [[Riosogi]]&lt;ref&gt;Ioannes Hayus, ''De Rebus Iaponicis, Indicis et Peruanis Epistolae Recentiores'' (Antverpiae, 1605): 123 [https://www.google.it/books/edition/De_Rebvs_Iaponicis_Indicis_Et_Pervanis_E/f79GAAAAcAAJ?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=riofogi+Arimenfem&amp;pg=PA123&amp;printsec=frontcover].&lt;/ref&gt; (Ryūzōji Takanobu) (1530-1584)
* [[Andreas Rivetus]] (André Rivet) (1572-1651)
*[[Ludovicus Caelius Rhodiginus]] (Ludovico Ricchieri) (1469-1525)
* [[Johannes Rhodius]] (Hinne Rode) (1385-1439)
* [[Iohannes Roffensis]] aut Iohannes Fischerius (John Fisher) (1469-1535)
*[[Romanus (poeta Persicus)|Romanus]] (Jalāl ad-Dīn Muḥammad Rūmī) (1207-1273)
*[[Iulius Romanus]] (Giulio Romano, sed natus Giulio Pippi de' Jannuzzi) (1499-1546)
* [[Gulielmus Rondeletius]] (Guillaume Rondelet) (1507-1566)
* [[Franklinius Delano Rooseveltius]] (Franklin Delano Roosevelt) (1882-1945)
* [[Theodorus Rooseveltius]] (Theodore Roosevelt) (1858-1919)
* [[Antonius Rosminius]] (Antonio Rosmini) (1797-1855)
* [[Propertia Rossia]] (Properzia de' Rossi) (1490 circa-1530 circa)
* [[Ioachimus Rossinius]] (Gioachino Rossini) (1792-1868)
* [[Robertus Rossius]] (Robert Ross) (1766-1814)
* [[Iulianus Roverus]]&lt;ref&gt;Cf. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080801072533/http://christianism.com/supresearch/supres2.html ''from: Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, In Association with The'' apud www.christianism.com] www.christianism.com.&lt;/ref&gt; vel Iulianus Rovereus&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.intratext.com/IXT/LAT0874/_P4.HTM] VITA LEONIS DECIMI PONT. MAX. A PAOLO IOVIO EPISCOPO NUCERINO CONSCRIPTA.&lt;/ref&gt; (Giuliano della Rovere aut [[Papa]] Iulius II) ([[1443]]–[[1513]])
* [[Ioannes Roverus]] vel Ioannes Rovereus&lt;ref&gt;Cfr. fratrem suum [[Iulianus Roverus|Iulianum Roverum]] &lt;/ref&gt; (Giovanni della Rovere) ([[1457]]–[[1501]])
*[[Roxolana]] (Aleksandra Anastazja Lisowska, vel Roksolana) (1500-1558)
* [[Crotus Rubeanus]] aut Crotus Rubianus (Johannes Jäger) (circa annum 1480–post annum [[1539]])
* [[Petrus Paulus Rubenius]] (Pieter Paul Rubens) (1577-1640)
*[[Paulus Rubigallus]] (Pavol Rothan) (1515-1577)
*[[Maximilianus de Robespierre|Maximilianus Rubopetraeus]]&lt;ref&gt;Sic apud Wyttenbachium, ''Opuscula selecta'' (1825), p.245, [https://books.google.fr/books?id=Dl4bp--EdV8C&amp;lpg=PA228&amp;ots=1RF6SIffb0&amp;dq=Dan.%20Wyttenbachii%20Philom.&amp;hl=fr&amp;pg=PA245#v=onepage&amp;q=Dan.%20Wyttenbachii%20Philom.&amp;f=false hic].&lt;/ref&gt; (Maximilien de Robespierre) (1758-1794)
*[[Ioannes Ruellius]] (Jean Ruel) (1474-1537)
* [[Girardus Ruffus]] (Gérard Roussel) (circa annum 1500-1550)
*[[Ericus Rufus]] (Eiríkr Rauði) (950-1003)
*[[David Ruhnkenius]] (David Ruhnken) (1723-1798)
*[[Iohannes Rusbroquius]] (Jan van Ruusbroec) (1293-1381)

== S ==
[[Fasciculus:Portrait of Michael Servetus. Wellcome M0009083.jpg|thumb|Michael Servetus]]
[[Fasciculus:Carolina Bonafede, Donne bolognesi insigni - Elisabetta Sirani.jpg|thumb|333x333px|Elisabetha Sirania]]
* [[Paulus Sacondonus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; (Maeda Hidenori) (1576-1601)
* [[Sacumandonus]] (Sakuma Nobumori) (1528-1582)
* [[Iacobus Sadoletus]] (Jacopo Sadoleto) (1477-1577)
*[[Henricus Sagittarius]] (Heinrich Schütz) ([[1585]]–[[1672]])
*[[Sagthanas]] (Ṭahmāsp I) (1514-1576)
*[[Saisciodonus]] (Kyōgoku Takatsugu) (1560-1609)
*[[Saladinus]] (Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn Yūsuf ibn Ayyūb) (1138-1193)
*[[Franciscus Salesius]] (François de Sales) (1567-1622)
*[[Claudius Salmasius]] (Claude de Saumaise) ([[1588]]-[[1653]])
*[[Iohannes Sambucus]] (János Zsámboky) ([[1531]]-[[1584]])
*[[Sanandadonus]] (Sanada Yukimura) (1567-1615)
*[[Sancius]] (Zhuāngzǐ) (369 a.C.n. circa-286 a.C.n. circa)
*[[Raphael Sanctius Urbinas]] (Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino) (1483-1520)
*[[Iacobus de Sancto Andrea]] (Jacopo da Sant'Andrea) (...-1239)
*[[Sandrocottus]] (Candragupta Maurya) (343 a.C.n.-274 a.C.n. circa)
*[[Sancius Sangandonus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; (Sanga Yoriteru) (1510-post 1587)
*[[Gregorius Sanocensis]] (Grzegorz z Sanoka) ([[1403]]-[[1477]])
*[[Iacobus Sansovinus]] (Jacopo Sansovino) (1485-1570)
*[[Sanxius Chindonus]] (Oda Nobutaka) (1558-1583)
*[[Sapalbizes]] (Sapadbizes) (floruit 20 a.C.n.-1 a.C.n.)
*[[Nicolaus Sarkozius]] (Nicolas Sarkozy) (1955-)
*[[Andreas Sartius]] (Andrea del Sarto) (1486-1530)
*[[Saturiona]] (Saturiwa) (floruit 1562-1565)
*[[Alexander Saulius]] (Alessandro Sauli) (1534-1592)
*[[Iohannes Saxonius]] (Johann Sachse) (1507-1561)
*[[Iulius Caesar Scaliger]] (Giulio Cesare della Scala) (1484-1558)
*[[Ioannes Schenckius]] (Johannes Schenck von Grafenberg) ([[1530]]-[[1599]])
*[[Ioannes Schicchius]] (Gianni Schicchi) (XIII saeculum)
*[[Bartolomaeus Schidonius]] (Bartolomeo Schedoni) (1578-1615)
*[[Erasmus Schmidius]] (Erasmus Schmidt) (1570-1637)
*[[Iulius Georgius Schottelius]] (Justus Georg Schottel) ([[1612]]-[[1676]])
*[[Andreas Schottus]] (André Scott) (1552-1629)
*[[Caspar Schwenckfeldius]] (Kaspar Schwen[c]kfeld von Ossig) (circa [[1490]] - [[1561]])
*[[Antonius Maria Schyrleus de Rheita|Antonius Maria '''Schyrleus''' de Rheita]] (Antonín Maria Šírek z Reity) ([[1597]]-[[1660]])
*[[Ioannes Sciurinodonus]] (Kyōgoku Takatomo) (1572-1622)
*[[Robertus Falcon Scottus]] (Robert Falcon Scott) (1868-1912)
*[[Gualterus Scott|Walterus Scotus]] (Walter Scott) (1771-1832)
*[[Laurentius Scupulus]] (Lorenzo Scupoli) (1530-1610)
*[[Ianus Secundus]] (Iohannes Everardi) (1511-1536)
*[[Volodimirus Selenscius]] (Volodymyr Zelens'kyj) (1978-)
*[[Nicolaus Selneccerus]] (Nicolaus Selnecker) (1530-1592)
*[[Seltan Segued]] (Sūsinyōs) (1571/1575 circa-1632)
*[[Michael Sendivogius]] (Michał Sędziwój) (1566-1636)
*[[Duccius Senensis]] (Duccio di Buoninsegna) (circa 1255-1318/1319)
*[[Hieronymus Seripandus]] (Girolamo Seripando) (1493-1563)
*[[Sebastianus Serlius]] (Sebastiano Serlio) (1475-1554)
*[[Michael Servetus]] (Miguel Serveto y Reves) (1511-1553)
*[[Ioannes IV (tzar Russiae)|Ioannes IV Severus]] seu Ioannes Basilides (Ivan IV Vasil'evič Groznyj) (1530-1584)
*[[Antonius Sexagius]] (Antoon van T'Sestich) (...-1585)
*[[Ludovicus Sfortia]] vel Sphortia, dictus Maurus (Ludovico Sforza il Moro) (1452-1508)
*[[Gulielmus Shakesperius]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.com/books?id=IgARAAAAIAAJ&amp;q=shakesperius&amp;dq=shakesperius&amp;pgis=1 Jahrbuch, ab ''Deutsche Shakespeare-Gesellschaft''].&lt;/ref&gt; (William Shakespeare) (1564–1616)
*[[Georgius Bernardus Shavius]] (George Bernard Shaw) (1856-1950)
*[[Michael Sidonius]] (Michael Helding) ([[1506]]–[[1561]])
*[[Carolus Sigonius]] (Carlo Sigonio aut Sigone) (1520-1584)
*[[Angelus Silesius]] (Ioannes Scheffler) ([[1624]] - [[1677]])
*[[Melchior Adamus|Melchior Adamus Silesius]] (Melchior Adam) (1575 circa-1622)
*[[Elisabetha Sirania]] (Elisabetta Sirani) (1638-1665)
*[[Gulielmus Smallvoodius]] (William Smallwood) (1732-1792)
*[[Adamus Smith|Adamus Smithius]] (Adam Smith) (1723-1790)
*[[Ioannes Smithius]] (John Smith) (1580-1631)
*[[Willebrordus Snellius]] (Willebrord van Roijen Snell) ([[1580]]-[[1626]])
*[[Sophagasenus]] (Subhagasena) (floruit 206 a.C.n.-190 a.C.n.)
*[[Ferdinandus Sotus]] (Hernando de Soto) (1500-1542)
*[[Georgius Spalatinus]] (Georg Burkhardt) (1484-1545)
*[[Spalyris]] (Śpalahora) (floruit 50-47)
*[[Ezechiel Spanhemius]] (Ezechiel von Spanheim) (1629-1710)
*[[Fridericus Spanhemius]] (Friederich Spanheim) (1600-1649)
*[[Paulus Speratus]] (Paul Spret aut Hoffer) (1484-1551)
*[[Henricus Spondanus]] (Henry de Sponde) ([[1568]]-[[1643]])
*[[Iacobus Sponius]] (Jacob Spon) (1647-1685)
*[[Antonius Squarcialupus]] (Antonio Squarcialupi) (1416-1480)
*[[Laelius Socinus]] (Lelio Sozzini) (1525-1562)
*[[Faustus Socinus]] (Fausto Paolo Sozzini) (1539-1604)
*[[Ludovicus Sotellus]] (Luis Sotelo) (1574-1624)
*[[Iohannes Stabius]] (Johannes Stöberer aut Stab) (circa annum 1460-1522)
*[[Iohannes Stadius]] (Jan Van Ostaeyen aut Jean Stade)  (1487-1561)
*[[Georgius Stampelius]] (Georg Stampel) (1561-1622)
*[[Demetrius Stanciowius]] (Dimităr Janev Stančov) (1863-1940)
*[[Gerardus Stederburgensis]] (Gerhard von Steterburg) (...-1209)
*[[Nicolaus Steno]] (Niels Stensen) (1638-1686)
*[[Georgius Stiernhielmus]] (Georg Stiernhielm) (1598-1672)
*[[Antonius Stradivarius]] (Antonio Stradivari) (1648-1737)
*[[Gulielmus Stephanides]] (William Fitzstephen) (?-1191)
*[[Henricus Stephanus (mortuus 1598)|Henricus Stephanus]] (Henri Estienne) (1528/1531-1598)
*[[Andreas Stiborius]] (Andreas Stöberl) (circiter [[1464]]-[[1515]])
*[[Petrus Stolypinius]] (Pëtr Stolypin) (1862-1911)
*[[Iohannes Stuckius]] (Johannes Stuck) (1587–1653)
*[[Snorro Sturlaeus]] (Snorri Sturluson) (1179-1241)
*[[Daniel Suavius]] (Daniel Sudermann) (1550–1631)
*[[Thomas Sumterus]] (Thomas Sumter) (1734-1832)
*[[Suncius]] (Sun Tzu) (544 a.C.n.-496 a.C.n.)
*[[Sungteius]] (Shunzhi) (1638-1661)
*[[Henricus Suso]] (Heinrich Seuse) (circa 1295 - 1366)
*[[Iacobus Sylvius]] (Jacques Dubois) (1478 – 1555)
*[[Actius Syncerus]] (Jacopo Sannazaro) (1456-1530)
*[[Gerardus Synellius]] (Gerard Schnell) (circa annum 1470-1552)

== T ==
[[Fasciculus:Libr0367.jpg|thumb|&quot;EN VIRESCIT GALILÆVS ALTER Anagr. EVANGELISTA TORRICELLIVS Sereniſſimi M. Ducis Hetruriæ Mathem.&lt;sup&gt;cus&lt;/sup&gt; &amp; Philos:&lt;sup&gt;us&lt;/sup&gt; Obijt Anno Dom. [[1647|MDCXLVII]] Aet.&lt;sup&gt;s&lt;/sup&gt; XL&quot; Evangelista Torricellius pictus in frontispicium libri ''Lezioni Accademiche d'Evangelista Torricelli'' anno 1715 impressi]]
* [[Iacobus Theodorus Tabernaemontanus]] (Jakob Diether von Bergzabern) (1522−1590)
* [[Tacaiamandonus Darius]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; (Takayama Momoteru) (1531-1595)
* [[Taichangus]] (Taichang) (1582-1620)
* [[Taicosama]] (Toyotomi Hideyoshi) (1537-1598)
* [[Tamerlanes]] seu Tamerlanus (Temür) (1336-1405)
* [[Sancius Tangadonus]] (Ōmura Yoshiaki) (1599-1616)
* [[Taqua Nombo]]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Taqua Nombo Firandi Rex&quot;; Iohannes Petrus Maffeius, ''Historiarum Indicarum libri XVI. Selectarum item ex India epistolarum libri IV'' (Antverpiae, 1605): 306 [https://www.google.it/books/edition/Historiarum_Indicarum_libri_XVI_Selectar/7nZUAAAAcAAJ?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=taqua+nombo+indicarum&amp;pg=RA5-PA488-IA20&amp;printsec=frontcover].&lt;/ref&gt; (Matsūra Takanobu) (1529-1599)
* [[Nicolaus Tartalea]] (Nicolò Tartaglia) (circa [[1500]]-[[1557]])
* [[Gaspar Taliacotius]] (Gaspare Tagliacozzi Trigambe) (1546−1599) 
* [[Taquia]] (Dájǐ) (1076 a.C.n.-1046 a.C.n.)
* [[Iacobus Tappius]] (Jacob Tappe) (1603−1680) 
* [[Augustinus Tarazavandonus]] seu Ximanocamius Terazaua&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Habet Ximanocamius Terasaua Princeps Amacusæ, arcis Xiqui Præfectum, illarumque insularum Gubernatorem, clientem quendam suum, virum nobilem, Tobioium Miaquem&quot;; Christophorus Ferreira, ''Narratio persecutionis adversus christianos excitatae in variis Japoniae regnis ann. 1628, 1629, 1630'' (1635): 127 [https://www.google.it/books/edition/Narratio_persecutionis_adversus_christia/X2Y1w1bbifMC?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=ximanocamius&amp;pg=PA127&amp;printsec=frontcover].&lt;/ref&gt; (Terazawa Hirotaka, cuius titulus erat Shima-no-kami) (1563-1633)
* [[Iosephus Tartinius]] (Giuseppe Tartini) (1692-1770)
* [[Torquatus Tassus]] (Torquato Tasso) (1544-1595)
* [[Marcus Tatius]] (Markus Tach) (circa annum 1509-1562)
* [[Nicolaus Taurellus]] (Nikolaus Öchslein aut Nicolas Tourot) ([[1547]]-[[1606]]) 
* [[Taxiles]] (Ambhi) (...-post 321 a.C.n.)
* [[Georgius Philippus Telemannus]] (Georg Philipp Telemann) (1681-1767)
* [[Carolus Temerarius]] (Charles le Téméraire) (1433-1477)
* [[Iacobus Tentoretus]] (Jacopo Tintoretto) (1518-1594)
* [[Ioannes Terrentius]] (Johann Schrek) (1576-1630)
* [[Andreas Thevetus]] (André Thevet) (1516-1590)
* [[Thienkius]] (Tianqi) (1605-1627)
* [[Thienmingus]] (Nurhaci) (1559-1626)
* [[Stephanus Thomae]] (Stjepan Tomašević) (circa 1438-1463)
* [[Iacobus Augustus Thuanus]] (Jacques-Auguste de Thou) (1553-1617)
* [[Gudbrandus Thorlacius]] (Guðbrandur Þorláksson) (1542-1627)
* [[Gulielmus Tindalus]] (William Tyndale) (1484-1536)
* [[Cuthebertus Tonstallus]] (Cuthebert Tonstall) (1474-1559)
* [[Evangelista Torricellius]] (Evangelista Torricelli) (1608-1647)
* [[Thomas Tosa Naitodonus]] (Naitō Sadanobu, cuius titulus erat Tosa-no-Kami) (saeculum XVI)
* [[Simon Toscirondonus Findenanus]] (Mōri Hidekane) (1567-1601)
* [[Toxogunsama]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;&quot;Xogunsamæ tyranno sanguinario anno 1629 successit barbaræ crudelitatis &amp; Imperii hæres Toxogunsama filius&quot;; Josephus Biner, ''Apparatus eruditionis ad jurisprudentiam praesertim ecclesiasticam'' (1766): 182 [https://www.google.it/books/edition/Apparatus_eruditionis_ad_jurisprudentiam/PeoYYeuN0PUC?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Xogunsam%C3%A6&amp;pg=RA1-PA182&amp;printsec=frontcover].&lt;/ref&gt; (Tokugawa Iemitsu) (1604-1651)
* [[Iohannes Trithemius]] (Johannes Heidenberg oder Zeller) (1462-1516)
* [[Marcus Antonius Trivisanus]] ‎(Marcantonio Trevisan) (1475 circa-1554)
* [[Primus Truberus]] (Primož Trubar) (1508-1586)
* [[Tuctais]] (Toqta) (ante 1282-1312)
* [[Petrus Codicillus de Tulechowa]] (Petr Kodicil z Tulechova) (1533-1589)
* [[Hadrianus Turnebus]] (Adrien Turnèbe) (1512-1565)
*[[Guilielmus Turnerus]] (William Turner) (1510-1568)
* [[Iacobus Tutor]] (Jacob de Wocht)&lt;ref&gt;P. Ackroyd, ''The life of Thomas More'', pag. 123.&lt;/ref&gt; (XV saeculum)
* [[Tusi]] (Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī) ([[1201]]-[[1274]])
* [[Augustinus Tzunocamindonus]] (Konishi Yukinaga) (1558-1600)

== U ==
* [[Iustus Ucondonus]] (Takayama Ukon) (1552-1612)
* [[Paulus Ugiellus]] (Paolo Uccello) (1397-1475)
* [[Uiesuqui Caguecatsu]] (Uesugi Kagekatsu) (1556-1623)
* [[Uiesuqui Danion]] (Uesugi Sadakatsu) (1604-1645)
* [[Ulxius]] (Qin Er Shi) (229 a.C.n.-207 a.C.n.)
* [[Unemius]] (Takenaka Shigeyoshi, cuius titulus erat Uneme-no-Shō) (XVI saeculum-1633)
* [[Nicolaus III|Ioannes Caetanus de Ursinis]] (Giovanni Gaetano Orsini aut [[Papa]] Nicolaus III)
* [[Fulvius Ursinus]] (Fulvio Orsini) (1529-1600)
* [[Christopherus Ursuychus]] (Christopher Urswick) 1448-1522)
* [[Usbecus]] (Özbeg) (1282-1341)
* [[Uxuiacandonus]] (Minamoto no Yoshitsune) (1159-1189)

== V ==
[[Fasciculus:Vespucci-Amerigo Vespucci.jpg|thumb|Americus Vespucius]]
* [[Ioachim Vadianus]] (Joachim von Watt) ([[1484]]-[[1551]])
* [[Henricus Valesius]] (Henri de Valois) (1603-1676)
* [[Thomas Vallaurius]] (Tommaso Vallauri) (1805-1897)
* [[Robertus Valturius]]&lt;ref&gt;Cf. [http://www.vialibri.net/item_pg/1167765.htm ''(ll) viaLibri ~ De re militari - VALTURIUS, ROBERTUS - 1483. (1167765)'' apud www.vialibri.net]{{Nexus deficitur|date=December 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; (Roberto Valturio) ([[1405]]–[[1475]])
* [[Vanleius]] (Wanli) (1563-1620)
* [[Benedictus Varchius]] (Benedetto Varchi) (1503-1565)
* [[Iosephus Varrenius]] (Joseph Warren) (1741-1775)
* [[Georgius Vasarius]] (Giorgio Vasari) (1511-1574)
* [[Vatadonus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;Josephus Juvencius, ''Epitome Historiae Sociatatis Jesu. Ab anno Christi MDLVII ad annum MDLXXXI · Volume 2'' (Gandavi, 1853): 229 [https://www.google.it/books/edition/Epitome_Historiae_Sociatatis_Jesu/9L9GAAAAcAAJ?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Zamalucus&amp;pg=PA229&amp;printsec=frontcover].&lt;/ref&gt; (Wada Koremasa) (1536-1571)
* [[Titianus Vecellii]] seu Vecellius (Tiziano Vecellio) (1488-1576)
* [[Maphaeus Vegius]] (Maffeo Vegio) (1407-1458)
* [[Didacus Velazquius]] (Diego Rodríguez de Silva y Velázquez) (1559-1660)
* [[Sebastianus Venetus]] (Sebastiano del Piombo) (circa 1485-1547)
* [[Faustus Verantius]] (Faust Vrančić) (1551-1617)
* [[Polydorus Vergilius]] aut [[Polydorus Virgilius|Virgilius]] (Polidoro Virgili) (circa 1470- 1555)
* [[Petrus Martyr Vermilius]] (Pietro Martire Vermigli) (1499-1562)
* [[Richardus Versteganus]] (Richard Rowlands) (circa 1548-1640)
* [[Iohannes Sulpitius Verulanus]] (Giovanni Sulpizio da Veroli) (floruit 1470-1490)
* [[Andreas Vesalius]] (Andries van Wesel) (1514-1564)
* [[Ioannes Vesleius]] (John Wesley) (1703-1791)
* [[Americus Vespucius]] (Amerigo Vespucci) (1451-1512)
* [[Ianus Verazanus]] (Giovanni da Verrazano) (1485-1528)
* [[Iosephus Verdius]] (Giuseppe Verdi) (1813-1901)
* [[Scotus Viator (auctor pseudonymus)|Scotus Viator]] (Robert William Seton-Watson) (1879-1951)
* [[Thomas Viatus]] (Thomas Wyatt) (1503-1542)
* [[Ioannes Galeacius Vicecomes]] (Gian Galeazzo Visconti) (1351-1402)
* [[Petrus Victorius]] (Pietro Vettori) (1499-1585)
* [[Aeneas Vicus]] (Enea Vico) (1523-1567)
* [[Franciscus Vieta]] (François Viète) (1540-1603)
* [[Otho Hollandus Villiamius]] (Otho Holland Williams) (1749-1794)
* [[Leonardus Vincius]] (Leonardo da Vinci) ([[1452]]-[[1519]]) 
* [[Petrus de Vinea]] (Pier delle Vigne) (1190 circa-1249)
* [[Mutius Vitellescus]] (Muzio Vitelleschi) (1563-1645)
* [[Gisbertus Voetius]] (Gijsbert Voet) (1589-1676)
* [[Melchior Volmarius]] (Melchior Volmar) ([[1497]]–[[1560]])
* [[Voltarius]]&lt;ref&gt;''Voltarii Henriados: editio nova, Latinis versibus &amp; Gallicis, q. dedicat [[:en:Karl Theodor Anton Maria von Dalberg|Carolo-Theodoro]], [[Calcius Cappavallis]]'', 1772.&lt;/ref&gt; (Voltaire, vere François Marie Arouet) (1694-1778)
* [[Gerardus Vossius|Gerardus Iohannis Vossius]] (Gerrit Janzoon Vos) (1577-1649)
* [[Petrus Vrangelus]] (Pëtr Nikolaevič Vrangel') (1878-1928)

== W ==
[[Fasciculus:Johanna Elisabeth Weston.jpg|thumb|Elisabetha Ioanna Westonia]]
* [[Albertus Wallensteinius]], Dux Fridlandiae&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/cluever/cluever4.html] textus [[universitas Manhemiensis]]. Lectum 21 Iulii 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camena/bald1/baldepoemata1-toc.html] Iacobi Balde e Societate Jesu Lyricorum Liber Primus, [[CAMENA]]: Lectum 21 Iulii 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; seu Albertus Waldsteinius dux Fridlandiae&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.de/books?id=HHoRAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA30&amp;lpg=PA30&amp;dq=dux+Fridlandiae&amp;source=web&amp;ots=3UTM7EBVFS&amp;sig=0mFE7xxci6ucx5w-DhVpcnRbICE&amp;hl=de&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;resnum=2&amp;ct=result#PPP5,M1 Liber apud books.google.de] &quot;De Alberto Waldsteinio duce proditore&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; plenius Albertus Wenceslaus Eusebius Waldsteinius dux Fridlandiae&lt;ref&gt;''Znovu o Valdštejnovi'' [http://www.jicinsko.cz/nn/01/07/nn107-b.htm] {{ling|Bohemice}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Albrecht Václav Eusebius z Valdštejna ~ Vojtěch Václav Eusebius z Valdštejna) ([[1583]]-[[1634]])
* [[Georgius Washingtonius]] (George Washington) ([[1732]]-[[1799]])
* [[Accius Watanabeus]] (Akihiko Watanabe) (1973-)
* [[Erhardus Weigelius]] (Erhard Weigel) (1625-1699)
* [[Ioachim Westphalus]] (Joachim Westphal) (1510-1574)
* [[Elisabetha Ioanna Westonia]] (Elizabeth Jane Weston) (1581-1612)
* [[Carolus Antonius Wetstenius]] (Carel Antoni de Wetstein) (1742-1797)
*[[Iohannes Rodolfus Wetsteinius]] (Johann Rudolf Wettstein) (1594-1666)
*[[Woodrovius Wilsonius]] (Woodrow Wilson) (1856-1924)
* [[Ioannes Hildebrandus Withofius]] (Johann Hildebrand Withof) ([[1694]]-[[1769]])
* [[Ioannes Philippus Laurentius Withofius]] (Johann Philipp Lorenz Withof) ([[1725]]-[[1789]])
* [[Fridericus Augustus Wolfius]]&lt;ref&gt;''[[Prolegomena ad Homerum]] . . . scripsit Frid. Aug. Wolfius. Volumen I. Halis Saxonum: e libraria Orphanotrophei, 1795.&lt;/ref&gt; (Friedrich August Wolf) ([[1759]]–[[1824]])
* [[Thomas Wolsa]] (Thomas Wolsey) ([[1475]]–[[1530]])
* [[Olaus Wormius]] (Ole Worm) (1588-1654)
* [[Henricus Wottonius]] (Henry Wotton) (1568-1639)
* [[Daniel Albertus Wyttenbachius]] (Daniel Albert Wyttenbach) (1746-1820) 

== X ==
[[Fasciculus:Wilhelm Xylander (12158348).jpg|thumb|Guilielmus Xylander]]
* [[Yoxinobus Xadaquedonus]] (Satake Yoshinobu) (1570-1633)
* [[Xandrames]] (Dhana Nanda) (IV saeculum a.C.n.-321 a.C.n.)
* [[Franciscus Xaverius|Franciscus Xavierus]] (Francisco de Jasso Azpilicueta Atondo y Aznares de Javier) (1506-1556)
* [[Xengandonus]] (Arima Haruzumi) (1483-1566)
* [[Xibatadonus]] (Shibata Katsuie) (1522-1583)
* [[Ximonda Daisem]] (Ishimoda Muneyori) (1584-1647)
* [[Constantinus Xiungendonus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;Daniel Papebrochius, ''Acta sanctorum quotquot toto orbe coluntur, vel a catholicis scriptoribus celebrantur, quae ex latinis et graecis, tomus secundus'' (Parisiis, 1863): 765 [https://www.google.it/books/edition/Acta_sanctorum_quotquot_toto_orbe_colunt/22n91tzTnNgC?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Gratia+Jacundonus&amp;pg=PA765&amp;printsec=frontcover].&lt;/ref&gt; (Maeda Shigekatsu) (1852-1621)
* [[Rodericus Ximenius|Rodericus Ximenius Toletanus]] (Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada) (1170-1247)
* [[Xogunsama]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; (Tokugawa Hidetada) (1579-1632)
* [[Xunchius]] (Shùnzhì) (1638-1611)
* [[Guilielmus Xylander]] (Wilhelm Holtzman) (1532-1576)

== Y ==
* [[Yzit I (calipha Omayadarum)|Yzit I]] (Yazīd I ibn Muʿāwiya) (645-683)
* [[Yzit II (calipha Omayadarum)|Yzit II]] (Yazid II ibn 'Abd al-Malik) (690-724)
* [[Yzit III (calipha Omayadarum)|Yzit III]] (Yazīd ibn al-Walīd) (701-744)

== Z ==
* [[Zamalucus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; (Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah, qui dicitur &quot;Nizim-ul Mulk&quot;) (1518-1580)
* [[Nicolaus Serinius (1508–1566)|Nicolaus Zarinus]] ([[Hungarice]] Miklós Zrínyi aut [[Croatice]] Nikola Šubić Zrinski) (1508-1566)
* [[Huldrichus Zasius]] (Ulrich Zäsy) ([[1461]]–[[1536]])
* [[Zeonises]] (Jihonika) (floruit circa 20–40)
* [[Zizimus]] (Cem) (1459–1495)
* [[Zoroastres]] seu Zoroaster (Zarathuštra) (IX saeculum a.C.n.–VIII saeculum a.C.n.)
* [[Thaddaeus Zuccarus]] (Taddeo Zuccari) (1529–1566)
* [[Zungchinius]] (Chongzhen) (1611-1644)
* [[Zungteus]] (Huang Taiji) (1592–1643)
* [[Ioannes Baptista Zupus]] (Giovanni Battista Zupi) (circiter [[1590]]–[[1650]])
* [[Huldericus Zvinglius]] (Ulrich Zwingli) ([[1484]]–[[1531]])

{{NexInt}}
*[[Index nominum]]
*[[Index nominum Latinorum Arabum Persarumque Medii Aevi]]
*[[Lexicon Nominum Virorum et Mulierum]] 

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

[[Categoria:Indices nominum]]</text>
      <sha1>7o5vanxddosbnqvqc0r8r7jf8s75hy4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Simona de Beauvoir</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>42382</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3970004</id>
      <parentid>3739027</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T19:11:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>LilyKitty</username>
        <id>18316</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>de Praemio Goncout anno 1954</comment>
      <origin>3970004</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2907" sha1="5lswcxcu464ct4as45kxmqq7kblnxgi" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Sartre and de Beauvoir at Balzac Memorial.jpg|thumb|Simona de Beauvoir et [[Ioannes Paulus Sartre]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Beauvoir Sartre - Che Guevara -1960 - Cuba.jpg|thumb|Simona de Beauvoir, Ioannes Paulus Sartre et [[Che Guevara]] [[Havana]]e anno [[1960]].]]

'''Simona de Beauvoir''' ([[Francogallice]] ''Simone-Lucie-Ernestine-Marie Bertrand de Beauvoir'' vel brevius ''Simone de Beauvoir'', nata [[9 Ianuarii]] [[1908]] [[Lutetia]]e et [[14 Aprilis]] [[1986]] eodem loco mortua) fuit Francogallica [[scriptor|scriptrix]], [[philosophia|philosopha]] ac [[Feminismus|feministria]]. [[Liber|Libros]] permultos, et [[mythistoria|historias fictas]], quarum ''[[L'Invitée]]'' (Latine ''Femina invitata'') et ''[[Les Mandarins]]'' (Latine ''De Mandarinis'') a quo [[Praemium Goncourt]] anno [[1954]] accepit inter alias praestantes, et disputationes philosophicas, quorum ''[[Le Deuxième Sexe]]'' (Latine ''De Sexu Secundo'' vel ''De Sexu Sequiore''), disputatio de modo, quo feminae oppressae sunt, quae maxime [[theoria feminismi|theoriam feminismi]] impulit, multos per annos scripsit.

== Vita ==
Simona de Beauvoir, Georgi (Francogallice ''Georges Bertrand de Beauvoir'') ac Franciscae (''Françoise Beauvoir,'' natae ''Brasseur'') filia, alumna [[Lyceum Fénelon|Lycei Fénelon]] [[Lutetia|Parisiensis]], iuvenis ecclesiastico more, ut voluit mater, fideque maxime Christiano cultui educata; fama est autem eam sacerdotem Christianam fieri voluisse, annos verum quattuordecem natam religioni abnuentem, [[atheismus|atheismum]] accepisse. Natura sua [[cogitatio libera|cogitationi libera]] et philosophiae [[existentialista|existentialistica]]e studens, paterno etiam hortatu et res numerorum et litteras didicit, cum opes familiae post [[primum bellum mundanum|bellum]] amissae sunt. Amicus eius fuit [[Ioannes Paulus Sartre]].

== Dictum ==
* &quot;Non nata est, immo facta femina&quot; (''Le Deuxième Sexe'', liber secundus)

== Nexus externi ==
* [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/beauvoir/ De Simona de Beauvoir ] Pagina a Debra Bergoffen scripta
* [http://www.iep.utm.edu/b/beauvoir.htm De Simona de Beauvoir] Pagina a Shannon Mussett scripta 
* [http://www.rowohlt.de/autor/2538 www.rowohlt.de/] Bibliographia integralis
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20041013181552/http://www.phenomenologycenter.org/simone1.htm Bibliographia integralis]
* [http://www.fembio.org/biographie.php/frau/biographie/simone-de-beauvoir/ Biographia] a Mariana Kremer scripta 

{{Lifetime|1908|1986|Beauvoir, Simona de}}
[[Categoria:Atheismus]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Francogallici]]
[[Categoria:Epistemologi]]
[[Categoria:Existentialistae]]
[[Categoria:Feminismus]]
[[Categoria:Mulieres]]
[[Categoria:Ontologi]]
[[Categoria:Philosophi Franciae]]
[[Categoria:Philosophi sexualitatis]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Franciae]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Lycei Fénelon]]
{{1000 paginae}}
{{Myrias|Homines}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Robertus Calderoli</title>
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      <text bytes="1141" sha1="qsu8yv9tlw9r0kqs6y8j37023ru9sex" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
'''Robertus Calderoli''', vulgo ''Roberto Calderoli'' (natus [[Bergomum|Bergomi]] die [[18 Aprilis]] [[1956]]), est vir publicus [[Italia|Italicus]] factionis [[Foedus Septemtrionale|Foederis Septentrionalis]] ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]] ''Lega Nord''). Medicinae et chirgiae apud [[universitas Mediolanensis|universitatem Mediolanensem]] studuit; odontiatrus in urbe nativa operam dedit. Minister a reformation a die [[19 Iulii]] [[2004]] ad [[18 Februarii]] [[2006]], deinde minister a simplificatione a die [[8 Maii]] [[2008]] ad [[16 Novembris]] [[2011]] fuit, primo ministro [[Silvius Berlusconius|Silvio Berlusconio]]. A die [[22 Octobris]] [[2022]], prima ministra [[Georgia Meloni]], minister rerum regionalium autonomiarumque meret.

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes biographici}}

{{bio-stipula}}
{{Consilium Italicum Berlusconi II}}
{{Consilium Italicum Berlusconi III}}
{{Consilium Italicum Berlusconi IV}}
{{Consilium Italicum Meloni}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Calderoli, Robertus}}
[[Categoria:Politici Italiae]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1956]]
[[Categoria:Homines vivi]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Mediolanensis]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Henricus Letta</title>
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      <text bytes="2689" sha1="mqr9zsbuvlel2fdwgws06k0vad8dng8" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
'''Henricus''', vulgo ''Enrico'' '''Letta''' (natus die [[20 Augusti]] [[1966]]) est vir [[politicus]] [[Italia|Italicus]] [[Factio Democratica (Italia)|Factionis Democraticae]]. Ab anno [[2013]] usque in [[2014]] [[praeses Consilii ministrorum Reipublicae Italicae|primo ministro Italiae]] functus est.

Henricus Letta [[Pisae|Pisis]] natus est, patre mathematico [[universitas Pisana|universitatis]], matre [[Sardinia|Sarda]] e stirpe [[Etruria|Tuscano]]. [[Argentoratum|Argentorati]] partim educatus, apud universitatem urbis natalis eruditus est. Sodalis fuit [[factio Christiana democratica (Italia)|Christianorum democraticorum]], deinde successoris [[factio populi Italici|populi Italici]] factionis, denuo [[factio democratica (Italia)|factionis democraticae]] cuius inter conditores fuit anno [[2007]]. Legatus est ad [[parlamentum Italicum]] a die [[30 Maii]] [[2001]] usque ad [[23 Iulii]] [[2015]], etiam ad [[parlamentum Europaeum]] ab [[14 Iunii]] [[2004]] ad [[10 Aprilis]] [[2006]]. Minister a rebus Europaeis a die [[21 Octobris]] [[1998]], minister ab industria ab [[22 Decembris]] [[1999]] usque ad [[11 Iunii]] [[2001]] meruit, primo ministro [[Maximus D'Alema|Maximo D'Alema]]. Ipse primus minister creatus est die [[28 Aprilis]] [[2013]], sed die [[22 Februarii]] [[2014]] id officium recusavit.

== Bibliographia ==
[[Fasciculus:Enrico Letta and Piero Gnudi 3 - Tutticittì.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|Henricus Letta et [[Petrus Gnudi]] anno 2012 consedentes]]
* &quot;[http://www.liberoquotidiano.it/news/personaggi/1230362/Pisano--milanista--baby-ministro--Ecco-chi-e-Enrico-Letta--l-eterno--giovane--del-Pd.html Pisano, milanista, baby-ministro. Ecco chi è Enrico Letta, l'eterno &quot;giovane&quot; del Pd]&quot; in ''Libero quotidiano'' (24 Aprilis 2013)
* &quot;[http://www.huffingtonpost.it/2013/04/24/enrico-letta-la-bio-del-giovane-dalla-grande-esperienza_n_3145094.html Enrico Letta: la bio del giovane dalla grande esperienza (FOTO)]&quot; in ''L'Huffington Post'' (24 Aprilis 2013)

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Enrico Letta|Henricum Letta}}
{{Fontes biographici}}
* [http://www.enricoletta.it/ Situs privatus]
* [http://www.europarl.europa.eu/members/archive/term6/view.do?id=28413&amp;language=DE Brevis biographia] apud [[Parlamentum Europaeum]]

{{Primi ministri Italiae}}
{{Consilium Italicum D'Alema I}}
{{Consilium Italicum D'Alema II}}
{{Consilium Italicum Amato II}}
{{Consilium Italicum Letta}}
{{Ministri pro industria Italici}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Letta, Henricus}}
[[Categoria:Praesides Consilii Ministrorum Italiae]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1966]]
[[Categoria:Homines vivi]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Pisanae]]
[[Categoria:Legati Parlamenti Europaei]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mahikeng</title>
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      <text bytes="665" sha1="0rrxjn31xbbbmr29rusr1txq8je2o8r" xml:space="preserve">'''Mahikeng''' (olim ''Mafeking'', ''Mafikeng'') provinciae [[Boreoccidens|Boreoccidentalis]] caput in [[Africa Australis|Africa Australi]] est, 1400 km Boreoriente [[Urbs Promontorii|Urbis Promontorii]] et 790 km Notioccidentali Meridie [[Bulawayo]] per tramen et 260 km in linea recta ab [[Ioannisburgum|Ioannisburgo]] distans. Anno 2001 49.300 incolarum habebat. 

Maficengum annis post [[1880]] a militibus [[Regnum Unitum|Britannicis]] condita est.

{{urbs-stipula}}

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190722234950/http://www.mahikeng.gov.za/ Pagina municipii Mahikeng]

[[Categoria:Urbes Africae Australis]]
[[Categoria:Condita saeculo 19]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Franciscus Rutelli</title>
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      <text bytes="1310" sha1="ah64423fsotw6fpah73bm1p9tn08s5n" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
'''Franciscus Rutelli''', vulgo ''Francesco Rutelli'' (natus die [[14 Iunii]] [[1954]] [[Roma]]e), est politicus [[Italia|Italicus]]. In urbe natali educatus est [[Studium Urbis|Studiumque]] frequentavit, unde sine lauris abiit. Usque ad annum [[2009]] [[Factio Democratica (Italia)|Factionis Democraticae]], quam illo tempore reliquit ad novam factionem creandam. Ipse ab anno [[1993]] usque ad annum [[2001]] magister [[urbs|urbis]] Romae, et ab anno [[2006]] usque ad annum [[2008]] minister [[cultura]]e Italiae fuerat. Anno [[2008]], Romae magistri electionibus candidatus ab [[Ioannes Alemanno|Ioanne Alemanno]] factionis [[Populus Libertatis|Populi Libertatis]] iterum profligatus est.

[[Uxor]] eius est [[Barbara Palombelli]] [[diurnaria]].

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Francesco Rutelli|Franciscum Rutelli}}
{{Fontes biographici}}
[[Fasciculus:Francesco Rutelli.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|Franciscus Rutelli (ad dextram)]]
* [http://www.francescorutelli.it/ Situs privatus]

{{Consilium Italicum Prodi II}}
{{Ministri pro patrimonio Italici}}
{{Ministri oecologiae Italici}}
{{Praefecti urbi Romae recentes}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rutelli, Franciscus}}

[[Categoria:Nati 1954]]
[[Categoria:Homines vivi]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Italiae]]
[[Categoria:Praefecti urbi Romae recentes]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Robertina Tunney</title>
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'''Robertina Tunney''' (nata die [[19 Iunii]] [[1972]] [[Sicagum|Sicagi]], [[Illinoesia]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|CFA]]) est [[actor|actrix]] [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Americana]], cuius familia oriunda e [[Hibernia]] est.

== Nexus externi ==

* {{Imdb name|0000677|Robertina Tunney}}
* [http://www.robin-tunney.com Pagina officialis Robin-Tunney.com] {{Ling|Anglice}}

{{bio-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tunney, Robertina}}
[[Categoria:Mulieres]]
[[Categoria:Actores Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Illinoesiae]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1972]]
[[Categoria:Homines vivi]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Praefectus urbi Romae</title>
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        <id>2059</id>
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      <comment>/* Fasti praefectorum urbi */</comment>
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      <text bytes="13639" sha1="m77h2q5rvw9lhxxgg1i1rd1oh8g6cv5" xml:space="preserve">{{Videhom|Praefectus urbi Constantinopoli}}
'''Praefectus urbi Romae''' antiquitus fuit munus Romanum, quod primum [[rex Romanus|regibus Romanis]] creatum praecipue [[Antiquitas Posterior|Antiquitate Posteriore]] in honore habitum est.

== Regnum et res publica antiqua ==
Temporibus regum et initio rei publicae liberae praefectus urbi Romam administravit, cum rex et postea consules non adfuerunt&lt;ref&gt;[[Livius]] I 59,12. [[Dionysius Halicarnassensis|Dion. Hal]]. ''Ant. Rom''., II,12,1.&lt;/ref&gt;. Exempli gratia, [[Tarquinius Superbus|Tarquinio]] rege [[Ardea (Italia)|Ardeam]] obsidente atque in castris manente, pater [[Lucretia]]e [[Spurius Lucretius Tricipitinus|Lucretius Tricipitinus]] praefectus urbi creatus erat&lt;ref&gt;[[Livius]] I 59,12. [[Dionysius Halicarnassensis|Dion. Hal]]. ''Ant. Rom''., IV,82,1.&lt;/ref&gt; tunc cum, seditione facta, [[Lucius Iunius Brutus|Iunius Brutus]] reges ex urbe exegit. Hoc officium praecipue ad ius dicendum pertinebat. Sed postquam praetores ab anno [[367]] iudiciis praefuerunt, nihil de praefectura audimus.

== Imperium Romanum ==
[[Augustus]] imperator magistratum praefecti urbi denuo creavit; a [[Tiberius|Tiberio]] imperatore semper praefecti urbi fuerunt. Praefectus urbi consularis fuit, qui legi disciplinae curabat. Ad quem officium [[cohortes vigiliae]] habebat&lt;ref&gt;[[Tacitus]] Annales VI 11.&lt;/ref&gt;. Postea praefectus urbi etiam princeps senatus fuit&lt;ref&gt;Der Neue Pauly, T 10, c. 252&lt;/ref&gt;. 

== Medium Aevum ==
Etiam post interitum imperii Romani praefecti urbi fuerunt, qui tum a rege [[Ostrogothi|Ostrogotorum]], postea ab imperatore orientali, tum demum a [[papa]] creati sunt.

== Fasti praefectorum urbi ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! Nomen
! tempus officii
|-
| [[Titus Statilius Taurus]]
| [[16 a.C.n.]]-[[10 a.C.n.]] 
|-
| [[Lucius Calpurnius Piso Pontifex]]
| [[13]]-32
|-
| [[Lucius Aelius Lamia]]
| [[32]]-33
|-
| [[Cossus Cornelius Lentulus]]
| [[33]]-36
|-
| [[Lucius Calpurnius Piso (consul 27)|Lucius Calpurnius Piso]]
| [[36]]-[[38]]/39
|-
| [[Quintus Sanquinius Maximus]]
| [[39]]-[[41]]
|-
| [[Lucius Volusius Saturninus]]
| [[42]]-[[56]]
|-
| [[Lucius Pedanius Secundus]]
| 56-[[61]]
|-
| [[Titus Flavius Sabinus]]
| 61-[[68]]
|-
| [[Aulus Ducenius Geminus]]
| 68-[[69]]
|-
| [[Titus Flavius Sabinus]] II
| 69
|-
| [[Tiberius Plautius Silvanus Aelianus]]
| 70- ante [[78]]
|-
| [[Lucius Plotius Pegasus]]
| ante 78-[[85]]
|-
| [[Titus Aurelius Fulvus (consul 85)|Titus Aurelius Fulvus]]
| 85-[[89]]
|-
| [[Gaius Rutilius Gallicus (Quintus Iulius Cordinus)]]
| 89 (fortasse iam 86)-[[91]]
|-
| [[Marcus Arrecinus Clemens]]
| 91- ante [[96]]
|-
| [[Sextus Attius Suburanus Aemilianus]]
| [[104]]
|-
| [[Quintus Glitius Atilius Agricola]]
| 104-[[105]]
|-
| [[Quintus Fabius Postuminus]]
| [[113]]- ante 117
|-
| [[Quintus Baebius Macer]]
| post 113 - [[117]]
|-
| [[Marcus Annius Verus]]
| [[117]]-[[124]]
|-
| [[Marcus Lollius Paullinus Decimus Valerius Asiaticus Saturninus]]
| [[125]]-134
|-
| [[Lucius Catilius Severus Iulianus Claudius Reginus]]
| [[134]]-138
|-
| [[Servius Cornelius Scipio Salvidienus Orfitus]]
| circa annum [[138]]
|-
| [[Quintus Lollius Urbicus]]
| [[146]] - [[160]]
|-
| [[Quintus Iunius Rusticus]]
| [[161]]-[[167]]/[[168]]
|-
| [[Lucius Sergius Paullus]]
| 168
|-
| [[Gaius Aufidius Victorinus (consul 183)|Gaius Aufidius Victorinus]]
| [[179]]-[[183]]
|-
| [[Publius Seius Fuscianus]]
| [[188]]-189/190
|-
| [[Publius Helvius Pertinax]]
| [[189]]/[[190]]-[[192]]
|-
| [[Gaius Domitius Dexter]]
| [[193]]-195
|-
| [[Publius Cornelius Anullinus (consul 199)|Publius Cornelius Anullinus]]
| [[195]]-203
|-
| [[Lucius Fabius Cilo Septiminus Catinius Acilianus Lepidus Fulcinianus]]
| [[203]]-211
|-
| [[Gaius Iulius Asper]]
| [[211]]-212
|-
| [[Lucius Marius Maximus Perpetuus Aurelianus]]
| [[217]]
|-
| [[Marcus Oclatinius Adventus]]
| [[217]] - [[218]]
|-
| [[Publius Valerius Comazon Eutychianus]]
| [[219]] - [[220]]
|-
| (Domitius?) Leo (Procillianus?)
| 220 - [[221]]
|-
| [[Publius Valerius Comazon Eutychianus]] II
| [[221]]
|-
| Fulvius
| 221 - [[222]]
|-
| [[Publius Valerius Comazon Eutychianus]] III
| 222 - [[223]]
|-
| Severus
| 223
|-
| [[Appius Claudius Iulianus]]
| 223 - [[224]]
|-
| ---
| ---
|-
| [[Pupienus|Marcus Clodius Pupienus Maximus]] 
| circa annum 234
|-
| ---
| ---
|-
| Sabinus
| ? - [[238]]
|-
| ---
| ---
|-
| [[Lucius Egnatius Victor Lollianus]]&lt;ref&gt;propter praefectos urbi annis 254 ad usque 268 vide: John Bray, Gallienus, Kent Town, Australia 1997&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[254]]
|-
| [[Lucius Valerius Claudius Maximus Acilius Priscilianus]]
| [[255]]
|-
| [[Marcus Nummius Attidius Senecio Albinus]]
| [[256]]
|-
| [[Gaius Iunius Donatus]]
| [[257]]
|-
| [[Publius Cornelius Saecularis]]
| [[258]] - [[260]]
|-
| [[Marcus Nummius Attidius Senecio Albinus]] II
| [[261]] - [[263]]
|-
| [[Paternus (consul 268)|Paternus]]
| [[264]] - [[266]]
|-
| [[Lucius Petronius Taurus Volusianus]]
| [[267]] - [[268]]
|-
| [[Flavius Antiochianus]]
| [[269]] - [[270]]
|-
| [[Tiberius Pomponius Bassus]]
| 270 - [[271]]
|-
| [[Titus Flavius Postumius Varus]]
| 271 - [[272]]
|-
| Flavius Antiochianus II
| 272 - [[273]]
|-
| [[Virius Orfitus]]
| 273 - [[274]]
|-
| [[Postumius Suagrus]]
| [[275]]
|-
| [[Ovinius Pacatianus]]
| [[276]] - [[277]]
|-
|[[Virius Lupus]]
| [[278]] - [[281]]
|-
| [[Paternus (consul 267)|Ovinius Paternus]]
| 281 - [[282]]
|-
| [[Pomponius Victorianus]]
| 282
|-
| [[Titucius Roburrus]]
| [[283]]
|-
| [[Ceionius Varus]]
| [[284]] - [[285]]
|-
| [[Marcus Iunius Maximus]]
| [[286]] - [[287]]
|-
| [[Pomponius Ianuarianus]]
| [[288]] - [[289]]
|-
| [[Lucius Turranius Gratianus]]
| 290 - [[291]]
|-
| [[Gaius Iunius Tiberianus (consul 291)|Gaius Iunius Tiberianus]]
| [[21 Februarii]] 291 - [[3 Augusti]] [[292]]
|-
| [[Septimius Acindynus (praefectus urbi)|Septimius Acindynus]]
| [[13 Martii]] [[293]] - [[10 Ianuarii]] [[295]]
|-
| [[Titus Claudius Marcus Aurelius Aristobulus]]
| [[11 Ianuarii]] 295 - [[18 Februarii]] [[296]]
|-
| [[Cassius Dio (consul 291)|Cassius Dio]]
| 18 Februarii 296 - [[297]]
|-
| [[Afranius Hannibalianus]]
| 297 - [[298]]
|-
| [[Lucius Artorius Pius Maximus]]
| 298 - [[299]]
|-
| [[Marcus Iunius Caesonius Nicomachus Anicius Faustus Paulinus]]
| 299 - [[1 Martii]] [[300]]
|-
| [[Pompeius Appius Faustinus]]
| 1 Martii 300 - [[301]]
|-
| [[Lucius Aelius Helvius Dionysius]]
| 301 - [[19 Februarii]] [[302]]
|-
| [[Marcus Nummius Tuscus (consul 295)|Marcus Nummius Tuscus]]
| [[19 Februarii]] [[302]] - [[12 Septembris]] [[303]]
|-
| [[Gaius Iunius Tiberianus]]
| 303 - [[304]]
|-
| [[Aradius Rufinus]] I
| 304 - [[12 Februarii]] [[305]]
|-
| [[Titus Flavius Postumius Titianus]]
| 12 Februarii 305 - [[19 Martii]] [[306]]
|-
| [[Gaius Annius Anullinus]] I
| 19 Martii 306 - [[27 Augusti]] [[307]]
|-
| [[Attius Insteius Tertullus]]
| 307 - [[27 Augusti]] [[308]]
|-
| [[Statius Rufinus]]
| 308 - [[13 Aprilis]] [[309]]
|-
| [[Aurelius Hermogenes]]
| 309 - [[310]]
|-
| [[Gaius Ceionius Rufius Volusianus]] I
| [[28 Octobris]] 310 - 28 Octobris [[311]]
|-
| [[Neratius Iunius Flavianus]]
| 28 Octobris 311 - [[9 Februarii]] [[312]]
|-
| Aradius Rufinus II
| 9 Februarii 312 - [[27 Octobris]] 312
|-
| [[Gaius Annius Anullinus]] II
| 27 Octobris 312 - [[29 Novembris]] 312
|-
| Aradius Rufinus III
| 29 Novembris 312 - [[8 Decembris]] [[313]] 
|-
| Gaius Ceionius Rufius Volusianus II
| 8 Decembris 313 - [[20 Augusti]] [[315]]
|-
| [[Gaius Vettius Cossinius Rufinus]]
| 20 Augusti 315 - [[4 Augusti]] [[316]]
|-
| [[Ovinius Gallicanus]]
| 4 Augusti 316 - [[15 Maii]] [[317]]
|-
| [[Septimius Bassus]]
| 15 Maii 317 - [[1 Septembris]] [[319]]
|-
| [[Lucius Valerius Maximus Basilius]]
| 319 - [[323]]
|-
| [[Locrius Verinus]] 
| [[13 Septembris]] [[323]] – [[4 Ianuarii]] [[325]]
|-
| [[Acilius Severus]]
| [[4 Ianuarii]] [[325]] - [[13 Novembris]] [[326]]
|-
| [[Amnius Anicius Iulianus]]
| 13 Novembris 326 - [[8 Septembris]] [[329]]
|-
| [[Publilius Optatianus Porphyrius]] I
| 8 Septembris 329 - [[9 Octobris]] 329
|-
| [[Petronius Probianus]] 
| 9 Octobris 329 - [[12 Aprilis]] [[331]]
|-
| [[Sextus Anicius Faustus Paulinus]]
| 12 Aprilis 331 - [[7 Aprilis]] [[333]]
|-
| Publilius Optatianus Porphyrius II
| 8 Aprilis 333 - [[11 Maii]] 333
|-
| [[Marcus Caeionius Iulianus Camenius]]
| 11 Maii 333 - [[27 Aprilis]] [[334]]
|-
| [[Amnius Manius Caesonius Nicomachus Anicius Paulinus|Amnius Manius Caesonius Nicomachus Anicius Paulinus Iunior Honorius]]
| 27 Aprilis 334 - [[30 Decembris]] [[335]]
|-
| [[Caeionius Rufius Albinus]]
| 30 Decembris 335 - [[10 Martii]] [[337]]
|-
| [[Lucius Aradius Valerius Proculus]] I
| 10 Martii 337 - [[13 Ianuarii]] [[338]]
|-
| [[Mecilius Hilarianus]]
| 13 Ianuarii 338 - [[14 Iulii]] [[339]]
|-
| [[Lucius Turcius Apronianus]]
| 14 Iulii 339 - [[25 Octobris]] 339
|-
| [[Gaius Maesius Aquillius Fabius Titianus]]
| 25 Octobris 339 - [[27 Februarii]] [[341]]
|-
| [[Aurelius Celsinus]] I
| 27 Februarii 341 - [[1 Aprilis]] [[342]] 
|-
| [[Quintus Flavius Maesius Egnatius Lollianus]]
| 1 Aprilis 342 - [[7 Iulii]] 342
|-
| [[Fabius Aconius Catullinus Philomathius]]
| 7 Iulii 342 - [[12 Aprilis]] [[344]]
|-  
| [[Quintus Rusticus]]
| 12 Aprilis 344 - [[5 Iulii]] [[345]]
|-  
| [[Probinus Petronius]]
| 5 Iulii 345 - [[26 Decembris]] [[346]]
|-  
| [[Marcus Maecius Memmius Furius Baburius Caecilianus Placidus]]
| 26 Decembris 346 - [[13 Iunii]] [[347]]
|-  
| [[Ulpius Limenius]]
| 13 Iunii 347 - [[11 Aprilis]] [[349]] 
|-  
| [[Hermogenes]]
| 11 Aprilis 349 - [[27 Februarii]] [[350]]
|-  
| Gaius Maesius Aquillius Fabius Titianus II
| 27 Februarii 350 - [[1 Martii]] [[351]]
|-  
| Aurelius Celsinus II
| 1 Martii 351 - [[12 Maii]] 351
|-
| [[Caelius Probatus]]
| 12 Maii 351 - [[7 Iunii]] 351
|-
| [[Clodius Celsinus Adelphius]]
| 7 Iunii 351 - [[18 Decembris]] 351
|-
| Lucius Aradius Valerius Proculus II
| 18 Decembris 351 - [[9 Septembris]] [[352]]
|-
| [[Septimius Mnasea]]
| [[9 Septembris]] 352 - [[26 Septembris]] 352
|-
| [[Neratius Cerealis]]
| 26 Septembris 352 - [[8 Decembris]] [[353]]
|-
| [[Memmius Vitrasius Orfitus]]
| [[8 Decembris]] [[353]] - 25 Martii [[359]]
|-
| [[Iunius Bassus signo Theotecnius]]
| [[25 Martii]] 359 - [[25 Augusti]] 359
|-
| [[Tertullus]]
| 359 - [[361]]
|-
| [[Valerius Maximus Basilius]]
| 361 - [[21 Ianuarii]] [[362]]
|-
| [[Lucius Turcius Apronianus Asterius]]
| [[9 Decembris]] 362 - [[364]]
|-
| [[Lucius Aurelius Avianius Symmachus]]
| [[22 Aprilis]] [[364]] - [[9 Martii]] [[365]]
|-
| [[Gaius Ceionius Rufius Volusianus Lampadius]]
| [[7 Aprilis]] 365 - [[17 Septembris]] 365
|-
| [[Viventius]] 
| October 365 ̠- Maius 367
|-
| [[Vettius Agorius Praetextatus]]
| [[30 Augusti]] [[367]] - [[20 Septembris]] [[368]]
|-
| [[Quintus Clodius Hermogenianus Olybrius]]
| 368 - [[370]]
|-
|--
|--
|-
| [[Flavius Hypatius]]
| 377 - 378
|-
|--
|--
|-
| [[Anicius Auchenius Bassus (praefectus urbi)|Anicius Auchenius Bassus]]
| [[22 Novembris]] [[382]] - [[25 Augusti]] [[383]]
|-
|--
|-
|-
| [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus]]
| [[384]] - [[385]]
|-
|  [[Sextius Rusticus Iulianus]]
|  [[387]] - [[388]]
|-
| [[Sextus Aurelius Victor]]
| [[388]] - [[389]]
|-
| [[Ceionius Rufius Albinus (praefectus urbi)|Ceionius Rufius Albinus]]
| [[389]] - [[391]]
|-
|  [[Nicomachus Flavianus iunior]]
|   [[392]]? - 394
|-
| [[Nicomachus Flavianus iunior]]
|  6 Iunii [[399]] - 8 novembris [[400]]
|-
| [[Caecina Decius Albinus]]
| [[402]]
|-
| ---
| ---
|-
| [[Flavius Pisidius Romulus (praefectus urbi Romae)|Flavius Pisidius Romulus]]
| [[406]]
|-
|  [[Nicomachus Flavianus iunior]]
|   November [[408]]
|-
| [[Priscus Attalus]]
| [[409]]
|-
| [[Claudius Rutilius Namatianus]]
| [[414]]
|-
| [[Caecina Decius Aginatius Albinus (praefectus)|Caecina Decius Aginatius Albinus]]
| [[414]] - [[415]]
|-
| ---
| ---
|-
| [[Petronius Maximus]]
| [[419]]
|-
| ---
| ---
|-
|[[Anicius Acilius Glabrio Faustus]]
|anno ignoto inter annos 408 et 423
|-
| ---
| ---
|-
|[[Anicius Acilius Glabrio Faustus]] II
|[[425]]
|-
| ---
| ---
|-
|[[Anicius Acilius Glabrio Faustus]] III
|anno ignoto inter annos 425 et 437
|-
| ---
| ---
|-
| [[Petronius Maximus]]
| [[433]]
|-
| ---
| ---
|-
| [[Flavius Rufius Opilio]]
| incerto tempore inter annos [[450]] et [[453]]
|-
| ---
| ---
|-
| [[Flavius Messius Phoebus Severus]]
| [[470]]
|-
| ---
| ---
|-
| [[Anicius Acilius Aginantius Faustus Iunior]]
| inter annos [[472]] et [[483]]
|-
| ---
| ---
|-
| [[Flavius Caecina Decius Maximus Basilius Iunior]]
| [[484]]
|-
| [[Quintus Aurelius Memmius Symmachus Iunior]]
| [[485]]
|-
| [[Caecina Mavortius Basilius Decius Iunior]]
| [[486]]
|-
| [[Flavius Manlius Boethius]] II
| [[487]]
|-
| [[Claudius Iulius Ecclesius Dynamius]]
| [[488]]
|-
| [[Rufius Achilius Sividius]] II
| 488
|-
| ---
| ---
|-
| [[Anicius Acilius Aginantius Faustus Iunior]] II
| [[502]] - [[503]]
|-
| ---
| ---
|-
| [[Flavius Agapitus]] 
| [[508]] - [[509]]
|}

== Plura legere si cupis... ==
* Andreas Chastagnol, ''Les fastes de la préfecture de Rome au Bas-Empire''. Parisiis : Nouvelles éditions latines, 1962. (Études prosopographiques ; 2) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1963_num_32_1_1371_t1_0340_0000_2 Recensio critica] [https://books.google.fr/books?id=HYXlelRbfoMC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]
** -''La préfecture urbaine à Rome sous le Bas-Empire''. Paris : Presses universitaires de France, 1960. (Publications de la Faculté des lettres et sciences humaines d'Alger ; 34) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/jds_0021-8103_1965_num_3_1_1113 Recensio critica]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Munera magistratuum Romanorum]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Emma Bonino</title>
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      <text bytes="1351" sha1="h7zqn1hfl63blby4ui7fwlqjc8qit8a" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
'''Emma Bonino''' (nata [[Braida]]e die [[9 Martii]] [[1948]]) mulier nota [[Italia|Italica]] est. Ipsa dicit se radicalem, [[Socialismus|socialistriam]], [[Liberalismus|liberalem]], foederalistriam [[Europa]]eam, [[Anticlericalismus|anticlericalem]], antiprohibitionistriam, [[inviolentia|non-violentam]] necnon [[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhianam]] esse. Bonino ab anno [[1995]] usque ad annum [[1999]] etiam [[Unio Europaea|Unionis Europaeae]] commissaria fuit. Anno 1998, [[Praemium principum Asturiarum#Auxilium internationale|Praemium principum Asturiarum]] accepit.

A die [[28 Aprilis]] 2013 usque ad [[21 Martii]] [[2014]] [[Minister rerum externarum|negotiorum externorum ministra]] in [[Henricus Letta|Henrici Letta]] administratione fuit.

Die [[12 Ianuarii]] [[2015]] nuntiat se [[Cancer pulmonum|cancro pulmonum]] laborante esse.

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Emma Bonino|Emmam Bonino}}
{{Fontes biographici}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090221083825/http://www2.emmabonino.it/ EmmaBonino.it -Pagina officialis.]

{{bio-stipula}}
{{Consilium Italicum Prodi II}}
{{Consilium Italicum Letta}}
{{Ministri rerum externarum Italici}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bonino, Emma}}

[[Categoria:Politici Italiae]]
[[Categoria:Commissarii Unionis Europaeae]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1948]]
[[Categoria:Homines vivi]]
[[Categoria:Mulieres]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Iulianus Ferrara</title>
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      <text bytes="6583" sha1="mbngvcc3rheaim4w27q3rrpt58mj3ox" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}

{{res|Iulianus Ferrara}}, vulgo ''Giuliano Ferrara'' (natus [[Roma]]e die [[7 Ianuarii]] [[1952]]), est [[politicus]] et [[diarium|diurnarius]] [[Italia|Italicus]] qui fuit, usque ad annum 2015, ''[[Il Foglio]]'' [[diarium|diarii]] rector.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2015/01/21/giuliano-ferrara-lannuncio-la7-lascio-direzione-foglio/1360494/ Giuliano Ferrara, l'annuncio su La7: &quot;Lascio la direzione del Foglio&quot;]&quot; in ''Il Fatto Quotidiano'' (21 Ianuarii 2015). {{Ling|Italice}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Biographia ==
Iulianus Ferrara filius senatoris [[Communista|communistae]] atque editoris diarii publici ''[[L'Unità]]'' {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Mauritius Ferrara|Mauritii Ferrara|it|qid=Q3852594}} atque partisanae {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Marcella De Francesco|Marcellae De Francesco|it|qid=Q96245217}} est.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20141006100536/http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2002/novembre/19/Morta_Marcella_Ferrara_segretaria_Togliatti_co_0_0211197939.shtml Morta Marcella Ferrara, ex segretaria di Togliatti. Diventò sottotenente nella guerra partigiana]&quot; in ''Corriere della Sera'' (19 Novembris 2002). {{Ling|Italice}}&lt;/ref&gt; Primum in sectione [[Augusta Taurinorum|Taurinense]] [[Factio Communistica Italica|Factionis Communisticae Italicae]] intravit, sed anno 1983, Ferrara Factionem derelinquit, quia politici Factionis non dedicaverant [[Concentus|concentum musicalem]] victimis [[Palaestinenses|Palaestinensibus]] mortuis in {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|occisio apud campos Sabra et Chatila|occisione apud campos Sabra et Chatila|en|qid=Q208199}} (iuxta [[Berytus|Berytum]]) anno 1982 facta.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.unita.it/2023/11/01/quando-ferrara-tirava-pugni-contro-chi-ignorava-la-strage-di-shatila/ Quando Ferrara tirava pugni contro chi ignorava la strage di Shatila]&quot; in ''L'Unità'' (1 Novembris 2023). {{Ling|Italice}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.open.online/2024/09/27/marco-travaglio-giuliano-ferrara-sabra-e-chatila/ Marco Travaglio: quando Giuliano Ferrara girava con la bandiera della Palestina]&quot; in ''Open'' (27 Septembris 2024). {{Ling|Italice}}&lt;/ref&gt; Deinde pro diario ''[[L'Espresso]]'' commentationes scripsit. Anno 1985 in [[Factio Socialistica Italica|Factionem Socialisticam Italicam]] intravit,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1985/02/23/giuliano-il-convertito-sulla-via-di-bettino.html Giuliano il convertito sulla via di Bettino]&quot; in ''La Repubblica'' (23 Februarii 1985). {{Ling|Italice}}&lt;/ref&gt; atque quattuor annos post deputatum Europaeum Factionis eligitur.

Anno [[1994]], soluta Factione Socialistica, Ferrara in novissima factione [[Fortitudo Italia|Fortitudinis Italia]], a negotiatore Mediolanense [[Silvius Berlusconius|Silvio Berlusconio]] condita, transiit. Post victoriam Berlusconii in electionibus eiusdem anni, Ferrara minister relationum cum [[Parlamentum Reipublicae Italicae|Parlamento]] (vulgo ''ministro per i rapporti con il parlamento'') factus est in {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Prima rectio Berlusconiana|prima rectione Berlusconiana|it|qid=Q2047979}}.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.senato.it/legislature/12/composizione/il-governo?did=21 De prima rectione Berlusconiana] apud situm interretiale [[Senatus Reipublicae Italicae|Senati Reipublicae Italicae]]. {{Ling|Italice}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cum rectione Silvii Berlusconii finem habuit, Ferrara [[Ars diurnariorum|arti diurnariorum]] se tradidit atque, anno 1996, diarium ''Il Foglio'' condidit.

Anno [[2007]], mense Decembris, Ferrara proposuit moratorium internationalem contra [[Abortus|abortum]] (ut moratorium de poena capitali).&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.archivioradiovaticana.va/storico/2008/01/06/intervista_con_il_direttore_del_quotidiano_il_foglio,_giuliano/it1-178243 Intervista con il direttore del quotidiano &quot;Il Foglio&quot;, Giuliano Ferrara, che ha lanciato la proposta di moratoria sull'aborto]&quot; apud situm interretialem [[Statio Radiophonica Vaticana|Stationis Radiophonicae Vaticanae]] (6 Ianuarii 2008). {{Ling|Italice}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anno subsequente, in electionibus Italicis professus est cum [[Factio politica|factione]] ab eo condita, Associatione Vitae Defendendae. &quot;Abortus? Vobis gratiam non ago.&quot; (''Associazione difesa della vita. Aborto? No grazie''), tamen electus non est, quia exitus electoralis suus infimus fuit.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;[https://www.corriere.it/politica/08_aprile_15/ferrara_grido_dolore_56cec30e-0a9d-11dd-98e1-00144f486ba6.shtml La sconfitta di Giuliano Ferrara: «Il mio grido di dolore accolto da un pernacchio»]&quot; in ''Corriere della Sera'' (15 Aprilis 2008). {{Ling|Italice}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ideologia ==
[[Catholicismus|Catholicus]] non est, sed ab anno 2001 defendit argumentationes contra [[Religio Islamica|religionem islamicam]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.corriere.it/esteri/15_gennaio_11/giuliano-ferrara-militanti-non-terroristi-seguono-corano-1669cdc8-9974-11e4-a615-cfddfb410c4c.shtml Giuliano Ferrara: «Militanti, non terroristi: seguono il Corano»]&quot; in ''Corriere della Sera'' (11 Ianuarii 2015). {{Ling|Italice}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ab annis 1990 Ferrara expeditiones militares [[Civitatum Foederatarum Americae]] sustinet, exempli causa [[secundum bellum sinus Persici]] atque [[Secundum bellum Iracense|bellum in Iraquiam]] a praeside [[Georgius W. Bush|Georgio W. Bush]] anno 2003 ductum.

Anno [[2013]], in transmissione [[radiophonica]] Italica Radio 24, Iulianus Ferrara descripsit [[Homosexualitas|homosexualitatem]] ut &quot;rem contra naturam&quot; atque [[Adoptio|adoptionem]] liberorum pro homosexualibus ut &quot;terribilem&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140407091427/http://www.ilquintuplo.it/lomossesualita-e-contronatura-e-ladozione-ai-gay-e-spaventosa-parola-di-giuliano-ferrara/ L’omosessualità è contronatura e l’adozione ai gay è spaventosa. Parola di Giuliano Ferrara]&quot; in ''Il Quintuplo'' (22 Februarii 2013). {{Ling|Italice}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* &quot;[https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/06/weekinreview/06donadio.html Giuliano Ferrara - The Atheist Urging Italy to Get Religion]&quot; in ''[[The New York Times]]'' (6 Aprilis 2008). {{Ling|Anglice}}

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Giuliano Ferrara|Iulianum Ferrara}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070517024343/http://www.la7.it/tv/personaggi/dettaglio.asp?id_pers=61 De vita.] {{Ling|Italiane}}
{{Fontes biographici}}

{{Consilium Italicum Berlusconi I}}
{{Lifetime|1952||Ferrara, Iulianus}}
[[Categoria:Auctores Italiani]]
[[Categoria:Diurnarii Italiae]]
[[Categoria:Politici Italiae]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Italiae]]</text>
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    <title>Fasti proconsulum Africae</title>
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      <text bytes="6266" sha1="q2rkikds4q84xos7kwszvb37kp70383" xml:space="preserve">[[Africa (provincia Romana)|Africa]] provincia Romana fuit, quam [[Octavianus Augustus]] senatui et populo Romano administrandam dedit. Itaque proconsules senatorii paene quotannis in provinciam missi sunt, quorum nomina inter alia haec sunt:

* [[Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus Africanus]] 146 a.C.n.
*-
* [[Spurius Postumius Albinus (consul 110 a.C.n.)|Spurius Postumius Albinus]] 109 a.C.n.
* [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Numidicus]] 109 - 107 a.C.n.
* [[Gaius Marius]] 107 - 105 a.C.n.
* [[Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix]] 105 a.C.n.
* -
*[[Gaius Caninius Rebilus (consul 45 a.C.n.)|Gaius Caninius Rebilus]] 46-45 a.C.n.
*[[Quintus Cornuficius]] 44-42 a.C.n.
* [[Titus Statilius Taurus]] annis 36 - 34 a.C.n.
*-
* [[Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus]] anno 12 a.C.n.
*-
* [[Gaius Sentius Saturninus]] inter annos 10 et 7 a.C.n.
* [[Marcus Licinius Crassus Frugi]] anno 9/8 a.C.n.
* [[Publius Quinctilius Varus]] anno 8/7 a.C.n.
*-
* [[Africanus Fabius Maximus]] anno 6/5 a.C.n.
*-
* [[Lucius Passienus Rufus]] post annum 4 a.C.n.
*-
* [[Lucius Caninius Gallus]] post annum 2 a.C.n.
*[[Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso]] 1 a.C.n. - 1 p.C.n. ? Certe inter 5 a.C.n. et 2 p.C.n.
* [[Cossus Cornelius Lentulus]] annis 6 - 8
* [[Aulus Caecina Severus]] anno 8/9
*-
* 
*-
* [[Lucius Cornelius Lentulus]] incerto anno Augusto imperatore regnante
* [[Lucius Nonius Asprenas]] annis 12 - 15 (vel 13 - 16)
* [[Lucius Aelius Lamia]] anno 15/16
*-
* [[Marcus Furius Camillus (consul 8)]] anno 17/18
* [[Lucius Apronius]] annis 18 - 21
* [[Quintus Iunius Blaesus]] annis 21-23
* [[Publius Cornelius Dolabella]] anno 23/24
* [[Gaius Vibius Marsus]] annis 26-29 aut 27-30
* [[Servius Cornelius Cethegus]] anno 34/35 vel 36/37
* [[Gaius Rubellius Blandus]] anno 35/36
* [[Marcus Iunius Silanus Torquatus]] inter annos 36 et 39
* [[Lucius Calpurnius Piso (consul 27)]] vel anno 38/39 vel 39/40
* [[Lucius Salvius Otho (consul 33)]] anno 40/41
*-
* [[Quintus Marcius Barea Soranus]] anno 41 - 43
*-
* [[Servius Sulpicius Galba]] annis 44-46
*-
* [[Marcus Servilius Nonianus]] [[Claudius (imperator)|Claudio]] imperatore regnante
* [[Titus Statilius Taurus (consul 44)]] anno 51/52 vel 52/53
* [[Marcus Pompeius Silvanus Staberius Flavianus]] annis 53/54 - 55/56
* [[Quintus Sulpicius Camerinus (consul 46)]] anno 56/57
*-
* [[Aulus Vitellius]], qui postea imperavit, anno 60
* [[Titus Curtilius Mancia]] circa annum 60/61
* [[Lucius Vitellius (consul 48)]] anno 61/62
* [[Servius Cornelius Scipio Salvidienus Orfitus (consul 51)]] anno 62/63
* [[Vespasianus]], qui postea imperavit anno 63/64
*-
* [[Lucius Iunius Quintus Vibius Crispus]] inter annos 62 et 68
*-
* [[Gaius Vipstanus Apronianus]] anno 68/69
* [[Lucius Calpurnius Piso (consul 57)]] anno 69/70
*-
* [[Quintus Manlius Ancharius Tarquitius Saturninus]] anno 72/73
*-
* [[Gaius Paccius Africanus]] anno 77/78
* [[Publius Galerius Trachalus]] anno 78/79
*-
* [[Lucius Valerius Catullus Messallinus]] circa annum 80
*-
* [[Gnaeus Domitius Tullus]] [[Domitianus|Domitiano]] imperatore regnante
*-
* [[Marius Priscus]] anno 97/98
*-
* [[Gaius Octavius Tidius Tossianus Lucius Iavolenus Priscus]] post annum 100 
*-
* [[Lucius Cornelius Pusio Annius Messala]] anno 103/104
*-
* [[Quintus Pomponius Rufus]] anno 110
* [[Lucius Neratius Marcellus]] anno 111/112
*-
* [[Marcus Atilius Metilius Bradua]] temporibus [[Traianus|Traiano]] imperatore
*-
* [[Aulus Caecilius Faustinus]] anno 115/116
* [[Gaius Iulius Cornutus Tertullus]] anno 116/117
* [[Lucius Roscius Aelianus Maecius Celer]] anno 117/118
*-
* [[Marcus Vitorius Marcellus]] annis 120/121
* [[Lucius Minucius Natalis]] anno 121/122
* [[Lucius Catilius Severus Iulianus Claudius Reginus]] anno 123/124
*-
* [[Gaius Bruttius Praesens Lucius Fulvius Rusticus]] post annum 128
*-
* [[Lucius Hedius Rufus Lollianus Avitus]] 157/158
*[[Claudius Maximus]] 158/159(?) tum cum Apuleius coram eo causam dixit
* [[Servius Cornelius Scipio Lucius Salvidienus Orfitus]] anno 163/164
*-
* [[Lucius Fulvius Rusticus Gaius Bruttius Praesens]] anno 166/167
* [[Lucius Octavius Cornelius Publius Salvius Iulianus Aemilianus]] 167/168
* [[Titus Sextius Lateranus]] anno 168/169
* [[Marcus Didius Iulianus]], qui postea imperavit, inter annos 168 et 170
* [[Gaius Serius Augurinus]] anno 169/170
*-
* [[Gaius Aufidius Victorinus (consul 183)]] annis 173 - 175
*-
* [[Publius Vigellius Raius Plarius Saturninus Atilius Braduanus Caucidius Tertullus]] Aprilis 180 -
* [[Quintus Servilius Pudens]] paulo post 180
*-
* [[Publius Helvius Pertinax]], qui postea imperavit, anno 188/189 vel 189/190
* [[Gaius Vettius Sabinianus Iulius Hospes]] circa annum 190
*-
* [[Publius Cornelius Anullinus (consul 199)]] anno 193
*-
* [[Lucius Marius Maximus Perpetuus Aurelianus]] inter annos 208 et 217
*-
* [[Publius Iulius Scapula Tertullus Priscus]] anno 212/213
*-
* [[Lucius Cossonius Eggius Marullus]] anno 198/199
* [[Gaius Iulius Asper]] anno 200/201 vel 204/205
* [[Marcus Valerius Bradua Mauricus]] anno 206
*-
* [[Cassius Dio|Lucius Claudius Cassius Dio Cocceianus]] circa annum 222
*-
* [[Gaius Octavius Appius Suetrius Sabinus]] circa annum 230
*-
* [[Paternus|Aspasius Paternus]] anno 257/258
*-
* [[Lucius Naevius Aquilinus]] circa annum 264
*[[Sextus Cocceius Anicius Faustus Paulinus]] annis 264 - 268
*-
*[[Lucius Iulius Paulinus]] anno 283
*-
*[[Titus Claudius Marcus Aurelius Aristobulus]] annis 290 - 294
*[[Cassius Dio (consul 291)|Cassius Dio]] 1 Iulii 294 - 1 Iulii 295
*[[Titus Flavius Postumius Titianus]] 295 - 296
*-
*[[Gaius Annius Anullinus]]  303 - 304
*[[Gaius Ceionius Rufius Volusianus]] 305 - 310
*-
*[[Petronius Probianus]] 315 - 317
*[[Aconius Catullinus]] 317 - 318
*[[Lucius Aradius Valerius Proculus]] 319
*-
*[[Sextus Anicius Faustus Paulinus]] 322 - 324
*[[Mecilius Hilarianus]] anno 324
*-
*[[Quintus Flavius Maesius Egnatius Lollianus]] annis 334 - 337
*[[Antonius Marcellinus]] anno 337-338
*-
* [[Memmius Vitrasius Orfitus]] 352
*[[Quintus Clodius Hermogenianus Olybrius]] 354
*-
*[[Sextus Claudius Petronius Probus]] 358
*-
*[[Sextius Rusticus Iulianus]] 371-373
*-
*[[Flavius Syagrius]] 379
*-
* [[Flavius Eusignius]] 383
*-
* [[Flavius Anicius Probinus]] 396 - 397

{{DEFAULTSORT:Africae proconsulum index}}
[[Categoria:Indices gubernatorum provinciarum Romanarum]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ali Khamenei</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>72639</id>
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      <id>3969961</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>LilyKitty</username>
        <id>18316</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>de ritu furanabli eius</comment>
      <origin>3969961</origin>
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      <text bytes="3395" sha1="hhm2f66enulc6ryave1hyup2qe32c14" xml:space="preserve">{{Latinitas|-2}}
{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}

{{res|Ali Hoseini Khāmene’i}} ([[Persice]] سید علی حسینی خامنه‌ای, ''Seyyed Ali Hoseyni Xāmene'i,'' natus [[Mexatum|Mexati]] in oppido die [[19 Aprilis]] [[1939]]; necatus die [[28 Februarii]] [[2026]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://orf.at/stories/3421666/ &quot;Staatsmedien bestätigen Tod von Chamenei&quot;] - apud: ''orf.at,'' 1 Martii 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;) fuit {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Clericus Siiticus|clericus|en|qid=Q7495966}} et [[politicus]] [[Irania|Iranicus]], qui secundus {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Magnus dux Iraniae|magnus dux Iraniae|en|qid=Q332486}} a [[4 Iunii]] [[1989]] usque ad {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Caedes Ali Hoseini Khamene'o|eius caedem|en|qid=Q138507700}} anno [[2026]] fuit. Antea, ab anno [[1981]] ad annum [[1989]], {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Praeses Iraniae||en|qid=Q838380}} fuerat. Triginta septem annos, dux Iraniensis qui [[caput civitatis]] in [[Medius Oriens|Medio Oriente]] ac dux Iraniensis qui post [[Mahometus Rezā Pahlawī|Mahometum Rezā Pahlawī]] [[Sachus|Sachum]] diutissime meruit.

==De vita==
Natus est in familia doctorum atque iam iuvenis [[religio]]nem Mexati et [[Comum (Irania)|Comi]] in urbibus eruditus est. [[Schola]]s superiores [[Comum (Irania)|Comenses]] frequentavit.

Annis [[decennium 197|sexagesimis]] et [[decennium 198|septuagesimis]] saeculi elapsi motui contra [[rectio]]nem acturae adhaerebat. Post [[seditio Islamica|seditionem Islamicam]] cito [[munus|munera]] politica suscepit: anno [[1980]] in magno [[caput (urbs)|capitis]] [[oratorium|oratorio]] praedicator [[dies Veneris|dierum Venerum]] factus est, et anno [[1981]] praeses rei publicae electus est. Quo munere usque ad annum 1989 fungebatur. [[Rūḥullāh Khumaynī|Khumaynī mortuo]], consilium peritorum eum rei publicae magnum ducem declaravit, quo in munere summam [[auctoritas|auctoritatem]] religiosam et politicam necnon summum exercituum imperium obtinuit. Multos annos [[potentia]]e cardo quasi habebatur, [[odium]] in [[Americani|Americanos]] et [[Iudaei|Iudaeos]] fovens atque incitans. 

Die 28 Februarii anno 2026, cum [[Impetus Israëli-Civitatum Foederatum in Iraniam anni 2026|Israël et Civitates Foederatae impetum bombarum]] ad [[Irania]]m iussu [[Donaldus Trump|Donaldi Trump]] fecissent, periit, una cum filia sua, genero, nuru, et [[nepos|nepote]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://apnews.com/live/live-updates-israel-iran-february-28-2026#0000019c-a724-d479-ad9e-f76cb5b90000 Res] (APNews). [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/cn5ge95q6y7t?app-referrer=deep-link&amp;post=asset%3Ae4590a21-5229-434d-be0f-4698491513f8#post Res] (BBC).&lt;/ref&gt;

Die [[4 Iulii]] [[2026]], [[Funus (ritus)|ritus furenablis]] eius in [[Teheranum|Teherano]] initiat.&lt;ref&gt;[https://bbc.com/news/articles/c0ky2zen1kgo Large crowds gather in Tehran on first day of Ayatollah Khamerei's funeral]&lt;/ref&gt;
{{NexInt}}
* [[Alireza Arafi]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Ali Khamenei}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20201005150854/http://www.khamenei.ir/ Situs interretialis Khamenei proprius.]

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{Principes Iraniae}}
{{Praesides Iraniae}}

{{Lifetime|1939|2026|Khamenei}}
[[Categoria:Alumni scholarum superiorum Comensium]]
[[Categoria:Duces civitatum]]
[[Categoria:Gubernatores civitatum]]
[[Categoria:Necati]]
[[Categoria:Politici Iraniae]]</text>
      <sha1>hhm2f66enulc6ryave1hyup2qe32c14</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Margarita Barankitse</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>74916</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="1764" sha1="f1c00swrjy6cnnf87x0xt423ahnec2g" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Մարգարիտ Բարանկիցե (2).JPG|thumb|Margarita Barankitse]]
'''Margarita Barankitse''' (nata gente [[Tutsi]] anno [[1956]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20090915194958/http://www.cei2008.ca/en/biomargueritebarankitse Biographia apud ''cei2008'']&lt;/ref&gt; vel [[1957]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20111015060856/http://www.africansuccess.org/visuFiche.php?lang=en&amp;id=284 Biographia apud ''African Success'']&lt;/ref&gt; in vico ''Nyamutobo'' vel ''Ruyigi''&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20180430045453/http://www.maisonshalom.org/en/241/maggy-and-maison-shalom Biographia apud ''Maison Shalom'']&lt;/ref&gt;) est [[mulier]] [[Burundia|Burundiensis]] pauperum adiutrix. Nam anno [[1993]] inter feroce et cruentum [[Bellum Civile Burundiense]] multos pueros adiuvit et postea pro eis refugium, quod appellatus est ''Maison Shalom'' (id est [[Latine]] ''Pacis Domus'') et [[valetudinarium|valetudinaria]] creavit. Operis suae gratia multa praemia vicit. 

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Christel Martin, Lorette Nobécourt, ''La Haine n'aura pas le dernier mot : Maggy, la femme aux 10 000 enfants''. [[Lutetia]]e: Albin Michel, 2005. ISBN 2-226-15858-8

== Nexus externi ==
* [http://www.maisonshalom.net/ ''Maison Shalom'' pagina officialis]{{Nexus deficit|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{Ling|Francogallice}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090505141042/http://www.maisonshalom.net/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=14&amp;Itemid=36 Praemiorum index] {{Ling|Francogallice}}

{{bio-stipula}} 

{{DEFAULTSORT:Barankitse, Margarita}}
[[Categoria:Incolae Burundiae]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1956]]
[[Categoria:Homines vivi]]
[[Categoria:Mulieres]]
[[Categoria:Philanthropi]]
[[Categoria:Tutsienses]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Marcus Iunianus Iustinus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
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      <text bytes="3293" sha1="hudeue61vdmhwzsz0k67e2pyjsca8r4" xml:space="preserve">'''Marcus Iunianus Iustinus''' fuit epitomator [[lingua Latina|Latinus]] qui florilegium extraxit ex opere historico [[Gnaeus Pompeius Trogus|Cn. Pompei Trogi]] ''[[Historiae Philippicae (Trogus)|Historiae Philippicae]]'' inscripto, qui historiam populorum peregrinorum  hoc est non Romanorum narrabat, praecipue illorum quos [[Alexander Magnus]] dicioni suae subiugarat&lt;ref&gt;[[Augustinus Hipponensis]], ''[[de civitate Dei]]'' IV.6.152.&lt;/ref&gt;. De aevo Iustini non satis constat: aliqui saeculo III p.C.n. ponunt, nonnulli saeculo IV.
[[File:Iustinus - ita, negli anni dil signore MCCCCLXXVII ali giorni X semptembris - 913806 Scan00008.jpg|thumb|''Epitome historiarum Trogi Pompeii'']]

==Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* T. D. Barnes, &quot;Two Passages of Justin&quot; in ''Classical Quarterly'' vol. 48 (1998) pp. 589-593
* Brett Bartlett, &quot;[https://histos.org/documents/2014A09BartlettJustinsEpitome.pdf Justin's ''Epitome'': the unlikely adaptation of Trogus' world history]&quot; in ''Histos'' vol. 8 (2014) pp. 246-283
* {{Fabricius Latina}} pp. 528-533
* Paul Jal, &quot;A propos des Histoires Philippiques: quelques remarques&quot; in ''Revue des études latines'' vol. 65 (1987) pp. 194-209
* Franciscus Ruehl, ed. M. Iuniani Iustini ''Epitoma historiarum Philippicarum Pompei Trogi''. Lipsiae: Teubner, 1915.
* Franciscum Ruehl, Otto Seel, edd. M. Iuniani Iustini ''Epitoma historiarum Philippicarum Pompei Trogi; accedunt prologi in Pompeium Trogum''. Lipsiae: Teubner, 1985.
* Otto Seel, ''Eine römische Weltgeschichte''. Erlangen, 1972
* Otto Seel, transl. ''Pompeius Trogus. Weltgeschichte von den Anfängen bis Augustus''. Turici, 1972
* [[Ronaldus Syme|Ronald Syme]], &quot;The Date of Justin and the Discovery of Trogus&quot; in ''Historia'' vol. 37 (1988) pp. 358-371
* Ronald Syme, &quot;Trogus in the H.A.: some consequences&quot; in ''Institutions, société et vie politique dans l'empire romain au IVème siècle'' (Lutetiae, 1992) pp. 1-20
* J. C. Yardley, transl. Waldemar Heckel, ed. Justin, ''Epitome of the Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus. Books 11-12: Alexander the Great''. Oxonii: Clarendon Press, 1997
* John Yardley, ''Justin and Pompeius Trogus: A Study of the Language of Justin's Epitome of Trogus''. Toronti: University of Toronto Press, 2003. ISBN 978-0-8020-8766-9

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes biographici}}
*[http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/justin.html Textus] apud [[The Latin Library]] {{Ling|Latine}}
*[http://www.forumromanum.org/literature/justinx.html Textus et versiones] apud [[Forum Romanum (situs interretialis)]] {{Ling|Latine|Anglice|Francogallice|Hispanice}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110523033534/http://agoraclass.fltr.ucl.ac.be/concordances/intro.htm#ju Textus] {{Ling|Latine}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110706132325/http://www.sflt.ucl.ac.be/files/AClassFTP/Textes/Justin/ Textus] {{Ling|Latine}}
*[http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/index.htm Versio Anglica] {{Ling|Anglice}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20210302032133/http://www.attalus.org/translate/justinus.html Versio Anglica] {{Ling|Anglice}}

{{Bio-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Iustinus, Marcus Iunianus}}
[[Categoria:Historici Romani antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Imperii Romani]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Latini antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Nati saeculo 3 aut 4]]
[[Categoria:Mortui saeculo 4 aut 5]]</text>
      <sha1>hudeue61vdmhwzsz0k67e2pyjsca8r4</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Bernardus Katz</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>79832</id>
    <revision>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
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      <text bytes="999" sha1="klh2x9jl4m9l00iq4odc1iyy4k394t5" xml:space="preserve">'''Bernardus Katz''' (vulgo ''Sir Bernard Katz''; [[Lipsia]]e natus die [[26 Martii]] [[1911]]; [[Londinium|Londinii]] mortuus die [[20 Aprilis]] [[2003]]) fuit [[biologia|biologus]] [[Britanniarum Regnum|Britannicus]] e [[Germania]] oriundus, qui anno [[1970]] una cum [[Ulf von Euler]]{{dubsig}} et [[Iulius Axelrod|Iulio Axelrod]] [[Praemium Nobelianum Medicinae|Nobelianum Medicinae Praemium]] accepit, ratione [[neurotransmissor]]um investigandorum.

Alumnus [[Alma mater Lipsiensis|almae matris Lipsiensis]] fuit.

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Bernard Katz|Bernardum Katz}}
* [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1970/index.html De Bernardo Katz] in pagina Praemio Nobeliano Medicinae dicata {{Ling|Anglice}}

{{scien-bio-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Katz, Bernardus}}

[[Categoria:Biologi Britanniae]]
[[Categoria:Biologi Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Praemium Nobelianum Medicinae]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Lipsiensis]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1911]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 2003]]</text>
      <sha1>klh2x9jl4m9l00iq4odc1iyy4k394t5</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>3969997</id>
      <parentid>3969996</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T17:18:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
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      <text bytes="1273" sha1="t2cq8m73wzzn1dohsyswbuqhnywrblg" xml:space="preserve">'''Bernardus Katz''' (vulgo ''Sir Bernard Katz''; [[Lipsia]]e natus die [[26 Martii]] [[1911]]; [[Londinium|Londinii]] mortuus die [[20 Aprilis]] [[2003]]) fuit [[biologia|biologus]] [[Britanniarum Regnum|Britannicus]] e [[Germania]] oriundus, qui anno [[1970]] una cum [[Ulf von Euler]]{{dubsig}} et [[Iulius Axelrod|Iulio Axelrod]] [[Praemium Nobelianum Medicinae|Nobelianum Medicinae Praemium]] accepit, ratione [[neurotransmissor]]um investigandorum.

Alumnus [[Alma mater Lipsiensis|almae matris Lipsiensis]] fuit.

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*George J. Augustine, Haruo Kasai. &quot;[https://physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1113/jphysiol.2006.123224 Bernard Katz, quantal transmitter release and the foundations of presynaptic physiology]&quot;, The Journal of Physiology, 2007: 623-625

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Bernard Katz|Bernardum Katz}}
* [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1970/index.html De Bernardo Katz] in pagina Praemio Nobeliano Medicinae dicata {{Ling|Anglice}}

{{scien-bio-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Katz, Bernardus}}

[[Categoria:Biologi Britanniae]]
[[Categoria:Biologi Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Praemium Nobelianum Medicinae]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Lipsiensis]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1911]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 2003]]</text>
      <sha1>t2cq8m73wzzn1dohsyswbuqhnywrblg</sha1>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>2059</id>
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      <comment>/* Plura legere si cupis */</comment>
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      <text bytes="1277" sha1="1aw1w9zo5lhx193a27j5sztvdqwopof" xml:space="preserve">'''Bernardus Katz''' (vulgo ''Sir Bernard Katz''; [[Lipsia]]e natus die [[26 Martii]] [[1911]]; [[Londinium|Londinii]] mortuus die [[20 Aprilis]] [[2003]]) fuit [[biologia|biologus]] [[Britanniarum Regnum|Britannicus]] e [[Germania]] oriundus, qui anno [[1970]] una cum [[Ulf von Euler]]{{dubsig}} et [[Iulius Axelrod|Iulio Axelrod]] [[Praemium Nobelianum Medicinae|Nobelianum Medicinae Praemium]] accepit, ratione [[neurotransmissor]]um investigandorum.

Alumnus [[Alma mater Lipsiensis|almae matris Lipsiensis]] fuit.

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*George J. Augustine, Haruo Kasai. &quot;[https://physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1113/jphysiol.2006.123224 Bernard Katz, quantal transmitter release and the foundations of presynaptic physiology]&quot;, ''The Journal of Physiology'', 2007: 623-625

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Bernard Katz|Bernardum Katz}}
* [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1970/index.html De Bernardo Katz] in pagina Praemio Nobeliano Medicinae dicata {{Ling|Anglice}}

{{scien-bio-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Katz, Bernardus}}

[[Categoria:Biologi Britanniae]]
[[Categoria:Biologi Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Praemium Nobelianum Medicinae]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Lipsiensis]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1911]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 2003]]</text>
      <sha1>1aw1w9zo5lhx193a27j5sztvdqwopof</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Robertus Maroni</title>
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      <text bytes="1069" sha1="r4knl0dx5q0neopzeph6eqiok8k7a9s" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
'''Robertus Maroni''', vulgo ''Roberto Maroni'' ([[Baretium|Baretii]] natus die [[15 Martii]] [[1955]]; mortuus die [[22 Novembris]] [[2022]]), fuit [[politicus|rerum politicarum peritus]] [[Italia|Italicus]] factionis [[Foedus Septemtrionale|Foederis Septemtrionalis]], cuius [[1 Iulii|Kalendis Iuliis]] [[2012|anni 2012]] dux factus est titulo secretarii. Recens autem negotiorum internorum minister fuerat inde a [[Maius|mense Maio]] [[2008]] usque ad [[November|Novembrem]] [[2011]] in quarta [[Silvius Berlusconius|Silvii Berlusconii]] administratione. A die [[18 Martii]] [[2013]] est [[Langobardia]]e praeses.

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Roberto Maroni|Robertum Maroni}}
{{Fontes biographici}}
* [http://www.openpolis.it/politico/541 De Roberto Maroni ]
{{bio-stipula}}

{{Consilium Italicum Berlusconi I}}
{{Consilium Italicum Berlusconi II}}
{{Consilium Italicum Berlusconi III}}
{{Consilium Italicum Berlusconi IV}}
{{Ministri rerum internarum Italici}}

{{Lifetime|1955|2022|Maroni, Robertus}}
[[Categoria:Politici Italiae]]</text>
      <sha1>r4knl0dx5q0neopzeph6eqiok8k7a9s</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Iulia Andrews</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>96801</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3970015</id>
      <parentid>3891780</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T21:59:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-38252-24</username>
        <id>211759</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>aliquot facta adduntur</comment>
      <origin>3970015</origin>
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      <text bytes="1261" sha1="6mv5c4kzckirsep0dwzorup40ehxiib" xml:space="preserve">{{Latinitas|-3}}{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:JulieAndrews face.jpg|thumb|left|Iulia Andrews anno [[2003]]]]
'''Iulia Andrews''' (nata ''Julia Elizabeth Wells'' in [[Walton-on-Thames]] [[Surria]]e die [[1 Octobris]] [[1935]]) est [[actrix]] [[Anglia|Anglica]]. Primum latius a mundo recognita est operibus suis in pelliculis musicis decade incipiente anno MCMLX, praecipue partibus principalibus in pelliculis musicis nominibus Anglice [[Mary Poppins]] et [[The Sound of Music]]. Interea in spectaculis canendi apparuit multis in terris, donec sectione anno MCMXCVII vox canendi perdita. Postea litteris se dicavit libros scribens pro parvulis.

== Pelliculae selectae ==
* [[1965]] - [[The Sound of Music]]
* [[1964]] - [[Mary Poppins]]
* [[1966]] : [[Torn Curtain (pellicula 1966)|Torn Curtain]]
* [[1982]] - [[Victor Victoria]]
* [[2001]] - [[The Princess Diaries]]

== Vita ==
Iulia Andrews filia magistri et clavicinis est. Parentes autem divortium fecerunt et subsequenter mater eius actori [[Ted Andrews]] nupsit. Tunc etiam cognomen commutatum est.

== Nexus externi ==
{{fontes biographici}}
{{communiaCat|Julie Andrews|Iuliam Andrews}}
* {{Imdb name|0000267}}

{{bio-stipula}}

{{Lifetime|1935||Andrews, Iulia}}
[[Categoria:Actores Angliae]]</text>
      <sha1>6mv5c4kzckirsep0dwzorup40ehxiib</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>3970020</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-04T23:21:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
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      <comment>Ubi potui correxi</comment>
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      <text bytes="1190" sha1="ecph5fcl732fz23mw14mkq7yy06d5ht" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}

{{res|Iulia Andrews}} (nata ''Julia Elizabeth Wells'' in [[Walton-on-Thames]] [[Surria]]e die [[1 Octobris]] [[1935]]) est [[actrix]] [[Anglia|Anglica]]. Primum latius a mundo recognita est operibus suis in pelliculis musicis decade incipiente anno [[1960]], praecipue partibus principalibus in pelliculis musicis nominibus Anglice {{Op|[[Mary Poppins]]}} et {{Op|[[The Sound of Music]]}}. Interea in spectaculis canendi apparuit multis in terris, donec sectione anno [[1997]] vox canendi perdita. Postea litteris se dicavit libros scribens pro parvulis.

== Pelliculae selectae ==
* [[1965]] - [[The Sound of Music]]
* [[1964]] - [[Mary Poppins]]
* [[1966]] : [[Torn Curtain (pellicula 1966)|Torn Curtain]]
* [[1982]] - [[Victor Victoria]]
* [[2001]] - [[The Princess Diaries]]

== Vita ==
Iulia Andrews est filia magistri et clavicinis. Parentes autem divortium fecerunt et subsequenter mater eius actori [[Ted Andrews]] nupsit.

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes biographici}}
{{CommuniaCat|Julie Andrews|Iuliam Andrews}}
* {{Nomen in Indice Interretiali Pellicularum|0000267}}

{{bio-stipula}}

{{Anni vitae|1935||Andrews, Iulia}}
[[Categoria:Actores Angliae]]</text>
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    <revision>
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      <parentid>3970020</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T23:25:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>+{{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}}</comment>
      <origin>3970022</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1496" sha1="syc3243d52lwu0n2rxlrzpurz8ux7sc" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}

{{res|Iulia Andrews}} (nata ''Julia Elizabeth Wells'' in [[Walton-on-Thames]] [[Surria]]e die [[1 Octobris]] [[1935]]) est [[actrix]] [[Anglia|Anglica]]. Primum latius a mundo recognita est operibus suis in pelliculis musicis decade incipiente anno [[1960]], praecipue partibus principalibus in pelliculis musicis nominibus Anglice {{Op|{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Mary Poppins||en|qid=Q403602}}}} et {{Op|[[The Sound of Music (pellicula)|The Sound of Music]]}}. Interea in spectaculis canendi apparuit multis in terris, donec sectione anno [[1997]] vox canendi perdita. Postea litteris se dicavit libros scribens pro parvulis.

== Pelliculae selectae ==
* [[1965]]: [[The Sound of Music (pellicula)|The Sound of Music]]
* [[1964]]: {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Mary Poppins||en|qid=Q403602}}
* [[1966]]: [[Torn Curtain (pellicula 1966)|Torn Curtain]]
* [[1982]]: {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Victor/Victoria||en|qid=Q936037}}
* [[2001]]: {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|The Princess Diaries||en|qid=Q1768890}}

== Vita ==
Iulia Andrews est filia magistri et clavicinis. Parentes autem divortium fecerunt et subsequenter mater eius actori [[Ted Andrews]] nupsit.

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes biographici}}
{{CommuniaCat|Julie Andrews|Iuliam Andrews}}
* {{Nomen in Indice Interretiali Pellicularum|0000267}}

{{bio-stipula}}

{{Anni vitae|1935||Andrews, Iulia}}
[[Categoria:Actores Angliae]]</text>
      <sha1>syc3243d52lwu0n2rxlrzpurz8ux7sc</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>3970023</id>
      <parentid>3970022</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T23:29:44Z</timestamp>
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        <id>64423</id>
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      <text bytes="1555" sha1="5bp19n7tmjag8tvo8gvnfawlhev0mrh" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}

{{res|Iulia Andrews}} (nata ''Julie Elizabeth Wells'' in {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Walton-on-Thames||en|qid=Q2003600}} [[Surria]]e die [[1 Octobris]] [[1935]]) est [[actrix]] [[Anglia|Anglica]]. Primum latius a mundo recognita est operibus suis in pelliculis musicis decade incipiente anno [[1960]], praecipue partibus principalibus in pelliculis musicis nominibus Anglice {{Op|{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Mary Poppins||en|qid=Q403602}}}} et {{Op|[[The Sound of Music (pellicula)|The Sound of Music]]}}. Interea in spectaculis canendi apparuit multis in terris, donec sectione anno [[1997]] vox canendi perdita. Postea litteris se dicavit libros scribens pro parvulis.

== Pelliculae selectae ==
* [[1965]]: [[The Sound of Music (pellicula)|The Sound of Music]]
* [[1964]]: {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Mary Poppins||en|qid=Q403602}}
* [[1966]]: [[Torn Curtain (pellicula 1966)|Torn Curtain]]
* [[1982]]: {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Victor/Victoria||en|qid=Q936037}}
* [[2001]]: {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|The Princess Diaries||en|qid=Q1768890}}

== Vita ==
Iulia Andrews est filia magistri et clavicinis. Parentes autem divortium fecerunt et subsequenter mater eius actori Ted Andrews nupsit.

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes biographici}}
{{CommuniaCat|Julie Andrews|Iuliam Andrews}}
* {{Nomen in Indice Interretiali Pellicularum|0000267}}

{{bio-stipula}}

{{Anni vitae|1935||Andrews, Iulia}}
[[Categoria:Actores Angliae]]</text>
      <sha1>5bp19n7tmjag8tvo8gvnfawlhev0mrh</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3970031</id>
      <parentid>3970023</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-05T01:59:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
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      <text bytes="1600" sha1="2uoxyqbaqgcr40vqk1ll2fwbd7ohltn" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}

{{res|Iulia Andrews}} (nata ''Julie Elizabeth Wells'' in {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Walton-on-Thames||en|qid=Q2003600}} [[Surria]]e die [[1 Octobris]] [[1935]]) est [[actrix]] [[Anglia|Anglica]]. Primum latius a mundo recognita est operibus suis in pelliculis musicis decade incipiente anno [[1960]], praecipue partibus principalibus in pelliculis musicis nominibus Anglice {{Op|{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Mary Poppins||en|qid=Q403602}}}} et {{Op|[[The Sound of Music (pellicula)|The Sound of Music]]}}. Interea in spectaculis canendi apparuit multis in terris, donec sectione anno [[1997]] vox canendi perdita. Postea litteris se dicavit libros scribens pro parvulis.

== Pelliculae selectae ==
* [[1965]]: [[The Sound of Music (pellicula)|The Sound of Music]]
* [[1964]]: {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Mary Poppins||en|qid=Q403602}}
* [[1966]]: [[Torn Curtain (pellicula 1966)|Torn Curtain]]
* [[1982]]: {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Victor/Victoria||en|qid=Q936037}}
* [[2001]]: {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|The Princess Diaries||en|qid=Q1768890}}

== Vita ==
Iulia Andrews est filia magistri et clavicinis. Parentes autem divortium fecerunt et subsequenter mater eius actori Ted Andrews nupsit. Deinde etiam ipsa filia cognomen commutavit.

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes biographici}}
{{CommuniaCat|Julie Andrews|Iuliam Andrews}}
* {{Nomen in Indice Interretiali Pellicularum|0000267}}

{{bio-stipula}}

{{Anni vitae|1935||Andrews, Iulia}}
[[Categoria:Actores Angliae]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>3970032</id>
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      <contributor>
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{{res|Iulia Andrews}} (nata ''Julie Elizabeth Wells'' in {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Walton-on-Thames||en|qid=Q2003600}} [[Surria]]e die [[1 Octobris]] [[1935]]) est [[actrix]] [[Anglia|Anglica]]. Primum latius per mundum innotuit operibus suis in pelliculis musicis decade incipiente anni [[1960]], praecipue [[persona]]rum gratiā principalium in pelliculis musicis nominibus Anglice {{Op|{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Mary Poppins||en|qid=Q403602}}}} et {{Op|[[The Sound of Music (pellicula)|The Sound of Music]]}} actarum. Interea in spectaculis canendi apparuit multis in terris, donec sectione anno [[1997]] vox canendi perdita. Postea litteris se dicavit libros scribens pro parvulis.

== Pelliculae selectae ==
* [[1965]]: [[The Sound of Music (pellicula)|The Sound of Music]]
* [[1964]]: {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Mary Poppins||en|qid=Q403602}}
* [[1966]]: [[Torn Curtain (pellicula 1966)|Torn Curtain]]
* [[1982]]: {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Victor/Victoria||en|qid=Q936037}}
* [[2001]]: {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|The Princess Diaries||en|qid=Q1768890}}

== Vita ==
Iulia Andrews est filia magistri et clavicinis. Parentes autem divortium fecerunt et subsequenter mater eius actori Ted Andrews nupsit. Deinde etiam ipsa filia cognomen commutavit.

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes biographici}}
{{CommuniaCat|Julie Andrews|Iuliam Andrews}}
* {{Nomen in Indice Interretiali Pellicularum|0000267}}

{{bio-stipula}}

{{Anni vitae|1935||Andrews, Iulia}}
[[Categoria:Actores Angliae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Alexander Michaelis filius Gorciakofius</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>97285</id>
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      <id>3970076</id>
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      <text bytes="1544" sha1="eh5i5eslv91rxts4dqvmdunq2ig9fop" xml:space="preserve">{{Movenda|Alexander Gorciakofius}}
{{L}}
{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
'''Alexander Michaelis filius Gorciakofius'''&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Iamque, veluti anno MDCCCLXVI Napoleon ille minor frustra speravit se Borussos inter et Austros mediatorem pacis futurum, ita '''Gorciakofius''' anno MDCCCLXX Galliam validiorem putans falso credidit se Borussici belli in fine arbitrum pacis esse deventurum&quot;; ''Alma Roma'', ann. I, n. VII (Romae, mense Novembris 1914): 123-124 [https://arxlatina.org/pegmata/periodica/almaroma/AlmaRoma.1914.ann01.fasc07.Id_Nov.tusc.pdf].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Russice]] Александр Михайлович Горчаков, [[translitteratio|tr.]] ''Aleksandr Michajlovič Gorčakov''; [[15 Iunii]] [[1798]]–[[11 Martii]] [[1883]]) fuit clarus artis [[diplomatia|diplomaticae]] peritus [[Russia|Russicus]], annis [[1856]]–[[1882]] [[minister rerum externarum]] atque ab anno [[1867]] [[cancellarius]] ultimus [[Imperium Russicum|Imperii Russici]], titulo ducis serenissimi (anno [[1871]]) nonnullisque aliis signis laudis Russicis et extraneis ornatus. Eques fuit [[ordo Aurei Velleris|Ordinis Aurei Velleris]].

{{NexInt}}
*[[5014 Gorchakov]], asteroides

==Nexus externi==
{{communiaCat|Alexander Mikhailovich Gorchakov|Alexandrum Gorčakov}}
{{Fontes biographici}}
* [http://bse.sci-lib.com/article012005.html Pagina de Alexandro Gorčakov ''Encyclopaediae Sovieticae Magnae'' editionis tertiae] {{ling|Russice}}

{{bio-stipula}}

{{Lifetime|1798|1883|Gorcakov, Alexander}}

[[Categoria:Incolae Imperii Russici]]
[[Categoria:Legati Russiae]]</text>
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{{L}}
{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
'''Alexander Michaelis filius Gorciakofius'''&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Iamque, veluti anno MDCCCLXVI Napoleon ille minor frustra speravit se Borussos inter et Austros mediatorem pacis futurum, ita '''Gorciakofius''' anno MDCCCLXX Galliam validiorem putans falso credidit se Borussici belli in fine arbitrum pacis esse deventurum&quot;; ''Alma Roma'', ann. I, n. VII (Romae, mense Novembris 1914): 123-124 [https://arxlatina.org/pegmata/periodica/almaroma/AlmaRoma.1914.ann01.fasc07.Id_Nov.tusc.pdf].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Russice]] Александр Михайлович Горчаков, [[translitteratio|tr.]] ''Aleksandr Michajlovič Gorčakov''; [[15 Iunii]] [[1798]]–[[11 Martii]] [[1883]]) fuit clarus artis [[diplomatia|diplomaticae]] peritus [[Russia|Russicus]], annis [[1856]]–[[1882]] [[minister rerum externarum]] atque ab anno [[1867]] [[cancellarius]] ultimus [[Imperium Russicum|Imperii Russici]], titulo ducis serenissimi (anno [[1871]]) nonnullisque aliis signis laudis Russicis et extraneis ornatus. Eques fuit [[ordo Aurei Velleris|Ordinis Aurei Velleris]].

