Ambrosius

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    <title>Ambrosius</title>
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      <text bytes="3722" sha1="rsy9b720itcfqjpgcocom9yernttzip" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Anthonis van Dyck 005.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|left|Ambrosius et [[imperator]] [[Theodosius I]], tela [[pictor]]is [[Antonius de Dyck|Antoni de Dyck]].]]
{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
{{Data Sancti|
2=us|
nomen=Ambrosius|
imago=AmbroseOfMilan.jpg|
px=200|
explanatio= Sanctus Ambrosius in ecclesia St. Ambrogio, Mediolanum|
titulus=[[Doctor Ecclesiae|Doctor Ecclesiae Catholicae]]|
natus= 291|
mortuus= 304|
dies festae=[[7 Decembris]]|
attributa= alvearium, puer, scutica, [[os]]|
patronus= [[Apis mellifera|apis]], animal domesticum, doctrina/eruditio, [[Mediolanum]], [[Italia]], scholasticus |}}

'''Aurelius Ambrosius''', [[sanctus]] et [[Doctor Ecclesiae]], sive &quot;doctor mellifluus,&quot; [[Augustinus|Augustini]] magister, [[Augusta Treverorum|Augustae Treverorum]] in [[Belgica]] (hodie [[Germania]]) anno [[340]] circiter e [[familia]] [[Roma]]na natus est. Studiis Romae incubuit et [[Sirmium|Sirmii]] cursum honorum coepit. Anno [[370]] [[consularis]] [[Liguria et Aemilia|Liguriae et Aemiliae]] factus, anno autem [[374]] [[Episcopus Mediolanensis]] electus est, die [[7 Decembris]] ordinatus. 

Quo in munere, caritatem in omnes maxime exercuisse habetur, verus pastor et doctor fidelium factus. Disciplinam ecclesiasticam strenue tutatus est; rectae [[fides|fidei]] [[doctrina]]m, una cum [[diaconus|diacono]] et amico [[Sabinus a Placentia|Sabino]], verbo, scriptis, et opere acriter contra [[Arianismus|Arianos]] defendit, quorum multos ad fidem converterunt.

Pro ecclesia Dei Christiani laboribus curisque perfunctus, obiit Sabbato Sancto, die [[4 Aprilis]] anni [[397]]. Postremis aetatis suae diebus viderat Iesum advenisse ad se et arridentem sibi. 

[[Hymnus|Hymnorum]] [[compositor]] cum simplicium tum dulcissimorum, a quibus [[Prudentius]] [[poeta]] mox est profectus, [[musica ecclesiastica|musicae ecclesiasticae]] initium prope fecit. Ambrosius fuit universae ecclesiae donum, cui locupletem insigniter doctrinae ac sanctimoniae reliquit thesaurum.

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*''Ambrosius episcopus: atti del Congresso internazionale di studi ambrosiani nel XVI centenario della elevazione di sant'Ambrogio alla cattedra episcopale'', Milano, 2-7 dicembre, Mediolani, Vita e Pensiero, 1976. Duo volumina.
{{NexInt}}
* [[Baptisterium]]
* [[Controversia de ara Victoriae]]
* [[Persecutio Paganorum in Imperio Romano]]
* [[Stropha Ambrosiana|Versus Ambrosianus]]
* [[Te Deum]]

==Nexus externi==
* [http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/audiences/2007/documents/hf_ben-xvi_aud_20071024_it.html Lectio] [[papa]]e [[Benedictus XVI|Benedicti XVI]] de Ambrosio inter audientiam generalem die [[24 Octobris]] [[2007]] ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]) et aliis sermonibus.
* [[:s:la:Scriptor:Ambrosius|Opera in ''Vicifonte'']]
* [http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost04/Ambrosius/amb_intr.html Opera Ambrosii] in [[Bibliotheca Augustana]]
* [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/ambrose.html Opera in Latin library]
* [http://www.kath.net/detail.php?id=33946 De vita Ambrosii Mediolanensis episcopi (pars prima)] Kath.net {{Ling| Latine}}
* [http://www.kath.net/detail.php?id=34045 De vita Ambrosii Mediolanensis episcopi (pars secunda)] Kath.net {{Ling| Latine}}

{{Lifetime|saeculo 4|397|Ambrosius}}
[[Categoria:Auctores Latini antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Consulares Liguriae et Aemiliae]]
[[Categoria:Doctores Ecclesiae Catholicae]]
[[Categoria:Episcopi et Archiepiscopi Mediolanenses]]
[[Categoria:Epistolographi]]
[[Categoria:Hymnographi]]
[[Categoria:Patres Ecclesiae]]
[[Categoria:Philosophi]]
[[Categoria:Poetae Latini Romae antiquae]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Galliae]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Italiae antiquae]]
[[Categoria:Sancti]]
[[Categoria:Theologi Italiae]]
{{Myrias|Homines}}</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-07T13:13:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Plura legere si cupis */</comment>
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      <text bytes="3988" sha1="qso43h81rag2jmy84mc71jduj6sxgp1" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Anthonis van Dyck 005.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|left|Ambrosius et [[imperator]] [[Theodosius I]], tela [[pictor]]is [[Antonius de Dyck|Antoni de Dyck]].]]
{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
{{Data Sancti|
2=us|
nomen=Ambrosius|
imago=AmbroseOfMilan.jpg|
px=200|
explanatio= Sanctus Ambrosius in ecclesia St. Ambrogio, Mediolanum|
titulus=[[Doctor Ecclesiae|Doctor Ecclesiae Catholicae]]|
natus= 291|
mortuus= 304|
dies festae=[[7 Decembris]]|
attributa= alvearium, puer, scutica, [[os]]|
patronus= [[Apis mellifera|apis]], animal domesticum, doctrina/eruditio, [[Mediolanum]], [[Italia]], scholasticus |}}

'''Aurelius Ambrosius''', [[sanctus]] et [[Doctor Ecclesiae]], sive &quot;doctor mellifluus,&quot; [[Augustinus|Augustini]] magister, [[Augusta Treverorum|Augustae Treverorum]] in [[Belgica]] (hodie [[Germania]]) anno [[340]] circiter e [[familia]] [[Roma]]na natus est. Studiis Romae incubuit et [[Sirmium|Sirmii]] cursum honorum coepit. Anno [[370]] [[consularis]] [[Liguria et Aemilia|Liguriae et Aemiliae]] factus, anno autem [[374]] [[Episcopus Mediolanensis]] electus est, die [[7 Decembris]] ordinatus. 

Quo in munere, caritatem in omnes maxime exercuisse habetur, verus pastor et doctor fidelium factus. Disciplinam ecclesiasticam strenue tutatus est; rectae [[fides|fidei]] [[doctrina]]m, una cum [[diaconus|diacono]] et amico [[Sabinus a Placentia|Sabino]], verbo, scriptis, et opere acriter contra [[Arianismus|Arianos]] defendit, quorum multos ad fidem converterunt.

Pro ecclesia Dei Christiani laboribus curisque perfunctus, obiit Sabbato Sancto, die [[4 Aprilis]] anni [[397]]. Postremis aetatis suae diebus viderat Iesum advenisse ad se et arridentem sibi. 

[[Hymnus|Hymnorum]] [[compositor]] cum simplicium tum dulcissimorum, a quibus [[Prudentius]] [[poeta]] mox est profectus, [[musica ecclesiastica|musicae ecclesiasticae]] initium prope fecit. Ambrosius fuit universae ecclesiae donum, cui locupletem insigniter doctrinae ac sanctimoniae reliquit thesaurum.

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*''Ambrosius episcopus: atti del Congresso internazionale di studi ambrosiani nel XVI centenario della elevazione di sant'Ambrogio alla cattedra episcopale'', Milano, 2-7 dicembre, Mediolani, Vita e Pensiero, 1976. Duo volumina.
*Jean-Rémy Palanque, ''Saint Ambroise et l'Empire romain. Contribution à l'histoire des rapports de l'Église et de l'État à la fin du IVe siècle'', E de Boccard, 1933 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_1934_num_36_4_2802_t1_0529_0000_1 Recensio critica]
{{NexInt}}
* [[Baptisterium]]
* [[Controversia de ara Victoriae]]
* [[Persecutio Paganorum in Imperio Romano]]
* [[Stropha Ambrosiana|Versus Ambrosianus]]
* [[Te Deum]]

==Nexus externi==
* [http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/audiences/2007/documents/hf_ben-xvi_aud_20071024_it.html Lectio] [[papa]]e [[Benedictus XVI|Benedicti XVI]] de Ambrosio inter audientiam generalem die [[24 Octobris]] [[2007]] ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]) et aliis sermonibus.
* [[:s:la:Scriptor:Ambrosius|Opera in ''Vicifonte'']]
* [http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost04/Ambrosius/amb_intr.html Opera Ambrosii] in [[Bibliotheca Augustana]]
* [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/ambrose.html Opera in Latin library]
* [http://www.kath.net/detail.php?id=33946 De vita Ambrosii Mediolanensis episcopi (pars prima)] Kath.net {{Ling| Latine}}
* [http://www.kath.net/detail.php?id=34045 De vita Ambrosii Mediolanensis episcopi (pars secunda)] Kath.net {{Ling| Latine}}

{{Lifetime|saeculo 4|397|Ambrosius}}
[[Categoria:Auctores Latini antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Consulares Liguriae et Aemiliae]]
[[Categoria:Doctores Ecclesiae Catholicae]]
[[Categoria:Episcopi et Archiepiscopi Mediolanenses]]
[[Categoria:Epistolographi]]
[[Categoria:Hymnographi]]
[[Categoria:Patres Ecclesiae]]
[[Categoria:Philosophi]]
[[Categoria:Poetae Latini Romae antiquae]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Galliae]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Italiae antiquae]]
[[Categoria:Sancti]]
[[Categoria:Theologi Italiae]]
{{Myrias|Homines}}</text>
      <sha1>qso43h81rag2jmy84mc71jduj6sxgp1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3970803</id>
      <parentid>3970802</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T13:14:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Plura legere si cupis */</comment>
      <origin>3970803</origin>
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      <text bytes="4089" sha1="tk59es878449ppk3rdgalmbl39ibgar" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Anthonis van Dyck 005.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|left|Ambrosius et [[imperator]] [[Theodosius I]], tela [[pictor]]is [[Antonius de Dyck|Antoni de Dyck]].]]
{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
{{Data Sancti|
2=us|
nomen=Ambrosius|
imago=AmbroseOfMilan.jpg|
px=200|
explanatio= Sanctus Ambrosius in ecclesia St. Ambrogio, Mediolanum|
titulus=[[Doctor Ecclesiae|Doctor Ecclesiae Catholicae]]|
natus= 291|
mortuus= 304|
dies festae=[[7 Decembris]]|
attributa= alvearium, puer, scutica, [[os]]|
patronus= [[Apis mellifera|apis]], animal domesticum, doctrina/eruditio, [[Mediolanum]], [[Italia]], scholasticus |}}

'''Aurelius Ambrosius''', [[sanctus]] et [[Doctor Ecclesiae]], sive &quot;doctor mellifluus,&quot; [[Augustinus|Augustini]] magister, [[Augusta Treverorum|Augustae Treverorum]] in [[Belgica]] (hodie [[Germania]]) anno [[340]] circiter e [[familia]] [[Roma]]na natus est. Studiis Romae incubuit et [[Sirmium|Sirmii]] cursum honorum coepit. Anno [[370]] [[consularis]] [[Liguria et Aemilia|Liguriae et Aemiliae]] factus, anno autem [[374]] [[Episcopus Mediolanensis]] electus est, die [[7 Decembris]] ordinatus. 

Quo in munere, caritatem in omnes maxime exercuisse habetur, verus pastor et doctor fidelium factus. Disciplinam ecclesiasticam strenue tutatus est; rectae [[fides|fidei]] [[doctrina]]m, una cum [[diaconus|diacono]] et amico [[Sabinus a Placentia|Sabino]], verbo, scriptis, et opere acriter contra [[Arianismus|Arianos]] defendit, quorum multos ad fidem converterunt.

Pro ecclesia Dei Christiani laboribus curisque perfunctus, obiit Sabbato Sancto, die [[4 Aprilis]] anni [[397]]. Postremis aetatis suae diebus viderat Iesum advenisse ad se et arridentem sibi. 

[[Hymnus|Hymnorum]] [[compositor]] cum simplicium tum dulcissimorum, a quibus [[Prudentius]] [[poeta]] mox est profectus, [[musica ecclesiastica|musicae ecclesiasticae]] initium prope fecit. Ambrosius fuit universae ecclesiae donum, cui locupletem insigniter doctrinae ac sanctimoniae reliquit thesaurum.

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*''Ambrosius episcopus: atti del Congresso internazionale di studi ambrosiani nel XVI centenario della elevazione di sant'Ambrogio alla cattedra episcopale'', Milano, 2-7 dicembre, Mediolani, Vita e Pensiero, 1976. Duo volumina.
*Jean-Rémy Palanque, ''Saint Ambroise et l'Empire romain. Contribution à l'histoire des rapports de l'Église et de l'État à la fin du IVe siècle'', E de Boccard, 1933 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_1934_num_36_4_2802_t1_0529_0000_1 Recensio critica] [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rhpr_0035-2403_1936_num_16_1_2958_t1_0079_0000_3 Altera recensio critica]
{{NexInt}}
* [[Baptisterium]]
* [[Controversia de ara Victoriae]]
* [[Persecutio Paganorum in Imperio Romano]]
* [[Stropha Ambrosiana|Versus Ambrosianus]]
* [[Te Deum]]

==Nexus externi==
* [http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/audiences/2007/documents/hf_ben-xvi_aud_20071024_it.html Lectio] [[papa]]e [[Benedictus XVI|Benedicti XVI]] de Ambrosio inter audientiam generalem die [[24 Octobris]] [[2007]] ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]) et aliis sermonibus.
* [[:s:la:Scriptor:Ambrosius|Opera in ''Vicifonte'']]
* [http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost04/Ambrosius/amb_intr.html Opera Ambrosii] in [[Bibliotheca Augustana]]
* [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/ambrose.html Opera in Latin library]
* [http://www.kath.net/detail.php?id=33946 De vita Ambrosii Mediolanensis episcopi (pars prima)] Kath.net {{Ling| Latine}}
* [http://www.kath.net/detail.php?id=34045 De vita Ambrosii Mediolanensis episcopi (pars secunda)] Kath.net {{Ling| Latine}}

{{Lifetime|saeculo 4|397|Ambrosius}}
[[Categoria:Auctores Latini antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Consulares Liguriae et Aemiliae]]
[[Categoria:Doctores Ecclesiae Catholicae]]
[[Categoria:Episcopi et Archiepiscopi Mediolanenses]]
[[Categoria:Epistolographi]]
[[Categoria:Hymnographi]]
[[Categoria:Patres Ecclesiae]]
[[Categoria:Philosophi]]
[[Categoria:Poetae Latini Romae antiquae]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Galliae]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Italiae antiquae]]
[[Categoria:Sancti]]
[[Categoria:Theologi Italiae]]
{{Myrias|Homines}}</text>
      <sha1>tk59es878449ppk3rdgalmbl39ibgar</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3970805</id>
      <parentid>3970803</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T13:15:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Plura legere si cupis */</comment>
      <origin>3970805</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="4284" sha1="p0qgvjcavqkbiv8ufj13wjgi6f6ofw3" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Anthonis van Dyck 005.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|left|Ambrosius et [[imperator]] [[Theodosius I]], tela [[pictor]]is [[Antonius de Dyck|Antoni de Dyck]].]]
{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
{{Data Sancti|
2=us|
nomen=Ambrosius|
imago=AmbroseOfMilan.jpg|
px=200|
explanatio= Sanctus Ambrosius in ecclesia St. Ambrogio, Mediolanum|
titulus=[[Doctor Ecclesiae|Doctor Ecclesiae Catholicae]]|
natus= 291|
mortuus= 304|
dies festae=[[7 Decembris]]|
attributa= alvearium, puer, scutica, [[os]]|
patronus= [[Apis mellifera|apis]], animal domesticum, doctrina/eruditio, [[Mediolanum]], [[Italia]], scholasticus |}}

'''Aurelius Ambrosius''', [[sanctus]] et [[Doctor Ecclesiae]], sive &quot;doctor mellifluus,&quot; [[Augustinus|Augustini]] magister, [[Augusta Treverorum|Augustae Treverorum]] in [[Belgica]] (hodie [[Germania]]) anno [[340]] circiter e [[familia]] [[Roma]]na natus est. Studiis Romae incubuit et [[Sirmium|Sirmii]] cursum honorum coepit. Anno [[370]] [[consularis]] [[Liguria et Aemilia|Liguriae et Aemiliae]] factus, anno autem [[374]] [[Episcopus Mediolanensis]] electus est, die [[7 Decembris]] ordinatus. 

Quo in munere, caritatem in omnes maxime exercuisse habetur, verus pastor et doctor fidelium factus. Disciplinam ecclesiasticam strenue tutatus est; rectae [[fides|fidei]] [[doctrina]]m, una cum [[diaconus|diacono]] et amico [[Sabinus a Placentia|Sabino]], verbo, scriptis, et opere acriter contra [[Arianismus|Arianos]] defendit, quorum multos ad fidem converterunt.

Pro ecclesia Dei Christiani laboribus curisque perfunctus, obiit Sabbato Sancto, die [[4 Aprilis]] anni [[397]]. Postremis aetatis suae diebus viderat Iesum advenisse ad se et arridentem sibi. 

[[Hymnus|Hymnorum]] [[compositor]] cum simplicium tum dulcissimorum, a quibus [[Prudentius]] [[poeta]] mox est profectus, [[musica ecclesiastica|musicae ecclesiasticae]] initium prope fecit. Ambrosius fuit universae ecclesiae donum, cui locupletem insigniter doctrinae ac sanctimoniae reliquit thesaurum.

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*''Ambrosius episcopus: atti del Congresso internazionale di studi ambrosiani nel XVI centenario della elevazione di sant'Ambrogio alla cattedra episcopale'', Milano, 2-7 dicembre, Mediolani, Vita e Pensiero, 1976. Duo volumina.
A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/52/mode/2up 52]
*Jean-Rémy Palanque, ''Saint Ambroise et l'Empire romain. Contribution à l'histoire des rapports de l'Église et de l'État à la fin du IVe siècle'', E de Boccard, 1933 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_1934_num_36_4_2802_t1_0529_0000_1 Recensio critica] [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rhpr_0035-2403_1936_num_16_1_2958_t1_0079_0000_3 Altera recensio critica]
{{NexInt}}
* [[Baptisterium]]
* [[Controversia de ara Victoriae]]
* [[Persecutio Paganorum in Imperio Romano]]
* [[Stropha Ambrosiana|Versus Ambrosianus]]
* [[Te Deum]]

==Nexus externi==
* [http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/audiences/2007/documents/hf_ben-xvi_aud_20071024_it.html Lectio] [[papa]]e [[Benedictus XVI|Benedicti XVI]] de Ambrosio inter audientiam generalem die [[24 Octobris]] [[2007]] ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]) et aliis sermonibus.
* [[:s:la:Scriptor:Ambrosius|Opera in ''Vicifonte'']]
* [http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost04/Ambrosius/amb_intr.html Opera Ambrosii] in [[Bibliotheca Augustana]]
* [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/ambrose.html Opera in Latin library]
* [http://www.kath.net/detail.php?id=33946 De vita Ambrosii Mediolanensis episcopi (pars prima)] Kath.net {{Ling| Latine}}
* [http://www.kath.net/detail.php?id=34045 De vita Ambrosii Mediolanensis episcopi (pars secunda)] Kath.net {{Ling| Latine}}

{{Lifetime|saeculo 4|397|Ambrosius}}
[[Categoria:Auctores Latini antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Consulares Liguriae et Aemiliae]]
[[Categoria:Doctores Ecclesiae Catholicae]]
[[Categoria:Episcopi et Archiepiscopi Mediolanenses]]
[[Categoria:Epistolographi]]
[[Categoria:Hymnographi]]
[[Categoria:Patres Ecclesiae]]
[[Categoria:Philosophi]]
[[Categoria:Poetae Latini Romae antiquae]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Galliae]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Italiae antiquae]]
[[Categoria:Sancti]]
[[Categoria:Theologi Italiae]]
{{Myrias|Homines}}</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3970806</id>
      <parentid>3970805</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T13:22:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Plura legere si cupis */</comment>
      <origin>3970806</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4386" sha1="idobuzzh2425zh7l14nuda4bxjktuz5" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Anthonis van Dyck 005.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|left|Ambrosius et [[imperator]] [[Theodosius I]], tela [[pictor]]is [[Antonius de Dyck|Antoni de Dyck]].]]
{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
{{Data Sancti|
2=us|
nomen=Ambrosius|
imago=AmbroseOfMilan.jpg|
px=200|
explanatio= Sanctus Ambrosius in ecclesia St. Ambrogio, Mediolanum|
titulus=[[Doctor Ecclesiae|Doctor Ecclesiae Catholicae]]|
natus= 291|
mortuus= 304|
dies festae=[[7 Decembris]]|
attributa= alvearium, puer, scutica, [[os]]|
patronus= [[Apis mellifera|apis]], animal domesticum, doctrina/eruditio, [[Mediolanum]], [[Italia]], scholasticus |}}

'''Aurelius Ambrosius''', [[sanctus]] et [[Doctor Ecclesiae]], sive &quot;doctor mellifluus,&quot; [[Augustinus|Augustini]] magister, [[Augusta Treverorum|Augustae Treverorum]] in [[Belgica]] (hodie [[Germania]]) anno [[340]] circiter e [[familia]] [[Roma]]na natus est. Studiis Romae incubuit et [[Sirmium|Sirmii]] cursum honorum coepit. Anno [[370]] [[consularis]] [[Liguria et Aemilia|Liguriae et Aemiliae]] factus, anno autem [[374]] [[Episcopus Mediolanensis]] electus est, die [[7 Decembris]] ordinatus. 

Quo in munere, caritatem in omnes maxime exercuisse habetur, verus pastor et doctor fidelium factus. Disciplinam ecclesiasticam strenue tutatus est; rectae [[fides|fidei]] [[doctrina]]m, una cum [[diaconus|diacono]] et amico [[Sabinus a Placentia|Sabino]], verbo, scriptis, et opere acriter contra [[Arianismus|Arianos]] defendit, quorum multos ad fidem converterunt.

Pro ecclesia Dei Christiani laboribus curisque perfunctus, obiit Sabbato Sancto, die [[4 Aprilis]] anni [[397]]. Postremis aetatis suae diebus viderat Iesum advenisse ad se et arridentem sibi. 

[[Hymnus|Hymnorum]] [[compositor]] cum simplicium tum dulcissimorum, a quibus [[Prudentius]] [[poeta]] mox est profectus, [[musica ecclesiastica|musicae ecclesiasticae]] initium prope fecit. Ambrosius fuit universae ecclesiae donum, cui locupletem insigniter doctrinae ac sanctimoniae reliquit thesaurum.

== Fontes == 
*Paulinus, ''Vita Ambrosii''
*[[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus]], ''Epistulae'' III.30-37

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*''Ambrosius episcopus: atti del Congresso internazionale di studi ambrosiani nel XVI centenario della elevazione di sant'Ambrogio alla cattedra episcopale'', Milano, 2-7 dicembre, Mediolani, Vita e Pensiero, 1976. Duo volumina.
*A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/52/mode/2up 52]
*Jean-Rémy Palanque, ''Saint Ambroise et l'Empire romain. Contribution à l'histoire des rapports de l'Église et de l'État à la fin du IVe siècle'', E de Boccard, 1933 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_1934_num_36_4_2802_t1_0529_0000_1 Recensio critica] [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rhpr_0035-2403_1936_num_16_1_2958_t1_0079_0000_3 Altera recensio critica]
{{NexInt}}
* [[Baptisterium]]
* [[Controversia de ara Victoriae]]
* [[Persecutio Paganorum in Imperio Romano]]
* [[Stropha Ambrosiana|Versus Ambrosianus]]
* [[Te Deum]]

==Nexus externi==
* [http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/audiences/2007/documents/hf_ben-xvi_aud_20071024_it.html Lectio] [[papa]]e [[Benedictus XVI|Benedicti XVI]] de Ambrosio inter audientiam generalem die [[24 Octobris]] [[2007]] ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]) et aliis sermonibus.
* [[:s:la:Scriptor:Ambrosius|Opera in ''Vicifonte'']]
* [http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost04/Ambrosius/amb_intr.html Opera Ambrosii] in [[Bibliotheca Augustana]]
* [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/ambrose.html Opera in Latin library]
* [http://www.kath.net/detail.php?id=33946 De vita Ambrosii Mediolanensis episcopi (pars prima)] Kath.net {{Ling| Latine}}
* [http://www.kath.net/detail.php?id=34045 De vita Ambrosii Mediolanensis episcopi (pars secunda)] Kath.net {{Ling| Latine}}

{{Lifetime|saeculo 4|397|Ambrosius}}
[[Categoria:Auctores Latini antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Consulares Liguriae et Aemiliae]]
[[Categoria:Doctores Ecclesiae Catholicae]]
[[Categoria:Episcopi et Archiepiscopi Mediolanenses]]
[[Categoria:Epistolographi]]
[[Categoria:Hymnographi]]
[[Categoria:Patres Ecclesiae]]
[[Categoria:Philosophi]]
[[Categoria:Poetae Latini Romae antiquae]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Galliae]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Italiae antiquae]]
[[Categoria:Sancti]]
[[Categoria:Theologi Italiae]]
{{Myrias|Homines}}</text>
      <sha1>idobuzzh2425zh7l14nuda4bxjktuz5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3970807</id>
      <parentid>3970806</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T13:27:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Fontes */</comment>
      <origin>3970807</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4427" sha1="1ubtpnrjkosw38emempiwk766io1hrz" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Anthonis van Dyck 005.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|left|Ambrosius et [[imperator]] [[Theodosius I]], tela [[pictor]]is [[Antonius de Dyck|Antoni de Dyck]].]]
{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
{{Data Sancti|
2=us|
nomen=Ambrosius|
imago=AmbroseOfMilan.jpg|
px=200|
explanatio= Sanctus Ambrosius in ecclesia St. Ambrogio, Mediolanum|
titulus=[[Doctor Ecclesiae|Doctor Ecclesiae Catholicae]]|
natus= 291|
mortuus= 304|
dies festae=[[7 Decembris]]|
attributa= alvearium, puer, scutica, [[os]]|
patronus= [[Apis mellifera|apis]], animal domesticum, doctrina/eruditio, [[Mediolanum]], [[Italia]], scholasticus |}}

'''Aurelius Ambrosius''', [[sanctus]] et [[Doctor Ecclesiae]], sive &quot;doctor mellifluus,&quot; [[Augustinus|Augustini]] magister, [[Augusta Treverorum|Augustae Treverorum]] in [[Belgica]] (hodie [[Germania]]) anno [[340]] circiter e [[familia]] [[Roma]]na natus est. Studiis Romae incubuit et [[Sirmium|Sirmii]] cursum honorum coepit. Anno [[370]] [[consularis]] [[Liguria et Aemilia|Liguriae et Aemiliae]] factus, anno autem [[374]] [[Episcopus Mediolanensis]] electus est, die [[7 Decembris]] ordinatus. 

Quo in munere, caritatem in omnes maxime exercuisse habetur, verus pastor et doctor fidelium factus. Disciplinam ecclesiasticam strenue tutatus est; rectae [[fides|fidei]] [[doctrina]]m, una cum [[diaconus|diacono]] et amico [[Sabinus a Placentia|Sabino]], verbo, scriptis, et opere acriter contra [[Arianismus|Arianos]] defendit, quorum multos ad fidem converterunt.

Pro ecclesia Dei Christiani laboribus curisque perfunctus, obiit Sabbato Sancto, die [[4 Aprilis]] anni [[397]]. Postremis aetatis suae diebus viderat Iesum advenisse ad se et arridentem sibi. 

[[Hymnus|Hymnorum]] [[compositor]] cum simplicium tum dulcissimorum, a quibus [[Prudentius]] [[poeta]] mox est profectus, [[musica ecclesiastica|musicae ecclesiasticae]] initium prope fecit. Ambrosius fuit universae ecclesiae donum, cui locupletem insigniter doctrinae ac sanctimoniae reliquit thesaurum.

== Fontes == 
*[[Ennodius]], ''Hymnus santi Ambrosii''
*Paulinus, ''Vita Ambrosii''
*[[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus]], ''Epistulae'' III.30-37

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*''Ambrosius episcopus: atti del Congresso internazionale di studi ambrosiani nel XVI centenario della elevazione di sant'Ambrogio alla cattedra episcopale'', Milano, 2-7 dicembre, Mediolani, Vita e Pensiero, 1976. Duo volumina.
*A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/52/mode/2up 52]
*Jean-Rémy Palanque, ''Saint Ambroise et l'Empire romain. Contribution à l'histoire des rapports de l'Église et de l'État à la fin du IVe siècle'', E de Boccard, 1933 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_1934_num_36_4_2802_t1_0529_0000_1 Recensio critica] [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rhpr_0035-2403_1936_num_16_1_2958_t1_0079_0000_3 Altera recensio critica]
{{NexInt}}
* [[Baptisterium]]
* [[Controversia de ara Victoriae]]
* [[Persecutio Paganorum in Imperio Romano]]
* [[Stropha Ambrosiana|Versus Ambrosianus]]
* [[Te Deum]]

==Nexus externi==
* [http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/audiences/2007/documents/hf_ben-xvi_aud_20071024_it.html Lectio] [[papa]]e [[Benedictus XVI|Benedicti XVI]] de Ambrosio inter audientiam generalem die [[24 Octobris]] [[2007]] ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]) et aliis sermonibus.
* [[:s:la:Scriptor:Ambrosius|Opera in ''Vicifonte'']]
* [http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost04/Ambrosius/amb_intr.html Opera Ambrosii] in [[Bibliotheca Augustana]]
* [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/ambrose.html Opera in Latin library]
* [http://www.kath.net/detail.php?id=33946 De vita Ambrosii Mediolanensis episcopi (pars prima)] Kath.net {{Ling| Latine}}
* [http://www.kath.net/detail.php?id=34045 De vita Ambrosii Mediolanensis episcopi (pars secunda)] Kath.net {{Ling| Latine}}

{{Lifetime|saeculo 4|397|Ambrosius}}
[[Categoria:Auctores Latini antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Consulares Liguriae et Aemiliae]]
[[Categoria:Doctores Ecclesiae Catholicae]]
[[Categoria:Episcopi et Archiepiscopi Mediolanenses]]
[[Categoria:Epistolographi]]
[[Categoria:Hymnographi]]
[[Categoria:Patres Ecclesiae]]
[[Categoria:Philosophi]]
[[Categoria:Poetae Latini Romae antiquae]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Galliae]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Italiae antiquae]]
[[Categoria:Sancti]]
[[Categoria:Theologi Italiae]]
{{Myrias|Homines}}</text>
      <sha1>1ubtpnrjkosw38emempiwk766io1hrz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3970808</id>
      <parentid>3970807</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T13:29:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Fontes */</comment>
      <origin>3970808</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4511" sha1="3m1u899r300xik4i8y1d8rh9ou2rho0" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Anthonis van Dyck 005.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|left|Ambrosius et [[imperator]] [[Theodosius I]], tela [[pictor]]is [[Antonius de Dyck|Antoni de Dyck]].]]
{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
{{Data Sancti|
2=us|
nomen=Ambrosius|
imago=AmbroseOfMilan.jpg|
px=200|
explanatio= Sanctus Ambrosius in ecclesia St. Ambrogio, Mediolanum|
titulus=[[Doctor Ecclesiae|Doctor Ecclesiae Catholicae]]|
natus= 291|
mortuus= 304|
dies festae=[[7 Decembris]]|
attributa= alvearium, puer, scutica, [[os]]|
patronus= [[Apis mellifera|apis]], animal domesticum, doctrina/eruditio, [[Mediolanum]], [[Italia]], scholasticus |}}

'''Aurelius Ambrosius''', [[sanctus]] et [[Doctor Ecclesiae]], sive &quot;doctor mellifluus,&quot; [[Augustinus|Augustini]] magister, [[Augusta Treverorum|Augustae Treverorum]] in [[Belgica]] (hodie [[Germania]]) anno [[340]] circiter e [[familia]] [[Roma]]na natus est. Studiis Romae incubuit et [[Sirmium|Sirmii]] cursum honorum coepit. Anno [[370]] [[consularis]] [[Liguria et Aemilia|Liguriae et Aemiliae]] factus, anno autem [[374]] [[Episcopus Mediolanensis]] electus est, die [[7 Decembris]] ordinatus. 

Quo in munere, caritatem in omnes maxime exercuisse habetur, verus pastor et doctor fidelium factus. Disciplinam ecclesiasticam strenue tutatus est; rectae [[fides|fidei]] [[doctrina]]m, una cum [[diaconus|diacono]] et amico [[Sabinus a Placentia|Sabino]], verbo, scriptis, et opere acriter contra [[Arianismus|Arianos]] defendit, quorum multos ad fidem converterunt.

Pro ecclesia Dei Christiani laboribus curisque perfunctus, obiit Sabbato Sancto, die [[4 Aprilis]] anni [[397]]. Postremis aetatis suae diebus viderat Iesum advenisse ad se et arridentem sibi. 

[[Hymnus|Hymnorum]] [[compositor]] cum simplicium tum dulcissimorum, a quibus [[Prudentius]] [[poeta]] mox est profectus, [[musica ecclesiastica|musicae ecclesiasticae]] initium prope fecit. Ambrosius fuit universae ecclesiae donum, cui locupletem insigniter doctrinae ac sanctimoniae reliquit thesaurum.

== Fontes == 
*[[Augustinus Hipponensis]], ''[[Confessiones (Augustinus)|Confessiones]]'' V.13.23
*[[Ennodius]], ''Hymnus santi Ambrosii''
*Paulinus, ''Vita Ambrosii''
*[[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus]], ''Epistulae'' III.30-37

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*''Ambrosius episcopus: atti del Congresso internazionale di studi ambrosiani nel XVI centenario della elevazione di sant'Ambrogio alla cattedra episcopale'', Milano, 2-7 dicembre, Mediolani, Vita e Pensiero, 1976. Duo volumina.
*A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/52/mode/2up 52]
*Jean-Rémy Palanque, ''Saint Ambroise et l'Empire romain. Contribution à l'histoire des rapports de l'Église et de l'État à la fin du IVe siècle'', E de Boccard, 1933 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_1934_num_36_4_2802_t1_0529_0000_1 Recensio critica] [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rhpr_0035-2403_1936_num_16_1_2958_t1_0079_0000_3 Altera recensio critica]
{{NexInt}}
* [[Baptisterium]]
* [[Controversia de ara Victoriae]]
* [[Persecutio Paganorum in Imperio Romano]]
* [[Stropha Ambrosiana|Versus Ambrosianus]]
* [[Te Deum]]

==Nexus externi==
* [http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/audiences/2007/documents/hf_ben-xvi_aud_20071024_it.html Lectio] [[papa]]e [[Benedictus XVI|Benedicti XVI]] de Ambrosio inter audientiam generalem die [[24 Octobris]] [[2007]] ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]) et aliis sermonibus.
* [[:s:la:Scriptor:Ambrosius|Opera in ''Vicifonte'']]
* [http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost04/Ambrosius/amb_intr.html Opera Ambrosii] in [[Bibliotheca Augustana]]
* [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/ambrose.html Opera in Latin library]
* [http://www.kath.net/detail.php?id=33946 De vita Ambrosii Mediolanensis episcopi (pars prima)] Kath.net {{Ling| Latine}}
* [http://www.kath.net/detail.php?id=34045 De vita Ambrosii Mediolanensis episcopi (pars secunda)] Kath.net {{Ling| Latine}}

{{Lifetime|saeculo 4|397|Ambrosius}}
[[Categoria:Auctores Latini antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Consulares Liguriae et Aemiliae]]
[[Categoria:Doctores Ecclesiae Catholicae]]
[[Categoria:Episcopi et Archiepiscopi Mediolanenses]]
[[Categoria:Epistolographi]]
[[Categoria:Hymnographi]]
[[Categoria:Patres Ecclesiae]]
[[Categoria:Philosophi]]
[[Categoria:Poetae Latini Romae antiquae]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Galliae]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Italiae antiquae]]
[[Categoria:Sancti]]
[[Categoria:Theologi Italiae]]
{{Myrias|Homines}}</text>
      <sha1>3m1u899r300xik4i8y1d8rh9ou2rho0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3970809</id>
      <parentid>3970808</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T13:32:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Plura legere si cupis */</comment>
      <origin>3970809</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4809" sha1="ste6dblvlwzn9a46b32i9fiwym7dn50" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Anthonis van Dyck 005.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|left|Ambrosius et [[imperator]] [[Theodosius I]], tela [[pictor]]is [[Antonius de Dyck|Antoni de Dyck]].]]
{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
{{Data Sancti|
2=us|
nomen=Ambrosius|
imago=AmbroseOfMilan.jpg|
px=200|
explanatio= Sanctus Ambrosius in ecclesia St. Ambrogio, Mediolanum|
titulus=[[Doctor Ecclesiae|Doctor Ecclesiae Catholicae]]|
natus= 291|
mortuus= 304|
dies festae=[[7 Decembris]]|
attributa= alvearium, puer, scutica, [[os]]|
patronus= [[Apis mellifera|apis]], animal domesticum, doctrina/eruditio, [[Mediolanum]], [[Italia]], scholasticus |}}

'''Aurelius Ambrosius''', [[sanctus]] et [[Doctor Ecclesiae]], sive &quot;doctor mellifluus,&quot; [[Augustinus|Augustini]] magister, [[Augusta Treverorum|Augustae Treverorum]] in [[Belgica]] (hodie [[Germania]]) anno [[340]] circiter e [[familia]] [[Roma]]na natus est. Studiis Romae incubuit et [[Sirmium|Sirmii]] cursum honorum coepit. Anno [[370]] [[consularis]] [[Liguria et Aemilia|Liguriae et Aemiliae]] factus, anno autem [[374]] [[Episcopus Mediolanensis]] electus est, die [[7 Decembris]] ordinatus. 

Quo in munere, caritatem in omnes maxime exercuisse habetur, verus pastor et doctor fidelium factus. Disciplinam ecclesiasticam strenue tutatus est; rectae [[fides|fidei]] [[doctrina]]m, una cum [[diaconus|diacono]] et amico [[Sabinus a Placentia|Sabino]], verbo, scriptis, et opere acriter contra [[Arianismus|Arianos]] defendit, quorum multos ad fidem converterunt.

Pro ecclesia Dei Christiani laboribus curisque perfunctus, obiit Sabbato Sancto, die [[4 Aprilis]] anni [[397]]. Postremis aetatis suae diebus viderat Iesum advenisse ad se et arridentem sibi. 

[[Hymnus|Hymnorum]] [[compositor]] cum simplicium tum dulcissimorum, a quibus [[Prudentius]] [[poeta]] mox est profectus, [[musica ecclesiastica|musicae ecclesiasticae]] initium prope fecit. Ambrosius fuit universae ecclesiae donum, cui locupletem insigniter doctrinae ac sanctimoniae reliquit thesaurum.

== Fontes == 
*[[Augustinus Hipponensis]], ''[[Confessiones (Augustinus)|Confessiones]]'' V.13.23
*[[Ennodius]], ''Hymnus santi Ambrosii''
*Paulinus, ''Vita Ambrosii''
*[[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus]], ''Epistulae'' III.30-37

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*''Ambrosius episcopus: atti del Congresso internazionale di studi ambrosiani nel XVI centenario della elevazione di sant'Ambrogio alla cattedra episcopale'', Milano, 2-7 dicembre, Mediolani, Vita e Pensiero, 1976. Duo volumina.
*Patrick Boucheron et Stéphane Gioanni (cur.), ''[https://books.openedition.org/psorbonne La mémoire d’Ambroise de Milan. Usages politiques et sociaux d’une autorité patristique en Italie (ve-xviiie siècle)]'', Éditions de la Sorbonne, Publications de l’École française de Rome, 2015 
*A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/52/mode/2up 52]
*Jean-Rémy Palanque, ''Saint Ambroise et l'Empire romain. Contribution à l'histoire des rapports de l'Église et de l'État à la fin du IVe siècle'', E de Boccard, 1933 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_1934_num_36_4_2802_t1_0529_0000_1 Recensio critica] [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rhpr_0035-2403_1936_num_16_1_2958_t1_0079_0000_3 Altera recensio critica]
{{NexInt}}
* [[Baptisterium]]
* [[Controversia de ara Victoriae]]
* [[Persecutio Paganorum in Imperio Romano]]
* [[Stropha Ambrosiana|Versus Ambrosianus]]
* [[Te Deum]]

==Nexus externi==
* [http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/audiences/2007/documents/hf_ben-xvi_aud_20071024_it.html Lectio] [[papa]]e [[Benedictus XVI|Benedicti XVI]] de Ambrosio inter audientiam generalem die [[24 Octobris]] [[2007]] ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]) et aliis sermonibus.
* [[:s:la:Scriptor:Ambrosius|Opera in ''Vicifonte'']]
* [http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost04/Ambrosius/amb_intr.html Opera Ambrosii] in [[Bibliotheca Augustana]]
* [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/ambrose.html Opera in Latin library]
* [http://www.kath.net/detail.php?id=33946 De vita Ambrosii Mediolanensis episcopi (pars prima)] Kath.net {{Ling| Latine}}
* [http://www.kath.net/detail.php?id=34045 De vita Ambrosii Mediolanensis episcopi (pars secunda)] Kath.net {{Ling| Latine}}

{{Lifetime|saeculo 4|397|Ambrosius}}
[[Categoria:Auctores Latini antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Consulares Liguriae et Aemiliae]]
[[Categoria:Doctores Ecclesiae Catholicae]]
[[Categoria:Episcopi et Archiepiscopi Mediolanenses]]
[[Categoria:Epistolographi]]
[[Categoria:Hymnographi]]
[[Categoria:Patres Ecclesiae]]
[[Categoria:Philosophi]]
[[Categoria:Poetae Latini Romae antiquae]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Galliae]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Italiae antiquae]]
[[Categoria:Sancti]]
[[Categoria:Theologi Italiae]]
{{Myrias|Homines}}</text>
      <sha1>ste6dblvlwzn9a46b32i9fiwym7dn50</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3970810</id>
      <parentid>3970809</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T13:33:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Fontes */</comment>
      <origin>3970810</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4810" sha1="p5tkwxmut1juqqlepbf7atcoqf3hnn4" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Anthonis van Dyck 005.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|left|Ambrosius et [[imperator]] [[Theodosius I]], tela [[pictor]]is [[Antonius de Dyck|Antoni de Dyck]].]]
{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
{{Data Sancti|
2=us|
nomen=Ambrosius|
imago=AmbroseOfMilan.jpg|
px=200|
explanatio= Sanctus Ambrosius in ecclesia St. Ambrogio, Mediolanum|
titulus=[[Doctor Ecclesiae|Doctor Ecclesiae Catholicae]]|
natus= 291|
mortuus= 304|
dies festae=[[7 Decembris]]|
attributa= alvearium, puer, scutica, [[os]]|
patronus= [[Apis mellifera|apis]], animal domesticum, doctrina/eruditio, [[Mediolanum]], [[Italia]], scholasticus |}}

'''Aurelius Ambrosius''', [[sanctus]] et [[Doctor Ecclesiae]], sive &quot;doctor mellifluus,&quot; [[Augustinus|Augustini]] magister, [[Augusta Treverorum|Augustae Treverorum]] in [[Belgica]] (hodie [[Germania]]) anno [[340]] circiter e [[familia]] [[Roma]]na natus est. Studiis Romae incubuit et [[Sirmium|Sirmii]] cursum honorum coepit. Anno [[370]] [[consularis]] [[Liguria et Aemilia|Liguriae et Aemiliae]] factus, anno autem [[374]] [[Episcopus Mediolanensis]] electus est, die [[7 Decembris]] ordinatus. 

Quo in munere, caritatem in omnes maxime exercuisse habetur, verus pastor et doctor fidelium factus. Disciplinam ecclesiasticam strenue tutatus est; rectae [[fides|fidei]] [[doctrina]]m, una cum [[diaconus|diacono]] et amico [[Sabinus a Placentia|Sabino]], verbo, scriptis, et opere acriter contra [[Arianismus|Arianos]] defendit, quorum multos ad fidem converterunt.

Pro ecclesia Dei Christiani laboribus curisque perfunctus, obiit Sabbato Sancto, die [[4 Aprilis]] anni [[397]]. Postremis aetatis suae diebus viderat Iesum advenisse ad se et arridentem sibi. 

[[Hymnus|Hymnorum]] [[compositor]] cum simplicium tum dulcissimorum, a quibus [[Prudentius]] [[poeta]] mox est profectus, [[musica ecclesiastica|musicae ecclesiasticae]] initium prope fecit. Ambrosius fuit universae ecclesiae donum, cui locupletem insigniter doctrinae ac sanctimoniae reliquit thesaurum.

== Fontes == 
*[[Augustinus Hipponensis]], ''[[Confessiones (Augustinus)|Confessiones]]'' V.13.23
*[[Ennodius]], ''Hymnus sancti Ambrosii''
*Paulinus, ''Vita Ambrosii''
*[[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus]], ''Epistulae'' III.30-37

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*''Ambrosius episcopus: atti del Congresso internazionale di studi ambrosiani nel XVI centenario della elevazione di sant'Ambrogio alla cattedra episcopale'', Milano, 2-7 dicembre, Mediolani, Vita e Pensiero, 1976. Duo volumina.
*Patrick Boucheron et Stéphane Gioanni (cur.), ''[https://books.openedition.org/psorbonne La mémoire d’Ambroise de Milan. Usages politiques et sociaux d’une autorité patristique en Italie (ve-xviiie siècle)]'', Éditions de la Sorbonne, Publications de l’École française de Rome, 2015 
*A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/52/mode/2up 52]
*Jean-Rémy Palanque, ''Saint Ambroise et l'Empire romain. Contribution à l'histoire des rapports de l'Église et de l'État à la fin du IVe siècle'', E de Boccard, 1933 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_1934_num_36_4_2802_t1_0529_0000_1 Recensio critica] [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rhpr_0035-2403_1936_num_16_1_2958_t1_0079_0000_3 Altera recensio critica]
{{NexInt}}
* [[Baptisterium]]
* [[Controversia de ara Victoriae]]
* [[Persecutio Paganorum in Imperio Romano]]
* [[Stropha Ambrosiana|Versus Ambrosianus]]
* [[Te Deum]]

==Nexus externi==
* [http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/audiences/2007/documents/hf_ben-xvi_aud_20071024_it.html Lectio] [[papa]]e [[Benedictus XVI|Benedicti XVI]] de Ambrosio inter audientiam generalem die [[24 Octobris]] [[2007]] ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]) et aliis sermonibus.
* [[:s:la:Scriptor:Ambrosius|Opera in ''Vicifonte'']]
* [http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost04/Ambrosius/amb_intr.html Opera Ambrosii] in [[Bibliotheca Augustana]]
* [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/ambrose.html Opera in Latin library]
* [http://www.kath.net/detail.php?id=33946 De vita Ambrosii Mediolanensis episcopi (pars prima)] Kath.net {{Ling| Latine}}
* [http://www.kath.net/detail.php?id=34045 De vita Ambrosii Mediolanensis episcopi (pars secunda)] Kath.net {{Ling| Latine}}

{{Lifetime|saeculo 4|397|Ambrosius}}
[[Categoria:Auctores Latini antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Consulares Liguriae et Aemiliae]]
[[Categoria:Doctores Ecclesiae Catholicae]]
[[Categoria:Episcopi et Archiepiscopi Mediolanenses]]
[[Categoria:Epistolographi]]
[[Categoria:Hymnographi]]
[[Categoria:Patres Ecclesiae]]
[[Categoria:Philosophi]]
[[Categoria:Poetae Latini Romae antiquae]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Galliae]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Italiae antiquae]]
[[Categoria:Sancti]]
[[Categoria:Theologi Italiae]]
{{Myrias|Homines}}</text>
      <sha1>p5tkwxmut1juqqlepbf7atcoqf3hnn4</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>3970816</id>
      <parentid>3970810</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T13:49:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
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      <comment>/* Fontes */</comment>
      <origin>3970816</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4905" sha1="ac2kuvxlbboge3o9wig1w07143lif2o" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Anthonis van Dyck 005.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|left|Ambrosius et [[imperator]] [[Theodosius I]], tela [[pictor]]is [[Antonius de Dyck|Antoni de Dyck]].]]
{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
{{Data Sancti|
2=us|
nomen=Ambrosius|
imago=AmbroseOfMilan.jpg|
px=200|
explanatio= Sanctus Ambrosius in ecclesia St. Ambrogio, Mediolanum|
titulus=[[Doctor Ecclesiae|Doctor Ecclesiae Catholicae]]|
natus= 291|
mortuus= 304|
dies festae=[[7 Decembris]]|
attributa= alvearium, puer, scutica, [[os]]|
patronus= [[Apis mellifera|apis]], animal domesticum, doctrina/eruditio, [[Mediolanum]], [[Italia]], scholasticus |}}

'''Aurelius Ambrosius''', [[sanctus]] et [[Doctor Ecclesiae]], sive &quot;doctor mellifluus,&quot; [[Augustinus|Augustini]] magister, [[Augusta Treverorum|Augustae Treverorum]] in [[Belgica]] (hodie [[Germania]]) anno [[340]] circiter e [[familia]] [[Roma]]na natus est. Studiis Romae incubuit et [[Sirmium|Sirmii]] cursum honorum coepit. Anno [[370]] [[consularis]] [[Liguria et Aemilia|Liguriae et Aemiliae]] factus, anno autem [[374]] [[Episcopus Mediolanensis]] electus est, die [[7 Decembris]] ordinatus. 

Quo in munere, caritatem in omnes maxime exercuisse habetur, verus pastor et doctor fidelium factus. Disciplinam ecclesiasticam strenue tutatus est; rectae [[fides|fidei]] [[doctrina]]m, una cum [[diaconus|diacono]] et amico [[Sabinus a Placentia|Sabino]], verbo, scriptis, et opere acriter contra [[Arianismus|Arianos]] defendit, quorum multos ad fidem converterunt.

Pro ecclesia Dei Christiani laboribus curisque perfunctus, obiit Sabbato Sancto, die [[4 Aprilis]] anni [[397]]. Postremis aetatis suae diebus viderat Iesum advenisse ad se et arridentem sibi. 

[[Hymnus|Hymnorum]] [[compositor]] cum simplicium tum dulcissimorum, a quibus [[Prudentius]] [[poeta]] mox est profectus, [[musica ecclesiastica|musicae ecclesiasticae]] initium prope fecit. Ambrosius fuit universae ecclesiae donum, cui locupletem insigniter doctrinae ac sanctimoniae reliquit thesaurum.

== Fontes == 
*[[Augustinus Hipponensis]], ''[[Confessiones (Augustinus)|Confessiones]]'' V.13.23
*[[Ennodius]], ''Hymnus sancti Ambrosii''
*[[Paulinus Mediolanensis]], ''Vita Ambrosii'' [https://archive.org/details/vitasanctiambros00paul/page/n3/mode/2up Textus]
*[[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus]], ''Epistulae'' III.30-37

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*''Ambrosius episcopus: atti del Congresso internazionale di studi ambrosiani nel XVI centenario della elevazione di sant'Ambrogio alla cattedra episcopale'', Milano, 2-7 dicembre, Mediolani, Vita e Pensiero, 1976. Duo volumina.
*Patrick Boucheron et Stéphane Gioanni (cur.), ''[https://books.openedition.org/psorbonne La mémoire d’Ambroise de Milan. Usages politiques et sociaux d’une autorité patristique en Italie (ve-xviiie siècle)]'', Éditions de la Sorbonne, Publications de l’École française de Rome, 2015 
*A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/52/mode/2up 52]
*Jean-Rémy Palanque, ''Saint Ambroise et l'Empire romain. Contribution à l'histoire des rapports de l'Église et de l'État à la fin du IVe siècle'', E de Boccard, 1933 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_1934_num_36_4_2802_t1_0529_0000_1 Recensio critica] [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rhpr_0035-2403_1936_num_16_1_2958_t1_0079_0000_3 Altera recensio critica]
{{NexInt}}
* [[Baptisterium]]
* [[Controversia de ara Victoriae]]
* [[Persecutio Paganorum in Imperio Romano]]
* [[Stropha Ambrosiana|Versus Ambrosianus]]
* [[Te Deum]]

==Nexus externi==
* [http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/audiences/2007/documents/hf_ben-xvi_aud_20071024_it.html Lectio] [[papa]]e [[Benedictus XVI|Benedicti XVI]] de Ambrosio inter audientiam generalem die [[24 Octobris]] [[2007]] ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]) et aliis sermonibus.
* [[:s:la:Scriptor:Ambrosius|Opera in ''Vicifonte'']]
* [http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost04/Ambrosius/amb_intr.html Opera Ambrosii] in [[Bibliotheca Augustana]]
* [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/ambrose.html Opera in Latin library]
* [http://www.kath.net/detail.php?id=33946 De vita Ambrosii Mediolanensis episcopi (pars prima)] Kath.net {{Ling| Latine}}
* [http://www.kath.net/detail.php?id=34045 De vita Ambrosii Mediolanensis episcopi (pars secunda)] Kath.net {{Ling| Latine}}

{{Lifetime|saeculo 4|397|Ambrosius}}
[[Categoria:Auctores Latini antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Consulares Liguriae et Aemiliae]]
[[Categoria:Doctores Ecclesiae Catholicae]]
[[Categoria:Episcopi et Archiepiscopi Mediolanenses]]
[[Categoria:Epistolographi]]
[[Categoria:Hymnographi]]
[[Categoria:Patres Ecclesiae]]
[[Categoria:Philosophi]]
[[Categoria:Poetae Latini Romae antiquae]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Galliae]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Italiae antiquae]]
[[Categoria:Sancti]]
[[Categoria:Theologi Italiae]]
{{Myrias|Homines}}</text>
      <sha1>ac2kuvxlbboge3o9wig1w07143lif2o</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tractorium</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1000</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3970880</id>
      <parentid>3906086</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T16:21:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>URL obiit</comment>
      <origin>3970880</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4274" sha1="77p1mt6hjoy74f1dgbaummw2lh0s8ty" xml:space="preserve">{{Latinitas|inspecta1}}
{{Vehicula}}
[[Fasciculus:Tractor-Automobile-plow-1905.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Tractrum ab Ivel, societate Britannica, fabricatum [[aratrum]] trahit.]]

{{res|Tractorium}},&lt;ref name=PE&gt;{{PONS-Egger}}.&lt;/ref&gt; plenius {{res|automatum tractorium}}&lt;ref name=PE/&gt; vel {{res|tractorium automatum}},&lt;ref name=NSLO&gt;[[Ebbe Vilborg]], ''Norstedts svensk-latinska ordbok'', editio secunda (2009).&lt;/ref&gt; sive {{res|tractrum}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen auctoris = Gross
	| nomen auctoris = Nicolaus
	| commentatio de auctore = Nicolaus Gross
	| titulus = Recensio Orbis Picti Albertiani
	| contextus = Epistulae Leoninae
	| tempus = 2023-05-19
	| tempus inspectionis = 2025-07-09	
	| volumen = 277
	| pagina = 24
	| url contextus = https://ephemerisnuntii.eu/leonina/EL%20277.pdf
	| retrospectio contextus = 20240814134058
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; vel {{res|machina tractoria}}&lt;ref name=PE/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NSLO&quot; /&gt;{{LLHL25 ref|Traktor|374}} vel {{res|currus tractorius}},{{MLAL ref|tractor|124}} est [[vehiculum]] [[instrumentum rusticum|rusticum]]&lt;!--agricultural--&gt; et genus [[machina]]e, quo onera pertrahuntur aut ad altitudinem sublata collocantur. [[Agricola (munus)|Agricolae]] eo utentes [[carrus|carros]] et [[aratrum|aratra]] trahunt ad [[sementis|sementim]] efficiendam et [[messis|messim]] colligendam.

Olim tractra [[vis|vi]] [[vapor]]ica, nostra autem aetate [[motrum|motro]] [[diesel]]ico impelluntur. Abhinc annos [[centum]], tractra vi [[equus|equorum]] quinque vel etiam decem trahebant; nostra autem aetate ope maiore quam equis centum niti possunt.

==Societates tractra fabricantes==
[[Fasciculus:TraktorStLorenzen.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|Machina tractoria [[Fanum Sancti Laurentii|Fani Sancti Laurentii]].]]
Haec sunt nomina [[collegium (ius)|societatum]] quae tractra fabricant:
*David Brown Ltd.&lt;!--
* [[Al-Ghazi]]
* [[Carraro]]
* [[Claas]]
* [[Fendt]] ([[AGCOius]])
* [[HMT]]
* [[Holder]]
* [[Industrija Masina Traktora]]
* [[Industrija Motora Rakovica]]--&gt;
* [[John Deere]]&lt;!--
* [[JSC Vladimir]]
* [[Kharkiv]]
* [[Kirovetz]]--&gt;
* [[Lamborghini]]&lt;!-- ([[Same Deutz-Fahr]]-ius)
* [[Lanz]] (usucapio [[John Deere]])
* [[Lindner]]
* [[Mahindra &amp; Mahindra]]--&gt;
* [[Massey Ferguson]]&lt;!-- ([[AGCOius]])
* [[MTZ Belarus]]
* [[New Holland]] (Case New Hollandius)
* [[Pauny]]
* [[Pronar]]
* [[Punjab Tractors]]
* [[Reform]]
* [[Rigitrac]]
* [[Same Deutz-Fahr]]--&gt;
* [[Shandong]]
* [[Sonalika]]
* [[Ursus (tractorium)|Ursus]]&lt;!--
* [[Valtra]] ([[AGCOius]])
* [[Vandel]]--&gt;
* [[Zetor]]

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Bibliographia==
*Ertel, Patrick W. [[2001]]. ''The American Tractor: A Century of Legendary Machines.'' Osceolae Visvonciniae: MBI. ISBN 978-0-7603-0863-9. [https://books.google.com/books?id=vQenXMGgRc4C&amp;pg=PP1 Google Books.]{{Nexus deficitur|date=January 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*Klancher, Lee, Randy Leffingwell, Andrew Morland, et Robert N. Pripps. [[2003]]. ''Farm Tractors.'' Osceolae Visconsiniae: Crestline (impressio MBI). ISBN 978-0-7603-1776-1. [https://books.google.com/books?id=b1U8tvBEEDMC Google Books.]{{Nexus deficitur|date=January 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*Leffingwell, Randy. [[2004]]. ''Ford Farm Tractors.'' Motorbooks Classics Series. Osceolae Visconsiniae: MBI. ISBN 978-0-7603-1919-2.[https://books.google.com/books?id=A1GzJ_Hyj1kC Google Books.]{{Nexus deficitur|date=January 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*Miller, Orrin E. [[2003]]. &quot;John Froelich: The Story of a Man and a Tractor.&quot; In ''The John Deere Tractor Legacy,'' ed. Don Macmillan. Voyageur Press. ISBN 978-0-89658-619-2. [https://books.google.com/books?id=3cJeffKoriEC&amp;pg=PA41 Google Books.]
*Pripps, Robert N., et Andrew Morland (photographus). [[1993]]. ''Farmall Tractors: History of International McCormick-Deering Farmall Tractors.'' Farm Tractor Color History Series. Osceolae Visconsiniae: MBI. ISBN 978-0-87938-763-1. [https://books.google.com/books?id=y6FKAAAAYAAJ Google Books.]
*Rumeley, Edward A. [[1910]]. &quot;The Passing of The Man with the Hoe.&quot; ''World's Work'' 20 (Augustus): 13246–13258. [https://books.google.com/books?id=HsrkfU461xAC&amp;pg=PA13246 Google Books.]

==Nexus externi==
{{CommuniaCat|Tractors|tractoria}}

[[Categoria:Messis]]
[[Categoria:Vehicula]]

{{Myrias|Technologia}}</text>
      <sha1>77p1mt6hjoy74f1dgbaummw2lh0s8ty</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ferdinandus Magellanus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>4290</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3970929</id>
      <parentid>3964995</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-08T06:03:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jondel</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Regressus */ Hoc est adiectivum genetivum plurale ad congruendum cum commercio.</comment>
      <origin>3970929</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10210" sha1="00rwkl2ka2flizj2sca429u83d0vd5k" xml:space="preserve">{{Latinitas|-2}}
{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Ferdinand Magellan.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Imago]] Ferdinandi Magellani [[saeculum|saeculo]] [[saeculum 16|16]] vel [[saeculum 17|17]] picta.]]

{{res|Ferdinandus Magellanus}} ([[Lusitane]] ''Fernão de Magalhães''&amp;thinsp;; natus circa [[1480]]; mortuus [[27 Aprilis]] [[1521]]) fuit [[explorator]] [[Portugallia|Lusitanus]]. [[Sabrosa]]e ortus, in Portugallia [[septentrio]]nali sitae, [[Carolus V (imperator)|Carolo I Regi Hispaniae]] servivit, [[via]]m petendo ad [[occidens|occidentem]] usque ad [Insulas Maluku|Insulas Condimentorum]](hodiernas [[Insulae Maluku|Insulas Maluku]] in [[Indonesia]] sitas).

[[Expeditio Magellanica]] annorum ab [[1519]] ad [[1522]] fuit prima expeditio quae ab [[Oceanus Atlanticus|Oceano Atlantico]] in [[Oceanus Pacificus|Pacificum]] [[navigatio|navigavit]] (a Magellano Mare Pacificum appellatum; effecta est transitus per [[Fretum Magellanicum|Fretum Magellani]]), et prima quae omnem transivit Pacificum. Expeditio primam [[Tellus|Telluris]] [[circumnavigatio]]nem complevit, quamquam Magellanus ipse totam navigationem non confecit, in [[litus|litore]] [[insula Mactan|insulae Mactan]] per [[Proelium Mactan]] in [[Philippinae|Philippinis]] interfectus.

Nomen Magellani commemorant ''[[Spheniscus magellanicus]]'' familiae [[Spheniscidae|Spheniscidarum]], quem ipse primus [[Europa]]eorum observavit,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110823061128/http://www.globaltwitcher.com/artspec_information.asp?thingid=232 Magellanic penguin].&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; et [[Nebulae Magellanicae]], nunc [[galaxias]] nanas esse intellectae. Praeterea, [[asteroides]] [[4055 Magellan]] in eius honorem nominatus est.

== Iuventus ==
[[Puer]]o tirocinio stipendio Regina Leonora&lt;!--???--&gt; eductus erat. Posterius [[iter]] faciebant&lt;!--Qui erant? Ipse et regina?--&gt; ad [[Asia Australis|Asiam Australem]] et [[Asia Orientalis|Orientalem]] et abhinc [[1509]] usque [[1511]] stipedium denuo pro Navarcho Almeida, Sequira, Serrano, gubernatore [[Alba Quercus (Novum Mexicum)|Albae Quercus]] merebat.&lt;!--?--&gt; Ad hunc [[1506]] anno bello Cannanore&lt;!--?--&gt; pedem [[vulnus|vulneratus]] est. Tunc, [[condimentum|condimenta]] ex [[Insulae Malucae|Insulis Moluccis]], similis ita per [[aureum]] apud Europeam magnopere quaesita erant. Quamquam, [[foedus Tordecillis]] iter per mundum occidentalem iuri Lusitano restringit. Igitur tunc Magellan ad Insulas Moluccas variis compendiariis studebat, praecipue per vias orientales.

== Regressus ==
Anno [[1512]] Europeam regressus, [[Islamici]]s [[commercium]] accusatus apud cortem{{dubsig}} regnis{{dubsig}} Lusitanis offensas accepit. Anno [[1516]], [[Hispania]]m perrectus, [[Hispani]] civitatis acceptus, et Hispanis [[mos|morem]] nomen mutavit. Deinde ad regnum Hispanici [[Carolus V (imperator)|Carolum]],{{dubsig}} ad [[Insulae Moluccenses|Insulas Moluccenses]] iter consilium protulit quam [[rex]] accepit.

== Circumnavigatio et casus ==
{{vide-etiam|Expeditio Magellanica}}
Expeditionem paravit qua prima [[circumnavigatio|circumnavigaturus]] fuisset. Anno [[1519]], ad Asiam per viam occidentalem iter commisit cum classicula ex [[quinque]] navibus. Apud alios 240 [[nauta]]s erant [[Ioannes Sebastianus Elcano|Elcano]] navarchus vicarius et [[Antonius Pigafetta]] chronographus supernumerariusque, qui iter victuri fuissent.

[[America Australis|Americam Australem]] attigit et [[Brasilia]]m visitavit, quae fuit terra [[Portugallia|Lusitana]]. [[Fretum]] advenit quod [[Fretum Magellanicum|nomen]] eius hodie fert. Hoc fretum, cuspem [[continens|continente]] dividens, [[oceanus|oceanos]] [[Oceanus Atlanticus|Atlanticum]] et [[Oceanus Pacificus|Pacificum]] coniungit. Hunc{{dubsig}} rebellionem subiugit, sed [[duo|duas]] [[navis|naves]] desideravit. Miros observabant quae sunt inter alios [[Sphenisciformes|aves sine pennae volatuque]] et [[Lama glama|dromedarii sine gibbo]]. 

[[Oceanus Pacificus|Oceanum Pacificum]] attigit, et tranquillitas eius observatus, nomen hodiernam appellavit. Oceanum transientes omnes naves duro magnopere passus erant, et alii esurie moriti fuerunt. Die [[13 Februarii]] [[1521]], insulas adventum quam appellata ab Magellano [[Insulae Latronum]] quod cleptas passus erat ex indigenis, nam nunc [[Insuae Marianae|Insulae Mariana]] et [[Guama]]. 

Die [[16 Martii]] [[1521]], insulae ''Homonhon'' [[Philippinae|Philippinarum]] adventum ab Magellano est, cum adhunc 150 nautis. Interprete Henrico communicare poterant. Vernaculo rege amicavit, sed apud rixam interfuit, ei pugnante litore Mactan interfectus fuit. [[Eduardus Barbosa]] eodem proelio mortuus est.

Cetera fugerunt. Ex 237 Hispanicis, regressi sunt [[duodeviginti]] nautae die [[6 Septembris]], [[1522]], [[Ioannes Sebastianus Elcano|Ioanne Sebastiano Elcano]] duce. Unus eorum fuit [[Antonius Pigafetta]], qui totam expeditionem tradidit.

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
=== Fontes primi ===
{{Pars vicificanda}}
*{{Citation |last= Pigafetta |first= Antonio |authorlink= Antonio Pigafetta |title=Magellan's Voyage around the World |publisher=Arthur A. Clark |year= 1906 |isbn=  |ref=harv}} (orig. ''[http://www.archive.org/details/primerviajeentor00piga Primer viaje en torno del globo]'' Retrieved on 2009-04-08).
* [[Maximilianus Transylvanus]], ''De Moluccis insulis'', 1523, 1542.
*{{Citation |last=  Nowell |first= Charles E. ed. |title= Magellan's Voyage around the World: Three Contemporary Accounts |publisher=NU Press |location=Evanston |year= 1962 |isbn=  }}.
*&lt;cite id=CITEREFStanley1874&gt;''[http://dlxs.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=sea;cc=sea;sid=424383ff2ffa1020e1afb760b0fe4109;idno=sea061;view=toc The First Voyage Round the World, by Magellan]'', full text, English translation by Henry Stanley, 3rd Baron Stanley of Alderley, Londinii: Hakluyt, [1874] – six contemporary accounts of his voyage&lt;/cite&gt;.
*{{citation|last=Oliveira|first=Fernando|title=The Voyage of Ferdinand Magellan|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=MByAAAAAMAAJ|year=1550–1560|publication-date=2002|publisher=National Historical Institute|isbn=9789715381635}}, English translation by Peter Schreurs from the original Portuguese manuscript in the University Library of Lieden, The Netherlands.

=== Alii fontes ===
*{{Citation |last= Bergreen |first=Laurence |authorlink= Laurence Bergreen |title=Over the Edge of the World: Magellan's Terrifying Circumnavigation of the Globe  |publisher=William Morrow |year= 2003 |month= 14 October|isbn= 9780066211732, ISBN 0-06-093638-X |laysummary= http://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0066211735.asp }}.
*{{Citation |last= Guillemard |first= Francis Henry Hill |title=The life of Ferdinand Magellan, and the first circumnavigation of the globe, 1480–1521 |publisher=G. Philip  |year=1890  |url= http://www.archive.org/details/lifeofferdinandm00guil |accessdate=8 April 2009 }}.
*{{Citation |last= Hildebrand |first=Arthur Sturges |title= Magellan |publisher=Harcourt, Brace &amp; Co |location= Novi Eboraci |year= 1924 |isbn= 9781417914135 (reprint) }}.
*{{Citation |last= Joyner |first= Tim |title=Magellan  |publisher=International Marine Publishing  |location= Camden, Me. |year=1992  |isbn= 9780070331280 }}.
*{{Citation |last= Nunn |first= George E. |title= The Columbus and Magellan Concepts of South American Geography |year= 1932 |isbn=  }}.
*{{Citation |last= Parr |first= Charles M. |title= So Noble a Captain: The Life and Times of Ferdinand Magellan |publisher=Crowell |location=Novi Eboraci |year= 1953 |isbn= 0837185211, ISBN 0-8371-8521-1 }}.
*{{Citation |last= Parry |first= J. H. |authorlink= J. H. Parry |title= The Discovery of South America |publisher=Taplinger |location= Novi Eboraci |year= 1979 |isbn=  }}.
*{{Citation |last= Parry |first= J. H. |title= The Discovery of the Sea |publisher=University of California Press |location= Berkley |year= 1981 |isbn= 978-0520042360 }}.
*{{Citation |last= Parry |first= J. H. |title= The Spanish Seaborne Empire |publisher=Knopf |location= Novi Eboraci |year= 1970 |isbn= 978-0520071407 }}.
*{{Citation |last= Pérez-Mallaína |first= Pablo E. |others= trans. Carla Rahn Phillips |title= Spain's Men of the Sea: Daily Life on the Indies Fleets in the Sixteenth Century |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |location= Baltimore |year= 1998 |isbn= 9780801857461 |laysummary= http://www.marcusrediker.com/reviews/Perez_review.htm }}.
*{{Citation |last= Roditi |first= Edouard |title= Magellan of the Pacific |publisher=Faber &amp; Faber |location=Londinii |year= 1972 |isbn= 0571089453 }}.
*{{Citation |last= Schurz |first=William L. |year=1922 |month=May |title= The Spanish Lake|journal=Hispanic American Historical Review |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=181–194 |id= |quote= |doi= 10.2307/2506024 |publisher=Duke University Press |postscript= . |jstor= 2506024 }}.
*{{Citation |last= Thatcher |first=Oliver J. ed. |title=The Library of Original Sources |chapter= Vol. V: 9th to 16th Centuries |publisher=University Research Extension Co |year= 1907 |isbn=  |pages= 41–57 |url= http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1519magellan.html |accessdate=8 April 2009 }}.
*{{Citation |last= Wilford |first= John Noble |authorlink= John Noble Wilford |title= The Mapmakers |publisher=Knopf |location=Novi Eboraci |year= 2000 |isbn= 0375708502 |laysummary= http://www.cosmopolis.ch/english/cosmo33/history_cartography_mapmakers.htm }}.
*{{Citation |last= Zweig |first= Stephanus |authorlink=Stephanus Zweig |title=Conqueror of the Seas: The Story of Magellan |publisher=Read Books|year= 2007 |isbn=1406760064 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=tLoWg9mMh04C&amp;lpg=PA37&amp;dq=cannanore%201506&amp;pg=PA1#v=onepage&amp;q=cannanore%201506 }}. (1K)

{{Lifetime|1480|1521|Magellanus, Ferdinandus}}
&lt;!--
Military personnel killed in action
People of Spanish colonial Philippines
Portuguese Roman Catholics
Deaths by blade weapons
People from Vila Real District--&gt;

[[Categoria:Circumnavigatores]]
[[Categoria:Exploratores Americae Australis]]
[[Categoria:Exploratores Oceani Pacifici]]
[[Categoria:Exploratores Portugallenses]]
[[Categoria:Historia maritima Portugalliae]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Portugalliae]]
[[Categoria:Nautae]]
[[Categoria:Necati]]
[[Categoria:Philippinae]]
{{1000 paginae}}
{{Myrias|Homines}}</text>
      <sha1>00rwkl2ka2flizj2sca429u83d0vd5k</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3970937</id>
      <parentid>3970929</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-08T11:56:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>IacobusAmor</username>
        <id>1163</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Nexus &amp;c (1K)</comment>
      <origin>3970937</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10551" sha1="oq4xlpi1tpr0ly7d49yvnimvagy6hoc" xml:space="preserve">{{Latinitas|-3}}
{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Ferdinand Magellan.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Imago]] Ferdinandi Magellani [[saeculum|saeculo]] [[saeculum 16|16]] vel [[saeculum 17|17]] picta.]]

{{res|Ferdinandus Magellanus}} ([[Lusitane]] ''Fernão de Magalhães''&amp;thinsp;; natus circa [[1480]]; mortuus [[27 Aprilis]] [[1521]]) fuit [[explorator]] [[Portugallia|Lusitanus]]. {{Creanda|en|Sabrosa|Sabrosa|Sabrosae}} ortus, in Portugallia [[septentrio]]nali sitae, [[Carolus V (imperator)|Carolo I Regi Hispaniae]] servivit, [[via]]m petendo ad [[occidens|occidentem]] usque ad [[Insulas Maluku|Insulas Condimentorum]] (hodiernas [[Insulae Moluccae|Insulas Moluccas]] in [[Indonesia]] sitas).

[[Expeditio Magellanica]] annorum ab [[1519]] ad [[1522]] fuit prima expeditio quae ab [[Oceanus Atlanticus|Oceano Atlantico]] in [[Oceanus Pacificus|Pacificum]] [[navigatio|navigavit]] (a Magellano [[Mare Pacificum]] appellatum; effecta est transitus per [[Fretum Magellanicum]]), et prima quae omnem transivit Pacificum. Expeditio primam [[Tellus|Telluris]] [[circumnavigatio]]nem complevit, quamquam Magellanus ipse totam navigationem non confecit, per {{Creanda|en|Battle of Mactan|Proelium Mactan|proelium}} in [[litus|litore]] [[insula Mactan|insulae Mactan]] haud procul a [[Caebua]] in [[Philippinae|Philippinis]] interfectus.

Nomen Magellani commemorant ''{{Creanda|en|Spheniscus magellanicus|Spheniscus magellanicus}}'' [[familia (taxinomia)|familiae]] [[Spheniscidae|Spheniscidarum]], quem ipse primus [[Europa]]eorum observavit,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110823061128/http://www.globaltwitcher.com/artspec_information.asp?thingid=232 Magellanic penguin].&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; et {{Creanda|en|Magellanic Clouds|Nubeculae Magellani}}, nonnullae [[galaxias|galaxiae]] nanae in {{Creanda|en|Southern celestial hemisphere|Hemisphaerium caeleste australe|hemisphaerio caeleste australe}} visae. Praeterea, [[asteroides]] [[4055 Magellan]] in eius honorem nominatur.

== Iuventus ==
[[Puer]]o{{dubsig}} tirocinio{{dubsig}} stipendio Regina{{dubsig}} Leonora{{dubsig}} eductus{{dubsig}} erat{{dubsig}}. Posterius [[iter]] faciebant&lt;!--Qui erant?--&gt; ad [[Asia Australis|Asiam Australem]] et [[Asia Orientalis|Orientalem]] et abhinc [[1509]] usque [[1511]] stipedium denuo pro Navarcho Almeida, Sequira, Serrano, gubernatore [[Alba Quercus (Novum Mexicum)|Albae Quercus]] merebat.&lt;!--?--&gt; Ad hunc [[1506]] anno bello Cannanore&lt;!--?--&gt; pedem [[vulnus|vulneratus]] est. Tunc, [[condimentum|condimenta]] ex [[Insulae Malucae|Insulis Moluccis]], similis ita per [[aureum]] apud Europeam magnopere quaesita erant. Quamquam, [[foedus Tordecillis]] iter per mundum occidentalem iuri Lusitano restringit. Igitur tunc Magellan ad Insulas Moluccas variis compendiariis studebat, praecipue per vias orientales.

== Regressus ==
Anno [[1512]] Europeam regressus, [[Islamici]]s [[commercium]] accusatus apud cortem{{dubsig}} regnis{{dubsig}} Lusitanis offensas accepit. Anno [[1516]], [[Hispania]]m perrectus, [[Hispani]] civitatis acceptus, et Hispanis [[mos|morem]] nomen mutavit. Deinde ad regnum Hispanici [[Carolus V (imperator)|Carolum]],{{dubsig}} ad [[Insulae Moluccenses|Insulas Moluccenses]] iter consilium protulit quam [[rex]] accepit.

== Circumnavigatio et casus ==
{{vide-etiam|Expeditio Magellanica}}
Expeditionem paravit qua prima [[circumnavigatio|circumnavigaturus]] fuisset. Anno [[1519]], ad Asiam per viam occidentalem iter commisit cum classicula ex [[quinque]] navibus. Apud alios 240 [[nauta]]s erant [[Ioannes Sebastianus Elcano|Elcano]] navarchus vicarius et [[Antonius Pigafetta]] chronographus supernumerariusque, qui iter victuri fuissent.

[[America Australis|Americam Australem]] attigit et [[Brasilia]]m visitavit, quae fuit terra [[Portugallia|Lusitana]]. [[Fretum]] advenit quod [[Fretum Magellanicum|nomen]] eius hodie fert. Hoc fretum, cuspem [[continens|continente]] dividens, [[oceanus|oceanos]] [[Oceanus Atlanticus|Atlanticum]] et [[Oceanus Pacificus|Pacificum]] coniungit. Hunc{{dubsig}} rebellionem subiugit, sed [[duo|duas]] [[navis|naves]] desideravit. Miros observabant quae sunt inter alios [[Sphenisciformes|aves sine pennae volatuque]] et [[Lama glama|dromedarii sine gibbo]]. 

[[Oceanus Pacificus|Oceanum Pacificum]] attigit, et tranquillitas eius observatus, nomen hodiernam appellavit. Oceanum transientes omnes naves duro magnopere passus erant, et alii esurie moriti fuerunt. Die [[13 Februarii]] [[1521]], insulas adventum quam appellata ab Magellano [[Insulae Latronum]] quod cleptas passus erat ex indigenis, nam nunc [[Insuae Marianae|Insulae Mariana]] et [[Guama]]. 

Die [[16 Martii]] [[1521]], insulae ''Homonhon'' [[Philippinae|Philippinarum]] adventum ab Magellano est, cum adhunc 150 nautis. Interprete Henrico communicare poterant. Vernaculo rege amicavit, sed apud rixam interfuit, ei pugnante litore Mactan interfectus fuit. [[Eduardus Barbosa]] eodem proelio mortuus est.

Cetera fugerunt. Ex 237 Hispanicis, regressi sunt [[duodeviginti]] nautae die [[6 Septembris]] [[1522]], [[Ioannes Sebastianus Elcano|Ioanne Sebastiano Elcano]] duce. Unus eorum fuit [[Antonius Pigafetta]], qui totam expeditionem tradidit.

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
=== Fontes primi ===
{{Pars vicificanda}}
*{{Citation |last= Pigafetta |first= Antonio |authorlink= Antonio Pigafetta |title=Magellan's Voyage around the World |publisher=Arthur A. Clark |year= 1906 |isbn=  |ref=harv}} (orig. ''[http://www.archive.org/details/primerviajeentor00piga Primer viaje en torno del globo]'' Retrieved on 2009-04-08).
* [[Maximilianus Transylvanus]], ''De Moluccis insulis'', 1523, 1542.
*{{Citation |last=  Nowell |first= Charles E. ed. |title= Magellan's Voyage around the World: Three Contemporary Accounts |publisher=NU Press |location=Evanston |year= [[1962]] |isbn=  }}.
*&lt;cite id=CITEREFStanley1874&gt;''[http://dlxs.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=sea;cc=sea;sid=424383ff2ffa1020e1afb760b0fe4109;idno=sea061;view=toc The First Voyage Round the World, by Magellan]'', full text, English translation by Henry Stanley, 3rd Baron Stanley of Alderley, Londinii: Hakluyt, [1874] – six contemporary accounts of his voyage&lt;/cite&gt;.
*{{citation|last=Oliveira|first=Fernando|title=The Voyage of Ferdinand Magellan|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=MByAAAAAMAAJ|year=1550–1560|publication-date=2002|publisher=National Historical Institute|isbn=9789715381635}}, English translation by Peter Schreurs from the original Portuguese manuscript in the University Library of Lieden, The Netherlands.

=== Alii fontes ===
*{{Citation |last= Bergreen |first=Laurence |authorlink= Laurence Bergreen |title=Over the Edge of the World: Magellan's Terrifying Circumnavigation of the Globe  |publisher=William Morrow |year= 2003 |month= 14 October|isbn= 9780066211732, ISBN 0-06-093638-X |laysummary= http://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0066211735.asp }}.
*{{Citation |last= Guillemard |first= Francis Henry Hill |title=The life of Ferdinand Magellan, and the first circumnavigation of the globe, 1480–1521 |publisher=G. Philip  |year=[[1890]]  |url= http://www.archive.org/details/lifeofferdinandm00guil |accessdate=8 April 2009 }}.
*{{Citation |last= Hildebrand |first=Arthur Sturges |title= Magellan |publisher=Harcourt, Brace &amp; Co |location= Novi Eboraci |year= [[1924]] |isbn= 9781417914135 (reprint) }}.
*{{Citation |last= Joyner |first= Tim |title=Magellan  |publisher=International Marine Publishing  |location= Camden, Me. |year= [[1992]]  |isbn= 9780070331280 }}.
*{{Citation |last= Nunn |first= George E. |title= The Columbus and Magellan Concepts of South American Geography |year= 1932 |isbn=  }}.
*{{Citation |last= Parr |first= Charles M. |title= So Noble a Captain: The Life and Times of Ferdinand Magellan |publisher=Crowell |location=Novi Eboraci |year= [[1953]] |isbn= 0837185211, ISBN 0-8371-8521-1 }}.
*{{Citation |last= Parry |first= J. H. |authorlink= J. H. Parry |title= The Discovery of South America |publisher=Taplinger |location= Novi Eboraci |year= [[1979]] |isbn=  }}.
*{{Citation |last= Parry |first= J. H. |title= The Discovery of the Sea |publisher=University of California Press |location= Berkley |year= [[1981]] |isbn= 978-0520042360 }}.
*{{Citation |last= Parry |first= J. H. |title= The Spanish Seaborne Empire |publisher=Knopf |location= Novi Eboraci |year= 1970 |isbn= 978-0520071407 }}.
*{{Citation |last= Pérez-Mallaína |first= Pablo E. |others= trans. Carla Rahn Phillips |title= Spain's Men of the Sea: Daily Life on the Indies Fleets in the Sixteenth Century |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |location= Baltimore |year= 1998 |isbn= 9780801857461 |laysummary= http://www.marcusrediker.com/reviews/Perez_review.htm }}.
*{{Citation |last= Roditi |first= Edouard |title= Magellan of the Pacific |publisher=Faber &amp; Faber |location=Londinii |year= 1972 |isbn= 0571089453 }}.
*{{Citation |last= Schurz |first=William L. |year=1922 |month=May |title= The Spanish Lake|journal=Hispanic American Historical Review |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=181–194 |id= |quote= |doi= 10.2307/2506024 |publisher=Duke University Press |postscript= . |jstor= 2506024 }}.
*{{Citation |last= Thatcher |first=Oliver J. ed. |title=The Library of Original Sources |chapter= Vol. V: 9th to 16th Centuries |publisher=University Research Extension Co |year= 1907 |isbn=  |pages= 41–57 |url= http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1519magellan.html |accessdate=8 April 2009 }}.
*{{Citation |last= Wilford |first= John Noble |authorlink= John Noble Wilford |title= The Mapmakers |publisher=Knopf |location=Novi Eboraci |year= 2000 |isbn= 0375708502 |laysummary= http://www.cosmopolis.ch/english/cosmo33/history_cartography_mapmakers.htm }}.
*{{Citation |last= Zweig |first= Stephanus |authorlink=Stephanus Zweig |title=Conqueror of the Seas: The Story of Magellan |publisher=Read Books|year= 2007 |isbn=1406760064 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=tLoWg9mMh04C&amp;lpg=PA37&amp;dq=cannanore%201506&amp;pg=PA1#v=onepage&amp;q=cannanore%201506 }}. (1K)

{{Lifetime|1480|1521|Magellanus, Ferdinandus}}
&lt;!--
Military personnel killed in action
People of Spanish colonial Philippines
Portuguese Roman Catholics
Deaths by blade weapons
People from Vila Real District--&gt;

[[Categoria:Circumnavigatores]]
[[Categoria:Exploratores Americae Australis]]
[[Categoria:Exploratores Oceani Pacifici]]
[[Categoria:Exploratores Portugallenses]]
[[Categoria:Historia maritima Portugalliae]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Portugalliae]]
[[Categoria:Nautae]]
[[Categoria:Necati]]
[[Categoria:Philippinae]]
{{1000 paginae}}
{{Myrias|Homines}}</text>
      <sha1>oq4xlpi1tpr0ly7d49yvnimvagy6hoc</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Beatrix (regina Nederlandiae)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>4325</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3970897</id>
      <parentid>3887580</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T18:55:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>LilyKitty</username>
        <id>18316</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>de indice principum regumque Nederlandiae</comment>
      <origin>3970897</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2588" sha1="ndz86gbraa1f1tkm4pvnj7coznsj8ds" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa principis Vicidata}}
'''Beatrix Gulielmina Armgarda''' (nata die [[31 Ianuarii]] [[1938]]) fuit a die [[30 Aprilis]] [[1980]] usque ad diem 30 Aprilis [[2013]] [[Nederlandia]]e [[regina]]. Quae est [[filia]] [[Iuliana (regina Nederlandiae)|Iulianae]], quae etiam fuit [[index principum regumque Nederlandiae|regina Nederlandiae]], et Bernardi principis teutonici.{{dubsig}}

== Vita ==
Beatrix, in palatio Soestijke nata, post annum sororem Irene obtinebat. Per [[secundum bellum mundanum]] pars [[familia regalis|familiae regiae]] ad [[Canada]]m fugit. Ibi soror secunda Beatricis, Margriet, nata est. Post bellum, in [[Academia Lugduno-Batava]] [[ius inter civitates et gentes]] studebat.

Anno [[1996]], [[Praemium Caroli Magni]] accepit. Die [[28 Ianuarii]] [[2013]] Beatrix, quae septuaginta quinque annos die [[31 Ianuarii]] [[2013]] complevit, abdicationem suam nuntiavit. A die [[30 Aprilis]] 2013 successor eius est filius [[Gulielmus Alexander]].

== Familia Beatricis ==
* [[Nicolaus Amsbergensis]] ([[6 Septembris]] [[1926]] - [[6 Octobris]] [[2002]] [[maritus]] reginae Beatricis)
* [[Gulielmus Alexander]] ([[27 Aprilis]] [[1967]] - hodie)
** Maxima Zorreguieta (uxor Vilelmi Alexandri [[17 Maii]] [[1971]] - hodie)
*** Catharina-Amalia Beatrix Carmen Victoria ([[7 Decembris]] [[2003]] - hodie)
*** Alexia Iuliana Marcela Laurentien ([[26 Iunii]] [[2005]] - hodie)
*** Ariana Vilelmina Maxima Ines ([[10 Aprilis]] [[2007]] - hodie)
* [[Friso de Oranien-Nassau|Ioannes Friso]] ([[25 Septembris]] [[1968]] － [[12 Augusti]] [[2013]])
** Emma Luana Ninetta Sophia ([[26 Martii]], [[2005]] - hodie)
** Ioanna Zaria Nicola Milou ([[18 Iunii]], [[2006]] - hodie)
* Constantinus ([[11 Octobris]], [[1969]] - hodie)
** Petra Laurentiana Brinkhorst ([[25 Maii]], [[1966]] in [[Lugdunum Batavorum|Lugdunense Batavis]])
*** Eloisa Sophia Beatrix Laurentia ([[8 Iulii]], 2002 - hodie)
*** Nicolaus Casimir Bernardus Marius Max ([[21 Martii]], [[2004]] - hodie)
*** Eleonora Maria Irena Henrica ([[3 Iunii]], [[2006]] - hodie)

{{NexInt}}
*[[Index principum regumque Nederlandiae]]
== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Koningin Beatrix der Nederlanden|Beatricem Nederlandiae reginam}}
* [http://www.parlement.com/id/vg09llxoh0r1/prinses_beatrix De regina Beatrice] apud ''Parlement &amp; Politiek''
* &quot;[http://nos.nl/artikel/467366-koningin-beatrix-treedt-af.html Koningin Beatrix treedt af]&quot; (28 Ianuarii 2013) apud ''NOS''

{{Reges Nederlandiae}}

[[Categoria:Reges Nederlandiae]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1938]]
[[Categoria:Domus Auriaca]]
[[Categoria:Mulieres]]
[[Categoria:Homines vivi]]</text>
      <sha1>ndz86gbraa1f1tkm4pvnj7coznsj8ds</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Iuliana (regina Nederlandiae)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>4331</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3970898</id>
      <parentid>3749206</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T18:57:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>LilyKitty</username>
        <id>18316</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>de indice principum regmque Nederlandiae</comment>
      <origin>3970898</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="984" sha1="poqhne3x1haqzfcwotzgl9p275bi1tj" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa principis Vicidata}}
'''Iuliana Ludovica Emma Maria Vilelmina,''' Ducissa Megalopolitana (nata die [[30 Aprilis]] [[1909]]; mortua die [[20 Martii]] [[2004]]), ex familia Nassavia Arausionensi, fuit [[regina]] [[Nederlandia|Nederlandensis]]. Filia fuit principis [[Henricus (princeps Nederlandiae)|Henrici]] reginaeque [[Gulielmina (regina Nederlandiae)|Gulielmina]]e. Filiam peperit [[Beatrix (regina Nederlandiae)|Beatricem]].

{{NexInt}}
*[[Index principum regumque Nederlandiae]]
*[[816 Juliana]]

== Nexus externus ==
{{CommuniaCat|Juliana of the Netherlands}}
* [http://www.parlement.com/id/vg09llxpg0r2/h_m_koningin_juliana_koningin_juliana De regina Iuliana] apud ''Parlement &amp; Politiek''
* [http://www.parlement.com/id/vg09llxsqztw/hendrik_wladimir_albrecht_ernst Henricus, pater Iulianae] apud ''Parlement &amp; Politiek''

{{Bio-stipula}}

{{Reges Nederlandiae}}

[[Categoria:Nati 1909]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 2004]]
[[Categoria:Mulieres]]
[[Categoria:Reges Nederlandiae]]</text>
      <sha1>poqhne3x1haqzfcwotzgl9p275bi1tj</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Gulielmina (regina Nederlandiae)</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>LilyKitty</username>
        <id>18316</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>de die regnationis et matrimonio</comment>
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      <text bytes="1167" sha1="een5433xcd3i5qxgnafod8fz9dsi2g4" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa principis Vicidata}}

'''Gulielmina Helena Paulina Maria''' ([[Nederlandice]] ''Wilhelmina'', nata [[Haga]]e die [[31 Augusti]] [[1880]]; mortua [[Appoldro]]ne die [[28 Novembris]] [[1962]]) fuit [[regina]] [[Nederlandia]]e. Prima progenies femina sola [[Gulielmus III (rex Nederlandiae)|Gulielmi III]] et reginae Emmae erat. Regina fuit a die [[23 Novembris]] [[1890]] usque ad diem [[4 Septembris]] [[1948]]. Hendrico Megalopolis-Suerinum [[matrimonium|nupsit]] die [[7 Februarii]] [[1901]].

[[Asteroides]] [[392 Wilhelmina]] in eius honorem nominatur.

== Bibliographia ==
* Wilhelmina prinses der Nederlanden, ''Eenzaam maar niet alleen''. Amstelodami: Ten Have Uitgevers Kok, 1959 [http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/wilh001eenz01_01/wilh001eenz01_01.pdf Textus]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Wilhelmina of the Netherlands|Gulielminam reginam Nederlandiae}}
{{Fontes biographici}}
* [http://www.parlement.com/id/vg09llxsqztv/h_m_koningin_wilhelmina_koningin De regina Gulielmina] apud ''Parlement &amp; Politiek''

{{bio-stipula}}

{{Reges Nederlandiae}}

[[Categoria:Nati 1880]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1962]]
[[Categoria:Mulieres]]
[[Categoria:Reges Nederlandiae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gulielmus III (rex Nederlandiae)</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>LilyKitty</username>
        <id>18316</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>de indice regis Nederlandiae et magno duce</comment>
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      <text bytes="771" sha1="m2hztf8zdkzjdpnwr3io1jo7r3olk72" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa principis Vicidata}}

'''Gulielmus III Alexander Paulus Fredericus Ludovicus Nassovius [[Domus Auriaca|Arausiacus]]''' ([[Batave]]: '''Willem III''') ([[19 Februarii]] [[1817]] [[Bruxellae|Bruxellis]] - [[23 Novembris]] [[1890]] in Het Loo) [[index principum regumque Nederlandiae|rex]] [[Nederlandia]]e et [[magnus dux|dux magnus]] [[Luxemburgum|Luxemburgi]] fuit (1849–1890).

== Nexus externus ==
{{CommuniaCat|William III of the Netherlands}}
* [http://www.parlement.com/id/vg09llxqm0r6/koning_willem_iii_willem_alexander_paul De Gulielmo III] apud ''Parlement &amp; Politiek''

{{bio-stipula}}

{{Reges Nederlandiae}}

[[Categoria:Reges Nederlandiae]]
[[Categoria:Domus Auriaca]]
[[Categoria:Duces Luxemburgi]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1817]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1890]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Spatitempus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Typographia tantum</comment>
      <origin>3970875</origin>
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      <text bytes="3579" sha1="4ubgafewarfjygza5wre06054i1dz7g" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:GPB circling earth.jpg|thumbnail|{{Verba obscura|Sententia artis speculli orbem terrae cirumagenti ut spatitemporalem metatur.}}]]
{{Res|Spatitempus}} ({{pns|oris|n}}),&lt;ref&gt;{{*Cf}} {{Opus
	| cognomen = Berard
	| nomen = Stephanus
	| commentatio de auctore = Stephanus Berard
	| titulus = De Philosophia Quantali deque Institutione Publica
	| annus = 2005
	| locus = [[Bruxellae|Bruxellis]]
	| domus editoria = Melissa
	| url = https://boreoccidentales.com/latine/cataracta/auctore-berard/philosophia-exemplum.pdf
	| isbn = 2-87290-022-5
}}: “Spatium et tempus—rectius singulo vocabulo ‘{{lectio|spatitempus}}’ dicenda cum ambo tantum unum, quod est vis, exprimant—in infinitum esse flexibilia”. Eiusdem auctoris etiam videatur {{Opus
	| cognomen = Berard
	| nomen = S.
	| commentatio de auctore = Stephanus Berard
	| titulus = Index Locutionum Novarum Difficiliumque
	| tempus = 2018-09-10
	| domus editoria = Boreoccidentales
	| url = https://boreoccidentales.com/latine/cataracta/auctore-berard/capti/index-locutionum.html
}}: “{{lectio|spatitempus spatitemporis, n.}}, systēma quattuor coōrdinātōrum physicum in quō versantium rērum (atomīs māiōrum) locus certō temporis mōmentō cōnstituī potest (locūtiō ē doctrīnā Albertī Einstein dērīvāta).”&lt;/ref&gt; vel {{Res|continuum spatitemporale}}, in [[relativitas specialis|physica]] est [[continuitas (mathematica)|continuum mathematicum]] ubi [[systema coordinatarum|coordinatis]] trebus ''(x,y,z)'' quae ad directiones in [[spatium|spatio]] pertinent augetur coordinata ''ct'' ut accipiamus [[vector (mathematica)|vector]] quattuor dimensionum ''(x,y,z,ct)''. Punctum in hoc continuo a coordinatis istis descriptum denominatur ''eventum''.

In [[systema Cartesianum coordinatarum|systemate coordinatarum Cartesiano]] trium dimensionum [[distantia]] (spatialis) puncti cuiusdam ab origine ratiocinatur formula

:&lt;math&gt;r=\sqrt{x^2+y^2+z^2}&lt;/math&gt;.
 
Continuo spatitemporali autem distantia datur formula :

:&lt;math&gt;r=\sqrt{x^2+y^2+z^2-(ct)^2}&lt;/math&gt; 

ubi ct quadratum non additur, sed subtrahitur!

Haec distantia quattuor dimensionum, illam distantiam tredemensionalem contra, a statu spectatoris secundum [[relativitas specialis|theoriam relativitatis specialis]] non dependet. Luci, quae ab origine celeritate ''[[celeritas luminis|c]]'' amovet, semper aequatio ''r = 0'' valet. Inde sequitur ''constantia [[celeritas luminis|celeritatis luminis]]'', principium relativitatis specialis theoriae. 

Rerum exitus, quorum argumentum radicis positivum est, tantum in vices distant, ne radius lucis ab altero ad alterum pervenire possit. Hoc tantum celeritate plus quam [[celeritas lucis|lucis]] fieri posset. Cum quod ad lucem vel materiam attinet modo per lucem vel materiam referre possit materiaque secundum theoriam relativitatis numquam tam celeris quam lux esse possit, fieri non potest ut illi rerum exitus vel causa vel effectus alterius sint. Spatio quattuor dimensionum ergo biceps est: Rerum exitus distantiae imaginaris a spectatore videri possunt. Ceteri exitus nimium remoti fieri nullo modo potest ut spectentur.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Foramen vermis]]
* [[Fluctus Gravitatis]]
* [[Philosophia spatii et temporis]]
* [[Spatii temporisque tractio]]
* [[Temporalitas]]
== Nexus externi ==
* [[Albertus Einstein]]: [https://web.archive.org/web/20130110104441/http://preview.britannica.co.kr/spotlights/classic/eins1.html ''Space-Time,''] commentatio in ''[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]]'' anno [[1926]] edita.

[[Categoria:Physica]]

{{Myrias|Physica}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Lingua Legionensis</title>
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      <text bytes="20193" sha1="m0j0ke10cacqkk4co0w40kzk0eq8f7v" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa linguae| nomen = Llingua Llïonesa| pronuntiatus = {{IPA|[ʎʝo̝ˈnes]}}| color familiae = lawngreen| familia = [[Linguae Indoeuropaeae|Indoeuropaea]] &lt;br /&gt; [[Linguae Italicae|Italica]] &lt;br /&gt; [[Linguae Romanicae|Romanica]] &lt;br /&gt; [[Linguae Romanicae occidentales|Romanica occidentalis]] &lt;br /&gt; [[Linguae Ibero-Romanicae|Ibero-romanica]] &lt;br /&gt; '''Legionensis'''| fabulantes = Circiter 55 000
(anno 2026)&lt;ref&gt;[https://elfueyu.net/ Asociación de la Llingua Llïonesa El Fueyu (2026)]&lt;/ref&gt;| fabulantes2 = Hodie in [[Castella et Legio]] et [[Lusitania]] (Bracantia) usurpatur.
|typologia = [[SVO]]| nationes = [[Hispania]], [[Lusitania]]. &lt;small&gt;Statutum Autonomiae Castellae et Legionis. Charta Europaea linguarum regionis aut minoritatum.&lt;/small&gt;| civitas = [[Legio]]| scriptura = [[Abecedarium Latinum]]| litteratura = Litterae Legionenses| iso1 = roa	| iso2 = roa	| iso3 = roa|glotto = leon1245|linguasphere = 51-AAA-cc|norma = Normatizatio per consensum graphicum ex Aevo Medio (saec. X)|exemplum = ''Tolos homes nacen llibres ye iguales en dinidá y dreichos, y pula razón y la sua conciencia tienen que portase fraternálmente unos cun outros.''|tabula = [[File:Iber-Romance languages.png|thumb|left|alt=Charta linguistica Paeninsulae Ibericae: color viridis linguam legionensem indicat.|Charta linguistica Paeninsulae Ibericae: Lingua Legionensis (viridis) ut entitas sui iuris.]]}}
'''Lingua Legionensis''' (Legionense ''Llïonés'' et ''Llingua Llïonesa'') est [[Linguae Romanicae|lingua Romanica]] quae ad ramum Ibero-Romanicum pertinet. In provinciis [[Legio (Hispania)|Legionensi]], [[Ocellum Duri|Zamora]], et [[Salmantica]] in [[Hispania]], atque in districtu [[Brigantiensis]] in [[Lusitania]] [[traditio]]naliter usurpatur. Tamen, extra districtum Bracantiae, documenta historica indicant [[sermo]]nem Legionensem in aliis partibus Lusitaniae quae olim ad [[Regnum Legionense]] pertinebant floruisse.&lt;ref&gt;Cintra, Luís Filipe Lindley. 'Toponymie léonaise au Portugal. La région de Riba-Coa.' Actas y Memorias del V Congreso Internacional de Ciencias Onomásticas, vol. 2, Universitas Salmantica, 1959, pp. 245-257.&lt;/ref&gt; Lingua Legionensis ex eadem familia ac [[Lingua Catalana|Catalaunica]], [[Lingua Italica|Italica]], [[Lingua Francogallica|Francogallica]], et [[Lingua Vallonica|Vallonica]] oritur. Una cum Bable Asturiana et Mirandica, gregem linguisticum Legionensem constituit. Lingua Legionensis codice Linguasphere 51-AAA-cc agnoscitur.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.it/books?id=RULUzAEACAAJ 1999/2000 Linguasphere register (Llïonés)]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Diffusio et influentia ==
L'influentia{{dubsig}} linguae Legionensis non solum in [[septentrio]]ne mansit. Per totum [[Medium Aevum Hispanicum]], expansio [[Regnum Legionense|Regni Legionensis]] hunc sermonem ad [[meridies|meridiem\\]], in [[Extremadura]], tulit. Secundum Ismael Carmona García [[linguista]]m, sermo Extremadurensis oritur ex adventu [[colons|colonorum]] Legionensium qui suam linguam [[cultura|culturamque]] secum tulerunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.revistahapax.es/IV/Revista_Hapax_Numero_IV.pdf Carmona García, Ismael. El Estremeñu. Revista Hapax IV. 2012.]&lt;/ref&gt;

Haec connexio etiam patet in studio varietatis ''Fala'' appellatae in provincia [[Norba Caesarina|Norbae Caesarinae]], quam periti quidam subdialectum Legionensem in territorio [[Extremadura (Hispania)|Extremadurae]] habent.&lt;ref&gt;Martín Durán, José Luis. A fala. Un subdialecto leonés en tierras de Extremadura. Editora Regional de Extremadura. 1999.&lt;/ref&gt;

Praeterea, lingua Legionensis in alias linguas et dialectos, tam in [[Paeninsula Iberica]] quam in [[America]], influxum habuit.&lt;ref&gt;López de Aberasturi Arregui, Ignacio (1992). «Leonesismos léxicos de carácter migratorio en Andalucía». In: Rafael Cano et al. (eds.), ''Actas II Congreso Internacional de Historia de la Lengua Española'', Matriti: Pabellón de España, I, pp. 179-186.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia ==
Lingua Legionensis directe a [[Sermo vulgaris Latinus|sermone vulgari Latino]] derivatur. Non est evolutio [[Lingua Latina|Latinitatis classicae]] (scriptae), sed plebeii sermonis post [[Imperium Romanum]] auctum.

=== Prima documenta ===
Aevo Medio, sermo Legionensis fuit praecipua et [[lingua publica|publica lingua]] [[Regnum Legionense|Regni Legionensis]]&lt;ref&gt;Barrau-Dihigo, L. (1903): Notes et documents sur l’history du royaume de Leon, 1. Chartes royales léonaises 912—1037. Revue Hispanique, 10 pp. 349–454.&lt;/ref&gt;. In [[aula regia]] Legionensi adhibebatur et in documentis administrationis&lt;ref&gt;Herrero Ingelmo, J. L. (2022). El leonés medieval entre latín y el romance. Notas léxicas salmantinas. En E. Torre (Coord.), El mapa lingüístico del noroccidente ibérico: contacto, variación y cambio (pp. 149-167). ISBN 978-3-9693910-3-7.&lt;/ref&gt; iuridicisque saepissime invenitur, antequam pressio politica sermonis Castellani cresceret.&lt;ref&gt;Granda Gutiérrez, G. (1960): Los diptongos descendentes en el dominio románico leonés. Galmés de Fuentes, Á. y. D. C. M. P. Trabajos sobre el dominio románico leonés, II. pp. 19-173. Gredos.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Morala Rodríguez, J. R. (2010): La lengua en el Reino de León. XIº Reino de León. pp. 55-59. Instituto de Estudios Leoneses.&lt;/ref&gt;

Antiquissimum documentum in [[Linguae Romanicae|lingua Romanica]] in Peninsula Iberica scriptum est ''Nodicia de Kesos,'' [[ 959|anno 959]] in [[monasterium|monasterio]] Sanctorum Iusti et Pastoris de Rozuela (prope Ardonem) exaratum.

Sermo Legionensis fuit lingua publica documentorum Legionensium&lt;ref&gt;Koch, S. (2013). Trazas del leonés en documentos tardomedievales de San Pedro de Eslonza. Actas del IX Congreso Internacional de Historia de la Lengua Española. Iberoamericana / Vervuert. ISBN 978-84-8489-899-3.&lt;/ref&gt; usque ad saeculum XIV, cum a Castellanis gradatim substituta est et tantum ut lingua popularis remansit.&lt;ref&gt;Morala Rodríguez, J. R. (2010): La lengua en el Reino de León. XIº Reino de León. pp. 55-59. Instituto de Estudios Leoneses.&lt;/ref&gt;

Lingua Legionensis [[Medium aevum|Aevo Medio]] sese consolidavit cum norma definita&lt;ref&gt;Cintra, Luis F. Lindley (1959). ''A linguagem dos Foros de Castelo Rodrigo. Seu confronto com a dos Foros de Alfaiates, Castelo Bom, Castelo Melhor, Coria, Caceres e Usagre. Contribução para o estudo do leonês e do galego-português do século XIII''. Olisipone: Imprensa Nacional / Casa da Moeda (editio 1984).&lt;/ref&gt; pro syntaxi, grammatica et vocabulario, innixa in consensu graphico scriptorum et notariorum.&lt;ref&gt;María Cristina Egido Fernández. El sistema verbal en el romance medieval leonés. Universitas Legionensis, 1996. ISBN 84-7719-551-X.&lt;/ref&gt; Complura opera et auctores, sicut Antonius Torquemada, magnam vim Legionensem in scriptis suis ostendunt.&lt;ref&gt;Lina Rodríguez Cacho. El ámbito leonés en los Coloquios de Torquemada. Tierras de León, Vol. 28, n. 73, 1988, pp. 71-82. ISSN 0495-5773.&lt;/ref&gt;

Hodie (anno 2026) haec lingua circiter 55&amp;thinsp;000 locutores habet qui eam ut sermonem patrium didicerunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20250718230738/http://elfueyu.net/ Asociación de la lenga leonesa El Fueyu. 2026]&lt;/ref&gt; In magno [[periculum|periculo]] [[exstinctio]]nis versatur, defectu plenae agnitionis legitimae et propter assimilationem linguarum vicinarum.

=== Traditio litteraria et academica in provincia Salmantica ===
Etsi usus officialis tempore decrevit, lingua Legionensis in cultura permansit. Vestigia gravia in litteris [[saeculum 15|saeculorum XV]] et [[Saeculum 16|XVI]] inveniuntur, praecipue in fabulis pastoralibus.&lt;ref&gt;López-Morales, H. (1967). Elementos leoneses en la lengua del teatro pastoril de los siglos XV y XVI. Actas del II Congreso Internacional de Hispanistas.&lt;/ref&gt;

Legionensis non solum erat lingua populi, sed etiam creatio litteraria in provincia [[Salmantica]]. Saeculis XV et XVI, in theatro Ioannis del Enzina apparet,&lt;ref&gt;Encina, Juan del. Teatro completo. Pérez Priego. Madrid: Cátedra, 1991. ISBN 8437610206.&lt;/ref&gt; speciatim in ''Obra del Entremés'' et ''Églogas'', ut lingua a Castellana distincta.&lt;ref&gt;Humberto López Morales. Actas del II Congreso Internacional de Hispanistas. 1967&lt;/ref&gt;

Postea, [[Saeculum 18|saeculo XVIII]], Didacus de Torres Villarroel, Universitati Salmanticae annexus, hanc traditionem perrexit utendo elementis Legionensibus in opere ''Visión y visitas de Torres con don Francisco de Quevedo por la Corte''.&lt;ref&gt;Diego de Torres Villarroel. Visión y visitas de Torres con don Francisco de Quevedo por la Corte. Editorial Gredos. 1972.&lt;/ref&gt;

Haec praesentia litteraria Salmantica probat linguam Legionensem fuisse sermonem functionalem et culturalem usque ad saecula recentiora.

=== Evolutio saeculo vicesimo ===
Ineunte [[Saeculum 20|saeculo XX]], publicatio operis « ''Cuentos en dialecto leonés'' » a Caitano Galán Bardón (1907) fuit gravis eventus pro agnitione linguae.&lt;ref&gt;Galán Bardón, Caitano (1907). Cuentos en dialecto leonés. Imprenta de la viuda e hijos de López.&lt;/ref&gt; Per totum saeculum XX, studia philologica de hoc sermone, a morphologia usque ad syntaxin, multiplicata sunt.&lt;ref&gt;Millán Urdiales Campos. Sobre la pérdida o conservación de la preposición &quot;de &quot; en leonés. Boletín de la Real Academia Española, 1994, pp. 193-204. ISSN 0210-4822.&lt;/ref&gt;

Territorium lingua Legionense&lt;ref&gt;Neira Martínez, Jesús (1989). «Las fronteras del leonés». In: ''Homenaje a Alonso Zamora Vicente'', Matriti: Castalia, vol. 2, pp. 215-225.&lt;/ref&gt; magnas mutationes cognovit.&lt;ref&gt;Cano González, Ana María (1974): Algunos aspectos lingüísticos del habla de Somiedo. Revisión de los límites de los resultados del sufijo latino -oriu/-oria en una zona del dominio románico leonés. Atti XIV Congresso Internazionale di Linguistica e Filologia Romanza II. pp. 235-252.&lt;/ref&gt; Duae varietates proprias normas evolverunt: Bable (anno 1981) et Mirandica in [[Lusitania]] (anno 1999).&lt;ref&gt;Azevedo Maia, Clarinda de (1996). Mirandés. Manual de dialectología hispánica. Ariel. pp. 162-163. ISBN 9788434482173&lt;/ref&gt; Lingua Legionensis est fons historicus ex quo Asturiana et Mirandica hodiernae procedunt. Hodie grex Legionensis tres linguas comprehendit: Legionensem ipsam, Mirandicam et Bable Asturianam.

== Universitas ==
Hodie, sermo Legionensis altum gradum agnitionis in [[Universitas|universitatibus]] [[Europa|Europaeis]] habet. Praeclarum exemplum est investigatio Radulphi (Raúl) Sánchez Prieto, Vice-rectoris [[Universitas Salmanticensis|Universitatis Salmanticae]], qui Legionensem ut linguam autochthonam in regionibus [[Conimbriga|Coimbra]] Group definivit.&lt;ref&gt;Sánchez Prieto, Raúl (2025): Leonese, Portuguese, Occitan and Low German: Autochthonous invisible languages in Coimbra Group university regions. Peter Lang. pp. 17-35. ISBN 9782875747792&lt;/ref&gt;

Etiam linguistica comparativa inter [[Lingua Italica|Italicam]] et Legionensem fuit argumentum multarum investigationum in [[Germania]] publicatarum, quae demonstrant Legionensem esse systema autonomum usque ad gradum doctoratus studiotum.&lt;ref&gt;Pardo Fernández, Abel (2011): Italiano-leonese: lingue, marketing, nuove tecnologie e didattiche, Peter Lang, 2011. ISBN 9783631595558.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Technologia et Modernizatio ===
Usus sermonis Legionensis in aevo [[Informatica|informaticae]] patet per [[ technologia|novas technologias]] communicationis. Investigatio Abel Pardo Fernández de &quot;Legionense et TIC&quot; (2008) momentum conservationis et diffusionis linguae pro futuro examinat.&lt;ref&gt;Pardo Fernández, Abel (2008): El Llïonés y las Tics. Mikroglottika Yearbook. Peter Lang. Frankfurt am Main pp. 109-122. ISBN 9783631580271&lt;/ref&gt;

== Philologia ==
Investigatio [[scientia|scientifica]] de lingua Legionensi eius [[Syntactic Structures|structuram]], [[Historia|historiam]] et statum praesentem definivit.
* **Analysis historica:** Studia de veteri Legionensi (''Altleonesisch'') eius contributionem in documentis saeculi XIII ostendunt.&lt;ref&gt;Gessner, Emil. &quot;Das Altleonesische: Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis des Altspanischen&quot;. 1867.&lt;/ref&gt;
* **Agnoscitur ut systema proprium** inter linguas Ibericas.&lt;ref&gt;Borrego Nieto, J., &quot;El leonés&quot;, in Alvar, M. (Ed.), ''Manual de dialectología hispánica'', Ariel, 1996, pp. 139-158. ISBN 9788434482173&lt;/ref&gt;
* **Morphologia et Vocabula:** [[Grammatica|Grammaticae]] rationes bene investigatae sunt.&lt;ref&gt;Hanssen, Friedrich Ludwig Christian, ''Estudios sobre la conjugación Leonesa'', 1896.&lt;/ref&gt; Vocabula hodierna quoque bene documentata manent.&lt;ref&gt;Le Men Loyer, J., ''Léxico del leonés actual'', Centro de Estudios e Investigación San Isidoro, 2002.&lt;/ref&gt;
* **Sociolinguistica:** Situs Legionensis cum aliis linguis minoritariis (sicut [[Lingua Frisica|Frisica septentrionalis]]) comparatur.

