Albis

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    <title>Albis</title>
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      <text bytes="1892" sha1="rknltfsxfwtoqjb88edft52pazbrmtl" xml:space="preserve">{{videdis|Albis (discretiva)}}
'''Albis'''&lt;ref name=Gr&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt; est flumen magnum in [[Res publica Bohemica|re publica Bohemica]] [[Germania]]que, quod in [[Mare Germanicum|Oceanum Fresonicum]] fluit. Alia nomina sunt ''Alba'', ''Albea'', ''Albia'', ''Albius'', ''Alpia'', ''Alvea'', ''Heilba'', ''Helbia'' et ''Herlba''.&lt;ref name=Gr&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fasciculus:Koenigstein_Saxony_pic01_2007_04_22.jpg|thumb|Albis fluvius visus a Saxo Regali vulgo ''Königstein'']]
[[Fasciculus:Lauf der Elbe.png|thumb|Cursus Albis]]

== Geographia ==
Fontes Albis sunt in [[montes gigantuim|montibus Gigantium]] in [[Cechia]], qui ad [[Sudeti montes|Sudetos]] pertinent. Urbs maxima ab Albe percursa est [[Hamburgum]]; [[Dresda]] in [[Saxonia]] et [[Magdeburgum]] in [[Saxonia-Anhaltium|Saxonia-Anhaltio]] sunt urbes aliae ad Albem sitae. [[Multavia]] ex [[silva Gabreta|Gabreta]] et [[silva Bohemica|Bohemica]] silvis delabens, in Albem apud [[Melnica|Melnicam]] fluit. Apud [[Cuxhavia]]m&lt;ref name=Gr/&gt; Albis mari [[Mare Germanicum|Germanico]] influit.

Flumen primum a [[Pomponius Mela|Pomponio Mela]] notum est.

== Flumina influentia ==
* [[Multavia]]
* [[Agara]]
* [[Elstra nigra]]
* [[Sala (flumen)|Sala]]
* [[Habala]]

== Res oeconomicae ==
Pars fluminis inter Hamburgum et [[Cuxhavia]]m etiam aditus ad [[Portus|portum]] civitatis Hamburgi est.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index fluviorum Germaniae]]
* [[7671 Albis]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Philip Oltermann, &quot;[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/sep/02/germany-elbe-river-cultural-divide-east-west-federal-elections How a German river marks cultural divide between east and west]&quot; in ''[[The Guardian]]'' (2 Septembris 2017)

== Nexus externi ==
{{Communia|Elbe|Albis}}
{{fontes geographici}}

[[Categoria:Flumina Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Flumina Cechiae]]
[[Categoria:Systema Albis fluminis|!]]