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{NexInt}}
*[[5014 Gorchakov]], asteroides

==Nexus externi==
{{communiaCat|Alexander Mikhailovich Gorchakov|Alexandrum Gorciakofium}}
{{Fontes biographici}}
* [http://bse.sci-lib.com/article012005.html Pagina de Alexandro Gorčakov ''Encyclopaediae Sovieticae Magnae'' editionis tertiae] {{ling|Russice}}

{{bio-stipula}}

{{Lifetime|1798|1883|Gorcakov, Alexander}}

[[Categoria:Incolae Imperii Russici]]
[[Categoria:Legati Russiae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mauritius Macri</title>
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{{res|Mauritius Macri}} (natus urbe [[Tandil]] [[Argentina]]e die [[8 Februarii]] [[1959]]) est [[machinator]], [[mercatoria|mercator]], officinarum magister, et politicus Argentinus factionis [[Conservatismus|conservativae]] quae ''Propuesta Republicana'' ('Propositum Republicanum') appellatur. Ut candidatus foederis optimatium ''Cambiemos'' ('Mutemus') die [[22 Novembris|22 novembris]] [[2015]] in comitiis nationalibus praeses [[Argentina|rei publicae Argentinae]] creatus est.

=== Origo ===
Filius natu primus Aliciae Blanca Villega et Francisci Macri locupletissimi conductoris ex [[Italia]] oriundi, Mauritius Macri etiamsi machinatoris gradum ab [[Universitas Catholica Argentina|Universitate Catholica Argentina]] adeptus est, artem tamen numquam exercuit. Officium autem primum consultoris, deinde negotiorum curatoris in societatibus industrialibus patris sui (''{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Grupo Macri||es|qid=Q5886309}}'') gessit. Anno [[1995]] praeses societatis pedilusoriae [[Boca Juniors]] creatus est. Opes autonomiamque satis assecutus, tum etiam aliquod famae sibi paravit&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160310223114/http://r24n.com.ar/noticia/114724/mauricio-macri-la-verdadera-historia Mauricio Macri: la verdadera historia]&quot; apud ''R24N Noticias'' (9 Ianuarii 2016).&lt;/ref&gt;. 

Rei publicae operam dare incepit anno [[2003]], quando factionem dexterarum partium ''Compromiso para el Cambio'' ('Compromissum pro Mutatione') [[Bonus Aër|Bonis Auris]] in [[caput (urbs)|urbe capitali]] rei publicae condidit atque etiamsi comitiis municipalibus frustra tum interfuit, post biennium foedus quod PRO nominatum inter factiones conservativas fecit atque munus legislatoris assecutus est. Eiusdem novi dexterarum partium foederis candidatum se professus, rei municipalis anno [[2007]] potitus est magistratumque octo annos sibi servavit.  

=== Regimen in urbe ===
[[Fasciculus:10-04-14 Mauricio Macri - Misa del Cardenal Bergoglio por la educación5 (4521674864).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Franciscus (papa)|Georgius Bergoglio]], hodie papa Franciscus, eo tempore archiepiscopus Bonaëropolitanus et Mauritius Macri (ad dexteram partem) eo tempore praefectus, die [[14 Aprilis]] [[2010]] in ecclesia cathedrali picti.]]
Procuratio quam in urbe gessit a sectatoribus atque ab adversariis diverse aestimatur: etsi autem Bonaëropolis propter conglobationem civium locupletorum excellit opibus inter omnes districtos, patet tamen urbem aes alienum grande conflando&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/suplementos/cash/17-8374-2015-03-22.html Dolarizar las deudas]&quot; apud ''Página/12'' (22 Martii 2015) &lt;/ref&gt;, parum iura civium augendo aut egentium vitae condicionibus in melius notabiliter mutandis eminuisse&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160205192824/http://www.infojusnoticias.gov.ar/especiales/el-capitan-veto-los-derechos-sociales-que-suprimio-macri-26.html El Capitán Veto: los derechos sociales que suprimió Macri]&quot; apud ''Infojus Noticias'' (12 Iulii 2013)&lt;/ref&gt;.

Exsecutio operarum publico commodo destinatarum (e. g. viae birotis viaeque laophoriis urbanis aptae atque cura arearum), quamquam aliquibus suspecta fraudis&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120825010436/http://www.telam.com.ar/nota/35656 Denuncia contra Macri por fraude en las licitaciones de metrobus y las bicisendas]&quot; apud ''Télam'' (22 Augusti 1012)&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20131004235755/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1624671-piden-una-investigacion-exhaustiva-del-costo-del-metrobus Piden una &quot;investigación exhaustiva&quot; del costo del Metrobus]&quot; apud ''La Nación'' (1 Octobris 2013)&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.radionacional.com.ar/?p=76586 En la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, 7 de cada 10 contrataciones evitan la licitación pública]&quot; apud ''Radio Nacional'' (15 Septembris 2015)&lt;/ref&gt;, certe urbem amoeniorem reddiderunt. 

Etiamsi nationalis gubernatio sub [[Nestor Kirchner|Nestore]] et [[Christina Fernández de Kirchner|Christina Kirchner]] praesidibus impensas boni communis causa auxerat (e. g. ex 3.6 usque ad 6.3 centesimas partes [[Productus Domesticus Grossus|GDP]] pro educatione destinatas&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160112164757/http://www.keepeek.com/Digital-Asset-Management/oecd/development/latin-american-economic-outlook-2015_leo-2015-en#page164 2015 OECD ''Latin American Economic Outlook 2015: Education, Skills and Innovation for Development'']&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;), in urbe Bonaëropolitana procuratio Mauritii Macri non solum impensas publicas non amplificavit verum etiam pronam se ostendit ad privatas et educationis et valetudinis administrationes favendas&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://chequeado.com/el-explicador/preguntas-y-respuestas-sobre-la-educacion-portena-1/ Preguntas y respuestas sobre la Educación porteña (1)]&quot; apud ''Chequeado: la verificación del discurso público'' (22 Martii 2013)&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.telam.com.ar/notas/201509/121029-el-gasto-en-publicidad-de-macri-es-ocho-veces-mayor-que-el-presupuesto.html Macri gastó en salud, educación y vivienda ocho veces menos que en publicidad]{{Nexus deficit|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&quot; apud ''Télam'' (23 Septembris 2015)&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160310192628/http://www.24con.com/nota/65012-que-esconde-macri-detras-del-cierre-de-las-escuelas/ ¿Qué esconde Macri detrás del cierre de las escuelas?]&quot; apud ''24CON'' (2012)&lt;/ref&gt;, cum in octo annorum spatio temporis magistratus perpaucas scholas, nullum valetudinarium aedificaverit&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://chequeado.com/ultimas-noticias/michetti-hemos-logrado-hacer-31-escuelas-nuevas-en-la-ciudad-de-buenos-aires/ Michetti: “Hemos logrado hacer 31 escuelas nuevas en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires”]&quot; apud ''Chequeado: la verificación del discurso público'' (16 Augusti 2013)&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20150710041659/http://www.telam.com.ar/notas/201504/101486-lousteau-macri-salud.html “En ocho años, Macri no construyó ni un solo hospital y bajó el presupuesto para Salud] apud ''Télam'' (14 Aprilis 2015)&lt;/ref&gt;. Praeterea cum numeros indicatores infantium mortuorum ab anno [[2003]] usque ad [[2015]] in tota civitate minuerunt, tum autem in urbe capitali nec mutaverunt nonnullisque vicis et aucti sunt&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305215052/http://www.telam.com.ar/notas/201504/100549-cerruti-las-cifras-de-la-mortalidad-infantil-en-la-ciudad-de-buenos-aires-son-escandalosas-moralmente.html Cerruti: &quot;Las cifras de la mortalidad infantil en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires son escandalosas moralmente&quot;]&quot; apud ''Télam'' (7 Aprilis 2015)&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.politicargentina.com/notas/201511/9753-la-ciudad-de-buenos-aires-es-el-unico-distrito-que-no-mejoro-los-indices-de-mortalidad-infantil-en-estos-ocho-anos.html La Ciudad de Buenos Aires es el único distrito que no mejoró los índices de mortalidad infantil en estos ocho años]&quot; apud ''Política Argentina'' (16 Novembris 2015)&lt;/ref&gt;.

Satis diversa fuit publicae securitatis cura, cum novum Ministerium Vigilum Metropolitanum anno [[2008]] institutum sit et non solum impensae verum etiam numerusque vigilum annualem auctum ostenderint&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.laizquierdadiario.com/Mas-para-la-Metropolitana-menos-para-viviendas Más para la Metropolitana, menos para viviendas]&quot; apud ''La Izquierda Diario'' (2 Octobris 2014)&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.legislatura.gov.ar/noti_ver.php?ver=4210#hidden/0/ Seguridad: En 2015 habrá 1.100 policías más en la Ciudad]&quot; apud ''Legislatura de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires Noticias'' (11 Novembris 2014)&lt;/ref&gt;. Attamen magna cum offensione omnium viderunt cives quo modo adoperavit Macri corpus vigilum ad protestationes praecipue operariae plebis reprimendas et suffocandas. Quemadmodum magna cum violentia oppressa est anno [[2010]] manifestatio 3000 familiarum sine tecto&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/elpais/1-158317-2010-12-08.html Día de fuego y sangre en el sur de la ciudad]&quot; apud ''Página/12'' (8 Decembris 2010)&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160308041220/http://www.rnma.org.ar/nv/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=1478&amp;Itemid=1 ¿Qué sucedió? Parque Indoamericano]&quot; apud ''Red Nacional de Medios Alternativos'' (7 Iulii 2012)&lt;/ref&gt; et etiam tres post annos protestatio in valetudinario psychiatrico ubi et medicos et nosocomos et aegrotos et diurnalistas acriter repressi sunt&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.perfil.com/sociedad/Feroz-represion-de-la-Policia-Metropolitana-en-el-Borda-20130427-0041.html Feroz represión de la Policía Metropolitana en el Borda]&quot; apud ''Perfil.com'' (27 Aprilis 2013)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.telam.com.ar/notas/201304/15807-borda-confirman-que-impulsaran-juicio-politico-a-macri-por-la-represion.html Denuncia penal contra Macri por la represión en el Hospital Borda]{{Nexus deficit|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&quot; apud ''Télam'' (29 Aprilis 2013)&lt;/ref&gt;.

In scaena politica Argentina burgimagister Macri magis magisque egit partes adversarii contra gubernationem Rei publicae quae in manibus praesidis Christinae Kirchner erat&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305011213/https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/08BUENOSAIRES1150_a.html Argentina: Candid talk from Buenos Aires Mayor Mauricio Macri on current political environment]&quot; apud ''Wikileaks - Public Library of US Diplomacy'' (14 Augusti 2008)&lt;/ref&gt;. Etiamsi primum auctoritate ac sollertia eguerit, paulatim tamen modum invenit quo ceteros adversarios procurationis civitatis in foedere circa se conglutinare posset. Se ex fastidio quo classis superior mediaque afficiebatur fructum capere oportebat, ad auctoritatem Kirchner cum auxilio magnorum instrumentorum divulgationis corrodendam&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/suplementos/espectaculos/17-35739-2015-06-07.html “Ahora estamos entrenados para saber cómo son las cosas”] apud ''Página/12'' (7 Iunii 2015)&lt;/ref&gt;.

Aexistimari ergo potest Macri redire voluisse ad consilia eiusdem effreni [[Capitalismus|capitalismi]] quae nono iam decennio vicesimi seculi Argentinae populum minutum in indigentiam atque magnam partem ceterum ordinum in inopiam merserat &lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=Nz1R0iycuJMC&amp;pg=PA52&amp;lpg=PA52&amp;dq=efectos+del+neoliberalismo+en+argentina+diplo&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=ltyGXavBsb&amp;sig=MmexS_HkVBVmlFTUfxSA-gDDTOA&amp;hl=es&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjh86_-3JzKAhVKG5AKHeUKD5M4ChDoAQgzMAQ#v=onepage&amp;q=efectos%20del%20neoliberalismo%20en%20argentina%20diplo&amp;f=false 2002 Carlos Gabetta ''La deblacle de Argentina''] apud ''Google Books''&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.indexmundi.com/g/g.aspx?v=69&amp;c=ar&amp;l=es Argentina - Población bajo el nivel de pobreza - Cuadros de Datos Históricos Anuales] apud ''index mundi''&lt;/ref&gt;. Ipse [[Franciscus (papa)|Franciscus]] papa, qui summum discrimen rerum publicarum in Argentina passus est, paupertatem indicavit esse exitum rerum quotiescumque “res politica in servitutem redigitur rei nummariae” (Litterae encyclicae ''[http://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/la/encyclicals/documents/papa-francesco_20150524_enciclica-laudato-si.html Laudato si'],'' Caput primum §54).             

=== Contentio honorum  et initium regiminis in civitate ===
Anno [[2015]], cum comitia nationalia approquinquavissent, foedus ''Cambiemos'' inter factiones conservativas factum et die [[10 Iunii]] publice nuntiatum in contentionem honorum cum regimine [[Christina Fernández de Kirchner|Kirchner]] venit. In comitiis quae “primaria” nominantur cuiusque factionis candidati die [[9 Augusti]] creati sunt: [[Daniel Scioli]] [[Bonus Aër (provincia)|provinciae Bonaëropolitanae]] gubernator (eiusdem factionis ''{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Frente para la Victoria||es|qid=Q134749796}}'' qua Kirchner praesides creati sunt) cum 38.67% suffragiorum, Mauritius Macri (foederis ''Cambiemos'') cum 30.12%, ''{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Sergius Massa||es|qid=Q3479675}}'' (factionis ''Unión para una Nueva Alternativa'') cum 20.57% suffragiorum, et alii&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.elecciones.gob.ar/articulo_princ.php?secc=2&amp;sub_secc=8 Elecciones PASO - Resultados definitivos] apud ''Dirección Nacional Electoral''&lt;/ref&gt;. 

Cum in comitiis generalibus die [[27 Octobris]] factis nullus candidatus numerum suffragiorum ad vicendum sufficientem adsecutus esset&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.elecciones.gob.ar/articulo_princ.php?secc=2&amp;sub_secc=55 Elecciones Generales - Resultados definitivos] apud ''Dirección Nacional Electoral''&lt;/ref&gt;, necesse fuit populum iterum in comitium vocari. Comitiis factis die [[22 Novembris]], Mauritius Macri magistratum maximum potitus est cum 51.34% contra 48.66% suffragiorum, quae pro Scioli lati sunt&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.elecciones.gob.ar/articulo_princ.php?secc=2&amp;sub_secc=57 Segunda vuelta presidencial - Consulta del escrutinio definitivo] apud ''Dirección Nacional Electoral''&lt;/ref&gt;.

Inter acerbas discordias quae in tradenda potestate cum praeside Christina ortae sunt&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://mundo.sputniknews.com/americalatina/20151209/1054614328/continuan-discrepancias-sobre-traspaso-argentina.html Traspaso de mando en Argentina sigue en ascuas]&quot; apud ''Sputnik News'' (9 Decembris 2015)&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias/2015/12/151207_argentina_macri_cristina_mando_traspaso_baston_irm El enojo de Cristina Fernández con Mauricio Macri y otros enredos de la asunción presidencial en Argentina]&quot; apud ''BBC Mundo'' (7 Decembris 2015)&lt;/ref&gt;, Mauritius Macri munus rei publicae regendae accepit meridie [[10 Decembris]] quando ius iurandum dedit coram Parlamento infrequenti&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/elpais/1-288026-2015-12-11.html Ausencias, presencias, atuendos y aplausos]&quot; apud ''Página/12'' (11 Decembris 2015)&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.perfil.com/politica/La-ausencia-del-FpV-en-la-Asamblea-Legislativa-20151210-0021.html La ausencia del FpV en la Asamblea Legislativa]&quot; apud ''Perfil.com'' (10 Decembris 2015)&lt;/ref&gt;, cum magna pars propter discordias abfuerit. Cum Macri ad iudices provocavisset et ab iis consecutus esset inauditam sententiam quae et praesidi Christinae Kirchner media nocte [[9 Decembris]] munus dimisit et rem publicam 12 horas supremo moderatore carentem reddidit, legislatores factionis ''Frente para la Victoria'' abesse censuerunt&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305234650/http://www.telam.com.ar/notas/201512/129531-diputados-fpv-jura.html Diputados del FpV no asistirán a la jura de Macri y rechazan el fallo de Servini]&quot; apud ''Télam'' (9 Decembris 2015)&lt;/ref&gt;. Postquam praeses Macri publicorum legatorum curiam reliquit, ad [[Domum Roseam]] petivit ibique ornamenta muneris sumpsit atque sibi iure iurando ministros obstrinxit&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160111010302/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1852932-mauricio-macri-presidente-asuncion-jura-congreso-nacional Macri juró como presidente: llamó a la unidad nacional y condenó la corrupción y los jueces militantes]&quot; apud ''La Nación'' (10 Decembris 2015)&lt;/ref&gt;.  

Iam primo mense regiminis inter plerosque constabat Macri consilium fovendi capitalismi effrenati ([[Neoliberalismus|neoliberalismi]]) cepisse atque libidinem damni compensandi et anxietatem ut actiones regiminis praecedentis deleantur praesidem obsedisse&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/dec/29/mauricio-macri-quickly-reverses-many-of-cristina-f/?page=all New Argentine president flexes muscle, quickly reverses leftist predecessor’s policies]&quot; apud ''The Washington Times'' (29 Decembris 2015)&lt;/ref&gt;.  

Cum publica moderatio negotiorum dollariis factorum (quae “compedes” nominabatur) solvisset&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/economia/2-288464-2015-12-17.html Venta libre de dólares, presos de las consecuencias]&quot; apud ''Página/12'' (17 Decembris 2015)&lt;/ref&gt;, pensi (monetae nationalis) 40% vim minuit&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias/2015/12/151217_argentina_fin_cepo_devaluacion_irm La abrupta devaluación del peso argentino de más del 30% en un solo día]&quot; apud ''BBC Mundo'' (17 Decembris 2015)&lt;/ref&gt;. Tributis ex agrariis exportationibus a regimine remotis, pretium annonarum nimis auctum est&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/economia/2-288230-2015-12-14.html Eliminación de retenciones]&quot; apud ''Página/12'' (14 Decembris 2015)&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/economia/2-289828-2016-01-08.html La inflación, de mal en peor]&quot; apud ''Página/12'' (8 Ianuarii 2016)&lt;/ref&gt;; cives vilitate nummorum a mense Decembri usque ad hunc diem magis magisque laborant, cum pretia contineri nondum assecutum sit&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/economia/2-290169-2016-01-13.html Alza de la cesta básica de consumo]&quot; apud ''Página/12'' (13 Ianuarii 2016)&lt;/ref&gt;.  

Parlamenti sessionibus aestate interruptis, etiamsi praesidi actiones urgentes necesse essent, legislatores tamen ad sessiones extraordinarias non convocavit, cum maior pars eorum adversarii sint. Decretis igitur, quae leges Parlamenti saepe emendant aut substituunt, rem publicam regere constituit&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.politicargentina.com/notas/201512/10415-como-seran-y-por-que-macri-decidio-llevar-a-cabo-los-100-dias-de-gobierno-por-decreto.html Cómo serán y por qué Macri decidió gobernar 100 días por decreto]&quot; apud ''Política argentina'' (12 Decembris 2015)&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.politicoscope.com/argentina-mauricio-macri-anti-democratic-decrees-backfires Argentina: Mauricio Macri anti-democratic decrees backfires]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&quot; apud ''Politicoscope'' (12 Ianuarii 2016)/&lt;/ref&gt;. Die [[14 Decembris]] duos iudices Maximi Tribunalis, qui tantum ad Senatum referendo nominari possunt, per decretum creavit&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.infobae.com/2015/12/15/1776603-constitucionalistas-y-opositores-criticaron-mauricio-macri-nombrar-jueces-la-corte-decreto Constitucionalistas y opositores criticaron a Mauricio Macri por nombrar jueces para la Corte por decreto]&quot; apud ''Infobae'' (15 Decembris 2015)&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.buenosairesherald.com/article/205426/judge-blocks-macri%E2%80%99s-s-court-appointments Judge blocks Macri’s S. Court appointments]&quot; apud ''Buenos Aires Herald'' (21 Decembris 2015)&lt;/ref&gt;. Item die [[4 Ianuarii]] [[2016]] legem de instrumentis divulgationis moderandis, cui amplissima pars totius Parlamenti suffragata [[2010|anno 2010]] erat, per decretum mutavit&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/ultimas/20-289298-2015-12-30.html El gobierno disolvió la AFSCA y se propone anular la Ley de Medios]&quot; apud ''Página/12'' (30 Decembris 2015)&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.popularnewspaper.com/news/242/macri-evades-to-congress-and-change-media-law-by-decree.html Macri evades to Congress and change media law by Decree]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&quot; apud ''Popular Newspaper''&lt;/ref&gt;. Adhuc autem sunt iudices qui rei publicae in iure innixae adsunt, quamobrem bellum iudiciarium contractum est.               

Cum ad neoliberalia consilia efficenda grande aes alienum facere opus esset&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.lapoliticaonline.com/nota/92846 Macri: &quot;Hay que endeudarse todo lo que podamos&quot;] apud ''La política online'' (9 Octobris 2015)/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160114162432/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1852987-el-gobierno-de-macri-a-punto-de-conseguir-us-7000-millones-del-exterior El gobierno de Macri, a punto de obtener US$ 8000 millones del exterior]&quot; apud ''La Nación'' (10 Decembris 2015)&lt;/ref&gt;, ideo iam primo mense ad rem publicam minuendam turba circiter 28.000 operariorum (quorum 18.000 in procuratione rei publicae operati erant), praesertim propter politicam opinionem&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/economia/2-290168-2016-01-13.html El único indicador es el de despedidos]&quot; apud ''Página/12'' (13 Ianuarii 2016)&lt;/ref&gt;, a regimine dimissa est&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.eldestapeweb.com/el-mapa-los-despidos-macri-n13771?utm_source=Thinkindot&amp;utm_medium=%7Btrending%7D&amp;utm_content=%7Bp%7D&amp;utm_campaign=nota20&amp;noredirect=1 El mapa de los despidos de Macri]&quot; apud ''El destape'' (7 Ianuarii 2016)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/elpais/1-290189-2016-01-13.html Los despidos siguen en la agenda oficial]&quot; apud ''Página/12'' (13 Ianuarii 2016)&lt;/ref&gt; (cum tertius mensis regiminis compleretur, numerus dimissionum creverat usque ad 100.000)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160308102656/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1877685-se-perdieron-mas-de-100000-empleos-en-lo-que-va-del-ano Se perdieron más de 100.000 empleos en lo que va del año]&quot; apud ''La Nación'' (8 Martii 2016)&lt;/ref&gt;. Protestationibus ubique ortis, magna cum vi operarios repressi et multi homines a vigilibus icti sunt: in autovia quae ad aëroportum internationalem [[Bonus Aër|Bonaëropolitanum]] ducit die [[21 Decembris]] [[2015]]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160122233417/http://www.telam.com.ar/notas/201512/130860-quinto-dia-de-corte-parcial-de-trabajadores-de-cresta-roja-en-el-ingreso-al-aeropuerto-de-ezeiza.html Un obrero herido grave en el desalojo de Gendarmería a la protesta de Cresta Roja]&quot; apud ''Télam'' (22 Decembris 2015)&lt;/ref&gt;; die [[6 Ianuarii]] [[2016]] in domo municipali urbis iuxta [[Corduba (Argentina)|Cordubam]] quae Unquillo nominatur&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.laizquierdadiario.com/Unquillo-Infanteria-reprimio-a-los-trabajadores-municipales Unquillo: Infantería reprimió a los trabajadores municipales]&quot; apud ''La Izquierda diario'' (6 Ianuarii 2016)&lt;/ref&gt;; in domo municipali [[Argyropolis|Argyropolitana]] die [[8 Ianuarii]]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/elpais/1-289899-2016-01-09.html Del amarillo PRO al rojo de la represión]&quot; apud ''Página/12'' (9 Ianuarii 2016)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2016/01/09/argentina/1452338612_234082.html Polémica en Argentina por la primera represión violenta de despedidos]&quot; apud ''El País'' (9 Ianuarii 2016)&lt;/ref&gt;. 

Propter modum per decretos regendi qui et Parlamentum neglegit neque sententiis iudicum paret&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/elpais/1-290201-2016-01-13.html “Gobierna al margen de la ley”] apud ''Página/12'' (13 Ianuarii 2016)&lt;/ref&gt;, cum consuetudo reprimendi et propter politicam opinionem discriminandi increbuisset atque nonnulla [[iura humana]] laesisset, manifestationes populares in urbibus totius civitatis fere quotidie feruntur&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.elpais.com.uy/mundo/miles-personas-se-manifiestan-argentina.html Miles de personas se movilizaron en Argentina contra gobierno de Macri]&quot; apud ''El País'' (12 Ianuarii 2016)&lt;/ref&gt;, atque iam horum periculi signorum causa ad conventiones internationales (e. g. ad [[Conventio Americana de Iuribus Humanis|Conventionem Americanam de Iuribus Humanis]]) provocatum est&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/elpais/subnotas/289603-76034-2016-01-05.html Un reclamo ante la CIDH]&quot; apud ''Página/12'' (5 Ianuarii 2016)
&lt;/ref&gt;, et aliquot instrumenta comunicationis hic illic sollicita, subitaneam rerum conversionem aut novum genus dictaturae esse censent&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.globalresearch.ca/argentina-a-quiet-neoliberal-coup-detat-in-latin-americas-southern-cone/5492654 Argentina: A Quiet Neoliberal Coup d’Etat in Latin America’s Southern Cone]&quot; apud ''Global Research'' (1 Decembris 2015)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160117200508/https://deutsch.rt.com/amerika/36211-schleichender-staatstreich-in-argentinien-und/ „Schleichender Staatstreich“ in Argentinien und der Mainstream schweigt oder jubelt]&quot; apud ''RT Deutsch'' (7 Ianuarii 2016)&lt;/ref&gt;.

{{NexInt}}
*[[Historia Argentinae]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
*Gabriela Cerutti, ''El pibe.'' Bonaëropoli: Planeta, 2015. ISBN 9789504947240
*Norberto Galasso, ''Mauricio Macri: La vuelta al pasado.'' Bonaëropoli: Colihue, 2015. ISBN 9789505638390
*Jonathan Gilbert, &quot;[http://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/28/world/americas/argentinas-new-president-moves-swiftly-to-shake-up-the-economy.html Argentina’s New President Moves Swiftly to Shake Up the Economy]&quot; in ''[[The New York Times]]'' (27 Decembris 2015)
* Uki Goñi, &quot;[http://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/10/argentinian-president-mauricio-macri-anti-democratic-decrees Argentinian president under fire for 'anti-democratic' decrees]&quot; in ''[[The Guardian]]'' (10 Ianuarii 2016)
*Jonathan Watts, Uki Goñi, &quot;[http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/22/argentina-election-exit-polls-buenos-aires-mauricio-macri Argentina shifts to the right after Mauricio Macri wins presidential runoff]&quot; in ''[[The Guardian]]'' (23 Novembris 2015)

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Mauricio Macri|Mauritium Macri}}
* {{CIDOB|https://www.cidob.org/biografias_lideres_politicos/america_del_sur/argentina/mauricio_macri|Mauricio Macri}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060720101747/http://www.pro.com.ar/ Pagina interretialis factionis Propuesta Republicana]

{{Duces Argentinae}}
{{Consilium Argentinense Macri}}
{{Gubernatores urbis Boni Aëris}}

{{Lifetime|1959||Macri, Mauritius}}
[[Categoria:Politici Argentinae]]
[[Categoria:Mercatores]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Catholicae Argentinae]]
[[Categoria:Praefecti urbibus]]
[[Categoria:Praesides Argentinae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nehemias Grew</title>
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        <username>Andronikos Komnenos</username>
        <id>1527</id>
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      <comment>initium expansionis</comment>
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      <text bytes="1237" sha1="4ouf82wm1ico8ck3513b9fonxhkol1h" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Nehemiah-Grew-1641-1712.jpg|thumb|Nehemiah Grew]]

{{res|Nehemias Grew}}, [[Anglice]] ''Nehemiah''' ([[Manduessedum|Manduessedi]] baptizatus die [[26 Septembris]] [[1641]]; [[Londinium |Londinii]] die [[25 Martii]] [[1712]] mortuus) fuit [[biologia|biologus]] et [[medicus]] [[Anglia |Anglus]]. De [[anatomia plantarum|anatomia]] et [[biochemia]] plantarum praesertim quaerebat.

== Scripta ==

== Bibliographia ==
* Steven Shapin, ''Changing Tastes: How Things Tasted in the Early Modern Period and How They Taste Now. The Hans Rausing Lecture 2011''. Upsaliae: Uppsale Universitet, 2011 (contio in interrete reperienda)

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes biographici}}
{{CommuniaCat|Nehemiah Grew|Nehemias Grew}}
* [http://www.royalsociety.org/DServe/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&amp;dsqApp=Archive&amp;dsqCmd=Show.tcl&amp;dsqDb=Persons&amp;dsqPos=0&amp;dsqSearch=(Surname='Grew') De Nehemia Grew in Archivo Regalis Societatis]{{Nexus deficit|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{scien-bio-stipula}}
{{Anni vitae|1641|1712|Grew, Nehemias}}
[[Categoria:Incolae Angliae]]
[[Categoria:Medici Britanniae]]
[[Categoria:Botanistae Britanniae]]
[[Categoria:Socii Regalis Societatis Londiniensis]]</text>
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      <comment>Andronikos Komnenos movit paginam [[Nehemiah Grew]] ad [[Nehemias Grew]]: nomen Latinum</comment>
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[[Fasciculus:Nehemiah-Grew-1641-1712.jpg|thumb|Nehemiah Grew]]

{{res|Nehemias Grew}}, [[Anglice]] ''Nehemiah''' ([[Manduessedum|Manduessedi]] baptizatus die [[26 Septembris]] [[1641]]; [[Londinium |Londinii]] die [[25 Martii]] [[1712]] mortuus) fuit [[biologia|biologus]] et [[medicus]] [[Anglia |Anglus]]. De [[anatomia plantarum|anatomia]] et [[biochemia]] plantarum praesertim quaerebat.

== Scripta ==

== Bibliographia ==
* Steven Shapin, ''Changing Tastes: How Things Tasted in the Early Modern Period and How They Taste Now. The Hans Rausing Lecture 2011''. Upsaliae: Uppsale Universitet, 2011 (contio in interrete reperienda)

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes biographici}}
{{CommuniaCat|Nehemiah Grew|Nehemias Grew}}
* [http://www.royalsociety.org/DServe/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&amp;dsqApp=Archive&amp;dsqCmd=Show.tcl&amp;dsqDb=Persons&amp;dsqPos=0&amp;dsqSearch=(Surname='Grew') De Nehemia Grew in Archivo Regalis Societatis]{{Nexus deficit|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{scien-bio-stipula}}
{{Anni vitae|1641|1712|Grew, Nehemias}}
[[Categoria:Incolae Angliae]]
[[Categoria:Medici Britanniae]]
[[Categoria:Botanistae Britanniae]]
[[Categoria:Socii Regalis Societatis Londiniensis]]</text>
      <sha1>4ouf82wm1ico8ck3513b9fonxhkol1h</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>3969979</id>
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        <id>1527</id>
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[[Fasciculus:Nehemiah-Grew-1641-1712.jpg|thumb|Nehemiah Grew]]

{{res|Nehemias Grew}}, [[Anglice]] ''Nehemiah'' ([{{safesubst:creanda/m|en|Mancetter|Manduessedum (vicus)|Manduessedi|t=2026-07-04 15:48:01}} prope [[Coventria]]m baptizatus die [[26 Septembris]] [[1641]]; [[Londinium |Londinii]] die [[25 Martii]] [[1712]] mortuus) fuit [[biologia|biologus]] et [[medicus]] [[Anglia |Anglus]]. De [[anatomia plantarum|anatomia]] et [[biochemia]] plantarum praesertim quaerebat. Socius fuit [[Regalis Societas Londini|Regalis Societatis Londiniensis]].

== Scripta ==
* 1672 : ''The anatomy of vegetables begun, with a general account of vegetation founded thereon''. ; [https://archive.org/details/anatomyofvegetab00grew/page/n5/mode/2up textus]; [https://archive.org/details/b3032337x/page/n11/mode/2up aliud exemplar]
* 1673 : ''An idea of a phytological history propounded, together with a continuation of the anatomy of vegetables ...'' ; [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_an-idea-of-a-phytologica_grew-nehemiah_1673 textus]
* 1675 : ''The comparative anatomy of trunks, together with an account of their vegetation grounded thereupon''. ; [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_the-comparative-anatomy-_grew-nehemiah_1675/page/n1/mode/2up textus]
* 1675 : ''A discourse made before the Royal Society ... 1674, concerning the nature, causes, and power of mixture''. ; [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_a-discourse-made-before-_grew-nehemiah_1675/page/n1/mode/2up textus]
* 1678 : ''Experiments in consort of the luctation ...'' ; [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_experiments-in-consort-_grew-nehemiah_1678/page/n1/mode/2up exemplar difficile]
* 1681 : ''Musaeum Regalis Societatis, or, A catalogue &amp; description of the natural and artificial rarities belonging to the Royal Society and preserved at Gresham Colledge; whereunto is subjoyned The comparative anatomy of stomachs and guts''. Londinii: Hugh Newman; [https://archive.org/details/gri_33125010543805/page/n5/mode/2up textus] -- Reimpressum 1685, 1686; [https://archive.org/details/b30337215/page/n15/mode/2up textus impressionis 1686] -- Nova editio, 1694; [https://archive.org/details/musaeumregalisso00roya/page/n9/mode/2up textus editionis 1694]
* 1682 : ''The anatomy of plants, with An idea of a philosophical history of plants, and several other lectures''. ; [https://archive.org/details/gri_33125011116049 textus]; [https://archive.org/details/b3032435x_0001/page/n15/mode/2up aliud exemplar]
* 1683? : ''Dissertatio quae complectitur nova experimenta utilesque observationes circa aquam marinam ... dulcoratam''. ; [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_dissertatio-quae-complec_grew-nehemiah_1684/ textus]
* 1683  ''New experiments and useful observations concerning sea-water made fresh ...''. ; [https://archive.org/details/b30332205 textus] -- Reimpressum 1684; [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_new-experiments-and-use_grew-nehemiah_1684 textus impressionis 1684]
* 1684 : ''Nouvelles experiences et utiles remarques sur l'eau de mer dessalee''. ; [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_nouvelles-experiences-_grew-nehemiah_1684 textus]
* 1695 : ''Tractatus de salis cathartici amari in aquis Ebeshamensibus, et hujusmodi aliis, contenti natura et usu''. ; [https://archive.org/details/b30332047/page/n9/mode/2up textus]
* 1697 : ''A treatise of the nature and use of the bitter purging salt''. ; [https://archive.org/details/b30324397/page/n9/mode/2up Textus]; [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_a-treatise-of-the-nature_grew-nehemiah_1697_0 aliud exemplar] -- Reimpressum 1700; [https://archive.org/details/b30769632/page/n1/mode/2up textus]
* 1698 : ''Recueil d'experiences et observations sur le combat qui procede du melange des corps. Sur les saveurs, sur les odeurs, sur le sang, sur le lait ...'' ; [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_C8nYxJt1bkoC/page/n3/mode/2up textus]
* 1701 : ''Cosmologia sacra, or a discourse of the universe as it is the creature and kingdom of God''. ; [https://archive.org/details/cosmologiasacrao00grewuoft/page/n7/mode/2up textus]

== Bibliographia ==
* Agnes Arber, &quot;[https://archive.org/details/b21931197/page/n63/mode/2up Nehemiah Grew]&quot; in F. W. Oliver, ed., ''Makers of British botany : a collection of biographies by living botanists'' (Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press, 1913) pp. 44-64
* Steven Shapin, ''Changing Tastes: How Things Tasted in the Early Modern Period and How They Taste Now. The Hans Rausing Lecture 2011''. Upsaliae: Uppsale Universitet, 2011 (contio in interrete reperienda)
* John Shower, ''Enoch's translation: a funeral sermon upon the sudden death of Dr. Nehemiah Grew''. Londinii, 1712; [https://archive.org/details/b30509750/page/n5/mode/2up textus]

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes biographici}}
{{CommuniaCat|Nehemiah Grew|Nehemias Grew}}
* [http://www.royalsociety.org/DServe/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&amp;dsqApp=Archive&amp;dsqCmd=Show.tcl&amp;dsqDb=Persons&amp;dsqPos=0&amp;dsqSearch=(Surname='Grew') De Nehemia Grew in Archivo Regalis Societatis]{{Nexus deficit|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{scien-bio-stipula}}
{{Anni vitae|1641|1712|Grew, Nehemias}}
[[Categoria:Incolae Angliae]]
[[Categoria:Medici Britanniae]]
[[Categoria:Botanistae Britanniae]]
[[Categoria:Socii Regalis Societatis Londiniensis]]</text>
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[[Fasciculus:Nehemiah-Grew-1641-1712.jpg|thumb|Nehemiah Grew]]

{{res|Nehemias Grew}}, [[Anglice]] ''Nehemiah'' ({{safesubst:creanda/m|en|Mancetter|Manduessedum (vicus)|Manduessedi|t=2026-07-04 15:48:01}} prope [[Coventria]]m baptizatus die [[26 Septembris]] [[1641]]; [[Londinium |Londinii]] die [[25 Martii]] [[1712]] mortuus) fuit [[biologia|biologus]] et [[medicus]] [[Anglia |Anglus]]. De [[anatomia plantarum|anatomia]] et [[biochemia]] plantarum praesertim quaerebat. Socius fuit [[Regalis Societas Londini|Regalis Societatis Londiniensis]].

== Scripta ==
* 1672 : ''The anatomy of vegetables begun, with a general account of vegetation founded thereon''. ; [https://archive.org/details/anatomyofvegetab00grew/page/n5/mode/2up textus]; [https://archive.org/details/b3032337x/page/n11/mode/2up aliud exemplar]
* 1673 : ''An idea of a phytological history propounded, together with a continuation of the anatomy of vegetables ...'' ; [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_an-idea-of-a-phytologica_grew-nehemiah_1673 textus]
* 1675 : ''Anatomie des plantes ...'' Lutetiae; [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=ucm.5327726922 Textus] {{Google Books|5dsAZwWh9gYC|editio 1679}}
* 1675 : ''The comparative anatomy of trunks, together with an account of their vegetation grounded thereupon''. ; [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_the-comparative-anatomy-_grew-nehemiah_1675/page/n1/mode/2up textus]
* 1675 : ''A discourse made before the Royal Society ... 1674, concerning the nature, causes, and power of mixture''. ; [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_a-discourse-made-before-_grew-nehemiah_1675/page/n1/mode/2up textus]
* 1676 : ''The comparative anatomy of the stomachs and guts begun''. ; [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo2/B03528.0001.001 editio interretialis apud Michiganenses]
* 1678 : '' Experiments in consort of the luctation arising from the affusion of several menstruums upon all sorts of bodies ...'' ; [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_experiments-in-consort-_grew-nehemiah_1678/page/n1/mode/2up exemplar difficile]; [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A42105.0001.001 editio interretialis apud Michiganenses]
* 1679 (cum aliis) : ''Recueil d'experiences et observations sur le combat qui procede du melange des corps. Sur les saveurs, sur les odeurs, sur le sang, sur le lait ...''. Lutetiae: Estienne Michallet {{Google Books|MnJ-5NxbQvoC}}
* 1681 : ''Musaeum Regalis Societatis, or, A catalogue &amp; description of the natural and artificial rarities belonging to the Royal Society and preserved at Gresham Colledge; whereunto is subjoyned The comparative anatomy of stomachs and guts''. Londinii: Hugh Newman; [https://archive.org/details/gri_33125010543805/page/n5/mode/2up textus] -- Reimpressum 1685, 1686; [https://archive.org/details/b30337215/page/n15/mode/2up textus impressionis 1686] -- Nova editio, 1694; [https://archive.org/details/musaeumregalisso00roya/page/n9/mode/2up textus editionis 1694]
* 1682 : ''The anatomy of plants, with An idea of a philosophical history of plants, and several other lectures''. ; [https://archive.org/details/gri_33125011116049 textus]; [https://archive.org/details/b3032435x_0001/page/n15/mode/2up aliud exemplar]
* 1683? : ''Dissertatio quae complectitur nova experimenta utilesque observationes circa aquam marinam ... dulcoratam''. ; [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_dissertatio-quae-complec_grew-nehemiah_1684/ textus]
* 1683  ''New experiments and useful observations concerning sea-water made fresh ...''. ; [https://archive.org/details/b30332205 textus] -- Reimpressum 1684; [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_new-experiments-and-use_grew-nehemiah_1684 textus impressionis 1684]
* 1684 : ''Nouvelles experiences et utiles remarques sur l'eau de mer dessalee''. ; [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_nouvelles-experiences-_grew-nehemiah_1684 textus]
* 1691 : ''Anatomie et âme des plantes ... nouvelle edition''. Lugduni Batavorum {{Google Books|NRM7AAAAcAAJ}}
* 1691 : ''Recueil d'experiences et observations sur le combat qui procede du melange des corps. Sur les saveurs, sur les odeurs, sur le sang, sur le lait ...''. Lugduni Batavorum: Pierre vander Aa {{Google Books|WxM7AAAAcAAJ}}  --  Editio Parisiensis 1698: [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=ucm.5327727338 textus apud Hathi Trust]; [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_C8nYxJt1bkoC/page/n3/mode/2up alibi]
* 1695 : ''Tractatus de salis cathartici amari in aquis Ebeshamensibus, et hujusmodi aliis, contenti natura et usu''. ; [https://archive.org/details/b30332047/page/n9/mode/2up textus]
* 1697 : ''A treatise of the nature and use of the bitter purging salt''. ; [https://archive.org/details/b30324397/page/n9/mode/2up Textus]; [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_a-treatise-of-the-nature_grew-nehemiah_1697_0 aliud exemplar] -- Reimpressum 1700; [https://archive.org/details/b30769632/page/n1/mode/2up textus]
* 1701 : ''Cosmologia sacra, or a discourse of the universe as it is the creature and kingdom of God''. ; [https://archive.org/details/cosmologiasacrao00grewuoft/page/n7/mode/2up textus]
* 1857 : ''A.D. 1698: no. 354. Grew's patent [way of makeing the salt of the purgeing waters perfectly fine in large quantities and very cheape, so as to be comonly prescribed and taken as a generall medicine]''. Londinii: Great Seal Patent Office; [https://archive.org/details/b30746942/page/n1/mode/2up Textus]
* 2012 (Julian Hoppit, ed.) : ''Nehemiah Grew and England's economic development : The means of the most ample increase of the wealth and strength of England 1706-7''. Oxonii: Oxford University Press for the British Academy; [https://archive.org/details/nehemiahgrewengl0000grew/page/n5/mode/2up exemplar mutuabile]

== Bibliographia ==
* Agnes Arber, &quot;[https://archive.org/details/b21931197/page/n63/mode/2up Nehemiah Grew]&quot; in F. W. Oliver, ed., ''Makers of British botany : a collection of biographies by living botanists'' (Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press, 1913) pp. 44-64
* Steven Shapin, ''Changing Tastes: How Things Tasted in the Early Modern Period and How They Taste Now. The Hans Rausing Lecture 2011''. Upsaliae: Uppsale Universitet, 2011 (contio in interrete reperienda)
* John Shower, ''Enoch's translation: a funeral sermon upon the sudden death of Dr. Nehemiah Grew''. Londinii, 1712; [https://archive.org/details/b30509750/page/n5/mode/2up textus]

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes biographici}}
{{CommuniaCat|Nehemiah Grew|Nehemias Grew}}
* [http://www.royalsociety.org/DServe/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&amp;dsqApp=Archive&amp;dsqCmd=Show.tcl&amp;dsqDb=Persons&amp;dsqPos=0&amp;dsqSearch=(Surname='Grew') De Nehemia Grew in Archivo Regalis Societatis]{{Nexus deficit|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{scien-bio-stipula}}
{{Anni vitae|1641|1712|Grew, Nehemias}}
[[Categoria:Incolae Angliae]]
[[Categoria:Medici Britanniae]]
[[Categoria:Botanistae Britanniae]]
[[Categoria:Socii Regalis Societatis Londiniensis]]</text>
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[[Fasciculus:Nehemiah-Grew-1641-1712.jpg|thumb|Nehemiah Grew]]

{{res|Nehemias Grew}}, [[Anglice]] ''Nehemiah'' ({{safesubst:creanda/m|en|Mancetter|Manduessedum (vicus)|Manduessedi|t=2026-07-04 15:48:01}} [[Warwicensis comitatus]] baptizatus die [[26 Septembris]] [[1641]]; [[Londinium |Londinii]] die [[25 Martii]] [[1712]] mortuus) fuit [[biologia|biologus]] et [[medicus]] [[Anglia |Anglus]]. De [[anatomia plantarum|anatomia]] et [[biochemia]] plantarum praesertim quaerebat. Socius fuit [[Regalis Societas Londini|Regalis Societatis Londiniensis]].

== Scripta ==
* 1672 : ''The anatomy of vegetables begun, with a general account of vegetation founded thereon''. ; [https://archive.org/details/anatomyofvegetab00grew/page/n5/mode/2up textus]; [https://archive.org/details/b3032337x/page/n11/mode/2up aliud exemplar]
* 1673 : ''An idea of a phytological history propounded, together with a continuation of the anatomy of vegetables ...'' ; [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_an-idea-of-a-phytologica_grew-nehemiah_1673 textus]
* 1675 : ''Anatomie des plantes ...'' Lutetiae; [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=ucm.5327726922 Textus] {{Google Books|5dsAZwWh9gYC|editio 1679}}
* 1675 : ''The comparative anatomy of trunks, together with an account of their vegetation grounded thereupon''. ; [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_the-comparative-anatomy-_grew-nehemiah_1675/page/n1/mode/2up textus]
* 1675 : ''A discourse made before the Royal Society ... 1674, concerning the nature, causes, and power of mixture''. ; [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_a-discourse-made-before-_grew-nehemiah_1675/page/n1/mode/2up textus]
* 1676 : ''The comparative anatomy of the stomachs and guts begun''. ; [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo2/B03528.0001.001 editio interretialis apud Michiganenses]
* 1678 : '' Experiments in consort of the luctation arising from the affusion of several menstruums upon all sorts of bodies ...'' ; [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_experiments-in-consort-_grew-nehemiah_1678/page/n1/mode/2up exemplar difficile]; [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A42105.0001.001 editio interretialis apud Michiganenses]
* 1679 (cum aliis) : ''Recueil d'experiences et observations sur le combat qui procede du melange des corps. Sur les saveurs, sur les odeurs, sur le sang, sur le lait ...''. Lutetiae: Estienne Michallet {{Google Books|MnJ-5NxbQvoC}}
* 1681 : ''Musaeum Regalis Societatis, or, A catalogue &amp; description of the natural and artificial rarities belonging to the Royal Society and preserved at Gresham Colledge; whereunto is subjoyned The comparative anatomy of stomachs and guts''. Londinii: Hugh Newman; [https://archive.org/details/gri_33125010543805/page/n5/mode/2up textus] -- Reimpressum 1685, 1686; [https://archive.org/details/b30337215/page/n15/mode/2up textus impressionis 1686] -- Nova editio, 1694; [https://archive.org/details/musaeumregalisso00roya/page/n9/mode/2up textus editionis 1694]
* 1682 : ''The anatomy of plants, with An idea of a philosophical history of plants, and several other lectures''. ; [https://archive.org/details/gri_33125011116049 textus]; [https://archive.org/details/b3032435x_0001/page/n15/mode/2up aliud exemplar]
* 1683? : ''Dissertatio quae complectitur nova experimenta utilesque observationes circa aquam marinam ... dulcoratam''. ; [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_dissertatio-quae-complec_grew-nehemiah_1684/ textus]
* 1683  ''New experiments and useful observations concerning sea-water made fresh ...''. ; [https://archive.org/details/b30332205 textus] -- Reimpressum 1684; [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_new-experiments-and-use_grew-nehemiah_1684 textus impressionis 1684]
* 1684 : ''Nouvelles experiences et utiles remarques sur l'eau de mer dessalee''. ; [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_nouvelles-experiences-_grew-nehemiah_1684 textus]
* 1691 : ''Anatomie et âme des plantes ... nouvelle edition''. Lugduni Batavorum {{Google Books|NRM7AAAAcAAJ}}
* 1691 : ''Recueil d'experiences et observations sur le combat qui procede du melange des corps. Sur les saveurs, sur les odeurs, sur le sang, sur le lait ...''. Lugduni Batavorum: Pierre vander Aa {{Google Books|WxM7AAAAcAAJ}}  --  Editio Parisiensis 1698: [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=ucm.5327727338 textus apud Hathi Trust]; [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_C8nYxJt1bkoC/page/n3/mode/2up alibi]
* 1695 : ''Tractatus de salis cathartici amari in aquis Ebeshamensibus, et hujusmodi aliis, contenti natura et usu''. ; [https://archive.org/details/b30332047/page/n9/mode/2up textus]
* 1697 : ''A treatise of the nature and use of the bitter purging salt''. ; [https://archive.org/details/b30324397/page/n9/mode/2up Textus]; [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_a-treatise-of-the-nature_grew-nehemiah_1697_0 aliud exemplar] -- Reimpressum 1700; [https://archive.org/details/b30769632/page/n1/mode/2up textus]
* 1701 : ''Cosmologia sacra, or a discourse of the universe as it is the creature and kingdom of God''. ; [https://archive.org/details/cosmologiasacrao00grewuoft/page/n7/mode/2up textus]
* 1857 : ''A.D. 1698: no. 354. Grew's patent [way of makeing the salt of the purgeing waters perfectly fine in large quantities and very cheape, so as to be comonly prescribed and taken as a generall medicine]''. Londinii: Great Seal Patent Office; [https://archive.org/details/b30746942/page/n1/mode/2up Textus]
* 2012 (Julian Hoppit, ed.) : ''Nehemiah Grew and England's economic development : The means of the most ample increase of the wealth and strength of England 1706-7''. Oxonii: Oxford University Press for the British Academy; [https://archive.org/details/nehemiahgrewengl0000grew/page/n5/mode/2up exemplar mutuabile]

== Bibliographia ==
* Agnes Arber, &quot;[https://archive.org/details/b21931197/page/n63/mode/2up Nehemiah Grew]&quot; in F. W. Oliver, ed., ''Makers of British botany : a collection of biographies by living botanists'' (Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press, 1913) pp. 44-64
* Jeanne Bolam, &quot;The Botanical Works of Nehemiah Grew, FRS (1641-1712)&quot; in ''Notes and Records of the Royal Society'' vol. 27 (1972-1973) pp. 219-231
* Michael Hunter, &quot;The Social Bias and Changing Fortunes of an Early Scientific Institution: An Analysis of the Membership of the Royal Society, 1660-1685&quot; in ''Notes and Records of the Royal Society'' vol. 31 (1976-1977) pp. 9-114
* Michael Hunter, &quot;Early Problems in Professionalizing Scientific Research: Nehemiah Grew (1641-1712) and the Royal Society, With an Unpublished Letter to Henry Oldenburg&quot; in ''Notes and Records of the Royal Society'' vol. 36 (1981-1982) pp. 189-209
* Michael Hunter, &quot;Grew, Nehemiah (bap. 1641, d. 1712)&quot; (2004/2015) in {{ODNB}}
* William LeFanu, ''Nehemiah Grew, MD, FRS: A Study and Bibliography of His Writings''
* Steven Shapin, ''Changing Tastes: How Things Tasted in the Early Modern Period and How They Taste Now. The Hans Rausing Lecture 2011''. Upsaliae: Uppsale Universitet, 2011 (contio in interrete reperienda)
* John Shower, ''Enoch's translation: a funeral sermon upon the sudden death of Dr. Nehemiah Grew''. Londinii, 1712; [https://archive.org/details/b30509750/page/n5/mode/2up textus]

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes biographici}}
{{CommuniaCat|Nehemiah Grew|Nehemias Grew}}
* [https://catalogues.royalsociety.org/CalmView/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Persons&amp;id=NA8411&amp;pos=1 De Nehemia Grew in Archivo Regalis Societatis

{{scien-bio-stipula}}
{{Anni vitae|1641|1712|Grew, Nehemias}}
[[Categoria:Incolae Angliae]]
[[Categoria:Medici Britanniae]]
[[Categoria:Botanistae Britanniae]]
[[Categoria:Socii Regalis Societatis Londiniensis]]</text>
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[[Fasciculus:Nehemiah-Grew-1641-1712.jpg|thumb|Nehemiah Grew]]

{{res|Nehemias Grew}}, [[Anglice]] ''Nehemiah'' ({{safesubst:creanda/m|en|Mancetter|Manduessedum (vicus)|Manduessedi|t=2026-07-04 15:48:01}} [[Warwicensis comitatus]] baptizatus die [[26 Septembris]] [[1641]]; [[Londinium |Londinii]] die [[25 Martii]] [[1712]] mortuus) fuit [[biologia|biologus]] et [[medicus]] [[Anglia |Anglus]]. De [[anatomia plantarum|anatomia]] et [[biochemia]] plantarum praesertim quaerebat. Socius fuit [[Regalis Societas Londini|Regalis Societatis Londiniensis]].

== Scripta ==
* 1671 : ''Disputatio medico-physica inauguralis, de liquore nervoso''. Lugduni Batavorum: apud Elsevirios {{Google Books|o6RS21Lg0KwC}}
* 1672 : ''The anatomy of vegetables begun, with a general account of vegetation founded thereon''. ; [https://archive.org/details/anatomyofvegetab00grew/page/n5/mode/2up textus]; [https://archive.org/details/b3032337x/page/n11/mode/2up aliud exemplar]
* 1673 : ''An idea of a phytological history propounded, together with a continuation of the anatomy of vegetables ...'' ; [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_an-idea-of-a-phytologica_grew-nehemiah_1673 textus]
* 1675 : ''Anatomie des plantes ...'' Lutetiae; [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=ucm.5327726922 Textus] {{Google Books|5dsAZwWh9gYC|editio 1679}}
* 1675 : ''The comparative anatomy of trunks, together with an account of their vegetation grounded thereupon''. ; [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_the-comparative-anatomy-_grew-nehemiah_1675/page/n1/mode/2up textus]
* 1675 : ''A discourse made before the Royal Society ... 1674, concerning the nature, causes, and power of mixture''. ; [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_a-discourse-made-before-_grew-nehemiah_1675/page/n1/mode/2up textus]
* 1676 : ''The comparative anatomy of the stomachs and guts begun''. ; [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo2/B03528.0001.001 editio interretialis apud Michiganenses]
* 1678 : '' Experiments in consort of the luctation arising from the affusion of several menstruums upon all sorts of bodies ...'' ; [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_experiments-in-consort-_grew-nehemiah_1678/page/n1/mode/2up exemplar difficile]; [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A42105.0001.001 editio interretialis apud Michiganenses]
* 1679 (cum aliis) : ''Recueil d'experiences et observations sur le combat qui procede du melange des corps. Sur les saveurs, sur les odeurs, sur le sang, sur le lait ...''. Lutetiae: Estienne Michallet {{Google Books|MnJ-5NxbQvoC}}
* 1681 : ''Musaeum Regalis Societatis, or, A catalogue &amp; description of the natural and artificial rarities belonging to the Royal Society and preserved at Gresham Colledge; whereunto is subjoyned The comparative anatomy of stomachs and guts''. Londinii: Hugh Newman; [https://archive.org/details/gri_33125010543805/page/n5/mode/2up textus] -- Reimpressum 1685, 1686; [https://archive.org/details/b30337215/page/n15/mode/2up textus impressionis 1686] -- Nova editio, 1694; [https://archive.org/details/musaeumregalisso00roya/page/n9/mode/2up textus editionis 1694]
* 1682 : ''The anatomy of plants, with An idea of a philosophical history of plants, and several other lectures''. ; [https://archive.org/details/gri_33125011116049 textus]; [https://archive.org/details/b3032435x_0001/page/n15/mode/2up aliud exemplar]
* 1683? : ''Dissertatio quae complectitur nova experimenta utilesque observationes circa aquam marinam ... dulcoratam''. ; [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_dissertatio-quae-complec_grew-nehemiah_1684/ textus]
* 1683  ''New experiments and useful observations concerning sea-water made fresh ...''. ; [https://archive.org/details/b30332205 textus] -- Reimpressum 1684; [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_new-experiments-and-use_grew-nehemiah_1684 textus impressionis 1684]
* 1684 : ''Nouvelles experiences et utiles remarques sur l'eau de mer dessalee''. ; [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_nouvelles-experiences-_grew-nehemiah_1684 textus]
* 1691 : ''Anatomie et âme des plantes ... nouvelle edition''. Lugduni Batavorum {{Google Books|NRM7AAAAcAAJ}}
* 1691 : ''Recueil d'experiences et observations sur le combat qui procede du melange des corps. Sur les saveurs, sur les odeurs, sur le sang, sur le lait ...''. Lugduni Batavorum: Pierre vander Aa {{Google Books|WxM7AAAAcAAJ}}  --  Editio Parisiensis 1698: [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=ucm.5327727338 textus apud Hathi Trust]; [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_C8nYxJt1bkoC/page/n3/mode/2up alibi]
* 1695 : ''Tractatus de salis cathartici amari in aquis Ebeshamensibus, et hujusmodi aliis, contenti natura et usu''. ; [https://archive.org/details/b30332047/page/n9/mode/2up textus]
* 1697 : ''A treatise of the nature and use of the bitter purging salt''. ; [https://archive.org/details/b30324397/page/n9/mode/2up Textus]; [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_a-treatise-of-the-nature_grew-nehemiah_1697_0 aliud exemplar] -- Reimpressum 1700; [https://archive.org/details/b30769632/page/n1/mode/2up textus]
* 1701 : ''Cosmologia sacra, or a discourse of the universe as it is the creature and kingdom of God''. ; [https://archive.org/details/cosmologiasacrao00grewuoft/page/n7/mode/2up textus]
* 1857 : ''A.D. 1698: no. 354. Grew's patent [way of makeing the salt of the purgeing waters perfectly fine in large quantities and very cheape, so as to be comonly prescribed and taken as a generall medicine]''. Londinii: Great Seal Patent Office; [https://archive.org/details/b30746942/page/n1/mode/2up Textus]
* 2012 (Julian Hoppit, ed.) : ''Nehemiah Grew and England's economic development : The means of the most ample increase of the wealth and strength of England 1706-7''. Oxonii: Oxford University Press for the British Academy; [https://archive.org/details/nehemiahgrewengl0000grew/page/n5/mode/2up exemplar mutuabile]

== Bibliographia ==
* Agnes Arber, &quot;[https://archive.org/details/b21931197/page/n63/mode/2up Nehemiah Grew]&quot; in F. W. Oliver, ed., ''Makers of British botany : a collection of biographies by living botanists'' (Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press, 1913) pp. 44-64
* Jeanne Bolam, &quot;The Botanical Works of Nehemiah Grew, FRS (1641-1712)&quot; in ''Notes and Records of the Royal Society'' vol. 27 (1972-1973) pp. 219-231
* Michael Hunter, &quot;The Social Bias and Changing Fortunes of an Early Scientific Institution: An Analysis of the Membership of the Royal Society, 1660-1685&quot; in ''Notes and Records of the Royal Society'' vol. 31 (1976-1977) pp. 9-114
* Michael Hunter, &quot;Early Problems in Professionalizing Scientific Research: Nehemiah Grew (1641-1712) and the Royal Society, With an Unpublished Letter to Henry Oldenburg&quot; in ''Notes and Records of the Royal Society'' vol. 36 (1981-1982) pp. 189-209
* Michael Hunter, &quot;Grew, Nehemiah (bap. 1641, d. 1712)&quot; (2004/2015) in {{ODNB}}
* William LeFanu, ''Nehemiah Grew, MD, FRS: A Study and Bibliography of His Writings''
* Steven Shapin, ''Changing Tastes: How Things Tasted in the Early Modern Period and How They Taste Now. The Hans Rausing Lecture 2011''. Upsaliae: Uppsale Universitet, 2011 (contio in interrete reperienda)
* John Shower, ''Enoch's translation: a funeral sermon upon the sudden death of Dr. Nehemiah Grew''. Londinii, 1712; [https://archive.org/details/b30509750/page/n5/mode/2up textus]

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes biographici}}
{{CommuniaCat|Nehemiah Grew|Nehemias Grew}}
* [https://catalogues.royalsociety.org/CalmView/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Persons&amp;id=NA8411&amp;pos=1 De Nehemia Grew in Archivo Regalis Societatis

{{scien-bio-stipula}}
{{Anni vitae|1641|1712|Grew, Nehemias}}
[[Categoria:Incolae Angliae]]
[[Categoria:Medici Britanniae]]
[[Categoria:Botanistae Britanniae]]
[[Categoria:Socii Regalis Societatis Londiniensis]]</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Andronikos Komnenos</username>
        <id>1527</id>
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      <comment>/* Scripta */</comment>
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      <text bytes="8054" sha1="0ponykaebcmbrvppsdypjsl6k6bn8kw" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Nehemiah-Grew-1641-1712.jpg|thumb|Nehemiah Grew]]

{{res|Nehemias Grew}}, [[Anglice]] ''Nehemiah'' ({{safesubst:creanda/m|en|Mancetter|Manduessedum (vicus)|Manduessedi|t=2026-07-04 15:48:01}} [[Warwicensis comitatus]] baptizatus die [[26 Septembris]] [[1641]]; [[Londinium |Londinii]] die [[25 Martii]] [[1712]] mortuus) fuit [[biologia|biologus]] et [[medicus]] [[Anglia |Anglus]]. De [[anatomia plantarum|anatomia]] et [[biochemia]] plantarum praesertim quaerebat. Socius fuit [[Regalis Societas Londini|Regalis Societatis Londiniensis]].

== Scripta ==
* 1671 : ''Disputatio medico-physica inauguralis, de liquore nervoso''. Lugduni Batavorum: apud Elsevirios {{Google Books|o6RS21Lg0KwC}}
* 1672 : ''The anatomy of vegetables begun, with a general account of vegetation founded thereon''. ; [https://archive.org/details/anatomyofvegetab00grew/page/n5/mode/2up textus]; [https://archive.org/details/b3032337x/page/n11/mode/2up aliud exemplar]
* 1673 : ''An idea of a phytological history propounded, together with a continuation of the anatomy of vegetables ...'' ; [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_an-idea-of-a-phytologica_grew-nehemiah_1673 textus]
* 1675 : ''Anatomie des plantes ...'' Lutetiae; [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=ucm.5327726922 Textus] {{Google Books|5dsAZwWh9gYC|editio 1679}}
* 1675 : ''The comparative anatomy of trunks, together with an account of their vegetation grounded thereupon''. ; [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_the-comparative-anatomy-_grew-nehemiah_1675/page/n1/mode/2up textus]
* 1675 : ''A discourse made before the Royal Society ... 1674, concerning the nature, causes, and power of mixture''. ; [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_a-discourse-made-before-_grew-nehemiah_1675/page/n1/mode/2up textus]
* 1676 : ''The comparative anatomy of the stomachs and guts begun''. ; [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo2/B03528.0001.001 editio interretialis apud Michiganenses]
* 1678 : '' Experiments in consort of the luctation arising from the affusion of several menstruums upon all sorts of bodies ...'' ; [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_experiments-in-consort-_grew-nehemiah_1678/page/n1/mode/2up exemplar difficile]; [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A42105.0001.001 editio interretialis apud Michiganenses]
* 1679 (cum aliis) : ''Recueil d'experiences et observations sur le combat qui procede du melange des corps. Sur les saveurs, sur les odeurs, sur le sang, sur le lait ...''. Lutetiae: Estienne Michallet {{Google Books|MnJ-5NxbQvoC}}
* 1681 : ''Musaeum Regalis Societatis, or, A catalogue &amp; description of the natural and artificial rarities belonging to the Royal Society and preserved at Gresham Colledge; whereunto is subjoyned The comparative anatomy of stomachs and guts''. Londinii: Hugh Newman; [https://archive.org/details/gri_33125010543805/page/n5/mode/2up textus] -- Reimpressum 1685, 1686; [https://archive.org/details/b30337215/page/n15/mode/2up textus impressionis 1686] -- Nova editio, 1694; [https://archive.org/details/musaeumregalisso00roya/page/n9/mode/2up textus editionis 1694]
* 1682 : ''The anatomy of plants, with An idea of a philosophical history of plants, and several other lectures''. ; [https://archive.org/details/gri_33125011116049 textus]; [https://archive.org/details/b3032435x_0001/page/n15/mode/2up aliud exemplar]; [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A42100.0001.001 editio interretialis apud Michiganenses]
* 1683? : ''Dissertatio quae complectitur nova experimenta utilesque observationes circa aquam marinam ... dulcoratam''. ; [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_dissertatio-quae-complec_grew-nehemiah_1684/ textus]
* 1683  ''New experiments and useful observations concerning sea-water made fresh ...''. ; [https://archive.org/details/b30332205 textus] -- Reimpressum 1684; [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_new-experiments-and-use_grew-nehemiah_1684 textus impressionis 1684]
* 1684 : ''Nouvelles experiences et utiles remarques sur l'eau de mer dessalee''. ; [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_nouvelles-experiences-_grew-nehemiah_1684 textus]
* 1691 : ''Anatomie et âme des plantes ... nouvelle edition''. Lugduni Batavorum {{Google Books|NRM7AAAAcAAJ}}
* 1691 : ''Recueil d'experiences et observations sur le combat qui procede du melange des corps. Sur les saveurs, sur les odeurs, sur le sang, sur le lait ...''. Lugduni Batavorum: Pierre vander Aa {{Google Books|WxM7AAAAcAAJ}}  --  Editio Parisiensis 1698: [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=ucm.5327727338 textus apud Hathi Trust]; [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_C8nYxJt1bkoC/page/n3/mode/2up alibi]
* 1695 : ''Tractatus de salis cathartici amari in aquis Ebeshamensibus, et hujusmodi aliis, contenti natura et usu''. ; [https://archive.org/details/b30332047/page/n9/mode/2up textus]
* 1697 : ''A treatise of the nature and use of the bitter purging salt''. ; [https://archive.org/details/b30324397/page/n9/mode/2up Textus]; [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_a-treatise-of-the-nature_grew-nehemiah_1697_0 aliud exemplar] -- Reimpressum 1700; [https://archive.org/details/b30769632/page/n1/mode/2up textus]
* 1701 : ''Cosmologia sacra, or a discourse of the universe as it is the creature and kingdom of God''. ; [https://archive.org/details/cosmologiasacrao00grewuoft/page/n7/mode/2up textus]
* 1857 : ''A.D. 1698: no. 354. Grew's patent [way of makeing the salt of the purgeing waters perfectly fine in large quantities and very cheape, so as to be comonly prescribed and taken as a generall medicine]''. Londinii: Great Seal Patent Office; [https://archive.org/details/b30746942/page/n1/mode/2up Textus]
* 2012 (Julian Hoppit, ed.) : ''Nehemiah Grew and England's economic development : The means of the most ample increase of the wealth and strength of England 1706-7''. Oxonii: Oxford University Press for the British Academy; [https://archive.org/details/nehemiahgrewengl0000grew/page/n5/mode/2up exemplar mutuabile]

== Bibliographia ==
* Agnes Arber, &quot;[https://archive.org/details/b21931197/page/n63/mode/2up Nehemiah Grew]&quot; in F. W. Oliver, ed., ''Makers of British botany : a collection of biographies by living botanists'' (Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press, 1913) pp. 44-64
* Jeanne Bolam, &quot;The Botanical Works of Nehemiah Grew, FRS (1641-1712)&quot; in ''Notes and Records of the Royal Society'' vol. 27 (1972-1973) pp. 219-231
* Michael Hunter, &quot;The Social Bias and Changing Fortunes of an Early Scientific Institution: An Analysis of the Membership of the Royal Society, 1660-1685&quot; in ''Notes and Records of the Royal Society'' vol. 31 (1976-1977) pp. 9-114
* Michael Hunter, &quot;Early Problems in Professionalizing Scientific Research: Nehemiah Grew (1641-1712) and the Royal Society, With an Unpublished Letter to Henry Oldenburg&quot; in ''Notes and Records of the Royal Society'' vol. 36 (1981-1982) pp. 189-209
* Michael Hunter, &quot;Grew, Nehemiah (bap. 1641, d. 1712)&quot; (2004/2015) in {{ODNB}}
* William LeFanu, ''Nehemiah Grew, MD, FRS: A Study and Bibliography of His Writings''
* Steven Shapin, ''Changing Tastes: How Things Tasted in the Early Modern Period and How They Taste Now. The Hans Rausing Lecture 2011''. Upsaliae: Uppsale Universitet, 2011 (contio in interrete reperienda)
* John Shower, ''Enoch's translation: a funeral sermon upon the sudden death of Dr. Nehemiah Grew''. Londinii, 1712; [https://archive.org/details/b30509750/page/n5/mode/2up textus]

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes biographici}}
{{CommuniaCat|Nehemiah Grew|Nehemias Grew}}
* [https://catalogues.royalsociety.org/CalmView/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Persons&amp;id=NA8411&amp;pos=1 De Nehemia Grew in Archivo Regalis Societatis

{{scien-bio-stipula}}
{{Anni vitae|1641|1712|Grew, Nehemias}}
[[Categoria:Incolae Angliae]]
[[Categoria:Medici Britanniae]]
[[Categoria:Botanistae Britanniae]]
[[Categoria:Socii Regalis Societatis Londiniensis]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Merlevenez</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>126882</id>
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      <text bytes="705" sha1="9obrymz8d502t01ipl2xkou226tmn4h" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Blason ville fr Merlevenez (Morbihan).svg |thumb|200 px|Merlevenez:vexillum]]
''' Merlevenez''' ([[Lingua Britonica|Britonice]] '''Brelevenez''' aut '''Berleùiné''') est commune 2896 incolarum (anno [[2007]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Mariculum|Mariculi]] in [[Francia]]e occidentalis regione [[Britannia Minor|Britanniae Minoris]].
{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Mariculi]]
== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Merlevenez|Merlevenez}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20220130061409/https://www.merlevenez.com/ Merlevenez pagina interretialis]
{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Morbihani]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Morbihani]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Linguist List</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="833" sha1="365rjn9392t5fep5lx8riz52mkcc8x2" xml:space="preserve">'''Linguist List''' est grex [[linguista]]rum qui cursus electronicos de rebus linguisticis inter se mittunt, et situs interretialis ubi disputatur de rebus linguisticis.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20200618024532/http://www.linguistlist.org/about.cfm Descriptio] gregis&lt;/ref&gt;  Anno [[1990]] conditus est in [[Universitas Australiae Occidentalis|Universitate Australiae Occidentalis]] ab [[Antonius Aristar|Antonio Aristar]], qui iam nunc gregem administrat cum uxore sua [[Helena Aristar-Dry]].  Ab anno [[1991]] situs est in [[Universitas Michiganiae Orientalis|Universitate Michiganiae Orientalis]].

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
* [http://linguistlist.org Linguist List]

[[Categoria:Linguistica]]
[[Categoria:Situs interretiales de linguis]]
[[Categoria:Societates eruditae]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1990]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Lucia Pérez</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>128671</id>
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      <text bytes="1734" sha1="bb4wt9gg253t7pahywpzpohz267h4jy" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Lucía Pérez.JPG|thumb]]
'''Lucía Pérez Vizcaíno''' (nata in O Incio, [[Gallaecia]], [[Hispania]] die [[5 Iulii]] [[1985]]) est cantrix Hispanica quae musicam popularem canit. Quinque discos edidit. Nationis suae, Hispaniae vicem praebuit in [[Eurovisionis Certamen Musicale|Eurovisionis Certamine Musicali]], anno [[2011]] [[Dusseldorpium|Dusseldorpii]] in [[Germania]], ''Que me quiten lo bailao'' ([[Lingua Latina|Latine]]: &quot;Omnia modo demunto quae dissipavi&quot; vel translatus &quot;Nemo gaudia mea auferre potest a me&quot;) canente.

== Discographia ==
* Anno [[2003]]: ''Amores y amores'' ([[Lingua Latina|Latine]]: &quot;Amores et amores&quot;; [[Lingua Hispanica|Hispanice]])
* Anno [[2006]]: ''El tiempo dirá'' (Latine: &quot;Tempus dicet&quot;; Hispanice)
* Anno [[2009]]: ''Volar por los tejados'' (Latine: &quot;Volare per tecta&quot;; Hispanice)
* Anno [[2010]]: ''Dígocho en galego'' (Latine: &quot;Gallaice tibi dico&quot;; [[Lingua Gallaica|Gallaice]])
* Anno [[2011]]: ''Cruzo los dedos'' (Latine: &quot;Decusso meos digitos&quot;; Hispanice)

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140216221731/http://www.luciaperez.net/ Situs publicus Lucía Pérez]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140731075454/https://twitter.com/LuciaPerezMusic Pagina officialis Lucía Pérez in Twitter]
* [http://www.facebook.com/Lucia.Perez.Oficial Pagina officialis Lucía Pérez in Facebook]
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wmfre-r9O9M Pellicula musica cantionis ''Que me quiten lo bailao'']
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eVxr5vWF888 Pellicula musica cantionis ''Torres de Compostela'' (&quot;Turres Compostellae&quot;, Gallaice)]

{{Lifetime|1985||Perez, Lucia}}

[[Categoria:Mulieres]]
[[Categoria:Cantores Hispaniae]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1985]]
[[Categoria:Homines vivi]]</text>
      <sha1>bb4wt9gg253t7pahywpzpohz267h4jy</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Monachus (genus)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>137650</id>
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      <text bytes="1469" sha1="r19g6x57t5zcr62j0j3q2ofcwc7lzfi" xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox
| name = ''Monachus''
| image =
| image_caption = ''[[Monachus schauinslandi]]''
| image_width = 200px
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
| classis = [[Mammalia]]
| ordo = [[Carnivora]]
| familia = [[Phocidae]]
| genus = '''''Monachus'''''
| genus_authority = [[Ioannes Fleming (naturalista)|Fleming]], [[1822]]
| subdivision_ranks =  [[Species (taxinomia)|Species]]
| subdivision = 
''[[Monachus schauinslandi]]''&lt;br&gt;
''[[Monachus monachus]]''&lt;br&gt;
''†[[Monachus tropicalis]]''
}}

'''''Monachus''''' est [[genus (taxinomia)|genus]] (et [[subgenus]] eiusdem [[nomen proprium|nominis]]) [[pinnipedia|pinnipediorum]] [[familia (taxinomia)|familiae]] [[Phocidae|Phocidarum]], cui sunt [[tres]] [[species (taxinomia)|species]], solae Phocidae quae in [[clima]]tibus [[zona tropica|tropicis]] [[habitatio|habitant]]. Eae nunc sunt rarissimae, et genus ab [[exstinctio]]ne vulnerari potest.

Species sunt:
* ''[[Monachus schauinslandi]]'' (''[[critically endangered]]''{{dubsig}})
* ''[[Monachus monachus]]'' (''[[critically endangered]]''{{dubsig}})
* ''[[Monachus tropicalis]]'' ([[Exstinctio|exstinctus]])
 
==Nexus externi==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20200727025831/http://www.monachus-guardian.org/ De genere] apud https://web.archive.org/web/20200727025831/http://www.monachus-guardian.org/
{{CommuniaCat|Monachus schauinslandi|''Monachum''}}

{{mammalia-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Phocidae]]
[[Categoria:Taxa Fleming]]
[[Categoria:Taxa 1822]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Martina (Italia)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="2308" sha1="tatxrtwogbrnx7srggthden2yemrjja" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Martina Franca BW 2016-10-16 16-55-54.jpg|thumb|Martina (Italia)]]
'''Martina'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Sacco}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Nomi d'Italia&quot;&gt;Nomi d'Italia - AAVV, De Agostini&lt;/ref&gt; {{victio|Martina|ae|f}} seu '''Martina Franca'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Nomi d'Italia&quot; /&gt; (alia nomina: ''Franca Martina'') ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Martina Franca|Martina Franca]]'') est [[Urbes Italiae|Urbs]] [[Italia]]e et [[Commune Italiae|municipium]], circiter 49&amp;thinsp;180 incolarum, in [[Regio Italiae|Regione]] [[Apulia]] et in [[Provincia Tarentina]] situm. Urbani ''Martinenses'' appellantur.

== Insigne ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Corona di città.svg|''[[Urbs Italiae]]''&lt;ref&gt;DPR [[24 Februarii]] [[2005]]&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Geographia ==
* [[Murgesii montes]]

== Clari cives ==
=== Nati ===
* [[Rentius Rubino]]

== Aedificia egregia ==
* Palatium Universitatis et Horologii.

== Ecclesia Catholica Romana ==
* [[Archidioecesis Tarentina]]

== Fractiones, vici et loci in municipio ==
=== Fractiones ===
''San Paolo, Monte Fellone, Lamia Vecchia, Specchia Tarantina, Ortolini, Carpari, Gemma, Pergolo, Capitolo, Pianelle, Cappuccini, Papadomenico, Nigri, Motolese, Monte Ilario, Baratta, Monti del Duca, Madonna dell'Arco, Ospedale, Montetulio, Infarinata''.

== Municipia finitima ==
* [[Coelium]] ([[Provincia Brundisina|BR]]),
* [[Cisterninum]] ([[Provincia Brundisina|BR]]),
* [[Crispianum]],
* [[Locus Rotundus]] ([[Urbs metropolitana Barensis|BA]]),
* [[Massa Afra]],
* [[Motula]],
* [[Silva Alborelli]] ([[Urbs metropolitana Barensis|BA]]),
* [[Ostunium]] ([[Provincia Brundisina|BR]]).

{{NexInt}}
* [[Apulia]]m (''regionem''),
* [[Provincia Tarentina|Provinciam Tarentinam]],
* [[Tarentum]] (''urbem''),
* [[Urbes Italiae]].

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Martina Franca|Martinam}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060113134125/http://www.comune.martina-franca.ta.it/ Situs publicus]

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Imago:Map of comune of Martina Franca (province of Taranto, region Apulia, Italy).svg|Collocatio finium Municipii in Provincia Tarentina.
Imago:Palazzo dell'Università ed orologio.JPG|Palatium Universitatis et Horologii.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Urbes Italiae in Apulia]]
[[Categoria:Municipia in provincia Tarenti]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Migratio Lessepsiana</title>
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      <text bytes="3476" sha1="0f3dlb99mohrsb0qzjvt850vxl08oq9" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Canal de Suez.jpg|thumb|[[Canalis Suesiensis]], trans quem [[species (taxinomia)|species]] [[mare|marinae]] per migrationem Leppsianam proficiscuntur.]]
[[Fasciculus:Fistularia commersonii1.jpg|thumb|''[[Fistularia commersonii]],'' [[migrantes Lessepsiani|migrans Lessepsianus]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110721043458/http://www.mba.ac.uk/jmba/pdf/6123.pdf New records of the lessepsian fish Fistularia commersonii (Osteichthyes: Fistulariidae) from the central Tyrrhenian Sea: signs of an incoming colonization], P.N. Psomadakis, U. Scacco, I. Consalvo, M. Bottaro, F. Leone and M. Vacchi, JMBA2 - Biodiversity Records, 2 Februarii 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;]]
'''Migratio Lessepsiana,''' etiam '''incursus Erythraeanus''' appellata, est perseverans [[species (taxinomia)|specierum]] [[mare|marinarum]] [[migratio|profectio]] per [[Canalis Suesiensis|Canalem Suesiensem]], plerumque ex [[Mare Rubrum|Mari Rubro]] in [[Mare Mediterraneum]], rarius Mare Rubrum versus. Res appellatur ex [[Ferdinandus de Lesseps|Ferdinando de Lesseps]], [[ingeniarius|ingeniario]] [[Francia|Francico]] qui [[canalis|canalem]] construendum curavit. In contextu autem latiore, locutio &quot;[[migrantes Lessepsiani]]&quot; ad describendam ullam [[animal]]ium vel [[planta]]rum [[migratio]]nem trans opera ab [[homo sapiens|hominibus]] facta adhibetur—hoc est, quod sine praesentia operum artificiosorum non fieri poterat.

Canalis Suesiensis anno [[1869]] apertus primum [[aqua salsa|aquae salsae]] transitum inter [[mare|maria]] Mediterraneanum et Rubrum creavit. Quia Mare Rubrum Mari Mediterraneo Orientali aliquantulum [[aqua salsa|salsius]] est, canalis pro [[fretum|freto]] [[aestus|aestuum]] est, quod [[aqua]]m ex Mari Rubro in Mare Mediterraneum effundi sinit. [[Lacus Amari]], [[lacus supersalsus|corpora aquae naturaliter supersalsa]], quae partes canalis sunt, migrationem specierum ex Mari Rubro in Mediterraneanum nonnulla [[decennium|decennia]] obstruebant, sed [[salinitas|salinitate]] [[lacus|lacuum]] eiusdem salinitatis Maris Rubri gradatim facta, obstructio migrationis evanesci coepit, et [[animal]]ia [[planta]]eque ex Mari Rubro Mare in Mediterraneo orientali [[habitatio|habitare]] coeperunt.

Mare Rubrum plerumque est [[Oceanus Atlanticus|Oceano Atlantic]] salsius et [[alimentum|alimentis]] ieiunius, ut species in Mari Rubro endemicae plures opportunitates habeant quam species [[Oceanus Atlanticus|Atlanticae]] in Mediteraneo Orientali minus salso et alimentis abundante. Ergo, plures invasiones species ex Mari Rubro in Mediterraneum implicant, sensu inverso pauciores. Constructio [[Moles Syenitica|Molis Syeniticae]] trans [[Nilus|Nilum]] [[decennium 197|decennio 197]] flumen [[aqua dulcis|aquae dulcis]] et limum alimentis abundantem ex Nilo in Mediterraneanum orientale imminuit.

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* B. S. Galil, A. Zenetos, &quot;A sea change: exotics in the eastern Mediterranean Sea&quot; in E. Leppäkoski et al., edd., ''Invasive aquatic species of Europe: distribution, impacts and management'' (2002) pp. 325–336

== Nexus externi ==
* ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20211220175707/https://mersea.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Aylin%E2%80%99s-Mediterranean-Alien-Species-Macroinvertebrates-Identification-Booklet.pdf Aylin’s Mediterranean Alien Species (Macroinvertebrates) Identification Booklet]'' (2016)

[[Categoria:Biologia marina]]
[[Categoria:Canalis Suesiensis]]
[[Categoria:Migrantes Lessepsiani|!]]
[[Categoria:Piscatus]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sepulcretum Hietaniemi</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Rei Momo</username>
        <id>58149</id>
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      <comment>/* Clari homines in Hietaniemi sepulti */</comment>
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      <text bytes="1389" sha1="rm6iqmlkqf5yvfxqusrw2o48apfnl3h" xml:space="preserve">[[imago:Hietaniemen hautausmaa ilmasta.jpg|thumb|400px|Pars sepulcreti Hietaniemi]]
'''Sepulcretum Hietaniemi''' (''[[Finnice]]: Hietaniemen hautausmaa'') est sepulcretum anno [[1829]] conditum [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]], in [[Finnia]] situm. In Hietaniemi positus est ''Taiteilijainmäki'' (''[[Latine]] fere: Collis artificum''), ubi sepulti sunt clari [[scriptor]]es, [[compositor]]es, [[musicus|musici]], [[sculptor]]es, [[pictor]]es, [[actor]]es atque coniuges eorum, ut [[Michael Waltari]] scriptor, [[Alvar Aalto]] [[architectura|architectus]], [[Axelius Gallen-Kallela]] pictor.

== Clari cives in Hietaniemi sepulti ==
[[imago:Hietaniemi lounaasta.jpg|thumb|prospectus in Hietaniemi]]
* [[Alvar Aalto]]
* [[Axelius Gallen-Kallela]]
* [[Harri Holkeri]]
* [[Tove Jansson]]
* [[Carolus Gustavus Aemilius Mannerheim]]
* [[Aino Kallas]]
* [[Urho Kekkonen]]
* [[Eino Leino]]
* [[Edwin Linkomies]]
* [[Otho Manninen]]
* [[Ioannes Paasikivi]]
* [[Laurentius Christianus Relander]]
* [[Carolus Ioannes Ståhlberg]]
* [[Zacharias Topelius]]
* [[Michael Waltari]]

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
imago:A road at Hietaniemi cemetery.JPG | Ambulacrum in Hietaniemi
imago:Cemetery in Etu-Töölö.jpg | Hietaniemi hieme
imago:Kekkonen grave helsinki.jpg | Sepulcrum praesidis octavi [[Finnia]]e Urho Kekkonen

&lt;/gallery&gt;

{{Finnia-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Helsingia]]
[[Categoria:Coemeteria]]</text>
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      <text bytes="1446" sha1="qjue9m4znqcx1yqravqgg1otqzgq5r8" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Hietaniemen hautausmaa ilmasta.jpg|thumb|Pars sepulcreti Hietaniemi.]]
'''Sepulcretum Hietaniemi''' (''[[Finnice]] Hietaniemen hautausmaa'') est [[sepulcretum]] [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]] in [[Finnia]] anno [[1829]] conditum. In Hietaniemi positus est ''Taiteilijainmäki'' (fere 'Collis artificum'), ubi sepulti sunt clari [[scriptor]]es, [[compositor]]es, [[musicus|musici]], [[sculptor]]es, [[pictor]]es, [[actor]]es, et coniuges eorum, inter quos insigniter numerantur [[Michael Waltari]] scriptor, [[Alvar Aalto]] [[architectura|architectus]], [[Axelius Gallen-Kallela]] pictor.

== Clari cives in Hietaniemi sepulti ==
[[Fasciculus:Hietaniemi lounaasta.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Prospectus in Hietaniemi.]]
{{div col|2}}
* [[Alvar Aalto]]
* [[Axelius Gallen-Kallela]]
* [[Harri Holkeri]]
* [[Tove Jansson]]
* [[Carolus Gustavus Aemilius Mannerheim]]
* [[Aino Kallas]]
* [[Urho Kekkonen]]
* [[Eino Leino]]
* [[Edwin Linkomies]]
* [[Otho Manninen]]
* [[Ioannes Paasikivi]]
* [[Laurentius Christianus Relander]]
* [[Carolus Ioannes Ståhlberg]]
* [[Zacharias Topelius]]
* [[Michael Waltari]]
{{div col end}}

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
imago:A road at Hietaniemi cemetery.JPG | Ambulacrum in Hietaniemi
imago:Cemetery in Etu-Töölö.jpg | Hietaniemi hieme
imago:Kekkonen grave helsinki.jpg | Sepulcrum praesidis octavi [[Finnia]]e Urho Kekkonen
&lt;/gallery&gt;

{{Finnia-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Coemeteria]]
[[Categoria:Helsingia]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Manuel Ludovicus Goucha</title>
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      <text bytes="2359" sha1="fju1s9sdz6vw0fbqu37rge11stolbzl" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}


'''Manuel Ludovicus Goucha''' ([[Lusitanice]] '''Manuel Luís Goucha''', cuius nominis completus '''Manuel Luís de Sousa Goucha''', natus die [[25 Decembris]] [[1954]], [[Madalena]]e, in [[Portugallia]]), moderator [[televisio]]nis et [[conductor]] [[Portugallia|lusitanus]] est&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130316042019/http://activa.sapo.pt/tv/2013/03/13/cristina-ferreira-e-manuel-luis-goucha-contam-os-seus-segredos ''Cristina Ferreira e Manuel Luís Goucha contam os seus segredos'']&lt;/ref&gt;. Etiam scriptor librum [[culina]]riarum, inter alios anno [[2007]] ''Os Doces do Manuel''.

Ab anno [[2004]], cum [[Cristina Ferreira]], ''Você na TV!'' moderat.

== Televisio ==

=== RTP ===
* [[1979]] - Zé Gato (sicut actor)
* [[1984]] - Crónica dos Bons Malandros (sicut actor)
* [[1984]] - Gostosuras e Travessuras
* [[1986]] - Sebastião come tudo!
* [[1987]] - Portugal de Faca e Garfo
* [[1988]] - Sebastião na CEE
* [[1991]] - Sim ou Sopas
* [[1993]] - Olha que Dois
* [[1994]] - Viva à Manhã
* [[1995]] - A Grande Pirâmide
* [[1995]] - Efe-Erre-A
* [[1996]] - Avós e Netos
* [[2000]] - Santa Casa
* [[1995]]-[[2002]] - [[Praça da Alegria]]

=== TVI ===
* [[1993]] - Momentos de Glória
* [[2002]]-[[2004]] - Olá Portugal
* [[2004]]-[[2012]] - [[Você na TV!]]
* [[2007]] - Casamento de Sonho (sicut [[iudex]])
* [[2008]], [[2009]] e [[2011]] - [[Uma Canção para Ti]]
* [[2009]] - Quem é o Melhor?
* [[2010]] - Mulheres da Minha Vida
* [[2010]] - De Homem Para Homem
* [[2012]] - A Tua Cara Não Me é Estranha 1
* [[2012]] - A Tua Cara Não Me é Estranha 2
* [[2012]] - A Tua Cara Não Me é Estranha - Duetti
* [[2013]] - A Tua Cara Não Me é Estranha 3

=== TVI24 ===
* [[2010]] - Mulheres da Minha Vida
* [[2010]] - De Homem Para Homem
* [[2011]] - Controversos

=== +TVI ===
* [[2013]] - Tu Cá Tu Lá

*

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externus ==

* [http://onyx-lily.blogspot.pt/2013/02/goucha-ensinar-bailarinas-ze-gato-1979.html Cenas de ML Goucha]
* [https://www.facebook.com/manuelluisgouchatvi?fref=ts Manuel Luís Goucha - TVI]2440053
* [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1514361/ Manuel Luís Goucha in IMDB]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Goucha, Manuel Luis Goucha}}
[[Categoria:Homines vivi]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Portugalliae]]
[[Categoria:Homosexualitas]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1954]]
[[Categoria:Televisio]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Michael Shermer</title>
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      <text bytes="35418" sha1="0h6g440xhqisu9wat1oo29ai7o3ddt8" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Michael Shermer wiki portrait4.jpg|thumb|right|Shermer in Itinere [[Geologia|Geologico]] [[Societas Scepticorum|Societatis Scepticorum]]&lt;!--Skeptics Soc. Geology Tour--&gt; die [[8 Iunii]] [[2007]].]]

'''Michael Brant Shermer''' (natus [[8 Septembris]] [[1954]]) est [[Civitates Foederatae|Americanus]] rerum [[scientia (ratio)|scientiae]] [[scriptor]], [[historia scientiae|historicus scientiae]], conditor [[Societas Scepticorum|Societatis Scepticorum]], et [[editor principalis]]&lt;!--en:editor-in-chief--&gt; ''[[Skeptic]],'' eius [[periodicum|actorum diurnorum]],&lt;ref&gt;Caput mali,&lt;!--Masthead--&gt; [http://www.skeptic.com/the_magazine/masthead.html, ''Skeptic'' acta diurna]; situs accessus [[11 Augusti]] [[2013]].&lt;/ref&gt; quod se plerumque investigandis postulationibus [[scientia falsa|scientiae falsae]]&lt;!--pseudoscientific--&gt; et [[supernaturalis|omnium ultra quod rerum natura patitur]] dedunt. Societati nunc sunt plus quam 55&amp;thinsp;000 sodales.&lt;ref name=&quot;vueweekly&quot;&gt;[http://www.vueweekly.com/article.php?id=9429 Making a living of bullshit detecting,] VUE Weekly, [[27 Augusti]] [[2008]].&lt;/ref&gt; Shermer etiam disceptationibus rerum ad scientiam falsam et [[religio]]nem pertinentium inest, cum necessitatem [[scepticismus scientificus|scepticismi scientifici]] promulgat.

Shermer praeterea est [[unus]] ex hospitibus ''[[Exploring the Unknown]],'' seriei [[televisio|televisificae]] familiae [[ABC Family|Fox (nunc ABC)]], [[tredecim]] [[hora]]s durantis, quam [[procurator televisificus|procuravit]]. Singulis [[mensis|mensibus]] post [[Aprilis|Aprilem]] [[2001]], &quot;Skeptic,&quot; commentarium in ''[[Scientific American]]'' actis diurnis in singulos menses scribit. Shermer adfirmat se olim fuisse [[fundamentalismus Christianus|Christianum fundamentalisticum]], sed [[fides|fidem]] in [[Deus|Deum]] per studia post [[A.B.]] concessum reliquit, seque interdum appellavit [[agnosticismus|agnosticum]],&lt;ref&gt;Michael Shermer. ''Why People Believe Weird Things'' (Novi Eboraci: Henry Holt, 2002), p. 136.&lt;/ref&gt; [[nontheismus|nontheistam]],&lt;ref&gt;Michael Shermer, [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930015408/http://www.positiveatheism.org/mail/eml9818.htm &quot;Response To ''Positive Atheism'' 's December, 1999, Column 'Atheism &amp; Fundamentalism,'&quot;] ''Positive Atheism,'' [[14 Novembris]] [[1999]].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Michael Shermer, [https://web.archive.org/web/20080517110928/http://www.skeptic.com/eskeptic/07-07-25.html Michael Shermer &quot;Testing Tenure,&quot;] www.skeptic.com.&lt;/ref&gt; [[atheismus|atheistam]],&lt;ref name=WhyAtheist&gt;Michael Shermer, [http://www.michaelshermer.com/2005/06/why-i-am-an-atheist/ &quot;Why I Am An Atheist,&quot;] www.michaelshermer.com, Iunio 2005.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Shermer etiam atheista appellatus est cum in ''Stossel'' serie televisifica excursu die [[16 Decembris]] [[2010]] adesset.&lt;/ref&gt; et suasorem [[philosophia]]e [[humanismus|humanisticae]]&lt;ref&gt;American Humanist Association, [https://web.archive.org/web/20121005105825/http://www.americanhumanist.org/Humanism/Humanist_Manifesto_III/Notable_Signers Humanist Manifesto III Public Signers] (2008).&lt;/ref&gt; et [[scientia morum|scientiae morum]].&lt;ref&gt;Michael Shermer, [http://www.michaelshermer.com/2011/01/the-science-of-right-and-wrong/ &quot;The Science of Right and Wrong&quot; (Shermer de scientia fas et nefas sermocinatur),] www.michaelshermer.com.&lt;/ref&gt; Dubitavit autem utrum sit utilitas ex talibus nominibus, quae &quot;[[columbarium (aedificium)|columbariis]] factis&quot;&lt;!--pigeonholing :) --&gt; adhiberi arbitratus est, ac se [[scepticismus|scepticus]] simpliciter appellari mavult.&lt;ref name=WhyAtheist/&gt;

==Vita, educatio, cursus honorum==
Shermer in [[California Meridiana]] adolevit.&lt;ref name=BelievingBrainCh4&gt;Michael Shermer, ''The Believing Brain'' (Times Books, 2011), capitulum 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=2002page127&gt;Shermer 2002:127.&lt;/ref&gt; Aetate sua quarta, parentes [[divortium]] fecerunt cum se,&lt;ref name=BelievingBrainCh4/&gt; et deinde [[mater]] [[vir]]o nupsit cui iam erant [[tres]] [[liberi]] (qui ergo filii novercae&lt;!--stepsiblings--&gt; facti sunt), [[pater]]que [[mulier]]em duxit quae ei [[duo|duas]] peperit filias ([[soror]]es eodem patre natae). Pater [[infarctus cordis|infarctu cordis]] anno [[1986]], [[mater]] [[cancer cerebri|cancro cerebri]] anno [[2000]] [[mors|mortem]] occubuerunt.&lt;ref name=BBrainChap6&gt;Michael Shermer, ''The Believing Brain'' (Times Books, 2011), capitulum 6.&lt;/ref&gt;

Quamquam Shermer in [[schola diei Solis|scholam diei Solis]]&lt;!--Sunday school--&gt; itare solebat, nec parentes [[biologia|biologici]] nec vitrici nec [[frater|fratres]] nec [[soror]]es fuerunt aut [[religio]]si aut non religiosi, nam raro de religione disceptabant, neque sacris in [[templum|templo]] adfuerunt nec una [[domus|domi]] [[oratio|orabant]]. Anno autem [[1971]], scilicet ultimo in [[schola superior]]i ineunte, Shermer nuntiavit se esse [[iterum natum esse|Christianum iterum natum]]—commutatio quae per auctoritatem Georgi amiculi facta est. Proximos annos [[septem]] a domo ad domum evangelizabat ut opiniones religionis sibi penitus habitas serviret.&lt;ref name=BBrainChap6/&gt;

Diplomate [[Schola Superior Vallis Crescentae|Scholae Superioris Vallis Crescentae]]&lt;!--Crescenta Valley High School--&gt; anno [[1972]] concesso, Shermer statim in [[Universitas Pepperdine|Universitate Pepperdine]] [[matriculatio|matriculavit]], [[mens|animum]] primum ad [[theologia]]m [[Christianismus|Christianam]], deinde ad [[psychologia]]m attendens.&lt;ref name=2002page127/&gt; Pepperdine ei [[A.B.|gradum baccalaureatum]] in [[psychologia]] et [[biologia]] anno [[1976]] concessit.&lt;ref name=&quot;ShermerAbout&quot;&gt;[[Societas Scepticorum]]&lt;!--The Skeptics Society--&gt;], [https://web.archive.org/web/20120215074047/http://www.skeptic.com/about_us/meet_michael_shermer.html About Us: Michael Shermer] (2006); situs accessus [[11 Augusti]] [[2013]].&lt;/ref&gt;

Postdoctorales in [[psychologia per experimentis facta]] investigationes in [[Universitas Civitatis Californiae apud Fullerton|Universitate Civitatis Californiae apud Fullerton]] multas excitaverunt disceptationes extracurriculares cum [[professor]]ibus Bayard Brattstrom et Meg White, quae,&lt;ref name=WhyPeoplePg128&gt;Shermer, ''Why People Believe Weird Things'' (2002), p. 128.&lt;/ref&gt; cum studiis [[ethologia|ethologico]] et [[anthropologia|anthropologico]], eum adduxerunt ut suas fides [[religio]]sas dubitaret, et ante medium sui cursus graduati{{dubsig}} [[ichthys]] [[insigne]] [[Christianitas|Christianum]] quod circa [[collum]] gessaverat amovit.&lt;ref name=BBrainChap6/&gt;&lt;ref name=WhyPeoplePg128/&gt; Shermer [[gradus magistri|gradum magistri]] in [[psychologia per experimentis facta]]&lt;!--experimental p.--&gt; in [[Universitas Civitatis Californiae|Universitate Civitatis Californiae]] anno [[1978]] obtinuit.&lt;ref name=&quot;ShermerAbout&quot;/&gt;
[[Fasciculus:2011 Race Across America 30th Anniversary Celebrates Original Four Competitors.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Primi competitores in [[Certamen Trans Americam|Certamine Trans Americam]] anno [[2011]] honoribus decorati (laeva ad dextram: Lon Haldeman, Ioannes Howard, Michael Shermer, Ioannes Marino.]]

Shermer [[birotarius]] anno [[1979]] certare coepit, et omne [[decennium]] hac in [[ars athletica|arte]] degit. Per spatium suae exercitationis, is cum [[technologia|technologiis]] birotationis laboravit ut opera meliora pro [[birotatio]]ne evolveret. Cum societate [[Bell Sports|Bell Helmets]], auctoribus certaminum birotariorum consociatus, in rebus designationis consuluit de evolutione [[polystyrenum expansum|polystyreni expansi]] ut in [[galea birotationis|galeis birotationis]] usurpari posset, quae ictui multo melius quam scorteae [[cilicium|cilicii]] galeae a birotariis nonnulla [[decennium|decennia]] usurpatae obsisterent. Shermer eis dixit si eorum galeae [[galea birotarum automariarum|galeas birotarum automariarum]] attingebant in quibus [[polystyrenum]]{{dubsig}} iam adhibebatur, et veterum galearum dissimilia, neminem [[birotarius|birotarium]], professionalem aut non professionalem, eas usurpare. Haec admonitio ad ''V1 Pro'' duxit, suum primum exemplar, quod atri cilicii scortei simile fuit, sed in parte interiori sicut galea birotationis automariarum operavit. Anno [[1982]], Shermer cum Doctore Wayman Spence operam dedit, cuius res [[Spenco Medical]], parva copiarum societas, [[technologia]]m gelatinosam adaptavit quam Spence &lt;!-- +for bedridden patients with pressure sores--&gt; evolverat ad commutandam eam in [[manicae birotationis|manicas]] et [[ephippium birotae|ephippia]] birotationis ut [[syndroma carpal tunnel|syndroma cuniculi carpalis]]{{dubsig}} et ulcera ephippiorum a birotariis passa admelioraret.&lt;ref name=Market&gt;Michael Shermer, ''The Mind of The Market: Compassionate Apes, Competitive Humans, and Other Tales from Evolutionary Economics'' (2007), pp. 59-61, ISBN 978-0-8050-7832-9.&lt;/ref&gt;

Shermer, per [[decennium]] cum birotarius spatiorum longorum certaret, [[Certamen Trans Americam]]&lt;!--Race Across America--&gt; cum Lon Haldeman et Ioanne Marino condidit, [[continens|transcontinentale]] [[milia passuum|milium]] 3000 certamen continuum, in quo [[quinque|quinquies]] certavit (1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1989), [[sex]] [[annus|annos]] adiutor certaminum moderator, et [[septem]] annos exsecutivus certaminum moderator fuit.&lt;ref name=&quot;cv&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130915201201/http://www.michaelshermer.com/about-michael/curriculum-vitae/ Curriculum Vitae,] www.michaelshermer.com.&lt;/ref&gt; Acuta quidem [[diagnosis]] [[medicina|medica]] ex eo appellatur: collum Shermeranum est [[dolor]] et extrema [[musculus|musculorum]] [[collum|colli]] debilitas inter birotarios spatiorum longorum passa, condicio quae Shermer ipsi per Certamen Trans Americam anno [[1983]] usu venit.&lt;ref&gt;Walter Libby et Sue Morris, [https://archive.is/20130412024227/http://www.ultracycling.com/old/training/neck_pain.html A Pain in the Neck: Shermer's Neck (UltraMarathon Cycling Association).&lt;/ref&gt; Shermer cum birotarius esset [[scepticismus scientificus|scepticismum scientificum]] amplecti coepit, nam, ut ait, &quot;Scepticus factus sum [[dies Saturni|die Saturni]], [[6 Augusti]] [[1983]], per aditum quod ad [[Transitus Lovelandianus|Transitum Lovelandianum]] [[Coloratum|Colorati]] e longinquo scandit.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Anglice]]: &quot;I became a skeptic on Saturday, August 6, 1983, on the long climbing road to [[Transitus Lovelandianus|Loveland Pass, Colorado]]&quot; (Shermer 2002:15).&lt;/ref&gt; Post menses cum [[corpus]] sub aegide cuiusdam [[alimentum|nutritionistae]] qui [[doctoratus|doctoratu]] [[accreditatio scholaris|scholae non accreditatae]] exercebat, postque annos cum [[acupunctura]]m, [[chiropractica]]m, [[therapia tractationis|therapiam tractationis]], [[ion negativum]], ''[[rolfing]],''{{dubsig}} [[potestas pyramidarum|potestatem pyramidarum]], [[Christianitas fundamentalistica|Christianitatem fundamentalisticam]], congeriemque rerum inusitatiorum&lt;ref&gt;[[Anglice]]: &quot;a host of weird things.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; (praeter [[medicamentum|medicamenta]]) factitare soleret ut [[vita]]m et exercitationem emendaret, his usibus excusatis ad postremum desistitit.&lt;ref&gt;Shermer 2002:13-15.&lt;/ref&gt; Ipse deinde nonnulla [[documentarium|documentaria]] de birotatione produxit.&lt;ref name=&quot;cv&quot;/&gt;

Shermer [[Ph.D.]] in [[Universitas Graduata Claremontiana|Universitate Graduata Claremontiana]] in [[historia scientiae]] anno [[1991]] meruit, [[dissertatio]]ne &quot;Scientista Haereticus: [[Alfredus Russel Wallace]] et [[Evolutio]] [[Homo sapiens|Hominis]]: Investigatio [[Natura]]e Commutationis [[Historia|Historicae]]&quot; relata.&lt;ref name=&quot;ShermerAbout&quot;/&gt; Anno [[2002]] [[liber|librum]] ex dissertatione scripsit: ''In Darwin's Shadow: The Life and Science of Alfred Russel Wallace: A Biographical Study on the Psychology of History.''&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.amazon.com/dp/0195148304 ''In Darwin's Shadow'']. [[Amazon.com]].&lt;/ref&gt; Antequam [[Societas Scepticorum|Societatem Scepticorum]] condidit, fuit adiunctus [[historia scientiae|historiae scientiae]] [[professor]] in [[Collegium Occidentale|Collegio Occidentali]] [[California]]e. Post [[2007]], Shermer est senior investigationis socius in [[Universitas Graduata Claremontiana|Universitate Graduata Claremontiana]], postque [[2011]], [[professor adiunctus]] quoque in [[Universitas Chapmaniana|Universitate Chapmaniana]].&lt;ref name=&quot;cv&quot;/&gt;

==Societas Scepticorum et Caltechiana Acroasium Series==
{{Main|Societas Scepticorum}}&lt;br&gt;
Shermer [[Societas Scepticorum|Societatem Scepticorum]] anno [[1992]] condidit, [[societas anonyma|societatem non lucrativam]] quae ''[[Skeptic (magazina CFA)|Skeptic]]'' [[magazina]]m producit et [[Caltechiana Acroasium Series|Caltechianam Acroasium Seriem]] ordinat. Societati sunt plus quam 55&amp;thinsp;000 sodales.&lt;ref name=&quot;vueweekly&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20170930012056/https://www.skeptic.com/upcoming-lectures/ Skeptic: Lectures &amp; Events: Caltech Lectures,] www.skeptic.com (Societas Scepticorum).&lt;/ref&gt;

==Opera in lucem prolata==
{{wikiquote|Michael Shermer|Michaelem Shermer}}
[[Fasciculus:Michael Shermer wiki portrait2.jpg|thumb|Michael Shermer, 2008.]]
Shermer est [[auctor]] nonnullorum [[liber|librorum]] qui ubiquitatem fidium [[irrationalitas|irrationalium]] vel infirme probatarum explicare conantur, inter quas [[res volans ignota|ignotae res volantes]], [[Magnus Pes]], et postulationes paranormales. Divulgavit anno [[1997]] ''Why People Believe Weird Things'' ('Cur Homines Alienis Credunt'), librum qui more [[scepticismus|scepticarum]] [[Martinus Gardner|Martini Gardner]] [[scriptura]]rum varias notiones gregesque alienos&lt;ref&gt;Vel ''insolitos, inusitatos, novos, miros, mirabiles'' ([[Anglice]] &quot;weird&quot;).&lt;/ref&gt; perscrutatus est, [[cultus|cultibus]] non exceptis; editio retractata et amplificata anno [[2002]] prolata est. Praefatio ait:

:Ita legatum [[duo|binorum]] generum errorum [[cogitatio]]nis accepimus: ''Error Generis 1: falsum creditum'' et ''Error Generis 2: verum reiectum.'' . . . Qui [[res volans ignota|ignotis rebus volantibus]], [[abductio a alienis|abductionibus ab alienis]], [[perceptio extrasensoria|perceptioni extrasensoria]], et [[res psychica|rebus psychicis]] credant Errorem Generis 1 [[cogitatio]]ne fecerunt: falsum credunt. . . . Nec inscitum nec indoctum vulgus; mentis compos, falsa doctum est: sua [[cogitatio]] se fefellit.&lt;ref&gt;[[Anglice]]: &quot;So we are left with the legacy of two types of thinking errors: ''Type 1 Error: believing a falsehood'' and ''Type 2 Error: rejecting a truth.'' . . . Believers in UFOs, alien abductions, ESP, and psychic phenomena have committed a Type 1 Error in thinking: they are believing a falsehood. . . . It's not that these folks are ignorant or uninformed; they are intelligent but misinformed. Their thinking has gone wrong&quot; (Michael Shermer, ''Why People Believe Weird Things'' (1997, 2002), praefatio.&lt;/ref&gt;

Shermer in libro ''How We Believe: The Search for God in an Age of Science'' ('Quomodo Credimus: Dei Aetate Scientiae Indagatio') [[psychologia]]m investigavit quae fidem [[Deus|Deo]] fulcit. In praefatione scripsit: &quot;Numquam in [[historia]] tam multi, et proportio hominum tam magna, crediderunt Deo. Qui non solum non est mortuus, ut [[Deus mortuus est|proclamaret]] [[Nietzsche]], sed numquam vivit magis.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Anglice]]: &quot;Never in history have so many, and such a high percentage of the population, believed in God. Not only is God not dead as Nietzsche proclaimed, but he has never been more alive.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

Anno [[2002]] ineunte, sua columna in ''Scientific American'' [[Ultima Lex Shermerana|Ultimam Legem Shermeranam]] introduxit, quae adfirmat &quot;quaepiam [[vita extranea|intellegentia extraterrestris]] satis progressa Deo distingui non potest.&quot; Ultima Lex Shermerana re vera est [[Tertia Lex Clarkiana]] conversa. Etiam anno 2002, Shermer et Alexander Grobman librum ''Denying History: Who Says the Holocaust Never Happened and Why Do They Say It?'' ('Historia Negata: Qui Adfirmant [[Holocaustum]] Numquam Factum Esse et Quam ob Rem?') divulgaverunt, qui motum [[negatio Holocausti|negationis Holocausti]] investigavit et refutavit. Liber, varios concursus cum negatoribus narrans, [[libertas loquendi|libertatem loquendi]] esse optimum [[historia falsa|historiae falsae]] remedium concludit.

[[Liber]] ''Science Friction: Where the Known Meets the Unknown'' ('Fricatio Scientiae: Ubi Nota in Ignota Concurrunt') anno [[2005]] editus est. Tum liber ''Why Darwin Matters: The Case Against Intelligent Design'' ('Cur [[Carolus Darwin|Darwin]] Interest: Causa contra Consilium Intelligens') (2006) argumenta quae [[evolutio]]nem sustinent singillatim recognoscit, [[Consilium Intelligens]] acriter improbans. Liber etiam arguit [[scientia (ratio)|scientiam]] [[religio]]nem inritam facere non posse, et [[Christianitas|Christianos]] [[Conservatismus|conservativosque]] evolutionem recipere posse et debere.