Schola [[Italica]] philologiae Romanicae semper locum linguae Legionensi dedit, eam ut ramum autonomum in panorama occidentali agnoscens. Philologi sicut Gerhard Rohlfs et Carolus Tagliavini proprietates phoneticas Legionenses ut antiquam et pretiosam conservationem ad evolutionem Latinitatis intellegendam studuerunt.&lt;ref&gt;Rohlfs, Gerhard, ''Estudios sobre el léxico románico'', Gredos, 1979.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Tagliavini, Carlo, ''Le origini delle lingue neolatine'', Patron, 1982. ISBN 8855504657&lt;/ref&gt;

In hac prospectiva, [[Philologia|philologus]] Franciscus Avolio conceptum «linguarum sororum» (''lingue sorelle'') creavit. Legionensis eandem identitatem ac linguae nationales habet, quia eius differentia ex causis politicis historicisque, non linguisticis, oritur.&lt;ref&gt;Avolio, Francesco, ''Lingue e dialetti d'Italia'', Carocci, 2009, p. 15. ISBN 9788843052035&lt;/ref&gt;

== Status ==
Lingua Legionensis in gradu regionali in [[Hispania]] agnoscitur in Statuto Autonomiae Castellae et Legionis, ubi tutela specifica indicatur: ''&quot;Legionensis erit obiectum tutelae specificae ab institutis propter peculiarem valorem in patrimonio linguistico Communitatis. Eius tutela, usus et promotio erunt obiectum regulationis.&quot;''&lt;ref&gt;Articulus 5 (Ley Orgánica 14/2007, 30 Nov.): ''El leonés será objeto de protección específica por parte de las instituciones por su particular valor dentro del patrimonio lingüístico de la Comunidad. Su protección, uso y promoción serán objeto de regulación.''&lt;/ref&gt;

=== UNESCO ===
Secundum normas [[UNESCO]], Legionensis ut lingua autonoma inter [[Linguae Romanicae|linguas Romanicas]] agnoscitur, sed ut «graviter periclitans» classificatur. Secundum ''Atlantem Linguarum Periclitantium'',&lt;ref&gt;Wurm, Stephen A., ''Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger of Disappearing'', UNESCO, Paris, 2001, p. 55. ISBN 9231032550.&lt;/ref&gt; hoc significat linguam tantum a senioribus adhiberi.
Inclusio Legionensis in hoc [[Tabula geographica|Atlante]] (p. 55, &quot;Leonese&quot;) ei tutelam et agnitionem a [[Lingua Hispanica|Hispanica]] separatam praebet. Haec agnitio gubernationes obligat ad mensuras conservandi hoc patrimonium humanitatis capiendam.&lt;ref name=&quot;UNESCOAtlas&quot;&gt;Wurm, S. A., ''Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger of Disappearing'', UNESCO, 2001, p. 36. ISBN 9231032550&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Consilium Europae ===
Lingua Legionensis a ''[[Charta Europaea pro linguis regionalibus et minoritariis|Charta Europaea linguarum regionis aut minoritatum]]'' sustinetur. In septima relatione anni 2024 (MIN-LANG (2024)17), Comitatus peritorum [[Consilium Europae|Consilii Europae]] responsum Hispaniae de hoc sermone examinavit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://rm.coe.int/spain-7th-evaluation-report-en/1680b1f237 Consilium Europae. Seventh report of the Committee of Experts. 2024. MIN-LANG (2024)17]&lt;/ref&gt;

Consilium Europae meliorationes (↗) in studiis academicis (art. 7.1.h) et in pugna contra discriminationem (art. 7.2) notat. Tamen, Comitatus regressionem (↘) in consideratione necessitatum locutorum et in defectu consilii officialis (art. 7.4) ostendit. De officialitate, relatio dicit Hispaniam nondum (＝) obligationes suas de usu linguae in scholis et vita publica implere.&lt;ref&gt;[https://rm.coe.int/spain-7th-evaluation-report-en/1680b1f237 Consilium Europae. 2024. MIN-LANG (2024)17]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Proprietates scripturae et phoneticae ==
Lingua Legionensis [[Orthographia|systema orthographicum]] per conventionem adhibet, in consensu graphico ex Aevo Medio fundatum. Vestigia historica ([[Etymologia|graphiae etymologicae]] aut solutiones archaicae) ad autonomiam linguae affirmandam reperiuntur. Breviter, orthographia Legionensis est «consensus graphicus» non ab una academia impositus, sed per praxim scriptorum natus.

Praecipuae [[Graphematica|proprietates graphicae]] quae eam a vicinis distinguunt sunt:
* **Usus diaeresis (¨):** Ad hiatum signandum et ne vocalis debilis in diphthongis absorbeatur. Hoc nomen linguae definit: ''Llïonés, llïonesa''.
* **Geminata &quot;nn&quot;:** Ad sonum palatalem repraesentandum, contra ''ñ'' (Bable, Hispanice) aut ''nh'' (Mirandice, Lusitane). Ex: ''mannana''.
* **Systema /k/ (c, q):** Mantentio systematis Latini scripturae ubi ''c'' et ''q'' adhibentur.
* **Infinitivus in &quot;-e&quot;:** Conservatio litterae ''-e'' finalis in verbis (infinitivi Latini), quod in Asturiano amissum est. Ex: ''pechare, chovere''.
* **Evolutio &quot;-ct-&quot; in &quot;-ich-&quot;:** Grex Latinus -ct- evasit in -ich-, solutio unica contra -it- (Galiciane, Lusitane) aut -ch- (Hispanice). Ex: ''feichu''.
* **Vocalismus in &quot;-u&quot;:** Clausura systematica vocalis finalis in &quot;-u&quot;. Ex: ''annu, fumu''.
* **Palatalizatio in &quot;ch&quot;:** Greges pl-, cl-, fl- fiunt ''ch-'' (ut in Lusitane), contra ''ll-'' (Bable, Hispanice). Ex: ''chanu, chave''.
* **Diphthongi &quot;ei/ou&quot;:** Conservatio diphthongorum quae in aliis sermonibus reductae sunt. Ex: ''cantóu, veiga''.

=== Articuli ===
Nomen masculinum aut neutrum formam &quot;-u&quot; adhibet, et plurale femininum semper in &quot;-as&quot; desinit.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|- style=&quot;background-color:#ABCDEF;&quot;
| Genus et numerus || Latine || Legionense  
|-
| Masculinum sing. || ''illum''|| ''el'' 
|-
| Femininum sing. || ''illam''|| ''la''
|-
| Neutrum sing. || ''illud''|| ''lu''
|-
| Masculinum plur. || ''illos''|| ''los''
|-
| Femininum plur. || ''illas''|| ''las''
|}

=== Pronomina ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|- style=&quot;background-color:#ABCDEF;&quot;
| Persona || Latine || Legionense 
|-
| 1a (Sing.) || ''ego''|| ''you''
|-
| 2a (Sing.) || ''tu'' || ''tu'' 
|-
| 3a (Sing. masc.) || ''ille'' || ''él'' 
|-
| 3a (Sing. fem.) || ''illa'' || ''eilla'' 
|-
| 3a (Sing. neut.) || ''illud'' || ''eillu'' 
|-
| 1a (Plur. masc.) || ''nos'' || ''nusoutros'' 
|-
| 1a (Plur. fem.) || ''nos'' || ''nusoutras'' 
|-
| 2a (Plur. masc.) || ''vos'' || ''vusoutros'' 
|-
| 2a (Plur. fem.) || ''vos'' || ''vusoutras'' 
|-
| 3a (Plur. masc.) || ''illi'' || ''eillos'' 
|-
| 3a (Plur. fem.) || ''illae'' || ''eillas'' 
|}

=== Vocabularia ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|- style=&quot;background-color:#ABCDEF;&quot;
| Latine || Legionense || Hispanice || Lusitane || Italice || Anglice || Vallo
|-
| ''annus'' || ''annu'' || ''año'' || ''ano'' || ''anno'' || ''year'' || an
|-
| ''lingua'' || ''llingua'' || ''lengua'' || ''língua'' || ''lingua'' || ''language'' || lingaedje
|-
| ''lignum'' || ''lleinna'' || ''leña'' || ''lenha'' || ''legna'' || ''firewood'' || bos
|-
| ''clavis'' || ''chave'' || ''llave'' || ''chave'' || ''chiave'' || ''key'' || clé
|-
| ''claudere'' || ''pechare'' || ''cerrar'' || ''fechar'' || ''chiudere'' || ''close'' || clôre
|-
| ''factum'' || ''feichu'' || ''hecho'' || ''feito'' || ''fatto'' || ''done'' || fwait
|-
| ''planum'' || ''chanu'' || ''llano'' || ''chão'' || ''piano'' || ''plain'' || plat
|-
| ''filius'' || ''fiyu'' || ''hijo'' || ''filho'' || ''figlio'' || ''son'' || fi
|-
| ''nox'' || ''nueiche'' || ''noche'' || ''noite'' || ''notte'' || ''night'' || niût
|-
| ''oculus'' || ''gueyu'' || ''ojo'' || ''olho'' || ''occhio'' || ''eye'' || iy
|}

== Bibliographia ==
&lt;references responsive=&quot;&quot; /&gt;
[[Linguae Indoeuropaeae|linguae]] &gt; [[Linguae Italicae|Indo-europaeae]] &gt; [[Linguae Romanicae|italicae]] &gt; Ibero-romanicae &gt; Grex linguisticus Legionensis &gt; '''Legionensis'''

{{DEFAULTSORT:Legionensis, Lingua}}
[[Categoria:Hispania]]
[[Categoria:Linguae Romanicae]]
[[Categoria:Lingua Legionensis| ]]
[[Categoria:Lusitania]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Salvatoria</title>
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{{Capsa civitatis Vicidata}}
'''Salvatoria'''&lt;ref name=&quot;El Salvador&quot;&gt;{{LLHL24 geo|El Salvador|89}}: &quot;El Salvador, n. ''Salvatoria, ae, f. . . . Salvatorianus . . . Salvatoriensis'' [GEO].&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Hispanice]] ''El Salvador''), rite '''Res Publica Salvatoria''' ([[Hispanice]] ''República de El Salvador'') est [[civitas sui iuris]] in [[America Centralis|America Media]] sita. Ad [[septentrio]]nes et [[occidens|occidentem]] [[Guatimala]]e, ad septentriones et [[oriens|orientem]] [[Honduria]]e finitima est, et ad [[meridies|meridiem]] [[Oceanus Pacificus|Oceano Pacifico]] alluitur. Ad meridiem et orientem a [[Nicaragua|Nicaragua]] [[Sinus Fonseca|Sinu Fonseca]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Fonseca&quot;&gt;Confer [[binomen]] &quot;Trinectes fonsecensis&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Hispanice]] ''Golfo de Fonseca'') disiungitur. Minima [[civitas]] in extensione, sed maxima in [[spissitudo incolarum|spissitudine incolarum]] in America Media est.

Salvatoria [[libertas|libertatem]] ab [[Hispania]] anno [[1821]] adepta est. Annis ab [[1823]] ad [[1838]] ad [[Res Publica Foederalis Mediae Americae|Rem Publicam Foederalem Mediae Americae]] pertinuit. Annis a [[1980]] ad [[1992]], locus fuit [[bellum civile Salvatorianum|belli civilis Salvatoriani]] inter gubernii copias militares et rebelles [[Frons Faramundi Martí pro Liberatione Nationali|Frontis Faramundi Martí pro Liberatione Nationali]] (Hispanice ''Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional'' et siglis ''FMLN'') copias; quo confecto, huius civitatis pacandae et [[democratia|democratizandae]] rationes coeperunt.

[[Oeconomia|Oeconomica]] structura diu fundata est plerumque florente in [[agricultura]] plantationis ([[coffea]]e, [[gossypium (genus)|gossypii]], [[saccharum officinarum|sacchari]]), plerisque [[ager|agris]] in paucorum latifundiorum possessorum manus collatis. Nuperrime, [[industrializatio]]nis et oeconomicae diversificationis rationes acciderunt.

Die [[7 Septembris]] anni [[2021]], prima civitas in [[orbis terrarum|toto orbe terrarum]] quae [[bitinummus|bitinummum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lucusaltiani&quot;&gt;Petri Lucusaltiani Latinophili ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum vel Vocabularium Latinitatis Huius Aetatis''.&lt;/ref&gt; [[moneta (pecunia)|monetam legitimam]], iuxta cum [[dollarium Civitatum Foederatarum|dollario Civitatum Foederatarum]], asciverat facta est.&lt;ref&gt;''[https://www.rainews.it/archivio-rainews/articoli/bitcoin-diventa-valuta-legale-el-salvador-0ac968fb-cbf0-40a1-ba3e-f817b1ab41f5.html El Salvador, bitcoin diventa valuta legale]'' ([[Italice]]), in ''rainews.it'', die 7 Septembris anni 2021. Inspectum URL die 3 Februarii anni 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Etymologia==
[[Conquisitatores Hispani|Conquisitator]] [[Petrus de Alvarado]] novam provinciam ex [[Iesus|Iesu Christo]] ''San Salvador'' (scilicet &quot;Sanctus Salvator&quot;) nuncupavit. Huius territorii nomen, provinciam [[Praefectura Sancti Michaelis|Sancti Michaëlis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Michaelis&quot;&gt;Vide ''Diocese of San Miguel'' in [https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dsnmi.html www.catholic-hierarchy.org].&lt;/ref&gt; (Hispanice ''San Miguel'') includens, ad ''Provincia de Nuestro Señor Jesús Cristo, El Salvador del Mundo'' (scilicet &quot;Provincia Nostri Domini Iesū Christi, Salvatoris Mundi&quot;) deinde amplificata est, cuius nomen ''República de El Salvador'' seu ''Salvador'' Hispanice per tempus post Rem publicam Foederalem breviatum est; et, denique, nuncupatum Hispanice est ''El Salvador''.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20201111203357/http://www.cultura.gob.sv/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/El-nombre-de-El-Salvador.pdf El nombre oficial de la República de El Salvador] (PDF Hispanice). Gubernium Rei publicae Salvatoriae. anno 2015. ISBN 978-99923-0-274-3. Archivatum e primigenio (PDF) die 11 Novembris 2020. Inspectum URL de 3 Februarii anni 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Ex hoc [[lingua Hispanica|Hispanico]] vocabulo venit [[lingua latina|Latinum]] nomen &quot;Salvatoria&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;El Salvador&quot;/&gt;

==Historia==
===Origo et colonizatio===
[[Fasciculus:Pedro de Alvarado (Tomás Povedano).jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Conquisitatores Hispani|Conquisitator Hispanus]] [[Petrus de Alvarado]].]]
[[America praecolumbiana|Praecolumbiano]] in aevo, haec natio primum a [[Mayae|Mayis]], deinde a [[Pipil]]ibus -Toltecā&lt;ref name=&quot;Tolteca&quot;&gt;Confer binomen &quot;Procambarus-toltecae&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; populo- inhabitata est. Qui ultimi circa anno [[1000]] hac in areā consederunt et [[Senioraticum de Cuzcatlan|Cuzcatlan]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cuzcatlan&quot;&gt;Vide ''[http://www.cassiciaco.it/navigazione/monachesimo/historia_ordinis/storiografi/crusenio/092_addita.html XCII DE COENOBIIS ORD. EREM. S. P. AUGUSTINI AB AN. 1550 AD AN. 1620, QUO EXPLICIT CRUSENII MONASTICON]'' in sitū interretiali ''cassiciaco.it'' ubi dicitur &quot;Conventus de Cuzcatlan, alias de Chilguatla, postea S. Salvatoris, in Nova Hispania extabat an. 1602&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Soteropolis&quot;&gt;Vide quartum lemma [http://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenaref/hofmann/hof4/s0354b.html &quot;Soteropolis&quot; in Lexico Universali Hofmann], ubi dicitur &quot;SOTEROPOLIS, urbs Guatimalae, in nova Hispan. ''Cuzcatlan'' incolis, 6. leuc. ab Axacutla, &amp; à littore maris Pacifici in Cæciam, 40. leuc. Hispanic. ab Urbe S. Jacobi de Guatimala in Eurum prope lacum parv&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; [[caput (urbs)|caput]] elegerunt.

Huius territorii [[Colonizatio Europaea Americarum|colonizatio Europaea]] anno [[1524]] coepit, [[Hispania|Hispanicā]] expeditione a [[Petrus de Alvarado|Petro de Alvarado]] ductā. Qui, e [[Guatimala|Guatimalā]] veniens, Pipiles vicit et eorum [[caput (urbs)|caput]] cepit; frater [[Didacus de Alvarado Huanitzin]] [[Urbs Sancti Salvatoris|Urbem Sancti Salvatoris]],&lt;ref name=&quot;USS1&quot;&gt;&quot;[http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/hofmann/hof2/s0427b.html ... urbibus S. Salvatoris, Trinitatis, S. Michaëlis etc.]&quot; in {{Lexfons}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;USS2&quot;&gt;Cf. {{CathHierDiocese|stma|Archidioecesis Sancti Salvatoris in America}}&lt;/ref&gt; seu [[Soteropolis (Salvatoria)|Soteropolin]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Soteropolis&quot;/&gt; praesens civitatis caput, condidit, quam e [[Transfiguratio|Transfiguratione Iesū]] vocavit.

===Saeculum XIX et libertas===
[[Fasciculus:Proclama de libertad (indep. Centroamérica).jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Pictura de Primi Libertatis Motūs celebratione Soteropoli. Mediā in picturā, [[Iosephus Matthias Delgado]].]]
[[Imperium Hispanicum|Hispanicae]] dicioni subactā et administrative obnoxiā [[Archegia Generalis Guatimaliae|Archegiae Generali Guatimaliae]] (Hispanice ''Capitanía General de Guatemala''), anno [[1811]] coeperunt motūs patriotici,&lt;ref name=&quot;Lucusaltiani&quot;/&gt; a [[Populi creoli|creolis]] parati. [[Guatimala]] libera facta est annis decem postea, annexā Salvatoriā; sed vicissim annexa est a [[Mexicum]] uno anno postea. Quamquam [[Res Publica Foederalis Mediae Americae|Coniunctarum Mediae Americae Provinciarum]] (Hispanice ''Provincias Unidas del Centro de América'') partem fuit, Salvatoria anno [[1841]] [[libertas|libera]] facta est. Exeunte [[saeculum 19|saeculo XIX]], aliquot conatūs rursus [[Media America|Mediae Americae]] unificandae sub supranationalis politicae instituti aegide quod omnes huius zonae nationes coniungeret frustrati sunt; ergo inevitabilis fuit unificatio Mediae Americae.

===Saeculum XX et Bellum Civile===
[[Fasciculus:Busto del general marinez en san matias la libertad.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Res militaris|Generalis]] [[Maximilianus Hernández Martínez|Maximiliani Hernández Martínez]] [[herma]] [[Sanctus Matthias (Libertas)|Sancti Matthiae]] in [[Libertas (praefectura Salvatoriensis)|Libertate]], in Salvatoriā.]]
Intestinus politicus status omnino mutavit cum potestas anno [[1931]] a [[Res militaris|generali]] [[Maximilianus Hernández Martínez|Maximiliano Hernández Martínez]] prehensa est, cuius [[dictatura]] [[Potestates Axis|Potestatibus Axis]] favit. Nihilominus, [[Iaponia|Iaponicus]] impetus in [[Portus Margaritarum|Portum Margaritarum]] a Salvatoriae cursū deflexit, appropinquato dictatore [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitatibus Foederatis Americae]]. Memorandum est ut anno [[1932]] acciderit Salvadoriensium agricolarum caedes, ''[[La Matanza]]'' nuncupata.

Huius generalis dominatus anno [[1939]] vacillare coepit, cum inceptus est industralizationis processus: cuius sociales inaequalitas tumultūsque ut Maximilianus Hernández Martínez politicā de scaenā anno [[1944]] decederet induxerunt. Cui successerunt generalis [[Salvador Castaneda Castro|Salvator Castaneda Castro]] uno anno postea et [[Anscharius Osorio]] anno [[1948]]. Qui ultimus muneri Praesidis Rei Publicae anno [[1950]] electus est; non obstantibus democraticā eius electione et modico eius reformationum programmate, tyrannico modo nationem gessit. Gubernium  anno [[1956]] reliquit [[Iosephus Maria Lemus|Iosepho Mariae Lemus]], qui ex officio anno [[1960]] per [[praxicopēma]] amotus est, quod favit formationi consilii militaris.&lt;ref name=&quot;DAEL&quot;/&gt;
[[Fasciculus:Carlos Humberto Romero President of the Republic of El Salvador. - NARA - 176138 (cropped).tiff|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Res_militaris#Gradus_militares|Generalis]] [[Carolus Humbertus Romero]], ultimus e militaribus praesidibus, anno [[1977]].]]

Graves intestinae difficultates semper complicatiores{{dubsig}} durioresque factae sunt ut causaretur novae [[oppositio (civilitas)|adversae]] [[factio politica|factionis]] formatio; cuius candidatus [[Iosephus Napoleo Duarte]] demochristianus&lt;ref name=&quot;DAEL&quot;&gt;{{DAEL}}&lt;/ref&gt; erat. Hic status, iam tunc instabilis periculosusque, decretorie tragicus factus est, habitis anno [[1972]] comitiis, quae in gubernium duxerunt candidatum a militaribus, accurate a [[Res_militaris#Gradus_militares|chiliarcho]] [[Arthurus Armandus Molina|Arthuro Armando Molina]], electum: contra horum comitiorum resultationem{{dubsig}} contestatio ab [[Oppositio (civilitas)|oppositione]] per [[praxicopēma]]tis conatum expressa est, quod ab exercitū deletum cohibitumque est. Annos quinque postea, denuo electus est gubernii candidatus; sed tunc [[Res_militaris#Gradus_militares|generalis]] [[Carolus Humbertus Romero]], cuius creber vis cohibitionisque usus oppositores armatam ad pugnam duxit, qui eum munere Octobre anni [[1979]] motus est aliud per praxicopēmate tunc prosperum. Novum consilium militare&lt;ref name=&quot;DAEL&quot;/&gt; mixtum fuit, quoniam a militaribus civilibusque formatum est, apud quos, per concessūs satisdationesque, denique colloquium coepit.

Attamen hoc colloquium paucis diebus postea interruptum est, [[Carolus Humbertus Romero|Carolo Humberto Romero]] munere die [[18 Octobris]] privato propter stragem ab exercitū commissam cum ingentem civium reclamantium multitudinem disgregare conatus esset. Cives consilium militare reliquerunt, exceptis nonnullis demochristianis&lt;ref name=&quot;DAEL&quot;/&gt;, ab [[Iosephus Napoleo Duarte|Iosepho Napoleone Duarte]] ductum, qui eodem in consilio militari iuxta cum militaribus perrexit. [[Oppositio (civilitas)|Oppositores]] in Frontem Democraticam Seditionariam se congregaverunt, dum Iosephus Napoleo Duarte praesides [[12 Decembris|pridie Idūs Decembres]] anni [[1980]] factus est. Intestinae difficultates graviores factae sunt et praeses auxilium a [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitatibus Foederatis]] petivit, e quibus adeptus est adiumentum tunc praesidis [[Statunitensis]] [[Ronaldus Reagan|Ronaldi Reagan]], qui [[Guatimalia]]m et [[Honduria]]m commovit ad pugnandum communisticos contra globos.
[[Fasciculus:32-0032 Monumento a la Memoria y la Verdad.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Monumentum]] nigro [[marmor]]e sculptum bello civili absumptorum nomina continens.]]

Itaque, ineuntibus [[anni 1980|annis 1980]], oppositionis vires armatae contra gubernium rebellaverunt, sic coepit [[Bellum Civile Salvatoriense]]. Anno [[1983]], bellatores clandestini nonnullis in huius nationis locis dominabantur et [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] gubernio militare adiumentum auxerunt. [[Iosephus Napoleo Duarte]], anno [[1984]] praeses electus, pacem cum bellatoribus clandestinis frustra conabatur. Anno [[1988]], praeses vicarius Rodolphus Antonius Castillo Claramount de pace egit in locum Iosephi Napoleonis Duarte, [[Cancer (morbus)|cancrum]] patientis.

In [[comitia|comitiis]] anni [[1989]], [[Foedus Respublicanum Nationalisticum]] (Hispanice ''Alianza Republicana Nacionalista'', Hispanico acronymo ''ARENA''), extremistica dextra factio, pleraque [[Conventus Legatorum Salvatoriae|Conventūs Legatorum Salvatoriae]] (Hispanice ''Asamblea Legislativa de El Salvador'') subsellia adeptum est, cuius princeps, [[Alfredo Cristiani|Alfredus Cristiani Bukard]], Iosepho Napoleoni Duarte praesidis munere successit. Proximo anno, extremisticae sinistrae factionis bellatores clandestini [[Frons Faramundi Martí pro Liberatione Nationali|Frontis Faramundi Martí pro Liberatione Nationali]] et gubernium de pace agere coepit, mediantibus [[Consociatio Nationum|Consociatione Nationum]], [[Xaverius Pérez de Cuéllar]], secretarius generalis, de pace egit per annum [[1991]], cuius monitūs prospere anno [[1992]] ad effectum perduci coeperunt, quod duodecenne&lt;ref&gt;[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/duodecennis duodecennis] apud en.wiktionary.&lt;/ref&gt; bellum civile finivit quod circa caesorum 75&amp;thinsp;000 steterat. [[Frons Faramundi Martí pro Liberatione Nationali]] [[factio politica]] facta est. In anni [[1994]] comitiis, Nationum Unitarum observatoribus comitantibus, Rei Publicae praeses electus est dextrae factionis [[Foedus Respublicanum Nationalisticum|ARENA]] candidatus [[Armandus Calderón Sol]] arduo cum penso reconstruendae huius civitatis [[oeconomia]]e et belli civilis vulnerum ad cicatricem perducendorum. Martio anni [[1999]], [[Franciscus Flores]], quoque dextrae factionis ARENA candidatus ad praesidis munus, [[Frons Faramundi Martí pro Liberatione Nationali|Frontis Faramundi Martí pro Liberatione Nationali]] candidatum [[Facundus Guardado|Facundum Guardado]] vicit, qui princeps bellatoribus clandestinis per [[Bellum Civile Salvatoriense]] inter annos 1979 et [[1992]] praefuerat. [[Franciscus Flores]] quinquennale munus inivit die [[20 Iunii]] anni [[2000]].

===Saeculum XXI===
[[Fasciculus: Nayib Bukele talks at his inauguration ceremony.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Nayib Bukele|Nayibus Bukelis]] in inaugurationis caerimoniā orationem habet.]]
Anno [[2001]] haec natio terrae motūs vastantes duos passa est, qui amplius 1200 interfectorum et detrimenta totam per hanc nationem attulit. E bello civili finito, dextera factio [[Foedus Respublicanum Nationalisticum]] (Hispanice ''Alianza Republicana Nacionalista'', Hispanico acronymo ''ARENA'') semper omnia comitia vincebat; et anni [[2004]] comitia quoque victa sunt ab eiusdem factionis candidato [[Antonius Saca|Antonio Saca]]. Nihilominus, comitia, die [[18 Ianuarii]] anni [[2009]] habita, a factione [[Frons Faramundi Martí pro Liberatione Nationali|Fronte Faramundi Martí pro Liberatione Nationali]] (Hispanice ''Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional'', Hispanicis siglis ''FMLN''), cum 47% suffragiorum, victa sunt. [[Foedus Respublicanum Nationalisticum]] suffragiorum 43%, dum [[Factio Democrata Christiana (Salvatoria)|Factio Democrata Christiana]] (Hispanice ''Partido Demócrata Cristiano'', Hispanicis siglis ''PDC'') -quae sibi bonam resultationem praesagiverat- solum 6% adepta est.

Diei [[16 Martii]] anni [[2009]] [[Frons Faramundi Martí pro Liberatione Nationali|Frontis Faramundi Martí pro Liberatione Nationali]] candidati [[Mauritius Funes|Mauritii Funes]] victoriam roboraverunt cum 53,3% suffragiorum, contra 48,7% suffragiorum quae adeptus est [[Foedus Respublicanum Nationalisticum|gubernii dexterae factionis]] candidatus [[Rodericus Ávila]]. Quae resultatio historica est, quoniam sinistra politica in gubernium induxit post annos viginti in [[Oppositio (civilitas)|oppositione]]. [[Frons Faramundi Martí pro Liberatione Nationali]] potestatem conservavit alio quinquennio plus, electo anno [[2014]] praeside [[Salvator Sánchez Cerén|Salvatore Sánchez Cerén]].

Praesidialia anni [[2019]] comitia perrupturam Salvatorianā in historiā constituerunt, quia vicit [[Nayib Bukele|Nayibus Bukelis]]&lt;ref&gt;'''Nayibus Bukelis''' apud diarium interretialem ''[[Ephemeris]]'' nuncupatum (Paulus Kangiser, ''DE PRAESIDIS SALVATORIANI ACTIONIBUS IN LEGVM EFFRACTORES'', die 1 Maii 2020).&lt;/ref&gt;, prior [[Soteropolis|Soteropoleōs]] [[alcaldus]], qui longum dominatum inter [[Foedus Respublicanum Nationalisticum]] et [[Frons Faramundi Martí pro Liberatione Nationali|Frontem Faramundi Martí pro Liberatione Nationali]] destruere consecutus est.

==Geographia==
[[Fasciculus:El Salvador Topography.png|thumb|upright=1|Salvatoriae [[topographia]].]]
Salvatoria 21041 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; lata est. Litora, [[Oceanus Pacificus|Oceanum Pacificum]] et [[Sinus Fonseca|Sinum Fonsecam]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Fonseca&quot;/&gt; (Hispanice ''Golfo de Fonseca'') ad Meridiem contingentia, 307 km patent. Salvatoria sola natio in [[Media America|Mediā Americā]] est quae directo accessū ad [[Mare Caribaeum]] caret.

Salvatoria [[Mons ignifer|montium igniferorum]] iugo pingitur quod hanc civitatem dividit in [[regio]]nes tres: litus meridionale, valles atque [[oropedium|oropedia]] media, et montes septentrionales. Altissimus mons est [[Mons Pitalensis]]&lt;ref&gt;Confer binomen &quot;Isochilus pitalensis&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Hispanice ''Cerro El Pital''), 2730 m celsus et [[Honduria]]e finitimus. Altissimus mons ignifer [[Sancta Anna (mons ignifer)|Sancta Anna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sancta Anna&quot;&gt;Vide ''Diocese of Santa Ana'' in [https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dsana.html www.catholic-hierarchy.org], homonyma cum capite, districtū, praefecturā et monte ignifero.&lt;/ref&gt; (Hispanice ''Santa Ana'' seu ''Ilamatepec'') est, ad occidentem situs et 2365 m celsus. Longissimum flumen [[Lempa]] est, 22 km longum, quorum 320 hanc nationem transiunt.

===Clima===
[[Fasciculus:Koppen-Geiger Map SLV present.svg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Salvatoriana [[Enumeratio climatum Köppen–Geiger|descriptio climatica Köppen-Geiger]] (tabula Anglice).]]
Huic civitati [[clima]] [[zona tropica|tropicum]] est, cum [[siccum (tempus anni)|tempore sicco]] et [[tempus pluviosum|pluvioso]] bene definitis. [[Temperatura]] praecipue secundum [[altitudo|altitudinem]] variat, habitā parvā [[amplitudo thermica|amplitudine thermicā]] annuā. Litorales [[planities]] uniformiter aestuosum clima ostendunt, sed modicius augente altitudine intestinis in terris.

===Flora faunaque===
Agri herbosi et exigua [[quercus|querqueta]] et [[pinus|pineta]] Salvatorianos montes tegunt. Nationalis [[vegetatio]] ex [[arbor]]ibus folia amittentibus et subtropicis agris herbosis consistit, sed magna cuius pars deleta est ut [[coffea]]e sata statuerentur et [[agricultura|agri ad culturam]] apti fierent. Salvatoriae [[fauna]] non tam diversa quam [[flora (plantae)|flora]] est, sed [[lacus]] et [[flumen|flumina]] multis [[piscis|piscibus]] abundant. [[Endemismus|Endemicas]] apud [[aves|avium]] [[species]] [[trochilidae]], [[Phoenicopterus|phoenicopteri]], et [[psittaciformes]] sunt.&lt;ref&gt;Vide situm interretiali [https://web.archive.org/web/20230221005807/https://www.sos-kinderdorf.at/so-hilft-sos/wo-wir-helfen/amerika/el-salvador/laenderinformation#subparagraph2 www.sos-kinderdorf.at] Salvatorianis de florā faunāque.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed-hover&quot; caption=&quot;Salvatoriae fauna et flora&quot;&gt;
File:Turquoise-browed Motmot (7046728729).jpg|''[[Eumomota superciliosa]]''
File:Armadillo2.jpg|''[[Dasypodidae|Dasypodida]]''
File:White-tailed deer.jpg|''[[Odocoileus virginianus]]''
File:Mexican-hairy-porcupine-1.jpg|''[[Sphiggurus mexicanus]]''
Coatí de nariz blanca (Nasua narica).jpg|''[[Nasua narica]]''
File:Puma face.jpg|''[[Puma concolor]]''
File:CtenosauraSimilis.jpg|''[[Ctenosaura similis]]''
File:Agkistrodon bilineatus 2.jpg|''[[Agkistrodon bilineatus]]''
File:Porthidium nasutum banino.jpg|''[[Porthidium nasutum]]''
File:Abronia montecristoi 55841718.jpg|''[[Abronia montecristoi]]''
File:Parachromis managuensis 2012 G1.jpg|''[[Parachromis managuensis]]''
File:Black-bellied Whistling Duck (Dendrocygna autumnalis) RWD.jpg|''[[Dendrocygna autumnalis]]''
File:Malachitfalter, Bambuspage, Siproeta stelenes 3.JPG|''[[Siproeta stelenes]]''
File:Banded Peacock.jpg|''[[Anartia fatima]]''
File:South American butterfly II.jpg|''[[Danaus chrysippus]]''
File:Salome Yellow (49697535818).jpg|''[[Eurema mexicana]]''
File:Kapok tree Honolulu.jpg|''[[Ceiba pentandra]]''
File:Aulacorhynchus prasinus -perching on branch-8a.jpg|''[[Aulacorhynchus prasinus]]''
File:Frutos con semillas de caobo.jpg|''[[Swietenia macrophylla]]''
File:Ciconia maguari 3.jpeg|''[[Ciconia maguari]]''
File:Hawksbill turtle off the coast of Saba.jpg|''[[Eretmochelys imbricata]]''
File:Lepidochelys olivacea.jpg|''[[Lepidochelys olivacea]]''
File:Kini iguana.jpg|''[[Iguana iguana]]''
File:Agalychnis moreletii03.jpg|''[[Agalychnis moreletii]]''
File:Ocelot (Jaguatirica) Zoo Itatiba.jpg|''[[Leopardus pardalis]]''
File:Cerejeira pg.jpg|''[[Cerasus]]''
File:Starr 050518-1609 Tabebuia donnell-smithii.jpg|''[[Tabebuia donnell-smithii]]''
File:Jilinjoche.jpg|''[[Pseudobombax ellipticum]]''
File:Tecoma stans en Rosario, Argentina.jpg|''[[Tecoma stans]]''
File:Caesalpinia pulcherrima.jpg|''[[Caesalpinia pulcherrima]]''
File:Convict Surgeonfish, Acanthurus triostegus.jpg|''[[Acanthurus triostegus]]''
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Gubernium et civilitas==
[[Fasciculus:Sesion Solemne de Legislatura 2015-2018 (17866066655).jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Salvatorienses conturbenales in [[Conventus Legifer Salvatorianus|Conventū Legifero Salvatoriano]].]]
[[Constitutio]] anni [[1983]] maximam legalem auctoritatem hac in natione habet. Salvatoriae [[democratia|democraticum]] et repraesentativum gubernium est, cuius tria corpora sunt:
* Pars [[Potestas exsecutiva|exsecutiva]], a Praeside Rei Publicae ducta, qui per [[suffragatio]]nem directam eligitur et cuius munus quinquennium durat. Praeses denuo eligi nequit continuis in comitiis, sed eligi potest ceteris in comitiis. Praeses habet ministrorum consilium quod ipse designat et etiam [[copiae militares|copiarum militarium]] [[res militaris#Gradus militares|summus praefectus]] est.
* Pars [[Potestas legifera|legifera]], [[Conventus Legifer Salvatorianus]] (Hispanice ''Asamblea Legislativa de El Salvador'') nuncupata, est unicameralis et e [[deputatus|deputatis]] 84 consistit.
* Pars [[Potestas iudicialis|iudicialis]], a [[Tribunal Supremum Iustitiae Salvatorianum|Tribunali Supremo Iustitiae Salvatoriano]] (Hispanice ''Corte Suprema de Justicia de El Salvador'') recta, ab iudicibus quindecim compositum, e quibus unus Magistratus Praeses (Hispanice ''Magistrado Presidente'') eligitur.
Salvatoriensia politica circumiacentia [[Respublica praesidentialis|praesidentialem]] [[democratia|repraesentativam democraticam]] [[respublica|rempublicam]] constituunt multiformi ac [[Systema polycommaticum|polycommatico]] cum systemate. [[Praeses Salvatorianus|Praeses]] (Hispanice ''Presidente''), in praesenti [[Nayibus Bukelis]], et [[dux civitatis]] et [[dux rectionis]] est. [[Potestas exsecutiva]] a Gubernio (Hispanice ''Gobierno'') expletur. [[Potestas legifera]] et a Gubernio et a [[Conventus Legifer Salvatorianus|Conventū Legifero]] praestatur. Nationi sunt etiam libera [[potestas iudicialis]] et [[Tribunal Supremum Iustitiae Salvatorianum|Tribunal Supremum]].

===Civilitas===
[[Fasciculus:ANIVERSARIO DE LA CONSTITUCION (23168818313).jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Conventus Legatorum Salvatoriae]] (Hispanice ''Asamblea Legislativa de El Salvador'').]]
Salvatoriae [[systema polycommaticum]] est. Duae [[Factio politica|factiones politicae]], [[Foedus Respublicanum Nationalisticum]] (Hispanice ''Alianza Republicana Nacionalista'', Hispanico acronymo ''ARENA'') et [[Frons Faramundi Martí pro Liberatione Nationali|Frontis Faramundi Martí pro Liberatione Nationali]] (Hispanice ''Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional'', Hispanicis siglis ''FMLN'') in comitiis domitari tendebant. Factionis [[Foedus Respublicanum Nationalisticum|ARENA]] candidatūs subsequentia comitia praesidentialia vicerunt donec [[Mauritius Funes]], factionis [[Frons Faramundi Martí pro Liberatione Nationali|FMLN]], electus est Martio anni [[2009]]. Factio [[Frons Faramundi Martí pro Liberatione Nationali|FMLN]] sinistra&lt;ref name=&quot;DGLCM&quot;&gt;Vide hoc lemma apud ''Dicionario galego-latino clásico e moderno'' auctoris Iosephi (vulgo ''Xosé'') López Díaz.&lt;/ref&gt; est, quae divisa est inter praevalentes [[Marxismus-Leninismus|Marxistico-Leninianas]]&lt;ref name=&quot;DAEL&quot;/&gt; partes in legislationis spatio et [[Liberalismus socialis|socio-liberales]] partes a Mauritio Funes usque ad annum [[2014]] ductas. Attamen, hic [[bifactionismus]]&lt;ref&gt;Vide situm interretialem [https://www.fabio.com.ar/875 www.fabio.com.ar].&lt;/ref&gt; fractus est cum [[Nayibus Bukelis]], [[Magnum Foedus pro Unitate Nationali|Magni Foederis pro Unitate Nationali]] (Hispanice ''Gran Alianza por la Unidad Nacional'', Hispanico acronymo ''GANA'') candidatus, Salvatoriensia comitia praesidentialia&lt;ref name=&quot;DAEL&quot;/&gt; anni [[2019]] vicisset.&lt;ref&gt;Delcid, Merlini (Merlin); Guy, Iacobi (Jack) (die 10 Februarii anni 2019). [https://edition.cnn.com/2019/02/09/americas/el-salvador-president-bukele-profile-intl/index.html &quot;The strange political path of Nayib Bukele, El Salvador's new President&quot;] (Anglice). ''[[CNN]]''.&lt;/ref&gt; Februario anni [[2021]], comitiorum parlamentariorum&lt;ref name=&quot;DAEL&quot;/&gt; resultationes praecipuam mutationem Salvatorianae civilitati causaverunt. Nova foederata praesidis [[Nayibus Bukelis|Nayibi Bukeli]] factio, [[Novae Ideae]] (Hispanice ''Nuevas Ideas''), parlamentariam maximam Salvatoriani historiae partem adepta est.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dyde&quot;&gt;Dyde, Iacobi (James) (Kalendis Martiis anni 2021). [https://www.centralamerica.com/opinion/el-salvador-legistlative-elections-2021/ &quot;El Salvador Legislative Elections 2021&quot;] (Anglice). ''centralamerica''.&lt;/ref&gt;

Mediae regionis, praesertim [[caput (urbs)|capitis]] et litoralium regionum, [[Praefecturae Salvatoriae|praefecturae]] (Hispanice ''departamentos''), &quot;praefecturae rubrae&quot; (Hispanice ''departamentos rojos'') nuncupatae, relative sinistrarum partium&lt;ref name=&quot;DGLCM&quot;/&gt; sunt. Alioquin, &quot;praefecturae caeruleae&quot; (Hispanice ''departamentos azules'') -in Orientalium, Occidentalium et planitierum montanarum regionibus sitae- relative conservativae sunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC News&quot;&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-27568032 &quot;Ex-rebel becomes El Salvador leader&quot;] (Anglice). ''BBC News''. Kalendis Iuniis anni 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Publicae rationes et res militares===
[[Fasciculus:Secretary Pompeo Participates in Signing Ceremony for the CSL Lease Extension - 48342132177.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Civitatum Foederatarum Secretarius Civitatis]] [[Michael Pompeo]] obsignationis caerimoniam Salvatoriano cum Praeside [[Nayib Bukele|Nayibo Bukeli]] participat.]]
Salvatoria [[Consociatio Nationum|Consociatonis Nationum]] et aliquot specializatorum{{dubsig}} earum ordinum socia est. Etiam [[Ordo civitatum Americanarum|Ordinis civitatum Americanarum]], [[Parlamentum Centroamericanum|Parlamenti Centroamericani]] (Hispanice ''Parlamento Centroamericano'', Hispanico acronymo ''PARLACEN'') et [[Systema Integrationis Centroamericanae|Systematis Integrationis Centroamericanae]] (Hispanice ''Sistema de la Integración Centroamericana'', Hispanicis siglis ''SICA'') apud alia socia est. Active Commissioni Securitatis Centroamericanae favet, quae regionalem armorum moderationem alere quaeret. Salvatoria [[Ordo mercaturae mundanae|Ordinis mercaturae mundanae]] socia est; quamobrem regionales liberi commercii consensūs persequitur. Active{{dubsig}} Summi Conventūs Americarum (Hispanice ''Cumbre de las Américas''; Anglice ''Summit of the Americas''; Lusice ''Cúpula das Américas''; Francice ''Sommet des Amériques'') processui favens, Salvatoria coetui operatorio de accessū ad [[mercatus|mercatum]] communem intra Areae Liberi Commercii Americarum inceptum praesidet.

Novembre anni [[1950]], Salvatoria sola natio fuit quae nove roboratum [[Tenzin Gyatso|XIV Dalai Lama]] adiuvit cum [[Tibetum|Tibetani]] Ministrorum Consilii telegrammati favisset quod a [[Conventus generalis (Nationes Unitae)|Conventū generali Nationum Unitarum]] posceret ne [[Res publica popularis Sinarum]] sibi [[Tibetum]] annectere desineret.&lt;ref name=&quot;Laird&quot;&gt;Laird, Thomae (Thomas) (2006). ''[https://archive.org/details/storyoftibetconv00lair/page/303 The Story of Tibet:Conversations with His Holiness the Dalai Lama]'' (Novi Eboraci: Grove Press), 303–305. ISBN 9780802118271.&lt;/ref&gt; Nullā natione adiuvante, &quot;Consociatio Nationum unanimiter{{dubsig}} Tibetanum rogatum ex ordine agendorum demiserunt.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Laird&quot;&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Copiae militares Salvatorienses|Copiis militaribus Salvaroriensibus]] (Hispanice ''Fuerza Armada de El Salvador'') tres sectiones: [[Exercitus Salvatoriensis]] (Hispanice ''Ejército Salvadoreño''), [[Classis aëria Salvatoriensis]] (Hispanice ''Fuerza Aérea Salvadoreña'') et [[Classis nautica Salvatoriensis]] (Hispanice ''Fuerza Naval de El Salvador''). Propemodum 17 000 hominum in copiis militaribus omnino sunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nationmaster.com/country-info/profiles/El-Salvador/Military &quot;NationMaster.com&quot;.] (Anglice).&lt;/ref&gt;

Anno [[2017]], Salvatoria [[Foedus de interdictione armorum nuclearium]] abs Consociatione Nationum obsignavit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&amp;mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&amp;chapter=26&amp;clang=_en&quot;Chapter XXVI: Disarmament – No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons&quot;] (Anglice). A Nationibus Unitis Foederum Collectio. Nonis Iuliis anni 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.pressenza.com/2019/01/el-salvador-becomes-the-21st-state-party-to-the-treaty-on-the-prohibition-of-nuclear-weapons/ &quot;El Salvador becomes the 21st state party to the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons&quot;] (Anglice). Pressenza – International Press Agency. Die 30 Ianuarii anni 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

Salvatoria [[Tribunal criminale internationale|Statuti Romani ad Iudicium Internationale Criminale]] pars est.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://asp.icc-cpi.int/states-parties/latin-american-and-caribbean-states Latin American and Caribbean State Parties to the Rome Statute, International Criminal Court] (Anglice). Inspectum die 10 Iulii 2021&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Iura humana===
[[Amnestia internationalis]] attentionem attraxit in nonnullos [[vigil]]es comprehensos propter illegales biocolyticas caedes. Alia apud problemata quae Amnestiae internationalis attentionem attraxerunt, amissi pueri, errores parendi legibus ad investiganda ac bene prosequenda scelera contra feminas et reddita [[Collegium opificum|collegia opificum]] illegalia sunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110429054839/http://www.amnestyusa.org/all-countries/el-salvador/page.do?id=1011148 &quot;El Salvador Human Rights&quot;] (Anglice). ''[[Amnestia internationalis]] ''. Archivatum e primigenio die 29 Aprilis anni 2011. Inspectum die 17 Martii anni 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Abortus]] vetitus est, sine exceptione [[stuprum|stupri]], [[incestus|incestūs]], maternae vitae periculo oblatae: feminarum igitur 180 in [[carcer]]em coniectae sunt his duobus decenniis, aliquae damnatae sunt amplius triginta annos.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Woman who suffered miscarriage sentenced to 30 years for aggravated homicide in El Salvador—The Independent&quot; (Anglice). ''apple.news''. Inspectum die 12 Maii anni 2022.&lt;/ref&gt; Discriminatio contra homines [[LGBT]] in Salvatoriā pervulgata est.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2015/8/12/lgbt-in-el-salvador-beatings-intolerance-death &quot;LGBT in El Salvador: Beatings, intolerance, death&quot;] (Anglice). ''Al-Jazeera''. Pridie Idus Augustas anni 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-latam-lgbt-rights/terrorized-at-home-central-americas-lgbt-people-to-flee-for-their-lives-report-idUSKBN1DR28O &quot;'Terrorized at home', Central America's LGBT people to flee for their lives: report&quot;] (Anglice). ''Reuters''. Die 27 Novembris anni 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; Secundum schedam interrogatoriam a [[Pew Research Center]], 62% Salvatoriensium ut [[homosexualitas]] societati non accipienda esset credunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2013/06/04/the-global-divide-on-homosexuality/ &quot;The Global Divide on Homosexuality&quot;] (Anglice). ''Pew Research Center''. Pridie Nonas Iunias anni 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Divisiones administrativae===
{{Vide-etiam|Praefecturae Salvatorienses}}
[[Fasciculus:Praefecturae Salvatorienses.png|thumb|750px|center|Praefecturae Salvatorienses.]]
Salvatoria divisa est in [[Praefecturae Salvatorienses|praefecturas]] seu [[departimenta Salvatoriensia|departimenta]]&lt;ref&gt;Hoc de vocabulo, vide [http://ephemeris.alcuinus.net/archi2008/nuntius1.php?id=396 hunc nuntium] apud ephemeris.alcuinus.net, ubi dicitur &quot;Res publica Francogallica et departimentum Mosellanum circiter 256 (ducentos qunquaginta sex) miliones euronum solverunt ad Lotharingiae structuram mutandam.&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Hispanice ''departamentos'') quattuodecim, quae vicissim subdivisa sunt in [[municipium|municipia]] (Hispanice ''municipios'') 262. Hae praefecturae geographice congregantur in zonas tres: Occidentalem (Hispanice ''Occidental''), Mediam (Hispanice ''Central'') et Orientalem (Hispanice ''Oriental''). Inferiori in tabulā ostenduntur praefecturae per zonas collectae:
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|-----
! Praefectura Latine
! Praefectura Hispanice
! Caput Latine
! Caput Hispanice
! Area
! Numerus incolarum &lt;small&gt;(2007)&lt;/small&gt;
! Mappa
|-
| colspan=&quot;8&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |''' Zona Occidentalis '''
|-
|[[Fasciculus:Bandera del Departamento de Ahuachapán.jpg|20px]] [[Praefectura Ahuachapanensis|Ahuachăpan]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ahuachapanensis&quot;&gt;Confer binomen &quot;&quot;Ruellia ahuachapanensis&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;
|''Ahuachapán''
|[[Ahuachapan|Ahuachăpan]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ahuachapanensis&quot;/&gt;
|''Ahuachapán''
|1240 [[Chiliometrum quadratum|km²]]
|319 503
|[[File:Ahuachapan in El Salvador.svg|100px]]
|-
|[[Fasciculus:Santa_Ana_(El_Salvador)_flag.jpg|20px]] [[Sancta Anna (Praefectura Salvatoriensis)|Sancta Anna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sancta Anna&quot;/&gt;
|''Santa Ana''
|[[Sancta Anna (Salvatoria)|Sancta Anna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sancta Anna&quot;/&gt;
|''Santa Ana''
|2023 [[Chiliometrum quadratum|km²]]
|523 655
|[[File:Santa Ana in El Salvador.svg|100px]]
|-
| [[Praefectura Sonsonatensis|Sonsonāte]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Dioecesis Sonsonatensis&quot;&gt;Confer https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dsana.html Dioecesin Sonsonatensem] apud [https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org catholic-hierarchy.com].&lt;/ref&gt;
|''Sonsonate''
|[[Sonsonate|Sonsonāte]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Dioecesis Sonsonatensis&quot;/&gt;
|''Sonsonate''
|1226 [[Chiliometrum quadratum|km²]]
|438 960
|[[File:Sonsonate in El Salvador.svg|100px]]
|-
| colspan=&quot;8&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |''' Zona Media '''
|-
|[[Fasciculus:Flag of La Libertad Department.svg|20px]] [[Libertas (Salvatoria)|Libertas]]
|''La Libertad''
|[[Sancta Thecla (Salvatoria)|Sancta Thecla]]
|''Santa Tecla''
|1653 [[Chiliometrum quadratum|km²]]
|660 652
|[[File:La Libertad in El Salvador.svg|100px]]
|-
|[[Fasciculus:Flag_of_Chalatenango.svg|20px]] [[Praefectura Chalatenangensis|Chalatenango]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Dioecesis Chalatenangensis&quot;&gt;Confer dioecesem Chalatenangensem apud [https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org catholic-hierarchy.com].&lt;/ref&gt;
|''Chalatenango''
|[[Chalatenango (Chalatenango)|Chalatenango]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Dioecesis Chalatenangensis&quot;/&gt;
|''Chalatenango''
|2017 [[Chiliometrum quadratum|km²]]
|192 788
|[[File:Chalatenango in El Salvador.svg|100px]]
|-
|[[Fasciculus:Bandera del Departamento de Cuscatlán.PNG|20px]] [[Cuscatlan (praefectura)|Cuzcatlan]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cuzcatlan&quot;/&gt;
|''Cuscatlán''
|[[Coxutepeque|Coxutepēque]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Coxutepeque&quot;&gt;Vide [librum ''Flora de Guatemala de José Mociño''] ubi dicitur &quot;'''Rubra''' Ipomaea foliis pinnatifidis (...) HABITAT in Coxutepequi, ac Vicentopolis confiniis (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;
|''Cojutepeque''
|756 [[Chiliometrum quadratum|km²]]
|231 480
|[[File:Cuscatlan in El Salvador.svg|100px]]
|-
|[[Fasciculus:Bandera de San Salvador (2021).svg|20px|]][[Sanctus Salvator (Praefectura Salvatoriensis)|Sanctus Salvator]]&lt;ref name=&quot;USS2&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;USS1&quot;/&gt; seu [[Soteropolis (Praefectura Salvatoriensis)|Soteropolis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Soteropolis&quot;/&gt;
|''San Salvador''
|[[Urbs Sancti Salvatoris]]&lt;ref name=&quot;USS2&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;USS1&quot;/&gt; seu [[Soteropolis (Salvatoria)|Soteropolis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Soteropolis&quot;/&gt;
|''San Salvador''
|886 [[Chiliometrum quadratum|km²]]
|1 567 156
|[[File:San Salvador in El Salvador.svg|100px]] 
|-
|[[Fasciculus:Bandera del Departamento de La Paz.jpg|20px]] [[Pax (Salvatoria)|Pax]]
|''La Paz''
|[[Zacatecoluca|Zacatecolūca]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Zacatecoluca&quot;&gt;Vide [librum ''Flora de Guatemala de José Mociño''] ubi dicitur &quot;'''Serrata''' Tournefortia foliis ovatis (...) HABITAT in Zacatecolucae maritimis(...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Dioecesis Zacatecolucana&quot;&gt;Confer [https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dzacs.html Dioecesin Zacatecolucanam] apud [https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org catholic-hierarchy.com]&lt;/ref&gt;
|''Zacatecoluca''
|1224 [[Chiliometrum quadratum|km²]]
|308 087
|[[File:La Paz in El Salvador.svg|100px]]
|-
|[[Fasciculus:Flag_of_the_Cabañas_Department.svg|20px]] [[Cabanas (Salvatoria)|Cabānas]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Usulutan&quot;/&gt;
|''Cabañas''
|[[Sensuntepeque|Sensuntepēque]]
|''Sensuntepeque''
|1104 [[Chiliometrum quadratum|km²]]
|149 326
|[[File:Cabanas in El Salvador.svg|100px]]
|-
|-
|[[Fasciculus:Flag_of_San_Vicente_Department.svg|20px]] [[Sanctus Vincentius (Praefectura Salvatoriensis)|Sanctus Vincentius]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Dioecesis Sancti Vincentii&quot;&gt;Confer [https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dsnvi.html Dioecesin Sancti Vincentii] apud [https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org catholic-hierarchy.com].&lt;/ref&gt; seu [[Vincentopolis (Praefectura Salvatoriensis)|Vincentopolis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Coxutepeque&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; 
|''San Vicente''
|[[Sanctus Vincentius (Salvatoria)|Sanctus Vincentius]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Dioecesis Sancti Vincentii&quot;/&gt; seu [[Vincentopolis (Salvatoria)|Vincentopolis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Coxutepeque&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|''San Vicente''
|1184 [[Chiliometrum quadratum|km²]]
|161 645
|[[File:San Vicente in El Salvador.svg|100px]]
|-
| colspan=&quot;8&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |''' Zona Orientalis'''
|-
|[[Fasciculus:Usulutan_flag.png|20px]] [[Usulutan (Praefectura)|Usulŭtan]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Usulutan&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-05-1913-ocr.pdf hoc documentum Sedis Apostolicae] ubi dicitur: &quot;ita ut posthac complectatur solummodo h a s septem civiles provincias, id est San Vincente, Cabanas, (...) Usulután denominantur&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;
|''Usulután''
|[[Usulutan|Usulŭtan]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Usulutan&quot;/&gt;
|''Usulután''
|2130 [[Chiliometrum quadratum|km²]]
|344 235
|[[File:Usulutan in El Salvador.svg|100px]]
|-
|[[Fasciculus:Bandera-San MiguelDPT.jpg|20px]] [[Praefectura Sancti Michaelis|Sanctus Michaël]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Michaelis&quot;/&gt;
|''San Miguel''
|[[Sanctus Michaël (Salvatoria)|Sanctus Michaël]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Michaelis&quot;/&gt;
|''San Miguel''
|2077 [[Chiliometrum quadratum|km²]]
|434 003
|[[File:San Miguel in El Salvador.svg|100px]]
|-
|[[Fasciculus:Flag_of_Morazán_Department.svg|20px]] [[Praefectura Morazanensis|Morăzan]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Morazán&quot;&gt;Confer binomen &quot;Psychotria jinotegensis var. morazanensis&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;
|''Morazán''
|[[Sanctus Franciscus Gotera|Sanctus Franciscus Gotēra]]
|''San Francisco Gotera''
|1447 [[Chiliometrum quadratum|km²]]
|174 426
|[[File:Morazan in El Salvador.svg|100px]]
|-
|[[Fasciculus:Bandera_del_Departamento_de_La_Union_ES.jpg|20px]] [[Unio (Praefectura Salvatoriensis)|Unio]]
|''La Unión''
|[[Unio (Salvatoria)|Unio]]
|''La Unión''
|2074 [[Chiliometrum quadratum|km²]]
|238 217
|[[File:La Union in El Salvador.svg|100px]]
|-
|}
&lt;center&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height:140%;font-size: 90%;&quot;
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; align=center| Zonae et praefecturae Salvatorienses
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; align=center|[[File:Zonae et praefecturae Salvatorienses.png|thumb|200px|Zonae et praefecturae Salvatorienses]]
|-
|}
&lt;/center&gt;

==Oeconomia==
[[Fasciculus:Cotton-UsulutanSV.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Xylon|Xyli]] agri in Salvatoriā.]]
Salvatoria parva, [[Civitas provectibilis|ad progressionem nitens]] natio in [[Media America|Mediā Americā]] est, propemodum cum incolarum sex [[milion]]ibus. Huius nationis [[oeconomia]] praecipue in [[Campus oeconomicus tertius|diaconiis]], [[Campus oeconomicus secundarius|industriā]] et [[agricultura|agriculturā]] fundatur, quamquam diaconiarum campus maximus [[Productus domesticus generalis|productui domestico generali]] contributorius est.&lt;ref name=&quot;WB 2021&quot;&gt;Ab [[Argentaria mundana|Argentariā mundanā]]. (2021). [https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/elsalvador/overview El Salvador Overview] (Anglice).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA2021&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210507021641/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/el-salvador/ Liber Factorum Mundanorum] (Anglice), [[Procuratio Nuntiorum Centralis|Procurationis Nuntiorum Centralis]] anni 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;UNDP&quot;&gt;[http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/2019-human-development-index-ranking Programma promotorium Nationum Unitarum] (Anglice) anno [[2020]].&lt;/ref&gt;

Secundum [[Argentaria mundana|Argentariam mundanam]], Salvatoriensis [[productus domesticus generalis]] 24,6 [[Milliardum|milliarda]] [[dollarium Civitatum Foederatarum|$]] anno [[2020]] erat, cum [[reditus per capita|reditū per capita]] 3 820 [[dollarium Civitatum Foederatarum|$]]. Recentibus annis, oeconomia moderatum incrementum experta est, annuo cum augentis productūs domestici generalis indice 2,5% inter annos [[2016]] et [[2019]]. Nihilominus, [[COVID-19 pandemia]] productum domesticum generalem 7,9% anno [[2020]] deminuit.&lt;ref name=&quot;WB 2021&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA2021&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;UNDP&quot;/&gt;

Diaconiarum campus circiter 64 centesimae productūs domestici generalis constituit, cuius praecipui subcampi [[mercatura magna]], [[mercatura tenuis]], [[vectura]] et communicationes sunt. Industriae campus circa 22 centesimas productūs domestici generalis constituit, cuius praecipui subcampi ciborum apparatio, [[textile|textilia]], [[chemia|chemica]] sunt. Denique, agriculturalis campus circiter 7% productūs domestici generalis constituit, ubi [[coffea]], [[harundo sacchari]] et [[xylon]] praecipuae fruges sunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;WB 2021&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA2021&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;UNDP&quot;/&gt;

Salvatoria a pecuniae missionibus valde pendet, quae propemodum 20% nationalis productūs domestici generalis constituunt et originem trahunt a Salvatoriensibus peregre viventibus. Haec natio etiam aliquot foedera commercialia sanxit, incluso foedere commerciali cum [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitatibus Foederatis]], quod ei adiuvit ad augendas merces exportatas.&lt;ref name=&quot;WB 2021&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA2021&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;UNDP&quot;/&gt;

Attamen, Salvatoria nonnullis difficultatibus adhuc occurrit, apud quas altus vis scelerumque gradus, politica instabilitas et [[Iniquitas reditus|iniquitas]]. Quoque haec natio naturalibus incommodis, sicuti [[huracanum|huracanis]] et [[Terrae motus|terrae motibus]], affecta est.&lt;ref name=&quot;WB 2021&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA2021&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;UNDP&quot;/&gt;

Die [[7 Septembris]] anni [[2021]], prima civitas in [[orbis terrarum|toto orbe terrarum]] quae [[bitinummus|bitinummum]]{{LLHL24 ref|Bitcoin|276}} [[moneta (pecunia)|monetam legitimam]], iuxta cum [[dollarium Civitatum Foederatarum|dollario Civitatum Foederatarum]], asciverat facta est.&lt;ref&gt;''[https://www.rainews.it/archivio-rainews/articoli/bitcoin-diventa-valuta-legale-el-salvador-0ac968fb-cbf0-40a1-ba3e-f817b1ab41f5.html El Salvador, bitcoin diventa valuta legale]'' ([[Italice]]), in ''rainews.it'', die 7 Septembris anni 2021. Inspectum URL die 3 Februarii anni 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Infrastructura==
===Energia===
&lt;gallery widths=&quot;200&quot; heights=&quot;110&quot;&gt;
File:Central Geotérmica Ahuachapán 02.jpg|[[Electrificina]] [[Energia geothermica|geothermica]] in [[Praefectura Ahuachapanensis|Praefecturā Ahuachapanense]].
File:Central Geotérmica de Berlín 05.JPG|[[Electrificina]] [[Energia geothermica|geothermica]] in [[Usulutan (Praefectura)|Praefecturā Usulutanense]].
File:Rio Lempa Presa Enero 2011.jpg|[[Ergasterium hydroelectricum|Ergasterii hydroelectrici]] [[Moles (agger)|moles]] apud [[Lempa|flumen Lempam]].
&lt;/gallery&gt;

Salvatorianum systema energeticum importatis [[Fomes fossilis|fomitibus fossilibus]], praesertim [[petroleum|petroleo]], valde fretum, quod circiter 70% totius [[Electricitas|electricitatis]] generatae constituit. Haec obnoxietas importatis a fomitibus hanc nationem vulnerabilis inconstanti petrolei pretio in toto orbe terrarum reddit et significativis oeconomicis periculis eam exponit. Ad huic problemati occurrendum, gubernium Salvatoriense nonnullas rationes adhibuit ut diversificetur Salvatotiana [[mixtura formarum energiae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lucusaltiani&quot;/&gt; et augetur usus fontium [[Energia renovabilis|energiarum renovabilium]], sicuti [[Energia geothermica|geothermicae]], [[Energia solaris|solaris]], [[Energia ventosa|ventosae]]. Reapse, Salvatoria significativā harum energiarum renovabilium fontium potentiā valet et iam ad evolvendas eas progressa est. Ex anno [[2021]], energiae renovabilis fontes propemodum 30% totius electricitatis generatae in Salvatoriā constituunt. Verumtamen, huic nationi adhuc difficultates superandae sunt, inter quas limitata transmittendi infrastructura et politica ordinatoriaque impedimenta ad pecuniam collocandam in energiarum renovabilium inceptis.&lt;ref&gt;Ab [[Argentaria mundana|Argentariā mundanā]] (anno [[2017]]) [https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/28518 El Salvador: Energy Sector Assessment] (Anglice).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ab IRENA (anno [[2019]]). [https://www.irena.org/publications/2019/Jul/Renewable-energy-statistics-2019 Renewable Energy Statistics 2019] (Anglice).&lt;/ref&gt;

===Vectura===
[[Fasciculus:AEROPUERTO INTERNACIONAL DE EL SALVADOR (AIES-SOARG).jpg|thumb|[[Aëroportus Internationalis Salvatoriensis|Aëroportūs Internationalis Salvatoriensis]] exterior pars.]]
[[Vectura]] in Salvatoriā viaria intextū vix evoluto et limitatā vehiculorum publicorum praesentiā pingitur. Secundum relationem ab [[Argentaria interamericana progressus|Argentariā interamericanā progressūs]] ([[Hispanice]] ''Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo'', [[Anglice]] ''Inter-American Development Bank'', [[Francice]] ''Banque interaméricaine de développement'' et [[Lusice]] ''Banco Interamericano de Desenvolvimento'') anno [[2019]] factam, solum 7% viarum hac in natione bituminatae sunt, quod difficilem periculosamque vecturam per vias reddit. Alterā ex parte, vehiculorum publicorum systema praecipue privatis [[Laophorium|laophoriis]] et laophoriis minutis, crebro refertis et pessimis conditionibus, constituitur. Quamobrem, hoc systema viatoribus magna sinistrorum casuum viariorum pericula et incommodam experientiam involvit. Nihilominus, gubernium Salvatorianum has difficultates emendare conatur, verbi gratiā, per programma &quot;EL Salvador Transporte Cercano&quot;, cuius propositum vehicula publica tutiora  fidioraque praebere est.&lt;ref&gt;Ab [[Argentaria interamericana progressus|Argentariā interamericanā progressūs]]. [https://publications.iadb.org/publications/italian/transizione-urbana-in-america-latina-e-il-caribe) Transizione urbana in America Latina]{{Nexus deficitur|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (Italice).&lt;/ref&gt;

Respectū{{dubsig}} Salvatoriensium [[Aëroportus|aëroportuum]], aëroportus huic nationi internationales volatūs praebens [[Aëroportus Internationalis Salvatoriensis|Aëroportus Internationalis Salvatoriensis Sanctus Anscharius Arnulphus Romero y Galdámez]] (Hispanice ''Aeropuerto Internacional de El Salvador San Óscar Arnulfo Romero y Galdámez'') 40 chiliometra seu 25 [[Mille passus|milia passuum]] ab [[Urbs Sancti Salvatoris|Urbe Sancti Salvatoris]] distans, est.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20060213150000/http://www.aeropuertoelsalvador.gob.sv/&quot;CEPA – Aeropuerto Internacional de El Salvador&quot;] (Hispanice). Aeropuertoelsalvador.gob.sv.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Educatio===
[[Fasciculus:EGRZ4IjX0AAka8Y.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Schola publica]] in Salvatoriā (circa annum [[2010]]).]]
[[Fasciculus:Educacion en el salvador.png|thumb|upright|left|Alumni [[Urbs Sancti Salvatoris|Urbe Sancti Salvatoris]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Antiguo Edificio de la Escuela de Medicina de la Universidad de El Salvador..JPG|thumb|[[Facultas Medicinae Universitatis Salvatoriensis|Historicum aedificium Scholae Medicinae Universitatis Salvatoriensis]], [[Urbs Sancti Salvatoris|Urbe Sancti Salvatoris]].]]
Salvatoriense publicum [[educatio]]nis systema opibus valde caret. Classis magnitudo publicis in scholis alumnos 50 per aulam superare potest. Salvatorienses qui impensam solvere possunt suos filios privatas ad scholas mittunt, quae melioris qualitatis quam publicae putantur. Pleraeque privatae scholae [[Statunitensis|Statunitensia]], [[Europa]]ea aut alia provecta systemata sequuntur. Proletariae plebis familiae publicae educationi confidere coguntur.&lt;ref&gt; [https://www.r4d.org/wp-content/uploads/El-Salvador-Case-Study_Final-Version3_May24_2018-.pdf &quot;AFFORDABLE NON-STATE SCHOOLS IN EL SALVADOR&quot;] (PDF Anglice). ''www.r4d.org''.&lt;/ref&gt; 

[[Educatio]] in Salvatoriā gratuita per [[Lyceum (schola)|lyceum]] est. Post basicae educationis (ludi litterarii et scholae mediae) novem annos, alumni biennale lyceum aut triennale lyceum eligere possunt. Biennale lyceum alumnum ad mittendum eum in [[universitas|universitatem]] parat; dum triennale lyceum alumnum gradum suscipere et opificum coetum vocationale intra curriculum intrare aut universitatem plurimae educationi electo de campo intrare sinit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.stanford.edu/~hakuta/www/archives/syllabi/E_CLAD/sfusd_cult_03/nancy/new/educ.html&quot;What's Education Like in El Salvador&quot;] (Anglice). ''web.stanford.edu''. Inspectum die [[7 Aprilis]] anni 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Universitas|Universitarium systema]] in Salvatoriā e centrali publico instituto, [[Universitas Salvatoriensis|Universitati Salvatoriensi]] (Hispanice ''Universidad de El Salvador''), et multis aliis specializatis privatis universitatibus consistit. Salvatoria ordine 96º secundum [[Index mundanum innovationis|Indicem mundanum innovationis]] anno [[2021]], anteriori de ordine 108º anno [[2019]], collocata est.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2021/ Index mundanum innovationis anno 2021] (Anglice, Arabice, Hispanice, Francice, Russice et Sinice). Inspectum die [[7 Aprilis]] anni 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2019/index.html Index mundanum innovationis anno 2019] (Anglice, Arabice, Hispanice, Francice, Russice et Sinice). Inspectum die [[7 Aprilis]] anni 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Sanitas===
Salvatoriense valetudinarium systema publicarum privatarumque diaconiarum mixtura est, ubi Ministerium publicum saluti popoli tuendae publicarum valetudinariarum diaconiarum provisionem praestat. Haec natio universale valetudinarium systema in cautionis socialis exemplari fundatum habet, sed tegmen limitatum est et multi homines aditum basicas ad valetudinarias diaconias non habent. Publicae valetudinariae diaconiae gratuitae sunt, sed harum curationum qualitas magnopere variat, ruralibus cum areis et marginatis communitatibus limitatum aditum valetudinarias ad diaconias habentibus. Privatus curationis medicae campus crescit, sed diaconiae cariores sunt ut plerique incolae solvere nequeant. Valetudinis operariorum exiguitas et disparitas in valetudinis consecutionibus dissimiles inter communitates significativa problemata sunt quae solvenda sunt. Salvatoria in meliorandā matrum puerorumque valetudine profecit, per deminuendam [[contagio]]sorum [[morbus|morborum]] praevalentiam, sicuti [[sida]]e aut [[phthisis|phthiseōs]]; nihilominus sunt adhuc difficultates in curandis haud contagiosis morbis sicuti [[Diabetes mellitus|diabete]], [[Hypertensio arterialis|hypertensione arteriali]] et [[Cancer (morbus)|cancro]].&lt;ref name=&quot;OMS Slv&quot;&gt;Ab [[Ordo Panamericanus sanitarius|Ordine Panamericano sanitario]] (anno 2021). [https://www.paho.org/salud-en-las-americas-2017/?p=3288 Health systems profile- El Salvador] (Anglice et Hispanice). Inspectum die [[9 Aprilis]] anni [[2023]].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ab [[Ordo mundi sanitarius|Ordine mundi sanitario]] (anno 2021). [https://www.who.int/countries/slv/en/ El Salvador] (Anglice). Inspectum die [[9 Aprilis]] anni [[2023]].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;A [[Commonwealth Fund]] (anno 2021). [https://www.commonwealthfund.org/international-health-policy-center/surveys/el-salvador International Health Policy Survey: El Salvador]{{Nexus deficitur|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (Anglice). Inspectum die [[9 Aprilis]] anni [[2023]].&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fasciculus:Hospital El Salvador.jpg|300px|thumb|[[Valetudinarium Salvatoria]] (Hispanice ''Hospital El Salvador'').]]
Ceterum, [[COVID-19 pandemia]] Salvatoriense valetudinarium systema valde ursit. Quamobrem, Gubernium praecipuam huius nationis [[sedes primaria conventus|sedem primariam conventūs]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lucusaltiani&quot;/&gt; in [[Valetudinarium Salvatoria]]m (Hispanice ''Hospital El Salvador'') convertit ut maximum [[nosocomium]] in [[America Latina|Americā Latinā]] sit. Hic apparatus a Praeside inauguratus est die [[22 Iunii]] anni [[2020]], cum Praeses hanc in valetudinarium conversionem diuturnam propter ingentem pecuniae collocationem factam fore nuntiavit.&lt;ref name=&quot;Reyes&quot;&gt;Reyes, Scarlettae (Scarlett) (Die 22 Iunii anni 2020). [https://lanotta.com/el-salvador-inauguro-el-hospital-mas-grande-america-latina/ &quot;Pandemia : El Salvador inauguró el hospital más grande América Latina&quot;] (Hispanice). ''La Notta''. Retrieved 28 June 2020. Inspectum die [[9 Aprilis]] anni [[2023]].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EFE&quot;&gt;&quot;El Salvador inaugura primera fase de un hospital exclusivo para la COVID-19&quot;. ''[[EFE]]'' (Hispanice). Die 22 Iunii anni 2020. Inspectum die [[9 Aprilis]] anni [[2023]].&lt;/ref&gt;[[Dollarium Civitatum Foederatarum|Dollariorum Statunitensium]] 25 [[millio]]nes primae huius phasi convertendae prioris sedis primariae conventūs expensae sunt,&lt;ref name=&quot;El Comercio&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20200626233241/https://www.elcomercio.com/actualidad/bukele-hospital-uci-covid-salvador.html &quot;Nayib Bukele inaugura en El Salvador primera fase del 'mejor hospital de Latinoamérica' exclusivo para covid-19&quot;]. ''El Comercio'' (Hispanice). AFP. Die 24 Iunii anni 2020. Inspectum die [[9 Aprilis]] anni [[2023]].&lt;/ref&gt;, toto hoc apparatū [[Dollarium Civitatum Foederatarum|dollariorum Statunitensium]] 75 millionibus constante et habente [[haemotheca]]m, [[necrocomium]], [[radiologia]]e aream alia inter commoda.&lt;ref name=&quot;EFE&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;El Comercio&quot;/&gt; Hoc [[valetudinarium]] totam capacitatem 1083 lectorum [[statio therapiae intensivae|stationis therapiae intensivae]] et 2000 lectorum omnino habebit, phasi tertiā finitā.&lt;ref name=&quot;Reyes&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.europapress.es/internacional/noticia-salvador-inaugura-hospital-solo-pacientes-covid-19-capacidad-2000-camas-20200622041616.html &quot;El Salvador inaugura un hospital solo para pacientes de la COVID-19 con una capacidad de 2.000 camas&quot;]. ''[[Europa Press]]'' (Hispanice). Die 22 Iunii anni 2020. Inspectum die [[9 Aprilis]] anni [[2023]].&lt;/ref&gt;

Respectū{{dubsig}} valetudinis, anno [[2015]] [[exspectatio vitae]] circa 69 anni viris et 78 anni feminis erat; sed exspectatio vitae bonā cum valetudine inferior decem annos quam exspectatio vitae generalis ambobus sexibus.&lt;ref name=&quot;OMS Slv&quot;/&gt; Alterā ex parte, compellente [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Ecclesiā Catholicā]], [[abortus|abortūs]] leges in Salvatoriā apud restrictivissimas in toto orbe terrarum sunt ex anno [[1997]]. Etiam in casū [[stuprum|stupri]] aut aliarum medicarum implicationum, abortus lege prohibetur, quamobrem feminae talibus in casibus propter [[homicidium]] voluntarium semper inculpatae sunt.&lt;ref&gt;Ariadnae (Ariane) Hermelin, [ttps://www.terrafemina.com/article/quand-faire-une-fausse-couche-peut-mener-les-femmes-en-prison_a288751/1 «Quand faire une fausse couche peut mener les femmes en prison»] (Francice), ''Terrafemina'', Kalendis Novembribus anni 2015. Inspectum die [[9 Aprilis]] anni [[2023]].&lt;/ref&gt; Ex Octobre anni [[2016]], partialis de abortū legis rogatio&lt;ref name=&quot;DAEL&quot;/&gt; -in casū stupri et periculi vitae matris- excogitabatur&lt;ref&gt;Manon Gauthier-Faure, [https://www.marianne.net/monde/salvador-une-ado-enceinte-apres-un-viol-prend-30-ans-de-prison «Salvador : une ado enceinte après un viol prend 30 ans de prison»] (Francice), ''Marianne'',‎ die 9 Iulii anni 2017. Inspectum die [[9 Aprilis]] anni [[2023]].&lt;/ref&gt; sed dexteris a factionibus impedita est.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1061232/salvador-30-ans-de-prison-pour-une-ado-violee-ayant-perdu-son-bebe.html &quot;Salvador: 30 ans de prison pour une ado violée ayant perdu son bébé&quot;] (Francice), ''L'Orient-Le Jour'',‎ [[7 Iulii|Nonis Iuliis]] anni 2017. Inspectum die [[9 Aprilis]] anni [[2023]].&lt;/ref&gt; Salvatoria [[feminicidium|feminicidiorum]]&lt;ref&gt;De hoc vocabulo, vide [http://ephemeris.alcuinus.net/archi2021/nuntius.php?id=1866 nuntium &quot;DE FEMINICIDIO ITALICO&quot; apud Ephemeridem].&lt;/ref&gt; principatum in [[America Latina|Americā Latinā]] anno [[2011]] conservabat, cum 13,9 feminis interfectis pro 100 000 incolarum; anno [[2016]], hic index in 5,8 decrevit.&lt;ref&gt;Lamiae (Lamia) Oualalou, [https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2011/12/OUALALOU/47027 «En Amérique latine, élections et déceptions»], articulus initio Decembre anni 2011 sub titulo «Ce qui change pour les femmes», ''Manière de voir'' nº 150 (Francice), Decembre anni 2016 et Ianuario anni 2017, paginis 26-28. Inspectum die [[9 Aprilis]] anni [[2023]]&lt;/ref&gt;

==Demographia==
Salvatorianus [[numerus incolarum]] 6&amp;thinsp;314*thinsp;167 hominum anno [[2021]] fuit,&lt;ref&gt;[https://population.un.org/wpp/ &quot;World Population Prospects 2022&quot;]. ''population.un.org'' (Anglice). [[UN DESA]], Multitudinis Officina. Inspectum die 25 Aprilis anni 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100&quot;. ''population.un.org'' (Anglice). [[UN DESA]], Multitudinis Officina. Inspectum die 25 Aprilis anni 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; adversus 2 200 000 anno [[1950]]. Anno [[2010]], centesima ratio numeri incolarum minus quam 15 annos natorum 32,1%, 61% inter 15 et 65 annos natorum et 6,9 magis quam 65 annos natorum erat.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110506065230/http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/index.htm &quot;World Population Prospects - Population Division - United Nations&quot;]. ''population.un.org'' (Anglice). Archivatum ex archetypo pridie Nonas Maias anni 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Caput (urbs)|Caput]] [[Urbs Sancti Salvatoris]] circiter 2,1 [[millio]]nes incolarum habebat. Aestimatae 42 centesimae partes Salvatorianorum ruri incolunt. [[Urbanizatio]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lucusaltiani&quot;/&gt; mirifico indice in Salvatoriā usque ab [[anni 1960|annis 1960]] expansa est, cum milliones hominum urbes migravissent, quod adiuncta problemata [[Ars urbium disponendarum|arti urbium disponendarum]] et diakoniis creavit. Saltem 100 000 [[Nicaragua|Nicaraguensium]] sunt qui Salvatoriam incolunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110511104117/http://www.thedialogue.org/PublicationFiles/The%20Nicaragua%20case_M%20Orozco2%20REV.pdf &quot;The Nicaragua case_M Orozco2 REV.doc&quot;] (PDF Anglice). Archivatum ex archetypico PDF die 11 Maii anni 2011. Inspectum die 25 Aprilis anni 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Ethnē===
[[Fasciculus:Salvadorianchildren.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|Discipulorum grex [[Metapan|Metăpane]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Metapán&quot;/&gt; (Hispanice ''Metapán'', in [[Sancta Anna (Praefectura Salvatoriensis)|Sanctā Annā]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sancta Anna&quot;/&gt;.]]
Salvatoriana ethnica compositio [[rassa]]rum non minus quam [[Indi Americani|Indorum Americanorum]], [[Europa]]eorum, Afrorum [[Nigricolor]]um mixtura est, iuxta cum minoribus hominum ex [[Asia occidentalis|Asiā Occidentali]] aut extremis Orientis partibus&lt;ref name=&quot;DGLCM&quot;/&gt; oriundorum diasporis. Salvatoriensium 86 centesimae partes se [[mixticius|Mixticiā]] cum progeniē identificant.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210507021641/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/el-salvador/ &quot;CIA – The World Factbook – El Salvador&quot;]. [[CIA]]. Inspectum die [[28 Aprilis]] anni [[2023]].&lt;/ref&gt; Salvatorianorum 15 centesimae partes se [[Albicolor]]es referunt, plerumque  ethnice posteri ex [[Hispania|Hispanis]], sed etiam e [[Francia|Francogallicis]], [[Germania|Germanis]], [[Helvetia|Helvetiis]], [[Anglia|Anglis]], [[Hibernia|Hibernis]] et [[Italia|Italis]]. Plerique [[Europa Media|Europae Mediae]] migratores profugi in Salvatoriam venerunt per [[Secundum bellum mundanum]], e [[Cechia|Cechiā]], [[Germania|Germaniā]], [[Hungaria|Hungariā]], [[Polonia|Poloniā]] et [[Helvetia|Helvetiā]]. Sunt etiam parvae [[Iudaei|Iudaeorum]], [[Christianus|Christianorum]] [[Palaestini|Palaestinorum]] et [[Arabes|Arabum]] [[Musulmanus|Musulmanorum]] (praesertim Palaestinorum) communitates.
[[Fasciculus:Palestian free- palestian children in El Salvador.png|thumb|upright=0.8|Palaestini [[puer]]i in Salvatoriā.]]

Incolarum 0,23 centesimae se integre [[Amerindi|Indigenae]] referunt. Apud [[ethnos|ethnē]] sunt [[Cacaopera|Cacaopērae]] (Hispanice ''cacaoperas'' seu ''kakawiras'') 0,07 centsimas omnium Salvatorianorum repraesentantes, [[Pipil]]es&lt;ref name=&quot;Pipil&quot;&gt;A Francisco López de Gómara, ''De rebus in Hispaniā gestis'', ubi dicitur: &quot;Nahuatlae, Mexicani, seu Pipiles, diu sub imperio Mexicano fuerunt&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Hispanice ''pipiles'' seu ''nahuas'') 0.06% repraesentantes, [[Lenca]]e&lt;ref name=&quot;Lenca&quot;&gt;A [[Petrus Martyr ab Angleria|Petro Martyre ab Angleriā]], ''[[De orbe novo decades]]'', ubi dicitur &quot;Lencas, gens Americana, qui in terra Hondurasiae versatur&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Hispanice ''lencas'') 0,04% repraesentantes et alia minora ethnē 0,06% repraesentantia. Pauci nonnulli Amerindi mores traditionesque servaverunt cum per tempora praevalenti Mixticiae culturae assimulati essent.&lt;ref&gt;[ttps://www.countriesquest.com/central_america/el_salvador/history/military_rule_1931-1979.htm &quot;Jose Napoleon Duarte, Hernandez Martinez, Ungo, Matanza, Central American Common Market, CACM, urban middle class, Christian Democratic Party, powerful families, death squads, Organization of American States, PRUD, International Court Of Justice, urban center, rapid population growth&quot;] (Anglice). ''countriesquest.com''.&lt;/ref&gt; Est parvum [[Afrosalvatoriensis|Afrosalvatorianum]] ethnos, 0,13% omnium Salvatoriensium constituens, cum aliarum [[rassa]]rum [[Nigricolor]]es ne in Salvatoriam migrarent gubernii rationibus ineunte [[saeculum 20|saeculo XX]] impediti essent.&lt;ref&gt;A Salamanca, Hellenā (Elena) (die 23 Octobris anni 2005). [https://web.archive.org/web/20080102044414/http://www.laprensagrafica.com/dominical/318769.asp &quot;NO a 'los otros'&quot;] (Hispanice). La Prensa Gráfica. Archivatum ex archetypo postridie Kalendis Ianuariis anni 2008. Inspectum 28 Aprilis anni 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;A Montgomery, Thomā Susannā (Tommie Sue) (anno 1995). ''Revolution in El Salvador: from civil strife to civil peace'' (Anglice). Boulder, Colo: Westview Press. ISBN 0-8133-0071-1.&lt;/ref&gt; Nihilominus, [[Africa Subsahariana|Afrorum]] in servitutem redactorum pronepotes Salvatorianas in demographiam culturamque iam per colonialem et postcolonialem periodos inserti erant.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20220913113640/https://elfaro.net/es/201404/academico/15281/La-invisible-herencia-africana-de-El-Salvador.htm &quot;La invisible herencia africana de El Salvador&quot;] (Hispanice). ''elfaro.net''. Inspectum die 28 Aprilis anni 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Migratio|Immigrantes]] apud circulos in Salvatoriā, Palaestini Christiani eminent.&lt;ref&gt;A Marín-Guzmán, Roberto (2000). A Century of Palestinian Immigration into Central America: A study of their economic and cultural contributions (Anglice). [[Urbs Sancti Iosephi in Costarica|Urbe Sancti Iosephi]], in [[Costarica|Costaricā]]: Ab [[Universitas Costaricensis|Universitate Costaricensi]].&lt;/ref&gt; Quorum posteri, quamquam pauci secundum numerum sunt, ingentem oeconomicam politicamque potentiam hac in natione adepti sunt, sicuti Praesidis [[Antonius Saca|Antonii Saca]] electio patescit, cuius adversarius in anni [[2004]] comitiis, [[Shafiquus Hándal]] quoque Palaestinae originis erat, et florentes societates mercatoriae, fabricatoriae et aedificatoriae hoc ab [[ethnos|ethnei]] possessae sunt.

Anno [[2004]], erant circiter 3,2 [[millio]]nes Salvatorianorum extra Salvatoriam incolentium, cum essent [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] traditionaliter locus destinatus Salvatoriensibus ab oeconomicis migrantibus electus. Anno [[2012]], erant circa duo milliones Salvatorianorum immigrantium et [[Statunitensis|Statunitensium]] Salvatorianae originis in Civitatibus Foederatis Americae,&lt;ref&gt;US Census Bureau 2012 American Community Survey B03001 1-Year Estimates Hispanic or Latino Origin by Specific Origin (Hispanice). Inspectum die 29 Aprilis anni 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ab Aizenman, N. C. (die 24 Septembris anni 2009). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/09/23/AR2009092304494.html&quot;Salvadorans Seek a Voice to Match Their Numbers&quot;]. ''[[The Washington Post]]''. Inspectum die 29 Aprilis anni 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Secundus locus destinatus Salvatorianis peregre incolentibus gratiosus [[Guatimalia]] est, amplius cum 111000 hominum, praesertim [[Urbs Guatimalensis|Urbe Guatimalensi]]. Salvatorienses etiam vicinas nationes sicuti [[Beliza]]m, [[Honduria]]m et [[Nicaragua]]m incolunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20090303221232/http://www.rree.gob.sv/sitio/img.nsf/vista/informes/%24file/nicaragua.pdf &quot;Comunidad Salvadoreña: República de Nicaragua&quot;] (PDF Hispanice). A Supremo consilio Salvatoriense exteris negotiis accurandis;. Archivatum ex archetypico PDF die 3 Martii anni 2009. Inspectum die 29 Aprilis anni 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Alias apud nationes significativam Salvatorianorum communitatem habentes sunt [[Canada]], [[Mexicum]], [[Britanniarum Regnum]] -inclusis [[Insulae Caimanenses|Insulis Caimanensibus]]-, [[Suecia]], [[Brasilia]], [[Italia]], [[Columbia]] et [[Australia]].

===Linguae===
[[Lingua Hispanica]] [[lingua publica]] est, quā propemodum omnes incolae loquuntur, quamquam multo pauci [[Indi Americani|Indigenae]] (circa 500) [[Pipil]]es&lt;ref name=&quot;Pipil&quot;/&gt; [[Lingua Pipil|Pipiliter]] (Hispanice ''náhuat'' seu ''pipil''; Pipiliter ''nawat'' seu ''nawataketzalis'') loquuntur. Aliae [[Indi Americani|Indigenicae]] linguae, videlicet [[lingua poquomamica|poquomamica]] (Hispanice ''pocomam'' seu ''pokomam'' seu ''poqomam''), [[lingua Cacaopera|Cacaopēra]] (Hispanice ''cacaopera'') et [[lingua Lenca Salvatoriensis|Lenca Salvatoriensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lenca&quot;/&gt; (Hispanice ''Lenca salvadoreño''), exstincta sunt. [[Lingua Quecchica|Quecchice]] (Hispanice ''q'eqchi'' seu ''quekchí'') loquuntur [[Indi Americani|Indigenae]] immigrantes e [[Guatimalia|Guatimaliā]] et [[Beliza|Belizā]] oriundi qui in Salvatoriā vivunt.

[[Lingua Hispanica]] vernacula [[Caliche]] (Hispanice ''caliche'') nuncupatur, quae informalis putatur. Sicut aliis in [[America Media|Americae Mediae]] et [[America Australis|Australis]] regionibus, Salvatoriani [[voseismus|voseismo]] (Hispanice ''voseo'' utuntur, qui ad pronominis ''vos'' usum sicut secundam personam singularis vice pronominis ''tú'' refert.

===Religio===
[[Fasciculus:Santa Ana Catedral Nuestra Señora de Santa Ana 2.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Cathedralis Sanctae Annae (Salvatoria)|Cathedralis Sanctae Annae]] [[Sancta Anna (Salvatoria)|homonymā]] urbe.]]
Plerique Salvatoriani in Salvatoriā [[Christianus|Christiani]] sunt. [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Catholici Romani]] (47%) et [[Protestantes]] (33%) praecipui [[religio]]si circuli hac in natione sunt, Ecclesiā Catholicā maximā denominatione.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRFR&quot;&gt;[https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm#wrapper &quot;International Religious Freedom Report for 2012&quot;] (Anglice). A [[Ministerium Rerum Externarum Civitatum Foederatarum|Ministerio Rerum Externarum Civitatum Foederatarum]]. Inspectum die 9 Maii anni 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Ad nullum circulum religiosum adscripti 17 centesimarum partium rationem subducunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRFR&quot;/&gt; Reliqui incolae (3%) a [[Testes Iehovae|Testibus Iehovae]], [[Societas internationalis pro conscientiā Crisnae|Harecrisnis]], [[Musulmanus|Musulmanis]], [[Iudaei]]s, [[Buddhismus|Buddhistis]], [[Ecclesia Iesu Christi Diebus Ultimis Sanctorum|Mormonibus]] et [[Amerindi]]ca credibilia colentibus constituti sunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRFR&quot;/&gt; [[Evangelismus|Evangelicorum]] numerus hac in natione rapide auget.&lt;ref&gt;Ab Offutt, Stephano (Stephen) (die 23 Februarii anni 2017). ''New Centers of Global Evangelicalism in Latin America and Africa'' (Anglice). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-43521-6.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Anscharius Romero]], primus Salvatorianus [[sanctus]], a [[Papa|Papā]] [[Franciscus (papa)|Francisco]] [[14 Octobris|pridie Idus Octobres]] anni [[2018]] canonizatus est.

===Maximae urbes===
Viginti maximae urbes aut oppida in inferiori tabula sunt:
{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; width:100%; margin-left:0px; font-size:85%&quot;
|-
! align=center style=&quot;background:#B9D5E4;&quot; | Positio
! align=center style=&quot;background:#B9D5E4;&quot; | [[Urbs]]
! align=center style=&quot;background:#B9D5E4;&quot; | [[Praefecturae Salvatorienses|Praefectura]]
! align=center style=&quot;background:#B9D5E4;&quot; | [[Numerus incolarum|Incolae]]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;2007 El Salvador Bureau of Statistics estimate&quot; (PDF Anglice). Ab Instituto Generali (Salvatoriano) Statisticae et Censūs. Aprili anni 2008. Inspectum postridie Kalendas Septembres anni 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;
! align=center style=&quot;background:#B9D5E4;&quot; | Photographema
|-
| align=center style=&quot;background:#DCE9F0;&quot; | 1 ||align=left | '''[[Urbs Sancti Salvatoris]]'''&lt;ref name=&quot;USS1&quot;/&gt; seu '''[[Soteropolis (Praefectura Salvatoriensis)|Soteropolis]]'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Soteropolis&quot;/&gt; || [[Sanctus Salvator (Praefectura Salvatoriensis)|Sanctus Salvator]]&lt;ref name=&quot;USS1&quot;/&gt; seu [[Soteropolis (Praefectura Salvatoriensis)|Soteropolis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Soteropolis&quot;/&gt; || 540 989 || 
|-
| align=center style=&quot;background:#DCE9F0;&quot; | 2 ||align=left | '''[[Sancta Anna (Salvatoria)|Sancta Anna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sancta Anna&quot;/&gt;''' || [[Sancta Anna (Praefectura Salvatoriensis)|Sancta Anna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sancta Anna&quot;/&gt; || 245 421 || [[Fasciculus:ES_Santa_Ana_06_2011_2482.jpg|100px|Sancta Anna]]
|-
| align=center style=&quot;background:#DCE9F0;&quot; | 3 ||align=left | '''[[Soyapango]]''' || [[Sanctus Salvator (Praefectura Salvatoriensis)|Sanctus Salvator]]&lt;ref name=&quot;USS1&quot;/&gt; seu [[Soteropolis (Praefectura Salvatoriensis)|Soteropolis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Soteropolis&quot;/&gt; || 241 403 || [[Fasciculus:Soyapango.jpg|100px|Soyapango]]
|-
| align=center style=&quot;background:#DCE9F0;&quot; | 4 ||align=left | '''[[Sanctus Michaël (Salvatoria)|Sanctus Michaël]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Michaelis&quot;/&gt;''' || [[Praefectura Sancti Michaelis|Sanctus Michaël]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Michaelis&quot;/&gt; || 218 410 || [[Fasciculus:San_Miguel_El_Salvador.png|100px|Sanctus Michaël]]
|-
| align=center style=&quot;background:#DCE9F0;&quot; | 5 ||align=left | '''[[Sancta Thecla (Salvatoria)|Sancta Thecla]]''' || [[Libertas (Salvatoria)|Libertas]] || 164 171 || [[Fasciculus:Iglesia_Del_Carmen_Sta_Tecla_LL_2012.jpg|100px|Sancta Thecla]]
|-
| align=center style=&quot;background:#DCE9F0;&quot; | 6 ||align=left | '''[[Mexicani (Salvatoria)|Mexicani]]''' || [[Sanctus Salvator (Praefectura Salvatoriensis)|Sanctus Salvator]]&lt;ref name=&quot;USS1&quot;/&gt; seu [[Soteropolis (Praefectura Salvatoriensis)|Soteropolis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Soteropolis&quot;/&gt; || 140 751 || [[Fasciculus:Mejicanos_El_Salvador_2012.jpg|100px|Mexicani]]
|-
| align=center style=&quot;background:#DCE9F0;&quot; | 7 ||align=left | '''[[Apopa|Apōpa]]''' || [[Sanctus Salvator (Praefectura Salvatoriensis)|Sanctus Salvator]]&lt;ref name=&quot;USS1&quot;/&gt; seu [[Soteropolis (Praefectura Salvatoriensis)|Soteropolis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Soteropolis&quot;/&gt; || 131 286 || [[Fasciculus:Apopa_El_Salvador_Cathedral_2012.jpg|100px|Apōpa]]
|-
| align=center style=&quot;background:#DCE9F0;&quot; | 8 ||align=left | '''[[Delgado]]''' || [[Sanctus Salvator (Praefectura Salvatoriensis)|Sanctus Salvator]]&lt;ref name=&quot;USS1&quot;/&gt; seu [[Soteropolis (Praefectura Salvatoriensis)|Soteropolis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Soteropolis&quot;/&gt; || 120 200 || [[Fasciculus:Foto_aerea_de_ciudad_delgado.jpg|100px|Delgado]]
|-
| align=center style=&quot;background:#DCE9F0;&quot; | 9 ||align=left | '''[[Ahuachapan|Ahuachăpan]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ahuachapanensis&quot;/&gt;''' || [[Praefectura Ahuachapanensis|Ahuachăpan]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ahuachapanensis&quot;/&gt; || 110 511 || [[Fasciculus:Ahuachapan_Parroquia_Nuestra_Señora_de_la_Asuncion.jpg|100px|Ahuachăpan]]
|-
| align=center style=&quot;background:#DCE9F0;&quot; | 10 ||align=left | '''[[Ilopango]]'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Ilopango&quot;&gt;Confer binomen &quot;&quot;Navicula ilopangoensis&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; || [[Sanctus Salvator (Praefectura Salvatoriensis)|Sanctus Salvator]]&lt;ref name=&quot;USS1&quot;/&gt; seu [[Soteropolis (Praefectura Salvatoriensis)|Soteropolis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Soteropolis&quot;/&gt; || 103 862 || [[Fasciculus:Ilopango_El_Salvador_calle_2011.jpg|100px|Ilopango]]
|-
| align=center style=&quot;background:#DCE9F0;&quot; | 11 ||align=left | '''[[Urbs Columbensis (Salvatoria)|Urbs Columbensis]]'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Columbensis&quot;&gt;Quemadmodum urbs Panamiensis homonyma &quot;Urbs Columbensis&quot; latinizata est e [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dcoky.html Dioecesi Columbensi-Kunayalensi], ita latinizatur urbs homonyma Salvatoriana.&lt;/ref&gt; || [[Libertas (Salvatoria)|Libertas]] || 96 989 || [[Fasciculus:Entrada_de_Colon_LL_El_Salvador_2010.jpg|100px|Urbs Columbensis]]
|-
| align=center style=&quot;background:#DCE9F0;&quot; | 12 ||align=left | '''[[Tonacatepeque|Tonacatepēque]]''' || [[Sanctus Salvator (Praefectura Salvatoriensis)|Sanctus Salvator]]&lt;ref name=&quot;USS1&quot;/&gt; seu [[Soteropolis (Praefectura Salvatoriensis)|Soteropolis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Soteropolis&quot;/&gt; || 90 896 || 
|-
| align=center style=&quot;background:#DCE9F0;&quot; | 13 ||align=left | '''[[Opico|Opīco]]''' || [[Libertas (Salvatoria)|Libertas]] || 74 280 || [[Fasciculus:Iglesia_Parroquial_San_Juan_Evangelista,_San_Juan_Opico,_El_Salvador._Fachada.jpg|100px|Opīco]]
|-
| align=center style=&quot;background:#DCE9F0;&quot; | 14 ||align=left | '''[[Chalchuapa|Chalchuāpa]]''' || [[Sancta Anna (Praefectura Salvatoriensis)|Sancta Anna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sancta Anna&quot;/&gt;  || 74 038 || [[Fasciculus:Chalchuapa Iglesia Santiago Apostol, El Salvador.jpg|100px|Chalchuāpa]]
|-
| align=center style=&quot;background:#DCE9F0;&quot; | 15 ||align=left | '''[[Usulutan|Usulŭtan]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Usulutan&quot;/&gt;''' || [[Usulutan (Praefectura)|Usulŭtan]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Usulutan&quot;/&gt; || 73 064 || [[Fasciculus:Ciudad_de_Usulután.jpg|100px|Usulŭtan]]
|-
| align=center style=&quot;background:#DCE9F0;&quot; | 16 ||align=left | '''[[Sanctus Martinus (Salvatoria)|Sanctus Martinus]]''' || [[Sanctus Salvator (Praefectura Salvatoriensis)|Sanctus Salvator]]&lt;ref name=&quot;USS1&quot;/&gt; seu [[Soteropolis (Praefectura Salvatoriensis)|Soteropolis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Soteropolis&quot;/&gt; || 72 758 || [[Fasciculus:San_Martin_Alcaldia_El_Salvador_2011.jpg|100px|Sanctus Martinus]]
|-
| align=center style=&quot;background:#DCE9F0;&quot; | 17 ||align=left | '''[[Sonsonate|Sonsonāte]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Dioecesis Sonsonatensis&quot;/&gt;''' || [[Praefectura Sonsonatensis|Sonsonāte]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Dioecesis Sonsonatensis&quot;/&gt; || 71 541 || [[Fasciculus:Catedral_de_Sonsonate.jpg|100px|Sonsonāte]]
|-
| align=center style=&quot;background:#DCE9F0;&quot; | 18 ||align=left | '''[[Izalco]]''' || [[Praefectura Sonsonatensis|Sonsonāte]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Dioecesis Sonsonatensis&quot;/&gt; || 70 959 || [[Fasciculus:Church_in_Izalco_(7185454976).jpg|100px|Izalco]]
|-
| align=center style=&quot;background:#DCE9F0;&quot; | 19 ||align=left | '''[[Cuscatancingo]]''' || [[Sanctus Salvator (Praefectura Salvatoriensis)|Sanctus Salvator]]&lt;ref name=&quot;USS1&quot;/&gt; seu [[Soteropolis (Praefectura Salvatoriensis)|Soteropolis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Soteropolis&quot;/&gt; || 66 400 || 
|-
| align=center style=&quot;background:#DCE9F0;&quot; | 20 ||align=left | '''[[Metapan|Metăpan]]'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Metapán&quot;/&gt; || [[Sancta Anna (Praefectura Salvatoriensis)|Sancta Anna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sancta Anna&quot;/&gt; || 65 826 || [[Fasciculus:Iglesia_Colonial_Metapan.jpg|100px|Metăpan]]
|}{{clear}}

==Scelus==
[[Fasciculus:Marasalvatrucha13.png|thumb|upright=0.8|[[mara (caterva)|Marae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mara&quot;/&gt;[[Mara Salvatrucha|Salvatruchae]] sodalis cum notis in dorsum impressis huius marae nomen habentibus.]]
Ineunte e [[saeculum 21|saeculo vicensimo uno]], Salvatoria altum [[scelus|scelerum]] indicem passa est, inter quae includuntur malefactorum catervarum scelera et scelera iuvenilia.&lt;ref&gt;A Peetz, Petro (Peter) (Iunio anni 2008). &quot;Youth, Crime, and the Responses of the State: Discourses on Violence in Costa Rica, El Salvador, and Nicaragua&quot; (PDF Anglice). ''GIGA Working Papers''. '''80'''.&lt;/ref&gt; Salvatoria altissimum [[homicidium|homicidiorum]] indicem in toto orbe terrarum anno [[2012]] habebat, sed acutam scelerum deminutionem anno [[2019]] experta est, centristico&lt;ref name=&quot;DAEL&quot;/&gt; gubernio regente.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;El Salvador cerraría 2019 con una tasa de 36 homicidios por cada 100,000 habitantes&quot; (Hispanice). ''Gubernium Salvatoriense''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201028114109/http://www.pnc.gob.sv/portal/page/portal/informativo/novedades/noticias/El%20Salvador%20cerrar%EDa%202019%20con%20una%20tasa%20de%2036%20homicidios%20por#.X5lY2M7P1dj Archivatum ex archetypo] die 28 Octobris anni 2020. Inspectum die 12 Aprilis anni 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Haec natio etiam in malefactorum catervarum crisi epicentrum putatur, iuxta cum [[Guatimala|Guatimalā]] et [[Honduria|Honduriā]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Ribando&quot;&gt;A Ribando, Clarā (Clare) (die 10 Maii anni 2005). [https://sgp.fas.org/crs/row/RS22141.pdf &quot;Gangs in Central America&quot;] (PDF Anglice). ''Congressional Research Service''. [[Bibliotheca Congressus Civitatum Foederatarum|Bibliotheca Congressūs Civitatum Foederatarum]]. Inspectum die 12 Aprilis anni 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Aliquot diurnalisticae investigationes [[Mauritius Funes|Caroli Mauritii Funes Cartagena]]&lt;ref&gt;Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche. [https://www.dw.com/es/el-salvador-fiscal%C3%ADa-acusa-a-expresidente-mauricio-funes-de-pactar-con-pandillas/a-54325432 &quot;El Salvador: Fiscalía acusa a expresidente Mauricio Funes de pactar con pandillas | DW | Die 26 Iulii anni 2020&quot;]. ''DW.COM'' (Hispanice). Inspectum die 12 Aprilis anni 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; et [[Salvator Sánchez Cerén|Salvatoris Sánchez Cerén]]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Gobierno de Sánchez Cerén pagó US$400 al mes a pandilleros durante dos años&quot;. ''Diario La Huella'' (Hispanice). Die 19 Februarii anni 2020. Inspectum die 12 Aprilis anni 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; gubernia, magis quam violentiam et malefactorum catervarum facinora extirpare conata esse, cum catervis Barrio 18 et Marā Salvatruchā&lt;ref&gt;[https://insightcrime.org/news/analysis/munguia-gang-truce-el-salvador/ &quot;El Salvador Arrests General Behind 2012 Gang Truce&quot;]. ''InSight Crime'' (Anglice). Die 28 Iulii anni 2020. Inspectum die 12 Aprilis anni 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; indutias pacisci ad temperanda parumper scelera homicidiaque Salvatoriensi in territorio indicant. Hoc repugnans, gubernium complura consilia instituit quae de harum catervarum consociatione iuvenes demere conaretur; nihilominus, hi conatūs nullum celerem effectum produxerunt. Unum apud haec gubernii consilia emendatio contra malefactorum catervas &quot;[[La Mano Dura|Súper Mano Dura]]&quot; (scilicet &quot;manus valde ferrea&quot;) nuncupata fuit. Consilium &quot;[[La Mano Dura|Súper Mano Dura]]&quot; non solum paulisper successit sed etiam a [[Nationes Unitae|Nationibus Unitis]] valde reprehensum est. Quod temporarium successum anno [[2004]] expertum est, sed scelerum incrementum fuit post anno [[2005]]. Exempli gratiā, anno [[2004]], erant intentionalis homicidia 41 pro 100 000 incolarum, 60% homicidiorum commissorum ad catervas conexis;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ribando&quot;/&gt; anno [[2012]], homicidiorum index crevit ad 66 pro 100 000 incolarum, amplius quam ter [[Mexicum|Mexicanum]] homicidiorum index.&lt;ref name=&quot;Alba&quot;&gt;Ab Almā (Alma) Guillermoprieto (die 10 Novembris anni 2011). [https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2011/11/10/new-gangland-el-salvador/?pagination=false &quot;In the New Gangland of El Salvador&quot;], ''New York Review of Books'' (Anglice), p.46&lt;/ref&gt; Anno [[2011]], erant 25 000 aestimatorum harum catervarum sodalium plerumque in Salvatoriā, e quibus 9000 in carcere sunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;Alba&quot;/&gt; Notissimas apud malefactorum catervas, [[mara (caterva)|maras]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mara&quot;&gt;'''Mara''' apud diarium interretialem ''[[Ephemeris]]'' nuncupatum (Paulus Kangiser, ''DE PRAESIDIS SALVATORIANI ACTIONIBUS IN LEGVM EFFRACTORES'', die 1 Maii 2020).&lt;/ref&gt; (Hispanice ''maras'') vocatas, [[Mara Salvatrucha]] (Hispanice ''Mara Salvatrucha'') et eius aemuli [[Mara Barrium 18]]&lt;ref&gt;De vocabulo &quot;Barrium&quot; vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20230414204757/http://ducange.enc.sorbonne.fr/barrium] in {{DuCange}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Hispanice ''Mara Barrio 18'') sunt. Maras venati sunt [[Turma mortis|turmae mortis]] sicuti [[Umbra Nigra]] (Hispanice ''Sombra Negra''). Apud aemulos, quoque includenda est crescens mara [[Rebelles 13]] (Hispanice ''The Rebels 13'').&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Número de Víctimas y Tasas de Homicidios Dolosos en El Salvador (1999–2006)&quot; (PDF Hispanice). Observatorio Centroamericano sobre Violencia. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090325000258/http://www.ocavi.com/docs_files/file_386.pdf Archivatum] ex archetypico (PDF) die 25 Martii 2009. Inspectum die 12 Aprilis anni 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Annus [[2015]] maxime violentus in Salvatoriā tempore post bellum exstante putatur, 6650 hominum per 365 diēs occisis; quod 18,23 homicidiorum per diem mediocritatem significat.&lt;ref&gt;Europa Press (die 30 Decembris anni 2015). [https://www.europapress.es/internacional/noticia-salvador-cerrara-2015-ano-mas-violento-historia-mas-6600-homicidios-20151230032319.html &quot;El Salvador cerrará 2015 como el año más violento de su historia, con más de 6.600 homicidios&quot;] (Hispanice). ''www.europapress.es''. Inspectum die 21 Aprilis anni 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Usque ab illo anno, homicidiorum numerus magnopere decrevit usque ad attingendum annum [[2021]]. Anno [[2016]],&lt;ref&gt;(3 Ianuarii anni 2017). [https://www.nytimes.com/es/2017/01/03/espanol/america-latina/la-policia-de-el-salvador-dice-que-en-2016-se-redujeron-los-asesinatos-en-el-pais.html &quot;La Policía de El Salvador dice que en 2016 se redujeron los asesinatos en el país&quot;]. ''The New York Times'' (Hispanice). ISSN 0362-4331. Inspectum die 21 Aprilis anni 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; saltem 5728 hominum in Salvatoriā occisi sunt, quod 15,69 homicidia per diem denotat. Salvatoriae, exeunte anno [[2017]], homicidiorum undecim mediocritas per diem erat. Quod fuerunt omnino 3962 homicidiorum illo anno denotat.&lt;ref&gt;Deutsche Welle (www.dw.com). [&quot;La violencia descendió en 2018 en El Salvador por tercer año consecutivo | DW | die 3 Ianuarii anni 2019&quot;]. ''DW.COM'' (Hispanice). Inspectum die 21 Aprilis anni 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Anno [[2018]], 616 homicidiorum imminutio fuit relate ad annum [[2017]]. Hic annus finem cepit cum 3348 homicidiorum. Quod 9,19 homicidiorum mediocritatem per diem  in 365 dierum spatio fuisse significat. Anno [[2019]],&lt;ref&gt;[ttps://www.laprensagrafica.com/elsalvador/Homicidios-bajan-29-en-El-Salvador-durante-2019-20191230-0603.html &quot;Homicidios bajan 29% en El Salvador durante 2019&quot;]. ''Noticias de El Salvador - La Prensa Gráfica | Informate con la verdad'' (Hispanice). Inspectum die 21 Aprilis anni 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; publici magistratūs omnino 2365 homicidiorum retulerunt, quod 6,47 homicidiorum mediocritatem per diem denotat. Anno [[2020]], homicidiorum numerus ad mediocritatem 3,63 per diem decrevit, omnino 1322 homicidiorum attingens,&lt;ref&gt;Ab Annā-Catharinā (Anne-Catherine). [&quot;El Salvador's Homicide Rate Hit a Historic Low in 2020&quot;]. ''Foreign Policy'' (Anglice). Inspectum die 21 Aprilis anni 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; dimidiam homicidiorum rationem reddens quae priore anno acciderunt. Anno [[2021]], haec natio 1140 homicidiorum nuntiaverunt,&lt;ref&gt;Deutsche Welle (www.dw.com). [https://www.dw.com/es/gobierno-de-el-salvador-2021-fue-el-a%C3%B1o-m%C3%A1s-seguro/a-60310349 &quot;Gobierno de El Salvador: 2021 fue &quot;el año más seguro&quot; | DW | Postridie Kalendas Ianuarias anni 2022&quot;]. ''DW.COM'' (Hispanice). Inspectum die 21 Aprilis anni 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; quae 201 homicidia minus quam antecedente anno sunt et mediocritas 3,12 homicidiorum per diem. Officialia apud data, anno [[2021]] fuit minimus homicidiorum numerus usque a bello civili confecto anno [[1992]] nuntiatus.

===Manus ferrea contra malefactorum catervas===
[[Fasciculus:Marasalvatrucha13arrest.png|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Mara (caterva)|Marae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mara&quot;/&gt;[[Mara Salvatrucha|Salvatruchae]] sodalis suspectus cum notis huius marae in cute impressis manibus vincitur.]]
Die [[25 Martii]] anni [[2022]] incipiens, violentiae a malefactorum catervis patratae triduum evenit, quod 87 hominum interfectorum reliquit.&lt;ref name=&quot;France 24&quot;&gt;[https://www.france24.com/es/minuto-a-minuto/20220410-m%C3%A1s-de-9-000-pandilleros-detenidos-en-el-salvador-en-15-d%C3%ADas-dice-bukele &quot;Más de 9.000 pandilleros detenidos en El Salvador en 15 días, dice Bukele&quot;]. ''France 24'' (Hispanice). Die [[10 Aprilis]] anni 2022. Inspectum die 21 Aprilis anni 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Huic triduo respondens, Praeses Bukelis&lt;ref&gt;'''Nayibus Bukelis''' apud diarium interretialem ''[[Ephemeris]]'' nuncupatum (Paulus Kangiser, ''DE PRAESIDIS SALVATORIANI ACTIONIBUS IN LEGVM EFFRACTORES'', die 1 Maii 2020)&lt;/ref&gt; Salavatoriano de parlamento ratam [[legislatio extraordinaria|legislationem extraordinariam]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lucusaltiani&quot;/&gt; facere rogavit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/3/28/el-salvador-invokes-state-of-emergency-after-62-killings-in-a-day &quot;El Salvador declares state of emergency after gang killings&quot;]. ''www.aljazeera.com'' (Anglice). Inspectum die 21 Aprilis anni 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Die [[26 Martii]], Bukelis etiam [[vigil]]ibus et exercitui ut tumultuariam violentiae responsalium comprehensionem inciperent iussit.

Postridie, [[Conventus Legifer Salvatorianus]] (Hispanice ''Asamblea Legislativa de El Salvador'') [[legislatio extraordinaria|Legislationem Extraordinariam]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lucusaltiani&quot;/&gt; approbavit, quae legaliter quemvis civem catervae socii suspectum comprehendere sivit, etiam sine probatione. Praeterea, Conventus Legifer quoque reformationes approbavit ad augendas damnationes a novem in 45 annos carceris et ad puniendos nuntios a malefactorum catervis diffusos, quoque ad damnandos liberos diurnarios de catervarum crisi locutos usque ad 15 annos carceris.