{{Myrias|Geographia}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Lingua Saxonica</title>
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      <text bytes="10061" sha1="prmffy2va6c4sup8jlzv23guytl4iaw" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa linguae
|nomen latine={{PAGENAME}}
|nomen=[[Theodisce]]: ''Plattdeutsch'' sive ''Niederdeutsch'' sensu stricto
|color familiae=lawngreen
|tabula        =[[Fasciculus:Human Language Families (wikicolors).png|center|255px|Familiae linguisticae coloribus Vicipaediae pictae]]
|syllabus      =Familiae linguisticae coloribus Vicipaedicis pictae
|civitas=[[Germania]], [[Nederlandia]], [[Dania]]&lt;ref&gt;In Slesvico septentrionali ''Nordschleswiger Platt''&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Russia]], [[Kazachstania]], [[Chirgisia]], [[Canada]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]], [[Mexico]], [[Beliza]], [[Brasilia]], [[Bolivia]] et [[Paraquaria]]
|fabulantes=fere 8 decies centena milia satis bene; secundum indicia varia: 12-30 decies centena milia hominum, qui linguam intellegunt, 1–4 decies centena milia ut lingua materna
|familia=[[Linguae Indoeuropaeae]]&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;([[Linguae Germanicae]])
|nationes=[[Germania]]&lt;ref&gt;in Slesvico et Holsatia; an tota Germania disputatur&lt;/ref&gt;
|procuratio=
|pronunciation=
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|scriptura=[[Abecedarium Latinum|Latinum]]
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[[Fasciculus:Low Saxon language area.png|thumb|Quibus regionibus Saxonice loquuntur (post annum 1945)]]
'''Lingua Saxonica''' ([[Theodisce]] ''Plattdeutsch'' et ''Niederdeutsch'' sensu stricto, Saxonice ''Plattdütsch'', ''Plattdüütsch'', ''Plattdüüts'', ''Plattdüütsk'', ''Nedderdüütsch'', ''Nederduuts'', ''Platduuts,'' ''Neddersass'sch'' et ''Nedersaksies'') in partibus [[Germania]]e ad septentriones vergentibus ac in [[Nederlandia]] orientali in usu est. Lingua Saxonica, orta ex [[Lingua Saxonica antiqua|lingua Saxonica antiqua]], ad [[Linguae Germanicae Occidentales|linguas Germanicas Occidentales]] pertinet. Dialecti eius una cum dialectis [[Dialecti Theodiscae altae|Theodiscis altis]] ac [[Lingua Batava|Batavis]] ad [[continuum dialectorum]] linguarum Germanicarum occidentalium continentalium pertinent. Hae dialecti adhuc linguis [[Lingua Anglica|Anglicae]] ac [[Lingua Frisica|Frisicae]] similes sunt, quod originem communem demonstrat. Multi eius sunt [[Dialectus|dialecti]]. Et [[Lingua Saxonica Mennonita|lingua Mennonitarum Russicorum ''Plautdietsch'']] de lingua Saxonica oriunda est. 

Numerus hominum qui his temporibus Saxonice loquuntur aut intellegunt varie ponitur (vide capsam). In [[Germania]], circiter sex decies centena milia hominum lingua bene aut modice, in [[Europa]] circiter octo decies centena milia loqui putantur.&lt;ref&gt;vide [[:de:Niederdeutsche Sprache|Niederdeutsche Sprache]]&lt;/ref&gt;

Lingua Saxonica non modo in Europa in usu est, sed etiam in [[America Septentrionalis|America Septentrionali]], [[America Australis|Australi]], et in aliis partibus mundi.

==Appellatio vernacula==
Appellatio hodierna est ''Plattdütsch'' et ''Plattdeutsch.'' [[Verbum (grammatica generalis)|Verbum]] alia in dialecto aliter enuntiatur ([{{IPA|'plʌt dy:tʃ}}], [{{IPA|'plʌt dy:tʃk}}], [{{IPA|'plʌt dy:tsk}}]). Scriptura normata deficiente etiam varie scribitur: In [[Saxonia Inferior]]e et [[Slesvicum et Holsatia|Slesvico et Holsatia]] ''Plattdüütsch''&lt;ref&gt;Kloock, Viechelmann: Uns plattdüütsch Spraakbook op hoochdüütsch un nedderdüütsch. Verlag Buske. Hamburg 1996&lt;/ref&gt;, in [[Lingua Saxonica Orientalis|Lingua Saxonica Orientali]] ''Plattdütsch''.&lt;ref&gt;''Plattdütsch Leiderbauk för Schaul un Hus. Rutgeb'n von'n Plattdütschen Lands-Verband Meckelborg'' (Rostock: H. Burmeister).&lt;/ref&gt;. In regionibus, ubi olim [[Lingua Frisica|Frisice]] locuti sunt, forma est ''Plattdütsk''.&lt;ref&gt;Elke Brückmann, ''Ostfriesisches Wörterbuch Plattdeutsch/Hochdeutsch: Ostfreesk Woordenbook Plattdütsk/Hoogdütsk.'' [[Leri]]s 1992.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Mennonitae|Mennonitarum]] nec non locutores in Europa orientali ac in Americis dialectum suam ''[[Plautdietsch]]'' nominant.&lt;ref&gt;Isaias McCaffery, ''Wi leahre Plautdietsch: A Beginner's Guide to Mennonite Low German'' (Goessel: Mennonite Heritage Museum, 2008).&lt;/ref&gt; Ad hoc etiam ''Nedderdütsch, -düütsch, -dütsk, -düütsk'' in usu est, in [[Nederlandia]] ''Nedersaksisch''.