Iunio 2006, Shermer, qui [[scepticus commutationis climatis|olim scepticismum]] de [[opinio scientifica de commutatione climatis|generali opinione scientifica]] [[calefactio globalis|calefactionis globalis]] expresserat, scripsit negationem calefactionis globalis ob inventa nuper coacervata teneri non iam posse.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?chanID=sa006&amp;colID=13&amp;articleID=000B557A-71ED-146C-ADB783414B7F0000 | title=The Flipping Point | publisher=Scientific American | date=Iunio [[2006]] | first=Michael | last=Shermer}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Liber ''The Mind of The Market: Compassionate Apes, Competitive Humans, and Other Tales from Evolutionary Economics'' ('Mens Fori: [[Simia]]e Misericordes, [[Homo sapiens|Homines]] Competitores, Aliaeque [[Fabula]]e ex [[Oeconomica]] Evolutionaria') anno [[2007]] prolata est; in quo Shermer inventa refert multarum investigationum [[mores|morum]] et [[biochemia]]e quae [[evolutio]]narias [[mores|morum]] hodiernorum explicationes aspiciunt. Februario 2009, Shermer ''The History of Science: A Sweeping Visage of Science and its History'' ('Historia Scientiae: Amplissimus in Scientiam et Eius Historiam Prospectus'), acroasim [[sonus|sonicam]]&lt;!--audio--&gt; horarum viginti quinque, deinde Maio 2011, ''The Believing Brain: From Ghosts and Gods to Politics and Conspiracies—How We Construct Beliefs and Reinforce Them as Truths'' edidit.

==Conloquia in mediis et acroases==
Shermer hospitio exceptus est in ''[[Philippus Donahue|Donahue]]'' anno [[1994]] ut [[negatio Holocausti|negationi Holocausti]] a [[Bradley Smith]] et Davide Cole promulgatae responderet, atque in ''[[The Oprah Winfrey Show]]'' anno [[1995]] ad disputandas psychicas [[Rosamaria Altea|Rosaemariae Alteae]] postulationes fuit. Shermer in episodio programmatis [[Penn et Teller]] ''[[Bullshit!]]'' anno [[2004]] fuit, cum argueret res in [[Biblia Sacra|Bibliis Sacris]] gestas esse narrationem [[mythologia|mythicam]], non res ad verbum descriptas. Penn et Teller, qui se [[atheismus|atheistas]] quoque professi sunt, cum eius sententia concinuerunt. Hoc episodium ('The Bible: Fact or Fiction?') notionem refellere conatum est Biblia esse [[empiricismus|empirica]] documenta [[historia|historica]] in quibus homines confidere possunt. Contra Shermer arguit [[Paulus Maier]], [[professor]] [[historia|historiae antiquae]] in [[Universitas Michiganiae Occidentalis|Universitate Michiganiae Occidentalis]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ShermerBible&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20070318221056/http://www.sho.com/site/ptbs/prevepisodes.do?episodeid=s2%2Fbible &quot;The Bible: Fact or Fiction?&quot;] ''Penn &amp; Teller: Bullshit!'' Tempus&lt;!--Season--&gt; 2.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;!--

Shermer made several appearances on [[NBC]]'s daytime paranormal-themed show ''The Other Side'' annis 1994 et 1995. After getting to know that show's producers, he made a formal pitch to their production company for his own skepticism-oriented reality show whose aim would be to present points of view of both believers and skeptics. His proposals were not fruitful, but several years later, one of the executives of that company went to work for the then-newly formed [[Fox Family Channel]], and impressed with Shermer's show treatment, requested he pitch it to the network. The network picked up the series, ''[[Exploring the Unknown]],'' of which Shermer became a producer and cohost. The series, which was budgeted at approximately $200,000[[USD]] per episode, was viewed by Shermer as a direct extension of the work done at the Skeptics Society and ''Skeptic'' magazine, and would enable Shermer to reach more people. The equivocal title was chosen so as to not tip off guests or viewers as to the skeptical nature of the show.&lt;ref&gt;Michael Shermer. ''The Borderlands of Science'' (Oxford University Press, 2001), 10–13.&lt;/ref&gt; Variae partes ''[[Exploring the Unknown]]'' in canale Shermerano in [[YouTube]] inveniri possunt.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.youtube.com/user/MichaelShermer &quot;Skeptic (Michael Shermer)&quot;]. [[YouTube]].&lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;

Shermer acroases habuit in omnes tris eventibus [[Beyond Belief (symposium)|Beyond Belief]] appellatis a [[2006]] ad [[2008]]. Etiam acroasim habuit in [[Conloquium TED|Conloquio TED]] de &quot;Why people believe strange things&quot; ('Cur homines res alienas credunt') anno 2006.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ted.com/index.php/speakers/view/id/23 Michael Shermer: Professional Skeptic]{{Nexus deficit|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, [[TED Conference]] Nov. 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Saepe in ''[[Skepticality]],'' [[podcast]] publico ''Skeptic'' magazinae, acroases habet. Crebrius cum [[Deepak Chopra]] disceptavit,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.skeptic.com/eskeptic/05-09-28/ &quot;The Great Debate:Deepak Chopra v. Michael Shermer,&quot;] ''Skeptic,'' [[28 Septembris]] [[2005]].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Michael Shermer (5 Aprilis 2011), [https://web.archive.org/web/20130823000334/http://www.skepticblog.org/2011/04/05/my-evening-with-deepak-chopra/ &quot;The Woo of Creation:My evening with Deepak Chopra&quot;]. Skepticblog.&lt;/ref&gt; insigniter Martio 2010 in ''[[Nightline]],'' programmate ab [[ABC News]] emisso.&lt;ref&gt;Dan Harris (23 Martii 2010), [http://abcnews.go.com/Nightline/FaceOff/nightline-face-off-god-future/story?id=10170505#.UB1bnURhIpA &quot;'Nightline' 'Face-Off': Does God Have a Future?&quot;]. [[ABC News]].&lt;/ref&gt;
 
Die [[21 Augusti]] [[2010]], Shermer praemium accepit quod suos conatus in campo [[scepticismus|sceptico]] comprobavit, abs [[Liber Investigationum Grex]] (Independent Investigations Group) per eius Decimas Ferias Anniversarias concessum.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20200112173009/http://www.iigwest.com/iigawards/index.html &quot;The IIG Celebrates its 10th Anniversary,&quot;] Independent Investigations Group.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;!--

===''Exploring the Unknown''===
The following are segments Shermer's 1999 [[Television networks preceding ABC Family#Fox Family|Fox Family]] TV series, ''Exploring the Unknown''.
* &quot;Michael Shermer and [[Out of Body Experience]]s&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nCVzz96zKA0 &quot;Michael Shermer and Out of Body Experiences&quot;], Michael Shermer's official YouTube channel, July 23, 2007, originally broadcast on a news program, August 1983&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;Michael Shermer on How to Fake [[UFO]] Photographs&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o7Tu-28hyow &quot;Michael Shermer on How to Fake UFO Photographs&quot;], Michael Shermer's official YouTube channel, July 23, 2007, Originally broadcast on ''Exploring the Unknown'', Fox Family, 1999&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;Michael Shermer on [[Spoonbending]]&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h3X9h1WlQpA &quot;Michael Shermer on Spoonbending&quot;], Michael Shermer's official YouTube channel, July 23, 2007, Originally broadcast on ''Exploring the Unknown'', Fox Family, 1999&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;Michael Shermer [[Firewalking]] Across Hot Coals&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-W5FRl0qhOM &quot;Michael Shermer Firewalking Across Hot Coals&quot;], Michael Shermer's official YouTube channel, June 2, 2007, Originally broadcast on ''Exploring the Unknown'', Fox Family, 1999&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;Michael Shermer Tests the [[Polygraph]] and Lie Detection, Part 1&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GLL3wtgBiFA &quot;Michael Shermer Tests the Polygraph and Lie Detection, Part 1&quot;], Michael Shermer's official YouTube channel, July 23, 2007, Originally broadcast on ''Exploring the Unknown'', Fox Family, 1999&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;Michael Shermer Tests the Polygraph and Lie Detection, Part 2&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tJXMrJJMNZ4&amp;feature=relmfu &quot;Michael Shermer Tests the Polygraph and Lie Detection, Part 2&quot;], Michael Shermer's official YouTube channel, July 23, 2007, Originally broadcast on ''Exploring the Unknown'', Fox Family, 1999&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;Michael Shermer Learns the Art of Con Games, Part 1&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ooSJ7C_ww-o&amp;feature=relmfu &quot;Michael Shermer Learns the Art of Con Games, Part 1&quot;], Michael Shermer's official YouTube channel, July 23, 2007, Originally broadcast on ''Exploring the Unknown'', Fox Family, 1999&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;Michael Shermer Learns the Art of Con Games, Part 2&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ur3nMiP-XV0 &quot;Michael Shermer Learns the Art of Con Games, Part 2&quot;], Michael Shermer's official YouTube channel, July 23, 2007, Originally broadcast on ''Exploring the Unknown'', Fox Family, 1999&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;Michael Shermer Decodes the [[Bible Code]]&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lk3VgQgxiqE&amp;feature=relmfu &quot;Michael Shermer Decodes the Bible Code&quot;], Michael Shermer's official YouTube channel, July 23, 2007, Originally broadcast on ''Exploring the Unknown'', Fox Family, 1999&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;Michael Shermer Explores [[Graphology]]/Handwriting Analysis, Part 1&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KGFFq9CsaXM &quot;Michael Shermer Explores Graphology/Handwriting Analysis, Part 1&quot;], Michael Shermer's official YouTube channel, July 23, 2007, Originally broadcast on ''Exploring the Unknown'', Fox Family, 1999&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;Michael Shermer Explores Graphology/Handwriting Analysis, Part 2&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SCQqdpqdKY0&amp;feature=relmfu &quot;Michael Shermer Explores Graphology/Handwriting Analysis, Part 2&quot;], Michael Shermer's official YouTube channel, July 23, 2007, Originally broadcast on ''Exploring the Unknown'', Fox Family, 1999&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;Michael Shermer [[Remote Viewing]] Experiment Part 1&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=40QVp8_P0LY&amp;feature=BF&amp;list=PL367CFB38992F752F&amp;index=17 &quot;Michael Shermer Remote Viewing Experiment Part 1&quot;], Michael Shermer's official YouTube channel, July 9, 2007, Originally broadcast on ''Exploring the Unknown'', Fox Family, 1999&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;Michael Shermer Remote Viewing Experiment Part 2&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QY4MTKa2ldI &quot;Michael Shermer Remote Viewing Experiment Part 2 &quot;], Michael Shermer's official YouTube channel, July 23, 2007, Originally broadcast on ''Exploring the Unknown'', Fox Family, 1999&lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;

===Aliae apparitiones in televisione et pellicula===
* August 1983 nuntii de Shermer birotario in Race Across America&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X2_1DofIVqg &quot;Michael Shermer Abducted by Aliens in Race Across America&quot;], Michael Shermer's official YouTube channel, 19 Iuni 2007. Primum divulgatum in nuntiis televisificiis Augusto 1983.&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''[[Unsolved Mysteries]]'', [[Iacobus Van Praagh]], 1994
* ''[[The Phil Donahue Show]]'', 1994
* &quot;[[The Power of Belief]]&quot;, [[ABC News]], 1998
* ''[[Politically Incorrect]]'', 22 Decembris 2000
* ''[[20/20 (series televisifica CFA)|20/20]]'', 5 Decembris 2003
* ''[[Dennis Miller]]'', 19 Maii et 20 Maii 2004
* &quot;[[Index episodiorum Bullshit!|The Bible: Fact or Fiction]]?&quot;, ''Penn &amp; Teller: Bullshit!'', 2004&lt;ref name=&quot;ShermerBible&quot;/&gt;
* ''The Question of God: Sigmund Freud &amp; C. S. Lewis,'' 2004
* ''[[The Eyes of Nye]]'' in &quot;[[Pseudoscience]]&quot;, 2005
* ''[[The Skeptic's Guide to the Universe]],'' 4 Octobris 2006
* &quot;Doomsday 2012,&quot; ''[[Decoding the Past]],'' 2007
* ''[[Larry King Live]],'' 13 Iulii 2007 et 24 Ianuarii 2008
* ''[[Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed]],'' 2008
* &quot;Does God Have a Future?,&quot; ''[[Nightline]],'' [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]], 23 Martii 2010.&lt;ref&gt;[http://abcnews.go.com/nightline/video/god-future-10186173&amp;tab=9482930&amp;section=1206872&amp;playlist=10185323 &quot;Does God Have a Future?&quot;], ''[[Nightline]]'', [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]], 23 Martii 2010, Full debate on [[YouTube]] [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6-8-Yxdphsg here].&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;What Were You Thinking?,&quot; ''[[Dateline NBC]],'' 25 Aprilis 2010.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/21134540/vp/35951451#35951451 &quot;What Were You Thinking?&quot;], ''[[Dateline NBC]]'', [[MSNBC]], 25 Aprilis 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;Did You See That?,&quot; ''Dateline NBC,'' 16 Iulii 2010.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/38154937/ns/dateline_nbc/ &quot;Did You See That?&quot;], ''Dateline NBC'', MSNBC, 16 Iulii 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''[[The Colbert Report]],'' 11 Iulii 2011
* ''[[Paranormal Challenge]],'' [[Linda Vista Community Hospital|Linda Vista Hospital]], 26 Augusti 2011
* ''[[Conspiracy Road Trip]]: UFOs,'' [[BBC Three]], 15 Octobris 2012
* ''[[Stossel]],'' [[Fox Business Channel]], 13 Decembris 2012.

===Conloquia in radio et interrete===
* ''[[Coast to Coast AM]],'' 1 Septembris 2007.
* ''[[Dominus Deitas]] et Scepticus'' ('Mr. Deity and the Skeptic'), YouTube, 15 Septembris 2009.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6gnQz32c5EA&amp;feature=fvst &quot;Mr. Deity and the Skeptic&quot;], YouTube, 15 Septembris 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''[[Skepticality]],'' Februario 2011.
* ''[[Coast to Coast AM]],'' 21 Maii 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.coasttocoastam.com/show/2011/05/21|title=Show Summary}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''[[KGO (AM)|KGO]],'' 25 Maii 2011.

==Vita privata==
Shermer [[Altadena (California)|Altadena]]e [[California]]e [[habitatio|habitat]], prope marginem scopuli in infimis [[Montes Sancti Gabrielis|Sancti Gabrielis Montibus]], super quos iacet [[Mons Wilson (California)|Mons Wilson]].&lt;ref&gt;Michael Shermer (2007), &quot;The Skeptic's Chaplain: Richard Dawkins as a Fountainhead of Skepticism,&quot; ''Skeptic'' 13:47.&lt;/ref&gt; Shermer se in [[civilitas|rebus politicis]] describit [[libertarianismus|libertarianus]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130916061732/http://reason.com/archives/2004/11/01/whos-getting-your-vote/14 &quot;Who's Getting Your Vote?&quot;] ''Reason,'' Novembri 2004, p. 14.&lt;/ref&gt;

{{NexInt}}
*[[Agenticitas]]
*[[Exemplaritas]]
*[[Iacobus Randi]]
*[[Parapsychologia]]

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Bibliographia Shermerana==
*[[1985]]. ''Sport Cycling: A Guide to Training, Racing, and Endurance.'' ISBN 0809252449.
*[[1987]]. ''Cycling: Endurance and Speed (Sportsperformance).'' ISBN 0809247755.
*[[1989]]. ''Teach Your Child Science.'' ISBN 0929923081.
*(1997) [[2002]]. ''Why People Believe Weird Things: Pseudoscience, Superstition, and Other Confusions of Our Time.'' Ed. 2a, retractata. ISBN 0805070893.
*[[1999]]. ''Teach Your Child Math and Mathemagics.'' ISBN 0737301341.
*[[2001]]. ''The Borderlands of Science: Where Sense Meets Nonsense.'' ISBN 0195143264.
*[[2001]]. ''How We Believe: The Search for God in an Age of Science.'' ISBN 0613354133.
*[[2002]]. ''The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience'' (ed.). ISBN 1576076539.
*[[2002]]. ''Denying History: Who Says the Holocaust Never Happened and Why Do They Say It?'' ISBN 0520234693.
*[[2002]]. ''In Darwin's Shadow: The Life and Science of Alfred Russel Wallace: A Biographical Study on the Psychology of History.'' ISBN 0195148304.
*[[2004]]. ''The Science of Good and Evil: Why People Cheat, Gossip, Care, Share, and Follow the Golden Rule.'' ISBN 0805075208.
* [[2005]]. ''Science Friction: Where the Known Meets the Unknown.'' ISBN 0-8050-7708-1.
* [[2006]]. ''Secrets of Mental Math: The Mathemagician's Guide to Lightning Calculation and Amazing Math Tricks.'' ISBN 978-0-307-33840-2.
* [[2006]]. ''Why Darwin Matters: The Case Against Intelligent Design.'' ISBN 978-0-8050-8121-3.
* [[2007]]. ''The Mind of The Market: Compassionate Apes, Competitive Humans, and Other Tales from Evolutionary Economics.'' ISBN 978-0-8050-7832-9.
* [[2009]]. ''The History of Science: A Sweeping Visage of Science and Its History.'' Acroasis sonorum.&lt;!--audio lecture--&gt;
* [[2011]]. ''The Believing Brain: From Ghosts and Gods to Politics and Conspiracies—How We Construct Beliefs and Reinforce Them as Truths.'' ISBN 978-0-8050-9125-0.

==Nexus externi==
{{CommuniaCat|Michael Shermer|Michaelem Shermer}}
{{wikiquote|Michael Shermer|Michaelem Shermer}}
* [http://www.michaelshermer.com Situs publicus Shermeranus,] www.michaelshermer.com
* [http://www.youtube.com/user/MichaelShermer Canalis Shermeranus,] www.youtube.com
* [http://www.skeptic.com Situs publicus,] www.skeptic.com ([[Societas Scepticorum]])
* [http://www.skepticality.com Skepticalitas,] www.skepticality.com (podcast Societatis Scepticorum)
*{{IMDb name|1208074|Michael Shermer}}

===Media===
* [http://www.reitstoen.com/shermer.php Fasciculi mediorum multorum de Michaele Shermer]
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eUB4j0n2UDU “Michael Shermer's Baloney Detection Kit”], [[Richard Dawkins Foundation]], YouTube, 22 Iunii 2009
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111108230852/http://www.ted.com/talks/lang/eng/michael_shermer_on_believing_strange_things.html On strange beliefs], [[TED Talk]], February 2006
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111101041109/http://www.ted.com/talks/lang/eng/michael_shermer_the_pattern_behind_self_deception.html The pattern behind self-deception], TED Talk, February 2010
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927192604/http://www.realdetroitweekly.com/article_2311.shtml ''Real Detroit Weekly'' Interview], 7 Februarii 2007
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071215115829/http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-934934738736025284 Is Christianity Good for the World?] disceptatio cum [[Dinesh D'Souza]] in [[Oregon State University]] Socratic Club die 15 Octobris 2007, pars 1
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110418201207/http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=2736394487009067853 Is Christianity Good for the World?] disceptatio cum Dinesh D'Souza in Oregon State University Socratic Club die 15 Octobris 2007, pars 2
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130917073613/http://www.reprobateshour.com/podpress_trac/web/33/0/reprobates_s2_e8_shermer_markets.mp3 Colloquium Michaelis Shermer de ''The Mind of the Market''], www.reprobateshour.com (The Polyschizmatic Reprobates Hour)
* [http://bloggingheads.tv/diavlogs/357 Pellicula disceptationis cum Shermer,] blogginheads.tv ([[Ioannes Horgan]]
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Pm9FC1S3Xs “Michael Shermer debates Jonathan Wells on Evolution v. Intelligent Design”] in [[Cato Institute]], pars 1 ex 7, [[YouTube]], factus 12 Octobris 2006; divulgatus 11 Maii 2008
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a_CLIGJW6Ic &quot;Michael Shermer visits the Kentucky] Creation Museum&quot;, YouTube, 15 Martii2009
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6-8-Yxdphsg &quot;The Nightline Face-Off: Does God Have a Future? (1 of 12)”], ABC News.com/YouTube, Taped 14 Martii 2010; divulgatus 23 Maii 2010
* {{YouTube|JcOIf1U8U8Y|Michael Shermer debates John Lennox on God}} (29 Octobris 2008)
* [http://soundcloud.com/maynard-1/michael-shermer-visits-sydney &quot;Michael Shermer visits Sydney&quot;], Maynard, 28 Septembris 2011
* [http://www.ted.com/speakers/michael_shermer.html Michael Shermer Profile] [[TED (conference)|Ted.com]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shermer, Michael}}
[[Categoria:Nati 1954]]
[[Categoria:Homines vivi]]
[[Categoria:Agnostici Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Civicae Californiensis apud Fullerton]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Pepperdine]]
[[Categoria:Atheistae Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Eruditi Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Humanistae Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Californiae]]
[[Categoria:Materialistae]]
[[Categoria:Professores collegiorum Claremont]]</text>
      <sha1>0h6g440xhqisu9wat1oo29ai7o3ddt8</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Marcella Hazan</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>197733</id>
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      <text bytes="860" sha1="lrwhj78q2uwb8o2bb2ovhvkgulpbb6p" xml:space="preserve">'''Marcella Hazan''' ([[Caesenaticum |Caesenatici]] die [[15 Aprilis]] [[1924]] nata; mortua in ''[[Longboat Key]]'' [[Florida]]e die [[29 Septembris]] [[2013]]) fuit [[coquina]]e scriptrix [[CFA|Americana]] oriunda e [[Italia]] quae Americanos operum suorum gratia coquinam Italianam docuit.

==Nexus externi==
* {{PND|114937923}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131001005857/http://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/food/family-marcella-hazan-influential-italian-chef-and-cookbook-author-dies-at-89-at-fla-home/2013/09/29/ddfcc904-2935-11e3-b141-298f46539716_story.html Mortis nuntius in] [[The Washington Post]]
{{bio-stipula}}
{{Lifetime|1924|2013|Hazan, Marcella}}
[[Categoria:Mulieres]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Anglici]]
[[Categoria:Coqui]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Italiae]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores de re cibaria]]</text>
      <sha1>lrwhj78q2uwb8o2bb2ovhvkgulpbb6p</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Marcus Antonius Raimondi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>202741</id>
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      <text bytes="1224" sha1="e9w2hltfklq7zvp4ugrys2oiswm51xr" xml:space="preserve">'''Marcus Antonius Raimondi''' (natus circa annum [[1475]] scilicet in [[Agini]] iuxta Bononiam; [[Bononia]]e est circa annum [[1534]] mortuus) fuit [[chalcographus]] &lt;ref&gt; Confer {{Langenscheidt-TWB}} &lt;/ref&gt; [[Italia|Italicus]] [[Renascentia]]e.

== Pinacotheca ==

&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Raimondi3.jpg| Innocentii interfecti sunt in Bethlehem iussu Herodis regis (e [[Raphael Sanctius Urbinas|Raphaelis]] opere), chalcographia, circa annum 1509
Fasciculus:Marcantonio Raimondi - Giudizio di Paride.jpg|''[[Iudicium Paridis]]'' (e Raphaelis opere), circa annum 1515/16, chalcographia. '
Fasciculus:Lucretia MR.jpg| Lucretia, circa annum 1510/11, chalcographia
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat| Marcantonio Raimondi|Marcum Antonium Raimondi}}

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050313034557/http://www.childsgallery.com/artist.php?artist_id=1439&amp;start_ndx=0 Imagines]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120716185556/http://wwar.com/masters/r/raimondi-marcantonio.html chalcographiae apud] Fine Arts Museum San Francisco

== Notae ==

&lt;references /&gt;

{{bio-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raimondi, Marcus Antonius}}
[[Categoria:Pictores Italiae]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1475]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1534]]
[[Categoria:Chalcographi]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Litterae Sueciae</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>204801</id>
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      <text bytes="2466" sha1="ee5ztu9t6kpwrfuvegfrky63hhi4e67" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Rökstenen 2.jpg|thumb|[[Stela Rök]], initium litterarum Suecicarum.]]
[[Fasciculus:Hercules, Stiernhielm.png|thumb|[[Pagina titularis]] ''Herculis,'' [[poema]]tis [[hexameter|hexametrici]] [[Georgius Stiernhielmus|Georgii Stiernhielm]], 1658.]]
[[Fasciculus:Portrait of August Strindberg by Richard Bergh 1905.jpg|thumb|[[Augustus Strindberg]]. Effigies a [[Ricardus Bergh|Ricardo Bergh]] picta, 1906.]]

'''Litterae Sueciae''' sunt [[litterae]] [[lingua Suecica|Suecicae]] vel a [[scriptor]]ibus [[Suecia|Suecicis]] scriptae. Exempli gratia, ambo [[Birgitta de Suecia]] (saeculo 14) et [[Emanuel Swedenborg]] (saeculo 18) plurimum eorum operum [[Latine]] scripserunt, sed quia incolae [[Suecia]]e fuerunt, eorum opera usitate pars habentur litterarum Suecicarum apud Algulin (1989), Delblanc, Göransson, et Lönnroth  (1999), et alios [[auctor]]es.

== Notae ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

{{NexInt}}
*[[Gustavus Fröding]]
*[[Verner von Heidenstam]]
*[[Astrid Lindgren]]
*[[Selma Lagerlöf]]
*[[Petrus Lagerkvist]]
*[[Georgius Stiernhielmus]]
*[[Isaias Tegnér]]
*[[Thomas Tranströmer]]
*[[Praemium Nobelianum litterarum]]

==Bibliographia==
*Algulin, Ingemar. [[1989]]. ''A History of Swedish Literature.'' Swedish Institute. ISBN 91-520-0239-X.
*Gustafson, Alrik. [[1962]]. ''Svenska litteraturens historia.'' 2 voll. Holmiae.&lt;!-- First published as ''A History of Swedish Literature'' (American-Scandinavian Foundation, 1961--&gt;
*Hägg, Göran. [[1996]]. ''Den svenska litteraturhistorian.'' Borås: Centraltryckeriet AB. 
*Lönnroth, L., S. Delblanc, et S. Göransson. [[1999]]. ''Den svenska litteraturen.'' 3 voll.
*&quot;Svenska.&quot; Commentarius in ''Nationalencyklopedin.''
*Tigerstedt, E. N. [[1971]]. ''Svensk litteraturhistoria.'' Solna: Tryckindustri AB.
*Warburg, Karl. [[1904]]. [http://runeberg.org/svlihist/ ''Svensk Litteraturhistoria i Sammandrag.''] Propositum Runeberg.

==Nexus externi==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100217042029/http://swedishpoetry.net/ Blog poemata Suecica Anglice conversa offerens,] swedishpoetry.net
*[https://eng.si.se/ Institutum Suecicum,]{{Nexus deficit|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} eng.si.se (Anglice)
*[http://runeberg.org/ Propositum Runeberg,] runeberg.org&lt;!--publishes freely available electronic versions of Nordic books--&gt;

{{lit-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Litterae Francicae}}
[[Categoria:Litterae Suecicae|+]]
[[Categoria:Sueciae scripta|!]]</text>
      <sha1>ee5ztu9t6kpwrfuvegfrky63hhi4e67</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Marcus Casagrande</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>209544</id>
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      <text bytes="3181" sha1="nl1fd2oryfsz8h4usifiupz5dhr8c4s" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Marco Casagrande WEAK!.jpg|thumb|Marcus Casagrande in SZHK Biennale, 2009.]]&lt;!--
[[Fasciculus:Sixty minute man.jpg|thumb|''Sixty-Minute Man,'' 2000]]--&gt;
[[Fasciculus:Floating Sauna.jpg|thumb|200px|''Calidarium innans'' (''Floating Sauna''), 2002.]]&lt;!--
[[Fasciculus:Treasure Hill 03 Taiwan.gif|thumb|''Treasure Hill,'' 2003]]
[[Fasciculus:1 Chen House Marco Casagrande Frank Chen Photo AaDa.JPG|thumb|''Chen House,'' 2008]]
[[Fasciculus:Bug Dome by WEAK! in Shenzhen Marco Casagrande-Hsieh Ying-chun Roan Ching-yueh.jpg|thumb|''Bug Dome,'' 2009]]--&gt;
[[Fasciculus:Sandworm by Marco Casagrande @ Wenduine, Belgium.jpg|thumb|''[[Vermis Harenosus]]'' (''Sandworm'') 2012]]

'''Marcus Casagrande''' (natus [[7 Maii]] [[1971]]) est [[architectus]], [[artifex]] [[ars oecologica|oecologicus]], [[theorista]] [[architectura]]e, [[scriptor mythistoriarum]], et [[professor]] [[architectura]]e [[Finnia|Finnicus]]. Alumnus est partis architecturae [[Universitas Technologica Helsingiensis|Universitatis Technologicae Helsingiensis]] (2001).

==Nexus externi==
{{CommuniaCat|Marco Casagrande|Marcum Casagrande}}
*[http://www.clab.fi Laboratorium Casagrandianum,] www.clab.fi
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100111075335/http://www.e-architect.co.uk/architects/clab.htm &quot;C-Lab Architecture,&quot;] www.e-architect.co.uk
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110405052436/http://www.worldarchitecture.org/world-critics-theorists/?criticstheorists=authordetail&amp;country=Finland&amp;no=5966 Architectura Orbis Terrarum,] www.worldarchitecture.orge
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100909005931/http://www.architizer.com/en_us/people/profile/marco_casagrande/ Architizer,] www.architizer.com
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090825035509/http://marcocasagrande.fi/ Annales operis Casagrandeani,] marcocasagrande.fi
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140713005343/http://www.archi-ninja.com/interview-with-marco-casagrande/ Conolquium cum Marco Casagrande,] www.archi-ninja.com&lt;!-- Linda Bennett, Archi-Ninja, Aug 2009--&gt; &lt;!--
*[http://www.worldarchitecture.org/links/?http://casagrandetext.blogspot.com/2009/10/marco-casagrande-interview.html Flesh is More], Jirawit Yamkleeb, art4d, Oct 2009
*[http://www.epifanio.eu/nr11/eng/PERFORMATIVE.html Performative space: the loose boundary of architecture] Nathalie Pozzi &amp; Rebecca Jones, Epifanio 11, Nov 2009
*[http://issuu.com/sweetsecret/docs/cicada?viewMode=magazine Cicada] Nikita Wu, Shenzhen &amp; Hong Kong Bi-City Biennale of Urbanism/Architecture, Dec 2009
*[http://kunsthallekowloon.org/archives/111 Architecture of the WEAK!] Robin Peckham, Kunsthalle Kowloon, Dec 2009
*[http://issuu.com/c-lab/docs/human HUMAN] C-Laboratory, free newspaper, London 2004
*[http://www.ar2com.de/radiofavela-blog/marco-casagrande/ ar2com talks with Marco Casagrande] about his architecture, urban acupuncture, teaching and real and unreal spaces, Mar 2010--&gt;

{{ars-stipula}}
{{bio-stipula}}

{{Lifetime|1971||Casagrande, Marcus}}
[[Categoria:Artifices Finniae]]
[[Categoria:Architecti Finniae]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Finnici]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores mythistoriarum Finniae]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Finniae]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Technologicae Helsingiensis]]</text>
      <sha1>nl1fd2oryfsz8h4usifiupz5dhr8c4s</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Meletum (Langobardia)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>218695</id>
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      <text bytes="1494" sha1="oxfa7491jeyvf6pwf95kd9w8q0w6it8" xml:space="preserve">{{pro pagina discretiva vide|Meletum (discretiva)}}
{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Meleti-panorama-Italy.JPG|thumb|Meletum (Langobardia)]]
'''Meletum'''&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;G. B. Pellegrini, ''[https://books.google.it/books?id=Dlkw3idzhrUC&amp;pg=PA412&amp;dq=toponimi+citt%C3%A0+italiane&amp;hl=it&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjenaKkosrNAhVBoRQKHTQQARYQ6AEIKTAC#v=onepage&amp;q=toponimi%20citt%C3%A0%20italiane&amp;f=false Toponomastica italiana]'' (Mediolani: Hoepli, 1990)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{AA.VV. Nomi d'Italia}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{victio|Meletum|i|n}} ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Meleti|Meleti]]'') est [[oppidum]] [[Italia]]e et [[Commune Italiae|municipium]], circiter 470 incolarum, in [[Regio Italiae|Regione]] [[Langobardia]] et in [[Provincia Laudensis|Provincia Laudensi]] situm. Incolae ''Meletenses'' appellantur.

== Insigne ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Corona di comune.svg|''[[Municipium Italiae]]''
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Fractiones, vici et loci in municipio ==
== Municipia finitima ==

{{NexInt}}
* [[Langobardia]] (''regio''),
* [[Provincia Laudensis]],
* [[Laus Nova]] (''urbs''),
* [[Municipium Italiae]].

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141209221759/http://www.comune.meleti.lo.it/ Situs publicus]
{{CommuniaCat|Meleti|Meletum}}

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Map of comune of Meleti (province of Lodi, region Lombardy, Italy).svg|Collocatio finium municipii in Provincia Laudensi.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Municipia in provincia Laudis Novae]]</text>
      <sha1>oxfa7491jeyvf6pwf95kd9w8q0w6it8</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Maria (Andronici Palaeologi filia)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>218961</id>
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      <text bytes="4087" sha1="8ckb5flji1rsa39ubk7hh591y867odi" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Ladder detail.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|[[Cena luxuriosa et scala Iacobi|Cena luxuriosa]]: pars picturae muralis in exonartheci [[Monasterium Batopedium|Monasterii Batopedii]] anno [[1312]] confectae. Depinguntur Mongoli et Romani, inter quos [[Andronicus II Palaeologus|Andronici]] minister [[Theodorus Metochites]];&lt;ref&gt;Ilias Anagnostakis, &quot;[https://www.academia.edu/5905761/Ilias_Anagnostakis_Dining_with_Foreigners_in_Ilias_Anagnostakis_ed._Flavours_and_Delights._Tastes_and_Pleasures_of_Ancient_and_Byzantine_Cuisine_Athens_2013_157-163 Dining with Foreigners]{{Nexus deficit|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&quot; in Ilias Anagnostakis, ed., ''Flavours and Delights: tastes and pleasures of ancient and Byzantine cuisine'' (Athenis, 2013) pp. 157-163, praecipue 158-159&lt;/ref&gt; an de matrimonio Mariae disputatur?]]
'''Maria''', quae saeculo XIII exeunte nata est et (si vita recte e fontibus intellegitur) post annum 1341 mortua est, fuit [[Andronicus II Palaeologus|Andronici II Palaeologi]] filia notha. A patre in matrimonium [[Tuctais|Tuctai]] regi [[Orda Aurea|Ordae Aureae]] saeculo XIV ineunte data nomen Turcicum ''Bayalün'' accepit. Qui anno [[1312]] mortuo Maria statim a successore [[Usbecus|Usbeco]] inter uxores acceptam esse censetur. Haec, si re vera eadem sit, a peregrinatore [[Ibn Baṭṭūṭa]] describitur. Ille cum principissa ad [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopolim]] anno fere 1332/[[1334]] se profectum esse praetendit. Quidam autem uxorem Usbeci filiam notham [[Andronicus III Palaeologus|Andronici III]] fuisse credunt.

== Fontes ==
* [[Georgius Pachymeres]], ''[[Historiae (Pachymeres)|Historiae]]'' &quot;De Andronico Palaeologo&quot; 3.27 [https://archive.org/stream/corpusscriptorum18niebuoft#page/268/mode/2up ed. Bonnensis vol. 2 p. 268]
* [[Ibn Baṭṭūṭa]], ''[[Riḥla (Ibn Baṭṭūṭa)|Riḥla]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/voyagestextearab02ibnb#page/392/mode/2up ed. Defrémery vol. 2 pp. 393-445] 
* [[Gregorius Acindynus]], ''Epistulae'' (ed. A. C. Hero, 1983: no. 12 pp. 56–57, cf. pp. 331-332)

== Notae ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* ''Prosopographisches Lexikon der Palaiologenzeit'' no. 92632
* Devin DeWeese, ''Islamization and Native Religion in the Golden Horde: Baba Tükles and Conversion to Islam in Historical and Epic Tradition'' (Penn State University Press, 1994, ISBN 978-0-271-01072-4) pp. 118-123, 150-152 {{Google Books|Ut77eAbMUHoC|Paginae selectae}} [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/027101072X Paginae selectae apud amazon]
* Stephen Runciman, &quot;The ladies of the Mongols&quot; in N. V. Tomadaces, ed., ''Εις μνήμην K. Ι. Αμάντου'' (Athenis: Τυπογραφείον Μυρτίδη, 1960) pp. 46-53, praecipue 47–48
* Rustam Shukurov, &quot;[http://www.academia.edu/2581242/Harem_Christianity_The_Byzantine_Identity_of_Seljuk_Princes_in_The_Seljuks_of_Anatolia_Court_and_Society_in_the_Medieval_Middle_East_ed._A.C.S._Peacock_S.N._Yildiz._London_2012 Harem Christianity: the Byzantine identity of Seljuk princes]&quot; in A. C. S. Peacock, S. N. Yildiz, edd., ''The Seljuks of Anatolia: Court and Society in the Medieval Middle East'' (Londinii, 2012) pp. 115-150 ad p. 122 et n. 41
* Александар Узелац, ''Под сенком Пса - Татари и јужнословенске земље у другој половини XIII века'' (Belogradi, 2015) p. 227 {{Ling|Serbice}} [https://www.academia.edu/14189848/_Book_Preview_Под_сенком_Пса_-_Татари_и_јужнословенске_земље_у_другој_половини_XIII_века_Утопија_Београд_2015._Under_the_Shadow_of_the_Dog_-_Tatars_and_South_Slavic_Lands_in_the_Second_Half_of_the_Thirteenth_Century_ Paginae selectae]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

[[Categoria:Nati saeculo 13]]
[[Categoria:Mortui saeculo 14]]
[[Categoria:Mulieres]]
[[Categoria:Palaeologi]]
[[Categoria:Nobiles Imperii Byzantini]]
[[Categoria:Andronicus II Palaeologus]]
[[Categoria:Orda Aurea]]</text>
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    <title>Formula:Consilium Italicum Berlusconi IV</title>
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| titulus = Consilium ministrorum [[Silvius Berlusconius|Silvii Berlusconii]] 2008–2011
| imago = {{Insigne|Italia|scriptum=nil|amplitudo=55px|nexus=Italia}}
| corpus   = [[Angelinus Alfano]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Silvius Berlusconius]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Anna Maria Bernini]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Alexander Bondi]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Humbertus Bossi]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Michaela Victoria Brambilla]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Aldus Brancher]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Renatus Brunetta]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Robertus Calderoli]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Mara Carfagna]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Ferruccio Fazio]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Raphael Fitto]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Francus Frattini]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Ioannes Carolus Galan]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Mariastella Gelmini]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Ignatius La Russa]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Robertus Maroni]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Alter Matteoli]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Georgia Meloni]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Nitto Franciscus Palma]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Stephania Prestigiacomo]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Paulus Romani]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Franciscus Xaverius Romano]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Andreas Ronchi]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Ioannes Francus Rotondi]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Mauritius Sacconi]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Claudius Scajola]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Iulius Tremonti]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Aelius Vito]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Lucas Zaia]]
| sub = [[Opus:Geopoliticum|Opus geopoliticum]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Porta:Unio Europaea|Porta Unionis Europaeae]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Consilia ministrorum civitatum Europaearum hodiernarum]]
| sub2 = {{Consilia Italica}}}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Categoria:Formulae Italiam spectantes]]
[[Categoria:Formulae navigationis consiliorum ministrorum|Italia]]
[[Categoria:Res politicae Italicae|ß]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ius inalienabile</title>
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      <comment>de locutione &quot;all men are created equal&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="1762" sha1="9pr92mi18wyezdbkrrc10986s46rhh2" xml:space="preserve">{{Latinitas|-2}}
'''Ius quod alienari non potest'''&lt;ref&gt;John C. Traupman, ''Latin and English Dictionary'' (Novi Eboraci: Banam Dell, 2007), 569, sub voce ''inalienable'' = 'quod alienari non potest'.&lt;/ref&gt; sive '''ius inalienabile''',&lt;ref&gt;''[[Catechismus Catholicae Ecclesiae]]'' (1992), [http://www.vatican.va/archive/catechism_lt/p3s2c2a5_lt.htm#ARTICULUS%205%A0%20QUINTUM%20PRAECEPTUM 3.2.2.5: 2273].&lt;/ref&gt; est [[ius]] quod omnibus [[homo|hominibus]] [[natalis|natis]] datur ex [[ius naturale|iure naturali]].

Ius quod alienari non potest est ratio [[dignitas|dignitatis humanae]] et origo [[iura humana|iurum humanorum]] et in historia [[Declaratio Libertatis Civitatum Americae Foederatarum]] et [[Charta Hominis ac Civis Iurum]] dum [[Res novae Franciae]], [[libertas|libertatem]], [[ius vitae]], [[proprietas (ius)|proprietatem]] et [[ius resistendi]] contra tyrannidem&lt;ref&gt;[[Charta Hominis ac Civis Iurum]], Articulus II&lt;/ref&gt; sunt ex iure non alienato affirmaverunt. Et etiam hodie origo [[Charta Consociationis Nationum|Chartae Consociationis Nationum]] et [[Universa Iurum Humanorum Declaratio|Universae Iurum humanorum Declarationis]], quas Multi [[internationalis iurum humanorum lex|pactiones de iuribus humanis]] citant.&lt;ref&gt;Sicut [[Pactio internationalis de iuribus civilibus et politicis]], Praefacio, e.g.&lt;/ref&gt;

Inter [[philosophus|philosophos]], [[Ioannes Lockius]] ius quod alienari non potest tractavit, at [[Thomas Hobbes]] id causam status &quot;[[bellum omnium contra omnes]]&quot; esse, sine [[contractus socialis|contractu sociali]] sub rectione putavit.

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Iura civilia et politica]]
* [[Ius vitae]]
* [[All men are created equal]]

[[Categoria:Iura humana]]
[[Categoria:Ius]]
[[Categoria:Philosophia]]</text>
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    <title>LiquiGlide</title>
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      <text bytes="3359" sha1="kbcapbud51mop7y722m2p3vy64wxbxk" xml:space="preserve">'''LiquiGlide''' ([[portmanteau]] [[Anglice|Anglicum]] &lt; ''liquid'' '[[liquidum]]' + ''glide'' 'labi') est [[suggestus technologicus]]&lt;!--platform technology--&gt; qui lubricas [[superficies]] [[superficies a liquido permeata|a liquido permeatas]] sustinet, per Gregem Investigationis Varanasianum ad [[Massachusettense Institutum Technologiae]] a Professore Kripa Varanasi et manu scholasticorum Davidis Smith, Rajeev Dhiman, Adami Paxson, Briani Solomon, et Christophori Love excogitatus.&lt;ref name=&quot;fcomp&quot;&gt;Austin Carr, [http://www.fastcoexist.com/1679878/mits-freaky-non-stick-coating-keeps-ketchup-flowing &quot;MIT’s freaky non-stick coating keeps ketchup flowing,&quot;] ''Fast Company'' (periodicum), 22 Maii 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Albert Filice, [http://www.pcworld.com/article/256085/mits_liquiglide_may_end_ketchup_bottle_frustrations_for_all_eternity.html &quot;MIT's LiquiGlide may end ketchup bottle frustrations for all eternity,&quot;] ''PCWorld'' (periodicum), 23 Maii 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; Inter adhibitiones quae fieri possunt inveniuntur emendatio [[norma fluxionis|normae fluxionis]] [[ampulla]]rum [[aroma|condimentorum]] ut evitetur [[detrimentum cibi]], impeditioque solearum in tubis [[gasium|gasii]] et [[oleum|olei]].&lt;ref name=&quot;fcomp&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Rob Manker, [https://web.archive.org/web/20120526080221/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-05-24/news/ct-talk-liquiglide-ketchup-bottles-0525-20120524_1_ketchup-bottles-condiment &quot;Non-stick ketchup bottles? Yes, says MIT team,&quot;] ''[[Chicago Tribune]],'' 24 Maii 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; Inventores [[pellicula]]s divulgaverunt LiquiGlide in ampullis [[lycopersici liquamen|lycopersici liquaminis]], ''[[mayonnaise]],'' [[conditura fructuum|conditurae fructuum]], et [[sinapi]]s ex [[plasticum|plastico]] et [[vitrum|vitro]] factorum adhibiti.&lt;ref&gt;Varanasi Research Group, [https://web.archive.org/web/20221201110551/https://liquiglide.com/applications/ &quot;LiquiGlide demo videos,&quot;] 23 Maii 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; Propositum praemium secundum in Certamine Consilii Commercialis cum Praemio Electionis Spectatorum in [[Certamen Negotiatorum $100K MIT|Certamine Negotiatorum $100K MIT]]&lt;!--MIT $100K Entrepreneurship Competition--&gt; anno [[2012]] accepit.&lt;ref name=&quot;fcomp&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;In 2012, MIT researchers introduced a liquid-impregnated surface that made the inside of a bottle so slippery that ketchup would flow out freely to the last drop. Today, LiquiGlide, the company spun out from this advance, has 30 industrial customers and has received thousands of inquiries from businesses that see new ways to use the technology, from IV blood bags to oil pipelines.&quot; Reif 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Notae==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

==Bibliographia==
*Reif, L. Rafael.&lt;!--praeses MIT--&gt; [[2015]]. [http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/a-better-way-to-deliver-innovation-to-the-world/2015/05/22/35023680-fe28-11e4-8b6c-0dcce21e223d_story.html A better way to deliver innovation to the world.] ''The Washington Post,'' 22 Maii.

==Nexus externi==
*[http://www.liquiglide.com Situs proprius], www.liquiglide.com (LiquiGlide (Inc.) 
*[http://varanasi.mit.edu Situs proprius,] varanasi.mit.edu (Varanasi Research Group)&lt;!--recte: Inventa. Melius: Inventa Civitatum Foederatarum--&gt;

[[Categoria:Inventiones Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Institutum Technologiae Massachusettense]]
[[Categoria:Verba Anglica]]&lt;!-- +
[[Categoria:Lubricants]]--&gt;</text>
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    <title>Paulus Gentiloni</title>
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{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
'''Paulus Gentiloni''', vulgo plene ''Paolo Gentiloni Silveri'' ([[Roma]]e natus die [[22 Novembris]] [[1954]]), familiae nobilis proles, est diurnarius et politicus [[Italia]]e.

Alumnus est [[Studium Urbis|Studii Urbis]] [[Roma]]e ubi scientiae politicae studuit.  Legatus est ad [[Parlamentum Italicum]] ab anno [[2001]]. Minister communicationum meruit a die [[17 Maii]] [[2006]] ad [[8 Maii]] [[2008]], primo ministro [[Romanus Prodi|Romano Prodi]]. Die [[31 Octobris]] [[2014]], [[Friderica Mogherini]] ad officium [[Unio Europaea|Europaeum]] promota, Gentiloni minister rerum externarum [[Italia]]e factus est, primo ministro [[Matthaeus Renzi|Matthaeo Renzi]]. Quo ab officio suo die [[12 Decembris]] [[2016]] decedente, Gentiloni ad successionem a praeside [[Sergius Mattarella|Sergio Mattarella]] convocatus est.

== Bibliographia ==
[[Fasciculus:EU High Representative Mogherini Walks With Italian FM Gentioni Prior to First Working Session of G7 Ministerial Meeting cropped.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Paulus Gentiloni (ad dextram) cum [[Friderica Mogherini]] anno 2014 colloquens]]
* Stephanie Kirchgaessner, &quot;[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/dec/11/italy-paolo-gentiloni-to-succeed-matteo-renzi-as-prime-minister Paolo Gentiloni to succeed Matteo Renzi as Italian prime minister]&quot; in ''[[The Guardian]]'' (11 Decembris 2016)

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Paolo Gentiloni|Paulum Gentiloni}}
{{Fontes biographici}}
* [http://www.camera.it/leg17/29?tipoAttivita=&amp;tipoVisAtt=&amp;tipoPersona=&amp;shadow_deputato=300637&amp;idLegislatura=17 Pagina] apud [[Parlamentum Italicum]]

{{Commissi Europaei de Leyen}}
{{Primi ministri Italiae}}
{{Consilium Italicum Prodi II}}
{{Consilium Italicum Renzi}}
{{Ministri rerum externarum Italici}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gentilone, Paulus}}

[[Categoria:Nati 1954]]
[[Categoria:Homines vivi]]
[[Categoria:Politici Italiae]]
[[Categoria:Diurnarii Italiae]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Studii Urbis]]</text>
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{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
'''Paulus Gentiloni''', vulgo plene ''Paolo Gentiloni Silveri'' ([[Roma]]e natus die [[22 Novembris]] [[1954]]), familiae nobilis proles, est [[diurnarius]] et [[politicus]] [[Italia]]e.

Alumnus est [[Studium Urbis|Studii Urbis]] [[Roma]]e, ubi [[scientia politica|scientiae politicae]] studuit. Legatus est ad [[Parlamentum Italicum]] ab anno [[2001]]. Minister communicationum meruit a die [[17 Maii]] [[2006]] ad [[8 Maii]] [[2008]], primo ministro [[Romanus Prodi|Romano Prodi]]. Die [[31 Octobris]] [[2014]], [[Friderica Mogherini]] ad officium [[Unio Europaea|Europaeum]] promota, Gentiloni minister rerum externarum [[Italia]]e factus est, primo ministro [[Matthaeus Renzi|Matthaeo Renzi]]. Quo ab officio suo die [[12 Decembris]] [[2016]] decedente, Gentiloni ad successionem a praeside [[Sergius Mattarella|Sergio Mattarella]] convocatus est.

== Bibliographia ==
[[Fasciculus:EU High Representative Mogherini Walks With Italian FM Gentioni Prior to First Working Session of G7 Ministerial Meeting cropped.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Paulus Gentiloni (ad dextram) cum [[Friderica Mogherini]] anno 2014 colloquens.]]
* Stephanie Kirchgaessner, &quot;[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/dec/11/italy-paolo-gentiloni-to-succeed-matteo-renzi-as-prime-minister Paolo Gentiloni to succeed Matteo Renzi as Italian prime minister]&quot; in ''[[The Guardian]]'' (11 Decembris 2016)

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Paolo Gentiloni|Paulum Gentiloni}}
{{Fontes biographici}}
* [http://www.camera.it/leg17/29?tipoAttivita=&amp;tipoVisAtt=&amp;tipoPersona=&amp;shadow_deputato=300637&amp;idLegislatura=17 Pagina] apud [[Parlamentum Italicum]]

{{Commissi Europaei de Leyen}}
{{Primi ministri Italiae}}
{{Consilium Italicum Prodi II}}
{{Consilium Italicum Renzi}}
{{Ministri rerum externarum Italici}}

{{Lifetime|1954||Gentilone, Paulus}}

[[Categoria:Alumni Studii Urbis]]
[[Categoria:Diurnarii Italiae]]
[[Categoria:Politici Italiae]]</text>
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    <title>Sergius Mattarella</title>
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{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Sergio Mattarella 2015.jpg|thumb|Sergius Mattarella praeses nuper electus contionem habet]]
[[Fasciculus:Giorgio Napolitano with Sergio and Bernardo Mattarella.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Sergius Mattarella (media imagine), frater Bernardus (ad dextram partem) et [[Georgius Napolitano]] (tunc rei publicae praeses), qui anno 2010 memoriam fratris iamdudum necati [[Piersanti Mattarella]] celebrant]]
'''Sergius Mattarella''' ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]] ''Sergio Mattarella'', [[Panormus |Panormi]] die [[23 Iulii]] [[1941]] natus), [[causidicus]] et nunc [[iudex]] [[constitutio]]nalis, est politicus [[Italia|Italicus]]. Die [[31 Ianuarii]] [[2015]] [[Praeses Reipublicae Italicae|praeses Rei Publicae Italicae]] a [[Parlamentum|parlamento]] et a delegatis regionalibus praeses Rei Publicae electus est.&lt;ref&gt;“[https://www.repubblica.it/speciali/politica/elezioni-presidente-repubblica-edizione2015/2015/01/31/news/quirinale_quarta_votazione-106185169/ Mattarella eletto al Quirinale con 665 voti: &quot;Pensiero a difficoltà e speranze dei cittadini]” in ''[[La Repubblica]]'' (31 Ianuarii 2015). {{Ling|Italice}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sergius Mattarella, Panormi in [[Sicilia]] natus, filius et frater est hominum politicorum. Pater [[Bernardus Mattarella|Bernardus]] minister meruit in rectionibus [[Democratia Christiana|Christianis Democraticis]]; frater [[Piersanti Mattarella|Piersanti]] a [[Mafia]] anno 1981 necatus est.&lt;ref&gt;“[https://www.lastampa.it/cronaca/2023/01/06/news/omicidio_piersanti_mattarella_43_anni_dopo_si_aprono_di_nuovo_le_indagini-12450033/ Omicidio Piersanti Mattarella: 43 anni dopo si aprono di nuovo le indagini]” in ''[[La Stampa]]'' (6 Ianuarii 2023). {{Ling|Italice}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sergius Mattarella alumnus est [[Studium Urbis|Studii Urbis]] ubi gradum doctoris in iuris prudentia anno [[1964]] ascensit. Docuit apud [[Panormitana Studiorum Universitas|universitatem urbis natalis]].

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externus ==
{{CommuniaCat|Sergio Mattarella|Sergium Mattarellam}}
{{Fontes biographici}}
&lt;!-- De declinatione Mattarellae vide: https://diggita.altervista.org/topia-oeconomica/visne-beatus-esse-cum-sergio-mattarella-re-electione-per-septem-annos-fulgur/2022-01-29/ --&gt;

{{Duces civitatum Unionis Europaeae}}
{{Duces Rei Publicae Italianae}}
{{Consilium Italicum D'Alema I}}
{{Consilium Italicum D'Alema II}}
{{Consilium Italicum Amato II}}
{{Ministri eruditionis Italici}}
{{Ministri munitionis Italici}} 
{{Lifetime|1941||Mattarella, Sergius}}
[[Categoria:Praesides Reipublicae Italiae]]
[[Categoria:Politici Italiae]]
[[Categoria:Iudices]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Siciliae]]
[[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Panormitanae]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Studii Urbis]]</text>
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{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Sergio Mattarella 2015.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Sergius Mattarella praeses nuper electus contionem habet.]]
[[Fasciculus:Giorgio Napolitano with Sergio and Bernardo Mattarella.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Sergius Mattarella (media imagine), frater Bernardus (ad dextram partem) et [[Georgius Napolitano]] (tunc rei publicae praeses), qui anno 2010 memoriam fratris iamdudum necati [[Piersanti Mattarella]] celebrant.]]
'''Sergius Mattarella''' ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]] ''Sergio Mattarella'', [[Panormus |Panormi]] die [[23 Iulii]] [[1941]] natus), [[causidicus]] et nunc [[iudex]] [[constitutio]]nalis, est politicus [[Italia|Italicus]]. Die [[31 Ianuarii]] [[2015]] [[Praeses Reipublicae Italicae|praeses Rei Publicae Italicae]] a [[Parlamentum|parlamento]] et a delegatis regionalibus praeses Rei Publicae electus est.&lt;ref&gt;“[https://www.repubblica.it/speciali/politica/elezioni-presidente-repubblica-edizione2015/2015/01/31/news/quirinale_quarta_votazione-106185169/ Mattarella eletto al Quirinale con 665 voti: &quot;Pensiero a difficoltà e speranze dei cittadini]” in ''[[La Repubblica]]'' (31 Ianuarii 2015). {{Ling|Italice}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sergius Mattarella, Panormi in [[Sicilia]] natus, filius et frater est hominum politicorum. Pater [[Bernardus Mattarella|Bernardus]] minister meruit in rectionibus [[Democratia Christiana|Christianis Democraticis]]; frater [[Piersanti Mattarella|Piersanti]] a [[Mafia]] anno 1981 necatus est.&lt;ref&gt;“[https://www.lastampa.it/cronaca/2023/01/06/news/omicidio_piersanti_mattarella_43_anni_dopo_si_aprono_di_nuovo_le_indagini-12450033/ Omicidio Piersanti Mattarella: 43 anni dopo si aprono di nuovo le indagini]” in ''[[La Stampa]]'' (6 Ianuarii 2023). {{Ling|Italice}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sergius Mattarella alumnus est [[Studium Urbis|Studii Urbis]] ubi gradum doctoris in iuris prudentia anno [[1964]] ascensit. Docuit apud [[Panormitana Studiorum Universitas|universitatem urbis natalis]].

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externus ==
{{CommuniaCat|Sergio Mattarella|Sergium Mattarellam}}
{{Fontes biographici}}
&lt;!-- De declinatione Mattarellae vide: https://diggita.altervista.org/topia-oeconomica/visne-beatus-esse-cum-sergio-mattarella-re-electione-per-septem-annos-fulgur/2022-01-29/ --&gt;

{{Duces civitatum Unionis Europaeae}}
{{Duces Rei Publicae Italianae}}
{{Consilium Italicum D'Alema I}}
{{Consilium Italicum D'Alema II}}
{{Consilium Italicum Amato II}}
{{Ministri eruditionis Italici}}
{{Ministri munitionis Italici}} 

{{Lifetime|1941||Mattarella, Sergius}}
[[Categoria:Alumni Studii Urbis]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Siciliae]]
[[Categoria:Iudices]]
[[Categoria:Politici Italiae]]
[[Categoria:Praesides Reipublicae Italiae]]
[[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Panormitanae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>All men are created equal</title>
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      <text bytes="3486" sha1="fz4aandpr4wr9qy3yyisoy0x4nvqaga" xml:space="preserve">{{L1}}
&quot;'''''All men are created equal'''''&quot;, scilicet &quot;Omnes homines aequi creantur&quot;, locutio [[Anglice|Anglica]] &quot;declaratio immortalis&quot; appellata,&lt;ref&gt;Jeudwine (1919:27) affert [[Senator Civitatum Foederatarum|Senatorem]] [[Lyman Trumbull]] [[Illinoesia]]num, [[auctor]]em [[Emendatio Tredecima Constitutionis Civitatum Foederatarum|Emendationis Tredecimae Constitutionis Civitatum Foederatarum]], qui mentionem facit &quot;declarationis immortalis omnes homines aequos creatos esse.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; est &quot;fortasse locutio unica&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Anglice]]: &quot;perhaps [the] single phrase.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; aetatis [[Res Novae Americanae|Rerum Novarum Americanarum]] cui maximum momentum continuum adhuc manet.&lt;ref&gt;Vide, e.g., Greene 1976:5: &quot;Perhaps no single phrase from the Revolutionary era has had such continuing importance in American public life as the dictum 'all men are created equal.'&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Thomas Jeffersonius]] his [[vocabulum|verbis]] anno [[1776]] in [[Declaratio Libertatis Civitatum Americae Foederatarum|Declaratione Libertatis Civitatum Foederatarum]] primum usus est. Id est &quot;Scimus veritates certos, quod omnes homines aequi creantur, a [[Deus|Creator]] datum cum [[ius inalienabile|iure inalienabli]], inter eos [[vita]], [[libertas]] et [[felicitas|felicitatem]] quaere&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[[Anglice]]: ''We hold those truth to be self-events, that all men are created equal, that they are enbowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among those, Life, Liberty and the purstuit of happiness''&lt;/ref&gt; Locutio deinde allata in vel adiecta ad [[oratio]]nes a variissimis personis publicis in consuetudine [[civilitas|civili]] et [[societas hominum|sociali]] [[Civitates Foederatae|Civitatum Foederatarum]] habitas. Stilus perfectus locutioni a [[Beniaminus Franklinius|Beniamino Franklinio]] datus est.&lt;ref&gt;Peterson 1970:90.&lt;/ref&gt;

{{NexInt}}
*[[Aequalitas ante legem]]
*[[Ioannes Ball (presbyter)|Ioannes Ball]] (1381), &quot;''When Adam delved and Eve span, who was then the gentleman?''&quot;&lt;!--
*[[Civis classis alterius]]--&gt;
*[[Charta Hominis ac Civis Iurum|Iurum Hominum Civisque Declaratio]] (1789), capitulum 1, &quot;''Les hommes naissent et demeurent libres et égaux en droits. Les distinctions sociales ne peuvent être fondées que sur l'utilité commune.''&quot;
*[[Iurum humanorum declaratio universalis|Iurum Humanorum Declaratio Universalis]] (1948), capitulum 1: &quot;''All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights''&quot;
*''[[I Have a Dream]]'' oratio [[Martinus Lutherus King Jr.|Martini Lutheri King Jr.]] (1963)
*[[Quaestio est-debet]]&lt;!--
*[[Is-ought problem]]--&gt;

==Notae==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
 
==Bibliographia==
*Greene, Jack P. [[1976]]. ''All Men Are Created Equal: Some Reflections on the Character of the American Revolution.''
*Jeudwine, John Wynne. [[1919]]. ''Pious Phrases in Politics: An Examination of Some Popular Catchwords, their Misuse and Meanings.''
*Peterson, Merrill. [[1970]]. ''Thomas Jefferson and the New Nation: A Biography.'' Oxford University Press.

==Nexus externi==
*Knox, John. [[1558]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201220083751/http://www.swrb.com/newslett/actualNLs/ltrcommo.htm &quot;Letter Addressed to the Commonalty of Scotland,&quot;] fortasse primus locutionis &quot;all men are equal&quot; usus

[[Categoria:Ethica]]&lt;!--en:Principia ethica + Notiones in ethica--&gt;
[[Categoria:Humanismus]]
[[Categoria:Iura humana]]
[[Categoria:1776]]
[[Categoria:Aphorismi]]
[[Categoria:Thomas Jeffersonius]]
[[Categoria:Locutiones Anglicae]]</text>
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    <title>Marenicum</title>
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      <text bytes="1327" sha1="k3zdkd2h8f82iqi0aai95zurizbs8jz" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus: Map commune FR insee code 79166.png|250 px|left|thumb|Marenicum: communis tabula]]

'''Marenicum''',&lt;ref name=&quot;Ledain&quot;&gt;Bélisaire Ledain, ''Dictionnaire topographique du département des Deux-Sèvres'' (Pictaviae, 1902) [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k110100q textus]&lt;/ref&gt; vulgo ''Marigny'', est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] 880 incolarum (anno [[2012]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Utraeque Separae|Utrarumque Separarum]] in provincia occidentali [[Pictaviensis et Carantoni|Pictaviensi et Carantonis]] (a die [[1 Ianuarii]] [[2016]] [[Aquitania Lemovicensis Pictaviensis et Carantoni|Aquitania Lemovicensi Pictaviensi et Carantonis]]).

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Utrarumque Separarum|Indicem communium praefecturae Utrarumque Separarum]]

== Nexus externi ==

{{CommuniaCat|Marigny (Deux-Sèvres)|Marenicum}}
* {{INSEE commune|79166|de=Marenico}}
* [http://cassini.ehess.fr/cassini/fr/html/fiche.php?select_resultat=21222 De hoc commune apud cassini.ehess.fr]
* [http://www.marigny79.fr/ Huius communis pagina interretialis]{{Nexus deficit|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae utriusque Separis]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae utriusque Separis]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Lingua Tschuvaschica</title>
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      <text bytes="7007" sha1="8fv1667an3ipd6mud2ytsq10n6asssm" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa linguae
|nomen latine  ={{PAGENAME}}
|nomen         = Чӑваш чӗлхи / Чӑвашла
|pronunciation =
|color familiae=yellowgreen
|familia       =lingua divisionis Bulgaricae [[Linguae Turcicae|familiae Turcicae]] (linguis [[Linguae Altaicae|Altaicis]] saepe tributae)
|fabulantes    =1 042 989 (in Russia anno [[2010]])
|fabulantes2   =
|nationes      =[[Tschuvaschia|Res publica Tschuvaschica]] [[Russia]]e
|civitas       =[[Russia]], [[Ucraina]], [[Kazachstania]], [[Uzbecia]], [[Ruthenia Alba]]
|scriptura     =[[Abecedarium Cyrillicum|Cyrillica]]
|litteratura   =[[Litterae Tschuvaschicae]]
|procuratio    =Institutum publicum scientiarum humanitarium Tschuvaschicum
|iso1          =cv
|iso2          =chv
|iso3          =chv
|tabula        =[[Fasciculus:Human Language Families (wikicolors).png|center|255px|Familiae linguisticae coloribus Vicipaedicis pictae]]
|syllabus      =[[Linguae mundi|Familiae linguisticae coloribus Vicipaedicis pictae]]
|tabula2       =
|syllabus2     = }}
[[File:Thesaurus tschuvaschorum liber iv.PNG|thumb|Thesaurus linguae Tschuvaschorum, vol. IV]]
'''Lingua Tschuvaschica'''&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.ru/books?id=iJswg2QUe4QC&amp;pg=PA173&amp;lpg=PA173&amp;dq=lingua+Tschuvaschica&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=p-Z5RsuZ36&amp;sig=uJTMwm7ZfN2g5nWVkPEm6MaYy7o&amp;hl=ru&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjUmNa2gqnKAhXJZCwKHVwVBhwQ6AEIIDAA#v=onepage&amp;q=lingua%20Tschuvaschica&amp;f=false ''Affinitas linguae Hungaricae cum linguis Fennicae originis grammatice...'', p. 173]; [https://books.google.ru/books?id=GqhfAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PR3&amp;dq=lingua+Tschuvaschica&amp;hl=ru&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwiF4YPAgqnKAhXDZCwKHfgACSgQ6AEIGzAA#v=onepage&amp;q=lingua%20Tschuvaschica&amp;f=false ''Elementa grammatices Tscheremissæ'', p. iii];  [[Nicolaus Ašmarin]], ''Thesaurus Linguae Tschuvaschorum'' vol. I—XVII, [[Casanum|Casano]] 1928—1937. Necnon ''Tschuwaschica'', vide [https://books.google.ru/books?id=y7NfAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA47&amp;dq=lingua+Tschuwaschica&amp;hl=ru&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwiCsb_UgqnKAhVLWywKHTrQB4oQ6AEIOTAE#v=onepage&amp;q=lingua%20Tschuwaschica&amp;f=false M.A. Castrén, ''De affixis personalibus linguarum Altaicarum: Dissertatio'', p. 47]; [https://reader.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/fs1/object/display/bsb10850307_00003.html Guilelmi Schott ''de Lingua Tschuwaschorum'', Berolini 1841].&lt;/ref&gt; seu '''Tsuvasica'''&lt;ref&gt;Acta linguistica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, tomus XVIII, fasciculus 1-2, Budapestini, anno 1968 ([http://real-j.mtak.hu/821/1/ACTALINGV_18.pdf pag. 27 fasciculi PDF]).&lt;/ref&gt; est lingua gentis [[Tschuvaschi|Tschuvaschorum]], ad gregem Bulgaricam [[Linguae Turcicae|familiae Turcicae]] pertinens.

==Origo==

Interdum separatio familiae Bulgaricae initium dissolutionis linguarum Turcicarum putatur&lt;ref&gt;Дыбо, A. B. ''Хронология тюркских языков и лингвистические контакты ранних тюрков''. Moscuae 2004. P. 766.&lt;/ref&gt;; alii familiam Bulgaricam tantum simplicitatis causa in familiam Turcicam inclusam esse putant et [[Linguae Altaicae|linguas Altaicas]] in tres familias, nempe Turcicam, Bulgaricam et [[linguae Mongolicae|Mongolicam]], dividendas esse putant&lt;ref&gt;Inguarus de Rachewiltz, ''Introduction to Altaic philology: Turkic, Mongolian, Manchu / Handbook of Oriental Studies = Handbuch der Orientalistik. Section 8, Central Asia; 20. Lugduni Batavorum, 2010, p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt; Aliae linguae Bulgaricae lingua [[Bulgari Volgani|Bulgarorum antiquorum]]&lt;ref&gt;De [[lingua Bulgarica]] hodierna Slavica nihil communis habet.&lt;/ref&gt; et [[Chazari|Chazarorum]] erant, ambae exstinctae. Lingua Tschuvaschica linguae Bulgaricae antiquae propinqua est.

==Scriptura==
Abecedarium Tschuvaschicum [[Abecedarium Cyrillicum|Cyrillicum]] quattuor litteras in abecedario [[lingua Russica|Russico]] absentes habet: 
*Ӑ ӑ ( = [ ə ]&lt;ref&gt;Signa [[Abecedarium Phoneticum Internationale|Abecedarii Phonetici Internationalis]]&lt;/ref&gt;), 
*Ӗ ӗ ( = [ ɘ ]), 
*Ҫ ҫ  (= [ ɕ ]), 
*Ӳ ӳ ( = [ y ]). 

==Phonologia==
Lingua Tschuvaschica ''rhotacismum'' et ''lambdacismum'' habet: ''r'' et ''l'' loco Turcicis communibus ''z'' et ''š'' stant. Consonantes mutae et surdae non distinguuntur nec palatalizatae et non-palatalizatae. ''O'' vocalis solum in vocabulis Russicae originis invenitur.

==Morphologia==
Lingua Tschuvaschica agglutinativa est. Solum [[Nomen (grammatica)|nomina]] et [[Verbum (temporale)|verba]] certe distinguuntur; in grege nominum substantiva, adiectiva, numeralia et adverbia multa communia habent et omnia [[declinatio|declinantur]]. Lingua Tschuvaschica octo [[Casus grammaticus|casus]] habet:
* [[Nominativus|Nominativum]]
* [[Possesisivus|Possessivum]]
* [[Dativus|Dativum]] — [[Accusativus|Accusativum]]
* [[Locativus|Locativum]]
* [[Ablativus|Ablativum]]
* [[Abessivus|Abessivum]]
* [[Causativus|Causativum]]
Nomina animantia et inanima non differant, sed nomina ad homines pertinentia et caetera omnia  in declinatione distinguuntur. Verbum quattuor [[modus (grammatica)|modos]], tria [[Tempus grammaticum|tempora]], [[genus|genera]] [[Activum|activum]] et causativum habet. Omnis forma verbi possibilitatem et impossibilitatem exprimere potest.  

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== De lingua Tschuvaschica ==

* [https://reader.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/fs1/object/display/bsb10850307_00003.html Guilelmi Schott ''de Lingua Tschuwaschorum'', Berolini 1841]
* [[Nicolaus Ašmarin]]&lt;sup&gt;[[:ru:Ашмарин, Николай Иванович|ru]]&lt;/sup&gt;, Thesaurus linguae Tschuvaschorum (= Чăваш сăмахĕсен кĕнеки), vol. I—XVII, [[Casanum|Casano]] 1928—1937 (volumina I et II Tschuvascho-Latino-Russici sunt).

==Nexus externi==
{{InterWiki|code=cv}}
* [https://archive.org/details/Aschmarin Nicolai Aschmarin ''Thesaurus linguae Tschuvaschorum''] apud ''Internet archive'' (plenus)
* [https://samahsar.cv-haval.org/ru Nicolai Aschmarin ''Thesaurus linguae Tschuvaschorum''], data quaestioni aperta (nondum finita)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20210410224650/http://comissi.chv.su/ Situs interretialis commissionis pro lingua Tschuvaschica]
* [http://cvlat.blogspot.com/2010/11/blog-post.html Эктор Алос-и-Фонт. Оценка языковой политики в Чувашии]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160726060910/http://anticor-21.livejournal.com/209000.html 15 июня 2012 года в Чебоксарах состоялся пикет в защиту чувашского языка]
* Эктор Алос-и-Фонт, «Преподавание чувашского языка и проблема языкового поведения родителей», Чувашский государственный институт гуманитарных наук, 2015, Шупашкар.
* [http://chuvash.org/blogs/comments/2783.html Скоро чувашский язык останется «какой-то культурной традицией»]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tschuvaschica lingua}}
[[Categoria:Linguae Russiae]]
[[Categoria:Linguae Turcicae]]
[[Categoria:Tschuvaschia]]
[[Categoria:Lingua Tschuvaschica|!]]</text>
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    <title>The Catcher in the Rye</title>
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      <comment>menda grammatica correcta</comment>
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      <text bytes="5041" sha1="rsl4kmexk5r3qp07ednn48gjw1v7u72" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
[[Fasciculus:The Catcher in the Rye (1951, first edition cover).jpg|thumb|Titulus editionis primae.]]
'''''The Catcher in the Rye''''' ('Exceptor inter [[secale]]') est [[mythistoria]] [[auctor]]e [[J. D. Salinger]], die [[16 Iulii]] anno [[1951]] edita.&lt;ref&gt;Ulin 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Liber]] ambiguus, primum adultis editus, lectoribus [[adolescentia|adulescentibus]] gratissimus factus est materia sua [[anxietas|angoris]] [[adulescentia|adulescentium]], [[solitudo|solitudinis]], et affectionum ei qui abalienatus in societate sibi videtur.&lt;ref&gt;Costello et Bloom 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Carte 2000.&lt;/ref&gt; Late translatus multis in linguis est.&lt;ref&gt;Magill 1991: 1803.&lt;/ref&gt; Circa ducenta quinquagenta mille volumina quotannis venduntur, summa venditionum magis quam sexaginta quinque mille mille est.&lt;ref&gt;Secundum [[List of best-selling books]], commentarius prior (Yardley 2004) plus 20 millione dicit.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Holden Caulfield]], heros [[mythistoria]]e, [[icon]] [[rebellio adulescentium|rebellionis adulescentium]] facta est.&lt;ref&gt;Elizabeth Webber et Mike Feinsilber, ''Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of Allusions,'' p. 105.&lt;/ref&gt; Liber themata multa tangit, sicut [[identitas (scientia socialis)|identitatis]], communitatis, privationis, coniunctionis, concubitus, et magni desperationis.  

Haec mythistoria apud [[centum]] optimas [[litterae Civitatum Foederatarum|mythistorias Anglicas]] post [[1923]] scriptas in ''[[Time (magazina)|Time]]'' numerata est,&lt;ref&gt;Grossman et Lacayo 2005.&lt;/ref&gt; et a [[Modern Library]] et lectoribus suis una ex [[Modern Library 100 Best Novels|centum optimis mythistoriis Anglicis saeculi vicensimi]] aestimata est.&lt;ref&gt;Guinn 2001.&lt;/ref&gt; Anno [[2003|MMIII]], quindecima in ea recognitione nomine ''[[The Big Read]]'' conducta a [[BBC]] locata est.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.bbc.co.uk/arts/bigread/top100.shtml &quot;The Big Read&quot;], BBC, Aprili 2003.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

=== Bibliographia ===
* Barnett, David. 2022. &quot;[https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/sep/11/rare-signed-edition-the-catcher-in-the-rye-on-sale-for-255000-jd-salinger Rare signed edition of The Catcher in the Rye on sale for £225,000.]&quot; ''[[The Guardian]]'', 11 Septembris 2022.
* Carte, Michael. [[2000]]. [http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-28671475_ITM Carte Blanche: Famous Firsts.] ''Booklist,'' 15 Novembris.
* Costello, Donald P., et Harold Bloom. [[2000]]. The Language of &quot;The Catcher in the Rye.&quot; ''Bloom's Modern Critical Interpretations: The Catcher in the Rye,'' 11–20. Literary Reference Center. EBSCO. 1 Decembris.
* Graham, Sarah. [[2007]]. ''J. D. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye.'' Routledge. ISBN 0-415-34452-2.
* Grossman, Lev, et Richard Lacayo. [[2005]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120729162224/http://entertainment.time.com/2005/10/16/all-time-100-novels/ All-Time 100 Novels: The Complete List.] ''[[Time]],'' 16 Octobris.
* Guinn, Jeff. [[2001]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210201065739/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=ET&amp;p_theme=et&amp;p_action=search&amp;p_maxdocs=200&amp;p_topdoc=1&amp;p_text_direct-0=0EDCAD301800C85B&amp;p_field_direct-0=document_id&amp;p_perpage=10&amp;p_sort=YMD_date:D &quot;Catcher in the Rye&quot; still influences 50 years later.] ''Erie Times-News,'' 10 Augusti.
*McCrum, Robert. [[2015]]. [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/feb/02/100-best-novels-catcher-in-the-rye-jd-salinger-holden-caulfield The 100 best novels: No 72 – The Catcher in the Rye by JD Salinger (1951).] ''[[The Guardian]],'' 2 Februarii 2015.
* Magill, Frank N. [[1991]]. ''Magill's Survey of American Literature.'' Novi Eboraci: Marshall Cavendish Corporation. ISBN 1-85435-437-X.
* Rohrer, Finalo. [[2009]]. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/8084931.stm The why of the Rye.] ''BBC News Magazine,'' 5 Iunii. BBC.
* Steinle, Pamela Hunt. [[2000]]. ''In Cold Fear: ''The Catcher in the Rye'' Censorship Controversies and Postwar American Character.'' Ohio State University Press. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160331042330/https://ohiostatepress.org/index.htm?%2Fbooks%2Fbook%2520pages%2Fsteinle%2520in.html De libro.]
* Ulin, David L. [[2010]]. [http://www.latimes.com/features/books/la-et-salinger29-2010jan29,0,578438.story J. D. Salinger: a gift of words and silence.] ''Los Angeles Times,'' 20 Ianuarii.
* Yardley, Jonathan. [[2004]]. [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A43680-2004Oct18.html J. D. Salinger's Holden Caulfield, Aging Gracelessly.] ''[[The Washington Post]],'' 13 Octobris.

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160928091148/http://www.bookdrum.com/books/the-catcher-in-the-rye/9780140237504/index.html Imago libri.] Book Drum.
* [http://www.cnn.com/2009/SHOWBIZ/books/06/03/salinger.catcher.lawsuit/index.html &quot;Lawsuit targets 'rip-off' of ''Catcher in the Rye.''&quot;] [[CNN]].
* [http://www.mansionbooks.com/BookDetail.php?bk=213 Photographemata editionis primae.]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Catcher in the Rye, The}}
[[Categoria:Mythistoriae Anglicae]]
[[Categoria:Mythistoriae Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Scripta 1951]]
{{Myrias|Ars}}</text>
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    <title>Receptorium neurotransmissoris</title>
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|-
! style=&quot;background-color:#d0d0d0;&quot; | Structura '''synapsis''' typicae
|- style=&quot;text-align: center&quot;
| &lt;div style=&quot;position: relative;&quot;&gt;[[Fasciculus:Synapse Illustration unlabeled.svg|400px|Structura '''synapsis''' typicae]]
{{Image label|x=-2.0|y=-193.0|scale=-1|text=[[Densitas postsynaptica|Densitas&lt;br&gt; postsynaptica]]}}
{{Image label|x=-2.0|y=-93.0|scale=-1|text=[[Alveus calcio tensione electrica nitens|Alveus calcio&lt;br&gt;tensione electrica&lt;br&gt;nitens]]}}
{{Image label|x=-48.0|y=-35.0|scale=-1|text=[[Vesicula synaptica|Vesicula&lt;br&gt; synaptica]]}}
{{Image label|x=-240.0|y=-80.0|scale=-1|text=[[Transportator neurotransmissoris|Transportator]]}}
{{Image label|x=-259.0|y=-180.0|scale=-1|text=Receptorium}}
{{Image label|x=-214.0|y=-24.0|scale=-1|text=[[Neurotransmissor]]}}
{{Image label|x=-352.0|y=-80.0|scale=-1|text=[[Bulbulus terminalis]]}}
{{Image label|x=-348.0|y=-185.0|scale=-1|text=[[Fissura synaptica]]}}
{{Image label|x=-348.0|y=-234.0|scale=-1|text=[[Dendrita]]}}&lt;/div&gt;
|} 

'''Receptorium neurotransmissoris''' est proteina [[membrana cellulae|transmembranea]] in [[Synapsis chemica|membrana postsynaptica]] [[neuron]]um aut musculorum sita quae  substantiis chemicis idoneis movetur posquam eas ligavit, id est &quot;recepit&quot;:  non solum [[neurotransmissor]]es, sed etiam medicamenta et [[Molecula|moleculas]] nuntios ligare possunt, e quo fit ut [[tensio electrica]] gignatur quia praecipuum munus eorum in [[Canalis ionticus|canalibuss ionticis]] patefaciendis aut claudendis consistit. Hoc modo signa chemica a proximis neuronibus sibi missa in signa electrica convertit quae [[Synapsis chemica|potentia postsynaptica]] dicuntur. 

== Typi receptoriorum ==
Duo typi receptoriorum sunt: 
* [[Receptoria ligando saepta]] sive receptoria ''ionotropica''&lt;ref&gt;Anglice: Ligand-gated receptor, ionotropic receptor&lt;/ref&gt; - receptorium [[Neurotransmissor|neurotransmissore]] ([[Ligandum (Chemia)|ligando]]) et excitatum, per exemplum glutamato vel aspartato, et inhibitum, per exemplum GABA sive glycino. 
* [[Receptorium proteino G copulatum|Receptoria proteino G copulata]] sive receptoria ''metabotropica''&lt;ref&gt;Anglice: G Protein-coupled receptor, metabotropic receptor&lt;/ref&gt; - receptoriis nulla functio directa neque excitans neque inhibens habent, sed functio indirecta neurotransmissorum effectus modificans. Plurimi receptoriorum metabotropici sunt.

== Receptoriorum exempla ==
Exempla receptoriorum neurotransmissorum sunt:&lt;ref&gt;ed. Kebabain, J. W. &amp; Neumeyer, J. L. (1994). &quot;RBI Handbook of Receptor Classification&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[receptorium adrenergicum|Receptoria adrenergica]]: [[receptorium adrenergicum alpha-1|alpha (α)]]: α&lt;sub&gt;1A&lt;/sub&gt;, α&lt;sub&gt;1B&lt;/sub&gt;, α&lt;sub&gt;1D&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;ref&gt;receptorium adrenergicum α&lt;sub&gt;1C&lt;/sub&gt; non est; explanationis vide → [[receptorium adrenergicum alpha-1]].&lt;/ref&gt;, α&lt;sub&gt;2A&lt;/sub&gt;, α&lt;sub&gt;2B&lt;/sub&gt;, α&lt;sub&gt;2C&lt;/sub&gt;, α&lt;sub&gt;2D&lt;/sub&gt;; beta (β): [[receptorium adrenergicum beta-1|β&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;]], [[Receptorium Beta-2 adrenergicorum|β&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;]], β&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
* [[receptorium Dopamini|Receptoria dopamini]]: [[Receptorium dopamini D1|D&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;]], [[Receptorium dopamini D2|D&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;]], [[Receptorium dopamini D3|r&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;]], D&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, D&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;
* [[receptorium GABA|Receptoria GABA]]: GABA&lt;sub&gt;A&lt;/sub&gt;, GABA&lt;sub&gt;A&lt;/sub&gt;-ρ, GABA&lt;sub&gt;B1a&lt;/sub&gt;, GABA&lt;sub&gt;B1δ&lt;/sub&gt;, GABA&lt;sub&gt;B2&lt;/sub&gt;
* [[receptorium glutamati|Receptoria glutamati]]: [[receptorium NMDA|NMDA]], [[receptorium AMPA|AMPA]], [[receptorium kainati|kainati]], [[receptorium glutamati metabotropicum 1|mGluR&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;]], mGluR&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, mGluR&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, mGluR&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, mGluR&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;, mGluR&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;, mGluR&lt;sub&gt;7&lt;/sub&gt;, mGluR&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt;
* [[receptorium histamini|Receptoria histamini]]: [[receptorium histamini H1|H&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;]], [[receptorium histamini H2|H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;]], [[receptorium histamini H3|H&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;]], [[receptorium histamini H4|H&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;]]
* [[receptorium acetylcholini|Receptoria acetylcholini]]: [[receptorium acetylcholini muscarinicum|''muscarinica'']]: [[Receptorium acetylcholini muscarinicum M1|M&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;]], M2, M3, M4, M5; ''nicotinica'': musculi, nervi (α-bungarotoxini-insensibile), nervi (α-bungarotoxini-sensibile)
* [[receptorium opioidorum|Receptoria opioidorum]]&lt;ref&gt;http://themedicalbiochemistrypage.org/opioids.php#receptors&lt;/ref&gt;: μ, δ&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, δ&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, κ
* [[receptorium serotonini|Receptoria serotonini]]&lt;ref&gt;HT = Hydroxytryptaminum, 5-Hydroxytryptaminum = [[Serotoninum]]&lt;/ref&gt;: 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;1A&lt;/sub&gt;, 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;1B&lt;/sub&gt;, 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;1D&lt;/sub&gt;, 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;1E&lt;/sub&gt;, 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;1F&lt;/sub&gt;, [[Receptorium serotonini 2A|5-HT&lt;sub&gt;2A&lt;/sub&gt;]], 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;2B&lt;/sub&gt;, [[Receptorium serotonini 2C|5-HT&lt;sub&gt;2C&lt;/sub&gt;]], 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, [[Receptorium 5-HT5A Serotonini|5-HT&lt;sub&gt;5A&lt;/sub&gt;]], [[Receptorium 5-HT5B Serotonini|5-HT&lt;sub&gt;5B&lt;/sub&gt;]], [[receptorium 5-HT6 Serotonini|5-HT&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;]], [[Receptorium 5-HT7 Serotonini|5-HT&lt;sub&gt;7&lt;/sub&gt;]]
* [[receptorium Glycini|Receptorium glycini]]: glycinum

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{NexInt}} 
* [[Agonista (biochemia)]]
* [[Psychopharmacologia]]
* [[Serotoninum]]
* [[Synapsis chemica]]

{{biologia-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Pharmacologia]]
[[Categoria:Systema nervosum]]
[[Categoria:Neuroscientia]]
[[Categoria:Receptoria]]
[[Categoria:Receptoria neurotransmissoria|!]]</text>
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        <id>2059</id>
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|-
! style=&quot;background-color:#d0d0d0;&quot; | Structura '''synapsis''' typicae
|- style=&quot;text-align: center&quot;
| &lt;div style=&quot;position: relative;&quot;&gt;[[Fasciculus:Synapse Illustration unlabeled.svg|400px|Structura '''synapsis''' typicae]]
{{Image label|x=-2.0|y=-193.0|scale=-1|text=[[Densitas postsynaptica|Densitas&lt;br&gt; postsynaptica]]}}
{{Image label|x=-2.0|y=-93.0|scale=-1|text=[[Alveus calcio tensione electrica nitens|Alveus calcio&lt;br&gt;tensione electrica&lt;br&gt;nitens]]}}
{{Image label|x=-48.0|y=-35.0|scale=-1|text=[[Vesicula synaptica|Vesicula&lt;br&gt; synaptica]]}}
{{Image label|x=-240.0|y=-80.0|scale=-1|text=[[Transportator neurotransmissoris|Transportator]]}}
{{Image label|x=-259.0|y=-180.0|scale=-1|text=Receptorium}}
{{Image label|x=-214.0|y=-24.0|scale=-1|text=[[Neurotransmissor]]}}
{{Image label|x=-352.0|y=-80.0|scale=-1|text=[[Bulbulus terminalis]]}}
{{Image label|x=-348.0|y=-185.0|scale=-1|text=[[Fissura synaptica]]}}
{{Image label|x=-348.0|y=-234.0|scale=-1|text=[[Dendrita]]}}&lt;/div&gt;
|} 

'''Receptorium neurotransmissoris''' est proteina [[membrana cellulae|transmembranea]] in [[Synapsis chemica|membrana postsynaptica]] [[neuron]]um aut musculorum sita quae  substantiis chemicis idoneis movetur posquam eas ligavit, id est &quot;recepit&quot;:  non solum [[neurotransmissor]]es, sed etiam medicamenta et [[Molecula|moleculas]] nuntios ligare possunt, e quo fit ut [[tensio electrica]] gignatur quia praecipuum munus eorum in [[Canalis ionticus|canalibuss ionticis]] patefaciendis aut claudendis consistit. Hoc modo signa chemica a proximis neuronibus sibi missa in signa electrica convertit quae [[Synapsis chemica|potentia postsynaptica]] dicuntur. 

== Typi receptoriorum ==
Duo typi receptoriorum sunt: 
* [[Receptoria ligando saepta]] sive receptoria ''ionotropica''&lt;ref&gt;Anglice: Ligand-gated receptor, ionotropic receptor&lt;/ref&gt; - receptorium [[Neurotransmissor|neurotransmissore]] ([[Ligandum (Chemia)|ligando]]) sive excitatum (PPSE), exempli gratia [[Glutamatum|glutamato]] vel [[aspartatum|aspartato]], sive inhibitum (PPSI), exempli gratia [[GABA]] et [[Glycinum|glycino]]. 
* [[Receptorium proteino G copulatum|Receptoria proteino G copulata]] sive receptoria ''metabotropica''&lt;ref&gt;Anglice: G Protein-coupled receptor, metabotropic receptor&lt;/ref&gt; - receptoriis nulla functio directa neque excitans neque inhibens habent, sed functio indirecta neurotransmissorum effectus modificans. Plurimi receptoriorum metabotropici sunt.

== Receptoriorum exempla ==
Exempla receptoriorum neurotransmissorum sunt:&lt;ref&gt;ed. Kebabain, J. W. &amp; Neumeyer, J. L. (1994). &quot;RBI Handbook of Receptor Classification&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[receptorium adrenergicum|Receptoria adrenergica]]: [[receptorium adrenergicum alpha-1|alpha (α)]]: α&lt;sub&gt;1A&lt;/sub&gt;, α&lt;sub&gt;1B&lt;/sub&gt;, α&lt;sub&gt;1D&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;ref&gt;receptorium adrenergicum α&lt;sub&gt;1C&lt;/sub&gt; non est; explanationis vide → [[receptorium adrenergicum alpha-1]].&lt;/ref&gt;, α&lt;sub&gt;2A&lt;/sub&gt;, α&lt;sub&gt;2B&lt;/sub&gt;, α&lt;sub&gt;2C&lt;/sub&gt;, α&lt;sub&gt;2D&lt;/sub&gt;; beta (β): [[receptorium adrenergicum beta-1|β&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;]], [[Receptorium Beta-2 adrenergicorum|β&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;]], β&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
* [[receptorium Dopamini|Receptoria dopamini]]: [[Receptorium dopamini D1|D&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;]], [[Receptorium dopamini D2|D&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;]], [[Receptorium dopamini D3|r&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;]], D&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, D&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;
* [[receptorium GABA|Receptoria GABA]]: GABA&lt;sub&gt;A&lt;/sub&gt;, GABA&lt;sub&gt;A&lt;/sub&gt;-ρ, GABA&lt;sub&gt;B1a&lt;/sub&gt;, GABA&lt;sub&gt;B1δ&lt;/sub&gt;, GABA&lt;sub&gt;B2&lt;/sub&gt;
* [[receptorium glutamati|Receptoria glutamati]]: [[receptorium NMDA|NMDA]], [[receptorium AMPA|AMPA]], [[receptorium kainati|kainati]], [[receptorium glutamati metabotropicum 1|mGluR&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;]], mGluR&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, mGluR&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, mGluR&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, mGluR&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;, mGluR&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;, mGluR&lt;sub&gt;7&lt;/sub&gt;, mGluR&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt;
* [[receptorium histamini|Receptoria histamini]]: [[receptorium histamini H1|H&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;]], [[receptorium histamini H2|H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;]], [[receptorium histamini H3|H&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;]], [[receptorium histamini H4|H&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;]]
* [[receptorium acetylcholini|Receptoria acetylcholini]]: [[receptorium acetylcholini muscarinicum|''muscarinica'']]: [[Receptorium acetylcholini muscarinicum M1|M&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;]], M2, M3, M4, M5; ''nicotinica'': musculi, nervi (α-bungarotoxini-insensibile), nervi (α-bungarotoxini-sensibile)
* [[receptorium opioidorum|Receptoria opioidorum]]&lt;ref&gt;http://themedicalbiochemistrypage.org/opioids.php#receptors&lt;/ref&gt;: μ, δ&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, δ&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, κ
* [[receptorium serotonini|Receptoria serotonini]]&lt;ref&gt;HT = Hydroxytryptaminum, 5-Hydroxytryptaminum = [[Serotoninum]]&lt;/ref&gt;: 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;1A&lt;/sub&gt;, 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;1B&lt;/sub&gt;, 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;1D&lt;/sub&gt;, 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;1E&lt;/sub&gt;, 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;1F&lt;/sub&gt;, [[Receptorium serotonini 2A|5-HT&lt;sub&gt;2A&lt;/sub&gt;]], 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;2B&lt;/sub&gt;, [[Receptorium serotonini 2C|5-HT&lt;sub&gt;2C&lt;/sub&gt;]], 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, [[Receptorium 5-HT5A Serotonini|5-HT&lt;sub&gt;5A&lt;/sub&gt;]], [[Receptorium 5-HT5B Serotonini|5-HT&lt;sub&gt;5B&lt;/sub&gt;]], [[receptorium 5-HT6 Serotonini|5-HT&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;]], [[Receptorium 5-HT7 Serotonini|5-HT&lt;sub&gt;7&lt;/sub&gt;]]
* [[receptorium Glycini|Receptorium glycini]]: glycinum

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{NexInt}} 
* [[Agonista (biochemia)]]
* [[Psychopharmacologia]]
* [[Serotoninum]]
* [[Synapsis chemica]]

{{biologia-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Pharmacologia]]
[[Categoria:Systema nervosum]]
[[Categoria:Neuroscientia]]
[[Categoria:Receptoria]]
[[Categoria:Receptoria neurotransmissoria|!]]</text>
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      <id>3969988</id>
      <parentid>3969987</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T16:36:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
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|-
! style=&quot;background-color:#d0d0d0;&quot; | Structura '''synapsis''' typicae
|- style=&quot;text-align: center&quot;
| &lt;div style=&quot;position: relative;&quot;&gt;[[Fasciculus:Synapse Illustration unlabeled.svg|400px|Structura '''synapsis''' typicae]]
{{Image label|x=-2.0|y=-193.0|scale=-1|text=[[Densitas postsynaptica|Densitas&lt;br&gt; postsynaptica]]}}
{{Image label|x=-2.0|y=-93.0|scale=-1|text=[[Alveus calcio tensione electrica nitens|Alveus calcio&lt;br&gt;tensione electrica&lt;br&gt;nitens]]}}
{{Image label|x=-48.0|y=-35.0|scale=-1|text=[[Vesicula synaptica|Vesicula&lt;br&gt; synaptica]]}}
{{Image label|x=-240.0|y=-80.0|scale=-1|text=[[Transportator neurotransmissoris|Transportator]]}}
{{Image label|x=-259.0|y=-180.0|scale=-1|text=Receptorium}}
{{Image label|x=-214.0|y=-24.0|scale=-1|text=[[Neurotransmissor]]}}
{{Image label|x=-352.0|y=-80.0|scale=-1|text=[[Bulbulus terminalis]]}}
{{Image label|x=-348.0|y=-185.0|scale=-1|text=[[Fissura synaptica]]}}
{{Image label|x=-348.0|y=-234.0|scale=-1|text=[[Dendrita]]}}&lt;/div&gt;
|} 

'''Receptorium neurotransmissoris''' est proteina [[membrana cellulae|transmembranea]] in [[Synapsis chemica|membrana postsynaptica]] [[neuron]]um aut musculorum sita quae  substantiis chemicis idoneis movetur posquam eas ligavit, id est &quot;recepit&quot;:  non solum [[neurotransmissor]]es, sed etiam medicamenta et [[Molecula|moleculas]] nuntios ligare possunt, e quo fit ut [[tensio electrica]] gignatur quia praecipuum munus eorum in [[Canalis ionticus|canalibuss ionticis]] patefaciendis aut claudendis consistit. Hoc modo signa chemica a proximis neuronibus sibi missa in signa electrica convertit quae [[Synapsis chemica|potentia postsynaptica]] dicuntur. 

== Typi receptoriorum ==
Duo typi receptoriorum sunt: 
* [[Receptoria ligando mota]] sive receptoria ''ionotropica''&lt;ref&gt;Anglice: Ligand-gated receptor, ionotropic receptor&lt;/ref&gt; - receptorium [[Neurotransmissor|neurotransmissore]] ([[Ligandum (Chemia)|ligando]]) sive excitatum (PPSE), exempli gratia [[Glutamatum|glutamato]] vel [[aspartatum|aspartato]], sive inhibitum (PPSI), exempli gratia [[GABA]] et [[Glycinum|glycino]]. 
* [[Receptorium proteino G copulatum|Receptoria proteino G copulata]] sive receptoria ''metabotropica''&lt;ref&gt;Anglice: G Protein-coupled receptor, metabotropic receptor&lt;/ref&gt; - receptoriis nulla functio directa neque excitans neque inhibens habent, sed functio indirecta neurotransmissorum effectus modificans. Plurimi receptoriorum metabotropici sunt.

== Receptoriorum exempla ==
Exempla receptoriorum neurotransmissorum sunt:&lt;ref&gt;ed. Kebabain, J. W. &amp; Neumeyer, J. L. (1994). &quot;RBI Handbook of Receptor Classification&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[receptorium adrenergicum|Receptoria adrenergica]]: [[receptorium adrenergicum alpha-1|alpha (α)]]: α&lt;sub&gt;1A&lt;/sub&gt;, α&lt;sub&gt;1B&lt;/sub&gt;, α&lt;sub&gt;1D&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;ref&gt;receptorium adrenergicum α&lt;sub&gt;1C&lt;/sub&gt; non est; explanationis vide → [[receptorium adrenergicum alpha-1]].&lt;/ref&gt;, α&lt;sub&gt;2A&lt;/sub&gt;, α&lt;sub&gt;2B&lt;/sub&gt;, α&lt;sub&gt;2C&lt;/sub&gt;, α&lt;sub&gt;2D&lt;/sub&gt;; beta (β): [[receptorium adrenergicum beta-1|β&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;]], [[Receptorium Beta-2 adrenergicorum|β&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;]], β&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
* [[receptorium Dopamini|Receptoria dopamini]]: [[Receptorium dopamini D1|D&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;]], [[Receptorium dopamini D2|D&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;]], [[Receptorium dopamini D3|r&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;]], D&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, D&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;
* [[receptorium GABA|Receptoria GABA]]: GABA&lt;sub&gt;A&lt;/sub&gt;, GABA&lt;sub&gt;A&lt;/sub&gt;-ρ, GABA&lt;sub&gt;B1a&lt;/sub&gt;, GABA&lt;sub&gt;B1δ&lt;/sub&gt;, GABA&lt;sub&gt;B2&lt;/sub&gt;
* [[receptorium glutamati|Receptoria glutamati]]: [[receptorium NMDA|NMDA]], [[receptorium AMPA|AMPA]], [[receptorium kainati|kainati]], [[receptorium glutamati metabotropicum 1|mGluR&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;]], mGluR&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, mGluR&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, mGluR&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, mGluR&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;, mGluR&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;, mGluR&lt;sub&gt;7&lt;/sub&gt;, mGluR&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt;
* [[receptorium histamini|Receptoria histamini]]: [[receptorium histamini H1|H&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;]], [[receptorium histamini H2|H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;]], [[receptorium histamini H3|H&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;]], [[receptorium histamini H4|H&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;]]
* [[receptorium acetylcholini|Receptoria acetylcholini]]: [[receptorium acetylcholini muscarinicum|''muscarinica'']]: [[Receptorium acetylcholini muscarinicum M1|M&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;]], M2, M3, M4, M5; ''nicotinica'': musculi, nervi (α-bungarotoxini-insensibile), nervi (α-bungarotoxini-sensibile)
* [[receptorium opioidorum|Receptoria opioidorum]]&lt;ref&gt;http://themedicalbiochemistrypage.org/opioids.php#receptors&lt;/ref&gt;: μ, δ&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, δ&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, κ
* [[receptorium serotonini|Receptoria serotonini]]&lt;ref&gt;HT = Hydroxytryptaminum, 5-Hydroxytryptaminum = [[Serotoninum]]&lt;/ref&gt;: 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;1A&lt;/sub&gt;, 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;1B&lt;/sub&gt;, 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;1D&lt;/sub&gt;, 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;1E&lt;/sub&gt;, 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;1F&lt;/sub&gt;, [[Receptorium serotonini 2A|5-HT&lt;sub&gt;2A&lt;/sub&gt;]], 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;2B&lt;/sub&gt;, [[Receptorium serotonini 2C|5-HT&lt;sub&gt;2C&lt;/sub&gt;]], 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, [[Receptorium 5-HT5A Serotonini|5-HT&lt;sub&gt;5A&lt;/sub&gt;]], [[Receptorium 5-HT5B Serotonini|5-HT&lt;sub&gt;5B&lt;/sub&gt;]], [[receptorium 5-HT6 Serotonini|5-HT&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;]], [[Receptorium 5-HT7 Serotonini|5-HT&lt;sub&gt;7&lt;/sub&gt;]]
* [[receptorium Glycini|Receptorium glycini]]: glycinum

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{NexInt}} 
* [[Agonista (biochemia)]]
* [[Psychopharmacologia]]
* [[Serotoninum]]
* [[Synapsis chemica]]

{{biologia-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Pharmacologia]]
[[Categoria:Systema nervosum]]
[[Categoria:Neuroscientia]]
[[Categoria:Receptoria]]
[[Categoria:Receptoria neurotransmissoria|!]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3969989</id>
      <parentid>3969988</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T16:41:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Typi receptoriorum */</comment>
      <origin>3969989</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5572" sha1="ln8bdsa2wvtcn6ntztyx02jlhxpnf6p" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot;
|-
! style=&quot;background-color:#d0d0d0;&quot; | Structura '''synapsis''' typicae
|- style=&quot;text-align: center&quot;
| &lt;div style=&quot;position: relative;&quot;&gt;[[Fasciculus:Synapse Illustration unlabeled.svg|400px|Structura '''synapsis''' typicae]]
{{Image label|x=-2.0|y=-193.0|scale=-1|text=[[Densitas postsynaptica|Densitas&lt;br&gt; postsynaptica]]}}
{{Image label|x=-2.0|y=-93.0|scale=-1|text=[[Alveus calcio tensione electrica nitens|Alveus calcio&lt;br&gt;tensione electrica&lt;br&gt;nitens]]}}
{{Image label|x=-48.0|y=-35.0|scale=-1|text=[[Vesicula synaptica|Vesicula&lt;br&gt; synaptica]]}}
{{Image label|x=-240.0|y=-80.0|scale=-1|text=[[Transportator neurotransmissoris|Transportator]]}}
{{Image label|x=-259.0|y=-180.0|scale=-1|text=Receptorium}}
{{Image label|x=-214.0|y=-24.0|scale=-1|text=[[Neurotransmissor]]}}
{{Image label|x=-352.0|y=-80.0|scale=-1|text=[[Bulbulus terminalis]]}}
{{Image label|x=-348.0|y=-185.0|scale=-1|text=[[Fissura synaptica]]}}
{{Image label|x=-348.0|y=-234.0|scale=-1|text=[[Dendrita]]}}&lt;/div&gt;
|} 

'''Receptorium neurotransmissoris''' est proteina [[membrana cellulae|transmembranea]] in [[Synapsis chemica|membrana postsynaptica]] [[neuron]]um aut musculorum sita quae  substantiis chemicis idoneis movetur posquam eas ligavit, id est &quot;recepit&quot;:  non solum [[neurotransmissor]]es, sed etiam medicamenta et [[Molecula|moleculas]] nuntios ligare possunt, e quo fit ut [[tensio electrica]] gignatur quia praecipuum munus eorum in [[Canalis ionticus|canalibuss ionticis]] patefaciendis aut claudendis consistit. Hoc modo signa chemica a proximis neuronibus sibi missa in signa electrica convertit quae [[Synapsis chemica|potentia postsynaptica]] dicuntur. 

== Typi receptoriorum ==
Duo typi receptoriorum sunt: 
* [[Receptoria ligando mota]] sive receptoria ''ionotropica''&lt;ref&gt;Anglice: Ligand-gated receptor, ionotropic receptor&lt;/ref&gt; - receptorium [[Neurotransmissor|neurotransmissore]] ([[Ligandum (Chemia)|ligando]]) sive excitatum (PPSE), exempli gratia [[Glutamatum|glutamato]] vel [[aspartatum|aspartato]], sive inhibitum (PPSI), exempli gratia [[GABA]] et [[Glycinum|glycino]]. 
* [[Receptorium proteino G copulatum|Receptoria proteino G copulata]] sive receptoria ''metabotropica''&lt;ref&gt;Anglice: G Protein-coupled receptor, metabotropic receptor&lt;/ref&gt; - quae canales ionticos non ipsi aperiunt sed per nuntios secundarios et varias proteinas canales aperire possunt. Plurimi receptoriorum metabotropici sunt.

Receptoria-canales quae statim ionta admittunt ad responsum celerem et brevem apta sunt. Econtra receptoria proteina G egentes responsa tardiora et diuturniora dare solent.

== Receptoriorum exempla ==
Exempla receptoriorum neurotransmissorum sunt:&lt;ref&gt;ed. Kebabain, J. W. &amp; Neumeyer, J. L. (1994). &quot;RBI Handbook of Receptor Classification&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[receptorium adrenergicum|Receptoria adrenergica]]: [[receptorium adrenergicum alpha-1|alpha (α)]]: α&lt;sub&gt;1A&lt;/sub&gt;, α&lt;sub&gt;1B&lt;/sub&gt;, α&lt;sub&gt;1D&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;ref&gt;receptorium adrenergicum α&lt;sub&gt;1C&lt;/sub&gt; non est; explanationis vide → [[receptorium adrenergicum alpha-1]].&lt;/ref&gt;, α&lt;sub&gt;2A&lt;/sub&gt;, α&lt;sub&gt;2B&lt;/sub&gt;, α&lt;sub&gt;2C&lt;/sub&gt;, α&lt;sub&gt;2D&lt;/sub&gt;; beta (β): [[receptorium adrenergicum beta-1|β&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;]], [[Receptorium Beta-2 adrenergicorum|β&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;]], β&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
* [[receptorium Dopamini|Receptoria dopamini]]: [[Receptorium dopamini D1|D&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;]], [[Receptorium dopamini D2|D&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;]], [[Receptorium dopamini D3|r&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;]], D&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, D&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;
* [[receptorium GABA|Receptoria GABA]]: GABA&lt;sub&gt;A&lt;/sub&gt;, GABA&lt;sub&gt;A&lt;/sub&gt;-ρ, GABA&lt;sub&gt;B1a&lt;/sub&gt;, GABA&lt;sub&gt;B1δ&lt;/sub&gt;, GABA&lt;sub&gt;B2&lt;/sub&gt;
* [[receptorium glutamati|Receptoria glutamati]]: [[receptorium NMDA|NMDA]], [[receptorium AMPA|AMPA]], [[receptorium kainati|kainati]], [[receptorium glutamati metabotropicum 1|mGluR&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;]], mGluR&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, mGluR&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, mGluR&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, mGluR&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;, mGluR&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;, mGluR&lt;sub&gt;7&lt;/sub&gt;, mGluR&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt;
* [[receptorium histamini|Receptoria histamini]]: [[receptorium histamini H1|H&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;]], [[receptorium histamini H2|H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;]], [[receptorium histamini H3|H&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;]], [[receptorium histamini H4|H&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;]]
* [[receptorium acetylcholini|Receptoria acetylcholini]]: [[receptorium acetylcholini muscarinicum|''muscarinica'']]: [[Receptorium acetylcholini muscarinicum M1|M&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;]], M2, M3, M4, M5; ''nicotinica'': musculi, nervi (α-bungarotoxini-insensibile), nervi (α-bungarotoxini-sensibile)
* [[receptorium opioidorum|Receptoria opioidorum]]&lt;ref&gt;http://themedicalbiochemistrypage.org/opioids.php#receptors&lt;/ref&gt;: μ, δ&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, δ&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, κ
* [[receptorium serotonini|Receptoria serotonini]]&lt;ref&gt;HT = Hydroxytryptaminum, 5-Hydroxytryptaminum = [[Serotoninum]]&lt;/ref&gt;: 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;1A&lt;/sub&gt;, 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;1B&lt;/sub&gt;, 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;1D&lt;/sub&gt;, 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;1E&lt;/sub&gt;, 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;1F&lt;/sub&gt;, [[Receptorium serotonini 2A|5-HT&lt;sub&gt;2A&lt;/sub&gt;]], 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;2B&lt;/sub&gt;, [[Receptorium serotonini 2C|5-HT&lt;sub&gt;2C&lt;/sub&gt;]], 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, [[Receptorium 5-HT5A Serotonini|5-HT&lt;sub&gt;5A&lt;/sub&gt;]], [[Receptorium 5-HT5B Serotonini|5-HT&lt;sub&gt;5B&lt;/sub&gt;]], [[receptorium 5-HT6 Serotonini|5-HT&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;]], [[Receptorium 5-HT7 Serotonini|5-HT&lt;sub&gt;7&lt;/sub&gt;]]
* [[receptorium Glycini|Receptorium glycini]]: glycinum

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{NexInt}} 
* [[Agonista (biochemia)]]
* [[Psychopharmacologia]]
* [[Serotoninum]]
* [[Synapsis chemica]]

{{biologia-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Pharmacologia]]
[[Categoria:Systema nervosum]]
[[Categoria:Neuroscientia]]
[[Categoria:Receptoria]]
[[Categoria:Receptoria neurotransmissoria|!]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3969990</id>
      <parentid>3969989</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T16:42:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Typi receptoriorum */</comment>
      <origin>3969990</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5567" sha1="qb7r2houlfbhb26oa6rkjqpehxlof5c" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot;
|-
! style=&quot;background-color:#d0d0d0;&quot; | Structura '''synapsis''' typicae
|- style=&quot;text-align: center&quot;
| &lt;div style=&quot;position: relative;&quot;&gt;[[Fasciculus:Synapse Illustration unlabeled.svg|400px|Structura '''synapsis''' typicae]]
{{Image label|x=-2.0|y=-193.0|scale=-1|text=[[Densitas postsynaptica|Densitas&lt;br&gt; postsynaptica]]}}
{{Image label|x=-2.0|y=-93.0|scale=-1|text=[[Alveus calcio tensione electrica nitens|Alveus calcio&lt;br&gt;tensione electrica&lt;br&gt;nitens]]}}
{{Image label|x=-48.0|y=-35.0|scale=-1|text=[[Vesicula synaptica|Vesicula&lt;br&gt; synaptica]]}}
{{Image label|x=-240.0|y=-80.0|scale=-1|text=[[Transportator neurotransmissoris|Transportator]]}}
{{Image label|x=-259.0|y=-180.0|scale=-1|text=Receptorium}}
{{Image label|x=-214.0|y=-24.0|scale=-1|text=[[Neurotransmissor]]}}
{{Image label|x=-352.0|y=-80.0|scale=-1|text=[[Bulbulus terminalis]]}}
{{Image label|x=-348.0|y=-185.0|scale=-1|text=[[Fissura synaptica]]}}
{{Image label|x=-348.0|y=-234.0|scale=-1|text=[[Dendrita]]}}&lt;/div&gt;
|} 

'''Receptorium neurotransmissoris''' est proteina [[membrana cellulae|transmembranea]] in [[Synapsis chemica|membrana postsynaptica]] [[neuron]]um aut musculorum sita quae  substantiis chemicis idoneis movetur posquam eas ligavit, id est &quot;recepit&quot;:  non solum [[neurotransmissor]]es, sed etiam medicamenta et [[Molecula|moleculas]] nuntios ligare possunt, e quo fit ut [[tensio electrica]] gignatur quia praecipuum munus eorum in [[Canalis ionticus|canalibuss ionticis]] patefaciendis aut claudendis consistit. Hoc modo signa chemica a proximis neuronibus sibi missa in signa electrica convertit quae [[Synapsis chemica|potentia postsynaptica]] dicuntur. 

== Typi receptoriorum ==
Duo typi receptoriorum sunt: 
* [[Receptoria canales]] sive receptoria ''ionotropica''&lt;ref&gt;Anglice: Ligand-gated receptor, ionotropic receptor&lt;/ref&gt; - receptorium [[Neurotransmissor|neurotransmissore]] ([[Ligandum (Chemia)|ligando]]) sive excitatum (PPSE), exempli gratia [[Glutamatum|glutamato]] vel [[aspartatum|aspartato]], sive inhibitum (PPSI), exempli gratia [[GABA]] et [[Glycinum|glycino]]. 
* [[Receptorium proteino G copulatum|Receptoria proteino G copulata]] sive receptoria ''metabotropica''&lt;ref&gt;Anglice: G Protein-coupled receptor, metabotropic receptor&lt;/ref&gt; - quae canales ionticos non ipsi aperiunt sed per nuntios secundarios et varias proteinas canales aperire possunt. Plurimi receptoriorum metabotropici sunt.

Receptoria-canales quae statim ionta admittunt ad responsum celerem et brevem apta sunt. Econtra receptoria proteina G egentes responsa tardiora et diuturniora dare solent.