Lex contra eos dirigitur qui suum territorium cum malefactorum catervarum [[acronymum|acronymis]] &quot;signant&quot; -hoc usū catervarum socii utuntur ad absterrendos et minandos eos qui publicis magistratibus accusant. Directorium carcerum [[graphitum|graphita]] eradere coepit quibus malefactorum catervae utuntur ad signanda territoria ubi agunt.

Malefactorum catervae seu [[mara (caterva)|marae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mara&quot;/&gt;[[Mara Salvatrucha|Salvatrucha]], siglis MS-13, (Hispanice ''Mara Salvatrucha'') et [[Mara Barrium 18|Barrium 18]] (Hispanice ''Barrio 18''), inter alias, 70 000 sodalium rationem subducunt, quorum 16 000, usque ab Martio, in carcere conditi sunt,&lt;ref name=&quot;France 24&quot;/&gt; sed, apud ultimarum comprehensionum relationes, hic numerus amplius ad 25 000 sontium crevit. Obsidium urbe [[Soyapango]] (Hispanice ''Soyapango'') [[graphitum|graphita]] in locis olim periculosis delevit&lt;ref&gt;[https://diariolahuella.com/eliminan-grafitis-en-el-municipio-de-soyapango/ &quot;Eliminan grafitis en el municipio de Soyapango&quot;] (Hispanice). Die 25 Ianuarii anni 2023. Inspectum 23 Aprilis anni 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; et in hoc municipio nonnullarum communitatum periculosi catervarum sodales capti et in vincula coniecti sunt.

==Cultura==
[[Fasciculus:SalvadorDelMundo.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Egregia [[statua]] Christi super [[Tellus (planeta)|planetae Telluris]] orbi [[Monumentum Divini Mundi Salvatoris dicatum]] (Hispanice ''Monumento al Divino Salvador del Mundo'') pars est, quod in Plateā Salvatoris Mundi (Hispanice ''Plaza El Salvador del Mundo'') est, axiotheatum&lt;ref&gt;Confer [[Lingua Neograeca|Neograecam vocem]] αξιοθέατο.&lt;/ref&gt; nationali in [[caput (urbs)|capite]], [[Urbs Sancti Salvatoris|Urbe Sancti Salvatoris]], situm.]]
Commixtis [[Amerindi]]cis, [[Imperium Hispanicum|Hispanicis colonialibus]] et [[Africa|Africis]] ponderibus, composita natio conformata est orta e coniungiis mixtis inter [[Amerindi|Aborigenes]], [[Europa]]eos colonos et [[Africa|Afros]] servos. [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Ecclesia Catholica]] praecipuo munere Salvatorianā in [[cultura|culturā]] fungitur. [[Archiepiscopus]] [[Anscharius Romero]] nationalis heros propter eius munus in resistendo violationi iurum humanorum quae evenit per Belli civilis Salvatoriensis exspectationem.&lt;ref&gt;Ab Eaton, Helenā Maiā (Helen-May) (anno 1991). ''[https://scholars.wlu.ca/etd/116/ The impact of the Archbishop Óscar Romero's alliance with the struggle for liberation of the Salvadoran people: A discussion of church-state relations (El Salvador)]'' (M.A. thesis Anglice) ab Universitate Vilfridi Laurier.&lt;/ref&gt; Egregii extranei homines in Salvatoriā [[Societas Iesu|Iesuitae]] et [[professor]]es [[Ignatius Ellacuría]], [[Ignatius Martín-Baró]] et [[Secundus Montes]] fuerunt, qui anno [[1989]] ab Exercitū Salvatoriano per Belli civilis fastigium interfecti sunt.
[[Fasciculus:Roque dalton 009.jpg|thumb|left|[[Rochus Dalton|Rochus Dalton García]] Salvatorianus poëta diurnariusque erat, unus validissimos apud poëtas in [[America Latina|Americae Latinae]] historiā putatus.]]
[[Pictura]], [[opus fictile]] et [[textum]] praecipua manualia [[ars|artificiosa]] media sunt. [[Scriptor]]es [[Franciscus Gavidia]], [[Salvator Salazar Arrué]], [[Claudia Lars]], [[Alfredus Espino]], [[Petrus Geoffroy Rivas]], [[Manlius Argueta]], [[Iosephus Robertus Cea]] et [[poëta]] [[Rochus Dalton]] celebres Salvatorienses auctores sunt. Insignes apud [[saeculum 20|saeculi XX]] homines sunt defunctus cineasta&lt;ref name=&quot;DAEL&quot;/&gt; [[Balthasar Polio]], [[Dispositor cinematographicus|dispositrix cinematographica]] [[Patricia Chica]], [[artifex]] [[Ferdinandus Llort]] et [[gryllus (ars)|gryllographus]] [[Antonius Salazar]].

Clarissimos apud artifices plasticos sunt [[pictor]]es [[Augustus Crespin]], [[Noë Canjura]], [[Carolus Cañas]], [[Ioannes Gil]], [[Iulia Díaz]], [[Mauritius Mejía]], [[Maria Helena Palomo de Mejía]], [[Camillus Minero]], [[Ricardus Carbonell]], [[Robertus Huezo]], [[Michael Angelus Cerna|Michaël Angelus Cerna]] -note nuncupatus MACLo-, [[Esael Araújo|Esaël Araújo]] et ceteri.

===Coquina===
[[Fasciculus:Plain pupusas revueltas.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Pupusa]]e, nationale et clarissimum Salvatoriae ferculum.]]
Unum celebria apud fercula in Salvatoriā [[pupusa|pupūsa]] (Hispanice ''pupusa'') est. Pupūsae manū factae [[maizium|maizii]] [[tortilla|tortīllae]] sunt, factae e maizii aut [[Oryza (victus)|oryzae]] massā Americae Latinae propriā et fartae uno aut aliquibus horum elementorum: [[caseus|caseo]] -plerumque molli Salvatoriano caseo sicuti [[caseolus Salvatorianus|caseolo]]&lt;ref name=&quot;DAEL&quot;/&gt; (Hispanice ''quesillo''), simili [[mozzarella]]e-, [[Tzitzarro|tzitzǎrrōne]] (Hispanice ''chicharrón'') aut [[fabae frictae]] (Hispanice ''frijoles refritos''). Aliquando fartura caseus cum calyculis [[Fernaldia pandurata|fernaldiae panduratae]], e [[Media America|Mediā Americā]] oriundae plantae, (Hispanice ''queso con loroco'')&lt;ref name=&quot;Pobladores&quot;&gt;[http://www.elsalvador.com/noticias/2003/10/31/nacional/nacio7.html &quot;Pobladores prehispánicos inventaron las pupusas&quot;] (Hispanice). Elsalvador.com. Pridie Kalendas Novembres anni 2003. Archivatum ex archetypo die 3 Maii anni 2011. Inspectum die 26 Maii anni 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; est. Pupūsae revolutae (Hispanice ''pupusas revueltas'') fabis, caseo et [[suilla|suillā]] farciuntur. Etiam sunt [[Vegetarianismus|vegetarianae]] optiones. Aliquae audaces [[Popina sellariola|popinae sellariolae]] pupūsas [[Squillarum genus|squillis]] aut [[Spinacia oleracea|spinaciis]] fartas praebent. [[Substantivum]] &quot;pupūsae&quot; deducitur a [[lingua Hispanica|Hispanico]] vocabulo &quot;''pupusa''&quot;, quod mutuatum est e [[Lingua Pipil|Pipilicā]] voce &quot;''pupushahua''&quot;. Pupūsae origo disputatur, quamquam eius praesentia in Salvatoriā ante [[Hispania|Hispanorum]] adventum esse cognoscitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pobladores&quot;/&gt; In Salvatoriā, pupūsa [[Mesoamerica]]na avita hereditas et popularissimum ferculum hac in natione habetur. Quae &quot;Nationale Salvatoriae Ferculum&quot; designata est viā Decreti Legiferi nº 655 in Constitutione Salvatorianā. Hoc decretum quoque secundo [[Dies solis|die solis]] hanc nationem &quot;Nationalem pupūsarum diem&quot; celebraturam esse etiam indicat.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Decretum Legiferum nº 655 Reipublicae Salvatoriae&quot; (Hispanice) a Conventū Legatorum Salvatoriae Reipublicae Salvatoriae, die 11 Aprilis anni 2005, [http://www.asamblea.gob.sv].&lt;/ref&gt;

Duo alia Salvatoriensia typica fercula [[iucca fricta]] (Hispanice ''yuca frita'') et [[panis cum pullina|panes cum pullinā]] (Hispanice ''panes con pollo'') sunt. Iucca fricta ex valde frictis [[iucca]]e radicibus consistit quae cum [[curtido|curtīdū]]&lt;ref&gt;Vocabulum ab [[lingua Hispanica|Hispanicā]] voce ''curtido'' mutuatum; declinandum est &quot;curtīdo curtidus&quot; -sicut &quot;ēchō echūs&quot;-, scilicet ad quartam declinationem et ad genus masculinum pertinens.&lt;/ref&gt; (Hispanice ''curtido'') -aceto macerato &lt;ref name=&quot;DAEL&quot;/&gt; condimento e [[Brassica oleracea Grex Capitata|brassicā]], [[Allium cepa|cepā]] et [[Carota (holus radicale)|dauco]] facto- et [[Tergilla|tergillis]] cum [[pescadita|pescadītis]]&lt;ref&gt;Vocabulum ab [[lingua Hispanica|Hispanicā]] voce ''pescadita'' mutuatum; declinandum est &quot;pescadīta pescadītae&quot; -sicut &quot;rosa rosae&quot;-, scilicet ad primam declinationem et ad genus femininum pertinens.&lt;/ref&gt; (Hispanice ''pescaditas''), scilicet frictis sardinis pullis, apponuntur. Iucca aliquando cocta magis quam fricta apponitur. Panis cum [[pullina|pullinā]] seu [[Meleagris gallopavo|gallopavone]] calida [[pastillum fartum|pastilla]] submarina gallopavone aut pullinā farta sunt. Hoc pastillum cum [[Solanum lycopersicum|lycopersico]] et [[Nasturtium officinale|nasturtio]] iuxta cum [[Cucumis sativus|cucumi]], [[Allium cepa|cepā]], [[Lactuca sativa|lactucā]], [[Ius Magonicum|iure Magonico]] et [[sinapi]] traditionaliter apponitur.
[[Fasciculus:Alguashte.PNG|thumb|upright=0.8|Domi confectum [[alguashte]] immaturo [[mangus|mango]] appositum.]]

Unum ex usitatis [[ientaculum|ientaculis]] in Salvatoriā est [[ariena]] fricta, crebro cum [[cramum|cramo]] apposita, quae etiam vulgata est non solum Salvatorianis in [[Popina sellariola|popinis sellariolis]] domibusque sed etiam apud migatores in [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitates Foederatas Americae]]. [[Aihuashte]]&lt;ref&gt;Vocabulum ab [[lingua Hispanica|Hispanicā]] voce ''aihuashte'' mutuatum; declinandum est &quot;aihuashte aihuashtis&quot; -sicut &quot;mare maris&quot;-, scilicet ad tertiam declinationem et ad genus neutrum pertinens.&lt;/ref&gt; seu [[alguashte]]&lt;ref&gt;Vocabulum ab [[lingua Hispanica|Hispanicā]] voce ''alguashte'' mutuatum; declinandum est &quot;alguashte alguashtis&quot; -sicut &quot;mare maris&quot;, scilicet ad tertiam declinationem et ad genus neutrum pertinens.&lt;/ref&gt; seu [[pepitoria|pepitorĭa]]&lt;ref&gt;Vocabulum ab [[lingua Hispanica|Hispanicā]] voce ''pepitoria'' mutuatum; declinandum est &quot;pepitoria pepitoriae&quot; -sicut &quot;rosa rosae&quot;-, scilicet ad primam declinationem et ad genus femineum pertinens.&lt;/ref&gt; (Hispanice ''aihuashte'' seu ''alguashte'' seu ''pepitoria''), condimentum e siccis molitisque [[Cucurbita argyrosperma|cucurbitae argyrospermatis]] seminibus factum, salsis et dulcibus Salvatoriensibus ferculis vulgo additur. [[Marialuīsa]]&lt;ref&gt;Vocabulum ab [[lingua Hispanica|Hispanicā]] voce ''maría luisa'' mutuatum; declinandum est &quot;marialuīsa marialuīsae&quot; -sicut &quot;rosa rosae&quot;-, scilicet ad primam declinationem et ad genus femineum pertinens.&lt;/ref&gt; (Hispanice ''maría luisa'') communiter in Salvatoriā inventum [[Tragemata|tragēma]] est. Quae est stratificatus [[gastellus]] [[Malum Sinense|malorum Sinensium]] [[Marmelata|marmelatā]] imbutus et [[saccharum pulvereum|saccharo pulvereo]] aspersus. Unum popularissima apud tragemata [[gastellus trium lactium]] (Hispanice ''pastel de tres leches'' seu ''torta de tres leches'' seu ''bizcocho de tres leches'') est, consistens e tribus lactis generibus: lacte evaporato, lacte condensato et [[cramum|cramo]].

[[Potio]] quā Salvatoriani fruuntur est [[hordeatum]] (Hispanice ''horchata''), quod plerumque e molitorum [[Crescentia alata|crescentiae alatae]] seminum pulveribus fit, quibus [[lac]], [[aqua]], et [[saccharum]] adduntur. Hordeatum totum per annum et quolibet diei momento potatur. Plerumque coniunctum est [[pupusa|pupūsarum]] aut [[iucca fricta|iuccā frictā]] ferculo. Salvatorianum hordeatum valde dissimilem saporem habet et cum [[Mexicum|Mexicano]] hordeato non confundendum est, quod ex [[Oryza (victus)|oryzā]] factum est. [[Coffeum]] etiam communis matutina potio est.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.everyculture.com/Cr-Ga/El-Salvador.html &quot;Culture of El Salvador – traditional, history, People, clothing, women, beliefs, food, customs, family&quot;] (Anglice). everyculture.com.&lt;/ref&gt; Populares apud potiones in Salvatoriā sunt [[ensalada|ensalāda]]&lt;ref&gt;Vocabulum ab [[lingua Hispanica|Hispanicā]] voce ''ensalada'' mutuatum; declinandum est &quot;ensalāda ensalādae&quot; -sicut &quot;rosa rosae&quot;-, scilicet ad primam declinationem et ad genus femininum pertinens.&lt;/ref&gt; (Hispanice ''ensalada''), secatis e fructibus in fructuum suco fluctuantibus facta; et [[kolashanpan]]&lt;ref&gt;Vocabulum ab [[lingua Hispanica|Hispanicā]] voce ''kolashanpan'' mutuatum; declinandum est &quot;kolashanpan kolashanpanis&quot; -sicut &quot;animal animalis&quot;-, scilicet ad tertiam declinationem et ad genus neutrum pertinens.&lt;/ref&gt; (Hispanice ''kolashanpan''), [[potio refrigeratoria]] cum harundinis sacchari sapore.

===Musica===
[[Fasciculus:XXIV Conmemoración de los Acuerdos de Paz. (24315595462).jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|left|[[Alvarus Torres]] unus celeberrimos apud Salvatorienses cantatores est praesertim [[musica popularis Latina|musicae popularis Latinae]], [[amatorium carmen|amatoriorum carminum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;DGLCM&quot;/&gt; et musicae bolericae.]]
Musica Salvatoriana est mixtura musicarum [[Amerindi]]corum, [[Hispania|Hispanicorum]], [[Africa|Africorumque]] influxuum. Quae [[carmen|carmina]] [[religio]]sa comprehendit quae Salvatoriani ad celebranda [[Dies Natalis Christi|Diem Natalem Christi]] et alia festa maxime canunt, praesertim [[Sollemnitas Omnium Sanctorum|Sollemnitatem Omnium Sanctorum]].&lt;ref&gt;''La Prensa Gráfica,'' &quot;La música tradicional de El Salvador&quot; (Hispanice).&lt;/ref&gt; Salvatoriana [[musica vulgaris]] rhythmis sicuti [[son]]e&lt;ref&gt;Vocabulum ab [[lingua Hispanica|Hispanicā]] voce ''son'' mutuatum; declinandum est &quot;son sonis&quot; -sicut &quot;Iason Iasonis&quot;-, scilicet ad tertiam declinationem et ad genus masculinum pertinens.&lt;/ref&gt; (Hispanice ''son''), [[musica bolerica|musicā bolericā]]&lt;ref name=&quot;DAEL&quot;&gt;{{DAEL}}&lt;/ref&gt; (Hispanice ''bolero''), [[cumbion|cumbiōne]]&lt;ref&gt;Vocabulum ab [[lingua Hispanica|Hispanicā]] voce ''cumbión'' mutuatum; declinandum est &quot;cumbĭon cumbiōnis&quot; -sicut &quot;Iason Iasonis&quot;-, scilicet ad tertiam declinationem et ad genus masculinum pertinens.&lt;/ref&gt; (Hispanice ''cumbión'') et [[cumbia|cumbĭā]]&lt;ref&gt;Vocabulum ab [[lingua Hispanica|Hispanicā]] voce ''cumbia'' mutuatum; declinandum est &quot;cumbĭa cumbĭae&quot; -sicut &quot;rosa rosae&quot;-, scilicet ad primam declinationem et ad genus femininum pertinens.&lt;/ref&gt; pingitur, qui aguntur [[Instrumentum musicum|instrumentis]] velut [[guitarron|guitarrōne]]&lt;ref&gt;Vocabulum ab [[lingua Hispanica|Hispanicā]] voce ''guitarrón'' mutuatum; declinandum est &quot;guitărron guitarrōnis&quot; -sicut &quot;Iason Iasonis&quot;-, scilicet ad tertiam declinationem et ad genus masculinum pertinens.&lt;/ref&gt; (Hispanice ''guitarrón''), [[Violina|violinā]], [[marimba|marimbā]]&lt;ref&gt;Vocabulum ab [[lingua Hispanica|Hispanicā]] voce ''marimba'' mutuatum; declinandum est &quot;marimba marimbae&quot; -sicut &quot;rosa rosae&quot;-, scilicet ad primam declinationem et ad genus femininum pertinens.&lt;/ref&gt; (Hispanice ''marimba''),&lt;ref&gt;ElSalvador.com, &quot;El folklore salvadoreño&quot; (Hispanice).&lt;/ref&gt; [[teponaztli]]&lt;ref&gt;Vocabulum ab [[lingua Hispanica|Hispanicā]] voce ''teponaztli'' mutuatum, indeclinabile et neutrum singulare.&lt;/ref&gt; (Hispanice ''teponaztli'' seu ''tun''), [[Tibia (instrumentum musicum)|tibiis]], [[Tympanum|tympanis]], [[guiro|guiribus]]&lt;ref&gt;Vocabulum ab [[lingua Hispanica|Hispanicā]] voce ''güiro'' mutuatum; declinandum est &quot;guīro guirus&quot; -sicut &quot;ēchō echūs&quot;-, scilicet ad quartam declinationem et ad genus masculinum pertinens.&lt;/ref&gt; (Hispanice ''güiro'') et [[Cucurbita|cucurbitis]], non minus quam [[Cithara Hispanica|citharis Hispanicis]], apud alia. Notissima Salvatoriana [[saltatio vulgaris]] [[xuc]]&lt;ref&gt;Vocabulum ab [[lingua Hispanica|Hispanicā]] voce ''xuc'' mutuatum, indeclinabile et neutrum singulare.&lt;/ref&gt; nuncupatur, quod ortum est [[Coxutepeque|Coxutepēqui]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Coxutepeque&quot;/&gt;, in [[Cuscatlan (praefectura)|Cuzcatlane]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cuzcatlan&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Soteropolis&quot;/&gt;.
[[Fasciculus:Concerto degli Iron Maiden .jpg|thumb|401x401px|[[Stadium Nationale Georgii &quot;Magici&quot; González|Stadii Georgii &quot;Magici&quot; González]] (Hispanice ''Estadio Jorge &quot;Mágico&quot; González'')  [[Urbs Sancti Salvatoris|Urbe Sancti Salvatoris]] prospectus per concentum a grege [[Iron Maiden]] actum, maximum eventum in totā Salvatoriae historiā.]]

Musicae [[Mare Caribaeum|Caribica]], [[Columbia]]na et [[Mexicum|Mexicana]] consuetae non solum in [[Radiophonia|radiophoniā]] sed etiam in [[Convivium|conviviis]] totā hac in natione redditae sunt; praesertim [[musica bolerica]]&lt;ref name=&quot;DAEL&quot;&gt;{{DAEL}}&lt;/ref&gt; (Hispanice ''bolero''), [[cumbia]]&lt;ref&gt;Vocabulum ab [[lingua Hispanica|Hispanicā]] voce ''cumbia'' mutuatum; declinandum est &quot;cumbĭa cumbĭae&quot; -sicut &quot;rosa rosae&quot;-, scilicet ad primam declinationem et ad genus femininum pertinens.&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Meringinis (genus musicum)|meringinis]] (Hispanice ''merengue''), [[musica popularis Latina]] (Hispanice ''pop latino''), [[salsa]] (Hispanice ''salsa''), [[bachata|bachāta]] (Hispanice ''bachata'') et [[musica reggaetonica]] (Hispanice ''reguetón''). Quod Salvatorienses ad cantatores attinet, [[Alvarus Torres]] ultimus Salvatorianus romanticus crebro putatur.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.elsalvador.com/entretenimiento/espectaculos/la-conmovedora-historia-de-alvaro-torres-el-ultimo-romantico-salvadoreno/483846/2018/ La nostálgica historia de Álvaro Torres, el último romántico salvadoreño] (Hispanice). Noticias de El Salvador, elsalvador.com.&lt;/ref&gt; Concentus omnium tesserarum divenditarum quem [[Britanniarum Regnum|Britannicus]] grex [[Iron Maiden]] [[6 Martii|pridie Nonas Martias]] intra itineris [[The Book of Souls World Tour]] contextum in [[Stadium Nationale Georgii &quot;Magici&quot; González|Stadio Georgii &quot;Magici&quot; González]] (Hispanice ''Estadio Jorge &quot;Mágico&quot; González'') [[Urbs Sancti Salvatoris|Urbe Sancti Salvatoris]] egit maximum eventum in totā Salvatoriae historiā factum fuit.&lt;ref&gt;[Ministry of Tourism thanks IRON MAIDEN for visiting El Salvador] (Anglice), in ''ironmaiden.com''. [[URL]] die [[9 Iunii]] anni [[2023]] inspectum.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Patrimonium totius mundi===
[[Fasciculus:ES_JoyadeCeren_06_2011_EEstructuras_11_y_6_y_1_Area_1_2121.jpg|thumb|Situs archaeologicus [[Gemma Cerenensis]] (Hispanice ''Joya de Cerén''), patrimonium totius mundi ab anno 1993.]].
Situs archaeologicus [[Gemma Cerenensis]] (Hispanice ''Joya de Cerén'') anno [[1993]] in [[Patrimonium totius mundi|Patrimonii totius mundi]] elencum ab [[UNESCO]]ne adscriptus est.

===Feriae et dies festi===
{| class=wikitable
|+ '''Feriae et dies festi'''
! Dies !! Nomen Latinum !! Nomen Hispanicum || Notae
|-
| [[1 Ianuarii|Kalendis Ianuariis]]
| [[Annus Novus]]|| ''Año Nuevo''
| Anni civilis initium
|-----
| [[1 Maii|Kalendis Maiis]]
| [[Dies laboris]]|| ''Día del trabajo''
| Omnium hominum opificum commemoratio
|-----
| Primā [[Augustus|Augusti]] hebdomade
| [[Festa Maiora Sancti Salvatoris|Festa Maiora Sancti Salvatoris seu Festa Augusta]]|| ''Fiestas patronales de San Salvador'' seu ''Fiestas Agostinas''
| [[Transfiguratio|Transfigurationis Domini]] sollemnitas
|-----
| [[15 Septembris]]
| Dies Independentiae|| ''Día de la independencia''
| 
|-----
| [[1 Octobris|Kalendis Octobribus]]
| Dies Puerorum || ''Día de los niños''
| Puerorum celebratio hac in natione et aliis locis totius orbis terrarum
|-----
| [[2 Novembris]]
| [[Commemoratio Omnium Fidelium Defunctorum]] || ''Día de los difuntos'' seu ''Día de los muertos''
| Ad memoriam et honorem omnium defunctorum
|-----
| [[25 Decembris]]
| [[Dies Natalis Christi]] || ''Navidad''
| Nativitatis Iesu Christi commemoratio
|}

===Res athleticae===
[[Fasciculus:Monumental Estadio Cuscatlan.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Stadium Cuzcatlan]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cuzcatlan&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Soteropolis&quot;/&gt; (Hispanice ''Estadio Cuscatlán'') [[Urbs Sancti Salvatoris|Urbe Sancti Salvatoris]].]]
[[Pediludium]] est [[disportis]] populo gratissimus in Salvatoriā. [[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Salvatoriana]] [[Certamen mundanum pedilusorium|Certamini Mundano Pedilusorio]] annis [[1970]] et [[1982]] locum aptum obtinuit&lt;ref name=&quot;DGLCM&quot;/&gt;. Punctorum attributio&lt;ref name=&quot;DGLCM&quot;/&gt; certamini lusorio anni [[1970]] distincta est [[Bellum Pedilusorium|Bello Pedilusorio]], [[bellum|bello]] contra [[Honduria]]m, cuius turmam ea Salvatoriana vicerat.

Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis in [[Stadium Cuzcatlan|Stadio Cuzcatlane]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cuzcatlan&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Soteropolis&quot;/&gt; (Hispanice ''Estadio Cuscatlán'') [[Urbs Sancti Salvatoris|Urbe Sancti Salvatoris]]&lt;ref name=&quot;USS1&quot;/&gt; ludit. Anno [[1976]] inauguratum est et 44&amp;thinsp;836 spectatoribus capacitatem habet, quod id facit maximum stadium [[Media America|Mediae Americae]] et [[Mare Caribaeum|Caribaei]].

== Codices ==
Salvatoriae hi codices sunt:
* MS, secundum [[Catalogus praefixorum codicum aëroportuum quibus ICAO utitur|Catalogum praefixorum codicum aëroportuum quibus ICAO utitur]].
* SV, secundum normam [[ISO 3166-1]] alpha-2 (catalogi codicum nationum).
* SV, secundum [[Catalogus codicum nationum quibus OTAN utitur|Catalogum codicum nationum quibus OTAN utitur]], codicem alpha-2.
* YS, secundum [[Catalogus praefixorum codicum notaculi aëronavium quibus ICAO utitur|Catalogum praefixorum codicum notaculi aëronavium quibus ICAO utitur]].
* SLV, secundum normam [[ISO 3166-1]] alpha-3 (catalogi codicum nationum.
* ESA, secundum [[Catalogus codicum nationum Consilii Olympici Internationalis|catalogum codicum nationum Consilii Olympici Internationalis]].
* ES, secundum [[Catalogus codicum internationalium notaculi autocineti|catalogum codicum internationalium notaculi autocineti]].
* .[[sv]], secundum [[Dominium summum|dominium interretiale]].

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

==Nexūs externi==
{{CommuniaCat|El Salvador|Salvatoriam}}
{{Fontes geographici}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090727223316/http://embassy.el-salvador.org.uk/ Ambasciata Salvatoriensis Londinii] – Notitiis locuples [[Situs interretialis|situs]]  quolibet de aspectū Salvatoriensium vitae, gubernii, negotiorum et civilitatis.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081210074035/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-e/el-salvador.html Dux Civitatis et Ministrorum Consilium]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20210507021641/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/el-salvador/ El Salvador]. Liber ''[[The World Factbook]]'' a [[Sedes centralis exploratoria|Sede centrali exploratoriā]] scriptus.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080607084758/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/elsalvador.htm El Salvador] at ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1220684.stm De Salvatoriā lineamenta] e [[BBC News]]
* [http://www.sahf.org Salvatoriense-Statunitense Philanthropicum Opus Fundatum (SAHF Anglicis siglis)]
* [http://www.fusal.org Opus Fundatum Salvatoriense pro Salute et Progressū Humano (FUSAL Hispanicis siglis)]
* [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=SV Praecipuo de progressū prospectio Salvatoriae] ex exemplari [[International Futures]]
* [http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/SLV/Year/2012/ Salvatoriano de commercio summarium ab Argentariā mundanā datis anni 2012 factum]
* [http://www.teachingcentralamerica.org/ Teaching Central America] situs interretialis

{{America}}
{{Capsae collectae|Salvatoria|politica|{{Praesides Salvatoriae}}{{Ministri rerum externarum Salvatoriani}}}}

[[Categoria:Civitates sui iuris]]
[[Categoria:Condita 1821]]
[[Categoria:Salvatoria|!]]
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'''Septa'''&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.it/books?id=2bINWLq6e5IC&amp;dq=tornata+tornacum&amp;hl=it&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s ''Il mondo antico, moderno, e novissimo, ovvero Breve trattato'', vol. 2, p. 700].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Hispanice]] ''Ceuta'' et [[Arabice]] سبتة‎ ''Sabtah''), vel '''Abyla''' vel '''Septem Fratres''' vel '''Exilissa'''&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/hofmann/hof4/s0907c.html Lexicon Universale Hofmann].&lt;/ref&gt; (ob [[mons|montes]] urbis), est [[urbs]] [[communitas autonoma|autonoma]], 18.5 [[chiliometrum quadratum|chiliometra quadrata]] lata, in [[Hispania]] et [[exclavatura]] in [[Septemtrio]]nali [[Africa]]e litore sita, Septemtrionales limites cum [[Marocum|Maroco]] partita. A [[Hiberia|Paeninsula Hiberica]] [[Fretum Gaditanum|Freto Gaditano]] separata, Septa iuxta limites inter [[Mare Mediterraneum]] et [[Oceanus Atlanticus|Oceanum Atlanticum]] iacet. Septa, iuxta cum Hispanica exclavatura [[Rusadir]]e, est unum ex duobus perpetuo habitatis territoriis [[continens|continentalibus]] in [[Africa]]. Fuit pars [[Provincia Gaditana|Provinciae Gaditanae]] usque ad [[14 Martii]] [[1995]], cum urbis [[statutum autonomiae]] approbatum esset.

Septa, sicuti [[Rusadir]], [[portus liber]] erat antequam Hispania se [[Unio Europaea|Unioni Europaeae]] iunxit. Anno [[2011]] [[numerus incolarum]] erat 82&amp;thinsp;376. Quae consistit in [[Christianus|Christianis]], [[Musulmanus|Musulmanis]] (praesertim [[lingua Arabica|Arabophonis]], et [[Linguae Libycae|Libycophonis]]) et parvis [[Populus Iudaicus|Iudaeorum]] ac [[India|Indicorum]] [[Hinduismus|Hinduistarum]] minoritatibus. [[Lingua Hispanica]] [[lingua publica]] est. Plerique urbis incolae [[ethnos|ethnice]] [[Hispani]] sunt qui a Maroco regi abnuunt. Exploratio ab Instituto Opina societate confecta 87.9 centesimae hominum in continentali Hispania ambas urbes (Septam et Rusadir) Hispanicas considerare invenit.

== Etymologia ==
Origo nominis ''Septa'' a denominatione ''Septem Fratres'' trahitur, quam dedere [[Romanus|Romani]] septem regionis montibus. ''Septem'' deformatum est in ''Septa''.

[[Antiquitas|Antiquitatis]] [[geographia|geographi]] et [[rerum gestarum scriptor|historiographi]] huius loci [[toponymum]] non produnt, sed quorum unus, [[Pomponius Mela]], [[orographia|orographicas]] Occidentalis [[paeninsula Almina|Alminae]] peculiaritates referebat, cum eius septem parvis [[mons|montibus]] [[symmetria|symmetricis]] quos Septem Fratres nuncupavit. [[Phonetica]]m propter similitudinem [[Lingua Lusitana|Luistanice]] et [[Hispanice]] nomen ''Ceuta'' e nomine ''Septem,'' [[lingua Arabica|arabizatum]] سبت /septa/ ortum esse putatur.

== Historia ==
Septae anno 250&amp;thinsp;000 a.C.n. apparuerunt prima humanae praesentiae vestigia.

[[Saeculum 7 a.C.n.|Saeculo VII a.C.n.]] [[Phoenices]] promunturium [[cathedralis]] occupaverunt. Urbs [[Phoenices|Punicis]] colonis denominatione ''Abyla'' condita est, et a [[Graecia antiqua|Graecis]] [[Phocaea|Phocaeis]] capta est, qui eam Ἑπτά Ἀδελφοί denuo nuncupaverunt. Anno [[319 a.C.n.]], [[Karthago]] urbem cepit, quae penes Karthaginenses manebit.
[[Fasciculus:Restos Basílica Paleocristiana Ceuta.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|Septensis [[Ecclesia antiqua|Palaeochristianae]] [[basilica]]e reliquiae.]]

Anno [[201 a.C.n.]], [[Karthago|Karthagine]] post [[Secundum Bellum Punicum]] victa, urbs [[Numidia|Regno Numidiae]] cessa est. Anno [[47 a.C.n.]] cadit penes [[Mauritania (regnum)|Mauros]]. Anno [[40|40 p.C.n.]] [[Caligula]] [[Mauritania (regnum)|hoc regnum]] adnectit, quod fit [[Imperium Romanum|Romanum]] territorium et pars [[Index provinciarum Romanarum Imperii|provinciae]] [[Mauritania Tingitana|Mauritaniae Tingitanae]]. [[Africa Septentrionalis|Africae Septemtrionalis]] regio et urbs anno [[429]] penes [[Vandali|Vandalos]] cadunt.

Anno [[534]], [[Imperium Romanum Orientale|Byzantinus]] [[magister militum]] [[Flavius Belisarius|Belisarius]] urbem rursus capit (per [[Imperium Romanum Orientale|imperatoris]] [[Iustinianus I|Iustiniani I]] expeditiones in [[Africa Septentrionalis|Africa Septemtrionali]]). Dominatio brevis erit, nam cadet penes [[Visigothi|Visigothos]]. Anno [[709]], urbs cadit penes [[Musulmanus|Musulmanos]], propter intestina proelia inter [[Visigothi|Visigothos]]. Revera, aliquae legendae [[comes|comitis]] [[Dominus Iulianus|Domini Iuliani]] Septensis tumultum causam eius ruinae narrant.

Anno [[788]], urbs ab [[Idrisidae|Idrisidico]] [[emiratus|emiratu]] capta est. Anno [[931]], [[Caliphatus Omayadarum|Omayada]] [[Abderrama III (calipha Cordubae)|Abderama III]] urbem [[Caliphatus Cordubae|Caliphatui Hispanico]] cepit. Non multo postea Caliphatus divisio in [[taifa]]s passa est.

Anno [[1024]] Septa subiecta est [[taifa Malacitana|Taifae Malacitanae]].

Anno [[1061]], [[Sucutus Albargavati]] dominatum liberum proclamat.

Anno [[1084]], [[Almoravides]], ab [[Iosephus Texifus|Iosepho Texifo]] ducti, urbem cepere.

Anno [[1147]], [[Almohadae]] eam capiunt.

Anno [[1227]] accidit [[martyrium]] Sancti Danielis Fasanella et eius comitum.

Anno [[1232]] urbs a [[Taifa Murciae]] capta est, quamquam eius dominium brevissimu fuit, quia anno [[1233]] Septa denuo independens fuit. Etiam brevis fuit Septensis independentiae perihodos, quia anno [[1236]] [[Regnum Fezzae]] eam occupavit et anno [[1242]] rursus capta est tunc ab [[Hafsidae|Hafsidis]].

Anno [[1249]] [[dynastia]] [[Azafidae|Azafidarum]] urbem Septam obtinuere.

Secundum [[Foedus Montis Acuti Vicariatuum]] ([[Hispanice]] ''Monteagudo de las Vicarías''), anno [[1291]] inter [[Corona Castellae|Castellam]] et [[Corona Aragoniae|Aragoniam]], urbs sub Castellae pondere cecidit. Anno [[1305]], sicuti [[Regnum Granatae|Regni Nasridici Granatensis]] pars, urbs in [[Mare Mediterraneum|Mediterraneam]] Castellae politicam intravit.

Tamen anno [[1309]] capta est a [[Regnum Fezzae|Regno Fezzae]] cum [[Corona Aragoniae|Aragoniensi]] auxilio. Anno [[1310]], [[Azafidae]] denuo urbis dominium cepere. Anno [[1314]] Regnum Fezzae rursus eam cepit. Anno [[1315]], Azafidae denuo urbis dominium cepere. Anno [[1327]] Regnum Fezzae eam cepit. Anno [[1384]] [[Regnum Granatae]] eam cepit. Anno [[1387]], Regnum Fezzae rursus cepit.
[[Fasciculus:Infante D. Henrique na conquista de Ceuta, s.XV.JPG|thumb|Tesselae Septam ab [[Henricus Navigator|Infante Domino Henrico]] captam commemorantes in [[Statio ferriviaria|Statione Ferriviariae]] Sancti Benedicti ([[Lusice]] ''Estação Ferroviária de São Bento'') [[Portus Cale|Portus Calis]].]]

Die [[21 Augusti]] anno [[1415]], [[Ioannes I (rex Lusitaniae)|Ioannes I]] [[Reges Lusitaniae|Rex]] [[Portugallia]]e cum suis filiis [[Eduardus I (rex Lusitaniae)|Eduardo]], Petro et [[Henricus Navigator|Henrico Navigatore]] in praesentes [[ora]]s Sancti Amari ([[Hispanice]] ''San Amaro'') egressus est et urbem [[Portugallia|Regno Portugalliae]] cepit. Ob varios capitaneos ineptos regendae urbi post captionem, Petrus de Menezes regi adfuit et cum fusti ''aleo'' [[Lusice]] nuncupato (quo factus est ludus multo popularis illo tempore) hunc [[hymnus|hymnum]] promulgavit: &quot;Domine, hoc fusti Septam omnibus hostibus defendere possum&quot; quaestioni Ioannis I Portugalliae de si esset satis fortis ad suscipiendum talis responsalitatis munus. Petrus de Menezes primus urbis [[gubernator]] et [[capitaneus generalis]] designatus est. Notus fustis ''aleo'' in praesenti in [[Sanctuarium Sanctae Mariae Africae|Sanctuario Sanctae Mariae Africae]] ([[Hispanice]] ''Santuario de Santa María de África'') servatur et traditus est e manu in manum omnibus generalibus ad mandatum accedentibus dum urbem defendere iurabant sicuti promisit Petrus de Menezes. Post foedus cum Regno Fezzae, hoc Septam Portugallicam agnovit. Urbs Portugallica [[Foedus Alcassovarum|Foedere Alcassovarum]] ([[Hispanice]] et [[Lusice]] ''Tratado de Alcáçovas'') et [[Foedus Turris Syllanae|Foedere Turris Syllanae]] ([[Hispanice]] ''Tratado de Tordesillas''; [[Lusice]] ''Tratado de Tordesilhas'') agnita est.

[[Reges Lusitaniae|Rege]] [[Sebastianus I (rex Lusitaniae)|Sebastiano I]] mortuo, Regnum [[Portugallia]]e in [[Index regum Hispaniae|monarchiam Hispanicam]] anno [[1580]] incorporavit. Anno [[1640]] Septa Portugalliam in eius secessione non secuta est, manere sub [[Philippus IV (rex Hispaniae)|Philippi IV]] [[suverenitas|suverenitate]] malendo, sed Portugallica arma in suo [[insigne|insigni]] et in suo [[vexillum|vexillo]] manere decrevit.

Anno [[1656]] diploma naturae concessa est, et titulum ''fidelissima'' eis quos iam ostendebat, ''nobilis'' et ''legalis'' addidit.

Anno [[1668]] [[Foedus Olisiponense (1668)|Foedus Olisiponense]] ([[Hispanice]] et [[Lusice]] ''Tratado de Lisboa'') inter [[Hispania]]m et [[Portugallia]]m obsignatum Hispanicam [[suverenitas|suverenitatem]] super Septa agnoscit.

Inter annos [[1694]] et [[1724]] [[Sultanus]] [[Marocum|Maroci]] [[Mulai Ismail]] obsedit.

Anno [[1704]], cum terrā circumvallata esset, Septa [[Regia Classis Britannica|Regiae Classi Britannicae]], quae [[Calpe]] cepit, restitit. [[Marocum|Marocenses]] terrā urbem aggressi sunt dum [[Britanniarum Regnum|Anglo]]-[[Batavia|Batava]] [[classis (nautica)|classis]] [[canno]]nibus percussit et descensum in urbem conata est. Continenter obsidebatur urbs a [[Marocum|Maroco]] annis [[1725]] ac [[1728]], [[1732]], [[1757]], et [[1790]] ac [[1791]].

Anno [[1812]], Iuncta Urbis [[Commune]] [[Constitutio]]nale facta est.
[[Fasciculus:Plano de Ceuta s. XIX.jpeg|thumb|200px|[[Saeculum 19|Saeculi XIX]] tabula Septae.]] 
Inter annos [[1859]] et [[1860]] exarsit [[Bellum Hispano-Marocense]] et urbs suos limites auxit.

Anno [[1912]] [[carcer]] clausus est et inauguratus est [[Protectoratus Hispanicus Maroci]] ([[Hispanice]] ''Protectorado Español de Marruecos''; [[Arabice]] حماية إسبانيا في المغرب) in septemtrionalis [[Marocum|Maroci]] zona.

Anno [[1925]], Septa independens a [[Provincia Gaditana]] Regali Decreto [[4 Augusti|pridie Nonas Augustas]] facta est.

Anno [[1936]] incepit [[Bellum Civile Hispanicum]]. Rebellatio, a copiis [[colonellus locumtenens|colonelli locumtenentis]] [[Legio Hispanica|Legionis Hispanicae]] [[Ioannes Yagüe|Ioannis Yagüe]] ducta, Septae albento caelo diebus [[17 Iulii|17]] et [[18 Iulii]] imposita est, sine invenenda magna resistentia. Milites fidi gubernationi et clarissimi [[Frons Popularis (Hispania)|Frontis Popularis]], sicuti [[demarchus]] [[Antonius López Sánchez-Prado]], postea sclopetati sunt postquam assimulatis iudiciis subiiceretur. Septa magnum pondus primis belli mensibus habuit, sicuti locus transitus Exercitus e [[Africa Septentriolanis|Septentrionali Africa]] in occupandam [[Hiberia|Paeninsulam]].

Anno [[1956]] invenit [[Marocum|Maroci]] [[Independentia]] (finis Protectoratus) et Septa stationi abstrahendarum virium quae emancipato territorio destinatae erant profuit.

Anno [[1978]] [[Constitutio]] [[Hispania|Hispanica]], sicuti priores aliae, Septam territorium [[Hispania|Hispanicam]] [[civitas|civitatem]] componens agnovit, integrans eam in novum territorialis ordinationis exemplar, prospicenda possibilitate sui constituendi [[Communitas autonoma|Communitatis Autonomae]].

Anno [[1995]] promulgatum est [[statutum autonomiae]] urbis. Septa, iuxta cum [[Rusadir]]e, urbium autonomarum statum attigit.

[[5 Novembris|Nonis Novembribus]] anni [[2007]] ab [[Ioannes Carolus I (rex Hispaniae)|Ioanne Carolo I]] et [[Sophia Regina Coniux Hispanorum|Sophia Graeciae]] visa est. Octoginta annis praeteritis, denique [[Index regum Hispaniae|monarcha Hispanicus]] Septam rite visebat.

== Geographia ==
[[Fasciculus:SeptaLatine.PNG|thumb|Septae tabula.]]
Territorium 18,5 [[chiliometrum quadratum|chiliometrorum quadratorum]] [[area (geometria)|aream]] et 28 [[chiliometrum|chiliometrorum]] [[perimetros|perimetron]] (cum 20 chiliometris [[litus|litoris]] et 8 chiliometris terrestris limitis) habet.

=== Positus ===
[[Fasciculus:Vista de Ceuta desde el mirador de Isabel II.jpg|180px|thumb|Septa e [[caloscopium|caloscopio]] [[Isabella II (regina Hispaniae)|Isabellae II]] visa.]]
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width =&quot;60%&quot; border = 2 align=&quot;center&quot;
|-
|+'''Septensis territorii [[commune|communalis]] limites'''
|-----
| width =&quot;35%&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ''Boreoccidens:'' [[Fasciculus:Hércules3D.jpg|20px]] [[Fretum Gaditanum]]
| width =&quot;30%&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ''Septemtrio:'' [[Fasciculus:Hércules3D.jpg|20px]] [[Fretum Gaditanum]]
| width =&quot;35%&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ''Boreoriens:''[[Fasciculus:Mediterranean Sea political map-es.svg|20px]] [[Mare Mediterraneum]]
|-----
| width =&quot;10%&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ''Occidens:'' [[Fasciculus:Flag of Morocco.svg|20px]] [[Marocum]]
| width =&quot;35%&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Rosa de los vientos.svg|75px]]
| width =&quot;30%&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ''Oriens:'' [[Fasciculus:Mediterranean Sea political map-es.svg|20px]] [[Mare Mediterraneum]]
|-----
| width =&quot;35%&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ''Austroccidens'' [[Fasciculus:Flag of Morocco.svg|20px]] [[Marocum]]
| width =&quot;30%&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ''Meridies:''[[Fasciculus:Mediterranean Sea political map-es.svg|20px]] [[Mare Mediterraneum]]
| width =&quot;35%&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ''Austroriens:''[[Fasciculus:Mediterranean Sea political map-es.svg|20px]] [[Mare Mediterraneum]]
|}

=== Prominentia ===
[[Fasciculus:Fortaleza de Monte Hacho, en Ceuta.jpg|thumb|[[Mons Abila]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Monte Hacho'').]]
Septensium agrorum morphologia [[orogenia]]e [[orogenia Alpina|Alpinae]], hanc terra, usque ad magnum suggestum [[Sahara]]num partienti, debetur. Praecipuum orographicum urbis accidens est [[Mons Abila]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Hacho#cite_note-abila-2 Vicipaedia Anglica]&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Hispanice]] ''Monte Hacho''), [[anticlinon|anticlino]] formatus et 204 [[metrum|metra]] altus, quamquam in internis loco altissimo 345 metra sunt. Reliquum territorium [[isthmus|isthmo]] illum montem [[continens|continenti]] [[Africa]]e et [[insula]]e [[Sancta Catharina (insula Septensis)|Sanctae Catharinae]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''isla de Santa Catalina'') coniungente constituitur.

Isthmus [[Lapis metamorphicus|metamorphico]] complexae [[geologia|geologicae]] compositionis agro constituitur, cum dissimilibus areis quinque, quarum praecipuum elementum [[Mons Columna]];&lt;ref&gt;[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jebel_Musa_%28Morocco%29#Description Vicipaedia Anglica].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Hispanice]] ''Sierra de Ányera'' sive ''Mujer Muerta,'' [[Arabice]] جبل موسى et [[Libyce]]; ''Adrar Musa''), 851 metra altus, est.

[[Traditio]]naliter considerata divortium inter [[Mare Mediterraneum|Mediterranei]] et [[Oceanus Atlanticus|Atlantici]] aquas, Septa mari circumdatur, quod duos [[Sinus maritimus|sinus]], alterum a Septemtione, adversus [[Paeninsula]]m [[Hiberia|Hibericam]], et alterum a Meridie, adversus [[Marocum]], format.

Impermeabiles [[Schistus|schisti]] et [[ardesia]]e Septensis paeninsulae agrum constituentes aquariorum congestuum formationem in hypogaea difficilem faciunt. Praeterea, comprobantur per historiam fontes fuisse, quamquam omnes siti in Campo Exteriore ([[Hispanice]] ''Campo Exterior''), sicuti Fons Tegulae (''Fuente de la Teja''), Rivulus Antliarum (''Arroyo de las Bombas''), Fons Fulguris (''Fuente del Rayo'').

=== Clima ===
[[Clima]] [[clima mediterraneum|Mediterraneum]] est, amoenis [[temperatura|temperaturis]] et irregulari [[praecipitatio]]ni distinctum et mitigatum praecipue duobus factoribus: [[prominentia]] et [[mare|mari]] circumdantibus. Prominentia, [[Mons Columna|Monte Columna]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jebel_Musa_%28Morocco%29#Description Vicipaedia Anglica]&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Hispanice]] ''Sierra de Ányera'' sive ''Mujer Muerta''; [[Arabice]] جبل موسى; [[Libyce]] ''Adrar Musa'') repraesentata, sicuti cortina ob [[Oceanus Atlanticus|Atlanticos]] [[ventus|ventos]] [[umiditas|umiditate]] oneratos perficit et maritimum pondus temperaturas amoenas et [[aestas|aestate]] et [[hiems|hieme]] esse facit. Annua [[media arithmetica|media]] 16,6&amp;nbsp;°C non superat. Absolutae maximae temperaturae [[Iulius|Iulio]] referuntur, dum minimae [[Ianuarius|Ianuario]] ac [[Februarius|Februario]] eveniunt, cum plerumque ad 3&amp;nbsp;°C demittuntur.

Temperaturae dissimilitudo inter aquas [[Fretum Gaditanum|Fretum]] separantes et ventos umitate oneratos ex [[Oceanus Atlanticus|Atlantico]] procendentibus [[pluvia]]m abundare, 800 [[millimetrum|millimetra]] annua superantem, faciunt. [[Praecipitatio]]num regimen valde irregulare est, cum maximo hieme et magna [[ariditas|ariditate]] inter menses [[Maius|Maium]] et [[September|Septembrem]]. [[Umiditas relativa]] etiam alta est, cum [[media arithmetica|media]] annua 84 centesimarum.

== Natura ==
=== Flora ===
[[Fasciculus:Galactites elegans c.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|''[[Galactites elegans]]'' Septae.]]
[[Vegetatio]] negativas impactiones{{dubsig}} e defensivis incolarum necessitatibus derivatas passa est, quae Campum Exteriorem exstipatum teneri cogebant. Per multas historiae epochas, ordinatae [[desilvatio]]nes in [[moenia|murati]] saepti viciniis. Soli urbanizabilis necessitas etiam ad vegetalium spatiorum amissionem adduxit.

[[Arbor]]ea regionis [[species]] propria fuit [[Quercus suber|suber]], quae adhuc in [[Benzu]] videri potest. Nihilominus, degradationis{{dubsig}} processus{{dubsig}} propter humanam actionem ut secundariae [[silva]]e [[pinus|pinis]] et [[eucalyptus|eucalyptis]], fructibus e successivarum [[anadasosis|anadasōseōn]], constituantur{{dubsig}} fecit. Prima [[anadasosis|anadasōsis]] pinis in [[hermitagium|Hermitagio]] Sancti Antonii vicinitatibus facta est. [[Populus (genus plantarum)|Populus]] [[arbor]] communissima inter [[saeculum 18|saecula duodevicensimum]] et [[saeculum 19|undevicensumum]] fuerat, quae hodie pro [[acacia]], [[dracaena (genus plantarum)|dracaena]], [[dracaena draco|dracone]], et aliquibus [[America]]nis ac [[Asia]]nis speciebus primo [[saeculum 20|saeculi vicensimi]] quadrante satis, sicuti ''[[Ficus benjamina|Fico beniamina]],'' substituta est.

Aliae regionis topiorum propriae species ''[[Chamaerops humilis]],'' [[Opuntia ficus-indica|ficus Indica]], aliaeque [[silvae, bosci et dumetum Mediterranea|dumeti Mediterranei]] propriae sunt.

=== Fauna ===
[[Fasciculus:Scsco u0.gif|thumb|[[Scomber scombrus|Scomber]], unum symbolorum Septensium; Septenses populariter &quot;scombri&quot; ([[Hispanice]] ''caballas'') nuncupantur. Hypocoristicum communissimum aliis zonae urbibus, sicuti [[Linea Conceptionis|Lineae Conceptionis]] ([[Hispanice]] ''La Línea de la Concepción''), [[Iulia Traducta|Iuliae Traductae]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iulia_Traducta Vicipaedia Hispanica]&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Hispanice]] ''Algeciras'') et [[Ostippo]]ni&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/hofmann/hof4/s0916b.html Lexicon Universale Hofmann]&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Hispanice]] ''Estepona'').]]
[[Aevum Classicum|Classici]] fontes [[elephas|elephantas]], magnas [[felidae|felidas]] fuisse dicunt, qui, iuxta cum [[Gazella (genus)|gazellis]], [[thos|thōibus]] et [[Macaca sylvanus|macaca sylvano]] -hi duo adhuc vicinitatibus praesunt: [[mammalia|mammalium]] [[Species (taxinomia)|species]] characteristicissimas hac in area constituebant. In praesenti, ista [[fauna]] omnino evanuit, sed adhuc praesunt aliae species, sicuti ''[[Hystrix cristata]],'' [[testudo graeca|testudo Graeca]], [[vulpini|vulpinus]] aut [[sus scrofa|aper]].

Caela milibus [[aves|avium]] frequentantur, quae ea transeunt per suas periodicas migrationes. [[Mare|Marinus]] ambitus, quamquam etiam humana actione affectus, quoque magnam specierum abundantiam ostendit, quae probatur et scientifice et visendis auctionibus ac mercatibus.

== Civilitas et administratio publica ==
[[Fasciculus:Ayuntamiento de Ceuta, de noche.jpg|thumb|Noturnus [[curia municipalis|Curiae Municipalis]] Septensis conspectus.]]
[[Constitutio]] [[Hispania|Hispanica]] anni [[1978]] suo transitorio praecepto quinto statuit:
:&quot;Urbes Septa et [[Rusadir]] [[communitas autonoma|communitates autonomae]] constitui poterunt si sic id decernunt eorum propriae gubernationes municipales per foedus a maioritate absoluta suorum sodalium adoptatum et sic approbant [[Cortes Generales]] per legem organicam in terminis praevisis articulo 144.&quot;

Officialis territorii denominatio Urbs Autonomae Septa est, probato [[Statutum Autonomiae|Statuto Autonomiae]], lege organica officialiter publicata [[14 Martii|Pridie Idus Martias]] et [[15 Martii|Idibus Martiis]] exercita. Hoc statutum ne publica munera duplicentur impedit, quia [[commune|municipalia]] munera simul autonomica (regionalia) facta sunt. Hoc modo, [[symbulus|symbuli]] etiam [[communitas autonoma|autonomici]] [[deputatus|deputati]] et [[Praeses]] Septae etiam [[alcaldis]] sive [[commune|municipalis]] [[potestas exsecutiva|exsecutivae]] dux est. Sessio plenaria municipalis simul [[parlamentum]] [[communitas autonomica|autonomicum]], Conventus Septae ([[Hispanice]] ''Asamblea de Ceuta'') nuncupatum, est.

Ex exeunte [[2005]] rogatio reformandi Statuti Autonomiae fertur, quod, praeter sumenda plus munera, urbs [[Communitas Autonoma]] nuncupanda est, se exaequanda reliquis [[Hispania|Hispanicis]] [[Communitas Autonoma|Communitatibus]].

=== Alcaldes et praesides ===
{| class=wikitable style=&quot;margin-left:20px;&quot;
|+ Septae alcaldes e [[Transitio Democratica Hispanica|restituta democratia Hispanica]]
! Alcaldis !! Mandatum !! Factio
|-
|[[Clemens Calvo Pecino]] ||[[1979]]-[[1981]] ||(independens)
|-
|[[Ricardus Muñoz Rodríguez]] ||[[1981]]-[[1983]] ||[[Unio Centri Democratici|UCD]]
|-
|[[Franciscus Fraiz Armada]] ||[[1983]]-[[1985]] ||[[Partes Socialisticae Operariae Hispanicae|PSOE]]
|-
|[[Aurelius Puya Rivas]] ||[[1985]]-[[1987]] ||[[Factio Socialistica Populi Septensis|PSPC]]
|-
|[[Fructuosus Miaja Sánchez]] ||[[1987]]-[[1991]] ||PSOE
|-
|[[Franciscus Fraiz Armada]] ||[[1991]]-[[1994]] ||[[Progressus et Futura Septae|PFC]] (secundum mandatum)
|-
|[[Basilius Fernández López]] ||[[1994]]-[[1995]] ||PFC
|}
{| class=wikitable style=&quot;margin-left:20px;&quot;
|+ Alcaldes praesides
! Alcaldis !! Mandatum !! Factio
|-
|[[Basilius Fernández López]] ||[[1995]]-[[1996]] ||PFC
|-
|[[Iesus Caietanus Fortes Ramos]] ||[[1996]]-[[1999]] ||[[Factio Popularis Hispanica|PP]]
|-
|[[Antonius Sampietro Casarramona]] ||[[1999]]-[[2001]] ||[[Circulus Independens Liberalis|GIL]]
|-
|[[Ioannes Iesus Vivas Lara]] ||[[2001]]-... ||PP
|}

=== Conventus Septensis ===
[[Communitas autonoma|Autonomici]] [[parlamentum|parlamenti]] compositio post anni [[2011]] [[comitia]] est secuta:

{| class=wikitable style=&quot;margin-left:20px;&quot;
!Factio !! % !! Symbuli
|-
|[[Factio Popularis Hispanica|Factio Populares (PP)]] ||65,20
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |18
|-
|[[Coalitio Scombrorum]] ||14,34
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |4
|-
|[[Partes Socialisticae Operariae Hispanicae|Partes Socialisticae Operariae Hispanicae (PSOE)]] ||11,65
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |3
|}

=== Urbes sorores ===
[[Coniunctio communium|Urbes sorores]] Septae sunt:

[[Fasciculus:Flag of Italy.svg|23px|Vexillum Italiae]] [[Acis ad Catenam]] ([[Italice]]: ''Aci Catena''), in [[Italia]];

[[Fasciculus:Flag of Spain.svg|23px|Vexillum Hispaniae]] [[Iulia Traducta]] ([[Hispanice]]: ''Algeciras''), in [[Hispania]];

[[Fasciculus:Flag of Spain.svg|23px|Vexillum Hispaniae]] [[Lauro Vetus]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhaur%C3%ADn_de_la_Torre#Edad_Antigua Vicipaedia Hispanica]&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Hispanice]]: ''Alhaurín de la Torre''), in [[Hispania]];

[[Fasciculus:Flag of Spain.svg|23px|Vexillum Hispaniae]] [[Gades]] ([[Hispanice]]: ''Cádiz''), in [[Hispania]];

[[Fasciculus:Flag of Spain.svg|23px|Vexillum Hispaniae]] [[Arunda]] ([[Hispanice]]: ''Ronda''), in [[Hispania]];

[[Fasciculus:Flag of Spain.svg|23px|Vexillum Hispaniae]] [[Burgus (Malaca)|Burgus]] ([[Hispanice]]: ''El Burgo''), in [[Hispania]];

[[Fasciculus:Flag of Mexico.svg|23px|Vexillum Mexici]] [[Guadalaxara (Mexicum)|Guadalaxara]] ([[Hispanice]]: ''Guadalajara''), in [[Mexicum|Mexico]];

[[Fasciculus:Flag of Spain.svg|23px|Vexillum Hispaniae]] [[Rusadir]] ([[Hispanice]]: ''Melilla''), in [[Hispania]];

[[Fasciculus:Flag of Portugal.svg|23px|Vexillum Lusitaniae]] [[Scalabis]] ([[Lusice]]: ''Santarém''), in [[Portugallia]].

=== Controversia territorialis cum Maroco ===
[[Fasciculus:Jebel musa from benzu.jpg|thumb|[[Marocum|Marocani]] fines apud [[Benzu]] ([[Hispanice]] ''Benzú''), cum [[Mons Columna|Monte Columna]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jebel_Musa_%28Morocco%29#Description Vicipaedia Anglica]&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Hispanice]] ''Sierra de Ányera'' sive ''Mujer Muerta,'' [[Arabice]] جبل موسى et [[Libyce]]; ''Adrar Musa'' reductis.]]

E [[decennium 198|decennio 198]] [[Marocum|Marocana]] gubernatio sibi et [[Rusadir]] atque Septam et [[Hispania|Hispanicas]] possessiones minores finitimas [[Marocum|Maroco]], [[Loci maiestatis Hispanicae|loca maiestatis]] ([[Hispanice]] ''plazas de soberanía'') nuncupatas, suo territorio annectere vindicat. [[Hispania|Hispanica]] gubernatio nunquam negotiationes cuiuslibet modi fecit, quia ista territoria sicuti nationalis territorii partes putat. Secundum opinionum perscrutationem anno [[2007]] effectam, 88 centesimae Hispanorum et Septam et [[Rusadir]] Hispanicas urbes esse considerant.

[[Statutum Autonomiae|Statuta]] Septae et [[Rusadir]]is e parte [[Britanniarum Regnum|Britannicorum]] et [[Marocum|Marocanorum]] [[Media communicationis socialis|mediorum]] suscitavere comparationes ad territoriales Hispanicas vindicationes de [[Calpe]], [[inclavatura]] penes Britannicam administrationem apud Septemtrionalem [[Fretum Gaditanum|Freti Gaditani]] ripam. Hae comparationes a gubernatione Hispanica et Rusadiris ac Septae incolis reiiciuntur, argumento ut illae urbes iam in Hispaniam integratae essent antequam regnum Marocanum, [[Sultanatus|Sultanatui]] Marocano [[saeculum 17|saeculi XVII]] succedens, esset, [[Calpe]] autem [[Territorium Britannicum transmarinum|territorium transmarinum]] ([[colonia]]) esset, cuius statutum definitum est [[Pax Traiecti ad Rhenum|Tractatu Traiecti ad Rhenum]] inter [[1713]] et [[1714]], collocante Calpe sub [[Britanniarum Regnum|Britannici Regni]] tutela, cum nunquam fuisset illius nationis pars integrans. Aliter quam Hispanicae possessiones in [[Africa Septentrionalis|Africa Septentrionali]], [[Calpe]] in territoriorum decolonizandorum catalogo secundum [[Nationes Unitae|Nationes Unitas]] invenitur. Nihilominus Marocum haec argumenta et Septam, [[Rusadir]] ac [[Loci maiestatis Hispanicae|loca maiestatis]] ([[Hispanice]] ''plazas de soberanía'') possidere est una inter theses nationalisticae ideologiae &quot;[[Marocum Magnum|Maroci Magni]]&quot;.

[[Organizatio Cooperationis Islamicae|Organizationis Cooperationis Islamicae]] ([[Arabice]] منظمة التعاون الإسلامي, [[Francice]] ''Organisation de la Coopération Islamique'' sive ''OCI'' et [[Anglice]] ''Organisation of Islamic Cooperation'' sive ''OIC''), cum 57 civitatibus sodalibus; [[Unio Africana]], cum 54 civitatibus sodalibus; et [[Foedus Arabicum]], cum 23 civitatibus sodalibus, Septam territorium Marocanum considerant.

Norma [[ISO 3166-1]] codicem EA sicuti nationis codicem Septae ac [[Rusadir]]i reservat.

== Demographia ==
[[Fasciculus:Templo Hindú de Ceuta.jpg|thumb|right|275px|[[Hinduismus|Hinduisticum]] [[templum]] Septae.]]
Septae 82 376 incolarum anno [[2011]] erant, [[1 Ianuarii|Kalendis Ianuariis]] anni [[2014]] numerus usque ad 84 963 incolas crevit. [[Populositas]] [[Hispani]]ca eos [[Arabes|Arabicae]], [[Barbaria (Africa)|Barbaricae]], [[India|Indicae]] et [[Populus Iudaicus|Iudaicae]] originis includit. [[Populositas]] [[India|Indica]] se Septam anno [[1910]] propter liberae zonae commercium advenisse considerat, sicuti evenit in [[Canariae Insulae|Canariis]], [[Rusadir]]e et [[Calpe]]. Sunt [[Hebraei|Hebraicae]] communitates in tota [[Africa Septentrionalis|Africa Septemtrionali]], post suam expulsionem ex [[Hispania]] anno [[1492]], adhuc est vicini [[Tetuanum|Tetuani]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/hofmann/hof4/s0962c.html Lexicon Universale Hofmann]&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Arabice]] تطوان et [[Libyce]]: ''Tiṭṭāwen'') [[Iudaei|Iudaicum]] [[sepulcretum]] ubi sepulti sunt [[Hebraei]] [[Sepharditae]] ex sua expulsione ex Hispania usque ad annos [[Protectoratus Hispanicus Maroci|Protectoratus Hispanici Maroci]] ([[Hispanice]] ''Protectorado español de Marruecos'' et [[Arabice]] حماية إسبانيا في المغرب). E Septemtrionali [[Marocum|Maroco]] et eius relatione cum Septa oritur [[Barbaria (Africa)|Barbarica]] aut [[Musulmanus|Musulmana]] [[populositas]] Septensis.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;440&quot;
|- align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;hintergrundfarbe5&quot;
|align=left | '''Annus''' || '''1960''' || '''1970''' || '''1981''' || '''1991''' || '''2001''' || '''2011'''
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|align=left|'''[[numerus incolarum|Incolae]]'''|| 73 182 || 67 187 || 70 864 || 73 208 || 75 694 || 82 376
|}

[[Gentilicium]] Septae &quot;Septensis-e&quot; ([[Hispanice]] ''ceutí'') est, quamquam, sicuti colligendum est in [[dictionarium|dictionario]], colloquialiter Septenses &quot;Scombri&quot; (''caballas'') nuncupantur, quod oritur e [[piscis]] nomine [[Scomber scombrus|scombro]].

Omnium Septensium [[lingua publica]] et communis est [[lingua Hispanica|Hispanica]] [[Dialectus Vandalitica|Vandaliticae varietatis]], quamquam ample quaeque communitas suā linguā propriā suorum maiorum sicuti [[cultura]]lis identitatis symbolo utitur, itaque [[Hinduismus|Hinduisticae]] communitatis populositas senior [[lingua Hindica|linguā Hindicā]] et iunior [[lingua Anglica|linguā Anglicā]] utitur. [[Hebraei|Hebraica]] communitas [[haquetia|haquetiā]], [[Africa Septemtrionalis|Boreoafricā]] [[Lingua Iudaeo-Hispanica|linguae Iudaeo-Hispanicae]] [[dialectus|dialecto]], utitur. [[Musulmanus|Musulmana]] populositas etiam varitate [[Dialectos Arabica Marocana|Marocanae]], in [[Marocum|Maroco]] Septemtrionali generalizatā in locali varietate exclusive oralis characteris, loquitur. De cuius officializatione, est disputatio utrum haec conveniat annon ad vitandam improbationem scholarem, excellente opinione contrariā professoris et affirmatus [[lingua Arabica|linguae Arabicae]] interpretis A. Giménez Reíllo (Abu Ilyás). Ex altera vero, professor Moscoso [[Dialectos Arabica Marocana|Marocanae]] in educativo Septensi systemate officialitatem defendit.

Solum [[lingua Hispanica]] officiali agnitione fruitur, sed reliquae linguae bene aestimantur quoque [[21 Februarii]] Die Internationali [[Sermo patrius|Sermonis Patrii]].

== Oeconomia ==
[[Fasciculus:Bienvenidos a ceuta.jpg|thumb|275px|right|Signum salutatores in Septam salutans ubi Septae, Hispaniae et [[Unio Europaea|Unionis Europaeae]] vexilla ostenduntur.]]
Officialis [[Moneta (pecunia)|moneta]] Septensis est [[euro]]. Est pars specialis zonae cum demissis [[tributum|tributis]] in [[Hispania]]. Septa una duarum Hispanicarum [[portus|portuariarum]] urbium apud Septemtrionali [[Africa]]e litore est, iuxta cum [[Rusadir]]e. Sunt historice militaria [[fortalitia]], [[Portus liber|portus libri]], portus [[petroleum|petrolearii]] et quoque portus [[piscatus|piscatorii]]. Hodie urbis [[oeconomia]] e [[portus|portu]] (nunc se expandente) et [[industria]]libus ac [[institorium|institorii]] centris valde pendet. [[Heliportus]] Septensis in usu ad connectendam urbem cum continentali Hispania aëre est.

== Infrastructura ==
=== Media communicationis ===
Praeter [[diarium|diaria]] diffusionis [[Hispania|nationalis]] et generalia et [[disportus|disportiva]], sunt duo localia diaria:
* [[El Faro de Ceuta]]
* [[El Pueblo de Ceuta]]

Etiam praeter tramites [[televisio|televisificos]] [[Hispania|nationalis]] ambitus, [[Vandalitia|Vandaliticus]] publicus trames [[Canal Sur Televisión]] Septae emittitur. Urbs duos locales tramites et unam nationalem habet. Trames [[Radio Televisión Española en Ceuta]] localem programmationem et in Radio Nacional de España et in Televisión Española habet. Praeterea, [[Televisión Española en Andalucía]] diarium nuntium de Septa emittit. Tramites televisifici sunt:

* [[Ceuta televisión]]
* [[Radio Televisión Ceuta]]
* [[Radio Televisión Española en Ceuta]]

Omnes [[Hispania|nationalis]] ambitus stationes [[radiophonia|radiophonicae]] syntonizari possunt, quae locales editiones habere solent. Urbi statio localis est:

* [[Radio Televisión Ceuta]]

=== Vectura et communicationes ===
[[Fasciculus:Ceuta desde el Monte Hacho, 2008.jpg|left|thumb|upright=1.25|Portuariae zonae conspectus.]]
Septa cum reliqua [[Hispania]] solum per [[portus|portum]], [[heliportus|Heliportum]] [[Iulia Traducta|Iuliae Traductae]] ([[Hispanice]] ''Algeciras'') et [[aëroportus|Aëroportus]] [[Malaca]]e-[[Litus Solis]] (''Málaga-Costa del Sol'') conexa est. Inter primum et Septam quattuor societatum [[navis traiectoria|naves traiectoriae]] operantur. Traiectus propemodum 45 [[minutum|minuta]] durat et quotidie traiectiones inter 06:00 et 23:00 horas efficiunt.

[[Vectura]]e aëriae [[helicopterum|helicopteris]] firmantur, quae inter [[Heliportus|Heliportum]] Septae, [[Iulia Traducta|Iuliae Traductae]] et [[Malaca]]e operantur. In linea inter Septam et Malacam sunt quattuor diariae conexiones ambabus directionibus inter 07:15 et 20:15 horas et iter 35 minuta durat. Itinera inter [[Iulia Traducta|Iuliam Traductam]] et Septam septem minuta durant.

Et [[Malaca]] et [[Iulia Traducta]] sunt diaconiae [[tramen|traminis]] et [[laophorium|laophorii]] ad varia [[Hispania]]e loca. In [[Statio Malacitana Maria Zambrano]] ([[Hispanice]] ''Estación de Málaga-María Zambrano'') possibile est iter facere ad [[Matritum]] et [[Barcino]]nem tramine magnae velocitatis.
[[Fasciculus:Entrada de la estación marítima de Ceuta.jpg|thumb|Statio maritima.]]

Unum medium vehendorum viatorum auctorizatum ad transeundum limitem inter Septam et [[Marocum]] est privatum [[autocinetum]], quamquam limes pedibus transiri potest. Praecipuae Marocanae urbes proximae sunt [[Tetuanum|Tetuani]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/hofmann/hof4/s0962c.html Lexicon Universale Hofmann].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Arabice]] تطوان et [[Libyce]]: ''Tiṭṭāwen''), 40 [[chiliometrum|km]] a meridie, et [[Tingis]] ([[Arabice]] طنجة et [[Libyce]]: ⵟⴰⵏⵊⴰ), circa 70 km ab occidente.

Laophoriorum urbanorum diaconia lineas novem habet.

=== Educatio ===
[[Universitas Granatensis]] ([[Hispanice]] ''Universidad de Granada'') [[gradus academicus|graduum]] programmata suo campo Septae offert. Sicuti aliis [[Hispania]]e locis, Septae etiam servit [[Universitas Nationalis Educationis Distantis]] seu [[UNED]].

Primaria et secundaria educatio solum [[Hispanice]] possibilis est. Non [[Lingua Anglica|Anglophonicae]] bilingues primariae vel secundariae scholae Septae sunt.

=== Salus et opitulatio socialis ===
Urbs [[valetudinarium]] nuper aedificatum, [[Valetudinarium Universitarium Septense]] ([[Hispanice]] ''Hospital Universitario de Ceuta'') et diribitoria medica, et publica (saltem quattuor) et privata, habet.

== Cultura ==
=== Monumenta et mirifica loca ===
[[Fasciculus:Ceuta Spain.jpg|thumb|[[Moenia Regia Septensia|Moenia Regia et Fossa navigabilis]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Catedral la Asunción de Ceuta - España..jpg|thumb|[[Cathedralis Assumptionis Septae]].]]
Media urbe inveniri possunt haec loca:
* '''[[Moenia Regia Septensia|Moenia Regia et Fossa navigabilis]]''' ([[Hispanice]] ''Murallas Reales y Foso navegable''), iuxta cum [[Museum|Museo]] [[Moenia|Moenium]] Regiorum: Excellunt [[Platea Armorum]], navigabilis maritima [[fossa castrensis|fossa]] et externa huius fossae [[pugnaculum|pugnacula]]. Intima originem trahunt ab epocha dominationis [[Arabes|Arabicae]] (inter [[711]] et [[1415]]), posteriores mutationes passa, inter quae praecipua fuere constructa a [[Lusitania|Lusitanis]] et reconstructa ab [[Hispania|Hispanis]] inter annos [[1674]] et [[1705]]. In praesenti, Moenia Regia unam sedium Musei Urbis (''Museo de la Ciudad''), definite in nuncupato [[Ravelinus|Ravelino]] Sancti Ignatii (''Revellín de San Ignacio'') accipiunt. Praeterea complentur subterraneis cuniculis, urbis defensioni excavatis.

* '''Moenia Ambulacri Arecacearum''' ([[Hispanice]] ''Murallas del Paseo de las Palmeras''): Septemtrionalis urbanorum antiquorum moenium murus.

* '''[[Cathedralis Assumptionis Septae|Cathedralis]]''': Sub [[Assumptio Beatae Mariae Virginis|Assumptionis Virginis]] [[Sanctus patronus|patrocinio]], aedificata est super [[meschita]] epochae dominationis [[Arabes|Arabicae]] (inter annos [[711]] et [[1415]]). Per annorum triginta obsidionem [[valetudinarium]] campestre fuit. Ultima reparatio anno [[1949]] est. Excellunt Sacellum Sanctissimi ([[Hispanice]] ''Capilla del Santísimo'') cum [[Barocus|Baroco]] [[Retrotabulum|retrotabulo]] et [[Michael Bernardini|Michaelis Bernadini]] [[Opus tectorium|opera tectoria]], praeter tria magna [[linteum|lintea]] et imaginem Virginis Capitaneae (''Virgen Capitana''), [[Lusitania|Lusitanicae]] originis et [[saeculum 15|saeculi XV]]. Ei sunt [[neoclassicismus|Neoclassica]] frons nigri [[marmor]]is et interiora cum tribus navibus et magno choro in parte antica.

* '''[[Sanctuarium Sanctae Mariae Africae|Sanctuarium et Ecclesia Sanctae Mariae Africae]]''' ([[Hispanice]]: ''Santuario e Iglesia de Santa María de África''): [[saeculum 15|saeculo XV]] constructum, cum posterioribus reformationibus, inter quas praecipua est [[saeculum 18|saeculi XVIII]]. Adoratissimam imaginem [[Virgo Africae|Virginis Africae]] ([[Hispanice]]: ''Virgen de África''), ab [[infans (nobilis)|infante]] [[Henricus Nauta|Henrico Nauta]] donatam, continet.

* '''Alia mirifica templa:''' [[ecclesia]]e Sancti Francisci ([[Hispanice]]: ''Iglesia de San Francisco'') et Nostrae Dominae Remediorum ([[Hispanice]]: ''Nuestra Señora de los Remedios'') et [[Synagoga]] Bet-El ([[Hispanice]]: ''Sinagoga de Bet-EL'').

* '''Palatium Municipale sive Conventus''' ([[Hispanice]]: ''Palacio Municipal o Asamblea''): anno [[1926]] aedificatum. Vexillum Regium ([[Hispanice]]: ''Pendón Real'') illic servatur. Aula Solii ([[Hispanice]]: ''Salón del Trono'') et Synedrium ([[Hispanice]]: ''Salón de Sesiones'') accurata [[laquearia]] et [[Marianus Bertuchi|Mariani Bertuchi]] [[opus tectorium|opera tectoria]] habent. Vexillum e [[ruber|rubro]] ac [[purpureus Tyrianus|purpurissimo]] [[sericum damascenum|serico Damasceno]], a Domina Philippa acu pictum &quot;maiori [[Lusitania|Lusitanicae]] coronae splendori&quot;. [[Portugallia]]e [[insigne]] sicuti urbis symbolum fert. In Palatio Municipali servatur et in pompa iuxta cum auctoritatibus [[sollemnitas|sollemnitate]] [[Corpus Domini|Corporis Domini]] ambulat. Ei [[Capitaneus Genenalis|Capitanei Generalis]] honores sunt.

* '''[[Balneum Arabicum Fori Pacis (Septa)|Balnea Arabica]]''': reliquiae Septae inventae et inceptae a [[saeculum 13|saeculo XIII]], flexuosum atypicarum [[Arabes|Arabicarum]] [[thermae|thermarum]] solum cum [[conclave|conclavibus]] quattuor, parallelis duobus duobus, quae quattuor aulis completis constituuntur repraesentant. Quae omnes magnopere rectagularem formam ostendunt, cum maioribus lateribus a Septemtrione ad Meridiem directis. Mundus [[Religio Islamica|Islamicus]] huic instructuum typo attribuit, praeter [[hygiene|hygienicas]] et curativas virtutes, possibilem [[religio]]sam significationem, quia erat optimum cogitabile instrumentum purgandi corporis et sui dedendi orationi totius puritiae statu.

* '''[[Viridarium Maritimum Mediterranei]]''' (''Parque Marítimo del Mediterráneo'') et nautarum [[villagium]]: a [[Caesar Manrique|Caesare Manrique]] constructum et designatum. Marinā aquā impletur et constructum est tollendis terrenis mari.
[[Fasciculus:Parque Marítimo del Mediterráneo, Ceuta, de noche (2).jpg|thumb|[[Viridarium Maritimum Mediterranei]] noctu.]]
[[Fasciculus:Casa de los Dragones.jpg|thumb|Domus Draconum.]]
* '''Basilica Tardoromana:''' (''Basílica Tardorromana'') cum [[museum|museo]] annexo. Incepta medio [[saeculum 4|saeculo IV]] p.C.n.

* '''Magnum Aleatorium Septae''' (''Gran Casino de Ceuta''): in hoc Viridario Maritimo situm.

* '''Auditorium''' (''Auditorio''): ab [[Lusitania|Lusitano]] [[architectus|architecto]] [[Alvarus Siza|Alvaro Siza]] descriptum.

* '''Aedificium Trujillo''' (''Edificio Trujillo'').

* '''Domus Draconum''' (''Casa de los Dragones'').

* '''Portus lusoriarum''' (''Puerto deportivo'').

* '''Viridarium Sancti Amari''' (''Parque de San Amaro''): cum vicino Fonte Lumbarum (''Fuente de Lomas'').

* '''[[Ora Ripae (Septa)|Ora Ripae]]''' (''Playa de La Ribera'').

* '''[[Ora Eiectelli]]''' (''Playa de El Chorrillo'').

* '''[[Ora Sarchal]]''' (''Playa del Sarchal'').

* '''[[Ora Sancti Amari]]''' (''Playa de San Amaro'').

* '''Monumentum Caducorum Bello Hispano-Marocano''' (''Monumento a los Caídos en la Guerra de África''): in Foro Africae (''Guerra de África'') situm. Erectum est caducis Bello inter annos [[1859]] et [[1860]]. 13,50 [[metrum|metra]] altum est et in sua parte inferiori mirifica [[Aes (mixtura)|aenea]] [[ectypum|ectypa]] ab [[Antonius Susillo|Antonio Susillo]] effecta habet. [[Crypta]]m sine libero accessu possidet.

* '''Monumentum et Forum Tenentis Ruiz''' (''Monumento y Plaza del Teniente Ruiz''): unum e locis pulchrerrimis urbis, pervium Viae Regiae (''Calle Real''). Constructum est ad honorem Septensis [[heros|herois]] [[Hyacinthus Ruiz y Mendoza|Hyacinthi Ruiz y Mendoza]], unius inter heroes [[Popularis rebellio secundo die Maii 1808|diei 2 Maii]] anni [[1808]] per [[Bellum Independentiae Hispanicum]].

* '''Statuae antiqui Horti Sancti Sebastiani''' (''Estatuas del antiguo Jardín de San Sebastián''): media urbe sitae, [[labor]]em, [[graphicē]]n, [[industria]]m, [[commercium]], [[navigatio]]nem et [[Africa]]m repraesentant.

* '''Monumentum Colonelli Locumtenentis González Tablas''' (''Monumento al Tte. Coronel González Tablas'').

* '''Monumentum Herculis''' (''Monumento a Hércules''): pari numero, sculpturae portus aestuarium circummittentes.

* '''Fortalitia Sarchal''' (''Fuerte del Sarchal'').

* '''Fortalitia et antiquum Hermitagium Sancti Amari''' (''Fuerte y antigua Ermita de San Amaro'').

Alia mirifica loca exteriore in zona sunt secuta:

* '''[[Moenia]] [[Merini]]ca'''&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/hofmann/hof3/s0142b.html Lexicon Universale Hofmann]&lt;/ref&gt; (''Murallas Merínidas''): aguntur de toto [[moenia|moenium]] et [[dangio]]num [[saeculum 13|saeculi XIII]] per [[Arabes|Arabicam]] dicionem aedificato. Hoc amplum saeptum, per annos, fuit [[arx]], deverticulum et praesidiorum, alienorum ac copiarum refugium quae extra urbanum [[Medium aevum|Mediaevalis]] urbis centrum pernoctare deberent. Haec moenia unam monumentalium reliquiarum praecipuissimarum Septensis [[historia|historici]] praeteriti constituunt. Fere e 1 500 metris primitivae constructionis, hodie in praesenti solum exstat Occidentale latus, 500 metra longum, cum variis [[pugnaculum|pugnaculis]] ac duabus geminis [[turris|turribus]] [[Porta Fezzae|Portam Fezzae]] (''Puerta de Fez'') includentibus.

* '''[[Fortalitia Montis Abilae]]''' (''Fortaleza del Monte Hacho''): [[Mons Abila|homonymo]] in monte sita, eius prima aedificatio [[Imperium Romanum Orientale|Byzantinae]] originis fuisse et [[Caliphatus Omayadarum|Omayadarum]] tempore consolidata esse creditur. [[Lusitania|Lusitani]] eam servavere. Nihilominus, praesens aedificatio ab [[Hispania|Hispanis]] [[saeculum 18|saeculis XVIII]] et [[saeculum 19|XIX]] effecta est. Haec [[fortalitia]] in Occidentali urbis parte [[fortalitia|fortalitiis]] [[Serraculum|Serraculi]], [[Princeps|Principis]] Alphonsi, [[Isabella II (regina Hispaniae)|Isabellae II]], [[Benzu]]ensi (perdito), Aranguren, Mendizábal, Piniés, [[Franciscus Assisiensis|Francisci Assisiensis]], Abnegatoris et [[Anyĕra|Anyĕrā]] (''fuertes del Serrallo, Príncipe Alfonso, Isabel II, Benzú, Aranguren, Mendizábal, Piniés, Francisco de Asís, Renegado'' et ''Ányera,'' repective) completur.

* '''Hermitagium Sancti Antonii de Toial''' (''Ermita de San Antonio del Tojal''): cum [[apopsis|apopsi]] in parte antica.

* '''[[Castellum Denasati]]''' (''Castillo del Desnarigado''): [[castellum mediaevale|castellum]] [[saeculum 19|saeculo XIX]] aedificatum est, quamquam eius antecedentia [[saeculum 10|saeculorum X]] et [[saeculum 16|XVI]] sunt. Eius genus neomediaevale est et e [[decennium 199|decennio 199]] Museum Militare, ad militarem Septae historiam relatarum rerum collectiones ostendens, continet.

* '''Fortalitiae Neomediaevales''' (''Fuertes Neomedievales''): in montana zona paeninsulam Septensem in limitibus [[Marocum|Marocanis]] claudente sitae, medio [[saeculum 19|saeculo XIX]] aedificatae sunt, cum, finito [[Bellum Hispano-Marocanum (1859-1860)|bello]] cum [[Marocum|Maroco]] ac composita pace cum [[Foedus Vallis Superioris|Foedere Vallis Superioris]] (''Tratado de Wad-Ras''), oportuit custodire limites [[Specula (res militaris)|specularum]] serie quae possibles aggressiones deforis impediret. Hoc modo, constructae sunt [[fortalitia]]e Piniés, [[Franciscus Assisiensis|Francisci Assisiensis]] (regis consortis), [[Isabella II (regina Hispaniae)|Isabellae II]] (sub qua invenitur apopsis cum incomparabile conspectu super Freto et Paeninsula), [[Anyĕra]] ac [[Serraculum|Serraculi]] (quod ad [[sultanus|sultanum]] [[Mulai Ismail]] pertinebat, cum hic urbem inter [[1694]] ac [[1727]] obsedit), Turris Mendizábal et fortalitia Principis Alphonsi.

* '''Meschita Muley el-Mehdi''' (''Mezquita de Muley el-Mehdi'') anni [[1937]].

* '''Christus Occilis''' (''Cristo de Medinaceli''): est imago servata in Ecclesia Sancti Ildefonsi (''Iglesia de San Ildefonso''), vici Principis (''Barriada del Príncipe'').

* '''Pharus Linguae Alminae''' (''Faro de Punta Almina'').

* '''Vicus et ora [[Benzu]]ensis''' (''Barriada y playa de Benzú''): in ora [[Fretum Gaditanum|Freti]], typica conclavia [[thea]]ria continet.

* '''Ora Calamocarroënsis''' (''Playa de Calamocarro'').
[[Fasciculus:Playa de la Ribera, Murallas Reales y catedral de Ceuta.jpg|thumb|[[Ora Eiectelli]] (''Playa de El Chorrillo'').]]
* In [[Mons Abila|Monte Abila]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Hacho#cite_note-abila-2 Vicipaedia Anglica]&lt;/ref&gt; (''Monte Hacho'') et in eius accessu per viam Sancti Amari ( ''San Amaro''), [[Dictatura Francisci Franco|Franquistici]] temporis monumenta, hodie miserabili statu, inveniri possunt, quae sunt: [[Obeliscus]] [[Monumentum Planitiei Gilvae|Planitiei Gilvae]] (''Obelisco del Llano Amarillo''), hic petratim e [[Marocum|Marocana]] regione [[Issaguen]]e ([[Arabice]] إيساغن) secundo [[decennium 196|decennii 196]] dimidio transductus est; [[Monolithus]] Transitus Freti (Hispanice ''Monolito al Paso del Estrecho'') ac Pedes [[Franciscus Franco|Francisci Franco]] (''Pies de Franco''), ambo opera [[sculptor]]is [[Bonifacius López Torvizco|Bonifacii López Torvizco]]; et Malus Cannonariae Dato (''Mástil del Cañonero Dato'').

Oeconomicum propter incrementum quod experta est urbs ineunte [[saeculum 20|saeculo XX]], est series aedificationum pertinentium ad multo proprio [[Genus Florale]] et ubi excellit sicuti maximum exemplar [[architectus]] [[Iosephus Blein]], inter cuius opera eminet aedificium antiquae &quot;Iunctae Portus&quot; ([[Hispanice]] ''Junta del Puerto''), hodie in praesenti, &quot;Auctoritatis Portuariae Septensis&quot; (''Autoridad Portuaria de Ceuta'') aut quod [[laophorium|laophoriorum]] statio fuit, in praesenti sedes [[vigil|biocolytica]]. Domus Draconum (''Casa de los Dragones'') est aliud peculiare urbis aedificium. Etiam [[architectura Islamica|generis Islamici]] antiqua [[statio ferriviaria]]. Supra allatae [[ecclesia]]e Sancti Francisci (''Iglesia de San Francisco'') et Nostrae Dominae Remediorum (''Nuestra Señora de los Remedios'') et Nostrae Dominae Vallis (''Nuestra Señora del Valle''), primum templum a [[Lusitania|Lusitanis]] constructum, mirificissima urbis loca complent.

===Musea===
[[Fasciculus:Museo del Revellín.jpg|thumb|Museum Municipale Septense (''Museo Municipal de Ceuta'') viae [[Ludovicus Camonius|Camonii]] (''calle Camoens'').]]
Haec sunt praecipua urbis Septae [[museum|musea]]:

* '''Museum Municipale Septense''' (''Museo Municipal de Ceuta''): aedificium anno [[1900]] constructum, in pleno urbano centro situm. Institutum Studiorum Septensium (''Instituto de Estudios Ceutíes''), oecos expositionum temporariarum duos et diuturnarum quinque hospitio recipit.

* '''Museum Ravelini Sancti Ignatii''' (''Museo del Revellín de San Ignacio''): in [[saeculum 18|saeculi XVIII]] [[fortalitia]] ubicatum invenitur, in [[Platea Armorum]] Congeriei Moenium Regalium (''Plaza de Armas del Conjunto Monumental de las Murallas Reales'').

* '''Museum Militare Castelli Denasati''' (''Museo Militar del Castillo del Desnarigado''): [[fortalitia]] cum antecedentibus [[saeculum 10|saeculis X]] et [[saeculum 16|XVI]]. Praesens genus neomediaevale ([[saeculum 19|saeculi XIX]]) est. Collectiones rerum conexarum Septensi militari historiae.
[[Fasciculus:Museo de la legión.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Museum Militare Legionis]] (''Museo Militar de La Legión'').]]
* '''[[Museum Militare Legionis]]''' (''Museo Militar de La Legión''): collectionem rerum conexarum [[Tertium (exercitus)|tertiis]] [[Legio Hispanica|Legionis Hispanicae]] continet.

* '''Museum Militare Regularium''' (''Museo Militar de los Regulares''): collectionem rerum conexarum Corpori [[Regulares (exercitus)|Regularium]] (''Cuerpo de Regulares'') continet.

* '''Museum Militare Equitatus''' (''Museo Militar de la Caballería''): collectionem rerum conexarum Corpori [[Equitatus]] (''Cuerpo de Caballería'').

* '''Museum Auctoritatis Portuariae''' (''Museo de la Autoridad Portuaria''): collectionem rerum conexarum historiae Portus Septensis continet.

* '''Museum Cathedralicium''' (''Museo Catedralicio''): [[Cathedralis]] parvum museum habet inter cuius res sunt [[saeculum 16|saeculorum XVI]] ac [[saeculum 19|XIX]] [[casula]]e atque [[pluviale|pluvialia]], varia [[incunabula]], [[cantor]]es, [[Bulla apostolica|bullae]] et [[sculptura]]e.

* '''Museum Basilicae Tardoromanae''' (''Museo de la Basílica Tardorromana''): circum Basilicam Tardoromanam Septensem (''Museo de la Basílica Tardorromana de Ceuta''), hodie [[Bonum Significationis Culturalis (Hispania)|Bonum Significationis Culturalis]] ([[Hispania]]: ''Bien de Interés Cultural'') declaratam et [[saeculum 4|saeculi IV]], erectum est modernum museum, quod Papilionis Temporis (''Pabellón del Tiempo'') conceptum habet, ubi, inter alias res, aspici possunt [[Roma antiqua|Romanus]] [[sarcophagus]] [[decennium 198|decennio 198]] Plateae Constitutionis (''Plaza de la Constitución'') inventus, quoque et dissimilia sepulturarum genera, partes [[Madrasa]]e Novae (''Madrasa al-Yadida'' et [[Arabice]] مدرسة جديدة) et disimilium epocharum [[fictile]]. Lepidissimum est propria [[basilica]], cum sua [[absis|abside]] et praecipua sepultura, quoque et [[Medium aevum|Mediaevali]] cisterna, perfecte servata (inaugurata [[1 Novembris|Kalendis Novembribus]] anni [[2006]]).

===Mira festa et commemorationes===
Haec sunt praecipua festa et commemorationes Septae:
[[Fasciculus:Ceuta Display 04.jpg|thumb|right|Septensis [[Hebdomada Sancta]].]]
* [[Februarius|Februario]] [[Carnelevarium]] incipit Certamine Congregationum [[Carnelevarium|Carnisprivialium]] condicionibus [[Quadracinium carnispriviale|Quadracinii]] (''Cuarteto''), [[Chirigota]]e (''Chirigota'') et [[Persona Muta|Personarum Mutarum]] (''Comparsa''); sequitur &quot;Mytilidatā&quot; (''La Mejilloná''), ubi [[mytilidae|mytilidarum]] fercula modico pretio gustari possunt et possibile est Congregationum effectionibus frui dissimilibus condicionibus atque Magnā Pompā (''Gran Cabalgata'') habituum falsorum; et denique finit &quot;Funere [[Scomber|Scombri]]&quot; (''Entierro de la Caballa''), quod ad finem [[Momus|Dei Momi]] festum ducit.

* [[Hebdomada Sancta]], cum suis Sodalitatibus (''Hermandades'') et Confraternitatibus (''Cofradías'').

* [[13 Iunii|Idibus Iuniis]] Dies [[Peregrinatio (religio)|Peregrinationis]] [[Antonius Patavinus|Sancti Antonii Patavini]] ([[Hispanice]] ''Día de la Romería de San Antonio de Padua'').

* [[5 Augusti|Nonis Augustis]] [[Festum Patronale]] Urbis, [[Virgo Africae|Virginis Africae]] (''Virgen de África'').

* Die [[10 Octobris]] aliud [[Festum Patronale]] Urbis, [[Daniel Fasanella|Sancti Danielis]] (''San Daniel'').

* [[1 Novebris|Kalendis Novembribus]], [[Sollemnitas Omnium Sanctorum]] et [[Dies Sacciperii Dorsualis]] ([[Hispanice]] ''Día de la Mochila''); festum ubi, [[traditio]]ni visitandi [[sepulcretum|sepulcreti]] ad deponendos [[flos|flores]] in mortuorum sepulcris, additur traditio diei [[sacciperium dorsuale|sacciperii dorsualis]], in quo Septenses [[rus]] temporis ac siccis [[fructus|fructibus]] veniunt.

* [[Festum Sacrificii]] ([[Hispanice]] ''Eid al Adha, Fiesta del Sacrificio'' seu ''Fiesta del Cordero''; [[Arabice]] عيد الأضحى), festum praecipuorum festorum in [[Calendarium Islamicum|Calendario Islamico]]. Cuius dies mutat quia [[calendarium lunare|calendario lunari]] regitur. Officialem statum habet, agnitum ex anno [[2010]], cum primum [[religio]]sum festum haud [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Catholicum]] officialiter in [[Hispania]] e [[Recuperatio Hispanica|Recuperatione Hispanica]] agitur.

Quaeque communitas sua festa agunt, sicuti [[Religio Iudaica|Iudaica]] [[Encaenia]], [[Hinduismus|Hinduicum]] [[Divāḷī]] aut [[Festum Sacrificii]], quod ultimum est sola haud [[Christianus|Christianae]] communitatis sollemnitas officiali agnitione ex anno [[2010]] in calendario laborali fruita.

===Gastronomia===
[[Fasciculus:Corazones de pollo.jpg|thumb|[[Corda gallinacea]] (''corazones de pollo'').]]
Septensis [[gastronomia]] praecipue ob suos [[piscis|pisces]], praesertim [[Scombridae|scombridas]], speciatim siccas (sicuti [[sarda]]m, [[Exocoetidae|exocoetida]]m, et alias) excellit. Recens et frictus piscis et [[Conchylium|conchylium]] quoque peculiares sunt. Eius litora cum numerosis aspersis [[crecca|creccis]] et saxis submarinum [[piscatum]] exceptionalem propter abundantem marinam [[flora]]m ac [[fauna]]m esse faciunt. Etiam classici [[veru maurum|verua maura]] ([[Hispanice]] ''pinchos morunos'' vel ''pinchitos'') sunt.

Praeterea, [[traditio]]nalia [[corda gallinacea]] (''corazones de pollo'') et [[Opuntia ficus-indica|fici Indici]] in certo anni tempore inveniri possunt.

===Clari Septenses===
[[Fasciculus:Estatua de Al-Idrisi.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Septensis geographi [[Dreses|Dresis]] [[statua]] sub [[Pugnaculum|Pugnaculo]] Maioricensium ([[Hispanice]] ''Baluarte de los Mallorquines''), Septae.]]
* [[Dreses]]: [[saeculum 12|saeculi XII]] [[cartographia|cartographus]] et [[geographia|geographus]].
* [[Franciscus de Andrade (Septensis)|Franciscus de Andrade]]: [[saeculum 16|saeculi XVI]] [[praefectus maior]] et urbis [[gubernator]].
* [[Emmanuel Olaguer Feliú]]: primus [[Chilia|Chilensis]] urbis [[Osornum|Osorni]] (''Osorno'') gubernator, [[saeculum 18|saeculo XVIII]].
* [[Ioannes Ioachimus Moreno]]: Capitaneus Generalis [[Classis (nautica)|Classis]] [[saeculum 18|saeculo XVIII]].
* [[Emmanuel de Guevara Vasconcelos]] ([[1739]]–[[1807]]): praefectus catervae et Capitaneus Generalis [[Venetiola]]e inter annos [[1799]] et [[1807]].
* [[Hyacinthus Ruiz y Mendoza]] ([[1779]]–[[1809]]): [[heros]] [[Popularis rebellio secundo die Maii 1808|secundi diei Maii anni 1808]].
* [[Franciscus Antonius García Carrasco]]: [[gubernator]] [[Chilia]]e [[saeculum 19|saeculo XIX]].
* [[Melchior Aymerich|Melchior Aymerich y Villajuana]]: militaris et [[praeses]] temporarius [[Regalis Audientia Quitensis|Regalis Audientiae Quitensis]] (''Real Audiencia de Quito'') [[saeculum 19|saeculo XIX]].
* [[Antonius Dorregaray y Dominguera]]: [[saeculum 19|saeculi XIX]] [[Carlismus|Carlista]] militaris.
* [[Isidorus de Alaix Fábregas]]: [[Comes]] [[Vergara]]e et [[Vicecomes (titulus dignitatis)|Vicecomes]] [[Villa Robletum|Villae Robleti]], militaris, [[praeses]] Consilii Ministrorum [[Hispania|Hispanici]] ac Officii Belli (''Despacho de la Guerra'') [[saeculum 19|saeculo XIX]], quoque et nominalis [[vicerex]] [[Navarra]]e.
* [[Antonius Escobar Huerta]]: [[saeculum 20|saeculi XX]] militaris, [[Franciscus Franco|Francisci Franco]] iussu [[sclopetatio|sclopetatus]].
[[Fasciculus:Salustiano Mas Cleries.jpg|thumb|Septensis [[medicus]] militaris [[Salustianus Mas Cleries]].]]
* [[Salustianus Mas Cleries]]: [[saeculum 20|saeculi XX]] [[medicus]] militaris.
* [[Emmanuel Chaves|Emmanuel Chaves González]]: antiquus [[praeses vicarius]] tertius [[Gubernatio]]nis [[Hispania|Hispanicae]] et minister Coöperationis Territorialis, praeside [[Iosephus Ludovicus Rodríguez Zapatero|Iosepho Ludovico Rodríguez Zapatero]]. Praeses [[Iuncta Vandalitiae|Iunctae Vandalitiae]] (''Junta de Andalucía'') per annos undeviginti fuit.
* [[Elisaeus Álvarez-Arenas Pacheco]]: militaris, minister Defensionis et academicus litteratus [[Regia Academia Hispanica|Regiae Academiae Hispanicae]], respective.
* [[Carmen Cerdeira]]: [[politicus|politica]] et senatrix.
* [[Vincentius Rodríguez Casado]]: [[historiographus]].
* [[Lole y Manuel|Emmanuel Molina Jiménez]]: [[cantor]].
* [[La Shica|Elsa Rovayo &quot;La Shica&quot;]]: [[bailaor]]a et [[cantrix]].
* [[Eva Isanta]]: [[actrix]].
* [[Esther Cervera]]: [[diurnarius|diurnaria]] et [[auctor|auctrix]] libri ''CNN+: Mucho más que noticias'',
* [[Michael Bernardo Bianquetti|Michael Bernardo Bianquetti, &quot;Migueli&quot;]]: [[pedilusor]].
* [[Iosephus Martínez Sánchez|Iosephus Martínez Sánchez, &quot;Pirri&quot;]]: [[pedilusor]].
* [[Franciscus Espíldora]] ([[1948]]): [[pedilusor]], turmis [[Real Madrid]] et [[Racing de Santander]] lusit.
* [[Iosephus Raimundus López Díaz-Flor]]: [[piraguista]] [[medalia|medaliā]] [[argentum|argenteā]] in [[1976 Olympia Aestiva|Olympiis Aestivis anni 1976]] [[Mons Regius|Monte Regio]] laureatus.
* [[Mahometus Alí Amar|Mahometus Alí Amar, &quot;Nayim&quot;]]: [[pedilusor]] qui participavit [[Anglia|Anglicam]] Ligam [[Premier League]] et [[Hispania|Hispanicam]] Ligam [[Primera División de España|Primera División]], ubi turmā [[Real Zaragoza]] ludens Scyphum Regis (''Copa del Rey'') et Calicem Victorum Calicis [[UEFA]] consecutus est.
* [[Gulielmus Molina]]: praesens internationalis [[Alsulegia aquatica|alsulegiae aquaticae]] lusor.
* [[Lorena Miranda]]: praesens internationalis [[Alsulegia aquatica|alsulegiae aquaticae]] lusor, [[medalia|medaliā]] [[argentum|argenteā]] in [[Olympia aestiva 2012|Olympiis Aestivis anni 2012]] [[Londinium|Londinii]] laureata.
* [[Fernandus Font]]: [[Canistriludium|bascaudarius]], [[exercitor]] [[Turma Bascaudaria Nationalis Hispanica|Turmae Bascaudariae Nationalis Hispanicae]] et turmae [[Canistriludium|bascaudariae]] [[Futbol Club Barcelona]].
* [[Raphael Lesmes|Raphaël Lesmes]] et [[Franciscus Lesmes]]: [[pedilusor]]es fratres, [[Hispania]]e internationales.

==Artes athleticae==
[[Fasciculus:Ceuta2009-10.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Turma [[pediludium|pedilusoria]] [[Agrupación Deportiva Ceuta]] ab [[2009]] ad [[2010]].]]
Urbs Septa varias proprias turmas [[pediludium|pedilusorias]] diu habuit. Prima turma quae eminuit [[Ceuta Sport]] fuit, condita anno [[1934]] et quae anno [[1941]] suum nomen sicuti [[Sociedad Deportiva Ceuta]] mutavit. Fuit societas pedilusoria laureatissima Campionatus [[Hispania|Hispano]]-[[Marocum|Marocani]], etiam et Septensis prima turma quae Scyphum Regis ([[Hispanice]] ''Copa del Rey'') participavit et quae ligam [[Segunda División de España|Segunda División]] Hispanicam attigit et consecuta est certare pro ascensu in ligam [[Primera División de España|Primera]]. Anno [[1956]], se cum turma [[Atlético Tetuán]] coniunxit et turmam Club Atlético de Ceuta formavit, quae etiam varia tempora in liga [[Segunda División de España|Segunda División]] Hispanica lusit, certans semel pro ascensu in ligam [[Primera División de España|Primera División]]. Turma in regionales categorias exeunte [[decennium 197|decennio 197]] descendit.

Anno [[1970]] creata est turma [[pediludium|pedilusoria]] [[Agrupación Deportiva Ceuta]], quae semel ligā [[Segunda División de España|Segunda División]] Hispanicā contendere consecuta est, antequam anno [[1992]] ob oeconomica problemata{{dubsig}} abiret. Maxima propria loci turma [[Asociación Deportiva Ceuta]], anno [[1996]] condita et nunquam ligam [[Segunda División B de España|Segunda División B]] [[Hispania|Hispanicam]] superans, hodie est.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
*[[Melila]]
==Nexus externi==
{{CommuniaCat|Ceuta|Septam}}
{{Fontes geographici}}
* [http://www.ceuta.es/ Situs interretialis Urbis Autonomicae Septae]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20200918104803/http://www.ceuta.si/ Situs interretialis Diaconiarum Periegeticarum Septae]

{{Africa}}

[[Categoria:Communitates Autonomae Hispaniae]]
[[Categoria:Hispania]]
[[Categoria:Territoria separata]]
[[Categoria:Urbes Africae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gulielmus II (rex Nederlandiae)</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>LilyKitty</username>
        <id>18316</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>de rege Nederlabdiae et magno duce</comment>
      <origin>3970900</origin>
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      <text bytes="800" sha1="rp5497xqmacswfo1r5u04wzfemexf8q" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa principis Vicidata}}

''' Gulielmus II ''' Princeps [[Domus Auriaca|Arausiacus]] ([[Batave]]: ''Willem II'') (natus die [[6 Decembris]] [[1792]] [[Haga]]e - obiit die [[17 Martii]] [[1849]]) fuit [[index principum regumque Nederlandiae|rex]] [[Nederlandia]]e et [[magnus dux|dux magnus]] [[Luxemburgum|Luxemburgi]] ab anno [[1840]] usque ad [[mors|mortem]].

== Res gestae ==
In [[proelium Waterlooense|proelio Waterlooensi]] contra [[Napoleo]]nem pugnavit.

== Nexus externi ==
* [http://www.parlement.com/id/vg09llxqm0r5/koning_willem_ii_koning_willem_frederik De Gulielmo II] apud ''Parlement &amp; Politiek''

{{bio-stipula}}

{{Reges Nederlandiae}}

[[Categoria:Reges Nederlandiae]]
[[Categoria:Duces Luxemburgi]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1792]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1849]]
[[Categoria:Domus Auriaca]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gulielmus I (rex Nederlandiae)</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>LilyKitty</username>
        <id>18316</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>de lidice principum Neledrandiae et magno duce</comment>
      <origin>3970899</origin>
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      <text bytes="892" sha1="2l0b9paxq8flcd0kwpynkza2ac6a122" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa principis Vicidata}}

''' Gulielmus I ''' cognomine [[Domus Auriaca|Auraicus]] ([[Batave]]: ''Willem I'') (natus [[Haga]]e die [[24 Augusti]] [[1772]] - obiit [[Berolinum|Berolini]] die [[12 Decembris]] [[1843]]) fuit [[index principum regumque Nederlandiae|rex]] [[Nederlandia]]e et [[magnus dux|dux magnus]] [[Luxemburgum|Luxemburgi]] ab anno [[1815]] usque ad [[abdicatio]]nem eius anno [[1840]]. Gulielmus iam a die [[1 Decembris]] [[1813]] princeps Nederlandiae erat, sed non ante diem [[16 Martii]] [[1815]] coronatus est.

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes biographici}}
* [http://www.parlement.com/id/vg09llxqm0r4/koning_willem_i_koning_willem_frederik De Gulielmo I] apud ''Parlement &amp; Politiek''

{{bio-stipula}}

{{Reges Nederlandiae}}

[[Categoria:Domus Auriaca]]
[[Categoria:Reges Nederlandiae]]
[[Categoria:Duces Luxemburgi]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1772]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1843]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Monarchia</title>
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        <id>18316</id>
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      <comment>de magno duce</comment>
      <origin>3970907</origin>
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      <text bytes="1758" sha1="jp394nwkftxtnu7kc9p58fpmaxw55lx" xml:space="preserve">{{Civilitas}}
[[Fasciculus:Monarchies of the world.PNG|thumb|Civitaes quae anno [[2007]] monarchiae sunt]]
'''Monarchia'''&lt;ref&gt;[[Tertullianus|Tert.]] ''Adversus Praxeam'' 14.&lt;/ref&gt; (a [[lingua Graeca antiqua|Graeco]] μόνος 'solus' et ἀρχεῖν 'dominari') est unius imperium vel principatus. 
  
[[Benedictus de Spinoza]] definivit in [[Tractatus Politicus|Tractatu Politico]]: &quot;XVII. Hoc jus, quod multitudinis potentia definitur, [[Imperium]] appellari solet. Atque hoc is absolute tenet, qui curam [[res publica|Reipublicae]] ex communi consensu habet, nempe [[ius|jura]] statuendi, interpretandi, et abolendi, urbes muniendi, de [[bellum|bello]], et [[pax|pace]] decernendi, etc. Quod si haec cura ad Concilium pertineat, quod ex communi multitudine componitur, tum Imperium [[Democratia]] appellatur, si autem ex quibusdam tantum selectis, [[Aristocratia]], et si denique Reipublicae cura, et consequenter imperium penes unum sit, tum Monarchia appellatur.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Benedictus de Spinoza ''[[Tractatus Politicus]]'', Caput II, XVII&lt;/ref&gt;

Hodie multae civitates, quarum systema politica monarchia est sub [[monarchia constitutionalis|monarchia constitutionali]] stant respectu [[regnum legis|regni legis]].

== Rerum publicarum formae secundum [[Polybius|Polybium]] ==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Numerus regnantium !! Pro bono communi !! Pro propriis commodis
|-
| unus || monarchia || [[tyrannis]]
|-
| plures || [[aristocratia]] || [[oligarchia]]
|-
| omnes || [[democratia]] || [[ochlocratia]]
|}

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{NexInt}}
*''[[De monarchia]]''
*[[Dux civitatis]]
*[[Interregnum]]
*[[Magnus dux]]
*[[Monarchia hereditaria]]
*[[Non bonum multorum principatus]]
*[[Regnum]]

[[Categoria:Res publica]]
{{1000 paginae}}

{{Myrias|Societas}}</text>
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    <title>Marcellus Malpighius</title>
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'''Marcellus Malpighius'''&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marcelli Malpighii&quot; (cas. gen.) in titulo operis 1675 ''[[Anatome plantarum]]''.&lt;/ref&gt; (natus [[Crepacorium|Crepacorii]] in oppodo iuxta [[Bergomum]] die [[10 Martii]] [[1628]]; obiit [[Roma]]e die [[29 Novembris]] [[1694]]) fuit [[Italia|Italicus]] [[anatomia]]e, [[histologia]]e, [[embryologia]]e, [[endocrinologia]]e, et [[phytotomia]]e studiosus et comparativae [[physiologia]]e conditor. De quo dictum est: &quot;Alter microcosmi Columbus, non unum tantum, verum innumeros novos orbes in sola viscerum structura detexit.&quot; Inter [[discipulus|discipulos]] suos fuit [[Antonius Maria Valsalva]] [[medicus]].

[[Alma Mater Studiorum|Almam Matrem Studiorum]] frequentavit, et [[professor]] [[Universitas Pisana|Universitatis Pisanae]] factus fuit.

== Scripta ==
* 1662 : ''Epistolae anatomicae''
* 1668 : ''Diss. Epit. De Bombyce'' anno 1668.
* 1669 : ''De viscerum structura: exercitatio anatomica'' anno 1669.
* 1675 : ''[[Anatome plantarum]]'. [[Londinium|Londinii]]
* 1691 :  ''De Pulmonibus'' (1691).

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Bertoloni Meli, Domenico: ''Mechanism, Experiment, Disease: Marcello Malpighi and Seventeenth-Century Anatomy''. Baltimorae: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2011
* Cardini, Massimiliano: ''La vita e l'opera di Marcellus Malpighi''. [[Roma]]e : Pozzi, 1927
* Hanstein,  Adalbert von: ''Über die Begründung der Pflanzenanatomie durch Nehemia Grew und Marcello Malpighi''. Bonnae: Georgi, 1886; [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb11882344 Textus apud Monacenses]
* Marius-Nicusor, Grigore: &quot;[https://www.academia.edu/29387468/Rediscovering_the_first_monograph_on_plant_anatomy_Anatome_Plantarum_1675_by_Marcello_Malpighi Rediscovering the first monograph on plant anatomy: Anatome plantarum (1675) by Marcello Malpighi]&quot;. ''The Biologist'' [Lima] 14 (2016): 155-170.

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes biographici}}
* [http://www.spaceship-earth.org/Biograph/Malpighi.htm Biographia] in Encyclopaedia Britannica
* {{CathEnc|09573d|Biographia}}

{{Lifetime|1628|1694|Malpighius, Marcellus}}
[[Categoria:Auctores Latini recentiores]]
[[Categoria:Biologi Italiae]]
[[Categoria:Medici Italiae]]&lt;!--
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'''Marcellus Malpighius'''&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marcelli Malpighii&quot; (cas. gen.) in titulo operis 1675 ''[[Anatome plantarum]]''.&lt;/ref&gt; (natus [[Crepacorium|Cr (1942)epacorii]] in oppodo iuxta [[Bergomum]] die [[10 Martii]] [[1628]]; obiit [[Roma]]e die [[29 Novembris]] [[1694]]) fuit [[Italia|Italicus]] [[anatomia]]e, [[histologia]]e, [[embryologia]]e, [[endocrinologia]]e, et [[phytotomia]]e studiosus et comparativae [[physiologia]]e conditor. De quo dictum est: &quot;Alter microcosmi Columbus, non unum tantum, verum innumeros novos orbes in sola viscerum structura detexit.&quot; Inter [[discipulus|discipulos]] suos fuit [[Antonius Maria Valsalva]] [[medicus]].

[[Alma Mater Studiorum|Almam Matrem Studiorum]] frequentavit, et [[professor]] [[Universitas Pisana|Universitatis Pisanae]] factus fuit.

== Scripta ==
* 1662 : ''Epistolae anatomicae''
* 1668 : ''Diss. Epit. De Bombyce'' anno 1668.
* 1669 : ''De viscerum structura: exercitatio anatomica'' anno 1669.
* 1675 : ''[[Anatome plantarum]]'. [[Londinium|Londinii]]
* 1691 :  ''De Pulmonibus'' (1691).

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Arber, Agnes. &quot;Nehemiah Grew (1641–1712) and Marcello Malpighi (1628–1694): an essay in comparison&quot;. ''Isis'' 34  (1942): 7–16
* Bertoloni Meli, Domenico: ''Mechanism, Experiment, Disease: Marcello Malpighi and Seventeenth-Century Anatomy''. Baltimorae: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2011
* Cardini, Massimiliano: ''La vita e l'opera di Marcellus Malpighi''. [[Roma]]e : Pozzi, 1927
* Hanstein,  Adalbert von: ''Über die Begründung der Pflanzenanatomie durch Nehemia Grew und Marcello Malpighi''. Bonnae: Georgi, 1886; [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb11882344 Textus apud Monacenses]
* Marius-Nicusor, Grigore: &quot;[https://www.academia.edu/29387468/Rediscovering_the_first_monograph_on_plant_anatomy_Anatome_Plantarum_1675_by_Marcello_Malpighi Rediscovering the first monograph on plant anatomy: Anatome plantarum (1675) by Marcello Malpighi]&quot;. ''The Biologist'' [Lima] 14 (2016): 155-170.