==Historia==
Tempore [[Migrationes Europaeae populorum et gentium|migratione populorum]] [[Saxones]] cum lingua eorum in meridiem et austro-meridiem [[Germania]]e et etiam in [[Anglia]]m diffundebantur. Saxones, qui in continente permanserant, a [[Beda Venerabilis|Beda Venerabili]] &quot;Saxones antiqui&quot; nominati sunt&lt;ref&gt;Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum 5,9.&lt;/ref&gt;, inde et nomen [[lingua Saxonica antiqua]] pro antiquissimo huius linguae gradu.

[[Lingua Anglica antiqua]] [[lingua Saxonica antiqua|linguae Saxonicae antiquae]] multis rebus similis erat, quia Germanicae gentes [[Anglia]]e e Germania septentrionali oriundae erant. Paulatim autem lingua Anglica se amovebat, primo elementa [[Lingua Nordica antiqua|linguae Nordicae antiquae]] recipiens, quod multi [[Viccingi]], qui invasores ex [[Dania]] [[Norvegia]]que venerant, in Anglia sedes collocaverunt et se cum Anglosaxonibusque miscuerunt; deinde quia post [[Pugna Hastingensis|Pugnam Hastingensem]] (die [[14 Octobris]] anno [[1066]]) [[lingua Francica]], qua [[Normanni]] loquebantur, linguae Anglicae per saecula se supersposuit. Tamen lingua Anglica indolem Germanicam numquam amisit.

Per multa saecula lingua Saxonica in [[Europa]] septentrionali apud omnes in usu erat. Id erat aevum [[Hansa|Hanseaticum]] inde a [[saeculum 13|saeculo tertio decimo]] ad initium [[saeculum 16|saeculi sexti decimi]]. Inde fit, ut et lingua [[Lingua Suecica|Suecica]] et [[Lingua Norvegiensis|Norvegiensis]] et [[Lingua Danica|Danica]] elementa linguae Saxonicae exhibeant velut:
* büx (saxon.) = bukser = buxer (lat. ''bracae'')
* snacken (saxon.) = snakke (lat. ''loqui'')

== Proprietates ==
[[Vocabularium]] et [[grammatica]] similis est linguae [[Lingua Theodisca|Germanicae]], [[Lingua Anglica|Anglicae]] et [[Lingua Suecica|Suecicae]]. [[Syntaxis]] similis [[Linguae Anglica Media|Anglicae Mediae]] praesertim est. Tres [[Casus|casus]] adhibentur [[Nominativus|nominativus]], [[Genetivus|genetivus]], [[Obiectivus|obiectivus]], quo munera [[Dativus|dativi]] et [[Accusativus|accusativi]] explentur. Tamen nominativus obiectivusque iidem esse solent (praeter [[Pronomen|pronomina]]), et genetivus non fere adhibetur, sed aut [[praepositio]] ''van'' aut pronomen possessivum, e.g.: ''de Süster ehr Goorn'' (hortus sororis, verbatim: soror eius hortus).

==Litterae Saxonicae==
Multa litterarum Saxonicarum monumenta [[Medium Aevum|Medio]] quod dicitur [[Medium Aevum|aevo]] et [[Renascentia litterarum|litteris renatis]] conscripta extant. Quo tempore non modo fabulae tamquam illa [[Rennicius Vulpes|Rennicii Vulpis]] sed leges etiam et diplomata et carmina et res gestae velut chronica [[Ioannes Adolfi Neocorus|Neocori]] et litterae ad cultum Dei spectantes Saxonice memoriae sunt traditae.

Postquam autem [[Martinus Lutherus]] sacram scripturam in linguam Germanicam convertit, etiam in regionibus Germaniae ad septentriones spectantibus illo tamquam biblico idiomate magis magisque uti coeperunt homines, ut Saxonice scribendi finem paene fecerint, cum Saxonice loquendi nondum obliviscerentur. Tamen saeculo XIX. duo lingua Saxonica poeta illustrissimu emicuit 
[[Claudius Groth]]. Saeculo autem XIX eo idiomate opera pepigit [[Ioannes Brinckman]].