== Receptoriorum exempla ==
Exempla receptoriorum neurotransmissorum sunt:&lt;ref&gt;ed. Kebabain, J. W. &amp; Neumeyer, J. L. (1994). &quot;RBI Handbook of Receptor Classification&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[receptorium adrenergicum|Receptoria adrenergica]]: [[receptorium adrenergicum alpha-1|alpha (α)]]: α&lt;sub&gt;1A&lt;/sub&gt;, α&lt;sub&gt;1B&lt;/sub&gt;, α&lt;sub&gt;1D&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;ref&gt;receptorium adrenergicum α&lt;sub&gt;1C&lt;/sub&gt; non est; explanationis vide → [[receptorium adrenergicum alpha-1]].&lt;/ref&gt;, α&lt;sub&gt;2A&lt;/sub&gt;, α&lt;sub&gt;2B&lt;/sub&gt;, α&lt;sub&gt;2C&lt;/sub&gt;, α&lt;sub&gt;2D&lt;/sub&gt;; beta (β): [[receptorium adrenergicum beta-1|β&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;]], [[Receptorium Beta-2 adrenergicorum|β&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;]], β&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
* [[receptorium Dopamini|Receptoria dopamini]]: [[Receptorium dopamini D1|D&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;]], [[Receptorium dopamini D2|D&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;]], [[Receptorium dopamini D3|r&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;]], D&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, D&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;
* [[receptorium GABA|Receptoria GABA]]: GABA&lt;sub&gt;A&lt;/sub&gt;, GABA&lt;sub&gt;A&lt;/sub&gt;-ρ, GABA&lt;sub&gt;B1a&lt;/sub&gt;, GABA&lt;sub&gt;B1δ&lt;/sub&gt;, GABA&lt;sub&gt;B2&lt;/sub&gt;
* [[receptorium glutamati|Receptoria glutamati]]: [[receptorium NMDA|NMDA]], [[receptorium AMPA|AMPA]], [[receptorium kainati|kainati]], [[receptorium glutamati metabotropicum 1|mGluR&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;]], mGluR&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, mGluR&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, mGluR&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, mGluR&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;, mGluR&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;, mGluR&lt;sub&gt;7&lt;/sub&gt;, mGluR&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt;
* [[receptorium histamini|Receptoria histamini]]: [[receptorium histamini H1|H&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;]], [[receptorium histamini H2|H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;]], [[receptorium histamini H3|H&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;]], [[receptorium histamini H4|H&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;]]
* [[receptorium acetylcholini|Receptoria acetylcholini]]: [[receptorium acetylcholini muscarinicum|''muscarinica'']]: [[Receptorium acetylcholini muscarinicum M1|M&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;]], M2, M3, M4, M5; ''nicotinica'': musculi, nervi (α-bungarotoxini-insensibile), nervi (α-bungarotoxini-sensibile)
* [[receptorium opioidorum|Receptoria opioidorum]]&lt;ref&gt;http://themedicalbiochemistrypage.org/opioids.php#receptors&lt;/ref&gt;: μ, δ&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, δ&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, κ
* [[receptorium serotonini|Receptoria serotonini]]&lt;ref&gt;HT = Hydroxytryptaminum, 5-Hydroxytryptaminum = [[Serotoninum]]&lt;/ref&gt;: 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;1A&lt;/sub&gt;, 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;1B&lt;/sub&gt;, 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;1D&lt;/sub&gt;, 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;1E&lt;/sub&gt;, 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;1F&lt;/sub&gt;, [[Receptorium serotonini 2A|5-HT&lt;sub&gt;2A&lt;/sub&gt;]], 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;2B&lt;/sub&gt;, [[Receptorium serotonini 2C|5-HT&lt;sub&gt;2C&lt;/sub&gt;]], 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, [[Receptorium 5-HT5A Serotonini|5-HT&lt;sub&gt;5A&lt;/sub&gt;]], [[Receptorium 5-HT5B Serotonini|5-HT&lt;sub&gt;5B&lt;/sub&gt;]], [[receptorium 5-HT6 Serotonini|5-HT&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;]], [[Receptorium 5-HT7 Serotonini|5-HT&lt;sub&gt;7&lt;/sub&gt;]]
* [[receptorium Glycini|Receptorium glycini]]: glycinum

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{NexInt}} 
* [[Agonista (biochemia)]]
* [[Psychopharmacologia]]
* [[Serotoninum]]
* [[Synapsis chemica]]

{{biologia-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Pharmacologia]]
[[Categoria:Systema nervosum]]
[[Categoria:Neuroscientia]]
[[Categoria:Receptoria]]
[[Categoria:Receptoria neurotransmissoria|!]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3969991</id>
      <parentid>3969990</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T16:49:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Typi receptoriorum */</comment>
      <origin>3969991</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5675" sha1="llm7oi4d2oqq0mh0k2hjxvhrdmmpbu6" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot;
|-
! style=&quot;background-color:#d0d0d0;&quot; | Structura '''synapsis''' typicae
|- style=&quot;text-align: center&quot;
| &lt;div style=&quot;position: relative;&quot;&gt;[[Fasciculus:Synapse Illustration unlabeled.svg|400px|Structura '''synapsis''' typicae]]
{{Image label|x=-2.0|y=-193.0|scale=-1|text=[[Densitas postsynaptica|Densitas&lt;br&gt; postsynaptica]]}}
{{Image label|x=-2.0|y=-93.0|scale=-1|text=[[Alveus calcio tensione electrica nitens|Alveus calcio&lt;br&gt;tensione electrica&lt;br&gt;nitens]]}}
{{Image label|x=-48.0|y=-35.0|scale=-1|text=[[Vesicula synaptica|Vesicula&lt;br&gt; synaptica]]}}
{{Image label|x=-240.0|y=-80.0|scale=-1|text=[[Transportator neurotransmissoris|Transportator]]}}
{{Image label|x=-259.0|y=-180.0|scale=-1|text=Receptorium}}
{{Image label|x=-214.0|y=-24.0|scale=-1|text=[[Neurotransmissor]]}}
{{Image label|x=-352.0|y=-80.0|scale=-1|text=[[Bulbulus terminalis]]}}
{{Image label|x=-348.0|y=-185.0|scale=-1|text=[[Fissura synaptica]]}}
{{Image label|x=-348.0|y=-234.0|scale=-1|text=[[Dendrita]]}}&lt;/div&gt;
|} 

'''Receptorium neurotransmissoris''' est proteina [[membrana cellulae|transmembranea]] in [[Synapsis chemica|membrana postsynaptica]] [[neuron]]um aut musculorum sita quae  substantiis chemicis idoneis movetur posquam eas ligavit, id est &quot;recepit&quot;:  non solum [[neurotransmissor]]es, sed etiam medicamenta et [[Molecula|moleculas]] nuntios ligare possunt, e quo fit ut [[tensio electrica]] gignatur quia praecipuum munus eorum in [[Canalis ionticus|canalibuss ionticis]] patefaciendis aut claudendis consistit. Hoc modo signa chemica a proximis neuronibus sibi missa in signa electrica convertit quae [[Synapsis chemica|potentia postsynaptica]] dicuntur. 

== Typi receptoriorum ==
Duo typi receptoriorum sunt: 
* [[Receptoria canales]] sive receptoria ''ionotropica''&lt;ref&gt;Anglice: Ligand-gated receptor, ionotropic receptor&lt;/ref&gt; - sunt receptoria [[Neurotransmissor|neurotransmissore]] ([[Ligandum (Chemia)|ligando]]) mota quae statim canales in eadem proteina sitos aperit et ita fluxum elextricum in cellulam admittit sive excitantem (PPSE), exempli gratia [[Glutamatum|glutamato]] vel [[aspartatum|aspartato]], sive inhibentem (PPSI), exempli gratia [[GABA]] et [[Glycinum|glycino]]. 
* [[Receptorium proteino G copulatum|Receptoria proteino G copulata]] sive receptoria ''metabotropica''&lt;ref&gt;Anglice: G Protein-coupled receptor, metabotropic receptor&lt;/ref&gt; - quae canales ionticos non ipsi aperiunt sed per nuntios secundarios et varias proteinas canales aperire possunt. Plurimi receptoriorum metabotropici sunt.

Receptoria-canales quae statim ionta admittunt ad responsum celerem et brevem apta sunt. Econtra receptoria proteina G egentes responsa tardiora et diuturniora dare solent.

== Receptoriorum exempla ==
Exempla receptoriorum neurotransmissorum sunt:&lt;ref&gt;ed. Kebabain, J. W. &amp; Neumeyer, J. L. (1994). &quot;RBI Handbook of Receptor Classification&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[receptorium adrenergicum|Receptoria adrenergica]]: [[receptorium adrenergicum alpha-1|alpha (α)]]: α&lt;sub&gt;1A&lt;/sub&gt;, α&lt;sub&gt;1B&lt;/sub&gt;, α&lt;sub&gt;1D&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;ref&gt;receptorium adrenergicum α&lt;sub&gt;1C&lt;/sub&gt; non est; explanationis vide → [[receptorium adrenergicum alpha-1]].&lt;/ref&gt;, α&lt;sub&gt;2A&lt;/sub&gt;, α&lt;sub&gt;2B&lt;/sub&gt;, α&lt;sub&gt;2C&lt;/sub&gt;, α&lt;sub&gt;2D&lt;/sub&gt;; beta (β): [[receptorium adrenergicum beta-1|β&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;]], [[Receptorium Beta-2 adrenergicorum|β&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;]], β&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
* [[receptorium Dopamini|Receptoria dopamini]]: [[Receptorium dopamini D1|D&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;]], [[Receptorium dopamini D2|D&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;]], [[Receptorium dopamini D3|r&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;]], D&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, D&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;
* [[receptorium GABA|Receptoria GABA]]: GABA&lt;sub&gt;A&lt;/sub&gt;, GABA&lt;sub&gt;A&lt;/sub&gt;-ρ, GABA&lt;sub&gt;B1a&lt;/sub&gt;, GABA&lt;sub&gt;B1δ&lt;/sub&gt;, GABA&lt;sub&gt;B2&lt;/sub&gt;
* [[receptorium glutamati|Receptoria glutamati]]: [[receptorium NMDA|NMDA]], [[receptorium AMPA|AMPA]], [[receptorium kainati|kainati]], [[receptorium glutamati metabotropicum 1|mGluR&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;]], mGluR&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, mGluR&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, mGluR&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, mGluR&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;, mGluR&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;, mGluR&lt;sub&gt;7&lt;/sub&gt;, mGluR&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt;
* [[receptorium histamini|Receptoria histamini]]: [[receptorium histamini H1|H&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;]], [[receptorium histamini H2|H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;]], [[receptorium histamini H3|H&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;]], [[receptorium histamini H4|H&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;]]
* [[receptorium acetylcholini|Receptoria acetylcholini]]: [[receptorium acetylcholini muscarinicum|''muscarinica'']]: [[Receptorium acetylcholini muscarinicum M1|M&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;]], M2, M3, M4, M5; ''nicotinica'': musculi, nervi (α-bungarotoxini-insensibile), nervi (α-bungarotoxini-sensibile)
* [[receptorium opioidorum|Receptoria opioidorum]]&lt;ref&gt;http://themedicalbiochemistrypage.org/opioids.php#receptors&lt;/ref&gt;: μ, δ&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, δ&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, κ
* [[receptorium serotonini|Receptoria serotonini]]&lt;ref&gt;HT = Hydroxytryptaminum, 5-Hydroxytryptaminum = [[Serotoninum]]&lt;/ref&gt;: 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;1A&lt;/sub&gt;, 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;1B&lt;/sub&gt;, 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;1D&lt;/sub&gt;, 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;1E&lt;/sub&gt;, 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;1F&lt;/sub&gt;, [[Receptorium serotonini 2A|5-HT&lt;sub&gt;2A&lt;/sub&gt;]], 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;2B&lt;/sub&gt;, [[Receptorium serotonini 2C|5-HT&lt;sub&gt;2C&lt;/sub&gt;]], 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, [[Receptorium 5-HT5A Serotonini|5-HT&lt;sub&gt;5A&lt;/sub&gt;]], [[Receptorium 5-HT5B Serotonini|5-HT&lt;sub&gt;5B&lt;/sub&gt;]], [[receptorium 5-HT6 Serotonini|5-HT&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;]], [[Receptorium 5-HT7 Serotonini|5-HT&lt;sub&gt;7&lt;/sub&gt;]]
* [[receptorium Glycini|Receptorium glycini]]: glycinum

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{NexInt}} 
* [[Agonista (biochemia)]]
* [[Psychopharmacologia]]
* [[Serotoninum]]
* [[Synapsis chemica]]

{{biologia-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Pharmacologia]]
[[Categoria:Systema nervosum]]
[[Categoria:Neuroscientia]]
[[Categoria:Receptoria]]
[[Categoria:Receptoria neurotransmissoria|!]]</text>
      <sha1>llm7oi4d2oqq0mh0k2hjxvhrdmmpbu6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3969993</id>
      <parentid>3969991</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T16:51:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Typi receptoriorum */</comment>
      <origin>3969993</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5662" sha1="ds8irm9hxtft8xpass3z1i5zsagyjhz" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot;
|-
! style=&quot;background-color:#d0d0d0;&quot; | Structura '''synapsis''' typicae
|- style=&quot;text-align: center&quot;
| &lt;div style=&quot;position: relative;&quot;&gt;[[Fasciculus:Synapse Illustration unlabeled.svg|400px|Structura '''synapsis''' typicae]]
{{Image label|x=-2.0|y=-193.0|scale=-1|text=[[Densitas postsynaptica|Densitas&lt;br&gt; postsynaptica]]}}
{{Image label|x=-2.0|y=-93.0|scale=-1|text=[[Alveus calcio tensione electrica nitens|Alveus calcio&lt;br&gt;tensione electrica&lt;br&gt;nitens]]}}
{{Image label|x=-48.0|y=-35.0|scale=-1|text=[[Vesicula synaptica|Vesicula&lt;br&gt; synaptica]]}}
{{Image label|x=-240.0|y=-80.0|scale=-1|text=[[Transportator neurotransmissoris|Transportator]]}}
{{Image label|x=-259.0|y=-180.0|scale=-1|text=Receptorium}}
{{Image label|x=-214.0|y=-24.0|scale=-1|text=[[Neurotransmissor]]}}
{{Image label|x=-352.0|y=-80.0|scale=-1|text=[[Bulbulus terminalis]]}}
{{Image label|x=-348.0|y=-185.0|scale=-1|text=[[Fissura synaptica]]}}
{{Image label|x=-348.0|y=-234.0|scale=-1|text=[[Dendrita]]}}&lt;/div&gt;
|} 

'''Receptorium neurotransmissoris''' est proteina [[membrana cellulae|transmembranea]] in [[Synapsis chemica|membrana postsynaptica]] [[neuron]]um aut musculorum sita quae  substantiis chemicis idoneis movetur posquam eas ligavit, id est &quot;recepit&quot;:  non solum [[neurotransmissor]]es, sed etiam medicamenta et [[Molecula|moleculas]] nuntios ligare possunt, e quo fit ut [[tensio electrica]] gignatur quia praecipuum munus eorum in [[Canalis ionticus|canalibuss ionticis]] patefaciendis aut claudendis consistit. Hoc modo signa chemica a proximis neuronibus sibi missa in signa electrica convertit quae [[Synapsis chemica|potentia postsynaptica]] dicuntur. 

== Typi receptoriorum ==
Duo typi receptoriorum sunt: 
* [[Receptoria canales]] sive receptoria ''ionotropica''&lt;ref&gt;Anglice: Ligand-gated receptor, ionotropic receptor&lt;/ref&gt; - sunt receptoria [[Neurotransmissor|neurotransmissore]] ([[Ligandum (Chemia)|ligando]]) mota quae statim canales in eadem proteina sitos aperiunt et ita fluxum ionticum gignunt sive excitantem (PPSE), exempli gratia [[Glutamatum|glutamato]] vel [[aspartatum|aspartato]], sive inhibentem (PPSI), exempli gratia [[GABA]] et [[Glycinum|glycino]]. 
* [[Receptorium proteino G copulatum|Receptoria proteino G copulata]] sive receptoria ''metabotropica''&lt;ref&gt;Anglice: G Protein-coupled receptor, metabotropic receptor&lt;/ref&gt; - quae canales ionticos non ipsi aperiunt sed per nuntios secundarios et varias proteinas canales aperire possunt. Plurimi receptoriorum metabotropici sunt.

Receptoria-canales quae statim ionta admittunt ad responsum celerem et brevem apta sunt. Econtra receptoria proteina G egentes responsa tardiora et diuturniora dare solent.

== Receptoriorum exempla ==
Exempla receptoriorum neurotransmissorum sunt:&lt;ref&gt;ed. Kebabain, J. W. &amp; Neumeyer, J. L. (1994). &quot;RBI Handbook of Receptor Classification&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[receptorium adrenergicum|Receptoria adrenergica]]: [[receptorium adrenergicum alpha-1|alpha (α)]]: α&lt;sub&gt;1A&lt;/sub&gt;, α&lt;sub&gt;1B&lt;/sub&gt;, α&lt;sub&gt;1D&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;ref&gt;receptorium adrenergicum α&lt;sub&gt;1C&lt;/sub&gt; non est; explanationis vide → [[receptorium adrenergicum alpha-1]].&lt;/ref&gt;, α&lt;sub&gt;2A&lt;/sub&gt;, α&lt;sub&gt;2B&lt;/sub&gt;, α&lt;sub&gt;2C&lt;/sub&gt;, α&lt;sub&gt;2D&lt;/sub&gt;; beta (β): [[receptorium adrenergicum beta-1|β&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;]], [[Receptorium Beta-2 adrenergicorum|β&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;]], β&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
* [[receptorium Dopamini|Receptoria dopamini]]: [[Receptorium dopamini D1|D&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;]], [[Receptorium dopamini D2|D&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;]], [[Receptorium dopamini D3|r&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;]], D&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, D&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;
* [[receptorium GABA|Receptoria GABA]]: GABA&lt;sub&gt;A&lt;/sub&gt;, GABA&lt;sub&gt;A&lt;/sub&gt;-ρ, GABA&lt;sub&gt;B1a&lt;/sub&gt;, GABA&lt;sub&gt;B1δ&lt;/sub&gt;, GABA&lt;sub&gt;B2&lt;/sub&gt;
* [[receptorium glutamati|Receptoria glutamati]]: [[receptorium NMDA|NMDA]], [[receptorium AMPA|AMPA]], [[receptorium kainati|kainati]], [[receptorium glutamati metabotropicum 1|mGluR&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;]], mGluR&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, mGluR&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, mGluR&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, mGluR&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;, mGluR&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;, mGluR&lt;sub&gt;7&lt;/sub&gt;, mGluR&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt;
* [[receptorium histamini|Receptoria histamini]]: [[receptorium histamini H1|H&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;]], [[receptorium histamini H2|H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;]], [[receptorium histamini H3|H&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;]], [[receptorium histamini H4|H&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;]]
* [[receptorium acetylcholini|Receptoria acetylcholini]]: [[receptorium acetylcholini muscarinicum|''muscarinica'']]: [[Receptorium acetylcholini muscarinicum M1|M&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;]], M2, M3, M4, M5; ''nicotinica'': musculi, nervi (α-bungarotoxini-insensibile), nervi (α-bungarotoxini-sensibile)
* [[receptorium opioidorum|Receptoria opioidorum]]&lt;ref&gt;http://themedicalbiochemistrypage.org/opioids.php#receptors&lt;/ref&gt;: μ, δ&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, δ&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, κ
* [[receptorium serotonini|Receptoria serotonini]]&lt;ref&gt;HT = Hydroxytryptaminum, 5-Hydroxytryptaminum = [[Serotoninum]]&lt;/ref&gt;: 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;1A&lt;/sub&gt;, 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;1B&lt;/sub&gt;, 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;1D&lt;/sub&gt;, 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;1E&lt;/sub&gt;, 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;1F&lt;/sub&gt;, [[Receptorium serotonini 2A|5-HT&lt;sub&gt;2A&lt;/sub&gt;]], 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;2B&lt;/sub&gt;, [[Receptorium serotonini 2C|5-HT&lt;sub&gt;2C&lt;/sub&gt;]], 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, [[Receptorium 5-HT5A Serotonini|5-HT&lt;sub&gt;5A&lt;/sub&gt;]], [[Receptorium 5-HT5B Serotonini|5-HT&lt;sub&gt;5B&lt;/sub&gt;]], [[receptorium 5-HT6 Serotonini|5-HT&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;]], [[Receptorium 5-HT7 Serotonini|5-HT&lt;sub&gt;7&lt;/sub&gt;]]
* [[receptorium Glycini|Receptorium glycini]]: glycinum

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{NexInt}} 
* [[Agonista (biochemia)]]
* [[Psychopharmacologia]]
* [[Serotoninum]]
* [[Synapsis chemica]]

{{biologia-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Pharmacologia]]
[[Categoria:Systema nervosum]]
[[Categoria:Neuroscientia]]
[[Categoria:Receptoria]]
[[Categoria:Receptoria neurotransmissoria|!]]</text>
      <sha1>ds8irm9hxtft8xpass3z1i5zsagyjhz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3969994</id>
      <parentid>3969993</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T16:53:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3969994</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5661" sha1="3w4qvnyge9kl8o36ldzqi9cyjyrbf7f" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot;
|-
! style=&quot;background-color:#d0d0d0;&quot; | Structura '''synapsis''' typicae
|- style=&quot;text-align: center&quot;
| &lt;div style=&quot;position: relative;&quot;&gt;[[Fasciculus:Synapse Illustration unlabeled.svg|400px|Structura '''synapsis''' typicae]]
{{Image label|x=-2.0|y=-193.0|scale=-1|text=[[Densitas postsynaptica|Densitas&lt;br&gt; postsynaptica]]}}
{{Image label|x=-2.0|y=-93.0|scale=-1|text=[[Alveus calcio tensione electrica nitens|Alveus calcio&lt;br&gt;tensione electrica&lt;br&gt;nitens]]}}
{{Image label|x=-48.0|y=-35.0|scale=-1|text=[[Vesicula synaptica|Vesicula&lt;br&gt; synaptica]]}}
{{Image label|x=-240.0|y=-80.0|scale=-1|text=[[Transportator neurotransmissoris|Transportator]]}}
{{Image label|x=-259.0|y=-180.0|scale=-1|text=Receptorium}}
{{Image label|x=-214.0|y=-24.0|scale=-1|text=[[Neurotransmissor]]}}
{{Image label|x=-352.0|y=-80.0|scale=-1|text=[[Bulbulus terminalis]]}}
{{Image label|x=-348.0|y=-185.0|scale=-1|text=[[Fissura synaptica]]}}
{{Image label|x=-348.0|y=-234.0|scale=-1|text=[[Dendrita]]}}&lt;/div&gt;
|} 

'''Receptorium neurotransmissoris''' est proteina [[membrana cellulae|transmembranea]] in [[Synapsis chemica|membrana postsynaptica]] [[neuron]]um aut musculorum sita quae  substantiis chemicis idoneis movetur postquam eas ligavit, id est &quot;recepit&quot;:  non solum [[neurotransmissor]]es, sed etiam medicamenta et [[Molecula|moleculas]] nuntios ligare potest, e quo fit ut [[tensio electrica]] gignatur quia praecipuum munus eius in [[Canalis ionticus|canalibuss ionticis]] patefaciendis aut claudendis consistit. Hoc modo signa chemica a proximis neuronibus sibi missa in signa electrica convertit quae [[Synapsis chemica|potentia postsynaptica]] dicuntur. 

== Typi receptoriorum ==
Duo typi receptoriorum sunt: 
* [[Receptoria canales]] sive receptoria ''ionotropica''&lt;ref&gt;Anglice: Ligand-gated receptor, ionotropic receptor&lt;/ref&gt; - sunt receptoria [[Neurotransmissor|neurotransmissore]] ([[Ligandum (Chemia)|ligando]]) mota quae statim canales in eadem proteina sitos aperiunt et ita fluxum ionticum gignunt sive excitantem (PPSE), exempli gratia [[Glutamatum|glutamato]] vel [[aspartatum|aspartato]], sive inhibentem (PPSI), exempli gratia [[GABA]] et [[Glycinum|glycino]]. 
* [[Receptorium proteino G copulatum|Receptoria proteino G copulata]] sive receptoria ''metabotropica''&lt;ref&gt;Anglice: G Protein-coupled receptor, metabotropic receptor&lt;/ref&gt; - quae canales ionticos non ipsi aperiunt sed per nuntios secundarios et varias proteinas canales aperire possunt. Plurimi receptoriorum metabotropici sunt.

Receptoria-canales quae statim ionta admittunt ad responsum celerem et brevem apta sunt. Econtra receptoria proteina G egentes responsa tardiora et diuturniora dare solent.

== Receptoriorum exempla ==
Exempla receptoriorum neurotransmissorum sunt:&lt;ref&gt;ed. Kebabain, J. W. &amp; Neumeyer, J. L. (1994). &quot;RBI Handbook of Receptor Classification&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[receptorium adrenergicum|Receptoria adrenergica]]: [[receptorium adrenergicum alpha-1|alpha (α)]]: α&lt;sub&gt;1A&lt;/sub&gt;, α&lt;sub&gt;1B&lt;/sub&gt;, α&lt;sub&gt;1D&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;ref&gt;receptorium adrenergicum α&lt;sub&gt;1C&lt;/sub&gt; non est; explanationis vide → [[receptorium adrenergicum alpha-1]].&lt;/ref&gt;, α&lt;sub&gt;2A&lt;/sub&gt;, α&lt;sub&gt;2B&lt;/sub&gt;, α&lt;sub&gt;2C&lt;/sub&gt;, α&lt;sub&gt;2D&lt;/sub&gt;; beta (β): [[receptorium adrenergicum beta-1|β&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;]], [[Receptorium Beta-2 adrenergicorum|β&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;]], β&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
* [[receptorium Dopamini|Receptoria dopamini]]: [[Receptorium dopamini D1|D&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;]], [[Receptorium dopamini D2|D&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;]], [[Receptorium dopamini D3|r&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;]], D&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, D&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;
* [[receptorium GABA|Receptoria GABA]]: GABA&lt;sub&gt;A&lt;/sub&gt;, GABA&lt;sub&gt;A&lt;/sub&gt;-ρ, GABA&lt;sub&gt;B1a&lt;/sub&gt;, GABA&lt;sub&gt;B1δ&lt;/sub&gt;, GABA&lt;sub&gt;B2&lt;/sub&gt;
* [[receptorium glutamati|Receptoria glutamati]]: [[receptorium NMDA|NMDA]], [[receptorium AMPA|AMPA]], [[receptorium kainati|kainati]], [[receptorium glutamati metabotropicum 1|mGluR&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;]], mGluR&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, mGluR&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, mGluR&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, mGluR&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;, mGluR&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;, mGluR&lt;sub&gt;7&lt;/sub&gt;, mGluR&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt;
* [[receptorium histamini|Receptoria histamini]]: [[receptorium histamini H1|H&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;]], [[receptorium histamini H2|H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;]], [[receptorium histamini H3|H&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;]], [[receptorium histamini H4|H&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;]]
* [[receptorium acetylcholini|Receptoria acetylcholini]]: [[receptorium acetylcholini muscarinicum|''muscarinica'']]: [[Receptorium acetylcholini muscarinicum M1|M&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;]], M2, M3, M4, M5; ''nicotinica'': musculi, nervi (α-bungarotoxini-insensibile), nervi (α-bungarotoxini-sensibile)
* [[receptorium opioidorum|Receptoria opioidorum]]&lt;ref&gt;http://themedicalbiochemistrypage.org/opioids.php#receptors&lt;/ref&gt;: μ, δ&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, δ&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, κ
* [[receptorium serotonini|Receptoria serotonini]]&lt;ref&gt;HT = Hydroxytryptaminum, 5-Hydroxytryptaminum = [[Serotoninum]]&lt;/ref&gt;: 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;1A&lt;/sub&gt;, 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;1B&lt;/sub&gt;, 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;1D&lt;/sub&gt;, 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;1E&lt;/sub&gt;, 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;1F&lt;/sub&gt;, [[Receptorium serotonini 2A|5-HT&lt;sub&gt;2A&lt;/sub&gt;]], 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;2B&lt;/sub&gt;, [[Receptorium serotonini 2C|5-HT&lt;sub&gt;2C&lt;/sub&gt;]], 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, [[Receptorium 5-HT5A Serotonini|5-HT&lt;sub&gt;5A&lt;/sub&gt;]], [[Receptorium 5-HT5B Serotonini|5-HT&lt;sub&gt;5B&lt;/sub&gt;]], [[receptorium 5-HT6 Serotonini|5-HT&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;]], [[Receptorium 5-HT7 Serotonini|5-HT&lt;sub&gt;7&lt;/sub&gt;]]
* [[receptorium Glycini|Receptorium glycini]]: glycinum

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{NexInt}} 
* [[Agonista (biochemia)]]
* [[Psychopharmacologia]]
* [[Serotoninum]]
* [[Synapsis chemica]]

{{biologia-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Pharmacologia]]
[[Categoria:Systema nervosum]]
[[Categoria:Neuroscientia]]
[[Categoria:Receptoria]]
[[Categoria:Receptoria neurotransmissoria|!]]</text>
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|-
! style=&quot;background-color:#d0d0d0;&quot; | Structura '''synapsis''' typicae
|- style=&quot;text-align: center&quot;
| &lt;div style=&quot;position: relative;&quot;&gt;[[Fasciculus:Synapse Illustration unlabeled.svg|400px|Structura '''synapsis''' typicae]]
{{Image label|x=-2.0|y=-193.0|scale=-1|text=[[Densitas postsynaptica|Densitas&lt;br&gt; postsynaptica]]}}
{{Image label|x=-2.0|y=-93.0|scale=-1|text=[[Alveus calcio tensione electrica nitens|Alveus calcio&lt;br&gt;tensione electrica&lt;br&gt;nitens]]}}
{{Image label|x=-48.0|y=-35.0|scale=-1|text=[[Vesicula synaptica|Vesicula&lt;br&gt; synaptica]]}}
{{Image label|x=-240.0|y=-80.0|scale=-1|text=[[Transportator neurotransmissoris|Transportator]]}}
{{Image label|x=-259.0|y=-180.0|scale=-1|text=Receptorium}}
{{Image label|x=-214.0|y=-24.0|scale=-1|text=[[Neurotransmissor]]}}
{{Image label|x=-352.0|y=-80.0|scale=-1|text=[[Bulbulus terminalis]]}}
{{Image label|x=-348.0|y=-185.0|scale=-1|text=[[Fissura synaptica]]}}
{{Image label|x=-348.0|y=-234.0|scale=-1|text=[[Dendrita]]}}&lt;/div&gt;
|} 

'''Receptorium neurotransmissoris''' est proteina [[membrana cellulae|transmembranea]] in [[Synapsis chemica|membrana postsynaptica]] [[neuron]]um aut musculorum sita quae  substantiis chemicis idoneis movetur postquam eas ligavit, id est &quot;recepit&quot;:  non solum [[neurotransmissor]]es, sed etiam medicamenta et [[Molecula|moleculas]] nuntiantes ligare potest, e quo fit ut [[tensio electrica]] gignatur quia praecipuum munus eius in [[Canalis ionticus|canalibuss ionticis]] patefaciendis aut claudendis consistit. Hoc modo signa chemica a proximis neuronibus sibi missa in signa electrica convertit quae [[Synapsis chemica|potentia postsynaptica]] dicuntur. 

== Typi receptoriorum ==
Duo typi receptoriorum sunt: 
* [[Receptoria canales]] sive receptoria ''ionotropica''&lt;ref&gt;Anglice: Ligand-gated receptor, ionotropic receptor&lt;/ref&gt; - sunt receptoria [[Neurotransmissor|neurotransmissore]] ([[Ligandum (Chemia)|ligando]]) mota quae statim canales in eadem proteina sitos aperiunt et ita fluxum ionticum gignunt sive excitantem (PPSE), exempli gratia [[Glutamatum|glutamato]] vel [[aspartatum|aspartato]], sive inhibentem (PPSI), exempli gratia [[GABA]] et [[Glycinum|glycino]]. 
* [[Receptorium proteino G copulatum|Receptoria proteino G copulata]] sive receptoria ''metabotropica''&lt;ref&gt;Anglice: G Protein-coupled receptor, metabotropic receptor&lt;/ref&gt; - quae canales ionticos non ipsi aperiunt sed per nuntios secundarios et varias proteinas canales aperire possunt. Plurimi receptoriorum metabotropici sunt.

Receptoria-canales quae statim ionta admittunt ad responsum celerem et brevem apta sunt. Econtra receptoria proteina G egentes responsa tardiora et diuturniora dare solent.

== Receptoriorum exempla ==
Exempla receptoriorum neurotransmissorum sunt:&lt;ref&gt;ed. Kebabain, J. W. &amp; Neumeyer, J. L. (1994). &quot;RBI Handbook of Receptor Classification&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[receptorium adrenergicum|Receptoria adrenergica]]: [[receptorium adrenergicum alpha-1|alpha (α)]]: α&lt;sub&gt;1A&lt;/sub&gt;, α&lt;sub&gt;1B&lt;/sub&gt;, α&lt;sub&gt;1D&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;ref&gt;receptorium adrenergicum α&lt;sub&gt;1C&lt;/sub&gt; non est; explanationis vide → [[receptorium adrenergicum alpha-1]].&lt;/ref&gt;, α&lt;sub&gt;2A&lt;/sub&gt;, α&lt;sub&gt;2B&lt;/sub&gt;, α&lt;sub&gt;2C&lt;/sub&gt;, α&lt;sub&gt;2D&lt;/sub&gt;; beta (β): [[receptorium adrenergicum beta-1|β&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;]], [[Receptorium Beta-2 adrenergicorum|β&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;]], β&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
* [[receptorium Dopamini|Receptoria dopamini]]: [[Receptorium dopamini D1|D&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;]], [[Receptorium dopamini D2|D&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;]], [[Receptorium dopamini D3|r&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;]], D&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, D&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;
* [[receptorium GABA|Receptoria GABA]]: GABA&lt;sub&gt;A&lt;/sub&gt;, GABA&lt;sub&gt;A&lt;/sub&gt;-ρ, GABA&lt;sub&gt;B1a&lt;/sub&gt;, GABA&lt;sub&gt;B1δ&lt;/sub&gt;, GABA&lt;sub&gt;B2&lt;/sub&gt;
* [[receptorium glutamati|Receptoria glutamati]]: [[receptorium NMDA|NMDA]], [[receptorium AMPA|AMPA]], [[receptorium kainati|kainati]], [[receptorium glutamati metabotropicum 1|mGluR&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;]], mGluR&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, mGluR&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, mGluR&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, mGluR&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;, mGluR&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;, mGluR&lt;sub&gt;7&lt;/sub&gt;, mGluR&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt;
* [[receptorium histamini|Receptoria histamini]]: [[receptorium histamini H1|H&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;]], [[receptorium histamini H2|H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;]], [[receptorium histamini H3|H&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;]], [[receptorium histamini H4|H&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;]]
* [[receptorium acetylcholini|Receptoria acetylcholini]]: [[receptorium acetylcholini muscarinicum|''muscarinica'']]: [[Receptorium acetylcholini muscarinicum M1|M&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;]], M2, M3, M4, M5; ''nicotinica'': musculi, nervi (α-bungarotoxini-insensibile), nervi (α-bungarotoxini-sensibile)
* [[receptorium opioidorum|Receptoria opioidorum]]&lt;ref&gt;http://themedicalbiochemistrypage.org/opioids.php#receptors&lt;/ref&gt;: μ, δ&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, δ&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, κ
* [[receptorium serotonini|Receptoria serotonini]]&lt;ref&gt;HT = Hydroxytryptaminum, 5-Hydroxytryptaminum = [[Serotoninum]]&lt;/ref&gt;: 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;1A&lt;/sub&gt;, 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;1B&lt;/sub&gt;, 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;1D&lt;/sub&gt;, 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;1E&lt;/sub&gt;, 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;1F&lt;/sub&gt;, [[Receptorium serotonini 2A|5-HT&lt;sub&gt;2A&lt;/sub&gt;]], 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;2B&lt;/sub&gt;, [[Receptorium serotonini 2C|5-HT&lt;sub&gt;2C&lt;/sub&gt;]], 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, [[Receptorium 5-HT5A Serotonini|5-HT&lt;sub&gt;5A&lt;/sub&gt;]], [[Receptorium 5-HT5B Serotonini|5-HT&lt;sub&gt;5B&lt;/sub&gt;]], [[receptorium 5-HT6 Serotonini|5-HT&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;]], [[Receptorium 5-HT7 Serotonini|5-HT&lt;sub&gt;7&lt;/sub&gt;]]
* [[receptorium Glycini|Receptorium glycini]]: glycinum

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{NexInt}} 
* [[Agonista (biochemia)]]
* [[Psychopharmacologia]]
* [[Serotoninum]]
* [[Synapsis chemica]]

{{biologia-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Pharmacologia]]
[[Categoria:Systema nervosum]]
[[Categoria:Neuroscientia]]
[[Categoria:Receptoria]]
[[Categoria:Receptoria neurotransmissoria|!]]</text>
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    <title>Margarita Boulton</title>
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      <text bytes="3708" sha1="4ic17ldt508361gu884ujyxr102gxgu" xml:space="preserve">'''Margarita Boulton''' (natus die [[7 Maii]] [[1924]] in Teddington [[Middelsexia]]e, mortua die [[30 Augusti]] [[2017]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20170831173131/http://esperanto.org.uk/eab/eab_news/2017-08-31-marjorie-boulton-passes-away.html Nuntius apud Associationem Esperanticam Britanniae Maioris]&lt;/ref&gt;) scriptrix et litterarum indagatrix scientifica fuit [[britannia Maior|Britannica]] origine.
==Vita==
Boulton studens fuit apud [[Collegium de Somerville (Oxonia)|Collegii de Somerville]], [[Universitas Oxoniensis|Oxonienses]], et multos per annos seminaria magistris instruendis moderabatur. Anno 1948 doctoratu laureata erat. Postea scriptrix independens est facta. Lingua Anglica pepigit tractationes de litterarum scientia, cum opera prosae [[lingua Esperantica]] scribere maluit. Poematum anthologia eius prima in lucem prolata est anno 1955, lingua Zamenhofiana. Insuper biographiam [[ludovicus Lazarus Zamenhof|Ludovici Zamenhof]], linguae internationalis inventoris, exaravit. Praefuit variis sodalitatibus Esperantistarum (e.g. illorum [[feles|cattorum]] amantium/Kat-amikaro sive amicorum apud ODES, sodalitatis Esperanticae cuiusdam Oxoniensis regionis). 

Participavit in multis certaminibus litterariis [[Universalis Societas Esperantica|Universalis Societatis Esperanticae]]. Anno 1958 nacta est praemii Calcaris argentei domus editoriae Koko. Annis a 1957 ad 1962 scriba officialis fuit Academiae aestivae internationalis, annis a 1961 ad 1967 operam dabat apud commissionem examinatoriam &quot;Internacia Ekzameno&quot; et anno 1969 creata st praesidens Associationis Britannicae Esperanticorum magistrorum. Anno 1998 ei Praemium culturale Esperanticum urbis [[ala (Germania)|Alae]] adiudicatum est et praemium [[Opus fundatum FAME|operis fundati FAME]]. Anno 2004 Praemium Deguĉi, anno autem 2014 Praemium operis fundati Grabowski accepit.

== Opera  ==
[[file:Uk2003-08-02-tonkin-boulton.jpg|thumb|Margarita Boulton anno 2003 una cum [[Hunfridus Tonkin|Hunfrido Tonkin]]]] 
=== Esperantico idiomate===
*''Kontralte'' 1955
*''Kvarpieda kamerado'' 1956
*''Cent ĝojkantoj''  1957
*''Eroj kaj aliaj'' 1959
*''Virino ĉe la landlimo'' 1959
*''Zamenhof, aŭtoro de Esperanto'' 1962
*''Dek du piedetoj''  1964
*''Okuloj''  1967
*''Nia sango: teatraĵo por ok personoj'' 1970
*''Ni aktoras: tri komedietoj'' 1971
*''Rimleteroj korespondaĵoj kun [[gulielmus Auld|William Auld]]'' 1976
*''Poeto fajrokora: la verkaro de [[iulius Baghy|Julio Baghy]]'' 1983
*''Faktoj kaj fantazioj'' 1984
*''Ne nur leteroj al plum-amikoj: Esperanta literaturo – fenomeno unika'' (1984)
*''Du el'' 1985

=== In scientia litterarum ===
*''Anatomy of Drama'' Routledge (1968)
*''Anatomy of Poetry'' Routledge (1968)
*''Anatomy of Language'' Routledge (1968)
*''The Anatomy of the Novel'' Routledge (1991)  
*''Reading for Real Life Macmillan'' (1971) 
*''The Anatomy of Literary Studies: An Introduction to the Study of English Literature'' Routledge (1980)

== Externi nexus ==
* [http://www.geocities.com/oxfordesperanto/ Pagina domestica ODES]
* [http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Styx/4423/boulbio2.htm Biographia brevis]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160428045150/http://aleph.onb.ac.at/F?func=find-b&amp;request=marjorie+boulton&amp;find_code=WRD&amp;x=13&amp;y=12 Catalogus Vindobonensis opera Margaretae Boulton indicans]
*[http://www.liberafolio.org/2017/08/31/forpasis-marjorie-boulton/ Tractatio de Margarita Boulton in interretiali periodico] [[Liberum Folium|Liberi Folii]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt; 

{{lifetime|1924|2017|Boulton, Margarita}}
[[categoria:Scriptores Angliae]] 
[[categoria:Interpretes textuum Esperanticorum]] 
[[categoria:Auctores Esperantici]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Oxoniensis]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Logos</title>
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      <text bytes="2905" sha1="bvh5e6ghs18jchaxzrivvwd8izlcerk" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
[[File:Касьцёл Найсьвяцейшай Тройцы (Шарашоў) 32.jpg|thumb|Initium [[Evangelium secundum Ioannem|Evangelii secundum Ioannem]] in Ecclesia Sanctae Trinitatis in Szereszew&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20191026135542/https://dlibra.kul.pl/dlibra/publication/13813/edition/14144/content%3Fref%3Ddesc Elenchus ecclesiarum et cleri dioecesis Pinskensis. Pinsci, 1929.] P. 106.&lt;/ref&gt; urbe [[Ruthenia Alba|Rutheniae Albae]]]]
'''Logos''' {{victio|logos|i|m}}&lt;ref&gt;Verbum Latine nonnumquam adhibetur e.g. &quot;logos ... divinus&quot;: I. C. T. Otto, interpr., [[Iustinus martyr]], ''Apologia prima'' cap. 10 {{Google Books|0AwLAAAAYAAJ|p. 27}} (vide ibd. etiam gen. ''logi'' p. 54, dat. ''logo'' p. 193, acc. ''logon'' p. XLVII ac abl. ''logo'' p. 15).&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Graece]] λόγος, scilicet Latine ''verbum, sermo, oratio'' et ''ratio, causa, fundamentum''&lt;ref&gt;Henry George Liddell and Robert Scott, [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0058%3Aentry%3Dlo%2Fgos ''An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon''], 1889.&lt;/ref&gt;) est [[Notio (philosophia)|notio]] principalis in [[philosophia Graeca|philosophia]] et [[theologia]] Graeca. 

Philosophorum primus [[Heraclitus]] de ''λόγωι'' multa dixit, cuius fragmentum primum est:
 
&lt;blockquote&gt;τοῦ δὲ λόγου τοῦδ᾿ ἐόντος αἰεὶ ἀξύνετοι γίνονται ἄνθρωποι ... γινομένων γὰρ πάντων κατὰ τὸν λόγον τόνδε..&lt;br&gt;(Scilicet Latine: ''Hanc rationem, quae semper est, homines semper non intelligunt ... cum omnia secundum hanc rationem conficiuntur...'')&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Heraclitus hac voce principium ordinis [[scientia (ratio)|scientiaeque]] nominabat&lt;ref&gt;''Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy'' (2nd ed): Heraclitus, 1999.&lt;/ref&gt;. [[Logica]], quam [[Aristoteles]] elaboravit, ab eadem radice nomen habet.

Apud rhetores λόγος orationem significat.

Christiani [[Deus Filius|personam Sanctae Trinitatis secundam]] λόγον nominant, sicut [[Ioannes (evangelista)|Ioannes Theologus]] versu primo [[Evangelium secundum Ioannem|Evangelii]] sui dicit:

&lt;blockquote&gt;Ἐν ἀρχῆι ἦν ὁ λόγος, καὶ ὁ λόγος ἦν πρὸς τὸν θεόν, καὶ θεὸς ἦν ὁ λόγος.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

quod [[Hieronymus]] vertit:

&lt;blockquote&gt;In principio erat Verbum, et Verbum erat apud Deum, et Deus erat Verbum.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Mathemathici Graeci {{Creanda|fr|Proportion|Proportio|proportionem}} λόγον nominant&lt;ref&gt;E.g., [[Euclides|Euclidis]] ''Data'', 1.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Etiam asteroides [[58534 Logos]] in eius honorem nominus est.
==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

[[Categoria:Ars rhetorica]]
[[Categoria:Linguistica adhibita]]
[[Categoria:Narratologia]]
[[Categoria:Verba Graeca mutuata]]
[[Categoria:Philosophia]]
[[Categoria:Philosophia religionis]]
[[Categoria:Philosophia psychologiae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Francus Frattini</title>
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      <text bytes="1256" sha1="s0l7gvon5091qvzhpsh7rzzwv9ab6il" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
'''Francus''', vulgo ''Franco'' '''Frattini''' ([[Roma]]e natus die [[14 Martii]] [[1957]]; ibidem mortuus die [[24 Decembris]] [[2022]]) fuit politicus [[Italia]]e et [[Unio Europaea|Unionis Europaeae]]. Alumnus est [[Studium Urbis|Studii urbis]] nativae&lt;ref&gt;''[https://biografieonline.it/biografia-franco-frattini Biografie Online]''&lt;/ref&gt; ubi iuribus studuit. Minister a rebus externis meruit a die [[8 Maii]] [[2008]] usque in [[16 Novembris]] [[2011]], primo ministro [[Silvius Berlusconi|Silvio Berlusconi]]. Commissus Europaeus ab iustitia et securitate factus est die [[22 Novembris]] [[2004]], quo officio usque in diem [[8 Maii]] [[2008]] functus est.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Franco Frattini|Francum Frattini}}
{{Fontes biographici}}
* [https://biografieonline.it/biografia-franco-frattini Franco Frattini] apud ''Biografie Online''

{{Consilium Italicum Berlusconi II}}
{{Consilium Italicum Berlusconi IV}}
{{Ministri rerum externarum Italici}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Frattini, Francus}}

[[Categoria:Ministri rerum externarum]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1957]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 2022]]
[[Categoria:Politici Italiae]]
[[Categoria:Commissarii Unionis Europaeae]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Studii Urbis]]</text>
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    <title>Formula:Consilia Italica</title>
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      <text bytes="1302" sha1="t6rrzr2wg777v771i6hmst034cay3he" xml:space="preserve">Consilia [[Formula:Consilium Italicum Berlusconi I|Berlusconi 1994-1995]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Formula:Consilium Italicum Dini|Dini 1995-1996]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Formula:Consilium Italicum Prodi I|Prodi 1996-1998]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Formula:Consilium Italicum D'Alema I|D'Alema 1998-1999]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Formula:Consilium Italicum D'Alema II|D'Alema 1999-2000]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Formula:Consilium Italicum Amato II|Amato 2000-2001]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Formula:Consilium Italicum Berlusconi II|Berlusconi 2001–2005]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Formula:Consilium Italicum Berlusconi III|Berlusconi 2005–2006]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Formula:Consilium Italicum Prodi II|Prodi 2006–2008]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Formula:Consilium Italicum Berlusconi IV|Berlusconi 2008–2011]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Formula:Consilium Italicum Monti|Monti 2011–2013]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Formula:Consilium Italicum Letta|Letta 2013–2014]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Formula:Consilium Italicum Renzi|Renzi et Gentiloni 2014–2018]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Formula:Consilium Italicum Conte|Conte 2018–2019]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Formula:Consilium Italicum Conte II|Conte 2019–2021]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Formula:Consilium Italicum Draghi|Draghi 2021–2022]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Formula:Consilium Italicum Meloni|Meloni 2022–]]&lt;noinclude&gt;

[[Categoria:Formulae Italiam spectantes]]
[[Categoria:Res politicae Italicae|ß]]
[[Categoria:Indices consiliorum]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Litterae Africae</title>
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      <text bytes="13329" sha1="a53c3felfm1u7qu5ftizbcx4yqiuk13" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Wole Soyinka in 2018.jpg|thumb|[[Wole Soyinka]] anno [[2018]].]]
'''Litterae Africae''' sunt [[litterae]] in vel ex [[Africa]] natae, [[litterae orales|litteris oralibus]] ([[oratura]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Vocabulum]] a [[Pius Zirimu|Pio Zirimu]] erudito [[Uganda|Ugandensi]] excogitatum (George 1996: 303).&lt;/ref&gt;) non exclusis.

[[Europa]]eae litterarum normae [[ars|artem]] resque contentas saepe separat, quas [[conscientia]] Africana coniungere solet:
&lt;blockquote&gt;''[[Litterae]]'' etiam artifex [[vocabulum|vocabulorum]] usum solum [[ars|artis]] gratia significare potest. . . . Secundum [[traditio]]nem, Africani artem a doctrina funditus non distinguunt. Pro scribendo vel canendo [[pulchritudo|pulchritudinis]] causa, [[scriptor]]es Africani, indicia litterarum oralium sequentes, pulchritudine utuntur ad [[veritas|veritates]] et [[data|res]] magni momenti [[societas humana|societati humanae]] communicandas. Singula quidem [[res]] pulchra habetur ob veritates quas retegit et [[communitas|communitates]] quas condere adiuvat.&lt;ref&gt;[[Anglice]]: &quot;Literature&quot; can also simply mean an artistic use of words for the sake of art alone. . . . Traditionally, Africans do not radically separate art from teaching. Rather than write or sing for beauty in itself, African writers, taking their cue from oral literature, use beauty to help communicate important truths and information to society. Indeed, an object is considered beautiful because of the truths it reveals and the communities it helps to build (Joseph 1996: 304).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

[[Wole Soyinka]] est primus [[scriptor]] Africanus post [[libertas|libertatem]] captam qui [[Praemium Nobelianum Litterarum]] accepit. Quod [[praemium]] [[Albertus Camus]], in [[Algeria]] natus, anno [[1957]] antea acceperat.

==Scriptores Africani et eorum mythistoriae selectae==
*[[Petrus Abrahams]] ([[Africa Australis]]): ''Mine Boy'', ''This Island Now'', ''A Wreath for Udomo''
*[[Chinua Achebe]] ([[Nigeria]]): ''Arrow of God'', ''No Longer At Ease'', ''Things Fall Apart'', ''A Man of the People'', ''Anthills of the Savannah''
*[[Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie]] (Nigeria): ''Purple Hibiscus'', ''Half of a Yellow Sun''
*[[Fadhy Mtanga]] ([[Tanzania]]): ''Kizungumkuti'',  '' Huba'', ''Fungate''
*[[Christopher Zacharia Lameck]] ([[Tanzania]]): ''The Mythical Father'',  ''Lost'', ''Ztraceni'' ''European Madness''
*[[Iosephus Eduardus Agualusa]] ([[Angola]]): ''Rainy Season'', ''Creole'', ''The Book of Chameleons'', ''My Father's Wives''
*[[Mohammed Naseehu Ali]] ([[Ghana]]): ''The Prophet of Zongo Street''
*[[Germanus Almeida]] ([[Caput Viride]]): ''O dia das calças roladas'', ''The Last Will and Testament of Senhor da Silva Araújo''
*[[Elechi Amadi]] ([[Nigeria]]): ''The Concubine'', ''The Great Ponds'', ''Sunset in Biafra''
*[[Ayi Kwei Armah]] (Ghana): ''The Beautyful Ones Are Not Yet Born'', ''Two Thousand Seasons''
*[[Sefi Atta]] (Nigeria): ''Everything Good Will Come''
*[[Ayesha Harruna Attah]] (Ghana): ''Harmattan Rain''
*[[Mariama Bâ]] ([[Senegallia]]): ''Une si longue lettre'' ('Epistula tam longa')
*[[Nadifa Mohamed]] ([[Somalia]]) ''Black Mamba Boy'', ''The Orchard of Lost Souls''
*[[Christophorus Barnard]] ([[Africa Australis]]): ''Bundu'', ''Mahala''
*[[Mongo Beti]] ([[Cameronia]]): ''The Poor Christ of Bomba'
*[[Andreas Brink]] (Africa Australis): ''&lt;nowiki&gt;'n&lt;/nowiki&gt; Droe Wit Seisoen'' (A Dry White Season), ''Gerugte van Reen (Rumours of Rain)
*[[J. M. Coetzee]] (Africa Australis): ''Disgrace'', ''Life &amp; Times of Michael K''
*[[Mia Couto]] ([[Mozambica]]): ''Terra Sonâmbula'' (A Sleepwalking Land)
*[[Ungulani Ba Ka Khosa]] (Mozambica): ''Ualalapi''
*[[Ludovicus Bernardus Honwana]] (Mozambica): ''Nós Matamos O Cão-Tinhoso e Outros Contos'', ''We Killed Mangy Dog and Other Stories''
*[[Tsitsi Dangarembga]] ([[Zimbabua]]): ''Nervous Conditions''
*[[Mohammed Dib]] ([[Algeria]]): ''La grande maison''
*[[E. K. M. Dido]] (Africa Australis): ''&lt;nowiki&gt;'n&lt;/nowiki&gt; Stringetjie Blou Krale'' (A String of Blue Beads), ''Die Storie van Monica Peters'' (The Story of Monica Peters)
*[[Assia Djebar]] (Algeria): ''Les Enfants du Nouveau Monde''
*[[K. Sello Duiker]] (Africa Australis): ''Thirteen Cents'', ''The Quiet Violence of Dreams''
*[[Buchi Emecheta]] (Nigeria): ''The Bride Price'', ''The Joys of Motherhood''
*[[Daniel Olorunfemi Fagunwa]] (Nigeria): ''Ogboju odẹ ninu igbo irunmalẹ'' ('Silva daemonum mille')
*[[Nuruddin Farah]] ([[Somalia]]): ''From a Crooked Rib'', ''Maps'', ''Sweet and Sour Milk''
*[[Athol Fugard]] (Africa Australis): ''Tsotsi''
*[[Nadine Gordimer]] (Africa Australis): ''Burger's Daughter'', ''The Conservationist'', ''July's People''
*[[Alexander La Guma]] (Africa Australis): ''In the Fog of the Seasons' End'', ''The Stone-Country'', ''Time of the Butcherbird'', ''A Walk in the Night''
*[[Bessie Head]] ([[Botsuana]]): ''When Rain Clouds Gather'', ''Maru'', ''A Question of Power''
*[[Moses Isegawa]] ([[Uganda]]): ''Abyssinian Chronicles''
*[[Rayda Jacobs]] (Africa Australis): ''The Slave Book'', ''Eyes of the Sky'', ''Confessions of a Gambler''
*[[Tahar Ben Jelloun]] ([[Marocum]]): ''The Sacred Night'', ''The Sand Child'', ''This Blinding Absence of Light''
*[[Cheikh Hamidou Kane]] (Senegallia): ''L'Aventure Ambiguë''
*[[Yasmina Khadra]] (Algeria): ''The Swallows of Kabul''
*[[Camara Laye]] ([[Guinea]]): ''The African Child'' (''L'Enfant noir''), ''The Radiance of the King''
*[[Naguib Mahfouz]] ([[Aeyptus]]): ''The Beginning and the End'', ''Cairo Trilogy'', ''Children of Gebelawi'', ''Midaq Alley''
*[[Carolus Mangua]] (Kenia): ''A Tail in the Mouth''
*[[Sarah Ladipo Manyika]] (Nigeria): ''In Dependence''
*[[Dambudzo Marechera]] (Zimbabua): ''The House of Hunger''
*[[Dalene Matthee]] (Africa Australis): ''Kringe in 'n bos'' ('Circuli in silva')
*[[Zakes Mda]] (Africa Australis): ''Ways of Dying'', ''The Heart of Redness''
*[[Thomas Mofolo]] (Africa Australis et [[Lesothum]]): ''Chaka''
*[[Bai Tamia Moore]] ([[Liberia]]): ''Murder in the Cassava Patch''
*[[Meja Mwangi]] (Kenia): ''Carcase for Hounds'', ''Going Down River Road'', ''Kill Me Quick''
*[[Ngugi wa Thiong'o|Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o]] (Kenia): ''A Grain of Wheat'', ''Matigari'', ''Petals of Blood'', ''Weep Not, Child'', ''Wizard of the Crow''
*[[Ludovicus Nkosi]] (Africa Australis): ''Mandela's Ego'', ''Mating Birds'', ''Underground People''
*[[Flora Nwapa]] (Nigeria): ''Efuru'', ''Idu'', ''One is Enough'', ''Never Again'', ''Women are Different''
*[[Nnedi Okorafor]] (Nigeria): ''Zahrah the Windseeker''
*[[Beniaminus Okri]] (Nigeria): ''The Famished Road''
*[[Deon Opperman]] (South Africa): ''[[Donkerland]]'' ('Terra obscura'), ''Kruispad'' ('Compitum'), ''Hartland ('Interiora')
*[[Yambo Ouologuem]] ([[Malium]]): ''Le Devoir de Violence''
*[[Alanus Paton]] (Africa Australis): ''Cry, The Beloved Country''
*[[Pepetela]] (Angola): ''Muana Puó, Mayombe, A Gloriosa Família''
*[[Sol Plaatje]] (Africa Australis): ''Mhudi''
*[[Nawal El Saadawi]] (Aegyptus) : ''Woman at Point Zero''
*[[Tayeb Salih]] ([[Sudania]]): ''Season of Migration to the North''
*[[Wilton Sankawulo]] (Liberia): ''Birds Are Singing''
*[[Karel Schoeman]] (Africa Australis): ''n Ander Land'' ('Alia civitas'), ''Na die Geliefde Land'' ('Terra promissa')
*[[Oliva Schreiner]] (Africa Australis): ''The Story of an African Farm''
*[[Beniaminus Sehene]] ([[Ruanda]]): ''Le Feu sous la Soutane'' ('Ignis sub tunica')
*[[Ousmane Sembène]] ([[Senegallia]]): ''Xala'', ''The Black Docker'' ('Le Docker Noir'), ''God's Bits of Wood'' ('Les Bouts de Bois de Dieu'), ''The Last of the Empire'' ('Le dernier de l'Empire'), ''Tribal Scars'' ('Voltaïque')
*[[Wole Soyinka]] (Nigeria): ''The Interpreters'', ''Seasons of Anomy''
*[[Amos Tutuola]] (Nigeria): ''The Palm Wine Drinkard'', ''My Life in the Bush of Ghosts'', ''Simbi and the Satyr of the Dark Jungle'', ''Feather Woman of the Jungle'', ''he Witch-Herbalist of the Remote Town'', ''Ajaiyi and his Inherited Poverty''
*[[Marlena van Niekerk]] (Africa Australis): ''Triomf'' ('Triumphus')
*[[Yvonne Vera]] ([[Zimbabua]]): ''Butterfly Burning''
*[[Iosephua Luandino Vieira]] ([[Angola]]): ''Luanda''
*[[Iosephus Galfridus Walters]] ([[Liberia]]): ''Guanya Pau: A Story of an African Princess'' (1891)
*[[Birhanu Zerihun]] ([[Aethiopia]]): ''Ye'imba debdabbéwoch'' ('Litterae Lacrimosae')
*[[Abdulrazak Gurnah]] ([[Tanzania]]): ''Paradise'' (1994)

==Notabiles poetae Africani==
{{div col|2}}
*[[Chinua Achebe]] ([[Nigeria]])
*[[Ama Ata Aidoo]] ([[Ghana]])
*[[Iared Angira]] ([[Kenia]])
*[[Kofi Anyidoho]] (Ghana)
*[[Kofi Awoonor]]  (Ghana)
*[[Fadhy Mtanga]] ([[Tanzania]])
*[[Breyten Breytenbach]] ([[Africa Australis]])
*[[Dionysius Brutus]] (Africa Australis)
*[[Abena Busia]] (Ghana)
*[[Ioannes Pepper Clark]] (Nigeria)
*[[Iosephus Craveirinha]] ([[Mozambica]])
*[[Viriatus Clemente da Cruz]] ([[Angola]])
*[[Hadraawi]] ([[Somalia]])
*[[Ingrid Jonker]] (Africa Australis)
*[[Ionathan Kariara]] (Kenia)
*[[Susanna Kiguli]] ([[Uganda]])
*[[Ahmadou Kourouma]] ([[Litus Eburneum]])
*[[Antjie Krog]] (Africa Australis)
*[[Iacobus Mapanje]] ([[Malavium]])
*[[Eugenius Marais]] (Africa Australis)
*[[Donaldus Mattera]] (Africa Australis)
*[[Bai Tamia Moore]] ([[Liberia]])
*[[Togara Muzanenhamo]] ([[Zimbabua]])
*[[Arthurus Nortje]] (Africa Australis)
*[[Gabriel Okara]] (Nigeria)
*[[Nii Parkes]] (Ghana)
*[[Christophorus Okigbo]] (Nigeria)
*[[Beniaminus Okri]] (Nigeria)
*[[Okot p'Bitek]] (Uganda)
*[[Lenrie Peters]] ([[Gambia]])
*[[Ioannes Iosephus Rabearivelo]] ([[Madagascaria]])
*[[Iacobus Rabemananjara]] (Madagascaria)
*[[Elias Rajaonarison]] (Madagascaria)
*[[Ny Avana Ramanantoanina]] (Madagascaria)
*[[Ioannes Verdi Salomon Razakandraina (Dox)]] (Madagascaria)
*[[David Rubadiri]] (Malavium, Uganda)
*[[Tijan Sallah]] (Gambia)
*[[Leopoldus Sédar Senghor]] ([[Senegallia]])
*[[Bewketu Seyoum]] ([[Aethiopia]])
*[[Warsan Shire]]
*[[Adam Small (scriptor)|Adam Small]] (Africa Australis)
*[[Wole Soyinka]] (Nigeria)
*[[Véronique Tadjo]] (Litus Eburneum)
*[[Armenius Vieira]] (Caput Viride)
*[[Patricia Jabbeh Wesley]] (Liberia)
{{div col end}}

{{NexInt}}&lt;!--
*[[Litterae Afroamericanae]]--&gt;
*[[Litterae Americae Australis]]
*[[Litterae Asiae]]
*[[Litterae Aegypti]]
*[[Litterae Anglicae]]
*[[Litterae Arabicae]]
*[[Litterae Europae]]&lt;!--
*[[Litterae Liberiae]]
*[[Litterae Nigeriae]]--&gt;
*[[Litterae Oceaniae]]
*[[Poesis in Africa]]

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Bibliographia==
*Beier, Ulli, ed, [[1979]]. ''Introduction to African literature: an anthology of critical writing.'' Londinii: Longman. ISBN 0582642280.
*Berhanemariam, Sahlesillasse. [[1974]]. ''The Warrior King.''
*Busby, Margaret, ed. [[1992]]. ''Daughters of Africa: An International Anthology of Words and Writings by Women of African Descent from the Ancient Egyptian to the Present.'' Novi Eboraci: Random House.
*Gikandi, Simon, ed. [[2003]]. ''Encyclopedia of African Literature.'' Londinii: Routledge.
*Gunner, E., et H. Scheub. [[2018]]. [https://www.britannica.com/art/African-literature/Oral-traditions-and-the-written-word &quot;African Literature&quot;.] ''Encyclopaedia Britannica.''
*Irele, Abiola, et Simon Gikandi, ed. [[2004]]. ''The Cambridge History of African and Caribbean Literature.'' 2 vol. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. [http://www.gbv.de/du/services/agi/B3F431645C8BC864C1256FCC005937EE/420000136828 Tabula rerum contentarum.]
*Joseph, George. [[1996]]. &quot;African Literature.&quot; In ''Understanding Contemporary Africa,'' ed. April A. Gordon et Donald L. Gordon, capitulum 12. Londinii: Lynne Rienner
*Mazrui, Ali A., et al. [[1993]]. &quot;The development of modern literature since 1935.&quot; In ''General History of Africa,'' ed. Ali A. Mazrui, vol. 8, capitulum 19. UNESCO. [http://www.unesco.org/new/index.php?id=50858 Accessus liber.]
*Palmer, Eustace. [[1972]]. ''An introduction to the African novel; a critical study of twelve books by Chinua Achebe, James Ngugi, Camara Laye, Elechi Amadi, Ayi Kwei Armah, Mongo Beti, and Gabriel Okara.'' Novi Eboraci: Africana Publishing Corporation. ISBN 0841901120.
*Ricard, Alain. [[1987]]. &quot;Museum, Mausoleum, or Market: The Concept of National Literature.&quot; ''Research in African Literatures'' 18. JSTOR 4618186.
*Schipper, Mineke. [[1987]]. &quot;National Literatures and Literary History.&quot; ''Research in African Literatures'' 18. JSTOR 4618185.
*Shamim, Amna. [[2017]]. ''Gynocentric Contours of the Male Imagination: A Study of the Novels of Chinua Achebe and Ngugi wa Thiong'o.'' Dellii: Idea Publishing. ISBN |9788193326978.
*Werku, Dagnachew. [[1968]]. ''The Thirteenth Sun.''

==Nexus externi==
*[http://www.gutenberg.org/wiki/Africa_(Bookshelf) ''The Africa Bookshelf.''] Propositum Gutenbergianum.
*[http://www.africanlit.org/ African Literature Association.]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20210523120651/http://www.african-literature.net/ ''African Literature Reviews.'']
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20191016004430/https://www.africabib.org/query_a.php?ti=literature Literature.] AfricaBib.org.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20210509075224/http://www.africanwriter.com/ New African Literature.]
*[http://cordite.org.au/chapbooks-features/a-new-african-poetry/ &quot;Things We Inherited: Voices from Africa.&quot;] ''Cordite Poetry Review.''

{{DEFAULTSORT:Litterae Africae}}
[[Categoria:Cultura Africae|Litterae]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Africae| ]]

{{Myrias|Ars}}</text>
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      <text bytes="5018" sha1="1kkwpdcoofcc9san6iclod27h8v2ro3" xml:space="preserve">[[file:Maria Anna Mozart (Lorenzoni).jpg|thumb|Maria Anna Mozarta infans, quam pinxit [[Petrus Antonius Lorenzoni]]]]
[[file:Maria Anna Mozart (Lange).jpg|thumb|Maria Anna Mozarta adulta]]
[[File:Wolfgang Amadeus and Maria Anna Mozart 1780.png|thumb|Cum fratre anno 1780]]
[[file:DSC01378 Crypt 54 (Petersfriedhof Salzburg) Kommunegruft.jpg|thumb|Crypta in sepulcreto apud [[archiabbatia Sancti Petri Salisburgensis|archiabbatiam Sancti Petri]], ubi iacet et [[Michael Haydn]].]] 
'''Maria Anna Walpurgis Ignatia Mozarta''' (nata die [[30 Iulii]] [[1751]] [[salisburgum|Iuvavi]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://data.matricula-online.eu/en/oesterreich/salzburg/salzburg-dompfarre/TFBIX%252F1/?pg=538 Nota in libro baptismali]&lt;/ref&gt;, mortua ibidem die [[29 Octobris]] [[1829]]), quae saepe ''Nannerl'' nuncupabatur, [[clavicen]] optima atque [[wolfgangus Amadeus Mozart|Wolfgangi Amadei Mozarti]] [[soror]] fuit. In [[matrimonium]] ducta nomen ''de Berchthold-Sonnenburg'' assumpsit.

== Vita ==
In pueritia persaepe lustrationes in [[Europa]] cum fratre Wolfgango Amadeo fecit quae iam aetate annorum XI musicales experientias valde difficiles levissime atque sollertissime peregit. Ingenio maximo fratrem vulgo adaequare impedita est, ut sors mulierum multarum tunc fuisse videtur. Culpa patris insuper qui Annam Mariam in aetatem nuptialen provectam omnino neglexit.&lt;ref&gt;''Zieht man in Betracht, dass sie eine außerordentlich begabte Musikerin war, dann entsteht eine schmerzliche Diskrepanz. Mögliche Fähigkeiten wurden gar nicht erst geweckt, geschweige denn kultiviert und verstärkt.'' (de sorte eius deplorabili quoad artes cf. biographiam Hevae Rieger, p. 73)&lt;/ref&gt;. 

Itaque ab ista nihil nisi pusilla exercitia musicalia habemus, nullam autem compositionem maiorem. Praeter familiae suae curam habendam horas privatas in clavichordio saltem dare pergebat. [[Leopoldus Mozartus]] non annuerat matrimonio cum viro camerali Francisco Armando de Ippold, ut Maria Anna die 23 Augusti 1784&lt;ref&gt;[http://data.matricula-online.eu/en/oesterreich/salzburg/st-gilgen/TRBII/?pg=99 Nota in libro matrimoniorum]&lt;/ref&gt;, gravioni Ioanni Baptistae Berchtold de Sonnenburg nupsit. Qui annis XV maiore natus officium avi eius ad Sanctum Aegidium (St. Gilgen) ad Lacum Sancti Wolfgangi continuavit; inde habitatum est in domo ubi nata erat mater Annae Mariae. Tres infantes viro peperit, qui ipse iam quinque infantes secum habuerat. Maria Anna marito anno 1801 mortuo cum Leopoldo et Ioannina infantibus superstitibus Iuvavum petivit, ubi homines musicam docuit.

Aetate annorum LXXIV obcaecata munus instruendi deponere coacta est.&lt;ref&gt;Eva Rieger: ''Nannerl Mozart'', editio tertia, 1991, p. 274.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Eius diaria, epistulas, memorias exploratoribus Mozartianis Maria scaturigini pretiosissimae esse constat. Quod effecit, ut anno 1829 Maria Sibylla et [[Vincentius Novello]] [[londinium|Londinienses]] Iuvavum ad peregrinationem in vestigiis familiae Mozartae incitarentur ''(A Mozart Pilgrimage)'' et habitationem eius visitarent. Admiratores, cum de itineribus infantium pristinis trans Europam legissent, notiores facti sunt de salute Annae Mariae mala. Denique ei pecunias apportaverunt, quas musicae Mozartianae amici Britannici conflaverant.&lt;ref&gt;Eva Rieger: ''Nannerl Mozart'', tertia editio 1991. Visitatio Salisburgensis describitur paginis 272 et 273.&lt;/ref&gt; Eodem anno naturae concessit et, ut voluit, in coemeterio Sancti Petri sepulta est.

== Biographia ==
* {{BLKÖ|Berchtold, Maria Anna Reichsfreiin von|1|290|291|}}
* {{BLKÖ|Mozart, Maria Anna|19|297}}
* Eva Rieger: ''Nannerl Mozart. Leben einer Künstlerin im 18. Jahrhundert''. Francofurti ad Moenum 1990; editio aucta anno 2005 
* Eva Neumayr (ed.): ''Maria Anna Mozart. Facetten einer Künstlerin.'' Vindobonae: Hollitzer 2019. ISBN 978-3-99012-561-8

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Maria Anna Mozart|Mariam Annam Mozart}}
* {{DNB-Portal|11858460X}}
* [http://www.fembio.org/biographie.php/frau/biographie/nannerl-mozart Biographia et fontes apud FemBio.org]
* [http://www.bmlo.uni-muenchen.de/m0916 Pretiosa apud BMLO]
* [http://mugi.hfmt-hamburg.de/A_lexartikel/lexartikel.php?id=moza1751 Commentatio apud MUGI, lexico quodam interretiali musicam spectanti] 
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927020447/http://www.traunsteiner-tagblatt.de/includes/mehr_chiemg.php?id=64 &quot;Die verhinderte Pianistinnen-Karriere von Nannerl Mozart&quot;], Traunsteiner Tagblatt, 30/2001 
* [http://www.mozarthaus.info/ Domus Mozart, St. Gilgen am Wolfgangsee]
* Michael Malkiewicz: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n83SUK1Taic Salzburg Journal&amp;nbsp;– Nannerl Mozart und Erich Schenk], pellicula brevis
* [http://www.sophie-drinker-institut.de/cms/index.php/mozart-maria-anna Lexikon-Artikel Commentatio Instituti  Sophiae Drinker]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{Normdaten|TYP=p|GND=11858460X|LCCN=n/91/33907|VIAF=46846725}}

{{Lifetime|1751|1829|Mozart, Maria Anna}} 
[[Categoria:Musici Austriae]]
[[Categoria:Wolfgangus Amadeus Mozart]]
[[Categoria:Mulieres]]
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      <text bytes="5145" sha1="5iv11tuac2uf1qegi965ze4ffqv19yh" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Maria Anna Mozart (Lorenzoni).jpg|thumb|Maria Anna Mozarta infans, quam pinxit [[Petrus Antonius Lorenzoni]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Maria Anna Mozart (Lange).jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Maria Anna Mozarta adulta.]]
[[Fasciculus:Wolfgang Amadeus and Maria Anna Mozart 1780.png|thumb|upright=0.8|Cum fratre anno 1780.]]
[[Fasciculus:DSC01378 Crypt 54 (Petersfriedhof Salzburg) Kommunegruft.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Sepulcrum]] apud [[Archiabbatia Sancti Petri Salisburgensis|Archiabbatiam Sancti Petri]], ubi iacet et [[Michael Haydn]].]] 
'''Maria Anna Walpurgis Ignatia Mozarta''' (nata die [[30 Iulii]] [[1751]] [[Salisburgum|Iuvavi apud Salisburgum]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://data.matricula-online.eu/en/oesterreich/salzburg/salzburg-dompfarre/TFBIX%252F1/?pg=538 Nota in libro baptismali].&lt;/ref&gt;; ibidem mortua die [[29 Octobris]] [[1829]]), quae saepe ''Nannerl'' nuncupabatur, [[clavicen]] optima atque [[wolfgangus Amadeus Mozart|Wolfgangi Amadei Mozarti]] [[soror]] fuit. In [[matrimonium]] ducta nomen ''de Berchthold-Sonnenburg'' assumpsit.

== Vita ==
In [[pueritia]] persaepe lustrationes in [[Europa]] cum fratre Wolfgango Amadeo fecit quae iam aetate annorum XI musicas [[experientia]]s valde difficiles levissime atque sollertissime peregit. Ingenio maximo fratrem vulgo adaequare impedita est, ut sors mulierum multarum tunc fuisse videtur. Culpa patris insuper qui Annam Mariam in aetatem nuptialen provectam omnino neglexit.&lt;ref&gt;''Zieht man in Betracht, dass sie eine außerordentlich begabte Musikerin war, dann entsteht eine schmerzliche Diskrepanz. Mögliche Fähigkeiten wurden gar nicht erst geweckt, geschweige denn kultiviert und verstärkt.'' (de sorte eius deplorabili quoad artes cf. biographiam Hevae Rieger, p. 73).&lt;/ref&gt;. 

Itaque ab ista nihil nisi pusilla exercitia musica habemus, nullam autem [[compositio]]nem maiorem. Praeter familiae suae curam habendam horas privatas in [[clavichordium|clavichordio]] saltem dare pergebat. [[Leopoldus Mozartus]] non annuerat matrimonio cum viro camerali Francisco Armando de Ippold, ut Maria Anna die 23 Augusti 1784&lt;ref&gt;[http://data.matricula-online.eu/en/oesterreich/salzburg/st-gilgen/TRBII/?pg=99 Nota in libro matrimoniorum]&lt;/ref&gt;, gravioni Ioanni Baptistae Berchtold de Sonnenburg nupsit. Qui annis XV maiore natus officium [[avus|avi]] eius ad Sanctum Aegidium&lt;!--St. Gilgen--&gt; ad Lacum Sancti Wolfgangi continuavit; inde habitatum est in domo ubi nata erat mater Annae Mariae. Tres infantes viro peperit, qui ipse iam quinque infantes secum habuerat. Maria Anna, marito anno 1801 mortuo, cum Leopoldo et Ioannina infantibus superstitibus Iuvavum petivit, ubi homines musicam docuit.

Aetate annorum 74 obcaecata munus instruendi deponere coacta est.&lt;ref&gt;Eva Rieger: ''Nannerl Mozart'', editio tertia, 1991, p. 274.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Eius diaria, epistulas, memorias exploratoribus Mozartianis Maria scaturigini pretiosissimae esse constat. Quod effecit, ut anno 1829 Maria Sibylla et [[Vincentius Novello]] [[londinium|Londinienses]] Iuvavum ad peregrinationem in vestigiis familiae Mozartae incitarentur ''(A Mozart Pilgrimage)'' et habitationem eius visitarent. Admiratores, cum de itineribus infantium pristinis trans Europam legissent, notiores facti sunt de salute Annae Mariae mala. Denique ei [[pecunia]]s apportaverunt, quas musicae Mozartianae amici Britannici conflaverant.&lt;ref&gt;Eva Rieger: ''Nannerl Mozart'', tertia editio 1991. Visitatio Salisburgensis describitur paginis 272 et 273.&lt;/ref&gt; Eodem anno naturae concessit et, ut voluit, eius [[corpus]] in [[coemeterium|coemeterio]] Sancti Petri sepultum est.

== Biographia ==
* {{BLKÖ|Berchtold, Maria Anna Reichsfreiin von|1|290|291|}}
* {{BLKÖ|Mozart, Maria Anna|19|297}}
* Eva Rieger: ''Nannerl Mozart. Leben einer Künstlerin im 18. Jahrhundert''. Francofurti ad Moenum 1990; editio aucta anno 2005 
* Eva Neumayr (ed.): ''Maria Anna Mozart. Facetten einer Künstlerin.'' Vindobonae: Hollitzer 2019. ISBN 978-3-99012-561-8

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Maria Anna Mozart|Mariam Annam Mozartam}}
* {{DNB-Portal|11858460X}}
* [http://www.fembio.org/biographie.php/frau/biographie/nannerl-mozart Biographia et fontes apud FemBio.org]
* [http://www.bmlo.uni-muenchen.de/m0916 Pretiosa apud BMLO]
* [http://mugi.hfmt-hamburg.de/A_lexartikel/lexartikel.php?id=moza1751 Commentatio apud MUGI, lexico quodam interretiali musicam spectanti] 
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927020447/http://www.traunsteiner-tagblatt.de/includes/mehr_chiemg.php?id=64 &quot;Die verhinderte Pianistinnen-Karriere von Nannerl Mozart&quot;], Traunsteiner Tagblatt, 30/2001 
* [http://www.mozarthaus.info/ Domus Mozart, St. Gilgen am Wolfgangsee]
* Michael Malkiewicz: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n83SUK1Taic Salzburg Journal&amp;nbsp;– Nannerl Mozart und Erich Schenk], pellicula brevis
* [http://www.sophie-drinker-institut.de/cms/index.php/mozart-maria-anna Lexikon-Artikel Commentatio Instituti  Sophiae Drinker]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{Normdaten|TYP=p|GND=11858460X|LCCN=n/91/33907|VIAF=46846725}}

{{Lifetime|1751|1829|Mozart, Maria Anna}}
[[Categoria:Wolfgangus Amadeus Mozart]]
[[Categoria:Musici Austriae]]
[[Categoria:Salisburgum]]</text>
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      <text bytes="5153" sha1="5xlcu8dfyiz8yx3ff5dmfje1cgrs35z" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Maria Anna Mozart (Lorenzoni).jpg|thumb|Maria Anna Mozarta infans, quam pinxit [[Petrus Antonius Lorenzoni]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Maria Anna Mozart (Lange).jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Maria Anna Mozarta adulta.]]
[[Fasciculus:Wolfgang Amadeus and Maria Anna Mozart 1780.png|thumb|upright=0.8|Cum fratre anno 1780.]]
[[Fasciculus:DSC01378 Crypt 54 (Petersfriedhof Salzburg) Kommunegruft.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Sepulcrum]] apud [[Archiabbatia Sancti Petri Salisburgensis|Archiabbatiam Sancti Petri]], ubi iacet et [[Ioannes Michael Haydn]].]] 
'''Maria Anna Walpurgis Ignatia Mozarta''' (nata die [[30 Iulii]] [[1751]] [[Salisburgum|Iuvavi apud Salisburgum]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://data.matricula-online.eu/en/oesterreich/salzburg/salzburg-dompfarre/TFBIX%252F1/?pg=538 Nota in libro baptismali].&lt;/ref&gt;; ibidem mortua die [[29 Octobris]] [[1829]]), quae saepe ''Nannerl'' nuncupabatur, [[clavicen]] optima atque [[wolfgangus Amadeus Mozart|Wolfgangi Amadei Mozarti]] [[soror]] fuit. In [[matrimonium]] ducta nomen ''de Berchthold-Sonnenburg'' assumpsit.

== Vita ==
In [[pueritia]] persaepe lustrationes in [[Europa]] cum fratre Wolfgango Amadeo fecit quae iam aetate annorum XI musicas [[experientia]]s valde difficiles levissime atque sollertissime peregit. Ingenio maximo fratrem vulgo adaequare impedita est, ut sors mulierum multarum tunc fuisse videtur. Culpa patris insuper qui Annam Mariam in aetatem nuptialen provectam omnino neglexit.&lt;ref&gt;''Zieht man in Betracht, dass sie eine außerordentlich begabte Musikerin war, dann entsteht eine schmerzliche Diskrepanz. Mögliche Fähigkeiten wurden gar nicht erst geweckt, geschweige denn kultiviert und verstärkt.'' (de sorte eius deplorabili quoad artes cf. biographiam Hevae Rieger, p. 73).&lt;/ref&gt;. 

Itaque ab ista nihil nisi pusilla exercitia musica habemus, nullam autem [[compositio]]nem maiorem. Praeter familiae suae curam habendam horas privatas in [[clavichordium|clavichordio]] saltem dare pergebat. [[Leopoldus Mozartus]] non annuerat matrimonio cum viro camerali Francisco Armando de Ippold, ut Maria Anna die 23 Augusti 1784&lt;ref&gt;[http://data.matricula-online.eu/en/oesterreich/salzburg/st-gilgen/TRBII/?pg=99 Nota in libro matrimoniorum]&lt;/ref&gt;, gravioni Ioanni Baptistae Berchtold de Sonnenburg nupsit. Qui annis 15 maiore natus officium [[avus|avi]] eius ad Sanctum Aegidium&lt;!--St. Gilgen--&gt; ad Lacum Sancti Wolfgangi continuavit; inde habitatum est in domo ubi nata erat mater Annae Mariae. Tres infantes viro peperit, qui ipse iam quinque infantes secum habuerat. Maria Anna, marito anno 1801 mortuo, cum Leopoldo et Ioannina infantibus superstitibus Iuvavum petivit, ubi homines musicam docuit.

Aetate annorum 74 obcaecata munus instruendi deponere coacta est.&lt;ref&gt;Eva Rieger: ''Nannerl Mozart'', editio tertia, 1991, p. 274.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Eius diaria, epistulas, memorias exploratoribus Mozartianis Maria scaturigini pretiosissimae esse constat. Quod effecit, ut anno 1829 Maria Sibylla et [[Vincentius Novello]] [[londinium|Londinienses]] Iuvavum ad peregrinationem in vestigiis familiae Mozartae incitarentur ''(A Mozart Pilgrimage)'' et habitationem eius visitarent. Admiratores, cum de itineribus infantium pristinis trans Europam legissent, notiores facti sunt de salute Annae Mariae mala. Denique ei [[pecunia]]s apportaverunt, quas musicae Mozartianae amici Britannici conflaverant.&lt;ref&gt;Eva Rieger: ''Nannerl Mozart'', tertia editio 1991. Visitatio Salisburgensis describitur paginis 272 et 273.&lt;/ref&gt; Eodem anno naturae concessit et, ut voluit, eius [[corpus]] in [[coemeterium|coemeterio]] Sancti Petri sepultum est.

== Biographia ==
* {{BLKÖ|Berchtold, Maria Anna Reichsfreiin von|1|290|291|}}
* {{BLKÖ|Mozart, Maria Anna|19|297}}
* Eva Rieger: ''Nannerl Mozart. Leben einer Künstlerin im 18. Jahrhundert''. Francofurti ad Moenum 1990; editio aucta anno 2005 
* Eva Neumayr (ed.): ''Maria Anna Mozart. Facetten einer Künstlerin.'' Vindobonae: Hollitzer 2019. ISBN 978-3-99012-561-8

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Maria Anna Mozart|Mariam Annam Mozartam}}
* {{DNB-Portal|11858460X}}
* [http://www.fembio.org/biographie.php/frau/biographie/nannerl-mozart Biographia et fontes apud FemBio.org]
* [http://www.bmlo.uni-muenchen.de/m0916 Pretiosa apud BMLO]
* [http://mugi.hfmt-hamburg.de/A_lexartikel/lexartikel.php?id=moza1751 Commentatio apud MUGI, lexico quodam interretiali musicam spectanti] 
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927020447/http://www.traunsteiner-tagblatt.de/includes/mehr_chiemg.php?id=64 &quot;Die verhinderte Pianistinnen-Karriere von Nannerl Mozart&quot;], Traunsteiner Tagblatt, 30/2001 
* [http://www.mozarthaus.info/ Domus Mozart, St. Gilgen am Wolfgangsee]
* Michael Malkiewicz: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n83SUK1Taic Salzburg Journal&amp;nbsp;– Nannerl Mozart und Erich Schenk], pellicula brevis
* [http://www.sophie-drinker-institut.de/cms/index.php/mozart-maria-anna Lexikon-Artikel Commentatio Instituti  Sophiae Drinker]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{Normdaten|TYP=p|GND=11858460X|LCCN=n/91/33907|VIAF=46846725}}

{{Lifetime|1751|1829|Mozart, Maria Anna}}
[[Categoria:Wolfgangus Amadeus Mozart]]
[[Categoria:Musici Austriae]]
[[Categoria:Salisburgum]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Apelles (nomen)</title>
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      <text bytes="1160" sha1="i8q6ndrkkellvxul3r3lxth90u9uky8" xml:space="preserve">{{Nomen|genus=Masculinum|origo=Graeca|significatio=&quot;qui abducit&quot;|imago=Kunsthistorisches Museum,Apelles.jpg|capitulum=Sculptura pictoris Graeci antiqui [[Apelles|Apellis]], Vindobonae sita|dies=22 Aprilis}}

'''Apelles''' (-is, ''m.'') est nomen atque [[praenomen]] masculinum originis Graecae ([[Graece]] Ἀπελλῆς), ut videtur forma [[Dorica (lingua Graeca)|Dorica]] nominis ''[[Apollo (nomen)|Apollinis]]'',&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;''Behind the Name'', s.v. &quot;[https://www.behindthename.com/name/apelles Apelles]&quot;. {{Ling|Anglice}}.&lt;/ref&gt; seu e vocabulo ἀπειλή ('minax') ductum.

== In linguis frequentibus formae ==

* ''[[Catalanice]]'': Apel·les
* ''[[Croatice]]'': Apel
* ''[[Francogallice]]'': Apelle
* ''[[Hispanice]]'': Apeles
* ''[[Hungarice]]'': Apéllesz
* ''[[Italiane]]'': Apelle
* ''[[Lusitanice]]'': Apeles
* ''[[Russice]]'': Апеллес (''Apelles'')

== Qui hoc nomen habuerint ==
* [[Apelles]], praeclarus pictor
* [[Sanctus Apelles]]

== Qui hoc praenomen habuerint ==
* {{Creanda|ca|Apel·les Mestres i Oñós|Apelles Mestres i Oñós}}, scriptor

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Nomina]]
[[Categoria:Praenomina masculina]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Macaca</title>
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      <text bytes="10602" sha1="ectdi28d3ttkf74g8bvk461ptbow61f" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
{{Taxobox
| name = ''Macaca''&lt;ref name=msw3&gt;{{MSW3 Groves|pages=161–165|id=12100528}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| image = Bonnet_macaque_(Macaca_radiata)_Photograph_By_Shantanu_Kuveskar.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Macaca radiata]]'' in [[Manegaon (Maharashtra)|Manegaon]] Maharashtrae [[India]]e
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
| classis = [[Mammalia]]
| ordo = [[Primates]]
| subordo = [[Haplorhini]]
| infraordo = [[Simiiformes]]
| familia = [[Cercopithecidae]]
| subfamilia = [[Cercopithecinae]]
| Tribus = [[Papionini]]
| genus = '''''Macaca'''''
| taxon = Macaca
| genus_authority = [[Bernardus Germanus de Lacépède|Lacépède]], [[1799]]
| type_species = ''[[Macaca sylvanus]]''
| type_species_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[1766]]
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
| subdivision = ''Vide commentarium.''
}}
'''''Macaca''''' est [[genus (taxinomia)|genus]] [[mammalia|mammalium]] [[socialitas|gregalium]] [[subfamilia]]e [[Cercopithecinae|Cercopithecinarum]] [[familia (taxinomia)|familiae]] [[Cercopithecidae|Cercopithecidarum]]. Cui sunt viginti tres [[species]], quae [[distributio geographica|terras]] per [[Asia]]m et [[Africa Septentrionalis|Africam Septentrionalem]] et in [[Europa]] (''[[Macaca sylvanus|Macacis sylvanis]]'' solum in [[Gibraltaria]]) [[habitatio|habitant]]. Plerumque [[frugivora]]e sunt, [[fructus]] edules petentes, quamquam earum [[diaeta]] etiam [[semen|semina]], [[folium|folia]], [[flos|flores]], [[arbor]]umque [[cortex|corticem]] comprehendit. Aliquot species, sicut ''[[Macaca fascicularis]],'' solum [[invertebrata|invertebratis]] et aliquando parvis [[vertebrata|vertebratis]] [[victus|vescuntur]]. ''[[Macaca nemestrina|Macacae nemestrinae]]'' in [[Malaesia]] circiter septuaginta magnos [[rattus|rattos]] quotannis consumunt.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://nypost.com/2019/10/22/rat-eating-monkeys-in-malaysia-stun-scientists/ |title=Rat-eating monkeys in Malaysia stun scientists
|first=Sean |last=Keach |newspaper=The Sun |date=22 Octobris 2019}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/10/22/asia/macaques-rats-palm-oil-scli-intl-scn/index.html |title=Rat-eating macaques could boost palm oil sustainability in Malaysia |first=Jack |last=Guy |publisher=CNN |date=22 Octobris 2019}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Omnes macacarum [[grex socialis|greges sociales]] sunt [[matriarchia|matriarchici]], in [[femina (sexus)|feminas]] positi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fleagle2013&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first=John G. |last=Fleagle |title=Primate Adaptation and Evolution |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=--PNXm0q2O8C&amp;pg=PA123 |publisher=Academic |page=123 |date=8 Martii 2013 |isbn=978-0-12-378633-3}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Species ==
Anno [[2005]], [[auctor]]es summarii ''Mammal Species of the World'' has species et greges specierum agnoverunt, praeter ''[[Macaca leucogenys|Macacam leucogenys]],'' quae anno [[2015]] primum descripta est.
{| class=&quot;wikitable collapsible&quot;
|-
! Greges
! Imago
! [[Binomen]]
! [[Distributio geographica]]
! Status conservationis
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|Grex ''Macacae sylvanae''
|[[Fasciculus:Macaca sylvanus.Mother and baby.jpg|175px]]
|''[[Macaca sylvanus]]''
| [[Algeria]], [[Marocum]], [[Gibraltaria]]
| In periculum addicta
|-
! rowspan=&quot;11&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|Grex ''Macacae nemestrinae''
|[[Fasciculus:Lion-tailed macaque canine.jpg|175px]]
| ''[[Macaca silenus]]''
| Occidentales [[ghat]] Indiae Meridianae 
| In periculum addicta
|-
|[[Fasciculus:Cercopithecidae - Macaca nemastrina.jpg|175px]]
|''[[Macaca nemestrina]]''
| [[Thailandia]] meridiana, [[Malaesia]], [[Indonesia]]
| Vulnerabilis
|-
|[[Fasciculus:Macaca leonina mother with baby - Khao Yai.jpg|175px]]
| ''[[Macaca leonina]]''
| [[Bangladesia]], [[Cambodia]], [[Sina]], [[India]], [[Laotia]], [[Birmania]], [[Thailandia]], [[Vietnamia]]
| Vulnerabilis
|-
|[[Fasciculus:Beruk Mentawai Macaca pagensis.JPG|175px]]
|''[[Macaca pagensis]]''
| [[Sumatra]]
| In periculum critice addicta
|-
|
| ''[[Macaca siberu]]''
| [[Siberut]] [[insula]] in [[Indonesia]]
| Vulnerabilis
|-
|[[Fasciculus:Mâle macaque maure (Macaca maura).jpg|175px]]
| ''[[Macaca maura]]''
| [[Celebis]] in [[Indonesia]] 
| In periculum addicta
|-
|
| ''[[Macaca ochreata]]''
| Celebis insula Indonesiae
| Vulnerabilis
|-
|[[Fasciculus:Macaca tonkeana groupe.jpg|175px]]
| ''[[Macaca tonkeana]]''
| Celebis media et insulae Togianae proximae in Indonesia
| Vulnerabilis
|-
|
| ''[[Macaca hecki]]''
| Celebis in Indonesia
| Vulnerabilis
|-
| [[Fasciculus:Macaca nigra in captivity Tandurusa Zoo.JPG|175px]]
| ''[[Macaca nigrescens]]''
| Celebis in Indonesia
| Vunerabilis
|-
|[[Fasciculus:Kuifmakaak (8721744168).jpg|175px]]
| ''[[Macaca nigra]]''
| Celebis et Bacan in Indonesia
| In periculum critice addicta
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|Grex ''Macacae fascicularis''
|[[Fasciculus:Ngarai Sianok sumatran monkey.jpg|175px]]
| ''[[Macaca fascicularis]]''
| [[Asia Meridio-Orientalis]]
| Minimae curae
|-
|[[Fasciculus:Stump tailed Macaque P1130751 24.jpg|175px]]
| ''[[Macaca arctoides]]''
| [[Sina]] meridiana, [[India]], [[Malaesia]], [[Birmania]], [[Thailandia]], [[Laotia]], [[Cambodia]], [[Vietnamia]]
| Vulnerabilis
|-
! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|Grex ''Macacae mulattae''
|[[Fasciculus:Rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta mulatta) female.jpg|175px]]
| ''[[Macaca mulatta]]''
| [[Asia]] meridiana, media, meridio-orientalis
| Minimae curae
|-
|[[Fasciculus:Formosan macaque.jpg|175px]]
| ''[[Macaca cyclopis]]''
| [[Taivania]]
| Minimae curae&lt;br /&gt;
|-
|[[Fasciculus:Snow Monkeys.jpg|175px]]
| ''[[Macaca fuscata]]''
| [[Iaponia]]
| Minimae curae
|-
! rowspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|Grex ''Macacae sinicae''
|[[Fasciculus:Macaca sinica - 01.jpg|175px]]
| ''[[Macaca sinica]]''
| [[Srilanca]]
| In periculum addicta
|-
|[[Fasciculus:Bonnet Macaque - From Kerala.jpg|175px]]
| ''[[Macaca radiata]]''
| [[India]]
| Minimae curae
|-
|[[Fasciculus:Assam-Makak 1670-2.jpg|175px]]
| ''[[Macaca assamensis]]''
| [[Bhutania]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Assamia]], [[Manipur]], [[Meghalaya]], [[Mizoram]], [[Nagalandia]], [[Sikkim]], et [[Tripura]] in [[India]] septentrionali et orientali ad [[Myanmar]] septentrionalem et [[Sina]]m
| Near Threatened
|-
|[[Fasciculus:Male Tibetan Macaque.jpg|175px]]
|  ''[[Macaca thibetana]]''
| A [[Tibetum|Tibeto]] orientali ac [[Guangdong]] et ad septentriones ad [[Shaanx]]i in Sinis
| Paene in minas addicta
|-
|[[Fasciculus:Arunachal macaque from Bugun and Shertukpen forests around Eaglenest WLS.JPG|175px]]
| ''[[Macaca munzala]]''
| [[Arunachal Pradesh]] in India septentrione et orientali
| In periculum addicta
|-
|[[Fasciculus:Macaca leucogenys female.jpg|175px]]
| ''[[Macaca leucogenys]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|journal=American Journal of Primatology|title=White-cheeked macaque (Macaca leucogenys): A new macaque species from Modog, southeastern Tibet|last1=Li|first1=C.|last2=Zhao|first2=C.|last3=Fan|first3=P.|doi=10.1002/ajp.22394|date=25 Mar 2015|volume=77|issue=7|pages=753–766|pmid=25809642}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Tibetum]] meridianum et orientale et [[Arunachal Pradesh]] in India septentrione et orientali
| Ignota
|-
|}

== Species praehistoricae ==
Saltem quinque species [[praehistoria|praehistoricae]] [[fossile|fossilibus]] agnoscuntur.
* ''[[Macaca anderssoni]]'' &lt;small&gt;Schlosser, 1924&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Macaca jiangchuanensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;Pan et al., 1992.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
 | last = Hartwig | first = Walter Carl
 | title = The primate fossil record | page = 273
 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 2002
 | isbn = 978-0-521-66315-1
 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Ezm1OA_s6isC&amp;pg=PA273 
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''[[Macaca libyca]]'' &lt;small&gt;Stromer, 1920&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Macaca majori]]'' &lt;small&gt;Schaub &amp; Azzaroli in Comaschi Caria, 1969&lt;/small&gt; (aliquando in ''Macaca sylvanus'' digesta)
* ''[[Macaca florentina]]'' &lt;small&gt;Cocchi, 1872&lt;/small&gt;

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Macaca arctoides.png|''Macaca arctoides''
Fasciculus:Jigokudani hotspring in Nagano Japan 001.jpg|''Macaca fuscata'' in [[Iaponia]]
Fasciculus:Macaca nemestrina.jpg|''Macaca nemestrina''
Fasciculus:Crested Black Macaque (Macaca nigra).jpg|''Macaca nigra''
Fasciculus:Macaca_fuscata.jpg|''Macaca fuscata'' in [[Iaponia]]
Fasciculus:Macaques_in_Sagano.jpg|''Macaca fuscata'' in [[Sagano]]
Fasciculus:Macaca sinica aurifrons - Wetzone subspecies.jpg|''Macaca sinica'' in [[Srilanca]]
Fasciculus:Happy Long Tailed Macaques At Pantai Kelanang Beach, Malaysia 02.jpg|Macacae in [[Malaesia]]
Fasciculus:Macaque showing the middle finger.jpg|Macaca [[digitus|digitum]] medium monstrat in [[Indonesia]]
&lt;/gallery&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Georgius Felix Allen]]
* ''[[Papio]]''

== Notae ==
[[Fasciculus:Monkey Kai Bae.jpg|thumb|''Macaca fascicularis'' in [[scooter]] ad [[Ko Chang]] [[Thailandia]]e.]]
[[Fasciculus:Macaque monkey's premotor areas.jpg|thumb|[[Cortex praemotoricus]] macacarum late investigatur.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal | last1 = Boussaoud | first1 = D. | last2 = Tanné-Gariépy | first2 = J. | last3 = Wannier | first3 = T. | last4 = Rouiller | first4 = E. M. | title = Callosal connections of dorsal versus ventral premotor areas in the macaque monkey: A multiple retrograde tracing study | journal = BMC Neuroscience | volume = 6 | page = 67 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2202-6-67 | year = 2005 | pmid =  16309550| pmc =1314896 }}.&lt;/ref&gt;]]
&lt;references/&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Bourne, Geoffrey H., ed. [[1975]]. ''The Rhesus monkey.'' 2 vol. Novi Eboraci: Academic Press. ISBN 0121193012 (v. 1), ISBN 0121193020 (v. 2).
* Heltne, Paul G., ed. [[1985]]. ''The Lion-tailed macaque: status and conservation.'' Novi Eboraci: New York : A.R. Liss. ISBN 084513406X.
* Nakagawa, Naofumi, Masayuki Nakamichi, et Hideki Sugiura, eds. [[2010]]. ''The Japanese macaques.'' Tocione et Novi Eboraci: Springer. ISBN 9784431538851, ISBN 4431538852, ISBN 9784431538868 (e-ISBN), ISBN 4431538860 (e-ISBN).
* Thierry, Bernard, Mewa Singh, et Werner Kaummanns, eds. [[2004]]. ''Macaque societies: a model for the study of social organization.'' Cantabrigiae et Novi Eboraci: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521818478.

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Macaca|''Macacam''}}
{{Wikispecies|Macaca|''Macacam''}}
{{Fontes biologici}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130219164051/http://brainmaps.org/index.php?p=speciesdata&amp;species=macaca-mulatta ''Macaque Monkey Brain Atlas.'']
* [http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/factsheets/links/macaca ''Macaca.''] Primate Info Net.
{{Myrias|Biologia}}

[[Categoria:Macaca| ]]
[[Categoria:Genera animalium]]
[[Categoria:Papionini]]
[[Categoria:Taxa Lacépède]]
[[Categoria:Taxa 1799]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Keiko Fujimori</title>
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        <id>18316</id>
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      <comment>de die ubi praesem Peruviae electa</comment>
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      <text bytes="725" sha1="hut50ngyqkmpv96vcqm5b2an51l74r8" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
'''Keiko Fujimori''', plene ''Keiko Sofía Fujimori Higuchi'' (natus [[Lima]]e in urbe Peruviana die [[25 Maii]] [[1975]]) est [[politica]] [[Peruvia]]na et die [[3 Iulii]] [[2026]], prima [[mulier]] quae [[praeses]] [[civitas|civitatis]] electa est. Die [[28 Iulii]] [[2026]] inaugurabitur.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Alberto Fujimori]] (pater)

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Keiko Fujimori}}
* {{CIDOB|https://www.cidob.org/biografias_lideres_politicos/america_del_sur/peru/keiko_fujimori_higuchi|Keiko Fujimori Higuchi}}
* [https://historia-biografia.com/keiko-fujimori/ Historia-biografia.com]

{{Lifetime|1975||Fujimori, Keiko}}

[[Categoria:Politici internationales]]
[[Categoria:Politici Peruviae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mahometus Ionas</title>
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      <text bytes="3743" sha1="pg0rku1utqkk81345p3cxydt6i9ln65" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Yunus-2.jpg|thumb|Mahometus Yunus (2006).]]
'''Mahometus Ionas''' ([[Bengalice]] মুহাম্মদ ইউনুস Muhāmmad Iunus; natus die [[28 Iunii]] [[1940]] [[Chittagongum|Chittagongi]]) est [[oeconomica]]e peritus [[Bengala|Bengalicus]]. [[Grameen Argentaria|Grameen Bank]] (&quot;argentaria pagana&quot;), quae aliter ac aliae [[argentaria]]e minimam pecuniam (&quot;minimam fidem&quot;) et hominibus [[paupertas|pauperrimis]] dat, condidit gubernavitque. Anno [[1998]] [[Praemium principum Asturiarum#Concordia|Praemium principum Asturiarum de pace]] et anno [[2006]] [[Praemium Nobelianum pacis|Praemio Nobeliano pacis]] cum Grameen Argentaria ornatus est. Alumus [[Universitas Daccaensis|Universitatis Daccaeensis]] fuit.

Die [[8 Augusti]] [[2024]], Ionas [[primus minister]] [[Bengalia]]e factus est post abdicationem [[Sheikh Hasina]], ratione [[concursus populi]] contra rectionem.
== Opera ==
*Yunus, Muhammad (1974). Three Farmers of Jobra. Department of Economics, Chittagong University.
*—— (1976). Planning in Bangladesh: Format, Technique, and Priority, and Other Essays; Rural Studies Project, Department of Economics. Chittagong University.
*——; Isalama, Saiyada Manajurula; Rahman, Arifa (1991). Jorimon and Others: Faces of Poverty. Grameen Bank.
*—— (1994). Grameen Bank, as I See it. Grameen Bank.
*—— (1999). Banker to the Poor: Micro-Lending and the Battle Against World Poverty. Novi Eboraci: PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1-58648-198-8.
*—— (2007). Creating a World without Poverty: Social Business and the Future of Capitalism. Novi Eboraci: PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1-58648-493-4.
*—— (2010). Building Social Business: The New Kind of Capitalism that Serves Humanity's Most Pressing Needs. Novi Eboraci: Public Affairs. ISBN 978-1-58648-824-6.
*Yunus, Muhammad, Moingeon, Bertrand and Laurence Lehmann-Ortega (2010), &quot;Building Social Business Models: Lessons from the Grameen Experience&quot;, April–June, vol 43, num 2–3, Long Range Planning, pp. 308–325
*—— (2017). A World of Three Zeroes: the new economics of zero poverty, zero unemployment, and zero carbon emissions. Scribe Publications.

== Bibliographia ==
*Bornstein, David (1996). [https://archive.org/details/priceofdreamstor00born_0 The Price of a Dream: The Story of the Grameen Bank and the Idea that is Helping the Poor to Change Their Lives]. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN 978-0-684-81191-8. - Visum die 20-07-2021
*Kallol, Asif Showkat (1 Novembris 2013). [https://web.archive.org/web/20161220172725/http://archive.dhakatribune.com/banks/2013/nov/01/women-directors-vow-stop-gb-law &quot;Female directors vow to stop GB law&quot;]. Dhaka Tribune. - Visum die 20-07-2021.
*Pakiam, Ranjeetha; Mehrotra, Kartikay (6 Novembris 2013). [https://web.archive.org/web/20131229070315/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-11-06/yunus-sees-new-law-spelling-beginning-of-the-end-for-grameen.html &quot;Yunus Sees New Law Spelling Beginning of the End for Grameen&quot;]. Bloomberg Businessweek. - Visum die 20-07-2021.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20161220143357/http://print.thefinancialexpress-bd.com/2013/11/14/4008 &quot;Yunus not enjoying respect he deserves&quot;]. The Financial Express. Dhaka. 14 November 2013. - Visum die 20-07-2021.

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://www.muhammadyunus.org/ Situs publicus]
* [https://www.grameen-info.org/grameen-founder-muhammad-yunus/ Mahometus Yunus vita] apud Grameen Bank
* [https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2006/yunus/facts/ Mahometus Yunus] in situ Nobelprize.org: lectio diei 10 Decembris 2006

{{bio-stipula}}

{{Lifetime|1940||Yunus, Muhammad}}
[[Categoria:Viri]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Bangladeshae]]
[[Categoria:Praemium Nobelianum Pacis]]
[[Categoria:Philanthropi]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Daccaensis]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Phoenix (Ilias)</title>
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      <text bytes="3697" sha1="1fpj51okh5ssqscw9yjyyj8p0afywfp" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Briseis Phoinix Louvre G152.jpg|thumb|[[Briseis]] et Phoenix in calice antiquo.]]
'''Phoenix''' in ''[[Ilias|Iliade]]'' est vivendi et dicendi praeceptor, quem [[Peleus]] filio [[Achilles|Achilli]] dedit atque adhuc adulescentis comitem iam seniorem ad [[Bellum Troianum|bellum Troianum]] cum eo misit.&lt;ref&gt;''Ilias'' IX.438-444.&lt;/ref&gt; Phoenix, [[Amyntor]]is filius, paternam iram fugiens in [[Phthia|Phtiam]] ad Peleum veneratː nam matri [[mos|morem]] gerens cum patris paelice concubuerat.&lt;ref&gt;''Ilias'' IX.447-465.&lt;/ref&gt; Peleus eum ut filium dilexit et [[Dolopes|Dolopibus]]&lt;ref&gt;''Ilias'' IX.484. [[Strabo]] IX.5.5.&lt;/ref&gt; praefecit. At Amyntoris imprecationibus obtemperantes dei liberos gignere Phoenicem vetuere.&lt;ref&gt;''Ilias'' IX.453-7.&lt;/ref&gt; Itaque Phoenix Achillem et unice dilexit et [[educatio|erudit]].&lt;ref&gt;''Ilias'' IX.485-495.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Carmen|Carmine]] nono, Achaei legationem ad Achillem [[Agamemnon|Agamemnoni]] iratum et pugnam recusantem mittunt. Tum a [[Nestor|Nestore]] delectus, Phoenix [[Ulixes|Ulixem]] et [[Aiax maior|Aiacem]] in tentorium Achillis ducit. Postquam Ulixis verba Achilles aspernatus est, Phoenix longam [[oratio]]nem habuit, qua alumno suo persuaderet ut dimissa ira cum Achaeis adversus Troianos rursus pugnare vellet.

Secundum [[mythus|fabulam]] ''Iliade'' posteriorem Phoenix a patre excaecatus quod hortante matre constuprasset concubinam paternam a [[Chiron|Chirone]] apud Peleum sanatus est.&lt;ref&gt;[[Apollodori bibliotheca]] III.13.8. [[Propertius]] II.1.60. [[Ovidius]], ''Ibis'' 259-260.&lt;/ref&gt; Quae fabula argumentum [[Phoenix (Euripides)|tragoediae Euripideae]] hodie deperditae praebuit. Secundum [[Ovidius|Ovidium]]&lt;ref&gt;''[[Metamorphoses (Ovidius)|Metamorphoses]]'' VIII.307&lt;/ref&gt; et [[Hyginus mythographus|Hyginum]],&lt;ref&gt;''Fabulae'' 173&lt;/ref&gt; Phoenix [[Aper Calydonius|apri Calydonii]] [[venatio]]ni interfuit. Secundum ''[[Apollodori bibliotheca|Apollodori bibliothecam]],''&lt;ref&gt;''Epitome'' VI.12.&lt;/ref&gt; cum in [[Graecia]]m una cum [[Neoptolemus|Neoptolemo]] rediret in itinere obiit.

Asteroides [[4543 Phoinix]] in eius honorem nominatur.

== Notae ==
[[Fasciculus:Akhilleus embassy Staatliche Antikensammlungen 8770- cropped white balanced glare reduced.png|thumb|Sinistra parte stat Phoenix pone Ulixem sedentem. Ex altera parte Achilles et Patroclus. Hydria antiqua ex carmine nono ''Iliadis'' picta.]]
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes ==
* [[Apollodori bibliotheca]] III.13.8.
* ''[[Aeneis]]'' II.762
* [[Cicero]], ''[[De oratore|de Oratore]]'' III.57
* [[Hyginus mythographus|Hyginus]], ''Fabulae'', 97, 173.
* ''[[Ilias]]'' IX.168 et 430-605 et 658-662 ; XVI.196 ; XXIII.359-361
* [[Plato]], ''[[Politia (Plato)|Politia]]'' 390e.
* [[Propertius]], ''[[Elegiae (Propertius)|Elegiae]]'' II.1.60
* [[Strabo]] libro nono ''[[Geographica (Strabo)|Geographicorum]]'' 5.5, 5.11, 5.18.
* [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Epistulae'' III.13.2
* [[Xenophon]], ''[[Convivium (Xenophon)|Convivium]]'' 23.