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes biographici}}
* [http://www.spaceship-earth.org/Biograph/Malpighi.htm Biographia] in Encyclopaedia Britannica
* {{CathEnc|09573d|Biographia}}

{{Lifetime|1628|1694|Malpighius, Marcellus}}
[[Categoria:Auctores Latini recentiores]]
[[Categoria:Biologi Italiae]]
[[Categoria:Medici Italiae]]&lt;!--
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    <title>Marcellus Malphigi</title>
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  <page>
    <title>Quintus Aurelius Symmachus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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        <id>2059</id>
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      <comment>/* De familia */</comment>
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      <text bytes="3388" sha1="8cdrbqxke2fczuxpgidnae9ziimq78d" xml:space="preserve">'''Quintus Aurelius Symmachus''' (natus circa annum [[342]] - obiit anno [[402]]/[[403|3]]), filius [[Lucius Aurelius Avianius Symmachus|Lucii Aurelii Avianii Symmachi]] fuit [[Senatus|senator]], [[consul]], [[praefectus urbi Romae]] annis [[384]] et [[385]] et orator. Commune pro opulentissimo oratore aetatis suae habitus absque nonnullis ipsi [[Cicero]]ni comparatus est.
Notus est imprimis commendationis indulgentiae in omnes religiones causa, quam in controversia de ara Victoriae affirmavit.

== De familia ==
Filius ei [[Quintus Fabius Memmius Symmachus]] fuit et filia Galla nomine quae [[Nicomachus Flavianus iunior|Nicomacho Flaviano iuniori]] nupsit, ita adfinitatem inter duos e maximis scriptoribus illius aetatis firmans.

== Fontes ==
*[[Aurelius Prudentius Clemens|Prudentius]], ''[[Contra Symmachum]]''

== Editiones criticae et commentarii ==
*[[Collection des Universités de France]]: J.P. Callu, ''Symmaque. Correspondance.'' Les Belles Lettres, 1972-2002 (quattuor tomi)
** ''Symmaque. Discours. Rapports'', ibidem, 2009 (tomus V operum)
*Andrea Pellizzari, ''Commento storico al libro III dell epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco. Introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione, indici'', Pisae, 1983. [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2003_num_72_1_2530_t1_0416_0000_2 Recensio critica]

== Plura legere si cupis ==
* Gaëlle Hébert de la Portbarré-Viard,	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/vita_0042-7306_2018_num_197_1_1925 Symmaque dans le ''Contra Symmachum'' de Prudence : enjeux et significations d’une mise à mort littéraire]&quot;, ''Vita Latina'', 2018: 148-172
* Ernestus Theodorus Schulze,	''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=hIhHAAAAYAAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false De Q. Aurelii Symmachi vocabulorum formationibus ad sermonem vulgarem pertinentibus]'', Halis Saxonum, 1884  '''LATINE''' 
{{NexInt}}
* [[Controversia de ara Victoriae]]

== Nexus externi ==
*[https://la.wikisource.org/wiki/Libri_Decem_Epistolarum Libri decem epistolarum apud Vicifontem]
* [http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/3292.html De Quinto Aurelio Symmacho in ''A dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology'', I, [[Londinium|Londinii]], anno 1870, p. 959] (???? nexus falsus)
* [http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~Harsch/Chronologia/Lspost04/Symmachus/sym_re03.html Tertia Relatio Symmachi]
* [https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_auct_ant_6_1/index.htm#page/(III)/mode/1up Editio Ottonis Seeck, Q''. Aurelii Symmachi quae supersunt'' ] in Monumenta Germaniae Historica - (dMGH) 
* {{BBKL|s/s4/symmachus_a|auctor=Wolfgang Kuhoff|commentatio=SYMMACHUS EUSEBIUS, Q. AURELIUS|tomus=11|columnae=363-366}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090814190634/http://www.acs.ucalgary.ca/~vandersp/Courses/texts/sym-amb/ambrepf.html Ambrosius, Epistulae xvii et xviii]

{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores= [[Valentinianus II|Imp. Caesar Flavius Valentinianus Augustus]] IV et [[Flavius Neoterius]]|
annus= 391&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Flavius Eutolmius Tatianus|Flavio Eutolmio Tatiano]]|
successores=[[Arcadius|Imp. Caesar Flavius Arcadius Augustus]] II et [[Flavius Rufinus]]}}

{{bio-stipula}}

{{Lifetime|saeculo 4|402|Aurelius Symmachus, Quintus}}

[[Categoria:Auctores Latini antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Praefecti urbi Romae antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Gens Symmachia]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Imperii Romani]]
[[Categoria:Gens Aurelia]]</text>
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    <title>Füzuli</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="1720" sha1="md2z1wgueb2w2imd62kzxxe1sd332a3" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Fuzûlî.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Füzuli in libro [[manuscriptum|manuscripto]] pictus.]]
'''Füzuli''' (sic [[lingua Adrabigana|Atropatenice]], nomine pleno ''Məhəmməd Süleyman oğlu Füzuli''; [[scriptura Arabica]] فضولی ; natus c. [[1483]] in [[Iraquia]]; mortuus [[1556]]) fuit [[poëta]] [[lingua|linguis]] [[lingua Arabica|Arabica]], [[lingua Persica|Persica]], et praecipue [[lingua Adrabigana|Atropatenica]] scribens. 

== Bibliographia ==
* ''Fuzulî Divanı: Gazel, Musammat, Mukatta' ve Ruba'î kısmı'' ed. Ali Nihad Tarlan. İstanbul: Üçler Basımevi, 1950. {{Ling|Turcice}}
* Fuzulî, ''Leylâ ve Mecnun'' ed. Muhammet Nur Doğan. ISBN 975-08-0198-9. {{Ling|Turcice}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090129185227/http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v10f2/v10f211.html &quot;Fozule, Mohammad b. Solayman&quot;] in ''Encyclopedia Iranica'' {{Ling|Anglice}}
* Cevdet Kudret, ''Fuzuli''. ISBN 975-10-2016-6. {{Ling|Turcice}}
* Ahmet Atillâ Şentürk, &quot;Fuzûlî&quot; in ''Osmanlı Şiiri Antolojisi'' pp. 280–324. ISBN 975-08-0163-6. {{Ling|Turcice}}

== Nexus externi ==
* [[:az:s:Məhəmməd Füzuli|Opera Füzuli in Vicipaedia Atropatenica]] {{Ling|Atropatenice}}
* [[:tr:s:Kişi:Fuzûlî|Opera Füzuli in Vicipaedia Turcica]] {{Ling|Turcice}}
* [http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0521291631&amp;id=UVmsI0P9RDUC&amp;pg=PA149&amp;lpg=PA149&amp;dq=fuzuli%2Bturkish&amp;sig=O2wM674wFZ_P7RQt2IqMzl_Hz8I De Füzuli] in Stanford J. Shaw, ''History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey'' {{Ling|Anglice}}

{{Lifetime|saeculo 15|1556|Fuezuli}}
[[Categoria:Auctores Arabici]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Atropatenici]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Persici]]
[[Categoria:Poetae]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Iracae]]
{{Myrias|Homines}}</text>
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[[Fasciculus:Robert Boyle 0001.jpg|right|thumb|Robertus Boyle, 1627–1691]]

''' Robertus Boyle''' (natus die [[25 Ianuarii]] [[1627]] in insula [[Lismore (Hibernia)|Lismore]], [[Hibernia]]; mortuus die [[30 Decembris]] [[1691]] [[Londinium|Londinii]]) fuit naturae studiosus Hibernicus, qui novae [[physica]]e et [[chemia]]e pater putatur est. Inter [[Gasium|gasii]] [[pressio|pressionem]] et [[capacitas et volumen|volumen]] monstravit correlationem, cui nomen [[lex Boyleana]] datur. [[Machina Boyleana|Machinam Boyleanam]] ille et [[Robertus Hooke]] primum construxerunt. 

== Opera selecta ==
* 1661 : ''The Sceptical Chymist'';  [https://web.archive.org/web/20080510150306/http://oldsite.library.upenn.edu/etext/collections/science/boyle/chymist/ apud bibliothecam Universitatis Pennsylvaniensis]
* 1664 : [https://web.archive.org/web/20070820063156/http://www.farlang.com/gemstones/boyle-experiments-colours/page_001 Experiments Touching Colours] 
* 1672 : [https://web.archive.org/web/20070819095145/http://www.farlang.com/gemstones/boyle-virtue-gems/page_001 Essay on the Virtue of Gems] 
* 1679 (cum [[Nehemias Grew|Nehemia Grew]] et [[Antonius van Leeuwenhoek|Antonio van Leeuwenhoek]]) : ''[[Recueil d'experiences et observations|Recueil d'experiences et observations sur le combat qui procede du melange des corps. Sur les saveurs, sur les odeurs, sur le sang, sur le lait ...]]''. Lutetiae: Estienne Michallet {{Google Books|MnJ-5NxbQvoC}}. -- Reimpressum 1698, editore Bartholemaeo Girin; [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_C8nYxJt1bkoC/ Textus] {{Google Books|C8nYxJt1bkoC}}

== Bibliographia ==
* Michael Hunter, ed., ''Robert Boyle Reconsidered''. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press, 1994. ISBN 0-521-44205-2
* Barbara Beigun Kaplan, ''&quot;Divulging of Useful Truths in Physick&quot;: the medical agenda of Robert Boyle''. Baltimorae: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993. ISBN 0-8018-4601-3

== Nexus externi ==
* [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/boyle/ De Roberto Boyle] apud plato.stanford.edu
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929090218/http://www.classicistranieri.com/english/indexes/authb.htm Opera Anglica Roberti Boyle]
* [http://www.bbk.ac.uk/boyle/boyle_papers/boylepapers_index.htm Boyle Papers] University of London
* [http://www.royalsociety.org/DServe/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&amp;dsqApp=Archive&amp;dsqCmd=Show.tcl&amp;dsqDb=Persons&amp;dsqSearch=(Surname='Boyle')&amp;dsqPos=7 de Roberto Boyle Archiv der Royal Society]{{Nexus deficit|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{bio-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Boyle, Robertus}}
[[Categoria:Nati 1627]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1691]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Collegii Etonensis]]
[[Categoria:Chemici Hiberniae]]
[[Categoria:Physici Hiberniae]]
[[Categoria:Socii Regalis Societatis Londiniensis]]

{{Myrias|Homines}}</text>
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[[Fasciculus:Robert Boyle 0001.jpg|right|thumb|Robertus Boyle, 1627–1691]]

''' Robertus Boyle''' (natus die [[25 Ianuarii]] [[1627]] in insula [[Lismore (Hibernia)|Lismore]], [[Hibernia]]; mortuus die [[30 Decembris]] [[1691]] [[Londinium|Londinii]]) fuit naturae studiosus Hibernicus, qui novae [[physica]]e et [[chemia]]e pater putatur est. Inter [[Gasium|gasii]] [[pressio|pressionem]] et [[capacitas et volumen|volumen]] monstravit correlationem, cui nomen [[lex Boyleana]] datur. [[Machina Boyleana|Machinam Boyleanam]] ille et [[Robertus Hooke]] primum construxerunt. 

== Opera selecta ==
* 1661 : ''The Sceptical Chymist'';  [https://web.archive.org/web/20080510150306/http://oldsite.library.upenn.edu/etext/collections/science/boyle/chymist/ apud bibliothecam Universitatis Pennsylvaniensis]
* 1664 : [https://web.archive.org/web/20070820063156/http://www.farlang.com/gemstones/boyle-experiments-colours/page_001 Experiments Touching Colours] 
* 1672 : [https://web.archive.org/web/20070819095145/http://www.farlang.com/gemstones/boyle-virtue-gems/page_001 Essay on the Virtue of Gems] 
* 1675 : ''Experiments, notes, &amp;c., about the mechanical origine or production of divers particular qualities, among which is inserted a discourse of the imperfection of the chymist's doctrine of qualities; together with some reflections upon the hypothesis of alcali and acidum''. Londinii: E. Flesher for R. Davis, 1675; [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/132523#page/9/mode/1up Textus apud BHL]
* 1679 (cum [[Nehemias Grew|Nehemia Grew]] et [[Antonius van Leeuwenhoek|Antonio van Leeuwenhoek]]) : ''[[Recueil d'experiences et observations|Recueil d'experiences et observations sur le combat qui procede du melange des corps. Sur les saveurs, sur les odeurs, sur le sang, sur le lait ...]]''. Lutetiae: Estienne Michallet {{Google Books|MnJ-5NxbQvoC}}. -- Reimpressum 1698, editore Bartholemaeo Girin; [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_C8nYxJt1bkoC/ Textus] {{Google Books|C8nYxJt1bkoC}}

== Bibliographia ==
* Michael Hunter, ed., ''Robert Boyle Reconsidered''. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press, 1994. ISBN 0-521-44205-2
* Barbara Beigun Kaplan, ''&quot;Divulging of Useful Truths in Physick&quot;: the medical agenda of Robert Boyle''. Baltimorae: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993. ISBN 0-8018-4601-3

== Nexus externi ==
* [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/boyle/ De Roberto Boyle] apud plato.stanford.edu
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929090218/http://www.classicistranieri.com/english/indexes/authb.htm Opera Anglica Roberti Boyle]
* [http://www.bbk.ac.uk/boyle/boyle_papers/boylepapers_index.htm Boyle Papers] University of London
* [https://www.bbk.ac.uk/research/projects/robert-boyle The Robert Boyle Project] apud Collegium Birkbeck
* [https://boyle.bbk.ac.uk/papers--introduction.html Documenta Roberti Boyle]

{{bio-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Boyle, Robertus}}
[[Categoria:Nati 1627]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1691]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Collegii Etonensis]]
[[Categoria:Chemici Hiberniae]]
[[Categoria:Physici Hiberniae]]
[[Categoria:Socii Regalis Societatis Londiniensis]]

{{Myrias|Homines}}</text>
      <sha1>281kltcclacsfjdd1hneya6493h63dz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3970887</id>
      <parentid>3970879</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T16:40:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Andronikos Komnenos</username>
        <id>1527</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>3970887</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3165" sha1="4hqiblx9g06v4w18iw22z3x63st4epx" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Boyle Experiments 1675 tp.jpg|thumb|Roberti Boyle ''Experiments ...'' (1675): titulus]]
''' Robertus Boyle''' (natus die [[25 Ianuarii]] [[1627]] in insula [[Lismore (Hibernia)|Lismore]], [[Hibernia]]; mortuus die [[30 Decembris]] [[1691]] [[Londinium|Londinii]]) fuit naturae studiosus Hibernicus, qui novae [[physica]]e et [[chemia]]e pater putatur est. Inter [[Gasium|gasii]] [[pressio|pressionem]] et [[capacitas et volumen|volumen]] monstravit correlationem, cui nomen [[lex Boyleana]] datur. [[Machina Boyleana|Machinam Boyleanam]] ille et [[Robertus Hooke]] primum construxerunt. 

== Opera selecta ==
* 1661 : ''The Sceptical Chymist'';  [https://web.archive.org/web/20080510150306/http://oldsite.library.upenn.edu/etext/collections/science/boyle/chymist/ apud bibliothecam Universitatis Pennsylvaniensis]
* 1664 : [https://web.archive.org/web/20070820063156/http://www.farlang.com/gemstones/boyle-experiments-colours/page_001 Experiments Touching Colours] 
* 1672 : [https://web.archive.org/web/20070819095145/http://www.farlang.com/gemstones/boyle-virtue-gems/page_001 Essay on the Virtue of Gems] 
* 1675 : ''Experiments, notes, &amp;c., about the mechanical origine or production of divers particular qualities, among which is inserted a discourse of the imperfection of the chymist's doctrine of qualities; together with some reflections upon the hypothesis of alcali and acidum''. Londinii: E. Flesher for R. Davis, 1675; [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/132523#page/9/mode/1up Textus apud BHL]
* 1679 (cum [[Nehemias Grew|Nehemia Grew]] et [[Antonius van Leeuwenhoek|Antonio van Leeuwenhoek]]) : ''[[Recueil d'experiences et observations|Recueil d'experiences et observations sur le combat qui procede du melange des corps. Sur les saveurs, sur les odeurs, sur le sang, sur le lait ...]]''. Lutetiae: Estienne Michallet {{Google Books|MnJ-5NxbQvoC}}. -- Reimpressum 1698, editore Bartholemaeo Girin; [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_C8nYxJt1bkoC/ Textus] {{Google Books|C8nYxJt1bkoC}}

== Bibliographia ==
* Michael Hunter, ed., ''Robert Boyle Reconsidered''. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press, 1994. ISBN 0-521-44205-2
* Barbara Beigun Kaplan, ''&quot;Divulging of Useful Truths in Physick&quot;: the medical agenda of Robert Boyle''. Baltimorae: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993. ISBN 0-8018-4601-3

== Nexus externi ==
* [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/boyle/ De Roberto Boyle] apud plato.stanford.edu
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929090218/http://www.classicistranieri.com/english/indexes/authb.htm Opera Anglica Roberti Boyle]
* [http://www.bbk.ac.uk/boyle/boyle_papers/boylepapers_index.htm Boyle Papers] University of London
* [https://www.bbk.ac.uk/research/projects/robert-boyle The Robert Boyle Project] apud Collegium Birkbeck
* [https://boyle.bbk.ac.uk/papers--introduction.html Documenta Roberti Boyle]

{{bio-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Boyle, Robertus}}
[[Categoria:Nati 1627]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1691]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Collegii Etonensis]]
[[Categoria:Chemici Hiberniae]]
[[Categoria:Physici Hiberniae]]
[[Categoria:Socii Regalis Societatis Londiniensis]]

{{Myrias|Homines}}</text>
      <sha1>4hqiblx9g06v4w18iw22z3x63st4epx</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ludovicus Maria Hugo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>55757</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3970924</id>
      <parentid>2849336</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-08T04:18:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>SajoR</username>
        <id>56247</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3970924</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="548" sha1="hiqpacg48gzgqvdsdb57tagxmaavzmf" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Coat of arms of Ludwig Maria Hugo.svg|thumb]]
'''Ludovicus Maria Hugo''' (natus die [[19 Ianuarii]] [[1871]] in [[Arzheim]] – mortuus est [[Moguntiacum|Moguntiaci]] die [[30 Martii]] [[1935]]) fuit Muguntiaci ([[Dioecesis Moguntina]]) [[episcopus]] ab anno [[1921]] usque ad annum [[1935]].

== Nexus externus ==

* {{CathHierBishop|hugo}}

{{bio-stipula}}

{{Episcopi Moguntiaci}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hugo, Ludwig Maria}}
[[Categoria:Incolae Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Episcopi Moguntiaci]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1871]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1935]]</text>
      <sha1>hiqpacg48gzgqvdsdb57tagxmaavzmf</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Aegilos</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>55791</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3970895</id>
      <parentid>3848824</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T18:47:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Carsten Steger</username>
        <id>146371</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Aerial image of Capraia inserted.</comment>
      <origin>3970895</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3239" sha1="tdyj56v2mu820d4ei6f4d8m05jb19zw" xml:space="preserve">{{Videdis|Aegilos (discretiva)|Capraria (discretiva)|Capraia (discretiva)}}
{{Insula
|Nomen                       = Aegilos
|Nomen_vulgarium             = '''Isola di Capraia'''
|Imago                       = [[Fasciculus:Aerial image of Capraia (view from the southwest).jpg|300px|Cespectus ad Aegilos]]
|Inscriptio_imaginis         = ''Despectus ad Aegilos''
|Nomina_latina               = Aegilos{{victio|Ilva|ae|f}},&lt;br /&gt; Aegila{{victio|Aegila|ae|f}},&lt;br /&gt; Capraria{{victio|Capraria|ae|f}}
|Nomina_vulgaria             = Isola di Capraia
|Positura maritima           = [[Mare Tyrrhenicum]]
|Archipelagus                = [[Etruscae insulae]]
|Area                        = 19,00
|Altitudo maxima             = 447,00
|Longitudo litoris           = 20
|Terra                       = [[Fasciculus:Flag of Italy.svg|20px|vexillum Italiae]] [[Italia]]
|Regiones                    = [[Fasciculus:Flag of Tuscany.svg|20px|vexillum Tusciae]] [[Tuscia]]
|Provinciae                  = [[Provincia Labronica]]
|Municipia                   = [[Capraria Insula]]
|Urbs princeps               = [[Capraria Insula]]
|Numerus incolarum           = 389 (28.02.2007))
|Spissitudo                  = 20
|postscripta                 = [[:la:Categoria:Insulae_Maris_Mediterranei|Insulae Maris Mediterranei]]
|tabula                      = [[Fasciculus:Arcipelago Toscano.png|300px|Tabula insularum in mare Tyrrhenico]]
}}
{{Citatio|Processu pelagi iam se Capraria tollit; squalet lucifugis insula plena viris|[[Claudius Rutilius Namatianus]] - [[De reditu suo]], I, 440, [[saeculum 5|saeculo V]]}}
'''Capraria''',&lt;ref name=Plin&gt;[[Gaius Plinius Secundus]], ''[[Naturalis historia (Plinius)|Naturalis historia]]'' [http://latin.packhum.org/loc/978/1/244/504-512,526-534@1#244 3.81].&lt;/ref&gt; sive '''Caprasia'''&lt;ref&gt;[[Marcus Terentius Varro]], ''[[De re rustica (Varro)|Res rusticae]] [http://latin.packhum.org/loc/684/2/51/1671-1679 2.3.3].&lt;/ref&gt; sive '''Aegilion'''&lt;ref name=Plin/&gt; ([[Italiane]] ''Capraia'') est insula [[Italia]]e, in [[Mare Tyrrhenicum|Mari Tyrrhenico]] sita. Insula una ex [[Insulae Etruscae|Etruscis Insulis]] quae ad [[Tuscia]]m regionem pertinent, praesertim [[Labro (provincia)|provinciam Labronica]]. Incolae Insulae ''Aegilienses'' vel ''Caprarienses'' appellantur. Insula [[area]]m 19 [[chiliometrum quadratum|km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;]] occupat. Tota insula municipium [[Capraria Insula]] est.

== De nomine ==
Alia insulae nomina sunt '''Aegilos''', '''Aegilon''',&lt;ref&gt;{{Repetti}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Aegila''.&lt;ref name=&quot;graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Haec insula non confundenda est cum [[Igilium|Igilio]] ([[Italiane]] ''Giglio''), alia insula maris Tyrrheni.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Tuscia]],
* [[Provincia Labronica]] ([[Provincia Liburnensis]]),
* [[Labro]],
* [[Ilva|Ilva Insula]],
* [[Insulae Etruscae]] ([[Archipelagus Tuscum]]),
* [[Capraria Insula]] (''municipium'').

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090409071322/http://www.comunecapraiaisola.it/ Situs publicus] {{Ling|Lingua Italiana{{!}}Italiane}}
{{CommuniaCat|Capraia Isola|Caprariam insulam}}

== Notae ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Etruscae insulae]]
[[Categoria:Provincia Liburnensis]]
[[Categoria:Capraria Insula]]</text>
      <sha1>tdyj56v2mu820d4ei6f4d8m05jb19zw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bitus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>68911</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3970866</id>
      <parentid>3952869</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T16:02:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Mendam correxi</comment>
      <origin>3970866</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="18561" sha1="sno9ljmxp1vtqo2tjcrmo7u9h963nyh" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa tabellaria | titulus = Multipla biti

	|; Multipla decimalia ([[Systema internationale unitatum|SI]])

	| kilobitus: 10&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; biti (kbit)
	| megabitus: 10&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt; biti (Mbit)
	| gigabitus: 10&lt;sup&gt;9&lt;/sup&gt; biti (Gbit)
	| terabitus: 10&lt;sup&gt;12&lt;/sup&gt; biti (Tbit)
	| petabitus: 10&lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt; biti (Pbit)
	| exabitus: 10&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt; biti (Ebit)
	| zettabitus: 10&lt;sup&gt;21&lt;/sup&gt; biti (Zbit)
	| yottabitus: 10&lt;sup&gt;24&lt;/sup&gt; biti (Ybit)

	|; Multipla binaria ({{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|ISO/IEC 80000|ISO/IEC|en|qid=Q568496}})

	| kibibitus: 2&lt;sup&gt;10&lt;/sup&gt; biti (Kibit)
	| mebibitus: 2&lt;sup&gt;20&lt;/sup&gt; biti (Mibit)
	| gibibitus: 2&lt;sup&gt;30&lt;/sup&gt; biti (Gibit)
	| tebibitus: 2&lt;sup&gt;40&lt;/sup&gt; biti (Tebit)
	| pebibitus: 2&lt;sup&gt;50&lt;/sup&gt; biti (Pebit)
	| exbibitus: 2&lt;sup&gt;60&lt;/sup&gt; biti (Eibit)
	| zebibitus: 2&lt;sup&gt;70&lt;/sup&gt; biti (Zibit)
	| yobibitus: 2&lt;sup&gt;80&lt;/sup&gt; biti (Yibit)

}}

{{Res|Bītus}}&lt;ref name=&quot;vocabula-computatralia&quot;&gt;[http://www.obta.uw.edu.pl/~draco/docs/voccomp.html Vocabula computatralia].&lt;/ref&gt;{{DAEL ref|bit|142}}{{LLHL24 ref|Bit|275}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen = Silvia
	| nomen = Krukowska
	| titulus = De lingua Latina in interreti adhibenda
	| contextus = Vox Latina
	| commentatio de contextu = Vox Latina
	| volumen = 46
	| fasciculus = 181
	| mensis = 7
	| annus = 2010
	| paginae = 381–398
	| url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334442980_De_lingua_Latina_in_interreti_adhibenda_Vox_Latina_T_46_fasc_181_Saarbrucken_2010_p_381-398
	| tempus inspectionis = 2024-09-03
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;{{safesubst:Annotatio cum paginis creandis|1=De {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Bitus nummarius|bitis nummariis|en|qid=Q131723}} (Anglice {{Barbarice|lang=en|bitcoins}}) {{*cfr}} {{Opus
	| cognomen = Kangiser
	| nomen = Paulus
	| titulus = De novis nummis interretialibus
	| tempus = 2014-04-20
	| url = http://ephemeris.alcuinus.net/archi2014/nuntius1.php?id=1268
	| domus editoria = Ephemeris
	| tempus inspectionis = 2024-09-03
}}: “{{omissis}} etiam putatur non unus sed grex computatralis hanc pecuniam electronicam creavisse; quid sit ergo {{Lectio|bitus}} nummarius ([[Anglice]] {{Barbarice|lang=en|bitcoin}})?”|2=Q131723}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen = Perné
	| nomen = Gualterius
	| titulus = C – vocabula computatralia
	| tempus = 2011-12-06
	| tempus inspectionis = 2024-09-03
	| url = http://strebersdorf.historicus.at/Vokabel/Computer-Verben.pdf
	| domus editoria = Lateinunterricht
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen = Silvia
	| nomen = Krukowska
	| titulus = Łacina jako środek komunikowania treści związanych z osiągnięciami współczesnej myśli technicznej
	| tempus = 7
	| tempus = 2017
	| tempus inspectionis = 2024-09-03
	| url = https://wszechnicapolska.edu.pl/dokumenty/wydawnictwo/2017-Sylwia-Krukowska-Lacina-jako-srodek-komunikowania-tresci.pdf
	| domus editoria = KUBA
	| isbn = 978-83-89077-29-5
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://archive.org/details/numen-latinitas-recens-the-latin-lexicon/page/14/mode/2up?view=theater Numen – The Latin Lexicon – Latinitas Recens, p. 16].&lt;/ref&gt; ('''''bī'''nārius dĭgĭ'''tus''''', [[verbum amalgamatum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;vocabula-computatralia&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Mackenzie, 1980}}, p. x.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sed, cave, verbum Anglicum ''digit'' haud digitum, sed notam numeri significat.&lt;/ref&gt;), vel {{Res|bītum}}&lt;ref name=&quot;llhl24-bit-275&quot; /&gt; vel {{Res|bīt}}&lt;ref name=&quot;llhl24-bit-275&quot; /&gt; tantum (indecl., ''n.''), est singula [[nota numeri]] in [[systema numericum binarium|systemate numerico binario]] in [[computatrum|computationibus electronicis]] adhibito.
[[Fasciculus:Basile Bouchon 1725 loom.jpg|thumb|''Telarium Bouchonianum'' ([[1725]]), apud {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Museum artium negotiorumque (Lutetia)|Museum artium negotiorumque|fr|qid=Q1538826}} [[Lutetia]]e ostentum.]]

Redactio [[data|datorum]] in discretos bitos primum per [[Charta perforata|tesseras foratas]], a {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Basilius Bouchon|Basilio Bouchon|fr|qid=Q2886850}} et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Baptista Falcon|Ioanne Baptista Falcon|fr|qid=Q3164080}} inventas, anno [[1732]] explorata est. Eadem excogitatio anno [[1804]] a {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Iosephus Maria Jacquard|Iosepho Maria Jacquard|fr|qid=Q310833}} (per {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Telarium Jacquardianum|eius telarium|en|qid=Q1369967}}) perficiebatur, ac postea a {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Simon Korsakov|Simone Korsakov|en|qid=Q2094924}}, [[Carolus Babbage|Carolo Babbage]], et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Hermannus Hollerith|Hermanno Hollerith|en|qid=Q192145}} adhibita est. Simili machinatione, formā {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|taenia forata|taeniae foratae|en|qid=Q66241}}, primi opifices officinarum [[International Business Machines Corporation|IBM]] usi sunt ad [[conservatio datorum|data servanda]].

In his exemplis, foramina et eorum absentia (illic ubi foramen exspectabatur) utramque notam numeri in systemate binario repraesentabant.

[[Alphabetum Morsianum]] ([[1837]]) primaque {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|instrumentum teletypicum|instrumenta teletypica|en|qid=Q66196}} ([[1887]]) et bitis usa sunt ad notitias mittendas.

Anno [[1928]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Radulphus Hartley||en|qid=Q529886}} suasit ut [[logarithmus]] [[basis|basi]] [[duo|2]] eligeretur mensio [[informatio]]nis.&lt;ref name=&quot;abramson-1963&quot;&gt;{{qc|id=Abramson, 1963}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Verbo {{Idioma|biti}} primum [[Claudius Elwood Shannon]] anno [[1948]] in suo commentario disceptatorio “{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|A Mathematical Theory of Communication||en|qid=Q724029}}” usus est.&lt;ref name=&quot;shannon-1948-1&quot;&gt;{{qc|id=Shannon, Iul. 1948}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;shannon-1948-2&quot;&gt;{{qc|id=Shannon, Oct. 1948}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;shannon-1949&quot;&gt;{{qc|id=Shannon, 1949}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Ipse originem vocabuli {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Wilder Tukey|Ioanni Wilder Tukey|en|qid=Q382207}} attribuit, qui die [[9 Ianuarii]] [[1947]] notam intra [[Bell Labs]] divulgandam scripserat ubi verbo ''bit'' locutionem Anglicam {{Barbarice|lang=en|binary information digit}} ({{*ie}} ‘nota numeri informationis binariae’) compendii fecit.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Shannon, Iul. 1948}}: “The choice of a logarithmic base corresponds to the choice of a unit for measuring information. If the base 2 is used the resulting units may be called binary digits, or more briefly ''bits'', a word suggested by [[Ioannes Wilder Tukey|J. W. Tukey]].”&lt;/ref&gt;

Quum [[informatica|ars informatica]] progrederetur, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|octobitus||en|qid=Q8799}} vel octetus ({{*ie}} octonio&lt;ref&gt;Nomen ''octeti'' e vocabulo [[Lingua Hispanica|Hispanico]] {{Barbarice|lang=es|octeto}} videtur oriri, sed fontibus caret. Suffixum ''-etus'' non est Latinum: mediaevali Latinitate suffixum ''-ettus'' (duplā litterā “t”) raro invenitur (conferatur ''[[vallettus]]''), e suffixo classico ''-ittus'' ortum (ergo rectius ''octe'''tt'''us'' dicendum sit; vide etiam [[vocabulum]] [[Lingua Italiana|Italicum]] ''ottetto''). Puriore Latinitate grex octo rerum ''octonio ({{pns|onis|m}})'' appellatur.&lt;/ref&gt; bitorum) factus est numerus minimus bitorum qui in quacumque serie [[data|datorum computatralium]] exsistere possunt, ideo in plerisque architecturis computatralibus octoni biti sunt minima unitas memoriae allocabilis.

In {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|redactio in notas|redactione|en|qid=Q184759}} {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|redactio in notas ASCII|ASCII|en|qid=Q8815}},&lt;ref&gt;{{*Cfr}} {{MLAL|.writ encode, encrypt|495}}: “in notas {{Lectio|redigere}} (HELF.)”. Etiam videatur ''{{wikten|redactus}}'' apud [[Victionarium]] Anglicum et {{LTL|redactus|39}}.&lt;/ref&gt; octonio (septenio + unibitus vacuus) adhibetur ad singulum [[character]]em repraesentandum. In historia computatrorum aliae compages quoque exploratae sunt.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Buchholz, Iun. 1956}}, cap. 7, “The Shift Matrix”: “{{omissis}} Most important, from the point of view of editing, will be the ability to handle any characters or digits, from 1 to 6 bits long.&lt;br /&gt;Figure 2 shows the Shift Matrix to be used to convert a 60-bit word, coming from Memory in parallel, into [[character]]s, or ‘bytes’ as we have called them, to be sent to the Adder serially. The 60 bits are dumped into magnetic cores on six different levels. Thus, if a 1 comes out of position 9, it appears in all six cores underneath. Pulsing any diagonal line will send the six bits stored along that line to the Adder. The Adder may accept all or only some of the bits.&lt;br /&gt;Assume that it is desired to operate on 4 bit decimal digits, starting at the right. The 0-diagonal is pulsed first, sending out the six bits 0 to 5, of which the Adder accepts only the first four (0–3). Bits 4 and 5 are ignored. Next, the 4 diagonal is pulsed. This sends out bits 4 to 9, of which the last two are again ignored, and so on.&lt;br /&gt;It is just as easy to use all six bits in alphanumeric work, or to handle bytes of only one bit for logical analysis, or to offset the bytes by any number of bits. All this can be done by pulling the appropriate shift diagonals. An analogous matrix arrangement is used to change from serial to parallel operation at the output of the adder. {{omissis}}”&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Buchholz, Iul. 1956}}, cap. 5, “Input-Output”: “{{omissis}} 60 is a multiple of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. Hence bytes of length from 1 to 6 bits can be packed efficiently into a 60-bit word without having to split a byte between one word and the next. If longer bytes were needed, 60 bits would, of course, no longer be ideal. With present applications, 1, 4, and 6 bits are the really important cases.&lt;br /&gt;With 64-bit words, it would often be necessary to make some compromises, such as leaving 4 bits unused in a word when dealing with 6-bit bytes at the input and output. However, the LINK Computer can be equipped to edit out these gaps and to permit handling of bytes which are split between words.”&lt;/ref&gt;

In {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|theoria informationis||en|qid=Q131222}}, singulus bitus [[entropia]]m cuiuscumque fortuitae [[quantitas variabilis|quantitatis variabilis]] binariae (seu quae aequali probabilitate [[1|uni]] aut [[0|zero]] tantum congruere potest) mētītur.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen 1 = Anderson
	| nomen 1 = John B.
	| cognomen 2 = Johnnesson
	| nomen 2 = Rolf
	| titulus = Understanding Information Transmission
	| annus = 2006
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Eadem etiam est [[informatio]] acquisita quum valor variabilis fiat notus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen = Haykin
	| nomen = Simon
	| titulus = Digital Communications
	| annus = 2006
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''[https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141002/http://standards.ieee.org/findstds/standard/260.1-2004.html IEEE Standard Letter Symbols for Units of Measurement (SI Customary Inch-Pound Units, and Certain Other Units)]. Standards.IEEE.org'' (Technical report). IEEE. 2004. 260.1-2004.&lt;/ref&gt; In honorem [[Claudius Elwood Shannon|Claudii Elwood Shannon]] [[mathematicus|mathematici]] [[Michigania|Michiganiensis]], bitus ut unitas informationis etiam [[shannon (unitas)|shannon]] appellatur.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = How Many? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement – Units: B
	| url = https://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictB.html#bit
	| salus url = obiit
	| retrospectio = 20160504055432
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Biti indicantur per litteram minusculam “b”, quae non confundenda est cum littera “B” capitanea, octonionem bitorum (Anglice {{Barbarice|lingua=en|byte}}) indicante.

== Greges bitorum minimi in architectura computatrorum adhibiti ==
&lt;!-- Confer [[:en:Units of information#Obsolete and unusual units]] --&gt;{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
	! Biti
	! Anglice
	! Latine
	! Maximus numerus captus&lt;ref&gt;Minimus numerus semper [[zerus]] est.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
	| 1
	| {{barbarice|lingua=en|single bit, unibit}}
	| singulus bitus, unibitus
	| 1
|-
	| 2
	| {{barbarice|lingua=en|dibit, crumb, quartic digit, quad, semi-nibble, nyp}}
	| dibitus, binio ({{pns|onis|m}}) – {{*sc}} “bitorum”, mica{{Convertimus|sicut=[[Anglice]]|barbarice=crumb}}
	| 3
|-
	| 3
	| {{barbarice|lingua=en|tribit, triad, triade}}
	| tribitus, ternio ({{pns|onis|m}}) – ''{{*sim}}''
	| 7
|-
	| 4
	| {{barbarice|lingua=en|nibble, nybble}}
	| quadribitus, quaternio ({{pns|onis|m}})
	| 15
|-
	| 5
	| {{barbarice|lingua=en|pentad, pentade}}
	| quinio ({{pns|onis|m}})
	| 31
|-
	| 6
	| {{barbarice|lingua=en|hexad, hexade, sextet}}
	| senio (''{{*sim}}'')
	| 63
|-
	| 7
	| {{barbarice|lingua=en|heptad, heptade}}
	| septenio
	| 127
|-
	| 8
	| {{barbarice|lingua=en|byte, octet}}
	| octobitus, octonio, octet(t)us, morsus{{Convertimus|sicut=[[Anglice]]|barbarice=bite/byte}} ({{pns|ūs|m}})
	| 255
|-
	| 12
	| {{barbarice|lingua=en|slab}}
	| duodenio, syllaba
	| 4095
|-
	| 15
	| {{barbarice|lingua=en|parcel}}
	| quindenio, fascis{{Convertimus|sicut=[[Anglice]]|barbarice=parcel}} ({{pns|is|m}})
	| 32765
|-
	| 16
	| {{barbarice|lingua=en|doublet, wyde, chawmp}}
	| duplex – {{*sc}} “series bitorum”
	| 65535
|-
	| 18
	| {{barbarice|lingua=en|chomp, chawmp}}
	| duodevicenio
	| 262143
|-
	| 32
	| {{barbarice|lingua=en|quadlet, tetra}}
	| quadruplex – ''{{*sim}}''
	| 4294967295
|-
	| 64
	| {{barbarice|lingua=en|octlet, octa}}
	| octuplex
	| 18446744073709551615
|-
	| 128
	| {{barbarice|lingua=en|hexlet, paragraph}}
	| sedecuplex, paragraphus
	| {{Indicium ostentum|340282366920938463463374607431768211455|∼&amp;thinsp;3.4028…&amp;thinsp;×&amp;thinsp;10&lt;sup&gt;38&lt;/sup&gt;}}
|-
	| 2048
	| {{barbarice|lingua=en|page}}
	| pagina
	| ∼&amp;thinsp;3.2317…&amp;thinsp;×&amp;thinsp;10&lt;sup&gt;616&lt;/sup&gt;
|}

== Redactio in notas ASCII ==
[[Fasciculus:USASCII code chart.svg|right|thumb|Tabella redactionis in notas ASCII, e consilio pro uniformitate {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|MIL-STD-188||en|qid=Q4043425}} seriei 100 capta ([[1972]]).]]
{{Pagina principalis|Redactio in notas ASCII}}
In [[redactio in notas ASCII|redactione in notas ASCII]], octonio bitorum (septenio + unibitus vacuus) adhibetur ad singulum [[character]]em repraesentandum. Characteres a [[zerus|zerensimo]] ad tricensimum secundum, unā cum charactere centensimo vicensimo septimo, sunt metacharacteres – {{*ie}} invisibiles notae quae peculiares iussūs praescribunt ({{*eg}} de [[tonus|tono]] emittendo, de versu finiendo, de spatio creando, et cetera).

{{Redactio in notas ASCII
	| style = margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;
}}

== Notae ==
{{div col|2}}
&lt;references/&gt;
{{div col end}}

== Bibliographia ==
* {{ec
	| id = Abramson, 1963
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen = Abramson
		| nomen = Normannus
		| titulus = Information theory and coding
		| annus = 1963
		| domus editoria = [[McGraw-Hill]]
	}}
}}
* {{ec
	| id = Buchholz, Iun. 1956
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen = Buchholz
		| nomen = Guarnierus
		| titulus = The Link System
		| url = http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/IBM/Stretch/pdfs/06-07/102632284.pdf
		| salus url = vivit
		| retrospectio = 20170404152534
		| paginae = 5–6
		| tempus = 1956-06-11
		| domus editoria = [[IBM]]
		| tempus inspectionis = 2016-04-04
	}}
}}
* {{ec
	| id = Buchholz, Iul. 1956
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen = Buchholz
		| nomen = Guarnierus
		| titulus = Memory Word Length
		| url = http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/IBM/Stretch/pdfs/06-08/102632289.pdf
		| salus url = vivit
		| retrospectio = 20170404160423
		| pagina = 2
		| tempus = 1956-07-31
		| domus editoria = [[IBM]]
		| tempus inspectionis = 2016-04-04
	}}
}}
* Bush, Vannevar ([[1936]]). “Instrumental analysis”. {{Op|Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society}}. 42 (10): 649–669
* {{ec
	| id = Mackenzie, 1980
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen = Mackenzie
		| nomen = Carolus E.
		| titulus = Coded Character Sets, History and Development
		| annus = 1980
		| domus editoria = Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc.
		| series = The Systems Programming Series
		| url = https://textfiles.meulie.net/bitsaved/Books/Mackenzie_CodedCharSets.pdf
		| salus url = vivit
		| retrospectio = 20160526172151
		| editio = 1
		| isbn = 978-0-201-14460-4
		| lccn = 77-90165
		| tempus inspectionis = 2019-08-25
		| url-status = live
	}}
}}
* {{ec
	| id = Shannon, Iul. 1948
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen = Shannon
		| nomen = Claudius Elwood
		| commentatio de auctore = Claudius Elwood Shannon
		| titulus = A Mathematical Theory of Communication
		| contextus = Bell System Technical Journal
		| commentatio de contextu = Bell System Technical Journal
		| volumen = 27
		| fasciculus = 3
		| paginae = 379–423
		| url = http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/ms/what/shannonday/shannon1948.pdf
		| salus url = usurpatur
		| retrospectio = 19980715013250
		| mensis = 7
		| annus = 1948
		| doi = 10.1002/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x
		| hdl = 11858/00-001M-0000-002C-4314-2
		| accessus ad hdl = liberus
	}}
}}
* {{ec
	| id = Shannon, Oct. 1948
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen = Shannon
		| nomen = Claudius Elwood
		| commentatio de auctore = Claudius Elwood Shannon
		| titulus = A Mathematical Theory of Communication
		| contextus = Bell System Technical Journal
		| commentatio de contextu = Bell System Technical Journal
		| volumen = 27
		| fasciculus = 4
		| paginae = 623–666
		| mensis = 10
		| annus = 1948
		| doi = 10.1002/j.1538-7305.1948.tb00917.x
		| hdl = 11858/00-001M-0000-002C-4314-2
		| accessus ad hdl = liberus
	}}
}}
* {{ec
	| id = Shannon, 1949
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen 1 = Shannon
		| nomen 1 = Claudius Elwood
		| commentatio de auctore 1 = Claudius Elwood Shannon
		| cognomen 2 = Weaver
		| nomen 2 = Warren
		| titulus = A Mathematical Theory of Communication
		| annus = 1949
		| url = http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/ms/what/shannonday/shannon1948.pdf
		| domus editoria = [[University of Illinois Press]]
		| isbn = 0-252-72548-4
		| salus url = usurpatur
		| retrospectio = 19980715013250
	}}
}}

{{NexInt}}
{{div col|2}}
* [[Shannon (unitas)]]
* [[Algebra booleana (logica)]]
* [[Basis (mathematica)]]
* [[Computatrum]]
* [[Nota numeri]]
* [[Notatio positionalis]]
* [[Porta AUT]]
* [[Porta ET]]
* [[Porta NON]]
* [[Porta NON-ET]]
* [[Porta NON-VEL]]
* [[Porta VEL]]
* [[Porta logica]]
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Logica NON-ET||en|qid=Q4116068}}
* [[Logica NON-VEL]]
{{div col end}}

[[Categoria:Algebra Booleana]]
[[Categoria:Informatica]]
[[Categoria:Logica]]
[[Categoria:Notatio mathematica]]

{{Myrias|Physica}}</text>
      <sha1>sno9ljmxp1vtqo2tjcrmo7u9h963nyh</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3970871</id>
      <parentid>3970866</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T16:09:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>3970871</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="18538" sha1="anlimzexi3hfilty0lvjgyxyedavqkd" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa tabellaria | titulus = Multipla biti

	|; Multipla decimalia ([[Systema internationale unitatum|SI]])

	| kilobitus: 10&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; biti (kbit)
	| megabitus: 10&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt; biti (Mbit)
	| gigabitus: 10&lt;sup&gt;9&lt;/sup&gt; biti (Gbit)
	| terabitus: 10&lt;sup&gt;12&lt;/sup&gt; biti (Tbit)
	| petabitus: 10&lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt; biti (Pbit)
	| exabitus: 10&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt; biti (Ebit)
	| zettabitus: 10&lt;sup&gt;21&lt;/sup&gt; biti (Zbit)
	| yottabitus: 10&lt;sup&gt;24&lt;/sup&gt; biti (Ybit)

	|; Multipla binaria ({{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|ISO/IEC 80000|ISO/IEC|en|qid=Q568496}})

	| kibibitus: 2&lt;sup&gt;10&lt;/sup&gt; biti (Kibit)
	| mebibitus: 2&lt;sup&gt;20&lt;/sup&gt; biti (Mibit)
	| gibibitus: 2&lt;sup&gt;30&lt;/sup&gt; biti (Gibit)
	| tebibitus: 2&lt;sup&gt;40&lt;/sup&gt; biti (Tebit)
	| pebibitus: 2&lt;sup&gt;50&lt;/sup&gt; biti (Pebit)
	| exbibitus: 2&lt;sup&gt;60&lt;/sup&gt; biti (Eibit)
	| zebibitus: 2&lt;sup&gt;70&lt;/sup&gt; biti (Zibit)
	| yobibitus: 2&lt;sup&gt;80&lt;/sup&gt; biti (Yibit)

}}

{{Res|Bītus}}&lt;ref name=&quot;vocabula-computatralia&quot;&gt;[http://www.obta.uw.edu.pl/~draco/docs/voccomp.html Vocabula computatralia].&lt;/ref&gt;{{DAEL ref|bit|142}}{{LLHL24 ref|Bit|275}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen = Silvia
	| nomen = Krukowska
	| titulus = De lingua Latina in interreti adhibenda
	| contextus = Vox Latina
	| commentatio de contextu = Vox Latina
	| volumen = 46
	| fasciculus = 181
	| mensis = 7
	| annus = 2010
	| paginae = 381–398
	| url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334442980_De_lingua_Latina_in_interreti_adhibenda_Vox_Latina_T_46_fasc_181_Saarbrucken_2010_p_381-398
	| tempus inspectionis = 2024-09-03
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;{{safesubst:Annotatio cum paginis creandis|1=De {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Bitus nummarius|bitis nummariis|en|qid=Q131723}} (Anglice {{Barbarice|lang=en|bitcoins}}) {{*cfr}} {{Opus
	| cognomen = Kangiser
	| nomen = Paulus
	| titulus = De novis nummis interretialibus
	| tempus = 2014-04-20
	| url = http://ephemeris.alcuinus.net/archi2014/nuntius1.php?id=1268
	| domus editoria = Ephemeris
	| tempus inspectionis = 2024-09-03
}}: “{{omissis}} etiam putatur non unus sed grex computatralis hanc pecuniam electronicam creavisse; quid sit ergo {{Lectio|bitus}} nummarius ([[Anglice]] {{Barbarice|lang=en|bitcoin}})?”|2=Q131723}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen = Perné
	| nomen = Gualterius
	| titulus = C – vocabula computatralia
	| tempus = 2011-12-06
	| tempus inspectionis = 2024-09-03
	| url = http://strebersdorf.historicus.at/Vokabel/Computer-Verben.pdf
	| domus editoria = Lateinunterricht
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen = Silvia
	| nomen = Krukowska
	| titulus = Łacina jako środek komunikowania treści związanych z osiągnięciami współczesnej myśli technicznej
	| mensis = 7
	| annus = 2017
	| tempus inspectionis = 2024-09-03
	| url = https://wszechnicapolska.edu.pl/dokumenty/wydawnictwo/2017-Sylwia-Krukowska-Lacina-jako-srodek-komunikowania-tresci.pdf
	| domus editoria = KUBA
	| isbn = 978-83-89077-29-5
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://archive.org/details/numen-latinitas-recens-the-latin-lexicon/page/14/mode/2up?view=theater Numen – The Latin Lexicon – Latinitas Recens, p. 16].&lt;/ref&gt; ('''''bī'''nārius dĭgĭ'''tus''''', [[verbum amalgamatum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;vocabula-computatralia&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Mackenzie, 1980}}, p. x.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sed, cave, verbum Anglicum ''digit'' haud digitum, sed notam numeri significat.&lt;/ref&gt;), vel {{Res|bītum}}&lt;ref name=&quot;llhl24-bit-275&quot; /&gt; vel {{Res|bīt}}&lt;ref name=&quot;llhl24-bit-275&quot; /&gt; tantum (indecl., ''n.''), est singula [[nota numeri]] in [[systema numericum binarium|systemate numerico binario]] in [[computatrum|computationibus electronicis]] adhibito.
[[Fasciculus:Basile Bouchon 1725 loom.jpg|thumb|''Telarium Bouchonianum'' ([[1725]]), apud {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Museum artium negotiorumque (Lutetia)|Museum artium negotiorumque|fr|qid=Q1538826}} [[Lutetia]]e ostentum.]]

Redactio [[data|datorum]] in discretos bitos primum per [[Charta perforata|tesseras foratas]], a {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Basilius Bouchon|Basilio Bouchon|fr|qid=Q2886850}} et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Baptista Falcon|Ioanne Baptista Falcon|fr|qid=Q3164080}} inventas, anno [[1732]] explorata est. Eadem excogitatio anno [[1804]] a {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Iosephus Maria Jacquard|Iosepho Maria Jacquard|fr|qid=Q310833}} (per {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Telarium Jacquardianum|eius telarium|en|qid=Q1369967}}) perficiebatur, ac postea a {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Simon Korsakov|Simone Korsakov|en|qid=Q2094924}}, [[Carolus Babbage|Carolo Babbage]], et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Hermannus Hollerith|Hermanno Hollerith|en|qid=Q192145}} adhibita est. Simili machinatione, formā {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|taenia forata|taeniae foratae|en|qid=Q66241}}, primi opifices officinarum [[International Business Machines Corporation|IBM]] usi sunt ad [[conservatio datorum|data servanda]].

In his exemplis, foramina et eorum absentia (illic ubi foramen exspectabatur) utramque notam numeri in systemate binario repraesentabant.

[[Alphabetum Morsianum]] ([[1837]]) primaque {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|instrumentum teletypicum|instrumenta teletypica|en|qid=Q66196}} ([[1887]]) et bitis usa sunt ad notitias mittendas.

Anno [[1928]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Radulphus Hartley||en|qid=Q529886}} suasit ut [[logarithmus]] [[basis|basi]] [[duo|2]] eligeretur mensio [[informatio]]nis.&lt;ref name=&quot;abramson-1963&quot;&gt;{{qc|id=Abramson, 1963}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Verbo {{Idioma|biti}} primum [[Claudius Elwood Shannon]] anno [[1948]] in suo commentario disceptatorio “{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|A Mathematical Theory of Communication||en|qid=Q724029}}” usus est.&lt;ref name=&quot;shannon-1948-1&quot;&gt;{{qc|id=Shannon, Iul. 1948}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;shannon-1948-2&quot;&gt;{{qc|id=Shannon, Oct. 1948}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;shannon-1949&quot;&gt;{{qc|id=Shannon, 1949}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Ipse originem vocabuli {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Wilder Tukey|Ioanni Wilder Tukey|en|qid=Q382207}} attribuit, qui die [[9 Ianuarii]] [[1947]] notam intra [[Bell Labs]] divulgandam scripserat ubi verbo ''bit'' locutionem Anglicam {{Barbarice|lang=en|binary information digit}} ({{*ie}} ‘nota numeri informationis binariae’) compendii fecit.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Shannon, Iul. 1948}}: “The choice of a logarithmic base corresponds to the choice of a unit for measuring information. If the base 2 is used the resulting units may be called binary digits, or more briefly ''bits'', a word suggested by [[Ioannes Wilder Tukey|J. W. Tukey]].”&lt;/ref&gt;

Quum [[informatica|ars informatica]] progrederetur, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|octobitus||en|qid=Q8799}} vel octetus ({{*ie}} octonio&lt;ref&gt;Nomen ''octeti'' e vocabulo [[Lingua Hispanica|Hispanico]] {{Barbarice|lang=es|octeto}} videtur oriri, sed fontibus caret. Suffixum ''-etus'' non est Latinum: mediaevali Latinitate suffixum ''-ettus'' (duplā litterā “t”) raro invenitur (conferatur ''[[vallettus]]''), e suffixo classico ''-ittus'' ortum (ergo rectius ''octe'''tt'''us'' dicendum sit; vide etiam [[vocabulum]] [[Lingua Italiana|Italicum]] ''ottetto''). Puriore Latinitate grex octo rerum ''octonio ({{pns|onis|m}})'' appellatur.&lt;/ref&gt; bitorum) factus est numerus minimus bitorum qui in quacumque serie [[data|datorum computatralium]] exsistere possunt, ideo in plerisque architecturis computatralibus octoni biti sunt minima unitas memoriae allocabilis.

In {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|redactio in notas|redactione|en|qid=Q184759}} {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|redactio in notas ASCII|ASCII|en|qid=Q8815}},&lt;ref&gt;{{*Cfr}} {{MLAL|.writ encode, encrypt|495}}: “in notas {{Lectio|redigere}} (HELF.)”. Etiam videatur ''{{wikten|redactus}}'' apud [[Victionarium]] Anglicum et {{LTL|redactus|39}}.&lt;/ref&gt; octonio (septenio + unibitus vacuus) adhibetur ad singulum [[character]]em repraesentandum. In historia computatrorum aliae compages quoque exploratae sunt.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Buchholz, Iun. 1956}}, cap. 7, “The Shift Matrix”: “{{omissis}} Most important, from the point of view of editing, will be the ability to handle any characters or digits, from 1 to 6 bits long.&lt;br /&gt;Figure 2 shows the Shift Matrix to be used to convert a 60-bit word, coming from Memory in parallel, into [[character]]s, or ‘bytes’ as we have called them, to be sent to the Adder serially. The 60 bits are dumped into magnetic cores on six different levels. Thus, if a 1 comes out of position 9, it appears in all six cores underneath. Pulsing any diagonal line will send the six bits stored along that line to the Adder. The Adder may accept all or only some of the bits.&lt;br /&gt;Assume that it is desired to operate on 4 bit decimal digits, starting at the right. The 0-diagonal is pulsed first, sending out the six bits 0 to 5, of which the Adder accepts only the first four (0–3). Bits 4 and 5 are ignored. Next, the 4 diagonal is pulsed. This sends out bits 4 to 9, of which the last two are again ignored, and so on.&lt;br /&gt;It is just as easy to use all six bits in alphanumeric work, or to handle bytes of only one bit for logical analysis, or to offset the bytes by any number of bits. All this can be done by pulling the appropriate shift diagonals. An analogous matrix arrangement is used to change from serial to parallel operation at the output of the adder. {{omissis}}”&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Buchholz, Iul. 1956}}, cap. 5, “Input-Output”: “{{omissis}} 60 is a multiple of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. Hence bytes of length from 1 to 6 bits can be packed efficiently into a 60-bit word without having to split a byte between one word and the next. If longer bytes were needed, 60 bits would, of course, no longer be ideal. With present applications, 1, 4, and 6 bits are the really important cases.&lt;br /&gt;With 64-bit words, it would often be necessary to make some compromises, such as leaving 4 bits unused in a word when dealing with 6-bit bytes at the input and output. However, the LINK Computer can be equipped to edit out these gaps and to permit handling of bytes which are split between words.”&lt;/ref&gt;

In {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|theoria informationis||en|qid=Q131222}}, singulus bitus [[entropia]]m cuiuscumque fortuitae [[quantitas variabilis|quantitatis variabilis]] binariae (seu quae aequali probabilitate [[1|uni]] aut [[0|zero]] tantum congruere potest) mētītur.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen 1 = Anderson
	| nomen 1 = John B.
	| cognomen 2 = Johnnesson
	| nomen 2 = Rolf
	| titulus = Understanding Information Transmission
	| annus = 2006
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Eadem etiam est [[informatio]] acquisita quum valor variabilis fiat notus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen = Haykin
	| nomen = Simon
	| titulus = Digital Communications
	| annus = 2006
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''[https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141002/http://standards.ieee.org/findstds/standard/260.1-2004.html IEEE Standard Letter Symbols for Units of Measurement (SI Customary Inch-Pound Units, and Certain Other Units)]. Standards.IEEE.org'' (Technical report). IEEE. 2004. 260.1-2004.&lt;/ref&gt; In honorem [[Claudius Elwood Shannon|Claudii Elwood Shannon]] [[mathematicus|mathematici]] [[Michigania|Michiganiensis]], bitus ut unitas informationis etiam [[shannon (unitas)|shannon]] appellatur.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = How Many? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement – Units: B
	| url = https://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictB.html#bit
	| salus url = obiit
	| retrospectio = 20160504055432
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Biti indicantur per litteram minusculam “b”, quae non confundenda est cum littera “B” capitanea, octonionem bitorum (Anglice {{Barbarice|lingua=en|byte}}) indicante.

== Greges bitorum minimi in architectura computatrorum adhibiti ==
&lt;!-- Confer [[:en:Units of information#Obsolete and unusual units]] --&gt;{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
	! Biti
	! Anglice
	! Latine
	! Maximus numerus captus&lt;ref&gt;Minimus numerus semper [[zerus]] est.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
	| 1
	| {{barbarice|lingua=en|single bit, unibit}}
	| singulus bitus, unibitus
	| 1
|-
	| 2
	| {{barbarice|lingua=en|dibit, crumb, quartic digit, quad, semi-nibble, nyp}}
	| dibitus, binio ({{pns|onis|m}}) – {{*sc}} “bitorum”, mica{{Convertimus|sicut=[[Anglice]]|barbarice=crumb}}
	| 3
|-
	| 3
	| {{barbarice|lingua=en|tribit, triad, triade}}
	| tribitus, ternio ({{pns|onis|m}}) – ''{{*sim}}''
	| 7
|-
	| 4
	| {{barbarice|lingua=en|nibble, nybble}}
	| quadribitus, quaternio ({{pns|onis|m}})
	| 15
|-
	| 5
	| {{barbarice|lingua=en|pentad, pentade}}
	| quinio ({{pns|onis|m}})
	| 31
|-
	| 6
	| {{barbarice|lingua=en|hexad, hexade, sextet}}
	| senio (''{{*sim}}'')
	| 63
|-
	| 7
	| {{barbarice|lingua=en|heptad, heptade}}
	| septenio
	| 127
|-
	| 8
	| {{barbarice|lingua=en|byte, octet}}
	| octobitus, octonio, octet(t)us, morsus{{Convertimus|sicut=[[Anglice]]|barbarice=bite/byte}} ({{pns|ūs|m}})
	| 255
|-
	| 12
	| {{barbarice|lingua=en|slab}}
	| duodenio, syllaba
	| 4095
|-
	| 15
	| {{barbarice|lingua=en|parcel}}
	| quindenio, fascis{{Convertimus|sicut=[[Anglice]]|barbarice=parcel}} ({{pns|is|m}})
	| 32765
|-
	| 16
	| {{barbarice|lingua=en|doublet, wyde, chawmp}}
	| duplex – {{*sc}} “series bitorum”
	| 65535
|-
	| 18
	| {{barbarice|lingua=en|chomp, chawmp}}
	| duodevicenio
	| 262143
|-
	| 32
	| {{barbarice|lingua=en|quadlet, tetra}}
	| quadruplex – ''{{*sim}}''
	| 4294967295
|-
	| 64
	| {{barbarice|lingua=en|octlet, octa}}
	| octuplex
	| 18446744073709551615
|-
	| 128
	| {{barbarice|lingua=en|hexlet, paragraph}}
	| sedecuplex, paragraphus
	| {{Indicium ostentum|340282366920938463463374607431768211455|∼&amp;thinsp;3.4028…&amp;thinsp;×&amp;thinsp;10&lt;sup&gt;38&lt;/sup&gt;}}
|-
	| 2048
	| {{barbarice|lingua=en|page}}
	| pagina
	| ∼&amp;thinsp;3.2317…&amp;thinsp;×&amp;thinsp;10&lt;sup&gt;616&lt;/sup&gt;
|}

== Redactio in notas ASCII ==
[[Fasciculus:USASCII code chart.svg|right|thumb|Tabella redactionis in notas ASCII, e consilio pro uniformitate {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|MIL-STD-188||en|qid=Q4043425}} seriei 100 capta ([[1972]]).]]
{{Pagina principalis|Redactio in notas ASCII}}
In [[redactio in notas ASCII|redactione in notas ASCII]], octonio bitorum (septenio + unibitus vacuus) adhibetur ad singulum [[character]]em repraesentandum. Characteres a [[zerus|zerensimo]] ad tricensimum secundum, unā cum charactere centensimo vicensimo septimo, sunt metacharacteres – {{*ie}} invisibiles notae quae peculiares iussūs praescribunt ({{*eg}} de [[tonus|tono]] emittendo, de versu finiendo, de spatio creando, et cetera).

{{Redactio in notas ASCII
	| style = margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;
}}

== Notae ==
{{div col|2}}
&lt;references/&gt;
{{div col end}}

== Bibliographia ==
* {{ec
	| id = Abramson, 1963
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen = Abramson
		| nomen = Normannus
		| titulus = Information theory and coding
		| annus = 1963
		| domus editoria = [[McGraw-Hill]]
	}}
}}
* {{ec
	| id = Buchholz, Iun. 1956
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen = Buchholz
		| nomen = Guarnierus
		| titulus = The Link System
		| url = http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/IBM/Stretch/pdfs/06-07/102632284.pdf
		| salus url = vivit
		| retrospectio = 20170404152534
		| paginae = 5–6
		| tempus = 1956-06-11
		| domus editoria = [[IBM]]
		| tempus inspectionis = 2016-04-04
	}}
}}
* {{ec
	| id = Buchholz, Iul. 1956
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen = Buchholz
		| nomen = Guarnierus
		| titulus = Memory Word Length
		| url = http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/IBM/Stretch/pdfs/06-08/102632289.pdf
		| salus url = vivit
		| retrospectio = 20170404160423
		| pagina = 2
		| tempus = 1956-07-31
		| domus editoria = [[IBM]]
		| tempus inspectionis = 2016-04-04
	}}
}}
* Bush, Vannevar ([[1936]]). “Instrumental analysis”. {{Op|Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society}}. 42 (10): 649–669
* {{ec
	| id = Mackenzie, 1980
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen = Mackenzie
		| nomen = Carolus E.
		| titulus = Coded Character Sets, History and Development
		| annus = 1980
		| domus editoria = Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc.
		| series = The Systems Programming Series
		| url = https://textfiles.meulie.net/bitsaved/Books/Mackenzie_CodedCharSets.pdf
		| salus url = vivit
		| retrospectio = 20160526172151
		| editio = 1
		| isbn = 978-0-201-14460-4
		| lccn = 77-90165
		| tempus inspectionis = 2019-08-25
	}}
}}
* {{ec
	| id = Shannon, Iul. 1948
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen = Shannon
		| nomen = Claudius Elwood
		| commentatio de auctore = Claudius Elwood Shannon
		| titulus = A Mathematical Theory of Communication
		| contextus = Bell System Technical Journal
		| commentatio de contextu = Bell System Technical Journal
		| volumen = 27
		| fasciculus = 3
		| paginae = 379–423
		| url = http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/ms/what/shannonday/shannon1948.pdf
		| salus url = usurpatur
		| retrospectio = 19980715013250
		| mensis = 7
		| annus = 1948
		| doi = 10.1002/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x
		| hdl = 11858/00-001M-0000-002C-4314-2
		| accessus ad hdl = liberus
	}}
}}
* {{ec
	| id = Shannon, Oct. 1948
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen = Shannon
		| nomen = Claudius Elwood
		| commentatio de auctore = Claudius Elwood Shannon
		| titulus = A Mathematical Theory of Communication
		| contextus = Bell System Technical Journal
		| commentatio de contextu = Bell System Technical Journal
		| volumen = 27
		| fasciculus = 4
		| paginae = 623–666
		| mensis = 10
		| annus = 1948
		| doi = 10.1002/j.1538-7305.1948.tb00917.x
		| hdl = 11858/00-001M-0000-002C-4314-2
		| accessus ad hdl = liberus
	}}
}}
* {{ec
	| id = Shannon, 1949
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen 1 = Shannon
		| nomen 1 = Claudius Elwood
		| commentatio de auctore 1 = Claudius Elwood Shannon
		| cognomen 2 = Weaver
		| nomen 2 = Warren
		| titulus = A Mathematical Theory of Communication
		| annus = 1949
		| url = http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/ms/what/shannonday/shannon1948.pdf
		| domus editoria = [[University of Illinois Press]]
		| isbn = 0-252-72548-4
		| salus url = usurpatur
		| retrospectio = 19980715013250
	}}
}}

{{NexInt}}
{{div col|2}}
* [[Shannon (unitas)]]
* [[Algebra booleana (logica)]]
* [[Basis (mathematica)]]
* [[Computatrum]]
* [[Nota numeri]]
* [[Notatio positionalis]]
* [[Porta AUT]]
* [[Porta ET]]
* [[Porta NON]]
* [[Porta NON-ET]]
* [[Porta NON-VEL]]
* [[Porta VEL]]
* [[Porta logica]]
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Logica NON-ET||en|qid=Q4116068}}
* [[Logica NON-VEL]]
{{div col end}}

[[Categoria:Algebra Booleana]]
[[Categoria:Informatica]]
[[Categoria:Logica]]
[[Categoria:Notatio mathematica]]

{{Myrias|Physica}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Revue rétrospective (Taschereau)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>77616</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>139091</id>
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      <text bytes="906" sha1="m7hm1fu0825mtdi6f6vlegtsqsjfdoq" xml:space="preserve">'''''Revue rétrospective, ou Archives secrètes du dernier gouvernement''''' est titulus seriei libellorum anno [[1848]] divulgatorum, in quibus [[Iulius Antonius Taschereau]], philologus (et postea administer [[Bibliotheca Nationalis Francica|Bibliothecae Nationalis]]), documenta varia de guberniis [[Francia]]e annorum 1830-1838 edidit. Inter hac documenta reperitur unum (postea &quot;[[Documentum Taschereau]]&quot; nuncupatum) de vigilibus secretis.  

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304201556/http://www.chapitre.com/CHAPITRE/fr/BOOK/taschereau-jules/revue-retrospective-ou-archives-secretes-du-dernier-gouvernement,10855455.aspx Descriptio huius libri]

{{Hist-stipula}}

{{Nexus absunt}}

[[Categoria:Libri de re politica]]
[[Categoria:Libri historici]]
[[Categoria:Historia Franciae]]
[[Categoria:Documenta Francogallica]]
[[Categoria:Franciae scripta]]
[[Categoria:Scripta 1848]]</text>
      <sha1>m7hm1fu0825mtdi6f6vlegtsqsjfdoq</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>816 Juliana</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>86078</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-07T15:35:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>LilyKitty</username>
        <id>18316</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>de origine nominis</comment>
      <origin>3970851</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3704" sha1="j6431kozjc1mwwhsd8yau22s8u9xu5h" xml:space="preserve">{{L1}}
&lt;!-- The astronomical data on this page are transcluded from {{fn|Data Asteroidum 0000}}. Please don't try to edit them directly. --&gt;
{{Capsa asteroidis
|Numerus = 816
|Genus = Asteroides Cinguli Principalis
|Epocha = {{#time:j xg Y| {{Data Asteroidum 0000|816|epocha}} }}
|Axis  = {{Data Asteroidum 0000|816|axis semimaior}}
|Perihelion = {{Data Asteroidum 0000|816|perihelion}}
|Aphelion = {{Data Asteroidum 0000|816|aphelion}}
|Periodus = {{Data Asteroidum 0000|816|periodus}}
|Anomalia = {{Data Asteroidum 0000|816|anomalia media}}
|Inclinatio = {{Data Asteroidum 0000|816|inclinatio}}
|Nodus = {{Data Asteroidum 0000|816|omega}}
|Argumentum = {{Data Asteroidum 0000|816|argumentum}}
|Eccentricitas = {{Data Asteroidum 0000|816|eccentricitas}}
|Diametrum =
|Massa = 
|Densitas = 
|Rotatio h = 10
|Rotatio m = 34.799995
|Tholen = {{Data Asteroidum 0000|816|spectrum tholen}}
|SMASS = {{Data Asteroidum 0000|816|spectrum smass}}
|Magnitudo = {{Data Asteroidum 0000|816|magnitudo}}
|Albedo = {{Data Asteroidum 0000|816|albedo}}
|Repertor = Maximilianus Wolf
|Repertorbrevis = M. Wolf
|Repertor2 = 
|Repertorbrevis2 = 
|Repertor3 = 
|Repertorbrevis3 = 
|Repertor4 = 
|Repertorbrevis4 = ;
|Dies = {{#time:j xg| {{Data Asteroidum 0000|816|repertum}} }}
|Annus = {{#time:Y| {{Data Asteroidum 0000|816|repertum}} }}
|Designationes = 1916 YV
}}

'''816 {{Data Asteroidum 0000|816|nomen}}''',&lt;ref&gt;[[Nomina asteroidum]] iussu [[Unio Astronomica Internationalis|Unionis Astronomicae Internationalis]] imposita sunt.&lt;/ref&gt; olim designatione '''1916 YV''' agnitus, est [[asteroides]] [[Systema Solare|systematis solaris]] nostri, [[Asteroides Cinguli Principalis|asteroidibus Cinguli Principalis]] attributus. [[Astronomia|Astronomis]] terrestribus [[magnitudo absoluta|magnitudinem absolutam]] {{Data Asteroidum 0000|816|magnitudo}} monstrat. Die [[{{#time:j xg| {{Data Asteroidum 0000|816|repertum}} }}]] [[{{#time:Y| {{Data Asteroidum 0000|816|repertum}} }}]] a [[Maximilianus Wolf|Maximiliano Wolf]] in [[Observatorium Civitatis Heidelbergae-Konigstulae|Observatorio Civitatis Heidelbergae-Konigstulae]] versato repertus est.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard MPC Discovery Circumstances}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asteroides ex [[Iuliana (regina Nederlandiae)|Iuliana]] regina Nederlandiae appellatur. In honorem reginae Nederlandiae [[Iuliana (regina Nederlandiae)|Iulianae]] nominatus est.&lt;!-- what it is named for goes here --&gt;

Rerum orbitalium ratio [[epocha (astronomia)|epocha]]e {{#time:j xg Y| {{Data Asteroidum 0000|816|epocha}} }} constitit. Qua epocha 816 {{Data Asteroidum 0000|816|nomen}} per dies {{#expr: (365.25 * {{Data Asteroidum 0000|816|periodus}}) round 0}} circa solem movebatur. Axem orbitalem habebat [[Unitas astronomica|unitatum astronomicarum]] {{#expr: {{Data Asteroidum 0000|816|axis semimaior}} round 2}} et eccentricitatem {{#expr: {{Data Asteroidum 0000|816|eccentricitas}} round 2}}, distans igitur a sole [[perihelion|quam minime]] unitatibus {{#expr: {{Data Asteroidum 0000|816|perihelion}} round 2}}, [[aphelion|quam maxime]] unitatibus {{#expr: {{Data Asteroidum 0000|816|aphelion}} round 2}}. [[Inclinatio orbitalis]] {{#expr: {{Data Asteroidum 0000|816|inclinatio}} round 2}}[[gradus (mensura)|&amp;deg;]] reperiebatur, [[anomalia media]] {{#expr: {{Data Asteroidum 0000|816|anomalia media}} round 2}}&amp;deg;.

&lt;!--
Discovered 1916-Feb-08 by Wolf, M. at Heidelberg (024)
&lt;b&gt;Reference:&lt;/b&gt; DISCOVERY.DB
&lt;b&gt;Last Updated:&lt;/b&gt; 2003-08-29
--&gt;

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Nexus externi==
{{NASA JPL|Data=[http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=816]}}

{{systema solare nostrum}}

[[Categoria:Asteroides anno {{#time:Y| {{Data Asteroidum 0000|816|repertum}} }} reperti]]
[[Categoria:Asteroides Cinguli Principalis]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nehemias Grew</title>
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        <id>1527</id>
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      <text bytes="9748" sha1="qcfj4ac1bpadu79wkk9vzdukdsp2ap2" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Nehemiah-Grew-1641-1712.jpg|thumb|Nehemiah Grew]]

{{res|Nehemias Grew}}, [[Anglice]] ''Nehemiah'' ({{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Manduessedum (vicus)|Manduessedi|en|qid=Q2080475}} [[Warwicensis comitatus]] baptizatus die [[26 Septembris]] [[1641]]; [[Londinium |Londinii]] die [[25 Martii]] [[1712]] mortuus) fuit [[biologia|biologus]] et [[medicus]] [[Anglia |Anglus]]. Socius fuit [[Regalis Societas Londini|Regalis Societatis Londiniensis]]. De [[anatomia plantarum|anatomia]] et [[biochemia]] plantarum praesertim quaerebat. Studia sua eodem tempore quo [[Marcellus Malpighi]] [[Italia|Italus]] de physiologia plantarum, [[Robertus Boyle]] [[Hibernia|Hibernus]] de [[sapor]]ibus et [[odor]]ibus, [[Antonius van Leeuwenhoek]] [[Nederlandia|Batavus]] de anatomia microscopica, [[Daniel Coxe (pater)|Daniel Coxe]] de [[thermae|aquis mineralibus]] persecutus est; qui omnes, sicut et ille, dissertationes suae per Regalem Societatem divulgari iubebant.

== Scripta ==
* 1671 : ''Disputatio medico-physica inauguralis, de liquore nervoso''. Lugduni Batavorum: apud Elsevirios {{Google Books|o6RS21Lg0KwC}}
* 1672 : ''The anatomy of vegetables begun, with a general account of vegetation founded thereon''. ; [https://archive.org/details/anatomyofvegetab00grew/page/n5/mode/2up textus]; [https://archive.org/details/b3032337x/page/n11/mode/2up aliud exemplar]
* 1673 : ''An idea of a phytological history propounded, together with a continuation of the anatomy of vegetables ...'' ; [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_an-idea-of-a-phytologica_grew-nehemiah_1673 textus]
* 1675 : ''Anatomie des plantes ...'' Lutetiae; [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=ucm.5327726922 Textus] {{Google Books|5dsAZwWh9gYC|editio 1679}}
* 1675 : ''The comparative anatomy of trunks, together with an account of their vegetation grounded thereupon''. ; [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_the-comparative-anatomy-_grew-nehemiah_1675/page/n1/mode/2up textus]
* 1675 : ''A discourse made before the Royal Society ... 1674, concerning the nature, causes, and power of mixture''. ; [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_a-discourse-made-before-_grew-nehemiah_1675/page/n1/mode/2up textus]
* 1676 : ''The comparative anatomy of the stomachs and guts begun''. ; [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo2/B03528.0001.001 editio interretialis apud Michiganenses]
* 1678 : '' Experiments in consort of the luctation arising from the affusion of several menstruums upon all sorts of bodies ...''  {{Google Books|a-00AQAAMAAJ|editio fac-simile (?)}} [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_experiments-in-consort-_grew-nehemiah_1678/page/n1/mode/2up exemplar difficil|e]; [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A42105.0001.001 editio interretialis apud Michiganenses]
* 1679 (cum [[Robertus Boyle|Roberto Boyle]], [[Antonius van Leeuwenhoek|Antonio van Leeuwenhoek]]) : ''[[Recueil d'experiences et observations|Recueil d'experiences et observations sur le combat qui procede du melange des corps. Sur les saveurs, sur les odeurs, sur le sang, sur le lait ...]]''. Lutetiae: Estienne Michallet {{Google Books|MnJ-5NxbQvoC}}. -- Reimpressum 1698, editore Bartholemaeo Girin; [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_C8nYxJt1bkoC/ Textus] {{Google Books|C8nYxJt1bkoC}}
* 1681 : ''Musaeum Regalis Societatis, or, A catalogue &amp; description of the natural and artificial rarities belonging to the Royal Society and preserved at Gresham Colledge; whereunto is subjoyned The comparative anatomy of stomachs and guts''. Londinii: Hugh Newman; [https://archive.org/details/gri_33125010543805/page/n5/mode/2up textus] -- Reimpressum 1685, 1686; [https://archive.org/details/b30337215/page/n15/mode/2up textus impressionis 1686] -- Nova editio, 1694; [https://archive.org/details/musaeumregalisso00roya/page/n9/mode/2up textus editionis 1694]
* 1682 : ''The anatomy of plants, with An idea of a philosophical history of plants, and several other lectures''. ; [https://archive.org/details/gri_33125011116049 textus]; [https://archive.org/details/b3032435x_0001/page/n15/mode/2up aliud exemplar]; [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A42100.0001.001 editio interretialis apud Michiganenses]
* 1683? : ''Dissertatio quae complectitur nova experimenta utilesque observationes circa aquam marinam ... dulcoratam''. ; [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_dissertatio-quae-complec_grew-nehemiah_1684/ textus]
* 1683 : ''New experiments and useful observations concerning sea-water made fresh ...''. ; [https://archive.org/details/b30332205 textus] -- Reimpressum 1684; [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_new-experiments-and-use_grew-nehemiah_1684 textus impressionis 1684]
* 1684 : ''Nouvelles experiences et utiles remarques sur l'eau de mer dessalee''. ; [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_nouvelles-experiences-_grew-nehemiah_1684 textus]
* 1691 : ''Anatomie et âme des plantes ... nouvelle edition''. Lugduni Batavorum {{Google Books|NRM7AAAAcAAJ}}
* 1691 : ''Recueil d'experiences et observations sur le combat qui procede du melange des corps. Sur les saveurs, sur les odeurs, sur le sang, sur le lait ...''. Lugduni Batavorum: Pierre vander Aa {{Google Books|WxM7AAAAcAAJ}}  --  Editio Parisiensis 1698: [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=ucm.5327727338 textus apud Hathi Trust]; [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_C8nYxJt1bkoC/page/n3/mode/2up alibi]
* 1695 : ''[[Tractatus de salis cathartici amari natura|Tractatus de salis cathartici amari, in aquis Ebeshamensibus et hujusmodi aliis, contenti natura et usu]]''. Londini: S. Smith &amp; B. Walford; [https://archive.org/details/b30332047/page/n9/mode/2up textus]
* 1697 (versio pirata) : ''[[Tractatus de salis cathartici amari natura|A treatise of the nature and use of the bitter purging salt obtain'd in Epsom, and such other waters]]''. Londinii: Francis Moult
* 1697 (Robert Bridges, interpr.) : ''[[Tractatus de salis cathartici amari natura|A treatise of the nature and use of the bitter purging salt]]''. Londinii: Walter Kettilby; [https://archive.org/details/b30324397/page/n9/mode/2up Textus] 
* 1701 : ''Cosmologia sacra, or a discourse of the universe as it is the creature and kingdom of God''. ; [https://archive.org/details/cosmologiasacrao00grewuoft/page/n7/mode/2up textus]
* 2012 (Julian Hoppit, ed.) : ''Nehemiah Grew and England's economic development : The means of the most ample increase of the wealth and strength of England 1706-7''. Oxonii: Oxford University Press for the British Academy; [https://archive.org/details/nehemiahgrewengl0000grew/page/n5/mode/2up exemplar mutuabile]

== Bibliographia ==
* Agnes Arber, &quot;[https://archive.org/details/b21931197/page/n63/mode/2up Nehemiah Grew]&quot; in F. W. Oliver, ed., ''Makers of British botany : a collection of biographies by living botanists'' (Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press, 1913) pp. 44-64
* Agnes Arber, &quot;Nehemiah Grew (1641–1712) and Marcello Malpighi (1628–1694): an essay in comparison&quot; in ''Isis'' vol. 34  (1942) pp. 7–16
* Jeanne Bolam, &quot;The Botanical Works of Nehemiah Grew, FRS (1641-1712)&quot; in ''Notes and Records of the Royal Society'' vol. 27 (1972-1973) pp. 219-231
* Adalbert von Hanstein, ''Über die Begründung der Pflanzenanatomie durch Nehemia Grew und Marcello Malpighi''. Bonnae: Georgi, 1886; [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb11882344 Textus apud Monacenses]
* Michael Hunter, &quot;The Social Bias and Changing Fortunes of an Early Scientific Institution: An Analysis of the Membership of the Royal Society, 1660-1685&quot; in ''Notes and Records of the Royal Society'' vol. 31 (1976-1977) pp. 9-114
* Michael Hunter, &quot;Early Problems in Professionalizing Scientific Research: Nehemiah Grew (1641-1712) and the Royal Society, With an Unpublished Letter to Henry Oldenburg&quot; in ''Notes and Records of the Royal Society'' vol. 36 (1981-1982) pp. 189-209
* Michael Hunter, &quot;Grew, Nehemiah (bap. 1641, d. 1712)&quot; (2004/2015) in {{ODNB}}
* William LeFanu, ''Nehemiah Grew, MD, FRS: A Study and Bibliography of His Writings''. Winchester: St. Paul's Bibliographies, 1990
* Anna Marie Roos, &quot;Nehemiah Grew (1641–1712) and the Saline Chymistry of Plants&quot; in ''Ambix'' vol. 54 (2007) pp. 51-68
* Anna Marie Roos, &quot;The Doctoral Dissertation of Nehemiah Grew (1641–1712): The Nervous Fluids and Iatrochymistry in Context&quot; in Anna Marie Roos, Gideon Manning, edd., ''Collected Wisdom of the Early Modern Scholar: Essays in Honor of Mordechai Feingold'' (Springer, 2022) pp. 323-347
* Alex Sakula, '&quot;Doctor Nehemiah Grew (1641-1712) and the Epsom salts&quot; in ''Clio Medica'' vol. 19 (1984) pp. 1-21
* Steven Shapin, ''Changing Tastes: How Things Tasted in the Early Modern Period and How They Taste Now. The Hans Rausing Lecture 2011''. Upsaliae: Uppsale Universitet, 2011 (contio in interrete reperienda)
* John Shower, ''Enoch's translation: a funeral sermon upon the sudden death of Dr. Nehemiah Grew''. Londinii, 1712; [https://archive.org/details/b30509750/page/n5/mode/2up textus]

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes biographici}}
{{CommuniaCat|Nehemiah Grew|Nehemias Grew}}
* [https://catalogues.royalsociety.org/CalmView/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Persons&amp;id=NA8411&amp;pos=1 De Nehemia Grew] in Archivo Regalis Societatis
* &quot;[https://galileo.library.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/grew.html Nehemiah Grew]&quot; apud ''Galileo Project''
* &quot;[https://grokipedia.com/page/Nehemiah_Grew Nehemiah Grew]&quot; apud ''Grokipedia''

{{Anni vitae|1641|1712|Grew, Nehemias}}
[[Categoria:Incolae Angliae]]
[[Categoria:Medici Britanniae]]
[[Categoria:Botanistae Britanniae]]
[[Categoria:Socii Regalis Societatis Londiniensis]]</text>
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      <text bytes="9794" sha1="6crrqnfu733w1wwtlw1qux92ybiu3m9" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Recueil tp 1679.jpg|thumb|upright=1|''Recueil d'expériences et observations'' (1679): titulus]]
{{res|Nehemias Grew}}, [[Anglice]] ''Nehemiah'' ({{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Manduessedum (vicus)|Manduessedi|en|qid=Q2080475}} [[Warwicensis comitatus]] baptizatus die [[26 Septembris]] [[1641]]; [[Londinium |Londinii]] die [[25 Martii]] [[1712]] mortuus) fuit [[biologia|biologus]] et [[medicus]] [[Anglia |Anglus]]. Socius fuit [[Regalis Societas Londini|Regalis Societatis Londiniensis]]. De [[anatomia plantarum|anatomia]] et [[biochemia]] plantarum praesertim quaerebat. Studia sua eodem tempore quo [[Marcellus Malpighi]] [[Italia|Italus]] de physiologia plantarum, [[Robertus Boyle]] [[Hibernia|Hibernus]] de [[sapor]]ibus et [[odor]]ibus, [[Antonius van Leeuwenhoek]] [[Nederlandia|Batavus]] de anatomia microscopica, [[Daniel Coxe (pater)|Daniel Coxe]] de [[thermae|aquis mineralibus]] persecutus est; qui omnes, sicut et ille, dissertationes suae per Regalem Societatem divulgari iubebant.

== Scripta ==
* 1671 : ''Disputatio medico-physica inauguralis, de liquore nervoso''. Lugduni Batavorum: apud Elsevirios {{Google Books|o6RS21Lg0KwC}}
* 1672 : ''The anatomy of vegetables begun, with a general account of vegetation founded thereon''. ; [https://archive.org/details/anatomyofvegetab00grew/page/n5/mode/2up textus]; [https://archive.org/details/b3032337x/page/n11/mode/2up aliud exemplar]
* 1673 : ''An idea of a phytological history propounded, together with a continuation of the anatomy of vegetables ...'' ; [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_an-idea-of-a-phytologica_grew-nehemiah_1673 textus]
* 1675 : ''Anatomie des plantes ...'' Lutetiae; [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=ucm.5327726922 Textus] {{Google Books|5dsAZwWh9gYC|editio 1679}}
* 1675 : ''The comparative anatomy of trunks, together with an account of their vegetation grounded thereupon''. ; [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_the-comparative-anatomy-_grew-nehemiah_1675/page/n1/mode/2up textus]
* 1675 : ''A discourse made before the Royal Society ... 1674, concerning the nature, causes, and power of mixture''. ; [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_a-discourse-made-before-_grew-nehemiah_1675/page/n1/mode/2up textus]
* 1676 : ''The comparative anatomy of the stomachs and guts begun''. ; [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo2/B03528.0001.001 editio interretialis apud Michiganenses]
* 1678 : '' Experiments in consort of the luctation arising from the affusion of several menstruums upon all sorts of bodies ...''  {{Google Books|a-00AQAAMAAJ|editio fac-simile (?)}} [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_experiments-in-consort-_grew-nehemiah_1678/page/n1/mode/2up exemplar difficil|e]; [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A42105.0001.001 editio interretialis apud Michiganenses]
* 1679 (cum [[Robertus Boyle|Roberto Boyle]], [[Antonius van Leeuwenhoek|Antonio van Leeuwenhoek]]) : ''[[Recueil d'experiences et observations|Recueil d'experiences et observations sur le combat qui procede du melange des corps. Sur les saveurs, sur les odeurs, sur le sang, sur le lait ...]]''. Lutetiae: Estienne Michallet {{Google Books|MnJ-5NxbQvoC}}. -- Reimpressum 1698, editore Bartholemaeo Girin; [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_C8nYxJt1bkoC/ Textus] {{Google Books|C8nYxJt1bkoC}}
* 1681 : ''Musaeum Regalis Societatis, or, A catalogue &amp; description of the natural and artificial rarities belonging to the Royal Society and preserved at Gresham Colledge; whereunto is subjoyned The comparative anatomy of stomachs and guts''. Londinii: Hugh Newman; [https://archive.org/details/gri_33125010543805/page/n5/mode/2up textus] -- Reimpressum 1685, 1686; [https://archive.org/details/b30337215/page/n15/mode/2up textus impressionis 1686] -- Nova editio, 1694; [https://archive.org/details/musaeumregalisso00roya/page/n9/mode/2up textus editionis 1694]
* 1682 : ''The anatomy of plants, with An idea of a philosophical history of plants, and several other lectures''. ; [https://archive.org/details/gri_33125011116049 textus]; [https://archive.org/details/b3032435x_0001/page/n15/mode/2up aliud exemplar]; [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A42100.0001.001 editio interretialis apud Michiganenses]
* 1683? : ''Dissertatio quae complectitur nova experimenta utilesque observationes circa aquam marinam ... dulcoratam''. ; [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_dissertatio-quae-complec_grew-nehemiah_1684/ textus]
* 1683 : ''New experiments and useful observations concerning sea-water made fresh ...''. ; [https://archive.org/details/b30332205 textus] -- Reimpressum 1684; [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_new-experiments-and-use_grew-nehemiah_1684 textus impressionis 1684]
* 1684 : ''Nouvelles experiences et utiles remarques sur l'eau de mer dessalee''. ; [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_nouvelles-experiences-_grew-nehemiah_1684 textus]
* 1691 : ''Anatomie et âme des plantes ... nouvelle edition''. Lugduni Batavorum {{Google Books|NRM7AAAAcAAJ}}
* 1691 : ''Recueil d'experiences et observations sur le combat qui procede du melange des corps. Sur les saveurs, sur les odeurs, sur le sang, sur le lait ...''. Lugduni Batavorum: Pierre vander Aa {{Google Books|WxM7AAAAcAAJ}}  --  Editio Parisiensis 1698: [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=ucm.5327727338 textus apud Hathi Trust]; [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_C8nYxJt1bkoC/page/n3/mode/2up alibi]
* 1695 : ''[[Tractatus de salis cathartici amari natura|Tractatus de salis cathartici amari, in aquis Ebeshamensibus et hujusmodi aliis, contenti natura et usu]]''. Londini: S. Smith &amp; B. Walford; [https://archive.org/details/b30332047/page/n9/mode/2up textus]
* 1697 (versio pirata) : ''[[Tractatus de salis cathartici amari natura|A treatise of the nature and use of the bitter purging salt obtain'd in Epsom, and such other waters]]''. Londinii: Francis Moult
* 1697 (Robert Bridges, interpr.) : ''[[Tractatus de salis cathartici amari natura|A treatise of the nature and use of the bitter purging salt]]''. Londinii: Walter Kettilby; [https://archive.org/details/b30324397/page/n9/mode/2up Textus] 
* 1701 : ''Cosmologia sacra, or a discourse of the universe as it is the creature and kingdom of God''. ; [https://archive.org/details/cosmologiasacrao00grewuoft/page/n7/mode/2up textus]
* 2012 (Julian Hoppit, ed.) : ''Nehemiah Grew and England's economic development : The means of the most ample increase of the wealth and strength of England 1706-7''. Oxonii: Oxford University Press for the British Academy; [https://archive.org/details/nehemiahgrewengl0000grew/page/n5/mode/2up exemplar mutuabile]

== Bibliographia ==
* Agnes Arber, &quot;[https://archive.org/details/b21931197/page/n63/mode/2up Nehemiah Grew]&quot; in F. W. Oliver, ed., ''Makers of British botany : a collection of biographies by living botanists'' (Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press, 1913) pp. 44-64
* Agnes Arber, &quot;Nehemiah Grew (1641–1712) and Marcello Malpighi (1628–1694): an essay in comparison&quot; in ''Isis'' vol. 34  (1942) pp. 7–16
* Jeanne Bolam, &quot;The Botanical Works of Nehemiah Grew, FRS (1641-1712)&quot; in ''Notes and Records of the Royal Society'' vol. 27 (1972-1973) pp. 219-231
* Adalbert von Hanstein, ''Über die Begründung der Pflanzenanatomie durch Nehemia Grew und Marcello Malpighi''. Bonnae: Georgi, 1886; [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb11882344 Textus apud Monacenses]
* Michael Hunter, &quot;The Social Bias and Changing Fortunes of an Early Scientific Institution: An Analysis of the Membership of the Royal Society, 1660-1685&quot; in ''Notes and Records of the Royal Society'' vol. 31 (1976-1977) pp. 9-114
* Michael Hunter, &quot;Early Problems in Professionalizing Scientific Research: Nehemiah Grew (1641-1712) and the Royal Society, With an Unpublished Letter to Henry Oldenburg&quot; in ''Notes and Records of the Royal Society'' vol. 36 (1981-1982) pp. 189-209
* Michael Hunter, &quot;Grew, Nehemiah (bap. 1641, d. 1712)&quot; (2004/2015) in {{ODNB}}
* William LeFanu, ''Nehemiah Grew, MD, FRS: A Study and Bibliography of His Writings''. Winchester: St. Paul's Bibliographies, 1990
* Anna Marie Roos, &quot;Nehemiah Grew (1641–1712) and the Saline Chymistry of Plants&quot; in ''Ambix'' vol. 54 (2007) pp. 51-68
* Anna Marie Roos, &quot;The Doctoral Dissertation of Nehemiah Grew (1641–1712): The Nervous Fluids and Iatrochymistry in Context&quot; in Anna Marie Roos, Gideon Manning, edd., ''Collected Wisdom of the Early Modern Scholar: Essays in Honor of Mordechai Feingold'' (Springer, 2022) pp. 323-347
* Alex Sakula, '&quot;Doctor Nehemiah Grew (1641-1712) and the Epsom salts&quot; in ''Clio Medica'' vol. 19 (1984) pp. 1-21
* Steven Shapin, ''Changing Tastes: How Things Tasted in the Early Modern Period and How They Taste Now. The Hans Rausing Lecture 2011''. Upsaliae: Uppsale Universitet, 2011 (contio in interrete reperienda)
* John Shower, ''Enoch's translation: a funeral sermon upon the sudden death of Dr. Nehemiah Grew''. Londinii, 1712; [https://archive.org/details/b30509750/page/n5/mode/2up textus]

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes biographici}}
{{CommuniaCat|Nehemiah Grew|Nehemias Grew}}
* [https://catalogues.royalsociety.org/CalmView/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Persons&amp;id=NA8411&amp;pos=1 De Nehemia Grew] in Archivo Regalis Societatis
* &quot;[https://galileo.library.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/grew.html Nehemiah Grew]&quot; apud ''Galileo Project''
* &quot;[https://grokipedia.com/page/Nehemiah_Grew Nehemiah Grew]&quot; apud ''Grokipedia''

{{Anni vitae|1641|1712|Grew, Nehemias}}
[[Categoria:Incolae Angliae]]
[[Categoria:Medici Britanniae]]
[[Categoria:Botanistae Britanniae]]
[[Categoria:Socii Regalis Societatis Londiniensis]]</text>
      <sha1>6crrqnfu733w1wwtlw1qux92ybiu3m9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Index communium praefecturae Vosegi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>123776</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3970904</id>
      <parentid>3969407</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T19:35:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>nomen latine</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="21962" sha1="bd1kaue6b44m8vg2i1xy89vcjkbudc0" xml:space="preserve">Hic est index [[commune|communium]] [[Vosegus (praefectura Franciae)|Vosegi]] praefecturae [[Francia|Francicae]], cui subsunt communia 515 numero.

[[Fasciculus:Vosges-Position.png|thumb|Situs praefecturae]]
[[Fasciculus: Senones vu du Petit Paris.jpg|thumb|Despectus in ''[[ Senones ]]'']]

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! [[INSEE|Numerus INSEE]]
! [[Numerus cursualis]]
! [[Commune]]
|-
| 88001
| 88270
| [[Les Ableuvenettes]]
|- 
| 88002
| 88500
| [[Ahéville]]
|- 
| 88003
| 88140
| [[Aingeville]]
|- 
| 88004
| 88320
| [[Ainvelle (Vosegus)|Ainvelle]]
|- 
| 88005
| 88110
| [[Allarmont]]
|- 
| 88006
| 88500
| [[Ambacuria]]
|- 
| 88007
| 88410
| [[Ameuvelle]]
|- 
| 88008
| 88700
| [[Anglemont]]
|- 
| 88009
| 88650
| [[Anould]]
|- 
| 88010
| 88170
| [[Aouze]]
|- 
| 88011
| 88380
| [[Arches (Vosegus)|Arches]]
|- 
| 88012
| 88380
| [[Archettes]]
|- 
| 88013
| 88170
| [[Aroffe]]
|- 
| 88014
| 88430
| [[Arrentès-de-Corcieux]]
|- 
| 88015
| 88300
| [[Attignéville]]
|- 
| 88016
| 88260
| [[Attigny (Vosegus)|Attigny]]
|- 
| 88017
| 88300
| [[Aulnois]]
|- 
| 88018
| 88640
| [[Aumontzey]]
|- 
| 88019
| 88300
| [[Autigny-la-Tour]]
|- 
| 88020
| 88300
| [[Autreville (Vosegus)|Autreville]]
|- 
| 88021
| 88700
| [[Autrey (Vosegus)|Autrey]]
|- 
| 88022
| 88140
| [[Auzainvilliers]]
|- 
| 88023
| 88500
| [[Avillers (Vosegus)|Avillers]]
|- 
| 88024
| 88130
| [[Avrainville (Vosegus)|Avrainville]]
|- 
| 88025
| 88630
| [[Avranville]]
|- 
| 88026
| 88600
| [[Aydoilles]]
|- 
| 88027
| 88330
| [[Badménil-aux-Bois]]
|- 
| 88028
| 88460
| [[La Baffe]]
|- 
| 88029
| 88240
| [[Bains-les-Bains]]
|- 
| 88030
| 88270
| [[Bainville-aux-Saules]]
|- 
| 88031
| 88170
| [[Balléville]]
|- 
| 88032
| 88520
| [[Ban-de-Laveline]]
|- 
| 88033
| 88210
| [[Ban-de-Sapt]]
|- 
| 88106
| 88230
| [[Ban-sur-Meurthe-Clefcy]]
|- 
| 88035
| 88640
| [[Barbey-Seroux]]
|- 
| 88036
| 88300
| [[Barville (Vosegus)|Barville]]
|- 
| 88037
| 88120
| [[Basse-sur-le-Rupt]]
|- 
| 88038
| 88130
| [[Battexey]]
|- 
| 88039
| 88500
| [[Baudricourt]]
|- 
| 88040
| 88150
| [[Bayecourt]]
|- 
| 88041
| 88270
| [[Bazegney]]
|- 
| 88042
| 88700
| [[Bazien]]
|- 
| 88043
| 88500
| [[Bazoilles-et-Ménil]]
|- 
| 88044
| 88300
| [[Bazoilles-sur-Meuse]]
|- 
| 88045
| 88300
| [[Beaufremont]]
|- 
| 88046
| 88600
| [[Beauménil]]
|- 
| 88047
| 88270
| [[Begnécourt]]
|- 
| 88048
| 88370
| [[Bellefontaine (Vosegus)|Bellefontaine]]
|- 
| 88049
| 88260
| [[Belmont-lès-Darney]]
|- 
| 88050
| 88600
| [[Belmont-sur-Buttant]]
|- 
| 88051
| 88800
| [[Belmont-sur-Vair]]
|- 
| 88052
| 88260
| [[Belrupt]]
|- 
| 88053
| 88210
| [[Belval (Vosegus)|Belval]]
|- 
| 88054
| 88520
| [[Bertrimoutier]]
|- 
| 88055
| 88450
| [[Bettegney-Saint-Brice]]
|- 
| 88056
| 88500
| [[Bettoncourt]]
|- 
| 88057
| 88490
| [[Le Beulay]]
|- 
| 88058
| 88170
| [[Biécourt]]
|- 
| 88059
| 88430
| [[Biffontaine]]
|- 
| 88060
| 88500
| [[Blémerey (Vosegus)|Blémerey]]
|- 
| 88061
| 88410
| [[Bleurville]]
|- 
| 88062
| 88320
| [[Blevaincourt]]
|- 
| 88063
| 88270
| [[Bocquegney]]
|- 
| 88064
| 88600
| [[Bois-de-Champ]]
|- 
| 88065
| 88260
| [[Bonvillet]]
|- 
| 88066
| 88500
| [[Boulaincourt]]
|- 
| 88068
| 88470
| [[La Bourgonce]]
|- 
| 88069
| 88270
| [[Bouxières-aux-Bois]]
|- 
| 88070
| 88130
| [[Bouxurulles]]
|- 
| 88071
| 88270
| [[Bouzemont]]
|- 
| 88073
| 88130
| [[Brantigny]]
|- 
| 88074
| 88350
| [[Brechainville]]
|- 
| 88075
| 88250
| [[La Bresse]]
|- 
| 88076
| 88600
| [[Brouvelieures]]
|- 
| 88077
| 88700
| [[Brû]]
|- 
| 88078
| 88600
| [[Bruyères]]
|- 
| 88079
| 88140
| [[Boloniacivilla]]
|- 
| 88080
| 88700
| [[Bult]]
|- 
| 88081
| 88540
| [[Bussang]]
|- 
| 88082
| 88110
| [[Celles-sur-Plaine]]
|- 
| 88083
| 88300
| [[Certilleux]]
|- 
| 88084
| 88130
| [[Chamagne]]
|- 
| 88085
| 88640
| [[Champdray]]
|- 
| 88086
| 88600
| [[Ducis Campus|Champ-le-Duc]]
|- 
| 88087
| 88000
| [[Chantraine (commune)|Chantraine]]
|- 
| 88088
| 88240
| [[La Chapelle-aux-Bois]]
|- 
| 88089
| 88600
| [[La Chapelle-devant-Bruyères]]
|- 
| 88090
| 88130
| [[Carpinia]]
|- 
| 88091
| 88460
| [[Charmois-devant-Bruyères]]
|- 
| 88092
| 88270
| [[Charmois-l'Orgueilleux]]
|- 
| 88093
| 88210
| [[Châtas]]
|- 
| 88094
| 88330
| [[Châtel-sur-Moselle]]
|- 
| 88095
| 88170
| [[Châtenois (Vosegus)|Châtenois]]
|- 
| 88096
| 88410
| [[Châtillon-sur-Saône]]
|- 
| 88097
| 88500
| [[Chauffecourt]]
|- 
| 88098
| 88390
| [[Chaumousey]]
|- 
| 88099
| 88150
| [[Chavelot]]
|- 
| 88100
| 88500
| [[Chef-Haut]]
|- 
| 88101
| 88460
| [[Cheniménil]]
|- 
| 88102
| 88630
| [[Chermisey]]
|- 
| 88103
| 88270
| [[Circourt]]
|- 
| 88104
| 88300
| [[Circourt-sur-Mouzon]]
|- 
| 88105
| 88410
| [[Claudon]]
|- 
| 88107
| 88630
| [[Clérey-la-Côte]]
|- 
| 88108
| 88240
| [[Le Clerjus]]
|- 
| 88109
| 88120
| [[Cleurie]]
|- 
| 88110
| 88700
| [[Clézentaine]]
|- 
| 88111
| 88100
| [[Coinches]]
|- 
| 88112
| 88490
| [[Colroy-la-Grande]]
|- 
| 88113
| 88490
| [[Combrimont]]
|- 
| 88114
| 88140
| [[Gundrecivilla]]
|- 
| 88115
| 88430
| [[Corcieux]]
|- 
| 88116
| 88310
| [[Cornimont]]
|- 
| 88117
| 88170
| [[Courcelles-sous-Châtenois]]
|- 
| 88118
| 88630
| [[Coussey]]
|- 
| 88119
| 88140
| [[Crainvilliers]]
|- 
| 88120
| 88520
| [[La Croix-aux-Mines]]
|- 
| 88121
| 88330
| [[Damas-aux-Bois]]
|- 
| 88122
| 88270
| [[Damas-et-Bettegney]]
|- 
| 88123
| 88320
| [[Damblain]]
|- 
| 88124
| 88260
| [[Darney]]
|- 
| 88125
| 88170
| [[Darney-aux-Chênes]]
|- 
| 88126
| 88390
| [[Darnieulles]]
|- 
| 88127
| 88700
| [[Deinvillers]]
|- 
| 88128
| 88210
| [[Denipaire]]
|- 
| 88129
| 88270
| [[Derbamont]]
|- 
| 88130
| 88600
| [[Destord]]
|- 
| 88131
| 88600
| [[Deycimont]]
|- 
| 88132
| 88000
| [[Deyvillers]]
|- 
| 88133
| 88000
| [[Dignonville]]
|- 
| 88134
| 88000
| [[Dinozé]]
|- 
| 88135
| 88460
| [[Docelles]]
|- 
| 88136
| 88000
| [[Dogneville]]
|- 
| 88137
| 88170
| [[Dolaincourt]]
|- 
| 88138
| 88260
| [[Dombasle-devant-Darney]]
|- 
| 88139
| 88500
| [[Dombasle-en-Xaintois]]
|- 
| 88140
| 88140
| [[Dombrot-le-Sec]]
|- 
| 88141
| 88170
| [[Dombrot-sur-Vair]]
|- 
| 88144
| 88500
| [[Domèvre-sous-Montfort]]
|- 
| 88142
| 88390
| [[Domèvre-sur-Avière]]
|- 
| 88143
| 88330
| [[Domèvre-sur-Durbion]]
|- 
| 88145
| 88600
| [[Domfaing]]
|- 
| 88146
| 88800
| [[Domjulien]]
|- 
| 88147
| 88390
| [[Dommartin-aux-Bois]]
|- 
| 88148
| 88200
| [[Domnus Martinus (Romaricus Mons)]]
|- 
| 88149
| 88260
| [[Dommartin-lès-Vallois]]
|- 
| 88150
| 88170
| [[Dommartin-sur-Vraine]]
|- 
| 88151
| 88270
| [[Donoparium]]
|- 
| 88152
| 88600
| [[Dompierre (Vosegus)|Dompierre]]
|- 
| 88153
| 88700
| [[Domptail]]
|- 
| 88154
| 88630
| [[Domnum Remigium]]
|- 
| 88155
| 88500
| [[Domvallier]]
|- 
| 88156
| 88700
| [[Doncières]]
|- 
| 88157
| 88220
| [[Dounoux]]
|- 
| 88158
| 88510
| [[Éloyes]]
|- 
| 88159
| 88650
| [[Entre-deux-Eaux]]
|- 
| 88160
| 88000
| [[Spinalium]]
|- 
| 88161
| 88260
| [[Escles]]
|- 
| 88162
| 88260
| [[Esley]]
|- 
| 88163
| 88130
| [[Essegney]]
|- 
| 88164
| 88500
| [[Estrennes]]
|- 
| 88165
| 88480
| [[Étival-Clairefontaine]]
|- 
| 88166
| 88450
| [[Évaux-et-Ménil]]
|- 
| 88167
| 88460
| [[Faucompierre]]
|- 
| 88168
| 88700
| [[Fauconcourt]]
|- 
| 88169
| 88600
| [[Fays (Vosegus)|Fays]]
|- 
| 88170
| 88360
| [[Ferdrupt]]
|- 
| 88171
| 88410
| [[Fignévelle]]
|- 
| 88172
| 88600
| [[Fiménil]]
|- 
| 88173
| 88130
| [[Florémont]]
|- 
| 88174
| 88390
| [[Fomerey]]
|- 
| 88175
| 88600
| [[Fontenay (Vosegus)|Fontenay]]
|- 
| 88176
| 88240
| [[Fontenoy-le-Château]]
|- 
| 88177
| 88530
| [[La Forge (Vosegus)|La Forge]]
|- 
| 88178
| 88390
| [[Les Forges (Vosegus)|Les Forges]]
|- 
| 88179
| 88320
| [[Fouchécourt (Vosegus)|Fouchécourt]]
|- 
| 88180
| 88320
| [[Frain]]
|- 
| 88181
| 88230
| [[Fraize]]
|- 
| 88182
| 88490
| [[Frapelle]]
|- 
| 88183
| 88630
| [[Frebécourt]]
|- 
| 88184
| 88600
| [[Fremifontaine]]
|- 
| 88185
| 88500
| [[Frenelle-la-Grande]]
|- 
| 88186
| 88500
| [[Frenelle-la-Petite]]
|- 
| 88187
| 88270
| [[Frénois (Vosegus)|Frénois]]
|- 
| 88188
| 88160
| [[Fresse-sur-Moselle]]
|- 
| 88189
| 88350
| [[Fréville (Vosegus)|Fréville]]
|- 
| 88190
| 88440
| [[Frizon]]
|- 
| 88192
| 88270
| [[Gelvécourt-et-Adompt]]
|- 
| 88193
| 88520
| [[Gemaingoutte]]
|- 
| 88194
| 88170
| [[Gemmelaincourt]]
|- 
| 88195
| 88140
| [[Gendreville]]
|- 
| 88196
| 88400
| [[Gérardmer]]
|- 
| 88197
| 88120
| [[Gerbamont]]
|- 
| 88198
| 88430
| [[Gerbépal]]
|- 
| 88199
| 88320
| [[Gignéville]]
|- 
| 88200
| 88390
| [[Gigney]]
|- 
| 88201
| 88390
| [[Girancourt]]
|- 
| 88202
| 88500
| [[Gircourt-lès-Viéville]]
|- 
| 88203
| 88600
| [[Girecourt-sur-Durbion]]
|- 
| 88205
| 88340
| [[Girmont-Val-d'Ajol]]
|- 
| 88206
| 88170
| [[Gironcourt-sur-Vraine]]
|- 
| 88208
| 88410
| [[Godoncourt]]
|- 
| 88209
| 88190
| [[Golbey]]
|- 
| 88210
| 88270
| [[Gorhey]]
|- 
| 88212
| 88350
| [[Grand (Vosegus)|Grand]]
|- 
| 88213
| 88490
| [[La Grande-Fosse]]
|- 
| 88215
| 88210
| [[Grandrupt]]
|- 
| 88214
| 88240
| [[Grandrupt-de-Bains]]
|- 
| 88216
| 88600
| [[Grandvillers]]
|- 
| 88218
| 88640
| [[Granges-sur-Vologne]]
|- 
| 88219
| 88630
| [[Greux]]
|- 
| 88220
| 88410
| [[Grignoncourt]]
|- 
| 88221
| 88240
| [[Gruey-lès-Surance]]
|- 
| 88222
| 88600
| [[Gugnécourt]]
|- 
| 88223
| 88450
| [[Gugney-aux-Aulx]]
|- 
| 88224
| 88330
| [[Hadigny-les-Verrières]]
|- 
| 88225
| 88220
| [[Hadol]]
|- 
| 88226
| 88270
| [[Hagécourt]]
|- 
| 88227
| 88300
| [[Hagnéville-et-Roncourt]]
|- 
| 88228
| 88330
| [[Haillainville]]
|- 
| 88229
| 88300
| [[Harchéchamp]]
|- 
| 88230
| 88700
| [[Hardancourt]]
|- 
| 88231
| 88800
| [[Haréville]]
|- 
| 88232
| 88300
| [[Harmonville]]
|- 
| 88233
| 88270
| [[Harol]]
|- 
| 88234
| 88240
| [[Harsault]]
|- 
| 88235
| 88240
| [[Hautmougey]]
|- 
| 88236
| 88240
| [[La Haye (Vosegus)|La Haye]]
|- 
| 88237
| 88270
| [[Hennecourt]]
|- 
| 88238
| 88260
| [[Hennezel]]
|- 
| 88239
| 88130
| [[Hergugney]]
|- 
| 88240
| 88600
| [[Herpelmont]]
|- 
| 88241
| 88170
| [[Houécourt]]
|- 
| 88242
| 88300
| [[Houéville]]
|- 
| 88243
| 88700
| [[Housseras]]
|- 
| 88244
| 88430
| [[La Houssière]]
|- 
| 88245
| 88210
| [[Hurbache]]
|- 
| 88246
| 88500
| [[Hymont]]
|- 
| 88247
| 88150
| [[Igney (Vosegus)|Igney]]
|- 
| 88248
| 88320
| [[Isches]]
|- 
| 88249
| 88300
| [[Jainvillotte]]
|- 
| 88250
| 88550
| [[Jarménil]]
|- 
| 88251
| 88700
| [[Jeanménil]]
|- 
| 88252
| 88260
| [[Jésonville]]
|- 
| 88253
| 88000
| [[Jeuxey]]
|- 
| 88254
| 88500
| [[Jorxey]]
|- 
| 88255
| 88630
| [[Jubainville]]
|- 
| 88256
| 88640
| [[Jussarupt]]
|- 
| 88257
| 88500
| [[Juvaincourt]]
|- 
| 88258
| 88320
| [[Lamarche]]
|- 
| 88259
| 88300
| [[Landaville]]
|- 
| 88260
| 88130
| [[Langley (Vosegus)|Langley]]
|- 
| 88261
| 88600
| [[Laval-sur-Vologne]]
|- 
| 88262
| 88600
| [[Laveline-devant-Bruyères]]
|- 
| 88263
| 88640
| [[Laveline-du-Houx]]
|- 
| 88264
| 88270
| [[Légéville-et-Bonfays]]
|- 
| 88265
| 88300
| [[Lemmecourt]]
|- 
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! [[INSEE|Numerus INSEE]]
! [[Numerus cursualis]]
! [[Commune]]
|-
| 88266
| 88600
| [[Lépanges-sur-Vologne]]
|- 
| 88267
| 88260
| [[Lerrain]]
|- 
| 88268
| 88490
| [[Lesseux]]
|- 
| 88269
| 88400
| [[Liézey]]
|- 
| 88270
| 88350
| [[Liffol-le-Grand]]
|- 
| 88271
| 88800
| [[Lignéville]]
|- 
| 88272
| 88410
| [[Lironcourt]]
|- 
| 88273
| 88000
| [[Longchamp (Vosegus)|Longchamp]]
|- 
| 88274
| 88170
| [[Longchamp-sous-Châtenois]]
|- 
| 88275
| 88490
| [[Lubine]]
|- 
| 88276
| 88490
| [[Lusse]]
|- 
| 88277
| 88110
| [[Luvigny]]
|- 
| 88278
| 88170
| [[Maconcourt]]
|- 
| 88279
| 88270
| [[Madecourt]]
|- 
| 88280
| 88450
| [[Madegney]]
|- 
| 88281
| 88270
| [[Madonne-et-Lamerey]]
|- 
| 88282
| 88240
| [[Le Magny (Vosegus)|Le Magny]]
|- 
| 88283
| 88140
| [[Malaincourt]]
|- 
| 88284
| 88650
| [[Mandray]]
|- 
| 88285
| 88800
| [[Mandres-sur-Vair]]
|- 
| 88286
| 88130
| [[Marainville-sur-Madon]]
|- 
| 88287
| 88320
| [[Marey (Vosegus)|Marey]]
|- 
| 88288
| 88270
| [[Maroncourt]]
|- 
| 88289
| 88320
| [[Martigny-les-Bains]]
|- 
| 88290
| 88300
| [[Martigny-les-Gerbonvaux]]
|- 
| 88291
| 88410
| [[Martinvelle]]
|- 
| 88292
| 88500
| [[Mattaincourt]]
|- 
| 88293
| 88630
| [[Maxey-sur-Meuse]]
|- 
| 88294
| 88150
| [[Mazeley]]
|- 
| 88295
| 88500
| [[Mazirot]]
|- 
| 88296
| 88140
| [[Médonville]]
|- 
| 88297
| 88600
| [[Méménil]]
|- 
| 88298
| 88700
| [[Ménarmont]]
|- 
| 88302
| 88160
| [[Le Ménil]]
|- 
| 88300
| 88210
| [[Ménil-de-Senones]]
|- 
| 88299
| 88500
| [[Mansile in Sanctesio]]
|- 
| 88301
| 88700
| [[Ménil-sur-Belvitte]]
|- 
| 88303
| 88630
| [[Midrevaux]]
|- 
| 88304
| 88500
| [[Mirecurtium]]
|- 
| 88305
| 88630
| [[Moncel-sur-Vair]]
|- 
| 88306
| 88210
| [[Le Mont]]
|- 
| 88309
| 88800
| [[Monthureux-le-Sec]]
|- 
| 88310
| 88410
| [[Monthureux-sur-Saône]]
|- 
| 88307
| 88320
| [[Mont-lès-Lamarche]]
|- 
| 88308
| 88300
| [[Mont-lès-Neufchâteau]]
|- 
| 88311
| 88240
| [[Montmotier]]
|- 
| 88312
| 88170
| [[Morelmaison]]
|- 
| 88313
| 88330
| [[Moriville]]
|- 
| 88314
| 88320
| [[Morizécourt]]
|- 
| 88315
| 88600
| [[Mortagne (Vosegus)|Mortagne]]
|- 
| 88316
| 88140
| [[Morville (Vosegus)|Morville]]
|- 
| 88317
| 88210
| [[Moussey (Vosegus)|Moussey]]
|- 
| 88318
| 88700
| [[Moyemont]]
|- 
| 88319
| 88420
| [[Moyenmoutier]]
|- 
| 88320
| 88100
| [[Nayemont-les-Fosses]]
|- 
| 88321
| 88300
| [[Neocastrum]]
|- 
| 88322
| 88600
| [[La Neuveville-devant-Lépanges]]
|- 
| 88324
| 88170
| [[La Neuveville-sous-Châtenois]]
|- 
| 88325
| 88800
| [[La Neuveville-sous-Montfort]]
|- 
| 88326
| 88100
| [[Neuvillers-sur-Fave]]
|- 
| 88327
| 88440
| [[Nomexy]]
|- 
| 88328
| 88470
| [[Nompatelize]]
|- 
| 88330
| 88260
| [[Nonville (Vosegus)|Nonville]]
|- 
| 88331
| 88600
| [[Nonzeville]]
|- 
| 88332
| 88800
| [[Norroy]]
|- 
| 88333
| 88700
| [[Nossoncourt]]
|- 
| 88334
| 88500
| [[Oëlleville]]
|- 
| 88335
| 88500
| [[Offroicourt]]
|- 
| 88336
| 88170
| [[Ollainville (Vosegus)|Ollainville]]
|- 
| 88338
| 88700
| [[Ortoncourt]]
|- 
| 88340
| 88700
| [[Padoux]]
|- 
| 88341
| 88100
| [[Pair-et-Grandrupt]]
|- 
| 88342
| 88330
| [[Pallegney]]
|- 
| 88343
| 88800
| [[Parey-sous-Montfort]]
|- 
| 88344
| 88350
| [[Pargny-sous-Mureau]]
|- 
| 88345
| 88490
| [[La Petite-Fosse]]
|- 
| 88346
| 88210
| [[La Petite-Raon]]
|- 
| 88347
| 88270
| [[Pierrefitte (Vosegus)|Pierrefitte]]
|- 
| 88348
| 88600
| [[Pierrepont-sur-l'Arentèle]]
|- 
| 88349
| 88230
| [[Plainfaing]]
|- 
| 88350
| 88170
| [[Pleuvezain]]
|- 
| 88351
| 88370
| [[Plumberae]]
|- 
| 88352
| 88300
| [[Pompierre]]
|- 
| 88353
| 88260
| [[Pont-lès-Bonfays]]
|- 
| 88354
| 88500
| [[Pont-sur-Madon]]
|- 
| 88355
| 88330
| [[Portieux]]
|- 
| 88356
| 88600
| [[Les Poulières]]
|- 
| 88357
| 88500
| [[Poussay]]
|- 
| 88358
| 88550
| [[Pouxeux]]
|- 
| 88359
| 88600
| [[Prey (Vosegus)|Prey]]
|- 
| 88360
| 88260
| [[Provenchères-lès-Darney]]
|- 
| 88361
| 88490
| [[Provenchères-sur-Fave]]
|- 
| 88362
| 88210
| [[Le Puid]]
|- 
| 88363
| 88630
| [[Purneretum]]
|- 
| 88364
| 88500
| [[Puzieux (Vosegus)|Puzieux]]
|- 
| 88365
| 88270
| [[Racécourt]]
|- 
| 88366
| 88170
| [[Radalli villa]]
|- 
| 88367
| 88700
| [[Rambervilleriae]]
|- 
| 88368
| 88500
| [[Rancuria]]
|- 
| 88369
| 88160
| [[Romarici campus]]
|- 
| 88370
| 88270
| [[Radonis curtis]]
|- 
| 88371
| 88220
| [[Rapo ad Silvas]]
|- 
| 88372
| 88110
| [[Rapo ad Stationem]]
|- 
| 88373
| 88110
| [[Raon-sur-Plaine]]
|- 
| 88374
| 88130
| [[Rapey]]
|- 
| 88375
| 88520
| [[Raves (Vosegus)|Raves]]
|- 
| 88376
| 88300
| [[Ribovilla]]
|- 
| 88377
| 88410
| [[Rainharii villa]]
|- 
| 88378
| 88450
| [[Regney]]
|- 
| 88379
| 88330
| [[Ranconis curtis]]
|- 
| 88380
| 88640
| [[Rehaupal]]
|- 
| 88381
| 88260
| [[Relangia]]
|- 
| 88382
| 88500
| [[Rimacuria]]
|- 
| 88383
| 88200
| [[Romarici Mons]]
|- 
| 88386
| 88100
| [[Remomeix]]
|- 
| 88385
| 88800
| [[Romulficuria]]
|- 
| 88387
| 88170
| [[Ramaldi villa]]
|- 
| 88388
| 88390
| [[Renauvoid]]
|- 
| 88389
| 88500
| [[Reparium]]
|- 
| 88390
| 88320
| [[Roberticuria]]
|- 
| 88391
| 88120
| [[Rochesson]]
|- 
| 88394
| 88320
| [[Romania ad Silvas]]
|- 
| 88395
| 88700
| [[Rotmundum]]
|- 
| 88398
| 88600
| [[Les Rouges-Eaux]]
|- 
| 88399
| 88460
| [[Le Roulier]]
|- 
| 88400
| 88500
| [[Ruvera in Sanctesio]]
|- 
| 88401
| 88170
| [[Roverium (Vosegus)|Roverium]]
|- 
| 88402
| 88700
| [[Rovilla ad Quercus]]
|- 
| 88403
| 88500
| [[Roserota]]
|- 
| 88404
| 88320
| [[Roseriae supra Mosunam]]
|- 
| 88406
| 88130
| [[Rugney]]
|- 
| 88407
| 88630
| [[Ruppes]]
|- 
| 88408
| 88360
| [[Rupt-sur-Moselle]]
|- 
| 88409
| 88120
| [[Saint-Amé]]
|- 
| 88411
| 88260
| [[Sanctus Basolimons]]
|- 
| 88412
| 88700
| [[Sanctus Benedictus (Vosegus)|Sanctus Benedictus]]
|- 
| 88413
| 88100
| [[Sanctus Deodatus (urbs)|Sanctus Deodatus]]
|- 
| 88410
| 88700
| [[Sancta Barbara (Vosegus)|Sancta Barbara]]
|- 
| 88418
| 88700
| [[Sancta Helena (Vosegus)|Sancta Helena]]
|- 
| 88424
| 88100
| [[Sancta Margareta (Vosegus)|Sancta Margareta]]
|- 
| 88415
| 88200
| [[Sanctus Stephanus ultra Mosellam]]
|- 
| 88416
| 88700
| [[Sanctus Genesius (Vosegus)|Sanctus Genesius]]
|- 
| 88417
| 88700
| [[Sanctus Gorgonius (Vosegus)|Sanctus Gorgonius]]
|- 
| 88419
| 88210
| [[Saint-Jean-d'Ormont]]
|- 
| 88421
| 88410
| [[Sanctus Iulianus (Vosegus)|Sanctus Iulianus]]
|- 
| 88423
| 88650
| [[Sanctus Leonardus (Vosegus)|Sanctus Leonardus]]
|- 
| 88425
| 88700
| [[Sanctus Mauricius (Vosegus)|Sanctus Mauricius]]
|- 
| 88426
| 88560
| [[Saint-Maurice-sur-Moselle]]
|- 
| 88427
| 88170
| [[Sanctus Memmius (Vosegus)|Sanctus Memmius]]
|- 
| 88428
| 88470
| [[Saint-Michel-sur-Meurthe]]
|- 
| 88429
| 88200
| [[Sanctus Nabor (Vosegus)|Sanctus Nabor]]
|- 
| 88430
| 88140
| [[Sanctus Audoenus (Vosegus)|Sanctus Audoenus]]
|- 
| 88431
| 88170
| [[Sanctus Paulus (Vosegus)|Sanctus Paulus]]
|- 
| 88432
| 88700
| [[Sanctus Petrimons]]
|- 
| 88433
| 88500
| [[Sanctus Pancratius (Vosegus)|Sanctus Pancratius]]
|- 
| 88434
| 88800
| [[Sancti Remigii Mons (Vosegus)|Sancti Remigii Mons]]
|- 
| 88435
| 88480
| [[Sanctus Remigius (Vosegus)|Sanctus Remigius]]
|- 
| 88436
| 88210
| [[Sanctus Stephanus (Vosegus)|Sanctus Stephanus]]
|- 
| 88437
| 88270
| [[Sanctus Valerius (Vosegus)|Sanctus Valerius]]
|- 
| 88438
| 88470
| [[La Salle (Vosegus)|La Salle]]
|- 
| 88439
| 88390
| [[Sanchey]]
|- 
| 88440
| 88170
| [[Sandaucuria]]
|- 
| 88441
| 88260
| [[Sans-Vallois]]
|- 
| 88442
| 88120
| [[Sapois (Vosegus)|Sapois]]
|- 
| 88443
| 88300
| [[Sartes]]
|- 
| 88444
| 88210
| [[Le Saulcy]]
|- 
| 88445
| 88580
| [[Salicetum (Vosegus)|Salicetum]]
|- 
| 88446
| 88140
| [[Salsurae (Vosegus)|Salsurae]]
|- 
| 88447
| 88290
| [[Salsuriae]]
|- 
| 88448
| 88140
| [[Seivilla]]
|- 
| 88449
| 88130
| [[Saviniacum (Vosegus)|Saviniacum]]
|- 
| 88450
| 88320
| [[Senagda]]
|- 
| 88451
| 88210
| [[Senonia (Vosegus)|Senonia]]
|- 
| 88452
| 88260
| [[Senonges]]
|- 
| 88453
| 88630
| [[Seromons]]
|- 
| 88454
| 88600
| [[Sarcus (Vosegus)|Sarcus]]
|- 
| 88455
| 88320
| [[Sirecuria]]
|- 
| 88456
| 88320
| [[Serocourt]]
|- 
| 88457
| 88630
| [[Seona (Vosegus)|Seona]]
|- 
| 88458
| 88130
| [[Solicuria]]
|- 
| 88459
| 88170
| [[Soncuria]]
|- 
| 88460
| 88630
| [[Solicia]]
|- 
| 88461
| 88140
| [[Serewavilla]]
|- 
| 88462
| 88120
| [[Le Syndicat]]
|- 
| 88463
| 88100
| [[Tinctorivus]]
|- 
| 88464
| 88460
| [[Tendon (Vosegus)|Tendon]]
|- 
| 88465
| 88150
| [[Tado]]
|- 
| 88466
| 88800
| [[Tillia]]
|- 
| 88467
| 88290
| [[Thiéfosse]]
|- 
| 88468
| 88160
| [[Le Thillot]]
|- 
| 88469
| 88500
| [[Tirocuria]]
|- 
| 88470
| 88530
| [[Le Tholy]]
|- 
| 88471
| 88410
| [[Les Thons]]
|- 
| 88472
| 88260
| [[Thuillières]]
|- 
| 88473
| 88320
| [[Tignécourt]]
|- 
| 88474
| 88300
| [[Tellum (Vosegus)|Tellum]]
|- 
| 88475
| 88320
| [[Toteleni curtis]]
|- 
| 88476
| 88500
| [[Totoni villa]]
|- 
| 88477
| 88350
| [[Trampodium]]
|- 
| 88478
| 88300
| [[Tranculfi villa]]
|- 
| 88479
| 88240
| [[Trémonzey]]
|- 
| 88480
| 88130
| [[Ubexy]]
|- 
| 88481
| 88220
| [[Uriménil]]
|- 
| 88482
| 88140
| [[Eurivilla]]
|- 
| 88483
| 88390
| [[Ursiniacum]]
|- 
| 88484
| 88220
| [[Usminga]]
|- 
| 88485
| 88140
| [[La Vacheresse-et-la-Rouillie]]
|- 
| 88486
| 88120
| [[Vainiacum]]
|- 
| 88487
| 88340
| [[Le Val-d'Ajol]]
|- 
| 88488
| 88270
| [[Valefridicurtis]]
|- 
| 88489
| 88270
| [[Vallis Regia (Vosegus)|Vallis Regia]]
|- 
| 88490
| 88800
| [[Vallis Regia Sicca]]
|- 
| 88491
| 88260
| [[Tres Valesii]]
|- 
| 88492
| 88230
| [[Le Valtin]]
|- 
| 88493
| 88450
| [[Varmonzey]]
|- 
| 88494
| 88500
| [[Vaubexy]]
|- 
| 88495
| 88000
| [[Waldinivilla]]
|- 
| 88496
| 88140
| [[Valdonis curtis (Vosegus)|Valdonis curtis]]
|- 
| 88497
| 88330
| [[Wauxoncuria]]
|- 
| 88498
| 88200
| [[Vecoux]]
|- 
| 88499
| 88270
| [[Velotte-et-Tatignécourt]]
|- 
| 88500
| 88310
| [[Ventron]]
|- 
| 88501
| 88210
| [[Le Vermont]]
|- 
| 88502
| 88600
| [[Vervezelle]]
|- 
| 88503
| 88110
| [[Vexaincourt]]
|- 
| 88504
| 88170
| [[Vicherey]]
|- 
| 88505
| 88430
| [[Vienville]]
|- 
| 88506
| 88210
| [[Vieux-Moulin (Vosegus)|Vieux-Moulin]]
|- 
| 88507
| 88500
| [[Villers (Vosegus)|Villers]]
|- 
| 88508
| 88270
| [[Ville-sur-Illon]]
|- 
| 88509
| 88150
| [[Villoncourt]]
|- 
| 88510
| 88320
| [[Villotte]]
|- 
| 88511
| 88350
| [[Villouxel]]
|- 
| 88512
| 88600
| [[Viménil]]
|- 
| 88513
| 88450
| [[Vincey]]
|- 
| 88514
| 88170
| [[Viocourt]]
|- 
| 88515
| 88260
| [[Vioménil]]
|- 
| 88516
| 88800
| [[Vittel]]
|- 
| 88517
| 88260
| [[Viviers-le-Gras]]
|- 
| 88518
| 88500
| [[Viviers-lès-Offroicourt]]
|- 
| 88519
| 88470
| [[La Voivre (Vosegus)|La Voivre]]
|- 
| 88520
| 88240
| [[Les Voivres]]
|- 
| 88521
| 88700
| [[Vomécourt]]
|- 
| 88522
| 88500
| [[Vomécourt-sur-Madon]]
|- 
| 88523
| 88170
| [[Vouxey]]
|- 
| 88524
| 88140
| [[Vrécourt]]
|- 
| 88525
| 88500
| [[Vroville]]
|- 
| 88526
| 88520
| [[Wisembach]]
|- 
| 88527
| 88700
| [[Xaffévillers]]
|- 
| 88528
| 88460
| [[Xamontarupt]]
|- 
| 88529
| 88130
| [[Xaronval]]
|- 
| 88530
| 88220
| [[Scatiniacum]]
|- 
| 88531
| 88400
| [[Xonrupt-Longemer]]
|- 
| 88532
| 88330
| [[Zincourt]]
|}
{{Indices communium praefecturarum Franciae}}
[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Vosegi|!]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sanctus Medardus-Jaillia</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>129355</id>
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      <id>3970922</id>
      <parentid>3498063</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-08T04:01:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>139091</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="1272" sha1="lpv3dz5nzbfsxhuxl75s2ovofvvy0wz" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Blason ville fr Saint-Mars-la-Jaille (Loire-Atlantique).svg|thumb|200 px|'''Sanctus Medardus''': vexillum]]
'''Sanctus Medardus-Jaillia'''&lt;ref&gt;[[Orbis Latinus]] [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914 3]&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Francogallice]] ''Saint-Mars-la-Jaille,'' [[Lingua Britonica|Britonice]] ''Sant-Marzh-an-Olivenn'') est pristinum commune 2400 incolarum (anno [[2015]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Liger Atlanticus|Ligeris Atlantici]] in [[Francia]]e occidentalis regione [[Pagi Ligeris (regio Franciae)|Pagis Ligeris]].
1 Ianuarii anni [[2018]] cum communibus [[Bonnœuvre]], [[Maumusson (Liger Atlanticus)|Maumusson]], [[Saint-Sulpice-des-Landes (Liger Atlanticus)|Saint-Sulpice-des-Landes]], et [[Vritz]] ad commune novum [[Vallons-de-l'Erdre]] coniunctum et caput eius factum est. 