==Orthographia et lexicographia==
Cum lingua Saxonica normata non sit, [[orthographia]] semper maxime variabat. Inde [[linguista]] [[Hamburgum|Hamburgensis]] nomine [[Ioannes Saß]] regulas recte scribendi constituit, quas anno 1953 una cum glossario Saxonico edidit. Anno 1956 cum aliis 19 regulas orthographiae Saxonicae concepit. Ex glossario per annos [[lexicon]] linguae Saxonicae ortum est, quod quasi norma huius linguae habetur.

== Exemplum linguae Saxonicae ==
Ut, qui [[lingua Theodisca|linguae Germanicae]] vel [[lingua Batava|Hollandicae]] vel [[lingua Anglica media|Anglicae mediae]] vel [[lingua Danica|Danicae]] periti sunt, sapere possint, quidnam Saxonici [[idioma]]tis proprium esse videatur, carmen [[Claudius Groth|Claudii Groth]] celeberrimum legant:

''Min Jehann

''Ik wull, wi weern noch kleen, Jehann,&lt;br&gt; 
''Do weer de Welt so grot!&lt;br&gt; 
''Wi seten op den Steen, Jehann,&lt;br&gt; 
''Weest noch? bi Nawers Sot.&lt;br&gt; 
''An Hȩben seil de stille Maan,&lt;br&gt; 
''Wi segen, wa he leep,&lt;br&gt; 
''Un snacken, wa de Himmel hoch&lt;br&gt; 
''Un wa de Sot wul deep.&lt;br&gt; 

''Weest noch, wa still dat weer, Jehann?&lt;br&gt; 
''Dar röhr keen Blatt an Bom.&lt;br&gt; 
''So is dat nu ni mehr, Jehann,&lt;br&gt; 
''As höchstens noch in Drom.&lt;br&gt; 
''Och nȩ, wenn do de Scheper sung&lt;br&gt; 
''Alleen, int wide Feld:&lt;br&gt; 
''Ni wahr, Jehann? dat weer en Ton!&lt;br&gt; 
''De eenzige op de Welt.&lt;br&gt; 

''Mitünner inne Schummerntid&lt;br&gt; 
''Denn ward mi so to Mod,&lt;br&gt; 
''Denn löppt mi't langs den Rügg so hitt,&lt;br&gt; 
''As domals bi den Sot.&lt;br&gt; 
''Denn dreih ik mi so hasti um,&lt;br&gt; 
''As weer ik nich alleen:&lt;br&gt; 
''Doch Allens, wat ik finn, Jehann,&lt;br&gt; 
''Dat is – ik sta un ween.''
 
Qui versus sic convertendi videntur: ''Utinam parvi etiam nunc essemus, Iohannes! / Tum mundus tantus erat. / Nos sedisse in lapide, Iohannes, / meministin ad puteum vicini? / In caelis luna quieta navigabat. / Quam dicebamus currere, / contemplantes et caelum altissimum / et altissimum esse puteum. // Meministine quietis illius, Iohannes? / Commovebatur ne folium quidem in arbore. / Id quod nunc numquam fit, Iohannes, / nisi fortasse in somnio. / Heus, quomodo tum pastor canebat / solus in campo latissimo! / Nonne is, Iohannes, verus sonus erat? / Erat unicus certe in mundo. // Nonnumquam, cum advesperascit, / sensu quodam afficior. / Tum flamma eadem sub tergo demanat / quae olim ad puteum. / Tum convertor necopinanter / quasi non solus essem. / Sed hoc tantum repperio, Iohannes, / quod sto et lacrimor.''