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Danièle Aubriot, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/bude_1247-6862_1984_num_43_4_1677 Remarques sur le personnage de Phénix au chant IX de l'« Iliade »]&quot;, ''Bulletin de l'Association Guillaume Budé'', 1984ː 339-362
**&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/bude_0004-5527_1985_num_1_3_1267 Remarques sur le chant IX de l'Iliade]&quot;,  ''Bulletin de l'Association Guillaume Budé'', 1985ː 257-279
**	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/reg_0035-2039_1984_num_97_460_1369 Les Litai d'Homère et la Dikè d'Hésiode]&quot;, ''Revue des Études Grecques'', 1984ː 1-25
*Judith A. Rosner, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1087169 The Speech of Phoenix: Iliad 9.434–605]&quot;, ''Phoenix'', 1976ː 314–327.
[[Categoria:Personae Iliadis]]</text>
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    <title>Torsten Haß</title>
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{{Pagina non annexa}}
'''Torsten Hass''' (natus die [[21 Novembris]] [[1970]]), etiam '''Kim Godal''' notus, poeta, fabulator, scriptor et bibliothecarius est.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title= DNB |url=http://d-nb.info/gnd/1145989268 |website=Katalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek, Ergebnis der Suche nach: nid=1145989268 |publisher=DNB |access-date=13.11.2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Exempli gratia, scripsit ''Bibliotheken für Dummies''. Liber in MMXIX editus est. Fere 60,000 libri a fine 2020 petiti sunt.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=Bibliotheken für Dummies als pdf-E-Book |journal=BuB |date=2020 |volume=72 |issue=11 |page=611 |url=https://b-u-b.de/wp-content/uploads/2020-11.pdf |access-date=15.11.2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Liber plures recensiones recepit&lt;ref name=&quot;Zeller&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Zeller |first1=Gabriele |title=Bibliotheken für Dummies |journal=ub info (Universitas Eberhardina Carolina) |date=2019 |issue=11 |page=13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=König |first1=Elena |title=Bibliotheken für Dummies|journal=Spektrum (Universitas Ludvigshafensis) |date=2019 |issue=11 |page=39 |url=https://www.hwg-lu.de/fileadmin/user_upload/epaper/spektrum31/#0 |access-date=13.11.2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; et in multis universitatibus adhibetur. Exempla:
''Bibliotheca [[Universitas Eberhardina Carolina|Universitatis Tubingensis]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Zeller&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Zeller |first=Gabriele |title=Arbeitgebermarke Bibliothek mit k(l)einem Budget |publisher=Spatz |date=2021 |pages=2 |isbn= 9798721527586}}&lt;/ref&gt;,
''Bibliotheca Universitatis [[Baucum (Germania)|Baucumensis]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Theile |first=Monika |title=Arbeitgebermarke Bibliothek mit k(l)einem Budget |publisher=Spatz |date=2021 |pages=2 |isbn= 9798721527586}}&lt;/ref&gt;,
''Bibliotheca Universitatis Technicae [[Bingium|Bingensis]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Die Bibliothek einfach erklärt |url=https://www.th-bingen.de/campus/aktuelles/artikel/die-bibliothek-einfach-erklaert/ |website=TH Bingen news |publisher= Universitas Bingensis |access-date=27.11.2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Libellum operae ==
=== Non-fictio ===
* ''[[Bibliotheca|Bibliotheken]] für Dummies'' (2019); cum [[Detlev-Schneider-Suderland]]
* ''Arbeitgebermarke [[Bibliotheca|Bibliothek]] mit k(l)einem Budget : eine Einführung mit Übungen'' (2021)
* ''Vahīṅ dekhiye : Festschrift für Hellmut Vogeler'' (1996); editor
* ''Das Ende der Gemütlichkeit : Entwurf eines Fundraising-Konzepts für kleinere und mittlere Wissenschaftliche [[Bibliotheca|Bibliotheken]] '' (2021)
* ''Dieses Buch ist für die Tonne : Einführung in den [[Cynismus|klassischen Zynismus (Kynismus)]]'' (2020); cum [[Maximilian Spannbrucker]]
* ''Wohnriester und Erbbau : ein aktuelles Fallbeispiel'' (2021)
=== Fictio ===
==== Mythistoria ====
* ''Das Kartenhaus : ein Betrugs-Roman'' (2002&lt;ref name=&quot;chrono&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Godal |first1=Kim |title=Morddeich |publisher=Spatz |date=2021 |pages=133–134 (chronologia librorum) |isbn=979-8746727725}}&lt;/ref&gt;)
* ''Der König des Schreckens : ein [[Sancta Sedes|Vatikan]]-Krimi'' (2013&lt;ref name=&quot;chrono&quot; /&gt;)
* ''Männchensache : Rechtsfälle zur Vorbereitung im Geschlechterkampf – Roman'' (2009&lt;ref name=&quot;chrono&quot; /&gt;)
* ''Morddeich : und andere Kurzprosa'' (2021)
* ''Die Schwarze Zeit : ein [[Medium aevum|Mittelalter]]-Roman'' (2006&lt;ref name=&quot;chrono&quot; /&gt;)
* ''Die Schwarze Zeit II : Aphrodites Puppen – Roman'' (2007&lt;ref name=&quot;chrono&quot; /&gt;)
* ''Die Schwarze Zeit III : Metathronos – Roman'' (2008&lt;ref name=&quot;chrono&quot; /&gt;)
* ''Die Schwarze Zeit IV : Agonie – Roman'' (2009&lt;ref name=&quot;chrono&quot; /&gt;)
* ''Die Schwarze Zeit V : Staub – Roman'' (2010&lt;ref name=&quot;chrono&quot; /&gt;)
* ''Die Schwarze Zeit VI : Terra re-mota – Roman'' (2011&lt;ref name=&quot;chrono&quot; /&gt;)
* ''Totenmelodie : ein Kurpfalz-Krimi'' (2017&lt;ref name=&quot;chrono&quot; /&gt;)
* ''Totenquintett : ein Kurpfalz-Krimi'' (2018&lt;ref name=&quot;chrono&quot; /&gt;)
* ''Totentraum : ein Kurpfalz-Krimi'' (2019&lt;ref name=&quot;chrono&quot; /&gt;)
==== Drama ====
* ''En Nuit : Dramolett'' (2021)
* ''Omega oder Das Hochzeitsmahl : Drama'' (2020&lt;ref name=&quot;chrono&quot; /&gt;)
* ''Die Staatsschuld – In a State of Bonds : Drama'' (2003&lt;ref name=&quot;chrono&quot; /&gt;)
==== Poesis ====
* ''Das Christkind taumelt betrunken im Wald, der [[Pater Natalis|Weihnachtsmann]] torkelt nicht minder : [[Hiems|Winter-]] und [[Dies Natalis Christi|Weihnachts]]-Gedichte'' (2020)
* ''Es wiehert der Gaul, es graset das Pferd. Es machte auch nichts, wär’s mal umgekehrt : [[Amor|Liebes]]-Gedichte und andere'' (2020)
== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;
== Nexus externi ==
* [https://kvk.bibliothek.kit.edu/hylib-bin/kvk/nph-kvk2.cgi?maske=kvk-redesign&amp;lang=en&amp;title=KIT-Bibliothek%3A+Karlsruher+Virtueller+Katalog+KVK+%3A+Ergebnisanzeige&amp;head=%2F%2Fkvk.bibliothek.kit.edu%2Fasset%2Fhtml%2Fhead.html&amp;header=%2F%2Fkvk.bibliothek.kit.edu%2Fasset%2Fhtml%2Fheader.html&amp;spacer=%2F%2Fkvk.bibliothek.kit.edu%2Fasset%2Fhtml%2Fspacer.html&amp;footer=%2F%2Fkvk.bibliothek.kit.edu%2Fasset%2Fhtml%2Ffooter.html&amp;css=none&amp;input-charset=utf-8&amp;ALL=&amp;TI=&amp;AU=ha%C3%9F%2C+torsten&amp;CI=&amp;ST=&amp;PY=&amp;SB=&amp;SS=&amp;PU=&amp;kataloge=K10PLUS&amp;kataloge=BVB&amp;kataloge=NRW&amp;kataloge=HEBIS&amp;kataloge=HEBIS_RETRO&amp;kataloge=KOBV_SOLR&amp;kataloge=DDB&amp;kataloge=STABI_BERLIN&amp;OESTERREICH=&amp;kataloge=BIBOPAC&amp;kataloge=LBOE&amp;kataloge=OENB&amp;SCHWEIZ=&amp;kataloge=SWISSCOVERY&amp;kataloge=HELVETICAT&amp;kataloge=ALEXANDRIA&amp;kataloge=CHZK_VAUD&amp;kataloge=CHZK_SBT&amp;kataloge=VKCH_RERO&amp;kataloge=WORLDCAT&amp;ref=direct&amp;client-js=yes Catalogus interretialis KVK] ([[Germania]], [[Austria]], [[Helvetia]], [[WorldCat]]): Torsten Haß
* [https://kvk.bibliothek.kit.edu/hylib-bin/kvk/nph-kvk2.cgi?maske=kvk-redesign&amp;lang=en&amp;title=KIT-Bibliothek%3A+Karlsruher+Virtueller+Katalog+KVK+%3A+Ergebnisanzeige&amp;head=%2F%2Fkvk.bibliothek.kit.edu%2Fasset%2Fhtml%2Fhead.html&amp;header=%2F%2Fkvk.bibliothek.kit.edu%2Fasset%2Fhtml%2Fheader.html&amp;spacer=%2F%2Fkvk.bibliothek.kit.edu%2Fasset%2Fhtml%2Fspacer.html&amp;footer=%2F%2Fkvk.bibliothek.kit.edu%2Fasset%2Fhtml%2Ffooter.html&amp;css=none&amp;input-charset=utf-8&amp;ALL=&amp;TI=&amp;AU=godal%2C+kim&amp;CI=&amp;ST=&amp;PY=&amp;SB=&amp;SS=&amp;PU=&amp;kataloge=K10PLUS&amp;kataloge=BVB&amp;kataloge=NRW&amp;kataloge=HEBIS&amp;kataloge=HEBIS_RETRO&amp;kataloge=KOBV_SOLR&amp;kataloge=DDB&amp;kataloge=STABI_BERLIN&amp;kataloge=BIBOPAC&amp;kataloge=LBOE&amp;kataloge=OENB&amp;kataloge=SWISSCOVERY&amp;kataloge=HELVETICAT&amp;kataloge=ALEXANDRIA&amp;kataloge=CHZK_VAUD&amp;kataloge=CHZK_SBT&amp;kataloge=VKCH_RERO&amp;kataloge=WORLDCAT&amp;ref=direct&amp;client-js=yes Catalogus interretialis KVK] ([[Germania]], [[Austria]], [[Helvetia]], [[WorldCat]]): Kim Godal
{{Lifetime|1970||Hass, Torsten}}

[[Categoria:Auctores Theodisci]]
[[Categoria:Poetae Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores scaenici]]</text>
      <sha1>f6f9cksa5l8lzbd6edyjm70uo111bbj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sepulcretum Ilmenaviae</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>305982</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3970037</id>
      <parentid>3755995</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-05T05:20:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rei Momo</username>
        <id>58149</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3970037</origin>
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      <text bytes="3853" sha1="tck2l4isem6fsl5lllsklywqo4mlggj" xml:space="preserve">[[file:Kreuzkirche Ilmenau2.JPG|thumb|Fanum Sanctae Crucis]]
[[File:Ilmenau-kolumbarium-2013.JPG|thumb|Aula funeris, nunc columbarium]]
'''Sepulcretum Ilmenaviae''' (Theodisce: ''Friedhof von Ilmenau'') invenitur [[Ilmenavia]]e in [[Germania]] inter septentrionem et occidentem se vertens non iam media in urbe, inter Viam Erfordiensem et vallem torrentis Rottenbach. Municipale est, non ecclesiasticum. Ilmvenia amplificata ne oblivisceris vicos multos hodie ad urbem spectantes, qui etiam coemeteria sua colunt. Haud procul est catholicum fanum [[ecclesia Sancti Iosephi (Ilmenavia)|Sancti Iosephi]]. 
==Historia== 
Ex anno 1633 in situ sepulcretum esse constat; antea autem circa [[ecclesia Sancti Iacobi (Ilmenavia)|
ecclesiam Sancti Iacobi]] sepulturae factae erant. Divisum est in partes duas, quarum antica historica est, postica autem recentior. In prima parte habent cippos suos non pauci illustres personae: histrio [[Corona Schröter]], scriptor [[Fridericus Hofmann]], metallorum consiliarius [[Ioannes Carolus Gulielmus Voigt]], institor [[Gustavus Ricardus Fischer]], politicus [[Albertus Pulvers]] et alii. Tumbae nonnullae lapideae (nonnumquam cum [[urna|urnis]] pulchre ornatis) saeculo XVII ita affabre factae sunt, ut eas artificia vera habere liceat.

Fanum Sanctae Crucis anno 1852 erectum est, aedificium scissile quoddam, quod homines nostris diebus in caeremoniis exsequiarum aut in concentibus faciendis utuntur. Antecedentes aedes autem iam ex anno 1630 ibi stabant. Oratorium istud incendio anno 1752 saeviente novem ferme annos partes ecclesiae parochialis agebat. 

Aula vetus caerimonialis fano Sanctae Crucis contigua anno 1836 constructa est genere classico [[ioannes Christianus Hertzer|Ioanne Christiano Hertzer]] moderante: in principio non solum cadavera ibi deposita sunt respective [[requiem|missae funebres]] celebratae sunt sed ipse vespillo ibidem habitavit. Post amplificationes (e.g. anno 1922 a septentrione [[ustrina]] addita est) non iam suo officio patuit unde anno 1995 muri eius evanuerunt. Aula festiva autem, cuius demolitio iam in animo fuerat, anno 1999 salvari potuit. Ex anno 2012 [[columbarium (sepultura)|columbarium]] ibi institutum est. 

In coemeterio insuper arbor commemorativa et monumentum  memoriam operariorum ex Unione Sovietica et [[Polonia]] oriundorum qui [[germania nazistica|secundo bello pancosmico]] inhumanis sub condicionibus laborare coacti sunt. Militibus plura monumenta dedicata sunt.

==Quadrivium ad puteum ==
Trans sepulcretum semitae viatorum duae ducuntur, Goethiana et [[a Bachio ad Goethium]], praeter [[Puteus Goetheanus|Puteum Goetheanum]] quod testimonium grave motionis [[Bauhaus]] est.

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Grab Bayer Ilmenau.JPG|dominus Bayer, gymnasii Goethiani conditor 
File:Grab Robert Döpel Ilmenau.JPG|[[Robertus Döpel]], physicus atomicus
File:Familiengrab Fischer Ilmenau.JPG|[[Gustavus Ricardus Fischer]], cui fabrica Fischerhütte erat
File:Grab Johann Gottfried Leffler Ilmenau.JPG|[[Ioannes Godofredus Leffler]]
File:Corona Schröter Grab.JPG|Corona Schröter, histrio et cantatrix
File:Grab Voigt Ilmenau.JPG|[[Ioannes Carolus Gulielmus Voigt]], peritus metallorum et consiliarius
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Monumenta pro patria mortuis ===
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Kriegerdenkmal 1871 Ilmenau.JPG|belli inter Borussiam et Franciam acti, 1871
File:Kriegerdenkmal 1WK Ilmenau 2.JPG|[[Primum bellum mundanum|primi belli mundani]]
File:Kriegerdenkmal 2WK Ilmenau.JPG|[[Secundum bellum mundanum|secundi belli pancosmici]]
File:Kriegerdenkmal Sowjet Ilmenau 2.JPG|pro militibus [[unio Sovietica|Sovieticis]] 
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Ilmenauer Friedhof|Sepulcretum Ilmenaviae}}
*[https://www.bestattung-information.de/partner/zentrale-friedhofsverwaltung-ilmenau/ situs proprius]
[[categoria:Coemeteria|Ilmenavia]]
[[categoria:Ilmenavia]]</text>
      <sha1>tck2l4isem6fsl5lllsklywqo4mlggj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3970038</id>
      <parentid>3970037</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-05T05:20:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rei Momo</username>
        <id>58149</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Pinacotheca */</comment>
      <origin>3970038</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3853" sha1="00axxslezom53cp904w56h9z51s3r9d" xml:space="preserve">[[file:Kreuzkirche Ilmenau2.JPG|thumb|Fanum Sanctae Crucis]]
[[File:Ilmenau-kolumbarium-2013.JPG|thumb|Aula funeris, nunc columbarium]]
'''Sepulcretum Ilmenaviae''' (Theodisce: ''Friedhof von Ilmenau'') invenitur [[Ilmenavia]]e in [[Germania]] inter septentrionem et occidentem se vertens non iam media in urbe, inter Viam Erfordiensem et vallem torrentis Rottenbach. Municipale est, non ecclesiasticum. Ilmvenia amplificata ne oblivisceris vicos multos hodie ad urbem spectantes, qui etiam coemeteria sua colunt. Haud procul est catholicum fanum [[ecclesia Sancti Iosephi (Ilmenavia)|Sancti Iosephi]]. 
==Historia== 
Ex anno 1633 in situ sepulcretum esse constat; antea autem circa [[ecclesia Sancti Iacobi (Ilmenavia)|
ecclesiam Sancti Iacobi]] sepulturae factae erant. Divisum est in partes duas, quarum antica historica est, postica autem recentior. In prima parte habent cippos suos non pauci illustres personae: histrio [[Corona Schröter]], scriptor [[Fridericus Hofmann]], metallorum consiliarius [[Ioannes Carolus Gulielmus Voigt]], institor [[Gustavus Ricardus Fischer]], politicus [[Albertus Pulvers]] et alii. Tumbae nonnullae lapideae (nonnumquam cum [[urna|urnis]] pulchre ornatis) saeculo XVII ita affabre factae sunt, ut eas artificia vera habere liceat.

Fanum Sanctae Crucis anno 1852 erectum est, aedificium scissile quoddam, quod homines nostris diebus in caeremoniis exsequiarum aut in concentibus faciendis utuntur. Antecedentes aedes autem iam ex anno 1630 ibi stabant. Oratorium istud incendio anno 1752 saeviente novem ferme annos partes ecclesiae parochialis agebat. 

Aula vetus caerimonialis fano Sanctae Crucis contigua anno 1836 constructa est genere classico [[ioannes Christianus Hertzer|Ioanne Christiano Hertzer]] moderante: in principio non solum cadavera ibi deposita sunt respective [[requiem|missae funebres]] celebratae sunt sed ipse vespillo ibidem habitavit. Post amplificationes (e.g. anno 1922 a septentrione [[ustrina]] addita est) non iam suo officio patuit unde anno 1995 muri eius evanuerunt. Aula festiva autem, cuius demolitio iam in animo fuerat, anno 1999 salvari potuit. Ex anno 2012 [[columbarium (sepultura)|columbarium]] ibi institutum est. 

In coemeterio insuper arbor commemorativa et monumentum  memoriam operariorum ex Unione Sovietica et [[Polonia]] oriundorum qui [[germania nazistica|secundo bello pancosmico]] inhumanis sub condicionibus laborare coacti sunt. Militibus plura monumenta dedicata sunt.

==Quadrivium ad puteum ==
Trans sepulcretum semitae viatorum duae ducuntur, Goethiana et [[a Bachio ad Goethium]], praeter [[Puteus Goetheanus|Puteum Goetheanum]] quod testimonium grave motionis [[Bauhaus]] est.

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Grab Bayer Ilmenau.JPG|Dominus Bayer, gymnasii Goethiani conditor 
File:Grab Robert Döpel Ilmenau.JPG|[[Robertus Döpel]], physicus atomicus
File:Familiengrab Fischer Ilmenau.JPG|[[Gustavus Ricardus Fischer]], cui fabrica Fischerhütte erat
File:Grab Johann Gottfried Leffler Ilmenau.JPG|[[Ioannes Godofredus Leffler]]
File:Corona Schröter Grab.JPG|Corona Schröter, histrio et cantatrix
File:Grab Voigt Ilmenau.JPG|[[Ioannes Carolus Gulielmus Voigt]], peritus metallorum et consiliarius
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Monumenta pro patria mortuis ===
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Kriegerdenkmal 1871 Ilmenau.JPG|belli inter Borussiam et Franciam acti, 1871
File:Kriegerdenkmal 1WK Ilmenau 2.JPG|[[Primum bellum mundanum|primi belli mundani]]
File:Kriegerdenkmal 2WK Ilmenau.JPG|[[Secundum bellum mundanum|secundi belli pancosmici]]
File:Kriegerdenkmal Sowjet Ilmenau 2.JPG|pro militibus [[unio Sovietica|Sovieticis]] 
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Ilmenauer Friedhof|Sepulcretum Ilmenaviae}}
*[https://www.bestattung-information.de/partner/zentrale-friedhofsverwaltung-ilmenau/ situs proprius]
[[categoria:Coemeteria|Ilmenavia]]
[[categoria:Ilmenavia]]</text>
      <sha1>00axxslezom53cp904w56h9z51s3r9d</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Genshin Impact</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>311902</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3970079</id>
      <parentid>3969329</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-05T09:57:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-38301-74</username>
        <id>211774</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Snezhnaya */</comment>
      <origin>3970079</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="25192" sha1="okdujseze534y9o9twtqcgloaklihoa" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
{{Latinitas|-3}}
{{Capsa ludi electronici
	| Titulus = ''Genshin Impact''
	| Tituluslatinus = Impactus Allogenerum
	| Imago = Genshin Impact wordmark.svg
	| Auctor = [[HoYoverse]], sub [[miHoYo]]
	| Editor = [[miHoYo]]
	| Designator = [[miHoYo]]
	| Series = Impactus Honkai (extensus)
	| Motorium = [[miHoYo]]
	| Divulgatio = [[28 Septembris]] [[2020]]
	| Genus = Ludus personarum&lt;br&gt;Ludus mundi aperti
	| Modus = Lusor singularis
	| Systema = [[Microsoft Windows]]&lt;br&gt;[[PlayStation 4]]/5&lt;br&gt;[[Android]], [[iOS]]
	| Media = [[Corpus programmatum]]&lt;br&gt;cum [[Unitas|Unitate]]
	| Postulatio = 8 GB+ [[RAM]], 50 GB+ [[ROM]]
	| Gubernacula = [[Claviatura]], [[Mus (computatralis)|mus]]
}}

{{Ores|Genshin Impact}} (''Gen Shin'' est [[pronuntiatus]] [[Iaponia|Iaponicus]] locutionis [[Res publica popularis Sinarum|Sinicae]] 原神, ''Yuan Shen'', ubi ''Yuan'' 原 “primigenium” et ''Shen'' 神 “[[deus|deum]]” atque “[[potestas|potestatem]]” significant) est [[ars electrica|electronicus]] [[ludus personarum]] a [[miHoYo]] [[societas mercatoria|societate mercatoria]] anno [[2020]] editus. In Tiva agitur, [[mundus|mundo]] [[fictio|commenticio]] septem [[natio|nationes]] continente.

== Mechanici ==
Lusor per [[tabula geographica|tabulam geographicam]] atque quattuor personas {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Mundus patens|mundum patentem|en|qid=Q867123}} suo arbitrio explorare potest. Personis conceditur pugnare, labi, et natare. Lusori quidam quaestus complendus est dum eius persona opes, arma, artifactaque cumulat. In Fontana unā cum Statua Focaloris personae urinari possunt.

{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Septem Elementa in Tiva
! Capitulum !! Elementum !! Praefixum !! Natio !! Deus !! Sententia
|-
| Prologus || [[Aër]] || Anemo- || Monstadia || Barbatos || Mea [[libertas]], meus canor
|-
| 1 || [[Tellus (planeta)|Terra]] || Geo- || Ligua || Morax || Ruat [[caelum]], fiat pactum
|-
| 2 || [[Ambra|Electrum]] || Electro- || Inazuma || Beelzebul || Perpetua, perennis, impervia
|-
| 3 || [[Arbor]] || Dendro- || Sumeru || Buer || Sub floribus lumen sagacitatis
|-
| 4 || [[Aqua]] || Hydro- || Fontana || Focalor || Iustitia omnia vincit
|-
| 5 || [[Ignis]] || Pyro- || Natlan || Haborym || Surge, vir fortis, i natam victoriam
|-
| 6 || [[Glacies]] || Cryo- || Snezhnaya || ? || Ducam, regina mea gloria, haud pluribus impar
|-
| Epilogus || (Nullum) || (Nullum) || Caenria || (Nullus) || (Nulla)
|}

== Personae ==
Litterae typis gravibus quinque stellas (★★★★★) indicant.&lt;ref&gt;[https://wiki.hoyolab.com/pc/genshin/aggregate/character Per visionem.]&lt;/ref&gt;
In potentibus personae cum visione ascenditur Caenriae.

=== Protagonistae ===
Protagonistae ''Impactus Allogenerum'', '''Aether''' et '''Lumina''', Deae Incognitae (Asmodeo) obsistendo abhinc quingentos annos dirempti sunt; alter clausus est et potentia spoliatus, altera emissa Ordinem Abyssi ducit.

=== Monstadia ===
Monstadia ([[Theodisce]] ''Mondstadt'', Urbs Lunae) ex [[Europa]] [[Linguae Germanicae|Germanica]] oritur.
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Suis&amp;nbsp;linguis !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| '''Albedo'''&amp;nbsp;(''m''.,&amp;nbsp;''-inis'') || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Albedo || Terra || Gladius
| Homunculus, alchemista potissimus et capitaneus investigatorum Equitum Favonii.
|-
| Alicia || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Alice || Ignis || Catalysta
| Mater Cleae et prima maga Circuli.
|-
| Amata || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Amy / &lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Theodisca|de.]] Fischl von Luftschloß Narfidort || Electrum || Arcus
| Investigatrix in Collegio Adventorum, quae comitat Benedictum.
|-
| Amber&amp;nbsp;(''Ambris'') || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Amber || Ignis || Arcus
| Antecursatrix sola in Equitibus Favonii. Prima compania obtenta in hoc ludo.
|-
| Barbara || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Barbara Pegg || Aqua || Catalysta
| Diacona Ecclesiae Favonii et soror iunior Ioannae. Obtinetur post prologum.
|-
| Benedictus || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Bennett || Ignis || Gladius
| Orphanus inclusus Collegio Adventorum, quius fama infortunatissimus habetur; e Mari Iivari in Natlane deiectus.
|-
| '''Clea''' || [[Lingua Theodisca|de.]] Klee || Ignis || Catalysta
| Filia Aliciae, pyrobolatrix Equitum Favonii.
|-
| Dahlius || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Dahlia || Aqua || Lancea
| Diaconus Ecclesiae Favonii, qui amicitias inter Venti et Rosariam colit.
|-
| '''Dilux''' (''m''., ''-cis'') || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Diluc(ulum) [[Lingua Norvegica|no.]] Ragnvindr || Ignis || Gladius Maior
| Possessor Vinorum Aurorae. Legatus Caballarius Favonii ante Gaium fuit.
|-
| Diona || [[Lingua Theodisca|de.]] Diona Kätzlein || Glacies || Arcus
| Mixologista felina in Cauda Felis.
|-
| '''Durin''' (''-nis'') || [[Lingua Norvegica|no.]] Durin || Ignis || Gladius
| Draco ab Circulo Magarum creatus, cuius corpus homunculum ab Albedine confectum est.
|-
| '''Eula''' || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Eula Lawrence || Glacies || Gladius Maior
| Gladiatrix de Aristocratia Laurentia.
|-
| Gaius || [[Lingua Norvegica|no.]] Kaeya Alberich || Glacies || Gladius
| Gladiator et Legatus ex Caenrio. Secundo obtinetur.
|-
| '''Ioanna''' || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Jean&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Norvegica|no.]] Gunnhildr || Aër || Gladius
| Praefecta Equitum Favonii sub Varco et soror maior Barbarae.
|-
| Lisa || [[Lingua Italiana|it.]] Lisa Minci || Electrum || Catalysta
| Librariana Equitum Favonii atque genius Academiae Sumerianae. Tertio obtinetur.
|-
| Lonus || [[Lingua Theodisca|de.]] Lohen || Glacies || Lancea
| Vice-Legatus Quintus.
|-
| Michael (''-lis'') || [[Lingua Theodisca|de.]] Mika Schmidt || Glacies || Lancea
| Recognitor cartographicus Equitum Favonii.
|-
| '''Mona''' || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Mona Megistus || Aqua || Catalysta
| Maga astrologista et reportatrix Avis Vaporis.
|-
| Natalia || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Noëlle || Terra || Gladius Maior
| Servitrix Equitum Favonii, eques fieri cupiens.
|-
| Pruna || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Prune || Aër || Catalysta
| Puella magica quasi Clea, qui matrem Cleae Aliciam venatur.
|-
| Rasor (''-ris'') || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Razor || Electrum || Gladius Maior
| Puer a lupis alitus, a Lisa Minci et Varka adiutus.
|-
| Rosaria || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Rosaria || Glacies || Lancea
| Nonna ab Accumulatoribus Thesauricis rapta.
|-
| Saccharosa || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Sucrose || Aër || Catalysta
| Alchemista canina sub Albedine.
|-
| Varcus || [[Lingua Persica|fa.]] ورقه || Aër || Gladius Maior
| Capitanus Equitum Favonii, qui conquerebat in Ruina Hyperboreae.
|-
| '''Venti'''&amp;nbsp;(''-orum'')&lt;br&gt;sive '''Barbatos'''&amp;nbsp;(''-osis'') || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Venti || Aër || Arcus
| Deus ventorum.
|}

=== Ligua ===
Ligua&lt;ref&gt;Latinizatione confer [[Confucius]], [[Mencius]], [[Micius]].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Sinice]] {{Notulae|璃:Lí|月:yuè}}, Luna Lazuli) ex [[Sinae (regio)|Sinis]] oritur.
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Sinice !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| '''Baichu''' || {{Notulae|白: ㄅㄞ´|朮: ㄓㄨ´}} || Arbor || Catalysta || [[Medicus]] ex [[Pharmacopolium|Pharmacopolio]] impraedicibili.
|-
| Beido (''-us'') || {{Notulae|北: ㄅㄟˇ|斗: ㄉㄡˇ}} || Electrum || Gladius Maior || Capitanea Navium Liguae “Crucis” (Crux).
|-
| '''Capricorna''' || {{Notulae|甘:ㄍㄢ|雨: ㄩˇ}} || Glacies || Arcus || Secretaria semicapricorna, quae Septentrionem Liguae servit.
|-
| '''Chunglius'''&lt;br /&gt;sive '''Morax''' || {{Notulae|鍾:ㄓㄨㄥ|離: ㄌㄧˊ}} || Terra || Lancea || Deus terrae, notatus quam “Rex Lapis” sive “Deus Auri”.
|-
| Chungynus || {{Notulae|重: ㄔㄨㄥˊ|雲: ㄩㄣˊ}} || Glacies || Gladius Maior
| Exorcista spiritu positivo puro praeditus, exorcizans.
|-
| '''Cibea''' || {{Notulae|兹:ㄗ|白: ㄅㄞ´}} || Terra || Gladius || Angela quam Adepta equina, quae Lancanopolem antediluvianam dominabat.
|-
| '''Elena''' || {{Notulae|夜: ㄧㄝ`|蘭: ㄌㄢˊ}} || Aqua || Arcus
| Secretaria Lucis Condensae, senatrix prima de facto.
|-
| Gamingus || style=&quot;text-wrap: nowrap;&quot;|{{Notulae|葉:Yip6| |嘉:Ga1|明:ming4}} || Ignis || Gladius Maior
| Cursator leoninus e valle ''Ch'in-Yu''.
|-
| Hianglima || style=&quot;text-wrap: nowrap;&quot;|{{Notulae|卯: ㄇㄠˇ| |香:ㄒㄧㄤ|菱: ㄌㄧㄥˊ}} || Ignis || Lancea
| Coctrix in Popina Populi.
|-
| '''Hianyna''' || {{Notulae|閒: ㄒㄧㄢˊ|雲: ㄩㄣˊ}} || Aër || Catalysta || Adepta gruida “Retenatrix Nubis”.
|-
| '''Hiao''' || {{Notulae|魈:ㄒㄧㄠ}} || Aër || Lancea
| Iaxus solus, Liguam contra spiritus deosque malos tuens.
|-
| Hincius || {{Notulae|行: ㄒㄧㄥˊ|秋:ㄑㄧㄡ}} || Aqua || Gladius
| Filius secundus Mercatoris Nubis Volantis.
|-
| '''Hu Tao''' || {{Notulae|胡: ㄏㄨˊ| |桃: ㄊㄠˊ}} || Ignis || Lancea
| Funeratrix septuagesima septima in Ligua.
|-
| Iao-Iao || {{Notulae|瑤: ㄧㄠˊ|瑤: ㄧㄠˊ}} || Arbor || Lancea
| Discipula Adeptae e rure ''K'ing-ts'e''.
|-
| Ienfecia || {{Notulae|煙:ㄧㄢ|緋:ㄈㄟ}} || Ignis || Catalysta
| Legislatrix bicornis Liguae serviens.
|-
| Iun Cin || {{Notulae|雲: ㄩㄣˊ|堇: ㄐㄧㄣˇ}} || Terra || Lancea
| Saltatrix famosa in Ligua.
|-
| '''Kecima''' || {{Notulae|刻: ㄎㄜˋ|晴: ㄑㄧㄥˊ}} || Electrum || Gladius
| Senatrix quinta (“Alioth”) Septentrionis Liguae, Regem Lapidem Adeptosque detestans.
|-
| Lan Ien || {{Notulae|藍: ㄌㄢˊ| |硯: ㄧㄢˋ}} || Aër || Catalysta
| [[Faber|Fabra]] argenti e valle ''Ch'in-Yu'' (Gemma Summersa).
|-
| Ninguama || {{Notulae|凝: ㄋㄧㄥˊ|光:ㄍㄨㄤ}} || Terra || Catalysta
| Senatrix quarta (“Megrez”) Septentrionis Liguae.
|-
| '''Septima Septuplex''' || {{Notulae|七:ㄑㄧ|七:ㄑㄧ}} || Glacies || Gladius
| Puella [[Mors|Mortua]] in [[Pharmacopolium|Pharmacopolio]] Impraedicibili.
|-
| Sinena || {{Notulae|辛:ㄒㄧㄣ|焱: ㄧㄢˋ}} || Ignis || Gladius Maior
| Cantatrix famosa in Ligua.
|-
| '''Xenica''' || {{Notulae|申:ㄕㄣ|鶴: ㄏㄜˋ}} || Glacies || Lancea
| Exorcista sola, Chungyni matertera.
|}

===Inazuma===
Inazuma (sive Inaduma, [[Iaponice]] {{Notulae|稲:いな|妻:づま}} ''Inaduma'', Fulgur) ex [[Iaponia]] oritur.
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Iaponice&lt;ref&gt;[[Kana]] ante annum [[1945]].&lt;/ref&gt; !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| '''Aiaca Kamisato''' || {{Notulae|神:かみ|里:さと| |綾:あや|華:か}} || Glacies || Gladius
| Principissa Commissionis Culturalis, soror iunior Aiati.
|-
| '''Aiatus Kamisato''' || {{Notulae|神:かみ|里:さと| |綾:あや|人:と}} || Aqua || Gladius
| Princeps Commissionis Culturalis, frater maior Aiacae.
|-
| '''Cafedefarus Cazufa''' || {{Notulae|楓:かへで|原:はら| |万:かず|葉:は}} || Aër || Gladius
| Vagabundus et nauta Crucis Liguanae.
|-
| '''Chloris''' || {{Notulae|千:ち|織:おり}} || Terra || Gladius
| Textilatrix, in Fontanam demigrans, decreto compescente spreto.
|-
| '''Cocomis Regiae Sango''' || style=&quot;text-wrap: nowrap;&quot;|{{Notulae|珊:さん|瑚:ご|の|宮:みや| |心:ここ|海:み}} || Aqua || Catalysta
| Sacerdos contra Deam Electri.
|-
| Feizaus de Claustro Sikano || {{Notulae|鹿:しか|野:の|院:ゐん| |平:へい|藏:ざう}} || Aër || Catalysta
| Inquisitor e Commissione Administrativa.
|-
| '''Generalis Fulminis'''&lt;br&gt;sive '''Ei'''&lt;br&gt;sive '''Beelzebul''' || {{Notulae|雷:らい|電:でん| |将:しやう|軍:ぐん}}&lt;br&gt;
{{Notulae|雷:らい|電:でん| |影:えい}}
| Electrum || Lancea
| Dea secunda electri, post sororem suam Baelen (vel Makoto).
|-
| Goraus || ゴロー／{{Notulae|五:ご|郎:らう}}&lt;ref&gt;[[Litterae Sinicae]] e [[lingua Sinica]] sunt.&lt;/ref&gt; || Terra || Arcus
| Generalissimus caninus Cocomis.
|-
| '''Iofimia Naganofara''' || {{Notulae|長:なが|野:の|原:はら| |宵:よひ|宮:みや}} || Ignis || Arcus
| Bombatrix famosissima in Inazuma.
|-
| '''Ittus Arataki''' || {{Notulae|荒:あら|滝:たき| |一:いつ|斗:と}} || Terra || Gladius Maior
| Onius perniciosus, a Sara Kudeo olim captus.
|-
| Kirara || {{Notulae|綺:き|良:ら|々:ら}} || Arbor || Gladius
| Cursatrix et [[Nekomata|felis dupla]].
|-
| '''Midukis Iumemiduki''' || {{Notulae|夢:ゆめ|見:み|月:づき| |瑞:みづ|希:き}} || Aër || Catalysta
| Meditatrix tapira, in Balneis Aisae serviens.
|-
| '''Miko Iae''' (''Mikonis'') || {{Notulae|八:や|重:へ| |神:み|子:こ}} || Electrum || Catalysta
| Diacona deae electri.
|-
| Saio (''-us'') || {{Notulae|早:さ|柚:ゆ}} || Aër || Gladius Maior
| Ninzia in Commissione Culturali.
|-
| Sara Kudeo || {{Notulae|九:く|條:でう| |裟:さ|羅:ら}} || Electrum || Arcus
| Legata Tenguina e Commissione Administrativa.
|-
| Sinobs Kuki || {{Notulae|久:く|岐:き| |忍:しのぶ}} || Electrum || Gladius
| Puella secunda sacerdotula quae est ministra Itti Arataki.
|-
| Thomas || トーマ&lt;br&gt;([[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Thoma) || Ignis || Lancea
| Minister Commissionis Culturalis, Monstadiensis.
|}

===Sumeru===
Sumeru (-''us'', [[Sanscrite]] सुमेरु ''Sumeru'', [[Accadice]] 𒋗𒈨𒊒 ''Šumeru'') in silvam desertaque dividitur. Silva Sumeriana ex [[India]] [[Imperium Achaemenidarum|Persiaque]] oritur, deserta autem ex [[Arabia]] [[Aegyptus|Aegyptoque]].
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Suis&amp;nbsp;linguis !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| '''[[Alhazenus]]''' || [[Lingua Arabica|ar.]]&amp;nbsp;الهيثم || Arbor || Gladius
| Scriptor Academiae Sumerianae et legatus sagax.
|-
| [[Candace]]|| [[Lingua Graeca|el.]]&amp;nbsp;Κανδάκη || Aqua || Lancea
| Curatrix ruris Aaru.
|-
| Cona || [[Lingua Cambrica|cy.]]&amp;nbsp;Collei || Arbor || Arcus
| Discipula Tignarii et amica optima Amberis.
|-
| '''[[Cyon]]''' (''Cynis'') || [[Lingua Graeca|el.]]&amp;nbsp;Κύων || Electrum || Lancea
| Ordinis capitaneus et physicista Academiae Sumerianae.
|-
| '''[[Dehia]]''' || [[Linguae Libycae|ber.]]&amp;nbsp;ⴷⵉⵀⵢⴰ || Ignis || Gladius Maior
| Eremita, Nahidam protegens.
|-
| [[Doris]] || [[Lingua Persica|fa.]]&amp;nbsp;دوری سنگماه بای || Electrum || Gladius Maior
| Mercatrix parva, in Palatio Castro habitans.
|-
| Faruzan (-''nis'') || [[Lingua Persica|fa.]]&amp;nbsp;فروزان || Aër || Arcus
| Archaeologa e Academia Sumeriana.
|-
| Kaveus || [[Lingua Persica|fa.]]&amp;nbsp;كاوه || Arbor || Gladius Maior
| Architectus e Academia Sumeriana.
|-
| Laila || [[Lingua Arabica|ar.]]&amp;nbsp;ليلى || Glacies || Gladius
| Astrologa e Academia Sumeriana.
|-
| '''[[Nahida]]'''&lt;br&gt;sive '''Buer''' || [[Lingua Persica|fa.]]&amp;nbsp;ناهيد || Arbor || Catalysta
| Dea Arboris, Domina Minor Kusanali.
|-
| '''[[Nilo]]'''&amp;nbsp;(-''onis'') || [[Lingua Persica|fa.]]&amp;nbsp;نيلو || Aqua || Gladius
| Saltatrix in Theatro Zubaeris.
|-
| [[Sethos]] || [[Lingua Graeca|el.]]&amp;nbsp;Σεθός&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Aegyptia|egy.]] ''st'' &lt;hiero&gt;st y&lt;/hiero&gt; || Electrum || Arcus
| Heres Templi Silentis, vasculusque Hermanubidis ante Cynem.
|-
| '''[[Tignarius]]''' || [[Lingua Arabica|ar.]]&amp;nbsp;طغنري || Arbor || Arcus
| Forestator Avidiensis e Academia Sumeriana.
|-
| '''[[Vagabundus]]''' || &lt;del&gt;[[Lingua Iaponica|ja.]]&amp;nbsp;国崩&lt;br&gt;くにくづし&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Iaponica|ja.]]&amp;nbsp;傾奇者&lt;br&gt;かぶきもの&lt;/del&gt;
|| Aër || Catalysta
| Homunculus a Beelzebule creatus, in Sumeru errans, quondam sextus Ductor Fatuorum “Scaramouche” [[Lingua francogallica|(fr.)]].
|}

===Fontana===
Fontana ([[Francogallice]] ''Fontaine'', Fontana) ex [[Europa]] [[Linguae Italicae|Romanica]] oritur.
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Suis&amp;nbsp;linguis !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| '''[[Aemilia]]''' || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Émilie || Arbor || Catalysta || [[Unguentaria]] stylista et amica Caprosiae.
|-
| '''[[Augustus Escoffier|Augusta&amp;nbsp;Escoffier]]'''&lt;ref&gt;Praenomen suspectum est.&lt;/ref&gt; || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Escoffier || Glacies || Lancea || Coquinaria pulsa ex Hospitali Debord, amica Varesae.
|-
| '''[[Clorinda]]''' || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Clorinde || Electrum || Gladius || Gladiatrix Prima et de facto protectrix Furinae, quae Carolum Caspar necavit.
|-
| [[Carlotta]] || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Charlotte || Glacies || Catalysta || Reportatrix Avis Vaporis.
|-
| [[Caprosia]] || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Chevreuse || Ignis || Lancea || [[Mosquetum|Mosquetaria]] capitanaque patroliae securitatis survigillantiaeque specialis (PS³).
|-
| '''[[Henricus Wriothesley|Dux&amp;nbsp;Wriothesley]]''' || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]]&amp;nbsp;''Duke''&amp;nbsp;Wriothesley || Glacies || Catalysta || Dux Fortis Meropidis.
|-
| Freminittus || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Fréminet&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Снежевич || Glacies || Gladius Maior || Subaqueus Fontanae celeberrimus et filius adoptatus Perverae.
|-
| '''[[Furina]]''' || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Furina&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] de&amp;nbsp;Fontaine || Aqua || Gladius || Dea Aquae, quae corpus '''Focaloris''' fuerat, antequam se deleret.
|-
| '''Linus''' || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Lyney&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Снежевич || Ignis || Arcus || Magus celeberrimus in Fontana et filius adoptatus Perverae.
|-
| Linitta || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Lynette&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Снежевна || Aër || Gladius || Adiutatrix felina sororque Lini.
|-
| '''[[Navia]]''' || [[Lingua Latina|la.]]/[[Lingua Hispanica|es.]]&amp;nbsp;Navia&amp;nbsp;Caspar || Terra || Gladius Maior || Ducissa Spinae Rosulae, quae patri suo Carolo successit.
|-
| '''[[Novillittus]]''' || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Neuvillette || Aqua || Catalysta || [[Draco]] Aquae, qui regulo Fontanae fungitur.
|-
| '''Sigevina''' || [[Lingua Theodisca|de.]] Sigewinne || Aqua || Arcus || Nutritrix [[melusina]] Fortis Meropidis.
|}

=== Natlan ===
Natlan (''m.'' -''anis'', [[Lingua Navatlaca|navatlace]] ''Natlan'', Mea Domus) est orta ex [[Africa Subsahariana]], [[Americae|Americis]], et [[Oceania]].
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Suis linguis !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| Cacina || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Uthabiti&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Hopiana|hop.]] Katsina || Terra || Lancea
| Excavatrix iuvenis et determinata ex Tepetlisauris.
|-
| '''Ciasca''' || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Vuka&lt;br&gt;[[Linguae Quechuae|qu.]] Ch'asca || Aër || Arcus
| Pacificatrix populi Qucusaurorum.
|-
| '''Cinix''' (''-ichis'') || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Malipo&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Maiensis|myn.]] Kinich || Arbor || Gladius Maior
| Curator heroque ex Yumkasauris, cuius comes est Dominus Decimus Natlanteanus “Immortalis Obscurus” ([[Lingua Maiensis|myn.]] “Aj Imuch' Paxlaq Lahun Ch'ule-L” / “K'uhul Ajaw”).
|-
| '''Citlalis''' || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Ukumbuko&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Navatlaca|nah.]] Citlali || Glacies || Catalysta
| Astrologista Ictomisaurium quae ducentos annos vixit.
|-
| Iansa || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Uwezo&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Iorubensis|yo.]] Yàńsàn-án / Yansã || Electrum || Lancea
| Exercitrix famosa in Natlane ex Tatankasauris.
|-
| Ifeus || [[Lingua Iorubensis|yo.]] Ifá/ìfẹ́ || Aër || Catalysta
| Medicus Sauri ex Qucusauris.
|-
| '''Mavuica''' || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Kiongozi&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Havaiana|haw.]] Mavuika || Ignis || Gladius Maior
| Dea Ignis, ex hominibus Yumkasaurorum orta ad Haborym.
|-
| '''Mualanis''' || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Umoja&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Havaiana|haw.]] Mualani || Aqua || Catalysta
| Athleta aquatica ex Koholosauris.
|-
| Olorun || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Bidii&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Iorubensis|yo.]] Ọlọrun || Electrum || Arcus
| Agricultor vespertilionidus et filius adoptatus Citlalis.
|-
| '''Varesa''' || [[Lingua Zuluana|zu.]] Waresa || Electrum || Catalysta
| Minotaura, pomaria bellica ex Tatankasauris.
|-
| '''Xilonen''' || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Baraka&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Navatlaca|nah.]] Xilonen || Terra || Gladius
| Fabricatrix metallorum pumina ex Tepetlisauris.
|}

=== Snezhnaya ===
Snezhnaya ([[Russice]] ''Снежная'', Nivea) ex [[Europa]] [[Linguae Slavicae|Slavica]] oritur (''prime'' [[Russia]] Caesarica), ubi Regio Nodocraea ([[Russice]] ''Нод-Край'') ex nationibus circum [[Mare Balticum]] oritur. Undecim Ductores Fatuorum nomina ficta [[lingua Italiana]] ferunt.
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Suis&amp;nbsp;linguis !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| [[Aino]] (''f., -onis'') || [[Lingua Finnica|fi.]] Aino || Aqua || Gladius maior
| Proprietrix Rotularii Tactici, quae Ineffam creavit.
|-
| '''[[Aiax]]''' (''m., -antis'') || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Аякс (ex [[Lingua Graeca|el.]] Αἴας) || Aqua || Arcus
| Decimus Ductor Fatuorum “Tartaglia”.
|-
| Alexius || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Алёша (dim. Алексей) || Electrum || Lancea
| Venator quam Canis.
|-
| '''[[Anastasia Theodori puella Snezhnaya]]''' || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Анастасия Фёдоровна Снежная || Glacies || Lancea
| Dea glaciei, notata quam “Imperatrix Snezhnayae”.
|-
| '''Columbina Hyposelenia'''&lt;br&gt;sive '''Kuutar''' || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Columbina Hyposelenia&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Finnica|fi.]] Kuutar || Aqua || Catalysta
| Dea Virgo Lunae, “Luna Nova”, quae tertia Ductrix Fatuorum “Columbina” fuit.
|-
| '''Cyrillus Cydomiri filius Flins''' || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Кирилл Чудомирович Флинс || Electrum || Lancea
| Decanus Custodum Luminis, cuius ministri contra Abyssum cassi sunt (Venationem Silvaticam).
|-
| [[Iahoda]] || [[Lingua Bohemica|cs.]] Jahoda || Aër || Arcus || Convectrix capitalis e Mercatoribus Voenicis.
|-
| [[Illugius]] || [[Lingua Islandica|is.]] Illuga || Terra || Lancea || Investigator Custodum Luminis.
|-
| '''Ineffa''' || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Ineffa(bilis) || Electrum || Lancea || Gynoides Ainonis, ex parte bona Dominae Undecimae Natlanteanae “Crastinae Reflextricis” creata ([[Linguae Maienses|myn.]] ''Ix Raq'lapuj Chue'q Buluk Ch'ule-L'').
|-
| '''[[Lauma]]''' || [[Lingua Lettonica|lv.]] Lauma || Arbor || Catalysta || Diacona Puerorum Gelunae, sapiens et sacra.
|-
| '''Linnaea''' || (''forma feminina'')&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Latina|la.]] [[Linnaeus]] || Terra || Arcus || Adventrix Botanista, ''Avis Auguria'' quae est amica Ainonis.
|-
| '''Marionetta''' || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Marionette Guillotin || Glacies || Lancea || Septima Ductrix Fatuorum “Sandrone”.
|-
| '''[[Nefer]]''' (''f., -ris'') || [[Lingua Aegyptia|egy.]] ''nfr'' &lt;hiero&gt;nfr&lt;/hiero&gt; || Arbor || Catalysta || Ductrix Curatorii Secretorum, Sumeriana, amica Doridis.
|-
| '''Odetta''' || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Одетта (ex [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Odette) || Ballerina Prima ex Theatro Regale.
|-
| '''Pervera''' || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Peruère&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Снежевна || Ignis || Lancea
| Quarta Ductrix Fatuorum “Arlecchino”, quae orphanes cultivat pro Fatui.
|-
| Theophanes Sergii filius Vexel || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Феофан Сергеевич Вексель || ? || ? || Nonus Ductor Fatuorum “Pantalone”.
|-
| '''Vodianissa''' || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Водяница || Aqua || ? || Cantrix Prima ex Theatro Regale.
|}

===Regiones Aliae===
Caenrium&lt;ref&gt;
{{blockquote|&lt;poem&gt;Non custos si fingar ille Caenrium
Non fulmineus ego lyrae barbatos
Non si pegaseo ferar volatu
Non morphes niveae citaeque bigae
Adde huc plumipedas volatilesque
Ventorumque simul require cursum
Quos iunctos amica mea mihi dicares
Defessus tamen omnibus medullis
Et multis languoribus peresus
Essem te mihi amica quaeritando
Caelum dilabitur
falsitas collabitur&lt;/poem&gt;}}
{{Norma dextra|[https://genshin-impact.fandom.com/wiki/Mysterious_Letter Charta mysteriosa sub Casma Liguana]}}&lt;/ref&gt; est regnum a Septem Deis delendum, ex [[Scandinavia]] [[Prussia]]que ortum.
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Suis linguis !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| '''[[:en:Aloy|Aloisia]]''' || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Aloy || Glacies || Arcus || Protagonista ex [[Horizon Zero Dawn|Horizonte Nullo: Aurora]].
|-
| Dainsleus || [[Lingua Norvegica|no.]] Dáinsleif || (Quantum)? || ? || Caballarius Caenrianus, cum Lumina vagatus, Aetheri occurrit.
|-
| '''Excirca''' || [[Lingua Islandica|is.]] Skirk || Glacies || Gladius || Mentrix Aiantis extraterrestris.
|-
| '''Nicola''' || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Nicole Reeyn || Ignis || Catalysta || Maga N, una Angela immaculata.
|}

'''Mannequinus''' et '''Mannequina''' sunt introducti in ''Terra Mirabili “Miliastra”'', ab Octavia creati.

=== Personae significantes non ludibiles ===
Obliqua indicant feminas.
* '''''Paimon''''' (''f., -onis''), deuteragonista, Viatorem/Viatricem clamans.
* '''''Catherinae''''', receptionistae roboticae bionicae, a septima Ductrice Fatuorum “Sandrone” in Snezhnaya creatae, singulae per nationem.

== Synopsis ==
=== Prologus ===
Viator in Mondstadia vagavit.

=== Carmen Lunae Vanae ===
Viator in Nodocraea vagat, quande Columbina Fatuis partita est.

== Nexus interni ==
*Alii ludi personarum ex [[Hoyoversum|Hoyoverso]]:
** [[Impactus Apocalypsis]] (''Honkai Impact'')
** [[Impactus Apocalypsis: Interstellaris]] (''Honkai: Star Rail'')
** [[Nefariae Naturae Nihil]] (''Zenless Zone Zero'')
** [[Impactus Apocalypsis: Nexus Anima]] (''Honkai: Nexus Anima'')
** [[Planeta Petittus]] (''Petit Planet'')
*[[Gnosis]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

[[Categoria:Ludi personarum]]</text>
      <sha1>okdujseze534y9o9twtqcgloaklihoa</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3970080</id>
      <parentid>3970079</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-05T09:59:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-38301-74</username>
        <id>211774</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Snezhnaya */</comment>
      <origin>3970080</origin>
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      <text bytes="25231" sha1="4dnxls4wl1r56inpzsrjvqh7f0it8zx" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
{{Latinitas|-3}}
{{Capsa ludi electronici
	| Titulus = ''Genshin Impact''
	| Tituluslatinus = Impactus Allogenerum
	| Imago = Genshin Impact wordmark.svg
	| Auctor = [[HoYoverse]], sub [[miHoYo]]
	| Editor = [[miHoYo]]
	| Designator = [[miHoYo]]
	| Series = Impactus Honkai (extensus)
	| Motorium = [[miHoYo]]
	| Divulgatio = [[28 Septembris]] [[2020]]
	| Genus = Ludus personarum&lt;br&gt;Ludus mundi aperti
	| Modus = Lusor singularis
	| Systema = [[Microsoft Windows]]&lt;br&gt;[[PlayStation 4]]/5&lt;br&gt;[[Android]], [[iOS]]
	| Media = [[Corpus programmatum]]&lt;br&gt;cum [[Unitas|Unitate]]
	| Postulatio = 8 GB+ [[RAM]], 50 GB+ [[ROM]]
	| Gubernacula = [[Claviatura]], [[Mus (computatralis)|mus]]
}}

{{Ores|Genshin Impact}} (''Gen Shin'' est [[pronuntiatus]] [[Iaponia|Iaponicus]] locutionis [[Res publica popularis Sinarum|Sinicae]] 原神, ''Yuan Shen'', ubi ''Yuan'' 原 “primigenium” et ''Shen'' 神 “[[deus|deum]]” atque “[[potestas|potestatem]]” significant) est [[ars electrica|electronicus]] [[ludus personarum]] a [[miHoYo]] [[societas mercatoria|societate mercatoria]] anno [[2020]] editus. In Tiva agitur, [[mundus|mundo]] [[fictio|commenticio]] septem [[natio|nationes]] continente.

== Mechanici ==
Lusor per [[tabula geographica|tabulam geographicam]] atque quattuor personas {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Mundus patens|mundum patentem|en|qid=Q867123}} suo arbitrio explorare potest. Personis conceditur pugnare, labi, et natare. Lusori quidam quaestus complendus est dum eius persona opes, arma, artifactaque cumulat. In Fontana unā cum Statua Focaloris personae urinari possunt.

{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Septem Elementa in Tiva
! Capitulum !! Elementum !! Praefixum !! Natio !! Deus !! Sententia
|-
| Prologus || [[Aër]] || Anemo- || Monstadia || Barbatos || Mea [[libertas]], meus canor
|-
| 1 || [[Tellus (planeta)|Terra]] || Geo- || Ligua || Morax || Ruat [[caelum]], fiat pactum
|-
| 2 || [[Ambra|Electrum]] || Electro- || Inazuma || Beelzebul || Perpetua, perennis, impervia
|-
| 3 || [[Arbor]] || Dendro- || Sumeru || Buer || Sub floribus lumen sagacitatis
|-
| 4 || [[Aqua]] || Hydro- || Fontana || Focalor || Iustitia omnia vincit
|-
| 5 || [[Ignis]] || Pyro- || Natlan || Haborym || Surge, vir fortis, i natam victoriam
|-
| 6 || [[Glacies]] || Cryo- || Snezhnaya || ? || Ducam, regina mea gloria, haud pluribus impar
|-
| Epilogus || (Nullum) || (Nullum) || Caenria || (Nullus) || (Nulla)
|}

== Personae ==
Litterae typis gravibus quinque stellas (★★★★★) indicant.&lt;ref&gt;[https://wiki.hoyolab.com/pc/genshin/aggregate/character Per visionem.]&lt;/ref&gt;
In potentibus personae cum visione ascenditur Caenriae.

=== Protagonistae ===
Protagonistae ''Impactus Allogenerum'', '''Aether''' et '''Lumina''', Deae Incognitae (Asmodeo) obsistendo abhinc quingentos annos dirempti sunt; alter clausus est et potentia spoliatus, altera emissa Ordinem Abyssi ducit.

=== Monstadia ===
Monstadia ([[Theodisce]] ''Mondstadt'', Urbs Lunae) ex [[Europa]] [[Linguae Germanicae|Germanica]] oritur.
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Suis&amp;nbsp;linguis !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| '''Albedo'''&amp;nbsp;(''m''.,&amp;nbsp;''-inis'') || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Albedo || Terra || Gladius
| Homunculus, alchemista potissimus et capitaneus investigatorum Equitum Favonii.
|-
| Alicia || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Alice || Ignis || Catalysta
| Mater Cleae et prima maga Circuli.
|-
| Amata || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Amy / &lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Theodisca|de.]] Fischl von Luftschloß Narfidort || Electrum || Arcus
| Investigatrix in Collegio Adventorum, quae comitat Benedictum.
|-
| Amber&amp;nbsp;(''Ambris'') || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Amber || Ignis || Arcus
| Antecursatrix sola in Equitibus Favonii. Prima compania obtenta in hoc ludo.
|-
| Barbara || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Barbara Pegg || Aqua || Catalysta
| Diacona Ecclesiae Favonii et soror iunior Ioannae. Obtinetur post prologum.
|-
| Benedictus || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Bennett || Ignis || Gladius
| Orphanus inclusus Collegio Adventorum, quius fama infortunatissimus habetur; e Mari Iivari in Natlane deiectus.
|-
| '''Clea''' || [[Lingua Theodisca|de.]] Klee || Ignis || Catalysta
| Filia Aliciae, pyrobolatrix Equitum Favonii.
|-
| Dahlius || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Dahlia || Aqua || Lancea
| Diaconus Ecclesiae Favonii, qui amicitias inter Venti et Rosariam colit.
|-
| '''Dilux''' (''m''., ''-cis'') || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Diluc(ulum) [[Lingua Norvegica|no.]] Ragnvindr || Ignis || Gladius Maior
| Possessor Vinorum Aurorae. Legatus Caballarius Favonii ante Gaium fuit.
|-
| Diona || [[Lingua Theodisca|de.]] Diona Kätzlein || Glacies || Arcus
| Mixologista felina in Cauda Felis.
|-
| '''Durin''' (''-nis'') || [[Lingua Norvegica|no.]] Durin || Ignis || Gladius
| Draco ab Circulo Magarum creatus, cuius corpus homunculum ab Albedine confectum est.
|-
| '''Eula''' || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Eula Lawrence || Glacies || Gladius Maior
| Gladiatrix de Aristocratia Laurentia.
|-
| Gaius || [[Lingua Norvegica|no.]] Kaeya Alberich || Glacies || Gladius
| Gladiator et Legatus ex Caenrio. Secundo obtinetur.
|-
| '''Ioanna''' || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Jean&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Norvegica|no.]] Gunnhildr || Aër || Gladius
| Praefecta Equitum Favonii sub Varco et soror maior Barbarae.
|-
| Lisa || [[Lingua Italiana|it.]] Lisa Minci || Electrum || Catalysta
| Librariana Equitum Favonii atque genius Academiae Sumerianae. Tertio obtinetur.
|-
| Lonus || [[Lingua Theodisca|de.]] Lohen || Glacies || Lancea
| Vice-Legatus Quintus.
|-
| Michael (''-lis'') || [[Lingua Theodisca|de.]] Mika Schmidt || Glacies || Lancea
| Recognitor cartographicus Equitum Favonii.
|-
| '''Mona''' || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Mona Megistus || Aqua || Catalysta
| Maga astrologista et reportatrix Avis Vaporis.
|-
| Natalia || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Noëlle || Terra || Gladius Maior
| Servitrix Equitum Favonii, eques fieri cupiens.
|-
| Pruna || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Prune || Aër || Catalysta
| Puella magica quasi Clea, qui matrem Cleae Aliciam venatur.
|-
| Rasor (''-ris'') || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Razor || Electrum || Gladius Maior
| Puer a lupis alitus, a Lisa Minci et Varka adiutus.
|-
| Rosaria || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Rosaria || Glacies || Lancea
| Nonna ab Accumulatoribus Thesauricis rapta.
|-
| Saccharosa || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Sucrose || Aër || Catalysta
| Alchemista canina sub Albedine.
|-
| Varcus || [[Lingua Persica|fa.]] ورقه || Aër || Gladius Maior
| Capitanus Equitum Favonii, qui conquerebat in Ruina Hyperboreae.
|-
| '''Venti'''&amp;nbsp;(''-orum'')&lt;br&gt;sive '''Barbatos'''&amp;nbsp;(''-osis'') || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Venti || Aër || Arcus
| Deus ventorum.
|}

=== Ligua ===
Ligua&lt;ref&gt;Latinizatione confer [[Confucius]], [[Mencius]], [[Micius]].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Sinice]] {{Notulae|璃:Lí|月:yuè}}, Luna Lazuli) ex [[Sinae (regio)|Sinis]] oritur.
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Sinice !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| '''Baichu''' || {{Notulae|白: ㄅㄞ´|朮: ㄓㄨ´}} || Arbor || Catalysta || [[Medicus]] ex [[Pharmacopolium|Pharmacopolio]] impraedicibili.
|-
| Beido (''-us'') || {{Notulae|北: ㄅㄟˇ|斗: ㄉㄡˇ}} || Electrum || Gladius Maior || Capitanea Navium Liguae “Crucis” (Crux).
|-
| '''Capricorna''' || {{Notulae|甘:ㄍㄢ|雨: ㄩˇ}} || Glacies || Arcus || Secretaria semicapricorna, quae Septentrionem Liguae servit.
|-
| '''Chunglius'''&lt;br /&gt;sive '''Morax''' || {{Notulae|鍾:ㄓㄨㄥ|離: ㄌㄧˊ}} || Terra || Lancea || Deus terrae, notatus quam “Rex Lapis” sive “Deus Auri”.
|-
| Chungynus || {{Notulae|重: ㄔㄨㄥˊ|雲: ㄩㄣˊ}} || Glacies || Gladius Maior
| Exorcista spiritu positivo puro praeditus, exorcizans.
|-
| '''Cibea''' || {{Notulae|兹:ㄗ|白: ㄅㄞ´}} || Terra || Gladius || Angela quam Adepta equina, quae Lancanopolem antediluvianam dominabat.
|-
| '''Elena''' || {{Notulae|夜: ㄧㄝ`|蘭: ㄌㄢˊ}} || Aqua || Arcus
| Secretaria Lucis Condensae, senatrix prima de facto.
|-
| Gamingus || style=&quot;text-wrap: nowrap;&quot;|{{Notulae|葉:Yip6| |嘉:Ga1|明:ming4}} || Ignis || Gladius Maior
| Cursator leoninus e valle ''Ch'in-Yu''.
|-
| Hianglima || style=&quot;text-wrap: nowrap;&quot;|{{Notulae|卯: ㄇㄠˇ| |香:ㄒㄧㄤ|菱: ㄌㄧㄥˊ}} || Ignis || Lancea
| Coctrix in Popina Populi.
|-
| '''Hianyna''' || {{Notulae|閒: ㄒㄧㄢˊ|雲: ㄩㄣˊ}} || Aër || Catalysta || Adepta gruida “Retenatrix Nubis”.
|-
| '''Hiao''' || {{Notulae|魈:ㄒㄧㄠ}} || Aër || Lancea
| Iaxus solus, Liguam contra spiritus deosque malos tuens.
|-
| Hincius || {{Notulae|行: ㄒㄧㄥˊ|秋:ㄑㄧㄡ}} || Aqua || Gladius
| Filius secundus Mercatoris Nubis Volantis.
|-
| '''Hu Tao''' || {{Notulae|胡: ㄏㄨˊ| |桃: ㄊㄠˊ}} || Ignis || Lancea
| Funeratrix septuagesima septima in Ligua.
|-
| Iao-Iao || {{Notulae|瑤: ㄧㄠˊ|瑤: ㄧㄠˊ}} || Arbor || Lancea
| Discipula Adeptae e rure ''K'ing-ts'e''.
|-
| Ienfecia || {{Notulae|煙:ㄧㄢ|緋:ㄈㄟ}} || Ignis || Catalysta
| Legislatrix bicornis Liguae serviens.
|-
| Iun Cin || {{Notulae|雲: ㄩㄣˊ|堇: ㄐㄧㄣˇ}} || Terra || Lancea
| Saltatrix famosa in Ligua.
|-
| '''Kecima''' || {{Notulae|刻: ㄎㄜˋ|晴: ㄑㄧㄥˊ}} || Electrum || Gladius
| Senatrix quinta (“Alioth”) Septentrionis Liguae, Regem Lapidem Adeptosque detestans.
|-
| Lan Ien || {{Notulae|藍: ㄌㄢˊ| |硯: ㄧㄢˋ}} || Aër || Catalysta
| [[Faber|Fabra]] argenti e valle ''Ch'in-Yu'' (Gemma Summersa).
|-
| Ninguama || {{Notulae|凝: ㄋㄧㄥˊ|光:ㄍㄨㄤ}} || Terra || Catalysta
| Senatrix quarta (“Megrez”) Septentrionis Liguae.
|-
| '''Septima Septuplex''' || {{Notulae|七:ㄑㄧ|七:ㄑㄧ}} || Glacies || Gladius
| Puella [[Mors|Mortua]] in [[Pharmacopolium|Pharmacopolio]] Impraedicibili.
|-
| Sinena || {{Notulae|辛:ㄒㄧㄣ|焱: ㄧㄢˋ}} || Ignis || Gladius Maior
| Cantatrix famosa in Ligua.
|-
| '''Xenica''' || {{Notulae|申:ㄕㄣ|鶴: ㄏㄜˋ}} || Glacies || Lancea
| Exorcista sola, Chungyni matertera.
|}

===Inazuma===
Inazuma (sive Inaduma, [[Iaponice]] {{Notulae|稲:いな|妻:づま}} ''Inaduma'', Fulgur) ex [[Iaponia]] oritur.
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Iaponice&lt;ref&gt;[[Kana]] ante annum [[1945]].&lt;/ref&gt; !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| '''Aiaca Kamisato''' || {{Notulae|神:かみ|里:さと| |綾:あや|華:か}} || Glacies || Gladius
| Principissa Commissionis Culturalis, soror iunior Aiati.
|-
| '''Aiatus Kamisato''' || {{Notulae|神:かみ|里:さと| |綾:あや|人:と}} || Aqua || Gladius
| Princeps Commissionis Culturalis, frater maior Aiacae.
|-
| '''Cafedefarus Cazufa''' || {{Notulae|楓:かへで|原:はら| |万:かず|葉:は}} || Aër || Gladius
| Vagabundus et nauta Crucis Liguanae.
|-
| '''Chloris''' || {{Notulae|千:ち|織:おり}} || Terra || Gladius
| Textilatrix, in Fontanam demigrans, decreto compescente spreto.
|-
| '''Cocomis Regiae Sango''' || style=&quot;text-wrap: nowrap;&quot;|{{Notulae|珊:さん|瑚:ご|の|宮:みや| |心:ここ|海:み}} || Aqua || Catalysta
| Sacerdos contra Deam Electri.
|-
| Feizaus de Claustro Sikano || {{Notulae|鹿:しか|野:の|院:ゐん| |平:へい|藏:ざう}} || Aër || Catalysta
| Inquisitor e Commissione Administrativa.
|-
| '''Generalis Fulminis'''&lt;br&gt;sive '''Ei'''&lt;br&gt;sive '''Beelzebul''' || {{Notulae|雷:らい|電:でん| |将:しやう|軍:ぐん}}&lt;br&gt;
{{Notulae|雷:らい|電:でん| |影:えい}}
| Electrum || Lancea
| Dea secunda electri, post sororem suam Baelen (vel Makoto).
|-
| Goraus || ゴロー／{{Notulae|五:ご|郎:らう}}&lt;ref&gt;[[Litterae Sinicae]] e [[lingua Sinica]] sunt.&lt;/ref&gt; || Terra || Arcus
| Generalissimus caninus Cocomis.
|-
| '''Iofimia Naganofara''' || {{Notulae|長:なが|野:の|原:はら| |宵:よひ|宮:みや}} || Ignis || Arcus
| Bombatrix famosissima in Inazuma.
|-
| '''Ittus Arataki''' || {{Notulae|荒:あら|滝:たき| |一:いつ|斗:と}} || Terra || Gladius Maior
| Onius perniciosus, a Sara Kudeo olim captus.
|-
| Kirara || {{Notulae|綺:き|良:ら|々:ら}} || Arbor || Gladius
| Cursatrix et [[Nekomata|felis dupla]].
|-
| '''Midukis Iumemiduki''' || {{Notulae|夢:ゆめ|見:み|月:づき| |瑞:みづ|希:き}} || Aër || Catalysta
| Meditatrix tapira, in Balneis Aisae serviens.
|-
| '''Miko Iae''' (''Mikonis'') || {{Notulae|八:や|重:へ| |神:み|子:こ}} || Electrum || Catalysta
| Diacona deae electri.
|-
| Saio (''-us'') || {{Notulae|早:さ|柚:ゆ}} || Aër || Gladius Maior
| Ninzia in Commissione Culturali.
|-
| Sara Kudeo || {{Notulae|九:く|條:でう| |裟:さ|羅:ら}} || Electrum || Arcus
| Legata Tenguina e Commissione Administrativa.
|-
| Sinobs Kuki || {{Notulae|久:く|岐:き| |忍:しのぶ}} || Electrum || Gladius
| Puella secunda sacerdotula quae est ministra Itti Arataki.
|-
| Thomas || トーマ&lt;br&gt;([[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Thoma) || Ignis || Lancea
| Minister Commissionis Culturalis, Monstadiensis.
|}

===Sumeru===
Sumeru (-''us'', [[Sanscrite]] सुमेरु ''Sumeru'', [[Accadice]] 𒋗𒈨𒊒 ''Šumeru'') in silvam desertaque dividitur. Silva Sumeriana ex [[India]] [[Imperium Achaemenidarum|Persiaque]] oritur, deserta autem ex [[Arabia]] [[Aegyptus|Aegyptoque]].
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Suis&amp;nbsp;linguis !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| '''[[Alhazenus]]''' || [[Lingua Arabica|ar.]]&amp;nbsp;الهيثم || Arbor || Gladius
| Scriptor Academiae Sumerianae et legatus sagax.
|-
| [[Candace]]|| [[Lingua Graeca|el.]]&amp;nbsp;Κανδάκη || Aqua || Lancea
| Curatrix ruris Aaru.
|-
| Cona || [[Lingua Cambrica|cy.]]&amp;nbsp;Collei || Arbor || Arcus
| Discipula Tignarii et amica optima Amberis.
|-
| '''[[Cyon]]''' (''Cynis'') || [[Lingua Graeca|el.]]&amp;nbsp;Κύων || Electrum || Lancea
| Ordinis capitaneus et physicista Academiae Sumerianae.
|-
| '''[[Dehia]]''' || [[Linguae Libycae|ber.]]&amp;nbsp;ⴷⵉⵀⵢⴰ || Ignis || Gladius Maior
| Eremita, Nahidam protegens.
|-
| [[Doris]] || [[Lingua Persica|fa.]]&amp;nbsp;دوری سنگماه بای || Electrum || Gladius Maior
| Mercatrix parva, in Palatio Castro habitans.
|-
| Faruzan (-''nis'') || [[Lingua Persica|fa.]]&amp;nbsp;فروزان || Aër || Arcus
| Archaeologa e Academia Sumeriana.
|-
| Kaveus || [[Lingua Persica|fa.]]&amp;nbsp;كاوه || Arbor || Gladius Maior
| Architectus e Academia Sumeriana.
|-
| Laila || [[Lingua Arabica|ar.]]&amp;nbsp;ليلى || Glacies || Gladius
| Astrologa e Academia Sumeriana.
|-
| '''[[Nahida]]'''&lt;br&gt;sive '''Buer''' || [[Lingua Persica|fa.]]&amp;nbsp;ناهيد || Arbor || Catalysta
| Dea Arboris, Domina Minor Kusanali.
|-
| '''[[Nilo]]'''&amp;nbsp;(-''onis'') || [[Lingua Persica|fa.]]&amp;nbsp;نيلو || Aqua || Gladius
| Saltatrix in Theatro Zubaeris.
|-
| [[Sethos]] || [[Lingua Graeca|el.]]&amp;nbsp;Σεθός&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Aegyptia|egy.]] ''st'' &lt;hiero&gt;st y&lt;/hiero&gt; || Electrum || Arcus
| Heres Templi Silentis, vasculusque Hermanubidis ante Cynem.
|-
| '''[[Tignarius]]''' || [[Lingua Arabica|ar.]]&amp;nbsp;طغنري || Arbor || Arcus
| Forestator Avidiensis e Academia Sumeriana.
|-
| '''[[Vagabundus]]''' || &lt;del&gt;[[Lingua Iaponica|ja.]]&amp;nbsp;国崩&lt;br&gt;くにくづし&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Iaponica|ja.]]&amp;nbsp;傾奇者&lt;br&gt;かぶきもの&lt;/del&gt;
|| Aër || Catalysta
| Homunculus a Beelzebule creatus, in Sumeru errans, quondam sextus Ductor Fatuorum “Scaramouche” [[Lingua francogallica|(fr.)]].
|}

===Fontana===
Fontana ([[Francogallice]] ''Fontaine'', Fontana) ex [[Europa]] [[Linguae Italicae|Romanica]] oritur.
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Suis&amp;nbsp;linguis !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| '''[[Aemilia]]''' || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Émilie || Arbor || Catalysta || [[Unguentaria]] stylista et amica Caprosiae.
|-
| '''[[Augustus Escoffier|Augusta&amp;nbsp;Escoffier]]'''&lt;ref&gt;Praenomen suspectum est.&lt;/ref&gt; || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Escoffier || Glacies || Lancea || Coquinaria pulsa ex Hospitali Debord, amica Varesae.
|-
| '''[[Clorinda]]''' || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Clorinde || Electrum || Gladius || Gladiatrix Prima et de facto protectrix Furinae, quae Carolum Caspar necavit.
|-
| [[Carlotta]] || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Charlotte || Glacies || Catalysta || Reportatrix Avis Vaporis.
|-
| [[Caprosia]] || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Chevreuse || Ignis || Lancea || [[Mosquetum|Mosquetaria]] capitanaque patroliae securitatis survigillantiaeque specialis (PS³).
|-
| '''[[Henricus Wriothesley|Dux&amp;nbsp;Wriothesley]]''' || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]]&amp;nbsp;''Duke''&amp;nbsp;Wriothesley || Glacies || Catalysta || Dux Fortis Meropidis.
|-
| Freminittus || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Fréminet&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Снежевич || Glacies || Gladius Maior || Subaqueus Fontanae celeberrimus et filius adoptatus Perverae.
|-
| '''[[Furina]]''' || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Furina&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] de&amp;nbsp;Fontaine || Aqua || Gladius || Dea Aquae, quae corpus '''Focaloris''' fuerat, antequam se deleret.
|-
| '''Linus''' || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Lyney&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Снежевич || Ignis || Arcus || Magus celeberrimus in Fontana et filius adoptatus Perverae.
|-
| Linitta || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Lynette&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Снежевна || Aër || Gladius || Adiutatrix felina sororque Lini.
|-
| '''[[Navia]]''' || [[Lingua Latina|la.]]/[[Lingua Hispanica|es.]]&amp;nbsp;Navia&amp;nbsp;Caspar || Terra || Gladius Maior || Ducissa Spinae Rosulae, quae patri suo Carolo successit.
|-
| '''[[Novillittus]]''' || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Neuvillette || Aqua || Catalysta || [[Draco]] Aquae, qui regulo Fontanae fungitur.
|-
| '''Sigevina''' || [[Lingua Theodisca|de.]] Sigewinne || Aqua || Arcus || Nutritrix [[melusina]] Fortis Meropidis.
|}

=== Natlan ===
Natlan (''m.'' -''anis'', [[Lingua Navatlaca|navatlace]] ''Natlan'', Mea Domus) est orta ex [[Africa Subsahariana]], [[Americae|Americis]], et [[Oceania]].
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Suis linguis !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| Cacina || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Uthabiti&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Hopiana|hop.]] Katsina || Terra || Lancea
| Excavatrix iuvenis et determinata ex Tepetlisauris.
|-
| '''Ciasca''' || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Vuka&lt;br&gt;[[Linguae Quechuae|qu.]] Ch'asca || Aër || Arcus
| Pacificatrix populi Qucusaurorum.
|-
| '''Cinix''' (''-ichis'') || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Malipo&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Maiensis|myn.]] Kinich || Arbor || Gladius Maior
| Curator heroque ex Yumkasauris, cuius comes est Dominus Decimus Natlanteanus “Immortalis Obscurus” ([[Lingua Maiensis|myn.]] “Aj Imuch' Paxlaq Lahun Ch'ule-L” / “K'uhul Ajaw”).
|-
| '''Citlalis''' || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Ukumbuko&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Navatlaca|nah.]] Citlali || Glacies || Catalysta
| Astrologista Ictomisaurium quae ducentos annos vixit.
|-
| Iansa || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Uwezo&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Iorubensis|yo.]] Yàńsàn-án / Yansã || Electrum || Lancea
| Exercitrix famosa in Natlane ex Tatankasauris.
|-
| Ifeus || [[Lingua Iorubensis|yo.]] Ifá/ìfẹ́ || Aër || Catalysta
| Medicus Sauri ex Qucusauris.
|-
| '''Mavuica''' || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Kiongozi&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Havaiana|haw.]] Mavuika || Ignis || Gladius Maior
| Dea Ignis, ex hominibus Yumkasaurorum orta ad Haborym.
|-
| '''Mualanis''' || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Umoja&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Havaiana|haw.]] Mualani || Aqua || Catalysta
| Athleta aquatica ex Koholosauris.
|-
| Olorun || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Bidii&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Iorubensis|yo.]] Ọlọrun || Electrum || Arcus
| Agricultor vespertilionidus et filius adoptatus Citlalis.
|-
| '''Varesa''' || [[Lingua Zuluana|zu.]] Waresa || Electrum || Catalysta
| Minotaura, pomaria bellica ex Tatankasauris.
|-
| '''Xilonen''' || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Baraka&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Navatlaca|nah.]] Xilonen || Terra || Gladius
| Fabricatrix metallorum pumina ex Tepetlisauris.
|}

=== Snezhnaya ===
Snezhnaya ([[Russice]] ''Снежная'', Nivea) ex [[Europa]] [[Linguae Slavicae|Slavica]] oritur (''prime'' [[Russia]] Caesarica), ubi Regio Nodocraea ([[Russice]] ''Нод-Край'') ex nationibus circum [[Mare Balticum]] oritur. Undecim Ductores Fatuorum nomina ficta [[lingua Italiana]] ferunt.
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Suis&amp;nbsp;linguis !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| [[Aino]] (''f., -onis'') || [[Lingua Finnica|fi.]] Aino || Aqua || Gladius maior || Proprietrix Rotularii Tactici, quae Ineffam creavit.
|-
| '''[[Aiax]]''' (''m., -antis'') || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Аякс (ex [[Lingua Graeca|el.]] Αἴας) || Aqua || Arcus || Decimus et Ultimus Ductor Fatuorum “Tartaglia”.
|-
| Alexius || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Алёша (dim. Алексей) || Electrum || Lancea || Venator quam Canis.
|-
| '''[[Anastasia Theodori puella Snezhnaya]]''' || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Анастасия Фёдоровна Снежная || Glacies || Lancea || Dea glaciei, notata quam “Imperatrix Snezhnayae”.
|-
| '''Columbina Hyposelenia'''&lt;br&gt;sive '''Kuutar''' || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Columbina Hyposelenia&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Finnica|fi.]] Kuutar || Aqua || Catalysta
| Dea Virgo Lunae, “Luna Nova”, quae tertia Ductrix Fatuorum “Columbina” fuit.
|-
| '''Cyrillus Cydomiri filius Flins''' || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Кирилл Чудомирович Флинс || Electrum || Lancea || Decanus Custodum Luminis, cuius ministri contra Abyssum cassi sunt (Venationem Silvaticam).
|-
| [[Iahoda]] || [[Lingua Bohemica|cs.]] Jahoda || Aër || Arcus || Convectrix capitalis e Mercatoribus Voenicis.
|-
| [[Illugius]] || [[Lingua Islandica|is.]] Illuga || Terra || Lancea || Investigator Custodum Luminis.
|-
| '''Ineffa''' || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Ineffa(bilis) || Electrum || Lancea || Gynoides Ainonis, ex parte bona Dominae Undecimae Natlanteanae “Crastinae Reflextricis” creata ([[Linguae Maienses|myn.]] ''Ix Raq'lapuj Chue'q Buluk Ch'ule-L'').
|-
| '''[[Lauma]]''' || [[Lingua Lettonica|lv.]] Lauma || Arbor || Catalysta || Diacona Puerorum Gelunae, sapiens et sacra.
|-
| '''Linnaea''' || (''forma feminina'')&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Latina|la.]] [[Linnaeus]] || Terra || Arcus || Adventrix Botanista, ''Avis Auguria'' quae est amica Ainonis.
|-
| '''Marionetta''' || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Marionette Guillotin || Glacies || Lancea || Septima Ductrix Fatuorum “Sandrone”.
|-
| '''[[Nefer]]''' (''f., -ris'') || [[Lingua Aegyptia|egy.]] ''nfr'' &lt;hiero&gt;nfr&lt;/hiero&gt; || Arbor || Catalysta || Ductrix Curatorii Secretorum, Sumeriana, amica Doridis.
|-
| '''Odetta''' || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Одетта (ex [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Odette) || Glacies || Gladius || Ballerina Prima ex Theatro Regale.
|-
| '''Pervera''' || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Peruère&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Снежевна || Ignis || Lancea || Quarta Ductrix Fatuorum “Arlecchino”, quae orphanes cultivat pro Fatui.
|-
| Theophanes Sergii filius Vexel || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Феофан Сергеевич Вексель || ? || ? || Nonus Ductor Fatuorum “Pantalone”.
|-
| '''Vodianissa''' || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Водяница || Aqua || ? || Cantrix Prima ex Theatro Regale.
|}

===Regiones Aliae===
Caenrium&lt;ref&gt;
{{blockquote|&lt;poem&gt;Non custos si fingar ille Caenrium
Non fulmineus ego lyrae barbatos
Non si pegaseo ferar volatu
Non morphes niveae citaeque bigae
Adde huc plumipedas volatilesque
Ventorumque simul require cursum
Quos iunctos amica mea mihi dicares
Defessus tamen omnibus medullis
Et multis languoribus peresus
Essem te mihi amica quaeritando
Caelum dilabitur
falsitas collabitur&lt;/poem&gt;}}
{{Norma dextra|[https://genshin-impact.fandom.com/wiki/Mysterious_Letter Charta mysteriosa sub Casma Liguana]}}&lt;/ref&gt; est regnum a Septem Deis delendum, ex [[Scandinavia]] [[Prussia]]que ortum.
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Suis linguis !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| '''[[:en:Aloy|Aloisia]]''' || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Aloy || Glacies || Arcus || Protagonista ex [[Horizon Zero Dawn|Horizonte Nullo: Aurora]].
|-
| Dainsleus || [[Lingua Norvegica|no.]] Dáinsleif || (Quantum)? || ? || Caballarius Caenrianus, cum Lumina vagatus, Aetheri occurrit.
|-
| '''Excirca''' || [[Lingua Islandica|is.]] Skirk || Glacies || Gladius || Mentrix Aiantis extraterrestris.
|-
| '''Nicola''' || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Nicole Reeyn || Ignis || Catalysta || Maga N, una Angela immaculata.
|}

'''Mannequinus''' et '''Mannequina''' sunt introducti in ''Terra Mirabili “Miliastra”'', ab Octavia creati.

=== Personae significantes non ludibiles ===
Obliqua indicant feminas.
* '''''Paimon''''' (''f., -onis''), deuteragonista, Viatorem/Viatricem clamans.
* '''''Catherinae''''', receptionistae roboticae bionicae, a septima Ductrice Fatuorum “Sandrone” in Snezhnaya creatae, singulae per nationem.

== Synopsis ==
=== Prologus ===
Viator in Mondstadia vagavit.

=== Carmen Lunae Vanae ===
Viator in Nodocraea vagat, quande Columbina Fatuis partita est.

== Nexus interni ==
*Alii ludi personarum ex [[Hoyoversum|Hoyoverso]]:
** [[Impactus Apocalypsis]] (''Honkai Impact'')
** [[Impactus Apocalypsis: Interstellaris]] (''Honkai: Star Rail'')
** [[Nefariae Naturae Nihil]] (''Zenless Zone Zero'')
** [[Impactus Apocalypsis: Nexus Anima]] (''Honkai: Nexus Anima'')
** [[Planeta Petittus]] (''Petit Planet'')
*[[Gnosis]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

[[Categoria:Ludi personarum]]</text>
      <sha1>4dnxls4wl1r56inpzsrjvqh7f0it8zx</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3970083</id>
      <parentid>3970080</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-05T10:10:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-38301-74</username>
        <id>211774</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Snezhnaya */</comment>
      <origin>3970083</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="25322" sha1="pdkwdynrr86d5it0uf8hnfrz67csl35" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
{{Latinitas|-3}}
{{Capsa ludi electronici
	| Titulus = ''Genshin Impact''
	| Tituluslatinus = Impactus Allogenerum
	| Imago = Genshin Impact wordmark.svg
	| Auctor = [[HoYoverse]], sub [[miHoYo]]
	| Editor = [[miHoYo]]
	| Designator = [[miHoYo]]
	| Series = Impactus Honkai (extensus)
	| Motorium = [[miHoYo]]
	| Divulgatio = [[28 Septembris]] [[2020]]
	| Genus = Ludus personarum&lt;br&gt;Ludus mundi aperti
	| Modus = Lusor singularis
	| Systema = [[Microsoft Windows]]&lt;br&gt;[[PlayStation 4]]/5&lt;br&gt;[[Android]], [[iOS]]
	| Media = [[Corpus programmatum]]&lt;br&gt;cum [[Unitas|Unitate]]
	| Postulatio = 8 GB+ [[RAM]], 50 GB+ [[ROM]]
	| Gubernacula = [[Claviatura]], [[Mus (computatralis)|mus]]
}}

{{Ores|Genshin Impact}} (''Gen Shin'' est [[pronuntiatus]] [[Iaponia|Iaponicus]] locutionis [[Res publica popularis Sinarum|Sinicae]] 原神, ''Yuan Shen'', ubi ''Yuan'' 原 “primigenium” et ''Shen'' 神 “[[deus|deum]]” atque “[[potestas|potestatem]]” significant) est [[ars electrica|electronicus]] [[ludus personarum]] a [[miHoYo]] [[societas mercatoria|societate mercatoria]] anno [[2020]] editus. In Tiva agitur, [[mundus|mundo]] [[fictio|commenticio]] septem [[natio|nationes]] continente.

== Mechanici ==
Lusor per [[tabula geographica|tabulam geographicam]] atque quattuor personas {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Mundus patens|mundum patentem|en|qid=Q867123}} suo arbitrio explorare potest. Personis conceditur pugnare, labi, et natare. Lusori quidam quaestus complendus est dum eius persona opes, arma, artifactaque cumulat. In Fontana unā cum Statua Focaloris personae urinari possunt.

{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Septem Elementa in Tiva
! Capitulum !! Elementum !! Praefixum !! Natio !! Deus !! Sententia
|-
| Prologus || [[Aër]] || Anemo- || Monstadia || Barbatos || Mea [[libertas]], meus canor
|-
| 1 || [[Tellus (planeta)|Terra]] || Geo- || Ligua || Morax || Ruat [[caelum]], fiat pactum
|-
| 2 || [[Ambra|Electrum]] || Electro- || Inazuma || Beelzebul || Perpetua, perennis, impervia
|-
| 3 || [[Arbor]] || Dendro- || Sumeru || Buer || Sub floribus lumen sagacitatis
|-
| 4 || [[Aqua]] || Hydro- || Fontana || Focalor || Iustitia omnia vincit
|-
| 5 || [[Ignis]] || Pyro- || Natlan || Haborym || Surge, vir fortis, i natam victoriam
|-
| 6 || [[Glacies]] || Cryo- || Snezhnaya || ? || Ducam, regina mea gloria, haud pluribus impar
|-
| Epilogus || (Nullum) || (Nullum) || Caenria || (Nullus) || (Nulla)
|}

== Personae ==
Litterae typis gravibus quinque stellas (★★★★★) indicant.&lt;ref&gt;[https://wiki.hoyolab.com/pc/genshin/aggregate/character Per visionem.]&lt;/ref&gt;
In potentibus personae cum visione ascenditur Caenriae.

=== Protagonistae ===
Protagonistae ''Impactus Allogenerum'', '''Aether''' et '''Lumina''', Deae Incognitae (Asmodeo) obsistendo abhinc quingentos annos dirempti sunt; alter clausus est et potentia spoliatus, altera emissa Ordinem Abyssi ducit.

=== Monstadia ===
Monstadia ([[Theodisce]] ''Mondstadt'', Urbs Lunae) ex [[Europa]] [[Linguae Germanicae|Germanica]] oritur.
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Suis&amp;nbsp;linguis !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| '''Albedo'''&amp;nbsp;(''m''.,&amp;nbsp;''-inis'') || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Albedo || Terra || Gladius
| Homunculus, alchemista potissimus et capitaneus investigatorum Equitum Favonii.
|-
| Alicia || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Alice || Ignis || Catalysta
| Mater Cleae et prima maga Circuli.
|-
| Amata || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Amy / &lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Theodisca|de.]] Fischl von Luftschloß Narfidort || Electrum || Arcus
| Investigatrix in Collegio Adventorum, quae comitat Benedictum.
|-
| Amber&amp;nbsp;(''Ambris'') || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Amber || Ignis || Arcus
| Antecursatrix sola in Equitibus Favonii. Prima compania obtenta in hoc ludo.
|-
| Barbara || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Barbara Pegg || Aqua || Catalysta
| Diacona Ecclesiae Favonii et soror iunior Ioannae. Obtinetur post prologum.
|-
| Benedictus || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Bennett || Ignis || Gladius
| Orphanus inclusus Collegio Adventorum, quius fama infortunatissimus habetur; e Mari Iivari in Natlane deiectus.
|-
| '''Clea''' || [[Lingua Theodisca|de.]] Klee || Ignis || Catalysta
| Filia Aliciae, pyrobolatrix Equitum Favonii.
|-
| Dahlius || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Dahlia || Aqua || Lancea
| Diaconus Ecclesiae Favonii, qui amicitias inter Venti et Rosariam colit.
|-
| '''Dilux''' (''m''., ''-cis'') || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Diluc(ulum) [[Lingua Norvegica|no.]] Ragnvindr || Ignis || Gladius Maior
| Possessor Vinorum Aurorae. Legatus Caballarius Favonii ante Gaium fuit.
|-
| Diona || [[Lingua Theodisca|de.]] Diona Kätzlein || Glacies || Arcus
| Mixologista felina in Cauda Felis.
|-
| '''Durin''' (''-nis'') || [[Lingua Norvegica|no.]] Durin || Ignis || Gladius
| Draco ab Circulo Magarum creatus, cuius corpus homunculum ab Albedine confectum est.
|-
| '''Eula''' || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Eula Lawrence || Glacies || Gladius Maior
| Gladiatrix de Aristocratia Laurentia.
|-
| Gaius || [[Lingua Norvegica|no.]] Kaeya Alberich || Glacies || Gladius
| Gladiator et Legatus ex Caenrio. Secundo obtinetur.
|-
| '''Ioanna''' || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Jean&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Norvegica|no.]] Gunnhildr || Aër || Gladius
| Praefecta Equitum Favonii sub Varco et soror maior Barbarae.
|-
| Lisa || [[Lingua Italiana|it.]] Lisa Minci || Electrum || Catalysta
| Librariana Equitum Favonii atque genius Academiae Sumerianae. Tertio obtinetur.
|-
| Lonus || [[Lingua Theodisca|de.]] Lohen || Glacies || Lancea
| Vice-Legatus Quintus.
|-
| Michael (''-lis'') || [[Lingua Theodisca|de.]] Mika Schmidt || Glacies || Lancea
| Recognitor cartographicus Equitum Favonii.
|-
| '''Mona''' || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Mona Megistus || Aqua || Catalysta
| Maga astrologista et reportatrix Avis Vaporis.
|-
| Natalia || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Noëlle || Terra || Gladius Maior
| Servitrix Equitum Favonii, eques fieri cupiens.
|-
| Pruna || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Prune || Aër || Catalysta
| Puella magica quasi Clea, qui matrem Cleae Aliciam venatur.
|-
| Rasor (''-ris'') || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Razor || Electrum || Gladius Maior
| Puer a lupis alitus, a Lisa Minci et Varka adiutus.
|-
| Rosaria || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Rosaria || Glacies || Lancea
| Nonna ab Accumulatoribus Thesauricis rapta.
|-
| Saccharosa || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Sucrose || Aër || Catalysta
| Alchemista canina sub Albedine.
|-
| Varcus || [[Lingua Persica|fa.]] ورقه || Aër || Gladius Maior
| Capitanus Equitum Favonii, qui conquerebat in Ruina Hyperboreae.
|-
| '''Venti'''&amp;nbsp;(''-orum'')&lt;br&gt;sive '''Barbatos'''&amp;nbsp;(''-osis'') || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Venti || Aër || Arcus
| Deus ventorum.
|}

=== Ligua ===
Ligua&lt;ref&gt;Latinizatione confer [[Confucius]], [[Mencius]], [[Micius]].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Sinice]] {{Notulae|璃:Lí|月:yuè}}, Luna Lazuli) ex [[Sinae (regio)|Sinis]] oritur.
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Sinice !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| '''Baichu''' || {{Notulae|白: ㄅㄞ´|朮: ㄓㄨ´}} || Arbor || Catalysta || [[Medicus]] ex [[Pharmacopolium|Pharmacopolio]] impraedicibili.
|-
| Beido (''-us'') || {{Notulae|北: ㄅㄟˇ|斗: ㄉㄡˇ}} || Electrum || Gladius Maior || Capitanea Navium Liguae “Crucis” (Crux).
|-
| '''Capricorna''' || {{Notulae|甘:ㄍㄢ|雨: ㄩˇ}} || Glacies || Arcus || Secretaria semicapricorna, quae Septentrionem Liguae servit.
|-
| '''Chunglius'''&lt;br /&gt;sive '''Morax''' || {{Notulae|鍾:ㄓㄨㄥ|離: ㄌㄧˊ}} || Terra || Lancea || Deus terrae, notatus quam “Rex Lapis” sive “Deus Auri”.
|-
| Chungynus || {{Notulae|重: ㄔㄨㄥˊ|雲: ㄩㄣˊ}} || Glacies || Gladius Maior
| Exorcista spiritu positivo puro praeditus, exorcizans.
|-
| '''Cibea''' || {{Notulae|兹:ㄗ|白: ㄅㄞ´}} || Terra || Gladius || Angela quam Adepta equina, quae Lancanopolem antediluvianam dominabat.
|-
| '''Elena''' || {{Notulae|夜: ㄧㄝ`|蘭: ㄌㄢˊ}} || Aqua || Arcus
| Secretaria Lucis Condensae, senatrix prima de facto.
|-
| Gamingus || style=&quot;text-wrap: nowrap;&quot;|{{Notulae|葉:Yip6| |嘉:Ga1|明:ming4}} || Ignis || Gladius Maior
| Cursator leoninus e valle ''Ch'in-Yu''.
|-
| Hianglima || style=&quot;text-wrap: nowrap;&quot;|{{Notulae|卯: ㄇㄠˇ| |香:ㄒㄧㄤ|菱: ㄌㄧㄥˊ}} || Ignis || Lancea
| Coctrix in Popina Populi.
|-
| '''Hianyna''' || {{Notulae|閒: ㄒㄧㄢˊ|雲: ㄩㄣˊ}} || Aër || Catalysta || Adepta gruida “Retenatrix Nubis”.
|-
| '''Hiao''' || {{Notulae|魈:ㄒㄧㄠ}} || Aër || Lancea
| Iaxus solus, Liguam contra spiritus deosque malos tuens.
|-
| Hincius || {{Notulae|行: ㄒㄧㄥˊ|秋:ㄑㄧㄡ}} || Aqua || Gladius
| Filius secundus Mercatoris Nubis Volantis.
|-
| '''Hu Tao''' || {{Notulae|胡: ㄏㄨˊ| |桃: ㄊㄠˊ}} || Ignis || Lancea
| Funeratrix septuagesima septima in Ligua.
|-
| Iao-Iao || {{Notulae|瑤: ㄧㄠˊ|瑤: ㄧㄠˊ}} || Arbor || Lancea
| Discipula Adeptae e rure ''K'ing-ts'e''.
|-
| Ienfecia || {{Notulae|煙:ㄧㄢ|緋:ㄈㄟ}} || Ignis || Catalysta
| Legislatrix bicornis Liguae serviens.
|-
| Iun Cin || {{Notulae|雲: ㄩㄣˊ|堇: ㄐㄧㄣˇ}} || Terra || Lancea
| Saltatrix famosa in Ligua.
|-
| '''Kecima''' || {{Notulae|刻: ㄎㄜˋ|晴: ㄑㄧㄥˊ}} || Electrum || Gladius
| Senatrix quinta (“Alioth”) Septentrionis Liguae, Regem Lapidem Adeptosque detestans.
|-
| Lan Ien || {{Notulae|藍: ㄌㄢˊ| |硯: ㄧㄢˋ}} || Aër || Catalysta
| [[Faber|Fabra]] argenti e valle ''Ch'in-Yu'' (Gemma Summersa).
|-
| Ninguama || {{Notulae|凝: ㄋㄧㄥˊ|光:ㄍㄨㄤ}} || Terra || Catalysta
| Senatrix quarta (“Megrez”) Septentrionis Liguae.
|-
| '''Septima Septuplex''' || {{Notulae|七:ㄑㄧ|七:ㄑㄧ}} || Glacies || Gladius
| Puella [[Mors|Mortua]] in [[Pharmacopolium|Pharmacopolio]] Impraedicibili.
|-
| Sinena || {{Notulae|辛:ㄒㄧㄣ|焱: ㄧㄢˋ}} || Ignis || Gladius Maior
| Cantatrix famosa in Ligua.
|-
| '''Xenica''' || {{Notulae|申:ㄕㄣ|鶴: ㄏㄜˋ}} || Glacies || Lancea
| Exorcista sola, Chungyni matertera.
|}

===Inazuma===
Inazuma (sive Inaduma, [[Iaponice]] {{Notulae|稲:いな|妻:づま}} ''Inaduma'', Fulgur) ex [[Iaponia]] oritur.
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Iaponice&lt;ref&gt;[[Kana]] ante annum [[1945]].&lt;/ref&gt; !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| '''Aiaca Kamisato''' || {{Notulae|神:かみ|里:さと| |綾:あや|華:か}} || Glacies || Gladius
| Principissa Commissionis Culturalis, soror iunior Aiati.
|-
| '''Aiatus Kamisato''' || {{Notulae|神:かみ|里:さと| |綾:あや|人:と}} || Aqua || Gladius
| Princeps Commissionis Culturalis, frater maior Aiacae.
|-
| '''Cafedefarus Cazufa''' || {{Notulae|楓:かへで|原:はら| |万:かず|葉:は}} || Aër || Gladius
| Vagabundus et nauta Crucis Liguanae.
|-
| '''Chloris''' || {{Notulae|千:ち|織:おり}} || Terra || Gladius
| Textilatrix, in Fontanam demigrans, decreto compescente spreto.
|-
| '''Cocomis Regiae Sango''' || style=&quot;text-wrap: nowrap;&quot;|{{Notulae|珊:さん|瑚:ご|の|宮:みや| |心:ここ|海:み}} || Aqua || Catalysta
| Sacerdos contra Deam Electri.
|-
| Feizaus de Claustro Sikano || {{Notulae|鹿:しか|野:の|院:ゐん| |平:へい|藏:ざう}} || Aër || Catalysta
| Inquisitor e Commissione Administrativa.
|-
| '''Generalis Fulminis'''&lt;br&gt;sive '''Ei'''&lt;br&gt;sive '''Beelzebul''' || {{Notulae|雷:らい|電:でん| |将:しやう|軍:ぐん}}&lt;br&gt;
{{Notulae|雷:らい|電:でん| |影:えい}}
| Electrum || Lancea
| Dea secunda electri, post sororem suam Baelen (vel Makoto).
|-
| Goraus || ゴロー／{{Notulae|五:ご|郎:らう}}&lt;ref&gt;[[Litterae Sinicae]] e [[lingua Sinica]] sunt.&lt;/ref&gt; || Terra || Arcus
| Generalissimus caninus Cocomis.
|-
| '''Iofimia Naganofara''' || {{Notulae|長:なが|野:の|原:はら| |宵:よひ|宮:みや}} || Ignis || Arcus
| Bombatrix famosissima in Inazuma.
|-
| '''Ittus Arataki''' || {{Notulae|荒:あら|滝:たき| |一:いつ|斗:と}} || Terra || Gladius Maior
| Onius perniciosus, a Sara Kudeo olim captus.
|-
| Kirara || {{Notulae|綺:き|良:ら|々:ら}} || Arbor || Gladius
| Cursatrix et [[Nekomata|felis dupla]].
|-
| '''Midukis Iumemiduki''' || {{Notulae|夢:ゆめ|見:み|月:づき| |瑞:みづ|希:き}} || Aër || Catalysta
| Meditatrix tapira, in Balneis Aisae serviens.
|-
| '''Miko Iae''' (''Mikonis'') || {{Notulae|八:や|重:へ| |神:み|子:こ}} || Electrum || Catalysta
| Diacona deae electri.
|-
| Saio (''-us'') || {{Notulae|早:さ|柚:ゆ}} || Aër || Gladius Maior
| Ninzia in Commissione Culturali.
|-
| Sara Kudeo || {{Notulae|九:く|條:でう| |裟:さ|羅:ら}} || Electrum || Arcus
| Legata Tenguina e Commissione Administrativa.
|-
| Sinobs Kuki || {{Notulae|久:く|岐:き| |忍:しのぶ}} || Electrum || Gladius
| Puella secunda sacerdotula quae est ministra Itti Arataki.
|-
| Thomas || トーマ&lt;br&gt;([[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Thoma) || Ignis || Lancea
| Minister Commissionis Culturalis, Monstadiensis.
|}

===Sumeru===
Sumeru (-''us'', [[Sanscrite]] सुमेरु ''Sumeru'', [[Accadice]] 𒋗𒈨𒊒 ''Šumeru'') in silvam desertaque dividitur. Silva Sumeriana ex [[India]] [[Imperium Achaemenidarum|Persiaque]] oritur, deserta autem ex [[Arabia]] [[Aegyptus|Aegyptoque]].
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Suis&amp;nbsp;linguis !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| '''[[Alhazenus]]''' || [[Lingua Arabica|ar.]]&amp;nbsp;الهيثم || Arbor || Gladius
| Scriptor Academiae Sumerianae et legatus sagax.
|-
| [[Candace]]|| [[Lingua Graeca|el.]]&amp;nbsp;Κανδάκη || Aqua || Lancea
| Curatrix ruris Aaru.
|-
| Cona || [[Lingua Cambrica|cy.]]&amp;nbsp;Collei || Arbor || Arcus
| Discipula Tignarii et amica optima Amberis.
|-
| '''[[Cyon]]''' (''Cynis'') || [[Lingua Graeca|el.]]&amp;nbsp;Κύων || Electrum || Lancea
| Ordinis capitaneus et physicista Academiae Sumerianae.
|-
| '''[[Dehia]]''' || [[Linguae Libycae|ber.]]&amp;nbsp;ⴷⵉⵀⵢⴰ || Ignis || Gladius Maior
| Eremita, Nahidam protegens.
|-
| [[Doris]] || [[Lingua Persica|fa.]]&amp;nbsp;دوری سنگماه بای || Electrum || Gladius Maior
| Mercatrix parva, in Palatio Castro habitans.
|-
| Faruzan (-''nis'') || [[Lingua Persica|fa.]]&amp;nbsp;فروزان || Aër || Arcus
| Archaeologa e Academia Sumeriana.
|-
| Kaveus || [[Lingua Persica|fa.]]&amp;nbsp;كاوه || Arbor || Gladius Maior
| Architectus e Academia Sumeriana.
|-
| Laila || [[Lingua Arabica|ar.]]&amp;nbsp;ليلى || Glacies || Gladius
| Astrologa e Academia Sumeriana.
|-
| '''[[Nahida]]'''&lt;br&gt;sive '''Buer''' || [[Lingua Persica|fa.]]&amp;nbsp;ناهيد || Arbor || Catalysta
| Dea Arboris, Domina Minor Kusanali.
|-
| '''[[Nilo]]'''&amp;nbsp;(-''onis'') || [[Lingua Persica|fa.]]&amp;nbsp;نيلو || Aqua || Gladius
| Saltatrix in Theatro Zubaeris.
|-
| [[Sethos]] || [[Lingua Graeca|el.]]&amp;nbsp;Σεθός&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Aegyptia|egy.]] ''st'' &lt;hiero&gt;st y&lt;/hiero&gt; || Electrum || Arcus
| Heres Templi Silentis, vasculusque Hermanubidis ante Cynem.
|-
| '''[[Tignarius]]''' || [[Lingua Arabica|ar.]]&amp;nbsp;طغنري || Arbor || Arcus
| Forestator Avidiensis e Academia Sumeriana.
|-
| '''[[Vagabundus]]''' || &lt;del&gt;[[Lingua Iaponica|ja.]]&amp;nbsp;国崩&lt;br&gt;くにくづし&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Iaponica|ja.]]&amp;nbsp;傾奇者&lt;br&gt;かぶきもの&lt;/del&gt;
|| Aër || Catalysta
| Homunculus a Beelzebule creatus, in Sumeru errans, quondam sextus Ductor Fatuorum “Scaramouche” [[Lingua francogallica|(fr.)]].
|}

===Fontana===
Fontana ([[Francogallice]] ''Fontaine'', Fontana) ex [[Europa]] [[Linguae Italicae|Romanica]] oritur.
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Suis&amp;nbsp;linguis !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| '''[[Aemilia]]''' || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Émilie || Arbor || Catalysta || [[Unguentaria]] stylista et amica Caprosiae.
|-
| '''[[Augustus Escoffier|Augusta&amp;nbsp;Escoffier]]'''&lt;ref&gt;Praenomen suspectum est.&lt;/ref&gt; || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Escoffier || Glacies || Lancea || Coquinaria pulsa ex Hospitali Debord, amica Varesae.
|-
| '''[[Clorinda]]''' || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Clorinde || Electrum || Gladius || Gladiatrix Prima et de facto protectrix Furinae, quae Carolum Caspar necavit.
|-
| [[Carlotta]] || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Charlotte || Glacies || Catalysta || Reportatrix Avis Vaporis.
|-
| [[Caprosia]] || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Chevreuse || Ignis || Lancea || [[Mosquetum|Mosquetaria]] capitanaque patroliae securitatis survigillantiaeque specialis (PS³).
|-
| '''[[Henricus Wriothesley|Dux&amp;nbsp;Wriothesley]]''' || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]]&amp;nbsp;''Duke''&amp;nbsp;Wriothesley || Glacies || Catalysta || Dux Fortis Meropidis.
|-
| Freminittus || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Fréminet&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Снежевич || Glacies || Gladius Maior || Subaqueus Fontanae celeberrimus et filius adoptatus Perverae.
|-
| '''[[Furina]]''' || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Furina&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] de&amp;nbsp;Fontaine || Aqua || Gladius || Dea Aquae, quae corpus '''Focaloris''' fuerat, antequam se deleret.
|-
| '''Linus''' || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Lyney&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Снежевич || Ignis || Arcus || Magus celeberrimus in Fontana et filius adoptatus Perverae.
|-
| Linitta || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Lynette&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Снежевна || Aër || Gladius || Adiutatrix felina sororque Lini.
|-
| '''[[Navia]]''' || [[Lingua Latina|la.]]/[[Lingua Hispanica|es.]]&amp;nbsp;Navia&amp;nbsp;Caspar || Terra || Gladius Maior || Ducissa Spinae Rosulae, quae patri suo Carolo successit.
|-
| '''[[Novillittus]]''' || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Neuvillette || Aqua || Catalysta || [[Draco]] Aquae, qui regulo Fontanae fungitur.
|-
| '''Sigevina''' || [[Lingua Theodisca|de.]] Sigewinne || Aqua || Arcus || Nutritrix [[melusina]] Fortis Meropidis.
|}

=== Natlan ===
Natlan (''m.'' -''anis'', [[Lingua Navatlaca|navatlace]] ''Natlan'', Mea Domus) est orta ex [[Africa Subsahariana]], [[Americae|Americis]], et [[Oceania]].
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Suis linguis !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| Cacina || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Uthabiti&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Hopiana|hop.]] Katsina || Terra || Lancea
| Excavatrix iuvenis et determinata ex Tepetlisauris.
|-
| '''Ciasca''' || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Vuka&lt;br&gt;[[Linguae Quechuae|qu.]] Ch'asca || Aër || Arcus
| Pacificatrix populi Qucusaurorum.
|-
| '''Cinix''' (''-ichis'') || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Malipo&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Maiensis|myn.]] Kinich || Arbor || Gladius Maior
| Curator heroque ex Yumkasauris, cuius comes est Dominus Decimus Natlanteanus “Immortalis Obscurus” ([[Lingua Maiensis|myn.]] “Aj Imuch' Paxlaq Lahun Ch'ule-L” / “K'uhul Ajaw”).
|-
| '''Citlalis''' || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Ukumbuko&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Navatlaca|nah.]] Citlali || Glacies || Catalysta
| Astrologista Ictomisaurium quae ducentos annos vixit.
|-
| Iansa || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Uwezo&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Iorubensis|yo.]] Yàńsàn-án / Yansã || Electrum || Lancea
| Exercitrix famosa in Natlane ex Tatankasauris.
|-
| Ifeus || [[Lingua Iorubensis|yo.]] Ifá/ìfẹ́ || Aër || Catalysta
| Medicus Sauri ex Qucusauris.
|-
| '''Mavuica''' || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Kiongozi&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Havaiana|haw.]] Mavuika || Ignis || Gladius Maior
| Dea Ignis, ex hominibus Yumkasaurorum orta ad Haborym.
|-
| '''Mualanis''' || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Umoja&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Havaiana|haw.]] Mualani || Aqua || Catalysta
| Athleta aquatica ex Koholosauris.
|-
| Olorun || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Bidii&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Iorubensis|yo.]] Ọlọrun || Electrum || Arcus
| Agricultor vespertilionidus et filius adoptatus Citlalis.
|-
| '''Varesa''' || [[Lingua Zuluana|zu.]] Waresa || Electrum || Catalysta
| Minotaura, pomaria bellica ex Tatankasauris.
|-
| '''Xilonen''' || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Baraka&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Navatlaca|nah.]] Xilonen || Terra || Gladius
| Fabricatrix metallorum pumina ex Tepetlisauris.
|}

=== Snezhnaya ===
Snezhnaya ([[Russice]] ''Снежная'', Nivea) ex [[Europa]] [[Linguae Slavicae|Slavica]] oritur (''prime'' [[Russia]] Caesarica), ubi Regio Nodocraea ([[Russice]] ''Нод-Край'') ex nationibus circum [[Mare Balticum]] oritur. Undecim Ductores Fatuorum nomina ficta [[lingua Italiana]] ferunt.
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Suis&amp;nbsp;linguis !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| [[Aino]] (''f., -onis'') || [[Lingua Finnica|fi.]] Aino || Aqua || Gladius maior || Proprietrix Rotularii Tactici, quae Ineffam creavit.
|-
| '''[[Aiax]]''' (''m., -antis'') || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Аякс (ex [[Lingua Graeca|el.]] Αἴας) || Aqua || Arcus || Decimus et Ultimus Ductor Fatuorum “Tartaglia”.
|-
| Alexius || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Алёша (dim. Алексей) || Electrum || Lancea || Venator quam Canis.
|-
| '''[[Anastasia Theodori puella Snezhnaya]]''' || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Анастасия Фёдоровна Снежная || Glacies || Lancea || Dea glaciei, notata quam “Imperatrix Snezhnayae”.
|-
| '''Columbina Hyposelenia'''&lt;br&gt;sive '''Kuutar''' || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Columbina Hyposelenia&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Finnica|fi.]] Kuutar || Aqua || Catalysta
| Dea Virgo Lunae, “Luna Nova”, quae tertia Ductrix Fatuorum “Columbina” fuit.
|-
| '''Cyrillus Cydomiri filius Flins''' || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Кирилл Чудомирович Флинс || Electrum || Lancea || Decanus Custodum Luminis, cuius ministri contra Abyssum cassi sunt (Venationem Silvaticam).
|-
| [[Iahoda]] || [[Lingua Bohemica|cs.]] Jahoda || Aër || Arcus || Convectrix capitalis e Mercatoribus Voenicis.
|-
| [[Illugius]] || [[Lingua Islandica|is.]] Illuga || Terra || Lancea || Investigator Custodum Luminis.
|-
| '''Ineffa''' || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Ineffa(bilis) || Electrum || Lancea || Gynoides Ainonis, ex parte bona Dominae Undecimae Natlanteanae “Crastinae Reflextricis” creata ([[Linguae Maienses|myn.]] ''Ix Raq'lapuj Chue'q Buluk Ch'ule-L'').
|-
| '''[[Lauma]]''' || [[Lingua Lettonica|lv.]] Lauma || Arbor || Catalysta || Diacona Puerorum Gelunae, sapiens et sacra.
|-
| '''Linnaea''' || (''forma feminina'')&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Latina|la.]] [[Linnaeus]] || Terra || Arcus || Adventrix Botanista, ''Avis Auguria'' quae est amica Ainonis.
|-
| '''Marionetta''' || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Marionette Guillotin || Glacies || Lancea || Septima Ductrix Fatuorum “Sandrone”.
|-
| '''[[Nefer]]''' (''f., -ris'') || [[Lingua Aegyptia|egy.]] ''nfr'' &lt;hiero&gt;nfr&lt;/hiero&gt; || Arbor || Catalysta || Ductrix Curatorii Secretorum, Sumeriana, amica Doridis.
|-
| '''Odetta''' || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Одетта (ex [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Odette) || Glacies || Gladius || Ballerina Prima ex Theatro Regale, atque simul heres Octavae Ductricis Fatuorum “Signora” (Rosalina Crucica Flammatinea).
|-
| '''Pervera''' || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Peruère&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Снежевна || Ignis || Lancea || Quarta Ductrix Fatuorum “Arlecchino”, quae orphanes cultivat pro Fatui.
|-
| Theophanes Sergii filius Vexel || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Феофан Сергеевич Вексель || ? || ? || Nonus Ductor Fatuorum “Pantalone”.
|-
| '''Vodianissa''' || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Водяница || Aqua || ? || Cantrix Prima ex Theatro Regale.
|}

===Regiones Aliae===
Caenrium&lt;ref&gt;
{{blockquote|&lt;poem&gt;Non custos si fingar ille Caenrium
Non fulmineus ego lyrae barbatos
Non si pegaseo ferar volatu
Non morphes niveae citaeque bigae
Adde huc plumipedas volatilesque
Ventorumque simul require cursum
Quos iunctos amica mea mihi dicares
Defessus tamen omnibus medullis
Et multis languoribus peresus
Essem te mihi amica quaeritando
Caelum dilabitur
falsitas collabitur&lt;/poem&gt;}}
{{Norma dextra|[https://genshin-impact.fandom.com/wiki/Mysterious_Letter Charta mysteriosa sub Casma Liguana]}}&lt;/ref&gt; est regnum a Septem Deis delendum, ex [[Scandinavia]] [[Prussia]]que ortum.
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Suis linguis !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| '''[[:en:Aloy|Aloisia]]''' || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Aloy || Glacies || Arcus || Protagonista ex [[Horizon Zero Dawn|Horizonte Nullo: Aurora]].
|-
| Dainsleus || [[Lingua Norvegica|no.]] Dáinsleif || (Quantum)? || ? || Caballarius Caenrianus, cum Lumina vagatus, Aetheri occurrit.
|-
| '''Excirca''' || [[Lingua Islandica|is.]] Skirk || Glacies || Gladius || Mentrix Aiantis extraterrestris.
|-
| '''Nicola''' || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Nicole Reeyn || Ignis || Catalysta || Maga N, una Angela immaculata.
|}

'''Mannequinus''' et '''Mannequina''' sunt introducti in ''Terra Mirabili “Miliastra”'', ab Octavia creati.