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Ligeris Atlantici]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Saint-Mars-la-Jaille |Sanctum Medardum }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160601093258/http://www.saint-mars-la-jaille.fr/ Saint-Mars-la-Jaille pagina interretialis]

==Notae==
&lt;references&gt;&lt;/references&gt;
{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Ligeris Atlantici]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Ligeris Atlantici]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Formula:Parametrum</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>130106</id>
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      <id>3970852</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-07T15:39:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
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      <comment>De recto modo primum argumentum tractandi</comment>
      <origin>3970852</origin>
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      <text bytes="589" sha1="2u4rznsai2ppi0dejgxfw2rhngb1sur" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;&lt;code style=&quot;word-break:break-word;{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#ifeq:{{{forma|}}}|plana
	| border:none;color:inherit;background-color:inherit;
}}{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#if:{{{style|}}}|{{{style}}}}}&quot;&gt;&amp;#124;{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#ifeq:{{{1|+}}}|{{{1|-}}}
	| {{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#if:{{{1|}}}
		| {{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#if:{{{color-nominis|+}}}
			| &lt;span style=&quot;{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#if:{{{color-nominis|}}}|color:{{{color-nominis}}}|color:#767600}};&quot;&gt;{{{1}}}&lt;/span&gt;
			| {{{1}}}
		}}
	}}&amp;#61;
}}{{{2|}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentatio}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cultura Adrabiganiae</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>146642</id>
    <redirect title="Atropatene" />
    <revision>
      <id>3970916</id>
      <parentid>2865411</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-08T02:22:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EmausBot</username>
        <id>23083</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>rectificatio redirectionis duplicis → [[Atropatene#Cultura]]</comment>
      <origin>3970916</origin>
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      <text bytes="32" sha1="1f4zd7wkzulxwty6swjytaw3pxwnw4c" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Atropatene#Cultura]]</text>
      <sha1>1f4zd7wkzulxwty6swjytaw3pxwnw4c</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Rhoda (Italia)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>148987</id>
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      <id>3970811</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-07T13:37:12Z</timestamp>
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        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>139091</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="2412" sha1="7p0qxlsdrlzcy9hkd5qrom50hfzqb05" xml:space="preserve">{{videdis|Rhoda}}
{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:San Giacomo Maggiore (Ro, Italy).JPG|thumb|Rhoda (Italia)]]
'''Rhoda'''&lt;ref&gt;Nomi d'Italia - AAVV, De Agostini&lt;/ref&gt; {{victio|Rhoda|ae|f}} (alia nomina: ''Fundum Rhoda'', ''Fossa de Reda'', ''Fossa de Rede'', ''Rode'') ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Ro (Italia)|Ro]]'') est [[oppidum]] [[Italia]]e, et [[Vicus Italiae|fractio]] [[Commune Italiae|municipii]] [[Ripa Padi|Ripae Padi]]. Incolae ''Rhodenses'' appellantur.

== Geographia ==
* [[Padus]].

== Historia ==
Rhoda fuit [[Commune Italiae|municipium]] [[Italia]]e, circiter 3&amp;thinsp;500 incolarum, in [[Regio Italiae|Regione]] [[Aemilia-Romania]] et in [[Provincia Ferrariensis|Provincia Ferrariensi]] situm.
Die [[1 Ianuarii]] [[2019]] municipium [[Beria]]e coniunxit se cum municipio [[Rhoda (Italia)|Rhodae]] ut constituiret [[Municipia iuncta Italiae|municipium novum]] '''Ripae Padi'''.

== Fractiones, vici et loci in municipio ==
* Alberone,
* Guarda Ferrarese,
* Ruina,
* Zocca.

== Municipia finitima ==
* [[Beria]] ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Berra (Italia)|Berra]]''),
* [[Canarium]] ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Canaro|Canaro]]'') ([[Rodigium (provincia)|RO]]),
* [[Copparium]] ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Copparo|Copparo]]''),
* [[Crispinum]] seu [[Fundus Crispini]] ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Crespino|Crespino]]'') ([[Provincia Rodigina|RO]]),
* ''[[Ferraria]]'' ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Ferrara|Ferrara]]''),
* [[Guarda Venetica]] ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Guarda Veneta|Guarda Veneta]]'') ([[Provincia Rodigina|RO]]),
* [[Pelosella]] seu [[Litigia]] ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Polesella|Polesella]]'') ([[Provincia Rodigina|RO]]).

{{NexInt}}
* [[Aemilia-Romania]] (''regio''),
* [[Provincia Ferrariensis]],
* [[Ferraria (urbs)|Ferraria]] (''urbs''),
* [[Ripa Padi]] (''municipium'').

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100531052335/http://www.comune.ro.fe.it/ Situs publicus]
{{CommuniaCat|Ro (Italy)|Rhodam}}

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Imago:Map_of_comune_of_Ro_(province_of_Ferrara,_region_Emilia-Romagna,_Italy).svg|Collocatio finium Municipii Rhodae in Provincia Ferrariensi.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Fractiones in Provincia Ferrariensi]]
[[Categoria:Vici in municipio Ripae Padi]]
[[Categoria:Municipia abrogata Italiae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Saint-Amand (Manica)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="1402" sha1="lj844nndmlgd8cpg7r7uy4jc95cdqfy" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus: FranceNormandieSaintAmandEgliseClocher.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Saint-Amand: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]]e [[Sanctus Amandus|Sancto Amando]] dicatae [[turris campanaria]].]]

{{res|Saint-Amand}} est delegata novi communis [[Saint-Amand-Villages]] pars; illud novum commune [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Manica (praefectura Franciae)|Manicae]] in [[Francia]]e borealis provincia [[Normannia (regio Franciae)|Normannia]], e fusione duorum pristinorum communium, [[Placy-Montaigu]] et Saint-Amand, die [[1 Ianuarii]] [[2017]] creatum est. Priusquam illi novo communi coniunctum fuisset, Saint-Amand {{formatnum:2211}} incolas (anno [[2008]]) habebat.

== Historia ==
Anno [[1973]], Saint-Amand vicos [[La Chapelle-du-Fest]] et [[Saint-Symphorien-les-Buttes]] absorpsit, quae statum communium associatorum usque ad annum 2017 retinuerunt. Cum Saint-Amand et Placy-Montaigu coniuncta sunt, haec duo communia associata abrogata sunt.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Manicae]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Saint-Amand (Manche)|Saint-Amand}}
{{INSEE commune|50444|de=Saint-Amand}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160525033923/http://www.saintamand.fr/ Saint-Amand pagina interretialis]

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia delegata Oceani Britannici]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Oceani Britannici]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Saudoy</title>
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      <text bytes="585" sha1="br8537uwb6pjxj8oztylkftk5ihwcqp" xml:space="preserve">''' Saudoy''' est commune 366 incolarum (anno [[2009]]) [[Francia]]e [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Matrona (praefectura Franciae)|Matronae]] in regione [[Campania et Arduenna]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Matronae|Indicem communium praefecturae Matronae]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Saudoy|Saudoy}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160408094315/http://saudoy.fr/ Saudoy pagina interretialis]
* {{INSEE commune|51526|de=Saudoy}}
{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Matronae]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Matronae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sabatellum</title>
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[[Fasciculus:Sabadell - Eix Macià.jpg|thumb|Sabadell: Eix Macià]]
'''Sabatellum'''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | last = Arasa Altamira | first = E. | title = Sabadell | publisher = Cossetània Edicions | date = 2001 | page = 16 | language = Catalanice | isbn = 9788495684004}}&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Catalanice]]: '' Sabadell'') est [[commune]] [[Hispania|Hispanicum]] in [[Catalaunia]]e [[Provincia Barcinonensis|Provincia Barcinonensi]] situm, cui anno [[2011]] 207721  incolarum sunt.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{Communia|Sabadell|Sabadell}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121015214437/http://sabadell.cat/ Communis pagina interretialis]

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Catalonia]]
[[Categoria:Urbes Hispaniae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Rivery</title>
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''' Rivery''' est commune [[Francia|Francicum]] 3415 incolarum (anno [[2009]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Samara (praefectura Franciae)|Samara]] in provincia [[Picardia]].

== Coniunctiones oppidorum ==
Rivery coniunctionem oppidorum cum [[Călărași]] ([[Romania]]) habet.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Samarae]]
== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Rivery|Rivery}}
* {{INSEE commune|80674|de=Rivery}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20211027165128/https://www.ville-rivery.fr/ Rivery pagina interretialis]
{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Suminae]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Suminae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sains-en-Amiénois</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>171874</id>
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[[Fasciculus: Map commune FR insee code 80696.png|thumb|300px|Sains-en-Amiénois: communis tabula]]
''' Sains-en-Amiénois''' est commune [[Francia|Francicum]] 1183 incolarum (anno [[2009]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Samara (praefectura Franciae)|Samara]] in provincia [[Picardia]].
{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Samarae]]
== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Sains-en-Amiénois|Sains-en-Amiénois}}
* {{INSEE commune|80696|de=Sains-en-Amiénois}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20241210181142/https://www.sainsenamienois.fr/ Sains-en-Amiénois pagina interretialis]
{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Suminae]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Suminae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Rumigny (Samara)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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''' Rumigny''' est commune [[Francia|Francicum]] 591 incolarum (anno [[2009]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Samara (praefectura Franciae)|Samara]] in provincia [[Picardia]].
{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Samarae]]
== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Rumigny (Somme)|Rumigny}}
* {{INSEE commune|80690|de=Rumigny}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20220520100948/https://www.rumigny.fr/ Rumigny pagina interretialis]
{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Suminae]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Suminae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Salouël</title>
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[[Fasciculus: Map commune FR insee code 80725.png|thumb|300px|Salouël: communis tabula]]
''' Salouël''' est commune [[Francia|Francicum]] 4362 incolarum (anno [[2009]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Samara (praefectura Franciae)|Samara]] in provincia [[Picardia]].
{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Samarae]]
== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Salouël|Salouël}}
* {{INSEE commune|80725|de=Salouël}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20200518144443/http://www.salouel.com/ Salouël pagina interretialis]
{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Suminae]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Suminae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Savara</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>191116</id>
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'''Savara''',&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Savara&quot; et &quot;villa Savara&quot; saec. VI, deinde &quot;Saevara&quot; saec. XI, &quot;Severa&quot; saec. XIII (fide fr:wiki)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/hofmann/hof4/s0204a.html Savara]&quot; (fluvius atque vicus) in {{Hofmannus}}&lt;/ref&gt; rarius '''Separa'''&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Sepera&quot; et &quot;Separa&quot; saec. XIII (fide fr:wiki)&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Francogallice]] '' Sèvres'') est commune [[Francia|Francicum]] 22'978 incolarum (anno [[2010]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Alta Sequanae|Altorum Sequanae]] in regione [[Insula Franciae (regio Franciae)|Insula Francica]].

Prope [[Castellum Versaliense]] sita Separa sedes est crebrorum conventuum et consociationum, inter alia [[Tabularium Ponderum Mensurarumque Internationale|Tabularii ponderum mensurarumque internationalis]], ubi [[Chiliogramma|chiliogramma exemplare]] et primum [[metrum|metri]] exemplar asservantur.

[[Fasciculus:S%C3%A8vres_-_Town_hall_-_2.jpg|thumb|Separa: vici conciliabulum]]
Notissima facta est Separa [[Pactum Separense|pactis]] ibi anno [[1920]] ictis, quibus [[Bellum Orbis Terrarum Primum|Bello Orbis Terrarum Primo]] confecto ac [[Imperium Ottomanicum|Imperio Ottomanico]] delapsa res politicae in [[Europa]] austro-orientali [[Turcia]]que in ordinem adducerentur: Inter alia pactum est [[Armenia|Armenos]] et [[Lingua Curdica|Curdos]] (plebiscito habito) in libertatem dimittendos, [[Asia Minor|Asiae minoris]] regionem litoralem circa [[Smyrna]]m (hodie Izmir) [[Graecia]]e, partem austro-occidentalem [[Italia]]e, austro-orientalem [[Francia]]e et [[Britannia Maior|Britanniae Maiori]] coniungendae fore. Pacta ab [[Mustapha Cemal Ataturcus|Mustapha Cemal Ataturco]] et „[[Neoturcae|Neoturcis]]“ non agnita anno [[1923]] [[Pactum Lausannense|Pacto Lausannensi]] pro [[Turcia]] mutata sunt.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Altorum Sequanae]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat| Sèvres |Separa }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141015073752/http://www.ville-sevres.fr/ Separa pagina interretialis]
* {{INSEE commune|92072|de=Separa}}
{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Altorum Sequanae]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Altorum Sequanae]]
[[Categoria:Savara (urbs)|!]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sapor</title>
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      <text bytes="12145" sha1="l37lxgas665xxzi6qdbwgh0gkpwdqyg" xml:space="preserve">{{Videdis|Sapor (discretiva)}}
[[Fasciculus:Adriaen Brouwer - The Bitter Potion - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Sapor acerbus. (Pictura &quot;Het bittere drankje&quot; ab [[Adrianus Brouwer|Adriano (Adriaen) Brouwer]] anno 1637 facta.]]

'''Sapor''' est [[gustus]] naturalis et proprius [[pomum|pomorum]], [[holus|holerum]], [[caro|carnium]], [[fungus|fungorum]] aliorumque edulium. [[Caseus]], qui iucunde sapit, saporem iucundum habet, et [[piscis]], qui [[mare]] sapit, saporem marinum habet. Sapor et [[gustatus]] non idem est. Eadem est enim inter gustatum et saporem differentia, quae generaliter inter [[sensus (biologia)|sensus]] et [[sensibilia]] est. Sapor est, qui sua [[vis|vi]] propria in [[alimentum|alimentis]] exstat. Quem sensum obiectivum [[mel]]li ingenitum [[Marcus Tullius Cicero]] ita describit: &quot;Ut enim mel, etsi dulcissimum est, suo tamen proprio genere saporis, non comparatione cum aliis dulce esse sentitur.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''[[De finibus bonorum et malorum|Fin.]]'' 3.34.&lt;/ref&gt; Eandem sapiendi vim in pomis tempore maturatum [[Ovidius]] describit: &quot;[Tempus,] ne sint tristi poma sapore, cavet.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''[[Tristia|Trist.]]'' 4.6.12.&lt;/ref&gt; Interdum '''gustus''' eodem sensu adhibetur, sicut apud [[Aulus Cornelius Celsus|Cornelium Celsum]] legimus: &quot;Adtrahaturque spiritu is sucus, donec in ore gustus [= sapor] eius sentiatur.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''[[De medicina|Med.]]'' 6.8.1b.&lt;/ref&gt; 

An sapores similibus contrariisve discernamus philosophi Graeci antiqui differebant. [[Anaxagoras]] (saeculo V a.C.n.) contrariis: &quot;id enim quod calore frigoreve par sit neque calefacere, neque refrigerare; neque vero dulce acidumve per ea ipsa cognosci, sed frigidum per calidum, potabile per salsum, dulce per acidum secundum cuiusque defectum (ista enim omnia in nobis adesse) ... omnem vero sensum coniunctum esse cum dolore ... omne enim dissimile tangendo incommodum affert&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[[Theophrastus]], ''De sensu'' 27-29; emendata Friderici Wimmer versio&lt;/ref&gt;

Numerum saporum alii aliter recensuerunt. Inter primos, qui de hac re scripserint, [[Menestor]] (eodem fere saeculo) sapores infinitos exstitisse scripserit si iterum doxographiam Theophrasti accipimus.&lt;ref&gt;Menestor 7 {{DK}} apud [[Theophrastus|Theophrastum]], ''De causis plantarum'' 6.3.5&lt;/ref&gt; Huic fortasse coaevus [[Empedocles]] multa de sensu, pauca de sapore cecinit, sed quattuor sapores nominavit, videlicet dulcem, amarum, acidum, pungentem, qui secundum similitudines in corpora humana suscipiuntur:
:ὣς γλυκὺ μὲν γλυκὺ μάρπτε, πικρὸν δ' ἐπὶ πικρὸν ὄρουσεν,&lt;br /&gt;
:ὀξὺ δ' ἐπ' ὀξὺ ἔβη, δαερὸν δ' ἐποχεῖτο δαηρῶι.&lt;br /&gt;
:Sic dulcia quaerunt dulcia, amara advolant ad amara,&lt;br /&gt;
:acuta petunt acuta, calida cum calidis coeunt.&lt;ref&gt;Empedocles B 90 {{DK}} apud [[Plutarchus|Plutarchum]], ''[[Quaestiones convivales]]'' 663a; versio F. G. A. Mullachii leviter emendata&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Plato]] (voce [[Timaeus (Plato)|Timaei]]) χυμούς seu sapores permultos exstitisse censuit quorum typos e mixturis aquosis derivatos quattuor nominat, οἶνος vinum, ἐλαιηρὸν εἶδος genus oleosum, μέλι mel, ὀπός sucus;&lt;ref&gt;Plato, ''[[Timaeus (Plato)|Timaeus]]'' 59e-60a, cf. Theophrastus, ''De sensu'' 89&lt;/ref&gt; mox genera saporum septem enumerat, στρυφνά acerba, αὐστηρά austera, πικρά amara, ἁλυκά salsa, δριμέα acra, ὀξύ acidum, γλυκύ dulce.&lt;ref&gt;Plato, ''Timaeus'' 65c-66c&lt;/ref&gt; A Theophrasto sapores septem enumerantur: γλυκύς dulcis, λιπαρός pinguis, πικρός amarus, αὐστηρός austerus, δριμύς acer, ὀξύς acidus, στρυφνός acerbus, dubitante octavus ἁλμυρός salsus, repugnante nonus decimusque οἰνώδης vinosus et γαλακτώδης lacteus.&lt;ref&gt;Theophrastus, ''De causis plantarum'' 6.4.1-2, cf. 6.3.3&lt;/ref&gt; Ille enim, sicut Plato, interdum alimentis obrussis utitur ad sapores definiendos, e.g. de fructibus scribens:
:Sucorum vero alii sunt vinosi [οἰνώδεις], ut vitis, mori, myrti; alii oleosi [ἑλαώδεις], ut oleae, lauri, nucis, amygdalae, piceae, pini, abietis; alii mellei [μελιτώδεις], ut fici, palmae, castaneae; alii acres, ut origani, thymbrae, cardami, sinapis; alii amari, ut apsinthii, centaurii. Tum etiam odoribus suavibus [εὑωδίαις] insignes, ut [[Pimpinella anisum|anisi]], cedridis; alii aquei [ὑδαρεῖς] esse videntur, ut cotoneorum; alii acidi, ut punicorum et quorundam malorum, huic generi autem omnes vinosi adnumerandi; alii denique sunt alius generis, de quibus omnibus accuratius disseremus in libello de saporibus&quot; [nobis deperdito].&lt;ref&gt;Theophrastus, ''[[Historia plantarum]]'' 1.12.1; emendata Friderici Wimmer versio&lt;/ref&gt;

Eruditi Sanscrite scribentes sex sapores enumerare solent, videlicet ''madhura'' dulcis, ''lavaṇa'' salsus, ''kaśaya'' acerbus, ''amla'' acidus, ''kaṭu'' acer, ''tikta'' amarus.&lt;ref&gt;Vide e.g. ''[[Suśrutasaṃhitā]]'' 1.42 [https://archive.org/stream/englishtranslati01susruoft#page/382/mode/2up versio Anglica]; ''[[Carakasaṃhitā]]'' 26.40 sqq.[https://archive.org/details/BIUSante_47357/page/n421/mode/2up Kaviraj Avinash Chandra Kaviratna, interpr.] [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.326551/page/n217/mode/2up Shree Gulabkunverba Ayurvedic Society, interprr.]&lt;/ref&gt;

Apud Sinas quinque sapores enumerantur, qui sunt 酸 ''suān'' amarus, 苦 ''kǔ'' acer, 甜 ''tián'' dulcis, 辣 ''là'' pungens vel 熱 ''rè'' calidus, 咸 ''xián'' salsus. Enumeratio iam abhinc duo milia ducentos annos reperitur in ''[[Veres autumnique domini Lü|Veribus autumnisque domini Lü]]'', a [[Lü Buwei]] editis: ibi philosophica de arte coquinaria dissertatio ad coquum mythicum [[Yi Yin]] attribuitur.&lt;ref&gt;''[[Veres autumnique domini Lü]]'' 14/2.1, 14/3.4 (John Knoblock, Jeffrey Riegel, edd. et interprr., ''The Annals of Lü Buwei'' [Stanfordiae, 2000] pp. 306-311). Cf. K. C. Chang, ''Food in Chinese Culture'' (Novo Portu, 1977) p. 68&lt;/ref&gt; Eodem aevo liber ''[[Laocius]]'' ait per paradoxum asceticum: 五味令人口爽 ''wǔ wèi lìng rén kǒu shuǎng'' &quot;Quinque sapores os hebetant&quot;; in ''[[Traditio Zuo|Traditio Zuo]]'' suadetur indoles hominum per harmoniam aut dissonantiam quinque saporum mutari.&lt;ref&gt;''[[Laocius]]'' [http://www.tao-te-king.org/12.htm 12]; ''[[Traditio Zuo|Zuo zhuan]]'' Zhao 9.5, 20.8a (Stephen Durrant, Wai-yee Li, David Schaberg, interprr., ''Zuo Tradition'' [Seattli: University of Washington Press, 2016] pp. 1448-1451, 1586-1587&lt;/ref&gt; Coqui autem [[Suchuen|provinciae Sichuanensis]] sextum saporem 麻 ''má'' &quot;torporentem&quot; addunt, ab [[aroma]]te eorum indigena [[Zanthoxyli fructus|zanthoxylo]] effectum, cum sapore pungenti aequilibrem (麻辣 ''má là'').&lt;ref&gt;[[Fuchsia Dunlop]], ''The Food of Sichuan'' (Londinii: Bloomsbury, 2019) pp. 21-24, cf. 471-474; Gernot Katzer, &quot;[http://gernot-katzers-spice-pages.com/engl/Zant_pip.html Sichuan pepper]&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

Europaeorum recentiorum [[Ioannes Anthelmus Brillat-Savarin|Brillat-Savarin]] sapores infinitos esse agnovit;&lt;ref&gt;[[Ioannes Anthelmus Brillat-Savarin]], ''[[Physiologie du goût]]'' (1826) [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8626673x/f90 vol. 1 p. 72]&lt;/ref&gt; plurimi autem aut quattuor accipiunt aut ([[osmazomum|osmazomo]] vel ''umami'' addito) quinque.
 
== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
[[File:Breastfeeding infant.jpg|thumb|150px|Lac maternum gustum pueruli formans]]
; De sapore
* Linda M. Bartoshuk, &quot;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/22788130_The_psychophysics_of_taste The psychophysics of taste]&quot; in ''American Journal of Clinical Nutrition'' vol. 31 (1978) pp. 1068-1077
* Nirupa Chaudhari, Stephen D. Roper, &quot;[http://jcb.rupress.org/content/jcb/190/3/285.full.pdf The cell biology of taste]&quot; in ''Journal of Cell Biology'' vol. 190 pp. 285-296 (9 Augusti 2010)
* Xiaoke Chen et al., &quot;A gustotopic map of taste qualities in the mammalian brain&quot; in ''Science'' n.s. vol. 333 (2011) pp. 1262-1266 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/23060168 JSTOR]
* Virginia B. Collings, &quot;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.3758/BF03203270 Human taste response as a function of locus of stimulation on the tongue and soft palate]&quot; in ''Perception &amp; Psychophysics'' vol. 16 (1974) pp. 169–174
* Nicola Davis, &quot;[https://www.theguardian.com/science/2022/sep/22/taste-of-kale-makes-unborn-babies-grimace-finds-research Taste of kale makes unborn babies grimace, finds research]&quot; in ''[[The Guardian]]'' (22 Septembris 2022)
* Ahmed El-Sohemy et al., &quot;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6155939_Nutrigenomics_of_taste_-_Impact_on_food_preferences_and_food_production Nutrigenomics of taste - Impact on food preferences and food production]&quot; in E. Shyong Tai, Peter J. Gillies, edd., ''Nutrigenomics : opportunities in Asia'' (''Forum of nutrition'' vol. 60. Basileae: Kärger, 2007) pp. 176-182 
* Priscilla Parkhurst Ferguson, &quot;The Senses of Taste&quot; in ''American Historical Review'' vol. 116 (2011) pp. 371-384 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/23307701 JSTOR]
* D. P. Hanig, &quot;[http://vlp.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/library/data/lit4562/index_html?pn=1&amp;ws=1.5 Zur Psychophysik des Geschmackssinnes]&quot; in ''Philosophische Studien'' vol. 17 (1901) pp. 576-623
* Kim Hullot-Guiot, &quot;[https://www.liberation.fr/lifestyle/gastronomie/au-royaume-uni-le-vin-aurait-un-gout-de-vacances-20220815_UXFYGVNWCZEQJMWXHH7QOVJ3GA/ Au Royaume-Uni, le vin aurait un goût de vacances]&quot; in ''[[Libération]]'' (15 Augusti 2022)
* Thomas Hummel, J. F. Delwiche, C. Schmidt, K.-B. Hüttenbrink, &quot;[https://www.academia.edu/12756273/Effects_of_the_form_of_glasses_on_the_perception_of_wine_flavors_a_study_in_untrained_subjects Effects of the form of glasses on the perception of wine flavors: a study in untrained subjects]&quot; in ''Appetite'' vol. 41 (2003) pp. 197–202
* Carl Pfaffmann, &quot;Neurophysiological mechanisms of taste&quot; in ''American Journal of Clinical Nutrition'' vol. 31 (1978) pp. 1058–1067 [https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article/31/6/1058/4650650?searchresult=1 Situs venalis]
* Beyza Ustun et al., &quot;[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/09567976221105460 Flavor Sensing in Utero and Emerging Discriminative Behaviors in the Human Fetus]&quot; in ''Psychological Science'' (21 Septembris 2022)

; De saporibus enumeratis
* Annick Faurion, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/jatba_0183-5173_1988_num_35_1_6674 Naissance et obsolescence du concept de quatre qualités en gustation]&quot; in ''Journal d'agriculture traditionnelle et de botanique appliquée'' vol. 35 (1988) pp. 21-40
* S. K. Wertz, &quot;The Elements of Taste: How Many Are There?&quot; in ''Journal of Aesthetic Education'' vol. 47 (2013) pp. 46-57 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/jaesteduc.47.1.0046 JSTOR]

; De singulis saporibus 
* Jennifer Billing, Paul W. Sherman, &quot;Antimicrobial functions of spices: why some like it hot&quot; in ''Quarterly review of biology'' vol. 73 (1998) pp. 3-49 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3036683 JSTOR]
* Matthias S. Geck et al., &quot;[https://www.academia.edu/36109792/The_taste_of_heat_How_humoral_qualities_act_as_a_cultural_filter_for_chemosensory_properties_guiding_herbal_medicine The taste of heat: How humoral qualities act as a cultural filter for chemosensory properties guiding herbal medicine]&quot; in ''Journal of Ethnopharmacology'' vol. 198 (2017) pp. 499–515
* John Prescott, Richard J. Stevenson, &quot;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/216085605_Pungency_in_food_perception_and_preference Pungency in food perception and preference]&quot; in ''Food Reviews International'' vol. 11 (1995) pp. 665-698
* Cordelia A. Running, Bruce A. Craig, Richard D. Mattes, &quot;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279753553_Oleogustus_The_Unique_Taste_of_Fat Oleogustus: The Unique Taste of Fat]&quot; in ''Chemical Senses'' vol. 40 (2015) pp. 507-516

== Nexus externi ==
* &quot;[https://www.psychologicalscience.org/observer/classical-blunders Classical Blunders]&quot; apud ''Association for Psychological Science''
* Richard Gawel, &quot;[https://www.aromadictionary.com/articles/tonguemap_article.html Challenging the Tongue Taste Map]&quot;

[[Categoria:Scientia cibaria]]
[[Categoria:Sensus]]
[[Categoria:Gustatus|!]]</text>
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      <text bytes="12897" sha1="98ieaxxebfprp69jw6ohhap1v6nq2lr" xml:space="preserve">{{Videdis|Sapor (discretiva)}}
[[Fasciculus:Adriaen Brouwer - The Bitter Potion - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Sapor acerbus. (Pictura &quot;Het bittere drankje&quot; ab [[Adrianus Brouwer|Adriano (Adriaen) Brouwer]] anno 1637 facta.]]

'''Sapor''' est [[gustus]] naturalis et proprius [[pomum|pomorum]], [[holus|holerum]], [[caro|carnium]], [[fungus|fungorum]] aliorumque edulium. [[Caseus]], qui iucunde sapit, saporem iucundum habet, et [[piscis]], qui [[mare]] sapit, saporem marinum habet. Sapor et [[gustatus]] non idem est. Eadem est enim inter gustatum et saporem differentia, quae generaliter inter [[sensus (biologia)|sensus]] et [[sensibilia]] est. Sapor est, qui sua [[vis|vi]] propria in [[alimentum|alimentis]] exstat. Quem sensum obiectivum [[mel]]li ingenitum [[Marcus Tullius Cicero]] ita describit: &quot;Ut enim mel, etsi dulcissimum est, suo tamen proprio genere saporis, non comparatione cum aliis dulce esse sentitur.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''[[De finibus bonorum et malorum|Fin.]]'' 3.34.&lt;/ref&gt; Eandem sapiendi vim in pomis tempore maturatum [[Ovidius]] describit: &quot;[Tempus,] ne sint tristi poma sapore, cavet.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''[[Tristia|Trist.]]'' 4.6.12.&lt;/ref&gt; Interdum '''gustus''' eodem sensu adhibetur, sicut apud [[Aulus Cornelius Celsus|Cornelium Celsum]] legimus: &quot;Adtrahaturque spiritu is sucus, donec in ore gustus [= sapor] eius sentiatur.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''[[De medicina|Med.]]'' 6.8.1b.&lt;/ref&gt; 

An sapores similibus contrariisve discernamus philosophi Graeci antiqui differebant. [[Anaxagoras]] (saeculo V a.C.n.) contrariis: &quot;id enim quod calore frigoreve par sit neque calefacere, neque refrigerare; neque vero dulce acidumve per ea ipsa cognosci, sed frigidum per calidum, potabile per salsum, dulce per acidum secundum cuiusque defectum (ista enim omnia in nobis adesse) ... omnem vero sensum coniunctum esse cum dolore ... omne enim dissimile tangendo incommodum affert&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[[Theophrastus]], ''De sensu'' 27-29; emendata Friderici Wimmer versio&lt;/ref&gt;

Numerum saporum alii aliter recensuerunt. Inter primos, qui de hac re scripserint, [[Menestor]] (eodem fere saeculo) sapores infinitos exstitisse scripserit si iterum doxographiam Theophrasti accipimus.&lt;ref&gt;Menestor 7 {{DK}} apud [[Theophrastus|Theophrastum]], ''De causis plantarum'' 6.3.5&lt;/ref&gt; Huic fortasse coaevus [[Empedocles]] multa de sensu, pauca de sapore cecinit, sed quattuor sapores nominavit, videlicet dulcem, amarum, acidum, pungentem, qui secundum similitudines in corpora humana suscipiuntur:
:ὣς γλυκὺ μὲν γλυκὺ μάρπτε, πικρὸν δ' ἐπὶ πικρὸν ὄρουσεν,&lt;br /&gt;
:ὀξὺ δ' ἐπ' ὀξὺ ἔβη, δαερὸν δ' ἐποχεῖτο δαηρῶι.&lt;br /&gt;
:Sic dulcia quaerunt dulcia, amara advolant ad amara,&lt;br /&gt;
:acuta petunt acuta, calida cum calidis coeunt.&lt;ref&gt;Empedocles B 90 {{DK}} apud [[Plutarchus|Plutarchum]], ''[[Quaestiones convivales]]'' 663a; versio F. G. A. Mullachii leviter emendata&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Plato]] (voce [[Timaeus (Plato)|Timaei]]) χυμούς seu sapores permultos exstitisse censuit quorum typos e mixturis aquosis derivatos quattuor nominat, οἶνος vinum, ἐλαιηρὸν εἶδος genus oleosum, μέλι mel, ὀπός sucus;&lt;ref&gt;Plato, ''[[Timaeus (Plato)|Timaeus]]'' 59e-60a, cf. Theophrastus, ''De sensu'' 89&lt;/ref&gt; mox genera saporum septem enumerat, στρυφνά acerba, αὐστηρά austera, πικρά amara, ἁλυκά salsa, δριμέα acra, ὀξύ acidum, γλυκύ dulce.&lt;ref&gt;Plato, ''Timaeus'' 65c-66c&lt;/ref&gt; A Theophrasto sapores septem enumerantur: γλυκύς dulcis, λιπαρός pinguis, πικρός amarus, αὐστηρός austerus, δριμύς acer, ὀξύς acidus, στρυφνός acerbus, dubitante octavus ἁλμυρός salsus, repugnante nonus decimusque οἰνώδης vinosus et γαλακτώδης lacteus.&lt;ref&gt;Theophrastus, ''De causis plantarum'' 6.4.1-2, cf. 6.3.3&lt;/ref&gt; Ille enim, sicut Plato, interdum alimentis obrussis utitur ad sapores definiendos, e.g. de fructibus scribens:
:Sucorum vero alii sunt vinosi [οἰνώδεις], ut vitis, mori, myrti; alii oleosi [ἑλαώδεις], ut oleae, lauri, nucis, amygdalae, piceae, pini, abietis; alii mellei [μελιτώδεις], ut fici, palmae, castaneae; alii acres, ut origani, thymbrae, cardami, sinapis; alii amari, ut apsinthii, centaurii. Tum etiam odoribus suavibus [εὑωδίαις] insignes, ut [[Pimpinella anisum|anisi]], cedridis; alii aquei [ὑδαρεῖς] esse videntur, ut cotoneorum; alii acidi, ut punicorum et quorundam malorum, huic generi autem omnes vinosi adnumerandi; alii denique sunt alius generis, de quibus omnibus accuratius disseremus in libello de saporibus&quot; [nobis deperdito].&lt;ref&gt;Theophrastus, ''[[Historia plantarum]]'' 1.12.1; emendata Friderici Wimmer versio&lt;/ref&gt;

Eruditi Sanscrite scribentes sex sapores enumerare solent, videlicet ''madhura'' dulcis, ''lavaṇa'' salsus, ''kaśaya'' acerbus, ''amla'' acidus, ''kaṭu'' acer, ''tikta'' amarus.&lt;ref&gt;Vide e.g. ''[[Suśrutasaṃhitā]]'' 1.42 [https://archive.org/stream/englishtranslati01susruoft#page/382/mode/2up versio Anglica]; ''[[Carakasaṃhitā]]'' 26.40 sqq.[https://archive.org/details/BIUSante_47357/page/n421/mode/2up Kaviraj Avinash Chandra Kaviratna, interpr.] [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.326551/page/n217/mode/2up Shree Gulabkunverba Ayurvedic Society, interprr.]&lt;/ref&gt;

Apud Sinas quinque sapores enumerantur, qui sunt 酸 ''suān'' amarus, 苦 ''kǔ'' acer, 甜 ''tián'' dulcis, 辣 ''là'' pungens vel 熱 ''rè'' calidus, 咸 ''xián'' salsus. Enumeratio iam abhinc duo milia ducentos annos reperitur in ''[[Veres autumnique domini Lü|Veribus autumnisque domini Lü]]'', a [[Lü Buwei]] editis: ibi philosophica de arte coquinaria dissertatio ad coquum mythicum [[Yi Yin]] attribuitur.&lt;ref&gt;''[[Veres autumnique domini Lü]]'' 14/2.1, 14/3.4 (John Knoblock, Jeffrey Riegel, edd. et interprr., ''The Annals of Lü Buwei'' [Stanfordiae, 2000] pp. 306-311). Cf. K. C. Chang, ''Food in Chinese Culture'' (Novo Portu, 1977) p. 68&lt;/ref&gt; Eodem aevo liber ''[[Laocius]]'' ait per paradoxum asceticum: 五味令人口爽 ''wǔ wèi lìng rén kǒu shuǎng'' &quot;Quinque sapores os hebetant&quot;; in ''[[Traditio Zuo|Traditio Zuo]]'' suadetur indoles hominum per harmoniam aut dissonantiam quinque saporum mutari.&lt;ref&gt;''[[Laocius]]'' [http://www.tao-te-king.org/12.htm 12]; ''[[Traditio Zuo|Zuo zhuan]]'' Zhao 9.5, 20.8a (Stephen Durrant, Wai-yee Li, David Schaberg, interprr., ''Zuo Tradition'' [Seattli: University of Washington Press, 2016] pp. 1448-1451, 1586-1587&lt;/ref&gt; Coqui autem [[Suchuen|provinciae Sichuanensis]] sextum saporem 麻 ''má'' &quot;torporentem&quot; addunt, ab [[aroma]]te eorum indigena [[Zanthoxyli fructus|zanthoxylo]] effectum, cum sapore pungenti aequilibrem (麻辣 ''má là'').&lt;ref&gt;[[Fuchsia Dunlop]], ''The Food of Sichuan'' (Londinii: Bloomsbury, 2019) pp. 21-24, cf. 471-474; Gernot Katzer, &quot;[http://gernot-katzers-spice-pages.com/engl/Zant_pip.html Sichuan pepper]&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

Europaeorum recentiorum [[Ioannes Anthelmus Brillat-Savarin|Brillat-Savarin]] sapores infinitos esse agnovit;&lt;ref&gt;[[Ioannes Anthelmus Brillat-Savarin]], ''[[Physiologie du goût]]'' (1826) [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8626673x/f90 vol. 1 p. 72]&lt;/ref&gt; plurimi autem aut quattuor accipiunt aut ([[osmazomum|osmazomo]] vel ''umami'' addito) quinque.
 
== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
[[File:Breastfeeding infant.jpg|thumb|150px|Lac maternum gustum pueruli formans]]
; Opera antiquiora
* 1675 : [[Robertus Boyle|Robert Boyle]], &quot;[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/132523#page/147/mode/1up Experiments and observations about the mechanical production of tasts]&quot; in ''Experiments, notes, &amp;c., about the mechanical origine or production of divers particular qualities, among which is inserted a discourse of the imperfection of the chymist's doctrine of qualities; together with some reflections upon the hypothesis of alcali and acidum''. Londinii: E. Flesher for R. Davis, 1675
* 1682 : [[Nehemias Grew|Nehemiah Grew]], &quot;[https://archive.org/details/b3032435x_0001/page/279/mode/1up A discourse of the diversities and causes of tasts, chiefly in plants]&quot; in ''The anatomy of plants''. Londinii: W. Rawlins, 1682

; De sapore
* Linda M. Bartoshuk, &quot;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/22788130_The_psychophysics_of_taste The psychophysics of taste]&quot; in ''American Journal of Clinical Nutrition'' vol. 31 (1978) pp. 1068-1077
* Nirupa Chaudhari, Stephen D. Roper, &quot;[http://jcb.rupress.org/content/jcb/190/3/285.full.pdf The cell biology of taste]&quot; in ''Journal of Cell Biology'' vol. 190 pp. 285-296 (9 Augusti 2010)
* Xiaoke Chen et al., &quot;A gustotopic map of taste qualities in the mammalian brain&quot; in ''Science'' n.s. vol. 333 (2011) pp. 1262-1266 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/23060168 JSTOR]
* Virginia B. Collings, &quot;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.3758/BF03203270 Human taste response as a function of locus of stimulation on the tongue and soft palate]&quot; in ''Perception &amp; Psychophysics'' vol. 16 (1974) pp. 169–174
* Nicola Davis, &quot;[https://www.theguardian.com/science/2022/sep/22/taste-of-kale-makes-unborn-babies-grimace-finds-research Taste of kale makes unborn babies grimace, finds research]&quot; in ''[[The Guardian]]'' (22 Septembris 2022)
* Ahmed El-Sohemy et al., &quot;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6155939_Nutrigenomics_of_taste_-_Impact_on_food_preferences_and_food_production Nutrigenomics of taste - Impact on food preferences and food production]&quot; in E. Shyong Tai, Peter J. Gillies, edd., ''Nutrigenomics : opportunities in Asia'' (''Forum of nutrition'' vol. 60. Basileae: Kärger, 2007) pp. 176-182 
* Priscilla Parkhurst Ferguson, &quot;The Senses of Taste&quot; in ''American Historical Review'' vol. 116 (2011) pp. 371-384 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/23307701 JSTOR]
* D. P. Hanig, &quot;[http://vlp.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/library/data/lit4562/index_html?pn=1&amp;ws=1.5 Zur Psychophysik des Geschmackssinnes]&quot; in ''Philosophische Studien'' vol. 17 (1901) pp. 576-623
* Kim Hullot-Guiot, &quot;[https://www.liberation.fr/lifestyle/gastronomie/au-royaume-uni-le-vin-aurait-un-gout-de-vacances-20220815_UXFYGVNWCZEQJMWXHH7QOVJ3GA/ Au Royaume-Uni, le vin aurait un goût de vacances]&quot; in ''[[Libération]]'' (15 Augusti 2022)
* Thomas Hummel, J. F. Delwiche, C. Schmidt, K.-B. Hüttenbrink, &quot;[https://www.academia.edu/12756273/Effects_of_the_form_of_glasses_on_the_perception_of_wine_flavors_a_study_in_untrained_subjects Effects of the form of glasses on the perception of wine flavors: a study in untrained subjects]&quot; in ''Appetite'' vol. 41 (2003) pp. 197–202
* Carl Pfaffmann, &quot;Neurophysiological mechanisms of taste&quot; in ''American Journal of Clinical Nutrition'' vol. 31 (1978) pp. 1058–1067 [https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article/31/6/1058/4650650?searchresult=1 Situs venalis]
* Beyza Ustun et al., &quot;[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/09567976221105460 Flavor Sensing in Utero and Emerging Discriminative Behaviors in the Human Fetus]&quot; in ''Psychological Science'' (21 Septembris 2022)

; De saporibus enumeratis
* Annick Faurion, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/jatba_0183-5173_1988_num_35_1_6674 Naissance et obsolescence du concept de quatre qualités en gustation]&quot; in ''Journal d'agriculture traditionnelle et de botanique appliquée'' vol. 35 (1988) pp. 21-40
* S. K. Wertz, &quot;The Elements of Taste: How Many Are There?&quot; in ''Journal of Aesthetic Education'' vol. 47 (2013) pp. 46-57 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/jaesteduc.47.1.0046 JSTOR]

; De singulis saporibus 
* Jennifer Billing, Paul W. Sherman, &quot;Antimicrobial functions of spices: why some like it hot&quot; in ''Quarterly review of biology'' vol. 73 (1998) pp. 3-49 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3036683 JSTOR]
* Matthias S. Geck et al., &quot;[https://www.academia.edu/36109792/The_taste_of_heat_How_humoral_qualities_act_as_a_cultural_filter_for_chemosensory_properties_guiding_herbal_medicine The taste of heat: How humoral qualities act as a cultural filter for chemosensory properties guiding herbal medicine]&quot; in ''Journal of Ethnopharmacology'' vol. 198 (2017) pp. 499–515
* John Prescott, Richard J. Stevenson, &quot;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/216085605_Pungency_in_food_perception_and_preference Pungency in food perception and preference]&quot; in ''Food Reviews International'' vol. 11 (1995) pp. 665-698
* Cordelia A. Running, Bruce A. Craig, Richard D. Mattes, &quot;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279753553_Oleogustus_The_Unique_Taste_of_Fat Oleogustus: The Unique Taste of Fat]&quot; in ''Chemical Senses'' vol. 40 (2015) pp. 507-516

== Nexus externi ==
* &quot;[https://www.psychologicalscience.org/observer/classical-blunders Classical Blunders]&quot; apud ''Association for Psychological Science''
* Richard Gawel, &quot;[https://www.aromadictionary.com/articles/tonguemap_article.html Challenging the Tongue Taste Map]&quot;

[[Categoria:Scientia cibaria]]
[[Categoria:Sensus]]
[[Categoria:Gustatus|!]]</text>
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[[Fasciculus:Adriaen Brouwer - The Bitter Potion - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Sapor acerbus. (Pictura &quot;Het bittere drankje&quot; ab [[Adrianus Brouwer|Adriano (Adriaen) Brouwer]] anno 1637 facta.]]

'''Sapor''' est [[gustus]] naturalis et proprius [[pomum|pomorum]], [[holus|holerum]], [[caro|carnium]], [[fungus|fungorum]] aliorumque edulium. [[Caseus]], qui iucunde sapit, saporem iucundum habet, et [[piscis]], qui [[mare]] sapit, saporem marinum habet. Sapor et [[gustatus]] non idem est. Eadem est enim inter gustatum et saporem differentia, quae generaliter inter [[sensus (biologia)|sensus]] et [[sensibilia]] est. Sapor est, qui sua [[vis|vi]] propria in [[alimentum|alimentis]] exstat. Quem sensum obiectivum [[mel]]li ingenitum [[Marcus Tullius Cicero]] ita describit: &quot;Ut enim mel, etsi dulcissimum est, suo tamen proprio genere saporis, non comparatione cum aliis dulce esse sentitur.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''[[De finibus bonorum et malorum|Fin.]]'' 3.34.&lt;/ref&gt; Eandem sapiendi vim in pomis tempore maturatum [[Ovidius]] describit: &quot;[Tempus,] ne sint tristi poma sapore, cavet.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''[[Tristia|Trist.]]'' 4.6.12.&lt;/ref&gt; Interdum '''gustus''' eodem sensu adhibetur, sicut apud [[Aulus Cornelius Celsus|Cornelium Celsum]] legimus: &quot;Adtrahaturque spiritu is sucus, donec in ore gustus [= sapor] eius sentiatur.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''[[De medicina|Med.]]'' 6.8.1b.&lt;/ref&gt; 

An sapores similibus contrariisve discernamus philosophi Graeci antiqui differebant. [[Anaxagoras]] (saeculo V a.C.n.) contrariis: &quot;id enim quod calore frigoreve par sit neque calefacere, neque refrigerare; neque vero dulce acidumve per ea ipsa cognosci, sed frigidum per calidum, potabile per salsum, dulce per acidum secundum cuiusque defectum (ista enim omnia in nobis adesse) ... omnem vero sensum coniunctum esse cum dolore ... omne enim dissimile tangendo incommodum affert&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[[Theophrastus]], ''De sensu'' 27-29; emendata Friderici Wimmer versio&lt;/ref&gt;

Numerum saporum alii aliter recensuerunt. Inter primos, qui de hac re scripserint, [[Menestor]] (eodem fere saeculo) sapores infinitos exstitisse scripserit si iterum doxographiam Theophrasti accipimus.&lt;ref&gt;Menestor 7 {{DK}} apud [[Theophrastus|Theophrastum]], ''De causis plantarum'' 6.3.5&lt;/ref&gt; Illo fortasse coaevus [[Empedocles]] multa de sensu, pauca de sapore cecinit, sed quattuor sapores nominavit, videlicet dulcem, amarum, acidum, pungentem, qui secundum similitudines in corpora humana suscipiuntur:
:ὣς γλυκὺ μὲν γλυκὺ μάρπτε, πικρὸν δ' ἐπὶ πικρὸν ὄρουσεν,&lt;br /&gt;
:ὀξὺ δ' ἐπ' ὀξὺ ἔβη, δαερὸν δ' ἐποχεῖτο δαηρῶι.&lt;br /&gt;
:Sic dulcia quaerunt dulcia, amara advolant ad amara,&lt;br /&gt;
:acuta petunt acuta, calida cum calidis coeunt.&lt;ref&gt;Empedocles B 90 {{DK}} apud [[Plutarchus|Plutarchum]], ''[[Quaestiones convivales]]'' 663a; versio F. G. A. Mullachii leviter emendata&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Plato]] (voce [[Timaeus (Plato)|Timaei]]) χυμούς seu sapores permultos exstitisse censuit quorum typos e mixturis aquosis derivatos quattuor nominat, οἶνος vinum, ἐλαιηρὸν εἶδος genus oleosum, μέλι mel, ὀπός sucus;&lt;ref&gt;Plato, ''[[Timaeus (Plato)|Timaeus]]'' 59e-60a, cf. Theophrastus, ''De sensu'' 89&lt;/ref&gt; mox genera saporum septem enumerat, στρυφνά acerba, αὐστηρά austera, πικρά amara, ἁλυκά salsa, δριμέα acra, ὀξύ acidum, γλυκύ dulce.&lt;ref&gt;Plato, ''Timaeus'' 65c-66c&lt;/ref&gt; A Theophrasto sapores septem enumerantur: γλυκύς dulcis, λιπαρός pinguis, πικρός amarus, αὐστηρός austerus, δριμύς acer, ὀξύς acidus, στρυφνός acerbus, dubitante octavus ἁλμυρός salsus, repugnante nonus decimusque οἰνώδης vinosus et γαλακτώδης lacteus.&lt;ref&gt;Theophrastus, ''De causis plantarum'' 6.4.1-2, cf. 6.3.3&lt;/ref&gt; Ille enim, sicut Plato, interdum alimentis obrussis utitur ad sapores definiendos, e.g. de fructibus scribens:
:Sucorum vero alii sunt vinosi [οἰνώδεις], ut vitis, mori, myrti; alii oleosi [ἑλαώδεις], ut oleae, lauri, nucis, amygdalae, piceae, pini, abietis; alii mellei [μελιτώδεις], ut fici, palmae, castaneae; alii acres, ut origani, thymbrae, cardami, sinapis; alii amari, ut apsinthii, centaurii. Tum etiam odoribus suavibus [εὑωδίαις] insignes, ut [[Pimpinella anisum|anisi]], cedridis; alii aquei [ὑδαρεῖς] esse videntur, ut cotoneorum; alii acidi, ut punicorum et quorundam malorum, huic generi autem omnes vinosi adnumerandi; alii denique sunt alius generis, de quibus omnibus accuratius disseremus in libello de saporibus&quot; [nobis deperdito].&lt;ref&gt;Theophrastus, ''[[Historia plantarum]]'' 1.12.1; emendata Friderici Wimmer versio&lt;/ref&gt;

Eruditi Sanscrite scribentes sex sapores enumerare solent, videlicet ''madhura'' dulcis, ''lavaṇa'' salsus, ''kaśaya'' acerbus, ''amla'' acidus, ''kaṭu'' acer, ''tikta'' amarus.&lt;ref&gt;Vide e.g. ''[[Suśrutasaṃhitā]]'' 1.42 [https://archive.org/stream/englishtranslati01susruoft#page/382/mode/2up versio Anglica]; ''[[Carakasaṃhitā]]'' 26.40 sqq.[https://archive.org/details/BIUSante_47357/page/n421/mode/2up Kaviraj Avinash Chandra Kaviratna, interpr.] [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.326551/page/n217/mode/2up Shree Gulabkunverba Ayurvedic Society, interprr.]&lt;/ref&gt;

Apud Sinas quinque sapores enumerantur, qui sunt 酸 ''suān'' amarus, 苦 ''kǔ'' acer, 甜 ''tián'' dulcis, 辣 ''là'' pungens vel 熱 ''rè'' calidus, 咸 ''xián'' salsus. Enumeratio iam abhinc duo milia ducentos annos reperitur in ''[[Veres autumnique domini Lü|Veribus autumnisque domini Lü]]'', a [[Lü Buwei]] editis: ibi philosophica de arte coquinaria dissertatio ad coquum mythicum [[Yi Yin]] attribuitur.&lt;ref&gt;''[[Veres autumnique domini Lü]]'' 14/2.1, 14/3.4 (John Knoblock, Jeffrey Riegel, edd. et interprr., ''The Annals of Lü Buwei'' [Stanfordiae, 2000] pp. 306-311). Cf. K. C. Chang, ''Food in Chinese Culture'' (Novo Portu, 1977) p. 68&lt;/ref&gt; Eodem aevo liber ''[[Laocius]]'' ait per paradoxum asceticum: 五味令人口爽 ''wǔ wèi lìng rén kǒu shuǎng'' &quot;Quinque sapores os hebetant&quot;; in ''[[Traditio Zuo|Traditio Zuo]]'' suadetur indoles hominum per harmoniam aut dissonantiam quinque saporum mutari.&lt;ref&gt;''[[Laocius]]'' [http://www.tao-te-king.org/12.htm 12]; ''[[Traditio Zuo|Zuo zhuan]]'' Zhao 9.5, 20.8a (Stephen Durrant, Wai-yee Li, David Schaberg, interprr., ''Zuo Tradition'' [Seattli: University of Washington Press, 2016] pp. 1448-1451, 1586-1587&lt;/ref&gt; Coqui autem [[Suchuen|provinciae Sichuanensis]] sextum saporem 麻 ''má'' &quot;torporentem&quot; addunt, ab [[aroma]]te eorum indigena [[Zanthoxyli fructus|zanthoxylo]] effectum, cum sapore pungenti aequilibrem (麻辣 ''má là'').&lt;ref&gt;[[Fuchsia Dunlop]], ''The Food of Sichuan'' (Londinii: Bloomsbury, 2019) pp. 21-24, cf. 471-474; Gernot Katzer, &quot;[http://gernot-katzers-spice-pages.com/engl/Zant_pip.html Sichuan pepper]&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

Europaeorum recentiorum [[Ioannes Anthelmus Brillat-Savarin|Brillat-Savarin]] sapores infinitos esse agnovit;&lt;ref&gt;[[Ioannes Anthelmus Brillat-Savarin]], ''[[Physiologie du goût]]'' (1826) [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8626673x/f90 vol. 1 p. 72]&lt;/ref&gt; plurimi autem aut quattuor accipiunt aut ([[osmazomum|osmazomo]] vel ''umami'' addito) quinque.
 
== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
[[File:Breastfeeding infant.jpg|thumb|150px|Lac maternum gustum pueruli formans]]
; Opera antiquiora
* 1675 : [[Robertus Boyle|Robert Boyle]], &quot;[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/132523#page/147/mode/1up Experiments and observations about the mechanical production of tasts]&quot; in ''Experiments, notes, &amp;c., about the mechanical origine or production of divers particular qualities, among which is inserted a discourse of the imperfection of the chymist's doctrine of qualities; together with some reflections upon the hypothesis of alcali and acidum''. Londinii: E. Flesher for R. Davis, 1675
* 1682 : [[Nehemias Grew|Nehemiah Grew]], &quot;[https://archive.org/details/b3032435x_0001/page/279/mode/1up A discourse of the diversities and causes of tasts, chiefly in plants]&quot; in ''The anatomy of plants''. Londinii: W. Rawlins, 1682

; De sapore
* Linda M. Bartoshuk, &quot;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/22788130_The_psychophysics_of_taste The psychophysics of taste]&quot; in ''American Journal of Clinical Nutrition'' vol. 31 (1978) pp. 1068-1077
* Nirupa Chaudhari, Stephen D. Roper, &quot;[http://jcb.rupress.org/content/jcb/190/3/285.full.pdf The cell biology of taste]&quot; in ''Journal of Cell Biology'' vol. 190 pp. 285-296 (9 Augusti 2010)
* Xiaoke Chen et al., &quot;A gustotopic map of taste qualities in the mammalian brain&quot; in ''Science'' n.s. vol. 333 (2011) pp. 1262-1266 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/23060168 JSTOR]
* Virginia B. Collings, &quot;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.3758/BF03203270 Human taste response as a function of locus of stimulation on the tongue and soft palate]&quot; in ''Perception &amp; Psychophysics'' vol. 16 (1974) pp. 169–174
* Nicola Davis, &quot;[https://www.theguardian.com/science/2022/sep/22/taste-of-kale-makes-unborn-babies-grimace-finds-research Taste of kale makes unborn babies grimace, finds research]&quot; in ''[[The Guardian]]'' (22 Septembris 2022)
* Ahmed El-Sohemy et al., &quot;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6155939_Nutrigenomics_of_taste_-_Impact_on_food_preferences_and_food_production Nutrigenomics of taste - Impact on food preferences and food production]&quot; in E. Shyong Tai, Peter J. Gillies, edd., ''Nutrigenomics : opportunities in Asia'' (''Forum of nutrition'' vol. 60. Basileae: Kärger, 2007) pp. 176-182 
* Priscilla Parkhurst Ferguson, &quot;The Senses of Taste&quot; in ''American Historical Review'' vol. 116 (2011) pp. 371-384 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/23307701 JSTOR]
* D. P. Hanig, &quot;[http://vlp.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/library/data/lit4562/index_html?pn=1&amp;ws=1.5 Zur Psychophysik des Geschmackssinnes]&quot; in ''Philosophische Studien'' vol. 17 (1901) pp. 576-623
* Kim Hullot-Guiot, &quot;[https://www.liberation.fr/lifestyle/gastronomie/au-royaume-uni-le-vin-aurait-un-gout-de-vacances-20220815_UXFYGVNWCZEQJMWXHH7QOVJ3GA/ Au Royaume-Uni, le vin aurait un goût de vacances]&quot; in ''[[Libération]]'' (15 Augusti 2022)
* Thomas Hummel, J. F. Delwiche, C. Schmidt, K.-B. Hüttenbrink, &quot;[https://www.academia.edu/12756273/Effects_of_the_form_of_glasses_on_the_perception_of_wine_flavors_a_study_in_untrained_subjects Effects of the form of glasses on the perception of wine flavors: a study in untrained subjects]&quot; in ''Appetite'' vol. 41 (2003) pp. 197–202
* Carl Pfaffmann, &quot;Neurophysiological mechanisms of taste&quot; in ''American Journal of Clinical Nutrition'' vol. 31 (1978) pp. 1058–1067 [https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article/31/6/1058/4650650?searchresult=1 Situs venalis]
* Beyza Ustun et al., &quot;[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/09567976221105460 Flavor Sensing in Utero and Emerging Discriminative Behaviors in the Human Fetus]&quot; in ''Psychological Science'' (21 Septembris 2022)

; De saporibus enumeratis
* Annick Faurion, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/jatba_0183-5173_1988_num_35_1_6674 Naissance et obsolescence du concept de quatre qualités en gustation]&quot; in ''Journal d'agriculture traditionnelle et de botanique appliquée'' vol. 35 (1988) pp. 21-40
* S. K. Wertz, &quot;The Elements of Taste: How Many Are There?&quot; in ''Journal of Aesthetic Education'' vol. 47 (2013) pp. 46-57 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/jaesteduc.47.1.0046 JSTOR]

; De singulis saporibus 
* Jennifer Billing, Paul W. Sherman, &quot;Antimicrobial functions of spices: why some like it hot&quot; in ''Quarterly review of biology'' vol. 73 (1998) pp. 3-49 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3036683 JSTOR]
* Matthias S. Geck et al., &quot;[https://www.academia.edu/36109792/The_taste_of_heat_How_humoral_qualities_act_as_a_cultural_filter_for_chemosensory_properties_guiding_herbal_medicine The taste of heat: How humoral qualities act as a cultural filter for chemosensory properties guiding herbal medicine]&quot; in ''Journal of Ethnopharmacology'' vol. 198 (2017) pp. 499–515
* John Prescott, Richard J. Stevenson, &quot;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/216085605_Pungency_in_food_perception_and_preference Pungency in food perception and preference]&quot; in ''Food Reviews International'' vol. 11 (1995) pp. 665-698
* Cordelia A. Running, Bruce A. Craig, Richard D. Mattes, &quot;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279753553_Oleogustus_The_Unique_Taste_of_Fat Oleogustus: The Unique Taste of Fat]&quot; in ''Chemical Senses'' vol. 40 (2015) pp. 507-516

== Nexus externi ==
* &quot;[https://www.psychologicalscience.org/observer/classical-blunders Classical Blunders]&quot; apud ''Association for Psychological Science''
* Richard Gawel, &quot;[https://www.aromadictionary.com/articles/tonguemap_article.html Challenging the Tongue Taste Map]&quot;

[[Categoria:Scientia cibaria]]
[[Categoria:Sensus]]
[[Categoria:Gustatus|!]]</text>
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    <title>Sanctus Petrus (Pedemontium)</title>
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{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Sampeyre Piazza della Vittoria.jpg|thumb|Sanctus Petrus (Pedemontium)]]
'''Sanctus Petrus'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Goffredo Casalis}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{AA.VV. Nomi d'Italia}}&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Sampeyre|Sampeyre]]'') est [[oppidum]] [[Italia]]e et [[Commune Italiae|municipium]], in [[Regio Italiae|Regione]] [[Pedemontium|Pedemontio]] et in [[Provincia Cuneensis|Provincia Cuneensi]] situm. Incolae ''Petrini'' seu ''Petropolitani'' appellantur.

== Insigne ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Corona di comune.svg|''[[Municipium Italiae]]''
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== Municipia finitima ==

{{NexInt}}
* [[Pedemontium]] (''regio''),
* [[Provincia Cuneensis]],
* [[Cuneum]] (''urbs''),
* [[Municipium Italiae]].

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110720032641/http://www.comune.sampeyre.cn.it/ Pagina officialis]
{{CommuniaCat|Sampeyre|Fanum Sancti Petri}}

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Imago:Maps of the province of Cuneo.gif|Collocatio finium municipii in Provincia Cuneensi.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Municipia in provincia Cunei]]
[[Categoria:Municipia Italica Linguae Occitanae]]</text>
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'''Riz Ortolani''' (natus '''Riziero Ortolani''' [[Pisaurum|Pisauri]] die [[25 Martii]] [[1926]]; [[Roma]]e die [[23 Ianuarii]] [[2014]] mortuus) fuit [[musica]]e pro pelliculis illustris [[compositor]] [[Italia]]nus.
== Nexus externi ==
* {{Imdb name|0006221}}
* [http://www.rizortolani.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=17&amp;Itemid=38 Ortolani pagina interretialis]{{Nexus deficit|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} apud rizortolani.com
* [http://www.lastampa.it/2014/01/23/spettacoli/musica/addio-al-compositore-riz-ortolani-Xg3WlJFbvmYlf5TymsVrzJ/pagina.html Laudatio Riziero Ortolani in: La Stampa]
{{bio-stipula}}

{{Lifetime |1926 |2014|Ortolani, Riz}}
[[Categoria:Compositores Italiae]]</text>
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{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
'''Rivus Frigidus'''&lt;ref&gt;''DIZIONARIO GEOGRAFICO'' - Di GOFFREDO CASALIS, Voll. V.V., Torino 1833-1854&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nomi d'Italia - AAVV, De Agostini&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Rifreddo|Rifreddo]]'') est [[oppidum]] [[Italia]]e et [[Commune Italiae|municipium]], in [[Regio Italiae|Regione]] [[Pedemontium|Pedemontio]] et in [[Provincia Cuneensis|Provincia Cuneensi]] situm. Incolae ''Rivofrigidenses'' appellantur.

== Insigne ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Corona di comune.svg|''[[Municipium Italiae]]''
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Fractiones, vici et loci in municipio ==
== Municipia finitima ==

{{NexInt}}
* [[Pedemontium]] (''regio''),
* [[Provincia Cuneensis]],
* [[Cuneum]] (''urbs''),
* [[Municipium Italiae]].

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20230715065613/https://comune.rifreddo.cn.it// Pagina officialis]
{{CommuniaCat|Rifreddo|Rivum Frigidum}}

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Imago:Maps of the province of Cuneo.gif|Collocatio finium municipii in Provincia Cuneensi.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Municipia in provincia Cunei]]
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''' Saulgé-l'Hôpital''' est commune [[Francia|Francicum]] 563 incolarum (anno [[2011]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Cenomannica et Liger|Cenomannicae et Ligeris]] in regione [[Pagi Ligeris (regio Franciae)|Pagis Ligeris]].

{{NexInt}}

* [[Index communium praefecturae Cenomannicae et Ligeris|Indicem communium praefecturae Cenomannicae et Ligeris]]
== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Saulgé-l'Hôpital|Saulgé-l'Hôpital}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20171112084427/http://www.saulge-lhopital.fr/ Saulgé-l'Hôpital pagina interretialis]
* {{INSEE commune|49327|de=Saulgé-l'Hôpital}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Meduanae et Ligeris]]
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      <text bytes="9409" sha1="qhyflqugkfztl2e3gafbarg30c90ceq" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Arnold Van Gennep.jpg|thumb|[[Arnoldus van Gennep]], qui notionem liminalitatis excogitavit.]]
[[Fasciculus:20050921circoncisionB.jpg|thumb|[[Iesus]] [[circumcisio]]nem, ritum transitorium [[Iudaei|Iudaicum]], subiit, hic in [[cathedralis|cathedrali]] [[Ecclesia Catholica|Catholica]] depictam.&lt;!-- a [[Feast of the Circumcision|liturgical feast]] commemorates this on New Year's Day--&gt;]]
[[Fasciculus:Initiation_ritual_of_boys_in_Malawi.jpg|thumb|Ritus [[initiatio]]nis in [[Malavium|Malavio]] inter gentem [[Yao]]&lt;!--!Wayao--&gt;.]]
'''Ritus transitorius''' est eventus [[ritus|ritualis]] qui transitum [[homo|hominis]] ab alio [[status socialis|statu sociali]] ad aliud notat. Notio rituum transitoriorum ut generalis [[socializatio]]nis ratio primum ab [[Arnoldus van Gennep|Arnoldo van Gennep]] in [[liber|libro]] ''Rites de Passage'' iuste posita est ad significandos ritus qui vices&lt;!--phase--&gt; transitorias notant [[pueritia]]e et plenae in [[tribus|tribu]] vel grege sociale acceptionis.&lt;ref&gt;Van Gennep 1909.&lt;/ref&gt; Notio ritus transitorii etiam adhibetur ad explorandas et describendas alias gradationes&lt;!--milestones--&gt; [[vita]]e [[homo|hominis]], per ullum gradum transitorium cum hominis status socialis mutatur. Opus Gennepianum in [[cogitatio]]ne [[anthropologia|anthropologica]] magni momenti fuit.&lt;ref&gt;Garces-Foley 2006:230.&lt;/ref&gt; Inter gradationes sunt transitus a [[pubertas|pubertate]], ab anno septimo ad [[schola superior|scholam superiorem]], [[maturatio]]&lt;!--?coming of age--&gt;, [[matrimonium]], et [[mors]]. [[Caerimonia initiatoria]] sicut [[baptismus]], ''[[akika]],'' ''[[upanayana]],'' [[confirmatio]], et [[Bar vel Bat Mitzvah]] ritus transitorii magni momenti [[homo|hominibus]] eorum religionum propriarum habentur. Ritus transitorii [[anthropologia|anthropologis]] monstrant [[hierarchia socialis|hierarchias sociales]], aestimationes, et [[fides]] magnum momentum in certis [[cultura|culturis]] habere.&lt;!--PLUS IN EN:--&gt;

{{NexInt}}
===Maturatio&lt;!--?coming of age--&gt;===
Aditus in [[gradus aetatis|gradum aetatis]] in variis societatibus [[tribus|tribalibus]]—plerumque (et [[copia aetatis|copiae aetatis]] dissimiliter) [[sexus|sexu]] distinctus—per [[ritus initiationis|ritum initiationis]] notatur, qui finis diuturnae et multiplicis praeparationis esse potest, aliquando in recessu effectae.
*[[Communitas (anthropologia)]]
*[[Compunctio]], praecipue in [[Polynesia]]
*[[Confirmatio]]
*[[Débutante|Débutante ball]]
*[[Dokimasia]]
*''[[Jugendweihe]]'' in [[Germania Orientalis|Germania Orientali]]
*[[Menarche]]
** [[Seclusio puellarum in pubertate]]
**''Sevapuneru'' (caerimonia ''[[Curcuma longa|Curcumae longae]]'') in [[India Meridiana]]
*[[Nuptiae]]
*[[Okuyi]] in nonnullis civitatibus [[Africa Occidentalis|Africae Occidentalis]]
*''[[Quinceañera]]''
*''[[Russ]]'' in [[Norvegia]]
*[[Scarificatio]]&lt;!--various other physical endurances--&gt;
*[[Sedecim dulcis]]&lt;!--
*[[Losing one's virginity]]
*[[First kiss]]
*[[Breeching (boys)|Breeching]]
*[[Coming of Age (Unitarian Universalism)|Coming of Age]] in [[Unitarian Universalism]]
*[[Secular coming of age ceremony|Secular coming of age ceremonies]] for non-religious youngsters who want a rite of passage comparable to the religious rituals like confirmation--&gt;

===Ritus religiosi===
*''[[Annaprashana]]''
*[[Baptismus]] ([[Infant baptism|Christening]])
*[[Bar et Bat Mitzvah]] in [[Iudaismus|Iudaismo]]
*[[Circumcisio]]
**In [[Iudaismus|Iudaismo]] ([[Brit milah|Bris]])
**In [[Islam]]&lt;ref&gt;Morgenstern 1966.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title= Rites of Passage|work= Oxford Islamic Studies Online |year=2013| url= http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2020?_hi=0&amp;_pos=15 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title= Traditional Muslim Male Circumcision: Performed by Arabs, Turkish, Malaysian and Others of this faith. |work= CIRCLIST |url= http://www.circlist.com/rites/moslem.html |year= 1992–2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Hamid|first=Ismail|title= Islamic Rites of Passage| work= The Encyclopedia of Malaysia Volume 10: Religions and Beliefs|url= http://www.encyclopedia.com.my/volume10/islamicrites.html |year= 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Confirmatio (sacramentum)|Confirmatio]]
*[[Confirmatio]] in [[Iudaismus Reformatus|Iudaismo Reformato]]&lt;!--
*Diving for the Cross, in some [[Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christian]] churches--&gt;
*Prima [[Eucharista]] et prima [[Confessio (religio)|confessio]] (praecipue [[prima communio]] in [[Catholicismus|Catholicismo]])
*[[Hajj]]
*[[Rumspringa]]
*''[[Saṃskāra]]'' series [[sacramentum|sacramentorum]] in [[Hinduismus|Hinduismo]]
*''[[Shinbyu]]'' in [[Theravada|Buddhismo Theravadano]]&lt;!--
*[[Vision quest]] in some Native American cultures--&gt;
 
===Ritus militares===
*[[Alae sanguineae]]&lt;!--Blood wings--&gt;
*[[Caerimonia lineae transitae]]&lt;!--Line-crossing ceremony--&gt;
*[[Krypteia]]&lt;!--, a rite involving young [[Spartiate|Spartan]]s, part of the ''[[agoge]]'' regime of Spartan education
* [[Wetting-down]]. In the [[U.S. Navy]] and [[Royal Navy]], is a ceremony in which a Naval officer is ceremonially thrown into the ocean upon receiving a promotion.--&gt;
 
===Ritus academici===
*[[Graduatio]]
*[[Matriculatio]]
*[[Matura]]&lt;!--

===Ritus vocationales vel professionales===
*[[White coat ceremony]] in medicine and pharmacy. 
*[[The Ritual of the Calling of an Engineer]], also known as the [[Iron Ring]] Ceremony
*[[Florida International University School of Architecture#Walk on Water|Walk on Water]]: Second-year students must pass the competition to continue in the school of architecture at [[Florida International University]] in the [[Civitates Foederatae|Civitatibus Foederatis]]--&gt;

===Alii===
*''Batizados'' in [[Capoeira]]&lt;!--
*[[Black Belt Grading]] in [[Martial Arts]]--&gt;
*[[Castratio]] in nonnullis sectis et ordinibus&lt;!--castes--&gt; praecipuis
*[[Walkabout]]
*[[Peregrinatio]]&lt;!--vel P. religionis causa--&gt;

==Notae==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

==Bibliographia==
*Aronson, E., et J. Mills. [[1959]]. The effect of severity of initiation on liking for a group. ''Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology'' 59(2):177–181.
*Bell, B. J. [[2003]]. The rites of passage and outdoor education: Critical concerns for effective programming. ''The Journal of Experiential Education'' 26(1):41–50.
*Bourdieu, Pierre. [[1982]]. Les rites comme actes d'institution. ''Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales'' 43:58–63.
*Clastres, Pierre. [[1973]]. De la torture dans les sociétés primitives. ''L'Homme'' 3:114–120.
*Cushing, P.J. [[1998]]. Competing the cycle of transformation: Lessons from the rites of passage model. ''Pathways: The Ontario Journal of Experiential Education'' 9(5):7.
*Devine, A. M. [[1996]]. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0009-840X(1996)2%3A46%3A2%3C279%3AMC%3E2.0.CO%3B2-U Review: Macedonian Cults.] ''The Classical Review,'' series nova, 46(2):279–281.–12.
*Festinger, L. [[1961]]. The psychological effects of insufficient rewards. ''American Psychologist'' 16(1):1–11.
*Garces-Foley, Kathleen. [[2006]]. ''Death and religion in a changing world.'' M. E. Sharpe.
*Hatzopoulos, Miltiades B. [[1994]]. ''Cultes et rites de passage en Macédoine.'' Athenis et Lutetiae.
*Kamau, C. [[2012]]. What does being initiated severely into a group do? The role of rewards. ''International Journal of Psychology.''&lt;!-- http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207594.2012.663957--&gt;
*Keating, C. F., J. Pomerantz, S. D. Pommer, S. J. H. Ritt, L. M. Miller, et J. McCormick, J. [[2005]]. Going to college and unpacking hazing: A functional approach to decrypting initiation practices among undergraduates. ''Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice'' 9(2):104–126. 
*Lodewijkx, H. F. M., M. van Zomeren, et J. E. M. M. Syroit. [[2005]]). The anticipation of a severe initiation: Gender differences in effects on affiliation tendency and group attraction. ''Small Group Research'' 36(2):237–262.
*Morgenstern, Julian. [[1966]]. ''Rites of Birth, Marriage, Death, and Kindred Occasions among the Semites.'' Cincinnati.
*Padilla, Mark William, ed. [[1999]]. [http://books.google.com/books?id=-0JVScga2oYC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=rites+of+passage+in+ancient+greece &quot;Rites of Passage in Ancient Greece: Literature, Religion, Society.&quot;] Bucknell University Press. ISBN 083875418X.
*Turner, Victor W. [[1967]]. Betwixt and between: the liminal period in rites de passage. ''Forest of symbols: aspects of the Ndembu ritual,'' 23–59. Ithacae: Cornell University Press
*Turner, Victor W. [[1969]]. ''The Ritual Process.'' Penguin.
*Van Gennep, Arnold. [[1909]]. ''Les rites de passage.''
**Van Gennep, Arnold. [[1977]]. ''The Rites of Passage.'' Nova ed.
**Van Gennep, Arnold. [[2010]]. ''The Rites of Passage.'' Routledge Chapman &amp; Hal. ISBN 9780415611565.

==Nexus externi==
{{wiktionary}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140805152759/http://hrsbstaff.ednet.ns.ca/waymac/Sociology/A%20Term%201/2.%20Culture/Rituals.htm Index rituum transitoriorum et similium,] hrsbstaff.ednet.ns.ca
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140718181959/http://ritesforgirls.com/journeying-towards-womanhood/key-ingredients-for-a-rite-of-passage/ Quomodo creare tuum ritum transitorium &quot;coming of age,&quot;] ritesforgirls.com
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150419095732/http://www.africanholocaust.net/ritesofpassage.html Ritus transitorii in Africa,] www.africanholocaust.net

[[Categoria:Anthropologia religionis]]
[[Categoria:Ritus transitorii| ]]</text>
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    <title>Invitatorium</title>
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      <text bytes="6637" sha1="iypp9s6vfze6rcax7ywvoqanwec1l4k" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Jean_Pichore_-_Leaf_from_Book_of_Hours_-_Walters_W45294V_-_Open_Reverse.jpg|thumb|Pagina ex breviario Ioannis Pichore (circa annum [[1520]] scripto). Littera initialis versiculum Invitatorii demonstrat.]]'''Invitatorium''' est pars [[liturgia horarum|liturgiae horarum]] iuxta [[Ritus Romanus|ritum Romanum]], tamquam introductio in officium uniuscuiusque diei quae &quot;ad laudes Dei concinendas&quot; invitat&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;''Institutio generalis de Liturgia Horarum'', 34 [Vide: ''Liturgia Horarum iuxta ritum Romanum. Editio typica altera. I: Tempus Adventus, tempus Nativitatis.'' Libreria Editrice Vaticana 1985, p. 40]&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Invitatorium in officio Romano ==

=== Locus Invitatorii ===
Invitatorium semper (fere) primam diei horam liturgicam inchoat, nempe:

* in veteri ritu Romano (sic dicta forma extraordinaria) semper [[Matutinum|Matutino]] praeponitur&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;''Rubricae generales Breviarii Romani'' (1960), 182.&lt;/ref&gt;;
* in novo ritu Romano (sic dicta forma ordinaria) Officio lectionis vel [[Laudes (liturgia)|Laudibus matutinis]], prout alterutra hora officium huius diei inchoat&lt;ref&gt;''Institutio generalis de Liturgia Horarum'', 35 [Vide: ''Liturgia Horarum iuxta ritum Romanum. Editio typica altera. I: Tempus Adventus, tempus Nativitatis.'' Libreria Editrice Vaticana 1985, p. 40]&lt;/ref&gt;. 

In aliquot casibus Invitatorium autem non dicitur:

* in veteri ritu in [[Triduum Sacrum|Triduo Sacro]] (scilicet in [[Tenebrae (officium)|Tenebris]]) atque in [[Sollemnitas Epiphaniae Domini|Epiphania]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;;
* in novo ritu psalmus Invitatorii ad libitum omitti poterit, si Laudibus praeponi deberetur.

=== Historia Invitatorii ===
Invitatorium in officium Romanum a Gregorio Magno introductum esse videtur&lt;ref&gt;Callewaert, C. 1950. ''Sacris erudiri. Fragmenta liturgica collecta a monachis Sancti Petri de Aldenburgo in Steenbrugge ne pereant.'' XXIII+741 pp. Abbatia S. Petri de Aldenburgo in Steenbrugge.&lt;/ref&gt;, ideoque in Epiphania et Triduo Sacro deest, servata in veteri ritu his diebus solemnissimis dispositione primitiva elementorum officii.

== Elementa Invitatorii ==
[[Fasciculus:Liber Responsorialis 1895 p054 (cropped - Invitatorium Christus natus est).jpg|thumb|Antiphona ad invitatorium in Nativitate Domini cantanda (''Liber responsorialis iuxta ritum monasticum'', 1895). Conspicitur etiam primum vocabulum psalmi 94, alibi requirendi]]

=== Structura Invitatorii ===
Invitatorium constat:

* ex versiculo initiali ℣. ''Dómine, lábia mea apéries.'' ℟. ''Et os meum annuntiábit laudem tuam'';
* (in veteri ritu tantum) ex versibus ''Deus in adiutórium meum intende'', cum reliquis, ad initium omnium horarum adhibendis;
* ex [[Psalmus 94|psalmo 94]] (''Venite, exsultemus Domino''; 95 iuxta Hebraicam numerotationem) solemniter decantatoL
In officio defunctorum iuxta veterem ritum a psalmo cum sua antiphona directe incipitur, versiculis omissis.

[[Gloria Patri|Doxologia]] psalmi 94 in veteri ritu omittitur [[Tempus Passionis|Tempore Passionis]], et in officio defunctorum eius locum versus ''Requiem aeternam'' habet; secus semper dicitur.&lt;ref&gt;''Nocturnale Romanum. Antiphonale Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae pro nocturnis Horis.'' Romae–Florentiae–Veronae–Visograciae Aquensis–Sambucae Toscanorum: Hartker Verlag Christoph Nicolaus Schröder (2002) ISBN&amp;nbsp;3-936476-01-2&lt;/ref&gt; In novo vero ritu doxologia semper dicitur.&lt;ref&gt;''Liber hymnarius: cum invitatoriis &amp; aliquibus responsoriis'', Antiphonale Romanum secundum liturgiam horarum ordinemque cantus officii dispositum / a Solesmensibus Monachis praeparatum, Solesmis (1998) ISBN&amp;nbsp;978-2-85274-076-1&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fasciculus:Psalterium monasticum dispositum per hebdomadam secundum Regulam sancti Benedicti cum ordinario officii de tempore ex Breviario monastico Pauli V.P.M. - btv1b10879770p (573 of 626) (cropped - Psalmus 94, invitatorium).jpg|thumb|Invitatorium officii defunctorum: antiphona et initium psalmi 94 in cantu solemni (''Psalterium monasticum'', 1623)]]

=== Psalmus ===
Psalmus 94, si officium in cantu solemni persolvitur, seriem melodiarum propriarum ornatarum possidet&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;''[https://www.ccwatershed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/74897-Peter-Kwasniewski-Invitatory-Book-Cf2o.pdf Invitatoria cum Psalmo Venite exsultemus, per varios tonos pro officiis de tempore et de Sanctis]'', Parisiis–Romae–Tornaci: Desclée, 1948, s. 80&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;''Liber hymnarius: cum invitatoriis &amp; aliquibus responsoriis'', Antiphonale Romanum secundum liturgiam horarum ordinemque cantus officii dispositum, a Solesmensibus Monachis praeparatum, Solesmis: Abbaye Saint-Pierre, 1998, ISBN 978-2-85274-076-1&lt;/ref&gt;; quae cum compositae sint, antequam [[Biblia Vulgata|Vulgata]] [[Biblia|Bibliorum sacrorum]] versio in communem usum accepta sit, textum [[Vetus Latina|Veteris Latinae]] versionis adhibent. Ideoque usque ad praesentem diem hic solus psalmus in toto officio iuxta ritum Romanum iuxta hanc antiquam versionem cantatur. 

Secus autem, scilicet cum officium non cantatur, hic psalmus iuxta eandem versionem quae in reliquis psalmis adhibetur, dicendus est, scilicet in veteri ritu aut iuxta Vulgatam aut iuxta [[Psalterium Pianum]], in novo autem iuxta [[Nova Vulgata|Novam Vulgatam]]. Item in novo ritu Romano, si officium non cantatur, psalmo 95 alii, nempe [[Psalmus 24|Ps 23 (24)]], [[Psalmus 67|Ps 66 (67)]] aut [[Psalmus 100|Ps 99 (100)]], substituere possunt&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. 

=== Antiphonae ===
Ad Invitatorium etiam [[antiphona]] pro qualitate diei, temporis vel festi varianda pertinet&lt;ref&gt;''Rubricae generales Breviarii Romani'' (1960), 184; ''Institutio generalis de Liturgia Horarum'', 36.&lt;/ref&gt;, quae verbis ''Venite adoremus'' saepe desinit et inter strophas psalmi repetitur vel integra (in novo ritu)&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; vel tum integra tum dimidiata (in antiquo)&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''Nocturnale Romanum. Antiphonale Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae pro nocturnis Horis.'' Hartker Verlag Christoph Nicolaus Schröder, Romae–Florentiae–Veronae–Visograciae Aquensis–Sambucae Toscanorum 2002. ISBN 3-936476-01-2&lt;/ref&gt;. Antiphonae ordinariae e textu psalmi 94 sumuntur, exempli gratia: ''Deum magnum, Dóminum, venite adorémus''. In [[Nativitas Domini|Nativitate Domini]] antiphona ad Invitatorium erit: ''Christus natus est nobis: veníte, adorémus'', in Pentecoste autem: ''Allelúia, Spíritus Dómini replévit orbem terrárum: veníte, adorémus, allelúia''.

== Bibliographia ==
*Adolf Adam, Rupert Berger: Invitatorium, p. 221 In: Iidem: Pastoralliturgisches Handlexikon. 5. ed. Herder, Friburgi 1990, ISBN 3-451-18972-0.

== Notae ==
[[Categoria:Liturgia]]</text>
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      <text bytes="6637" sha1="4ay8xo85slu0x5z0zxl8kgempo68qm3" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Jean_Pichore_-_Leaf_from_Book_of_Hours_-_Walters_W45294V_-_Open_Reverse.jpg|thumb|Pagina ex breviario Ioannis Pichore (circa annum [[1520]] scripto). Littera initialis versiculum Invitatorii demonstrat.]]'''Invitatorium''' est pars [[liturgia horarum|liturgiae horarum]] iuxta [[Ritus Romanus|ritum Romanum]], tamquam introductio in officium uniuscuiusque diei quae &quot;ad laudes Dei concinendas&quot; invitat&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;''Institutio generalis de Liturgia Horarum'', 34 [Vide: ''Liturgia Horarum iuxta ritum Romanum. Editio typica altera. I: Tempus Adventus, tempus Nativitatis.'' Libreria Editrice Vaticana 1985, p. 40]&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Invitatorium in officio Romano ==

=== Locus Invitatorii ===
Invitatorium semper (fere) primam diei horam liturgicam inchoat, nempe:

* in veteri ritu Romano (sic dicta forma extraordinaria) semper [[Matutinum|Matutino]] praeponitur&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;''Rubricae generales Breviarii Romani'' (1960), 182.&lt;/ref&gt;;
* in novo ritu Romano (sic dicta forma ordinaria) Officio lectionis vel [[Laudes (liturgia)|Laudibus matutinis]], prout alterutra hora officium huius diei inchoat&lt;ref&gt;''Institutio generalis de Liturgia Horarum'', 35 [Vide: ''Liturgia Horarum iuxta ritum Romanum. Editio typica altera. I: Tempus Adventus, tempus Nativitatis.'' Libreria Editrice Vaticana 1985, p. 40]&lt;/ref&gt;. 

In aliquot casibus Invitatorium autem non dicitur:

* in veteri ritu in [[Triduum Sacrum|Triduo Sacro]] (scilicet in [[Tenebrae (officium)|Tenebris]]) atque in [[Sollemnitas Epiphaniae Domini|Epiphania]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;;
* in novo ritu psalmus Invitatorii ad libitum omitti poterit, si Laudibus praeponi deberetur.

=== Historia Invitatorii ===
Invitatorium in officium Romanum a Gregorio Magno introductum esse videtur&lt;ref&gt;Callewaert, C. 1950. ''Sacris erudiri. Fragmenta liturgica collecta a monachis Sancti Petri de Aldenburgo in Steenbrugge ne pereant.'' XXIII+741 pp. Abbatia S. Petri de Aldenburgo in Steenbrugge.&lt;/ref&gt;, ideoque in Epiphania et Triduo Sacro deest, servata in veteri ritu his diebus solemnissimis dispositione primitiva elementorum officii.

== Elementa Invitatorii ==
[[Fasciculus:Liber Responsorialis 1895 p054 (cropped - Invitatorium Christus natus est).jpg|thumb|Antiphona ad invitatorium in Nativitate Domini cantanda (''Liber responsorialis iuxta ritum monasticum'', 1895). Conspicitur etiam primum vocabulum psalmi 94, alibi requirendi]]

=== Structura Invitatorii ===
Invitatorium constat:

* ex versiculo initiali ℣. ''Dómine, lábia mea apéries.'' ℟. ''Et os meum annuntiábit laudem tuam'';
* (in veteri ritu tantum) ex versibus ''Deus in adiutórium meum intende'', cum reliquis, ad initium omnium horarum adhibendis;
* ex [[Psalmus 94|psalmo 94]] (''Venite, exsultemus Domino''; 95 iuxta Hebraicam numerotationem) solemniter decantatoL
In officio defunctorum iuxta veterem ritum a psalmo cum sua antiphona directe incipitur, versiculis omissis.

[[Gloria Patri|Doxologia]] psalmi 94 in veteri ritu omittitur [[Tempus Passionis|Tempore Passionis]], et in officio defunctorum eius locum versus ''Requiem aeternam'' habet; secus semper dicitur.&lt;ref&gt;''Nocturnale Romanum. Antiphonale Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae pro nocturnis Horis.'' Romae–Florentiae–Veronae–Visograciae Aquensis–Sambucae Toscanorum: Hartker Verlag Christoph Nicolaus Schröder (2002) ISBN&amp;nbsp;3-936476-01-2&lt;/ref&gt; In novo vero ritu doxologia semper dicitur.&lt;ref&gt;''Liber hymnarius: cum invitatoriis &amp; aliquibus responsoriis'', Antiphonale Romanum secundum liturgiam horarum ordinemque cantus officii dispositum / a Solesmensibus Monachis praeparatum, Solesmis (1998) ISBN&amp;nbsp;978-2-85274-076-1&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fasciculus:Psalterium monasticum dispositum per hebdomadam secundum Regulam sancti Benedicti cum ordinario officii de tempore ex Breviario monastico Pauli V.P.M. - btv1b10879770p (573 of 626) (cropped - Psalmus 94, invitatorium).jpg|thumb|Invitatorium officii defunctorum: antiphona et initium psalmi 94 in cantu solemni (''Psalterium monasticum'', 1626)]]

=== Psalmus ===
Psalmus 94, si officium in cantu solemni persolvitur, seriem melodiarum propriarum ornatarum possidet&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;''[https://www.ccwatershed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/74897-Peter-Kwasniewski-Invitatory-Book-Cf2o.pdf Invitatoria cum Psalmo Venite exsultemus, per varios tonos pro officiis de tempore et de Sanctis]'', Parisiis–Romae–Tornaci: Desclée, 1948, s. 80&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;''Liber hymnarius: cum invitatoriis &amp; aliquibus responsoriis'', Antiphonale Romanum secundum liturgiam horarum ordinemque cantus officii dispositum, a Solesmensibus Monachis praeparatum, Solesmis: Abbaye Saint-Pierre, 1998, ISBN 978-2-85274-076-1&lt;/ref&gt;; quae cum compositae sint, antequam [[Biblia Vulgata|Vulgata]] [[Biblia|Bibliorum sacrorum]] versio in communem usum accepta sit, textum [[Vetus Latina|Veteris Latinae]] versionis adhibent. Ideoque usque ad praesentem diem hic solus psalmus in toto officio iuxta ritum Romanum iuxta hanc antiquam versionem cantatur. 

Secus autem, scilicet cum officium non cantatur, hic psalmus iuxta eandem versionem quae in reliquis psalmis adhibetur, dicendus est, scilicet in veteri ritu aut iuxta Vulgatam aut iuxta [[Psalterium Pianum]], in novo autem iuxta [[Nova Vulgata|Novam Vulgatam]]. Item in novo ritu Romano, si officium non cantatur, psalmo 95 alii, nempe [[Psalmus 24|Ps 23 (24)]], [[Psalmus 67|Ps 66 (67)]] aut [[Psalmus 100|Ps 99 (100)]], substituere possunt&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. 

=== Antiphonae ===
Ad Invitatorium etiam [[antiphona]] pro qualitate diei, temporis vel festi varianda pertinet&lt;ref&gt;''Rubricae generales Breviarii Romani'' (1960), 184; ''Institutio generalis de Liturgia Horarum'', 36.&lt;/ref&gt;, quae verbis ''Venite adoremus'' saepe desinit et inter strophas psalmi repetitur vel integra (in novo ritu)&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; vel tum integra tum dimidiata (in antiquo)&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''Nocturnale Romanum. Antiphonale Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae pro nocturnis Horis.'' Hartker Verlag Christoph Nicolaus Schröder, Romae–Florentiae–Veronae–Visograciae Aquensis–Sambucae Toscanorum 2002. ISBN 3-936476-01-2&lt;/ref&gt;. Antiphonae ordinariae e textu psalmi 94 sumuntur, exempli gratia: ''Deum magnum, Dóminum, venite adorémus''. In [[Nativitas Domini|Nativitate Domini]] antiphona ad Invitatorium erit: ''Christus natus est nobis: veníte, adorémus'', in Pentecoste autem: ''Allelúia, Spíritus Dómini replévit orbem terrárum: veníte, adorémus, allelúia''.

== Bibliographia ==
*Adolf Adam, Rupert Berger: Invitatorium, p. 221 In: Iidem: Pastoralliturgisches Handlexikon. 5. ed. Herder, Friburgi 1990, ISBN 3-451-18972-0.

== Notae ==
[[Categoria:Liturgia]]</text>
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    <title>Saint-Sauveur (Garunna Superior)</title>
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[[Fasciculus: Map commune FR insee code 31516.png|250 px|left|thumb|Saint-Sauveur: communis tabula]]

'''Saint-Sauveur''' est commune [[Francia|Francicum]] 1'781 incolarum (anno [[2012]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Garunna Superior|Garunnae Superioris]] in regione australi [[Meridianum et Pyrenaei|Meridiano et Pyrenaeis]] (a die [[1 Ianuarii]] [[2016]] [[Occitania Ruscino Meridianum et Pyrenaei|Occitania Ruscinone Meridiano et Pyrenaeis]]).

{{NexInt}}

* [[Index communium praefecturae Garunnae Superioris|Indicem communium praefecturae Garunnae Superioris]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Saint-Sauveur (Haute-Garonne)|Saint-Sauveur}}

* {{INSEE commune|31516|de=Saint-Sauveur}}
* [http://cassini.ehess.fr/cassini/fr/html/fiche.php?select_resultat=34560 De hoc commune apud cassini.ehess.fr]
* [http://www.ville-saint-sauveur.fr/ Huius communis pagina interretialis]{{Nexus deficit|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Garumnae superioris]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Garumnae superioris]]</text>
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    <title>Roussillon (Isara)</title>
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      <text bytes="1272" sha1="fsesvk9mm6yr84a3hs8a6tcst8zupnr" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus: Roussillon%2C_le_vieux_chateau_o%C3%B9_Charles_IX_signa_en_1564_l%27%C3%A9dit_qui_fixa_au_1er_jan_le_commencement_de_l%27ann%C3%A9e%2C_1913%2C_p178_de_L%27Is%C3%A8re_les_533_communes_-_B_F_Paris.jpg|thumb|250 px|'''Roussillon:''' castellum anno [[1913]] depictum - Ibi anno [[1564]] [[rex]] [[Carolus IX (rex Franciae)|Carolus IX]] decrevit [[annus|annum]] civile die [[1 Ianuarii]] incipere]].
[[Fasciculus: Map commune FR insee code 38344.png|thumb|left|250px|'''Roussillon:''' communis tabula]]

'''Roussillon''' est commune [[Francia|Francicum]] 8&amp;nbsp;272 incolarum (anno [[2015]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Isara (praefectura Franciae)|Isarae]] in regione orientali [[Arvernia Rhodanus et Alpes|Arvernia Rhodano et Alpibus]]) situm.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Isarae]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Roussillon (Isère)|Roussillon}}

* {{INSEE commune|38344|de=Roussillon}}
* [http://cassini.ehess.fr/cassini/fr/html/fiche.php?select_resultat=29850 De hoc commune apud Cassini]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20200320135031/http://www.ville-roussillon-isere.fr/ Huius communis pagina interretialis]
{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Isarae]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Isarae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Series A et series B</title>
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      <text bytes="3801" sha1="emf4xtkou8v51llczdxuhfnu4e0iopi" xml:space="preserve">'''Series A et series B''' in [[philosophia spatii et temporis]] sunt dissonae coniunctionis ordinis temporalis descriptiones inter [[eventus (philosophia)|eventus]]. Quae praecipue in usu [[tempus (grammatica)|temporis]] ad coniunctionem temporalem inter eventus describendam inter se differunt. Haec [[vocabulum|vocabula]] introducta sunt a [[Ioannes McTaggart Ellis McTaggart|Ioanne McTaggart]], [[philosophus|philosopho]] [[Scotia|Scotico]] [[idealismus|idealistico]] anno [[1908]] in [[argumentum|argumento]] de [[irrealismus (philosophia)|irrealitate]] [[tempus|temporis]], sed ex illo tempore, hae appellationes in hodiernis disceptationibus de [[philosophia spatii et temporis|philosophia temporis]] late adhibentur.

Apud McTaggart, sunt [[duo|bini]] modi distincti in quibus omnes eventus per [[tempus]] ordinari possunt. In modo primo, eventus ordinantur per [[praeteritum]], [[praesens]], et [[futurum]], praedicata singularia non relativa. Cum de tempore sic disputamus, seriem positionum quae a praeterito remoto per praeteritum recens ad praesens currentem, et a praesente per futurum proximum ad futurum remotum dicimus. Necessaria huius modalitatis descriptivae proprietas est quod [[cognitio|cogitare]] debemus seriem positionum temporalium in statu commutationis continuae esse, sensu eventum primum esse partem futuri, tum praesentis, et tum praeteriti. Praeterea, affirmationes secundum hanc modalitatem factae conspectum temporalis hominis eas emittentis indicant. Haec ad summam est series eventuum temporalium A.