==Notae==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

==Nexus externi==
{{InterWiki|code=nds}}
{{Vicilibri|Glossarium Saxonice|Lingua Saxonica}}
* http://www.plattmaster.de
* http://www.platt-online.de
{{Formula:Linguae Germanicae}}
[[Categoria:Lingua Saxonica|!]]
[[Categoria:Lingua Theodisca]]
[[Categoria:Dialecti Theodiscae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Lignum</title>
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      <text bytes="6166" sha1="538xxu7go7l4i54gp7kdfve08514o2x" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Birnbaum01.jpg|thumb|[[Superficies]] ligni nonnullas proprietates exhibet.]]
[[Fasciculus:TreeKnot.jpg|thumb|upright|Nodus in [[arbor]]e in [[Hortus Deorum|Horto Deorum]]&lt;!--Garden of the Gods--&gt;, [[vivarium|vivario]] publico [[Fontes Coloratenses|Fontibus Coloratensibus]] in urbe [[Coloratum|Colorati]] sito, Octobri 2006.]]
[[Fasciculus:Wood Knot.JPG|thumb|upright|Nodus in ligno.]]

'''Lignum''' est textura dura et [[fibra|fibrosa]] in [[caulis|caulibus]] et [[radix (botanica)|radicibus]] multarum [[arbor]]um inventa. Pro [[fomes|fomiti]] et [[materia]] constructionis centies milia [[annus|annorum]] adhibitum est. Lignum est res [[organicus|organica]], [[natura]]lis fibrarum [[cellulosa]]rum [[res composita|composita]], quae sub intentione est fortis, atque in [[matrix (mathematica)|matrice]]&lt;!--meliorem nexum invenire oportet--&gt; [[ligninum|lignini]] condita, quod compressioni resistit. Lignum ut [[xylema]] secundarium in caulibus arborum aliisque [[planta|plantis]] ligneis gignitur. [[Vita|Vivas]] sustinet arbores, plantarum lignearum facultatem faciens ut eae magnae crescant vel sibi perstent. Lignum se interponit in translationem [[aqua]]e et [[alimentum|nutrimentorum]] ad [[folium|folia]] et alias texturas crescentis.

[[Verbum]] ''lignum'' etiam ad alias [[planta]]rum materias spectare potest quibus sunt proprietates similes, et ad materiem ex ligno, assulis, vel fibra effectam. Multi [[homo|homines]] lignum adhibent ut initium [[ignis]] faciant et [[domus]] aedificent.

== Nodi ==
Nodus est quoddam genus imperfectionis in materie, quod technicas ligni proprietates adfici potest, plerumque deterius,{{dubsig}}&lt;!--for the worse--&gt; sed pro effectu [[oculus|oculorum]]&lt;!--visula effect--&gt; adhiberi potest. In tabula in [[longitudo|longitudinem]] serrá secata, nodus apparebit ut [[solidum|solida]] et rotundum fere materie (usitate obscurius) circa quam [[nota lignea|nota]] materiei relictae &quot;fluit,&quot; separando et iterum coendo. Intra nodum, cursus notae usque ad [[nonaginta]] gradibis a cursu quotidiani ligni variatur.

==Nexus interni==
{{div col|3}}
* [[Carbo ligni]]
* [[Charta abrasiva]]
* [[Clavus]]
* [[Curatio ligni]]&lt;!--Wood preservation--&gt;
* [[Index lignorum]]
* [[Lignum plicatum]]&lt;!--?Plywood--&gt;
* ''[[Lysiloma latisiliquum]]'' 
* [[Oeconomia ligni]]
* [[Opus lignatorium]]&lt;!--?Woodworking--&gt;
* [[Res silvatica]]&lt;!--?Forestry--&gt;
* [[Res tignaria]]&lt;!--Carpentry--&gt;
* [[Runcina]]
* [[Scobis]]&lt;!--sawdust--&gt;
* [[Scruta]]&lt;!--Lumber--&gt;
* [[Securis]]
* [[Serra (instrumentum)|Serra]]
* [[Vermis ligni]]&lt;!--Woodworm--&gt;
* [[Xylographia]]&lt;!--woodcut (art)--&gt;
* [[Xylologia]]
* [[Xylophagia]]
* [[Xylophonum]]&lt;!--
* ''[[Xylotheque]]''--&gt;
* [[Xylotomia]]&lt;!--
* [[Burl]]
* [[Driftwood]]
* [[Dunnage]]
* [[Parquetry]]
* [[Pulpwood]]
* [[Wood as a medium]]
* [[Wood drying]]
* [[Wood flooring]]
* [[Wood pellet]]
* [[Wood-plastic composite]]
* [[Woodturning]]
* [[Wood warping]]--&gt;
{{div col end}}