=== Personae significantes non ludibiles ===
Obliqua indicant feminas.
* '''''Paimon''''' (''f., -onis''), deuteragonista, Viatorem/Viatricem clamans.
* '''''Catherinae''''', receptionistae roboticae bionicae, a septima Ductrice Fatuorum “Sandrone” in Snezhnaya creatae, singulae per nationem.

== Synopsis ==
=== Prologus ===
Viator in Mondstadia vagavit.

=== Carmen Lunae Vanae ===
Viator in Nodocraea vagat, quande Columbina Fatuis partita est.

== Nexus interni ==
*Alii ludi personarum ex [[Hoyoversum|Hoyoverso]]:
** [[Impactus Apocalypsis]] (''Honkai Impact'')
** [[Impactus Apocalypsis: Interstellaris]] (''Honkai: Star Rail'')
** [[Nefariae Naturae Nihil]] (''Zenless Zone Zero'')
** [[Impactus Apocalypsis: Nexus Anima]] (''Honkai: Nexus Anima'')
** [[Planeta Petittus]] (''Petit Planet'')
*[[Gnosis]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

[[Categoria:Ludi personarum]]</text>
      <sha1>pdkwdynrr86d5it0uf8hnfrz67csl35</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3970085</id>
      <parentid>3970083</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-05T10:17:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-38301-74</username>
        <id>211774</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Snezhnaya */</comment>
      <origin>3970085</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="25414" sha1="ojp3ovuznm31u1pp8ya8nudthwf0o07" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
{{Latinitas|-3}}
{{Capsa ludi electronici
	| Titulus = ''Genshin Impact''
	| Tituluslatinus = Impactus Allogenerum
	| Imago = Genshin Impact wordmark.svg
	| Auctor = [[HoYoverse]], sub [[miHoYo]]
	| Editor = [[miHoYo]]
	| Designator = [[miHoYo]]
	| Series = Impactus Honkai (extensus)
	| Motorium = [[miHoYo]]
	| Divulgatio = [[28 Septembris]] [[2020]]
	| Genus = Ludus personarum&lt;br&gt;Ludus mundi aperti
	| Modus = Lusor singularis
	| Systema = [[Microsoft Windows]]&lt;br&gt;[[PlayStation 4]]/5&lt;br&gt;[[Android]], [[iOS]]
	| Media = [[Corpus programmatum]]&lt;br&gt;cum [[Unitas|Unitate]]
	| Postulatio = 8 GB+ [[RAM]], 50 GB+ [[ROM]]
	| Gubernacula = [[Claviatura]], [[Mus (computatralis)|mus]]
}}

{{Ores|Genshin Impact}} (''Gen Shin'' est [[pronuntiatus]] [[Iaponia|Iaponicus]] locutionis [[Res publica popularis Sinarum|Sinicae]] 原神, ''Yuan Shen'', ubi ''Yuan'' 原 “primigenium” et ''Shen'' 神 “[[deus|deum]]” atque “[[potestas|potestatem]]” significant) est [[ars electrica|electronicus]] [[ludus personarum]] a [[miHoYo]] [[societas mercatoria|societate mercatoria]] anno [[2020]] editus. In Tiva agitur, [[mundus|mundo]] [[fictio|commenticio]] septem [[natio|nationes]] continente.

== Mechanici ==
Lusor per [[tabula geographica|tabulam geographicam]] atque quattuor personas {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Mundus patens|mundum patentem|en|qid=Q867123}} suo arbitrio explorare potest. Personis conceditur pugnare, labi, et natare. Lusori quidam quaestus complendus est dum eius persona opes, arma, artifactaque cumulat. In Fontana unā cum Statua Focaloris personae urinari possunt.

{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Septem Elementa in Tiva
! Capitulum !! Elementum !! Praefixum !! Natio !! Deus !! Sententia
|-
| Prologus || [[Aër]] || Anemo- || Monstadia || Barbatos || Mea [[libertas]], meus canor
|-
| 1 || [[Tellus (planeta)|Terra]] || Geo- || Ligua || Morax || Ruat [[caelum]], fiat pactum
|-
| 2 || [[Ambra|Electrum]] || Electro- || Inazuma || Beelzebul || Perpetua, perennis, impervia
|-
| 3 || [[Arbor]] || Dendro- || Sumeru || Buer || Sub floribus lumen sagacitatis
|-
| 4 || [[Aqua]] || Hydro- || Fontana || Focalor || Iustitia omnia vincit
|-
| 5 || [[Ignis]] || Pyro- || Natlan || Haborym || Surge, vir fortis, i natam victoriam
|-
| 6 || [[Glacies]] || Cryo- || Snezhnaya || ? || Ducam, regina mea gloria, haud pluribus impar
|-
| Epilogus || (Nullum) || (Nullum) || Caenria || (Nullus) || (Nulla)
|}

== Personae ==
Litterae typis gravibus quinque stellas (★★★★★) indicant.&lt;ref&gt;[https://wiki.hoyolab.com/pc/genshin/aggregate/character Per visionem.]&lt;/ref&gt;
In potentibus personae cum visione ascenditur Caenriae.

=== Protagonistae ===
Protagonistae ''Impactus Allogenerum'', '''Aether''' et '''Lumina''', Deae Incognitae (Asmodeo) obsistendo abhinc quingentos annos dirempti sunt; alter clausus est et potentia spoliatus, altera emissa Ordinem Abyssi ducit.

=== Monstadia ===
Monstadia ([[Theodisce]] ''Mondstadt'', Urbs Lunae) ex [[Europa]] [[Linguae Germanicae|Germanica]] oritur.
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Suis&amp;nbsp;linguis !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| '''Albedo'''&amp;nbsp;(''m''.,&amp;nbsp;''-inis'') || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Albedo || Terra || Gladius
| Homunculus, alchemista potissimus et capitaneus investigatorum Equitum Favonii.
|-
| Alicia || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Alice || Ignis || Catalysta
| Mater Cleae et prima maga Circuli.
|-
| Amata || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Amy / &lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Theodisca|de.]] Fischl von Luftschloß Narfidort || Electrum || Arcus
| Investigatrix in Collegio Adventorum, quae comitat Benedictum.
|-
| Amber&amp;nbsp;(''Ambris'') || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Amber || Ignis || Arcus
| Antecursatrix sola in Equitibus Favonii. Prima compania obtenta in hoc ludo.
|-
| Barbara || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Barbara Pegg || Aqua || Catalysta
| Diacona Ecclesiae Favonii et soror iunior Ioannae. Obtinetur post prologum.
|-
| Benedictus || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Bennett || Ignis || Gladius
| Orphanus inclusus Collegio Adventorum, quius fama infortunatissimus habetur; e Mari Iivari in Natlane deiectus.
|-
| '''Clea''' || [[Lingua Theodisca|de.]] Klee || Ignis || Catalysta
| Filia Aliciae, pyrobolatrix Equitum Favonii.
|-
| Dahlius || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Dahlia || Aqua || Lancea
| Diaconus Ecclesiae Favonii, qui amicitias inter Venti et Rosariam colit.
|-
| '''Dilux''' (''m''., ''-cis'') || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Diluc(ulum) [[Lingua Norvegica|no.]] Ragnvindr || Ignis || Gladius Maior
| Possessor Vinorum Aurorae. Legatus Caballarius Favonii ante Gaium fuit.
|-
| Diona || [[Lingua Theodisca|de.]] Diona Kätzlein || Glacies || Arcus
| Mixologista felina in Cauda Felis.
|-
| '''Durin''' (''-nis'') || [[Lingua Norvegica|no.]] Durin || Ignis || Gladius
| Draco ab Circulo Magarum creatus, cuius corpus homunculum ab Albedine confectum est.
|-
| '''Eula''' || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Eula Lawrence || Glacies || Gladius Maior
| Gladiatrix de Aristocratia Laurentia.
|-
| Gaius || [[Lingua Norvegica|no.]] Kaeya Alberich || Glacies || Gladius
| Gladiator et Legatus ex Caenrio. Secundo obtinetur.
|-
| '''Ioanna''' || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Jean&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Norvegica|no.]] Gunnhildr || Aër || Gladius
| Praefecta Equitum Favonii sub Varco et soror maior Barbarae.
|-
| Lisa || [[Lingua Italiana|it.]] Lisa Minci || Electrum || Catalysta
| Librariana Equitum Favonii atque genius Academiae Sumerianae. Tertio obtinetur.
|-
| Lonus || [[Lingua Theodisca|de.]] Lohen || Glacies || Lancea
| Vice-Legatus Quintus.
|-
| Michael (''-lis'') || [[Lingua Theodisca|de.]] Mika Schmidt || Glacies || Lancea
| Recognitor cartographicus Equitum Favonii.
|-
| '''Mona''' || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Mona Megistus || Aqua || Catalysta
| Maga astrologista et reportatrix Avis Vaporis.
|-
| Natalia || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Noëlle || Terra || Gladius Maior
| Servitrix Equitum Favonii, eques fieri cupiens.
|-
| Pruna || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Prune || Aër || Catalysta
| Puella magica quasi Clea, qui matrem Cleae Aliciam venatur.
|-
| Rasor (''-ris'') || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Razor || Electrum || Gladius Maior
| Puer a lupis alitus, a Lisa Minci et Varka adiutus.
|-
| Rosaria || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Rosaria || Glacies || Lancea
| Nonna ab Accumulatoribus Thesauricis rapta.
|-
| Saccharosa || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Sucrose || Aër || Catalysta
| Alchemista canina sub Albedine.
|-
| Varcus || [[Lingua Persica|fa.]] ورقه || Aër || Gladius Maior
| Capitanus Equitum Favonii, qui conquerebat in Ruina Hyperboreae.
|-
| '''Venti'''&amp;nbsp;(''-orum'')&lt;br&gt;sive '''Barbatos'''&amp;nbsp;(''-osis'') || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Venti || Aër || Arcus
| Deus ventorum.
|}

=== Ligua ===
Ligua&lt;ref&gt;Latinizatione confer [[Confucius]], [[Mencius]], [[Micius]].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Sinice]] {{Notulae|璃:Lí|月:yuè}}, Luna Lazuli) ex [[Sinae (regio)|Sinis]] oritur.
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Sinice !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| '''Baichu''' || {{Notulae|白: ㄅㄞ´|朮: ㄓㄨ´}} || Arbor || Catalysta || [[Medicus]] ex [[Pharmacopolium|Pharmacopolio]] impraedicibili.
|-
| Beido (''-us'') || {{Notulae|北: ㄅㄟˇ|斗: ㄉㄡˇ}} || Electrum || Gladius Maior || Capitanea Navium Liguae “Crucis” (Crux).
|-
| '''Capricorna''' || {{Notulae|甘:ㄍㄢ|雨: ㄩˇ}} || Glacies || Arcus || Secretaria semicapricorna, quae Septentrionem Liguae servit.
|-
| '''Chunglius'''&lt;br /&gt;sive '''Morax''' || {{Notulae|鍾:ㄓㄨㄥ|離: ㄌㄧˊ}} || Terra || Lancea || Deus terrae, notatus quam “Rex Lapis” sive “Deus Auri”.
|-
| Chungynus || {{Notulae|重: ㄔㄨㄥˊ|雲: ㄩㄣˊ}} || Glacies || Gladius Maior
| Exorcista spiritu positivo puro praeditus, exorcizans.
|-
| '''Cibea''' || {{Notulae|兹:ㄗ|白: ㄅㄞ´}} || Terra || Gladius || Angela quam Adepta equina, quae Lancanopolem antediluvianam dominabat.
|-
| '''Elena''' || {{Notulae|夜: ㄧㄝ`|蘭: ㄌㄢˊ}} || Aqua || Arcus
| Secretaria Lucis Condensae, senatrix prima de facto.
|-
| Gamingus || style=&quot;text-wrap: nowrap;&quot;|{{Notulae|葉:Yip6| |嘉:Ga1|明:ming4}} || Ignis || Gladius Maior
| Cursator leoninus e valle ''Ch'in-Yu''.
|-
| Hianglima || style=&quot;text-wrap: nowrap;&quot;|{{Notulae|卯: ㄇㄠˇ| |香:ㄒㄧㄤ|菱: ㄌㄧㄥˊ}} || Ignis || Lancea
| Coctrix in Popina Populi.
|-
| '''Hianyna''' || {{Notulae|閒: ㄒㄧㄢˊ|雲: ㄩㄣˊ}} || Aër || Catalysta || Adepta gruida “Retenatrix Nubis”.
|-
| '''Hiao''' || {{Notulae|魈:ㄒㄧㄠ}} || Aër || Lancea
| Iaxus solus, Liguam contra spiritus deosque malos tuens.
|-
| Hincius || {{Notulae|行: ㄒㄧㄥˊ|秋:ㄑㄧㄡ}} || Aqua || Gladius
| Filius secundus Mercatoris Nubis Volantis.
|-
| '''Hu Tao''' || {{Notulae|胡: ㄏㄨˊ| |桃: ㄊㄠˊ}} || Ignis || Lancea
| Funeratrix septuagesima septima in Ligua.
|-
| Iao-Iao || {{Notulae|瑤: ㄧㄠˊ|瑤: ㄧㄠˊ}} || Arbor || Lancea
| Discipula Adeptae e rure ''K'ing-ts'e''.
|-
| Ienfecia || {{Notulae|煙:ㄧㄢ|緋:ㄈㄟ}} || Ignis || Catalysta
| Legislatrix bicornis Liguae serviens.
|-
| Iun Cin || {{Notulae|雲: ㄩㄣˊ|堇: ㄐㄧㄣˇ}} || Terra || Lancea
| Saltatrix famosa in Ligua.
|-
| '''Kecima''' || {{Notulae|刻: ㄎㄜˋ|晴: ㄑㄧㄥˊ}} || Electrum || Gladius
| Senatrix quinta (“Alioth”) Septentrionis Liguae, Regem Lapidem Adeptosque detestans.
|-
| Lan Ien || {{Notulae|藍: ㄌㄢˊ| |硯: ㄧㄢˋ}} || Aër || Catalysta
| [[Faber|Fabra]] argenti e valle ''Ch'in-Yu'' (Gemma Summersa).
|-
| Ninguama || {{Notulae|凝: ㄋㄧㄥˊ|光:ㄍㄨㄤ}} || Terra || Catalysta
| Senatrix quarta (“Megrez”) Septentrionis Liguae.
|-
| '''Septima Septuplex''' || {{Notulae|七:ㄑㄧ|七:ㄑㄧ}} || Glacies || Gladius
| Puella [[Mors|Mortua]] in [[Pharmacopolium|Pharmacopolio]] Impraedicibili.
|-
| Sinena || {{Notulae|辛:ㄒㄧㄣ|焱: ㄧㄢˋ}} || Ignis || Gladius Maior
| Cantatrix famosa in Ligua.
|-
| '''Xenica''' || {{Notulae|申:ㄕㄣ|鶴: ㄏㄜˋ}} || Glacies || Lancea
| Exorcista sola, Chungyni matertera.
|}

===Inazuma===
Inazuma (sive Inaduma, [[Iaponice]] {{Notulae|稲:いな|妻:づま}} ''Inaduma'', Fulgur) ex [[Iaponia]] oritur.
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Iaponice&lt;ref&gt;[[Kana]] ante annum [[1945]].&lt;/ref&gt; !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| '''Aiaca Kamisato''' || {{Notulae|神:かみ|里:さと| |綾:あや|華:か}} || Glacies || Gladius
| Principissa Commissionis Culturalis, soror iunior Aiati.
|-
| '''Aiatus Kamisato''' || {{Notulae|神:かみ|里:さと| |綾:あや|人:と}} || Aqua || Gladius
| Princeps Commissionis Culturalis, frater maior Aiacae.
|-
| '''Cafedefarus Cazufa''' || {{Notulae|楓:かへで|原:はら| |万:かず|葉:は}} || Aër || Gladius
| Vagabundus et nauta Crucis Liguanae.
|-
| '''Chloris''' || {{Notulae|千:ち|織:おり}} || Terra || Gladius
| Textilatrix, in Fontanam demigrans, decreto compescente spreto.
|-
| '''Cocomis Regiae Sango''' || style=&quot;text-wrap: nowrap;&quot;|{{Notulae|珊:さん|瑚:ご|の|宮:みや| |心:ここ|海:み}} || Aqua || Catalysta
| Sacerdos contra Deam Electri.
|-
| Feizaus de Claustro Sikano || {{Notulae|鹿:しか|野:の|院:ゐん| |平:へい|藏:ざう}} || Aër || Catalysta
| Inquisitor e Commissione Administrativa.
|-
| '''Generalis Fulminis'''&lt;br&gt;sive '''Ei'''&lt;br&gt;sive '''Beelzebul''' || {{Notulae|雷:らい|電:でん| |将:しやう|軍:ぐん}}&lt;br&gt;
{{Notulae|雷:らい|電:でん| |影:えい}}
| Electrum || Lancea
| Dea secunda electri, post sororem suam Baelen (vel Makoto).
|-
| Goraus || ゴロー／{{Notulae|五:ご|郎:らう}}&lt;ref&gt;[[Litterae Sinicae]] e [[lingua Sinica]] sunt.&lt;/ref&gt; || Terra || Arcus
| Generalissimus caninus Cocomis.
|-
| '''Iofimia Naganofara''' || {{Notulae|長:なが|野:の|原:はら| |宵:よひ|宮:みや}} || Ignis || Arcus
| Bombatrix famosissima in Inazuma.
|-
| '''Ittus Arataki''' || {{Notulae|荒:あら|滝:たき| |一:いつ|斗:と}} || Terra || Gladius Maior
| Onius perniciosus, a Sara Kudeo olim captus.
|-
| Kirara || {{Notulae|綺:き|良:ら|々:ら}} || Arbor || Gladius
| Cursatrix et [[Nekomata|felis dupla]].
|-
| '''Midukis Iumemiduki''' || {{Notulae|夢:ゆめ|見:み|月:づき| |瑞:みづ|希:き}} || Aër || Catalysta
| Meditatrix tapira, in Balneis Aisae serviens.
|-
| '''Miko Iae''' (''Mikonis'') || {{Notulae|八:や|重:へ| |神:み|子:こ}} || Electrum || Catalysta
| Diacona deae electri.
|-
| Saio (''-us'') || {{Notulae|早:さ|柚:ゆ}} || Aër || Gladius Maior
| Ninzia in Commissione Culturali.
|-
| Sara Kudeo || {{Notulae|九:く|條:でう| |裟:さ|羅:ら}} || Electrum || Arcus
| Legata Tenguina e Commissione Administrativa.
|-
| Sinobs Kuki || {{Notulae|久:く|岐:き| |忍:しのぶ}} || Electrum || Gladius
| Puella secunda sacerdotula quae est ministra Itti Arataki.
|-
| Thomas || トーマ&lt;br&gt;([[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Thoma) || Ignis || Lancea
| Minister Commissionis Culturalis, Monstadiensis.
|}

===Sumeru===
Sumeru (-''us'', [[Sanscrite]] सुमेरु ''Sumeru'', [[Accadice]] 𒋗𒈨𒊒 ''Šumeru'') in silvam desertaque dividitur. Silva Sumeriana ex [[India]] [[Imperium Achaemenidarum|Persiaque]] oritur, deserta autem ex [[Arabia]] [[Aegyptus|Aegyptoque]].
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Suis&amp;nbsp;linguis !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| '''[[Alhazenus]]''' || [[Lingua Arabica|ar.]]&amp;nbsp;الهيثم || Arbor || Gladius
| Scriptor Academiae Sumerianae et legatus sagax.
|-
| [[Candace]]|| [[Lingua Graeca|el.]]&amp;nbsp;Κανδάκη || Aqua || Lancea
| Curatrix ruris Aaru.
|-
| Cona || [[Lingua Cambrica|cy.]]&amp;nbsp;Collei || Arbor || Arcus
| Discipula Tignarii et amica optima Amberis.
|-
| '''[[Cyon]]''' (''Cynis'') || [[Lingua Graeca|el.]]&amp;nbsp;Κύων || Electrum || Lancea
| Ordinis capitaneus et physicista Academiae Sumerianae.
|-
| '''[[Dehia]]''' || [[Linguae Libycae|ber.]]&amp;nbsp;ⴷⵉⵀⵢⴰ || Ignis || Gladius Maior
| Eremita, Nahidam protegens.
|-
| [[Doris]] || [[Lingua Persica|fa.]]&amp;nbsp;دوری سنگماه بای || Electrum || Gladius Maior
| Mercatrix parva, in Palatio Castro habitans.
|-
| Faruzan (-''nis'') || [[Lingua Persica|fa.]]&amp;nbsp;فروزان || Aër || Arcus
| Archaeologa e Academia Sumeriana.
|-
| Kaveus || [[Lingua Persica|fa.]]&amp;nbsp;كاوه || Arbor || Gladius Maior
| Architectus e Academia Sumeriana.
|-
| Laila || [[Lingua Arabica|ar.]]&amp;nbsp;ليلى || Glacies || Gladius
| Astrologa e Academia Sumeriana.
|-
| '''[[Nahida]]'''&lt;br&gt;sive '''Buer''' || [[Lingua Persica|fa.]]&amp;nbsp;ناهيد || Arbor || Catalysta
| Dea Arboris, Domina Minor Kusanali.
|-
| '''[[Nilo]]'''&amp;nbsp;(-''onis'') || [[Lingua Persica|fa.]]&amp;nbsp;نيلو || Aqua || Gladius
| Saltatrix in Theatro Zubaeris.
|-
| [[Sethos]] || [[Lingua Graeca|el.]]&amp;nbsp;Σεθός&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Aegyptia|egy.]] ''st'' &lt;hiero&gt;st y&lt;/hiero&gt; || Electrum || Arcus
| Heres Templi Silentis, vasculusque Hermanubidis ante Cynem.
|-
| '''[[Tignarius]]''' || [[Lingua Arabica|ar.]]&amp;nbsp;طغنري || Arbor || Arcus
| Forestator Avidiensis e Academia Sumeriana.
|-
| '''[[Vagabundus]]''' || &lt;del&gt;[[Lingua Iaponica|ja.]]&amp;nbsp;国崩&lt;br&gt;くにくづし&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Iaponica|ja.]]&amp;nbsp;傾奇者&lt;br&gt;かぶきもの&lt;/del&gt;
|| Aër || Catalysta
| Homunculus a Beelzebule creatus, in Sumeru errans, quondam sextus Ductor Fatuorum “Scaramouche” [[Lingua francogallica|(fr.)]].
|}

===Fontana===
Fontana ([[Francogallice]] ''Fontaine'', Fontana) ex [[Europa]] [[Linguae Italicae|Romanica]] oritur.
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Suis&amp;nbsp;linguis !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| '''[[Aemilia]]''' || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Émilie || Arbor || Catalysta || [[Unguentaria]] stylista et amica Caprosiae.
|-
| '''[[Augustus Escoffier|Augusta&amp;nbsp;Escoffier]]'''&lt;ref&gt;Praenomen suspectum est.&lt;/ref&gt; || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Escoffier || Glacies || Lancea || Coquinaria pulsa ex Hospitali Debord, amica Varesae.
|-
| '''[[Clorinda]]''' || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Clorinde || Electrum || Gladius || Gladiatrix Prima et de facto protectrix Furinae, quae Carolum Caspar necavit.
|-
| [[Carlotta]] || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Charlotte || Glacies || Catalysta || Reportatrix Avis Vaporis.
|-
| [[Caprosia]] || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Chevreuse || Ignis || Lancea || [[Mosquetum|Mosquetaria]] capitanaque patroliae securitatis survigillantiaeque specialis (PS³).
|-
| '''[[Henricus Wriothesley|Dux&amp;nbsp;Wriothesley]]''' || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]]&amp;nbsp;''Duke''&amp;nbsp;Wriothesley || Glacies || Catalysta || Dux Fortis Meropidis.
|-
| Freminittus || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Fréminet&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Снежевич || Glacies || Gladius Maior || Subaqueus Fontanae celeberrimus et filius adoptatus Perverae.
|-
| '''[[Furina]]''' || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Furina&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] de&amp;nbsp;Fontaine || Aqua || Gladius || Dea Aquae, quae corpus '''Focaloris''' fuerat, antequam se deleret.
|-
| '''Linus''' || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Lyney&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Снежевич || Ignis || Arcus || Magus celeberrimus in Fontana et filius adoptatus Perverae.
|-
| Linitta || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Lynette&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Снежевна || Aër || Gladius || Adiutatrix felina sororque Lini.
|-
| '''[[Navia]]''' || [[Lingua Latina|la.]]/[[Lingua Hispanica|es.]]&amp;nbsp;Navia&amp;nbsp;Caspar || Terra || Gladius Maior || Ducissa Spinae Rosulae, quae patri suo Carolo successit.
|-
| '''[[Novillittus]]''' || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Neuvillette || Aqua || Catalysta || [[Draco]] Aquae, qui regulo Fontanae fungitur.
|-
| '''Sigevina''' || [[Lingua Theodisca|de.]] Sigewinne || Aqua || Arcus || Nutritrix [[melusina]] Fortis Meropidis.
|}

=== Natlan ===
Natlan (''m.'' -''anis'', [[Lingua Navatlaca|navatlace]] ''Natlan'', Mea Domus) est orta ex [[Africa Subsahariana]], [[Americae|Americis]], et [[Oceania]].
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Suis linguis !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| Cacina || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Uthabiti&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Hopiana|hop.]] Katsina || Terra || Lancea
| Excavatrix iuvenis et determinata ex Tepetlisauris.
|-
| '''Ciasca''' || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Vuka&lt;br&gt;[[Linguae Quechuae|qu.]] Ch'asca || Aër || Arcus
| Pacificatrix populi Qucusaurorum.
|-
| '''Cinix''' (''-ichis'') || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Malipo&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Maiensis|myn.]] Kinich || Arbor || Gladius Maior
| Curator heroque ex Yumkasauris, cuius comes est Dominus Decimus Natlanteanus “Immortalis Obscurus” ([[Lingua Maiensis|myn.]] “Aj Imuch' Paxlaq Lahun Ch'ule-L” / “K'uhul Ajaw”).
|-
| '''Citlalis''' || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Ukumbuko&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Navatlaca|nah.]] Citlali || Glacies || Catalysta
| Astrologista Ictomisaurium quae ducentos annos vixit.
|-
| Iansa || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Uwezo&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Iorubensis|yo.]] Yàńsàn-án / Yansã || Electrum || Lancea
| Exercitrix famosa in Natlane ex Tatankasauris.
|-
| Ifeus || [[Lingua Iorubensis|yo.]] Ifá/ìfẹ́ || Aër || Catalysta
| Medicus Sauri ex Qucusauris.
|-
| '''Mavuica''' || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Kiongozi&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Havaiana|haw.]] Mavuika || Ignis || Gladius Maior
| Dea Ignis, ex hominibus Yumkasaurorum orta ad Haborym.
|-
| '''Mualanis''' || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Umoja&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Havaiana|haw.]] Mualani || Aqua || Catalysta
| Athleta aquatica ex Koholosauris.
|-
| Olorun || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Bidii&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Iorubensis|yo.]] Ọlọrun || Electrum || Arcus
| Agricultor vespertilionidus et filius adoptatus Citlalis.
|-
| '''Varesa''' || [[Lingua Zuluana|zu.]] Waresa || Electrum || Catalysta
| Minotaura, pomaria bellica ex Tatankasauris.
|-
| '''Xilonen''' || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Baraka&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Navatlaca|nah.]] Xilonen || Terra || Gladius
| Fabricatrix metallorum pumina ex Tepetlisauris.
|}

=== Snezhnaya ===
Snezhnaya ([[Russice]] ''Снежная'', Nivea) ex [[Europa]] [[Linguae Slavicae|Slavica]] oritur (''prime'' [[Russia]] Caesarica), ubi Regio Nodocraea ([[Russice]] ''Нод-Край'') ex nationibus circum [[Mare Balticum]] oritur. Undecim Ductores Fatuorum nomina ficta [[lingua Italiana]] ferunt.
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Suis&amp;nbsp;linguis !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| [[Aino]] (''f., -onis'') || [[Lingua Finnica|fi.]] Aino || Aqua || Gladius maior || Proprietrix Rotularii Tactici, quae Ineffam creavit.
|-
| '''[[Aiax]]''' (''m., -antis'') || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Аякс (ex [[Lingua Graeca|el.]] Αἴας) || Aqua || Arcus || Decimus et Ultimus Ductor Fatuorum “Tartaglia”.
|-
| Alexius || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Алёша (dim. Алексей) || Electrum || Lancea || Venator quam Canis.
|-
| '''[[Anastasia Theodori puella Snezhnaya]]''' || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Анастасия Фёдоровна Снежная || Glacies || Lancea || Dea glaciei, notata quam “Imperatrix Snezhnayae”.
|-
| '''Columbina Hyposelenia'''&lt;br&gt;sive '''Kuutar''' || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Columbina Hyposelenia&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Finnica|fi.]] Kuutar || Aqua || Catalysta
| Dea Virgo Lunae, “Luna Nova”, quae tertia Ductrix Fatuorum “Columbina” fuit.
|-
| '''Cyrillus Cydomiri filius Flins''' || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Кирилл Чудомирович Флинс || Electrum || Lancea || Decanus Custodum Luminis, cuius ministri contra Abyssum cassi sunt (Venationem Silvaticam).
|-
| [[Iahoda]] || [[Lingua Bohemica|cs.]] Jahoda || Aër || Arcus || Convectrix capitalis e Mercatoribus Voenicis.
|-
| [[Illugius]] || [[Lingua Islandica|is.]] Illuga || Terra || Lancea || Investigator Custodum Luminis.
|-
| '''Ineffa''' || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Ineffa(bilis) || Electrum || Lancea || Gynoides Ainonis, ex parte bona Dominae Undecimae Natlanteanae “Crastinae Reflextricis” creata ([[Linguae Maienses|myn.]] ''Ix Raq'lapuj Chue'q Buluk Ch'ule-L'').
|-
| '''[[Lauma]]''' || [[Lingua Lettonica|lv.]] Lauma || Arbor || Catalysta || Diacona Puerorum Gelunae, sapiens et sacra.
|-
| '''Linnaea''' || (''forma feminina'')&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Latina|la.]] [[Linnaeus]] || Terra || Arcus || Adventrix Botanista, ''Avis Auguria'' quae est amica Ainonis.
|-
| '''Marionetta''' || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Marionette Guillotin || Glacies || Lancea || Septima Ductrix Fatuorum “Sandrone”.
|-
| '''[[Nefer]]''' (''f., -ris'') || [[Lingua Aegyptia|egy.]] ''nfr'' &lt;hiero&gt;nfr&lt;/hiero&gt; || Arbor || Catalysta || Ductrix Curatorii Secretorum, Sumeriana, amica Doridis.
|-
| '''Odetta''' || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Одетта (ex [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Odette) || Glacies || Gladius || Ballerina Prima ex Theatro Regale, atque simul heres Octavae Ductricis Fatuorum “Signora” (Rosalina Crucica Flammatinea).
|-
| '''Pervera''' || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Peruère&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Снежевна || Ignis || Lancea || Quarta Ductrix Fatuorum “Arlecchino”, quae orphanes cultivat pro Fatui.
|-
| Theophanes Sergii filius Vexel || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Феофан Сергеевич Вексель || ? || ? || Nonus Ductor Fatuorum “Pantalone”.
|-
| Vesna || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Весна || Aër || Gladius || Vila ex Sodalibus Caesaris.
|-
| Vodianissa || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Водяница || Aqua || ? || Cantrix Prima ex Theatro Regale.
|}

===Regiones Aliae===
Caenrium&lt;ref&gt;
{{blockquote|&lt;poem&gt;Non custos si fingar ille Caenrium
Non fulmineus ego lyrae barbatos
Non si pegaseo ferar volatu
Non morphes niveae citaeque bigae
Adde huc plumipedas volatilesque
Ventorumque simul require cursum
Quos iunctos amica mea mihi dicares
Defessus tamen omnibus medullis
Et multis languoribus peresus
Essem te mihi amica quaeritando
Caelum dilabitur
falsitas collabitur&lt;/poem&gt;}}
{{Norma dextra|[https://genshin-impact.fandom.com/wiki/Mysterious_Letter Charta mysteriosa sub Casma Liguana]}}&lt;/ref&gt; est regnum a Septem Deis delendum, ex [[Scandinavia]] [[Prussia]]que ortum.
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Suis linguis !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| '''[[:en:Aloy|Aloisia]]''' || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Aloy || Glacies || Arcus || Protagonista ex [[Horizon Zero Dawn|Horizonte Nullo: Aurora]].
|-
| Dainsleus || [[Lingua Norvegica|no.]] Dáinsleif || (Quantum)? || ? || Caballarius Caenrianus, cum Lumina vagatus, Aetheri occurrit.
|-
| '''Excirca''' || [[Lingua Islandica|is.]] Skirk || Glacies || Gladius || Mentrix Aiantis extraterrestris.
|-
| '''Nicola''' || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Nicole Reeyn || Ignis || Catalysta || Maga N, una Angela immaculata.
|}

'''Mannequinus''' et '''Mannequina''' sunt introducti in ''Terra Mirabili “Miliastra”'', ab Octavia creati.

=== Personae significantes non ludibiles ===
Obliqua indicant feminas.
* '''''Paimon''''' (''f., -onis''), deuteragonista, Viatorem/Viatricem clamans.
* '''''Catherinae''''', receptionistae roboticae bionicae, a septima Ductrice Fatuorum “Sandrone” in Snezhnaya creatae, singulae per nationem.

== Synopsis ==
=== Prologus ===
Viator in Mondstadia vagavit.

=== Carmen Lunae Vanae ===
Viator in Nodocraea vagat, quande Columbina Fatuis partita est.

== Nexus interni ==
*Alii ludi personarum ex [[Hoyoversum|Hoyoverso]]:
** [[Impactus Apocalypsis]] (''Honkai Impact'')
** [[Impactus Apocalypsis: Interstellaris]] (''Honkai: Star Rail'')
** [[Nefariae Naturae Nihil]] (''Zenless Zone Zero'')
** [[Impactus Apocalypsis: Nexus Anima]] (''Honkai: Nexus Anima'')
** [[Planeta Petittus]] (''Petit Planet'')
*[[Gnosis]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

[[Categoria:Ludi personarum]]</text>
      <sha1>ojp3ovuznm31u1pp8ya8nudthwf0o07</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3970086</id>
      <parentid>3970085</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-05T10:18:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-38301-74</username>
        <id>211774</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Snezhnaya */</comment>
      <origin>3970086</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="25259" sha1="g9sws8bcl6miyi51gccv9hof0stz8ys" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
{{Latinitas|-3}}
{{Capsa ludi electronici
	| Titulus = ''Genshin Impact''
	| Tituluslatinus = Impactus Allogenerum
	| Imago = Genshin Impact wordmark.svg
	| Auctor = [[HoYoverse]], sub [[miHoYo]]
	| Editor = [[miHoYo]]
	| Designator = [[miHoYo]]
	| Series = Impactus Honkai (extensus)
	| Motorium = [[miHoYo]]
	| Divulgatio = [[28 Septembris]] [[2020]]
	| Genus = Ludus personarum&lt;br&gt;Ludus mundi aperti
	| Modus = Lusor singularis
	| Systema = [[Microsoft Windows]]&lt;br&gt;[[PlayStation 4]]/5&lt;br&gt;[[Android]], [[iOS]]
	| Media = [[Corpus programmatum]]&lt;br&gt;cum [[Unitas|Unitate]]
	| Postulatio = 8 GB+ [[RAM]], 50 GB+ [[ROM]]
	| Gubernacula = [[Claviatura]], [[Mus (computatralis)|mus]]
}}

{{Ores|Genshin Impact}} (''Gen Shin'' est [[pronuntiatus]] [[Iaponia|Iaponicus]] locutionis [[Res publica popularis Sinarum|Sinicae]] 原神, ''Yuan Shen'', ubi ''Yuan'' 原 “primigenium” et ''Shen'' 神 “[[deus|deum]]” atque “[[potestas|potestatem]]” significant) est [[ars electrica|electronicus]] [[ludus personarum]] a [[miHoYo]] [[societas mercatoria|societate mercatoria]] anno [[2020]] editus. In Tiva agitur, [[mundus|mundo]] [[fictio|commenticio]] septem [[natio|nationes]] continente.

== Mechanici ==
Lusor per [[tabula geographica|tabulam geographicam]] atque quattuor personas {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Mundus patens|mundum patentem|en|qid=Q867123}} suo arbitrio explorare potest. Personis conceditur pugnare, labi, et natare. Lusori quidam quaestus complendus est dum eius persona opes, arma, artifactaque cumulat. In Fontana unā cum Statua Focaloris personae urinari possunt.

{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Septem Elementa in Tiva
! Capitulum !! Elementum !! Praefixum !! Natio !! Deus !! Sententia
|-
| Prologus || [[Aër]] || Anemo- || Monstadia || Barbatos || Mea [[libertas]], meus canor
|-
| 1 || [[Tellus (planeta)|Terra]] || Geo- || Ligua || Morax || Ruat [[caelum]], fiat pactum
|-
| 2 || [[Ambra|Electrum]] || Electro- || Inazuma || Beelzebul || Perpetua, perennis, impervia
|-
| 3 || [[Arbor]] || Dendro- || Sumeru || Buer || Sub floribus lumen sagacitatis
|-
| 4 || [[Aqua]] || Hydro- || Fontana || Focalor || Iustitia omnia vincit
|-
| 5 || [[Ignis]] || Pyro- || Natlan || Haborym || Surge, vir fortis, i natam victoriam
|-
| 6 || [[Glacies]] || Cryo- || Snezhnaya || ? || Ducam, regina mea gloria, haud pluribus impar
|-
| Epilogus || (Nullum) || (Nullum) || Caenria || (Nullus) || (Nulla)
|}

== Personae ==
Litterae typis gravibus quinque stellas (★★★★★) indicant.&lt;ref&gt;[https://wiki.hoyolab.com/pc/genshin/aggregate/character Per visionem.]&lt;/ref&gt;
In potentibus personae cum visione ascenditur Caenriae.

=== Protagonistae ===
Protagonistae ''Impactus Allogenerum'', '''Aether''' et '''Lumina''', Deae Incognitae (Asmodeo) obsistendo abhinc quingentos annos dirempti sunt; alter clausus est et potentia spoliatus, altera emissa Ordinem Abyssi ducit.

=== Monstadia ===
Monstadia ([[Theodisce]] ''Mondstadt'', Urbs Lunae) ex [[Europa]] [[Linguae Germanicae|Germanica]] oritur.
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Suis&amp;nbsp;linguis !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| '''Albedo'''&amp;nbsp;(''m''.,&amp;nbsp;''-inis'') || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Albedo || Terra || Gladius
| Homunculus, alchemista potissimus et capitaneus investigatorum Equitum Favonii.
|-
| Alicia || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Alice || Ignis || Catalysta
| Mater Cleae et prima maga Circuli.
|-
| Amata || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Amy / &lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Theodisca|de.]] Fischl von Luftschloß Narfidort || Electrum || Arcus
| Investigatrix in Collegio Adventorum, quae comitat Benedictum.
|-
| Amber&amp;nbsp;(''Ambris'') || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Amber || Ignis || Arcus
| Antecursatrix sola in Equitibus Favonii. Prima compania obtenta in hoc ludo.
|-
| Barbara || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Barbara Pegg || Aqua || Catalysta
| Diacona Ecclesiae Favonii et soror iunior Ioannae. Obtinetur post prologum.
|-
| Benedictus || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Bennett || Ignis || Gladius
| Orphanus inclusus Collegio Adventorum, quius fama infortunatissimus habetur; e Mari Iivari in Natlane deiectus.
|-
| '''Clea''' || [[Lingua Theodisca|de.]] Klee || Ignis || Catalysta
| Filia Aliciae, pyrobolatrix Equitum Favonii.
|-
| Dahlius || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Dahlia || Aqua || Lancea
| Diaconus Ecclesiae Favonii, qui amicitias inter Venti et Rosariam colit.
|-
| '''Dilux''' (''m''., ''-cis'') || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Diluc(ulum) [[Lingua Norvegica|no.]] Ragnvindr || Ignis || Gladius Maior
| Possessor Vinorum Aurorae. Legatus Caballarius Favonii ante Gaium fuit.
|-
| Diona || [[Lingua Theodisca|de.]] Diona Kätzlein || Glacies || Arcus
| Mixologista felina in Cauda Felis.
|-
| '''Durin''' (''-nis'') || [[Lingua Norvegica|no.]] Durin || Ignis || Gladius
| Draco ab Circulo Magarum creatus, cuius corpus homunculum ab Albedine confectum est.
|-
| '''Eula''' || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Eula Lawrence || Glacies || Gladius Maior
| Gladiatrix de Aristocratia Laurentia.
|-
| Gaius || [[Lingua Norvegica|no.]] Kaeya Alberich || Glacies || Gladius
| Gladiator et Legatus ex Caenrio. Secundo obtinetur.
|-
| '''Ioanna''' || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Jean&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Norvegica|no.]] Gunnhildr || Aër || Gladius
| Praefecta Equitum Favonii sub Varco et soror maior Barbarae.
|-
| Lisa || [[Lingua Italiana|it.]] Lisa Minci || Electrum || Catalysta
| Librariana Equitum Favonii atque genius Academiae Sumerianae. Tertio obtinetur.
|-
| Lonus || [[Lingua Theodisca|de.]] Lohen || Glacies || Lancea
| Vice-Legatus Quintus.
|-
| Michael (''-lis'') || [[Lingua Theodisca|de.]] Mika Schmidt || Glacies || Lancea
| Recognitor cartographicus Equitum Favonii.
|-
| '''Mona''' || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Mona Megistus || Aqua || Catalysta
| Maga astrologista et reportatrix Avis Vaporis.
|-
| Natalia || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Noëlle || Terra || Gladius Maior
| Servitrix Equitum Favonii, eques fieri cupiens.
|-
| Pruna || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Prune || Aër || Catalysta
| Puella magica quasi Clea, qui matrem Cleae Aliciam venatur.
|-
| Rasor (''-ris'') || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Razor || Electrum || Gladius Maior
| Puer a lupis alitus, a Lisa Minci et Varka adiutus.
|-
| Rosaria || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Rosaria || Glacies || Lancea
| Nonna ab Accumulatoribus Thesauricis rapta.
|-
| Saccharosa || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Sucrose || Aër || Catalysta
| Alchemista canina sub Albedine.
|-
| Varcus || [[Lingua Persica|fa.]] ورقه || Aër || Gladius Maior
| Capitanus Equitum Favonii, qui conquerebat in Ruina Hyperboreae.
|-
| '''Venti'''&amp;nbsp;(''-orum'')&lt;br&gt;sive '''Barbatos'''&amp;nbsp;(''-osis'') || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Venti || Aër || Arcus
| Deus ventorum.
|}

=== Ligua ===
Ligua&lt;ref&gt;Latinizatione confer [[Confucius]], [[Mencius]], [[Micius]].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Sinice]] {{Notulae|璃:Lí|月:yuè}}, Luna Lazuli) ex [[Sinae (regio)|Sinis]] oritur.
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Sinice !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| '''Baichu''' || {{Notulae|白: ㄅㄞ´|朮: ㄓㄨ´}} || Arbor || Catalysta || [[Medicus]] ex [[Pharmacopolium|Pharmacopolio]] impraedicibili.
|-
| Beido (''-us'') || {{Notulae|北: ㄅㄟˇ|斗: ㄉㄡˇ}} || Electrum || Gladius Maior || Capitanea Navium Liguae “Crucis” (Crux).
|-
| '''Capricorna''' || {{Notulae|甘:ㄍㄢ|雨: ㄩˇ}} || Glacies || Arcus || Secretaria semicapricorna, quae Septentrionem Liguae servit.
|-
| '''Chunglius'''&lt;br /&gt;sive '''Morax''' || {{Notulae|鍾:ㄓㄨㄥ|離: ㄌㄧˊ}} || Terra || Lancea || Deus terrae, notatus quam “Rex Lapis” sive “Deus Auri”.
|-
| Chungynus || {{Notulae|重: ㄔㄨㄥˊ|雲: ㄩㄣˊ}} || Glacies || Gladius Maior
| Exorcista spiritu positivo puro praeditus, exorcizans.
|-
| '''Cibea''' || {{Notulae|兹:ㄗ|白: ㄅㄞ´}} || Terra || Gladius || Angela quam Adepta equina, quae Lancanopolem antediluvianam dominabat.
|-
| '''Elena''' || {{Notulae|夜: ㄧㄝ`|蘭: ㄌㄢˊ}} || Aqua || Arcus
| Secretaria Lucis Condensae, senatrix prima de facto.
|-
| Gamingus || style=&quot;text-wrap: nowrap;&quot;|{{Notulae|葉:Yip6| |嘉:Ga1|明:ming4}} || Ignis || Gladius Maior
| Cursator leoninus e valle ''Ch'in-Yu''.
|-
| Hianglima || style=&quot;text-wrap: nowrap;&quot;|{{Notulae|卯: ㄇㄠˇ| |香:ㄒㄧㄤ|菱: ㄌㄧㄥˊ}} || Ignis || Lancea
| Coctrix in Popina Populi.
|-
| '''Hianyna''' || {{Notulae|閒: ㄒㄧㄢˊ|雲: ㄩㄣˊ}} || Aër || Catalysta || Adepta gruida “Retenatrix Nubis”.
|-
| '''Hiao''' || {{Notulae|魈:ㄒㄧㄠ}} || Aër || Lancea
| Iaxus solus, Liguam contra spiritus deosque malos tuens.
|-
| Hincius || {{Notulae|行: ㄒㄧㄥˊ|秋:ㄑㄧㄡ}} || Aqua || Gladius
| Filius secundus Mercatoris Nubis Volantis.
|-
| '''Hu Tao''' || {{Notulae|胡: ㄏㄨˊ| |桃: ㄊㄠˊ}} || Ignis || Lancea
| Funeratrix septuagesima septima in Ligua.
|-
| Iao-Iao || {{Notulae|瑤: ㄧㄠˊ|瑤: ㄧㄠˊ}} || Arbor || Lancea
| Discipula Adeptae e rure ''K'ing-ts'e''.
|-
| Ienfecia || {{Notulae|煙:ㄧㄢ|緋:ㄈㄟ}} || Ignis || Catalysta
| Legislatrix bicornis Liguae serviens.
|-
| Iun Cin || {{Notulae|雲: ㄩㄣˊ|堇: ㄐㄧㄣˇ}} || Terra || Lancea
| Saltatrix famosa in Ligua.
|-
| '''Kecima''' || {{Notulae|刻: ㄎㄜˋ|晴: ㄑㄧㄥˊ}} || Electrum || Gladius
| Senatrix quinta (“Alioth”) Septentrionis Liguae, Regem Lapidem Adeptosque detestans.
|-
| Lan Ien || {{Notulae|藍: ㄌㄢˊ| |硯: ㄧㄢˋ}} || Aër || Catalysta
| [[Faber|Fabra]] argenti e valle ''Ch'in-Yu'' (Gemma Summersa).
|-
| Ninguama || {{Notulae|凝: ㄋㄧㄥˊ|光:ㄍㄨㄤ}} || Terra || Catalysta
| Senatrix quarta (“Megrez”) Septentrionis Liguae.
|-
| '''Septima Septuplex''' || {{Notulae|七:ㄑㄧ|七:ㄑㄧ}} || Glacies || Gladius
| Puella [[Mors|Mortua]] in [[Pharmacopolium|Pharmacopolio]] Impraedicibili.
|-
| Sinena || {{Notulae|辛:ㄒㄧㄣ|焱: ㄧㄢˋ}} || Ignis || Gladius Maior
| Cantatrix famosa in Ligua.
|-
| '''Xenica''' || {{Notulae|申:ㄕㄣ|鶴: ㄏㄜˋ}} || Glacies || Lancea
| Exorcista sola, Chungyni matertera.
|}

===Inazuma===
Inazuma (sive Inaduma, [[Iaponice]] {{Notulae|稲:いな|妻:づま}} ''Inaduma'', Fulgur) ex [[Iaponia]] oritur.
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Iaponice&lt;ref&gt;[[Kana]] ante annum [[1945]].&lt;/ref&gt; !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| '''Aiaca Kamisato''' || {{Notulae|神:かみ|里:さと| |綾:あや|華:か}} || Glacies || Gladius
| Principissa Commissionis Culturalis, soror iunior Aiati.
|-
| '''Aiatus Kamisato''' || {{Notulae|神:かみ|里:さと| |綾:あや|人:と}} || Aqua || Gladius
| Princeps Commissionis Culturalis, frater maior Aiacae.
|-
| '''Cafedefarus Cazufa''' || {{Notulae|楓:かへで|原:はら| |万:かず|葉:は}} || Aër || Gladius
| Vagabundus et nauta Crucis Liguanae.
|-
| '''Chloris''' || {{Notulae|千:ち|織:おり}} || Terra || Gladius
| Textilatrix, in Fontanam demigrans, decreto compescente spreto.
|-
| '''Cocomis Regiae Sango''' || style=&quot;text-wrap: nowrap;&quot;|{{Notulae|珊:さん|瑚:ご|の|宮:みや| |心:ここ|海:み}} || Aqua || Catalysta
| Sacerdos contra Deam Electri.
|-
| Feizaus de Claustro Sikano || {{Notulae|鹿:しか|野:の|院:ゐん| |平:へい|藏:ざう}} || Aër || Catalysta
| Inquisitor e Commissione Administrativa.
|-
| '''Generalis Fulminis'''&lt;br&gt;sive '''Ei'''&lt;br&gt;sive '''Beelzebul''' || {{Notulae|雷:らい|電:でん| |将:しやう|軍:ぐん}}&lt;br&gt;
{{Notulae|雷:らい|電:でん| |影:えい}}
| Electrum || Lancea
| Dea secunda electri, post sororem suam Baelen (vel Makoto).
|-
| Goraus || ゴロー／{{Notulae|五:ご|郎:らう}}&lt;ref&gt;[[Litterae Sinicae]] e [[lingua Sinica]] sunt.&lt;/ref&gt; || Terra || Arcus
| Generalissimus caninus Cocomis.
|-
| '''Iofimia Naganofara''' || {{Notulae|長:なが|野:の|原:はら| |宵:よひ|宮:みや}} || Ignis || Arcus
| Bombatrix famosissima in Inazuma.
|-
| '''Ittus Arataki''' || {{Notulae|荒:あら|滝:たき| |一:いつ|斗:と}} || Terra || Gladius Maior
| Onius perniciosus, a Sara Kudeo olim captus.
|-
| Kirara || {{Notulae|綺:き|良:ら|々:ら}} || Arbor || Gladius
| Cursatrix et [[Nekomata|felis dupla]].
|-
| '''Midukis Iumemiduki''' || {{Notulae|夢:ゆめ|見:み|月:づき| |瑞:みづ|希:き}} || Aër || Catalysta
| Meditatrix tapira, in Balneis Aisae serviens.
|-
| '''Miko Iae''' (''Mikonis'') || {{Notulae|八:や|重:へ| |神:み|子:こ}} || Electrum || Catalysta
| Diacona deae electri.
|-
| Saio (''-us'') || {{Notulae|早:さ|柚:ゆ}} || Aër || Gladius Maior
| Ninzia in Commissione Culturali.
|-
| Sara Kudeo || {{Notulae|九:く|條:でう| |裟:さ|羅:ら}} || Electrum || Arcus
| Legata Tenguina e Commissione Administrativa.
|-
| Sinobs Kuki || {{Notulae|久:く|岐:き| |忍:しのぶ}} || Electrum || Gladius
| Puella secunda sacerdotula quae est ministra Itti Arataki.
|-
| Thomas || トーマ&lt;br&gt;([[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Thoma) || Ignis || Lancea
| Minister Commissionis Culturalis, Monstadiensis.
|}

===Sumeru===
Sumeru (-''us'', [[Sanscrite]] सुमेरु ''Sumeru'', [[Accadice]] 𒋗𒈨𒊒 ''Šumeru'') in silvam desertaque dividitur. Silva Sumeriana ex [[India]] [[Imperium Achaemenidarum|Persiaque]] oritur, deserta autem ex [[Arabia]] [[Aegyptus|Aegyptoque]].
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Suis&amp;nbsp;linguis !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| '''[[Alhazenus]]''' || [[Lingua Arabica|ar.]]&amp;nbsp;الهيثم || Arbor || Gladius
| Scriptor Academiae Sumerianae et legatus sagax.
|-
| [[Candace]]|| [[Lingua Graeca|el.]]&amp;nbsp;Κανδάκη || Aqua || Lancea
| Curatrix ruris Aaru.
|-
| Cona || [[Lingua Cambrica|cy.]]&amp;nbsp;Collei || Arbor || Arcus
| Discipula Tignarii et amica optima Amberis.
|-
| '''[[Cyon]]''' (''Cynis'') || [[Lingua Graeca|el.]]&amp;nbsp;Κύων || Electrum || Lancea
| Ordinis capitaneus et physicista Academiae Sumerianae.
|-
| '''[[Dehia]]''' || [[Linguae Libycae|ber.]]&amp;nbsp;ⴷⵉⵀⵢⴰ || Ignis || Gladius Maior
| Eremita, Nahidam protegens.
|-
| [[Doris]] || [[Lingua Persica|fa.]]&amp;nbsp;دوری سنگماه بای || Electrum || Gladius Maior
| Mercatrix parva, in Palatio Castro habitans.
|-
| Faruzan (-''nis'') || [[Lingua Persica|fa.]]&amp;nbsp;فروزان || Aër || Arcus
| Archaeologa e Academia Sumeriana.
|-
| Kaveus || [[Lingua Persica|fa.]]&amp;nbsp;كاوه || Arbor || Gladius Maior
| Architectus e Academia Sumeriana.
|-
| Laila || [[Lingua Arabica|ar.]]&amp;nbsp;ليلى || Glacies || Gladius
| Astrologa e Academia Sumeriana.
|-
| '''[[Nahida]]'''&lt;br&gt;sive '''Buer''' || [[Lingua Persica|fa.]]&amp;nbsp;ناهيد || Arbor || Catalysta
| Dea Arboris, Domina Minor Kusanali.
|-
| '''[[Nilo]]'''&amp;nbsp;(-''onis'') || [[Lingua Persica|fa.]]&amp;nbsp;نيلو || Aqua || Gladius
| Saltatrix in Theatro Zubaeris.
|-
| [[Sethos]] || [[Lingua Graeca|el.]]&amp;nbsp;Σεθός&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Aegyptia|egy.]] ''st'' &lt;hiero&gt;st y&lt;/hiero&gt; || Electrum || Arcus
| Heres Templi Silentis, vasculusque Hermanubidis ante Cynem.
|-
| '''[[Tignarius]]''' || [[Lingua Arabica|ar.]]&amp;nbsp;طغنري || Arbor || Arcus
| Forestator Avidiensis e Academia Sumeriana.
|-
| '''[[Vagabundus]]''' || &lt;del&gt;[[Lingua Iaponica|ja.]]&amp;nbsp;国崩&lt;br&gt;くにくづし&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Iaponica|ja.]]&amp;nbsp;傾奇者&lt;br&gt;かぶきもの&lt;/del&gt;
|| Aër || Catalysta
| Homunculus a Beelzebule creatus, in Sumeru errans, quondam sextus Ductor Fatuorum “Scaramouche” [[Lingua francogallica|(fr.)]].
|}

===Fontana===
Fontana ([[Francogallice]] ''Fontaine'', Fontana) ex [[Europa]] [[Linguae Italicae|Romanica]] oritur.
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Suis&amp;nbsp;linguis !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| '''[[Aemilia]]''' || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Émilie || Arbor || Catalysta || [[Unguentaria]] stylista et amica Caprosiae.
|-
| '''[[Augustus Escoffier|Augusta&amp;nbsp;Escoffier]]'''&lt;ref&gt;Praenomen suspectum est.&lt;/ref&gt; || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Escoffier || Glacies || Lancea || Coquinaria pulsa ex Hospitali Debord, amica Varesae.
|-
| '''[[Clorinda]]''' || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Clorinde || Electrum || Gladius || Gladiatrix Prima et de facto protectrix Furinae, quae Carolum Caspar necavit.
|-
| [[Carlotta]] || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Charlotte || Glacies || Catalysta || Reportatrix Avis Vaporis.
|-
| [[Caprosia]] || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Chevreuse || Ignis || Lancea || [[Mosquetum|Mosquetaria]] capitanaque patroliae securitatis survigillantiaeque specialis (PS³).
|-
| '''[[Henricus Wriothesley|Dux&amp;nbsp;Wriothesley]]''' || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]]&amp;nbsp;''Duke''&amp;nbsp;Wriothesley || Glacies || Catalysta || Dux Fortis Meropidis.
|-
| Freminittus || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Fréminet&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Снежевич || Glacies || Gladius Maior || Subaqueus Fontanae celeberrimus et filius adoptatus Perverae.
|-
| '''[[Furina]]''' || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Furina&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] de&amp;nbsp;Fontaine || Aqua || Gladius || Dea Aquae, quae corpus '''Focaloris''' fuerat, antequam se deleret.
|-
| '''Linus''' || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Lyney&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Снежевич || Ignis || Arcus || Magus celeberrimus in Fontana et filius adoptatus Perverae.
|-
| Linitta || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Lynette&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Снежевна || Aër || Gladius || Adiutatrix felina sororque Lini.
|-
| '''[[Navia]]''' || [[Lingua Latina|la.]]/[[Lingua Hispanica|es.]]&amp;nbsp;Navia&amp;nbsp;Caspar || Terra || Gladius Maior || Ducissa Spinae Rosulae, quae patri suo Carolo successit.
|-
| '''[[Novillittus]]''' || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Neuvillette || Aqua || Catalysta || [[Draco]] Aquae, qui regulo Fontanae fungitur.
|-
| '''Sigevina''' || [[Lingua Theodisca|de.]] Sigewinne || Aqua || Arcus || Nutritrix [[melusina]] Fortis Meropidis.
|}

=== Natlan ===
Natlan (''m.'' -''anis'', [[Lingua Navatlaca|navatlace]] ''Natlan'', Mea Domus) est orta ex [[Africa Subsahariana]], [[Americae|Americis]], et [[Oceania]].
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Suis linguis !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| Cacina || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Uthabiti&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Hopiana|hop.]] Katsina || Terra || Lancea
| Excavatrix iuvenis et determinata ex Tepetlisauris.
|-
| '''Ciasca''' || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Vuka&lt;br&gt;[[Linguae Quechuae|qu.]] Ch'asca || Aër || Arcus
| Pacificatrix populi Qucusaurorum.
|-
| '''Cinix''' (''-ichis'') || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Malipo&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Maiensis|myn.]] Kinich || Arbor || Gladius Maior
| Curator heroque ex Yumkasauris, cuius comes est Dominus Decimus Natlanteanus “Immortalis Obscurus” ([[Lingua Maiensis|myn.]] “Aj Imuch' Paxlaq Lahun Ch'ule-L” / “K'uhul Ajaw”).
|-
| '''Citlalis''' || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Ukumbuko&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Navatlaca|nah.]] Citlali || Glacies || Catalysta
| Astrologista Ictomisaurium quae ducentos annos vixit.
|-
| Iansa || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Uwezo&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Iorubensis|yo.]] Yàńsàn-án / Yansã || Electrum || Lancea
| Exercitrix famosa in Natlane ex Tatankasauris.
|-
| Ifeus || [[Lingua Iorubensis|yo.]] Ifá/ìfẹ́ || Aër || Catalysta
| Medicus Sauri ex Qucusauris.
|-
| '''Mavuica''' || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Kiongozi&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Havaiana|haw.]] Mavuika || Ignis || Gladius Maior
| Dea Ignis, ex hominibus Yumkasaurorum orta ad Haborym.
|-
| '''Mualanis''' || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Umoja&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Havaiana|haw.]] Mualani || Aqua || Catalysta
| Athleta aquatica ex Koholosauris.
|-
| Olorun || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Bidii&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Iorubensis|yo.]] Ọlọrun || Electrum || Arcus
| Agricultor vespertilionidus et filius adoptatus Citlalis.
|-
| '''Varesa''' || [[Lingua Zuluana|zu.]] Waresa || Electrum || Catalysta
| Minotaura, pomaria bellica ex Tatankasauris.
|-
| '''Xilonen''' || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Baraka&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Navatlaca|nah.]] Xilonen || Terra || Gladius
| Fabricatrix metallorum pumina ex Tepetlisauris.
|}

=== Snezhnaya ===
Snezhnaya ([[Russice]] ''Снежная'', Nivea) ex [[Europa]] [[Linguae Slavicae|Slavica]] oritur (''prime'' [[Russia]] Caesarica), ubi Regio Nodocraea ([[Russice]] ''Нод-Край'') ex nationibus circum [[Mare Balticum]] oritur. Undecim Ductores Fatuorum nomina ficta [[lingua Italiana]] ferunt.
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Suis&amp;nbsp;linguis !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| [[Aino]] (''f., -onis'') || [[Lingua Finnica|fi.]] Aino || Aqua || Gladius maior || Proprietrix Rotularii Tactici, quae Ineffam creavit.
|-
| '''[[Aiax]]''' (''m., -antis'') || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Аякс (ex [[Lingua Graeca|el.]] Αἴας) || Aqua || Arcus || Decimus et Ultimus Ductor Fatuorum “Tartaglia”.
|-
| Alexius || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Алёша (dim. Алексей) || Electrum || Lancea || Venator quam Canis.
|-
| '''[[Anastasia Theodori puella Snezhnaya]]''' || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Анастасия Фёдоровна Снежная || Glacies || Lancea || Dea glaciei, notata quam “Imperatrix Snezhnayae”.
|-
| '''Columbina Hyposelenia'''&lt;br&gt;sive '''Kuutar''' || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Columbina Hyposelenia&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Finnica|fi.]] Kuutar || Aqua || Catalysta
| Dea Virgo Lunae, “Luna Nova”, quae tertia Ductrix Fatuorum “Columbina” fuit.
|-
| '''Cyrillus Cydomiri filius Flins''' || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Кирилл Чудомирович Флинс || Electrum || Lancea || Decanus Custodum Luminis, cuius ministri contra Abyssum cassi sunt (Venationem Silvaticam).
|-
| [[Iahoda]] || [[Lingua Bohemica|cs.]] Jahoda || Aër || Arcus || Convectrix capitalis e Mercatoribus Voenicis.
|-
| [[Illugius]] || [[Lingua Islandica|is.]] Illuga || Terra || Lancea || Investigator Custodum Luminis.
|-
| '''Ineffa''' || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Ineffa(bilis) || Electrum || Lancea || Gynoides Ainonis, ex parte bona Dominae Undecimae Natlanteanae “Crastinae Reflextricis” creata ([[Linguae Maienses|myn.]] ''Ix Raq'lapuj Chue'q Buluk Ch'ule-L'').
|-
| '''[[Lauma]]''' || [[Lingua Lettonica|lv.]] Lauma || Arbor || Catalysta || Diacona Puerorum Gelunae, sapiens et sacra.
|-
| '''Linnaea''' || (''forma feminina'')&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Latina|la.]] [[Linnaeus]] || Terra || Arcus || Adventrix Botanista, ''Avis Auguria'' quae est amica Ainonis.
|-
| '''Marionetta''' || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Marionette Guillotin || Glacies || Lancea || Septima Ductrix Fatuorum “Sandrone”.
|-
| '''[[Nefer]]''' (''f., -ris'') || [[Lingua Aegyptia|egy.]] ''nfr'' &lt;hiero&gt;nfr&lt;/hiero&gt; || Arbor || Catalysta || Ductrix Curatorii Secretorum, Sumeriana, amica Doridis.
|-
| '''Odetta''' || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Одетта (ex [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Odette) || Glacies || Gladius || Ballerina Prima ex Theatro Regale, atque simul heres Octavae Ductricis Fatuorum “Signora” (Rosalina Crucica Flammatinea).
|-
| '''Pervera''' || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Peruère&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Снежевна || Ignis || Lancea || Quarta Ductrix Fatuorum “Arlecchino”, quae orphanes cultivat pro Fatui.
|-
| '''Vesna''' || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Весна || Aër || Gladius || Vila ex Sodalibus Caesaris.
|-
| Vodianissa || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Водяница || Aqua || ? || Cantrix Prima ex Theatro Regale.
|}

===Regiones Aliae===
Caenrium&lt;ref&gt;
{{blockquote|&lt;poem&gt;Non custos si fingar ille Caenrium
Non fulmineus ego lyrae barbatos
Non si pegaseo ferar volatu
Non morphes niveae citaeque bigae
Adde huc plumipedas volatilesque
Ventorumque simul require cursum
Quos iunctos amica mea mihi dicares
Defessus tamen omnibus medullis
Et multis languoribus peresus
Essem te mihi amica quaeritando
Caelum dilabitur
falsitas collabitur&lt;/poem&gt;}}
{{Norma dextra|[https://genshin-impact.fandom.com/wiki/Mysterious_Letter Charta mysteriosa sub Casma Liguana]}}&lt;/ref&gt; est regnum a Septem Deis delendum, ex [[Scandinavia]] [[Prussia]]que ortum.
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Suis linguis !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| '''[[:en:Aloy|Aloisia]]''' || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Aloy || Glacies || Arcus || Protagonista ex [[Horizon Zero Dawn|Horizonte Nullo: Aurora]].
|-
| Dainsleus || [[Lingua Norvegica|no.]] Dáinsleif || (Quantum)? || ? || Caballarius Caenrianus, cum Lumina vagatus, Aetheri occurrit.
|-
| '''Excirca''' || [[Lingua Islandica|is.]] Skirk || Glacies || Gladius || Mentrix Aiantis extraterrestris.
|-
| '''Nicola''' || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Nicole Reeyn || Ignis || Catalysta || Maga N, una Angela immaculata.
|}

'''Mannequinus''' et '''Mannequina''' sunt introducti in ''Terra Mirabili “Miliastra”'', ab Octavia creati.

=== Personae significantes non ludibiles ===
Obliqua indicant feminas.
* '''''Paimon''''' (''f., -onis''), deuteragonista, Viatorem/Viatricem clamans.
* '''''Catherinae''''', receptionistae roboticae bionicae, a septima Ductrice Fatuorum “Sandrone” in Snezhnaya creatae, singulae per nationem.

== Synopsis ==
=== Prologus ===
Viator in Mondstadia vagavit.

=== Carmen Lunae Vanae ===
Viator in Nodocraea vagat, quande Columbina Fatuis partita est.

== Nexus interni ==
*Alii ludi personarum ex [[Hoyoversum|Hoyoverso]]:
** [[Impactus Apocalypsis]] (''Honkai Impact'')
** [[Impactus Apocalypsis: Interstellaris]] (''Honkai: Star Rail'')
** [[Nefariae Naturae Nihil]] (''Zenless Zone Zero'')
** [[Impactus Apocalypsis: Nexus Anima]] (''Honkai: Nexus Anima'')
** [[Planeta Petittus]] (''Petit Planet'')
*[[Gnosis]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

[[Categoria:Ludi personarum]]</text>
      <sha1>g9sws8bcl6miyi51gccv9hof0stz8ys</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3970088</id>
      <parentid>3970086</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-05T10:26:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-38301-74</username>
        <id>211774</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Monstadia */</comment>
      <origin>3970088</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="25272" sha1="rrbifrxdz651johgdz0opzhqf4ri6bg" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
{{Latinitas|-3}}
{{Capsa ludi electronici
	| Titulus = ''Genshin Impact''
	| Tituluslatinus = Impactus Allogenerum
	| Imago = Genshin Impact wordmark.svg
	| Auctor = [[HoYoverse]], sub [[miHoYo]]
	| Editor = [[miHoYo]]
	| Designator = [[miHoYo]]
	| Series = Impactus Honkai (extensus)
	| Motorium = [[miHoYo]]
	| Divulgatio = [[28 Septembris]] [[2020]]
	| Genus = Ludus personarum&lt;br&gt;Ludus mundi aperti
	| Modus = Lusor singularis
	| Systema = [[Microsoft Windows]]&lt;br&gt;[[PlayStation 4]]/5&lt;br&gt;[[Android]], [[iOS]]
	| Media = [[Corpus programmatum]]&lt;br&gt;cum [[Unitas|Unitate]]
	| Postulatio = 8 GB+ [[RAM]], 50 GB+ [[ROM]]
	| Gubernacula = [[Claviatura]], [[Mus (computatralis)|mus]]
}}

{{Ores|Genshin Impact}} (''Gen Shin'' est [[pronuntiatus]] [[Iaponia|Iaponicus]] locutionis [[Res publica popularis Sinarum|Sinicae]] 原神, ''Yuan Shen'', ubi ''Yuan'' 原 “primigenium” et ''Shen'' 神 “[[deus|deum]]” atque “[[potestas|potestatem]]” significant) est [[ars electrica|electronicus]] [[ludus personarum]] a [[miHoYo]] [[societas mercatoria|societate mercatoria]] anno [[2020]] editus. In Tiva agitur, [[mundus|mundo]] [[fictio|commenticio]] septem [[natio|nationes]] continente.

== Mechanici ==
Lusor per [[tabula geographica|tabulam geographicam]] atque quattuor personas {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Mundus patens|mundum patentem|en|qid=Q867123}} suo arbitrio explorare potest. Personis conceditur pugnare, labi, et natare. Lusori quidam quaestus complendus est dum eius persona opes, arma, artifactaque cumulat. In Fontana unā cum Statua Focaloris personae urinari possunt.

{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Septem Elementa in Tiva
! Capitulum !! Elementum !! Praefixum !! Natio !! Deus !! Sententia
|-
| Prologus || [[Aër]] || Anemo- || Monstadia || Barbatos || Mea [[libertas]], meus canor
|-
| 1 || [[Tellus (planeta)|Terra]] || Geo- || Ligua || Morax || Ruat [[caelum]], fiat pactum
|-
| 2 || [[Ambra|Electrum]] || Electro- || Inazuma || Beelzebul || Perpetua, perennis, impervia
|-
| 3 || [[Arbor]] || Dendro- || Sumeru || Buer || Sub floribus lumen sagacitatis
|-
| 4 || [[Aqua]] || Hydro- || Fontana || Focalor || Iustitia omnia vincit
|-
| 5 || [[Ignis]] || Pyro- || Natlan || Haborym || Surge, vir fortis, i natam victoriam
|-
| 6 || [[Glacies]] || Cryo- || Snezhnaya || ? || Ducam, regina mea gloria, haud pluribus impar
|-
| Epilogus || (Nullum) || (Nullum) || Caenria || (Nullus) || (Nulla)
|}

== Personae ==
Litterae typis gravibus quinque stellas (★★★★★) indicant.&lt;ref&gt;[https://wiki.hoyolab.com/pc/genshin/aggregate/character Per visionem.]&lt;/ref&gt;
In potentibus personae cum visione ascenditur Caenriae.

=== Protagonistae ===
Protagonistae ''Impactus Allogenerum'', '''Aether''' et '''Lumina''', Deae Incognitae (Asmodeo) obsistendo abhinc quingentos annos dirempti sunt; alter clausus est et potentia spoliatus, altera emissa Ordinem Abyssi ducit.

=== Monstadia ===
Monstadia ([[Theodisce]] ''Mondstadt'', Urbs Lunae) ex [[Europa]] [[Linguae Germanicae|Germanica]] oritur.
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Suis&amp;nbsp;linguis !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| '''Albedo'''&amp;nbsp;(''m''.,&amp;nbsp;''-inis'') || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Albedo || Terra || Gladius
| Homunculus, alchemista potissimus et capitaneus investigatorum Equitum Favonii.
|-
| Alicia || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Alice || Ignis || Catalysta
| Mater Cleae et prima maga Circuli.
|-
| Amata || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Amy / &lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Theodisca|de.]] Fischl von Luftschloß Narfidort || Electrum || Arcus
| Investigatrix in Collegio Adventorum, quae comitat Benedictum.
|-
| Amber&amp;nbsp;(''f''.,&amp;nbsp;''Ambris'') || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Amber || Ignis || Arcus
| Antecursatrix sola in Equitibus Favonii. Prima compania obtenta in hoc ludo.
|-
| Barbara || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Barbara Pegg || Aqua || Catalysta
| Diacona Ecclesiae Favonii et soror iunior Ioannae. Obtinetur post prologum.
|-
| Benedictus || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Bennett || Ignis || Gladius
| Orphanus inclusus Collegio Adventorum, quius fama infortunatissimus habetur; e Mari Iivari in Natlane deiectus.
|-
| '''Clea''' || [[Lingua Theodisca|de.]] Klee || Ignis || Catalysta
| Filia Aliciae, pyrobolatrix Equitum Favonii.
|-
| Dahlius || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Dahlia || Aqua || Lancea
| Diaconus Ecclesiae Favonii, qui amicitias inter Venti et Rosariam colit.
|-
| '''Dilux''' (''m''., ''-cis'') || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Diluc(ulum) [[Lingua Norvegica|no.]] Ragnvindr || Ignis || Gladius Maior
| Possessor Vinorum Aurorae. Legatus Caballarius Favonii ante Gaium fuit.
|-
| Diona || [[Lingua Theodisca|de.]] Diona Kätzlein || Glacies || Arcus
| Mixologista felina in Cauda Felis.
|-
| '''Durin''' (''-nis'') || [[Lingua Norvegica|no.]] Durin || Ignis || Gladius
| Draco ab Circulo Magarum creatus, cuius corpus homunculum ab Albedine confectum est.
|-
| '''Eula''' || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Eula Lawrence || Glacies || Gladius Maior
| Gladiatrix de Aristocratia Laurentia.
|-
| Gaius || [[Lingua Norvegica|no.]] Kaeya Alberich || Glacies || Gladius
| Gladiator et Legatus ex Caenrio. Secundo obtinetur.
|-
| '''Ioanna''' || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Jean&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Norvegica|no.]] Gunnhildr || Aër || Gladius
| Praefecta Equitum Favonii sub Varco et soror maior Barbarae.
|-
| Lisa || [[Lingua Italiana|it.]] Lisa Minci || Electrum || Catalysta
| Librariana Equitum Favonii atque genius Academiae Sumerianae. Tertio obtinetur.
|-
| Lonus || [[Lingua Theodisca|de.]] Lohen || Glacies || Lancea
| Vice-Legatus Quintus.
|-
| Michael (''-lis'') || [[Lingua Theodisca|de.]] Mika Schmidt || Glacies || Lancea
| Recognitor cartographicus Equitum Favonii.
|-
| '''Mona''' || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Mona Megistus || Aqua || Catalysta
| Maga astrologista et reportatrix Avis Vaporis.
|-
| Natalia || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Noëlle || Terra || Gladius Maior
| Servitrix Equitum Favonii, eques fieri cupiens.
|-
| Pruna || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Prune || Aër || Catalysta
| Puella magica quasi Clea, qui matrem Cleae Aliciam venatur.
|-
| Rasor (''-ris'') || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Razor || Electrum || Gladius Maior
| Puer a lupis alitus, a Lisa Minci et Varka adiutus.
|-
| Rosaria || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Rosaria || Glacies || Lancea
| Nonna ab Accumulatoribus Thesauricis rapta.
|-
| Saccharosa || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Sucrose || Aër || Catalysta
| Alchemista canina sub Albedine.
|-
| Varcus || [[Lingua Persica|fa.]] ورقه || Aër || Gladius Maior
| Capitanus Equitum Favonii, qui conquerebat in Ruina Hyperboreae.
|-
| '''Venti'''&amp;nbsp;(''-orum'')&lt;br&gt;sive '''Barbatos'''&amp;nbsp;(''-osis'') || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Venti || Aër || Arcus
| Deus ventorum.
|}

=== Ligua ===
Ligua&lt;ref&gt;Latinizatione confer [[Confucius]], [[Mencius]], [[Micius]].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Sinice]] {{Notulae|璃:Lí|月:yuè}}, Luna Lazuli) ex [[Sinae (regio)|Sinis]] oritur.
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Sinice !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| '''Baichu''' || {{Notulae|白: ㄅㄞ´|朮: ㄓㄨ´}} || Arbor || Catalysta || [[Medicus]] ex [[Pharmacopolium|Pharmacopolio]] impraedicibili.
|-
| Beido (''-us'') || {{Notulae|北: ㄅㄟˇ|斗: ㄉㄡˇ}} || Electrum || Gladius Maior || Capitanea Navium Liguae “Crucis” (Crux).
|-
| '''Capricorna''' || {{Notulae|甘:ㄍㄢ|雨: ㄩˇ}} || Glacies || Arcus || Secretaria semicapricorna, quae Septentrionem Liguae servit.
|-
| '''Chunglius'''&lt;br /&gt;sive '''Morax''' || {{Notulae|鍾:ㄓㄨㄥ|離: ㄌㄧˊ}} || Terra || Lancea || Deus terrae, notatus quam “Rex Lapis” sive “Deus Auri”.
|-
| Chungynus || {{Notulae|重: ㄔㄨㄥˊ|雲: ㄩㄣˊ}} || Glacies || Gladius Maior
| Exorcista spiritu positivo puro praeditus, exorcizans.
|-
| '''Cibea''' || {{Notulae|兹:ㄗ|白: ㄅㄞ´}} || Terra || Gladius || Angela quam Adepta equina, quae Lancanopolem antediluvianam dominabat.
|-
| '''Elena''' || {{Notulae|夜: ㄧㄝ`|蘭: ㄌㄢˊ}} || Aqua || Arcus
| Secretaria Lucis Condensae, senatrix prima de facto.
|-
| Gamingus || style=&quot;text-wrap: nowrap;&quot;|{{Notulae|葉:Yip6| |嘉:Ga1|明:ming4}} || Ignis || Gladius Maior
| Cursator leoninus e valle ''Ch'in-Yu''.
|-
| Hianglima || style=&quot;text-wrap: nowrap;&quot;|{{Notulae|卯: ㄇㄠˇ| |香:ㄒㄧㄤ|菱: ㄌㄧㄥˊ}} || Ignis || Lancea
| Coctrix in Popina Populi.
|-
| '''Hianyna''' || {{Notulae|閒: ㄒㄧㄢˊ|雲: ㄩㄣˊ}} || Aër || Catalysta || Adepta gruida “Retenatrix Nubis”.
|-
| '''Hiao''' || {{Notulae|魈:ㄒㄧㄠ}} || Aër || Lancea
| Iaxus solus, Liguam contra spiritus deosque malos tuens.
|-
| Hincius || {{Notulae|行: ㄒㄧㄥˊ|秋:ㄑㄧㄡ}} || Aqua || Gladius
| Filius secundus Mercatoris Nubis Volantis.
|-
| '''Hu Tao''' || {{Notulae|胡: ㄏㄨˊ| |桃: ㄊㄠˊ}} || Ignis || Lancea
| Funeratrix septuagesima septima in Ligua.
|-
| Iao-Iao || {{Notulae|瑤: ㄧㄠˊ|瑤: ㄧㄠˊ}} || Arbor || Lancea
| Discipula Adeptae e rure ''K'ing-ts'e''.
|-
| Ienfecia || {{Notulae|煙:ㄧㄢ|緋:ㄈㄟ}} || Ignis || Catalysta
| Legislatrix bicornis Liguae serviens.
|-
| Iun Cin || {{Notulae|雲: ㄩㄣˊ|堇: ㄐㄧㄣˇ}} || Terra || Lancea
| Saltatrix famosa in Ligua.
|-
| '''Kecima''' || {{Notulae|刻: ㄎㄜˋ|晴: ㄑㄧㄥˊ}} || Electrum || Gladius
| Senatrix quinta (“Alioth”) Septentrionis Liguae, Regem Lapidem Adeptosque detestans.
|-
| Lan Ien || {{Notulae|藍: ㄌㄢˊ| |硯: ㄧㄢˋ}} || Aër || Catalysta
| [[Faber|Fabra]] argenti e valle ''Ch'in-Yu'' (Gemma Summersa).
|-
| Ninguama || {{Notulae|凝: ㄋㄧㄥˊ|光:ㄍㄨㄤ}} || Terra || Catalysta
| Senatrix quarta (“Megrez”) Septentrionis Liguae.
|-
| '''Septima Septuplex''' || {{Notulae|七:ㄑㄧ|七:ㄑㄧ}} || Glacies || Gladius
| Puella [[Mors|Mortua]] in [[Pharmacopolium|Pharmacopolio]] Impraedicibili.
|-
| Sinena || {{Notulae|辛:ㄒㄧㄣ|焱: ㄧㄢˋ}} || Ignis || Gladius Maior
| Cantatrix famosa in Ligua.
|-
| '''Xenica''' || {{Notulae|申:ㄕㄣ|鶴: ㄏㄜˋ}} || Glacies || Lancea
| Exorcista sola, Chungyni matertera.
|}

===Inazuma===
Inazuma (sive Inaduma, [[Iaponice]] {{Notulae|稲:いな|妻:づま}} ''Inaduma'', Fulgur) ex [[Iaponia]] oritur.
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Iaponice&lt;ref&gt;[[Kana]] ante annum [[1945]].&lt;/ref&gt; !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| '''Aiaca Kamisato''' || {{Notulae|神:かみ|里:さと| |綾:あや|華:か}} || Glacies || Gladius
| Principissa Commissionis Culturalis, soror iunior Aiati.
|-
| '''Aiatus Kamisato''' || {{Notulae|神:かみ|里:さと| |綾:あや|人:と}} || Aqua || Gladius
| Princeps Commissionis Culturalis, frater maior Aiacae.
|-
| '''Cafedefarus Cazufa''' || {{Notulae|楓:かへで|原:はら| |万:かず|葉:は}} || Aër || Gladius
| Vagabundus et nauta Crucis Liguanae.
|-
| '''Chloris''' || {{Notulae|千:ち|織:おり}} || Terra || Gladius
| Textilatrix, in Fontanam demigrans, decreto compescente spreto.
|-
| '''Cocomis Regiae Sango''' || style=&quot;text-wrap: nowrap;&quot;|{{Notulae|珊:さん|瑚:ご|の|宮:みや| |心:ここ|海:み}} || Aqua || Catalysta
| Sacerdos contra Deam Electri.
|-
| Feizaus de Claustro Sikano || {{Notulae|鹿:しか|野:の|院:ゐん| |平:へい|藏:ざう}} || Aër || Catalysta
| Inquisitor e Commissione Administrativa.
|-
| '''Generalis Fulminis'''&lt;br&gt;sive '''Ei'''&lt;br&gt;sive '''Beelzebul''' || {{Notulae|雷:らい|電:でん| |将:しやう|軍:ぐん}}&lt;br&gt;
{{Notulae|雷:らい|電:でん| |影:えい}}
| Electrum || Lancea
| Dea secunda electri, post sororem suam Baelen (vel Makoto).
|-
| Goraus || ゴロー／{{Notulae|五:ご|郎:らう}}&lt;ref&gt;[[Litterae Sinicae]] e [[lingua Sinica]] sunt.&lt;/ref&gt; || Terra || Arcus
| Generalissimus caninus Cocomis.
|-
| '''Iofimia Naganofara''' || {{Notulae|長:なが|野:の|原:はら| |宵:よひ|宮:みや}} || Ignis || Arcus
| Bombatrix famosissima in Inazuma.
|-
| '''Ittus Arataki''' || {{Notulae|荒:あら|滝:たき| |一:いつ|斗:と}} || Terra || Gladius Maior
| Onius perniciosus, a Sara Kudeo olim captus.
|-
| Kirara || {{Notulae|綺:き|良:ら|々:ら}} || Arbor || Gladius
| Cursatrix et [[Nekomata|felis dupla]].
|-
| '''Midukis Iumemiduki''' || {{Notulae|夢:ゆめ|見:み|月:づき| |瑞:みづ|希:き}} || Aër || Catalysta
| Meditatrix tapira, in Balneis Aisae serviens.
|-
| '''Miko Iae''' (''Mikonis'') || {{Notulae|八:や|重:へ| |神:み|子:こ}} || Electrum || Catalysta
| Diacona deae electri.
|-
| Saio (''-us'') || {{Notulae|早:さ|柚:ゆ}} || Aër || Gladius Maior
| Ninzia in Commissione Culturali.
|-
| Sara Kudeo || {{Notulae|九:く|條:でう| |裟:さ|羅:ら}} || Electrum || Arcus
| Legata Tenguina e Commissione Administrativa.
|-
| Sinobs Kuki || {{Notulae|久:く|岐:き| |忍:しのぶ}} || Electrum || Gladius
| Puella secunda sacerdotula quae est ministra Itti Arataki.
|-
| Thomas || トーマ&lt;br&gt;([[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Thoma) || Ignis || Lancea
| Minister Commissionis Culturalis, Monstadiensis.
|}

===Sumeru===
Sumeru (-''us'', [[Sanscrite]] सुमेरु ''Sumeru'', [[Accadice]] 𒋗𒈨𒊒 ''Šumeru'') in silvam desertaque dividitur. Silva Sumeriana ex [[India]] [[Imperium Achaemenidarum|Persiaque]] oritur, deserta autem ex [[Arabia]] [[Aegyptus|Aegyptoque]].
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Suis&amp;nbsp;linguis !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| '''[[Alhazenus]]''' || [[Lingua Arabica|ar.]]&amp;nbsp;الهيثم || Arbor || Gladius
| Scriptor Academiae Sumerianae et legatus sagax.
|-
| [[Candace]]|| [[Lingua Graeca|el.]]&amp;nbsp;Κανδάκη || Aqua || Lancea
| Curatrix ruris Aaru.
|-
| Cona || [[Lingua Cambrica|cy.]]&amp;nbsp;Collei || Arbor || Arcus
| Discipula Tignarii et amica optima Amberis.
|-
| '''[[Cyon]]''' (''Cynis'') || [[Lingua Graeca|el.]]&amp;nbsp;Κύων || Electrum || Lancea
| Ordinis capitaneus et physicista Academiae Sumerianae.
|-
| '''[[Dehia]]''' || [[Linguae Libycae|ber.]]&amp;nbsp;ⴷⵉⵀⵢⴰ || Ignis || Gladius Maior
| Eremita, Nahidam protegens.
|-
| [[Doris]] || [[Lingua Persica|fa.]]&amp;nbsp;دوری سنگماه بای || Electrum || Gladius Maior
| Mercatrix parva, in Palatio Castro habitans.
|-
| Faruzan (-''nis'') || [[Lingua Persica|fa.]]&amp;nbsp;فروزان || Aër || Arcus
| Archaeologa e Academia Sumeriana.
|-
| Kaveus || [[Lingua Persica|fa.]]&amp;nbsp;كاوه || Arbor || Gladius Maior
| Architectus e Academia Sumeriana.
|-
| Laila || [[Lingua Arabica|ar.]]&amp;nbsp;ليلى || Glacies || Gladius
| Astrologa e Academia Sumeriana.
|-
| '''[[Nahida]]'''&lt;br&gt;sive '''Buer''' || [[Lingua Persica|fa.]]&amp;nbsp;ناهيد || Arbor || Catalysta
| Dea Arboris, Domina Minor Kusanali.
|-
| '''[[Nilo]]'''&amp;nbsp;(-''onis'') || [[Lingua Persica|fa.]]&amp;nbsp;نيلو || Aqua || Gladius
| Saltatrix in Theatro Zubaeris.
|-
| [[Sethos]] || [[Lingua Graeca|el.]]&amp;nbsp;Σεθός&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Aegyptia|egy.]] ''st'' &lt;hiero&gt;st y&lt;/hiero&gt; || Electrum || Arcus
| Heres Templi Silentis, vasculusque Hermanubidis ante Cynem.
|-
| '''[[Tignarius]]''' || [[Lingua Arabica|ar.]]&amp;nbsp;طغنري || Arbor || Arcus
| Forestator Avidiensis e Academia Sumeriana.
|-
| '''[[Vagabundus]]''' || &lt;del&gt;[[Lingua Iaponica|ja.]]&amp;nbsp;国崩&lt;br&gt;くにくづし&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Iaponica|ja.]]&amp;nbsp;傾奇者&lt;br&gt;かぶきもの&lt;/del&gt;
|| Aër || Catalysta
| Homunculus a Beelzebule creatus, in Sumeru errans, quondam sextus Ductor Fatuorum “Scaramouche” [[Lingua francogallica|(fr.)]].
|}

===Fontana===
Fontana ([[Francogallice]] ''Fontaine'', Fontana) ex [[Europa]] [[Linguae Italicae|Romanica]] oritur.
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Suis&amp;nbsp;linguis !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| '''[[Aemilia]]''' || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Émilie || Arbor || Catalysta || [[Unguentaria]] stylista et amica Caprosiae.
|-
| '''[[Augustus Escoffier|Augusta&amp;nbsp;Escoffier]]'''&lt;ref&gt;Praenomen suspectum est.&lt;/ref&gt; || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Escoffier || Glacies || Lancea || Coquinaria pulsa ex Hospitali Debord, amica Varesae.
|-
| '''[[Clorinda]]''' || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Clorinde || Electrum || Gladius || Gladiatrix Prima et de facto protectrix Furinae, quae Carolum Caspar necavit.
|-
| [[Carlotta]] || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Charlotte || Glacies || Catalysta || Reportatrix Avis Vaporis.
|-
| [[Caprosia]] || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Chevreuse || Ignis || Lancea || [[Mosquetum|Mosquetaria]] capitanaque patroliae securitatis survigillantiaeque specialis (PS³).
|-
| '''[[Henricus Wriothesley|Dux&amp;nbsp;Wriothesley]]''' || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]]&amp;nbsp;''Duke''&amp;nbsp;Wriothesley || Glacies || Catalysta || Dux Fortis Meropidis.
|-
| Freminittus || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Fréminet&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Снежевич || Glacies || Gladius Maior || Subaqueus Fontanae celeberrimus et filius adoptatus Perverae.
|-
| '''[[Furina]]''' || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Furina&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] de&amp;nbsp;Fontaine || Aqua || Gladius || Dea Aquae, quae corpus '''Focaloris''' fuerat, antequam se deleret.
|-
| '''Linus''' || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Lyney&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Снежевич || Ignis || Arcus || Magus celeberrimus in Fontana et filius adoptatus Perverae.
|-
| Linitta || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Lynette&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Снежевна || Aër || Gladius || Adiutatrix felina sororque Lini.
|-
| '''[[Navia]]''' || [[Lingua Latina|la.]]/[[Lingua Hispanica|es.]]&amp;nbsp;Navia&amp;nbsp;Caspar || Terra || Gladius Maior || Ducissa Spinae Rosulae, quae patri suo Carolo successit.
|-
| '''[[Novillittus]]''' || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Neuvillette || Aqua || Catalysta || [[Draco]] Aquae, qui regulo Fontanae fungitur.
|-
| '''Sigevina''' || [[Lingua Theodisca|de.]] Sigewinne || Aqua || Arcus || Nutritrix [[melusina]] Fortis Meropidis.
|}

=== Natlan ===
Natlan (''m.'' -''anis'', [[Lingua Navatlaca|navatlace]] ''Natlan'', Mea Domus) est orta ex [[Africa Subsahariana]], [[Americae|Americis]], et [[Oceania]].
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Suis linguis !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| Cacina || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Uthabiti&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Hopiana|hop.]] Katsina || Terra || Lancea
| Excavatrix iuvenis et determinata ex Tepetlisauris.
|-
| '''Ciasca''' || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Vuka&lt;br&gt;[[Linguae Quechuae|qu.]] Ch'asca || Aër || Arcus
| Pacificatrix populi Qucusaurorum.
|-
| '''Cinix''' (''-ichis'') || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Malipo&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Maiensis|myn.]] Kinich || Arbor || Gladius Maior
| Curator heroque ex Yumkasauris, cuius comes est Dominus Decimus Natlanteanus “Immortalis Obscurus” ([[Lingua Maiensis|myn.]] “Aj Imuch' Paxlaq Lahun Ch'ule-L” / “K'uhul Ajaw”).
|-
| '''Citlalis''' || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Ukumbuko&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Navatlaca|nah.]] Citlali || Glacies || Catalysta
| Astrologista Ictomisaurium quae ducentos annos vixit.
|-
| Iansa || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Uwezo&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Iorubensis|yo.]] Yàńsàn-án / Yansã || Electrum || Lancea
| Exercitrix famosa in Natlane ex Tatankasauris.
|-
| Ifeus || [[Lingua Iorubensis|yo.]] Ifá/ìfẹ́ || Aër || Catalysta
| Medicus Sauri ex Qucusauris.
|-
| '''Mavuica''' || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Kiongozi&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Havaiana|haw.]] Mavuika || Ignis || Gladius Maior
| Dea Ignis, ex hominibus Yumkasaurorum orta ad Haborym.
|-
| '''Mualanis''' || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Umoja&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Havaiana|haw.]] Mualani || Aqua || Catalysta
| Athleta aquatica ex Koholosauris.
|-
| Olorun || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Bidii&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Iorubensis|yo.]] Ọlọrun || Electrum || Arcus
| Agricultor vespertilionidus et filius adoptatus Citlalis.
|-
| '''Varesa''' || [[Lingua Zuluana|zu.]] Waresa || Electrum || Catalysta
| Minotaura, pomaria bellica ex Tatankasauris.
|-
| '''Xilonen''' || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Baraka&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Navatlaca|nah.]] Xilonen || Terra || Gladius
| Fabricatrix metallorum pumina ex Tepetlisauris.
|}

=== Snezhnaya ===
Snezhnaya ([[Russice]] ''Снежная'', Nivea) ex [[Europa]] [[Linguae Slavicae|Slavica]] oritur (''prime'' [[Russia]] Caesarica), ubi Regio Nodocraea ([[Russice]] ''Нод-Край'') ex nationibus circum [[Mare Balticum]] oritur. Undecim Ductores Fatuorum nomina ficta [[lingua Italiana]] ferunt.
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Suis&amp;nbsp;linguis !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| [[Aino]] (''f., -onis'') || [[Lingua Finnica|fi.]] Aino || Aqua || Gladius maior || Proprietrix Rotularii Tactici, quae Ineffam creavit.
|-
| '''[[Aiax]]''' (''m., -antis'') || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Аякс (ex [[Lingua Graeca|el.]] Αἴας) || Aqua || Arcus || Decimus et Ultimus Ductor Fatuorum “Tartaglia”.
|-
| Alexius || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Алёша (dim. Алексей) || Electrum || Lancea || Venator quam Canis.
|-
| '''[[Anastasia Theodori puella Snezhnaya]]''' || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Анастасия Фёдоровна Снежная || Glacies || Lancea || Dea glaciei, notata quam “Imperatrix Snezhnayae”.
|-
| '''Columbina Hyposelenia'''&lt;br&gt;sive '''Kuutar''' || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Columbina Hyposelenia&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Finnica|fi.]] Kuutar || Aqua || Catalysta
| Dea Virgo Lunae, “Luna Nova”, quae tertia Ductrix Fatuorum “Columbina” fuit.
|-
| '''Cyrillus Cydomiri filius Flins''' || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Кирилл Чудомирович Флинс || Electrum || Lancea || Decanus Custodum Luminis, cuius ministri contra Abyssum cassi sunt (Venationem Silvaticam).
|-
| [[Iahoda]] || [[Lingua Bohemica|cs.]] Jahoda || Aër || Arcus || Convectrix capitalis e Mercatoribus Voenicis.
|-
| [[Illugius]] || [[Lingua Islandica|is.]] Illuga || Terra || Lancea || Investigator Custodum Luminis.
|-
| '''Ineffa''' || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Ineffa(bilis) || Electrum || Lancea || Gynoides Ainonis, ex parte bona Dominae Undecimae Natlanteanae “Crastinae Reflextricis” creata ([[Linguae Maienses|myn.]] ''Ix Raq'lapuj Chue'q Buluk Ch'ule-L'').
|-
| '''[[Lauma]]''' || [[Lingua Lettonica|lv.]] Lauma || Arbor || Catalysta || Diacona Puerorum Gelunae, sapiens et sacra.
|-
| '''Linnaea''' || (''forma feminina'')&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Latina|la.]] [[Linnaeus]] || Terra || Arcus || Adventrix Botanista, ''Avis Auguria'' quae est amica Ainonis.
|-
| '''Marionetta''' || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Marionette Guillotin || Glacies || Lancea || Septima Ductrix Fatuorum “Sandrone”.
|-
| '''[[Nefer]]''' (''f., -ris'') || [[Lingua Aegyptia|egy.]] ''nfr'' &lt;hiero&gt;nfr&lt;/hiero&gt; || Arbor || Catalysta || Ductrix Curatorii Secretorum, Sumeriana, amica Doridis.
|-
| '''Odetta''' || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Одетта (ex [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Odette) || Glacies || Gladius || Ballerina Prima ex Theatro Regale, atque simul heres Octavae Ductricis Fatuorum “Signora” (Rosalina Crucica Flammatinea).
|-
| '''Pervera''' || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Peruère&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Снежевна || Ignis || Lancea || Quarta Ductrix Fatuorum “Arlecchino”, quae orphanes cultivat pro Fatui.
|-
| '''Vesna''' || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Весна || Aër || Gladius || Vila ex Sodalibus Caesaris.
|-
| Vodianissa || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Водяница || Aqua || ? || Cantrix Prima ex Theatro Regale.
|}

===Regiones Aliae===
Caenrium&lt;ref&gt;
{{blockquote|&lt;poem&gt;Non custos si fingar ille Caenrium
Non fulmineus ego lyrae barbatos
Non si pegaseo ferar volatu
Non morphes niveae citaeque bigae
Adde huc plumipedas volatilesque
Ventorumque simul require cursum
Quos iunctos amica mea mihi dicares
Defessus tamen omnibus medullis
Et multis languoribus peresus
Essem te mihi amica quaeritando
Caelum dilabitur
falsitas collabitur&lt;/poem&gt;}}
{{Norma dextra|[https://genshin-impact.fandom.com/wiki/Mysterious_Letter Charta mysteriosa sub Casma Liguana]}}&lt;/ref&gt; est regnum a Septem Deis delendum, ex [[Scandinavia]] [[Prussia]]que ortum.
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Suis linguis !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| '''[[:en:Aloy|Aloisia]]''' || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Aloy || Glacies || Arcus || Protagonista ex [[Horizon Zero Dawn|Horizonte Nullo: Aurora]].
|-
| Dainsleus || [[Lingua Norvegica|no.]] Dáinsleif || (Quantum)? || ? || Caballarius Caenrianus, cum Lumina vagatus, Aetheri occurrit.
|-
| '''Excirca''' || [[Lingua Islandica|is.]] Skirk || Glacies || Gladius || Mentrix Aiantis extraterrestris.
|-
| '''Nicola''' || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Nicole Reeyn || Ignis || Catalysta || Maga N, una Angela immaculata.
|}

'''Mannequinus''' et '''Mannequina''' sunt introducti in ''Terra Mirabili “Miliastra”'', ab Octavia creati.

=== Personae significantes non ludibiles ===
Obliqua indicant feminas.
* '''''Paimon''''' (''f., -onis''), deuteragonista, Viatorem/Viatricem clamans.
* '''''Catherinae''''', receptionistae roboticae bionicae, a septima Ductrice Fatuorum “Sandrone” in Snezhnaya creatae, singulae per nationem.

== Synopsis ==
=== Prologus ===
Viator in Mondstadia vagavit.

=== Carmen Lunae Vanae ===
Viator in Nodocraea vagat, quande Columbina Fatuis partita est.

== Nexus interni ==
*Alii ludi personarum ex [[Hoyoversum|Hoyoverso]]:
** [[Impactus Apocalypsis]] (''Honkai Impact'')
** [[Impactus Apocalypsis: Interstellaris]] (''Honkai: Star Rail'')
** [[Nefariae Naturae Nihil]] (''Zenless Zone Zero'')
** [[Impactus Apocalypsis: Nexus Anima]] (''Honkai: Nexus Anima'')
** [[Planeta Petittus]] (''Petit Planet'')
*[[Gnosis]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

[[Categoria:Ludi personarum]]</text>
      <sha1>rrbifrxdz651johgdz0opzhqf4ri6bg</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Manahem Begin</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>313003</id>
    <redirect title="Menachem Beginus" />
    <revision>
      <id>3970033</id>
      <parentid>3835545</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-05T02:27:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EmausBot</username>
        <id>23083</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>rectificatio redirectionis duplicis → [[Menachem Beginus]]</comment>
      <origin>3970033</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30" sha1="4mkfbt9pgyygvbuq2jnyh94myf1re4n" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Menachem Beginus]]</text>
      <sha1>4mkfbt9pgyygvbuq2jnyh94myf1re4n</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Disputatio Usoris:Grufo</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>313953</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3970001</id>
      <parentid>3969304</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T18:48:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeterBJohnLemon</username>
        <id>211631</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Meiko Nakahara Autotranslata Correctio */ nova pars</comment>
      <origin>3970001</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="34909" sha1="pd1qrntl2dwmdqd7smljqtpwpxk28xo" xml:space="preserve">{{Hic sunt tabularia disputationum}}

Disputationes veteres:
{{Specialis:Praefixa/Disputatio Usoris:Grufo/Tabularium}}

== Translation request ==

Hello, Grufo.

Can you create an article about the American Democratic Vice Presidential candidate [[:en:Tim Walz]] ([[Timotheus Iacobus Walz]]) in Latin Wikipedia, just like for the Republican Vice Presidential candidate [[Iacobus David Vance]]?