Ex alia autem [[cosmotheoria]], eventus ordinare possumus secundum aliam series positionum temporalium per cognationes binarum appellationum, quae sunt [[asymmetria|asymmetricae]], [[irreflexivus|irreflexivae]], et [[transitivus|transitivae]]: ''antecedit'' et ''subsequitur.'' Haec est series B, et philosophia quae omnes [[veritas|veritates]] de tempore dicit ad affirmationes seriei B minui potest est [[ratio temporis B]].

== Coniunctio cum aliis notionibus in philosophia temporis ==
Sunt binae varietates principales rationis A: [[praesentismus (philosophia temporis)|praesentismus]] et [[universum massae crescentis]].&lt;ref&gt;Dean Zimmerman, [https://web.archive.org/web/20130528103845/http://fas-philosophy.rutgers.edu/zimmerman/Presentism%20and%20Rel.for.Web.2.pdf Presentism and the Space-Time Manifold,] p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt; Ambae assumunt praesens obiectivum, sed praesentismus assumit solum res praesentes exsistere, cum universum massae crescentis assumit res praesentes et praeteritas exsistere, sed non res futuras. Notiones quae nullum praesens obiectivum postulant, sicut ratio B, [[aeternalismus (philosophia temporis)|aeternalismum]] et [[quattuor-dimensionalismus|quattuor-dimensionismum]] comprehendunt.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Aeternitas]]
* [[Chronosophia]]
* [[Endurantismus]]
* [[Sagitta temporis]]
* [[Synechismus]]
* ''[[The Unreality of Time]]''

== Notae ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Lane, Craig, William. [[2000]]. ''The Tensed Theory of Time.'' Springer.
* Lane Craig, William. [[2010]]. ''The Tenseless Theory of Time.'' Springer.
* McTaggart, J. E. [[1908]]. The Unreality of Time. ''Mind.''
* McTaggart, J. E. [[1968]]. ''The Nature of Existence.'' 2 vol. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press.
* Bradley, F. H. [[1922]]. ''The Principles of Logic.'' Oconiae: Oxford University Press.

== Nexus externi ==
{{Wikisource|Author:John McTaggart Ellis McTaggart|John McTaggart Ellis McTaggart}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051125154105/http://www.trinity.edu/cbrown/time/mctaggart.html Time: Notes on McTaggart and the Unreality of Time,] www.trinity.edu (Trinity College Seminar on Time)

[[Categoria:Philosophia physicae]]
[[Categoria:Philosophia temporis]]
[[Categoria:Notiones in metaphysica]]</text>
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    <title>Saint-Aubin-de-Crétot</title>
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[[Fasciculus: Map commune FR insee code 76559.png|250 px|left|thumb|Saint-Aubin-de-Crétot: communis tabula]]

'''Saint-Aubin-de-Crétot''' est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] 572 incolarum (anno [[2012]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Sequana Maritima|Sequanae Maritimae]] in regione [[Normannia Superior]]i (a die [[1 Ianuarii]] [[2016]] [[Normannia (regio Franciae)|Normannia]]).

{{NexInt}}

* [[Index communium praefecturae Sequanae Maritimae|Indicem communium praefecturae Sequanae Maritimae]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Saint-Aubin-de-Crétot|Saint-Aubin-de-Crétot}}

* {{INSEE commune|76559|de=Saint-Aubin-de-Crétot}}
* [http://cassini.ehess.fr/cassini/fr/html/fiche.php?select_resultat=30537 De hoc commune apud cassini.ehess.fr]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160305112801/http://www.saint-aubin-de-cretot.fr/ Huius communis pagina interretialis]
{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Sequanae Maritimae]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Sequanae maritimae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Receptorium glutamati</title>
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      <text bytes="7172" sha1="kh6fbcgg9ufpn12mhnulfe1r497q8jg" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Kwas glutaminowy.svg|thumb|150px|Acidum glutamicum]]
'''Receptorium glutamati''' est [[receptorium neurotransmissoris]] [[Synapsis chemica|synapsium]] [[Neuron|neuroni]] locatum atque [[acidum glutamicum|acido glutamico]] (glutamato)&lt;ref&gt;[[Basis (chemia)|Basis]] coniugata acidi glutamici.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Neurotransmissor|neurotransmissore]] excitatorio cerebri primo stimulatum&lt;ref&gt;http://www.bristol.ac.uk/synaptic/receptors/ Receptoria Glutamati, Universitas [[Bristolium|Bristolii]]] {{Ling|Anglice}} &lt;/ref&gt;. 
Haec receptoria in receptoria ''ionotropica'', ipsa canalibus [[cation|cationum]] servantia, et ''metabotropica'', cum [[Proteinum G|proteino G]] alteras canales modificantia, dividuntur. 
Receptoriorum ionotropicorum glutamati tres familiae notae sunt: receptoria ''AMPA'', receptoria ''kainati'', receptoria ''NMDA''. 
Receptoria glutamati metabotropica quoque in tres greges (''I''-''II''-''III'') dividuntur. 

In stimulando glutamato aliisque stimulis aptis [[Neuron|neuroni]] receptoria Glutamati portantes, quibus grave pondus [[Communicatio (informatica)|communicationis inter neuronos]] et formationis [[memoria]]e et eventuum discendi et [[Ordinatio|ordinationis]] habet, neuronos postsynapticos excitant.{{dubsig}} 

Et partes [[excitotoxicitas|excitotoxicitatis]] centrales receptoriorum glutamati et praevalentia ipsorum in systemate nervoso centrali cum morbis [[Neurodegeneratio|neurodegenerativis]] attribuuntur, nihilo setius autem attribuere suspiciuntur. 
[[Anticorpus|Autoanticorpora]] contra receptoria eadem pluribus morbis coniuncta sunt veluti singulae formae [[Morbus comitialis|morbi comitialis]], [[Lupus erythematodes|Lupi erythematodis]], [[Ictus (morbus)|ictuum]]. 

== Species == 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| '''Species''' || '''Nomen''' || '''Agonistis&lt;ref&gt;Agonistis = αγωνιστής {{Ling|Graece}}&lt;/ref&gt;'''
 |- 
 | rowspan=&quot;3&quot;  align=&quot;center&quot; | ionotropicae || Receptoria NMDA || NMDA 
 |- 
 | Receptoria Kainati || Kainatum
 |- 
 | Receptoria AMPA || AMPA
 |- 
 | align=&quot;center&quot; | metabotropicae || mGluR || [[L-AP4]], [[ACPD]], [[Acidum quisqualicum|L-QA]]&lt;ref&gt;Ohashi H, Maruyama T, Higashi-Matsumoto H, Nomoto T, Nishimura S, Takeuchi (2002). A novel binding assay for metabotropic glutamate receptors using [3H] L-quisqualic acid and recombinant receptors. Z Naturforsch [C] 57 (3–4): 348–55&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

=== Ionotropicae ===
Subunitates Receptoriorum ionotropicorum glutamati cum genis suis:&lt;ref name=&quot;din1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Dingledine R, Borges K, Bowie D, Traynelis SF | title = The glutamate receptor ion channels | journal = Pharmacol. Rev. | volume = 51 | issue = 1 | pages = 7–61 |date=March 1999 | pmid = 10049997 | doi = }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name = &quot;pmid11735224&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Andersson O, Stenqvist A, Attersand A, von Euler G | title = Nucleotide sequence, genomic organization, and chromosomal localization of genes encoding the human NMDA receptor subunits NR3A and NR3B | journal = Genomics | volume = 78 | issue = 3 | pages = 178–84 |date=December 2001 | pmid = 11735224 | doi = 10.1006/geno.2001.6666}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Familia receptoriorum
! Subunitas 
(nomenclatura prior)
! [[Genum]]
! [[Chromosoma]]&lt;br/&gt;(humanum)
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [[receptorium AMPA|AMPA]]
| GluA1 (GluR&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;)
| ''[[GRIA1]]''
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Chromosoma 5 (homo)|5q33]]
|-
| GluA2 (GluR&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)
| ''[[GRIA2]]''
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Chromosoma 4 (homo)|4q32-33]]
|-
| GluA3 (GluR&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)
| ''[[GRIA3]]''
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Chromosoma X (homo)|Xq25-26]]
|-
| GluA4 (GluR&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;)
| ''[[GRIA4]]''
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Chromosoma 11 (homo)|11q22-23]]
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [[receptorium kainati|Kainatum]]
| GluK1 (GluR&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;)
| ''[[GRIK1]]''
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Chromosoma 21 (homo)|21q21.1-22.1]]
|-
| GluK2 (GluR&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;)
| ''[[GRIK2]]''
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Chromosoma 6 (homo)|6q16.3-q21]]
|-
| GluK3 (GluR&lt;sub&gt;7&lt;/sub&gt;)
| ''[[GRIK3]]''
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Chromosoma 1 (homo)|1p34-33]]
|-
| GluK4 (KA-1)
| ''[[GRIK4]]''
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Chromosoma 11 (homo)|11q22.3]]
|-
| GluK5 (KA-2)
| ''[[GRIK5]]''
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Chromosoma 19 (homo)|19q13.2]]
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [[receptorium NMDA|NMDA]]
| GluN1(NR1)
| ''[[GRIN1]]''
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Chromosoma 9 (homo)|9q34.3]]
|-
| GluN2A (NR2A)
| ''[[GRIN2A]]''
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Chromosoma 16 (homo)|16p13.2]]
|-
| GluN2B (NR2B)
| ''[[GRIN2B]]''
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Chromosoma 12 (homo)|12p12]]
|-
| GluN2C (NR2C)
| ''[[GRIN2C]]''
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Chromosoma 17 (homo)|17q24-25]]
|-
| GluN2D (NR2D)
| ''[[GRIN2D]]''
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Chromosoma 19 (homo)|19q13.1qter]]
|-
| GluN3A (NR3A)
| ''[[GRIN3A]]''
|  align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Chromosoma 9 (homo)|9q31.1]]
|-
| GluN3B (NR3B)
| ''[[GRIN3B]]''
|  align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Chromosoma 19 (homo)|19p13.3]]
|}

=== Metabotropicae ===
[[Mammalia|Mammalium]] receptoria metabotropica glutamati mGluR# nominantur, tres greges sunt:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Grex
! [[Receptorium neurotransmissoris|Receptorium]]
! [[Genum]]
! [[Chromosoma]]&lt;br/&gt;(humanum)
! Effectus
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | 1
| [[Receptorium metabotropicum 1 glutamati|mGluR&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;]]
|  ''[[GRM1]]''
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Chromosoma 6 (homo)|6q24]]
| Incrementum Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt; in [[cytoplasma]]te.
|-
| [[Receptorium metabotropicum 5 glutamati|mGluR&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;]]
|  ''[[GRM5]]''
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Chromosoma 11 (homo)|11q14.3]]
| Liberatio K&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; ex cellula canalibus ionticis K&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; 
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | 2
| [[Receptorium metabotropicum 2 glutamati|mGluR&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;]]
|  ''[[GRM2]]''
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Chromosoma 3 (homo)|3p21.2]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Inhibitio adenylyl cyclasis, decrementum cAMP
|-
| [[Receptorium metabotropicum 3 glutamati|mGluR&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;]]
|  ''[[GRM3]]''
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Chromosoma 7 (homo)|7q21.1-q21.2]]
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | 3
| [[Receptorium metabotropicum 4 glutamati|mGluR&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;]]
|  ''[[GRM4]]''
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Chromosoma 6 (homo)|6p21.3]]
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | Incrementum canalum ionticorum Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt;, cum influxu Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt; intra cellulam&lt;ref name=&quot;con1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal  |vauthors=Conn PJ, etal | title = Metabotropic glutamate receptors in the basal ganglia motor circuit | journal = Nature Reviews Neuroscience  | volume = 6 | issue = 10 | pages = 787–98 | year = 2005 | pmid = 16276355 | doi = 10.1038/nrn1763}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Receptorium metabotropicum 6 glutamati|mGluR&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;]]
|  ''[[GRM6]]''
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Chromosoma 5 (homo)|5q35]]
|-
| [[Receptorium metabotropicum 7 glutamati|mGluR&lt;sub&gt;7&lt;/sub&gt;]]
|  ''[[GRM]]7''
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Chromosoma 3 (homo)|3p26-p25]]
|-
| [[Receptorium metabotropicum 8 glutamati|mGluR&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt;]]
|  ''[[GRM8]]''
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Chromosoma 7 (homo)|7q31.3-q32.1]]
|}

== Notae ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

{{NexInt}} 
* [[Psychopharmacologia]]
* [[Transportator glutamati]]

[[Categoria:Systema nervosum|G]]
[[Categoria:Systema glutamatergicum (glutamatum)]]
[[Categoria:Receptoria neurotransmissoria|G]]
[[Categoria:Receptoria glutamati]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Roberta Pinotti</title>
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      <text bytes="1983" sha1="1kex1rsgv05e7mq3x8wo1e766zy7w4r" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
'''Roberta Pinotti''' ([[Genua]]e nata die [[20 Maii]] [[1961]]) est politica [[Italia]]e.

Alumna est [[universitas Genuensis|universitatis Genuensis]] ubi litteris studuit.&lt;ref&gt;''[http://archivio.riparteilfuturo.it/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/CV-Roberta-Pinotti-1.pdf Europass CV]''&lt;/ref&gt; Deinde in urbe nativa iuxta scholas operam dedit. Consiliaria municipalis annis 1990 electa est pro factionibus [[factio communistica (Italia)|communisticae]] et [[factio democratica sinistra (Italia)|democraticae sinistrae]]. Legata est [[Parlamentum Italicum|Parlamento Italico]] ab anno [[2001]], ad [[senatus Italicus|senatum]] ab anno [[2008]] pro regione [[Liguria]]. Secretaria civica a munitione a die [[3 Maii]] [[2013]], primo ministro [[Henricus Letta|Henrico Letta]], deinde ministra a munitione a die [[22 Februarii]] [[2014]] meruit, primis ministris successivis [[Matthaeus Renzi|Matthaeo Renzi]] et [[Paulus Gentiloni|Paulo Gentiloni]].

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20170910082539/http://www.lastampa.it/2014/02/22/italia/politica/pinotti-la-scout-genovese-schierata-alla-difesa-primo-pensiero-per-i-mar-kLkQMcjupIP1sYkmbsjZtK/premium.html Pinotti, la scout genovese schierata alla Difesa “Primo pensiero per i marò”]&quot; in ''[[La Stampa]]'' (22 Februarii 2014)
* Saverio Cioce, &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20171030004330/http://gazzettadimodena.gelocal.it/modena/cronaca/2016/03/12/news/accademia-militare-di-modena-il-ministro-a-sorpresa-al-giuramento-dei-cadetti-1.13112980 Accademia militare di Modena: il ministro a sorpresa al giuramento dei cadetti]&quot; in ''Gazzetta di Modena'' (12 Martii 2017)

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Roberta Pinotti|Robertam Pinotti}}

{{Consilium Italicum Renzi}}
{{Ministri munitionis Italici}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pinotti, Roberta}}

[[Categoria:Nati 1961]]
[[Categoria:Homines vivi]]
[[Categoria:Politici Italiae]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Genuensis]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Acidum glutamicum</title>
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      <text bytes="4155" sha1="7n9lyjgnzdy9cmwhm6qjs1e2qyxyvl6" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot;
|+ '''Acidum glutamicum'''&lt;br /&gt;'''Glutamatum'''
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Cognitores
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | ''[[ChemSpider]]'' || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.591.html 591]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[PubChem]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/33032 33032]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[DrugBank]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00142 DB00142]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Natura chemica
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:L-Glutaminsäure - L-Glutamic acid.svg|200px|Acidum glutamicum]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:L-Glutamic-acid-3D-balls.png|200px|Acidum glutamicum]]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Formula chemica|Formula summarum]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | {{chem|C|5|H|9|N|O|4}}
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Massa molaris]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | 147.130 g/mol
|-
|}
'''&lt;small&gt;L&lt;/small&gt;-acidum glutamicum''' (abbreviatura [[IUPAC]]:'''Glu''' vel '''E''') est α-[[aminoacidum]] formulae chemicae HOOC-CH(NH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)-(CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)2-COOH et simul unum aminoacidorum viginti formationis [[proteinum|proteinorum]] in [[organismus|organismis]]&lt;ref&gt;PubChem [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/33032 de acido glutamico].&lt;/ref&gt;. Forma iontibus onerata (sal acidi glutamici) '''glutamatum''' dicitur.

In organismo vivo acidum glutamicum vel glutamatum [[Neurotransmissor|neurotransmissoris]] vice in cerebro fungitur. Nam neurotransmissorum in [[Synapsis chemica|synapsibus]] excitantibus cerebri agentium frequentissimum invenitur, quae synapses glutaminergicae dicuntur (magis quam dimidia pars synapsium in cerebro).

== Natura chemica ==
Nomen [[IUPAC]] est acidum 2-amino-pentano-dioicum. 

&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:L-Glutamate Structural Formulae.png|Glutamatum, sal acidi glutamici, electrice oneratum.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Effectus in cerebro ==
=== Acidum glutamicum neurotransmissor ===
In [[cerebrum|cerebrum]] acidum glutamicum [[neurotransmissor]] principalis incitans abundat&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Meldrum B. S. |title=Glutamate as a neurotransmitter in the brain: review of physiology and pathology |journal=The journal of nutrition |year=2000 |volume=130 |issue=4S Suppl. |pages=1007S-15S |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10736372}}&lt;/ref&gt;. In [[synapsis chemica|synapsibus]] neurotransmissor glutamatum in vesiculis accumulatus est. Cum impulsibus nervalibus glutamatum ex vesiculis ''praesynapticis'' in hiatum synapticum liberatur. 

Receptoria ''postsynaptica'' neuroni processoris moleculas glutamati neurotransmissoris accipiunt. Tria receptoria acidi glutamici notae sunt ([[receptorium NMDA|NMDA]], [[receptorium AMPA|AMPA]], kainati) sicuti transportatores in [[cellula glialis|cellulis glialibus]] et [[neuron]]ibus.

[[Transportator glutamati|Transportatores speciales]], nominibus ''EAAT'' et ''VGLUT'', glutamatum liberum primum in [[cellula glialis|cellulam glialem]] proprinquam absorbent, ab ea denique reabsorptio in cellulam neuronalem fit.

Substantiae antagonistae systematis glutamatergici ''anti-glutamatergicae'' nominantur (exemplum: [[memantinum]]).

=== Toxicitas ===
In coniunctione quidem cum quibusque substantiis aliis acidum glutamicum damnum efficere potest&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Clark I. A., Vissel B. |title=Excess cerebral TNF causing glutamate excitotoxicity rationalizes treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and neurogenic pain by anti-TNF agents |journal=Journal of neuroinflammation |year=2016 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=236 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27596607}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Neurotransmissor]]
* [[Receptorium glutamati]]
* [[Systema excitans reticulare ascendens]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://books.google.de/books?id=BOWoBgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA19&amp;dq=acidum+glutamicum&amp;hl=de&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwiezPubpILkAhVML1AKHXXzDAkQ6AEIMzAC#v=onepage&amp;q=acidum%20glutamicum&amp;f=false Fons nomini Latini] {{Ling|Theodisce}}

[[Categoria:Acida aminica|G]]
[[Categoria:Neurotransmissores]]
[[Categoria:Systema glutamatergicum (glutamatum)|!]]</text>
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      <comment>/* Acidum glutamicum neurotransmissor */</comment>
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      <text bytes="4450" sha1="t9bk0hdzzzq7us8u29wimsm37xtub0z" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot;
|+ '''Acidum glutamicum'''&lt;br /&gt;'''Glutamatum'''
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Cognitores
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | ''[[ChemSpider]]'' || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.591.html 591]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[PubChem]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/33032 33032]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[DrugBank]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00142 DB00142]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Natura chemica
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:L-Glutaminsäure - L-Glutamic acid.svg|200px|Acidum glutamicum]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:L-Glutamic-acid-3D-balls.png|200px|Acidum glutamicum]]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Formula chemica|Formula summarum]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | {{chem|C|5|H|9|N|O|4}}
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Massa molaris]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | 147.130 g/mol
|-
|}
'''&lt;small&gt;L&lt;/small&gt;-acidum glutamicum''' (abbreviatura [[IUPAC]]:'''Glu''' vel '''E''') est α-[[aminoacidum]] formulae chemicae HOOC-CH(NH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)-(CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)2-COOH et simul unum aminoacidorum viginti formationis [[proteinum|proteinorum]] in [[organismus|organismis]]&lt;ref&gt;PubChem [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/33032 de acido glutamico].&lt;/ref&gt;. Forma iontibus onerata (sal acidi glutamici) '''glutamatum''' dicitur.

In organismo vivo acidum glutamicum vel glutamatum [[Neurotransmissor|neurotransmissoris]] vice in cerebro fungitur. Nam neurotransmissorum in [[Synapsis chemica|synapsibus]] excitantibus cerebri agentium frequentissimum invenitur, quae synapses glutaminergicae dicuntur (magis quam dimidia pars synapsium in cerebro).

== Natura chemica ==
Nomen [[IUPAC]] est acidum 2-amino-pentano-dioicum. 

&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:L-Glutamate Structural Formulae.png|Glutamatum, sal acidi glutamici, electrice oneratum.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Effectus in cerebro ==
=== Acidum glutamicum neurotransmissor ===
In [[cerebrum|cerebro]] acidum glutamicum [[neurotransmissor]] principalis incitans abundat&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Meldrum B. S. |title=Glutamate as a neurotransmitter in the brain: review of physiology and pathology |journal=The journal of nutrition |year=2000 |volume=130 |issue=4S Suppl. |pages=1007S-15S |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10736372}}&lt;/ref&gt;. In extrema parte [[Neuron|neuronum]] praesynapticorum neurotransmissor glutamatum e [[Glutaminum|glutamino]] a [[Cellula glialis|cellulis glialibus]] emisso elaboratur. Nam in [[Mitochondrium|mitochondriis]] [[enzymum]] [[Glutaminasis|glutaminasis]] glutaminum in glutamatum convertit quod deinde in [[vesicula|vesiculis]] prope [[Membrana cellulae|membranam praesynapticam]] accumulatur. Cum impulsibus nervalibus glutamatum ex vesiculis ''praesynapticis'' in hiatum synapticum liberatur. 

Receptoria ''postsynaptica'' neuroni processoris moleculas glutamati neurotransmissoris accipiunt. Tria receptoria acidi glutamici notae sunt ([[receptorium NMDA|NMDA]], [[receptorium AMPA|AMPA]], kainati) sicuti transportatores in [[cellula glialis|cellulis glialibus]] et [[neuron]]ibus.

[[Transportator glutamati|Transportatores speciales]], nominibus ''EAAT'' et ''VGLUT'', glutamatum liberum primum in [[cellula glialis|cellulam glialem]] proprinquam absorbent, ab ea denique reabsorptio in cellulam neuronalem fit.

Substantiae antagonistae systematis glutamatergici ''anti-glutamatergicae'' nominantur (exemplum: [[memantinum]]).

=== Toxicitas ===
In coniunctione quidem cum quibusque substantiis aliis acidum glutamicum damnum efficere potest&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Clark I. A., Vissel B. |title=Excess cerebral TNF causing glutamate excitotoxicity rationalizes treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and neurogenic pain by anti-TNF agents |journal=Journal of neuroinflammation |year=2016 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=236 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27596607}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Neurotransmissor]]
* [[Receptorium glutamati]]
* [[Systema excitans reticulare ascendens]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://books.google.de/books?id=BOWoBgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA19&amp;dq=acidum+glutamicum&amp;hl=de&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwiezPubpILkAhVML1AKHXXzDAkQ6AEIMzAC#v=onepage&amp;q=acidum%20glutamicum&amp;f=false Fons nomini Latini] {{Ling|Theodisce}}

[[Categoria:Acida aminica|G]]
[[Categoria:Neurotransmissores]]
[[Categoria:Systema glutamatergicum (glutamatum)|!]]</text>
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      <text bytes="4450" sha1="pghrldtt4vhuo7xsra5pwdnjx00nj48" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot;
|+ '''Acidum glutamicum'''&lt;br /&gt;'''Glutamatum'''
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Cognitores
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | ''[[ChemSpider]]'' || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.591.html 591]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[PubChem]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/33032 33032]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[DrugBank]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00142 DB00142]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Natura chemica
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:L-Glutaminsäure - L-Glutamic acid.svg|200px|Acidum glutamicum]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:L-Glutamic-acid-3D-balls.png|200px|Acidum glutamicum]]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Formula chemica|Formula summarum]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | {{chem|C|5|H|9|N|O|4}}
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Massa molaris]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | 147.130 g/mol
|-
|}
'''&lt;small&gt;L&lt;/small&gt;-acidum glutamicum''' (abbreviatura [[IUPAC]]:'''Glu''' vel '''E''') est α-[[aminoacidum]] formulae chemicae HOOC-CH(NH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)-(CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)2-COOH et simul unum aminoacidorum viginti formationis [[proteinum|proteinorum]] in [[organismus|organismis]]&lt;ref&gt;PubChem [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/33032 de acido glutamico].&lt;/ref&gt;. Forma iontibus onerata (sal acidi glutamici) '''glutamatum''' dicitur.

In organismo vivo acidum glutamicum vel glutamatum [[Neurotransmissor|neurotransmissoris]] vice in cerebro fungitur. Nam neurotransmissorum in [[Synapsis chemica|synapsibus]] excitantibus cerebri agentium frequentissimum invenitur, quae synapses glutaminergicae dicuntur (magis quam dimidia pars synapsium in cerebro).

== Natura chemica ==
Nomen [[IUPAC]] est acidum 2-amino-pentano-dioicum. 

&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:L-Glutamate Structural Formulae.png|Glutamatum, sal acidi glutamici, electrice oneratum.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Effectus in cerebro ==
=== Acidum glutamicum neurotransmissor ===
In [[cerebrum|cerebro]] acidum glutamicum [[neurotransmissor]] principalis excitans abundat&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Meldrum B. S. |title=Glutamate as a neurotransmitter in the brain: review of physiology and pathology |journal=The journal of nutrition |year=2000 |volume=130 |issue=4S Suppl. |pages=1007S-15S |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10736372}}&lt;/ref&gt;. In extrema parte [[Neuron|neuronum]] praesynapticorum neurotransmissor glutamatum e [[Glutaminum|glutamino]] a [[Cellula glialis|cellulis glialibus]] emisso elaboratur. Nam in [[Mitochondrium|mitochondriis]] [[enzymum]] [[Glutaminasis|glutaminasis]] glutaminum in glutamatum convertit quod deinde in [[vesicula|vesiculis]] prope [[Membrana cellulae|membranam praesynapticam]] accumulatur. Cum impulsibus nervalibus glutamatum ex vesiculis ''praesynapticis'' in hiatum synapticum liberatur. 

Receptoria ''postsynaptica'' neuroni processoris moleculas glutamati neurotransmissoris accipiunt. Tria receptoria acidi glutamici notae sunt ([[receptorium NMDA|NMDA]], [[receptorium AMPA|AMPA]], kainati) sicuti transportatores in [[cellula glialis|cellulis glialibus]] et [[neuron]]ibus.

[[Transportator glutamati|Transportatores speciales]], nominibus ''EAAT'' et ''VGLUT'', glutamatum liberum primum in [[cellula glialis|cellulam glialem]] proprinquam absorbent, ab ea denique reabsorptio in cellulam neuronalem fit.

Substantiae antagonistae systematis glutamatergici ''anti-glutamatergicae'' nominantur (exemplum: [[memantinum]]).

=== Toxicitas ===
In coniunctione quidem cum quibusque substantiis aliis acidum glutamicum damnum efficere potest&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Clark I. A., Vissel B. |title=Excess cerebral TNF causing glutamate excitotoxicity rationalizes treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and neurogenic pain by anti-TNF agents |journal=Journal of neuroinflammation |year=2016 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=236 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27596607}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Neurotransmissor]]
* [[Receptorium glutamati]]
* [[Systema excitans reticulare ascendens]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://books.google.de/books?id=BOWoBgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA19&amp;dq=acidum+glutamicum&amp;hl=de&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwiezPubpILkAhVML1AKHXXzDAkQ6AEIMzAC#v=onepage&amp;q=acidum%20glutamicum&amp;f=false Fons nomini Latini] {{Ling|Theodisce}}

[[Categoria:Acida aminica|G]]
[[Categoria:Neurotransmissores]]
[[Categoria:Systema glutamatergicum (glutamatum)|!]]</text>
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      <text bytes="4458" sha1="dfroivh20t9mewmqua19ksr3xuzuorw" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot;
|+ '''Acidum glutamicum'''&lt;br /&gt;'''Glutamatum'''
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Cognitores
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | ''[[ChemSpider]]'' || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.591.html 591]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[PubChem]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/33032 33032]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[DrugBank]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00142 DB00142]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Natura chemica
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:L-Glutaminsäure - L-Glutamic acid.svg|200px|Acidum glutamicum]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:L-Glutamic-acid-3D-balls.png|200px|Acidum glutamicum]]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Formula chemica|Formula summarum]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | {{chem|C|5|H|9|N|O|4}}
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Massa molaris]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | 147.130 g/mol
|-
|}
'''&lt;small&gt;L&lt;/small&gt;-acidum glutamicum''' (abbreviatura [[IUPAC]]:'''Glu''' vel '''E''') est α-[[aminoacidum]] formulae chemicae HOOC-CH(NH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)-(CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)2-COOH et simul unum aminoacidorum viginti formationis [[proteinum|proteinorum]] in [[organismus|organismis]]&lt;ref&gt;PubChem [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/33032 de acido glutamico].&lt;/ref&gt;. Forma iontibus onerata (sal acidi glutamici) '''glutamatum''' dicitur.

In organismo vivo acidum glutamicum vel glutamatum [[Neurotransmissor|neurotransmissoris]] vice in cerebro fungitur. Nam neurotransmissorum in [[Synapsis chemica|synapsibus]] excitantibus cerebri agentium frequentissimum invenitur, quae synapses glutaminergicae dicuntur (magis quam dimidia pars synapsium in cerebro).

== Natura chemica ==
Nomen [[IUPAC]] est acidum 2-amino-pentano-dioicum. 

&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:L-Glutamate Structural Formulae.png|Glutamatum, sal acidi glutamici, electrice oneratum.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Effectus in cerebro ==
=== Acidum glutamicum neurotransmissor ===
In [[cerebrum|cerebro]] acidum glutamicum tamquam [[neurotransmissor]] principalis excitans abundat&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Meldrum B. S. |title=Glutamate as a neurotransmitter in the brain: review of physiology and pathology |journal=The journal of nutrition |year=2000 |volume=130 |issue=4S Suppl. |pages=1007S-15S |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10736372}}&lt;/ref&gt;. In extrema parte [[Neuron|neuronum]] praesynapticorum neurotransmissor glutamatum e [[Glutaminum|glutamino]] a [[Cellula glialis|cellulis glialibus]] emisso elaboratur. Nam in [[Mitochondrium|mitochondriis]] [[enzymum]] [[Glutaminasis|glutaminasis]] glutaminum in glutamatum convertit quod deinde in [[vesicula|vesiculis]] prope [[Membrana cellulae|membranam praesynapticam]] accumulatur. Cum impulsibus nervalibus glutamatum ex vesiculis ''praesynapticis'' in hiatum synapticum liberatur. 

Receptoria ''postsynaptica'' neuroni processoris moleculas glutamati neurotransmissoris accipiunt. Tria receptoria acidi glutamici notae sunt ([[receptorium NMDA|NMDA]], [[receptorium AMPA|AMPA]], kainati) sicuti transportatores in [[cellula glialis|cellulis glialibus]] et [[neuron]]ibus.

[[Transportator glutamati|Transportatores speciales]], nominibus ''EAAT'' et ''VGLUT'', glutamatum liberum primum in [[cellula glialis|cellulam glialem]] proprinquam absorbent, ab ea denique reabsorptio in cellulam neuronalem fit.

Substantiae antagonistae systematis glutamatergici ''anti-glutamatergicae'' nominantur (exemplum: [[memantinum]]).

=== Toxicitas ===
In coniunctione quidem cum quibusque substantiis aliis acidum glutamicum damnum efficere potest&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Clark I. A., Vissel B. |title=Excess cerebral TNF causing glutamate excitotoxicity rationalizes treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and neurogenic pain by anti-TNF agents |journal=Journal of neuroinflammation |year=2016 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=236 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27596607}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Neurotransmissor]]
* [[Receptorium glutamati]]
* [[Systema excitans reticulare ascendens]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://books.google.de/books?id=BOWoBgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA19&amp;dq=acidum+glutamicum&amp;hl=de&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwiezPubpILkAhVML1AKHXXzDAkQ6AEIMzAC#v=onepage&amp;q=acidum%20glutamicum&amp;f=false Fons nomini Latini] {{Ling|Theodisce}}

[[Categoria:Acida aminica|G]]
[[Categoria:Neurotransmissores]]
[[Categoria:Systema glutamatergicum (glutamatum)|!]]</text>
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      <id>3970838</id>
      <parentid>3970837</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T15:13:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Acidum glutamicum neurotransmissor */</comment>
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      <text bytes="4475" sha1="2c3byhjnr06rh2iff5datltw59cmdoa" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot;
|+ '''Acidum glutamicum'''&lt;br /&gt;'''Glutamatum'''
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Cognitores
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | ''[[ChemSpider]]'' || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.591.html 591]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[PubChem]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/33032 33032]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[DrugBank]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00142 DB00142]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Natura chemica
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:L-Glutaminsäure - L-Glutamic acid.svg|200px|Acidum glutamicum]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:L-Glutamic-acid-3D-balls.png|200px|Acidum glutamicum]]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Formula chemica|Formula summarum]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | {{chem|C|5|H|9|N|O|4}}
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Massa molaris]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | 147.130 g/mol
|-
|}
'''&lt;small&gt;L&lt;/small&gt;-acidum glutamicum''' (abbreviatura [[IUPAC]]:'''Glu''' vel '''E''') est α-[[aminoacidum]] formulae chemicae HOOC-CH(NH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)-(CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)2-COOH et simul unum aminoacidorum viginti formationis [[proteinum|proteinorum]] in [[organismus|organismis]]&lt;ref&gt;PubChem [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/33032 de acido glutamico].&lt;/ref&gt;. Forma iontibus onerata (sal acidi glutamici) '''glutamatum''' dicitur.

In organismo vivo acidum glutamicum vel glutamatum [[Neurotransmissor|neurotransmissoris]] vice in cerebro fungitur. Nam neurotransmissorum in [[Synapsis chemica|synapsibus]] excitantibus cerebri agentium frequentissimum invenitur, quae synapses glutaminergicae dicuntur (magis quam dimidia pars synapsium in cerebro).

== Natura chemica ==
Nomen [[IUPAC]] est acidum 2-amino-pentano-dioicum. 

&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:L-Glutamate Structural Formulae.png|Glutamatum, sal acidi glutamici, electrice oneratum.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Effectus in cerebro ==
=== De glutamati cyclo in synapsibus ===
In [[cerebrum|cerebro]] acidum glutamicum tamquam [[neurotransmissor]] principalis excitans abundat&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Meldrum B. S. |title=Glutamate as a neurotransmitter in the brain: review of physiology and pathology |journal=The journal of nutrition |year=2000 |volume=130 |issue=4S Suppl. |pages=1007S-15S |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10736372}}&lt;/ref&gt;. In extrema parte [[Neuron|neuronum]] praesynapticorum neurotransmissor glutamatum e [[Glutaminum|glutamino]] a [[Cellula glialis|cellulis glialibus]] emisso elaboratur. Nam in [[Mitochondrium|mitochondriis]] [[enzymum]] [[Glutaminasis|glutaminasis]] glutaminum in glutamatum convertit quod deinde in [[vesicula|vesiculis]] prope [[Membrana cellulae|membranam praesynapticam]] accumulatur. Cum impulsibus electricis potentiae actionis glutamatum ex vesiculis ''praesynapticis'' in hiatum synapticum liberatur. 

Receptoria ''postsynaptica'' neuroni processoris moleculas glutamati neurotransmissoris accipiunt. Tria receptoria acidi glutamici notae sunt ([[receptorium NMDA|NMDA]], [[receptorium AMPA|AMPA]], kainati) sicuti transportatores in [[cellula glialis|cellulis glialibus]] et [[neuron]]ibus.

[[Transportator glutamati|Transportatores speciales]], nominibus ''EAAT'' et ''VGLUT'', glutamatum liberum primum in [[cellula glialis|cellulam glialem]] proprinquam absorbent, ab ea denique reabsorptio in cellulam neuronalem fit.

Substantiae antagonistae systematis glutamatergici ''anti-glutamatergicae'' nominantur (exemplum: [[memantinum]]).

=== Toxicitas ===
In coniunctione quidem cum quibusque substantiis aliis acidum glutamicum damnum efficere potest&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Clark I. A., Vissel B. |title=Excess cerebral TNF causing glutamate excitotoxicity rationalizes treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and neurogenic pain by anti-TNF agents |journal=Journal of neuroinflammation |year=2016 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=236 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27596607}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Neurotransmissor]]
* [[Receptorium glutamati]]
* [[Systema excitans reticulare ascendens]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://books.google.de/books?id=BOWoBgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA19&amp;dq=acidum+glutamicum&amp;hl=de&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwiezPubpILkAhVML1AKHXXzDAkQ6AEIMzAC#v=onepage&amp;q=acidum%20glutamicum&amp;f=false Fons nomini Latini] {{Ling|Theodisce}}

[[Categoria:Acida aminica|G]]
[[Categoria:Neurotransmissores]]
[[Categoria:Systema glutamatergicum (glutamatum)|!]]</text>
      <sha1>2c3byhjnr06rh2iff5datltw59cmdoa</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3970840</id>
      <parentid>3970838</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T15:16:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Effectus in cerebro */</comment>
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      <text bytes="4460" sha1="0yeg24u0dyf2u1ua1ze1wb3v7xrdn58" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot;
|+ '''Acidum glutamicum'''&lt;br /&gt;'''Glutamatum'''
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Cognitores
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | ''[[ChemSpider]]'' || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.591.html 591]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[PubChem]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/33032 33032]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[DrugBank]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00142 DB00142]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Natura chemica
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:L-Glutaminsäure - L-Glutamic acid.svg|200px|Acidum glutamicum]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:L-Glutamic-acid-3D-balls.png|200px|Acidum glutamicum]]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Formula chemica|Formula summarum]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | {{chem|C|5|H|9|N|O|4}}
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Massa molaris]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | 147.130 g/mol
|-
|}
'''&lt;small&gt;L&lt;/small&gt;-acidum glutamicum''' (abbreviatura [[IUPAC]]:'''Glu''' vel '''E''') est α-[[aminoacidum]] formulae chemicae HOOC-CH(NH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)-(CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)2-COOH et simul unum aminoacidorum viginti formationis [[proteinum|proteinorum]] in [[organismus|organismis]]&lt;ref&gt;PubChem [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/33032 de acido glutamico].&lt;/ref&gt;. Forma iontibus onerata (sal acidi glutamici) '''glutamatum''' dicitur.

In organismo vivo acidum glutamicum vel glutamatum [[Neurotransmissor|neurotransmissoris]] vice in cerebro fungitur. Nam neurotransmissorum in [[Synapsis chemica|synapsibus]] excitantibus cerebri agentium frequentissimum invenitur, quae synapses glutaminergicae dicuntur (magis quam dimidia pars synapsium in cerebro).

== Natura chemica ==
Nomen [[IUPAC]] est acidum 2-amino-pentano-dioicum. 

&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:L-Glutamate Structural Formulae.png|Glutamatum, sal acidi glutamici, electrice oneratum.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Effectus in cerebro ==
=== De glutamati cyclo in synapsibus ===
In [[cerebrum|cerebro]] acidum glutamicum tamquam [[neurotransmissor]] principalis excitans abundat&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Meldrum B. S. |title=Glutamate as a neurotransmitter in the brain: review of physiology and pathology |journal=The journal of nutrition |year=2000 |volume=130 |issue=4S Suppl. |pages=1007S-15S |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10736372}}&lt;/ref&gt;. In extrema parte [[Neuron|neuronum]] praesynapticorum neurotransmissor glutamatum e [[Glutaminum|glutamino]] a [[Cellula glialis|cellulis glialibus]] emisso elaboratur. Nam in [[Mitochondrium|mitochondriis]] [[enzymum]] [[Glutaminasis|glutaminasis]] glutaminum in glutamatum convertit quod deinde in [[vesicula|vesiculis]] prope [[Membrana cellulae|membranam praesynapticam]] accumulatur. Cum impulsibus electricis potentiae actionis glutamatum ex vesiculis ''praesynapticis'' in hiatum synapticum liberatur. 

[[Receptorium glutamati|Receptoria]] ''postsynaptica''  glutamati moleculas ligant. Tria receptoria acidi glutamici notae sunt ([[receptorium NMDA|NMDA]], [[receptorium AMPA|AMPA]], kainati) sicuti transportatores in [[cellula glialis|cellulis glialibus]] et [[neuron]]ibus.

[[Transportator glutamati|Transportatores speciales]], nominibus ''EAAT'' et ''VGLUT'', glutamatum liberum primum in [[cellula glialis|cellulam glialem]] proprinquam absorbent, ab ea denique reabsorptio in cellulam neuronalem fit.

Substantiae antagonistae systematis glutamatergici ''anti-glutamatergicae'' nominantur (exemplum: [[memantinum]]).

=== Toxicitas ===
In coniunctione quidem cum quibusque substantiis aliis acidum glutamicum damnum efficere potest&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Clark I. A., Vissel B. |title=Excess cerebral TNF causing glutamate excitotoxicity rationalizes treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and neurogenic pain by anti-TNF agents |journal=Journal of neuroinflammation |year=2016 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=236 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27596607}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Neurotransmissor]]
* [[Receptorium glutamati]]
* [[Systema excitans reticulare ascendens]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://books.google.de/books?id=BOWoBgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA19&amp;dq=acidum+glutamicum&amp;hl=de&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwiezPubpILkAhVML1AKHXXzDAkQ6AEIMzAC#v=onepage&amp;q=acidum%20glutamicum&amp;f=false Fons nomini Latini] {{Ling|Theodisce}}

[[Categoria:Acida aminica|G]]
[[Categoria:Neurotransmissores]]
[[Categoria:Systema glutamatergicum (glutamatum)|!]]</text>
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    <revision>
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        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
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      <text bytes="4536" sha1="j67eay89tbmj7szd2iutoei45axm2rn" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot;
|+ '''Acidum glutamicum'''&lt;br /&gt;'''Glutamatum'''
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Cognitores
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | ''[[ChemSpider]]'' || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.591.html 591]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[PubChem]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/33032 33032]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[DrugBank]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00142 DB00142]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Natura chemica
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:L-Glutaminsäure - L-Glutamic acid.svg|200px|Acidum glutamicum]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:L-Glutamic-acid-3D-balls.png|200px|Acidum glutamicum]]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Formula chemica|Formula summarum]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | {{chem|C|5|H|9|N|O|4}}
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Massa molaris]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | 147.130 g/mol
|-
|}
'''&lt;small&gt;L&lt;/small&gt;-acidum glutamicum''' (abbreviatura [[IUPAC]]:'''Glu''' vel '''E''') est α-[[aminoacidum]] formulae chemicae HOOC-CH(NH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)-(CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)2-COOH et simul unum aminoacidorum viginti formationis [[proteinum|proteinorum]] in [[organismus|organismis]]&lt;ref&gt;PubChem [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/33032 de acido glutamico].&lt;/ref&gt;. Forma iontibus onerata (sal acidi glutamici) '''glutamatum''' dicitur.

In organismo vivo acidum glutamicum vel glutamatum [[Neurotransmissor|neurotransmissoris]] vice in cerebro fungitur. Nam neurotransmissorum in [[Synapsis chemica|synapsibus]] excitantibus cerebri agentium frequentissimum invenitur, quae synapses glutaminergicae dicuntur (magis quam dimidia pars synapsium in cerebro).

== Natura chemica ==
Nomen [[IUPAC]] est acidum 2-amino-pentano-dioicum. 

&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:L-Glutamate Structural Formulae.png|Glutamatum, sal acidi glutamici, electrice oneratum.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Effectus in cerebro ==
=== De glutamati cyclo in synapsibus ===
In [[cerebrum|cerebro]] acidum glutamicum tamquam [[neurotransmissor]] principalis excitans abundat&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Meldrum B. S. |title=Glutamate as a neurotransmitter in the brain: review of physiology and pathology |journal=The journal of nutrition |year=2000 |volume=130 |issue=4S Suppl. |pages=1007S-15S |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10736372}}&lt;/ref&gt;. In extrema parte [[Neuron|neuronum]] praesynapticorum neurotransmissor glutamatum e [[Glutaminum|glutamino]] a [[Cellula glialis|cellulis glialibus]] emisso et a [[Transportator glutamati|transportatore]] SAT2 intra cellulam immisso elaboratur. Nam in [[Mitochondrium|mitochondriis]] [[enzymum]] [[Glutaminasis|glutaminasis]] glutaminum in glutamatum convertit quod deinde in [[vesicula|vesiculis]] prope [[Membrana cellulae|membranam praesynapticam]] accumulatur. Cum impulsibus electricis potentiae actionis glutamatum ex vesiculis ''praesynapticis'' in hiatum synapticum liberatur. 

[[Receptorium glutamati|Receptoria]] ''postsynaptica''  glutamati moleculas ligant. Tria receptoria acidi glutamici notae sunt ([[receptorium NMDA|NMDA]], [[receptorium AMPA|AMPA]], kainati) sicuti transportatores in [[cellula glialis|cellulis glialibus]] et [[neuron]]ibus.

[[Transportator glutamati|Transportatores speciales]], nominibus ''EAAT'' et ''VGLUT'', glutamatum liberum primum in [[cellula glialis|cellulam glialem]] proprinquam absorbent, ab ea denique reabsorptio in cellulam neuronalem fit.

Substantiae antagonistae systematis glutamatergici ''anti-glutamatergicae'' nominantur (exemplum: [[memantinum]]).

=== Toxicitas ===
In coniunctione quidem cum quibusque substantiis aliis acidum glutamicum damnum efficere potest&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Clark I. A., Vissel B. |title=Excess cerebral TNF causing glutamate excitotoxicity rationalizes treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and neurogenic pain by anti-TNF agents |journal=Journal of neuroinflammation |year=2016 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=236 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27596607}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Neurotransmissor]]
* [[Receptorium glutamati]]
* [[Systema excitans reticulare ascendens]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://books.google.de/books?id=BOWoBgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA19&amp;dq=acidum+glutamicum&amp;hl=de&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwiezPubpILkAhVML1AKHXXzDAkQ6AEIMzAC#v=onepage&amp;q=acidum%20glutamicum&amp;f=false Fons nomini Latini] {{Ling|Theodisce}}

[[Categoria:Acida aminica|G]]
[[Categoria:Neurotransmissores]]
[[Categoria:Systema glutamatergicum (glutamatum)|!]]</text>
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      <parentid>3970842</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T15:22:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* De glutamati cyclo in synapsibus */</comment>
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      <text bytes="4541" sha1="bfqshmhtd85ygbu3mqn3x6i31n34azk" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot;
|+ '''Acidum glutamicum'''&lt;br /&gt;'''Glutamatum'''
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Cognitores
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | ''[[ChemSpider]]'' || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.591.html 591]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[PubChem]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/33032 33032]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[DrugBank]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00142 DB00142]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Natura chemica
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:L-Glutaminsäure - L-Glutamic acid.svg|200px|Acidum glutamicum]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:L-Glutamic-acid-3D-balls.png|200px|Acidum glutamicum]]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Formula chemica|Formula summarum]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | {{chem|C|5|H|9|N|O|4}}
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Massa molaris]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | 147.130 g/mol
|-
|}
'''&lt;small&gt;L&lt;/small&gt;-acidum glutamicum''' (abbreviatura [[IUPAC]]:'''Glu''' vel '''E''') est α-[[aminoacidum]] formulae chemicae HOOC-CH(NH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)-(CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)2-COOH et simul unum aminoacidorum viginti formationis [[proteinum|proteinorum]] in [[organismus|organismis]]&lt;ref&gt;PubChem [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/33032 de acido glutamico].&lt;/ref&gt;. Forma iontibus onerata (sal acidi glutamici) '''glutamatum''' dicitur.

In organismo vivo acidum glutamicum vel glutamatum [[Neurotransmissor|neurotransmissoris]] vice in cerebro fungitur. Nam neurotransmissorum in [[Synapsis chemica|synapsibus]] excitantibus cerebri agentium frequentissimum invenitur, quae synapses glutaminergicae dicuntur (magis quam dimidia pars synapsium in cerebro).

== Natura chemica ==
Nomen [[IUPAC]] est acidum 2-amino-pentano-dioicum. 

&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:L-Glutamate Structural Formulae.png|Glutamatum, sal acidi glutamici, electrice oneratum.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Effectus in cerebro ==
=== De glutamati cyclo in synapsibus ===
In [[cerebrum|cerebro]] acidum glutamicum tamquam [[neurotransmissor]] principalis excitans abundat&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Meldrum B. S. |title=Glutamate as a neurotransmitter in the brain: review of physiology and pathology |journal=The journal of nutrition |year=2000 |volume=130 |issue=4S Suppl. |pages=1007S-15S |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10736372}}&lt;/ref&gt;. In extrema parte [[Neuron|neuronum]] praesynapticorum neurotransmissor glutamatum e [[Glutaminum|glutamino]] a [[Cellula glialis|cellulis glialibus]] emisso et a transportatore SAT2 intra cellulam praesynapticam immisso elaboratur. Nam in [[Mitochondrium|mitochondriis]] [[enzymum]] [[Glutaminasis|glutaminasis]] glutaminum in glutamatum convertit quod deinde in [[vesicula|vesiculis]] prope [[Membrana cellulae|membranam praesynapticam]] accumulatur. Cum [[Fluxus electricus|impulsibus electricis]] potentiae actionis glutamatum ex vesiculis praesynapticis in hiatum synapticum liberatur. 

[[Receptorium glutamati|Receptoria]] ''postsynaptica''  glutamati moleculas ligant. Tria receptoria acidi glutamici notae sunt ([[receptorium NMDA|NMDA]], [[receptorium AMPA|AMPA]], kainati) sicuti transportatores in [[cellula glialis|cellulis glialibus]] et [[neuron]]ibus.

[[Transportator glutamati|Transportatores speciales]], nominibus ''EAAT'' et ''VGLUT'', glutamatum liberum primum in [[cellula glialis|cellulam glialem]] proprinquam absorbent, ab ea denique reabsorptio in cellulam neuronalem fit.

Substantiae antagonistae systematis glutamatergici ''anti-glutamatergicae'' nominantur (exemplum: [[memantinum]]).

=== Toxicitas ===
In coniunctione quidem cum quibusque substantiis aliis acidum glutamicum damnum efficere potest&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Clark I. A., Vissel B. |title=Excess cerebral TNF causing glutamate excitotoxicity rationalizes treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and neurogenic pain by anti-TNF agents |journal=Journal of neuroinflammation |year=2016 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=236 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27596607}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Neurotransmissor]]
* [[Receptorium glutamati]]
* [[Systema excitans reticulare ascendens]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://books.google.de/books?id=BOWoBgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA19&amp;dq=acidum+glutamicum&amp;hl=de&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwiezPubpILkAhVML1AKHXXzDAkQ6AEIMzAC#v=onepage&amp;q=acidum%20glutamicum&amp;f=false Fons nomini Latini] {{Ling|Theodisce}}

[[Categoria:Acida aminica|G]]
[[Categoria:Neurotransmissores]]
[[Categoria:Systema glutamatergicum (glutamatum)|!]]</text>
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        <id>2059</id>
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      <text bytes="4613" sha1="8d4f8vrgypp6ss9utnk8f6h9iwrspf7" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot;
|+ '''Acidum glutamicum'''&lt;br /&gt;'''Glutamatum'''
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Cognitores
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | ''[[ChemSpider]]'' || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.591.html 591]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[PubChem]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/33032 33032]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[DrugBank]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00142 DB00142]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Natura chemica
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:L-Glutaminsäure - L-Glutamic acid.svg|200px|Acidum glutamicum]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:L-Glutamic-acid-3D-balls.png|200px|Acidum glutamicum]]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Formula chemica|Formula summarum]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | {{chem|C|5|H|9|N|O|4}}
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Massa molaris]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | 147.130 g/mol
|-
|}
'''&lt;small&gt;L&lt;/small&gt;-acidum glutamicum''' (abbreviatura [[IUPAC]]:'''Glu''' vel '''E''') est α-[[aminoacidum]] formulae chemicae HOOC-CH(NH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)-(CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)2-COOH et simul unum aminoacidorum viginti formationis [[proteinum|proteinorum]] in [[organismus|organismis]]&lt;ref&gt;PubChem [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/33032 de acido glutamico].&lt;/ref&gt;. Forma iontibus onerata (sal acidi glutamici) '''glutamatum''' dicitur.

In organismo vivo acidum glutamicum vel glutamatum [[Neurotransmissor|neurotransmissoris]] vice in cerebro fungitur. Nam neurotransmissorum in [[Synapsis chemica|synapsibus]] excitantibus cerebri agentium frequentissimum invenitur, quae synapses glutaminergicae dicuntur (magis quam dimidia pars synapsium in cerebro).

== Natura chemica ==
Nomen [[IUPAC]] est acidum 2-amino-pentano-dioicum. 

&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:L-Glutamate Structural Formulae.png|Glutamatum, sal acidi glutamici, electrice oneratum.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Effectus in cerebro ==
=== De glutamati cyclo in synapsibus ===
In [[cerebrum|cerebro]] acidum glutamicum tamquam [[neurotransmissor]] principalis excitans abundat&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Meldrum B. S. |title=Glutamate as a neurotransmitter in the brain: review of physiology and pathology |journal=The journal of nutrition |year=2000 |volume=130 |issue=4S Suppl. |pages=1007S-15S |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10736372}}&lt;/ref&gt;. In extrema parte [[Neuron|neuronum]] praesynapticorum neurotransmissor glutamatum e [[Glutaminum|glutamino]] a [[Cellula glialis|cellulis glialibus]] emisso et a transportatore SAT2 intra cellulam praesynapticam immisso elaboratur. Nam in [[Mitochondrium|mitochondriis]] [[enzymum]] [[Glutaminasis|glutaminasis]] glutaminum in glutamatum convertit quod deinde per [[Transportator glutamati|transportatorem VGLUT]] in [[vesicula|vesiculas]]  insinuatur quae prope [[Membrana cellulae|membranam praesynapticam]] accumulantur. Cum [[Fluxus electricus|impulsibus electricis]] potentiae actionis glutamatum ex vesiculis praesynapticis in hiatum synapticum liberatur. 

[[Receptorium glutamati|Receptoria]] ''postsynaptica''  glutamati moleculas ligant. Tria receptoria acidi glutamici notae sunt ([[receptorium NMDA|NMDA]], [[receptorium AMPA|AMPA]], kainati) sicuti transportatores in [[cellula glialis|cellulis glialibus]] et [[neuron]]ibus.

[[Transportator glutamati|Transportatores speciales]], nominibus ''EAAT'' et ''VGLUT'', glutamatum liberum primum in [[cellula glialis|cellulam glialem]] proprinquam absorbent, ab ea denique reabsorptio in cellulam neuronalem fit.

Substantiae antagonistae systematis glutamatergici ''anti-glutamatergicae'' nominantur (exemplum: [[memantinum]]).

=== Toxicitas ===
In coniunctione quidem cum quibusque substantiis aliis acidum glutamicum damnum efficere potest&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Clark I. A., Vissel B. |title=Excess cerebral TNF causing glutamate excitotoxicity rationalizes treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and neurogenic pain by anti-TNF agents |journal=Journal of neuroinflammation |year=2016 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=236 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27596607}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Neurotransmissor]]
* [[Receptorium glutamati]]
* [[Systema excitans reticulare ascendens]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://books.google.de/books?id=BOWoBgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA19&amp;dq=acidum+glutamicum&amp;hl=de&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwiezPubpILkAhVML1AKHXXzDAkQ6AEIMzAC#v=onepage&amp;q=acidum%20glutamicum&amp;f=false Fons nomini Latini] {{Ling|Theodisce}}

[[Categoria:Acida aminica|G]]
[[Categoria:Neurotransmissores]]
[[Categoria:Systema glutamatergicum (glutamatum)|!]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>3970855</id>
      <parentid>3970848</parentid>
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        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* De glutamati cyclo in synapsibus */</comment>
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      <text bytes="5196" sha1="h0x70ln42ll0qtxvawyv9kcx6h3t9s0" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot;
|+ '''Acidum glutamicum'''&lt;br /&gt;'''Glutamatum'''
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Cognitores
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | ''[[ChemSpider]]'' || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.591.html 591]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[PubChem]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/33032 33032]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[DrugBank]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00142 DB00142]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Natura chemica
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:L-Glutaminsäure - L-Glutamic acid.svg|200px|Acidum glutamicum]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:L-Glutamic-acid-3D-balls.png|200px|Acidum glutamicum]]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Formula chemica|Formula summarum]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | {{chem|C|5|H|9|N|O|4}}
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Massa molaris]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | 147.130 g/mol
|-
|}
'''&lt;small&gt;L&lt;/small&gt;-acidum glutamicum''' (abbreviatura [[IUPAC]]:'''Glu''' vel '''E''') est α-[[aminoacidum]] formulae chemicae HOOC-CH(NH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)-(CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)2-COOH et simul unum aminoacidorum viginti formationis [[proteinum|proteinorum]] in [[organismus|organismis]]&lt;ref&gt;PubChem [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/33032 de acido glutamico].&lt;/ref&gt;. Forma iontibus onerata (sal acidi glutamici) '''glutamatum''' dicitur.

In organismo vivo acidum glutamicum vel glutamatum [[Neurotransmissor|neurotransmissoris]] vice in cerebro fungitur. Nam neurotransmissorum in [[Synapsis chemica|synapsibus]] excitantibus cerebri agentium frequentissimum invenitur, quae synapses glutaminergicae dicuntur (magis quam dimidia pars synapsium in cerebro).

== Natura chemica ==
Nomen [[IUPAC]] est acidum 2-amino-pentano-dioicum. 

&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:L-Glutamate Structural Formulae.png|Glutamatum, sal acidi glutamici, electrice oneratum.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Effectus in cerebro ==
=== De glutamati cyclo in synapsibus ===
In [[cerebrum|cerebro]] acidum glutamicum tamquam [[neurotransmissor]] principalis excitans abundat&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Meldrum B. S. |title=Glutamate as a neurotransmitter in the brain: review of physiology and pathology |journal=The journal of nutrition |year=2000 |volume=130 |issue=4S Suppl. |pages=1007S-15S |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10736372}}&lt;/ref&gt;. In extrema parte [[Neuron|neuronum]] praesynapticorum neurotransmissor glutamatum e [[Glutaminum|glutamino]] a [[Cellula glialis|cellulis glialibus]] emisso et a transportatore SAT2 intra cellulam praesynapticam immisso elaboratur. Nam in [[Mitochondrium|mitochondriis]] [[enzymum]] [[Glutaminasis|glutaminasis]] glutaminum in glutamatum convertit quod deinde per [[Transportator glutamati|transportatorem VGLUT]] in [[vesicula|vesiculas]]  insinuatur quae prope [[Membrana cellulae|membranam praesynapticam]] accumulantur. Cum [[Fluxus electricus|impulsibus electricis]] potentiae actionis glutamatum ex vesiculis praesynapticis in hiatum synapticum liberatur. 

[[Receptorium glutamati|Receptoria]] ''postsynaptica''  glutamati moleculas ligant. Tria receptoria acidi glutamici notae sunt ([[receptorium NMDA|NMDA]], [[receptorium AMPA|AMPA]], kainati) sicuti transportatores in [[cellula glialis|cellulis glialibus]] et [[neuron]]ibus. Postquam signum ad cellulam postsynapticam transmissum est glutamatum celeriter e rima synaptica per [[Transportator glutamati|transportatores EAAT]] exterminatur, qui transportatores tam in membrana cellularum glialium quam neuronum praesynapticorum inserti sunt. In cellulis glialibus enzymum ''glutaminum synthetasis'' glutamatum in glutaminum convertit. Hoc glutaminum deinde per transportatorem SN1 e fluxu iontico Na+ pendentem e cellula expellitur ac rursus a neurone praesynaptico per tansportatorem SAT2 captatur ut denuo glutamatum fiat ad signa chemica danda accomodatum.

[[Transportator glutamati|Transportatores speciales]], nominibus ''EAAT'' et ''VGLUT'', glutamatum liberum primum in [[cellula glialis|cellulam glialem]] proprinquam absorbent, ab ea denique reabsorptio in cellulam neuronalem fit.

Substantiae antagonistae systematis glutamatergici ''anti-glutamatergicae'' nominantur (exemplum: [[memantinum]]).

=== Toxicitas ===
In coniunctione quidem cum quibusque substantiis aliis acidum glutamicum damnum efficere potest&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Clark I. A., Vissel B. |title=Excess cerebral TNF causing glutamate excitotoxicity rationalizes treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and neurogenic pain by anti-TNF agents |journal=Journal of neuroinflammation |year=2016 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=236 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27596607}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Neurotransmissor]]
* [[Receptorium glutamati]]
* [[Systema excitans reticulare ascendens]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://books.google.de/books?id=BOWoBgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA19&amp;dq=acidum+glutamicum&amp;hl=de&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwiezPubpILkAhVML1AKHXXzDAkQ6AEIMzAC#v=onepage&amp;q=acidum%20glutamicum&amp;f=false Fons nomini Latini] {{Ling|Theodisce}}

[[Categoria:Acida aminica|G]]
[[Categoria:Neurotransmissores]]
[[Categoria:Systema glutamatergicum (glutamatum)|!]]</text>
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      <id>3970858</id>
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        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* De glutamati cyclo in synapsibus */</comment>
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      <text bytes="5192" sha1="1vqgi9wvf6213veyf7ylo1ez03u9ndn" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot;
|+ '''Acidum glutamicum'''&lt;br /&gt;'''Glutamatum'''
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Cognitores
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | ''[[ChemSpider]]'' || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.591.html 591]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[PubChem]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/33032 33032]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[DrugBank]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00142 DB00142]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Natura chemica
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:L-Glutaminsäure - L-Glutamic acid.svg|200px|Acidum glutamicum]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:L-Glutamic-acid-3D-balls.png|200px|Acidum glutamicum]]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Formula chemica|Formula summarum]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | {{chem|C|5|H|9|N|O|4}}
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Massa molaris]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | 147.130 g/mol
|-
|}
'''&lt;small&gt;L&lt;/small&gt;-acidum glutamicum''' (abbreviatura [[IUPAC]]:'''Glu''' vel '''E''') est α-[[aminoacidum]] formulae chemicae HOOC-CH(NH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)-(CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)2-COOH et simul unum aminoacidorum viginti formationis [[proteinum|proteinorum]] in [[organismus|organismis]]&lt;ref&gt;PubChem [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/33032 de acido glutamico].&lt;/ref&gt;. Forma iontibus onerata (sal acidi glutamici) '''glutamatum''' dicitur.

In organismo vivo acidum glutamicum vel glutamatum [[Neurotransmissor|neurotransmissoris]] vice in cerebro fungitur. Nam neurotransmissorum in [[Synapsis chemica|synapsibus]] excitantibus cerebri agentium frequentissimum invenitur, quae synapses glutaminergicae dicuntur (magis quam dimidia pars synapsium in cerebro).

== Natura chemica ==
Nomen [[IUPAC]] est acidum 2-amino-pentano-dioicum. 

&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:L-Glutamate Structural Formulae.png|Glutamatum, sal acidi glutamici, electrice oneratum.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Effectus in cerebro ==
=== De glutamati cyclo in synapsibus ===
In [[cerebrum|cerebro]] acidum glutamicum tamquam [[neurotransmissor]] principalis excitans abundat&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Meldrum B. S. |title=Glutamate as a neurotransmitter in the brain: review of physiology and pathology |journal=The journal of nutrition |year=2000 |volume=130 |issue=4S Suppl. |pages=1007S-15S |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10736372}}&lt;/ref&gt;. In extrema parte [[Neuron|neuronum]] praesynapticorum neurotransmissor glutamatum e [[Glutaminum|glutamino]] a [[Cellula glialis|cellulis glialibus]] emisso et a transportatore SAT2 intra cellulam praesynapticam immisso elaboratur. Nam in [[Mitochondrium|mitochondriis]] [[enzymum]] [[Glutaminasis|glutaminasis]] glutaminum in glutamatum convertit quod deinde per [[Transportator glutamati|transportatorem VGLUT]] in [[vesicula|vesiculas]]  insinuatur quae prope [[Membrana cellulae|membranam praesynapticam]] accumulantur. Cum [[Fluxus electricus|impulsibus electricis]] potentiae actionis glutamatum ex vesiculis praesynapticis in hiatum synapticum liberatur. 

[[Receptorium glutamati|Receptoria postsynaptica]]  glutamati moleculas ligant. Tria receptoria acidi glutamici notae sunt ([[receptorium NMDA|NMDA]], [[receptorium AMPA|AMPA]], kainati) sicuti transportatores in [[cellula glialis|cellulis glialibus]] et [[neuron]]ibus. Postquam signum ad cellulam postsynapticam transmissum est glutamatum celeriter e rima synaptica per [[Transportator glutamati|transportatores EAAT]] exterminatur, qui transportatores tam in membrana cellularum glialium quam neuronum praesynapticorum inserti sunt. In cellulis glialibus enzymum ''glutaminum synthetasis'' glutamatum in glutaminum convertit. Hoc glutaminum deinde per transportatorem SN1 e fluxu iontico Na+ pendentem e cellula expellitur ac rursus a neurone praesynaptico per tansportatorem SAT2 captatur ut denuo glutamatum fiat ad signa chemica danda accomodatum.

[[Transportator glutamati|Transportatores speciales]], nominibus ''EAAT'' et ''VGLUT'', glutamatum liberum primum in [[cellula glialis|cellulam glialem]] proprinquam absorbent, ab ea denique reabsorptio in cellulam neuronalem fit.

Substantiae antagonistae systematis glutamatergici ''anti-glutamatergicae'' nominantur (exemplum: [[memantinum]]).

=== Toxicitas ===
In coniunctione quidem cum quibusque substantiis aliis acidum glutamicum damnum efficere potest&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Clark I. A., Vissel B. |title=Excess cerebral TNF causing glutamate excitotoxicity rationalizes treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and neurogenic pain by anti-TNF agents |journal=Journal of neuroinflammation |year=2016 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=236 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27596607}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Neurotransmissor]]
* [[Receptorium glutamati]]
* [[Systema excitans reticulare ascendens]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://books.google.de/books?id=BOWoBgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA19&amp;dq=acidum+glutamicum&amp;hl=de&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwiezPubpILkAhVML1AKHXXzDAkQ6AEIMzAC#v=onepage&amp;q=acidum%20glutamicum&amp;f=false Fons nomini Latini] {{Ling|Theodisce}}

[[Categoria:Acida aminica|G]]
[[Categoria:Neurotransmissores]]
[[Categoria:Systema glutamatergicum (glutamatum)|!]]</text>
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        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
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      <comment>/* De glutamati cyclo in synapsibus */</comment>
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      <text bytes="5203" sha1="fvr9al5mkcimvc4dig6ksigs8xhxgnw" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot;
|+ '''Acidum glutamicum'''&lt;br /&gt;'''Glutamatum'''
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Cognitores
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | ''[[ChemSpider]]'' || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.591.html 591]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[PubChem]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/33032 33032]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[DrugBank]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00142 DB00142]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Natura chemica
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:L-Glutaminsäure - L-Glutamic acid.svg|200px|Acidum glutamicum]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:L-Glutamic-acid-3D-balls.png|200px|Acidum glutamicum]]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Formula chemica|Formula summarum]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | {{chem|C|5|H|9|N|O|4}}
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Massa molaris]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | 147.130 g/mol
|-
|}
'''&lt;small&gt;L&lt;/small&gt;-acidum glutamicum''' (abbreviatura [[IUPAC]]:'''Glu''' vel '''E''') est α-[[aminoacidum]] formulae chemicae HOOC-CH(NH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)-(CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)2-COOH et simul unum aminoacidorum viginti formationis [[proteinum|proteinorum]] in [[organismus|organismis]]&lt;ref&gt;PubChem [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/33032 de acido glutamico].&lt;/ref&gt;. Forma iontibus onerata (sal acidi glutamici) '''glutamatum''' dicitur.

In organismo vivo acidum glutamicum vel glutamatum [[Neurotransmissor|neurotransmissoris]] vice in cerebro fungitur. Nam neurotransmissorum in [[Synapsis chemica|synapsibus]] excitantibus cerebri agentium frequentissimum invenitur, quae synapses glutaminergicae dicuntur (magis quam dimidia pars synapsium in cerebro).

== Natura chemica ==
Nomen [[IUPAC]] est acidum 2-amino-pentano-dioicum. 

&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:L-Glutamate Structural Formulae.png|Glutamatum, sal acidi glutamici, electrice oneratum.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Effectus in cerebro ==
=== De glutamati cyclo in synapsibus ===
In [[cerebrum|cerebro]] acidum glutamicum tamquam [[neurotransmissor]] principalis excitans abundat&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Meldrum B. S. |title=Glutamate as a neurotransmitter in the brain: review of physiology and pathology |journal=The journal of nutrition |year=2000 |volume=130 |issue=4S Suppl. |pages=1007S-15S |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10736372}}&lt;/ref&gt;. In extrema parte [[Neuron|neuronum]] praesynapticorum neurotransmissor glutamatum e [[Glutaminum|glutamino]] a [[Cellula glialis|cellulis glialibus]] emisso et a transportatore SAT2 intra cellulam praesynapticam immisso elaboratur. Nam in [[Mitochondrium|mitochondriis]] [[enzymum]] [[Glutaminasis|glutaminasis]] glutaminum in glutamatum convertit quod deinde per [[Transportator glutamati|transportatorem VGLUT]] in [[vesicula|vesiculas]]  insinuatur quae prope [[Membrana cellulae|membranam praesynapticam]] accumulantur. Cum [[Fluxus electricus|impulsibus electricis]] potentiae actionis glutamatum ex vesiculis praesynapticis in hiatum synapticum liberatur. 

[[Receptorium glutamati|Receptoria postsynaptica]]  glutamati moleculas ligant. Tria receptoria acidi glutamici notae sunt ([[receptorium NMDA|NMDA]], [[receptorium AMPA|AMPA]], kainati) sicuti transportatores in [[cellula glialis|cellulis glialibus]] et [[neuron]]ibus. Postquam signum ad cellulam postsynapticam transmissum est glutamatum celeriter e rima synaptica per [[Transportator glutamati|transportatores EAAT]] exterminatur, qui transportatores tam in membrana cellularum glialium quam neuronum praesynapticorum inserti sunt. In cellulis glialibus enzymum ''glutaminum synthetasis'' glutamatum in glutaminum convertit. Hoc glutaminum deinde per transportatorem SN1 e fluxu iontico [[sodium|Na]]+ pendentem e cellula expellitur ac rursus a neurone praesynaptico per tansportatorem SAT2 captatur ut denuo glutamatum fiat ad signa chemica danda accomodatum.

[[Transportator glutamati|Transportatores speciales]], nominibus ''EAAT'' et ''VGLUT'', glutamatum liberum primum in [[cellula glialis|cellulam glialem]] proprinquam absorbent, ab ea denique reabsorptio in cellulam neuronalem fit.

Substantiae antagonistae systematis glutamatergici ''anti-glutamatergicae'' nominantur (exemplum: [[memantinum]]).

=== Toxicitas ===
In coniunctione quidem cum quibusque substantiis aliis acidum glutamicum damnum efficere potest&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Clark I. A., Vissel B. |title=Excess cerebral TNF causing glutamate excitotoxicity rationalizes treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and neurogenic pain by anti-TNF agents |journal=Journal of neuroinflammation |year=2016 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=236 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27596607}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Neurotransmissor]]
* [[Receptorium glutamati]]
* [[Systema excitans reticulare ascendens]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://books.google.de/books?id=BOWoBgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA19&amp;dq=acidum+glutamicum&amp;hl=de&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwiezPubpILkAhVML1AKHXXzDAkQ6AEIMzAC#v=onepage&amp;q=acidum%20glutamicum&amp;f=false Fons nomini Latini] {{Ling|Theodisce}}

[[Categoria:Acida aminica|G]]
[[Categoria:Neurotransmissores]]
[[Categoria:Systema glutamatergicum (glutamatum)|!]]</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* De glutamati cyclo in synapsibus */</comment>
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      <text bytes="5427" sha1="29i517jrbg6iho7viy95f45b0mdkaio" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot;
|+ '''Acidum glutamicum'''&lt;br /&gt;'''Glutamatum'''
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Cognitores
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | ''[[ChemSpider]]'' || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.591.html 591]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[PubChem]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/33032 33032]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[DrugBank]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00142 DB00142]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Natura chemica
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:L-Glutaminsäure - L-Glutamic acid.svg|200px|Acidum glutamicum]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:L-Glutamic-acid-3D-balls.png|200px|Acidum glutamicum]]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Formula chemica|Formula summarum]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | {{chem|C|5|H|9|N|O|4}}
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Massa molaris]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | 147.130 g/mol
|-
|}
'''&lt;small&gt;L&lt;/small&gt;-acidum glutamicum''' (abbreviatura [[IUPAC]]:'''Glu''' vel '''E''') est α-[[aminoacidum]] formulae chemicae HOOC-CH(NH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)-(CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)2-COOH et simul unum aminoacidorum viginti formationis [[proteinum|proteinorum]] in [[organismus|organismis]]&lt;ref&gt;PubChem [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/33032 de acido glutamico].&lt;/ref&gt;. Forma iontibus onerata (sal acidi glutamici) '''glutamatum''' dicitur.

In organismo vivo acidum glutamicum vel glutamatum [[Neurotransmissor|neurotransmissoris]] vice in cerebro fungitur. Nam neurotransmissorum in [[Synapsis chemica|synapsibus]] excitantibus cerebri agentium frequentissimum invenitur, quae synapses glutaminergicae dicuntur (magis quam dimidia pars synapsium in cerebro).

== Natura chemica ==
Nomen [[IUPAC]] est acidum 2-amino-pentano-dioicum. 

&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:L-Glutamate Structural Formulae.png|Glutamatum, sal acidi glutamici, electrice oneratum.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Effectus in cerebro ==
=== De glutamati cyclo in synapsibus ===
In [[cerebrum|cerebro]] acidum glutamicum tamquam [[neurotransmissor]] principalis excitans abundat&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Meldrum B. S. |title=Glutamate as a neurotransmitter in the brain: review of physiology and pathology |journal=The journal of nutrition |year=2000 |volume=130 |issue=4S Suppl. |pages=1007S-15S |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10736372}}&lt;/ref&gt;. In extrema parte [[Neuron|neuronum]] praesynapticorum neurotransmissor glutamatum e [[Glutaminum|glutamino]] a [[Cellula glialis|cellulis glialibus]] emisso et a transportatore SAT2 intra cellulam praesynapticam immisso elaboratur. Nam in [[Mitochondrium|mitochondriis]] [[enzymum]] [[Glutaminasis|glutaminasis]] glutaminum in glutamatum convertit quod deinde per [[Transportator glutamati|transportatorem VGLUT]] in [[vesicula|vesiculas]]  insinuatur quae prope [[Membrana cellulae|membranam praesynapticam]] accumulantur. Cum [[Fluxus electricus|impulsibus electricis]] potentiae actionis glutamatum ex vesiculis praesynapticis in hiatum synapticum liberatur. Glutamatum per [[Aminum|transaminationem]] e [[Metabolitus|metabolito]] [[Cyclus acidi citrici|cycli acidi citrici]], hoc est ex α-cetoglutarato, in neuronibus produci potest cum [[glucosum]] [[Catabolismus|catabolizatur]].

[[Receptorium glutamati|Receptoria postsynaptica]]  glutamati moleculas ligant. Tria receptoria acidi glutamici notae sunt ([[receptorium NMDA|NMDA]], [[receptorium AMPA|AMPA]], kainati) sicuti transportatores in [[cellula glialis|cellulis glialibus]] et [[neuron]]ibus. Postquam signum ad cellulam postsynapticam transmissum est glutamatum celeriter e rima synaptica per [[Transportator glutamati|transportatores EAAT]] exterminatur, qui transportatores tam in membrana cellularum glialium quam neuronum praesynapticorum inserti sunt. In cellulis glialibus enzymum ''glutaminum synthetasis'' glutamatum in glutaminum convertit. Hoc glutaminum deinde per transportatorem SN1 e fluxu iontico [[sodium|Na]]+ pendentem e cellula expellitur ac rursus a neurone praesynaptico per tansportatorem SAT2 captatur ut denuo glutamatum fiat ad signa chemica danda accomodatum.

[[Transportator glutamati|Transportatores speciales]], nominibus ''EAAT'' et ''VGLUT'', glutamatum liberum primum in [[cellula glialis|cellulam glialem]] proprinquam absorbent, ab ea denique reabsorptio in cellulam neuronalem fit.

Substantiae antagonistae systematis glutamatergici ''anti-glutamatergicae'' nominantur (exemplum: [[memantinum]]).

=== Toxicitas ===
In coniunctione quidem cum quibusque substantiis aliis acidum glutamicum damnum efficere potest&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Clark I. A., Vissel B. |title=Excess cerebral TNF causing glutamate excitotoxicity rationalizes treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and neurogenic pain by anti-TNF agents |journal=Journal of neuroinflammation |year=2016 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=236 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27596607}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Neurotransmissor]]
* [[Receptorium glutamati]]
* [[Systema excitans reticulare ascendens]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://books.google.de/books?id=BOWoBgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA19&amp;dq=acidum+glutamicum&amp;hl=de&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwiezPubpILkAhVML1AKHXXzDAkQ6AEIMzAC#v=onepage&amp;q=acidum%20glutamicum&amp;f=false Fons nomini Latini] {{Ling|Theodisce}}

[[Categoria:Acida aminica|G]]
[[Categoria:Neurotransmissores]]
[[Categoria:Systema glutamatergicum (glutamatum)|!]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>3970863</id>
      <parentid>3970862</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T15:59:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* De glutamati cyclo in synapsibus */</comment>
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      <text bytes="5434" sha1="cynv4lsmxcin8ddg7ejo66uz5q0c2q2" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot;
|+ '''Acidum glutamicum'''&lt;br /&gt;'''Glutamatum'''
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Cognitores
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | ''[[ChemSpider]]'' || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.591.html 591]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[PubChem]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/33032 33032]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[DrugBank]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00142 DB00142]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Natura chemica
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:L-Glutaminsäure - L-Glutamic acid.svg|200px|Acidum glutamicum]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:L-Glutamic-acid-3D-balls.png|200px|Acidum glutamicum]]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Formula chemica|Formula summarum]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | {{chem|C|5|H|9|N|O|4}}
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Massa molaris]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | 147.130 g/mol
|-
|}
'''&lt;small&gt;L&lt;/small&gt;-acidum glutamicum''' (abbreviatura [[IUPAC]]:'''Glu''' vel '''E''') est α-[[aminoacidum]] formulae chemicae HOOC-CH(NH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)-(CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)2-COOH et simul unum aminoacidorum viginti formationis [[proteinum|proteinorum]] in [[organismus|organismis]]&lt;ref&gt;PubChem [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/33032 de acido glutamico].&lt;/ref&gt;. Forma iontibus onerata (sal acidi glutamici) '''glutamatum''' dicitur.

In organismo vivo acidum glutamicum vel glutamatum [[Neurotransmissor|neurotransmissoris]] vice in cerebro fungitur. Nam neurotransmissorum in [[Synapsis chemica|synapsibus]] excitantibus cerebri agentium frequentissimum invenitur, quae synapses glutaminergicae dicuntur (magis quam dimidia pars synapsium in cerebro).

== Natura chemica ==
Nomen [[IUPAC]] est acidum 2-amino-pentano-dioicum. 

&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:L-Glutamate Structural Formulae.png|Glutamatum, sal acidi glutamici, electrice oneratum.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Effectus in cerebro ==
=== De glutamati cyclo in synapsibus ===
In [[cerebrum|cerebro]] acidum glutamicum tamquam [[neurotransmissor]] principalis excitans abundat&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Meldrum B. S. |title=Glutamate as a neurotransmitter in the brain: review of physiology and pathology |journal=The journal of nutrition |year=2000 |volume=130 |issue=4S Suppl. |pages=1007S-15S |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10736372}}&lt;/ref&gt;. In extrema parte [[Neuron|neuronum]] praesynapticorum neurotransmissor glutamatum e [[Glutaminum|glutamino]] a [[Cellula glialis|cellulis glialibus]] emisso et a transportatore SAT2 intra cellulam praesynapticam immisso elaboratur. Nam in [[Mitochondrium|mitochondriis]] [[enzymum]] [[Glutaminasis|glutaminasis]] glutaminum in glutamatum convertit quod deinde per [[Transportator glutamati|transportatorem VGLUT]] in [[vesicula|vesiculas]]  insinuatur quae prope [[Membrana cellulae|membranam praesynapticam]] accumulantur. Cum [[Fluxus electricus|impulsibus electricis]] potentiae actionis glutamatum ex vesiculis praesynapticis in hiatum synapticum liberatur. Glutamatum per [[Aminum|transaminationem]] e [[Metabolitus|metabolito]] [[Cyclus acidi citrici|cycli acidi citrici]] quoque, hoc est ex α-cetoglutarato, in neuronibus produci potest cum [[glucosum]] [[Catabolismus|catabolizatur]].

[[Receptorium glutamati|Receptoria postsynaptica]]  glutamati moleculas ligant. Tria receptoria acidi glutamici notae sunt ([[receptorium NMDA|NMDA]], [[receptorium AMPA|AMPA]], kainati) sicuti transportatores in [[cellula glialis|cellulis glialibus]] et [[neuron]]ibus. Postquam signum ad cellulam postsynapticam transmissum est glutamatum celeriter e rima synaptica per [[Transportator glutamati|transportatores EAAT]] exterminatur, qui transportatores tam in membrana cellularum glialium quam neuronum praesynapticorum inserti sunt. In cellulis glialibus enzymum ''glutaminum synthetasis'' glutamatum in glutaminum convertit. Hoc glutaminum deinde per transportatorem SN1 e fluxu iontico [[sodium|Na]]+ pendentem e cellula expellitur ac rursus a neurone praesynaptico per tansportatorem SAT2 captatur ut denuo glutamatum fiat ad signa chemica danda accomodatum.

[[Transportator glutamati|Transportatores speciales]], nominibus ''EAAT'' et ''VGLUT'', glutamatum liberum primum in [[cellula glialis|cellulam glialem]] proprinquam absorbent, ab ea denique reabsorptio in cellulam neuronalem fit.

Substantiae antagonistae systematis glutamatergici ''anti-glutamatergicae'' nominantur (exemplum: [[memantinum]]).

=== Toxicitas ===
In coniunctione quidem cum quibusque substantiis aliis acidum glutamicum damnum efficere potest&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Clark I. A., Vissel B. |title=Excess cerebral TNF causing glutamate excitotoxicity rationalizes treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and neurogenic pain by anti-TNF agents |journal=Journal of neuroinflammation |year=2016 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=236 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27596607}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Neurotransmissor]]
* [[Receptorium glutamati]]
* [[Systema excitans reticulare ascendens]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://books.google.de/books?id=BOWoBgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA19&amp;dq=acidum+glutamicum&amp;hl=de&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwiezPubpILkAhVML1AKHXXzDAkQ6AEIMzAC#v=onepage&amp;q=acidum%20glutamicum&amp;f=false Fons nomini Latini] {{Ling|Theodisce}}

[[Categoria:Acida aminica|G]]
[[Categoria:Neurotransmissores]]
[[Categoria:Systema glutamatergicum (glutamatum)|!]]</text>
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    <revision>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Nexus externi */</comment>
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      <text bytes="5435" sha1="oyym9k3bwcj6x0p0m9rlhw5ttuwo082" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot;
|+ '''Acidum glutamicum'''&lt;br /&gt;'''Glutamatum'''
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Cognitores
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | ''[[ChemSpider]]'' || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.591.html 591]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[PubChem]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/33032 33032]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[DrugBank]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00142 DB00142]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Natura chemica
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:L-Glutaminsäure - L-Glutamic acid.svg|200px|Acidum glutamicum]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:L-Glutamic-acid-3D-balls.png|200px|Acidum glutamicum]]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Formula chemica|Formula summarum]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | {{chem|C|5|H|9|N|O|4}}
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Massa molaris]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | 147.130 g/mol
|-
|}
'''&lt;small&gt;L&lt;/small&gt;-acidum glutamicum''' (abbreviatura [[IUPAC]]:'''Glu''' vel '''E''') est α-[[aminoacidum]] formulae chemicae HOOC-CH(NH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)-(CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)2-COOH et simul unum aminoacidorum viginti formationis [[proteinum|proteinorum]] in [[organismus|organismis]]&lt;ref&gt;PubChem [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/33032 de acido glutamico].&lt;/ref&gt;. Forma iontibus onerata (sal acidi glutamici) '''glutamatum''' dicitur.

In organismo vivo acidum glutamicum vel glutamatum [[Neurotransmissor|neurotransmissoris]] vice in cerebro fungitur. Nam neurotransmissorum in [[Synapsis chemica|synapsibus]] excitantibus cerebri agentium frequentissimum invenitur, quae synapses glutaminergicae dicuntur (magis quam dimidia pars synapsium in cerebro).

== Natura chemica ==
Nomen [[IUPAC]] est acidum 2-amino-pentano-dioicum. 

&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:L-Glutamate Structural Formulae.png|Glutamatum, sal acidi glutamici, electrice oneratum.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Effectus in cerebro ==
=== De glutamati cyclo in synapsibus ===
In [[cerebrum|cerebro]] acidum glutamicum tamquam [[neurotransmissor]] principalis excitans abundat&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Meldrum B. S. |title=Glutamate as a neurotransmitter in the brain: review of physiology and pathology |journal=The journal of nutrition |year=2000 |volume=130 |issue=4S Suppl. |pages=1007S-15S |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10736372}}&lt;/ref&gt;. In extrema parte [[Neuron|neuronum]] praesynapticorum neurotransmissor glutamatum e [[Glutaminum|glutamino]] a [[Cellula glialis|cellulis glialibus]] emisso et a transportatore SAT2 intra cellulam praesynapticam immisso elaboratur. Nam in [[Mitochondrium|mitochondriis]] [[enzymum]] [[Glutaminasis|glutaminasis]] glutaminum in glutamatum convertit quod deinde per [[Transportator glutamati|transportatorem VGLUT]] in [[vesicula|vesiculas]]  insinuatur quae prope [[Membrana cellulae|membranam praesynapticam]] accumulantur. Cum [[Fluxus electricus|impulsibus electricis]] potentiae actionis glutamatum ex vesiculis praesynapticis in hiatum synapticum liberatur. Glutamatum per [[Aminum|transaminationem]] e [[Metabolitus|metabolito]] [[Cyclus acidi citrici|cycli acidi citrici]] quoque, hoc est ex α-cetoglutarato, in neuronibus produci potest cum [[glucosum]] [[Catabolismus|catabolizatur]].

[[Receptorium glutamati|Receptoria postsynaptica]]  glutamati moleculas ligant. Tria receptoria acidi glutamici notae sunt ([[receptorium NMDA|NMDA]], [[receptorium AMPA|AMPA]], kainati) sicuti transportatores in [[cellula glialis|cellulis glialibus]] et [[neuron]]ibus. Postquam signum ad cellulam postsynapticam transmissum est glutamatum celeriter e rima synaptica per [[Transportator glutamati|transportatores EAAT]] exterminatur, qui transportatores tam in membrana cellularum glialium quam neuronum praesynapticorum inserti sunt. In cellulis glialibus enzymum ''glutaminum synthetasis'' glutamatum in glutaminum convertit. Hoc glutaminum deinde per transportatorem SN1 e fluxu iontico [[sodium|Na]]+ pendentem e cellula expellitur ac rursus a neurone praesynaptico per tansportatorem SAT2 captatur ut denuo glutamatum fiat ad signa chemica danda accomodatum.

[[Transportator glutamati|Transportatores speciales]], nominibus ''EAAT'' et ''VGLUT'', glutamatum liberum primum in [[cellula glialis|cellulam glialem]] proprinquam absorbent, ab ea denique reabsorptio in cellulam neuronalem fit.

Substantiae antagonistae systematis glutamatergici ''anti-glutamatergicae'' nominantur (exemplum: [[memantinum]]).

=== Toxicitas ===
In coniunctione quidem cum quibusque substantiis aliis acidum glutamicum damnum efficere potest&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Clark I. A., Vissel B. |title=Excess cerebral TNF causing glutamate excitotoxicity rationalizes treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and neurogenic pain by anti-TNF agents |journal=Journal of neuroinflammation |year=2016 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=236 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27596607}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Neurotransmissor]]
* [[Receptorium glutamati]]
* [[Systema excitans reticulare ascendens]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://books.google.de/books?id=BOWoBgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA19&amp;dq=acidum+glutamicum&amp;hl=de&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwiezPubpILkAhVML1AKHXXzDAkQ6AEIMzAC#v=onepage&amp;q=acidum%20glutamicum&amp;f=false Fons nominis Latini] {{Ling|Theodisce}}

[[Categoria:Acida aminica|G]]
[[Categoria:Neurotransmissores]]
[[Categoria:Systema glutamatergicum (glutamatum)|!]]</text>
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|+ '''Acidum glutamicum'''&lt;br /&gt;'''Glutamatum'''
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Cognitores
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | ''[[ChemSpider]]'' || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.591.html 591]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[PubChem]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/33032 33032]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[DrugBank]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00142 DB00142]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Natura chemica
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:L-Glutaminsäure - L-Glutamic acid.svg|200px|Acidum glutamicum]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:L-Glutamic-acid-3D-balls.png|200px|Acidum glutamicum]]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Formula chemica|Formula summarum]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | {{chem|C|5|H|9|N|O|4}}
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Massa molaris]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | 147.130 g/mol
|-
|}
'''&lt;small&gt;L&lt;/small&gt;-acidum glutamicum''' (abbreviatura [[IUPAC]]:'''Glu''' vel '''E''') est α-[[aminoacidum]] formulae chemicae HOOC-CH(NH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)-(CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)2-COOH et simul unum aminoacidorum viginti formationis [[proteinum|proteinorum]] in [[organismus|organismis]]&lt;ref&gt;PubChem [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/33032 de acido glutamico].&lt;/ref&gt;. Forma iontibus onerata (sal acidi glutamici) '''glutamatum''' dicitur.

In organismo vivo acidum glutamicum vel glutamatum [[Neurotransmissor|neurotransmissoris]] vice in cerebro fungitur. Nam neurotransmissorum in [[Synapsis chemica|synapsibus]] excitantibus cerebri agentium frequentissimum invenitur, quae synapses glutaminergicae dicuntur (magis quam dimidia pars synapsium in cerebro).

== Natura chemica ==
Nomen [[IUPAC]] est acidum 2-amino-pentano-dioicum. 

&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:L-Glutamate Structural Formulae.png|Glutamatum, sal acidi glutamici, electrice oneratum.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Effectus in cerebro ==
=== De glutamati cyclo in synapsibus ===
In [[cerebrum|cerebro]] acidum glutamicum tamquam [[neurotransmissor]] principalis excitans abundat&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Meldrum B. S. |title=Glutamate as a neurotransmitter in the brain: review of physiology and pathology |journal=The journal of nutrition |year=2000 |volume=130 |issue=4S Suppl. |pages=1007S-15S |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10736372}}&lt;/ref&gt;. In extrema parte [[Neuron|neuronum]] praesynapticorum neurotransmissor glutamatum e [[Glutaminum|glutamino]] a [[Cellula glialis|cellulis glialibus]] emisso et a transportatore SAT2 intra cellulam praesynapticam immisso elaboratur. Nam in [[Mitochondrium|mitochondriis]] [[enzymum]] [[Glutaminasis|glutaminasis]] glutaminum in glutamatum convertit quod deinde per [[Transportator glutamati|transportatorem VGLUT]] in [[vesicula|vesiculas]]  insinuatur quae prope [[Membrana cellulae|membranam praesynapticam]] accumulantur. Cum [[Fluxus electricus|impulsibus electricis]] potentiae actionis glutamatum ex vesiculis praesynapticis in hiatum synapticum liberatur. Glutamatum per [[Aminum|transaminationem]] e [[Metabolitus|metabolito]] [[Cyclus acidi citrici|cycli acidi citrici]] quoque, hoc est ex α-cetoglutarato, in neuronibus produci potest cum [[glucosum]] [[Catabolismus|catabolizatur]].

[[Receptorium glutamati|Receptoria postsynaptica]]  glutamati moleculas ligant. Tria receptoria acidi glutamici notae sunt ([[receptorium NMDA|NMDA]], [[receptorium AMPA|AMPA]], kainati) sicuti transportatores in [[cellula glialis|cellulis glialibus]] et [[neuron]]ibus. Illa receptoria canales aperiunt quae [[Cation|cationes]] omnis generis admittunt (sodium, potassium, calcium) et potentiam posynapticam gignunt. Signo ad cellulam postsynapticam transmisso glutamatum celeriter e rima synaptica per [[Transportator glutamati|transportatores EAAT]] exterminatur, qui transportatores tam in membrana cellularum glialium quam neuronum praesynapticorum inserti sunt. In cellulis glialibus enzymum ''glutaminum synthetasis'' glutamatum in glutaminum convertit. Hoc glutaminum deinde per transportatorem SN1 e fluxu iontico [[sodium|Na]]+ pendentem e cellula expellitur ac rursus a neurone praesynaptico per tansportatorem SAT2 captatur ut denuo glutamatum fiat ad signa chemica danda accomodatum.

[[Transportator glutamati|Transportatores speciales]], nominibus ''EAAT'' et ''VGLUT'', glutamatum liberum primum in [[cellula glialis|cellulam glialem]] proprinquam absorbent, ab ea denique reabsorptio in cellulam neuronalem fit.

Substantiae antagonistae systematis glutamatergici ''anti-glutamatergicae'' nominantur (exemplum: [[memantinum]]).

=== Toxicitas ===
In coniunctione quidem cum quibusque substantiis aliis acidum glutamicum damnum efficere potest&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Clark I. A., Vissel B. |title=Excess cerebral TNF causing glutamate excitotoxicity rationalizes treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and neurogenic pain by anti-TNF agents |journal=Journal of neuroinflammation |year=2016 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=236 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27596607}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Neurotransmissor]]
* [[Receptorium glutamati]]
* [[Systema excitans reticulare ascendens]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://books.google.de/books?id=BOWoBgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA19&amp;dq=acidum+glutamicum&amp;hl=de&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwiezPubpILkAhVML1AKHXXzDAkQ6AEIMzAC#v=onepage&amp;q=acidum%20glutamicum&amp;f=false Fons nominis Latini] {{Ling|Theodisce}}

[[Categoria:Acida aminica|G]]
[[Categoria:Neurotransmissores]]
[[Categoria:Systema glutamatergicum (glutamatum)|!]]</text>
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      <text bytes="5566" sha1="qgf9jo019ixs4kn5srp478psgjq688q" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot;
|+ '''Acidum glutamicum'''&lt;br /&gt;'''Glutamatum'''
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Cognitores
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | ''[[ChemSpider]]'' || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.591.html 591]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[PubChem]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/33032 33032]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[DrugBank]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00142 DB00142]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Natura chemica
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:L-Glutaminsäure - L-Glutamic acid.svg|200px|Acidum glutamicum]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:L-Glutamic-acid-3D-balls.png|200px|Acidum glutamicum]]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Formula chemica|Formula summarum]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | {{chem|C|5|H|9|N|O|4}}
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Massa molaris]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | 147.130 g/mol
|-
|}
'''&lt;small&gt;L&lt;/small&gt;-acidum glutamicum''' (abbreviatura [[IUPAC]]:'''Glu''' vel '''E''') est α-[[aminoacidum]] formulae chemicae HOOC-CH(NH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)-(CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)2-COOH et simul unum aminoacidorum viginti formationis [[proteinum|proteinorum]] in [[organismus|organismis]]&lt;ref&gt;PubChem [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/33032 de acido glutamico].&lt;/ref&gt;. Forma iontibus onerata (sal acidi glutamici) '''glutamatum''' dicitur.

In organismo vivo acidum glutamicum vel glutamatum [[Neurotransmissor|neurotransmissoris]] vice in cerebro fungitur. Nam neurotransmissorum in [[Synapsis chemica|synapsibus]] excitantibus cerebri agentium frequentissimum invenitur, quae synapses glutaminergicae dicuntur (magis quam dimidia pars synapsium in cerebro).

== Natura chemica ==
Nomen [[IUPAC]] est acidum 2-amino-pentano-dioicum. 

&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:L-Glutamate Structural Formulae.png|Glutamatum, sal acidi glutamici, electrice oneratum.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Effectus in cerebro ==
=== De glutamati cyclo in synapsibus ===
In [[cerebrum|cerebro]] acidum glutamicum tamquam [[neurotransmissor]] principalis excitans abundat&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Meldrum B. S. |title=Glutamate as a neurotransmitter in the brain: review of physiology and pathology |journal=The journal of nutrition |year=2000 |volume=130 |issue=4S Suppl. |pages=1007S-15S |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10736372}}&lt;/ref&gt;. In extrema parte [[Neuron|neuronum]] praesynapticorum neurotransmissor glutamatum e [[Glutaminum|glutamino]] a [[Cellula glialis|cellulis glialibus]] emisso et a transportatore SAT2 intra cellulam praesynapticam immisso elaboratur. Nam in [[Mitochondrium|mitochondriis]] [[enzymum]] [[Glutaminasis|glutaminasis]] glutaminum in glutamatum convertit quod deinde per [[Transportator glutamati|transportatorem VGLUT]] in [[vesicula|vesiculas]]  insinuatur quae prope [[Membrana cellulae|membranam praesynapticam]] accumulantur. Cum [[Fluxus electricus|impulsibus electricis]] potentiae actionis glutamatum ex vesiculis praesynapticis in hiatum synapticum liberatur. Glutamatum per [[Aminum|transaminationem]] e [[Metabolitus|metabolito]] [[Cyclus acidi citrici|cycli acidi citrici]] quoque, hoc est ex α-cetoglutarato, in neuronibus produci potest cum [[glucosum]] [[Catabolismus|catabolizatur]].

[[Receptorium glutamati|Receptoria postsynaptica]]  glutamati moleculas ligant. Tria receptoria acidi glutamici notae sunt ([[receptorium NMDA|NMDA]], [[receptorium AMPA|AMPA]], kainati) sicuti transportatores in [[cellula glialis|cellulis glialibus]] et [[neuron]]ibus. Illa receptoria canales aperiunt quae [[Cation|cationta]] omnis generis admittunt (sodium, potassium, calcium) et potentiam posynapticam gignunt. Signo ad cellulam postsynapticam transmisso glutamatum celeriter e rima synaptica per [[Transportator glutamati|transportatores EAAT]] exterminatur, qui transportatores tam in membrana cellularum glialium quam neuronum praesynapticorum inserti sunt. In cellulis glialibus enzymum ''glutaminum synthetasis'' glutamatum in glutaminum convertit. Hoc glutaminum deinde per transportatorem SN1 e fluxu iontico [[sodium|Na]]+ pendentem e cellula expellitur ac rursus a neurone praesynaptico per tansportatorem SAT2 captatur ut denuo glutamatum fiat ad signa chemica danda accomodatum.

[[Transportator glutamati|Transportatores speciales]], nominibus ''EAAT'' et ''VGLUT'', glutamatum liberum primum in [[cellula glialis|cellulam glialem]] proprinquam absorbent, ab ea denique reabsorptio in cellulam neuronalem fit.

Substantiae antagonistae systematis glutamatergici ''anti-glutamatergicae'' nominantur (exemplum: [[memantinum]]).

=== Toxicitas ===
In coniunctione quidem cum quibusque substantiis aliis acidum glutamicum damnum efficere potest&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Clark I. A., Vissel B. |title=Excess cerebral TNF causing glutamate excitotoxicity rationalizes treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and neurogenic pain by anti-TNF agents |journal=Journal of neuroinflammation |year=2016 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=236 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27596607}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Neurotransmissor]]
* [[Receptorium glutamati]]
* [[Systema excitans reticulare ascendens]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://books.google.de/books?id=BOWoBgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA19&amp;dq=acidum+glutamicum&amp;hl=de&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwiezPubpILkAhVML1AKHXXzDAkQ6AEIMzAC#v=onepage&amp;q=acidum%20glutamicum&amp;f=false Fons nominis Latini] {{Ling|Theodisce}}

[[Categoria:Acida aminica|G]]
[[Categoria:Neurotransmissores]]
[[Categoria:Systema glutamatergicum (glutamatum)|!]]</text>
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    <revision>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
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      <text bytes="5565" sha1="f4jksdt7grh2mwhx77mlzv8bfw3q4i3" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot;
|+ '''Acidum glutamicum'''&lt;br /&gt;'''Glutamatum'''
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Cognitores
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | ''[[ChemSpider]]'' || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.591.html 591]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[PubChem]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/33032 33032]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[DrugBank]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00142 DB00142]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Natura chemica
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:L-Glutaminsäure - L-Glutamic acid.svg|200px|Acidum glutamicum]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:L-Glutamic-acid-3D-balls.png|200px|Acidum glutamicum]]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Formula chemica|Formula summarum]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | {{chem|C|5|H|9|N|O|4}}
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Massa molaris]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | 147.130 g/mol
|-
|}
'''&lt;small&gt;L&lt;/small&gt;-acidum glutamicum''' (abbreviatura [[IUPAC]]:'''Glu''' vel '''E''') est α-[[aminoacidum]] formulae chemicae HOOC-CH(NH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)-(CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)2-COOH et simul unum aminoacidorum viginti formationis [[proteinum|proteinorum]] in [[organismus|organismis]]&lt;ref&gt;PubChem [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/33032 de acido glutamico].&lt;/ref&gt;. Forma iontibus onerata (sal acidi glutamici) '''glutamatum''' dicitur.

In organismo vivo acidum glutamicum vel glutamatum [[Neurotransmissor|neurotransmissoris]] vice in cerebro fungitur. Nam neurotransmissorum in [[Synapsis chemica|synapsibus]] excitantibus cerebri agentium frequentissimum invenitur, quae synapses glutaminergicae dicuntur (magis quam dimidia pars synapsium in cerebro).

== Natura chemica ==
Nomen [[IUPAC]] est acidum 2-amino-pentano-dioicum. 

&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:L-Glutamate Structural Formulae.png|Glutamatum, sal acidi glutamici, electrice oneratum.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Effectus in cerebro ==
=== De glutamati cyclo in synapsibus ===
In [[cerebrum|cerebro]] acidum glutamicum tamquam [[neurotransmissor]] principalis excitans abundat&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Meldrum B. S. |title=Glutamate as a neurotransmitter in the brain: review of physiology and pathology |journal=The journal of nutrition |year=2000 |volume=130 |issue=4S Suppl. |pages=1007S-15S |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10736372}}&lt;/ref&gt;. In extrema parte [[Neuron|neuronum]] praesynapticorum neurotransmissor glutamatum e [[Glutaminum|glutamino]] a [[Cellula glialis|cellulis glialibus]] emisso et a transportatore SAT2 intra cellulam praesynapticam immisso elaboratur. Nam in [[Mitochondrium|mitochondriis]] [[enzymum]] [[Glutaminasis|glutaminasis]] glutaminum in glutamatum convertit quod deinde per [[Transportator glutamati|transportatorem VGLUT]] in [[vesicula|vesiculas]]  insinuatur quae prope [[Membrana cellulae|membranam praesynapticam]] accumulantur. Cum [[Fluxus electricus|impulsibus electricis]] potentiae actionis glutamatum ex vesiculis praesynapticis in hiatum synapticum liberatur. Glutamatum per [[Aminum|transaminationem]] e [[Metabolitus|metabolito]] [[Cyclus acidi citrici|cycli acidi citrici]] quoque, hoc est ex α-cetoglutarato, in neuronibus produci potest cum [[glucosum]] [[Catabolismus|catabolizatur]].

[[Receptorium glutamati|Receptoria postsynaptica]]  glutamati moleculas ligant. Tria receptoria acidi glutamici notae sunt ([[receptorium NMDA|NMDA]], [[receptorium AMPA|AMPA]], kainati) sicuti transportatores in [[cellula glialis|cellulis glialibus]] et [[neuron]]ibus. Illa receptoria canales aperiunt quae [[Cation|cationta]] omnis generis admittunt (sodium, potassium, calcium) et potentiam posynapticam gignunt. Signo ad cellulam postsynapticam transmisso glutamatum celeriter e rima synaptica per [[Transportator glutamati|transportatores EAAT]] exterminatur, qui transportatores tam in membrana cellularum glialium quam neuronum praesynapticorum inserti sunt. In cellulis glialibus enzymum ''glutaminum synthetasis'' glutamatum in glutaminum convertit. Hoc glutaminum deinde per transportatorem SN1 e fluxu iontico [[sodium|Na]]+ pendentem e cellula expellitur ac rursus a neurone praesynaptico per tansportatorem SAT2 captatur ut denuo glutamatum fiat ad signa chemica danda accomodatum.

[[Transportator glutamati|Transportatores speciales]], nominibus ''EAAT'' et ''VGLUT'', glutamatum liberum primum in [[cellula glialis|cellulam glialem]] propinquam absorbent, ab ea denique reabsorptio in cellulam neuronalem fit.

Substantiae antagonistae systematis glutamatergici ''anti-glutamatergicae'' nominantur (exemplum: [[memantinum]]).

=== Toxicitas ===
In coniunctione quidem cum quibusque substantiis aliis acidum glutamicum damnum efficere potest&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Clark I. A., Vissel B. |title=Excess cerebral TNF causing glutamate excitotoxicity rationalizes treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and neurogenic pain by anti-TNF agents |journal=Journal of neuroinflammation |year=2016 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=236 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27596607}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Neurotransmissor]]
* [[Receptorium glutamati]]
* [[Systema excitans reticulare ascendens]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://books.google.de/books?id=BOWoBgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA19&amp;dq=acidum+glutamicum&amp;hl=de&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwiezPubpILkAhVML1AKHXXzDAkQ6AEIMzAC#v=onepage&amp;q=acidum%20glutamicum&amp;f=false Fons nominis Latini] {{Ling|Theodisce}}

[[Categoria:Acida aminica|G]]
[[Categoria:Neurotransmissores]]
[[Categoria:Systema glutamatergicum (glutamatum)|!]]</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-07T16:11:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
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      <comment>/* Toxicitas */</comment>
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|+ '''Acidum glutamicum'''&lt;br /&gt;'''Glutamatum'''
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Cognitores
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | ''[[ChemSpider]]'' || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.591.html 591]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[PubChem]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/33032 33032]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[DrugBank]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00142 DB00142]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Natura chemica
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:L-Glutaminsäure - L-Glutamic acid.svg|200px|Acidum glutamicum]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:L-Glutamic-acid-3D-balls.png|200px|Acidum glutamicum]]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Formula chemica|Formula summarum]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | {{chem|C|5|H|9|N|O|4}}
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Massa molaris]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | 147.130 g/mol
|-
|}
'''&lt;small&gt;L&lt;/small&gt;-acidum glutamicum''' (abbreviatura [[IUPAC]]:'''Glu''' vel '''E''') est α-[[aminoacidum]] formulae chemicae HOOC-CH(NH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)-(CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)2-COOH et simul unum aminoacidorum viginti formationis [[proteinum|proteinorum]] in [[organismus|organismis]]&lt;ref&gt;PubChem [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/33032 de acido glutamico].&lt;/ref&gt;. Forma iontibus onerata (sal acidi glutamici) '''glutamatum''' dicitur.

In organismo vivo acidum glutamicum vel glutamatum [[Neurotransmissor|neurotransmissoris]] vice in cerebro fungitur. Nam neurotransmissorum in [[Synapsis chemica|synapsibus]] excitantibus cerebri agentium frequentissimum invenitur, quae synapses glutaminergicae dicuntur (magis quam dimidia pars synapsium in cerebro).

== Natura chemica ==
Nomen [[IUPAC]] est acidum 2-amino-pentano-dioicum. 

&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:L-Glutamate Structural Formulae.png|Glutamatum, sal acidi glutamici, electrice oneratum.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Effectus in cerebro ==
=== De glutamati cyclo in synapsibus ===
In [[cerebrum|cerebro]] acidum glutamicum tamquam [[neurotransmissor]] principalis excitans abundat&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Meldrum B. S. |title=Glutamate as a neurotransmitter in the brain: review of physiology and pathology |journal=The journal of nutrition |year=2000 |volume=130 |issue=4S Suppl. |pages=1007S-15S |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10736372}}&lt;/ref&gt;. In extrema parte [[Neuron|neuronum]] praesynapticorum neurotransmissor glutamatum e [[Glutaminum|glutamino]] a [[Cellula glialis|cellulis glialibus]] emisso et a transportatore SAT2 intra cellulam praesynapticam immisso elaboratur. Nam in [[Mitochondrium|mitochondriis]] [[enzymum]] [[Glutaminasis|glutaminasis]] glutaminum in glutamatum convertit quod deinde per [[Transportator glutamati|transportatorem VGLUT]] in [[vesicula|vesiculas]]  insinuatur quae prope [[Membrana cellulae|membranam praesynapticam]] accumulantur. Cum [[Fluxus electricus|impulsibus electricis]] potentiae actionis glutamatum ex vesiculis praesynapticis in hiatum synapticum liberatur. Glutamatum per [[Aminum|transaminationem]] e [[Metabolitus|metabolito]] [[Cyclus acidi citrici|cycli acidi citrici]] quoque, hoc est ex α-cetoglutarato, in neuronibus produci potest cum [[glucosum]] [[Catabolismus|catabolizatur]].

[[Receptorium glutamati|Receptoria postsynaptica]]  glutamati moleculas ligant. Tria receptoria acidi glutamici notae sunt ([[receptorium NMDA|NMDA]], [[receptorium AMPA|AMPA]], kainati) sicuti transportatores in [[cellula glialis|cellulis glialibus]] et [[neuron]]ibus. Illa receptoria canales aperiunt quae [[Cation|cationta]] omnis generis admittunt (sodium, potassium, calcium) et potentiam posynapticam gignunt. Signo ad cellulam postsynapticam transmisso glutamatum celeriter e rima synaptica per [[Transportator glutamati|transportatores EAAT]] exterminatur, qui transportatores tam in membrana cellularum glialium quam neuronum praesynapticorum inserti sunt. In cellulis glialibus enzymum ''glutaminum synthetasis'' glutamatum in glutaminum convertit. Hoc glutaminum deinde per transportatorem SN1 e fluxu iontico [[sodium|Na]]+ pendentem e cellula expellitur ac rursus a neurone praesynaptico per tansportatorem SAT2 captatur ut denuo glutamatum fiat ad signa chemica danda accomodatum.

[[Transportator glutamati|Transportatores speciales]], nominibus ''EAAT'' et ''VGLUT'', glutamatum liberum primum in [[cellula glialis|cellulam glialem]] propinquam absorbent, ab ea denique reabsorptio in cellulam neuronalem fit.

Substantiae antagonistae systematis glutamatergici ''anti-glutamatergicae'' nominantur (exemplum: [[memantinum]]).

=== Toxicitas ===
In coniunctione quidem cum quibusdam substantiis aliis acidum glutamicum damnum efficere potest&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Clark I. A., Vissel B. |title=Excess cerebral TNF causing glutamate excitotoxicity rationalizes treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and neurogenic pain by anti-TNF agents |journal=Journal of neuroinflammation |year=2016 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=236 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27596607}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Neurotransmissor]]
* [[Receptorium glutamati]]
* [[Systema excitans reticulare ascendens]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://books.google.de/books?id=BOWoBgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA19&amp;dq=acidum+glutamicum&amp;hl=de&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwiezPubpILkAhVML1AKHXXzDAkQ6AEIMzAC#v=onepage&amp;q=acidum%20glutamicum&amp;f=false Fons nominis Latini] {{Ling|Theodisce}}

[[Categoria:Acida aminica|G]]
[[Categoria:Neurotransmissores]]
[[Categoria:Systema glutamatergicum (glutamatum)|!]]</text>
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        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
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      <text bytes="5564" sha1="o3yjdcsujlc3f5hnxujjzhfobg2jcwb" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot;
|+ '''Acidum glutamicum'''&lt;br /&gt;'''Glutamatum'''
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Cognitores
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | ''[[ChemSpider]]'' || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.591.html 591]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[PubChem]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/33032 33032]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[DrugBank]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00142 DB00142]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Natura chemica
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:L-Glutaminsäure - L-Glutamic acid.svg|200px|Acidum glutamicum]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:L-Glutamic-acid-3D-balls.png|200px|Acidum glutamicum]]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Formula chemica|Formula summarum]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | {{chem|C|5|H|9|N|O|4}}
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Massa molaris]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | 147.130 g/mol
|-
|}
'''&lt;small&gt;L&lt;/small&gt;-acidum glutamicum''' (abbreviatura [[IUPAC]]:'''Glu''' vel '''E''') est α-[[aminoacidum]] formulae chemicae HOOC-CH(NH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)-(CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)2-COOH et simul unum aminoacidorum viginti formationis [[proteinum|proteinorum]] in [[organismus|organismis]]&lt;ref&gt;PubChem [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/33032 de acido glutamico].&lt;/ref&gt;. Forma iontibus onerata (sal acidi glutamici) '''glutamatum''' dicitur.

In organismo vivo acidum glutamicum vel glutamatum [[Neurotransmissor|neurotransmissoris]] vice in cerebro fungitur. Nam neurotransmissorum in [[Synapsis chemica|synapsibus]] excitantibus cerebri agentium frequentissimum invenitur, quae synapses glutaminergicae dicuntur (magis quam dimidia pars synapsium in cerebro).

== Natura chemica ==
Nomen [[IUPAC]] est acidum 2-amino-pentano-dioicum. 