Yours sincerely, [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 12:48, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)

: Hi. I did not create the [[Iacobus David Vance]] page, I only [[Specialis:Diff/3848980/3849044|corrected a few things]], mostly of typographical nature. Of course a [[Timotheus Iacobus Walz]] page would be a nice thing to have. But asking users to do something for us usually rarely works. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:01, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::I understand. Thank you for the reply. I also posted the same question to the original uploader. Though I think he or she is a &quot;one timer&quot; and might not upload or edit again. [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 13:22, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::: I do not know why the original author created Vance's page, but it is not to be excluded that they did it as a consequence of political affiliation (nothing is wrong with that, as long their contribution is encyclopedic), and if that is the case asking the same person to create the page of their political adversary will likely not work. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:27, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::::That also later crossed my mind. I personally did not request a translation due to political reasons. I just thought that the other Vice Presidential candidate should also have an article in Latin Wikipedia. Never mind. [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 13:34, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::::: No problem. Let's see how the original author reacts. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:41, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::::::To my surprise, the original author uploaded the second article as well. I have thanked him or her and I thank you as well. [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 15:59, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::::::: I am happy they did! :) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:01, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)

== Nomination ==
Hi, Grufo. I just proposed you at [[Vicipaedia:Petitio magistratus/Grufo]]. When you have a spare moment, please go there and indicate your willingness -- thank you! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 08:23, 7 Septembris 2024 (UTC)
: Thank you, Andrew! :-) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 08:46, 7 Septembris 2024 (UTC)
::As you may have noticed, you are elected nemine contradicente. An excellent result! I will now attempt to give you the appropriate permissions. I'm sorry I have been absent rather often on real world concerns, and this may continue for a while. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 19:23, 15 Septembris 2024 (UTC)
:::Done, I think. Next time you log in, verify if you have some unaccustomed powers. Notably, you should be able to delete a page (which should be helpful to you and to others who may need to have a page deleted), and protect a page from some groups of editors, and you should be able to block a user, named or anonymous. Tell me if I can help with anything. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 19:36, 15 Septembris 2024 (UTC)
:::: Hooray! :-) You have absolutely nothing to apologize for, Andrew. I am very grateful for your sponsorship. I hope your real world concerns will soon calm down. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 21:19, 15 Septembris 2024 (UTC)

== Candidatus ad magistratum propositus ==

Gratias tibi ago, Grufo optime! Me maxime honorasti me ad electionem in circulum magistratuum proponens. Praeter doctrinam meam debiliorem imprimis inopia temporis liberi me monet, ne hoc munus acciperem. Per septuaginta horas cuiusque hebdomadae munere medici occupatus sum. Ideo non prius quam circa mediam noctem ad Vicipaediam nostram accedere soleo. [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bis-Taurinus|disputatio]]) 20:47, 11 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
: Gratias tibi ago, Bis-Taurine, quia mihi scripsisti. Paucum tempus non est magnum incommodum, multi sunt magistratus apud nos qui inter se laborem distribuunt (nihilominus a magistratu haud maior labor, sed sapientia tantum requiritur). Nisi tibi displacet “magistratus mediae noctis” fieri, tuam petitionem proponere adhuc cupio. Attamen importunē insistere nolo! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:46, 11 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
:: @[[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]]: Demetrium Talpam et Marcum Terentium Bibliophilum [[Vicipaedia:Taberna#Magistratus: novae nominationes|nuper proposui]]; et te, volentem, proponere cupio. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 08:44, 15 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
::: Bis-Taurinus Grufoni salutem! Si paucum tempus et peritia mea exigua non impediunt, me canditatum proponas! [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bis-Taurinus|disputatio]]) 05:29, 16 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
:::: Euax! :-) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 11:47, 16 Octobris 2024 (UTC)

== Request ==

As mentioned in [[Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 30#Disney cartoon articles]], there are some semi-protected pages that have been protected for 15 years now. Do you think it'd be OK to remove protection from them? I'm asking you because I see you've handled protections before. I also think that there should be some improvement to these pages, as they are generally stubs that have been short for 15 years. Should I start a new discussion at [[Vicipaedia:Taberna]] to get someone to add more content to the pages? [[Specialis:Conlationes/2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB|2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB]] 16:56, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
: Hi. It seems that the discussion you linked was not really in favour of removing the protection. It is true that four years have passed, however these pages are only semi-protected, all you need to edit them is an account. Have you considered creating one? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:01, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
:: Some of the pages were unprotected, and those haven't been vandalized since. I actually thought that the discussion was in favor by the end of it. Just a note, I'd have to wait four days to edit after creating an account. However, I was wondering if anyone could add more content to these pages. I saw [[Babe: Pig in the City]] was deleted, but could a new page be written to replace it? Also, I see the tag at [[Rugrats]], should that page be deleted? If I create an account, I'll let you know. [[Specialis:Conlationes/2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB|2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB]] 17:06, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
::: Account created. [[Usor:Shopping metaphor|Shopping metaphor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Shopping metaphor|disputatio]]) 17:10, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
:::: That is great! Happy editing! :-)

== Petitio de Formula:AE ==
Salve Grufo! Potesne Formulam:AE in nostra Vicipaedia ratam facere ut exempli gratia in Vicipaedia Anglica. Nam nexum ad inscriptiones Latinas et Graecas praebet quae in ''[[L'Année épigraphique]]'' publicatae sunt. Vide exempli gratia [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindia_gens Mindia gens] apud Anglicos (AE|2018|325). Etenim epigraphia Latinitati fons non negligendus aestimanda est. Ante aliquot annos Andreas Dalby hoc idem ad Formulam [[CIL]] effecerat. Te amabo si temptabis. --[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 15:17, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC)

Tibi gratias ago. Non difficile fortasse erat sed talium rerum non peritus sum.--[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 15:28, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC)

: Noli timere, magnopere quidem fuit facile factu. :-) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:33, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC)

:: {{Tpe|Postilla}} [[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marce]], formulam {{Fn|AE ref}} quoque nunc habemus. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:54, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC)

== Capsa mendosa? ==

Hi! I’ve just noticed your [[Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 33#Capsa mendosa?|your ping from over a year ago]], but the problem seems to still persist, so better late than never. ☺ It’s probably because the same coats of arms are listed both [[d:Q81162#P154|as logos]] and [[d:Q81162#P94|as actual coats of arms]], so the solution is removing the logos from the Wikidata items. —[[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Tacsipacsi|disputatio]]) 11:39, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
: Hi [[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]], thank you for reaching out. How about [[Specialis:Diff/3850542/3861571|this solution]]? To be really unbreakable it should be extended to the other image properties as well – because, for example, [[Collegium Sanctae Catharinae (Oxonia)|here]] the problem still persists. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:48, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
:: {{tpe|Nova}} Maybe [[Specialis:Diff/3850542/3861576|this other solution]] solves everything once and for all. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:59, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
:::I think it’s more of a workaround than a solution: Wikidata data is simply wrong (these images are coats of arms, not logos), so that should be fixed instead of changing the Wikipedia infobox. [https://www.wikidata.org/w/index.php?title=Property_talk:P94&amp;diff=2273008387 I’ve added a complex constraint on Wikidata that lists exact duplicates] (it won’t catch St Catherine’s College, but it will catch the others). —[[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Tacsipacsi|disputatio]]) 22:15, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
:::: It makes sense. What our template does is simply a check for duplicate images (which under no circumstances need to be shown twice). Feel free to restore the check-free version if you want. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:28, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
:::::I &lt;em&gt;think&lt;/em&gt; the checks shouldn’t be there, but I don’t &lt;em&gt;want&lt;/em&gt; to remove them, because I don’t consider myself part of the Latin Wikipedia community and thus want to leave the decision up to the community. (I’m not angry or something like that; it’s perfectly fine for me that you do whatever you want.) —[[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Tacsipacsi|disputatio]]) 23:15, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
:::::: No problem, [[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]]. [[Specialis:Diff/3861576/3861607|I removed the checks]]. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 23:35, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)

== Create a page for Peshkopi - Penestae in Latin ==
@[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] Hi dear Grufo! I am from Albania and I have a request. I want to ask you please can you create a page for Peshkopi: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshkopi  (Penestae in Latin) on Latin Wiki. I have asked Andrew Dalby to create it and he didn't created it. So I would be very grateful to you if you will create it yourself. Thanks [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:NevaleLevane|disputatio]]) 13:28, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
: Hi, [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]]. You have already sent me an email three days ago, to which I already replied. Please stop spamming. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:46, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
::@[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] Hi Grufo! Now I see the email as I didn't checked it. When you will have time, you will create it? The title for Peshkopi in Latin is Penestae: https://www.loquis.com/en/loquis/2174022/Peshkopi https://latin_latin.en-academic.com/45532/PENESTAE https://www.wikiwand.com/en/articles/Penestae_(tribe) Thanks [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:NevaleLevane|disputatio]]) 17:14, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
::: @[[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]]: As I already wrote you via email, it is not my intention to create the page you are requesting, for at least the following reasons:
:::* The subject is not among my priorities
:::* Based on what I know '''and your own sources''' ([https://latin_latin.en-academic.com/45532/PENESTAE #1], [https://www.wikiwand.com/en/articles/Penestae_(tribe) #2]), the ''Penestae'' were a tribe, not a place, and I don't know reliable sources that state otherwise (I will be happy to be contradicted) – actually, the Latin name of Peshkopi seems to be [[Episcopia (discretiva)|Episcopia]] (again, I am happy to be contradicted), whereas the locality where the ''Penestae'' lived was called ''Penestia'', as it seems
:::* If I ever had any intention to create such page, your fixation on a proper name without sources made any intention vanish (you started insisting on it already [[Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 34#Create articles for Korçë (Coryza - in Latin), Kukës (unknown name in Latin) and Peshkopi (Penestae - in Latin)|five months ago]]) – Btw, we can attempt to propose our translations of common names (see {{Fn|Convertimus}}), but doing the same with proper names is definitely out of question (it's like if I insisted – without sources – that your name is “Donald”)
::: --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:04, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)

== De quadam difficultate ==
Salve Grufo, scisne, cur &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Titulus italicus}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; non valeat textum italicum reddere in commentatione [[Fabian oder Der Gang vor die Hunde (pellicula 2021)]]? [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 17:10, 25 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
: Salve Neander! Credo titulum nimis longum esse causam (formula {{Fn|Titulus italicus}} non est sine defectibus). [[Specialis:Diff/3887061/3887066|Haec excogitatio]] similia incommoda solvere potest. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:31, 25 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
:: Rectum igitur hominem adii auxilium petens. Gratias ago quam maximas! [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 18:13, 25 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)

== De voce [[Disportus in Italia]] ==
Ciao, Grufo. Avrei voluto scriverti in latino, ma presumendo che tu sia italiano ti parlerò nella nostra lingua. Scusami tanto se ti disturbo, ma volevo chiederti: come mai hai cancellato la voce [[Disportus in Italia]], creata da me nella giornata di ieri? Sarebbe stato un approfondimento importante sullo sport italiano (argomento di cui mi sto occupando molto), presente anche in molte altre edizioni di Wikipedia. È vero che quando hai cancellato la pagina essa consisteva in un mero elenco di sport con link rossi indirizzanti a sottopagine, ma avrei avuto l'intenzione di scriverla, ampliarla, correggerla, magari in giorni futuri: quindi non l'avrei lasciata in sospeso, abbandonando una voce appena creata, anzi, avrei anche scritto le pagine con i dettagli per ogni disciplina e magari creato una voce simile per altri paesi del mondo. Perciò volevo chiederti soltanto se la voce potrà essere riammessa o potrò comunque ricrearla (anche non adesso, lavorandoci magari prima sulla mia [[Usor:Davide2025/Harenarium|sandbox]]). Puoi rispondermi sulla mia [[Usor:Davide2025/Disputatio|talk]] ed eventualmente continuare a darmi suggerimenti per il futuro. A presto e ''magnas gratias tibi, mi Grufo''! [[Usor:Davide2025|Davide2025]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Davide2025|disputatio]]) 14:07, 21 Octobris 2025 (UTC)
: Ciao [[Usor:Davide2025|Davide]]. Il problema è che non si accettano pagine non finite nello spazio enciclopedico. Ci possono essere dei lavori in corso, ma allora si aggiunge {{Fn|In usu}} in cima alla pagina, altrimenti altri utenti assumeranno che la pagina è stata lasciata così (e infatti un altro utente ha chiesto la cancellazione immediata della pagina in quanto incompleta). Ho ripristinato la pagina in [[Usor:Davide2025/Harenarium/Disportus in Italia]]. Ti consiglio di svilupparla ulteriormente prima di metterla nello spazio enciclopedico. Buon lavoro. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 14:25, 21 Octobris 2025 (UTC)

== Transylvania et dies 11 Ianuarii ==

Salve Grufo!
Tibi [[Disputatio:11 Ianuarii|hic]] respondi. [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bis-Taurinus|disputatio]]) 22:10, 5 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
: Gratias tibi ago, [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurine]]. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:41, 5 Februarii 2026 (UTC)

== Tiro sum ==

Salve Grufo! Tiro hic sum, et magis scire volo de Vikipedia Latina. Nunc disco grammaticam Latinan libro Arnoldiis qui vocatur est “A practical introduction to Latin prose”, et libros Ciceronis lego. Estne fas hic scribere ut linguam Latinam discam? -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 17:37, 11 Martii 2026 (UTC)
: Salve, [[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]]. Utilissimum est Latine scribere ad Latinum discendum! Tua peritia linguae mihi videtur esse satis bona. Suadeo ut incipias paginas iam exstantes emendando. Si autem novas paginas scribere cupis, tibi licet sive eas statim creare sive nostro novo “[[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio|systemate adumbrationum]]” uti. Tibi faustas emendationes auguror! Vale. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 21:11, 11 Martii 2026 (UTC)
::Gratias tibi ago! -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 10:53, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC)

== Adumbratorne ego? ==
Salve Grufo, demiror, qua de causa pagina [[Der fliegende Holländer (melodrama)]] a me incepta Adumbrationis titulo dignata sit. Melius hoc intellegerem, si fere omnes aliae paginae &quot;Adumbrationes&quot; essent. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 18:13, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC)
: Salve [[Usor:Neander|Neander]]! Hoc evēnit quia [[Usor:Bartholomite]] putavit [[Special:PermanentLink/3948086|hanc versionem paginae]] esse nimis brevem, idcirco in spatium adumbrationum [[Special:Diff/3948160/3948161|movit]]. Puto motionem rectam fuisse, sed nunc pagina est satis longa. Nihilominus [[Disputatio Usoris:Bartholomite#De paginis ad spatium adumbrationum motis|ei scripsi]] te monendum fore quotienscumque paginam a te creatam moveret. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 19:47, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC)

== [[UEFA Nations League]] ==

Salve Grufo, potesne paginae huius nomen ex Anglico in Latinum mutare? Vale, -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 14:39, 30 Martii 2026 (UTC)
: Salve [[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]]. Credo istam mutationem in [[Disputatio:UEFA Nations League|pagina disputationis illius commentationis]] melius petendam esse. Vale. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:10, 30 Martii 2026 (UTC)
::Petivi. Vale. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 15:20, 30 Martii 2026 (UTC)

== Quae sunt &quot;negativa lineamenta&quot;? ==

Dixisti quod differt motus &quot;caterva&quot; et &quot;grex&quot; inquantum caterva est grex negativis cum lineamentis. Cur? Caterva ergo annon extat ut motus pro structura abstracta-algebraica in Neo-Latinitate? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 04:11, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
: Salve, [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]. “Caterva” est sicut “turba”, “multitudo sine ordine” (cf. “caterva verborum”), at “grex” est tantummodo aggregatio quaedam. Romani “catervam” saepe excercitūs aliarum gentium appellabant, raro suos. Vide {{Lewshort|caterva|catervam}} et {{L&amp;S|grex|gregem}}. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 05:06, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::Oh, ergo in sensibus communibus differt, non in sensibus ut termata artis. (Sed &quot;grex&quot; erat terma ab Evaristo Galois confectum, ut pagina dicit.) Gratias ago! -- [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 05:14, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::: @[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]: Ita. Ultro, quod ad nomen ab Evaristo Galois confectum attinet, mihi videtur ipse nullum nomen Latinum, sed tantummodo vocabulum Francogallicum ''groupe'' adhibuisse. Erravine? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 05:25, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::::Sic videtur. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 05:40, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

== You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election ==

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Greetings,

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== Formulae ==

Hi, Grufo. I am happy to be back among Vicipaedians, and also happy that Vicipaedia has been getting better and better in my absence. I am very glad that you have been able to work so hard on it at a time when I could not. I notice, in creating new pages, that I should be using formulae &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Res}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; for article names, &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Ores}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; for names that are titles of works, and &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Anni vitae}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; instead of &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Lifetime}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Correct? I'm sure there are other new formulae, and no doubt I will gradually pick them up, but if there are any more that you think I will need often, feel free to tell me! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 13:53, 31 Maii 2026 (UTC)
: Hi Andrew! I am very glad you are back! Yes, {{Fn|ores}} stands for “res de opere”. It must not be confused with {{Fn|ires}}: both show the lemma in italic, but only {{Fn|ores}} adds the &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;&lt;cite&gt;...&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; tag under the hood, which in turn instructs search engines that the page is about a work. As for {{Fn|anni vitae}}/{{Fn|lifetime}}, the second is simply a redirect to the first, so you are free to choose—although we should prefer Latin in our pages. Among the other things that have changed when you were not here, as far as I can recall, there is that the two old templates {{Fn|nexus desiderati}} and {{Fn|nexus absunt}} have been merged into one single template, and that {{Fn|creanda}} is now transitioning towards {{Fsn|pcc}} (the latter's title might change in the future); long story short, from now on, if you can, please write &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{subst:creanda|...}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; instead of &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{creanda|...}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;. The advantage is that when eventually the missing page gets created, the new template is able to recognize it even if it got created under a different name. I don't know if there have been other big changes. If yes, probably you will notice! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:39, 31 Maii 2026 (UTC)
::That's good. I could not quite follow the developments with &quot;creanda&quot;. Your explanation makes it clear, and I will use &quot;subst:creanda&quot;. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 18:48, 2 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::: @[[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]]: Writing &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{subst:creanda|...}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; is transitory in this phase to facilitate the usage of the new template. You can also directly write &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{subst:pcc|...}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;, although this uses a slightly different syntax. Compare:
:::: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{subst:pcc|en=Direction (geometry)|directio|directionem}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
::: and
:::: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{subst:creanda|en|Direction (geometry)|directio|directionem}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
::: [[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|The documentation]] should explain everything in detail. The point is that the new template is able to get the Wikidata entity of the linked page, and so both &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{subst:creanda|...}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; and &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{subst:pcc|...}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;, once you save the page, will eventually turn into,
:::: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|directio|directionem|en|qid=Q2151613}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
::: where {{para|qid|Q2151613}} contains the Wikidata entity. Once the template has the Wikidata entity, it no longer matters under which name a new page gets created, it will find it. Moreover, when that happens, [[:Categoria:Paginae quae recensionem vacuam exspectant|this category]] will list the pages that now ask for the creation of pages that have already been created, and an empty edit (!) will be enough to remove the template from the page. For instance, on the top-right corner of the “[[Situs interretialis]]” page there is currently the icon of a blinking zero with a pencil; if you click on it and then click on “Mutationes ostendere”, everything should be more clear. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 19:31, 2 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::I did begin to write &quot;subst:creanda&quot; instead of &quot;creanda&quot;. What happened was that immediately on saving my work it changed to the next step, with a much longer template name &quot;safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve&quot; and rearranged elements. This made it harder to continue editing the page. So, to stop that immediate change happening, I've gone back to writing &quot;creanda&quot;. I take it the whole series of changes, from &quot;creanda&quot; to &quot;subst:creanda&quot;, and on, can be done automatically at some later stage? [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:23, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::: @[[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew]]: I just created {{Fsn|creanda/m}}. Now if you write
::::::: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{subst:creanda/m|en|Julie Gayet|fr|Julie Gayet|Iulia Gayet}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
:::::: when you save the page it gets replaced with
::::::: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{safesubst:creanda|en|Julie Gayet|fr|Julie Gayet|Iulia Gayet}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
:::::: When you save the page one time more it gets replaced with
::::::: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Iulia Gayet||fr|en|qid=Q435925}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
:::::: Is that what you were looking for? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:07, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::::::: P.S. I can also create it with a timer (e.g. it doesn't get replaced before one day passes), but I'll need a bit longer to create that. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:29, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::::::::Grufo, you never cease to amaze me! You can do anything! I don't want to be awkward -- after all, if I were efficient, I could save all my potential improvements for one edit, and then do it, and it wouldn't be a problem. However, there may be some value, to others as well as to me, if it works after a fixed delay (a day, as you suggest). Others, not only me, re-read and revise their edits immediately after saving the essential part. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 15:58, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::::::::: Thank you, Andrew. Consider it done :) P.S. The long name “Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve” could be temporary: one day, when all transclusions of {{Fn|Creanda}} will be gone (I think they are about 2000 at the moment), we can rename {{Fn|Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve}} to {{Fn|Creanda}}. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:21, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::: @[[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew]]: I added a timer of one day to {{Fsn|creanda/m}} (you will have to tolerate a {{para|t}} parameter that gets automatically added to save the starting time). What do you think? You would use {{Fsn|creanda/m}} exacly like you would use {{Fn|creanda}}. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 21:15, 15 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::::Fine, thanks! I'll use {{Fsn|creanda/m}} from now on. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 08:31, 16 Iunii 2026 (UTC)

== Citation style ==

Hi, Grufo. Thanks for working on &quot;[[Dis-moi ce que tu manges: je te dirai ce que tu es]]&quot;. I have just one question about the citation style. Is it really a good idea to aim to put months as well as years in the parenthetic date that follows the author's name? My impression is that English Wikipedians sometimes do this, and that Google Books sometimes inserts days and months (totally unreliably) alongside years of publication, but that people writing bibliographies in the real world don't do it. It would be quite a matter of chance whether the information is available or not. What do you think about that? [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:10, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
: Hi [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew]]. I think that with books definitely the year alone should be enough. The month maybe can be useful with journals (it is true though that volume and issue numbers should be enough). Maybe a general exception is when an author publishes two or more works in the same year: in that case the month might be the only way to write the Chicago-style short citation (e.g. &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{qc|Einstein, Mai. 2021}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; and &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{qc|Einstein, Iul. 2021}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;). Long story short: feel free to remove {{para|mensis}} and {{para|tempus ostentum}} from Melvin's article and {{para|mensis}} from Nemeroff's article! P.S. If you have any suggestions on how to improve the {{[[Formula:Opus|Opus]]}} template, please don't hesitate. When I wrote it I tried to find a compromise between English (and other languages') citation standards and the peculiarities of Latin tradition (for instance, I avoided using non-nominative forms like “Alberto Einstein auctore” or “Alberti Einstein ''Lorem Ipsum''”). --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 14:48, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::In general your template works very well. I'll give it some thought. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 16:05, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC)

== De involuntaria invocatione ==
@[[Usor:Amahoney|Amahoney]], @[[Usor:Andreas Raether|Andreas Raether]], @[[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]], @[[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]], @[[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]], @[[Usor:Frontfrog|Frontfrog]], @[[Usor:Giorno2|Giorno2]], @[[Usor:Ioshus Rocchio|Ioshus Rocchio]] et [[Usor:Lesgles|Lesgles]]: Amici, ignoscite mihi, quaeso, si antea invocationem involuntariam a me acceperatis; exemplum tantum novae formulae {{[[Formula:Usores in colloquio#&amp;#123;&amp;#123;subst:Usores in colloquio&amp;#125;&amp;#125;|subst:Usores in colloquio]]}} ostendere volui. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:55, 18 Iunii 2026 (UTC)

== Castellum Poseidon ==

Non video quid huic articulo deficiat. Existimo eum perfecte exigit Wikipediae. Si consentis, potesne tollere observationem negativam? Gratias antehac.[[Usor:Andries Van den Abeele|Andries Van den Abeele]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andries Van den Abeele|disputatio]]) 16:39, 30 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
: Salve [[Usor:Andries Van den Abeele|Andries Van den Abeele]]. Bibliographia est Francogallice scripta. Scriptiones quales “Iulio MMXXV” non solemus adhibere, sed potius “Iulio 2025”. Formula {{Fn|Nobr}} non habemus. Formula {{Fn|Sfn}} apud nos appellatur {{Fn|Qc}} et alia syntaxi nititur. Sunt etiam multae aliae res Vicificandae. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:55, 30 Iunii 2026 (UTC)

== Meiko Nakahara Autotranslata Correctio ==

Apud dignatione, cur paginam autotranslatam esse figurabam. Totam paginam transferre a me scio, et Ego volo quod non lingua Anglica sic sit, sed literale et totale volo. Autem tota pagina vere translatio 'by hand' in Anglicā, et sī tu Meiko Nakahara paginam Anglicam apud Vicipaediā translatore transferas, scribitio mea non sic totale est. Sī pagina problema habet, acceptibilius est, et velim corrigere [[Usor:PeterBJohnLemon|PeterBJohnLemon]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:PeterBJohnLemon|disputatio]]) 18:48, 4 Iulii 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>pd1qrntl2dwmdqd7smljqtpwpxk28xo</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3970014</id>
      <parentid>3970001</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T20:34:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Meiko Nakahara Autotranslata Correctio */ Responsum</comment>
      <origin>3970014</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="35514" sha1="agt6bnxjbbsv50lzuph5stzfkhls76a" xml:space="preserve">{{Hic sunt tabularia disputationum}}

Disputationes veteres:
{{Specialis:Praefixa/Disputatio Usoris:Grufo/Tabularium}}

== Translation request ==

Hello, Grufo.

Can you create an article about the American Democratic Vice Presidential candidate [[:en:Tim Walz]] ([[Timotheus Iacobus Walz]]) in Latin Wikipedia, just like for the Republican Vice Presidential candidate [[Iacobus David Vance]]?

Yours sincerely, [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 12:48, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)

: Hi. I did not create the [[Iacobus David Vance]] page, I only [[Specialis:Diff/3848980/3849044|corrected a few things]], mostly of typographical nature. Of course a [[Timotheus Iacobus Walz]] page would be a nice thing to have. But asking users to do something for us usually rarely works. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:01, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::I understand. Thank you for the reply. I also posted the same question to the original uploader. Though I think he or she is a &quot;one timer&quot; and might not upload or edit again. [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 13:22, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::: I do not know why the original author created Vance's page, but it is not to be excluded that they did it as a consequence of political affiliation (nothing is wrong with that, as long their contribution is encyclopedic), and if that is the case asking the same person to create the page of their political adversary will likely not work. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:27, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::::That also later crossed my mind. I personally did not request a translation due to political reasons. I just thought that the other Vice Presidential candidate should also have an article in Latin Wikipedia. Never mind. [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 13:34, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::::: No problem. Let's see how the original author reacts. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:41, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::::::To my surprise, the original author uploaded the second article as well. I have thanked him or her and I thank you as well. [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 15:59, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::::::: I am happy they did! :) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:01, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)

== Nomination ==
Hi, Grufo. I just proposed you at [[Vicipaedia:Petitio magistratus/Grufo]]. When you have a spare moment, please go there and indicate your willingness -- thank you! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 08:23, 7 Septembris 2024 (UTC)
: Thank you, Andrew! :-) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 08:46, 7 Septembris 2024 (UTC)
::As you may have noticed, you are elected nemine contradicente. An excellent result! I will now attempt to give you the appropriate permissions. I'm sorry I have been absent rather often on real world concerns, and this may continue for a while. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 19:23, 15 Septembris 2024 (UTC)
:::Done, I think. Next time you log in, verify if you have some unaccustomed powers. Notably, you should be able to delete a page (which should be helpful to you and to others who may need to have a page deleted), and protect a page from some groups of editors, and you should be able to block a user, named or anonymous. Tell me if I can help with anything. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 19:36, 15 Septembris 2024 (UTC)
:::: Hooray! :-) You have absolutely nothing to apologize for, Andrew. I am very grateful for your sponsorship. I hope your real world concerns will soon calm down. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 21:19, 15 Septembris 2024 (UTC)

== Candidatus ad magistratum propositus ==

Gratias tibi ago, Grufo optime! Me maxime honorasti me ad electionem in circulum magistratuum proponens. Praeter doctrinam meam debiliorem imprimis inopia temporis liberi me monet, ne hoc munus acciperem. Per septuaginta horas cuiusque hebdomadae munere medici occupatus sum. Ideo non prius quam circa mediam noctem ad Vicipaediam nostram accedere soleo. [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bis-Taurinus|disputatio]]) 20:47, 11 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
: Gratias tibi ago, Bis-Taurine, quia mihi scripsisti. Paucum tempus non est magnum incommodum, multi sunt magistratus apud nos qui inter se laborem distribuunt (nihilominus a magistratu haud maior labor, sed sapientia tantum requiritur). Nisi tibi displacet “magistratus mediae noctis” fieri, tuam petitionem proponere adhuc cupio. Attamen importunē insistere nolo! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:46, 11 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
:: @[[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]]: Demetrium Talpam et Marcum Terentium Bibliophilum [[Vicipaedia:Taberna#Magistratus: novae nominationes|nuper proposui]]; et te, volentem, proponere cupio. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 08:44, 15 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
::: Bis-Taurinus Grufoni salutem! Si paucum tempus et peritia mea exigua non impediunt, me canditatum proponas! [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bis-Taurinus|disputatio]]) 05:29, 16 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
:::: Euax! :-) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 11:47, 16 Octobris 2024 (UTC)

== Request ==

As mentioned in [[Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 30#Disney cartoon articles]], there are some semi-protected pages that have been protected for 15 years now. Do you think it'd be OK to remove protection from them? I'm asking you because I see you've handled protections before. I also think that there should be some improvement to these pages, as they are generally stubs that have been short for 15 years. Should I start a new discussion at [[Vicipaedia:Taberna]] to get someone to add more content to the pages? [[Specialis:Conlationes/2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB|2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB]] 16:56, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
: Hi. It seems that the discussion you linked was not really in favour of removing the protection. It is true that four years have passed, however these pages are only semi-protected, all you need to edit them is an account. Have you considered creating one? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:01, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
:: Some of the pages were unprotected, and those haven't been vandalized since. I actually thought that the discussion was in favor by the end of it. Just a note, I'd have to wait four days to edit after creating an account. However, I was wondering if anyone could add more content to these pages. I saw [[Babe: Pig in the City]] was deleted, but could a new page be written to replace it? Also, I see the tag at [[Rugrats]], should that page be deleted? If I create an account, I'll let you know. [[Specialis:Conlationes/2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB|2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB]] 17:06, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
::: Account created. [[Usor:Shopping metaphor|Shopping metaphor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Shopping metaphor|disputatio]]) 17:10, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
:::: That is great! Happy editing! :-)

== Petitio de Formula:AE ==
Salve Grufo! Potesne Formulam:AE in nostra Vicipaedia ratam facere ut exempli gratia in Vicipaedia Anglica. Nam nexum ad inscriptiones Latinas et Graecas praebet quae in ''[[L'Année épigraphique]]'' publicatae sunt. Vide exempli gratia [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindia_gens Mindia gens] apud Anglicos (AE|2018|325). Etenim epigraphia Latinitati fons non negligendus aestimanda est. Ante aliquot annos Andreas Dalby hoc idem ad Formulam [[CIL]] effecerat. Te amabo si temptabis. --[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 15:17, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC)

Tibi gratias ago. Non difficile fortasse erat sed talium rerum non peritus sum.--[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 15:28, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC)

: Noli timere, magnopere quidem fuit facile factu. :-) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:33, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC)

:: {{Tpe|Postilla}} [[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marce]], formulam {{Fn|AE ref}} quoque nunc habemus. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:54, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC)

== Capsa mendosa? ==

Hi! I’ve just noticed your [[Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 33#Capsa mendosa?|your ping from over a year ago]], but the problem seems to still persist, so better late than never. ☺ It’s probably because the same coats of arms are listed both [[d:Q81162#P154|as logos]] and [[d:Q81162#P94|as actual coats of arms]], so the solution is removing the logos from the Wikidata items. —[[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Tacsipacsi|disputatio]]) 11:39, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
: Hi [[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]], thank you for reaching out. How about [[Specialis:Diff/3850542/3861571|this solution]]? To be really unbreakable it should be extended to the other image properties as well – because, for example, [[Collegium Sanctae Catharinae (Oxonia)|here]] the problem still persists. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:48, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
:: {{tpe|Nova}} Maybe [[Specialis:Diff/3850542/3861576|this other solution]] solves everything once and for all. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:59, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
:::I think it’s more of a workaround than a solution: Wikidata data is simply wrong (these images are coats of arms, not logos), so that should be fixed instead of changing the Wikipedia infobox. [https://www.wikidata.org/w/index.php?title=Property_talk:P94&amp;diff=2273008387 I’ve added a complex constraint on Wikidata that lists exact duplicates] (it won’t catch St Catherine’s College, but it will catch the others). —[[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Tacsipacsi|disputatio]]) 22:15, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
:::: It makes sense. What our template does is simply a check for duplicate images (which under no circumstances need to be shown twice). Feel free to restore the check-free version if you want. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:28, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
:::::I &lt;em&gt;think&lt;/em&gt; the checks shouldn’t be there, but I don’t &lt;em&gt;want&lt;/em&gt; to remove them, because I don’t consider myself part of the Latin Wikipedia community and thus want to leave the decision up to the community. (I’m not angry or something like that; it’s perfectly fine for me that you do whatever you want.) —[[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Tacsipacsi|disputatio]]) 23:15, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
:::::: No problem, [[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]]. [[Specialis:Diff/3861576/3861607|I removed the checks]]. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 23:35, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)

== Create a page for Peshkopi - Penestae in Latin ==
@[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] Hi dear Grufo! I am from Albania and I have a request. I want to ask you please can you create a page for Peshkopi: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshkopi  (Penestae in Latin) on Latin Wiki. I have asked Andrew Dalby to create it and he didn't created it. So I would be very grateful to you if you will create it yourself. Thanks [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:NevaleLevane|disputatio]]) 13:28, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
: Hi, [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]]. You have already sent me an email three days ago, to which I already replied. Please stop spamming. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:46, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
::@[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] Hi Grufo! Now I see the email as I didn't checked it. When you will have time, you will create it? The title for Peshkopi in Latin is Penestae: https://www.loquis.com/en/loquis/2174022/Peshkopi https://latin_latin.en-academic.com/45532/PENESTAE https://www.wikiwand.com/en/articles/Penestae_(tribe) Thanks [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:NevaleLevane|disputatio]]) 17:14, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
::: @[[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]]: As I already wrote you via email, it is not my intention to create the page you are requesting, for at least the following reasons:
:::* The subject is not among my priorities
:::* Based on what I know '''and your own sources''' ([https://latin_latin.en-academic.com/45532/PENESTAE #1], [https://www.wikiwand.com/en/articles/Penestae_(tribe) #2]), the ''Penestae'' were a tribe, not a place, and I don't know reliable sources that state otherwise (I will be happy to be contradicted) – actually, the Latin name of Peshkopi seems to be [[Episcopia (discretiva)|Episcopia]] (again, I am happy to be contradicted), whereas the locality where the ''Penestae'' lived was called ''Penestia'', as it seems
:::* If I ever had any intention to create such page, your fixation on a proper name without sources made any intention vanish (you started insisting on it already [[Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 34#Create articles for Korçë (Coryza - in Latin), Kukës (unknown name in Latin) and Peshkopi (Penestae - in Latin)|five months ago]]) – Btw, we can attempt to propose our translations of common names (see {{Fn|Convertimus}}), but doing the same with proper names is definitely out of question (it's like if I insisted – without sources – that your name is “Donald”)
::: --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:04, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)

== De quadam difficultate ==
Salve Grufo, scisne, cur &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Titulus italicus}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; non valeat textum italicum reddere in commentatione [[Fabian oder Der Gang vor die Hunde (pellicula 2021)]]? [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 17:10, 25 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
: Salve Neander! Credo titulum nimis longum esse causam (formula {{Fn|Titulus italicus}} non est sine defectibus). [[Specialis:Diff/3887061/3887066|Haec excogitatio]] similia incommoda solvere potest. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:31, 25 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
:: Rectum igitur hominem adii auxilium petens. Gratias ago quam maximas! [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 18:13, 25 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)

== De voce [[Disportus in Italia]] ==
Ciao, Grufo. Avrei voluto scriverti in latino, ma presumendo che tu sia italiano ti parlerò nella nostra lingua. Scusami tanto se ti disturbo, ma volevo chiederti: come mai hai cancellato la voce [[Disportus in Italia]], creata da me nella giornata di ieri? Sarebbe stato un approfondimento importante sullo sport italiano (argomento di cui mi sto occupando molto), presente anche in molte altre edizioni di Wikipedia. È vero che quando hai cancellato la pagina essa consisteva in un mero elenco di sport con link rossi indirizzanti a sottopagine, ma avrei avuto l'intenzione di scriverla, ampliarla, correggerla, magari in giorni futuri: quindi non l'avrei lasciata in sospeso, abbandonando una voce appena creata, anzi, avrei anche scritto le pagine con i dettagli per ogni disciplina e magari creato una voce simile per altri paesi del mondo. Perciò volevo chiederti soltanto se la voce potrà essere riammessa o potrò comunque ricrearla (anche non adesso, lavorandoci magari prima sulla mia [[Usor:Davide2025/Harenarium|sandbox]]). Puoi rispondermi sulla mia [[Usor:Davide2025/Disputatio|talk]] ed eventualmente continuare a darmi suggerimenti per il futuro. A presto e ''magnas gratias tibi, mi Grufo''! [[Usor:Davide2025|Davide2025]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Davide2025|disputatio]]) 14:07, 21 Octobris 2025 (UTC)
: Ciao [[Usor:Davide2025|Davide]]. Il problema è che non si accettano pagine non finite nello spazio enciclopedico. Ci possono essere dei lavori in corso, ma allora si aggiunge {{Fn|In usu}} in cima alla pagina, altrimenti altri utenti assumeranno che la pagina è stata lasciata così (e infatti un altro utente ha chiesto la cancellazione immediata della pagina in quanto incompleta). Ho ripristinato la pagina in [[Usor:Davide2025/Harenarium/Disportus in Italia]]. Ti consiglio di svilupparla ulteriormente prima di metterla nello spazio enciclopedico. Buon lavoro. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 14:25, 21 Octobris 2025 (UTC)

== Transylvania et dies 11 Ianuarii ==

Salve Grufo!
Tibi [[Disputatio:11 Ianuarii|hic]] respondi. [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bis-Taurinus|disputatio]]) 22:10, 5 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
: Gratias tibi ago, [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurine]]. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:41, 5 Februarii 2026 (UTC)

== Tiro sum ==

Salve Grufo! Tiro hic sum, et magis scire volo de Vikipedia Latina. Nunc disco grammaticam Latinan libro Arnoldiis qui vocatur est “A practical introduction to Latin prose”, et libros Ciceronis lego. Estne fas hic scribere ut linguam Latinam discam? -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 17:37, 11 Martii 2026 (UTC)
: Salve, [[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]]. Utilissimum est Latine scribere ad Latinum discendum! Tua peritia linguae mihi videtur esse satis bona. Suadeo ut incipias paginas iam exstantes emendando. Si autem novas paginas scribere cupis, tibi licet sive eas statim creare sive nostro novo “[[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio|systemate adumbrationum]]” uti. Tibi faustas emendationes auguror! Vale. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 21:11, 11 Martii 2026 (UTC)
::Gratias tibi ago! -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 10:53, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC)

== Adumbratorne ego? ==
Salve Grufo, demiror, qua de causa pagina [[Der fliegende Holländer (melodrama)]] a me incepta Adumbrationis titulo dignata sit. Melius hoc intellegerem, si fere omnes aliae paginae &quot;Adumbrationes&quot; essent. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 18:13, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC)
: Salve [[Usor:Neander|Neander]]! Hoc evēnit quia [[Usor:Bartholomite]] putavit [[Special:PermanentLink/3948086|hanc versionem paginae]] esse nimis brevem, idcirco in spatium adumbrationum [[Special:Diff/3948160/3948161|movit]]. Puto motionem rectam fuisse, sed nunc pagina est satis longa. Nihilominus [[Disputatio Usoris:Bartholomite#De paginis ad spatium adumbrationum motis|ei scripsi]] te monendum fore quotienscumque paginam a te creatam moveret. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 19:47, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC)

== [[UEFA Nations League]] ==

Salve Grufo, potesne paginae huius nomen ex Anglico in Latinum mutare? Vale, -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 14:39, 30 Martii 2026 (UTC)
: Salve [[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]]. Credo istam mutationem in [[Disputatio:UEFA Nations League|pagina disputationis illius commentationis]] melius petendam esse. Vale. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:10, 30 Martii 2026 (UTC)
::Petivi. Vale. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 15:20, 30 Martii 2026 (UTC)

== Quae sunt &quot;negativa lineamenta&quot;? ==

Dixisti quod differt motus &quot;caterva&quot; et &quot;grex&quot; inquantum caterva est grex negativis cum lineamentis. Cur? Caterva ergo annon extat ut motus pro structura abstracta-algebraica in Neo-Latinitate? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 04:11, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
: Salve, [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]. “Caterva” est sicut “turba”, “multitudo sine ordine” (cf. “caterva verborum”), at “grex” est tantummodo aggregatio quaedam. Romani “catervam” saepe excercitūs aliarum gentium appellabant, raro suos. Vide {{Lewshort|caterva|catervam}} et {{L&amp;S|grex|gregem}}. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 05:06, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::Oh, ergo in sensibus communibus differt, non in sensibus ut termata artis. (Sed &quot;grex&quot; erat terma ab Evaristo Galois confectum, ut pagina dicit.) Gratias ago! -- [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 05:14, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::: @[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]: Ita. Ultro, quod ad nomen ab Evaristo Galois confectum attinet, mihi videtur ipse nullum nomen Latinum, sed tantummodo vocabulum Francogallicum ''groupe'' adhibuisse. Erravine? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 05:25, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::::Sic videtur. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 05:40, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

== You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election ==

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== Formulae ==

Hi, Grufo. I am happy to be back among Vicipaedians, and also happy that Vicipaedia has been getting better and better in my absence. I am very glad that you have been able to work so hard on it at a time when I could not. I notice, in creating new pages, that I should be using formulae &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Res}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; for article names, &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Ores}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; for names that are titles of works, and &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Anni vitae}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; instead of &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Lifetime}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Correct? I'm sure there are other new formulae, and no doubt I will gradually pick them up, but if there are any more that you think I will need often, feel free to tell me! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 13:53, 31 Maii 2026 (UTC)
: Hi Andrew! I am very glad you are back! Yes, {{Fn|ores}} stands for “res de opere”. It must not be confused with {{Fn|ires}}: both show the lemma in italic, but only {{Fn|ores}} adds the &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;&lt;cite&gt;...&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; tag under the hood, which in turn instructs search engines that the page is about a work. As for {{Fn|anni vitae}}/{{Fn|lifetime}}, the second is simply a redirect to the first, so you are free to choose—although we should prefer Latin in our pages. Among the other things that have changed when you were not here, as far as I can recall, there is that the two old templates {{Fn|nexus desiderati}} and {{Fn|nexus absunt}} have been merged into one single template, and that {{Fn|creanda}} is now transitioning towards {{Fsn|pcc}} (the latter's title might change in the future); long story short, from now on, if you can, please write &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{subst:creanda|...}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; instead of &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{creanda|...}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;. The advantage is that when eventually the missing page gets created, the new template is able to recognize it even if it got created under a different name. I don't know if there have been other big changes. If yes, probably you will notice! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:39, 31 Maii 2026 (UTC)
::That's good. I could not quite follow the developments with &quot;creanda&quot;. Your explanation makes it clear, and I will use &quot;subst:creanda&quot;. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 18:48, 2 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::: @[[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]]: Writing &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{subst:creanda|...}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; is transitory in this phase to facilitate the usage of the new template. You can also directly write &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{subst:pcc|...}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;, although this uses a slightly different syntax. Compare:
:::: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{subst:pcc|en=Direction (geometry)|directio|directionem}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
::: and
:::: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{subst:creanda|en|Direction (geometry)|directio|directionem}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
::: [[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|The documentation]] should explain everything in detail. The point is that the new template is able to get the Wikidata entity of the linked page, and so both &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{subst:creanda|...}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; and &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{subst:pcc|...}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;, once you save the page, will eventually turn into,
:::: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|directio|directionem|en|qid=Q2151613}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
::: where {{para|qid|Q2151613}} contains the Wikidata entity. Once the template has the Wikidata entity, it no longer matters under which name a new page gets created, it will find it. Moreover, when that happens, [[:Categoria:Paginae quae recensionem vacuam exspectant|this category]] will list the pages that now ask for the creation of pages that have already been created, and an empty edit (!) will be enough to remove the template from the page. For instance, on the top-right corner of the “[[Situs interretialis]]” page there is currently the icon of a blinking zero with a pencil; if you click on it and then click on “Mutationes ostendere”, everything should be more clear. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 19:31, 2 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::I did begin to write &quot;subst:creanda&quot; instead of &quot;creanda&quot;. What happened was that immediately on saving my work it changed to the next step, with a much longer template name &quot;safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve&quot; and rearranged elements. This made it harder to continue editing the page. So, to stop that immediate change happening, I've gone back to writing &quot;creanda&quot;. I take it the whole series of changes, from &quot;creanda&quot; to &quot;subst:creanda&quot;, and on, can be done automatically at some later stage? [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:23, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::: @[[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew]]: I just created {{Fsn|creanda/m}}. Now if you write
::::::: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{subst:creanda/m|en|Julie Gayet|fr|Julie Gayet|Iulia Gayet}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
:::::: when you save the page it gets replaced with
::::::: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{safesubst:creanda|en|Julie Gayet|fr|Julie Gayet|Iulia Gayet}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
:::::: When you save the page one time more it gets replaced with
::::::: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Iulia Gayet||fr|en|qid=Q435925}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
:::::: Is that what you were looking for? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:07, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::::::: P.S. I can also create it with a timer (e.g. it doesn't get replaced before one day passes), but I'll need a bit longer to create that. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:29, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::::::::Grufo, you never cease to amaze me! You can do anything! I don't want to be awkward -- after all, if I were efficient, I could save all my potential improvements for one edit, and then do it, and it wouldn't be a problem. However, there may be some value, to others as well as to me, if it works after a fixed delay (a day, as you suggest). Others, not only me, re-read and revise their edits immediately after saving the essential part. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 15:58, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::::::::: Thank you, Andrew. Consider it done :) P.S. The long name “Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve” could be temporary: one day, when all transclusions of {{Fn|Creanda}} will be gone (I think they are about 2000 at the moment), we can rename {{Fn|Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve}} to {{Fn|Creanda}}. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:21, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::: @[[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew]]: I added a timer of one day to {{Fsn|creanda/m}} (you will have to tolerate a {{para|t}} parameter that gets automatically added to save the starting time). What do you think? You would use {{Fsn|creanda/m}} exacly like you would use {{Fn|creanda}}. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 21:15, 15 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::::Fine, thanks! I'll use {{Fsn|creanda/m}} from now on. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 08:31, 16 Iunii 2026 (UTC)

== Citation style ==

Hi, Grufo. Thanks for working on &quot;[[Dis-moi ce que tu manges: je te dirai ce que tu es]]&quot;. I have just one question about the citation style. Is it really a good idea to aim to put months as well as years in the parenthetic date that follows the author's name? My impression is that English Wikipedians sometimes do this, and that Google Books sometimes inserts days and months (totally unreliably) alongside years of publication, but that people writing bibliographies in the real world don't do it. It would be quite a matter of chance whether the information is available or not. What do you think about that? [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:10, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
: Hi [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew]]. I think that with books definitely the year alone should be enough. The month maybe can be useful with journals (it is true though that volume and issue numbers should be enough). Maybe a general exception is when an author publishes two or more works in the same year: in that case the month might be the only way to write the Chicago-style short citation (e.g. &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{qc|Einstein, Mai. 2021}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; and &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{qc|Einstein, Iul. 2021}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;). Long story short: feel free to remove {{para|mensis}} and {{para|tempus ostentum}} from Melvin's article and {{para|mensis}} from Nemeroff's article! P.S. If you have any suggestions on how to improve the {{[[Formula:Opus|Opus]]}} template, please don't hesitate. When I wrote it I tried to find a compromise between English (and other languages') citation standards and the peculiarities of Latin tradition (for instance, I avoided using non-nominative forms like “Alberto Einstein auctore” or “Alberti Einstein ''Lorem Ipsum''”). --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 14:48, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::In general your template works very well. I'll give it some thought. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 16:05, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC)

== De involuntaria invocatione ==
@[[Usor:Amahoney|Amahoney]], @[[Usor:Andreas Raether|Andreas Raether]], @[[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]], @[[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]], @[[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]], @[[Usor:Frontfrog|Frontfrog]], @[[Usor:Giorno2|Giorno2]], @[[Usor:Ioshus Rocchio|Ioshus Rocchio]] et [[Usor:Lesgles|Lesgles]]: Amici, ignoscite mihi, quaeso, si antea invocationem involuntariam a me acceperatis; exemplum tantum novae formulae {{[[Formula:Usores in colloquio#&amp;#123;&amp;#123;subst:Usores in colloquio&amp;#125;&amp;#125;|subst:Usores in colloquio]]}} ostendere volui. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:55, 18 Iunii 2026 (UTC)

== Castellum Poseidon ==

Non video quid huic articulo deficiat. Existimo eum perfecte exigit Wikipediae. Si consentis, potesne tollere observationem negativam? Gratias antehac.[[Usor:Andries Van den Abeele|Andries Van den Abeele]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andries Van den Abeele|disputatio]]) 16:39, 30 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
: Salve [[Usor:Andries Van den Abeele|Andries Van den Abeele]]. Bibliographia est Francogallice scripta. Scriptiones quales “Iulio MMXXV” non solemus adhibere, sed potius “Iulio 2025”. Formula {{Fn|Nobr}} non habemus. Formula {{Fn|Sfn}} apud nos appellatur {{Fn|Qc}} et alia syntaxi nititur. Sunt etiam multae aliae res Vicificandae. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:55, 30 Iunii 2026 (UTC)

== Meiko Nakahara Autotranslata Correctio ==

Apud dignatione, cur paginam autotranslatam esse figurabam. Totam paginam transferre a me scio, et Ego volo quod non lingua Anglica sic sit, sed literale et totale volo. Autem tota pagina vere translatio 'by hand' in Anglicā, et sī tu Meiko Nakahara paginam Anglicam apud Vicipaediā translatore transferas, scribitio mea non sic totale est. Sī pagina problema habet, acceptibilius est, et velim corrigere [[Usor:PeterBJohnLemon|PeterBJohnLemon]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:PeterBJohnLemon|disputatio]]) 18:48, 4 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
: Salve, PeterBJohnLemon. Capsam addidi quia pagina [[Meiko Nakahara]] ''videtur'' e translatione machinaria orta esse, quamquam certus esse nequeo. Forma enim currens mihi videtur nimis mendosa ut in Vicipaedia maneat (velut: “scita pro musica sua in Urbe Populariā genā musicā est”, “Postquam cantantem cursum suam”, “Tributus grex clamatus Lotos ea formatus erat in 2010 et activus jam dum 2019”, atque multa alia exempla). Si haec translatio re vera manu facta est, eo magis emendationibus eget. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 20:34, 4 Iulii 2026 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Carolus Nawrocki</title>
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      <text bytes="2514" sha1="iiaearw61hpldqqiee2vcjfdcpdptne" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
'''Carolus Thaddeus Nawrocki''', vulgo plenius ''Karol Tadeusz Nawrocki'' ([[Gedanum|Gedani]] natus est die 3 Martii 1983), [[politicus]] [[historicus]]que [[Polonia]]e est. Quintus Instituti Nationalis Memoriae praeses fuit. A die 6 Augusti 2025 septimus [[Praeses Poloniae|praeses]] patriae.  Eius pater, Ricardus (1949-2008), tornator, eius mater, Elisabeth (nata 1959), ligatrix librorum fuit. Carolus Nawrocki sororem habet, Ninam, quae pistor dulciarius est.&lt;ref&gt;[https://gdansk.gedanopedia.pl/gdansk/?title=NAWROCKI_KAROL_TADEUSZ,_prezydent_Polski Res.]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Vita propria ==
[[File:President_Donald_Trump_meets_with_and_poses_for_a_photo_with_Polish_presidential_candidate_Karol_Nawrocki_in_the_Oval_Office_(54491923778).jpg|thumb|right|[[Donaldus Trumpius]] et Carolus Nawrocki in [[Cancellaria Oblonga|Cancellariam Oblongam]] conveniunt, Kalendis Maiis anni 2025]]
Ex die 22 Maii 2010 Carolus Nawrocki Marthae (nomen virginale Smoleń) maritus est. Habent filios Danielum et Antonium et filiam Catherinam. Carolus Nawrocki [[Catholicismus|catholicus]] est.

Die 15 Novembrii 2013 gradum doctoris humanitatum  adeptus est studiis nominatis &quot;Resistentia Socialis contra Imperium Communistarum in Palatinatum Elbingum, 1976–1989 (Opór społeczny wobec władzy komunistycznej w województwie elbląskim (1976-1989)&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;https://bip.ug.edu.pl/st-tyt_nauk/33097/karol_tadeusz_nawrocki&lt;/ref&gt;

==Comitia praesidentialia anno 2025==
In prima computatione vocum die 18 Maii 2025 Nawrocki accepit 5 790 804 voces (29,54% omnium) obtinens secundam positionem. Eo ipso Nawrocki et Raphael Trzaskowski (31,36%) transivere in alteram computationem. Computatione altera die 1 Iunii 2025 praeses electus est accipiens 10 606 877 (50,89%).

== Praeses Reipublicae Polonae ==
Die 6 Augusti 2025 iusiurandum dedit ante Conventum Nationalem in Seimo et summum imperium Exercitus Reipublicae Polonae accepit.&lt;ref&gt;https://tvn24.pl/polska/karol-nawrocki-prezydentem-kiedy-obejmie-urzad-ile-trwa-kadencja-oto-najwazniejsze-terminy-st8492131&lt;/ref&gt;

Die 3 Sempembrii 2025, Carolus Nawrocki a [[Donaldus Trumpius|Donaldo Trumpio]] accipitur.

Die 5 Sempembrii 2025, Carolus Nawrocki papam [[Leo_XIV|Leonem XIV]] visitavit.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Karol Nawrocki|Carolum Nawrocki}}
{{Fontes biographici}}
{{Praesides Poloniae}}
{{Lifetime|1983||Nawrocki, Carolus}}
[[Categoria:Duces civitatum]]
[[Categoria:Historici Poloniae]]
[[Categoria:Politici Poloniae]]</text>
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      <text bytes="2611" sha1="bototpdrac1hp3a0c6dfndrfyem7fsu" xml:space="preserve">{{Latinitas|-2}}
{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
'''Carolus Thaddeus Nawrocki''', vulgo plenius ''Karol Tadeusz Nawrocki'' ([[Gedanum|Gedani]] natus est die 3 Martii 1983), est [[politicus]] [[historicus]]que [[Polonia]]e, quintus Instituti Nationalis Memoriae praeses, et a die [[6 Augusti]] [[2025]] septimus {{Creanda|en|President of Poland|Praeses Poloniae|praeses Poloniae}}. Eius pater, Ricardus (1949-2008), tornator, eius mater, Elisabeth (nata 1959), ligatrix librorum fuit. [[Soror]]em habet, Ninam, quae [[pistor]] dulciarius est.&lt;ref&gt;[https://gdansk.gedanopedia.pl/gdansk/?title=NAWROCKI_KAROL_TADEUSZ,_prezydent_Polski Res.]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Vita propria ==
[[Fasciculus:President_Donald_Trump_meets_with_and_poses_for_a_photo_with_Polish_presidential_candidate_Karol_Nawrocki_in_the_Oval_Office_(54491923778).jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Donaldus Trumpius]] et Carolus Nawrocki in [[Cancellaria Oblonga]] Kalendis Maiis anni 2025 conveniunt.]]
Ex die 22 Maii 2010 Carolus Nawrocki Marthae (nomen virginale Smoleń) maritus est. Habent filios Danielum et Antonium et filiam Catherinam. Carolus Nawrocki [[Catholicismus|Catholicus]] est.

Die [[15 Novembris]] [[2013]] gradum doctoris humanitatum adeptus est studiis nominatis &quot;Opór społeczny wobec władzy komunistycznej w województwie elbląskim (1976-1989)&quot; (&quot;Resistentia Socialis contra Imperium Communistarum in Palatinatum Elbingum, 1976–1989).&lt;ref&gt;[https://bip.ug.edu.pl/st-tyt_nauk/33097/karol_tadeusz_nawrocki Res.]&lt;/ref&gt;

==Comitia praesidentialia anno 2025==
In prima computatione die 18 Maii 2025 habita, Nawrocki accepit 5&amp;thinsp;790&amp;thinsp;804 voces (29,54% omnium), obtinens secundam positionem. Ipse et Raphael Trzaskowski (31,36%) transivere in alteram computationem. Computatione altera die 1 Iunii 2025 praeses electus est accipiens 10&amp;thinsp;606&amp;thinsp;877 (50,89%).

== Praeses Reipublicae Polonae ==
Die 6 Augusti 2025 iusiurandum dedit ante Conventum Nationalem in{{dubsig}} Seimo{{dubsig}} et summum imperium Exercitus Reipublicae Polonae accepit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://tvn24.pl/polska/karol-nawrocki-prezydentem-kiedy-obejmie-urzad-ile-trwa-kadencja-oto-najwazniejsze-terminy-st8492131 Res.]&lt;/ref&gt;

Die 3 Sempembrii 2025, Carolus Nawrocki a [[Donaldus Trumpius|Donaldo Trumpio]] accipitur.

Die 5 Sempembrii 2025, Carolus Nawrocki [[Leo_XIV|Leonem Papam XIV]] visitavit.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Karol Nawrocki|Carolum Nawrocki}}
{{Fontes biographici}}
{{Praesides Poloniae}}
{{Lifetime|1983||Nawrocki, Carolus}}
[[Categoria:Duces civitatum]]
[[Categoria:Historici Poloniae]]
[[Categoria:Politici Poloniae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Formula:Annus secundum ISO 8601/doc</title>
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      <comment>+[[:Categoria:Formulae quae canones ISO sequuntur]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="1294" sha1="mpdlz661v8qsftvzkdecyl8ywch7hpq" xml:space="preserve">{{Subpagina documentationis}}
{{Formula substituibilis|...}}

== De usu ==
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{Annus secundum ISO 8601|1983}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{Annus secundum ISO 8601|1983}}
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{Annus secundum ISO 8601|23}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{Annus secundum ISO 8601|23}}
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{Annus secundum ISO 8601|-56}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{Annus secundum ISO 8601|-56}}
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{Annus astronomicus secundum ISO 8601|-56}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{Annus astronomicus secundum ISO 8601|-56}}

== Ulteriora si cupis ==
* [[Vicipaedia:De orthographia]]
* [[:Categoria:Formulae typographicae]]
* {{Fn|Ante Christum natum}}
* {{Fn|Post Christum natum}}
* {{Fn|Annus astronomicus ad Gregorianum versus}}
* {{Fn|Tempus}}
* {{Fn|Dies}}
* {{Fn|Dies planus}}
* {{Fn|Dies planus 3}}
* {{Fn|Circa anno}}
* {{Fn|Nota temporis}}

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[[Categoria:Formulae temporales|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae quae canones ISO sequuntur|{{PAGENAME}}]]
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
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    <title>Formula:De hac redirectione/tabula</title>
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; Haec est [[Vicipaedia:redirectio|redirectio]]
: In [[Vicipaedia Latina]] {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACENUMBER:{{{sourcePage}}}}}|10
			| formulae &amp;#123;&amp;#123;'''{{PAGENAME:{{{sourcePage}}}}}'''&amp;#125;&amp;#125; et &amp;#123;&amp;#123;'''{{#ifeq:{{{namespace|}}}|10
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			}}'''&amp;#125;&amp;#125;
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		}} tamquam synonyma tractantur.

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}}]], quae [[Special:PageHistory/{{{sourcePage}}}|postea]] facta est redirectio.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Redirectiones quae olim erant paginae]]}}

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; Haec redirectio partim protegitur
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Haec capsa paginis redirectionis addi potest. In simplicibus redirectionibus non requiritur, sed oportet eam inserere:
* Si redirectio est [[:Categoria:Redirectiones ad Vicidata annexae|ad Vicidata annexa]]
* Si sunt disputationes redirectioni coniunctae
* Si pagina ad aliud [[Vicipaedia:Spatium nominale|spatium nominale]] redigit
* Si redirectio est [[Vicipaedia:Compendium|compendium]]
* Si redirectio est [[Vicipaedia:Paginae protectae|protecta aut semi-protecta]]
* Si redirectio [[:Categoria:Redirectiones ad capitula|ad capitulum nectitur]] ({{*eg}} &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;#REDIRECT [[Argentina#Divisio administrativa]]&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;)
* Si olim redirectio erat pagina, quae postea facta est redirectio—hoc in casu adde argumentum {{para|olim|''&amp;#91;NUMERUS ULTIMAE RECENSIONIS PAGINAE&amp;#93;''}} ({{*eg}} {{para|olim|2434003}}), aut, si segnis es, tantummodo adde {{para|olim|pagina}}
* Si pagina quae non est [[Vicipaedia:Subpaginae|subpagina]] ad subpaginam redigit
* Si redirectio est in [[Vicipaedia:Spatium nominale|spatio nominali]] ''disputationis'' et ad paginam redigit ubi omnes disputationes in singulum locum colliguntur (si redirectio non est subpagina, adde {{para|ratio|collectio}})
* Si redirectio vel scopus redirectionis est [[Vicipaedia:Discretio|pagina discretiva]]

Haec formula pluribus categoriis vestigatoriis utitur—vide [[#categoriae-vestigatoriae|indicem]] hic infra.

{{Nota bene}} Aliquando, quum paginae moventur, [[Auxilium:Substitutio|substitutio]] systematis {{Fsn|Postilla redirectionis}} hanc capsam sua sponte inserit.

== De usu ==
Formula argumenta facultativa tria tantum accipit ({{para|ratio}}, {{para|olim}}) et {{para|annotatio}}).

'''Vicitextus ({{*eg}} in pagina “{{rns|Apollonius Syrus}}”):'''

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;#REDIRECT [[Historia Augusta]]

{{De hac redirectione}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

'''Effectus:'''

{{De hac redirectione/tabula|propositum=exhibitio|qid=Q4068055|sourcePage=Apollonius Syrus|fullText=Historia Augusta|fragment=|prefixedText=Historia Augusta|olim=}}

{{Ast}}

'''Vicitextus ({{*eg}} in pagina “{{rns|Catamarca (provincia)}}”):'''

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;#REDIRECT [[Argentina#Divisio administrativa]]

{{De hac redirectione}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

'''Effectus:'''

{{De hac redirectione/tabula|propositum=exhibitio|qid=Q4068055|sourcePage=Catamarca (provincia)|fullText=Argentina|fragment=Divisio administrativa|prefixedText=Argentina|olim=}}

{{Ast}}

'''Vicitextus ({{*eg}} in pagina “{{rns|VP:1000}}”):'''

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;#REDIRECT [[Vicipaedia:1000 paginae]]

{{De hac redirectione}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

'''Effectus:'''

{{De hac redirectione/tabula|propositum=exhibitio|qid=|sourcePage=VP:1000|fullText=Vicipaedia:1000 paginae|fragment=Vicipaedia:1000 paginae|prefixedText=|olim=}}

{{Ast}}

'''Vicitextus ({{*eg}} in pagina “{{rns|Adfixum}}”):'''

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;#REDIRECT [[Affixum]]

{{De hac redirectione|olim=2434003}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

'''Effectus:'''

{{De hac redirectione/tabula|propositum=exhibitio|qid=|sourcePage=Adfixum|fullText=Affixum|fragment=|prefixedText=Affixum|olim=2434003|recensio=2434003}}

{{Ast}}

'''Vicitextus ({{*eg}} in pagina “{{rns|Adfixum}}”):'''

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;#REDIRECT [[Affixum]]

{{De hac redirectione|olim=pagina}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

'''Effectus:'''

{{De hac redirectione/tabula|propositum=exhibitio|qid=|sourcePage=Adfixum|fullText=Affixum|fragment=|prefixedText=Affixum|olim=pagina}}

== De argumentis ==

&lt;templatedata&gt;{
	&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Haec capsa paginis redirectionis addi potest.&quot;,
	&quot;params&quot;: {
		&quot;ratio&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Ratio&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Scribe ‘ratio=collectio’ si pagina disputationis ad disputationes in singulum locum collectas redigit&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;collectio&quot;
		},
		&quot;olim&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Olim&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Scribe ‘olim=pagina’ aut ‘olim=[NUMERUS RECENSIONIS]’ si redirectio erat pagina cum sua historia&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;pagina&quot;
		},
		&quot;annotatio&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Annotatio&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Annotatio de hac redirectione&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;content&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres.&quot;
		}
	}
}&lt;/templatedata&gt;

== Subformulae auxiliares ==
* &amp;#123;&amp;#123;{{rel|Formula:De hac redirectione/tabula}}&amp;#125;&amp;#125;

== Ulteriora si cupis ==
{{Categoriae vestigatoriae formulae | ancora = categoriae-vestigatoriae
	| Adumbrationes perfectae
	| Compendia
	| Paginae discretivae quae sunt redirectiones
	| Redirectiones ad paginas discretivas
	| Adumbrationes in locum paginarum substitutae
	| Paginae protectae
	| Paginae semi-protectae
	| Redirectiones ad capitula
	| Redirectiones cum disputationibus
	| Redirectiones quae olim erant paginae
}}

* [[:Categoria:Redirectiones ad Vicidata annexae]]
* [[Vicipaedia:Redirectio]]
* {{Fn|Redirectio obliqua}}
* {{Fn|Nondum}}
* {{Fn|Pagina protecta}}
* {{Fn|Disputationes redirectionem comitantes}}

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{in harenario aut alibi||
&lt;!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --&gt;
[[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae quae seorsos versus creant|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae administrationis Vicipaediae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae monituum nuntiorumque|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae Vicidatorum|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae nexuales|{{PAGENAME}}]]
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Starbucks</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>324794</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3970047</id>
      <parentid>3960630</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-05T07:13:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cicihwahyuni6</username>
        <id>171160</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3970047</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2192" sha1="n54x0z8a335ybg0ov5lsexpkd33x8hl" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa societatis
	| nomen = Starbucks
	| imago = Starbucks coffee wordmark.png
	| de_imagine = [[Logotypus]]
	| fundatus = 1971
	| praetorium = [[Seattlum]]
	| dux = [[Huardus Schultz]] (emeritus)&lt;br/&gt;[[Brianus Niccol]]
	| opus = [[Coffeum]]
}}
[[Fasciculus:Starbuckscenter.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Praetorium [[Seattlum|Seattli]] situm.]]

{{res|Starbucks}} est [[collegium (ius)|societas]] [[coffearia]]rum [[mundus|mundialis]], quae [[Seattlum|Seattli]] anno [[1971]] a [[Geraldus Baldwin|Geraldo Baldwin]], [[Zev Siegl]], et [[Gordonus Bowker|Gordono Bowker]] condita est societas mercatoria [[coffeum|coffeae]]. Sub ductu [[Huardus Schultz|Huardi Schultz]] in catenam coffeariarum inter gentes se ipsam imposuit.

Mense Novembri [[2022]], societas {{num|35711}} coffearias in octoginta [[civitas|terris]] habebat, quarum {{num|15873}} in [[CFA|Civitatibus Foederatis]] sitae erant. Starbucks praecipuas “torrerias reservatas” [[Tokium|Tokii]], [[Sciamhaevum|Sciamhaevi]], [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]], [[Novum Eboracum (urbs)|Novi Eboraci]], [[Sicagum|Sicagi]], et olim Seattli gerit.

== Bibliographia ==
* Behar, Howard et Janet Goldstein. (2007). ''It's Not About the Coffee: Leadership Principles from a Life at Starbucks''. {{ISBN|1-59184-192-5}}.
* Clark, Taylor. (2007). ''Starbucked: A Double Tall Tale of Caffeine, Commerce and Culture''. {{ISBN|0-316-01348-X}}.
* Michelli, Iosephus A. (2006). ''The Starbucks experience: 5 principles for turning ordinary into extraordinary''. {{ISBN|0-07-147784-5}}.
* {{cite book| last =Pendergrast | first =Mark | title =Uncommon Grounds: The History of Coffee and How It Transformed Our World | publisher=Texere | location=Londinii |year=2001|orig-year=1999 | isbn =1-58799-088-1}}
* Schultz, Howard et Dori Jones Yang. (1997). ''Pour Your Heart Into It: How Starbucks Built a Company One Cup at a Time''. {{ISBN|0-7868-6315-3}}.
* Simon, Bryant. (2009). ''Everything but the Coffee: Learning about America from Starbucks''. {{ISBN|0-520-26106-2}}.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Coffearia]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat}}
* [https://www.starbucks.com/ Situs interretialis]

[[Categoria:Coffeariae]]
[[Categoria:Condita 1971]]
[[Categoria:Seattlum]]</text>
      <sha1>n54x0z8a335ybg0ov5lsexpkd33x8hl</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Camillus Sesto</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>325475</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3969977</id>
      <parentid>3969894</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T15:40:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>IacobusAmor</username>
        <id>1163</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>~</comment>
      <origin>3969977</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4446" sha1="j63jx23407yu7s1pikj36fdfbwdiyd3" xml:space="preserve">{{Latinitas|-2}}
{{Capsa tabellaria
	| ; Camillus Sesto
	| : [[Fasciculus:Camilo Sesto.jpg|240px|Camillus Sesto]]
	| Nomen nativum: Camillus Blanes Cortés
	| Natus: [[16 Septembris]] [[1946]]&lt;br /&gt;Alcodii in Hispania
	| Mortuus: [[8 Septembris]] [[2019]] (72 annos natus)&lt;br /&gt;Matriti in Hispania
	| Societates musicae: Movieplay&lt;br /&gt;Ariola&lt;br /&gt;BMG&lt;br /&gt;Elica Records&lt;br /&gt;Universal&lt;br /&gt;Sony Music
}}
{{res|Camillus Blanes Cortés}}, {{Creanda|en|Stage name|Nomen scaenicum|nomine scaenico}} {{res|Camilo Sesto}} ([[Alcodium|Alcodii]] natus die [[16 Septembris]] [[1946]]; [[Matritum|Matriti]] mortuus die [[8 Septembris]] [[2019]]), fuit [[cantor]], [[compositor carminum]], et {{Creanda|en|Record producer|Effector alborum musicorum|effector alborum musicorum}} [[Hispania|Hispanicus]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Cobo |first=Leila |date=8 Septembris 2019 |title=Camilo Sesto, Towering Icon of Romantic Spanish Pop, Dead at 72 |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/latin/camilo-sesto-obituary-8529409/|access-date=4 Iulii 2026 |publisher=Billboard |language=en}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Eius cursus vitae laudem inter gentes annis [[decennium 198|1970]] et [[decennium 199|1980]] consecutus est. Plus quam centum milliones [[album musicum|discorum]] vendidit, et quinquaginta duo [[carmen|carmina]] numero uno in variis terris habuit. Carmina [[Hispanice]], [[Anglice]], [[Italiane]], [[Lusitane]], [[Theodisce]], Valentine, et [[Iaponice]] cecinit.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Pareles |first=John |date=7 Septembris 2019 |title=Camilo Sesto, Spain’s Romantic Hitmaker, Is Dead at 72 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/08/obituaries/camilo-sesto-dead.html|access-date=4 Iulii 2026 |publisher=The New York Times |language=en}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Eius hereditas musica in innumerabilia carmina a musicis variis linguis generibusque conversa diffunditur.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Camilo Sesto, Latino de Oro a la Trayectoria |url=https://premioslatino.es/camilo-sesto-hubiera-sido-premio-latino-de-oro-a-la-trayectoria/ |date=4 Iulii 2026 |publisher=Premios Latino |language=es}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Museum Camilo Sesto (2026)==
Ipsius bona ad [[museum]] creandum [[testamentum|testamento]] ilegavit, quod museum duo milia rerum propriarum continebit, et archivum erit ubi eius [[vita]] [[memoria]]e mandabitur.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Un viaje entre la estrella y el hombre: así es por dentro el nuevo Museo Camilo Sesto |url=https://www.elnostreciutat.com/es/un-viaje-entre-la-estrella-y-el-hombre-asi-es-por-dentro-el-nuevo-museo-camilo-sesto/ |date=28 Iunii 2026 |access-date=4 Iulii 2026 |publisher=El Nostre Ciutat |language=es}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Discographia ==

=== Greges ===
* 1964: ''[[Los Dayson]]''
* 1966: ''[[Los Botines]]''

=== Alba musica ===
* 1970: ''[[Llegará el verano/Sin dirección]]''
* 1971: ''[[Algo de mí]]''
* 1972: ''[[Sólo un hombre]]''
* 1973: ''[[Algo más (álbum de Camilo Sesto)|Algo más]]''
* 1974: ''[[Camilo (álbum)|Camilo]]''
* 1975: ''[[Amor libre (álbum)|Amor libre]]''
* 1975: ''[[Jesucristo Superstar (álbum de Camilo Sesto)|Jesucristo Superstar]]''
* 1976: ''[[Memorias (álbum de Camilo Sesto)|Memorias]]''
* 1976: ''[[Look in the eye]]''
* 1977: ''[[Rasgos (álbum de Camilo Sesto)|Rasgos]]''
* 1977: ''[[Entre amigos (álbum de Camilo Sesto)|Entre amigos]]''
* 1978: ''[[Sentimientos (álbum de Camilo Sesto)|Sentimientos]]''
* 1979: ''[[Horas de amor (álbum)|Horas de amor]]''
* 1980: ''[[Amaneciendo]]''
* 1981: ''[[Más y más (álbum de Camilo Sesto)|Más y más]]''
* 1982: ''[[Camilo (álbum en inglés)|Camilo]]'' (Anglice)
* 1983: ''[[Con ganas]]''
* 1984: ''[[Amanecer/84]]''
* 1985: ''[[Tuyo (álbum de Camilo Sesto)|Tuyo]]''
* 1986: ''[[Agenda de baile]]''
* 1991: ''[[A voluntad del cielo]]''
* 1992: ''[[Huracán de amor]]''
* 1994: ''[[Amor sin vértigo]]''
* 2002: ''[[Alma (álbum de Camilo Sesto)|Alma]]''
* 2010: ''[[Todo de mí]]'' (In vivo Matriti)

=== Alba selecta ===
* 1982: ''[[Muy Personal (álbum de Camilo Sesto)|Muy Personal]]''
* 1997: ''[[Camilo Superstar]]''
* 2004: ''[[Camilo Sesto Nº 1]]''
* 2016: ''[[Camilo 70]]''
* 2018: ''[[Camilo Sinfónico]]''
* 2022: ''[[Camilo Forever]]''
* 2025: ''[[Camilo Love Sound Typhoon]]'' (In vivo Osacae '85)

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://camilosestooficial.com/ Situs interreialis ei dicatus.]

{{Lifetime|1946|2019|Sesto, Camillus}}

[[Categoria:Cantores Hispaniae]]
[[Categoria:Cantores musicae popularis]]
[[Categoria:Compositores Hispaniae]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nouvelle Vague (pellicula 2025)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>325657</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3969976</id>
      <parentid>3965922</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T15:37:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Neander</username>
        <id>1973</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3969976</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2977" sha1="dwjfvu2da0eg646yymz7k07p6jm6l80" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
{{Pellicula
|Imago=Nouvelle Vague (2025)-69752.jpg
|Titulus=Nouvelle Vague
|Latinus titulus=Novella unda  
|Annus=[[2025]]
|Moderator=[[Robertus Linklater]]
|Scriptor=
|Actores=[[Guillaume Marbeck]]&lt;br&gt;[[Zoë Deutch]]&lt;br&gt;[[Aubry Dullin]]   
|Compositor=
|Duratio=105 minuta
|Lingua=[[Lingua Francogallica|Francogallica]]&lt;br/&gt;[[lingua Anglica|Anglica]]
}}
{{ores|Nouvelle Vague}} est metapellicula comoedica [[Francia|Francica]], quae de facienda pellicula ''[[À bout de souffle (pellicula 1960)|À bout de souffle]]'' ('Ad ultimum spiritum') narrat. Quae pellicula classica anno [[1960]] a [[Ioannes Lucas Godard|Ioanne Luca Godard]] moderatore disposita est. Primae partes ab [[Ioannes Paulus Belmondo|Ioanne Paulo Belmondo]] et [[Ioanna Seberg]] actae sunt.

''Nouvelle Vague'' ('Novella unda') a [[Ricardus Linklater|Ricardo Linklater]] moderatore [[CFA|Americana]] anno [[2025]] disposita est. Pellicula de facienda pellicula ''À bout de souffle'' tractat, quae est una ex primis [[pellicula diutina|pelliculis diutinis]] [[Nouvelle Vague|novellae undae]] pellicularum Francicarum. Partes primae ab [[Aubry Dullin]] (Belmondo) et [[Zoë Deutch]] (Seberg) aguntur.

== Argumentum ==
Godard ([[Guillaume Marbeck]]), postquam de historia amatoria cuiusdam [[furtum|furis]] [[autoraeda]]e fugitivi et redactricis Americanae audivit, fabulam eorum pellicula narrare vult ex brevi argumento [[Franciscus Truffaut|Francisci Truffaut]]. Ad partes primas Ioannes Paulus Belmondo et Jeanna Seberg a Godard eliguntur. Praeterea, multiplices in omnibus praeparandis rebus operae a Godard positis enumerantur. Primo die productionis, Godard necopinato unam tantum scaenam cinematographat. Progrediente productione, Seberg ratione dirigendi frustrata productionem reliquere paulisper cogitat.

In pellicula varia negotia factaque a Godard gesta leniter faceteque repetuntur. Sed arduum est suavitates et iucunditates litteris recensere. 

==  Partium distributio ==
* Guillaume Marbeck : [[Ioannes Lucas Godard]]
* [[Zoë Deutch]] : [[Ioanna Seberg]]
* Aubry Dullin : [[Ioannes Paulus Belmondo]]
* Bruno Dreyfürst : [[Georgius de Beauregard]]
* Matthieu Penchinat : [[Raoul Coutard]]
* Adrien Rouyard : [[Franciscus Truffaut]]
* Jodie Ruth-Forest : [[Susanna Schiffman]]
* Antoine Besson : [[Claudius Chabrol]]
* Franck Cicurel : [[Raimundus Cauchetier]]
* Roxane Rivière : [[Agnes Varda]]
* Jean-Jacques Le Vessier : [[Ioannes Cocteau]]
* Côme Thieulin : [[Ericus Rohmer]]
* Laurent Mothe : [[Robertus Rossellini]]
* Jonas Marmy : [[Iacobus Rivette]]

== Bibliographia ==
* Leffler, Rebecca (2025) [https://www.screendaily.com/features/richard-linklater-on-making-nouvelle-vague-and-why-godard-would-have-approved-of-its-netflix-deal/5208801.article Richard Linklater on making ‘Nouvelle Vague’ and why Godard would have approved of its Netflix deal]. ''Screen Dayly'', die 10 Septembris.


[[Categoria:Pelliculae comoedicae]]
[[Categoria:Pelliculae 2025]]</text>
      <sha1>dwjfvu2da0eg646yymz7k07p6jm6l80</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Iosephus Pagani</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>325851</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3969932</id>
      <parentid>3967061</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T12:31:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rei Momo</username>
        <id>58149</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3969932</origin>
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      <text bytes="3455" sha1="289ew004uij18b5jlfjf3a34jysp0aq" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}

'''Iosephus Pagani''', cognomine '''Pino''' notus, (natus die [[31 Martii]] [[1937]] [[Cothoneum|Cothonei]]; mortuus die [[8 Decembris]] [[2023]] Cothonei) fuit [[scriptor]] [[diarium|diarii]], moderator radiophonicus, et [[poeta]] dialecticus [[Italia|Italicus]].

Ut moderator radiophonicus, maxime notus erat causa moderationis ''Radio Zona Rossa'' (Radiophonia Zonae Rubrae) in Radio Codogno anno 2020, tempore COVID-19, ut incolas certiores faceret et eis auxilium continuum praeberet.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://milano.corriere.it/notizie/lombardia/23_dicembre_09/codogno-morto-pino-pagani-speaker-di-radio-zona-rossa-durante-la-pandemia-di-covid-47c80d26-cd7f-494d-b1ed-836950f79xlk.shtml|title=Codogno, morto Pino Pagani, speaker di «Radio zona rossa» durante la pandemia di Covid|access-date=25 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In [[diarium|diariis]] ''Corriere della Sera'', ''Libertà'', ''Il Cittadino'', ''Giornale di Brescia'', et ''Il Popolo Codognese'' scripsit.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.ilcittadino.it/stories/basso_lodigiano/codogno-addio-pino-pagani-fu-voce-radio-zona-rossa-lultimo-video-dialetto-o_104381_96/ |title=CODOGNO Addio a Pino Pagani: fu la voce di Radio Zona Rossa - L’ultimo video in dialetto per «il Cittadino» |author=Cristiano Brandazzi |date=9 December 2023|publisher=ilcittadino.it |accessdate=25 June 2026 |language=Italian}}&lt;/ref&gt;; &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.necrologibassolodigiano.it/necrologi/italia/lo/codogno/necrologio-giuseppe-pagani-88315?cid=1297 |title=Necrologio Giuseppe Pagani |author= |date=8 December 2023|publisher=necrologibassolodigiano.it |accessdate=25 June 2026 |language=Italian}}&lt;/ref&gt;; &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.ilgiorno.it/lodi/cronaca/addio-a-pino-pagani-lo-speaker-di-radio-zona-rossa-af17fd54 |title=Addio a Pino Pagani, lo speaker di “Radio Zona Rossa“ |author=Redazione Lodi |date=10 December 2023|publisher=ilgiorno.it |accessdate=26 June 2026 |language=Italian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mortuus anno 2023 et in [[Coemeterium Monumentalis Cothonei|Coemeterio Monumentale Cothonei]] sepultus est.
== Bibliographia ==
* AA VV, Codogno: un paese, la sua storia, la sua anima, Mediolanum, Telesio Editore
* Pino Pagani; ''Brevi di cronaca lunga cento anni - 1908 A.C. Cothoneum (associazione calcio) - Codogno. Un secolo di storia''; Ed. MG Artigrafiche s.a.s.; [[Cornu Iuvene]] (LO); pp. 35 e 90; Maii 2008
* Pino Pagani, ''Miòt e chisöl, as trèva via gnènt'', ''Il Cittadino'', 23 Novembris 2011
* Pino Pagani; ''I bàgul dl donn in dla stala'', Il Cittadino, 14 Decembris 2011
* Pino Pagani; ''Melga catàda, batüda e mìsa nal granè'', Il Cittadino, 29 Augusti 2012
* Pino Pagani, ''El magnan, laurèri ‘d quèi antìch'', ''Il Cittadino'', 21 Maii 2014 
* Pino Pagani and Chiara Rocca, Quella &quot;Madre dei Poveri&quot; chiamata Giulietta - novantanove appunti per una riflessione , dagli scritti della Venerabile Giulia di Barolo nata Colbert, Cornu Iuvene (LO), MG Artigrafiche s.a.s., 2016
* Pino Pagani, ''È mort Doru Riboldi, el re d'la raspadüra'', ''Il Cittadino'', 28 Februarii 2018 
* Pino Pagani, ''Riva al temp di pum cudògn e pum granìn'', ''Il Cittadino'', 12 Octobris 2023

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus esternus ==
* [https://www.radiocodogno.com/ Situs interretialis Radio Codogno proprius.]

{{Lifetime|1937|2023|Pagani, Iosephus}}

[[Categoria:Auctores Italiani]]
[[Categoria:Diurnarii Italiae]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Italiae]]</text>
      <sha1>289ew004uij18b5jlfjf3a34jysp0aq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Modulus:Params</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>325925</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3969999</id>
      <parentid>3967697</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T18:28:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Modulum redintegravi</comment>
      <origin>3969999</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="81653" sha1="e5uky8w1tqc2xte47kx8r71b1iazdmu" xml:space="preserve">require[[strict]]


	---                                        ---
	---     LOCAL ENVIRONMENT                  ---
	---    ________________________________    ---
	---                                        ---


	--[[ Abstract utilities ]]--
	----------------------------


-- Helper function for `string.gsub()` (for managing zero-padded numbers)
local function zero_padded (str)
	return ('%03d%s'):format(#str, str)
end


-- Helper function for `table.sort()` (for natural sorting)
local function natural_sort (var1, var2)
	return var1:gsub('%d+', zero_padded) &lt; var2:gsub('%d+', zero_padded)
end


-- Parse a parameter name string and return it as a string or a number
local function get_parameter_name (par_str)
	local ret = par_str:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'
	if ret ~= '0' and ret:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' == nil then return ret end
	return tonumber(ret)
end


-- Return a copy or a reference to a table
local function copy_or_ref_table (src, refonly)
	if refonly then return src end
	local newtab = {}
	for key, val in pairs(src) do newtab[key] = val end
	return newtab
end


-- Remove some numeric elements from a table, shifting everything to the left
local function remove_numeric_keys (tbl, idx, len)
	local cache, tmp = {}, idx + len - 1
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		if type(key) == 'number' and key &gt;= idx then
			if key &gt; tmp then cache[key - len] = val end
			tbl[key] = nil
		end
	end
	for key, val in pairs(cache) do tbl[key] = val end
end


-- Make a reduced copy of a table (shifting in both directions if necessary)
local function copy_table_reduced (tbl, idx, len)
	local ret, tmp = {}, idx + len - 1
	if idx &gt; 0 then
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			if type(key) ~= 'number' or key &lt; idx then
				ret[key] = val
			elseif key &gt; tmp then ret[key - len] = val end
		end
	elseif tmp &gt; 0 then
		local nshift = 1 - idx
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			if type(key) ~= 'number' then ret[key] = val
			elseif key &gt; tmp then ret[key - tmp] = val
			elseif key &lt; idx then ret[key + nshift] = val end
		end
	else
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			if type(key) ~= 'number' or key &gt; tmp then
				ret[key] = val
			elseif key &lt; idx then ret[key + len] = val end
		end
	end
	return ret
end


-- Make an expanded copy of a table (shifting in both directions if necessary)
local function copy_table_expanded (tbl, idx, len)
	local ret, tmp = {}, idx + len - 1
	if idx &gt; 0 then
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			if type(key) ~= 'number' or key &lt; idx then
				ret[key] = val
			else ret[key + len] = val end
		end
	elseif tmp &gt; 0 then
		local nshift = idx - 1
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			if type(key) ~= 'number' then ret[key] = val
			elseif key &gt; 0 then ret[key + tmp] = val
			elseif key &lt; 1 then ret[key + nshift] = val end
		end
	else
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			if type(key) ~= 'number' or key &gt; tmp then
				ret[key] = val
			else ret[key - len] = val end
		end
	end
	return ret
end


-- Move a key from a table to another, but only if under a different name and
-- always parsing numeric strings as numbers
local function steal_if_renamed (val, src, skey, dest, dkey)
	local realkey = get_parameter_name(dkey)
	if skey ~= realkey then
		dest[realkey] = val
		src[skey] = nil
	end
end


-- Given a table, create two new tables containing the sorted list of keys
local function get_key_list_sorted (tbl, sort_fn)
	local nums, words, nn, nw = {}, {}, 0, 0
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then
			nn = nn + 1
			nums[nn] = key
		else
			nw = nw + 1
			words[nw] = key
		end
	end
	table.sort(nums)
	table.sort(words, sort_fn)
	return nums, words, nn, nw
end


	--[[ Public strings ]]--
	------------------------


-- Special match keywords (functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names)
local mkeywords = {
	['or'] = 0,
	pattern = 1,
	plain = 2,
	strict = 3
}


-- Sort functions (functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names)
local sortfunctions = {
	alphabetically = false,
	naturally = natural_sort
}


-- Callback styles for the `mapping_*` and `renaming_*` class of modifiers
-- (functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names)
--[[

Meanings of the columns:

  col[1] = Loop type (0-3)
  col[2] = Number of module arguments that the style requires (1-3)
  col[3] = Minimum number of sequential parameters passed to the callback
  col[4] = Name of the callback parameter where to place each parameter name
  col[5] = Name of the callback parameter where to place each parameter value
  col[6] = Argument in the modifier's invocation that will override `col[4]`
  col[7] = Argument in the modifier's invocation that will override `col[5]`

A value of `-1` indicates that no meaningful value is stored (i.e. `nil`)

]]--
local mapping_styles = {
	names_and_values = { 3, 2, 2, 1, 2, -1, -1 },
	values_and_names = { 3, 2, 2, 2, 1, -1, -1 },
	values_only = { 1, 2, 1, -1, 1, -1, -1 },
	names_only = { 2, 2, 1, 1, -1, -1, -1 },
	names_and_values_as = { 3, 4, 0, -1, -1, 2, 3 },
	names_only_as = { 2, 3, 0, -1, -1, 2, -1 },
	values_only_as = { 1, 3, 0, -1, -1, -1, 2 },
	blindly = { 0, 2, 0, -1, -1, -1, -1 }
}


-- Memory slots (functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names)
local memoryslots = {
	h = 'header',
	f = 'footer',
	i = 'itersep',
	l = 'lastsep',
	n = 'ifngiven',
	p = 'pairsep',
	s = 'oxfordsep'
}


-- Possible trimming modes for the `parsing` modifier
local trim_parse_opts = {
	trim_none = { false, false },
	trim_positional = { false, true },
	trim_named = { true, false },
	trim_all = { true, true }
}


-- Possible string modes for the iteration separator in the `parsing` and
-- `reinterpreting` modifiers
local isep_parse_opts = {
	splitter_pattern = false,
	splitter_string = true
}


-- Possible string modes for the key-value separator in the `parsing` and
-- `reinterpreting` modifiers
local psep_parse_opts = {
	setter_pattern = false,
	setter_string = true
}


-- Possible position references for the `splicing` modifier
local position_references = {
	add_nothing = 0,
	add_smallest_number = 1,
	add_last_of_sequence = 2,
	add_largest_number = 3
}


-- Functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names too: `let`


	--[[ Module's private environment ]]--
	--------------------------------------


-- Hard-coded name of the module (to avoid going through `frame:getTitle()`)
local modulename = 'Module:Params'


-- The functions listed here declare that they don't need the `frame.args`
-- metatable to be copied into a regular table; if they are modifiers they also
-- guarantee that they will make their own (modified) copy available
local refpipe = {
	call_for_each_group = true,
	--coins = true,
	count = true,
	evaluating = true,
	for_each = true,
	list = true,
	list_values = true,
	list_maybe_with_names = true,
	value_of = true
}


-- The functions listed here declare that they don't need the
-- `frame:getParent().args` metatable to be copied into a regular table; if 
-- they are modifiers they also guarantee that they will make their own
-- (modified) copy available
local refparams = {
	call_for_each_group = true,
	combining = true,
	combining_by_calling = true,
	combining_values = true,
	concat_and_call = true,
	concat_and_invoke = true,
	concat_and_magic = true,
	count = true,
	grouping_by_calling = true,
	mixing_names_and_values = true,
	renaming_by_mixing = true,
	renaming_to_sequence = true,
	renaming_to_uppercase = true,
	renaming_to_lowercase = true,
	--renaming_to_values = true,
	shifting = true,
	splicing = true,
	--swapping_names_and_values = true,
	value_of = true,
	with_name_matching = true
}


-- Maximum number of numeric parameters that can be filled, if missing (we
-- chose an arbitrary number for this constant; you can discuss about its
-- optimal value at Module talk:Params)
local maxfill = 1024


-- The private table of functions
local library = {}


-- Functions and modifiers that can only be invoked in first position
local static_iface = {}


-- Create a new context
local function context_new (child_frame)
	local ctx = {}
	ctx.frame = child_frame:getParent()
	ctx.opipe = child_frame.args
	ctx.oparams = ctx.frame.args
	ctx.firstposonly = static_iface
	ctx.iterfunc = pairs
	ctx.sorttype = 0
	ctx.n_parents = 0
	ctx.n_children = 0
	ctx.n_available = maxfill
	return ctx
end


-- Move to the next action within the user-given list
local function context_iterate (ctx, n_forward)
	local nextfn
	if ctx.pipe[n_forward] ~= nil then
		nextfn = ctx.pipe[n_forward]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	end
	if nextfn == nil then error(modulename ..
		': You must specify a function to call', 0) end
	if library[nextfn] == nil then
		if ctx.firstposonly[nextfn] == nil then error(modulename ..
			': The function ‘' .. nextfn .. '’ does not exist', 0)
		else error(modulename .. ': The ‘' .. nextfn ..
			'’ directive can only appear in first position', 0)
		end
	end
	remove_numeric_keys(ctx.pipe, 1, n_forward)
	return library[nextfn]
end


-- Main loop
local function main_loop (ctx, start_with)
	local fn = start_with
	repeat fn = fn(ctx) until not fn
	if ctx.n_parents &gt; 0 then error(modulename ..
		': One or more ‘merging_substack’ directives are missing', 0) end
	if ctx.n_children &gt; 0 then error(modulename ..
		', For some of the snapshots either the ‘flushing’ directive is missing or a group has not been properly closed with ‘merging_substack’', 0) end
end


-- Load a `setting`-like directive string into the `dest` table
local function set_strings (dest, opts, start_from)
	local cmd
	if opts[start_from] == nil then return start_from - 1 end
	cmd = opts[start_from]:gsub('%s+', ''):gsub('/+', '/')
		:match'^/*(.*[^/])'
	if cmd == nil then return start_from end
	local amap, sep, argc = {}, string.byte('/'), start_from + 1
	local vname
	local chr
	for idx = 1, #cmd do
		chr = cmd:byte(idx)
		if chr == sep then
			for key, val in ipairs(amap) do
				dest[val] = opts[argc]
				amap[key] = nil
			end
			argc = argc + 1
		else
			vname = memoryslots[string.char(chr)]
			if vname == nil then error(modulename ..
				', ‘setting’: Unknown slot ‘' ..
				string.char(chr) .. '’', 0) end
			table.insert(amap, vname)
		end
	end
	for key, val in ipairs(amap) do dest[val] = opts[argc] end
	return argc
end


-- Add a new stack of parameters to `ctx.children`
local function push_cloned_stack (ctx, tbl)
	local newparams = {}
	local currsnap = ctx.n_children + 1
	if ctx.children == nil then ctx.children = { newparams }
	else ctx.children[currsnap] = newparams end
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do newparams[key] = val end
	ctx.n_children = currsnap
end


-- Parse a raw argument containing a `sortfunctions` directive, or
-- `'without_sorting'`, or `nil`
local function load_sort_opt (raw_arg)
	if raw_arg == nil then return nil, 1, false end
	local tmp = raw_arg:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'
	if tmp == 'without_sorting' then return nil, 2, false end
	tmp = sortfunctions[tmp]
	if tmp == nil then return nil, 1, false end
	return tmp or nil, 2, true
end


-- Parse optional user arguments of type `...|[let]|[...][number of additional
-- parameters]|[parameter 1]|[parameter 2]|[...]`
local function load_child_opts (src, start_from, append_after)
	local tbl, pin = {}, start_from
	local tnamed
	while src[pin] ~= nil and src[pin]:match'^%s*let%s*$' and
		src[pin + 1] ~= nil and src[pin + 2] ~= nil
	do
		tbl[get_parameter_name(src[pin + 1])] = src[pin + 2]
		pin = pin + 3
	end
	if pin ~= start_from then tnamed, tbl = tbl, {} end
	local tmp = tonumber(src[pin])
	if tmp ~= nil and math.floor(tmp) == tmp then
		if tmp &lt; 0 then tmp = -1 end
		local shf = append_after - pin
		for idx = pin + 1, pin + tmp do tbl[idx + shf] = src[idx] end
		pin = pin + tmp + 1
	end
	if tnamed ~= nil then
		for key, val in pairs(tnamed) do tbl[key] = val end
	end
	return tbl, pin
end


-- Load the optional arguments of some of the `mapping_*` and `renaming_*`
-- class of modifiers
local function load_callback_opts (src, n_skip, default_style)
	local style
	local shf
	local tmp = src[n_skip + 1]
	if tmp ~= nil then style = mapping_styles[tmp:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'] end
	if style == nil then style, shf = default_style, n_skip - 1
	else shf = n_skip end
	local n_exist, karg, varg = style[3], style[4], style[5]
	tmp = style[6]
	if tmp &gt; -1 then
		karg = src[tmp + shf]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'
		if karg == '0' or karg:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then
			karg = tonumber(karg)
			n_exist = math.max(n_exist, karg)
		end
	end
	tmp = style[7]
	if tmp &gt; -1 then
		varg = src[tmp + shf]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'
		if varg == '0' or varg:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then
			varg = tonumber(varg)
			n_exist = math.max(n_exist, varg)
		end
	end
	local dest, nargs = load_child_opts(src, style[2] + shf, n_exist)
	tmp = style[1]
	if (tmp == 3 or tmp == 2) and dest[karg] ~= nil then
		tmp = tmp - 2 end
	if (tmp == 3 or tmp == 1) and dest[varg] ~= nil then
		tmp = tmp - 1 end
	return dest, nargs, tmp, karg, varg
end


-- Parse the arguments of some of the `mapping_*` and `renaming_*` class of
-- modifiers
local function load_replace_args (opts, whoami)
	if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No pattern string was given', 0) end
	if opts[2] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No replacement string was given', 0) end
	local ptn, repl, nmax, argc = opts[1], opts[2], tonumber(opts[3]), 3
	if nmax ~= nil or (opts[3] or ''):match'^%s*$' ~= nil then argc = 4 end
	local flg = opts[argc]
	if flg ~= nil then flg = mkeywords[flg:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'] end
	if flg == 0 then flg = nil elseif flg ~= nil then argc = argc + 1 end
	return ptn, repl, nmax, flg, argc, (nmax ~= nil and nmax &lt; 1) or
		(flg == 3 and ptn == repl)
end


-- Parse the arguments of the `with_*_matching` class of modifiers
local function load_pattern_args (opts, whoami)
	local ptns, state, nptns, cnt = {}, 0, 0, 1
	local keyw
	for _, val in ipairs(opts) do
		if state == 0 then
			nptns, state = nptns + 1, -1
			ptns[nptns] = { val, false, false }
		else
			keyw = val:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
			if keyw == nil or mkeywords[keyw] == nil or (
				state &gt; 0 and mkeywords[keyw] &gt; 0
			) then break
			else
				state = mkeywords[keyw]
				if state &gt; 1 then ptns[nptns][2] = true end
				if state == 3 then ptns[nptns][3] = true end
			end
		end
		cnt = cnt + 1
	end
	if state == 0 then error(modulename .. ', ‘' .. whoami ..
		'’: No pattern was given', 0) end
	return ptns, nptns, cnt
end


-- Load the optional arguments of the `parsing` and `reinterpreting` modifiers
local function load_parse_opts (opts, start_from, isp, psp)
	local tmp
	local optslots, noptslots, argc = { true, true, true }, 3, start_from
	local trimn, trimu, iplain, pplain = true, false, true, true
	repeat
		noptslots, tmp = noptslots - 1, opts[argc]
		if tmp == nil then break end
		tmp = tmp:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'
		if optslots[1] ~= nil and trim_parse_opts[tmp] ~= nil then
			tmp = trim_parse_opts[tmp]
			trimn, trimu = tmp[1], tmp[2]
			optslots[1] = nil
		elseif optslots[2] ~= nil and isep_parse_opts[tmp] ~= nil then
			argc = argc + 1
			iplain, isp = isep_parse_opts[tmp], opts[argc]
			optslots[2] = nil
		elseif optslots[3] ~= nil and psep_parse_opts[tmp] ~= nil then
			argc = argc + 1
			pplain, psp = psep_parse_opts[tmp], opts[argc]
			optslots[3] = nil
		else break end
		argc = argc + 1
	until noptslots &lt; 1
	return isp, iplain, psp, pplain, trimn, trimu, argc
end


-- Map parameters' values using a custom callback and a referenced table
local value_maps = {
	[0] = function (tbl, margs, karg, varg, fn)
		for key in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = fn() end
	end,
	[1] = function (tbl, margs, karg, varg, fn)
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			margs[varg] = val
			tbl[key] = fn()
		end
	end,
	[2] = function (tbl, margs, karg, varg, fn)
		for key in pairs(tbl) do
			margs[karg] = key
			tbl[key] = fn()
		end
	end,
	[3] = function (tbl, margs, karg, varg, fn)
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			margs[karg] = key
			margs[varg] = val
			tbl[key] = fn()
		end
	end
}


-- Private table for `map_names()`
local name_thieves = {
	[0] = function (cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn)
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache, fn())
		end
	end,
	[1] = function (cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn)
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			rargs[varg] = val
			steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache, fn())
		end
	end,
	[2] = function (cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn)
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			rargs[karg] = key
			steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache, fn())
		end
	end,
	[3] = function (cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn)
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			rargs[karg] = key
			rargs[varg] = val
			steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache, fn())
		end
	end
}


-- Map parameters' names using a custom callback and a referenced table
local function map_names (tbl, rargs, karg, varg, looptype, fn)
	local cache = {}
	name_thieves[looptype](cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn)
	for key, val in pairs(cache) do tbl[key] = val end
end


-- Return a new table that contains `src` regrouped according to the numeric
-- suffixes in its keys
local function make_groups (src)
	-- NOTE: `src` might be the original metatable!
	local prefix
	local gid
	local groups = {}
	for key, val in pairs(src) do
		-- `key` must only be a string or a number...
		if type(key) == 'string' then
			prefix, gid = key:match'^%s*(.-)%s*(%-?%d*)%s*$'
			gid = tonumber(gid) or ''
		else
			prefix = ''
			gid = key
		end
		if groups[gid] == nil then groups[gid] = {} end
		if prefix == '0' or prefix:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then
			prefix = tonumber(prefix)
			if prefix &lt; 1 then prefix = prefix - 1 end
		end
		groups[gid][prefix] = val
	end
	return groups
end


-- Split into parts a string containing the `$#` and `$@` placeholders and
-- return the information as a skeleton table, a canvas table and a length
local function parse_placeholder_string (target)
	local skel = {}
	local canvas = {}
	local idx = 1
	local s_pos = 1
	local e_pos = string.find(target, '%$[@#]', 1, false)
	while e_pos ~= nil do
		canvas[idx] = target:sub(s_pos, e_pos - 1)
		skel[idx + 1] = target:sub(e_pos, e_pos + 1) == '$@'
		idx = idx + 2
		s_pos = e_pos + 2
		e_pos = string.find(target, '%$[@#]', s_pos, false)
	end
	if (s_pos &gt; target:len()) then idx = idx - 1
	else canvas[idx] = target:sub(s_pos) end
	return skel, canvas, idx
end


-- Populate a table by parsing a parameter string
local function parse_parameter_string (tbl, str, isp, ipl, psp, ppl, trn, tru)
	local key
	local val
	local spos1
	local spos2
	local pos1
	local pos2
	local pos3 = 0
	local idx = 1
	local lenplone = #str + 1
	if isp == nil or isp == '' then
		if psp == nil or psp == '' then
			if tru then tbl[idx] = str:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'
			else tbl[idx] = str end
			return idx
		end
		spos1, spos2 = str:find(psp, 1, ppl)
		if spos1 == nil then
			key = idx
			if tru then val = str:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'
			else val = str end
			idx = idx + 1
		else
			key = get_parameter_name(str:sub(1, spos1 - 1))
			val = str:sub(spos2 + 1)
			if trn then val = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end
		end
		tbl[key] = val
		return idx
	end
	if psp == nil or psp == '' then
		repeat
			pos1 = pos3 + 1
			pos2, pos3 = str:find(isp, pos1, ipl)
			val = str:sub(pos1, (pos2 or lenplone) - 1)
			if tru then val = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end
			tbl[idx] = val
			idx = idx + 1
		until pos2 == nil
		return idx
	end
	repeat
		pos1 = pos3 + 1
		pos2, pos3 = str:find(isp, pos1, ipl)
		val = str:sub(pos1, (pos2 or lenplone) - 1)
		spos1, spos2 = val:find(psp, 1, ppl)
		if spos1 == nil then
			key = idx
			if tru then val = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end
			idx = idx + 1
		else
			key = get_parameter_name(val:sub(1, spos1 - 1))
			val = val:sub(spos2 + 1)
			if trn then val = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end
		end
		tbl[key] = val
	until pos2 == nil
	return idx
end


-- Heavy lifting for `combining` and `combining_values`
local function combine_parameters (ctx, keyval_fn, whoami)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! This function
	-- MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local opts = ctx.pipe
	if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end
	local tbl = ctx.params
	local vars = {}
	local sortfn, tmp, do_sort = load_sort_opt(opts[2])
	local argc = set_strings(vars, opts, tmp + 1)
	if argc &lt; tmp then error(modulename ..
		', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No setting directive was given', 0) end
	if next(tbl) == nil then
		if vars.ifngiven ~= nil then
			ctx.params = {
				[get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[1])] = vars.ifngiven
			}
		elseif tbl == ctx.oparams then ctx.params = {} end
		return argc
	end
	local cache
	local len
	if do_sort then
		local words
		cache, words, len, tmp = get_key_list_sorted(tbl, sortfn)
		for idx = 1, tmp do cache[len + idx] = words[idx] end
		len = len + tmp
	else
		cache = {}
		len = 0
		for key in pairs(tbl) do
			len = len + 1
			cache[len] = key
		end
	end
	local pmap, nss, kvs, pps = {}, 0, vars.pairsep or '', vars.itersep or ''
	for idx = 1, len do
		tmp = cache[idx]
		pmap[nss + 1] = pps
		pmap[nss + 2] = keyval_fn(tmp, tbl[tmp], kvs)
		nss = nss + 2
	end
	tmp = vars.oxfordsep or vars.lastsep
	if tmp ~= nil and nss &gt; 4 then pmap[nss - 1] = tmp
	elseif nss &gt; 2 and vars.lastsep ~= nil then
		pmap[nss - 1] = vars.lastsep
	end
	pmap[1] = vars.header or ''
	if vars.footer ~= nil then pmap[nss + 1] = vars.footer end
	ctx.params = { [get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[1])] = table.concat(pmap) }
	return argc
end


-- Concatenate the numeric keys from the table of parameters to the numeric
-- keys from the table of options; non-numeric keys from the table of options
-- will prevail over colliding non-numeric keys from the table of parameters
local function concat_params (ctx)
	local retval, tbl, nmax = {}, ctx.params, table.maxn(ctx.pipe)
	if ctx.subset == 1 then
		-- We need only the sequence
		for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do retval[key + nmax] = val end
	else
		if ctx.subset == -1 then
			for key in ipairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = nil end
		end
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			if type(key) == 'number' and key &gt; 0 then
				retval[key + nmax] = val
			else retval[key] = val end
		end
	end
	for key, val in pairs(ctx.pipe) do retval[key] = val end
	return retval
end


-- Flush the parameters by calling a custom function for each value (after this
-- function has been invoked `ctx.params` will be no longer usable)
local function flush_params (ctx, fn)
	local tbl = ctx.params
	if ctx.subset == 1 then
		for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do fn(key, val) end
		return
	end
	if ctx.subset == -1 then
		for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = nil end
	end
	if ctx.sorttype &gt; 0 then
		local nums, words, nn, nw = get_key_list_sorted(tbl, natural_sort)
		if ctx.sorttype == 2 then
			for idx = 1, nw do fn(words[idx], tbl[words[idx]]) end
			for idx = 1, nn do fn(nums[idx], tbl[nums[idx]]) end
			return
		end
		for idx = 1, nn do fn(nums[idx], tbl[nums[idx]]) end
		for idx = 1, nw do fn(words[idx], tbl[words[idx]]) end
		return
	end
	if ctx.subset ~= -1 then
		for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do
			fn(key, val)
			tbl[key] = nil
		end
	end
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do fn(key, val) end
end


-- Flush the parameters by calling one of two custom functions for each value
-- (after this function has been invoked `ctx.params` will be no longer usable)
local function mixed_flush_params (ctx, fn_seq, fn_oth)
	if ctx.subset == 1 then
		for key, val in ipairs(ctx.params) do fn_seq(key, val) end
		return
	end
	if ctx.subset == -1 then
		flush_params(ctx, fn_oth)
		return
	end
	local tbl = ctx.params
	if ctx.sorttype &gt; 0 then
		local nums, words, nn, nw = get_key_list_sorted(tbl, natural_sort)
		local sequence = {}
		for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do sequence[key] = val end
		if ctx.sorttype == 2 then
			for idx = 1, nw do fn_oth(words[idx], tbl[words[idx]]) end
		end
		for idx = 1, nn do
			if sequence[nums[idx]] then
				fn_seq(nums[idx], sequence[nums[idx]])
			else
				fn_oth(nums[idx], tbl[nums[idx]])
			end
		end
		if ctx.sorttype ~= 2 then
			for idx = 1, nw do fn_oth(words[idx], tbl[words[idx]]) end
		end
		return
	end
	for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do
		fn_seq(key, val)
		tbl[key] = nil
	end
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do fn_oth(key, val) end
end


-- Finalize and return a concatenated list
local function finalize_and_return_concatenated_list (ctx, lst, len, modsize)
	if len &gt; 0 then
		local tmp = ctx.oxfordsep or ctx.lastsep
		if tmp ~= nil and len &gt; modsize * 2 then
			lst[len - modsize + 1] = tmp
		elseif len &gt; modsize and ctx.lastsep ~= nil then
			lst[len - modsize + 1] = ctx.lastsep
		end
		lst[1] = ctx.header or ''
		if ctx.footer ~= nil then lst[len + 1] = ctx.footer end
		ctx.text = table.concat(lst)
	else ctx.text = ctx.ifngiven or '' end
end


	--[[ Modifiers ]]--
	-----------------------------


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|sequential|pipe to
library.sequential = function (ctx)
	if ctx.subset == 1 then error(modulename ..
		': The ‘sequential’ directive has been provided more than once', 0) end
	if ctx.subset == -1 then error(modulename ..
		': The two directives ‘non-sequential’ and ‘sequential’ are in contradiction with each other', 0) end
	if ctx.sorttype &gt; 0 then error(modulename ..
		': The ‘all_sorted’ and ‘reassorted’ directives are redundant when followed by ‘sequential’', 0) end
	ctx.iterfunc = ipairs
	ctx.subset = 1
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|non-sequential|pipe to
library['non-sequential'] = function (ctx)
	if ctx.subset == -1 then error(modulename ..
		': The ‘non-sequential’ directive has been provided more than once', 0) end
	if ctx.subset == 1 then error(modulename ..
		': The two directives ‘sequential’ and ‘non-sequential’ are in contradiction with each other', 0) end
	ctx.iterfunc = pairs
	ctx.subset = -1
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|all_sorted|pipe to
library.all_sorted = function (ctx)
	if ctx.sorttype == 1 then error(modulename ..
		': The ‘all_sorted’ directive has been provided more than once', 0) end
	if ctx.subset == 1 then error(modulename ..
		': The ‘all_sorted’ directive is redundant after ‘sequential’', 0) end
	if ctx.sorttype == 2 then error(modulename ..
		': The two directives ‘reassorted’ and ‘sequential’ are in contradiction with each other', 0) end
	ctx.sorttype = 1
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|reassorted|pipe to
library.reassorted = function (ctx)
	if ctx.sorttype == 2 then error(modulename ..
		': The ‘reassorted’ directive has been provided more than once', 0) end
	if ctx.subset == 1 then error(modulename ..
		': The ‘reassorted’ directive is redundant after ‘sequential’', 0) end
	if ctx.sorttype == 1 then error(modulename ..
		': The two directives ‘sequential’ and ‘reassorted’ are in contradiction with each other', 0) end
	ctx.sorttype = 2
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|setting|directives|...|pipe to
library.setting = function (ctx)
	local argc = set_strings(ctx, ctx.pipe, 1)
	if argc &lt; 2 then error(modulename ..
		', ‘setting’: No directive was given', 0) end
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|scoring|new parameter name|pipe to
library.scoring = function (ctx)
	if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘scoring’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end
	local retval = 0
	for _ in pairs(ctx.params) do retval = retval + 1 end
	ctx.params[get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[1])] = tostring(retval)
	return context_iterate(ctx, 2)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|squeezing|pipe to
library.squeezing = function (ctx)
	local store, indices, tbl, newlen = {}, {}, ctx.params, 0
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then
			newlen = newlen + 1
			indices[newlen] = key
			store[key] = val
			tbl[key] = nil
		end
	end
	table.sort(indices)
	for idx = 1, newlen do tbl[idx] = store[indices[idx]] end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|filling_the_gaps|pipe to
library.filling_the_gaps = function (ctx)
	local tbl, tmp, nmin, nmax, nnums = ctx.params, {}, 1, nil, -1
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then
			if nmax == nil then
				if key &lt; nmin then nmin = key end
				nmax = key
			elseif key &gt; nmax then nmax = key
			elseif key &lt; nmin then nmin = key end
			nnums = nnums + 1
			tmp[key] = val
		end
	end
	if nmax ~= nil and nmax - nmin &gt; nnums then
		ctx.n_available = ctx.n_available + nmin + nnums - nmax
		if ctx.n_available &lt; 0 then error(modulename ..
			', ‘filling_the_gaps’: It is possible to fill at most ' ..
			tostring(maxfill) .. ' parameters', 0) end
		for idx = nmin, nmax, 1 do tbl[idx] = '' end
		for key, val in pairs(tmp) do tbl[key] = val end
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|clearing|pipe to
library.clearing = function (ctx)
	local tbl = ctx.params
	local numerics = {}
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then
			numerics[key] = val
			tbl[key] = nil
		end
	end
	for key, val in ipairs(numerics) do tbl[key] = val end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|cutting|left cut|right cut|pipe to
library.cutting = function (ctx)
	local lcut = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1])
	if lcut == nil or math.floor(lcut) ~= lcut then error(modulename ..
		', ‘cutting’: Left cut must be an integer number', 0) end
	local rcut = tonumber(ctx.pipe[2])
	if rcut == nil or math.floor(rcut) ~= rcut then error(modulename ..
		', ‘cutting’: Right cut must be an integer number', 0) end
	local tbl = ctx.params
	local len = #tbl
	if lcut &lt; 0 then lcut = len + lcut end
	if rcut &lt; 0 then rcut = len + rcut end
	local tot = lcut + rcut
	if tot &gt; 0 then
		local cache = {}
		if tot &gt;= len then
			for key in ipairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = nil end
			tot = len
		else
			for idx = len - rcut + 1, len, 1 do tbl[idx] = nil end
			for idx = 1, lcut, 1 do tbl[idx] = nil end
		end
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			if type(key) == 'number' and key &gt; 0 then
				if key &gt; len then cache[key - tot] = val
				else cache[key - lcut] = val end
				tbl[key] = nil
			end
		end
		for key, val in pairs(cache) do tbl[key] = val end
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 3)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|cropping|left crop|right crop|pipe to
library.cropping = function (ctx)
	local lcut = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1])
	if lcut == nil or math.floor(lcut) ~= lcut then error(modulename ..
		', ‘cropping’: Left crop must be an integer number', 0) end
	local rcut = tonumber(ctx.pipe[2])
	if rcut == nil or math.floor(rcut) ~= rcut then error(modulename ..
		', ‘cropping’: Right crop must be an integer number', 0) end
	local tbl = ctx.params
	local nmin
	local nmax
	for key in pairs(tbl) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then
			if nmin == nil then nmin, nmax = key, key
			elseif key &gt; nmax then nmax = key
			elseif key &lt; nmin then nmin = key end
		end
	end
	if nmin ~= nil then
		local len = nmax - nmin + 1
		if lcut &lt; 0 then lcut = len + lcut end
		if rcut &lt; 0 then rcut = len + rcut end
		if lcut + rcut - len &gt; -1 then
			for key in pairs(tbl) do
				if type(key) == 'number' then tbl[key] = nil end
			end
		elseif lcut + rcut &gt; 0 then
			for idx = nmax - rcut + 1, nmax do tbl[idx] = nil end
			for idx = nmin, nmin + lcut - 1 do tbl[idx] = nil end
			local lshift = nmin + lcut - 1
			if lshift &gt; 0 then
				for idx = lshift + 1, nmax, 1 do
					tbl[idx - lshift] = tbl[idx]
					tbl[idx] = nil
				end
			end
		end
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 3)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|purging|start offset|length|pipe to
library.purging = function (ctx)
	local idx = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1])
	if idx == nil or math.floor(idx) ~= idx then error(modulename ..
		', ‘purging’: Start offset must be an integer number', 0) end
	local len = tonumber(ctx.pipe[2])
	if len == nil or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename ..
		', ‘purging’: Length must be an integer number', 0) end
	local tbl = ctx.params
	if len &lt; 1 then
		len = len + table.maxn(tbl)
		if idx &gt; len then return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end
		len = len - idx + 1
	end
	ctx.params = copy_table_reduced(tbl, idx, len)
	return context_iterate(ctx, 3)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|backpurging|start offset|length|pipe to
library.backpurging = function (ctx)
	local last = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1])
	if last == nil or math.floor(last) ~= last then error(modulename ..
		', ‘backpurging’: Start offset must be an integer number', 0) end
	local len = tonumber(ctx.pipe[2])
	if len == nil or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename ..
		', ‘backpurging’: Length must be an integer number', 0) end
	local idx
	local tbl = ctx.params
	if len &gt; 0 then
		idx = last - len + 1
	else
		for key in pairs(tbl) do
			if type(key) == 'number' and (idx == nil or
				key &lt; idx) then idx = key end
		end
		if idx == nil then return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end
		idx = idx - len
		if last &lt; idx then return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end
		len = last - idx + 1
	end
	ctx.params = copy_table_reduced(ctx.params, idx, len)
	return context_iterate(ctx, 3)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|shifting|addend|pipe to
library.shifting = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local nshift = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1])
	if nshift == nil or nshift == 0 or math.floor(nshift) ~= nshift then
		error(modulename .. ', ‘shifting’: A non-zero integer number must be provided', 0) end
	local tbl = {}
	for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then tbl[key + nshift] = val
		else tbl[key] = val end
	end
	ctx.params = tbl
	return context_iterate(ctx, 2)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|reversing_numeric_names|pipe to
library.reversing_numeric_names = function (ctx)
	local tbl, numerics, nmax = ctx.params, {}, 0
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then
			numerics[key] = val
			tbl[key] = nil
			if key &gt; nmax then nmax = key end
		end
	end
	for key, val in pairs(numerics) do tbl[nmax - key + 1] = val end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|pivoting_numeric_names|pipe to
--[[
library.pivoting_numeric_names = function (ctx)
	local tbl = ctx.params
	local shift = #tbl + 1
	if shift &lt; 2 then return library.reversing_numeric_names(ctx) end
	local numerics = {}
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then
			numerics[key] = val
			tbl[key] = nil
		end
	end
	for key, val in pairs(numerics) do tbl[shift - key] = val end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end
]]--


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|mirroring_numeric_names|pipe to
--[[
library.mirroring_numeric_names = function (ctx)
	local tbl, numerics = ctx.params, {}
	local nmax
	local nmin
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then
			numerics[key] = val
			tbl[key] = nil
			if nmax == nil then nmin, nmax = key, key
			elseif key &gt; nmax then nmax = key
			elseif key &lt; nmin then nmin = key end
		end
	end
	for key, val in pairs(numerics) do tbl[nmax + nmin - key] = val end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end
]]--


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|swapping_numeric_names|pipe to
--[[
library.swapping_numeric_names = function (ctx)
	local tbl, cache, nsize = ctx.params, {}, 0
	local tmp
	for key in pairs(tbl) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then
			nsize = nsize + 1
			cache[nsize] = key
		end
	end
	table.sort(cache)
	for idx = math.floor(nsize / 2), 1, -1 do
		tmp = tbl[cache[idx] ]
		tbl[cache[idx] ] = tbl[cache[nsize - idx + 1] ]
		tbl[cache[nsize - idx + 1] ] = tmp
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end
]]--


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|sorting_sequential_values|[criterion]|pipe to
library.sorting_sequential_values = function (ctx)
	local sortfn
	if ctx.pipe[1] ~= nil then
		sortfn = sortfunctions[ctx.pipe[1]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$']
	end
	if sortfn then table.sort(ctx.params, sortfn)
	else table.sort(ctx.params) end -- i.e. either `false` or `nil`
	if sortfn == nil then return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 2)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|splicing|[add to position]|position|increment|
--            [number of elements to write]|...|pipe to
library.splicing = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local opts, tbl = ctx.pipe, ctx.params
	local tmp1 = opts[1]
	local tmp2
	local argc
	local pos
	local refp
	if tmp1 ~= nil then
		tmp2 = tonumber(tmp1)
		if tmp2 == nil or math.floor(tmp2) ~= tmp2 then
			pos, argc, tmp2 = tonumber(opts[2]), 4,
				tmp1:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
			if tmp2 ~= nil then
				refp = position_references[tmp2]
				if refp == nil then error(modulename ..
					', ‘splicing’: ‘' .. tostring(tmp2) ..
					'’ is not a valid first argument', 0) end
			else refp = 0 end
		else pos, argc, refp = tmp2, 3, 0 end
	else pos, argc, refp = tonumber(opts[2]), 4, 0 end
	if pos == nil or math.floor(pos) ~= pos then error(modulename ..
		', ‘splicing’: The position must be an integer number', 0) end
	local len = tonumber(opts[argc - 1])
	if len == nil or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename ..
		', ‘splicing’: The increment must be an integer number', 0) end
	if refp == 2 then
		for _ in ipairs(tbl) do pos = pos + 1 end
		refp = 0
	end
	tmp1, tmp2 = nil, nil
	if refp ~= 0 or len ~= 0 then
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			if type(key) == 'number' then
				if tmp1 == nil then tmp1, tmp2 = key, key
				elseif key &lt; tmp1 then tmp1 = key
				elseif key &gt; tmp2 then tmp2 = key end
			end
		end
	end
	if tmp2 == nil then len = 0
	elseif refp == 3 then pos = pos + tmp2
	elseif refp == 1 then pos = pos + tmp1 end
	if len &gt; 0 and pos + len &gt; tmp1 and pos &lt;= tmp2 then
		tbl = copy_table_expanded(tbl, pos, len)
	elseif len &lt; 0 and pos - len &gt; tmp1 and pos &lt;= tmp2 then
		tbl = copy_table_reduced(tbl, pos, -len)
	else tbl = copy_or_ref_table(tbl, tbl ~= ctx.oparams) end
	ctx.params = tbl
	tmp1 = tonumber(opts[argc])
	if len == 0 and (tmp1 == nil or tmp1 &lt; 1) then error(modulename ..
		', ‘splicing’: When the increment is zero the number of elements to add cannot be zero', 0) end
	if tmp1 == nil or tmp1 &lt; 0 or math.floor(tmp1) ~= tmp1 then
		return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
	end
	tmp2 = argc - pos + 1
	for key = pos, pos + tmp1 - 1 do tbl[key] = opts[key + tmp2] end
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc + tmp1 + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|imposing|name|value|pipe to
library.imposing = function (ctx)
	if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘imposing’: Missing parameter name to impose', 0) end
	ctx.params[get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[1])] = ctx.pipe[2]
	return context_iterate(ctx, 3)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|providing|name|value|pipe to
library.providing = function (ctx)
	if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘providing’: Missing parameter name to provide', 0) end
	local key = get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[1])
	if ctx.params[key] == nil then ctx.params[key] = ctx.pipe[2] end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 3)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|discarding|name|[how many]|pipe to
library.discarding = function (ctx)
	if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘discarding’: Missing parameter name to discard', 0) end
	local len = tonumber(ctx.pipe[2])
	if len == nil then
		ctx.params[get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[1])] = nil
		return context_iterate(ctx, 2)
	end
	local key = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1])
	if key == nil or math.floor(key) ~= key then error(modulename ..
		', ‘discarding’: A range was provided, but the initial parameter name is not an integer number', 0) end
	if len &lt; 1 or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename ..
		', ‘discarding’: A range can only be an integer number greater than zero', 0) end
	for idx = key, key + len - 1 do ctx.params[idx] = nil end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 3)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|excluding_non-numeric_names|pipe to
library['excluding_non-numeric_names'] = function (ctx)
	local tmp = ctx.params
	for key, val in pairs(tmp) do
		if type(key) ~= 'number' then tmp[key] = nil end
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|excluding_numeric_names|pipe to
library.excluding_numeric_names = function (ctx)
	local tmp = ctx.params
	for key, val in pairs(tmp) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then tmp[key] = nil end
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|with_name_matching|target 1|[plain flag 1]|[or]
--            |[target 2]|[plain flag 2]|[or]|[...]|[target N]|[plain flag
--            N]|pipe to
library.with_name_matching = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local targets, nptns, argc = load_pattern_args(ctx.pipe,
		'with_name_matching')
	local tmp
	local ptn
	local tbl = ctx.params
	local newparams = {}
	for idx = 1, nptns do
		ptn = targets[idx]
		if ptn[3] then
			tmp = ptn[1]
			if tmp == '0' or tmp:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then
				tmp = tonumber(tmp)
			end
			newparams[tmp] = tbl[tmp]
		else
			for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
				if tostring(key):find(ptn[1], 1, ptn[2]) then
					newparams[key] = val
				end
			end
		end
	end
	ctx.params = newparams
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|with_name_not_matching|target 1|[plain flag 1]
--            |[and]|[target 2]|[plain flag 2]|[and]|[...]|[target N]|[plain
--            flag N]|pipe to
library.with_name_not_matching = function (ctx)
	local targets, nptns, argc = load_pattern_args(ctx.pipe,
		'with_name_not_matching')
	local tbl = ctx.params
	if nptns == 1 and targets[1][3] then
		local tmp = targets[1][1]
		if tmp == '0' or tmp:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then
			tbl[tonumber(tmp)] = nil
		else tbl[tmp] = nil end
		return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
	end
	local yesmatch
	local ptn
	for key in pairs(tbl) do
		yesmatch = true
		for idx = 1, nptns do
			ptn = targets[idx]
			if ptn[3] then
				if tostring(key) ~= ptn[1] then
					yesmatch = false
					break
				end
			elseif not tostring(key):find(ptn[1], 1, ptn[2]) then
				yesmatch = false
				break
			end
		end
		if yesmatch then tbl[key] = nil end
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|with_value_matching|target 1|[plain flag 1]|[or]
--            |[target 2]|[plain flag 2]|[or]|[...]|[target N]|[plain flag
--            N]|pipe to
library.with_value_matching = function (ctx)
	local tbl = ctx.params
	local targets, nptns, argc = load_pattern_args(ctx.pipe,
		'with_value_matching')
	local nomatch
	local ptn
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		nomatch = true
		for idx = 1, nptns do
			ptn = targets[idx]
			if ptn[3] then
				if val == ptn[1] then
					nomatch = false
					break
				end
			elseif val:find(ptn[1], 1, ptn[2]) then
				nomatch = false
				break
			end
		end
		if nomatch then tbl[key] = nil end
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|with_value_not_matching|target 1|[plain flag 1]
--            |[and]|[target 2]|[plain flag 2]|[and]|[...]|[target N]|[plain
--            flag N]|pipe to
library.with_value_not_matching = function (ctx)
	local tbl = ctx.params
	local targets, nptns, argc = load_pattern_args(ctx.pipe,
		'with_value_not_matching')
	local yesmatch
	local ptn
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		yesmatch = true
		for idx = 1, nptns do
			ptn = targets[idx]
			if ptn[3] then
				if val ~= ptn[1] then
					yesmatch = false
					break
				end
			elseif not val:find(ptn[1], 1, ptn[2]) then
				yesmatch = false
				break
			end
		end
		if yesmatch then tbl[key] = nil end
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|trimming_values|pipe to
library.trimming_values = function (ctx)
	local tbl = ctx.params
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|mapping_to_lowercase|pipe to
library.mapping_to_lowercase = function (ctx)
	local tbl = ctx.params
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = val:lower() end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|mapping_to_uppercase|pipe to
library.mapping_to_uppercase = function (ctx)
	local tbl = ctx.params
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = val:upper() end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|mapping_by_calling|template name|[call
--            style]|[let]|[...][number of additional parameters]|[parameter
--            1]|[parameter 2]|[...]|[parameter N]|pipe to
library.mapping_by_calling = function (ctx)
	local opts = ctx.pipe
	local tname
	if opts[1] ~= nil then tname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if tname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘mapping_by_calling’: No template name was provided', 0) end
	local margs, argc, looptype, karg, varg = load_callback_opts(opts, 1,
		mapping_styles.values_only)
	local model = { title = tname, args = margs }
	value_maps[looptype](ctx.params, margs, karg, varg, function ()
		return ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model)
	end)
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|mapping_by_invoking|module name|function
--            name|[call style]|[let]|[...]|[number of additional
--            arguments]|[argument 1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument N]|pipe to
library.mapping_by_invoking = function (ctx)
	local opts = ctx.pipe
	local mname
	local fname
	if opts[1] ~= nil then mname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if mname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘mapping_by_invoking’: No module name was provided', 0) end
	if opts[2] ~= nil then fname = opts[2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if fname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘mapping_by_invoking’: No function name was provided', 0) end
	local margs, argc, looptype, karg, varg = load_callback_opts(opts, 2,
		mapping_styles.values_only)
	local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = margs }
	local mfunc = require(model.title)[fname]
	if mfunc == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘mapping_by_invoking’: The function ‘' .. fname ..
		'’ does not exist', 0) end
	value_maps[looptype](ctx.params, margs, karg, varg, function ()
		return tostring(mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model)))
	end)
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|mapping_by_magic|parser function|[call
--            style]|[let]|[...][number of additional arguments]|[argument
--            1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument N]|pipe to
library.mapping_by_magic = function (ctx)
	local opts = ctx.pipe
	local magic
	if opts[1] ~= nil then magic = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if magic == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘mapping_by_magic’: No parser function was provided', 0) end
	local margs, argc, looptype, karg, varg = load_callback_opts(opts, 1,
		mapping_styles.values_only)
	value_maps[looptype](ctx.params, margs, karg, varg, function ()
		return ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, margs)
	end)
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|mapping_by_replacing|target|replace|[count]|[plain
--            flag]|pipe to
library.mapping_by_replacing = function (ctx)
	local ptn, repl, nmax, flg, argc, die =
		load_replace_args(ctx.pipe, 'mapping_by_replacing')
	if die then return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end
	local tbl = ctx.params
	if flg == 3 then
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			if val == ptn then tbl[key] = repl end
		end
	else
		if flg == 2 then
			-- Copied from Module:String's `str._escapePattern()`
			ptn = ptn:gsub('[%(%)%.%%%+%-%*%?%[%^%$%]]', '%%%0')
		end
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			tbl[key] = val:gsub(ptn, repl, nmax)
		end
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|mapping_by_mixing|mixing string|pipe to
library.mapping_by_mixing = function (ctx)
	if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘mapping_by_mixing’: No mixing string was provided', 0) end
	local mix = ctx.pipe[1]
	local tbl = ctx.params
	if mix == '$#' then
		for key in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = tostring(key) end
		return context_iterate(ctx, 2)
	end
	local skel, cnv, n_parts = parse_placeholder_string(mix)
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		for idx = 2, n_parts, 2 do
			if skel[idx] then cnv[idx] = val else cnv[idx] = tostring(key) end
		end
		tbl[key] = table.concat(cnv)
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 2)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|mapping_to_names|pipe to
--[[
library.mapping_to_names = function (ctx)
	local tbl = ctx.params
	for key in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = tostring(key) end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end
]]--


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|renaming_to_lowercase|pipe to
library.renaming_to_lowercase = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local cache = {}
	for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do
		if type(key) == 'string' then cache[key:lower()] = val else
		cache[key] = val end
	end
	ctx.params = cache
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|renaming_to_uppercase|pipe to
library.renaming_to_uppercase = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local cache = {}
	for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do
		if type(key) == 'string' then cache[key:upper()] = val else
		cache[key] = val end
	end
	ctx.params = cache
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|renaming_to_sequence|[sort order]|pipe to
library.renaming_to_sequence = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local tbl = ctx.params
	local sortfn, argc, do_sort = load_sort_opt(ctx.pipe[1])
	local cache
	local len
	if do_sort then
		local words
		local wl
		cache, words, len, wl = get_key_list_sorted(tbl, sortfn)
		for idx = 1, len do cache[idx] = tbl[cache[idx]] end
		for idx = 1, wl do cache[len + idx] = tbl[words[idx]] end
	else
		cache = {}
		len = 0
		for _, val in pairs(tbl) do
			len = len + 1
			cache[len] = val
		end
	end
	ctx.params = cache
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|renaming_by_calling|template name|[call
--            style]|[let]|[...][number of additional parameters]|[parameter
--            1]|[parameter 2]|[...]|[parameter N]|pipe to
library.renaming_by_calling = function (ctx)
	local opts = ctx.pipe
	local tname
	if opts[1] ~= nil then tname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if tname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘renaming_by_calling’: No template name was provided', 0) end
	local rargs, argc, looptype, karg, varg = load_callback_opts(opts, 1,
		mapping_styles.names_only)
	local model = { title = tname, args = rargs }
	map_names(ctx.params, rargs, karg, varg, looptype, function ()
		return ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model)
	end)
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|renaming_by_invoking|module name|function
--            name|[call style]|[let]|[...]|[number of additional
--            arguments]|[argument 1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument N]|pipe to
library.renaming_by_invoking = function (ctx)
	local opts = ctx.pipe
	local mname
	local fname
	if opts[1] ~= nil then mname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if mname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘renaming_by_invoking’: No module name was provided', 0) end
	if opts[2] ~= nil then fname = opts[2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if fname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘renaming_by_invoking’: No function name was provided', 0) end
	local rargs, argc, looptype, karg, varg = load_callback_opts(opts, 2,
		mapping_styles.names_only)
	local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = rargs }
	local mfunc = require(model.title)[fname]
	if mfunc == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘renaming_by_invoking’: The function ‘' .. fname ..
		'’ does not exist', 0) end
	map_names(ctx.params, rargs, karg, varg, looptype, function ()
		return tostring(mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model)))
	end)
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|renaming_by_magic|parser function|[call
--            style]|[let]|[...][number of additional arguments]|[argument
--            1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument N]|pipe to
library.renaming_by_magic = function (ctx)
	local opts = ctx.pipe
	local magic
	if opts[1] ~= nil then magic = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if magic == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘renaming_by_magic’: No parser function was provided', 0) end
	local rargs, argc, looptype, karg, varg = load_callback_opts(opts, 1,
		mapping_styles.names_only)
	map_names(ctx.params, rargs, karg, varg, looptype, function ()
		return ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, rargs)
	end)
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|renaming_by_replacing|target|replace|[count]|[plain
--            flag]|pipe to
library.renaming_by_replacing = function (ctx)
	local ptn, repl, nmax, flg, argc, die =
		load_replace_args(ctx.pipe, 'renaming_by_replacing')
	if die then return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end
	local tbl = ctx.params
	if flg == 3 then
		ptn = get_parameter_name(ptn)
		local val = tbl[ptn]
		if val ~= nil then
			tbl[ptn] = nil
			tbl[get_parameter_name(repl)] = val
		end
	else
		if flg == 2 then
			-- Copied from Module:String's `str._escapePattern()`
			ptn = ptn:gsub('[%(%)%.%%%+%-%*%?%[%^%$%]]', '%%%0')
		end
		local cache = {}
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache,
				tostring(key):gsub(ptn, repl, nmax))
		end
		for key, val in pairs(cache) do tbl[key] = val end
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|renaming_by_mixing|mixing string|pipe to
library.renaming_by_mixing = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘renaming_by_mixing’: No mixing string was provided', 0) end
	local mix = ctx.pipe[1]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'
	local cache = {}
	if mix == '$@' then
		for _, val in pairs(ctx.params) do
			cache[get_parameter_name(val)] = val
		end
	else
		local skel, canvas, n_parts = parse_placeholder_string(mix)
		for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do
			for idx = 2, n_parts, 2 do
				if skel[idx] then canvas[idx] = val
				else canvas[idx] = tostring(key) end
			end
			cache[get_parameter_name(table.concat(canvas))] = val
		end
	end
	ctx.params = cache
	return context_iterate(ctx, 2)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|renaming_to_values|pipe to
--[[
library.renaming_to_values = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local cache = {}
	for _, val in pairs(ctx.params) do cache[val] = val end
	ctx.params = cache
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end
]]--


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|grouping_by_calling|template
--            name|[let]|[...]|[number of additional arguments]|[argument
--            1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument N]|pipe to
library.grouping_by_calling = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local opts = ctx.pipe
	local tmp
	if opts[1] ~= nil then tmp = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if tmp == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘grouping_by_calling’: No template name was provided', 0) end
	local model = { title = tmp }
	local argc
	tmp, argc = load_child_opts(opts, 2, 0)
	local gargs = {}
	for key, val in pairs(tmp) do
		if type(key) == 'number' and key &lt; 1 then gargs[key - 1] = val
		else gargs[key] = val end
	end
	local groups = make_groups(ctx.params)
	for gid, group in pairs(groups) do
		for key, val in pairs(gargs) do group[key] = val end
		group[0] = gid
		model.args = group
		groups[gid] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model)
	end
	ctx.params = groups
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|parsing|string to parse|[trim flag]|[iteration
--            delimiter setter]|[...]|[key-value delimiter setter]|[...]|pipe to
library.parsing = function (ctx)
	local opts = ctx.pipe
	if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘parsing’: No string to parse was provided', 0) end
	local isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed, argc =
		load_parse_opts(opts, 2, '|', '=')
	parse_parameter_string(ctx.params, opts[1], isep, iplain, psep, pplain,
		trimnamed, trimunnamed)
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|reinterpreting|parameter to reinterpret|[trim
--            flag]|[iteration delimiter setter]|[...]|[key-value delimiter
--            setter]|[...]|pipe to
library.reinterpreting = function (ctx)
	local opts = ctx.pipe
	if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘reinterpreting’: No parameter to reinterpret was provided', 0) end
	local isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed, argc =
		load_parse_opts(opts, 2, '|', '=')
	local tbl, tmp = ctx.params, get_parameter_name(opts[1])
	local str = tbl[tmp]
	if str ~= nil then
		tbl[tmp] = nil
		parse_parameter_string(tbl, str, isep, iplain, psep, pplain,
			trimnamed, trimunnamed)
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|evaluating|string to parse|[trim flag]|[iteration
--            delimiter setter]|[...]|[key-value delimiter setter]|[...]|pipe to
library.evaluating = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local opts = ctx.pipe
	if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘evaluating’: No string to parse was provided', 0) end
	local isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed, argc =
		load_parse_opts(opts, 2, '!', ':')
	if opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' == nil then
		ctx.pipe = copy_or_ref_table(opts, opts ~= ctx.opipe)
		return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
	end
	local new_opts, cache = {}, {}
	local shift = parse_parameter_string(cache, opts[1], isep, iplain,
		psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed) - argc
	for key, val in pairs(opts) do
		if type(key) ~= 'number' or key &lt; 1 then new_opts[key] = val
		elseif key &gt;= argc then new_opts[key + shift] = val end
	end
	for key, val in pairs(cache) do new_opts[key] = val end
	ctx.pipe = new_opts
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|mixing_names_and_values|mixing string|pipe to
library.mixing_names_and_values = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘mixing_names_and_values’: No mixing string was provided for parameter names', 0) end
	if ctx.pipe[2] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘mixing_names_and_values’: No mixing string was provided for parameter values', 0) end
	local cache = {}
	local mix_k, mix_v = ctx.pipe[1]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$', ctx.pipe[2]
	local tmp
	if mix_k == '$@' and mix_v == '$@' then
		for _, val in pairs(ctx.params) do
			cache[get_parameter_name(val)] = val
		end
	elseif mix_k == '$@' and mix_v == '$#' then
		for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do
			cache[get_parameter_name(val)] = tostring(key)
		end
	elseif mix_k == '$#' and mix_v == '$#' then
		for key in pairs(ctx.params) do cache[key] = tostring(key) end
	else
		local skel_k, cnv_k, n_parts_k = parse_placeholder_string(mix_k)
		local skel_v, cnv_v, n_parts_v = parse_placeholder_string(mix_v)
		for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do
			tmp = tostring(key)
			for idx = 2, n_parts_k, 2 do
				if skel_k[idx] then cnv_k[idx] = val else cnv_k[idx] = tmp end
			end
			for idx = 2, n_parts_v, 2 do
				if skel_v[idx] then cnv_v[idx] = val else cnv_v[idx] = tmp end
			end
			cache[get_parameter_name(table.concat(cnv_k))] =
				table.concat(cnv_v)
		end
	end
	ctx.params = cache
	return context_iterate(ctx, 3)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|swapping_names_and_values|pipe to
--[[
library.swapping_names_and_values = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local cache = {}
	for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do cache[val] = key end
	ctx.params = cache
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end
]]--


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|combining|new parameter name|[sort order]|setting
--            directives|...|pipe to
library.combining = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	return context_iterate(ctx, combine_parameters(
		ctx,
		function (key, val, kvs) return key .. kvs .. val end,
		'combining'
	) + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|combining_values|new parameter name|[sort
--            order]|setting directives|...|pipe to
library.combining_values = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	return context_iterate(ctx, combine_parameters(
		ctx,
		function (key, val, kvs) return val end,
		'combining_values'
	) + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|combining_by_calling|template name|new parameter
--            name|pipe to
library.combining_by_calling = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local tname = ctx.pipe[1]
	if tname ~= nil then tname = tname:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	else error(modulename ..
		', ‘combining_by_calling’: No template name was provided', 0) end
	if ctx.pipe[2] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘combining_by_calling’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end
	ctx.params = {
		[get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[2])] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate{
			title = tname,
			args = ctx.params
		}
	}
	return context_iterate(ctx, 3)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|combining_by_invoking|module name|function name|new
--            parameter name|pipe to
library.combining_by_invoking = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local mname = ctx.pipe[1]
	if mname ~= nil then mname = mname:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	else error(modulename ..
		', ‘combining_by_invoking’: No module name was provided', 0) end
	local fname = ctx.pipe[2]
	if fname ~= nil then fname = fname:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	else error(modulename ..
		', ‘combining_by_invoking’: No function name was provided', 0) end
	if ctx.pipe[3] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘combining_by_invoking’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end
	local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = ctx.params }
	local mfunc = require(model.title)[fname]
	if mfunc == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘mapping_by_invoking’: The function ‘' .. fname ..
		'’ does not exist', 0) end
	ctx.params = {
		[get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[3])] =
			tostring(mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model)))
	}
	return context_iterate(ctx, 4)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|combining_by_magic|parser function|new parameter
--            name|pipe to
library.combining_by_magic = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local magic = ctx.pipe[1]
	if magic ~= nil then magic = magic:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	else error(modulename ..
		', ‘combining_by_magic’: No parser function was provided', 0) end
	if ctx.pipe[2] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘combining_by_magic’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end
	ctx.params = {
		[get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[2])] =
			ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, ctx.params)
	}
	return context_iterate(ctx, 3)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|snapshotting|pipe to
library.snapshotting = function (ctx)
	push_cloned_stack(ctx, ctx.params)
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|remembering|pipe to
library.remembering = function (ctx)
	push_cloned_stack(ctx, ctx.oparams)
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|entering_substack|[new]|pipe to
library.entering_substack = function (ctx)
	local tbl = ctx.params
	local ncurrparent = ctx.n_parents + 1
	if ctx.parents == nil then ctx.parents = { tbl }
	else ctx.parents[ncurrparent] = tbl end
	ctx.n_parents = ncurrparent
	if ctx.pipe[1] ~= nil and ctx.pipe[1]:match'^%s*new%s*$' then
		ctx.params = {}
		return context_iterate(ctx, 2)
	end
	local currsnap = ctx.n_children
	if currsnap &gt; 0 then
		ctx.params = ctx.children[currsnap]
		ctx.children[currsnap] = nil
		ctx.n_children = currsnap - 1
	else
		local newparams = {}
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do newparams[key] = val end
		ctx.params = newparams
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|pulling|parameter name|pipe to
library.pulling = function (ctx)
	local opts = ctx.pipe
	if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘pulling’: No parameter to pull was provided', 0) end
	local parent
	local tmp = ctx.n_parents
	if tmp &lt; 1 then parent = ctx.oparams else parent = ctx.parents[tmp] end
	tmp = get_parameter_name(opts[1])
	if parent[tmp] ~= nil then ctx.params[tmp] = parent[tmp] end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 2)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|detaching_substack|pipe to
library.detaching_substack = function (ctx)
	local ncurrparent = ctx.n_parents
	if ncurrparent &lt; 1 then error(modulename ..
		', ‘detaching_substack’: No substack has been created', 0) end
	local parent = ctx.parents[ncurrparent]
	for key in pairs(ctx.params) do parent[key] = nil end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|dropping_substack|pipe to
library.dropping_substack = function (ctx)
	local ncurrparent = ctx.n_parents
	if ncurrparent &lt; 1 then error(modulename ..
		', ‘dropping_substack’: No substack has been created', 0) end
	ctx.params = ctx.parents[ncurrparent]
	ctx.parents[ncurrparent] = nil
	ctx.n_parents = ncurrparent - 1
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|leaving_substack|pipe to
library.leaving_substack = function (ctx)
	local ncurrparent = ctx.n_parents
	if ncurrparent &lt; 1 then error(modulename ..
		', ‘leaving_substack’: No substack has been created', 0) end
	local currsnap = ctx.n_children + 1
	if ctx.children == nil then ctx.children = { ctx.params }
	else ctx.children[currsnap] = ctx.params end
	ctx.params = ctx.parents[ncurrparent]
	ctx.parents[ncurrparent] = nil
	ctx.n_parents = ncurrparent - 1
	ctx.n_children = currsnap
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|merging_substack|pipe to
library.merging_substack = function (ctx)
	local ncurrparent = ctx.n_parents
	if ncurrparent &lt; 1 then error(modulename ..
		', ‘merging_substack’: No substack has been created', 0) end
	local parent = ctx.parents[ncurrparent]
	local child = ctx.params
	ctx.params = parent
	ctx.parents[ncurrparent] = nil
	ctx.n_parents = ncurrparent - 1
	for key, val in pairs(child) do parent[key] = val end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|flushing|pipe to
library.flushing = function (ctx)
	if ctx.n_children &lt; 1 then error(modulename ..
		', ‘flushing’: There are no substacks to flush', 0) end
	local parent = ctx.params
	local currsnap = ctx.n_children
	for key, val in pairs(ctx.children[currsnap]) do parent[key] = val end
	ctx.children[currsnap] = nil
	ctx.n_children = currsnap - 1
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end


	--[[ Functions ]]--
	-----------------------------


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|count
library.count = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` and `ctx.params` might be the original metatables!
	local retval = 0
	for _ in ctx.iterfunc(ctx.params) do retval = retval + 1 end
	if ctx.subset == -1 then retval = retval - #ctx.params end
	ctx.text = retval
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:args|concat_and_call|template name|[prepend 1]|[prepend 2]
--            |[...]|[item n]|[named item 1=value 1]|[...]|[named item n=value
--            n]|[...]
library.concat_and_call = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable!
	local opts = ctx.pipe
	local tname
	if opts[1] ~= nil then tname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if tname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘concat_and_call’: No template name was provided', 0) end
	remove_numeric_keys(opts, 1, 1)
	ctx.text = ctx.frame:expandTemplate{
		title = tname,
		args = concat_params(ctx)
	}
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:args|concat_and_invoke|module name|function name|[prepend
--            1]|[prepend 2]|[...]|[item n]|[named item 1=value 1]|[...]|[named
--            item n=value n]|[...]
library.concat_and_invoke = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable!
	local opts = ctx.pipe
	local mname
	local fname
	if opts[1] ~= nil then mname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if mname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘concat_and_invoke’: No module name was provided', 0) end
	if opts[2] ~= nil then fname = opts[2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if fname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘concat_and_invoke’: No function name was provided', 0) end
	remove_numeric_keys(opts, 1, 2)
	local mfunc = require('Module:' .. mname)[fname]
	if mfunc == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘concat_and_invoke’: The function ‘' .. fname ..
		'’ does not exist', 0) end
	ctx.text = mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild{
		title = 'Module:' .. mname,
		args = concat_params(ctx)
	})
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:args|concat_and_magic|parser function|[prepend 1]|[prepend
--            2]|[...]|[item n]|[named item 1=value 1]|[...]|[named item n=
--            value n]|[...]
library.concat_and_magic = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable!
	local opts = ctx.pipe
	local magic
	if opts[1] ~= nil then magic = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if magic == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘concat_and_magic’: No parser function was provided', 0) end
	remove_numeric_keys(opts, 1, 1)
	ctx.text = ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, concat_params(ctx))
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|value_of|parameter name
library.value_of = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` and `ctx.params` might be the original metatables!
	local opts = ctx.pipe
	if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘value_of’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end
	local val
	local key = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'
	if key == '0' or key:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then
		key = tonumber(key)
		val = ctx.params[key]
		-- No worries: #ctx.params is unused when the modifier is in
		-- first position (and therefore `ctx.params` is a metatable)
		if val ~= nil and (
			ctx.subset ~= -1 or key &gt; #ctx.params or key &lt; 1
		) and (
			ctx.subset ~= 1 or (key &lt;= #ctx.params and key &gt; 0)
		) then
			ctx.text = (ctx.header or '') .. val .. (ctx.footer or '')
		else ctx.text = ctx.ifngiven or '' end
	else
		val = ctx.params[key]
		if ctx.subset ~= 1 and val ~= nil then
			ctx.text = (ctx.header or '') .. val .. (ctx.footer or '')
		else ctx.text = ctx.ifngiven or '' end
	end
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|list
library.list = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` might be the original metatable!
	local ret, nss, kvs, pps = {}, 0, ctx.pairsep or '', ctx.itersep or ''
	flush_params(
		ctx,
		function (key, val)
			ret[nss + 1] = pps
			ret[nss + 2] = key
			ret[nss + 3] = kvs
			ret[nss + 4] = val
			nss = nss + 4
		end
	)
	finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 4)
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|list_values
library.list_values = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` might be the original metatable!
	-- NOTE: `library.coins()` and `library.unique_coins()` rely on us
	local ret, nss, pps = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or ''
	flush_params(
		ctx,
		function (key, val)
			ret[nss + 1] = pps
			ret[nss + 2] = val
			nss = nss + 2
		end
	)
	finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2)
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|list_maybe_with_names
library.list_maybe_with_names = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` might be the original metatable!
	local ret, nss, kvs, pps = {}, 0, ctx.pairsep or '', ctx.itersep or ''
	mixed_flush_params(
		ctx,
		function (key, val)
			ret[nss + 1] = pps
			ret[nss + 2] = ''
			ret[nss + 3] = ''
			ret[nss + 4] = val
			nss = nss + 4
		end,
		function (key, val)
			ret[nss + 1] = pps
			ret[nss + 2] = key
			ret[nss + 3] = kvs
			ret[nss + 4] = val
			nss = nss + 4
		end
	)
	finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 4)
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|coins|[first coin = value 1]|[second coin = value
--            2]|[...]|[last coin = value N]
--[[
library.coins = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` might be the original metatable!
	local opts, tbl = ctx.pipe, ctx.params
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = opts[get_parameter_name(val)] end
	return library.list_values(ctx)
end
]]--


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|unique_coins|[first coin = value 1]|[second coin =
--            value 2]|[...]|[last coin = value N]
library.unique_coins = function (ctx)
	local opts, tbl = ctx.pipe, ctx.params
	local tmp
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		tmp = get_parameter_name(val)
		tbl[key] = opts[tmp]
		opts[tmp] = nil
	end
	return library.list_values(ctx)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|for_each|wikitext
library.for_each = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` might be the original metatable!
	local ret, nss, pps, txt = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '', ctx.pipe[1] or ''
	local skel, cnv, n_parts = parse_placeholder_string(txt)
	flush_params(
		ctx,
		function (key, val)
			for idx = 2, n_parts, 2 do
				if skel[idx] then cnv[idx] = val
				else cnv[idx] = tostring(key) end
			end
			ret[nss + 1] = pps
			ret[nss + 2] = table.concat(cnv)
			nss = nss + 2
		end
	)
	finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2)
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|call_for_each|template name|[append 1]|[append 2]
--            |[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param
--            n=value n]|[...]
library.call_for_each = function (ctx)
	local opts = ctx.pipe
	local tname
	if opts[1] ~= nil then tname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if tname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘call_for_each’: No template name was provided', 0) end
	local model = { title = tname, args = opts }
	local ret, nss, ccs = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or ''
	table.insert(opts, 1, true)
	flush_params(
		ctx,
		function (key, val)
			opts[1] = key
			opts[2] = val
			ret[nss + 1] = ccs
			ret[nss + 2] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model)
			nss = nss + 2
		end
	)
	finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2)
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|invoke_for_each|module name|module function|[append
--            1]|[append 2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]
--            |[named param n=value n]|[...]
library.invoke_for_each = function (ctx)
	local opts = ctx.pipe
	local mname
	local fname
	if opts[1] ~= nil then mname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if mname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘invoke_for_each’: No module name was provided', 0) end
	if opts[2] ~= nil then fname = opts[2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if fname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘invoke_for_each’: No function name was provided', 0) end
	local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = opts }
	local mfunc = require(model.title)[fname]

	local ret, nss, ccs = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or ''
	flush_params(
		ctx,
		function (key, val)
			opts[1] = key
			opts[2] = val
			ret[nss + 1] = ccs
			ret[nss + 2] = mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model))
			nss = nss + 2
		end
	)
	finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2)
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|magic_for_each|parser function|[append 1]|[append 2]
--            |[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param
--            n=value n]|[...]
library.magic_for_each = function (ctx)
	local opts = ctx.pipe
	local magic
	if opts[1] ~= nil then magic = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if magic == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘magic_for_each’: No parser function was provided', 0) end
	local ret, nss, ccs = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or ''
	table.insert(opts, 1, true)
	flush_params(
		ctx,
		function (key, val)
			opts[1] = key
			opts[2] = val
			ret[nss + 1] = ccs
			ret[nss + 2] = ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, opts)
			nss = nss + 2
		end
	)
	finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2)
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|call_for_each_value|template name|[append 1]|[append
--            2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param
--            n=value n]|[...]
library.call_for_each_value = function (ctx)
	local opts = ctx.pipe
	local tname
	if opts[1] ~= nil then tname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if tname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘call_for_each_value’: No template name was provided', 0) end
	local model = { title = tname, args = opts }
	local ret, nss, ccs = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or ''
	flush_params(
		ctx,
		function (key, val)
			opts[1] = val
			ret[nss + 1] = ccs
			ret[nss + 2] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model)
			nss = nss + 2
		end
	)
	finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2)
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|invoke_for_each_value|module name|[append 1]|[append
--            2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param
--            n=value n]|[...]
library.invoke_for_each_value = function (ctx)
	local opts = ctx.pipe
	local mname
	local fname
	if opts[1] ~= nil then mname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if mname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘invoke_for_each_value’: No module name was provided', 0) end
	if opts[2] ~= nil then fname = opts[2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if fname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘invoke_for_each_value’: No function name was provided', 0) end
	local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = opts }
	local mfunc = require(model.title)[fname]
	local ret, nss, ccs = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or ''
	remove_numeric_keys(opts, 1, 1)
	flush_params(
		ctx,
		function (key, val)
			opts[1] = val
			ret[nss + 1] = ccs
			ret[nss + 2] = mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model))
			nss = nss + 2
		end
	)
	finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2)
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|magic_for_each_value|parser function|[append 1]
--            |[append 2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named
--            param n=value n]|[...]
library.magic_for_each_value = function (ctx)
	local opts = ctx.pipe
	local magic
	if opts[1] ~= nil then magic = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if magic == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘magic_for_each_value’: No parser function was provided', 0) end
	local ret, nss, ccs = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or ''
	flush_params(
		ctx,
		function (key, val)
			opts[1] = val
			ret[nss + 1] = ccs
			ret[nss + 2] = ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, opts)
			nss = nss + 2
		end
	)
	finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2)
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|call_for_each_group|template name|[append 1]|[append
--            2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param
--            n=value n]|[...]
library.call_for_each_group = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` and `ctx.params` might be the original metatables!
	local tmp
	if ctx.pipe[1] ~= nil then tmp = ctx.pipe[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if tmp == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘call_for_each_group’: No template name was provided', 0) end
	local model = { title = tmp }
	local opts, ret, nss, ccs = {}, {}, 0, ctx.itersep or ''
	for key, val in pairs(ctx.pipe) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then opts[key - 1] = val
		else opts[key] = val end
	end
	ctx.pipe = opts
	ctx.params = make_groups(ctx.params)
	flush_params(
		ctx,
		function (gid, group)
			for key, val in pairs(opts) do group[key] = val end
			group[0] = gid
			model.args = group
			ret[nss + 1] = ccs
			ret[nss + 2] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model)
			nss = nss + 2
		end
	)
	finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2)
	return false
end


	---                                        ---
	---     PUBLIC ENVIRONMENT                 ---
	---    ________________________________    ---
	---                                        ---


	--[[ First-position-only modifiers ]]--
	---------------------------------------


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|new|pipe to
static_iface.new = function (child_frame)
	local ctx = context_new(child_frame)
	ctx.pipe = copy_or_ref_table(ctx.opipe, false)
	ctx.params = {}
	main_loop(ctx, context_iterate(ctx, 1))
	return ctx.text
end


	--[[ First-position-only functions ]]--
	---------------------------------------


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|self
static_iface.self = function (frame)
	return frame:getParent():getTitle()
end


	--[[ Public metatable of functions ]]--
	---------------------------------------


return setmetatable({}, {
	__index = function (_, query)
		local fname = query:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
		if fname == nil then error(modulename ..
			': You must specify a function to call', 0) end
		local func = static_iface[fname]
		if func ~= nil then return func end
		func = library[fname]
		if func == nil then error(modulename ..
			': The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end
		return function (child_frame)
			local ctx = context_new(child_frame)
			ctx.pipe = copy_or_ref_table(ctx.opipe, refpipe[fname])
			ctx.params = copy_or_ref_table(ctx.oparams, refparams[fname])
			main_loop(ctx, func)
			return ctx.text
		end
	end
})</text>
      <sha1>e5uky8w1tqc2xte47kx8r71b1iazdmu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Modulus:Params/periclitationes/en</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>326373</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3970000</id>
      <parentid>3969311</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T18:30:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>-Cat</comment>
      <origin>3970000</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6604" sha1="js2jf8wjuz1bnl50t03sxn1e8dge70y" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Gelemental.svg|thumb|Here are some tools for testing {{mn|params}} and [[Module:Params/harenarium|its sandbox version]].]]
{{module:params/doc/en/main sidebox}}

This is the [[:en:Wikipedia:Template sandbox and test cases|testcases]] page for checking the behaviour of [[Module:Params]].

As the module provides most of its functionalities only when called by templates, this page uses helper subtemplates to do its tests. You can find a complete list of these [[Special:PrefixIndex/Module:Params/periclitationes/en/|here]]. Several helper subtemplates come in two versions, one that depends on {{mn|params}} and one that depends on {{mn|params/harenarium}}. Example templates, used by the documentation page, are available at [[Module:Params/doc/en/examples|/doc/en/examples]].

{{module:params/doc/en/sandboxes
	| Module:Params/periclitationes/en/sandbox
	| Module:Params/periclitationes/en/sandbox2
	| Module:Params/periclitationes/en/sandbox3
	| Module:Params/periclitationes/en/sandbox4
	| Module:Params/periclitationes/en/sandbox5
}}

== General tests ==

=== Helper subtemplate {{[[Module:Params/periclitationes/en/tdelimiters|./tdelimiters]]}} ===
The {{[[Module:Params/periclitationes/en/tdelimiters|./tdelimiters]]}} subtemplate allows to test the behaviour of delimiter strings between the arguments it was called with, invoking several functions of the module at once. For instance,

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;{{Module:Params/periclitationes/en/tdelimiters|foo|bar|Jupiter|hello=world}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

generates

{{Module:Params/periclitationes/en/tdelimiters|foo|bar|Jupiter|hello=world}}

{{Nota bene|Note}} An identical subtemplate that uses [[Module:Params/harenarium]] instead of [[Module:Params]] is available at  {{[[Module:Params/periclitationes/en/tdelimiters sandbox|./tdelimiters sandbox]]}}.

=== Helper subtemplate {{[[Module:Params/periclitationes/en/tnumerical|./tnumerical]]}} ===
The {{[[Module:Params/periclitationes/en/tnumerical|./tnumerical]]}} subtemplate allows to test the behaviour of functions that focus on numerical and sequential arguments. As  these require at most two arguments, the template uses the {{para|&amp;#35;first}} and {{para|&amp;#35;second}} special parameters to do its tests. For instance,

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;{{Module:Params/periclitationes/en/tnumerical
	| #first = 2
	| #second = 2
	| -2 = minus two
	| 0 = zero
	| 1 = one
	| 2 = two
	| 3 = three
	| 19 = nineteen
	| 20 = twenty
}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

generates

{{Module:Params/periclitationes/en/tnumerical
	| #first = 2
	| #second = 2
	| -2 = minus two
	| 0 = zero
	| 1 = one
	| 2 = two
	| 3 = three
	| 19 = nineteen
	| 20 = twenty
}}

{{Nota bene|Note}} An identical subtemplate that uses [[Module:Params/harenarium]] instead of [[Module:Params]] is available at  {{[[Module:Params/periclitationes/en/tnumerical sandbox|./tnumerical sandbox]]}}.

=== Helper subtemplate {{[[Module:Params/periclitationes/en/tmaps|./tmaps]]}} ===
The {{[[Module:Params/periclitationes/en/tmaps|./tmaps]]}} subtemplate allows to test the behaviour of all the &lt;code&gt;mapping_*&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;renaming_*&lt;/code&gt; class of modifiers. As the template generates a very large page its expansion is not shown here. For more information please visit its documentation page.

{{Nota bene|Note}} An identical subtemplate that uses [[Module:Params/harenarium]] instead of [[Module:Params]] is available at  {{[[Module:Params/periclitationes/en/tmaps sandbox|./tmaps sandbox]]}}.

=== Helper subtemplate {{[[Module:Params/periclitationes/en/tcompare separated entries|./tcompare separated entries]]}} ===
The {{[[Module:Params/periclitationes/en/tcompare separated entries|./tcompare separated entries]]}} subtemplate compares the behaviours of [[Module:Params]] with that of [[Module:Separated entries]]. For instance,

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;{{ Module:Params/periclitationes/en/tcompare separated entries | one | two | three | foo  | bar | Jupiter | hello = world }}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

generates

{{ Module:Params/periclitationes/en/tcompare separated entries | one | two | three | foo  | bar | Jupiter | hello = world }}

=== Helper subtemplate {{[[Module:Params/periclitationes/en/tcoins|./tcoins]]}} ===
The {{[[Module:Params/periclitationes/en/tcoins|./tcoins]]}} subtemplate allows to experiment with the &lt;code&gt;[[Module:Params#coins|coins]]&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;[[Module:Params#unique_coins|unique_coins]]&lt;/code&gt; functions, which are called with the following arguments: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;one|two|three|foo=bar|hello=world&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;. Therefore, transcluding the template with,

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;{{Module:Params/periclitationes/en/tcoins|foo|hello|2|3|foo}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

generates

{{Module:Params/periclitationes/en/tcoins|foo|hello|2|3|foo}}

{{Nota bene|Note}} An identical subtemplate that uses [[Module:Params/harenarium]] instead of [[Module:Params]] is available at  {{[[Module:Params/periclitationes/en/tcoins sandbox|./tcoins sandbox]]}}.

== Testing individual functions ==

=== Helper subtemplate {{[[Module:Params/periclitationes/en/techo|./techo]]}} ===
The {{[[Module:Params/periclitationes/en/techo|./techo]]}} subtemplate calls the {{mn|params|list}} function to echo the code it was called with.

Example:

{|
! Markup
! Renders as
|-
| &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;{{Module:Params/periclitationes/en/techo|hello|world|foo=bar}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
| {{pre|{{Module:Params/periclitationes/en/techo|hello|world|foo=bar}}}}
|}

== Dummies ==
* Dummy submodules
** {{mn|params/periclitationes/en/mdummy|echo sb}}
* Dummy subtemplates
** {{[[Module:Params/periclitationes/en/tdummy echo sb]]}}

== Deprecated tools ==
The following tools were developed with older versions of [[Module:Params]] in mind, and were later superseded by new functionalities in the module. They are kept here for historical reasons.

* {{[[Module:Params/periclitationes/en/tmulti|./tmulti]]}} and {{[[Module:Params/periclitationes/en/tmulti sandbox|./tmulti sandbox]]}}

== See also ==
* [[Module:Params/ChangeLog|ChangeLog of Module:Params]]
* [[Module:Params/doc/en/examples|../doc/en/examples]]
* {{Nexus cum parametris | Special:Search | Extensive “in source” search
	| search = insource:/invoke:params/i
	| limit = 500
	| offset = 0
	| ns0 = 1
	| ns1 = 1
	| ns2 = 1
	| ns3 = 1
	| ns4 = 1
	| ns5 = 1
	| ns6 = 1
	| ns7 = 1
	| ns8 = 1
	| ns9 = 1
	| ns10 = 1
	| ns11 = 1
	| ns12 = 1
	| ns13 = 1
	| ns14 = 1
	| ns15 = 1
	| ns100 = 1
	| ns101 = 1
	| ns118 = 1
	| ns119 = 1
	| ns710 = 1
	| ns711 = 1
	| ns829 = 1
	| sort = last_edit_desc
}}</text>
      <sha1>js2jf8wjuz1bnl50t03sxn1e8dge70y</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>À bout de souffle (pellicula 1960)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>326491</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3969965</id>
      <parentid>3969917</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T14:53:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Neander</username>
        <id>1973</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3969965</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2781" sha1="h7k6btqdvf4rs6oco9705bgvweholzg" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
{{Pellicula
	| Imago = À bout de souffle movie logo.png
	| Titulus = À bout de souffle
	| Latinus titulus = Ad ultimum spiritum
	| Annus = [[1960]]
	| Moderator = [[Ioannes Lucas Godard]]
	| Scriptor = [[Franciscus Truffaut]]
	| Actores = {{Series versibus dissaepta
		| [[Joanna Seberg]]
		| [[Ioannes Paulus Belmondo]]
	}}
	| Duratio = 90 minuta
	| Lingua = {{Series versibus dissaepta
		| [[Lingua Francogallica|Francogallica]]
		| [[Lingua Anglica|Anglica]]
	}}
}}

{{ores|À bout de souffle|lingua=fr}} (‘Ad ultimum spiritum’) est pellicula dramatica ab [[Ioannes Lucas Godard|Ioanne Luca Godard]] anno [[1960]] disposita, et una ex praecipuis operibus {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Nova unda|Novae undae|en|qid=Q193541}} [[Francia|Francicae]]. Qua pellicula narratur de viro scelesto Francico, qui [[vigil]]es fugit, et de virgine [[CFA|Americana]], quae diurnaria fieri cupit. Eventa [[Parisii]]s fiunt. 

{{Op|À bout de souffle|lingua=fr}} prima pellicula diutina Godardiana est. Quod opus in fabula a [[Franciscus Truffaut|Francisco Truffaut]] facta, altero dispositore Novae undae, positum est. Spectaculum primum pelliculae {{Op|À bout de souffle|lingua=fr}} anno post quam Truffaut suum opus {{Op|Les Quatre cents coups|lingua=fr}} ([[1959]]) edidit. Eodem anno, etiam {{Op|Hiroshima, mon amour|lingua=fr}} ab [[Alanus Resnais|Alano Resnais]] disposita in lucem prolata est. Fundamenta Novae undae cinematographicae ab illis trinis iacta sunt. 

== Argumentum ==
Michael Poiccard est iuvenis acer scelestusque [[Parisii]]s versatus, qui gregales Americanos sceleratos cinematographicos, praesertim [[Humphredus Bogart|Humphredum Bogart]], admiratur. [[Massilia]]e [[autocinetum]] furatus Parisios proficiscitur. In itinere, a custode [[birota automataria]] vecto  persequitur. Michael, ne a custode comprehendatur, ad extremam confugit rationem, nam impetuose eum sclopetans necat, deinde fugit.

Michael, nunc vir conquisitus, Parisiis Patriciam Franchini quaerit, discipulam Americanam ad diurnariam aspirantem. Michael Patriciae amore captus hanc persuadere conatur, ut secum in Italiam fugiat. Patricia primo de sceleribus Michaelis inscia, de suo amore dubitat. Michael, conatus vigiles vitare, apud Patriciam et in variis deversoriorum cubiculis latet. Eodem tempore, pecuniam a variis amicis sibi debitam conligere conatur. 

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Opus
	| cognomen auctoris = Andrew
	| nomen auctoris = Dudley
	| titulus = {{Op|Breathless}} Then and Now
	| contextus = Criterion
	| tempus = 2014-02-28
	| url = https://www.criterion.com/current/posts/526-breathless-then-and-now
}}.

== Nexus externi ==
* {{Titulus in Indice Interretiali Pellicularum|tt0053472|À bout de souffle}}

[[Categoria:Pelliculae 1960]]</text>
      <sha1>h7k6btqdvf4rs6oco9705bgvweholzg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3969980</id>
      <parentid>3969965</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T16:06:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Neander</username>
        <id>1973</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3969980</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2920" sha1="fac4vyppdshlf6fefec06plr0dbmfu1" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
{{Pellicula
	| Imago = À bout de souffle movie logo.png
	| Titulus = À bout de souffle
	| Latinus titulus = Ad ultimum spiritum
	| Annus = [[1960]]
	| Moderator = [[Ioannes Lucas Godard]]
	| Scriptor = [[Franciscus Truffaut]]
	| Actores = {{Series versibus dissaepta
		| [[Joanna Seberg]]
		| [[Ioannes Paulus Belmondo]]
	}}
	| Duratio = 90 minuta
	| Lingua = {{Series versibus dissaepta
		| [[Lingua Francogallica|Francogallica]]
		| [[Lingua Anglica|Anglica]]
	}}
}}

{{ores|À bout de souffle|lingua=fr}} (‘Ad ultimum spiritum’) est pellicula dramatica ab [[Ioannes Lucas Godard|Ioanne Luca Godard]] anno [[1960]] disposita, et una ex praecipuis operibus {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Nova unda|Novae undae|en|qid=Q193541}} [[Francia|Francicae]].&lt;ref&gt;De hac pellicula facienda in ''[[Nouvelle Vague (pellicula 2025)|Nouvelle Vague (2025)]]'' narratur.&lt;/ref&gt; Qua pellicula narratur de viro scelesto Francico, qui [[vigil]]es fugit, et de virgine [[CFA|Americana]], quae diurnaria fieri cupit. Eventa [[Parisii]]s fiunt. 

{{Op|À bout de souffle|lingua=fr}} prima pellicula diutina Godardiana est. Quod opus in fabula a [[Franciscus Truffaut|Francisco Truffaut]] facta, altero dispositore Novae undae, positum est. Spectaculum primum pelliculae {{Op|À bout de souffle|lingua=fr}} anno post quam Truffaut suum opus {{Op|Les Quatre cents coups|lingua=fr}} ([[1959]]) edidit. Eodem anno, etiam {{Op|Hiroshima, mon amour|lingua=fr}} ab [[Alanus Resnais|Alano Resnais]] disposita in lucem prolata est. Fundamenta Novae undae cinematographicae ab illis trinis iacta sunt. 

== Argumentum ==
Michael Poiccard est iuvenis acer scelestusque [[Parisii]]s versatus, qui gregales Americanos sceleratos cinematographicos, praesertim [[Humphredus Bogart|Humphredum Bogart]], admiratur. [[Massilia]]e [[autocinetum]] furatus Parisios proficiscitur. In itinere, a custode [[birota automataria]] vecto  persequitur. Michael, ne a custode comprehendatur, ad extremam confugit rationem, nam impetuose eum sclopetans necat, deinde fugit.

Michael, nunc vir conquisitus, Parisiis Patriciam Franchini quaerit, discipulam Americanam ad diurnariam aspirantem. Michael Patriciae amore captus hanc persuadere conatur, ut secum in Italiam fugiat. Patricia primo de sceleribus Michaelis inscia, de suo amore dubitat. Michael, conatus vigiles vitare, apud Patriciam et in variis deversoriorum cubiculis latet. Eodem tempore, pecuniam a variis amicis sibi debitam conligere conatur. 

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Opus
	| cognomen auctoris = Andrew
	| nomen auctoris = Dudley
	| titulus = {{Op|Breathless}} Then and Now
	| contextus = Criterion
	| tempus = 2014-02-28
	| url = https://www.criterion.com/current/posts/526-breathless-then-and-now
}}.

== Nexus externi ==
* {{Titulus in Indice Interretiali Pellicularum|tt0053472|À bout de souffle}}

[[Categoria:Pelliculae 1960]]</text>
      <sha1>fac4vyppdshlf6fefec06plr0dbmfu1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Alison</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>326503</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3970053</id>
      <parentid>3969858</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-05T08:38:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-36983-83</username>
        <id>211443</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3970053</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1131" sha1="371958ubk9g1gsy83t1g8j6tdb7g2q8" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
{{disnomen}}
{{Nomen|genus=Femininum|origo=Normannica|significatio=&quot;nobilis&quot;|imago=Carolyn Rodrigues-Birkett (cropped).jpg|capitulum=[[Carolina Allison Rodrigues]], mulier politica Guianensis}}

'''''Alison''''', sive '''''Allison''''', vel '''''Allyson''''', est [[cognomen]], nomen atque [[praenomen]] femininum Anglicum, deminutivum antiqui nominis [[Normannice|Normannici]] ''Aalis'' ([[Alicia]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;''Behind the Name'', s.v. &quot;[https://www.behindthename.com/name/gillian Alison - 1]&quot;. {{Ling|Anglice}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;Vide paginam ''[https://www.etymonline.com/word/Alison Alison]'' apud ''Online Etymology Dictionary''. {{Ling|Anglice}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Quae vel qui hoc cognomen habuerint ==
* [[Iacobus Allison]]
* [[June Allyson]]

== Quae hoc nomen habuerint ==
* [[Carolina Allison Rodrigues]]
* [[Taylor Alison Swift]]

== Quae hoc praenomen habuerint ==
* [[Alison Bechdel]]
* [[Alison Lurie]]
* [[Allison Janney]]
* [[Alison Redford]]
* {{Creanda|nl|Alison Van Uytvanck}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Categoria:Cognomina Anglica]]
[[Categoria:Nomina]]
[[Categoria:Praenomina feminina]]</text>
      <sha1>371958ubk9g1gsy83t1g8j6tdb7g2q8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Formula:Tessera linguae secundum ISO 639 inspecta/doc</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>326510</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3969933</id>
      <parentid>3969874</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T12:37:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>+[[:Categoria:Formulae quae canones ISO sequuntur]]</comment>
      <origin>3969933</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1693" sha1="16spfk2181avg35u33b9jeysn0i3awh" xml:space="preserve">{{Subpagina documentationis}}
{{Formula substituibilis|...}}

Haec formula tesseram linguae secundum decretum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Index tesserarum linguae secundum ISO 639|ISO 639|en|qid=Q917906}} inspicit et reddit:
* ipsam linguam si tessera exsistit
* argumentum {{para|2}} si tessera non exsistit
* argumentum {{para|3}} aut, si non datum argumentum {{para|2}}, si tessera est vacuam

== De usu ==
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{Tessera linguae secundum ISO 639 inspecta|la|A|B}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{Tessera linguae secundum ISO 639 inspecta|la|A|B}}
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{Tessera linguae secundum ISO 639 inspecta|xxx|A|B}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{Tessera linguae secundum ISO 639 inspecta|xxx|A|B}}
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{Tessera linguae secundum ISO 639 inspecta||A|B}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{Tessera linguae secundum ISO 639 inspecta||A|B}}
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{Tessera linguae secundum ISO 639 inspecta||A|}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{Tessera linguae secundum ISO 639 inspecta||A|}}
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{Tessera linguae secundum ISO 639 inspecta||A}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{Tessera linguae secundum ISO 639 inspecta||A}}

== Ulteriora si cupis ==
* [[:Categoria:Formulae condicionales]]

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{in harenario aut alibi||
&lt;!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --&gt;
[[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae condicionales|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae intra versum accommodandae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Metaformulae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae quae canones ISO sequuntur|{{PAGENAME}}]]
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>16spfk2181avg35u33b9jeysn0i3awh</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Formula:Consilium Italicum Berlusconi III</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>326521</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3969970</id>
      <parentid>3969911</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T15:05:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-36983-83</username>
        <id>211443</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3969970</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1370" sha1="h4e5x445xv7dnkduuqbospo1ay3ef9z" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa navigationis
| titulus = Consilium ministrorum [[Silvius Berlusconius|Silvii Berlusconii]] 2005–2006
| imago = {{Insigne|Italia|scriptum=nil|amplitudo=55px|nexus=Italia}}
| corpus   = [[Ioannes Alemanno]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Marius Baccini]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Silvius Berlusconius]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Rochus Buttiglione]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Robertus Calderoli]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Stephanus Caldoro]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Robertus Castelli]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Ioannes Francus Fini]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Carolus Giovanardi]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Henricus La Loggia]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Georgius La Malfa]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Marius Landolfi]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Petrus Lunardi]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Robertus Maroni]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Antonius Martino]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Alter Matteoli]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Ioannes Francus Miccichè]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Laetitia Moratti]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Iosephus Pisanu]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Stephania Prestigiacomo]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Claudius Scajola]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Dominicus Siniscalco]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Lucius Stanca]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Franciscus Storace]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Mirko Tremaglia]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Iulius Tremonti]]
| sub = [[Opus:Geopoliticum|Opus geopoliticum]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Porta:Unio Europaea|Porta Unionis Europaeae]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Consilia ministrorum civitatum Europaearum hodiernarum]]
| sub2 = {{Consilia Italica}}}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Categoria:Formulae Italiam spectantes]]
[[Categoria:Formulae navigationis consiliorum ministrorum|Italia]]
[[Categoria:Res politicae Italicae|ß]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Formula:Consilium Italicum Berlusconi II</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>326522</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3969969</id>
      <parentid>3969913</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T15:04:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-36983-83</username>
        <id>211443</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3969969</origin>
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      <text bytes="1602" sha1="8g37rywtnu5obghxcv5racnou8h90zh" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa navigationis
| titulus = Consilium ministrorum [[Silvius Berlusconius|Silvii Berlusconii]] 2001–2005
| imago = {{Insigne|Italia|scriptum=nil|amplitudo=55px|nexus=Italia}}
| corpus   = [[Ioannes Alemanno]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Marius Baccini]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Silvius Berlusconius]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Humbertus Bossi]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Rochus Buttiglione]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Robertus Calderoli]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Stephanus Caldoro]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Robertus Castelli]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Ioannes Francus Fini]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Marcus Follini]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Francus Frattini]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Mauritius Gasparri]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Carolus Giovanardi]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Henricus La Loggia]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Georgius La Malfa]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Marius Landolfi]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Petrus Lunardi]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Robertus Maroni]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Antonius Martino]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Antonius Marzano]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Alter Matteoli]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Aloisius Mazzella]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Laetitia Moratti]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Iosephus Pisanu]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Stephania Prestigiacomo]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Renatus Ruggiero]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Claudius Scajola]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Dominicus Siniscalco]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Hieronymus Sirchia]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Lucius Stanca]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Franciscus Storace]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Mirko Tremaglia]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Iulius Tremonti]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Iulianus Urbani]]
| sub = [[Opus:Geopoliticum|Opus geopoliticum]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Porta:Unio Europaea|Porta Unionis Europaeae]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Consilia ministrorum civitatum Europaearum hodiernarum]]
| sub2 = {{Consilia Italica}}}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Categoria:Formulae Italiam spectantes]]
[[Categoria:Formulae navigationis consiliorum ministrorum|Italia]]
[[Categoria:Res politicae Italicae|ß]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>8g37rywtnu5obghxcv5racnou8h90zh</sha1>
    </revision>
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  <page>
    <title>Formula:Consilium Italicum D'Alema II</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>326524</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3970059</id>
      <parentid>3969920</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-05T08:54:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-36983-83</username>
        <id>211443</id>
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      <text bytes="1300" sha1="fsl74v5hi7i2a3yrf69pyfxrnh7v153" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa navigationis
| titulus = Consilium ministrorum Maximi D'Alema 1999–2000
| imago = {{Insigne|Italia|scriptum=nil|amplitudo=55px|nexus=Italia}}
| corpus   = [[Iulianus Amato]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Laura Balbo]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Francus Bassanini]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Katia Belillo]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Rosaria Bindi]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Aloisius Berlinguer]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Petrus Ludovicus Bersani]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Vincentius Bianco]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Willer Bordon]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Salvator Cardinale]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Maximus D'Alema]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Paulus De Castro]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Olivierus Diliberto]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Lambertus Dini]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Petrus Fassino]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Henricus Letta]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Agatius Loiero]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Antonius Maccanico]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Sergius Mattarella]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Ioanna Melandri]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Eduardus Ronchi]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Caesar Salvi]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Patricia Toia]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Livia Turco]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Vincentius Visco]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Hortensius Zecchino]]
| sub = [[Opus:Geopoliticum|Opus geopoliticum]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Porta:Unio Europaea|Porta Unionis Europaeae]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Consilia ministrorum civitatum Europaearum hodiernarum]]
| sub2 = {{Consilia Italica}}}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Categoria:Formulae Italiam spectantes]]
[[Categoria:Formulae navigationis consiliorum ministrorum|Italia]]
[[Categoria:Res politicae Italicae|ß]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>fsl74v5hi7i2a3yrf69pyfxrnh7v153</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Formula:Consilium Italicum D'Alema I</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>326526</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3970060</id>
      <parentid>3969921</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-05T08:54:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-36983-83</username>
        <id>211443</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3970060</origin>
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      <text bytes="1509" sha1="cgbagxmucl3qa5tg8hge6uofx7sq6vv" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa navigationis
| titulus = Consilium ministrorum Maximi D'Alema 1998–1999
| imago = {{Insigne|Italia|scriptum=nil|amplitudo=55px|nexus=Italia}}
| corpus   = [[Iulianus Amato]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Laura Balbo]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Francus Bassanini]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Antonius Bassolino]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Katia Belillo]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Rosaria Bindi]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Aloisius Berlinguer]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Petrus Ludovicus Bersani]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Vincentius Bianco]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Salvator Cardinale]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Carolus Azeglio Ciampi]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Maximus D'Alema]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Paulus De Castro]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Olivierus Diliberto]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Lambertus Dini]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Petrus Fassino]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Ioannes Guido Folloni]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Rosa Russo Iervolino]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Henricus Letta]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Agatius Loiero]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Antonius Maccanico]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Sergius Mattarella]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Ioanna Melandri]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Henricus Micheli]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Angelus Piazza]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Eduardus Ronchi]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Caesar Salvi]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Carolus Scognamiglio Pasini]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Titianus Treu]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Livia Turco]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Vincentius Visco]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Hortensius Zecchino]]
| sub = [[Opus:Geopoliticum|Opus geopoliticum]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Porta:Unio Europaea|Porta Unionis Europaeae]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Consilia ministrorum civitatum Europaearum hodiernarum]]
| sub2 = {{Consilia Italica}}}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Categoria:Formulae Italiam spectantes]]
[[Categoria:Formulae navigationis consiliorum ministrorum|Italia]]
[[Categoria:Res politicae Italicae|ß]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Coemeterium Monumentalis Cothonei</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>326527</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3969931</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T12:28:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rei Momo</username>
        <id>58149</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Paginam instituit, scribens '[[Fasciculus:Codogno Monumental Cemetery 01 entrance.JPG|thumb|250px|Intritus coemeterii Cothonei]] '''Coemeterium Monumentalis Cothonei''' ([[Italice]] ''Cimitero Monumentale di Codogno'') est sepulcretum in civitate [[Cothoneum|Cothonei]] situm, prope ipsum oppidi centrum situm est, inter ecclesiam Nostrae Dominae [[Caravagium|Caravagii]] et [[valetudinarium]] municipale.  == Sepulcra notabiles ==  * [[Iosephus Novello]], (1897-1988) pictor * Iosephus Pagan...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="886" sha1="t4occiyk637cao05dlezz6lz5tsme5g" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Codogno Monumental Cemetery 01 entrance.JPG|thumb|250px|Intritus coemeterii Cothonei]]
'''Coemeterium Monumentalis Cothonei''' ([[Italice]] ''Cimitero Monumentale di Codogno'') est sepulcretum in civitate [[Cothoneum|Cothonei]] situm, prope ipsum oppidi centrum situm est, inter ecclesiam Nostrae Dominae [[Caravagium|Caravagii]] et [[valetudinarium]] municipale.

== Sepulcra notabiles ==

* [[Iosephus Novello]], (1897-1988) pictor
* [[Iosephus Pagani]], (1937-2023) scriptor diarii et moderator radiophonicus

==Bibliographia==

* Palazzina D., Cenni storici di Codogno, Mediolanum 1964, pp. 234-235

==Nexus externi==
{{fontes geographici}}

* [https://www.lombardiabeniculturali.it/architetture/schede/LO370-00018/ Coemeterium Monumentalis Cothonei apud Lombardia Beni Culturali, Regio Langobardiae] {{ling|Italice}}

[[Categoria:Langobardia]]
[[Categoria:Coemeteria]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3970039</id>
      <parentid>3969931</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-05T05:43:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rei Momo</username>
        <id>58149</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3970039</origin>
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      <text bytes="1707" sha1="hf4ievfqhxr2wv7u4xoyhvum6ep2hi5" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Codogno Monumental Cemetery 01 entrance.JPG|thumb|250px|Introitus coemeterii Cothonei]]
[[Fasciculus:Codogno Monumental Cemetery 04 first courtyard.JPG|thumb|250px|Primum coemeterii atrium]]
'''Coemeterium Monumentalis Cothonei''' ([[Italice]] ''Cimitero Monumentale di Codogno'') est sepulcretum in civitate [[Cothoneum|Cothonei]] situm, prope ipsum oppidi centrum situm est, inter ecclesiam Nostrae Dominae [[Caravagium|Caravagii]] et [[valetudinarium]] municipale.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.lombardiabeniculturali.it/architetture/schede/LO370-00018/ Cimitero di Codogno]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia ==

Coemeterium formam rectangulam habet et ex tribus areis constat. Die 2 Iunii 2020, anniversarii diei Rei Publicae, , praeses [[ Sergius Mattarella]] coemeterium visitavit ut honorem tribueret victimis pestilentiae [[COVID-19]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://milano.repubblica.it/cronaca/2020/06/02/news/mattarella_codogno_festa_della_repubblica_2_giugno_coronavirus-258235276/ 2 Giugno, Mattarella a Codogno: &quot;Da qui riparte l'Italia del coraggio e da qui ribadiamo i valori della Costituzione&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sepulcra notabiles ==

* [[Iosephus Novello]], (1897-1988) pictor
* [[Virgilius Muzzi]], (1923-2010), scriptor [[Narratio picta|narrationis pictae]].
* [[Iosephus Pagani]], (1937-2023) scriptor diarii et moderator radiophonicus

==Bibliographia==

* Palazzina D., Cenni storici di Codogno, Mediolanum 1964, pp. 234-235

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

==Nexus externi==
{{fontes geographici}}

* [https://www.lombardiabeniculturali.it/architetture/schede/LO370-00018/ Coemeterium Monumentalis Cothonei apud Lombardia Beni Culturali, Regio Langobardiae] {{ling|Italice}}

[[Categoria:Langobardia]]
[[Categoria:Coemeteria]]</text>
      <sha1>hf4ievfqhxr2wv7u4xoyhvum6ep2hi5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3970042</id>
      <parentid>3970039</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-05T05:47:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rei Momo</username>
        <id>58149</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3970042</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1720" sha1="tfetrzmsjzeb9n98u0rtoh1p63awvni" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Codogno Monumental Cemetery 01 entrance.JPG|thumb|250px|Introitus coemeterii Cothonei]]
[[Fasciculus:Codogno Monumental Cemetery 04 first courtyard.JPG|thumb|250px|Primum coemeterii atrium]]
'''Coemeterium Monumentalis Cothonei''' ([[Italice]] ''Cimitero Monumentale di Codogno'') est sepulcretum in civitate [[Cothoneum|Cothonei]] situm, prope ipsum oppidi centrum situm est, inter ecclesiam Nostrae Dominae [[Caravagium|Caravagii]] et [[valetudinarium]] municipale.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.lombardiabeniculturali.it/architetture/schede/LO370-00018/ Cimitero di Codogno]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia ==

Coemeterium formam rectangulam habet et ex tribus areis constat. Die 2 Iunii 2020, anniversarii diei Rei Publicae, , praeses [[ Sergius Mattarella]] coemeterium visitavit ut honorem tribueret victimis pestilentiae [[COVID-19]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://milano.repubblica.it/cronaca/2020/06/02/news/mattarella_codogno_festa_della_repubblica_2_giugno_coronavirus-258235276/ 2 Giugno, Mattarella a Codogno: &quot;Da qui riparte l'Italia del coraggio e da qui ribadiamo i valori della Costituzione&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sepulcra notabiles ==

* [[Iosephus Novello]], (1897-1988) pictor
* [[Virgilius Muzzi]], (1923-2010), scriptor [[Narratio picta|narrationis pictae]].
* [[Iosephus Pagani]], (1937-2023) scriptor diarii et moderator radiophonicus

==Bibliographia==

* Palazzina D., Cenni storici di Codogno, Mediolanum 1964, pp. 234-235

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

==Nexus externi==
{{fontes geographici}}

* [https://www.lombardiabeniculturali.it/architetture/schede/LO370-00018/ Coemeterium Monumentalis Cothonei apud Lombardia Beni Culturali, Regio Langobardiae] {{ling|Italice}}

{{stipula}}

[[Categoria:Langobardia]]
[[Categoria:Coemeteria]]</text>
      <sha1>tfetrzmsjzeb9n98u0rtoh1p63awvni</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Categoria:Formulae quae canones ISO sequuntur</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>326528</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3969935</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T12:38:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Prima adumbratio</comment>
      <origin>3969935</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="48" sha1="7060nfdtlbx588ef1ky0386nzigoauz" xml:space="preserve">{{Categoria formularum}}

[[Categoria:Formulae]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sextius Rusticus Iulianus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>326529</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3969942</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T13:57:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Paginam instituit, scribens ''''Sextius Rusticus Iulianus''' (mortuus 388) fuit homo novus in [[Senatus Romanus|ordine senatorio]]  in quem adlectus erat: deinde [[Fasti proconsulum Africae|proconsulatum Africae]] et [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefecturam Urbi]] gessit. Sectator [[Mithras|Mithrae]] fuisse videtur.  ==Fontes== * [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], Epistulae 1-9 (ad eum missae) et ''Oratio'' VII (pro Synesio)  [[Categoria:Praefecti urbi Romae antiqui]] Categoria:Procon...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="532" sha1="qm4jmg4ma5vtch6xbjo6hguur28vdg2" xml:space="preserve">'''Sextius Rusticus Iulianus''' (mortuus 388) fuit homo novus in [[Senatus Romanus|ordine senatorio]]  in quem adlectus erat: deinde [[Fasti proconsulum Africae|proconsulatum Africae]] et [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefecturam Urbi]] gessit. Sectator [[Mithras|Mithrae]] fuisse videtur.

==Fontes==
* [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], Epistulae 1-9 (ad eum missae) et ''Oratio'' VII (pro Synesio)

[[Categoria:Praefecti urbi Romae antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Proconsules Asiae]]
[[Categoria:Nati saeculo 4]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 388]]</text>
      <sha1>qm4jmg4ma5vtch6xbjo6hguur28vdg2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3969943</id>
      <parentid>3969942</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T13:59:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3969943</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="760" sha1="s0gu1xue6qkje6qjtd3f4rra2412nsk" xml:space="preserve">'''Sextius Rusticus Iulianus''' (mortuus 388) fuit homo novus in [[Senatus Romanus|ordine senatorio]]  in quem adlectus erat: deinde [[Fasti proconsulum Africae|proconsulatum Africae]] et [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefecturam Urbi]] gessit. Sectator [[Mithras|Mithrae]] fuisse videtur.

==Fontes==
* [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], Epistulae 1-9 (ad eum missae) et ''Oratio'' VII (pro Synesio)

== Plura legere si cupis
* A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/478/mode/2up 479-480]
[[Categoria:Praefecti urbi Romae antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Proconsules Asiae]]
[[Categoria:Nati saeculo 4]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 388]]</text>
      <sha1>s0gu1xue6qkje6qjtd3f4rra2412nsk</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3969944</id>
      <parentid>3969943</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T13:59:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Fontes */</comment>
      <origin>3969944</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="763" sha1="ii2yhxvtclb3mn3epplzblpuc73d0kc" xml:space="preserve">'''Sextius Rusticus Iulianus''' (mortuus 388) fuit homo novus in [[Senatus Romanus|ordine senatorio]]  in quem adlectus erat: deinde [[Fasti proconsulum Africae|proconsulatum Africae]] et [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefecturam Urbi]] gessit. Sectator [[Mithras|Mithrae]] fuisse videtur.

==Fontes==
* [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], Epistulae 1-9 (ad eum missae) et ''Oratio'' VII (pro Synesio)

== Plura legere si cupis ==
* A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/478/mode/2up 479-480]
[[Categoria:Praefecti urbi Romae antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Proconsules Asiae]]
[[Categoria:Nati saeculo 4]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 388]]</text>
      <sha1>ii2yhxvtclb3mn3epplzblpuc73d0kc</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3969945</id>
      <parentid>3969944</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T14:03:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Fontes */</comment>
      <origin>3969945</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="829" sha1="ryd9ofxt47o36w1i3q74ggj1kah05xl" xml:space="preserve">'''Sextius Rusticus Iulianus''' (mortuus 388) fuit homo novus in [[Senatus Romanus|ordine senatorio]]  in quem adlectus erat: deinde [[Fasti proconsulum Africae|proconsulatum Africae]] et [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefecturam Urbi]] gessit. Sectator [[Mithras|Mithrae]] fuisse videtur.

==Fontes==
* {{CIL|8|995}}  {{CIL|8|1447}}  {{CIL|8|12537}}  {{CIL|8|16400}}
* [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], Epistulae 1-9 (ad eum missae) et ''Oratio'' VII (pro Synesio)

== Plura legere si cupis ==
* A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/478/mode/2up 479-480]
[[Categoria:Praefecti urbi Romae antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Proconsules Asiae]]
[[Categoria:Nati saeculo 4]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 388]]</text>
      <sha1>ryd9ofxt47o36w1i3q74ggj1kah05xl</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3969946</id>
      <parentid>3969945</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T14:04:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Fontes */</comment>
      <origin>3969946</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="833" sha1="hcuzigmsmorqlbjy1ywwgyqo8trk5tm" xml:space="preserve">'''Sextius Rusticus Iulianus''' (mortuus 388) fuit homo novus in [[Senatus Romanus|ordine senatorio]]  in quem adlectus erat: deinde [[Fasti proconsulum Africae|proconsulatum Africae]] et [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefecturam Urbi]] gessit. Sectator [[Mithras|Mithrae]] fuisse videtur.

==Fontes==
* {{CIL|8|995}}  {{CIL|8|1447}}  {{CIL|8|12537}}  {{CIL|8|16400}}
* [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Epistulae'' 1-9 (ad eum missae) et ''Oratio'' VII (pro Synesio)

== Plura legere si cupis ==
* A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/478/mode/2up 479-480]
[[Categoria:Praefecti urbi Romae antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Proconsules Asiae]]
[[Categoria:Nati saeculo 4]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 388]]</text>
      <sha1>hcuzigmsmorqlbjy1ywwgyqo8trk5tm</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3969947</id>
      <parentid>3969946</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T14:10:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Fontes */</comment>
      <origin>3969947</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="885" sha1="h2x1h3e8f62i1w075bl0ovoc4z39iqa" xml:space="preserve">'''Sextius Rusticus Iulianus''' (mortuus 388) fuit homo novus in [[Senatus Romanus|ordine senatorio]]  in quem adlectus erat: deinde [[Fasti proconsulum Africae|proconsulatum Africae]] et [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefecturam Urbi]] gessit. Sectator [[Mithras|Mithrae]] fuisse videtur.

==Fontes==
* {{CIL|8|995}}  {{CIL|8|1447}}  {{CIL|8|12537}}  {{CIL|8|16400}}
*[[Ammianus Marcellinus]], ''Res gestae'' XXVII.6.1
* [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Epistulae'' 1-9 (ad eum missae) et ''Oratio'' VII (pro Synesio)

== Plura legere si cupis ==
* A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/478/mode/2up 479-480]
[[Categoria:Praefecti urbi Romae antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Proconsules Asiae]]
[[Categoria:Nati saeculo 4]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 388]]</text>
      <sha1>h2x1h3e8f62i1w075bl0ovoc4z39iqa</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3969949</id>
      <parentid>3969947</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T14:25:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3969949</origin>
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      <text bytes="1577" sha1="876kdq3up6a7qw7xf4v26nkembmgmk0" xml:space="preserve">'''Sextius Rusticus Iulianus''' (mortuus 388) fuit homo novus in [[Senatus Romanus|ordine senatorio]]  in quem adlectus erat: deinde [[Fasti proconsulum Africae|proconsulatum Africae]] et [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefecturam Urbi]] gessit. Sectator [[Mithras|Mithrae]] fuisse videtur.

== De cursu honorum ==
Primo anno [[367]] magister memoriae [[Imperatores Romani|imperatoris]] [[Valentinianus I|Valentiniani I]] fuit ad cuius successionem Galli qui in aula aderant eum nominare volebant. Deinde inter 371 et 373 [[proconsul]] [[Africa (provincia Romana)|provinciam Africam]] rexit crudelitatem immanem exhibens siquidem Ammiano&lt;ref&gt;XXVII.6.1. Quattuor inscriptiones in Africa repertae ad eum pertinentes in octavo tomo [[Corpus inscriptionum Latinarum|Corporis inscriptionum Latinarum]] legendae sunt.&lt;/ref&gt; credimus.
Postremo praefectus Urbi usurpatoris [[Maximianus|Mamimiani]] fuit cuius cladi non superfuit. Historicus Ammianus Marcellinus eum vehementer denigrabat.

==Fontes==
* {{CIL|8|995}}  {{CIL|8|1447}}  {{CIL|8|12537}}  {{CIL|8|16400}}
*[[Ammianus Marcellinus]], ''Res gestae'' XXVII.6.1-2
* [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Epistulae'' 1-9 (ad eum missae) et ''Oratio'' VII (pro Synesio)

== Plura legere si cupis ==
* A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/478/mode/2up 479-480]
[[Categoria:Praefecti urbi Romae antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Proconsules Asiae]]
[[Categoria:Nati saeculo 4]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 388]]</text>
      <sha1>876kdq3up6a7qw7xf4v26nkembmgmk0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3969950</id>
      <parentid>3969949</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T14:28:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3969950</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1578" sha1="j263nibc375d7zs9it88t55sc6e6s11" xml:space="preserve">'''Sextius Rusticus Iulianus''' (mortuus 388) fuit homo novus in [[Senatus Romanus|ordine senatorio]]  in quem adlectus erat: deinde [[Fasti proconsulum Africae|proconsulatum Africae]] et [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefecturam Urbi]] gessit. Sectator [[Mithras|Mithrae]] fuisse videtur.

== De cursu honorum ==
Primo anno [[367]] magister memoriae [[Imperatores Romani|imperatoris]] [[Valentinianus I|Valentiniani I]] fuit ad cuius successionem Galli qui in aula aderant eum nominare volebant. Deinde inter 371 et 373 [[proconsul]] [[Africa (provincia Romana)|provinciam Africam]] rexit crudelitatem immanem exhibens siquidem Ammiano&lt;ref&gt;XXVII.6.1. Quattuor inscriptiones in Africa repertae ad eum pertinentes in octavo tomo [[Corpus inscriptionum Latinarum|Corporis inscriptionum Latinarum]] legendae sunt.&lt;/ref&gt; credimus.
Postremo praefectus Urbi usurpatoris [[Magnus Maximus|Maximi]] fuit cuius cladi non superfuit. Historicus Ammianus Marcellinus eum vehementer denigrabat.

==Fontes==
* {{CIL|8|995}}  {{CIL|8|1447}}  {{CIL|8|12537}}  {{CIL|8|16400}}
*[[Ammianus Marcellinus]], ''Res gestae'' XXVII.6.1-2
* [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Epistulae'' 1-9 (ad eum missae) et ''Oratio'' VII (pro Synesio)

== Plura legere si cupis ==
* A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/478/mode/2up 479-480]
[[Categoria:Praefecti urbi Romae antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Proconsules Asiae]]
[[Categoria:Nati saeculo 4]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 388]]</text>
      <sha1>j263nibc375d7zs9it88t55sc6e6s11</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3969956</id>
      <parentid>3969950</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T14:41:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3969956</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="1605" sha1="hs44fy6zzrbdvxdmh5xcb1hwmlpvr1k" xml:space="preserve">'''Sextius Rusticus Iulianus''' (mortuus 388) fuit homo novus in [[Senatus Romanus|ordine senatorio]]  in quem adlectus erat: deinde [[Fasti proconsulum Africae|proconsulatum Africae]] et [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefecturam Urbi]] gessit. Sectator [[Mithras|Mithrae]] fuisse videtur.

== De cursu honorum ==
Primo anno [[367]] magister memoriae [[Imperatores Romani|imperatoris]] [[Valentinianus I|Valentiniani I]] fuit ad cuius successionem Galli qui in aula aderant eum nominare volebant. Deinde inter 371 et 373 [[proconsul]] [[Africa (provincia Romana)|provinciam Africam]] rexit crudelitatem immanem exhibens siquidem Ammiano&lt;ref&gt;XXVII.6.1. Quattuor inscriptiones in Africa repertae ad eum pertinentes in octavo tomo [[Corpus inscriptionum Latinarum|Corporis inscriptionum Latinarum]] legendae sunt.&lt;/ref&gt; credimus.
Postremo praefectus Urbi usurpatoris [[Magnus Maximus|Maximi]] fuit cuius cladi non superfuit. Historicus Ammianus Marcellinus eum vehementer denigrabat.

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Fontes==
* {{CIL|8|995}}  {{CIL|8|1447}}  {{CIL|8|12537}}  {{CIL|8|16400}}
*[[Ammianus Marcellinus]], ''Res gestae'' XXVII.6.1-2
* [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Epistulae'' 1-9 (ad eum missae) et ''Oratio'' VII (pro Synesio)

== Plura legere si cupis ==
* A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/478/mode/2up 479-480]
[[Categoria:Praefecti urbi Romae antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Proconsules Asiae]]
[[Categoria:Nati saeculo 4]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 388]]</text>
      <sha1>hs44fy6zzrbdvxdmh5xcb1hwmlpvr1k</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3969958</id>
      <parentid>3969956</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T14:44:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3969958</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1701" sha1="hlukkrfi3yhpemlek6ydg0gcztaaxf2" xml:space="preserve">'''Sextius Rusticus Iulianus''' (mortuus 388) fuit homo novus in [[Senatus Romanus|ordine senatorio]]  in quem adlectus erat&lt;ref&gt;Symmachus, ''Oratio'' VII.4: ''Iulianus adscitus senator, quae res de merito venit''.&lt;/ref&gt;: deinde [[Fasti proconsulum Africae|proconsulatum Africae]] et [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefecturam Urbi]] gessit. Sectator [[Mithras|Mithrae]] fuisse videtur.

== De cursu honorum ==
Primo anno [[367]] magister memoriae [[Imperatores Romani|imperatoris]] [[Valentinianus I|Valentiniani I]] fuit ad cuius successionem Galli qui in aula aderant eum nominare volebant. Deinde inter 371 et 373 [[proconsul]] [[Africa (provincia Romana)|provinciam Africam]] rexit crudelitatem immanem exhibens siquidem Ammiano&lt;ref&gt;XXVII.6.1. Quattuor inscriptiones in Africa repertae ad eum pertinentes in octavo tomo [[Corpus inscriptionum Latinarum|Corporis inscriptionum Latinarum]] legendae sunt.&lt;/ref&gt; credimus.
Postremo praefectus Urbi usurpatoris [[Magnus Maximus|Maximi]] fuit cuius cladi non superfuit. Historicus Ammianus Marcellinus eum vehementer denigrabat.

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Fontes==
* {{CIL|8|995}}  {{CIL|8|1447}}  {{CIL|8|12537}}  {{CIL|8|16400}}
*[[Ammianus Marcellinus]], ''Res gestae'' XXVII.6.1-2
* [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Epistulae'' 1-9 (ad eum missae) et ''Oratio'' VII (pro Synesio)

== Plura legere si cupis ==
* A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/478/mode/2up 479-480]
[[Categoria:Praefecti urbi Romae antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Proconsules Asiae]]
[[Categoria:Nati saeculo 4]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 388]]</text>
      <sha1>hlukkrfi3yhpemlek6ydg0gcztaaxf2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3969959</id>
      <parentid>3969958</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T14:46:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* De cursu honorum */</comment>
      <origin>3969959</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1814" sha1="7d7ewxh8hko3mr8ifb58en610zs7ymi" xml:space="preserve">'''Sextius Rusticus Iulianus''' (mortuus 388) fuit homo novus in [[Senatus Romanus|ordine senatorio]]  in quem adlectus erat&lt;ref&gt;Symmachus, ''Oratio'' VII.4: ''Iulianus adscitus senator, quae res de merito venit''.&lt;/ref&gt;: deinde [[Fasti proconsulum Africae|proconsulatum Africae]] et [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefecturam Urbi]] gessit. Sectator [[Mithras|Mithrae]] fuisse videtur.

== De cursu honorum ==
Primo anno [[367]] magister memoriae [[Imperatores Romani|imperatoris]] [[Valentinianus I|Valentiniani I]] fuit ad cuius successionem Galli qui in aula aderant eum nominare volebant. Deinde inter 371 et 373 [[proconsul]] [[Africa (provincia Romana)|provinciam Africam]] rexit crudelitatem immanem exhibens siquidem Ammiano&lt;ref&gt;XXVII.6.1. Quattuor inscriptiones in Africa repertae ad eum pertinentes in octavo tomo [[Corpus inscriptionum Latinarum|Corporis inscriptionum Latinarum]] legendae sunt.&lt;/ref&gt; credimus.
Postremo praefectus Urbi usurpatoris [[Magnus Maximus|Maximi]] fuit cuius cladi non superfuit. Historicus Ammianus Marcellinus eum vehementer denigrabat.

Filius ei fuit Synesius pro quo in senatum adlegendo orationem habuit [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]].

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Fontes==
* {{CIL|8|995}}  {{CIL|8|1447}}  {{CIL|8|12537}}  {{CIL|8|16400}}
*[[Ammianus Marcellinus]], ''Res gestae'' XXVII.6.1-2
* [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Epistulae'' 1-9 (ad eum missae) et ''Oratio'' VII (pro Synesio)

== Plura legere si cupis ==
* A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/478/mode/2up 479-480]
[[Categoria:Praefecti urbi Romae antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Proconsules Asiae]]
[[Categoria:Nati saeculo 4]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 388]]</text>
      <sha1>7d7ewxh8hko3mr8ifb58en610zs7ymi</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3969962</id>
      <parentid>3969959</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T14:49:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
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      <text bytes="1840" sha1="is384hprc88l9oaeywqda04wcn573xe" xml:space="preserve">'''Sextius Rusticus Iulianus''' (mortuus 388) fuit homo novus in [[Senatus Romanus|ordine senatorio]]  in quem adlectus erat&lt;ref&gt;Symmachus, ''Oratio'' VII.4: ''Iulianus adscitus senator, quae res de merito venit''.&lt;/ref&gt;: deinde [[Fasti proconsulum Africae|proconsulatum Africae]] et [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefecturam Urbi]] gessit. Sectator [[Mithras|Mithrae]] fuisse videtur&lt;ref&gt;{{AE|1953|237}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== De cursu honorum ==
Primo anno [[367]] magister memoriae [[Imperatores Romani|imperatoris]] [[Valentinianus I|Valentiniani I]] fuit ad cuius successionem Galli qui in aula aderant eum nominare volebant. Deinde inter 371 et 373 [[proconsul]] [[Africa (provincia Romana)|provinciam Africam]] rexit crudelitatem immanem exhibens siquidem Ammiano&lt;ref&gt;XXVII.6.1. Quattuor inscriptiones in Africa repertae ad eum pertinentes in octavo tomo [[Corpus inscriptionum Latinarum|Corporis inscriptionum Latinarum]] legendae sunt.&lt;/ref&gt; credimus.
Postremo praefectus Urbi usurpatoris [[Magnus Maximus|Maximi]] fuit cuius cladi non superfuit. Historicus Ammianus Marcellinus eum vehementer denigrabat.

Filius ei fuit Synesius pro quo in senatum adlegendo orationem habuit [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]].

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Fontes==
* {{CIL|8|995}}  {{CIL|8|1447}}  {{CIL|8|12537}}  {{CIL|8|16400}}
*[[Ammianus Marcellinus]], ''Res gestae'' XXVII.6.1-2
* [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Epistulae'' 1-9 (ad eum missae) et ''Oratio'' VII (pro Synesio)

== Plura legere si cupis ==
* A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/478/mode/2up 479-480]
[[Categoria:Praefecti urbi Romae antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Proconsules Asiae]]
[[Categoria:Nati saeculo 4]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 388]]</text>
      <sha1>is384hprc88l9oaeywqda04wcn573xe</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3969963</id>
      <parentid>3969962</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T14:50:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* De cursu honorum */</comment>
      <origin>3969963</origin>
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      <text bytes="1854" sha1="gpovg8rpg1h0j9675r4hvjggjiny3gl" xml:space="preserve">'''Sextius Rusticus Iulianus''' (mortuus 388) fuit homo novus in [[Senatus Romanus|ordine senatorio]]  in quem adlectus erat&lt;ref&gt;Symmachus, ''Oratio'' VII.4: ''Iulianus adscitus senator, quae res de merito venit''.&lt;/ref&gt;: deinde [[Fasti proconsulum Africae|proconsulatum Africae]] et [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefecturam Urbi]] gessit. Sectator [[Mithras|Mithrae]] fuisse videtur&lt;ref&gt;{{AE|1953|237}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== De cursu honorum ==
Primo anno [[367]] magister memoriae [[Imperatores Romani|imperatoris]] [[Valentinianus I|Valentiniani I]] fuit ad cuius successionem Galli qui in aula aderant eum nominare volebant. Deinde inter 371 et 373 [[proconsul]] [[Africa (provincia Romana)|provinciam Africam]] rexit crudelitatem immanem exhibens siquidem Ammiano&lt;ref&gt;XXVII.6.1. Quattuor inscriptiones in Africa repertae ad eum pertinentes in octavo tomo [[Corpus inscriptionum Latinarum|Corporis inscriptionum Latinarum]] legendae sunt.&lt;/ref&gt; credimus.
Postremo praefectus Urbi [[Usurpatio|usurpatoris]] [[Magnus Maximus|Maximi]] fuit cuius cladi non superfuit. Historicus Ammianus Marcellinus eum vehementer denigrabat.

Filius ei fuit Synesius pro quo in senatum adlegendo orationem habuit [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]].

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Fontes==
* {{CIL|8|995}}  {{CIL|8|1447}}  {{CIL|8|12537}}  {{CIL|8|16400}}
*[[Ammianus Marcellinus]], ''Res gestae'' XXVII.6.1-2
* [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Epistulae'' 1-9 (ad eum missae) et ''Oratio'' VII (pro Synesio)

== Plura legere si cupis ==
* A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/478/mode/2up 479-480]
[[Categoria:Praefecti urbi Romae antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Proconsules Asiae]]
[[Categoria:Nati saeculo 4]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 388]]</text>
      <sha1>gpovg8rpg1h0j9675r4hvjggjiny3gl</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-04T15:30:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Plura legere si cupis */</comment>
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      <text bytes="1909" sha1="b66lgv30brsd1zzwrp6f91yf1z4r2z1" xml:space="preserve">'''Sextius Rusticus Iulianus''' (mortuus 388) fuit homo novus in [[Senatus Romanus|ordine senatorio]]  in quem adlectus erat&lt;ref&gt;Symmachus, ''Oratio'' VII.4: ''Iulianus adscitus senator, quae res de merito venit''.&lt;/ref&gt;: deinde [[Fasti proconsulum Africae|proconsulatum Africae]] et [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefecturam Urbi]] gessit. Sectator [[Mithras|Mithrae]] fuisse videtur&lt;ref&gt;{{AE|1953|237}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== De cursu honorum ==
Primo anno [[367]] magister memoriae [[Imperatores Romani|imperatoris]] [[Valentinianus I|Valentiniani I]] fuit ad cuius successionem Galli qui in aula aderant eum nominare volebant. Deinde inter 371 et 373 [[proconsul]] [[Africa (provincia Romana)|provinciam Africam]] rexit crudelitatem immanem exhibens siquidem Ammiano&lt;ref&gt;XXVII.6.1. Quattuor inscriptiones in Africa repertae ad eum pertinentes in octavo tomo [[Corpus inscriptionum Latinarum|Corporis inscriptionum Latinarum]] legendae sunt.&lt;/ref&gt; credimus.
Postremo praefectus Urbi [[Usurpatio|usurpatoris]] [[Magnus Maximus|Maximi]] fuit cuius cladi non superfuit. Historicus Ammianus Marcellinus eum vehementer denigrabat.

Filius ei fuit Synesius pro quo in senatum adlegendo orationem habuit [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]].

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Fontes==
* {{CIL|8|995}}  {{CIL|8|1447}}  {{CIL|8|12537}}  {{CIL|8|16400}}
*[[Ammianus Marcellinus]], ''Res gestae'' XXVII.6.1-2
* [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Epistulae'' 1-9 (ad eum missae) et ''Oratio'' VII (pro Synesio)

== Plura legere si cupis ==
* A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/478/mode/2up 479-480]

{{Lifetime|saeculo 4|388|Rusticus Iulianus, Sextius}}
[[Categoria:Praefecti urbi Romae antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Proconsules Asiae]]
[[Categoria:Nati saeculo 4]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 388]]</text>
      <sha1>b66lgv30brsd1zzwrp6f91yf1z4r2z1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3969978</id>
      <parentid>3969975</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T15:41:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* De cursu honorum */</comment>
      <origin>3969978</origin>
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      <text bytes="1974" sha1="3orthxk8qem44a3r1402yevdtjh2mnm" xml:space="preserve">'''Sextius Rusticus Iulianus''' (mortuus 388) fuit homo novus in [[Senatus Romanus|ordine senatorio]]  in quem adlectus erat&lt;ref&gt;Symmachus, ''Oratio'' VII.4: ''Iulianus adscitus senator, quae res de merito venit''.&lt;/ref&gt;: deinde [[Fasti proconsulum Africae|proconsulatum Africae]] et [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefecturam Urbi]] gessit. Sectator [[Mithras|Mithrae]] fuisse videtur&lt;ref&gt;{{AE|1953|237}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== De cursu honorum ==
Primo anno [[367]] magister memoriae [[Imperatores Romani|imperatoris]] [[Valentinianus I|Valentiniani I]] fuit ad cuius successionem Galli qui in aula aderant eum nominare volebant. Deinde inter 371 et 373 [[proconsul]] [[Africa (provincia Romana)|provinciam Africam]] rexit crudelitatem immanem exhibens siquidem Ammiano&lt;ref&gt;XXVII.6.1. Quattuor inscriptiones in Africa repertae ad eum pertinentes in octavo tomo [[Corpus inscriptionum Latinarum|Corporis inscriptionum Latinarum]] legendae sunt.&lt;/ref&gt; credimus.
Postremo praefectus Urbi [[Usurpatio|usurpatoris]] [[Magnus Maximus|Maximi]] fuit cuius cladi non superfuit. Historicus Ammianus Marcellinus eum vehementer denigrabat.

Filius ei fuit Synesius pro quo in senatum adlegendo orationem habuit [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://barbarasaylor.com/rome/Symmachus7.pdf Anglice]&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Fontes==
* {{CIL|8|995}}  {{CIL|8|1447}}  {{CIL|8|12537}}  {{CIL|8|16400}}
*[[Ammianus Marcellinus]], ''Res gestae'' XXVII.6.1-2
* [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Epistulae'' 1-9 (ad eum missae) et ''Oratio'' VII (pro Synesio)

== Plura legere si cupis ==
* A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/478/mode/2up 479-480]

{{Lifetime|saeculo 4|388|Rusticus Iulianus, Sextius}}
[[Categoria:Praefecti urbi Romae antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Proconsules Asiae]]
[[Categoria:Nati saeculo 4]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 388]]</text>
      <sha1>3orthxk8qem44a3r1402yevdtjh2mnm</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>3970010</id>
      <parentid>3969978</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T19:46:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Fontes */</comment>
      <origin>3970010</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1978" sha1="tqqbg3wtjxzsxxzh0zn630h1pdpqk6g" xml:space="preserve">'''Sextius Rusticus Iulianus''' (mortuus 388) fuit homo novus in [[Senatus Romanus|ordine senatorio]]  in quem adlectus erat&lt;ref&gt;Symmachus, ''Oratio'' VII.4: ''Iulianus adscitus senator, quae res de merito venit''.&lt;/ref&gt;: deinde [[Fasti proconsulum Africae|proconsulatum Africae]] et [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefecturam Urbi]] gessit. Sectator [[Mithras|Mithrae]] fuisse videtur&lt;ref&gt;{{AE|1953|237}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== De cursu honorum ==
Primo anno [[367]] magister memoriae [[Imperatores Romani|imperatoris]] [[Valentinianus I|Valentiniani I]] fuit ad cuius successionem Galli qui in aula aderant eum nominare volebant. Deinde inter 371 et 373 [[proconsul]] [[Africa (provincia Romana)|provinciam Africam]] rexit crudelitatem immanem exhibens siquidem Ammiano&lt;ref&gt;XXVII.6.1. Quattuor inscriptiones in Africa repertae ad eum pertinentes in octavo tomo [[Corpus inscriptionum Latinarum|Corporis inscriptionum Latinarum]] legendae sunt.&lt;/ref&gt; credimus.
Postremo praefectus Urbi [[Usurpatio|usurpatoris]] [[Magnus Maximus|Maximi]] fuit cuius cladi non superfuit. Historicus Ammianus Marcellinus eum vehementer denigrabat.

Filius ei fuit Synesius pro quo in senatum adlegendo orationem habuit [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://barbarasaylor.com/rome/Symmachus7.pdf Anglice]&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Fontes==
* {{CIL|8|995}}  {{CIL|8|1447}}  {{CIL|8|12537}}  {{CIL|8|16400}}
*[[Ammianus Marcellinus]], ''Res gestae'' XXVII.6.1-2
* [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Epistulae'' III.1-9 (ad eum missae) et ''Oratio'' VII (pro Synesio)

== Plura legere si cupis ==
* A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/478/mode/2up 479-480]

{{Lifetime|saeculo 4|388|Rusticus Iulianus, Sextius}}
[[Categoria:Praefecti urbi Romae antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Proconsules Asiae]]
[[Categoria:Nati saeculo 4]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 388]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nehemiah Grew</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>326530</id>
    <redirect title="Nehemias Grew" />
    <revision>
      <id>3969954</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T14:36:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Andronikos Komnenos</username>
        <id>1527</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Andronikos Komnenos movit paginam [[Nehemiah Grew]] ad [[Nehemias Grew]]: nomen Latinum</comment>
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      <text bytes="27" sha1="ra98rfa627tyg21rvk1o45zfp35f6ed" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Nehemias Grew]]</text>
      <sha1>ra98rfa627tyg21rvk1o45zfp35f6ed</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Formula:Consilium Italicum Prodi I</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>326531</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3969955</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T14:40:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-36983-83</username>
        <id>211443</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>.</comment>
      <origin>3969955</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1210" sha1="8eiryp158k6krpdolcwzll3ankh2nxe" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa navigationis
| titulus = Consilium ministrorum Italicum Romani Prodi 1996–1998
| imago = {{Insigne|Italia|scriptum=nil|amplitudo=55px|nexus=Italia}}
| corpus   = [[Beniaminus Andreatta]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Petrus Ludovicus Bersani]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Aloisius Berlinguer]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Rosaria Bindi]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Georgius Bogi]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Claudius Burlando]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Carolus Azeglio Ciampi]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Paulus Costa]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Antonius Di Pietro]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Lambertus Dini]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Augustus Fantozzi]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Anna Finocchiaro]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Ioannes Maria Flick]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Antonius Maccanico]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Georgius Napolitano]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Michaël Pinto]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Romanus Prodi]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Eduardus Ronchi]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Titianus Treu]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Livia Turco]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Gualtierus Veltroni]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Vincentius Visco]]
| sub = [[Opus:Geopoliticum|Opus geopoliticum]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Porta:Unio Europaea|Porta Unionis Europaeae]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Consilia ministrorum civitatum Europaearum hodiernarum]]
| sub2 = {{Consilia Italica}}}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Categoria:Formulae Italiam spectantes]]
[[Categoria:Formulae navigationis consiliorum ministrorum|Italia]]
[[Categoria:Res politicae Italicae|ß]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>8eiryp158k6krpdolcwzll3ankh2nxe</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3969960</id>
      <parentid>3969955</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T14:48:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-36983-83</username>
        <id>211443</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3969960</origin>
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      <text bytes="1210" sha1="1ms8c8z62xx1cboxicjirxr0h2iqt2p" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa navigationis
| titulus = Consilium ministrorum Italicum Romani Prodi 1996–1998
| imago = {{Insigne|Italia|scriptum=nil|amplitudo=55px|nexus=Italia}}
| corpus   = [[Beniaminus Andreatta]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Petrus Ludovicus Bersani]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Aloisius Berlinguer]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Rosaria Bindi]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Georgius Bogi]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Claudius Burlando]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Carolus Azeglio Ciampi]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Paulus Costa]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Antonius Di Pietro]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Lambertus Dini]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Augustus Fantozzi]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Anna Finocchiaro]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Ioannes Maria Flick]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Antonius Maccanico]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Georgius Napolitano]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Michaël Pinto]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Romanus Prodi]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Eduardus Ronchi]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Titianus Treu]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Livia Turco]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Gualterius Veltroni]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Vincentius Visco]]
| sub = [[Opus:Geopoliticum|Opus geopoliticum]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Porta:Unio Europaea|Porta Unionis Europaeae]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Consilia ministrorum civitatum Europaearum hodiernarum]]
| sub2 = {{Consilia Italica}}}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Categoria:Formulae Italiam spectantes]]
[[Categoria:Formulae navigationis consiliorum ministrorum|Italia]]
[[Categoria:Res politicae Italicae|ß]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>1ms8c8z62xx1cboxicjirxr0h2iqt2p</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Formula:Consilium Italicum Dini</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>326532</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3969964</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T14:52:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-36983-83</username>
        <id>211443</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>.</comment>
      <origin>3969964</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1278" sha1="qqvzaiq9rirua6xmvzhw50gg93kyirk" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa navigationis
| titulus = Consilium ministrorum Italicum Lamberti Dini 1995–1996
| imago = {{Insigne|Italia|scriptum=nil|amplitudo=55px|nexus=Italia}}
| corpus   = [[Susanna Agnelli]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Marius Arcelli]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Paulus Baratta]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Antonius Brancaccio]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Vincentius Caianiello]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Ioannes Caravale]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Albertus Clò]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Dominicus Corcione]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Ioannes Rinaldus Coronas]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Lambertus Dini]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Augustus Fantozzi]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Francus Frattini]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Augustinus Gambino]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Aelius Guzzanti]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Ioannes Carolus Lombardi]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Gualterius Luchetti]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Philippus Mancuso]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Rainerius Masera]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Ioannes Motzo]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Hadrianus Ossicini]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Antonius Paulucci]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Michaël Pinto]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Georgius Salvini]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Titianus Treu]]
| sub = [[Opus:Geopoliticum|Opus geopoliticum]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Porta:Unio Europaea|Porta Unionis Europaeae]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Consilia ministrorum civitatum Europaearum hodiernarum]]
| sub2 = {{Consilia Italica}}}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Categoria:Formulae Italiam spectantes]]
[[Categoria:Formulae navigationis consiliorum ministrorum|Italia]]
[[Categoria:Res politicae Italicae|ß]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>qqvzaiq9rirua6xmvzhw50gg93kyirk</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Collegium Sattler</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>326533</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3969966</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T15:00:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>TheChestertonian</username>
        <id>211743</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Paginam instituit, scribens '{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright vcard&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%; width:21em; text-align:left;&quot; |+ Collegium Sattler |- | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Sattler College |- ! [[Sententia]]: | οὐ γὰρ ἔδωκεν ἡμῖν ὁ Θεὸς πνεῦμα δειλίας, ἀλλὰ δυνάμεως καὶ ἀγάπης καὶ σωφρονισμοῦ. |- ! Forma: | Privatum Christianum artium liberalium |- ! [[Praeses]]: | Finny Kuruvilla |- ! Numerus ma...'</comment>
      <origin>3969966</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="652" sha1="dh8eggpprv3e72lukf53ge4ehiiuqcx" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright vcard&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%; width:21em; text-align:left;&quot;
|+ Collegium Sattler
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Sattler College
|-
! [[Sententia]]:
| οὐ γὰρ ἔδωκεν ἡμῖν ὁ Θεὸς πνεῦμα δειλίας, ἀλλὰ δυνάμεως καὶ ἀγάπης καὶ σωφρονισμοῦ.
|-
! Forma:
| Privatum Christianum artium liberalium
|-
! [[Praeses]]:
| Finny Kuruvilla
|-
! Numerus magistrorum:
| 15 in 2023
|-
! Discipuli omnes:
| 93 in 2023
|-
! Colores:
| caeruleum
|-
! [[Nexus]]:
| www.sattler.edu
|}


Collegium Sattler est privatum collegium Christianum Bostoniae.</text>
      <sha1>dh8eggpprv3e72lukf53ge4ehiiuqcx</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Formula:Consilium Italicum Berlusconi I</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>326534</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3969971</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T15:07:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-36983-83</username>
        <id>211443</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>.</comment>
      <origin>3969971</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1330" sha1="lgc3fe8vrc9hz6iabt33l7nw8j04538" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa navigationis
| titulus = Consilium ministrorum [[Silvius Berlusconius|Silvii Berlusconii]] 1994–1995
| imago = {{Insigne|Italia|scriptum=nil|amplitudo=55px|nexus=Italia}}
| corpus   = [[Silvius Berlusconius]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Georgius Bernini]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Alfredus Biondi]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Dominicus Comino]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Raphaël Costa]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Lambertus Dini]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Franciscus D'Onofrio]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Iulianus Ferrara]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Publius Fiori]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Dominicus Fisichella]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Vitus Gnutti]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Antonius Guidi]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Robertus Maroni]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Antonius Martino]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Clemens Mastella]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Alter Matteoli]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Ioannes Carolus Pagliarini]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Stephanus Podestà]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Hadriana Poli Bortone]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Caesar Previti]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Robertus Maria Radice]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Franciscus Speroni]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Iosephus Tatarella]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Iulius Tremonti]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Iulianus Urbani]]
| sub = [[Opus:Geopoliticum|Opus geopoliticum]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Porta:Unio Europaea|Porta Unionis Europaeae]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Consilia ministrorum civitatum Europaearum hodiernarum]]
| sub2 = {{Consilia Italica}}}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Categoria:Formulae Italiam spectantes]]
[[Categoria:Formulae navigationis consiliorum ministrorum|Italia]]
[[Categoria:Res politicae Italicae|ß]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>lgc3fe8vrc9hz6iabt33l7nw8j04538</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sanctus Apelles</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>326535</id>
    <redirect title="Apelles (sanctus)" />
    <revision>
      <id>3970057</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-05T08:47:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-36983-83</username>
        <id>211443</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirigens ad [[Apelles (sanctus)]]</comment>
      <origin>3970057</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="31" sha1="l31sjbvdc2t5uhg3fsysbr2uj2yq9xg" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Apelles (sanctus)]]</text>
      <sha1>l31sjbvdc2t5uhg3fsysbr2uj2yq9xg</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Alexander Gorciakofius</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>326537</id>
    <redirect title="Alexander Gorčakov" />
    <revision>
      <id>3970077</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-05T09:52:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-36983-83</username>
        <id>211443</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>De forma Latina cognominis</comment>
      <origin>3970077</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="33" sha1="og4rsarh83sbk5c2k21v4y7btx9sg4f" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Alexander Gorčakov]]</text>
      <sha1>og4rsarh83sbk5c2k21v4y7btx9sg4f</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
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