&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:L-Glutamate Structural Formulae.png|Glutamatum, sal acidi glutamici, electrice oneratum.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Effectus in cerebro ==
=== De glutamati cyclo in synapsibus ===
In [[cerebrum|cerebro]] acidum glutamicum tamquam [[neurotransmissor]] principalis excitans abundat&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Meldrum B. S. |title=Glutamate as a neurotransmitter in the brain: review of physiology and pathology |journal=The journal of nutrition |year=2000 |volume=130 |issue=4S Suppl. |pages=1007S-15S |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10736372}}&lt;/ref&gt;. In extrema parte [[Neuron|neuronum]] praesynapticorum neurotransmissor glutamatum e [[Glutaminum|glutamino]] a [[Cellula glialis|cellulis glialibus]] emisso et a transportatore SAT2 intra cellulam praesynapticam immisso elaboratur. Nam in [[Mitochondrium|mitochondriis]] [[enzymum]] [[Glutaminasis|glutaminasis]] glutaminum in glutamatum convertit quod deinde per [[Transportator glutamati|transportatorem VGLUT]] in [[vesicula|vesiculas]]  insinuatur quae prope [[Membrana cellulae|membranam praesynapticam]] accumulantur. Cum [[Fluxus electricus|impulsibus electricis]] potentiae actionis glutamatum ex vesiculis praesynapticis in hiatum synapticum liberatur. Glutamatum per [[Aminum|transaminationem]] e [[Metabolitus|metabolito]] [[Cyclus acidi citrici|cycli acidi citrici]] quoque, hoc est ex α-cetoglutarato, in neuronibus produci potest cum [[glucosum]] [[Catabolismus|catabolizatur]].

[[Receptorium glutamati|Receptoria postsynaptica]]  glutamati moleculas ligant. Tria receptoria acidi glutamici nota sunt ([[receptorium NMDA|NMDA]], [[receptorium AMPA|AMPA]], kainati) sicuti transportatores in [[cellula glialis|cellulis glialibus]] et [[neuron]]ibus. Illa receptoria canales aperiunt quae [[Cation|cationta]] omnis generis admittunt (sodium, potassium, calcium) et potentiam posynapticam gignunt. Signo ad cellulam postsynapticam transmisso glutamatum celeriter e rima synaptica per [[Transportator glutamati|transportatores EAAT]] exterminatur, qui transportatores tam in membrana cellularum glialium quam neuronum praesynapticorum inserti sunt. In cellulis glialibus enzymum ''glutaminum synthetasis'' glutamatum in glutaminum convertit. Hoc glutaminum deinde per transportatorem SN1 e fluxu iontico [[sodium|Na]]+ pendentem e cellula expellitur ac rursus a neurone praesynaptico per tansportatorem SAT2 captatur ut denuo glutamatum fiat ad signa chemica danda accomodatum.

[[Transportator glutamati|Transportatores speciales]], nominibus ''EAAT'' et ''VGLUT'', glutamatum liberum primum in [[cellula glialis|cellulam glialem]] propinquam absorbent, ab ea denique reabsorptio in cellulam neuronalem fit.

Substantiae antagonistae systematis glutamatergici ''anti-glutamatergicae'' nominantur (exemplum: [[memantinum]]).

=== Toxicitas ===
In coniunctione quidem cum quibusdam substantiis aliis acidum glutamicum damnum efficere potest&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Clark I. A., Vissel B. |title=Excess cerebral TNF causing glutamate excitotoxicity rationalizes treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and neurogenic pain by anti-TNF agents |journal=Journal of neuroinflammation |year=2016 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=236 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27596607}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Neurotransmissor]]
* [[Receptorium glutamati]]
* [[Systema excitans reticulare ascendens]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://books.google.de/books?id=BOWoBgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA19&amp;dq=acidum+glutamicum&amp;hl=de&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwiezPubpILkAhVML1AKHXXzDAkQ6AEIMzAC#v=onepage&amp;q=acidum%20glutamicum&amp;f=false Fons nominis Latini] {{Ling|Theodisce}}

[[Categoria:Acida aminica|G]]
[[Categoria:Neurotransmissores]]
[[Categoria:Systema glutamatergicum (glutamatum)|!]]</text>
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        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
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      <text bytes="5574" sha1="7oo3f8a2eq0g8tj9epxj18lw1x13kzu" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot;
|+ '''Acidum glutamicum'''&lt;br /&gt;'''Glutamatum'''
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Cognitores
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | ''[[ChemSpider]]'' || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.591.html 591]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[PubChem]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/33032 33032]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[DrugBank]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00142 DB00142]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Natura chemica
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:L-Glutaminsäure - L-Glutamic acid.svg|200px|Acidum glutamicum]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:L-Glutamic-acid-3D-balls.png|200px|Acidum glutamicum]]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Formula chemica|Formula summarum]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | {{chem|C|5|H|9|N|O|4}}
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Massa molaris]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | 147.130 g/mol
|-
|}
'''&lt;small&gt;L&lt;/small&gt;-acidum glutamicum''' (abbreviatura [[IUPAC]]:'''Glu''' vel '''E''') est α-[[aminoacidum]] formulae chemicae HOOC-CH(NH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)-(CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)2-COOH et simul unum aminoacidorum viginti formationis [[proteinum|proteinorum]] in [[organismus|organismis]]&lt;ref&gt;PubChem [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/33032 de acido glutamico].&lt;/ref&gt;. Forma iontibus onerata (sal acidi glutamici) '''glutamatum''' dicitur.

In organismo vivo acidum glutamicum vel glutamatum [[Neurotransmissor|neurotransmissoris]] vice in cerebro fungitur. Nam neurotransmissorum in [[Synapsis chemica|synapsibus]] excitantibus cerebri agentium frequentissimum invenitur, quae synapses glutaminergicae dicuntur (magis quam dimidia pars synapsium in cerebro).

== Natura chemica ==
Nomen [[IUPAC]] est acidum 2-amino-pentano-dioicum. 

&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:L-Glutamate Structural Formulae.png|Glutamatum, sal acidi glutamici, electrice oneratum.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Effectus in cerebro ==
=== De glutamati cyclo in synapsibus ===
In [[cerebrum|cerebro]] acidum glutamicum tamquam [[neurotransmissor]] principalis excitans abundat&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Meldrum B. S. |title=Glutamate as a neurotransmitter in the brain: review of physiology and pathology |journal=The journal of nutrition |year=2000 |volume=130 |issue=4S Suppl. |pages=1007S-15S |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10736372}}&lt;/ref&gt;. In extrema parte [[Neuron|neuronum]] praesynapticorum neurotransmissor glutamatum e [[Glutaminum|glutamino]] a [[Cellula glialis|cellulis glialibus]] emisso et a transportatore SAT2 intra cellulam praesynapticam immisso elaboratur. Nam in [[Mitochondrium|mitochondriis]] [[enzymum]] [[Glutaminasis|glutaminasis]] glutaminum in glutamatum convertit quod deinde per [[Transportator glutamati|transportatorem VGLUT]] in [[vesicula|vesiculas]]  insinuatur quae prope [[Membrana cellulae|membranam praesynapticam]] accumulantur. Cum [[Fluxus electricus|impulsibus electricis]] potentiae actionis glutamatum ex vesiculis praesynapticis in hiatum synapticum liberatur. Glutamatum per [[Aminum|transaminationem]] e [[Metabolitus|metabolito]] [[Cyclus acidi citrici|cycli acidi citrici]] quoque, hoc est ex α-cetoglutarato, in neuronibus produci potest cum [[glucosum]] [[Catabolismus|catabolizatur]].

[[Receptorium glutamati|Receptoria postsynaptica]]  glutamati moleculas ligant. Tria receptoria ionotropa acidi glutamici nota sunt ([[receptorium NMDA|NMDA]], [[receptorium AMPA|AMPA]], kainati) sicuti transportatores in [[cellula glialis|cellulis glialibus]] et [[neuron]]ibus. Illa receptoria canales aperiunt quae [[Cation|cationta]] omnis generis admittunt (sodium, potassium, calcium) et potentiam posynapticam gignunt. Signo ad cellulam postsynapticam transmisso glutamatum celeriter e rima synaptica per [[Transportator glutamati|transportatores EAAT]] exterminatur, qui transportatores tam in membrana cellularum glialium quam neuronum praesynapticorum inserti sunt. In cellulis glialibus enzymum ''glutaminum synthetasis'' glutamatum in glutaminum convertit. Hoc glutaminum deinde per transportatorem SN1 e fluxu iontico [[sodium|Na]]+ pendentem e cellula expellitur ac rursus a neurone praesynaptico per tansportatorem SAT2 captatur ut denuo glutamatum fiat ad signa chemica danda accomodatum.

[[Transportator glutamati|Transportatores speciales]], nominibus ''EAAT'' et ''VGLUT'', glutamatum liberum primum in [[cellula glialis|cellulam glialem]] propinquam absorbent, ab ea denique reabsorptio in cellulam neuronalem fit.

Substantiae antagonistae systematis glutamatergici ''anti-glutamatergicae'' nominantur (exemplum: [[memantinum]]).

=== Toxicitas ===
In coniunctione quidem cum quibusdam substantiis aliis acidum glutamicum damnum efficere potest&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Clark I. A., Vissel B. |title=Excess cerebral TNF causing glutamate excitotoxicity rationalizes treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and neurogenic pain by anti-TNF agents |journal=Journal of neuroinflammation |year=2016 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=236 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27596607}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Neurotransmissor]]
* [[Receptorium glutamati]]
* [[Systema excitans reticulare ascendens]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://books.google.de/books?id=BOWoBgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA19&amp;dq=acidum+glutamicum&amp;hl=de&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwiezPubpILkAhVML1AKHXXzDAkQ6AEIMzAC#v=onepage&amp;q=acidum%20glutamicum&amp;f=false Fons nominis Latini] {{Ling|Theodisce}}

[[Categoria:Acida aminica|G]]
[[Categoria:Neurotransmissores]]
[[Categoria:Systema glutamatergicum (glutamatum)|!]]</text>
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        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
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      <text bytes="5542" sha1="dtjtqgdrkp30i0noo28i8pij1ke93d8" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot;
|+ '''Acidum glutamicum'''&lt;br /&gt;'''Glutamatum'''
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Cognitores
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | ''[[ChemSpider]]'' || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.591.html 591]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[PubChem]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/33032 33032]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[DrugBank]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00142 DB00142]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Natura chemica
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:L-Glutaminsäure - L-Glutamic acid.svg|200px|Acidum glutamicum]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:L-Glutamic-acid-3D-balls.png|200px|Acidum glutamicum]]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Formula chemica|Formula summarum]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | {{chem|C|5|H|9|N|O|4}}
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Massa molaris]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | 147.130 g/mol
|-
|}
'''&lt;small&gt;L&lt;/small&gt;-acidum glutamicum''' (abbreviatura [[IUPAC]]:'''Glu''' vel '''E''') est α-[[aminoacidum]] formulae chemicae HOOC-CH(NH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)-(CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)2-COOH et simul unum aminoacidorum viginti formationis [[proteinum|proteinorum]] in [[organismus|organismis]]&lt;ref&gt;PubChem [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/33032 de acido glutamico].&lt;/ref&gt;. Forma iontibus onerata (sal acidi glutamici) '''glutamatum''' dicitur.

In organismo vivo acidum glutamicum vel glutamatum [[Neurotransmissor|neurotransmissoris]] vice in cerebro fungitur. Nam neurotransmissorum in [[Synapsis chemica|synapsibus]] excitantibus cerebri agentium frequentissimum invenitur, quae synapses glutaminergicae dicuntur (magis quam dimidia pars synapsium in cerebro).

== Natura chemica ==
Nomen [[IUPAC]] est acidum 2-amino-pentano-dioicum. 

&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:L-Glutamate Structural Formulae.png|Glutamatum, sal acidi glutamici, electrice oneratum.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Effectus in cerebro ==
=== De glutamati cyclo in synapsibus ===
In [[cerebrum|cerebro]] acidum glutamicum tamquam [[neurotransmissor]] principalis excitans abundat&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Meldrum B. S. |title=Glutamate as a neurotransmitter in the brain: review of physiology and pathology |journal=The journal of nutrition |year=2000 |volume=130 |issue=4S Suppl. |pages=1007S-15S |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10736372}}&lt;/ref&gt;. In extrema parte [[Neuron|neuronum]] praesynapticorum neurotransmissor glutamatum e [[Glutaminum|glutamino]] a [[Cellula glialis|cellulis glialibus]] emisso et a transportatore SAT2 intra cellulam praesynapticam immisso elaboratur. Nam in [[Mitochondrium|mitochondriis]] [[enzymum]] [[Glutaminasis|glutaminasis]] glutaminum in glutamatum convertit quod deinde per [[Transportator glutamati|transportatorem VGLUT]] in [[vesicula|vesiculas]]  insinuatur quae prope [[Membrana cellulae|membranam praesynapticam]] accumulantur. Cum [[Fluxus electricus|impulsibus electricis]] potentiae actionis glutamatum ex vesiculis praesynapticis in hiatum synapticum liberatur. Glutamatum per [[Aminum|transaminationem]] e [[Metabolitus|metabolito]] [[Cyclus acidi citrici|cycli acidi citrici]] quoque, hoc est ex α-cetoglutarato, in neuronibus produci potest cum [[glucosum]] [[Catabolismus|catabolizatur]].

[[Receptorium glutamati|Receptoria postsynaptica]]  glutamati moleculas ligant. Tria receptoria ionotropa acidi glutamici nota sunt ([[receptorium NMDA|NMDA]], [[receptorium AMPA|AMPA]], kainati). Illa receptoria canales aperiunt quae [[Cation|cationta]] omnis generis admittunt (sodium, potassium, calcium) et potentiam posynapticam gignunt. Nota sunt etiam tria alia receptoria metabiotropa. Signo ad cellulam postsynapticam transmisso glutamatum celeriter e rima synaptica per [[Transportator glutamati|transportatores EAAT]] exterminatur, qui transportatores tam in membrana cellularum glialium quam neuronum praesynapticorum inserti sunt. In cellulis glialibus enzymum ''glutaminum synthetasis'' glutamatum in glutaminum convertit. Hoc glutaminum deinde per transportatorem SN1 e fluxu iontico [[sodium|Na]]+ pendentem e cellula expellitur ac rursus a neurone praesynaptico per tansportatorem SAT2 captatur ut denuo glutamatum fiat ad signa chemica danda accomodatum.

[[Transportator glutamati|Transportatores speciales]], nominibus ''EAAT'' et ''VGLUT'', glutamatum liberum primum in [[cellula glialis|cellulam glialem]] propinquam absorbent, ab ea denique reabsorptio in cellulam neuronalem fit.

Substantiae antagonistae systematis glutamatergici ''anti-glutamatergicae'' nominantur (exemplum: [[memantinum]]).

=== Toxicitas ===
In coniunctione quidem cum quibusdam substantiis aliis acidum glutamicum damnum efficere potest&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Clark I. A., Vissel B. |title=Excess cerebral TNF causing glutamate excitotoxicity rationalizes treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and neurogenic pain by anti-TNF agents |journal=Journal of neuroinflammation |year=2016 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=236 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27596607}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Neurotransmissor]]
* [[Receptorium glutamati]]
* [[Systema excitans reticulare ascendens]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://books.google.de/books?id=BOWoBgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA19&amp;dq=acidum+glutamicum&amp;hl=de&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwiezPubpILkAhVML1AKHXXzDAkQ6AEIMzAC#v=onepage&amp;q=acidum%20glutamicum&amp;f=false Fons nominis Latini] {{Ling|Theodisce}}

[[Categoria:Acida aminica|G]]
[[Categoria:Neurotransmissores]]
[[Categoria:Systema glutamatergicum (glutamatum)|!]]</text>
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      <text bytes="5541" sha1="oga8ufkog5synyzqv04tn2bgwh5rlqb" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot;
|+ '''Acidum glutamicum'''&lt;br /&gt;'''Glutamatum'''
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Cognitores
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | ''[[ChemSpider]]'' || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.591.html 591]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[PubChem]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/33032 33032]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[DrugBank]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00142 DB00142]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Natura chemica
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:L-Glutaminsäure - L-Glutamic acid.svg|200px|Acidum glutamicum]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:L-Glutamic-acid-3D-balls.png|200px|Acidum glutamicum]]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Formula chemica|Formula summarum]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | {{chem|C|5|H|9|N|O|4}}
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Massa molaris]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | 147.130 g/mol
|-
|}
'''&lt;small&gt;L&lt;/small&gt;-acidum glutamicum''' (abbreviatura [[IUPAC]]:'''Glu''' vel '''E''') est α-[[aminoacidum]] formulae chemicae HOOC-CH(NH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)-(CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)2-COOH et simul unum aminoacidorum viginti formationis [[proteinum|proteinorum]] in [[organismus|organismis]]&lt;ref&gt;PubChem [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/33032 de acido glutamico].&lt;/ref&gt;. Forma iontibus onerata (sal acidi glutamici) '''glutamatum''' dicitur.

In organismo vivo acidum glutamicum vel glutamatum [[Neurotransmissor|neurotransmissoris]] vice in cerebro fungitur. Nam neurotransmissorum in [[Synapsis chemica|synapsibus]] excitantibus cerebri agentium frequentissimum invenitur, quae synapses glutaminergicae dicuntur (magis quam dimidia pars synapsium in cerebro).

== Natura chemica ==
Nomen [[IUPAC]] est acidum 2-amino-pentano-dioicum. 

&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:L-Glutamate Structural Formulae.png|Glutamatum, sal acidi glutamici, electrice oneratum.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Effectus in cerebro ==
=== De glutamati cyclo in synapsibus ===
In [[cerebrum|cerebro]] acidum glutamicum tamquam [[neurotransmissor]] principalis excitans abundat&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Meldrum B. S. |title=Glutamate as a neurotransmitter in the brain: review of physiology and pathology |journal=The journal of nutrition |year=2000 |volume=130 |issue=4S Suppl. |pages=1007S-15S |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10736372}}&lt;/ref&gt;. In extrema parte [[Neuron|neuronum]] praesynapticorum neurotransmissor glutamatum e [[Glutaminum|glutamino]] a [[Cellula glialis|cellulis glialibus]] emisso et a transportatore SAT2 intra cellulam praesynapticam immisso elaboratur. Nam in [[Mitochondrium|mitochondriis]] [[enzymum]] [[Glutaminasis|glutaminasis]] glutaminum in glutamatum convertit quod deinde per [[Transportator glutamati|transportatorem VGLUT]] in [[vesicula|vesiculas]]  insinuatur quae prope [[Membrana cellulae|membranam praesynapticam]] accumulantur. Cum [[Fluxus electricus|impulsibus electricis]] potentiae actionis glutamatum ex vesiculis praesynapticis in hiatum synapticum liberatur. Glutamatum per [[Aminum|transaminationem]] e [[Metabolitus|metabolito]] [[Cyclus acidi citrici|cycli acidi citrici]] quoque, hoc est ex α-cetoglutarato, in neuronibus produci potest cum [[glucosum]] [[Catabolismus|catabolizatur]].

[[Receptorium glutamati|Receptoria postsynaptica]]  glutamati moleculas ligant. Tria receptoria ionotropa acidi glutamici nota sunt ([[receptorium NMDA|NMDA]], [[receptorium AMPA|AMPA]], kainati). Illa receptoria canales aperiunt quae [[Cation|cationta]] omnis generis admittunt (sodium, potassium, calcium) et potentiam posynapticam gignunt. Nota sunt etiam tria alia receptoria metabotropa. Signo ad cellulam postsynapticam transmisso glutamatum celeriter e rima synaptica per [[Transportator glutamati|transportatores EAAT]] exterminatur, qui transportatores tam in membrana cellularum glialium quam neuronum praesynapticorum inserti sunt. In cellulis glialibus enzymum ''glutaminum synthetasis'' glutamatum in glutaminum convertit. Hoc glutaminum deinde per transportatorem SN1 e fluxu iontico [[sodium|Na]]+ pendentem e cellula expellitur ac rursus a neurone praesynaptico per tansportatorem SAT2 captatur ut denuo glutamatum fiat ad signa chemica danda accomodatum.

[[Transportator glutamati|Transportatores speciales]], nominibus ''EAAT'' et ''VGLUT'', glutamatum liberum primum in [[cellula glialis|cellulam glialem]] propinquam absorbent, ab ea denique reabsorptio in cellulam neuronalem fit.

Substantiae antagonistae systematis glutamatergici ''anti-glutamatergicae'' nominantur (exemplum: [[memantinum]]).

=== Toxicitas ===
In coniunctione quidem cum quibusdam substantiis aliis acidum glutamicum damnum efficere potest&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Clark I. A., Vissel B. |title=Excess cerebral TNF causing glutamate excitotoxicity rationalizes treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and neurogenic pain by anti-TNF agents |journal=Journal of neuroinflammation |year=2016 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=236 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27596607}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Neurotransmissor]]
* [[Receptorium glutamati]]
* [[Systema excitans reticulare ascendens]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://books.google.de/books?id=BOWoBgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA19&amp;dq=acidum+glutamicum&amp;hl=de&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwiezPubpILkAhVML1AKHXXzDAkQ6AEIMzAC#v=onepage&amp;q=acidum%20glutamicum&amp;f=false Fons nominis Latini] {{Ling|Theodisce}}

[[Categoria:Acida aminica|G]]
[[Categoria:Neurotransmissores]]
[[Categoria:Systema glutamatergicum (glutamatum)|!]]</text>
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        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
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      <text bytes="5611" sha1="7hr8waja7hr2mxsozt2wzcojbc5cby0" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot;
|+ '''Acidum glutamicum'''&lt;br /&gt;'''Glutamatum'''
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Cognitores
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | ''[[ChemSpider]]'' || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.591.html 591]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[PubChem]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/33032 33032]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[DrugBank]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00142 DB00142]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Natura chemica
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:L-Glutaminsäure - L-Glutamic acid.svg|200px|Acidum glutamicum]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:L-Glutamic-acid-3D-balls.png|200px|Acidum glutamicum]]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Formula chemica|Formula summarum]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | {{chem|C|5|H|9|N|O|4}}
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Massa molaris]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | 147.130 g/mol
|-
|}
'''&lt;small&gt;L&lt;/small&gt;-acidum glutamicum''' (abbreviatura [[IUPAC]]:'''Glu''' vel '''E''') est α-[[aminoacidum]] formulae chemicae HOOC-CH(NH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)-(CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)2-COOH et simul unum aminoacidorum viginti formationis [[proteinum|proteinorum]] in [[organismus|organismis]]&lt;ref&gt;PubChem [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/33032 de acido glutamico].&lt;/ref&gt;. Forma iontibus onerata (sal acidi glutamici) '''glutamatum''' dicitur.

In organismo vivo acidum glutamicum vel glutamatum [[Neurotransmissor|neurotransmissoris]] vice in cerebro fungitur. Nam neurotransmissorum in [[Synapsis chemica|synapsibus]] excitantibus cerebri agentium frequentissimum invenitur, quae synapses glutaminergicae dicuntur (magis quam dimidia pars synapsium in cerebro).

== Natura chemica ==
Nomen [[IUPAC]] est acidum 2-amino-pentano-dioicum. 

&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:L-Glutamate Structural Formulae.png|Glutamatum, sal acidi glutamici, electrice oneratum.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Effectus in cerebro ==
=== De glutamati cyclo in synapsibus ===
In [[cerebrum|cerebro]] acidum glutamicum tamquam [[neurotransmissor]] principalis excitans abundat&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Meldrum B. S. |title=Glutamate as a neurotransmitter in the brain: review of physiology and pathology |journal=The journal of nutrition |year=2000 |volume=130 |issue=4S Suppl. |pages=1007S-15S |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10736372}}&lt;/ref&gt;. In extrema parte [[Neuron|neuronum]] praesynapticorum neurotransmissor glutamatum e [[Glutaminum|glutamino]] a [[Cellula glialis|cellulis glialibus]] emisso et a transportatore SAT2 intra cellulam praesynapticam immisso elaboratur. Nam in [[Mitochondrium|mitochondriis]] [[enzymum]] [[Glutaminasis|glutaminasis]] glutaminum in glutamatum convertit quod deinde per [[Transportator glutamati|transportatorem VGLUT]] in [[vesicula|vesiculas]]  insinuatur quae prope [[Membrana cellulae|membranam praesynapticam]] accumulantur. Cum [[Fluxus electricus|impulsibus electricis]] potentiae actionis glutamatum ex vesiculis praesynapticis in hiatum synapticum liberatur. Glutamatum per [[Aminum|transaminationem]] e [[Metabolitus|metabolito]] [[Cyclus acidi citrici|cycli acidi citrici]] quoque, hoc est ex α-cetoglutarato, in neuronibus produci potest cum [[glucosum]] [[Catabolismus|catabolizatur]].

[[Receptorium glutamati|Receptoria postsynaptica]]  glutamati moleculas ligant. Tria [[Receptorium neurotransmissoris|receptoria ionotropa]] acidi glutamici nota sunt ([[receptorium NMDA|NMDA]], [[receptorium AMPA|AMPA]], kainati). Illa receptoria canales aperiunt quae [[Cation|cationta]] omnis generis admittunt (sodium, potassium, calcium) et potentiam posynapticam gignunt. Nota sunt etiam tria alia [[Receptorium neurotransmissoris|receptoria metabotropa]]. Signo ad cellulam postsynapticam transmisso glutamatum celeriter e rima synaptica per [[Transportator glutamati|transportatores EAAT]] exterminatur, qui transportatores tam in membrana cellularum glialium quam neuronum praesynapticorum inserti sunt. In cellulis glialibus enzymum ''glutaminum synthetasis'' glutamatum in glutaminum convertit. Hoc glutaminum deinde per transportatorem SN1 e fluxu iontico [[sodium|Na]]+ pendentem e cellula expellitur ac rursus a neurone praesynaptico per tansportatorem SAT2 captatur ut denuo glutamatum fiat ad signa chemica danda accomodatum.

[[Transportator glutamati|Transportatores speciales]], nominibus ''EAAT'' et ''VGLUT'', glutamatum liberum primum in [[cellula glialis|cellulam glialem]] propinquam absorbent, ab ea denique reabsorptio in cellulam neuronalem fit.

Substantiae antagonistae systematis glutamatergici ''anti-glutamatergicae'' nominantur (exemplum: [[memantinum]]).

=== Toxicitas ===
In coniunctione quidem cum quibusdam substantiis aliis acidum glutamicum damnum efficere potest&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Clark I. A., Vissel B. |title=Excess cerebral TNF causing glutamate excitotoxicity rationalizes treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and neurogenic pain by anti-TNF agents |journal=Journal of neuroinflammation |year=2016 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=236 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27596607}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Neurotransmissor]]
* [[Receptorium glutamati]]
* [[Systema excitans reticulare ascendens]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://books.google.de/books?id=BOWoBgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA19&amp;dq=acidum+glutamicum&amp;hl=de&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwiezPubpILkAhVML1AKHXXzDAkQ6AEIMzAC#v=onepage&amp;q=acidum%20glutamicum&amp;f=false Fons nominis Latini] {{Ling|Theodisce}}

[[Categoria:Acida aminica|G]]
[[Categoria:Neurotransmissores]]
[[Categoria:Systema glutamatergicum (glutamatum)|!]]</text>
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        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
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      <text bytes="5628" sha1="jc5tz1v2vfmc1cz86n1xo487l0xq2ff" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot;
|+ '''Acidum glutamicum'''&lt;br /&gt;'''Glutamatum'''
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Cognitores
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | ''[[ChemSpider]]'' || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.591.html 591]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[PubChem]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/33032 33032]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[DrugBank]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00142 DB00142]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Natura chemica
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:L-Glutaminsäure - L-Glutamic acid.svg|200px|Acidum glutamicum]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:L-Glutamic-acid-3D-balls.png|200px|Acidum glutamicum]]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Formula chemica|Formula summarum]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | {{chem|C|5|H|9|N|O|4}}
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Massa molaris]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | 147.130 g/mol
|-
|}
'''&lt;small&gt;L&lt;/small&gt;-acidum glutamicum''' (abbreviatura [[IUPAC]]:'''Glu''' vel '''E''') est α-[[aminoacidum]] formulae chemicae HOOC-CH(NH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)-(CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)2-COOH et simul unum aminoacidorum viginti formationis [[proteinum|proteinorum]] in [[organismus|organismis]]&lt;ref&gt;PubChem [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/33032 de acido glutamico].&lt;/ref&gt;. Forma iontibus onerata (sal acidi glutamici) '''glutamatum''' dicitur.

In organismo vivo acidum glutamicum vel glutamatum [[Neurotransmissor|neurotransmissoris]] vice in cerebro fungitur. Nam neurotransmissorum in [[Synapsis chemica|synapsibus]] excitantibus cerebri agentium frequentissimum invenitur, quae synapses glutaminergicae dicuntur (magis quam dimidia pars synapsium in cerebro).

== Natura chemica ==
Nomen [[IUPAC]] est acidum 2-amino-pentano-dioicum. 

&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:L-Glutamate Structural Formulae.png|Glutamatum, sal acidi glutamici, electrice oneratum.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Effectus in cerebro ==
=== De glutamati cyclo in synapsibus ===
In [[cerebrum|cerebro]] acidum glutamicum tamquam [[neurotransmissor]] principalis excitans abundat&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Meldrum B. S. |title=Glutamate as a neurotransmitter in the brain: review of physiology and pathology |journal=The journal of nutrition |year=2000 |volume=130 |issue=4S Suppl. |pages=1007S-15S |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10736372}}&lt;/ref&gt;. In extrema parte [[Neuron|neuronum]] praesynapticorum neurotransmissor glutamatum e [[Glutaminum|glutamino]] a [[Cellula glialis|cellulis glialibus]] emisso et a transportatore SAT2 intra cellulam praesynapticam immisso elaboratur. Nam in [[Mitochondrium|mitochondriis]] [[enzymum]] [[Glutaminasis|glutaminasis]] glutaminum in glutamatum convertit quod deinde per [[Transportator glutamati|transportatorem VGLUT]] in [[vesicula|vesiculas]]  insinuatur quae prope [[Membrana cellulae|membranam praesynapticam]] accumulantur. Cum [[Fluxus electricus|impulsibus electricis]] potentiae actionis glutamatum ex vesiculis praesynapticis in hiatum synapticum liberatur. Glutamatum per [[Aminum|transaminationem]] e [[Metabolitus|metabolito]] [[Cyclus acidi citrici|cycli acidi citrici]] quoque, hoc est ex α-cetoglutarato, in neuronibus produci potest cum [[glucosum]] [[Catabolismus|catabolizatur]].

[[Receptorium glutamati|Receptoria postsynaptica]]  glutamati moleculas ligant. Tria [[Receptorium neurotransmissoris|receptoria ionotropa]] acidi glutamici nota sunt ([[receptorium NMDA|NMDA]], [[receptorium AMPA|AMPA]], kainati). Illa receptoria canales aperiunt quae [[Cation|cationta]] omnis generis admittunt (sodium, potassium, atque NMDA etiam calcium) et potentiam posynapticam gignunt. Nota sunt etiam tria alia [[Receptorium neurotransmissoris|receptoria metabotropa]]. Signo ad cellulam postsynapticam transmisso glutamatum celeriter e rima synaptica per [[Transportator glutamati|transportatores EAAT]] exterminatur, qui transportatores tam in membrana cellularum glialium quam neuronum praesynapticorum inserti sunt. In cellulis glialibus enzymum ''glutaminum synthetasis'' glutamatum in glutaminum convertit. Hoc glutaminum deinde per transportatorem SN1 e fluxu iontico [[sodium|Na]]+ pendentem e cellula expellitur ac rursus a neurone praesynaptico per tansportatorem SAT2 captatur ut denuo glutamatum fiat ad signa chemica danda accomodatum.

[[Transportator glutamati|Transportatores speciales]], nominibus ''EAAT'' et ''VGLUT'', glutamatum liberum primum in [[cellula glialis|cellulam glialem]] propinquam absorbent, ab ea denique reabsorptio in cellulam neuronalem fit.

Substantiae antagonistae systematis glutamatergici ''anti-glutamatergicae'' nominantur (exemplum: [[memantinum]]).

=== Toxicitas ===
In coniunctione quidem cum quibusdam substantiis aliis acidum glutamicum damnum efficere potest&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Clark I. A., Vissel B. |title=Excess cerebral TNF causing glutamate excitotoxicity rationalizes treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and neurogenic pain by anti-TNF agents |journal=Journal of neuroinflammation |year=2016 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=236 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27596607}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Neurotransmissor]]
* [[Receptorium glutamati]]
* [[Systema excitans reticulare ascendens]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://books.google.de/books?id=BOWoBgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA19&amp;dq=acidum+glutamicum&amp;hl=de&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwiezPubpILkAhVML1AKHXXzDAkQ6AEIMzAC#v=onepage&amp;q=acidum%20glutamicum&amp;f=false Fons nominis Latini] {{Ling|Theodisce}}

[[Categoria:Acida aminica|G]]
[[Categoria:Neurotransmissores]]
[[Categoria:Systema glutamatergicum (glutamatum)|!]]</text>
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|+ '''Acidum glutamicum'''&lt;br /&gt;'''Glutamatum'''
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Cognitores
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | ''[[ChemSpider]]'' || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.591.html 591]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[PubChem]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/33032 33032]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[DrugBank]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00142 DB00142]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Natura chemica
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:L-Glutaminsäure - L-Glutamic acid.svg|200px|Acidum glutamicum]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:L-Glutamic-acid-3D-balls.png|200px|Acidum glutamicum]]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Formula chemica|Formula summata]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | {{chem|C|5|H|9|N|O|4}}
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Massa molaris]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | 147.130 g/mol
|-
|}
'''&lt;small&gt;L&lt;/small&gt;-acidum glutamicum''' (abbreviatura [[IUPAC]]:'''Glu''' vel '''E''') est α-[[aminoacidum]] formulae chemicae HOOC-CH(NH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)-(CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)2-COOH et simul unum aminoacidorum viginti formationis [[proteinum|proteinorum]] in [[organismus|organismis]]&lt;ref&gt;PubChem [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/33032 de acido glutamico].&lt;/ref&gt;. Forma iontibus onerata (sal acidi glutamici) '''glutamatum''' dicitur.

In organismo vivo acidum glutamicum vel glutamatum [[Neurotransmissor|neurotransmissoris]] vice in cerebro fungitur. Nam neurotransmissorum in [[Synapsis chemica|synapsibus]] excitantibus cerebri agentium frequentissimum invenitur, quae synapses glutaminergicae dicuntur (magis quam dimidia pars synapsium in cerebro).

== Natura chemica ==
Nomen [[IUPAC]] est acidum 2-amino-pentano-dioicum. 

&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:L-Glutamate Structural Formulae.png|Glutamatum, sal acidi glutamici, electrice oneratum.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Effectus in cerebro ==
=== De glutamati cyclo in synapsibus ===
In [[cerebrum|cerebro]] acidum glutamicum tamquam [[neurotransmissor]] principalis excitans abundat&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Meldrum B. S. |title=Glutamate as a neurotransmitter in the brain: review of physiology and pathology |journal=The journal of nutrition |year=2000 |volume=130 |issue=4S Suppl. |pages=1007S-15S |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10736372}}&lt;/ref&gt;. In extrema parte [[Neuron|neuronum]] praesynapticorum neurotransmissor glutamatum e [[Glutaminum|glutamino]] a [[Cellula glialis|cellulis glialibus]] emisso et a transportatore SAT2 intra cellulam praesynapticam immisso elaboratur. Nam in [[Mitochondrium|mitochondriis]] [[enzymum]] [[Glutaminasis|glutaminasis]] glutaminum in glutamatum convertit quod deinde per [[Transportator glutamati|transportatorem VGLUT]] in [[vesicula|vesiculas]]  insinuatur quae prope [[Membrana cellulae|membranam praesynapticam]] accumulantur. Cum [[Fluxus electricus|impulsibus electricis]] potentiae actionis glutamatum ex vesiculis praesynapticis in hiatum synapticum liberatur. Glutamatum per [[Aminum|transaminationem]] e [[Metabolitus|metabolito]] [[Cyclus acidi citrici|cycli acidi citrici]] quoque, hoc est ex α-cetoglutarato, in neuronibus produci potest cum [[glucosum]] [[Catabolismus|catabolizatur]].

[[Receptorium glutamati|Receptoria postsynaptica]]  glutamati moleculas ligant. Tria [[Receptorium neurotransmissoris|receptoria ionotropa]] acidi glutamici nota sunt ([[receptorium NMDA|NMDA]], [[receptorium AMPA|AMPA]], kainati). Illa receptoria canales aperiunt quae [[Cation|cationta]] omnis generis admittunt (sodium, potassium, atque NMDA etiam calcium) et potentiam posynapticam gignunt. Nota sunt etiam tria alia [[Receptorium neurotransmissoris|receptoria metabotropa]]. Signo ad cellulam postsynapticam transmisso glutamatum celeriter e rima synaptica per [[Transportator glutamati|transportatores EAAT]] exterminatur, qui transportatores tam in membrana cellularum glialium quam neuronum praesynapticorum inserti sunt. In cellulis glialibus enzymum ''glutaminum synthetasis'' glutamatum in glutaminum convertit. Hoc glutaminum deinde per transportatorem SN1 e fluxu iontico [[sodium|Na]]+ pendentem e cellula expellitur ac rursus a neurone praesynaptico per tansportatorem SAT2 captatur ut denuo glutamatum fiat ad signa chemica danda accomodatum.

[[Transportator glutamati|Transportatores speciales]], nominibus ''EAAT'' et ''VGLUT'', glutamatum liberum primum in [[cellula glialis|cellulam glialem]] propinquam absorbent, ab ea denique reabsorptio in cellulam neuronalem fit.

Substantiae antagonistae systematis glutamatergici ''anti-glutamatergicae'' nominantur (exemplum: [[memantinum]]).

=== Toxicitas ===
In coniunctione quidem cum quibusdam substantiis aliis acidum glutamicum damnum efficere potest&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Clark I. A., Vissel B. |title=Excess cerebral TNF causing glutamate excitotoxicity rationalizes treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and neurogenic pain by anti-TNF agents |journal=Journal of neuroinflammation |year=2016 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=236 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27596607}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Neurotransmissor]]
* [[Receptorium glutamati]]
* [[Systema excitans reticulare ascendens]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://books.google.de/books?id=BOWoBgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA19&amp;dq=acidum+glutamicum&amp;hl=de&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwiezPubpILkAhVML1AKHXXzDAkQ6AEIMzAC#v=onepage&amp;q=acidum%20glutamicum&amp;f=false Fons nominis Latini] {{Ling|Theodisce}}

[[Categoria:Acida aminica|G]]
[[Categoria:Neurotransmissores]]
[[Categoria:Systema glutamatergicum (glutamatum)|!]]</text>
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|+ '''Acidum glutamicum'''&lt;br /&gt;'''Glutamatum'''
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Cognitores
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | ''[[ChemSpider]]'' || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.591.html 591]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[PubChem]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/33032 33032]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[DrugBank]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00142 DB00142]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Natura chemica
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:L-Glutaminsäure - L-Glutamic acid.svg|200px|Acidum glutamicum]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:L-Glutamic-acid-3D-balls.png|200px|Acidum glutamicum]]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Formula chemica|Formula summata]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | {{chem|C|5|H|9|N|O|4}}
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Massa molaris]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | 147.130 g/mol
|-
|}
'''&lt;small&gt;L&lt;/small&gt;-acidum glutamicum''' (abbreviatura [[IUPAC]]:'''Glu''' vel '''E''') est α-[[aminoacidum]] formulae chemicae HOOC-CH(NH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)-(CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)2-COOH et simul unum aminoacidorum viginti formationis [[proteinum|proteinorum]] in [[organismus|organismis]]&lt;ref&gt;PubChem [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/33032 de acido glutamico].&lt;/ref&gt;. In quibus proteinis [[Onus electricum|onere electrico]] negativo praeditum [[polymerum|monomerum]] [[acidum |acidum]] praebet. Forma iontibus onerata (sal acidi glutamici) '''glutamatum''' dicitur.

In organismo vivo acidum glutamicum vel glutamatum [[Neurotransmissor|neurotransmissoris]] vice in cerebro fungitur. Nam neurotransmissorum in [[Synapsis chemica|synapsibus]] excitantibus cerebri agentium frequentissimum invenitur, quae synapses glutaminergicae dicuntur (magis quam dimidia pars synapsium in cerebro).

== Natura chemica ==
Nomen [[IUPAC]] est acidum 2-amino-pentano-dioicum. 

&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:L-Glutamate Structural Formulae.png|Glutamatum, sal acidi glutamici, electrice oneratum.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Effectus in cerebro ==
=== De glutamati cyclo in synapsibus ===
In [[cerebrum|cerebro]] acidum glutamicum tamquam [[neurotransmissor]] principalis excitans abundat&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Meldrum B. S. |title=Glutamate as a neurotransmitter in the brain: review of physiology and pathology |journal=The journal of nutrition |year=2000 |volume=130 |issue=4S Suppl. |pages=1007S-15S |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10736372}}&lt;/ref&gt;. In extrema parte [[Neuron|neuronum]] praesynapticorum neurotransmissor glutamatum e [[Glutaminum|glutamino]] a [[Cellula glialis|cellulis glialibus]] emisso et a transportatore SAT2 intra cellulam praesynapticam immisso elaboratur. Nam in [[Mitochondrium|mitochondriis]] [[enzymum]] [[Glutaminasis|glutaminasis]] glutaminum in glutamatum convertit quod deinde per [[Transportator glutamati|transportatorem VGLUT]] in [[vesicula|vesiculas]]  insinuatur quae prope [[Membrana cellulae|membranam praesynapticam]] accumulantur. Cum [[Fluxus electricus|impulsibus electricis]] potentiae actionis glutamatum ex vesiculis praesynapticis in hiatum synapticum liberatur. Glutamatum per [[Aminum|transaminationem]] e [[Metabolitus|metabolito]] [[Cyclus acidi citrici|cycli acidi citrici]] quoque, hoc est ex α-cetoglutarato, in neuronibus produci potest cum [[glucosum]] [[Catabolismus|catabolizatur]].

[[Receptorium glutamati|Receptoria postsynaptica]]  glutamati moleculas ligant. Tria [[Receptorium neurotransmissoris|receptoria ionotropa]] acidi glutamici nota sunt ([[receptorium NMDA|NMDA]], [[receptorium AMPA|AMPA]], kainati). Illa receptoria canales aperiunt quae [[Cation|cationta]] omnis generis admittunt (sodium, potassium, atque NMDA etiam calcium) et potentiam posynapticam gignunt. Nota sunt etiam tria alia [[Receptorium neurotransmissoris|receptoria metabotropa]]. Signo ad cellulam postsynapticam transmisso glutamatum celeriter e rima synaptica per [[Transportator glutamati|transportatores EAAT]] exterminatur, qui transportatores tam in membrana cellularum glialium quam neuronum praesynapticorum inserti sunt. In cellulis glialibus enzymum ''glutaminum synthetasis'' glutamatum in glutaminum convertit. Hoc glutaminum deinde per transportatorem SN1 e fluxu iontico [[sodium|Na]]+ pendentem e cellula expellitur ac rursus a neurone praesynaptico per tansportatorem SAT2 captatur ut denuo glutamatum fiat ad signa chemica danda accomodatum.

[[Transportator glutamati|Transportatores speciales]], nominibus ''EAAT'' et ''VGLUT'', glutamatum liberum primum in [[cellula glialis|cellulam glialem]] propinquam absorbent, ab ea denique reabsorptio in cellulam neuronalem fit.

Substantiae antagonistae systematis glutamatergici ''anti-glutamatergicae'' nominantur (exemplum: [[memantinum]]).

=== Toxicitas ===
In coniunctione quidem cum quibusdam substantiis aliis acidum glutamicum damnum efficere potest&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Clark I. A., Vissel B. |title=Excess cerebral TNF causing glutamate excitotoxicity rationalizes treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and neurogenic pain by anti-TNF agents |journal=Journal of neuroinflammation |year=2016 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=236 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27596607}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Neurotransmissor]]
* [[Receptorium glutamati]]
* [[Systema excitans reticulare ascendens]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://books.google.de/books?id=BOWoBgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA19&amp;dq=acidum+glutamicum&amp;hl=de&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwiezPubpILkAhVML1AKHXXzDAkQ6AEIMzAC#v=onepage&amp;q=acidum%20glutamicum&amp;f=false Fons nominis Latini] {{Ling|Theodisce}}

[[Categoria:Acida aminica|G]]
[[Categoria:Neurotransmissores]]
[[Categoria:Systema glutamatergicum (glutamatum)|!]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Santones</title>
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      <text bytes="1636" sha1="ou0ilvs3apqmwat372i1atuij4adzw7" xml:space="preserve">'''Santones''' fuerunt antiquus populus [[Gallia|Gallicus]] stirpis [[Celtae|Celtarum]], [[lingua Gallica]] loquentes. A tempore [[bellum Gallicum|belli Gallici]] a [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Caesare]] annis fere a 58 ad [[51 a.C.n.]] gesti, populus vicinus sub [[imperium Romanum|imperio Romano]] comprehensi sunt. [[Civitas|Civitatem]] Santonum in [[Aquitania]] constituerunt, [[urbs|urbe]] [[caput (urbs)|capitali]] [[Mediolanum Santonum|Mediolano Santonum]]. [[Saeculum 4|Saeculo fere quatro]] [[p.C.n.]], [[dioecesis Santonensis]] [[Christianismus|ecclesiae Christianae]] constituta est, eisdem fere limitibus quibus civitas Gallica, Mediolano Santonum [[sedes episcopalis|sede episcopali]]. 

== Bibliographia ==
* Isabelle Bertrand, &quot;[https://www.academia.edu/2202732/Artisanat_et_habitat_dans_le_nord-ouest_de_l_Aquitaine_romaine_éléments_de_réflexion_à_partir_d_exemples_pictons_et_santons Artisanat et habitat dans le nord-ouest de l’Aquitaine romaine : éléments de réflexion à partir d’exemples pictons et santons]&quot; in Souen Fontaine et al., edd, ''La Ville au quotidien'' (Aquis Sextiis, 2011), pp. 25–42.
* Alain Michaud, ed., ''Histoire de Saintes''. Tolosae: Privat, 1989.
* Laurence Tranoy, [https://web.archive.org/web/20190915160938/http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/bib/portal/simulacraromae/libro/c12.pdf ''Mediolanum Santonum, Saintes : de la fondation à l’époque julio-claudienne.''] Roma. La época de la expansión exterior de Roma. Cartago. Alicante: Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes, 2007, p. 226.

{{Civitates trium Galliarum}}

[[Categoria:Civitates Imperii Romani]]
[[Categoria:Santones|!]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Renatus Andegavensis</title>
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      <text bytes="56891" sha1="lcqfjaqc2rfxb1gtwzsm8sdhkyf3464" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}

{{res|Renatus Andegavensis}} cognomento {{res|plene=Renatus Andegavensis Bonus|bonus}},&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Renatus ille, cognomine Bonus, Rex Neapolis et Siciliae, Dux Andegavensis, Comes Provinciae, filius fuit Ludovici III. Regis Neapolitani&quot;: Caspar Sagittarius, 1691 {{Google Books|N8tcAAAAcAAJ|p. 20}}&lt;/ref&gt; Francogallice ''René d'Anjou'' atque saepe ''le bon roi René'',&lt;ref&gt;&quot;madame Marguerite Danjou fille du bon roy Rene&quot;: Jean de Bourdigné, ''Hystoire agrégative des annales et cronicques d'Anjou'' {{Google Books|-f5TAAAAcAAJ|f. 166r}}&lt;/ref&gt; fuit nobilis [[Francia]]e qui etiam regna transmarina sibi vindicavit, videlicet [[Regnum Hierosolymitanum|Hierosolymitanum]], [[Regnum Neapolitanum|Neapolitanum]], [[Regnum Siciliae|Siculum]]. Filius fuit [[Ludovicus II (dux Andegavensis)|Ludovici II]] ducis [[Andecavensis|Andegavensis]] et [[Yolanda Aragoniae|Yolandae]] [[Aragonia|Aragonensis]]. Pater fuit [[Margarita Andegavensis|Margaritae Andegavensis]] reginae [[Anglia]]e. Neque [[Hierosolyma]]m neque [[Sicilia]]m unquam visitavit. [[Neapolis|Neapoli]] haud regnavit, nisi quod inter annos [[1437]] et [[1442]] in terris huius regni vano militabat. [[Francogallice]] de amore et de nobilitate scripsit. [[Ordo crescentis lunae|Ordinem crescentis lunae]] anno [[1448]] condidit.

== De vita ==
[[Fasciculus:Les Heures de Paris de Rene d'Anjou02 detail.jpg|thumb|[[Renatus (episcopus Andecavensis)|Sanctus Renatus]], episcopus aevo antiquo Andegavensis, cum effigie [[Ludovicus II (dux Andegavensis)|Ludovici II]] ducis nuper mortui, ex ''Horis Renati Andegavensis'' a &quot;{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Magister de Rohan|magistro de Rohan|fr|qid=Q744415}}&quot; ornatis (''Heures de René d'Anjou, roi de Sicile''. [[Bibliotheca Nationalis Francica|BNF]] MS. Lat. 1156 A, olim Cangé 61, f. 61r)&lt;ref&gt;[https://archivesetmanuscrits.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cc134533 Catalogus]&lt;/ref&gt;]]

=== Iuventus ===
Renatus die fere [[16 Ianuarii]] [[1409]]&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f31 vol. 1 pp. 3-4]&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; in [[castellum Andegavense|castello Andegavensi]] natus est ubi pater, qui ante decem annos e Neapoli expulsus erat, ducatum suum Andecavensem gubernabat. Praenomen ad honorem sancti episcopi Andegavensis [[Renatus (episcopus Andecavensis)|Renati]] datum est. Frater natu maximus [[Ludovicus III (dux Andegavensis)|Ludovicus]] haeres fuerit tam huius ducatus quam [[comitatus Provinciae]]; soror natu maior [[Maria Andegavensis|Maria]] anno 1413 desponsa est [[Carolus VII (rex Francorum)|Carolo]] comiti Pontievriae, cui Renatus annis insequentibus contubernalis erat dum Carolus (rex Francorum futurus) sub Yolandae tutela vivebat. Patre anno 1417 mortuo, Renatus breve temporis spatium cum matre fratribusque Caroloque remansit, sed sponsalia eius cum [[Isabella (ducissa Lotharingiae)|Isabella]] [[Lotharingia]]e die [[20 Martii]] [[1419]] conventa sunt e consiliis coniunctis Yolandae matris suae et [[Ludovicus I (dux Barri)|Ludovici]], Yolandae avunculi, cardinalis episcopi ducisque [[Barrum|Barri]]. Ergo [[Nanceium|Nancei]] a die [[10 Augusti]] [[1419|huius anni]]&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f81 vol. 1 pp. 53-59]&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; apud illam socrumque [[Carolus II (dux Lotharingiae)|Carolum]] ducem educatus est in prisco [[castellum ducale (Nanceium)|castello ducali]] (quod nepos [[Renatus II (dux Lotharingiae)|Renatus II]] stilo novo reconstruxerit).

Isabellam Nancei die [[24 Octobris]] [[1420]] in matrimonium duxit, obeunte [[Henricus de Villa|Henrico de Villa]] episcopo [[Tullum Leucorum|Tullensi]]. Ludovicus Barrensis gubernium ducatus sui anno fere 1420 Renato et Isabellae confidit. Mariam Renati sororem Carolus Valesius anno 1422 in matrimonium duxit eodemque anno apud [[Avaricum Biturigum|Bituriges]] se regem Francorum proclamavit. [[Anglia|Anglis]] devictis et e maiori Franciae parte expulsis, Carolus tandem die [[17 Iulii]] [[1429]] rex consecratus est in [[ecclesia cathedralis Remensis|ecclesia cathedrali Remensi]], Renato cum aliis regni nobilibus adstante. Die [[15 Augusti]] [[1429|huius anni]] Renatus exercitum suum iuxta copias Francicas contra Anglos ad [[Mons Speculatorius|Montem Speculatorium]] duxit, ubi tandem proelium nullum commissum est.

Ludovico duce mortuo, Renatus ducatum Barri die [[26 Iunii]] [[1430]] accepit. Socro mortuo anno 1431 iure uxoris dux Lotharingiae factus est, sed hunc ducatum in pace non tenebat: [[Antonius (comes Vaudimontii)|Antonius]] enim comes [[Vaudimontium|Vaudimontii]], qui, semel a Renato anno [[1425]] in obsidione [[Wizilium|Wizilii]] devicto, rursus ducatum Lotharingiensem sibi vindicabat atque iam socio [[Philippus Bonus|Philippo]] [[ducatus Burgundiae|Burgundo]] bellum gerebat, Renatum die [[2 Iulii]] [[1431]] proelio cepit et Philippo statim tradidit, aemulo familiae Andecavensium fere sempiterno.

=== Captivitas Burgundica ===
Renatus primum in castello [[Mons Talenti|montis Talenti]] prope [[Divio]]nem, mox in arce [[Bracon (Iura)|Bracone]], deinde ad [[Rochefort-sur-Nenon|Rochefort]] prope [[Dola]]m incarceratus est, denuo in [[castellum Divionense|castello Divionensi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f93 vol. 1 pp. 65-66, 81-95]&lt;/ref&gt; Ibi Philippus captivum suum primum die [[16 Februarii]] [[1432]] visitavit. Licentiam exeundi die [[1 Maii]] [[1432|huius anni]] concedit: Renatus autem filios [[Ioannes Andegavensis|Ioannem]] et [[Ludovicus (filius Renati Andegavensis)|Ludovicum]] loco suo tradere coactus est. [[Bruxellae|Bruxellis]] die [[13 Februarii]] [[1433]], praeside Philippo, induciae temporariae inter Renatum et Antonium compositae sunt per sponsalia Ferrici, huius filii, cum Yolanda, filia illius (e quo Antonii nepos futurus heres Lotharingiae fuerit): deinde patres, usque adhuc inimici, ad pacem Lotharingiae reddendam socii laboraverunt. Renatus mense Ianuario [[1434]] Carolum regem [[Vienna]]e in [[delphinatus Viennensis|delphinatu]], Februario [[Amadeus VIII (dux Sabaudiae)|Amadeum VIII]] ducem [[Ducatus Sabaudiae|Sabaudiae]] incurrit filiumque eius [[Ludovicus (dux Sabaudiae)|Ludovicum]] cuius matrimonium eis diebus [[Camberiacum|Camberiaci]] in urbe celebratum est.

Mox cum Antonio [[Basilea]]e progressus est ubi de hereditate ducatus Lotharingiae praeside imperatore [[Sigismundus Luxemburgicus|Sigismundo]] disputaverunt, Renato victore. Ducatum suum manibus imperatoris in [[ecclesia cathedralis Basileensis|cathedrali Basileensi]] die [[24 Aprilis]] [[1434]] rite accepit. Quam rem aegre ferens Philippus Burgundus, qui decretum de Lotharingia sibi Bruxellis reservaverat, captivum exemptum statim in carcerem Divionensem revocavit et duos annos retinuerit, filio natu maximo Ioanne minime liberato. Renatus interdum dux Andegavensis comesque [[Cenomanensis]] et [[comitatus|Provinciae]] die [[12 Novembris]] [[1434]] factus est, fratre Ludovico hoc die mortuo. Eodem casu [[regnum Neapolitanum]] mox accepit, cuius regina [[Ioanna II (regina Neapolitana)|Ioanna II]], filiis carens, [[Alphonsus V (rex Aragonum)|Alphonso Aragonensi]] &quot;Magnifico&quot; breviter ad hereditatem accepto denuoque reiecto, Ludovicum Andegavensem haeredem anno 1431 constituerat. Ioanna enim die [[2 Februarii]] [[1435]] mortem obiit.

[[Fasciculus:Les Heures de Paris de Rene d'Anjou03.jpg|thumb|Renatus Andegavensis barbatus (sicut in carcere Burgundo iacebat) precans, ex ''Horis Renati Andegavensis'' a &quot;magistro de Rohan&quot; ornatis (''Heures de René d'Anjou, roi de Sicile''. [[Bibliotheca Nationalis Francica|BNF]] MS. Lat. 1156 A, olim Cangé 61, f. 81v)&lt;ref&gt;[https://archivesetmanuscrits.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cc134533 Catalogus]&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Qui carcerem dux Barri et Lotharingiae intraverat, plurimos titulos gerens (Ioanna enim se reginam Hierosolymae, Siciliae et Hungariae praetenderat) ibi iacebat, quippe qui, mente captoris, redemptionem sumptuosiorem meruerit. De fortuna sua Neapolitana Renatus, stricte inclusus, a consiliario [[Vitalis de Cabanis|Vitale de Cabanis]] iuris consulto Provinciali certior factus est. Die [[27 Octobris]] [[1435|huius anni]] eruditus [[Petrus Candidus Decembrius]], [[Philippus Maria Vicecomes]] [[Ducatus Mediolanensis|ducis]] [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]] legatus, de foedere quaerens Renatum visitavit. Hic nihil palam dicere temptans, vigilum Burgundorum causa, colloquia postridie inter consiliarium secretum suum [[Iacobus de Sierck|Iacobum de Sierck]] (archiepiscopum futurum) Candidumque Decembrium fieri suasit. Tali severitate agens Philippus diu cessionem [[ducatus Barrensis]] vano postulabat.&lt;ref&gt;''El re Rayneri non pote heri parlare como desiderava per li guardii cha dintorno ... El duca de Borgogna, lassato el parentato del re di Francia, si cerca el parentato del dito re Rayneri, per havere el ducato di Barri'': relatio [[Petrus Candidus Decembrius|Petri Candidi Decembrii]] apud {{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6460820b/f240 vol. 2 pp. 220-222]&lt;/ref&gt; Ultimo [[Insula (urbs Franciae)|Insulae]] in urbe die [[7 Februarii]] [[1437]] dominia minora plura, magnum pretium pecuniarium, sponsalia neptis suae [[Maria Borbonia (1428–1448)|Mariae Borboniae]] accepit cum Renati filio Ioanne,&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f148 vol. 1 pp. 120-128]&lt;/ref&gt; qui Divione incarceratus manebat.

Mater Yolanda iam ante annum 1435 ducatum Andecavensem dirigebat, loco Ludovici ducis qui in Italia moraverat. Uxor Isabella, titulo vicariae generalis a marito captivo die [[4 Iunii]] [[1435]] dato, gubernium Lotharingiae episcopis [[Conradus Bayerus de Boppardo|Conrado Bayero]] [[Mettis|Mettensi]] et [[Ludovicus de Haraucurte|Ludovico de Haraucurte]] [[Virodunum|Virodunensi]] confidit.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f138 vol. 1 pp. 110-114]&lt;/ref&gt; [[Neapolis|Neapolim]] die [[18 Octobris]] [[1435]] progressa est cum filio natu secundo Ludovico.&lt;ref&gt;Augustin Calmet, ''Histoire ecclésiastique et civile de Lorraine'' (1728) vol. 2 {{Google Books|j0pP_MDm90IC|col. 790}}; {{qc|id=Russo (2016)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibi {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Castellum Capuanum||it|qid=Q858940}} sibi domum principalem constituit, sed non sine aemulo regnum pro marito suscepit. Alphonsus enim, iam Aragoniam et Siciliam possidens, sibi titulum regni Neapolitani nuper amissum vindicabat. Mense Augusto captus et incarceratus a duce [[Mediolanum|Mediolanensi]] [[Philippus Maria Vicecomes|Philippo Maria Vicecomite]], mense Octobri 1435 liberatus est ut Neapolim conquisiverit, annutante captore quem rapidissime in socium converterat. Isabella igitur cum militibus suis exercituque ab [[Iacobus Caldora|Iacobo Caldora]] duce [[Barium|Barii]] conductis bellum contra Alphonsum gerebat. Die [[25 Februarii]] [[1437]] foedus cum [[Genua|Genuensibus]] concludit, qui nuper sibi a ducatu Mediolanensi libertatem proclamaverant. Mense Aprili [[1437]] advenit [[Ioannes Maria Vitelleschi]] cardinalis, auxilia a papa [[Eugenius IV|Eugenio IV]] missa ducens, sed, paucis rebus factis, dissonantiis cum Isabella Iacoboque Caldora ortis, mox abiit.

=== Regnum Neapolitanum amissum ===
Renatus ipse die [[7 Februarii]] [[1437]] liberatus terras suas rapidius visitavit. Gubernium Lotharingiae et Barrensis binis episcopis cum Erardo de Chastelet confidit. Filium Ioannem e carcere ipse redemit, ducem [[Calabria]]e creavit, secum ad urbem [[Andecavis|Andecavorum]] conduxit ubi matrimonium eius (nuper Insulae in urbe convento) celebratum est.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Villeneuve (1825)}} [https://archive.org/details/histoirederendan01vill/page/234/mode/2up vol. 1 p. 234-235]; Augustin Calmet, ''Histoire ecclésiastique et civile de Lorraine'' (1728) vol. 2 {{Google Books|j0pP_MDm90IC|col. 805}}; ''[http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/ANJOU,%20MAINE.htm#JeanAnjoudied1470 Medlands]''&lt;/ref&gt; Inde mense Iulio villam regiam de [[Gyen]] petivit ubi rex Carolus VII degebat. Ibi Renatus privatim cum sorore [[Maria Andegavensis|Maria]] regina et fratre natu tertio [[Carolus Andegavensis|Carolo]], consiliario regis, de comitatu Cenomanensi ad Carolum transferendo atque de rebus aulicis a Carolo curandis die [[2 Augusti]] [[1437|eiusdem anni]] statuit.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f159 vol. 1 pp. 131-132]&lt;/ref&gt; Deinde res Barrenses et Lotharingienses corrigere curavit, pace cum Antonio Vaudimontii iterum compacta. Mense Novembri Provinciam petivit (quam usque adeo nunquam viderat),&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Frizet (2009)}} nota 4&lt;/ref&gt; filio Ioanne nuroque Maria assistentibus, ubi inter ritos sollemnes festaque popularia die [[7 Decembris]] [[1437]] [[Arelate]] intravit, die 15 [[Massilia]]m, die 17 eiusdem mensis Aquis Sextiis. Propter tumultus contra [[Iudaei|Iudaeos]] a civibus huius urbis recenter iniuste motis [[consilium eminens]] a fratre [[Ludovicus III (dux Andegavensis|Ludovico]] Aquis Sextiis institutum [[Massilia]]m removi iussit.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Villeneuve (1825)}} [https://archive.org/details/histoirederendan01vill/page/240/mode/2up vol. 1 pp. 241-251]&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Fasciculus:Armes du roi rené d'anjou.jpg|thumb|Insignia Renati Andegavensis e ''Statutis Ordinis Crescentis Lunae'' ab illo anno [[1448]] conditae (''Statuts de l'Ordre du Croissant''. [[Bibliotheca Nationalis Francica|BNF]] MS. Fr. 25204 f. 52r)&lt;ref&gt;[https://archivesetmanuscrits.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cc53671s Catalogus]&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Renatus Ioannesque et Maria cum copiis suis, navibus sociorum Genuensium septem utentes (quarum tres mercede conduxerant), [[Genua]]m de [[15 Aprilis]] [[1438]], inde {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Portus Pisanus|Portum Pisanum|it|qid=Q3909173}}, inde Neapolim die [[19 Maii]] [[1438|proximo]] pervenerunt.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f191.image vol. 1 pp. 161-166]&lt;/ref&gt; Ibi ducem exercituum iam senem Iacobum Caldora primum cognovit, quem &quot;loco patris&quot; se honorare nuntiavit,&lt;ref&gt;''Diaria Neapolitana'' [https://archive.org/details/RerumItalicarumScriptores21/page/n588/mode/2up col. 1108]&lt;/ref&gt; et uxorem filiumque Ludovicum post multos annos revidit. Ludovicum statim Nanceium misit, titulis marchionis [[Pons Montionis|Pontis Montionis]] et gubernatoris [[comitatus Barrensis]], mox etiam ducatus Lotharingiae locum tenentis.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Russo (2016)}}; ''[http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/ANJOU,%20MAINE.htm#LouisAnjoudied1444 Medlands]''&lt;/ref&gt; Alphonsus cum fratre [[Petrus Aragonensis|Petro]] bellum gerens, castella Neapolitana [[castellum novum (Neapolis)|novum]] et [[castellum Ovi|Ovi]] iam possidens, die [[17 Octobris]] [[1438]] ipsam urbem Neapolim cepit, fratre in obsidione interfecto. Renatus post duos menses urbem, mense Augusto [[1439]] etiam castella sibi vindicavit.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f204 vol. 1 pp. 174-180]&lt;/ref&gt; His annis per provincias vario successu pugnatum est. Iacobo Caldora mense Novembri [[1439]] in obsidione [[Collis (Campania)|Collis Samnitici]] mortuo, filius eius Antonius semper inconstans ad Alphonsum se iungit. Impensis crescentibus, victoria magis magisque incerta, Isabella a Neapoli die fere [[10 Augusti]] [[1440]] discedens, titulis vicariae generalis Provinciae Lotharingiaeque et Andecavensis munita, Massiliam petivit.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f214 vol. 1 pp. 184-199]; {{qc|id=Russo (2016)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Renatus deinde habitationem suam in Castello novo constituens ibi die [[28 Februarii]] [[1441|anni insequentis]] festa celebravit,&lt;ref&gt;Oren J. Margolis, &quot;Cipriano de' Mari's Lucianic speech for René of Anjou (St-Dié, MS 37): humanism and diplomacy in Genoa and beyond&quot; in ''Renaissance Studies'' vol. 27 (2013) pp. 219-235 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/24420153 JSTOR]&lt;/ref&gt; sed a mense Februario [[1442]], Castello Ovi deperdito, nihil regni Neapolitani retinuit nisi Castellum novum mediamque urbem Neapolim, moeniis cinctam, ubi cives mox fame affligebantur. Renatus ex urbe capta die [[2 Iunii]] [[1442|huius anni]] recedere coactus est. Sic e regno exclusus itinere marino [[Portus Pisanus|Portum Pisanum]], inde [[Florentia]]m regressus est, ubi subsidia apud papam Eugenium IV iterum postulavit. Honoribus sed non militibus oneratus, ad [[Aquae Sextiae|Aquas Sextias]] mense Octobri pervenit, regno Neapolitano amissa.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f240 vol. 1 pp. 210-220]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Filiae Margaritae matrimonium ===
Dum [[Massilia]]e in Provincia res huius comitatus iuxta Isabellam uxorem corrigebat, mater [[Yolanda Aragoniae|Yolanda]], qui locum tenens ducatum Andecavensem pro filio suo gubernabat, die [[14 Novembris]] [[1442]] mortua est.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f256 vol. 1 p. 226]&lt;/ref&gt; Quo ducatu his annis ab exercitu [[Anglia|Anglo]] minato, Renatus de pace cum Anglis componenda iam fortasse cogitabat. Ergo decretis Provincialibus Massiliae et [[Tarasco]]ne latis ad aulam regis Francici [[Carolus VII (rex Francorum)|Caroli VII]] cum Isabella properavit, qui, [[Guienna]] nuper devicta, mense Martio [[1443]] [[Tolosa]]e morabat cum regina [[Maria Andegavensis|Maria]] Renati sorore. Unde hi quattuor cum [[Carolus Aurelianensis|Carolo Aurelianensi]] (nuper e captivitate Anglica redempto) per [[Tulla]]m [[Pictavium]]que in ducatum [[Andecavensis|Andegavensem]] revenerunt. Ibi [[Chinonium|Chinonii]] die [[1 Decembris]] [[1443|huius anni]] [[Magdalena Valesia|Magdalena]], filia Mariae minima, nata erit.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f256 vol. 1 pp. 226-229]&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Fasciculus:Les Heures de Paris de Rene d'Anjou01 detail.jpg|thumb|Virgo lunae crescentis, ex ''Horis Renati Andegavensis'' a &quot;magistro de Rohan&quot; ornatis (''Heures de René d'Anjou, roi de Sicile''. [[Bibliotheca Nationalis Francica|BNF]] MS. Lat. 1156 A, olim Cangé 61, f. 18v)&lt;ref&gt;[https://archivesetmanuscrits.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cc134533 Catalogus]&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Anno insequenti e consiliis politicis praesertim Caroli ducis Aurelianensis ipsiusque Renati inter Francicos, [[Henricus Beaufort (cardinalis)|Henrici Beaufort]] cardinalis inter Anglos, pacem inter duas nationes componendam proiectum est. Die [[22 Maii]] [[1444]] per [[induciae Turonenses|inducias Turonenses]] conventa est, legatis Anglicis Henrico Beaufort et comite [[Suffolcia]]e [[Willelmus de la Pole|Willelmo de la Pole]] cum [[Adam Moleyns|Adamo Moleyns]] decano [[Wintonia|Wintoniensi]], pacem duos annos inter [[Francia|Francos]] et Anglos fore, provincias [[Andecavensis|Andecavensem]] [[Cenomanensis|Cenomanensemque]] regno Francico dandas, matrimonium regis Henrici VI cum [[Margarita Andegavensis|Margarita]] Renati filia, annum aetatis suae quidecimum agente, celebrandum. Illa dum colloquia tenebantur iam prope legatos cum matre in {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|abbatia Belli Montis prope Turones|abbatia|fr|qid=Q22994209}} [[Bellus Mons prope Turones|Belli Montis prope Turones]] manebat. Sponsalia [[Turonum|Turonis]] in [[basilica Sancti Martini Turonensis|basilica S. Martini]] die [[24 Maii|24]] [[1444|huius mensis]] rite celebratae sunt, obeunte legato apostolico [[Petrus de Monte|Petro de Monte]], adstante rege Francico [[Carolus VII (rex Francorum)|Carolo VII]], delphino [[Ludovicus XI|Ludovico]], patruo [[Carolus IV (comes Cenomanensis)|Carolo]], amita Maria regina. Renatus pater, tamquam rex Siciliae et Hierusalem, Carolusque rex Franciae, inter homines; Margarita, tamquam regina Angliae, Mariaque regina Franciae, inter mulieres aequis honoribus ad epulas consederunt.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f260 vol. 1 pp. 230-233]; &quot;Procès-verbal&quot; (narratio sponsalium) ibidem [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6460820b/f274.image vol. 2 pp. 254-257]; &quot;Mariage de Marguerite d'Anjou&quot; in Auguste Vallet de Viriville, ''Histoire de Charles VII, roi de France, et de son époque'' (Lutetiae, 1862-1865) [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k28987p/f469 vol. 2 pp. 453-454 in nota subiuncta]&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Mettis|Mettenses]], Renato subiecti, restitutionem pecuniarum eo iamdudum mutuatarum postulantes, ornamenta et impedimenta ceperunt quae Isabella ad matrimonium filiae suae celebrandum [[Pons Montionis|Ponte Montionis]] mitterat. Quae ut recuperarent Renatus et Carolus VII socii mense Septembri 1444 expeditionem fecerunt dieque [[3 Martii]] [[1445]] capitulationem urbis acceperunt. Matrimonium ergo Margaritae et Henrici [[Nanceium|Nancei]] mense Martio 1445 celebratum est cum magnificis {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|ludi equestres|ludis equestribus|fr|qid=Q736161}}. Adfuit et [[Ferricus II (comes Vaudimontii)|Ferricus Vaudimontii]], Antonii filius, cui diebus insequentibus Yolanda Renati filia natu maxima nupsit, saltationibus [[hastiludium|hastiludiisque]] tam pastoralibus quam militaribus datis. Territoriis suis late sparsis aegre rectis, Renatus gubernium Lotharingiae filio Ioanni, annum aetatis vigesimum primum agenti, confidit.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f263 vol. 1 pp. 233-244], [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6460820b/f169 vol. 2 pp. 149-150]&lt;/ref&gt; Filius Ludovicus hoc fere tempus (sed die etiamque anno incertis) mortuus est.

[[Fasciculus:Passion de saint Maurice - Arsenal940 - Assemblée de l'ordre du croissant.jpg|thumb|Congregatio equitum [[Ordo crescentis lunae|Ordinis crescentis lunae]]. ''Passio Mauritii et sociorum eius'' (1453). [[Bibliotheca Nationalis Francica|BNF]] MS. Arsénal 940 f. ante primum]]
Inde ad ducatum Andegavensem revenit, ubi anno [[1446]] hastiludia duo celebravit,&lt;ref&gt;Numerus hastiludiorum hoc anno celebratorum vario modo datur: tria enim fuerunt, videlicet Raziliaci, Launay, Salmurii, secundum Guillaume Bureaux, &quot;[https://journals.openedition.org/peme/12792 Pas d’armes et vide iconographique: quand le texte doit remplacer l’image (xve siècle)]&quot; in ''Perspectivess médiévales'' no. 38 (2017)&lt;/ref&gt; videlicet ''[[Emprise de la gueule du dragon]]'' ad villam {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Raziliacum||fr|qid=Q22941220}} iuxta [[Chinonium]] et ''{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Emprise du château de la joyeuse garde||fr|qid=Q18414134}}'' apud villam {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Launay prope Salmurium|Launay|fr|qid=Q2969674}} prope [[Salmurium]]&lt;ref&gt;Sébastien Nadot, &quot;Le manuscrit français F. p. XIV, no 4 de la Bibliothèque Nationale de Russie: Chronique illustrée des Pas de Razilly et de Saumur (1446)&quot; in S. Nadot, ''Le Spectacle des joutes'' (Redonis) pp. i-xiv [https://books.openedition.org/pur/134457 de hac commentatione]; Marc Vulson de la Colombière, ''Le vray théâtre d'honneur et de chevalerie'' (Lutetiae, 1648) [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k480023j/f107 vol. 1 pp. 81-106]; {{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6460820b/f166 vol. 2 pp. 146-147]&lt;/ref&gt; quam nuper uxori Isabellae dono dederat.

=== Debellatio Anglorum ===
Pax autem cum Anglis anno 1444 facta breve spatium tantum duraverat. Cessionem enim comitatus [[Cenomanensis]], de iure ducibus Andegavensibus obnoxii, quam rex Henricus VI verbis promiserat, non perficiebat. Colloquiis rursus [[Cenomanum|Cenomani]] mense Octobri [[1447]] habitis, comitatu nihilominus usque in mensem Martium [[1448]] ab Anglis retento, Carolus rex urbem Cenomanum obsedit comitatumque omnem armis reduxit et [[Carolus (comes Cenomanensis)|Carolo Andegavensi]] concedit, Renati fratri intimoque regis ipsius consiliario, heredi Cenomanensis e testamento fratris natu maximi.&lt;ref&gt;[[Willelmus Worcestre]], ''Collections'' in Joseph Stevenson, ed., ''Letters and papers illustrative of the wars of the English in France during the reign of Henry the Sixth'' (Londinii, 1861) [https://archive.org/details/letterspapersill22stev/page/n269/mode/2up vol. 2ii pp. 634-718]; {{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f278 vol. 1 pp. 248-252, 263]&lt;/ref&gt;

Renatus a mense Februario 1447 usque in Iulium 1449 in Provincia morabat. Ibi [[Ludovicus XI (rex Francorum)|Ludovicus]] delphinus, qui in [[Dalfinatus Viennensis|territorio suo]] procul a patre se retraxerat, [[Tarasco]]ne eum petivit dum [[peregrinatio Sanctae Mariae de Mari|peregrinationem]] [[ecclesia Sanctae Mariae de Mari|Sanctae Mariae de Mari]] absolvebat. De hoc loco sacro explorando consentierunt, sed non de politica contra regem Carolum coniunctione. Renatus ergo anno insequenti effossiones in [[villa de Mari]] fieri iussit ubi reliquias sanctarum [[Maria Iacobi|Mariae Iacobi]] et [[Maria Salome|Mariae Salomae]] repertas nuntiatum est.&lt;ref&gt;Abbé Faillon, ''Monuments inédits sur l'apostolat de Sainte Marie-Madeleine en Provence'' (1848-1865) [http://jeanderoquefort.free.fr/6_1_4_abbe_faillon.html Textus]&lt;/ref&gt; His annis episcopus [[Telo Martius|Telonensis]] [[Ioannes Gombard]] episcopusque [[Massilia|Massiliensis]] [[Nicolaus de Brancas]], legati eius, cum legatis Caroli VII per [[Lugdunum]] [[Roma]]m missi sunt ut [[schisma]] terminare conarentur, quae res die [[7 Aprilis]] [[1449]] efficitur.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f283 vol. 1 pp. 253-257]&lt;/ref&gt; Tarascone a die 3 usque in [[8 Iunii]] [[1449]] [[hastiludium]] celebravit, titulo ''[[Pas de la bergère]]'', cuius victor Ferricus Vaudimontii gener Renati praemium basiarum accepit.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Crapelet (1828)}}; {{qc|id=Quatrebarbes (1843-1846)}} {{GB|GRhtnj1X-PcC|vol. 2 p. 43 sqq.}}; {{qc|id=Frizet (2009)}}; {{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6460820b/f167 vol. 2 pp. 147-149]&lt;/ref&gt;

Ibidem iam die [[11 Augusti]] [[1448]] [[ordo crescentis lunae|Ordinem crescentis lunae]] condiderat,&lt;ref&gt;''Statuts de l'Ordre du Croissant'' [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8470042b Manuscriptum]&lt;/ref&gt; exemplo [[ordo Aurei Velleris|Ordine aurei velleris]] aemulorum [[ducatus Burgundiae|Burgundorum]], cuius equites maxima parte Renati milites et fautores necnon clientes fuerint. Capitulum primum huius ordinis Tarascone die [[22 Septembris]] [[1448|eiusdem anni]] tenuit, senatore primo {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Guido de Valle (dominus Laudiaci)|Guidone de Valle|fr|qid=Q3121866}} domino [[Laudiacum|Laudiaci]], senatoribus insequentibus Renato ipso, [[Ioannes Cossa|Ioanne Cossa]] Italo, [[Ludovicus de Bello Valle|Ludovico de Bello Valle]] patruoque huius [[Bertrandus de Bello Valle|Bertrando]] Andegavensibus.&lt;ref&gt;Christian de Mérindol, &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20250123231956/https://www.torrossa.com/en/catalog/preview/2254857 L'Ordre du croissant: mises au point et perspectives]&quot; in Jean-Michel Matz, Noël Coulet, edd., ''La Noblesse dans les territoires angevins à la fin du Moyen Âge'' (École Française de Rome, 2000) pp. 499-509; Michael T. Reynolds, &quot;[https://www.academia.edu/3316843/René_of_Anjou_King_of_Sicily_and_the_order_of_the_Croissant René of Anjou, King of Sicily, and the Order of the Croissant]&quot; in ''Journal of Medieval History'' vol. 19 (1993) pp. 125–161; {{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f560 vol. 1 pp. 530-536]&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Fasciculus:René d'Anjou.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|''Comment le roy de Cecille vint devers le feu roy en Normandie'': Renatus &quot;rex Siciliae&quot;, regis Caroli VII socius, milites suos in expeditionem [[Normannia|Normannicam]] anno [[1449]] ducens. [[Martialis de Arvernia]], ''Vigilia Caroli VII'', 1484 ([[Bibliotheca Nationalis Francica|BNF]] Fr. 5054 f. 171r [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b105380390 Catalogus])]]
Renatus filiusque Ioannes a mense Octobri [[1449]] cum [[Carolus VII (rex Francorum)|Carolo]] rege in [[Normannia]] contra Anglos militaverunt, qui pacem abrumpens [[Filiceriae|Filicerias]] ceperant. Socii in [[Rothomagus|Rothomagum]] die [[10 Novembris]] [[1449|huius anni]] sine proelio recepti [[Cadomum]] die [[6 Iulii]] [[1450]] post obsidionem ceperunt.&lt;ref&gt;[[Aegidius Le Bouvier|Gilles Le Bouvier]], ''Le Recouvrement de Normendie'' in Joseph Stevenson, ed., ''Narratives of the expulsion of the English from Normandy, 1449-1450'' (Londinii, 1863) [https://archive.org/details/narrativesofexpu00stev/page/286/mode/2up pp. 287-359 passim]; {{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f288 vol. 1 pp. 258-261]&lt;/ref&gt; Renatus rursus mense Augusto [[1451]] [[Talleburgum|Talleburgi]] in urbe regionis [[Santonensis]] cum Carolo collocutus est, qui [[Guienna]]m ab Anglis eo anno munitam oppugnabat, bono successu. Hic apud [[Turonum|Turones]] aliquot menses, ille [[Andecavis]] in urbe haud longe distante morabat ut colloquia continuare possent. Mense Februario [[1452]] Renatus Provinciam petivit sed cito in ducatum Andegavensem reditus est ubi uxor Isabella apud Launay aegrotabat. Quae die [[28 Februarii]] [[1453]] mortua est. Viduus ducatum Lotharingiae, quem iure uxoris gubernaverat, filio Ioanni die [[26 Martii]] [[1453|eiusdem anni]] cedit, consignantibus Antonio et Ferrico Vaudimontii.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f291 vol. 1 pp. 261-265]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Expeditio Italica secundumque matrimonium ===
[[Fasciculus:Regnault et Jehanneton BNF colophon.jpg|thumb|Ultima pagina carminis ''Regnault et Jeanneton'' ubi personae huius fabulae per insignia Renato et [[Ioanna de Valle|Ioannae de Valle]] amatae adaequantur. Exemplar saec. XIX manuscripti saec. XV ([[Bibliotheca Nationalis Francica|BNF]] Fr. 12178)]]
His diebus [[Florentia|Florentini]] et [[Mediolanum|Mediolanenses]], quippe qui potestatem Alphonsi Magnifici metuebant, novam expeditionem Italicam suaserunt apud Carolum regem, qui, [[Genua]]m sibi subigere cupiens, in castello suo [[Plessiacum prope Turones|Montiliorum]] die [[21 Februarii]] [[1452]] foedus concludit quo non ipse sed filius Ludovicus delphinus sociusque Renatus expeditionem anno insequenti susceperint ad Genuenses Venetosque, Alphonsi socios, debellandos. Renatus nihil ex hoc foedere habuerit nisi his rebus prospere factis milites sui meridiei versus regnum Neapolitanum conquisiverint. Renatus ergo mense Iulio 1453 ab [[Aquae Sextiae|Aquis Sextiis]] per [[Segustero]]nem usque ad [[Vapincum]] cum equitum fere duo milia progressus est, sed, [[Transitus Alpium|transitu Alpino]] a [[ducatus Sabaudiae|Sabaudis]] interdictis, Massiliam redire coactus est. Trans mare [[Albintimilium]], inde per [[Hasta Pompeia|Hastam Pompeiam]], [[Alexandria Statiellorum|Alexandriam]], [[Papia]]m, [[Cremona]]m pervenit ubi copias suas cum sociis coniunxit. [[Brixia]]m statim oppugnaverunt, olim Mediolano subiectam, recenter a Venetis captam. Urbem pagumque Brixianum rapidissime conquisiverunt, sed sub pluviis hiemalibus plura non potebant. Florentini (qui, sicut Renatus, adeo nihil profecerant) subsidia promissa retraxerunt pacemque adiuvante papa [[Nicolaus V|Nicolao V]] peterunt. Renatus, qui [[Placentia]]e mense Decembri morabat, de his colloquiis iratus, statim per Alexandriam [[Alba Pompeia|Albamque Pompeiam]] et [[Mons Matrona|montem Matronam]] (Sabaudis permittentibus) Aquas Sextias die fere [[9 Februarii]] [[1454]] revenit, a pluribus tam Italis quam Francis contemptus.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f300 vol. 1 pp. 270-287]&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Fasciculus:Pietro da milano, medaglia di renato d'angiò, 1461.JPG|thumb|upright=1.25|&lt;small&gt;RENATVS . DEI . GRAGIA . IHERVSALEM . ET . SICILIE . REX . &amp; . CETERA&lt;/small&gt;: effigies a Petro Milanensi anno 1461 sculpta]]
Si poëtae res veras cantitant, [[Ioanna de Valle|Ioannam de Valle]], quam mox in matrimonium duxerit, iam ante expeditionem Italicam aut cognoverat aut per effigiem conspexerat. Carmine enim allegorico, titulo ''Regnault et Jeanneton'' (ut qui diceret &quot;Renatus et Ioanna&quot;) de hoc amore et de itinere transalpino hiemali refertur:
::''Mon cuer dès lors vous donnay'' ...&lt;br/&gt;
:::''Que force fut''&lt;br/&gt;
::''Seulement au rapport qu'il eut''&lt;br/&gt;
::''De vostre beauté, tant que peut,''&lt;br/&gt;
::''Vous amer''
(&quot;Cor meum statim tibi dedi ... quod de forma tua certius factum te amare quo melius coactum est&quot;); etiam
::''Par quoy me convint estre duit''&lt;br/&gt;
::''De passer les haulx mons sans bruit''&lt;br/&gt;
:::''Ne pour mourir''&lt;br/&gt;
::''En la nège et illec pourrir''
(&quot;unde ductus sum altos montes silentiose transire ne mortuus illic putrefierem&quot;);
::''Mais delà les mons je laissay''&lt;br/&gt;
::''Mon avoir que plus ne garday''
(&quot;res meas&quot;, regnum scilicet Neapolitanum, &quot;ultra montes reliqui neque plura habebo&quot;). Quas sollicitudines non a solo ''Regnault'' confitentur, sed et a [[Franciscus I Sfortia|Francisco Sfortia]] duce Mediolanensi referuntur, qui mense Decembri &quot;bidui itinere Placentiam profectus, causamque regii discessus percontatus, reperit esse levem ac paene puerilem, quod ... sola muliebri cura in tanta rerum actione movebatur&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Ioannes Simoneta, ''Rerum gestarum Francisci Sfortiae libri'' [https://archive.org/details/RerumItalicarumScriptores21/page/n358/mode/1up ed. 1732 coll. 661-662 in nota subiuncta]; {{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f327 vol. 1 pp. 297-301]&lt;/ref&gt; Certe mense Augusto 1454 in ducatum Andegavensem reditus statim senatores tres Ordinis crescentis lunae, videlicet {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Guido de Valle (dominus Laudiaci)|Guidonem dominum Laudiaci|fr|qid=Q3121866}}, [[Ludovicus de Bello Valle|Ludovicum]] et [[Bertrandus de Bello Valle|Bertrandum de Bello Valle]] ad [[Guido XIV (comes de Valle)|Guidonem comitem de Valle]] Ioannae patrem misit ut de matrimonio concordent. Die [[10 Septembris]] [[1454|eiusdem anni]] in [[abbatia Sancti Nicolai (Andecavis)|abbatia Sancti Nicolai]] Andecavis in urbe nuptiis se iunxerunt.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f325 vol. 1 pp. 295-308]&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Fasciculus:Díptico Matheron..JPG|thumb|upright=2|Renatus Andegavensis uxorque secunda [[Ioanna de Laval]]. &quot;Diptychon Matheron&quot; a [[Nicolaus Froment|Nicolao Froment]] anno c. 1475 factum ([[Museum Lupariense]] [[Lutetia]]e)]]
Nutrice Renati sororisque [[Maria Andegavensis|Mariae]] anno [[1459]] mortua, Renatus sepulturam in [[ecclesia Nostrae Dominae de Andiliaco|ecclesia Nostrae Dominae]] de [[Andiliacum|Andiliaco]] [[Salmurium|Salmurii]] suburbio erigere curavit, carmine inscripto quod incipit:
::''Ci gist la nourrice Thiephaine''&lt;br/&gt;
::''La Magine, qui ot grant paine''&lt;br/&gt;
::''A nourrir de let en enfance''&lt;br/&gt;
::''Marie d'Anjou royne de France''&lt;br/&gt;
::''Et apres son frere René ...''&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f34.image vol. 1 pp. 6-7]&lt;/ref&gt;
(&quot;Hic iacet nutrix Typhaena ''La Magine'' quae summa cura infantes Mariam Andegavensem Franciae reginam fratremque Renatum lacte suo nutrivit ...&quot;) In Provincia rursus a mense Martio [[1457]] morabat, ubi expeditionem Italicam iterum praeparavit, non suam sed a filio [[Ioannes Andegavensis|Ioanne]] susceptam. Qui de regno Neapolitano, sicut pater, bellum multos annos vano gesserit. Inde anno [[1461]] ad [[Genua]]m revenit, suadente rege Carolo VII, ut hanc civitatem ad societatem Francicam revocaret. Renatus eodem tempore naves bellicas cohortemque militum a [[Massilia]] Genuam conduxit, ubi die [[17 Iulii]] [[1461|huius anni]] adveniens nihil potuit nisi refugos exercituum Francici Neapolitanique, nuper devictos, in naves suas recipere.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f357 vol. 1 pp. 327-330]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ultimi anni ===
[[Fasciculus:Nicola Froment, Triptych of the Burning Bush, 1475, Aix-en-Provence, Church Saint-Sauveur.jpg|thumb|upright=2|&quot;[[Triptychon rubi ardentis]]&quot; a [[Nicolaus Froment|Nicolao Froment]] anno 1475 factum. Renatus Andegavensis uxorque Ioanna de Laval ad genua procumbentes ([[Ecclesia cathedralis Aquissextiensis|Ecclesia cathedralis S. Salvatoris Aquissextiensis]])]]
Rex Carolus, sub cuius imperio Renatus ducatum suum tenuit, cui insuper fidelis consiliarius amicusque a iuventute erat, die 22 eiusdem mensis mortuus est. Successor [[Ludovicus XI (rex Francorum)|Ludovicus XI]], olim delphinus, Renatum aliosque nobiles patris socios e consiliis suis statim removit.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f357 vol. 1 pp. 331-337, 342-345]&lt;/ref&gt; Tandem hoc modo bellum civile evocavit ducesque antea inter se inimicos in foederationem &quot;[[foederati de bono publico|de bono publico]]&quot; (ita nuncupatam) sibi coniungere coëgit, videlicet [[Carolus Temerarius|Carolum comitem Carolensem]] (ducis [[ducatus Burgundiae|Burgundiae]] filius), [[Carolus (dux Biturigum)|Carolum ducem Biturigum]] (Ludovici ipsius fratrem), [[Ioannes II (dux Borboniae)|Ioannem ducem Borboniae]], Ioannem Renati filium ducem [[Lotharingia]]e, [[Franciscus II (dux Britanniae)|Franciscum]] ducem [[Britannia Minor|Britanniae]], alios nonnullos, quos aegre debellavit. Neque Renatus neque filius Carolus dux Cenomanensis se illis iunxerant.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f386 vol. 1 pp. 356-366]&lt;/ref&gt; Nobiles [[Catalonia]]e consiliumque urbis [[Barcino]]nis anno [[1466]] Renatum appellaverunt ad regnum [[Aragonia]]e comitatumque Barcinonensem contra [[Ioannes II (rex Aragoniae)|Ioannem II]] capienda, id quod facere volens filium Ioannem generumque Ferricum suo loco misit, qui anno insequenti vano in Aragoniam arma intulerunt. Ipse autem bellum in Franciscum Britanniae ducem Carolumque ducem Biturigum renovabat et [[Ancenisium|Ancenisii]] ad pacem die [[10 Septembris]] [[1468]] coëgit. Haec suadente rege Ludovico perfecit, qui eo titulum vicarii generalis Andegavensis Cenomanensis Britanniaeque Minoris attribuerat&lt;ref name=&quot;Catalonia Britannia Burgundia&quot;&gt;{{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f396 vol. 1 pp. 366-379]&lt;/ref&gt; laudesque die [[28 Ianuarii]] [[1469]] dum [[Montilia prope Turones|Montiliis]] morabat his verbis expressit:
:Cum itaque, ingruentibus plurimis divisionibus, guerris, bellis plus quam civilibus ac sedicionibus intestinis, que ab aliquibus annis citra regnum nostrum totamque rem publicam regni invaserunt, unus inter preclaros principes inventus est, qui nullo pacto nullaque racione impelli potuit ut a fidelitate tociusque rei publice tuicione regieque nostre corone zelo minime secederet: is est carissimus avunculus noster, quem merito patrem nostrum dixerimus, serenissimus Renatus, Jherusalem, Sicilie et Arragonum rex, Andegavie, Barri, etc. dux, comes Provincie, etc., qui indomita constancia, invicta fidelitate, rectissima voluntate optimus princeps quoad potuit hujus regni antiquam tamen et summam dignitatem observavit, maxima in reverencia habuit, semper magnifecit, in precipiciumque ruituram erexit.&lt;ref&gt;[[Ludovicus XI|Ludovici XI]] litterae patentes [[28 Ianuarii]] [[1469]]: {{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6460820b/f352 vol. 2 pp. 332-334] (orthographia mediaevali servata)&lt;/ref&gt;

In Provincia ab anno [[1471]] sine interruptione habitabat. [[Aquae Sextiae|Aquis Sextiis]] die [[10 Iulii]] [[1480]] mortuus,&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f409 vol. 1 pp. 379-428]&lt;/ref&gt; sua voluntate in [[ecclesia cathedralis Andecavensis|ecclesia cathedrali Andecavensi]] sepultus est.

== De Renato scriptore et patrono ==
Carmen titulo ''Regnault et Janneton'', quo anno circiter 1454 amores Renati [[Ioanna de Valle|Ioannaeque de Valle]] sicut pastorum bucolicorum enarrantur, non a Renato ipso sed a poëta aulico scriptum est. Coaevi nihilominus posterioresque satis multi rege ipso attribuerunt. Iam [[Georgius Castellanus]] in carmine [[aenigma]]tico ''Recollection des merveilleuses advenues'' ad hoc poëma alludit:
::''J'ai ung roi de Cecille''&lt;br/&gt;
::''Vu devenir berger,''&lt;br/&gt;
::''Et sa femme gentille''&lt;br/&gt;
::''De ce meme mestier''&lt;br/&gt;
::''Portant la pannetiere,''&lt;br/&gt;
::''La houlette et chappeau,''&lt;br/&gt;
::''Logeans sur la bruyere''&lt;br/&gt;
::''Auprès de leur trouppeau&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Chichmaref (1929)}} pp. 226-241&lt;/ref&gt;
(&quot;Regem Siciliae vidi qui pastor factus est et nobilem eius mulierem taliter corbem pedumque necnon mitellam gerentem, in saltu prope gregem morantes&quot;). Sed Renatus, iam opusculi de hastiludiis dirigendis ''Traité de la forme et devis comme on fait les tournois'' (1452)&lt;ref&gt;[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b84522067 Manuscriptum e scriptorio auctoris]&lt;/ref&gt; auctor, his annis opere morali ''Le Mortifiement de Vaine Plaisance'' oratione soluta (1455) fabulaque allegorica ''Le Livre du coeur d'amour épris'' (1457)&lt;ref&gt;[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b60005361 Manuscriptum e scriptorio auctoris]; [https://search.onb.ac.at/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=ONB_alma21302514430003338&amp;context=L&amp;vid=ONB&amp;lang=de_DE Manuscriptum Vindobonense: imprime &quot;Digitales Objekt&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt; composuit.&lt;ref name=&quot;Indoles&quot;&gt;{{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f458 vol. 1 pp. 428-433], [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f567 537-554]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Proles ==
[[Fasciculus:Memento homo.jpg|thumb|[[Mors]] coronam regiam induta verbaque monstrans &quot;[[Memento homo quia pulvis es et in pulverem reverteris]]&quot;. &quot;''Horae Egerton''&quot;, anno fere 1415 factae, anno fere 1443 iussu Renati Andegavensis novis imaginibus auctae ([[Bibliotheca Britannica|BL]] MS. Egerton 1070 f. 53) [http://searcharchives.bl.uk/IAMS_VU2:IAMS032-001984149 Catalogus]{{Nexus deficit|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ]]
E matrimonio cum [[Isabella (ducissa Lotharingiae)|Isabella]] [[Lotharingia]]e, quam die [[24 Octobris]] [[1420]] duxit, novem liberi nati sunt, videlicet:
* [[Ioannes Andegavensis|Ioannes]], natus die [[2 Augusti]] [[1424]], futurus marchio [[Pons Montionis|Pontis]] (fratri successor) duxque Lotharingiae
* [[Ludovicus (filius Renati Andegavensis)|Ludovicus]], natus die [[16 Octobris]] [[1427]], futurus marchio Pontis
* [[Yolanda Andegavensis|Yolanda]], nata die [[2 Novembris]] [[1428]], futura ducissa Lotharingiae
* [[Margarita Andegavensis|Margarita]], nata die [[24 Martii]] [[1430]], futura regina [[Anglia]]e
* Nicolaus (natus die [[2 Novembris]] [[1428]], Yolandae gemellus), Carolus (natus 1431), Isabella, Renatus, Anna (nata 1437), qui omnes mox mortui sunt.

E concubinis vel amasiis nati sunt:
* Blanchia, in Provincia nata anno fere 1438, uxor futura [[Bertrandus de Bello Valle|Bertrandi de Bello Valle]]&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f293 vol. 1 p. 263]; ''[http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/ANJOU,%20MAINE.htm#LouisAnjoudied1444 Medlands]''&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Ioannes (nothus Andegavensis)|Ioannes]], futurus marchio Pontis (fratrum successor)
* Magdalena

Filii omnes ante eum mortui sunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;Proles&quot;&gt;{{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f463 vol. 1 pp. 433-435]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fortuna&quot;&gt;{{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f465 vol. 1 pp. 435-437]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fontes de vita et principatu Renati Andegavensis ==
* ''Cronica del regno di Napoli'' [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6460820b/f448 vide pp. 428-435]
* ''Diaria Neapolitana ab anno MCCLXVI usque ad annum MCCCCLXXVIII'' (''Rerum Italicarum scriptores'' vol. 21 [1732] coll. 1027-1238) [https://archive.org/details/RerumItalicarumScriptores21/page/n583/mode/2up coll. 1098-1127]
* Jean de Bourdigné, ''Hystoire agrégative des annales et cronicques d'Anjou'' {{Google Books|-f5TAAAAcAAJ|editio 1529}} {{GB|WLDnAAAAMAAJ|vol. 1}} {{GB|p8nnAAAAMAAJ|vol. 2 editionis 1842}}
* [[Ioannes Chartier]], ''[[Chronique de Charles VII (Chartier)|Chronique de Charles VII]]'' [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k277120 Editio 1858 vol. 1] [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k27713b 2] [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k27714p 3]
* [[Aegidius Le Bouvier|Gilles Le Bouvier]], ''Chroniques du roi Charles VII'' [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1043385b Editio 1594]
* [[Caesar Nostradameus]], ''L'Histoire et chronique de Provence'' [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_R4Cd0TiO2igC Editio 1624]
* [[Ianus Pannonius]], ''De laudibus Renati Siciliae regis''&lt;ref&gt;Géza Szentmártoni Szabó, &quot;[https://books.openedition.org/pur/124764 Du péril de Parthénope : la découverte de la version intégrale du panégyrique de René d’Anjou par Janus Pannonius]&quot; in {{qc|id=Matz et Tonnerre (2011)}} pp. 287-312&lt;/ref&gt;
* Gasparus Pelegrinus, ''Historiae de actibus regis Alphonsi'' lib. 8-10 [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6460820b/f421 vide pp. 401-428]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
; Editiones operum et documentorum
* {{ec|id=Crapelet (1828)|c=G.-A. Crapelet, ed., ''Le pas d'armes de la bergère, maintenu au tournoi de Tarascon; publié d'après le manuscrit de la Bibliothèque du roi''. Lutetiae: Crapelet, 1828 [https://archive.org/details/lepasdarmesdelab00beauuoft Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''}}
* Albert Lecoy de La Marche, ed., ''Extraits des comptes et mémoriaux du roi René: pour servir à l'histoire des arts au XVe siècle''. Lutetiae: Picard, 1873 {{Google Books|OdkZAAAAYAAJ}}
* {{ec|id=Quatrebarbes (1843-1846)|c=Comte de Quatrebarbes, ed., ''Oeuvres complètes du roi René''. Andecavis: Cosnier et Lachaise, 1843-1846 {{GB|CYlTAAAAcAAJ|vol. 1}} {{GB|GRhtnj1X-PcC|vol. 2}} {{GB|ZO1sveFmwxoC|vol. 3}} {{Google Books|FUhA2oSgM4sC|vol. 4}}; 2a ed. Lutetiae, 1849 {{GB|j1czAQAAMAAJ|vol. 1}} {{GB|gD4-AQAAMAAJ|vol. 2}}}}

; Colloquia
* ''Le roi René: René, duc d’Anjou, de Bar et de Lorraine, Roi de Sicile et de Jérusalem, roi d’Aragon, comte de Provence (1409-1480)''. Avennione, 1986
* {{ec|id=Matz et Tonnerre (2011)|c=Jean-Michel Matz, Noël-Yves Tonnerre, edd., ''René d'Anjou (1409-1480): pouvoirs et gouvernement''. Redonis: Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 2011. ISBN 978-2-7535-1702-8 [https://books.openedition.org/pur/124668 Textus]}}
* Jean-Michel Matz, Élisabeth Verry, edd., ''Le Roi René dans tous ses États''. Lutetiae: Éditions du patrimoine, Centre des monuments nationaux, 2009. ISBN 978-2-7577-0069-3

; Vitae
* Noël Coulet, Alice Planche, Françoise Robin, ''Le Roi René: le prince, le mécène, l'écrivain, le mythe''. Aquis Sextiis: Édisud, 1982
* Jean Favier, ''Le Roi René''. Lutetiae: Fayard, 2008. ISBN 978-2-213-63480-7
* Marie Louyse de Garnier Des Garets, ''Un artisan de la renaissance française au xve siècle, le Roi René (1409-1480)''. Éditions de la table ronde, 1946
* Margaret L. Kekewich, ''The Good King: René of Anjou and Fifteenth Century Europe''. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008 {{Google Books|3GCCDAAAQBAJ|Paginae selectae}}
* {{ec|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)|c=Albert Lecoy de La Marche, ''Le roi René, sa vie, son administration, ses travaux artistiques et littéraires, d'après les documents inédits des archives de France et d'Italie''. 2 voll. Lutetiae: Firmin-Didot, 1875 [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g vol. 1] [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6460820b 2] apud Gallica}}
* Jacques Levron, ''Le Bon Roi René''. Lutetiae: Arthaud, 1973
* Françoise Robin, ''Le Roi René : Prince des fleurs de lys''. Éditions Ouest-France, 2015. ISBN 978-2-7373-6445-7
* {{ec|id=Villeneuve (1825)|c=F. L. de Villeneuve Bargemont, ''Histoire de René d'Anjou, roi de Naples, duc de Lorraine et cte de Provence''. Lutetiae: Blaise, 1825 {{GB|92EOAAAAQAAJ|vol. 1}} {{GB|E2IOAAAAQAAJ|vol. 2}} {{Google Books|JWIOAAAAQAAJ|vol. 3}}}}

; Biographica et historica
* R. Busquet, &quot;Les Créations administratives, judiciaires et fiscales du roi René en Provence&quot; in ''Mémoires de l’Institut historique de Provence'' vol. 1 (1924) pp. 12-57
* Noël Coulet, &quot;[https://www.torrossa.com/en/resources/an/2254848 La noblesse provençale dans l'entourage du roi René]&quot; in Jean-Michel Matz, Noël Coulet, edd., ''La noblesse dans les territoires angevins à la fin du Moyen Âge : actes du Colloque international organisé par l'Université d'Angers : Angers-Saumur, 3-6 juin 1998'' (Romae, 2000)
* N. F. Faraglia, ''Storia della lotta tra Alfonso V d’Aragona e Renati d’Angiò''. Lanciano, 1908
* Yannick Frizet, ''Louis XI, le roi René et la Provence''. Aquis Sextiis: Presses Universitaires de Provence, 2015. ISBN 978-2-85399-970-0
* Christian de Mérindol, ''Le Roi René et la seconde Maison d'Anjou: emblématique, art, histoire''. Lutetiae: Le Léopard d'or, 1987. ISBN 2-86377-057-8
* Christof Ohnesorge, &quot;[https://books.openedition.org/pur/18348 Les ambitions et l’échec de la seconde maison d’Anjou (vers 1380-vers 1480)]&quot; in Noël-Yves Tonnerre, Élisabeth Verry, edd., ''Les Princes angevins du xiiie au xve siècle : un destin européen'' (Redonis: Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2003. ISBN 2-86847-735-6 [https://books.openedition.org/pur/18320 ~]) pp. 265-276
* Françoise Robin, &quot;[https://www.torrossa.com/en/resources/an/2254842 La cour de René d'Anjou en Provence. Demeures, itinéraires et séjours]&quot; in Jean-Michel Matz, Noël Coulet, edd., ''La noblesse dans les territoires angevins à la fin du Moyen Âge : actes du Colloque international organisé par l'Université d'Angers : Angers-Saumur, 3-6 juin 1998'' (Romae, 2000)
* Hélène Schneider, &quot;Le roi René et le Barrois dans les années 1470: l'apport de ses lettres patentes&quot; in Patrick Gilli, Jacques Paviot, edd., ''Hommes, cultures et sociétés à la fin du Moyen Âge: Liber discipulorum en l'honneur de Philippe Contamine'' (Lutetiae: Presses de l'Université de Paris-Sorbonne, 2012. ISBN 978-2-84050-845-8) pp. 361-374

; De scriptis et patronatu
* J.-H. Albanès, &quot;La bibliothèque du roi René&quot; in ''Revue des sociétés savantes des départements'' 5a ser. vol. 8 (1874) pp. 301-310
* Anna Orriols Alsina, &quot;[https://www.academia.edu/36617299/_De_René_d_Anjou_y_Jeanne_de_Laval_a_Regnault_et_Janneton_ambientes_artísticos_ De René d’Anjou y Jeanne de Laval a Regnault et Janneton: ambientes artísticos]&quot; in N. A. Elaguina et al., edd., ''Les amours de René d’Anjou. Libro de Estudios'' (Petropoli: Biblioteca Nacional de Rusia, 2005)
* G. Biancotto, &quot;La Cour de René d’Anjou et les premières traductions d’œuvres italiennes en France&quot; in Ch. Brucker, ed., ''Traduction et adaptation en France à la fin du Moyen Âge et à la Renaissance: actes du colloque de Nancy, 199522 (Lutetiae, 1997) pp. 187-203
* Nicolas Bock, &quot;[https://www.academia.edu/21145798/Médailles_et_humanisme._René_d_Anjou_et_la_diplomatie_artistique_en_Italie Médailles et humanisme. René d’Anjou et la diplomatie artistique en Italie]&quot; in Florence Bouchet, ed., ''René d’Anjou, écrivain et mécène (1409-1480)'' (2011) pp. 159-177
* Florence Bouchet, ed., ''René d’Anjou, écrivain et mécène (1409-1480)''. Tornaci: Brepols, 2011. ISBN 978-2-503-53350-6
* {{ec|id=Chichmaref (1929)|c=V. Chichmaref, &quot;[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k16063h/f220 Notes sur quelques oeuvres attribuées aut roi René]&quot; in ''Romania'' vol. 55 (1929) pp. 214-250 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/45044823 JSTOR]}}
* Chantal Connochie-Bourgne, Valérie Gontero-Lauze, edd., ''Les arts et les lettres en Provence au temps du roi René''. Aquis Sextiis: Presses Universitaires de Provence, 2013. ISBN 978-2-85399-889-5 [https://web.archive.org/web/20210812111022/https://presses-universitaires.univ-amu.fr/sites/presses-universitaires.univ-amu.fr/files/p1_20/files//tdm_ARTSLETTRESROIRENE.pdf Index huius operis] [https://journals.openedition.org/peme/7556 Recensio huius operis]
* Noël Coulet, &quot;La cuisine dans la maison aixoise du XVe siècle (1400-1450)&quot; in Carole Lambert, ed., ''Du manuscrit à la table: essais sur la cuisine au Moyen Âge et répertoire des manuscrits médiévaux contenant des recettes culinaires'' (Monte Regali: Presses de l'Université de Montréal, 1992) pp. 163-172; [https://archive.org/details/dumanuscritalata0000unse/page/162/mode/2up Exemplar mutuabile]
* Y. Esquieu, N. Coulet, &quot;La Musique à la cour provençale du roi René&quot; in ''Provence historique'' vol. 31 (1981) pp. 299-312
* {{ec|id=Frizet (2009)|c=Yannick Frizet, &quot;[https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01828688/document Les apports culturels de deux grands princes français en Provence, René d’Anjou et Louis XI]&quot; in ''Les Arts et les Lettres en Provence au temps du roi René, Actes du colloque international tenu en 2009'' pp. 141-157}}
* Marc-Édouard Gautier, François Avril, edd., ''Splendeur de l'enluminure: le roi René et les livres''. Arelate: Actes Sud, 2009. ISBN 978-2-7427-8611-4
* Hélène Haug, &quot;&quot;Maistre Pierre de Hurion, agille imitateur&quot;: bilan sur les auteurs actifs à la cour de René d'Anjou (1434-1480)&quot; in ''Romania'' vol. 131 (2013) pp. 130-151 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/45038784 JSTOR]
* Eugène Hucher, ''Iconographie du roi René, de Jeanne de Laval, sa seconde femme et de divers autres princes de la maison d'Anjou''. Cenomanis: Monnoyer, 1879 [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k57272945 Textus] apud Gallica
* Jean-Michel Matz, &quot;[https://books.openedition.org/pur/124782 La « bibliothèque » de René d’Anjou : un instrument de gouvernement ?]&quot; in Jean-Michel Matz, Noël-Yves Tonnerre, edd., ''René d'Anjou (1409-1480): pouvoirs et gouvernement'' (2011 [https://books.openedition.org/pur/124668 ~]) pp. 339-354
* Christian de Mérindol, ''Les Fêtes de chevalerie à la cour du roi René : Emblématique, art et histoire (les joutes de Nancy, le pas de Saumur et le pas de Tarascon)''. Lutetiae: CTHS, 1993 {{Google Books|8FJYDwAAQBAJ|Fragmenta}}
* C. Murciaux, &quot;René d’Anjou peintre, poète et mystique&quot; in ''La Table ronde'' no. 165 (1961) pp. 7-28
* J. Renouvier, ''Les Peintres et enlumineurs du roi René''. Montispessulani, 1857
* Françoise Robin, ''La Cour d'Anjou-Provence. La vie artistique sous le règne de René''. Lutetiae: Picard, 1985
* G. A. Runnalls, &quot;René d'Anjou et le théâtre&quot; in ''Annales de Bretagne'' vol. 88 (1981) pp. 157-180

; De fortuna
* Florence Bouchet, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/roma_0035-8029_2013_num_131_521_7403 Supplément au ‘procès de bonification’ du roi René : les Épitaphes du roi de Sicile]&quot; in ''Romania'' no. 521-522 (2013) pp. 100-127
* Noël Coulet, &quot;La mort et les obsèques aixoises du roi René: une prolifération narrative tardive&quot; in R. Bertrand, A. Carol, J. N. Pelen, edd., ''Les narrations de la mort'' (Aquis Sextiis, 2005) pp. 89-100
* Murielle Gaude-Ferragu, &quot;[https://books.openedition.org/pur/124788 Tribulations corporelles et inhumation royale : les funérailles de René Ier d’Anjou (1480-1481)]&quot; in Jean-Michel Matz, Noël-Yves Tonnerre, edd., ''René d'Anjou (1409-1480): pouvoirs et gouvernement'' (2011 [https://books.openedition.org/pur/124668 ~]) pp. 373-385
* Maria Magdalena Székely, &quot;[https://www.academia.edu/11716916/Monarhul_ideal_în_imaginarul_Evului_Mediu._René_d_Anjou_şi_Ştefan_cel_Mare Monarhul ideal în imaginarul Evului Mediu. René d’Anjou şi Ştefan cel Mare]&quot; in ''Analele Putnei'' vol. 1 (2010) pp. 283-302

; Aliae encyclopaediae
* &quot;[[:s:en:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/René I.|René I]]&quot; in {{EncyBrit11}}
* {{ec|id=Russo (2016)|c={{DBI|http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/renato-d-angio_(Dizionario-Biografico)|Renato d'Angio|Enza Russo|2016}}}}
* {{ADB|28|207|209|René d’Anjou|Wilhelm Wiegand|ADB:René d’Anjou}}

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|René I of Naples|Renatum Andegavensem}}
{{Fontes biographici}}
* ''Horae Renati regis Siciliae'': manuscriptum [[Bibliotheca Nationalis Francica|BNF]] Latin 1156 A
** [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b6000466t Catalogus et series imaginum]
* &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20230515182725/https://www.arlima.net/qt/rene_danjou.html René d'Anjou]&quot; apud ''ARLIMA''
* &quot;[http://www.ecolebizu.org/Angers/contesEtLegendesDanjou/laBailleeDesFilles/index.htm La Baillée des Filles]&quot; (vide et [https://web.archive.org/web/20200620021235/https://www.wiki-anjou.fr/index.php/Baill%C3%A9e_des_filles hic])

{{Duces Andegavenses}}

{{Lifetime|1409|1480|Renatus, Andegavensis}}
{{FA stella}}

[[Categoria:Renatus Andegavensis| ]]
[[Categoria:Nobiles Franciae]]
[[Categoria:Regnum Hierosolymitanum]]
[[Categoria:Incarcerati]]
[[Categoria:Duces Lotharingiae]]</text>
      <sha1>lcqfjaqc2rfxb1gtwzsm8sdhkyf3464</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Keiko Fujimori</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>296509</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3970934</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Jondel</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <text bytes="718" sha1="c91apvz95c0nfoji1mfkyyps2ire03x" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}

{{res|Keiko Fujimori}}, plene ''Keiko Sofía Fujimori Higuchi'' (nata [[Lima]]e die [[25 Maii]] [[1975]]) est [[politica]] [[Peruvia]]na. Die [[3 Iulii]] [[2026]] electa est [[praeses]] Peruviae, primum[[mulier]] ad hoc munus perveniens. Die [[28 Iulii]] [[2026]] inaugurabitur.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Alberto Fujimori]] (pater)

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Keiko Fujimori}}
* {{CIDOB|https://www.cidob.org/biografias_lideres_politicos/america_del_sur/peru/keiko_fujimori_higuchi|Keiko Fujimori Higuchi}}
* [https://historia-biografia.com/keiko-fujimori/ Historia-biografia.com]

{{Anni vitae|1975||Fujimori, Keiko}}

[[Categoria:Politici internationales]]
[[Categoria:Politici Peruviae]]</text>
      <sha1>c91apvz95c0nfoji1mfkyyps2ire03x</sha1>
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      <id>3970935</id>
      <parentid>3970934</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-08T09:28:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jondel</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <origin>3970935</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="719" sha1="tcokwh93y7mafv8giz834vrp4vm254y" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}

{{res|Keiko Fujimori}}, plene ''Keiko Sofía Fujimori Higuchi'' (nata [[Lima]]e die [[25 Maii]] [[1975]]) est [[politica]] [[Peruvia]]na. Die [[3 Iulii]] [[2026]] electa est [[praeses]] Peruviae, primum [[mulier]] ad hoc munus perveniens. Die [[28 Iulii]] [[2026]] inaugurabitur.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Alberto Fujimori]] (pater)

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Keiko Fujimori}}
* {{CIDOB|https://www.cidob.org/biografias_lideres_politicos/america_del_sur/peru/keiko_fujimori_higuchi|Keiko Fujimori Higuchi}}
* [https://historia-biografia.com/keiko-fujimori/ Historia-biografia.com]

{{Anni vitae|1975||Fujimori, Keiko}}

[[Categoria:Politici internationales]]
[[Categoria:Politici Peruviae]]</text>
      <sha1>tcokwh93y7mafv8giz834vrp4vm254y</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Formula:Capsa asteroidis/doc</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
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    <revision>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Mendam correxi</comment>
      <origin>3970869</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4424" sha1="0169gpe5gy227ezha3lubxb2hbe9gty" xml:space="preserve">{{Subpagina documentationis}}
{{High-use}}

== De usu ==
{{Capsa asteroidis
	| Imago = [[Fasciculus:AnimatedOrbitOf9965GNU.gif|275px|Sedna]]
	| Descriptio Imaginis = [[Orbita]]e asteroidis GNU ([[caeruleus|caerulea]]), planetarum internorum, et [[Iuppiter (planeta)|Iovis]] (orbita extrema)
	| Numerus = 9965
	| Genus = Asteroides Cinguli Principalis
	| Epocha = {{#time:j xg Y| {{Data Asteroidum 9000|9965|epocha}} }}
	| Axis  = {{Data Asteroidum 9000|9965|axis semimaior}}
	| Perihelion = {{Data Asteroidum 9000|9965|perihelion}}
	| Aphelion = {{Data Asteroidum 9000|9965|aphelion}}
	| Periodus = {{Data Asteroidum 9000|9965|periodus}}
	| Anomalia = {{Data Asteroidum 9000|9965|anomalia media}}
	| Inclinatio = {{Data Asteroidum 9000|9965|inclinatio}}
	| Nodus = {{Data Asteroidum 9000|9965|omega}}
	| Argumentum = {{Data Asteroidum 9000|9965|argumentum}}
	| Eccentricitas = {{Data Asteroidum 9000|9965|eccentricitas}}
	| Diametrum = {{Data Asteroidum 9000|9965|diametrum}}
	| Massa = 
	| Densitas = 
	| Rotatio h = 
	| Rotatio m = 
	| Tholen = {{Data Asteroidum 9000|9965|spectrum tholen}}
	| SMASS = {{Data Asteroidum 9000|9965|spectrum smass}}
	| Magnitudo = {{Data Asteroidum 9000|9965|magnitudo}}
	| Albedo = {{Data Asteroidum 9000|9965|albedo}}
	| Repertor = Spacewatch
	| Repertorbrevis = Spacewatch
	| Repertor2 = 
	| Repertorbrevis2 = 
	| Repertor3 = 
	| Repertorbrevis3 = 
	| Repertor4 = 
	| Repertorbrevis4 = ;
	| Dies = {{#time:j xg| {{Data Asteroidum 9000|9965|repertum}} }}
	| Annus = {{#time:Y| {{Data Asteroidum 9000|9965|repertum}} }}
	| Designationes = 1992 EF2, 1988 BD4, 1993 QR3
}}

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;{{Capsa asteroidis
	| Imago = [[Fasciculus:AnimatedOrbitOf9965GNU.gif|275px|Sedna]]
	| Descriptio Imaginis = [[Orbita]]e asteroidis GNU ([[caeruleus|caerulea]]), planetarum internorum, et [[Iuppiter (planeta)|Iovis]] (orbita extrema)
	| Numerus = 9965
	| Genus = Asteroides Cinguli Principalis
	| Epocha = {{#time:j xg Y| {{Data Asteroidum 9000|9965|epocha}} }}
	| Axis  = {{Data Asteroidum 9000|9965|axis semimaior}}
	| Perihelion = {{Data Asteroidum 9000|9965|perihelion}}
	| Aphelion = {{Data Asteroidum 9000|9965|aphelion}}
	| Periodus = {{Data Asteroidum 9000|9965|periodus}}
	| Anomalia = {{Data Asteroidum 9000|9965|anomalia media}}
	| Inclinatio = {{Data Asteroidum 9000|9965|inclinatio}}
	| Nodus = {{Data Asteroidum 9000|9965|omega}}
	| Argumentum = {{Data Asteroidum 9000|9965|argumentum}}
	| Eccentricitas = {{Data Asteroidum 9000|9965|eccentricitas}}
	| Diametrum = {{Data Asteroidum 9000|9965|diametrum}}
	| Massa = 
	| Densitas = 
	| Rotatio h = 
	| Rotatio m = 
	| Tholen = {{Data Asteroidum 9000|9965|spectrum tholen}}
	| SMASS = {{Data Asteroidum 9000|9965|spectrum smass}}
	| Magnitudo = {{Data Asteroidum 9000|9965|magnitudo}}
	| Albedo = {{Data Asteroidum 9000|9965|albedo}}
	| Repertor = Spacewatch
	| Repertorbrevis = Spacewatch
	| Repertor2 = 
	| Repertorbrevis2 = 
	| Repertor3 = 
	| Repertorbrevis3 = 
	| Repertor4 = 
	| Repertorbrevis4 = ;
	| Dies = {{#time:j xg| {{Data Asteroidum 9000|9965|repertum}} }}
	| Annus = {{#time:Y| {{Data Asteroidum 9000|9965|repertum}} }}
	| Designationes = 1992 EF2, 1988 BD4, 1993 QR3
}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

=== De omnibus argumentis ===
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;{{Capsa asteroidis
	| nomen =
	| Imago =
	| Descriptio Imaginis =
	| Genus =
	| Epocha =
	| Eccentricitas =
	| Axis =
	| Perihelion =
	| Aphelion =
	| Inclinatio =
	| Nodus =
	| Argumentum =
	| Anomalia =
	| Periodus =
	| Diametrum =
	| Massa =
	| Densitas =
	| Rotatio h =
	| Rotatio m =
	| Tholen =
	| SMASS =
	| Magnitudo =
	| Albedo =
	| Repertor =
	| Repertorbrevis =
	| Repertor2 =
	| Repertorbrevis2 =
	| Repertor3 =
	| Repertorbrevis3 =
	| Repertor4 =
	| Repertorbrevis4 =
	| Dies =
	| Annus =
	| Designationes =
}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

== Ulteriora si cupis ==
{{Categoriae vestigatoriae formulae|Asteroides}}
* [[:Categoria:Formulae marginales]]
* {{Fn|Capsa tabellaria}}

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{in harenario aut alibi||
&lt;!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --&gt;
[[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae quae seorsos versus creant|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae marginales|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae monituum nuntiorumque|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae quae cunctas paginas afficiunt|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae capsarum informationis|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae astronomicae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>0169gpe5gy227ezha3lubxb2hbe9gty</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Formula:Parametrum/doc</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>308702</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3970854</id>
      <parentid>3970672</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T15:40:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* De usu */</comment>
      <origin>3970854</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3334" sha1="8pgbdgbk1k4cisc99rjpqek73hdvcaz" xml:space="preserve">{{Subpagina documentationis}}
{{Formula substituibilis|...}}
{{Compendia formulae|para}}
{{Videantur etiam|Formula:Parametrum in formula|Formula:Parametrum in formula sine typographia}}

Utere hac formula ut parametrum [[Vicipaedia:Formula|formulae]] ostendas.

== De usu ==
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;Vide argumentum {{para|inspicitur}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ Vide argumentum {{para|inspicitur}}
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{para|inspicitur|latinitas}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{para|inspicitur|latinitas}}
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{para|inspicitur|latinitas|forma=plana}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{para|inspicitur|latinitas|forma=plana}}
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{para|inspicitur|latinitas|forma=plana|color-nominis=#007676}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{para|inspicitur|latinitas|forma=plana|color-nominis=#007676}}
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{para|inspicitur|latinitas|forma=plana|color-nominis=#007676|style=border-bottom: 1px solid #00f}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{para|inspicitur|latinitas|forma=plana|color-nominis=#007676|style=border-bottom: 1px solid #00f}}
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{para|inspicitur|latinitas|forma=plana|color-nominis=inherit|style=border-bottom: 1px solid #00f; color: red;}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{para|inspicitur|latinitas|forma=plana|color-nominis=inherit|style=border-bottom: 1px solid #00f; color: red;}}
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{para}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{para}}
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{para|}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{para|}}
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{para||xxx}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{para||xxx}}
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{para|2=xxx}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{para|2=xxx}}

== De argumentis ==

&lt;templatedata&gt;{
	&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Haec formula nomen parametri (et scripta quae ipsum continet) ostendit.&quot;,
	&quot;format&quot;: &quot;inline&quot;,
	&quot;params&quot;: {
		&quot;1&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Nomen parametri&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Nomen parametri&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;inspicitur&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;2&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Contenta parametri&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Contenta parametri&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;latinitas&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;forma&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Forma&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Scribe |forma=plana si parametrum ostentum eadem forma verborum contiguorum scribere vis&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;plana&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;color-nominis&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Color nominis&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Color nominis parametri&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;#007676&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;style&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;CSS&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;CSS&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;border-bottom: 1px solid #00f;&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		}
	}
}&lt;/templatedata&gt;

== Synonyma ==
* {{Fn|Para}}

== Ulteriora si cupis ==
* {{Fn|Parametrum in formula}} et {{Fn|Parametrum in formula sine typographia}}
* {{Fn|Fn}}
* {{Fn|Fnp}}
* {{Fn|Fsn}}
* {{Fn|Fsnp}}

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{in harenario aut alibi||
&lt;!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --&gt;
[[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae intra versum accommodandae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae administrationis Vicipaediae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae documentationis|{{PAGENAME}}]]
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>8pgbdgbk1k4cisc99rjpqek73hdvcaz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3970856</id>
      <parentid>3970854</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T15:43:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* De usu */</comment>
      <origin>3970856</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3515" sha1="7iwhsysjfi1nqoj3m7z666omn6lae5n" xml:space="preserve">{{Subpagina documentationis}}
{{Formula substituibilis|...}}
{{Compendia formulae|para}}
{{Videantur etiam|Formula:Parametrum in formula|Formula:Parametrum in formula sine typographia}}

Utere hac formula ut parametrum [[Vicipaedia:Formula|formulae]] ostendas.

== De usu ==
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;Vide argumentum {{para|inspicitur}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ Vide argumentum {{para|inspicitur}}
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{para|inspicitur|latinitas}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{para|inspicitur|latinitas}}
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{para|inspicitur|latinitas|forma=plana}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{para|inspicitur|latinitas|forma=plana}}
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{para|inspicitur|latinitas|forma=plana|color-nominis=}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{para|inspicitur|latinitas|forma=plana|color-nominis=}}
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{para|inspicitur|latinitas|forma=plana|color-nominis=#007676}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{para|inspicitur|latinitas|forma=plana|color-nominis=#007676}}
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{para|inspicitur|latinitas|forma=plana|color-nominis=#007676|style=border-bottom: 1px solid #00f}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{para|inspicitur|latinitas|forma=plana|color-nominis=#007676|style=border-bottom: 1px solid #00f}}
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{para|inspicitur|latinitas|forma=plana|color-nominis=inherit|style=border-bottom: 1px solid #00f; color: red;}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{para|inspicitur|latinitas|forma=plana|color-nominis=inherit|style=border-bottom: 1px solid #00f; color: red;}}
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{para}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{para}}
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{para|}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{para|}}
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{para||xxx}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{para||xxx}}
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{para|2=xxx}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{para|2=xxx}}

== De argumentis ==

&lt;templatedata&gt;{
	&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Haec formula nomen parametri (et scripta quae ipsum continet) ostendit.&quot;,
	&quot;format&quot;: &quot;inline&quot;,
	&quot;params&quot;: {
		&quot;1&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Nomen parametri&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Nomen parametri&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;inspicitur&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;2&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Contenta parametri&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Contenta parametri&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;latinitas&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;forma&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Forma&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Scribe |forma=plana si parametrum ostentum eadem forma verborum contiguorum scribere vis&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;plana&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;color-nominis&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Color nominis&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Color nominis parametri&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;#007676&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;style&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;CSS&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;CSS&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;border-bottom: 1px solid #00f;&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		}
	}
}&lt;/templatedata&gt;

== Synonyma ==
* {{Fn|Para}}

== Ulteriora si cupis ==
* {{Fn|Parametrum in formula}} et {{Fn|Parametrum in formula sine typographia}}
* {{Fn|Fn}}
* {{Fn|Fnp}}
* {{Fn|Fsn}}
* {{Fn|Fsnp}}

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{in harenario aut alibi||
&lt;!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --&gt;
[[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae intra versum accommodandae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae administrationis Vicipaediae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae documentationis|{{PAGENAME}}]]
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>7iwhsysjfi1nqoj3m7z666omn6lae5n</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Usor:Grufo/Officina</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>314478</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3970876</id>
      <parentid>3966948</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T16:15:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>3970876</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3540" sha1="f5vn6d97s59hw8xj2vzmcfqfd1jox9n" xml:space="preserve">{{Notae caducae
	| titulus = Memoranda
	| pagina = /notae
}}

[[Specialis:Praefixa/{{FULLPAGENAME}}/|Subpaginae]]:
* [[Usor:Grufo/Officina/Facienda|Facienda]]
* [[Usor:Grufo/Officina/Experimenta|Experimenta]]
* [[Usor:Grufo/Officina/Tabularium|Tabularium]]
* [[Usor:Grufo/Officina/Lorem ipsum|Lorem ipsum]]
* [[Usor:Grufo/Officina/Annotationes|Annotationes]]

== Alia ==
* [[:Categoria:Categoriae exploratoriae]]
* &lt;code&gt;[https://github.com/wikimedia/mediawiki-extensions-Scribunto/blob/6d93921797f12b82dea25f3a9ce40cd3008a66f0/includes/Engines/LuaCommon/lualib/mw.lua#L208-L511 newFrame]&lt;/code&gt;
* &lt;code&gt;[https://github.com/wikimedia/mediawiki-extensions-Scribunto/blob/703942affa454493cfcc240d41eeb81ac10c9c03/includes/Engines/LuaCommon/LuaEngine.php#L687-L689 newChildFrame]&lt;/code&gt;
* [[phab:T405104|Consider linting/deprecating blank template parameter names – Phabricator]]
* {{Nexus planus
	| 1 = //en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?search=intitle%3Acategory&amp;title=Special%3ASearch&amp;profile=advanced&amp;fulltext=1&amp;advancedSearch-current=%7B%22fields%22%3A%7B%22intitle%22%3A%22category%22%7D%7D&amp;ns8=1
	| 2 = Nomina categoriarum systematis Vicipaediae Anglicae
}}
* [https://doc.wikimedia.org/codex/latest/design-tokens/color.html Color _ Codex]
* {{Nexus cum parametris
	| search = intitle:category
	| profile = advanced
	| fulltext = 1
	| advancedSearch-current = {&quot;fields&quot;:{&quot;intitle&quot;:&quot;category&quot;}&lt;nowiki /&gt;}
	| ns8 = 1
	| 1 = Specialis:Quaerere
	| 2 = Nomina categoriarum systematis Vicipaediae Latinae
}}
* {{Nexus cum parametris
	| 1  =  Specialis:Quaerere
	| 2  =  Paginae documentationis quae &amp;#123;&amp;#123;Categoriae vestigatoriae formulae&amp;#125;&amp;#125; requirunt
	| search = insource:/\{{!}}\s*!\s*\]\]/i
	| limit = 500
	| offset = 0
	| ns10 = 1
	| sort = last_edit_desc
	| searchToken = d52ms0m5mhbjrlausqohxllfv
}}
* {{Nexus cum parametris
	| search = insource:/\&lt;ref[^&gt;\/]*\&gt;[^&lt;]*\{\{safesubst:/i
	| sort = last_edit_desc
	| profile = advanced
	| limit = 500
	| fulltext = 1
	| ns0 = 1
	| ns1 = 1
	| ns10 = 1
	| ns100 = 1
	| ns101 = 1
	| ns11 = 1
	| ns118 = 1
	| ns119 = 1
	| ns12 = 1
	| ns13 = 1
	| ns14 = 1
	| ns15 = 1
	| ns2 = 1
	| ns3 = 1
	| ns4 = 1
	| ns5 = 1
	| ns6 = 1
	| ns7 = 1
	| ns8 = 1
	| ns828 = 1
	| ns829 = 1
	| ns9 = 1
	| 1 = Specialis:Quaerere
	| 2 = Annotationes cui est &lt;code&gt;safesubst:&lt;/code&gt;
}}
* {{Nexus cum parametris
	| search = insource:/\&lt;ref[^&gt;\/]*\&gt;[^&lt;]*\{\{subst:/i
	| sort = last_edit_desc
	| profile = advanced
	| limit = 500
	| fulltext = 1
	| ns0 = 1
	| ns1 = 1
	| ns10 = 1
	| ns100 = 1
	| ns101 = 1
	| ns11 = 1
	| ns118 = 1
	| ns119 = 1
	| ns12 = 1
	| ns13 = 1
	| ns14 = 1
	| ns15 = 1
	| ns2 = 1
	| ns3 = 1
	| ns4 = 1
	| ns5 = 1
	| ns6 = 1
	| ns7 = 1
	| ns8 = 1
	| ns828 = 1
	| ns829 = 1
	| ns9 = 1
	| 1 = Specialis:Quaerere
	| 2 = Annotationes cui est &lt;code&gt;subst:&lt;/code&gt;
}}

== De novo spatio nominali adumbrationum ==
* [[phab:T418706|New “Draft” namespace for lawiki: “Adumbratio” – Phabricator]]
* [[phab:T419100|Pass the target of the redirect as $1 to MediaWiki:Move-redirect-text – Phabricator]]
* [[MediaWiki:Noarticletext]]
* [[MediaWiki:Editnotice-0]]
* [[Specialis:Nexus ad paginam/Alkinum]]
* [[MediaWiki:Hf-nsheader-Adumbratio]]
* [[MediaWiki:Top-notice-ns-118]]
* [[MediaWiki:Draft header]]
* [[MediaWiki:Namespacenotice-118]]

Alia:
* [[Mw:Manual:Interface/Edit notice]]
* [[Mw:Manual:Interface/Sitenotice]]
* [[Mw:Extension:PageNotice]]
* [[phab:T430383|Introduce a parser function that allows editors to define a maximum cache validity interval for a page – Phabricator]]</text>
      <sha1>f5vn6d97s59hw8xj2vzmcfqfd1jox9n</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Formula:Categoria systematis MediaVicialis/descriptio</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>320741</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3970868</id>
      <parentid>3917969</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T16:05:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Mendam correxi</comment>
      <origin>3970868</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="298" sha1="h5tfu1aztxzsqrvp1fc3hsbx0ie14ql" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{{praeambulum|}}}[[MediaWiki:{{{translatio}}}-desc|{{{praefixum|}}}{{{ostendenda}}}]]{{{postilla|}}}

{{Vitta sententiae
	| color = #fff
	| norma = media
	| 1 = {{MediaWiki:{{{translatio}}}-desc}}
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentatio|contenta={{Formula machinaria}}}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>h5tfu1aztxzsqrvp1fc3hsbx0ie14ql</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Formula:Notae caducae/doc</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>320884</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3970865</id>
      <parentid>3919865</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T16:01:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>3970865</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5631" sha1="6mv263lk10qmhkom8h8452xt7r1kql9" xml:space="preserve">{{Subpagina documentationis}}
{{Formula substituibilis|...}}

Formula {{Fn|Notae caducae}} in [[Vicipaedia:Spatium nominale|spatio nominali]] usoris vel in disputationibus adhiberi potest ad notas et alia scripta annotanda.

Scripta sive in eadem pagina iacere sive ex alio loco transcludi possunt.

{{Nota bene}} Haec formula '''non est in encyclopaedia adhibenda.'''

== De usu ==

'''Vicitextus:'''

{{Notae caducae|
	| titulus = Memoranda
	| pagina = Formula:Notae caducae/doc/notae
}}

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;{{Notae caducae
	| titulus = Memoranda
	| pagina = /notae
}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

{{Mundatio marginum}}{{Ast}}

{{Notae caducae|

Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres.

}}

'''Vicitextus:'''

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;{{Notae caducae|

Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres.

}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

{{Mundatio marginum}}{{Ast}}

{{Notae caducae
	| titulus = Memoranda
	| 1 =

Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres, quarum unam incolunt Belgae, aliam Aquitani, tertiam qui ipsorum lingua Celtae, nostra Galli appellantur. Hi omnes lingua, institutis, legibus inter se differunt. Gallos ab Aquitanis Garumna flumen, a Belgis Matrona et Sequana dividit. Horum omnium fortissimi sunt Belgae, propterea quod a cultu atque humanitate provinciae longissime absunt, minimeque ad eos mercatores saepe commeant atque ea quae ad effeminandos animos pertinent important, proximique sunt Germanis, qui trans Rhenum incolunt, quibuscum continenter bellum gerunt. Qua de causa Helvetii quoque reliquos Gallos virtute praecedunt, quod fere cotidianis proeliis cum Germanis contendunt, cum aut suis finibus eos prohibent aut ipsi in eorum finibus bellum gerunt. Eorum una pars, quam Gallos obtinere dictum est, initium capit a flumine Rhodano, continetur Garumna flumine, Oceano, finibus Belgarum, attingit etiam ab Sequanis et Helvetiis flumen Rhenum, vergit ad septentriones. Belgae ab extremis Galliae finibus oriuntur, pertinent ad inferiorem partem fluminis Rheni, spectant in septentrionem et orientem solem. Aquitania a Garumna flumine ad Pyrenaeos montes et eam partem Oceani quae est ad Hispaniam pertinet; spectat inter occasum solis et septentriones.

}}

'''Vicitextus:'''

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;{{Notae caducae
	| titulus = Memoranda
	| 1 =

Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres, quarum unam incolunt Belgae, aliam Aquitani, tertiam qui ipsorum lingua Celtae, nostra Galli appellantur. Hi omnes lingua, institutis, legibus inter se differunt. Gallos ab Aquitanis Garumna flumen, a Belgis Matrona et Sequana dividit. Horum omnium fortissimi sunt Belgae, propterea quod a cultu atque humanitate provinciae longissime absunt, minimeque ad eos mercatores saepe commeant atque ea quae ad effeminandos animos pertinent important, proximique sunt Germanis, qui trans Rhenum incolunt, quibuscum continenter bellum gerunt. Qua de causa Helvetii quoque reliquos Gallos virtute praecedunt, quod fere cotidianis proeliis cum Germanis contendunt, cum aut suis finibus eos prohibent aut ipsi in eorum finibus bellum gerunt. Eorum una pars, quam Gallos obtinere dictum est, initium capit a flumine Rhodano, continetur Garumna flumine, Oceano, finibus Belgarum, attingit etiam ab Sequanis et Helvetiis flumen Rhenum, vergit ad septentriones. Belgae ab extremis Galliae finibus oriuntur, pertinent ad inferiorem partem fluminis Rheni, spectant in septentrionem et orientem solem. Aquitania a Garumna flumine ad Pyrenaeos montes et eam partem Oceani quae est ad Hispaniam pertinet; spectat inter occasum solis et septentriones.

}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

{{Mundatio marginum}}

== De argumentis ==
&lt;templatedata&gt;{
	&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Haec formula in spatio nominali usoris vel in disputationibus adhiberi potest ad notas et alia scripta annotanda. Haec sive in eadem pagina iacere sive ex alio loco transcludi possunt.&quot;,
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			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;content&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres.&quot;
		},
		&quot;pagina&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Pagina transcludenda&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Nomen paginae transcludendae (quae subpagina esse solet)&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;/notae&quot;
		},
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			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Titulus&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Titulus notarum&quot;,
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			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;default&quot;: &quot;Notae&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;Memoranda&quot;
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			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Positio notarum&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Scribe ‘|positio=sinistra’ aut ‘|positio=dextra’ – si argumentum omittitur ‘|positio=dextra’ legitur&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;default&quot;: &quot;dextra&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;sinistra&quot;
		},
		&quot;mundatio&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Mundatio marginum&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Scribe ‘|mundatio=sinistra’ aut ‘|mundatio=dextra’ aut ‘|mundatio=dupla’ aut ‘|mundatio=nulla’ – si argumentum omittitur argumentum ‘|positio=’ legitur; illo quoque omisso ‘|mundatio=dextra’ legitur&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;default&quot;: &quot;dextra&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;dupla&quot;
		}
	}
}&lt;/templatedata&gt;

== Ulteriora si cupis ==
* {{Fn|Folium fugax}}
* {{Fn|Folium flexibile}}

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{in harenario aut alibi||
&lt;!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --&gt;
[[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae quae seorsos versus creant|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae marginales|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae monituum nuntiorumque|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae in spatio nominali usoris adhibendae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae disputationis|{{PAGENAME}}]]
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gratianus D'Urso</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>324035</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Graziano D'Urso</username>
        <id>206844</id>
      </contributor>
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      <text bytes="5677" sha1="btrfzytg718pot2lqvrdxmbdirw3jol" xml:space="preserve">{{Pagina non annexa}}
[[Fasciculus:Graziano_D'Urso,_baritono.jpg|thumb|Gratianus d'Urso.]]
'''Gratianus D'Urso''' ([[Catana|natus]] [[30 Martii]] [[1990]]) est [[baryton]] et [[scriptor]] [[Italia|Italicus]]. .

== Biographia ==
[[Catana|Catinae]] natus et academicis studiis eruditus&lt;ref&gt;https://www.italianoperataormina.com/it/artist/graziano-durso/&lt;/ref&gt;, D'Urso primum munus anno 2017 in interludio a Paulo Altieri, ''L'amante burlato''&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;https://www.giornaledellamusica.it/recensioni/da-goldoni-a-altieri&lt;/ref&gt;, egit, deinde actionem competitivam&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;https://ia902807.us.archive.org/5/items/il-corsaro_202603/Il%20corsaro.png&lt;/ref&gt; et operaticam&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;https://www.rundschau-online.de/region/oberberg/gummersbach-compagnia-d-opera-italiana-di-milano-zeigt-den-maskenball-134049&lt;/ref&gt; in [[Italia]]&lt;ref&gt;https://aiacepress.it/taormina-opera-stars-tosca-strepitosa-al-teatro-antico-pensando-gia-al-futuro/&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Germania]] &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;https://www.wiesbadener-kurier.de/lokales/kreis-main-taunus/eppstein-kreis-main-taunus/umjubelter-opernabend-auf-der-burg-eppstein-1542572&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Romania]]&lt;ref&gt;https://mytex.ro/cultura/brasov-marea-gala-a-festivalului-international-de-opera-opereta-si-balet/&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Russia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;https://kolomnagrad.ru/presscentr/news/kultura_news/6711-mezhdunarodnyy-festival-shkin-opera-proydet-v-kolomne.html&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Helvetia]]&lt;ref&gt;https://ia902809.us.archive.org/26/items/svizzera_202603/Svizzera.jpg&lt;/ref&gt; exercuit, cum repertorio auctorum romanticorum&lt;ref&gt;https://www.sicilymag.it/belcanto-protagonista-nella-nuova-stagione-della-stagione-della-societa-catanese-amici-della-musica.htm&lt;/ref&gt;, ut [[Vincentius Bellini|Vincenzo Bellini]] &lt;ref&gt;https://ia903107.us.archive.org/26/items/bellini-sacro/Bellini%20sacro.png&lt;/ref&gt; et Iosepho Verdi&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;https://www.pressreader.com/italy/la-sicilia/20251203/283472147551689&lt;/ref&gt;, et auctorum Scholae Iuvenilis &lt;ref&gt;https://www.noitv.it/2017/09/cori-concerto-2017-lomaggio-catalani-174205/&lt;/ref&gt; . Praeter continuam actionem&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://www.operabase.com/graziano-durso-a32921/it&lt;/ref&gt; in repertorio saeculi undevicesimi&lt;ref&gt;https://www.corrieredellospettacolo.net/2017/07/22/enrico-stinchelli-porta-al-castello-maniace-la-sua-carmen/&lt;/ref&gt; et vicesimi&lt;ref&gt;https://archive.org/download/Musmarra/Musmarra.jpg&lt;/ref&gt;, etiam in prima moderna repraesentatione &lt;ref&gt;https://ia600706.us.archive.org/34/items/Pacini/Pacini.jpeg&lt;/ref&gt;, in repertoriis [[musica sacra|musicae sacrae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;https://www.connessiallopera.it/news/2021/catania-concerto-in-cattedrale-con-tre-inediti-di-bellini-in-prima-esecuzione-moderna/&lt;/ref&gt;, antiquae &lt;ref&gt;https://www.sicilymag.it/ludusdanielis-coinvolgenti-atmosfere-medievali-tra-sacro-e-storia.htm&lt;/ref&gt; et barocae &lt;ref&gt;https://ia600600.us.archive.org/11/items/buonpro/buonpro.jpeg&lt;/ref&gt; egit.

Simul cum arte agendi, D'Urso ab anno 2021 iter studiorum interdisciplinare elaboravit, ad vocalologiam{{dubsig}} [[ars|artisticam]]&lt;ref&gt;https://www.lulu.com/it/search?sortBy=RELEVANCE&amp;page=1&amp;q=graziano+d%27urso&amp;pageSize=10&amp;adult_audience_rating=00&amp;binding_type_group=HARDCOVER&lt;/ref&gt; et reflexionem legalem ad didacticam [[cantus]] applicatam&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;https://www.voiceevolutioninstitute.it/category/course/la-responsabilita-civile-dellinsegnante-di-canto?fbclid=IwAR0Tqwxj5eGCrBx9cZFltoYNxk2LgBXEOClrm6BtFAXfYkjN0c8Y_6dHgQE&lt;/ref&gt; spectans.

== Directorium (index partialis) ==
* Iosephus Verdi
** Aida, ''Amonasro''&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.wiesbadener-kurier.de/lokales/kreis-main-taunus/eppstein-kreis-main-taunus/umjubelter-opernabend-auf-der-burg-eppstein-1542572}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** Saltatio personata, ''Renato''&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rundschau-online.de/region/oberberg/gummersbach-compagnia-d-opera-italiana-di-milano-zeigt-den-maskenball-134049}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** Traviata, ''Georgius Germont''&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.pressreader.com/italy/la-sicilia/20251203/283472147551689}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** Il corsaro (Verdi), ''Seid''&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ia902807.us.archive.org/5/items/il-corsaro_202603/Il%20corsaro.png}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Vincentius Bellini]]
** Missa in A minore, barytono&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.connessiallopera.it/news/2021/catania-concerto-in-cattedrale-con-tre-inediti-di-bellini-in-prima-esecuzione-moderna/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Paulus Altieri]]
** Amator derisus, ''Tascadorus''&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.giornaledellamusica.it/recensioni/da-goldoni-a-altieri}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Leonardus Vincius]]{{dubsig}}
** Damnati Imaginarii, ''Don Chilone''&lt;ref&gt;https://www.balarm.it/news/la-stagione-di-musicamente-a-palermo-note-antiche-barocco-e-artisti-internazionali-163221&lt;/ref&gt;

== Praemia et recognitiones ==
* Vincenzo Bellini Prize (2018)&lt;ref&gt;https://www.globusmagazine.it/lions-catania-bellini-al-baritono-graziano-durso-premio-bellini-2018/&lt;/ref&gt;
* Domenico Danzuzo prize (2019)&lt;ref&gt;https://www.globusmagazine.it/nove-dicembre-la-xviii-edizione-del-domenico-danzuso/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Publicationes (index partialis) ==
* [[d:Q138968793|Il canto delle emozioni, 2025. 978-1-326-43606-3]]
* [[d:Q138701133|La professionalità dell'insegnante di canto, 2023. 978-1-4478-8083-7]]
* [[d:Q138841788|La metodologia dell'insegnante di canto, 2023. 978-1-4467-9385-5]]
* [[d:Q138637528|La responsabilità civile dell'insegnante di canto, 2022. 978-1-4716-3472-7]]
* [[d:Q138545639|IL BARITONO VERDIANO, 2021. 978-1-105-01570-0]]
* [[d:Q140437379|Il canto della mente, 2026. 978-1-291-63095-4]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Cantores Italici]]
[[Categoria:Cantores Siculi]]
[[Categoria:In Italia nati]]
[[Categoria:In Sicilia nati]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Magnus, maior, maximus</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-07T13:42:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Descriptio */</comment>
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      <text bytes="2872" sha1="ex6sv6togh4x4qto23fbybsmy67i87x" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus ad litteram}}
{{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}}
{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum
	| titulus =
	| imago =
	| descriptio =
	| categoria =
	| numerus =
	| auctor =
	| argumenta =
	| tempus =
	| lingua =
	| contextus =
	| praecedens =
	| sequens =
}}

{{lres|Magnus maior maximus}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Goliardia|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero XXXV reperitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-ammonitione-prelatorum-33-45&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = De ammonitione prelatorum 33-45
	| url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo4.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Textus ==
{{Versus numerati|
Magnus maior maximus,
parvus minor minimus:
gradus istos repperi,
per quos gradus comperi
augeri et conteri
gradus status hominis,
prout datur dignitas,
dignitatum quantitas
quantitasque nominis.

Magni parvus extiti,
parvi magnus meriti,
parveque sunt gratie
diviti contrarie:
cui plus datur hodie,
magis est obnoxius,
quique minus habuit
et minus attribuit,
minus reddit gratius.

Viri fratres presules,
rationis consules,
me non imitemini!
ne sic operemini
super gregem Domini,
pervigil sit animus,
sit lumen in manibus,
presit custos renibus
magnus maior maximus!&lt;ref name=&quot;de-ammonitione-prelatorum-33-45&quot;/&gt;
}}

== Descriptio ==
Hoc carmen, in sectione [[Moralitas|moralium]] et [[Satura|satiricorum]] servatum, de variis gradibus ac dignitatibus humanae condicionis disserit, [[Comparatio|comparativis]] superlativisque formis ludens ad [[Hierarchia|hierarchiam]] socialem describendam. Auctor demonstrat quomodo status hominis et nomen eius secundum fortunam vel dignitatem augeri vel minui possint, divites et potentes de maiore responsabilitate (obnoxietate) monens quae copiam rerum sequitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-ammonitione-prelatorum-33-45&quot;/&gt;

In ultima parte, carmen ad [[Praelatus|praelatos]] et pastores Ecclesiae vertitur, quos auctor hortatur ad vigilantiam et rectam operis rationem. Per apostrophen “viri fratres presules”, carmen monet ne gregem Domini neglegant, sed ut mentes vigilantes et mores castos (custodem renibus) servent, ut revera in virtute sint magni, maiores et maximi.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-ammonitione-prelatorum-33-45&quot;/&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Lehtonen, [[1995]]
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen = Lehtonen
		| nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel
		| nomenclatura = compendiaria
		| titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy
		| annus = 1995
		| lingua = en
		| locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]]
		| domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]]
		| isbn = 978-951-717-846-4
	}}
}}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]</text>
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{{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}}
{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum
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	| categoria =
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{{lres|Magnus maior maximus}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Goliardia|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero XXXV reperitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-ammonitione-prelatorum-33-45&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = De ammonitione prelatorum 33-45
	| url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo4.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Textus ==
{{Versus numerati|
Magnus maior maximus,
parvus minor minimus:
gradus istos repperi,
per quos gradus comperi
augeri et conteri
gradus status hominis,
prout datur dignitas,
dignitatum quantitas
quantitasque nominis.

Magni parvus extiti,
parvi magnus meriti,
parveque sunt gratie
diviti contrarie:
cui plus datur hodie,
magis est obnoxius,
quique minus habuit
et minus attribuit,
minus reddit gratius.

Viri fratres presules,
rationis consules,
me non imitemini!
ne sic operemini
super gregem Domini,
pervigil sit animus,
sit lumen in manibus,
presit custos renibus
magnus maior maximus!&lt;ref name=&quot;de-ammonitione-prelatorum-33-45&quot;/&gt;
}}

== Descriptio ==
Hoc carmen, in sectione [[Moralitas|moralium]] et [[Satura|satiricorum]] servatum, de variis gradibus ac dignitatibus humanae condicionis disserit, [[Comparatio|comparativis]] [[superlativum|superlativisque]] formis ludens ad [[Hierarchia|hierarchiam]] socialem describendam. Auctor demonstrat quomodo status hominis et nomen eius secundum fortunam vel dignitatem augeri vel minui possint, divites et potentes de maiore responsabilitate (obnoxietate) monens quae copiam rerum sequitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-ammonitione-prelatorum-33-45&quot;/&gt;

In ultima parte, carmen ad [[Praelatus|praelatos]] et pastores Ecclesiae vertitur, quos auctor hortatur ad vigilantiam et rectam operis rationem. Per apostrophen “viri fratres presules”, carmen monet ne gregem Domini neglegant, sed ut mentes vigilantes et mores castos (custodem renibus) servent, ut revera in virtute sint magni, maiores et maximi.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-ammonitione-prelatorum-33-45&quot;/&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Lehtonen, [[1995]]
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen = Lehtonen
		| nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel
		| nomenclatura = compendiaria
		| titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy
		| annus = 1995
		| lingua = en
		| locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]]
		| domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]]
		| isbn = 978-951-717-846-4
	}}
}}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]</text>
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        <id>64423</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Typographia tantum</comment>
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      <text bytes="2899" sha1="g85laq3gt8h42c033c3pbf06by9bmnw" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus ad litteram}}
{{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}}
{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum
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	| descriptio =
	| categoria =
	| numerus =
	| auctor =
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	| sequens =
}}

{{lres|Magnus maior maximus}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Goliardia|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero XXXV reperitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-ammonitione-prelatorum-33-45&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = De ammonitione prelatorum 33-45
	| url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo4.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Textus ==
{{Versus numerati|
Magnus maior maximus,
parvus minor minimus:
gradus istos repperi,
per quos gradus comperi
augeri et conteri
gradus status hominis,
prout datur dignitas,
dignitatum quantitas
quantitasque nominis.

Magni parvus extiti,
parvi magnus meriti,
parveque sunt gratie
diviti contrarie:
cui plus datur hodie,
magis est obnoxius,
quique minus habuit
et minus attribuit,
minus reddit gratius.

Viri fratres presules,
rationis consules,
me non imitemini!
ne sic operemini
super gregem Domini,
pervigil sit animus,
sit lumen in manibus,
presit custos renibus
magnus maior maximus!&lt;ref name=&quot;de-ammonitione-prelatorum-33-45&quot;/&gt;
}}

== Descriptio ==
Hoc carmen, in sectione [[Moralitas|moralium]] et [[Satura|satiricorum]] servatum, de variis gradibus ac dignitatibus humanae condicionis disserit, [[Comparatio|comparativis]] [[superlativum|superlativis]]&lt;nowiki /&gt;que formis ludens ad [[Hierarchia|hierarchiam]] socialem describendam. Auctor demonstrat quomodo status hominis et nomen eius secundum fortunam vel dignitatem augeri vel minui possint, divites et potentes de maiore responsabilitate (obnoxietate) monens quae copiam rerum sequitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-ammonitione-prelatorum-33-45&quot;/&gt;

In ultima parte, carmen ad [[Praelatus|praelatos]] et pastores Ecclesiae vertitur, quos auctor hortatur ad vigilantiam et rectam operis rationem. Per apostrophen “viri fratres presules”, carmen monet ne gregem Domini neglegant, sed ut mentes vigilantes et mores castos (custodem renibus) servent, ut revera in virtute sint magni, maiores et maximi.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-ammonitione-prelatorum-33-45&quot;/&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Lehtonen, [[1995]]
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen = Lehtonen
		| nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel
		| nomenclatura = compendiaria
		| titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy
		| annus = 1995
		| lingua = en
		| locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]]
		| domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]]
		| isbn = 978-951-717-846-4
	}}
}}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Meiko Nakahara</title>
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      <comment>/* Vita et Cursus */</comment>
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      <text bytes="6419" sha1="6uqe7mjhxanc8fyyju5nsvhyp7374eb" xml:space="preserve">{{Pagina autotranslata|fons=[[:en:Meiko Nakahara]]|tempus=20260704061954}}
{{Succurre}}
{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}

{{Nihongo|'''Meiko Obara'''|小原 明子|Obara Meiko}}, publice {{Nihongo|'''Meiko Nakahara'''|中原 めいこ|Nakahara Meiko}}, Nata 8 Maii, 1959 Yotsukaidou Urbis, cantatrix et compositrix Iaponica est.&lt;ref name=&quot;cdjournal&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.cdjournal.com/i/artist/nakahara-meiko/122066|title=中原めいこ|accessdate=September 10, 2016|work=CDJournal|language=Japanese}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ab anno 1982 ad annum 1992 activa fuit, ea scita pro musica sua in Urbe Populariā genā musicā est, sive &quot;[[City pop|City Pop]]&quot; in linguis vernaculis. Ea quoque initialem et finalem cantus pro ''[[Dirty Pair (TV series)|Dirty Pair]]'' et ''[[Kimagure Orange Road]]'' [[anime]] televisionibus seriebus composuit.

== Vita et Cursus ==
Meiko Obara nata est 8 Maii, 1959, Yotsukaidou Urbis [[Chibaënsis|praefecturae Chibaënsis.]] Ea musicam componere coepit dum in scholā secundariā.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://anison.info/data/program/373.html|title=きまぐれオレンジ★ロード|accessdate=September 10, 2016|work=anison.info|language=Japanese}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anno 1982 primum apparuit, Nakahara primum singulum &quot;Kon'ya Dake DANCE DANCE DANCE (今夜だけDANCE DANCE DANCE)&quot; et musicum album &quot;Coconuts House (ココナッツ・ハウス)&quot; edidit.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;cdjournal&quot; /&gt; 1984 singulus suus &quot;Kimitachi Kiwi Papaya Mango Dane (君たちキウイ・パパイア・マンゴーだね。)&quot; quinquaginta popularissima singula in Iaponiā erat, cum 237,000 exemplaribus venditis.&lt;ref name=&quot;rosettastone&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=バンド自己紹介(第１回) Meiko Nakahara Tribute LOTOS|url=http://www.rosetta.jp/triban/100628.html|website=rosetta.jp|publisher=Rosettastone|date=June 28, 2010|accessdate=November 30, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Statim clara facta est.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Carmina sua, &quot;Ru-Ru-Ru-Russian Roulette (ロ・ロ・ロ・ロシアンルーレット)&quot; primum thema erat atque &quot;Uchū Ren'ai (Space Fantasy) (宇宙恋愛(スペースファンタジー))&quot; tandem cantaverat pro 1985 anime televisioni seriei &quot;Dirty Pair&quot;. &quot;Ru-Ru-Ru-Russian Roulette&quot; &quot;Best Song&quot; tulit in Octavō &quot;Anime Grand Prix&quot; in 1986.&lt;ref name=&quot;lotos1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Information|url=http://lotos.jpn.com/information.html|website=lotos.jpn.com|publisher=Lotos|accessdate=November 30, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;lotos2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Profile|url=http://lotos.jpn.com/profile.html|website=lotos.jpn.com|publisher=Lotos|accessdate=November 30, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pro 1987–1988 anime televisioni seriei &quot;Kimagure Orange Road,&quot; &quot;Kagami no Naka no Actress (鏡の中のアクトレス)&quot; tertia introductio cantus erat et &quot;Dance in the Memories (ダンス・イン・ザ・メモリーズ)&quot; tertia conclusio cantus erat.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.sanspo.com/article/20240411-MLSTOFZNURJJDLL2E2T7RFBWQQ/ 坂本つとむやシティーポップ、「ふてほど」のヒットから再生のキーワードは1980年代？！]&lt;/ref&gt;

1992 viva circumcursio ultima publica performans sua erat et cantans cursus sua considerata terminata est quasi hanc tempus.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Sero Cursus et Legatum ==
Postquam cantantem cursum suam, Nakahara laborabat ut compositrix pro gregibus et cantoribus sicut Checkicco et Vivian Hsu. Tributus grex clamatus Lotos ea formatus erat in 2010 et activus jam dum 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; In articulō pro Sankei Shimbun, Nakahara recognita ut major artifex in Urbe Populariā genā musicā. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

== Discographia ==

* I Iulii 1982: ''Coconuts House (ココナッツ・ハウス)''
* XXI Decembris, 1982: ''2時までのシンデレラ-FRIDAY MAGIC-''
* I Septembris, 1983: ''Mint (ミ・ン・ト)''
* ''XXI Iulii, 1984: Lotos no Kajitsu (ロートスの果実-LOTOS)''
* XXII Maii, 1985: ''CHAKI CHAKI CLUB''
* XX Martii, 1986: ''MOODS''
* IV Martii, 1987: ''PUZZLE''
* V Martii, 1988: ''Kagami no Naka no Actress (鏡の中のアクトレス)''
* XXI Martii, 1990: ''303 EAST 60TH STREET''
* XXX Octobris, 1991: ''ON THE PLANET-地球でのできごと-''

== Alba Compilationes ==

* III Septembris, 1986: ''MOGA-BEST COLLECTIO-''
* XXVI Augusti, 1987: ''中原めいこ ニュー・ベストナウ''
* XXVI Augusti, 1987: ''Meiko's BEST SELECTION 10+1''
* V Iunii, 1988: ''セレクション20/中原めいこバラッド''
* XXVI Aprilis, 1989: ''Happy birthday, Love for you''
* XIII Maii, 1998: ''中原めいこ/ツイン・ベスト''
* XXI Iunii, 2000: ''2000 BEST 中原めいこ・ベスト''
* XVII Decembris, 2004: ''Golden Best Nakahara Meiko ゴールデン☆ベスト 中原めいこ''
* XXIV Augusti, 2005: ''NEW BEST 1500''

== Singuli ==

* XXI Aprilis, 1982: Kon'ya dake Dance Dance Dance 今夜だけDANCE DANCE DANCE
* XXI Septembris, 1982: &quot;Go Away&quot;
* XXI Martii, 1983: ''&quot;Friday Magic&quot;''
* XXI Iulii, 1983: ''&quot;Tsukiyo ni Ki wo Tsukete!&quot; (月夜に気をつけて!)''
* XXI Novembris, 1983: ''&quot;Scorpion&quot; (スコーピオン)''
* V Aprilis, 1984: &quot;Kimi-tachi Kiwi・Papaiya・Mango da ne&quot; (君たちキウィ・パパイヤ・マンゴーだね)
* XXI Septembris, 1984: ''&quot;Emoushon &quot;(エモーション)''
* I Maii, 1985: ''&quot;Yakimochi-yaki Rhumba Boy&quot; (やきもちやきルンバ・ボーイ)''
* XXI Iulii, 1985: ''&quot;Ru-Ru-Ru-Russian Roulette&quot; (ロ・ロ・ロ・ロシアンルーレット)''
* I Februarii, 1986: ''&quot;Kowareta Piano&quot;/&quot;DESTINATION&quot; (こわれたピアノ/DESTINATION)''
* IV Februarii, 1987: ''&quot;UNBALANCE ZONE&quot;''
* II Februarii, 1988: ''&quot;Special Party Versions&quot;''  ''(スペシャル・パーテイ・バージョン''
* XXV Februarii, 1988: ''&quot;Kagami no Naka no Actress&quot; (鏡の中のアクトレス)&quot;''
* XXI Februarii, 1990: ''&quot;DAIYAMONDO Miwakenasai -Is it true love- (ダイヤモンド見分けなさい-Is it true love-)&quot;''
* XXVII Septembris, 1991: ''&quot;Fortune -gin no tsukiyo no HANEMUUN-&quot; (Fortune -銀の月夜のハネムウン-)''

== Referentia ==
* Issei Tomizawa. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ev1V0AEACAAJ 1980年代]. 言視舎. 2023. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9784865652581&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
{{Notae|2}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Nakahara, Meiko}}

== Nexus externi ==
* Meiko Nakahara discography at Discogs

- https://www.instagram.com/meik_onakahara/&lt;nowiki/&gt;{{DEFAULTSORT:Nakahara, Meiko}}
[[Categoria:Nati 1959]]
[[Categoria:Homines vivi]]
[[Categoria:Continetur textus Iaponice scriptus]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Petrus Martinus Ngô Đình Thục</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>326483</id>
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      <id>3970921</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Bartholomite</username>
        <id>116968</id>
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      <text bytes="1937" sha1="2qqv7egmbkgtjho8pc9lxjtjq05qpyw" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}

{{res|Petrus Martinus Ngô Đình Thục}} ([[Francogallice]] ''Pierre Martin''; [[Vietnamice]] ''Phêrô Máctinô Ngô Đình Thục''; natus Huei die [[6 Octobris]] [[1897]]; mortuus Carthagonis in [[Missuria]] die [[13 Decembris]] [[1984]]) fuit [[archiepiscopus]] [[Vietnamia|Vietnamienis]]. Archiepiscopus [[Archidioecesis Hueensis|Hueensis]] ab anno [[1960]] ad annum [[1968]]. Unus e patribus [[Concilium Vaticanum Secundum|Concilii Vaticani Secundi]] fuit, quo tempore res novae in Vietnamia familiam eius necaverunt et eum in exilium tulerunt. In exsilio et post Concilium Vaticanum II, Ngô Đình Thục contra auctoritates ecclesiasticas rebellavit et [[episcopus|episcopos]] traditionalistas consecravit. Bis [[excommunicatio|excommunicatus]] est, sed tandem cum ecclesia reconciliatus est.

== Episcopi illiciti consecrati ==
* [[11 Ianuarii]] [[1976]]
** [[Clemens Domínguez y Gómez]]
** [[Emanuel Corral]]
** [[Camillus Estévez]]
** Michael Donnelly
** Franciscus Sandler
* [[7 Maii]] [[1981]]
** [[Michael Ludovicus Guérard des Lauriers]]
* [[17 Octobris]] [[1981]]
** [[Moises Carmona]] 
** Adolphus Zamora
* [[25 Septembris]] [[1982]]
** Christianus Maria Datessen

== Bibliographia ==
* {{cite book|title=Sede Vacante: The Life and Legacy of Archbishop Thuc|first=Eduardus|last=Jarvis|year=2018|publisher=Apocryphile Press|isbn=978-1-949643-02-2|location=Berkeleiae}}
* {{cite book|title=America's miracle man in Vietnam: Ngo Dinh Diem, religion, race, and U.S. intervention in Southeast Asia, 1950–1957|author=Jacobs, Seth|publisher=Duke University Press|year=2004|isbn=0-8223-3440-2|location=Durhami}}

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Phêrô Máctinô Ngô Đình Thục|Petrum Martinum Ngô Đình Thục}}
{{Fontes biographici}}

{{bio-stipula}}

{{Anni vitae|1897|1984|Ngô Đình Thục, Petrus Martinus}}
[[Categoria:Episcopi Vietnamiae]]
[[Categoria:Missa Tridentina]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Coemeterium Monumentalis Cothonei</title>
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    <id>326527</id>
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      <id>3970839</id>
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        <username>Rei Momo</username>
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      <text bytes="1979" sha1="o1x3jxtv10za6fl2m6m4qjdyax3pfgw" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Codogno Monumental Cemetery 01 entrance.JPG|thumb|250px|Introitus coemeterii Cothonei]]
[[Fasciculus:Codogno Monumental Cemetery 04 first courtyard.JPG|thumb|250px|Primum coemeterii atrium]]
[[Fasciculus:Codogno Monumental Cemetery 05 pieta entrance left.JPG|thumb|250px|Signum Pietatis ad introitum coemeterii, a sinistra parte]]
[[Fasciculus:Codogno Monumental Cemetery 06 nuns grave.JPG|thumb|250px|Sepulcrum Sororum Virginum a Sacro Corde Jesu]]
'''Coemeterium Monumentalis Cothonei''' ([[Italice]] ''Cimitero Monumentale di Codogno'') est sepulcretum in civitate [[Cothoneum|Cothonei]] situm, prope ipsum oppidi centrum situm est, inter ecclesiam Nostrae Dominae [[Caravagium|Caravagii]] et [[valetudinarium]] municipale.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.lombardiabeniculturali.it/architetture/schede/LO370-00018/ Cimitero di Codogno]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia ==

Coemeterium formam rectangulam habet et ex tribus areis constat. Die 2 Iunii 2020, anniversarii diei Rei Publicae, , praeses [[ Sergius Mattarella]] coemeterium visitavit ut honorem tribueret victimis pestilentiae [[COVID-19]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://milano.repubblica.it/cronaca/2020/06/02/news/mattarella_codogno_festa_della_repubblica_2_giugno_coronavirus-258235276/ 2 Giugno, Mattarella a Codogno: &quot;Da qui riparte l'Italia del coraggio e da qui ribadiamo i valori della Costituzione&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sepulcra notabiles ==

* [[Iosephus Novello]], (1897-1988) pictor
* [[Virgilius Muzzi]], (1923-2010), scriptor [[Narratio picta|narrationis pictae]].
* [[Iosephus Pagani]], (1937-2023) scriptor diarii et moderator radiophonicus

==Bibliographia==

* Palazzina D., Cenni storici di Codogno, Mediolanum 1964, pp. 234-235

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

==Nexus externi==
{{fontes geographici}}

* [https://www.lombardiabeniculturali.it/architetture/schede/LO370-00018/ Coemeterium Monumentalis Cothonei apud Lombardia Beni Culturali, Regio Langobardiae] {{ling|Italice}}

{{stipula}}

[[Categoria:Langobardia]]
[[Categoria:Coemeteria]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Naucellius</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Opera */</comment>
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      <text bytes="4817" sha1="nh5qmur4hwclqnabmi1xyyfci7z44co" xml:space="preserve">'''Naucellius''' nonnumquam Iunius Naucellius et alias Iulius Naucellius appellatus, natus quarto saeculo ineunte et mortuus circa [[400]], fuit poeta et scriptor Romanus antiquus [[Senatus Romanus|senatorii ordinis]]. [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Quinti Aurelii Symmachi]] amicus erat a quo septem epistulas accepit&lt;ref&gt;''Epistulae'' III.10-16 quibus nonnulli critici etiam IX.110 addiderunt.&lt;/ref&gt;.
== Opera ==
Plura [[Epigramma|epigrammata]] eius in manuscripto &quot;[[Epigrammata Bobiensia]]&quot;&lt;ref&gt;James Lawrence Peter  Butrica. (2006). &quot;[http://www.rhm.uni-koeln.de/149/Butrica.pdf Epigrammata Bobiensia 36]&quot;, ''Rheinisches Museum für Philologie'': 310–349.&lt;/ref&gt; dicto et medio saeculo vicesimo&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.fr/books?id=x-9v0XcMA5EC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Editio princeps] (Romae, 1955) apud Guglum librorum.&lt;/ref&gt; in [[Bibliotheca Vaticana]] reperto nobis servata sunt.  Non omnia tamen poemata in hoc collectaneo tradita ei tribuenda sunt sed epigrammata I-IX dubia non sunt&lt;ref&gt;W. Speyer (1959).&lt;/ref&gt;. Historicum opus quoque de veteribus rebus publicis e Graeco in Latinam linguam vertit&lt;ref&gt;Symmachus III.11.3. JP Callu in editione Symmachi (tomus II p.26), [[Collection des Universités de France]], coniecturam proponebat hunc librum fortasse epitomen fuisse ''Constitutionum'' Aristotelis.&lt;/ref&gt; atque verisimiliter alia huiusmodi composuerat. Symmachus ei antiquum dicendi genus tribuebat&lt;ref&gt;Passim sed praesertim ep. III.11.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Vita ==
Diu vixit et in quodam epigrammate&lt;ref&gt;Epigramma 8.&lt;/ref&gt; nonagesimum quintum iam annum agere sese dicit. Quocirca Symmachus eum cum [[Nestor|Nestore]] [[Homerus|Homerico]] libenter comparabat&lt;ref&gt;III.11.1: ''Nestorea manu'' et III.13.2 ubi etiam Achillis praeceptor [[Phoenix (Ilias)|Phoenix]] memoratur.&lt;/ref&gt;. Uxor ei fuit Sabina et similiter uni e liberis nomen fuit Sabinus. [[Syracusae|Syracusis]]&lt;ref&gt;Champlin (1982).&lt;/ref&gt; oriundus Romae in magna domu diu habitavit&lt;ref&gt;Symmachus III.14.&lt;/ref&gt;, senex vero in [[Spoletium|Spoletinam]] villam secessit&lt;ref&gt;Symmachus III.12.2 et III.13.2.&lt;/ref&gt; ubi scribendo operam dabat. Honorum publicorum non videtur adpetens fuisse.

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Editio cum commentario ==
*F. R. Nocchi, ''Commento agli Epigrammata Bobiensia'', Berolini, De Gruyter, 2016 [https://shs.cairn.info/revue-de-philologie-litterature-et-histoire-anciennes-2015-2-page-194k?lang=fr Recensio ctitica] [https://books.google.fr/books?id=3kJbDAAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]

== Fontes ==
*Symmachus, ''Epistulae'' III.10-16

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Edward Champlin, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/20183713 The Epitaph of Naucellius]&quot;, ''Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik'', 1982: 184
*Lucie Desbrosses, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_2013_num_115_2_5844 L’Histoire Auguste – De Nicomaque Flavien senior à Naucellius. À propos de M. Thomson, Studies in the Historia Augusta, Bruxelles 2012]&quot;, ''Revue des Études Anciennes'', 2013: 645-652
*Gustavo Ingrasci, ''[https://www.academia.edu/47775331/Naucellius_de_domo_sua_et_de_se_ipso_storia_della_tradizione_ed_esegesi_di_Epigr_Bob_1_9_Tesi_di_Laurea_Universit%C3%A0_degli_studi_di_Catania Naucellius de domo sua et de se ipso: storia della tradizione ed esegesi di Epigr. Bob. 1-9]'',  Università degli studi di Catania, 2021
*A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/616/mode/2up 617-618] necnon  [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/108/mode/2up 1028] n°159.
*Angelo Luceri, “[https://www.academia.edu/6351426/_Un_poeta_siracusano_misconosciuto_Naucellio_a_sessant_anni_dalla_scoperta_degli_Epigrammata_Bobiensia_1950_2010_in_Bollettino_di_Studi_Latini_40_2010_pp_585_597 Un poeta siracusano misconosciuto: Naucellio a sessant’anni dalla scoperta degli Epigrammata Bobiensia (1950-2010)]”, ''Bollettino di Studi Latini'', 2010: 585-597
*Andrea Pellizzari, ''Commento storico al libro III dell epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco. Introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione, indici'', Pisae, 1983. [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2003_num_72_1_2530_t1_0416_0000_2 Recensio critica]
*W. Speyer, ''Naucellius und sein Kreis. Studien zu den Epigrammata Bobiensia'', München 1959 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1960_num_29_1_3687_t1_0214_0000_3 Recensio critica] [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_1960_num_62_1_3644_t1_0202_0000_2 Altera recensio critica]

[[Categoria:Auctores Latini antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Poetae Latini Romae antiquae]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Italiae antiquae]]</text>
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      <id>3970818</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-07T14:00:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Opera */</comment>
      <origin>3970818</origin>
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      <text bytes="5013" sha1="ps7y7gv7922f4z90in0xlgh540dzm4j" xml:space="preserve">'''Naucellius''' nonnumquam Iunius Naucellius et alias Iulius Naucellius appellatus, natus quarto saeculo ineunte et mortuus circa [[400]], fuit poeta et scriptor Romanus antiquus [[Senatus Romanus|senatorii ordinis]]. [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Quinti Aurelii Symmachi]] amicus erat a quo septem epistulas accepit&lt;ref&gt;''Epistulae'' III.10-16 quibus nonnulli critici etiam IX.110 addiderunt.&lt;/ref&gt;.
== Opera ==
Plura [[Epigramma|epigrammata]] eius in manuscripto &quot;[[Epigrammata Bobiensia]]&quot;&lt;ref&gt;James Lawrence Peter  Butrica. (2006). &quot;[http://www.rhm.uni-koeln.de/149/Butrica.pdf Epigrammata Bobiensia 36]&quot;, ''Rheinisches Museum für Philologie'': 310–349.&lt;/ref&gt; dicto et medio saeculo vicesimo&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.fr/books?id=x-9v0XcMA5EC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Editio princeps] (Romae, 1955) apud Guglum librorum.&lt;/ref&gt; in [[Bibliotheca Vaticana]] reperto nobis servata sunt.  Non omnia tamen poemata in hoc collectaneo tradita ei tribuenda sunt sed epigrammata I-IX dubia non sunt&lt;ref&gt;W. Speyer (1959).&lt;/ref&gt;. Historicum opus quoque de veteribus rebus publicis e Graeco in Latinam linguam vertit&lt;ref&gt;Symmachus III.11.3. JP Callu in editione Symmachi (tomus II p.26), [[Collection des Universités de France]], coniecturam proponebat hunc librum fortasse epitomen fuisse ''Constitutionum'' Aristotelis. Cf. &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0223-5099_2006_ant_361_1_11712 Les Constitutions d’Aristote et leur fortune au Bas-Empire (Symm., Ep. 3, 11)]&quot;, ''Revue des études latines'', 1975: 268-315.&lt;/ref&gt; atque verisimiliter alia huiusmodi composuerat. Symmachus ei antiquum dicendi genus tribuebat&lt;ref&gt;Passim sed praesertim ep. III.11.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Vita ==
Diu vixit et in quodam epigrammate&lt;ref&gt;Epigramma 8.&lt;/ref&gt; nonagesimum quintum iam annum agere sese dicit. Quocirca Symmachus eum cum [[Nestor|Nestore]] [[Homerus|Homerico]] libenter comparabat&lt;ref&gt;III.11.1: ''Nestorea manu'' et III.13.2 ubi etiam Achillis praeceptor [[Phoenix (Ilias)|Phoenix]] memoratur.&lt;/ref&gt;. Uxor ei fuit Sabina et similiter uni e liberis nomen fuit Sabinus. [[Syracusae|Syracusis]]&lt;ref&gt;Champlin (1982).&lt;/ref&gt; oriundus Romae in magna domu diu habitavit&lt;ref&gt;Symmachus III.14.&lt;/ref&gt;, senex vero in [[Spoletium|Spoletinam]] villam secessit&lt;ref&gt;Symmachus III.12.2 et III.13.2.&lt;/ref&gt; ubi scribendo operam dabat. Honorum publicorum non videtur adpetens fuisse.

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Editio cum commentario ==
*F. R. Nocchi, ''Commento agli Epigrammata Bobiensia'', Berolini, De Gruyter, 2016 [https://shs.cairn.info/revue-de-philologie-litterature-et-histoire-anciennes-2015-2-page-194k?lang=fr Recensio ctitica] [https://books.google.fr/books?id=3kJbDAAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]

== Fontes ==
*Symmachus, ''Epistulae'' III.10-16

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Edward Champlin, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/20183713 The Epitaph of Naucellius]&quot;, ''Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik'', 1982: 184
*Lucie Desbrosses, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_2013_num_115_2_5844 L’Histoire Auguste – De Nicomaque Flavien senior à Naucellius. À propos de M. Thomson, Studies in the Historia Augusta, Bruxelles 2012]&quot;, ''Revue des Études Anciennes'', 2013: 645-652
*Gustavo Ingrasci, ''[https://www.academia.edu/47775331/Naucellius_de_domo_sua_et_de_se_ipso_storia_della_tradizione_ed_esegesi_di_Epigr_Bob_1_9_Tesi_di_Laurea_Universit%C3%A0_degli_studi_di_Catania Naucellius de domo sua et de se ipso: storia della tradizione ed esegesi di Epigr. Bob. 1-9]'',  Università degli studi di Catania, 2021
*A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/616/mode/2up 617-618] necnon  [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/108/mode/2up 1028] n°159.
*Angelo Luceri, “[https://www.academia.edu/6351426/_Un_poeta_siracusano_misconosciuto_Naucellio_a_sessant_anni_dalla_scoperta_degli_Epigrammata_Bobiensia_1950_2010_in_Bollettino_di_Studi_Latini_40_2010_pp_585_597 Un poeta siracusano misconosciuto: Naucellio a sessant’anni dalla scoperta degli Epigrammata Bobiensia (1950-2010)]”, ''Bollettino di Studi Latini'', 2010: 585-597
*Andrea Pellizzari, ''Commento storico al libro III dell epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco. Introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione, indici'', Pisae, 1983. [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2003_num_72_1_2530_t1_0416_0000_2 Recensio critica]
*W. Speyer, ''Naucellius und sein Kreis. Studien zu den Epigrammata Bobiensia'', München 1959 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1960_num_29_1_3687_t1_0214_0000_3 Recensio critica] [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_1960_num_62_1_3644_t1_0202_0000_2 Altera recensio critica]

[[Categoria:Auctores Latini antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Poetae Latini Romae antiquae]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Italiae antiquae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Georgius Nyland</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="1011" sha1="ttzmz2rjl1uscj6xkuduuwxw7wqk7tv" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}
{{res|Georgius Håskjold Nyland}} (vulgo ''Ørjan''; natus [[Volda]]e die [[10 Septembris]] [[1990]]) est [[pedilusor]] [[Norvegia|Norvegicus]]. Pro turmis in foederibus professionalibus Norvegiae, [[Anglia]]e, [[Germania]]e, et [[Hispania]]e lusit. Pro  [[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Norvegica|turma pediludii nationali Norvegica]] ludebat.

== Turmae ==
=== Professionales ===
* 2007–2012: Hødd
* 2013–2015: Molde
* 2015–2018: FC Ingolstadt
* 2018–2020: Aston Villa
* 2021: Norwich City
* 2021–2022: AFC Bournemouth
* 2022: Reading
* 2022–2023: [[RB Leipzig]]
* 2023–2026: Sevilla

=== Internationalis ===
* 2013–praesens: [[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Norvegica]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Ørjan Nyland|Georgium Nyland}}
{{Fontes biographici}}
* {{IMDb|8562152|Georgio Nyland}}
* [https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/clubs/players/108923/ Georgius Nyland] apud [[UEFA]]

{{Anni vitae|1990||Nyland, Georgius}}
[[Categoria:Pedilusores Norvegiae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nauruz</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Auteuil-Passy</username>
        <id>189028</id>
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      <text bytes="1598" sha1="s4uw8bz53g4mxs7qa6p2tdjmf06xygk" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Haft-sin, Nowruz, Still-life-3205068.jpg|thumb|Mensa sollemnis novi anni Persarum]]
'''Nauruz'''&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|titulus=Cehil Sutun|annus=1678|page=238|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iwXPhhhSA1AC&amp;pg=PA238}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hyde&quot;&gt;{{opus|auctor=Thomas Hyde|titulus=Historia religionis veterum Persarum|pagina=237|annus=1700|url=https://www.google.com/books?id=l25jAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA237}}&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Persice classice]] {{lang|fa|نَوْروز}} ''Nawrōz''&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|auctor=Francis Joseph Steingass|annus=1892|titulus=A Comprehensive Persian-English dictionary|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/steingass_query.py?page=1433|pagina=1433}}&lt;/ref&gt;, 'novus dies'&lt;ref name=&quot;Hyde&quot;/&gt;; [[Persice Iranice]] {{lang|fa|نُوْروز}} ''Nowruz''; [[Lingua Tadzikica|Persice Tadzikice]] {{lang|tg|Наврӯз}} ''Navrūz''; [[Arabice]] {{lang|ar|نَوْرُوز}} ''Nawrūz'') vel '''Neuruz'''&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|titulus=In sacros divinorum bibliorum|url=https://www.google.com/books?id=V8YtONtAAKAC&amp;pg=PA319|annus=1610|pagina=319}}&lt;/ref&gt; (ex forma [[Lingua Turcica|Turcica Ottomanica]] {{lang|ota|نَوْروز}} ''Nevrûz'') est primus dies [[Calendarium Persicum|calendarii Persici]], in [[Aequinoctium vernum|aequinoctio vernali]]. Nauruz est &quot;festum totius anni maximum, in quo summo gaudio [et] omnigena laetitia occupari [et] oppleri solent omnes&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hyde&quot;/&gt;. In multis terris [[Asia occidentalis|Asiae occidentalis]] et [[Asia media|Asiae mediae]] celebratur.

==Notae==
{{Reflist}}

[[Categoria:Sollemnia]]
[[Categoria:Cultura Iraniae]]
[[Categoria:Cultura Respublicae Atropatenae]]</text>
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    <title>Recueil d'expériences et observations</title>
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      <text bytes="1596" sha1="5v79bftcxxaj3qtp8goa8hzqm7wxzcs" xml:space="preserve">{{ires|Recueil d'experiences et observations sur le combat qui procède du mélange des corps; sur les saveurs, sur les odeurs, sur le sang, sur le lait}}, anno [[1679]] editum, est collectaneum opusculorum scientificorum a [[Nehemias Grew|Nehemia Grew]] et [[Robertus Boyle|Roberto Boyle]] necnon [[Antonius van Leeuwenhoek|Antonio van Leeuwenhoek]]) iam antea divulgatorum. Experimenta hic referuntur sociorum [[Regalis Societas Londini|Regalis Societatis Londiniensis]] de [[microbiologia]] et [[chemia]] [[plantae|plantarum]].

== Bibliographia ==
; Propaedeutica
* 1678 : Nehemiah Grew, ''Experiments in consort of the luctation arising from the affusion of several menstruums upon all sorts of bodies ...''  {{Google Books|a-00AQAAMAAJ|editio fac-simile (?)}} [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_experiments-in-consort-_grew-nehemiah_1678/page/n1/mode/2up exemplar difficil|e]; [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A42105.0001.001 editio interretialis apud Michiganenses]

; Editiones collectanei
* 1679 : ''[[Recueil d'experiences et observations|Recueil d'experiences et observations sur le combat qui procede du melange des corps. Sur les saveurs, sur les odeurs, sur le sang, sur le lait ...]]''. Lutetiae: Estienne Michallet {{Google Books|MnJ-5NxbQvoC}}.
* 1698 reimpressum: Lutetiae: Barthélémy Girin; [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_C8nYxJt1bkoC/ Textus] {{Google Books|C8nYxJt1bkoC}}

== Nexus externi ==
* ''[https://lensonleeuwenhoek.net/content/recueil-experiences-observations Recueil d'experiences et observations]'' apud ''Lens on Leeuwenhoek''</text>
      <sha1>5v79bftcxxaj3qtp8goa8hzqm7wxzcs</sha1>
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      <text bytes="1617" sha1="hqoe3ctpzh60n9w242z782avkiqnk0m" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
{{ires|Recueil d'experiences et observations sur le combat qui procède du mélange des corps; sur les saveurs, sur les odeurs, sur le sang, sur le lait}}, anno [[1679]] editum, est collectaneum opusculorum scientificorum a [[Nehemias Grew|Nehemia Grew]] et [[Robertus Boyle|Roberto Boyle]] necnon [[Antonius van Leeuwenhoek|Antonio van Leeuwenhoek]]) iam antea divulgatorum. Experimenta hic referuntur sociorum [[Regalis Societas Londini|Regalis Societatis Londiniensis]] de [[microbiologia]] et [[chemia]] [[plantae|plantarum]].

== Bibliographia ==
; Propaedeutica
* 1678 : Nehemiah Grew, ''Experiments in consort of the luctation arising from the affusion of several menstruums upon all sorts of bodies ...''  {{Google Books|a-00AQAAMAAJ|editio fac-simile (?)}} [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_experiments-in-consort-_grew-nehemiah_1678/page/n1/mode/2up exemplar difficil|e]; [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A42105.0001.001 editio interretialis apud Michiganenses]

; Editiones collectanei
* 1679 : ''[[Recueil d'experiences et observations|Recueil d'experiences et observations sur le combat qui procede du melange des corps. Sur les saveurs, sur les odeurs, sur le sang, sur le lait ...]]''. Lutetiae: Estienne Michallet {{Google Books|MnJ-5NxbQvoC}}.
* 1698 reimpressum: Lutetiae: Barthélémy Girin; [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_C8nYxJt1bkoC/ Textus] {{Google Books|C8nYxJt1bkoC}}

== Nexus externi ==
* ''[https://lensonleeuwenhoek.net/content/recueil-experiences-observations Recueil d'experiences et observations]'' apud ''Lens on Leeuwenhoek''</text>
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        <username>Andronikos Komnenos</username>
        <id>1527</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Project:HotCat|HotCat]]: +[[Categoria:Scripta 1679]]</comment>
      <origin>3970823</origin>
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      <text bytes="1645" sha1="jf7b7edhqvhe8uxlwwg52bjnmimthaz" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
{{ires|Recueil d'experiences et observations sur le combat qui procède du mélange des corps; sur les saveurs, sur les odeurs, sur le sang, sur le lait}}, anno [[1679]] editum, est collectaneum opusculorum scientificorum a [[Nehemias Grew|Nehemia Grew]] et [[Robertus Boyle|Roberto Boyle]] necnon [[Antonius van Leeuwenhoek|Antonio van Leeuwenhoek]]) iam antea divulgatorum. Experimenta hic referuntur sociorum [[Regalis Societas Londini|Regalis Societatis Londiniensis]] de [[microbiologia]] et [[chemia]] [[plantae|plantarum]].

== Bibliographia ==
; Propaedeutica
* 1678 : Nehemiah Grew, ''Experiments in consort of the luctation arising from the affusion of several menstruums upon all sorts of bodies ...''  {{Google Books|a-00AQAAMAAJ|editio fac-simile (?)}} [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_experiments-in-consort-_grew-nehemiah_1678/page/n1/mode/2up exemplar difficil|e]; [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A42105.0001.001 editio interretialis apud Michiganenses]

; Editiones collectanei
* 1679 : ''[[Recueil d'experiences et observations|Recueil d'experiences et observations sur le combat qui procede du melange des corps. Sur les saveurs, sur les odeurs, sur le sang, sur le lait ...]]''. Lutetiae: Estienne Michallet {{Google Books|MnJ-5NxbQvoC}}.
* 1698 reimpressum: Lutetiae: Barthélémy Girin; [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_C8nYxJt1bkoC/ Textus] {{Google Books|C8nYxJt1bkoC}}

== Nexus externi ==
* ''[https://lensonleeuwenhoek.net/content/recueil-experiences-observations Recueil d'experiences et observations]'' apud ''Lens on Leeuwenhoek''

[[Categoria:Scripta 1679]]</text>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>1527</id>
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      <comment>[[Project:HotCat|HotCat]]: +[[Categoria:Angliae scripta]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="1675" sha1="revl9xn45hwavkjfj7crumy1fx2cq1d" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
{{ires|Recueil d'experiences et observations sur le combat qui procède du mélange des corps; sur les saveurs, sur les odeurs, sur le sang, sur le lait}}, anno [[1679]] editum, est collectaneum opusculorum scientificorum a [[Nehemias Grew|Nehemia Grew]] et [[Robertus Boyle|Roberto Boyle]] necnon [[Antonius van Leeuwenhoek|Antonio van Leeuwenhoek]]) iam antea divulgatorum. Experimenta hic referuntur sociorum [[Regalis Societas Londini|Regalis Societatis Londiniensis]] de [[microbiologia]] et [[chemia]] [[plantae|plantarum]].

== Bibliographia ==
; Propaedeutica
* 1678 : Nehemiah Grew, ''Experiments in consort of the luctation arising from the affusion of several menstruums upon all sorts of bodies ...''  {{Google Books|a-00AQAAMAAJ|editio fac-simile (?)}} [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_experiments-in-consort-_grew-nehemiah_1678/page/n1/mode/2up exemplar difficil|e]; [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A42105.0001.001 editio interretialis apud Michiganenses]

; Editiones collectanei
* 1679 : ''[[Recueil d'experiences et observations|Recueil d'experiences et observations sur le combat qui procede du melange des corps. Sur les saveurs, sur les odeurs, sur le sang, sur le lait ...]]''. Lutetiae: Estienne Michallet {{Google Books|MnJ-5NxbQvoC}}.
* 1698 reimpressum: Lutetiae: Barthélémy Girin; [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_C8nYxJt1bkoC/ Textus] {{Google Books|C8nYxJt1bkoC}}

== Nexus externi ==
* ''[https://lensonleeuwenhoek.net/content/recueil-experiences-observations Recueil d'experiences et observations]'' apud ''Lens on Leeuwenhoek''

[[Categoria:Scripta 1679]]
[[Categoria:Angliae scripta]]</text>
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        <id>1527</id>
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      <comment>[[Project:HotCat|HotCat]]: +[[Categoria:Nederlandiae scripta]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="1710" sha1="0eamgj1m3s656pfp6a1hbukdh9e644f" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
{{ires|Recueil d'experiences et observations sur le combat qui procède du mélange des corps; sur les saveurs, sur les odeurs, sur le sang, sur le lait}}, anno [[1679]] editum, est collectaneum opusculorum scientificorum a [[Nehemias Grew|Nehemia Grew]] et [[Robertus Boyle|Roberto Boyle]] necnon [[Antonius van Leeuwenhoek|Antonio van Leeuwenhoek]]) iam antea divulgatorum. Experimenta hic referuntur sociorum [[Regalis Societas Londini|Regalis Societatis Londiniensis]] de [[microbiologia]] et [[chemia]] [[plantae|plantarum]].

== Bibliographia ==
; Propaedeutica
* 1678 : Nehemiah Grew, ''Experiments in consort of the luctation arising from the affusion of several menstruums upon all sorts of bodies ...''  {{Google Books|a-00AQAAMAAJ|editio fac-simile (?)}} [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_experiments-in-consort-_grew-nehemiah_1678/page/n1/mode/2up exemplar difficil|e]; [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A42105.0001.001 editio interretialis apud Michiganenses]

; Editiones collectanei
* 1679 : ''[[Recueil d'experiences et observations|Recueil d'experiences et observations sur le combat qui procede du melange des corps. Sur les saveurs, sur les odeurs, sur le sang, sur le lait ...]]''. Lutetiae: Estienne Michallet {{Google Books|MnJ-5NxbQvoC}}.
* 1698 reimpressum: Lutetiae: Barthélémy Girin; [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_C8nYxJt1bkoC/ Textus] {{Google Books|C8nYxJt1bkoC}}

== Nexus externi ==
* ''[https://lensonleeuwenhoek.net/content/recueil-experiences-observations Recueil d'experiences et observations]'' apud ''Lens on Leeuwenhoek''

[[Categoria:Scripta 1679]]
[[Categoria:Angliae scripta]]
[[Categoria:Nederlandiae scripta]]</text>
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      <parentid>3970825</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T14:54:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Andronikos Komnenos</username>
        <id>1527</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Project:HotCat|HotCat]]: +[[Categoria:Litterae Francogallice versae]]</comment>
      <origin>3970827</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1754" sha1="rdsz2ti0e1inf7176aa5njlpnnxr6jf" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
{{ires|Recueil d'experiences et observations sur le combat qui procède du mélange des corps; sur les saveurs, sur les odeurs, sur le sang, sur le lait}}, anno [[1679]] editum, est collectaneum opusculorum scientificorum a [[Nehemias Grew|Nehemia Grew]] et [[Robertus Boyle|Roberto Boyle]] necnon [[Antonius van Leeuwenhoek|Antonio van Leeuwenhoek]]) iam antea divulgatorum. Experimenta hic referuntur sociorum [[Regalis Societas Londini|Regalis Societatis Londiniensis]] de [[microbiologia]] et [[chemia]] [[plantae|plantarum]].

== Bibliographia ==
; Propaedeutica
* 1678 : Nehemiah Grew, ''Experiments in consort of the luctation arising from the affusion of several menstruums upon all sorts of bodies ...''  {{Google Books|a-00AQAAMAAJ|editio fac-simile (?)}} [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_experiments-in-consort-_grew-nehemiah_1678/page/n1/mode/2up exemplar difficil|e]; [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A42105.0001.001 editio interretialis apud Michiganenses]

; Editiones collectanei
* 1679 : ''[[Recueil d'experiences et observations|Recueil d'experiences et observations sur le combat qui procede du melange des corps. Sur les saveurs, sur les odeurs, sur le sang, sur le lait ...]]''. Lutetiae: Estienne Michallet {{Google Books|MnJ-5NxbQvoC}}.
* 1698 reimpressum: Lutetiae: Barthélémy Girin; [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_C8nYxJt1bkoC/ Textus] {{Google Books|C8nYxJt1bkoC}}

== Nexus externi ==
* ''[https://lensonleeuwenhoek.net/content/recueil-experiences-observations Recueil d'experiences et observations]'' apud ''Lens on Leeuwenhoek''

[[Categoria:Scripta 1679]]
[[Categoria:Angliae scripta]]
[[Categoria:Nederlandiae scripta]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Francogallice versae]]</text>
      <sha1>rdsz2ti0e1inf7176aa5njlpnnxr6jf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3970828</id>
      <parentid>3970827</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T14:54:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Andronikos Komnenos</username>
        <id>1527</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Project:HotCat|HotCat]]: +[[Categoria:Libri biologici]]</comment>
      <origin>3970828</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1784" sha1="jzhp36ttfgaoabk1ebw2undxqnk59v5" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
{{ires|Recueil d'experiences et observations sur le combat qui procède du mélange des corps; sur les saveurs, sur les odeurs, sur le sang, sur le lait}}, anno [[1679]] editum, est collectaneum opusculorum scientificorum a [[Nehemias Grew|Nehemia Grew]] et [[Robertus Boyle|Roberto Boyle]] necnon [[Antonius van Leeuwenhoek|Antonio van Leeuwenhoek]]) iam antea divulgatorum. Experimenta hic referuntur sociorum [[Regalis Societas Londini|Regalis Societatis Londiniensis]] de [[microbiologia]] et [[chemia]] [[plantae|plantarum]].

== Bibliographia ==
; Propaedeutica
* 1678 : Nehemiah Grew, ''Experiments in consort of the luctation arising from the affusion of several menstruums upon all sorts of bodies ...''  {{Google Books|a-00AQAAMAAJ|editio fac-simile (?)}} [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_experiments-in-consort-_grew-nehemiah_1678/page/n1/mode/2up exemplar difficil|e]; [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A42105.0001.001 editio interretialis apud Michiganenses]

; Editiones collectanei
* 1679 : ''[[Recueil d'experiences et observations|Recueil d'experiences et observations sur le combat qui procede du melange des corps. Sur les saveurs, sur les odeurs, sur le sang, sur le lait ...]]''. Lutetiae: Estienne Michallet {{Google Books|MnJ-5NxbQvoC}}.
* 1698 reimpressum: Lutetiae: Barthélémy Girin; [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_C8nYxJt1bkoC/ Textus] {{Google Books|C8nYxJt1bkoC}}

== Nexus externi ==
* ''[https://lensonleeuwenhoek.net/content/recueil-experiences-observations Recueil d'experiences et observations]'' apud ''Lens on Leeuwenhoek''

[[Categoria:Scripta 1679]]
[[Categoria:Angliae scripta]]
[[Categoria:Nederlandiae scripta]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Francogallice versae]]
[[Categoria:Libri biologici]]</text>
      <sha1>jzhp36ttfgaoabk1ebw2undxqnk59v5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3970829</id>
      <parentid>3970828</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T14:54:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Andronikos Komnenos</username>
        <id>1527</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Project:HotCat|HotCat]]: +[[Categoria:Collectanea]]</comment>
      <origin>3970829</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1810" sha1="tmbpaxsp59hppavzfhewlh0a2frds93" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
{{ires|Recueil d'experiences et observations sur le combat qui procède du mélange des corps; sur les saveurs, sur les odeurs, sur le sang, sur le lait}}, anno [[1679]] editum, est collectaneum opusculorum scientificorum a [[Nehemias Grew|Nehemia Grew]] et [[Robertus Boyle|Roberto Boyle]] necnon [[Antonius van Leeuwenhoek|Antonio van Leeuwenhoek]]) iam antea divulgatorum. Experimenta hic referuntur sociorum [[Regalis Societas Londini|Regalis Societatis Londiniensis]] de [[microbiologia]] et [[chemia]] [[plantae|plantarum]].

== Bibliographia ==
; Propaedeutica
* 1678 : Nehemiah Grew, ''Experiments in consort of the luctation arising from the affusion of several menstruums upon all sorts of bodies ...''  {{Google Books|a-00AQAAMAAJ|editio fac-simile (?)}} [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_experiments-in-consort-_grew-nehemiah_1678/page/n1/mode/2up exemplar difficil|e]; [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A42105.0001.001 editio interretialis apud Michiganenses]

; Editiones collectanei
* 1679 : ''[[Recueil d'experiences et observations|Recueil d'experiences et observations sur le combat qui procede du melange des corps. Sur les saveurs, sur les odeurs, sur le sang, sur le lait ...]]''. Lutetiae: Estienne Michallet {{Google Books|MnJ-5NxbQvoC}}.
* 1698 reimpressum: Lutetiae: Barthélémy Girin; [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_C8nYxJt1bkoC/ Textus] {{Google Books|C8nYxJt1bkoC}}

== Nexus externi ==
* ''[https://lensonleeuwenhoek.net/content/recueil-experiences-observations Recueil d'experiences et observations]'' apud ''Lens on Leeuwenhoek''

[[Categoria:Scripta 1679]]
[[Categoria:Angliae scripta]]
[[Categoria:Nederlandiae scripta]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Francogallice versae]]
[[Categoria:Libri biologici]]
[[Categoria:Collectanea]]</text>
      <sha1>tmbpaxsp59hppavzfhewlh0a2frds93</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3970841</id>
      <parentid>3970829</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T15:18:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Andronikos Komnenos</username>
        <id>1527</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>+</comment>
      <origin>3970841</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2747" sha1="20eghtvnffjlwp62uh9drqnpdm2q83y" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
{{ires|Recueil d'expériences et observations sur le combat qui procède du mélange des corps; sur les saveurs, sur les odeurs, sur le sang, sur le lait}}, anno [[1679]] editum, est collectaneum opusculorum scientificorum a [[Nehemias Grew|Nehemia Grew]] et [[Robertus Boyle|Roberto Boyle]] necnon [[Antonius van Leeuwenhoek|Antonio van Leeuwenhoek]] iam antea divulgatorum. Experimenta hic referuntur sociorum [[Regalis Societas Londini|Regalis Societatis Londiniensis]] de [[microbiologia]] et [[chemia]] [[plantae|plantarum]]. Scripta omnia a Ludovico Le Vasseur [[Francogallice]] versa sunt. Censetur epistulas van Leeuvenhoek, [[Batave]] scripta, reddita esse e versione quadam Anglice ab [[Henricus Oldenburg|Henrico Oldenburg]] facta, qui Regali Societati a secretis merebat.

== Bibliographia ==
; Propaedeutica
* 1675 : Robert Boyle, ''Experiments, notes, &amp;c., about the mechanical origine or production of divers particular qualities, among which is inserted a discourse of the imperfection of the chymist's doctrine of qualities; together with some reflections upon the hypothesis of alcali and acidum''. Londinii: E. Flesher for R. Davis, 1675
* 1678 : Nehemiah Grew, ''Experiments in consort of the luctation arising from the affusion of several menstruums upon all sorts of bodies ...''. Londinii: John Martyn, 1678 {{Google Books|a-00AQAAMAAJ|editio fac-simile (?)}} [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_experiments-in-consort-_grew-nehemiah_1678/page/n1/mode/2up exemplar difficile]; [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A42105.0001.001 editio interretialis apud Michiganenses]
* 1674-1678 : epistulae quinque Antonii van Leeuwenhoek, scilicet tertia diei 7 Aprilis 1674, quarta diei 1 Iunii 1674, quinta diei 6 Iulii 1674, duodecima diei 14 Augusti 1675, vigesima tertia diei 14 Ianuarii 1678

; Editiones collectanei
* 1679 : ''Recueil d'experiences et observations sur le combat qui procede du melange des corps. Sur les saveurs, sur les odeurs, sur le sang, sur le lait, &amp;c: tres-curieux &amp; utile aux medecins &amp; à ceux qui s'appliquent à la recherche de la nature, des qualitez &amp; des proprietez de toutes sortes de corps''. Lutetiae: Estienne Michallet {{Google Books|MnJ-5NxbQvoC}}
* 1698 reimpressum: Lutetiae: Barthélémy Girin; [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_C8nYxJt1bkoC/ Textus] {{Google Books|C8nYxJt1bkoC}}

== Nexus externi ==
* ''[https://lensonleeuwenhoek.net/content/recueil-experiences-observations Recueil d'experiences et observations]'' apud ''Lens on Leeuwenhoek''

[[Categoria:Scripta 1679]]
[[Categoria:Angliae scripta]]
[[Categoria:Nederlandiae scripta]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Francogallice versae]]
[[Categoria:Libri biologici]]
[[Categoria:Collectanea]]</text>
      <sha1>20eghtvnffjlwp62uh9drqnpdm2q83y</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3970844</id>
      <parentid>3970841</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T15:22:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Andronikos Komnenos</username>
        <id>1527</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Andronikos Komnenos movit paginam [[Recueil d'experiences et observations]] ad [[Recueil d'expériences et observations]]: orthographia solia</comment>
      <origin>3970841</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2747" sha1="20eghtvnffjlwp62uh9drqnpdm2q83y" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
{{ires|Recueil d'expériences et observations sur le combat qui procède du mélange des corps; sur les saveurs, sur les odeurs, sur le sang, sur le lait}}, anno [[1679]] editum, est collectaneum opusculorum scientificorum a [[Nehemias Grew|Nehemia Grew]] et [[Robertus Boyle|Roberto Boyle]] necnon [[Antonius van Leeuwenhoek|Antonio van Leeuwenhoek]] iam antea divulgatorum. Experimenta hic referuntur sociorum [[Regalis Societas Londini|Regalis Societatis Londiniensis]] de [[microbiologia]] et [[chemia]] [[plantae|plantarum]]. Scripta omnia a Ludovico Le Vasseur [[Francogallice]] versa sunt. Censetur epistulas van Leeuvenhoek, [[Batave]] scripta, reddita esse e versione quadam Anglice ab [[Henricus Oldenburg|Henrico Oldenburg]] facta, qui Regali Societati a secretis merebat.

== Bibliographia ==
; Propaedeutica
* 1675 : Robert Boyle, ''Experiments, notes, &amp;c., about the mechanical origine or production of divers particular qualities, among which is inserted a discourse of the imperfection of the chymist's doctrine of qualities; together with some reflections upon the hypothesis of alcali and acidum''. Londinii: E. Flesher for R. Davis, 1675
* 1678 : Nehemiah Grew, ''Experiments in consort of the luctation arising from the affusion of several menstruums upon all sorts of bodies ...''. Londinii: John Martyn, 1678 {{Google Books|a-00AQAAMAAJ|editio fac-simile (?)}} [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_experiments-in-consort-_grew-nehemiah_1678/page/n1/mode/2up exemplar difficile]; [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A42105.0001.001 editio interretialis apud Michiganenses]
* 1674-1678 : epistulae quinque Antonii van Leeuwenhoek, scilicet tertia diei 7 Aprilis 1674, quarta diei 1 Iunii 1674, quinta diei 6 Iulii 1674, duodecima diei 14 Augusti 1675, vigesima tertia diei 14 Ianuarii 1678

; Editiones collectanei
* 1679 : ''Recueil d'experiences et observations sur le combat qui procede du melange des corps. Sur les saveurs, sur les odeurs, sur le sang, sur le lait, &amp;c: tres-curieux &amp; utile aux medecins &amp; à ceux qui s'appliquent à la recherche de la nature, des qualitez &amp; des proprietez de toutes sortes de corps''. Lutetiae: Estienne Michallet {{Google Books|MnJ-5NxbQvoC}}
* 1698 reimpressum: Lutetiae: Barthélémy Girin; [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_C8nYxJt1bkoC/ Textus] {{Google Books|C8nYxJt1bkoC}}

== Nexus externi ==
* ''[https://lensonleeuwenhoek.net/content/recueil-experiences-observations Recueil d'experiences et observations]'' apud ''Lens on Leeuwenhoek''

[[Categoria:Scripta 1679]]
[[Categoria:Angliae scripta]]
[[Categoria:Nederlandiae scripta]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Francogallice versae]]
[[Categoria:Libri biologici]]
[[Categoria:Collectanea]]</text>
      <sha1>20eghtvnffjlwp62uh9drqnpdm2q83y</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3970853</id>
      <parentid>3970844</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T15:40:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Andronikos Komnenos</username>
        <id>1527</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Bibliographia */</comment>
      <origin>3970853</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2763" sha1="rpdjn4709je8o76qh7ytsphe2pp5hrg" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
{{ires|Recueil d'expériences et observations sur le combat qui procède du mélange des corps; sur les saveurs, sur les odeurs, sur le sang, sur le lait}}, anno [[1679]] editum, est collectaneum opusculorum scientificorum a [[Nehemias Grew|Nehemia Grew]] et [[Robertus Boyle|Roberto Boyle]] necnon [[Antonius van Leeuwenhoek|Antonio van Leeuwenhoek]] iam antea divulgatorum. Experimenta hic referuntur sociorum [[Regalis Societas Londini|Regalis Societatis Londiniensis]] de [[microbiologia]] et [[chemia]] [[plantae|plantarum]]. Scripta omnia a Ludovico Le Vasseur [[Francogallice]] versa sunt. Censetur epistulas van Leeuvenhoek, [[Batave]] scripta, reddita esse e versione quadam Anglice ab [[Henricus Oldenburg|Henrico Oldenburg]] facta, qui Regali Societati a secretis merebat.

== Bibliographia ==
; Propaedeutica
* 1675 : Robert Boyle, ''Experiments, notes, &amp;c., about the mechanical origine or production of divers particular qualities, among which is inserted a discourse of the imperfection of the chymist's doctrine of qualities; together with some reflections upon the hypothesis of alcali and acidum''. Londinii: E. Flesher for R. Davis, 1675
* 1678 : Nehemiah Grew, ''Experiments in consort of the luctation arising from the affusion of several menstruums upon all sorts of bodies ...''. Londinii: John Martyn, 1678 {{Google Books|a-00AQAAMAAJ|editio fac-simile Heffer}} [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_experiments-in-consort-_grew-nehemiah_1678/page/n1/mode/2up micropellicula lectu difficilis]; [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A42105.0001.001 editio interretialis apud Michiganenses]
* 1674-1678 : epistulae quinque Antonii van Leeuwenhoek, scilicet tertia diei 7 Aprilis 1674, quarta diei 1 Iunii 1674, quinta diei 6 Iulii 1674, duodecima diei 14 Augusti 1675, vigesima tertia diei 14 Ianuarii 1678

; Editiones collectanei
* 1679 : ''Recueil d'experiences et observations sur le combat qui procede du melange des corps. Sur les saveurs, sur les odeurs, sur le sang, sur le lait, &amp;c: tres-curieux &amp; utile aux medecins &amp; à ceux qui s'appliquent à la recherche de la nature, des qualitez &amp; des proprietez de toutes sortes de corps''. Lutetiae: Estienne Michallet {{Google Books|MnJ-5NxbQvoC}}
* 1698 reimpressum: Lutetiae: Barthélémy Girin; [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_C8nYxJt1bkoC/ Textus] {{Google Books|C8nYxJt1bkoC}}

== Nexus externi ==
* ''[https://lensonleeuwenhoek.net/content/recueil-experiences-observations Recueil d'experiences et observations]'' apud ''Lens on Leeuwenhoek''

[[Categoria:Scripta 1679]]
[[Categoria:Angliae scripta]]
[[Categoria:Nederlandiae scripta]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Francogallice versae]]
[[Categoria:Libri biologici]]
[[Categoria:Collectanea]]</text>
      <sha1>rpdjn4709je8o76qh7ytsphe2pp5hrg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3970860</id>
      <parentid>3970853</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T15:51:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Andronikos Komnenos</username>
        <id>1527</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>imago</comment>
      <origin>3970860</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2876" sha1="eivbfqtyogvfty3mmb49k3b36aen38j" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
[[Fasciculus:Recueil tp 1679.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|''Recueil d'expériences et observations'' (1679): titulus]]
{{ires|Recueil d'expériences et observations sur le combat qui procède du mélange des corps; sur les saveurs, sur les odeurs, sur le sang, sur le lait}}, anno [[1679]] editum, est collectaneum opusculorum scientificorum a [[Nehemias Grew|Nehemia Grew]] et [[Robertus Boyle|Roberto Boyle]] necnon [[Antonius van Leeuwenhoek|Antonio van Leeuwenhoek]] iam antea divulgatorum. Experimenta hic referuntur sociorum [[Regalis Societas Londini|Regalis Societatis Londiniensis]] de [[microbiologia]] et [[chemia]] [[plantae|plantarum]]. Scripta omnia a Ludovico Le Vasseur [[Francogallice]] versa sunt. Censetur epistulas van Leeuvenhoek, [[Batave]] scripta, reddita esse e versione quadam Anglice ab [[Henricus Oldenburg|Henrico Oldenburg]] facta, qui Regali Societati a secretis merebat.

== Bibliographia ==
; Propaedeutica
* 1675 : Robert Boyle, ''Experiments, notes, &amp;c., about the mechanical origine or production of divers particular qualities, among which is inserted a discourse of the imperfection of the chymist's doctrine of qualities; together with some reflections upon the hypothesis of alcali and acidum''. Londinii: E. Flesher for R. Davis, 1675
* 1678 : Nehemiah Grew, ''Experiments in consort of the luctation arising from the affusion of several menstruums upon all sorts of bodies ...''. Londinii: John Martyn, 1678 {{Google Books|a-00AQAAMAAJ|editio fac-simile Heffer}} [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_experiments-in-consort-_grew-nehemiah_1678/page/n1/mode/2up micropellicula lectu difficilis]; [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A42105.0001.001 editio interretialis apud Michiganenses]
* 1674-1678 : epistulae quinque Antonii van Leeuwenhoek, scilicet tertia diei 7 Aprilis 1674, quarta diei 1 Iunii 1674, quinta diei 6 Iulii 1674, duodecima diei 14 Augusti 1675, vigesima tertia diei 14 Ianuarii 1678

; Editiones collectanei
* 1679 : ''Recueil d'experiences et observations sur le combat qui procede du melange des corps. Sur les saveurs, sur les odeurs, sur le sang, sur le lait, &amp;c: tres-curieux &amp; utile aux medecins &amp; à ceux qui s'appliquent à la recherche de la nature, des qualitez &amp; des proprietez de toutes sortes de corps''. Lutetiae: Estienne Michallet {{Google Books|MnJ-5NxbQvoC}}
* 1698 reimpressum: Lutetiae: Barthélémy Girin; [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_C8nYxJt1bkoC/ Textus] {{Google Books|C8nYxJt1bkoC}}

== Nexus externi ==
* ''[https://lensonleeuwenhoek.net/content/recueil-experiences-observations Recueil d'experiences et observations]'' apud ''Lens on Leeuwenhoek''

[[Categoria:Scripta 1679]]
[[Categoria:Angliae scripta]]
[[Categoria:Nederlandiae scripta]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Francogallice versae]]
[[Categoria:Libri biologici]]
[[Categoria:Collectanea]]</text>
      <sha1>eivbfqtyogvfty3mmb49k3b36aen38j</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3970867</id>
      <parentid>3970860</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T16:03:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Andronikos Komnenos</username>
        <id>1527</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>3970867</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3000" sha1="7j0ru62dg38192x1xmw85kftcjoqfed" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
[[Fasciculus:Recueil tp 1679.jpg|thumb|''Recueil d'expériences et observations'' (1679): titulus]]
{{ires|Recueil d'expériences et observations sur le combat qui procède du mélange des corps; sur les saveurs, sur les odeurs, sur le sang, sur le lait}}, anno [[1679]] editum, est collectaneum opusculorum scientificorum a [[Nehemias Grew|Nehemia Grew]] et [[Robertus Boyle|Roberto Boyle]] necnon [[Antonius van Leeuwenhoek|Antonio van Leeuwenhoek]] iam antea divulgatorum. Experimenta hic referuntur sociorum [[Regalis Societas Londini|Regalis Societatis Londiniensis]] de [[microbiologia]] et [[chemia]] [[plantae|plantarum]]. Scripta omnia a Ludovico Le Vasseur [[Francogallice]] versa sFasciculus:Recueil tp 1698.jpgunt. Censetur epistulas van Leeuvenhoek, [[Batave]] scripta, reddita esse e versione quadam Anglice ab [[Henricus Oldenburg|Henrico Oldenburg]] facta, qui Regali Societati a secretis merebat.

== Bibliographia ==
[[Fasciculus:Recueil tp 1698.jpg|thumb|''Recueil d'expériences et observations'' (editio 1698): titulus]]
; Propaedeutica
* 1675 : Robert Boyle, ''Experiments, notes, &amp;c., about the mechanical origine or production of divers particular qualities, among which is inserted a discourse of the imperfection of the chymist's doctrine of qualities; together with some reflections upon the hypothesis of alcali and acidum''. Londinii: E. Flesher for R. Davis, 1675
* 1678 : Nehemiah Grew, ''Experiments in consort of the luctation arising from the affusion of several menstruums upon all sorts of bodies ...''. Londinii: John Martyn, 1678 {{Google Books|a-00AQAAMAAJ|editio fac-simile Heffer}} [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_experiments-in-consort-_grew-nehemiah_1678/page/n1/mode/2up micropellicula lectu difficilis]; [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A42105.0001.001 editio interretialis apud Michiganenses]
* 1674-1678 : epistulae quinque Antonii van Leeuwenhoek, scilicet tertia diei 7 Aprilis 1674, quarta diei 1 Iunii 1674, quinta diei 6 Iulii 1674, duodecima diei 14 Augusti 1675, vigesima tertia diei 14 Ianuarii 1678

; Editiones collectanei
* 1679 : ''Recueil d'experiences et observations sur le combat qui procede du melange des corps. Sur les saveurs, sur les odeurs, sur le sang, sur le lait, &amp;c: tres-curieux &amp; utile aux medecins &amp; à ceux qui s'appliquent à la recherche de la nature, des qualitez &amp; des proprietez de toutes sortes de corps''. Lutetiae: Estienne Michallet {{Google Books|MnJ-5NxbQvoC}}
* 1698 reimpressum: Lutetiae: Barthélémy Girin; [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_C8nYxJt1bkoC/ Textus] {{Google Books|C8nYxJt1bkoC}}

== Nexus externi ==
* ''[https://lensonleeuwenhoek.net/content/recueil-experiences-observations Recueil d'experiences et observations]'' apud ''Lens on Leeuwenhoek''

[[Categoria:Scripta 1679]]
[[Categoria:Angliae scripta]]
[[Categoria:Nederlandiae scripta]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Francogallice versae]]
[[Categoria:Libri biologici]]
[[Categoria:Collectanea]]</text>
      <sha1>7j0ru62dg38192x1xmw85kftcjoqfed</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3970878</id>
      <parentid>3970867</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T16:19:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Andronikos Komnenos</username>
        <id>1527</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Bibliographia */</comment>
      <origin>3970878</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3083" sha1="22gqbxey8tceddajk50yot7nh1lu7s9" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
[[Fasciculus:Recueil tp 1679.jpg|thumb|''Recueil d'expériences et observations'' (1679): titulus]]
{{ires|Recueil d'expériences et observations sur le combat qui procède du mélange des corps; sur les saveurs, sur les odeurs, sur le sang, sur le lait}}, anno [[1679]] editum, est collectaneum opusculorum scientificorum a [[Nehemias Grew|Nehemia Grew]] et [[Robertus Boyle|Roberto Boyle]] necnon [[Antonius van Leeuwenhoek|Antonio van Leeuwenhoek]] iam antea divulgatorum. Experimenta hic referuntur sociorum [[Regalis Societas Londini|Regalis Societatis Londiniensis]] de [[microbiologia]] et [[chemia]] [[plantae|plantarum]]. Scripta omnia a Ludovico Le Vasseur [[Francogallice]] versa sFasciculus:Recueil tp 1698.jpgunt. Censetur epistulas van Leeuvenhoek, [[Batave]] scripta, reddita esse e versione quadam Anglice ab [[Henricus Oldenburg|Henrico Oldenburg]] facta, qui Regali Societati a secretis merebat.

== Bibliographia ==
[[Fasciculus:Recueil tp 1698.jpg|thumb|''Recueil d'expériences et observations'' (editio 1698): titulus]]
; Propaedeutica
* 1675 : Robert Boyle, ''Experiments, notes, &amp;c., about the mechanical origine or production of divers particular qualities, among which is inserted a discourse of the imperfection of the chymist's doctrine of qualities; together with some reflections upon the hypothesis of alcali and acidum''. Londinii: E. Flesher for R. Davis, 1675; [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/132523#page/9/mode/1up Textus apud BHL]
* 1678 : Nehemiah Grew, ''Experiments in consort of the luctation arising from the affusion of several menstruums upon all sorts of bodies ...''. Londinii: John Martyn, 1678 {{Google Books|a-00AQAAMAAJ|editio fac-simile Heffer}} [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_experiments-in-consort-_grew-nehemiah_1678/page/n1/mode/2up micropellicula lectu difficilis]; [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A42105.0001.001 editio interretialis apud Michiganenses]
* 1674-1678 : epistulae quinque Antonii van Leeuwenhoek, scilicet tertia diei 7 Aprilis 1674, quarta diei 1 Iunii 1674, quinta diei 6 Iulii 1674, duodecima diei 14 Augusti 1675, vigesima tertia diei 14 Ianuarii 1678

; Editiones collectanei
* 1679 : ''Recueil d'experiences et observations sur le combat qui procede du melange des corps. Sur les saveurs, sur les odeurs, sur le sang, sur le lait, &amp;c: tres-curieux &amp; utile aux medecins &amp; à ceux qui s'appliquent à la recherche de la nature, des qualitez &amp; des proprietez de toutes sortes de corps''. Lutetiae: Estienne Michallet {{Google Books|MnJ-5NxbQvoC}}
* 1698 reimpressum: Lutetiae: Barthélémy Girin; [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_C8nYxJt1bkoC/ Textus] {{Google Books|C8nYxJt1bkoC}}

== Nexus externi ==
* ''[https://lensonleeuwenhoek.net/content/recueil-experiences-observations Recueil d'experiences et observations]'' apud ''Lens on Leeuwenhoek''

[[Categoria:Scripta 1679]]
[[Categoria:Angliae scripta]]
[[Categoria:Nederlandiae scripta]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Francogallice versae]]
[[Categoria:Libri biologici]]
[[Categoria:Collectanea]]</text>
      <sha1>22gqbxey8tceddajk50yot7nh1lu7s9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3970896</id>
      <parentid>3970878</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T18:51:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>IacobusAmor</username>
        <id>1163</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Alph</comment>
      <origin>3970896</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3083" sha1="mgd0k4217nps84078juldjcmp49x4iq" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
[[Fasciculus:Recueil tp 1679.jpg|thumb|''Recueil d'expériences et observations'' (1679): titulus]]
{{ires|Recueil d'expériences et observations sur le combat qui procède du mélange des corps; sur les saveurs, sur les odeurs, sur le sang, sur le lait}}, anno [[1679]] editum, est collectaneum opusculorum scientificorum a [[Nehemias Grew|Nehemia Grew]] et [[Robertus Boyle|Roberto Boyle]] necnon [[Antonius van Leeuwenhoek|Antonio van Leeuwenhoek]] iam antea divulgatorum. Experimenta hic referuntur sociorum [[Regalis Societas Londini|Regalis Societatis Londiniensis]] de [[microbiologia]] et [[chemia]] [[plantae|plantarum]]. Scripta omnia a Ludovico Le Vasseur [[Francogallice]] versa sFasciculus:Recueil tp 1698.jpgunt. Censetur epistulas van Leeuvenhoek, [[Batave]] scripta, reddita esse e versione quadam Anglice ab [[Henricus Oldenburg|Henrico Oldenburg]] facta, qui Regali Societati a secretis merebat.

== Bibliographia ==
[[Fasciculus:Recueil tp 1698.jpg|thumb|''Recueil d'expériences et observations'' (editio 1698): titulus]]
; Propaedeutica
* 1675 : Robert Boyle, ''Experiments, notes, &amp;c., about the mechanical origine or production of divers particular qualities, among which is inserted a discourse of the imperfection of the chymist's doctrine of qualities; together with some reflections upon the hypothesis of alcali and acidum''. Londinii: E. Flesher for R. Davis, 1675; [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/132523#page/9/mode/1up Textus apud BHL]
* 1678 : Nehemiah Grew, ''Experiments in consort of the luctation arising from the affusion of several menstruums upon all sorts of bodies ...''. Londinii: John Martyn, 1678 {{Google Books|a-00AQAAMAAJ|editio fac-simile Heffer}} [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_experiments-in-consort-_grew-nehemiah_1678/page/n1/mode/2up micropellicula lectu difficilis]; [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A42105.0001.001 editio interretialis apud Michiganenses]
* 1674-1678 : epistulae quinque Antonii van Leeuwenhoek, scilicet tertia diei 7 Aprilis 1674, quarta diei 1 Iunii 1674, quinta diei 6 Iulii 1674, duodecima diei 14 Augusti 1675, vigesima tertia diei 14 Ianuarii 1678

; Editiones collectanei
* 1679 : ''Recueil d'experiences et observations sur le combat qui procede du melange des corps. Sur les saveurs, sur les odeurs, sur le sang, sur le lait, &amp;c: tres-curieux &amp; utile aux medecins &amp; à ceux qui s'appliquent à la recherche de la nature, des qualitez &amp; des proprietez de toutes sortes de corps''. Lutetiae: Estienne Michallet {{Google Books|MnJ-5NxbQvoC}}
* 1698 reimpressum: Lutetiae: Barthélémy Girin; [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_C8nYxJt1bkoC/ Textus] {{Google Books|C8nYxJt1bkoC}}

== Nexus externi ==
* ''[https://lensonleeuwenhoek.net/content/recueil-experiences-observations Recueil d'experiences et observations]'' apud ''Lens on Leeuwenhoek''

[[Categoria:Scripta 1679]]
[[Categoria:Angliae scripta]]
[[Categoria:Collectanea]]
[[Categoria:Libri biologici]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Francogallice versae]]
[[Categoria:Nederlandiae scripta]]</text>
      <sha1>mgd0k4217nps84078juldjcmp49x4iq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Recueil d'experiences et observations</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>326649</id>
    <redirect title="Recueil d&#039;expériences et observations" />
    <revision>
      <id>3970845</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T15:22:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Andronikos Komnenos</username>
        <id>1527</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Andronikos Komnenos movit paginam [[Recueil d'experiences et observations]] ad [[Recueil d'expériences et observations]]: orthographia solia</comment>
      <origin>3970845</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="52" sha1="3vyw9ebsbjmrbwvzrgdba8fv1hdjyfq" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Recueil d'expériences et observations]]</text>
      <sha1>3vyw9ebsbjmrbwvzrgdba8fv1hdjyfq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Superlativum</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>326650</id>
    <redirect title="Comparatio" />
    <revision>
      <id>3970846</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T15:26:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirectionem ad “[[Comparatio|Comparationem]]” creavi</comment>
      <origin>3970846</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="24" sha1="iwno8nww203x31c0hnwjv4cmfolicwx" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Comparatio]]</text>
      <sha1>iwno8nww203x31c0hnwjv4cmfolicwx</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3970847</id>
      <parentid>3970846</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T15:27:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Formam caducam paginae sic paravi ut ad entitatem Vicidatorum [[:d:Q1817208]] nectatur</comment>
      <origin>3970847</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="112" sha1="t7y6v98ejzjbi9rojz0nu6g4yotwctc" xml:space="preserve">Pagina formā caducā sic parata ut ad entitatem Vicidatorum [[:d:Q1817208]] nectatur.

#REDIRECT [[Comparatio]]</text>
      <sha1>t7y6v98ejzjbi9rojz0nu6g4yotwctc</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3970849</id>
      <parentid>3970847</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T15:28:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirectionem restitui</comment>
      <origin>3970849</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="49" sha1="35qy8htd22lq1csrcdl3ublbjkb44jq" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Comparatio]]

{{De hac redirectione}}</text>
      <sha1>35qy8htd22lq1csrcdl3ublbjkb44jq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Purneretum</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>326651</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3970902</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T19:33:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>creatio a francica documentatione</comment>
      <origin>3970902</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="761" sha1="4njis63yr83cszzg8l3ov3hpcmhpl5l" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Eglise-Punerot2.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Purneretum: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Sanctus Brictius|Sancto Brictio]] dicata.]]
{{res|Purneretum}} seu '''Pruneriacum'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Graesse}}, t. 3, p. 218.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Francogallice]]: ''Rainville'') est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] 149 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Vosegus (praefectura Franciae)|Vosegi]] in regione [[Magnus Oriens|Magno Oriente]]. 

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Vosegi]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Punerot|Purneretum}}
{{Fontes geographici}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Vosegi]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Vosegi]]</text>
      <sha1>4njis63yr83cszzg8l3ov3hpcmhpl5l</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Disputatio:Purneretum</title>
    <ns>1</ns>
    <id>326652</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3970903</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T19:35:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>attributio</comment>
      <origin>3970903</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="35" sha1="je9h2merjaz416iomi0ind06h0q124y" xml:space="preserve">{{attributio|fr|Punerot|237251454}}</text>
      <sha1>je9h2merjaz416iomi0ind06h0q124y</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Disputatio:Trinitas et Tabacum</title>
    <ns>1</ns>
    <id>326653</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3970920</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-08T02:38:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trooper57</username>
        <id>138754</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Name */ nova pars</comment>
      <origin>3970920</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="462" sha1="see1k3tdhephw6v4mto42zc6d0ck565" xml:space="preserve">== Name ==

Wouldn't it be better to use an attested Latin term? I've found &quot;Trinitatis et Tobagi&quot; in documents of the Holy See.[https://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/la/letters/1997/documents/hf_jp-ii_let_19970207_cardinal-law.html#:~:text=Civitatis%20Trinitatis%20et%20Tobagi][https://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/2013/AAS-indice2013.pdf#page=30] [[Usor:Trooper57|Trooper57]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Trooper57|disputatio]]) 02:38, 8 Iulii 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>see1k3tdhephw6v4mto42zc6d0ck565</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Islamici</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>326654</id>
    <redirect title="Religio Islamica" />
    <revision>
      <id>3970930</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-08T06:05:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jondel</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirigens ad [[Religio Islamica]]</comment>
      <origin>3970930</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30" sha1="ncd380urck5pbvsll651sz4oncvmec9" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Religio Islamica]]</text>
      <sha1>ncd380urck5pbvsll651sz4oncvmec9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
</mediawiki>