==Bibliographia==
*Bosshard, H. H. [[1982]]-[[1998]]. ''Holzkunde Teil I-III.'' Stutgardiae: Birkhäuser Verlag. ISBN 3-7643-1630-6.
*Chudnoff, M. ''Tropical Timbers of the World.'' USDA Forest Service Handbook 607. ISBN 3-935638-82-5.
*Fengel, D., et G. Wegener. [[2003]]. ''Wood: Chemistry, Ultrastructure, Reactions.'' Verlag N. Kessel. Retractatus. ISBN 3-935638-39-6.
*Grosser, Dietger. [[2003]]. ''Die Hölzer Mitteleuropas: Ein mikrophotographischer Holzatlas.'' Verlag N. Kessel. ISBN 3-935638-22-1. 
*Hasel, Karl, et Ekkehard Schwartz. [[2002]]. ''Forstgeschichte: Ein Grundriss für Studium und Praxis.'' Ed. 3a. ISBN 3-935638-26-4.
*Hoadley, R. Bruce. [[1990]]. ''Holz als Werkstoff.'' Ravensburg: O. Meier. ISBN 3-473-42560-5.
*Hoadley, R. Bruce. [[2000]]. ''Understanding Wood: A Craftsman’s Guide to Wood Technology.'' Taunton Press. ISBN 1-56158-358-8.
*Königstein, Thomas. [[2009]]. ''Ratgeber energiesparendes Bauen.'' Ed. 4a. Blottner Verlag Taunusstein. ISBN 978-3-89367-117-5.
*Lehfeldt, Paul. [[2001]]. ''Holzbaukunst.'' Reimpressus. Reprint-Verlag Leipzig. [[Lipsia]]e et [[Holtisminni]]s o. J., ISBN 3-8262-1210-X.
*Mantau, Udo, Jörg Wagner, et Janett Baumann. Stoffstrommodell Holz: Bestimmung des Aufkommens, der Verwendung und des Verbleibs von Holzprodukten. ''Müll und Abfall'' 37 (6): 309ff. ISSN 0027-2957.
*Niemz, Peter. [[1993]]. ''Physik des Holzes und der Holzwerkstoffe.'' Stuttgardiae: DRW-Verlag. ISBN 3-87181-324-9.
*Radkau, Joachim. [[2007]]. ''Holz: wie ein Naturstoff Geschichte schreibt.'' oekom-Verlag. ISBN 3-86581-049-7.
*Rijsjdijk, J. F., et P. B. Laming. [[1994]]. ''Physical and related properties of 145 timbers.'' Dordrecht, Bostoniae, Londinii: Kluwer. ISBN 0-7923-2875-2.
*Schuster, Erhard. [[2006]]. ''Wald und Holz: Daten aus der Geschichte der Nutzung und Bewirtschaftung des Waldes, der Verwendung des Holzes und wichtiger Randgebiete.'' 2 voll. Rigomagi: Kessel Verlag. ISBN 3-935638-62-0, ISBN 3-935638-63-9.
*Schweingruber, F. H., A. Börner, et E.-D. Schulze. [[2006]]. ''Atlas of Woody Plant Stems. Environment, Structure and Environmental Modifications.'' Heidelberg: Springer. ISBN 3-540-32523-9.
*Shigo, Alex. [[1986]]. ''A New Tree Biology Dictionary.'' Shigo and Trees, Associates. ISBN 0-943563-12-7.
*Spring, Anselm, et Maximilian Glas. [[2005]]. ''Holz: Das fünfte Element.'' Monaci: Frederking &amp; Thaler. ISBN 3-89405-398-4.
*Wagenführ. [[2006]]. ''Holzatlas.'' Lipsiae: Fachbuchverlag, Hanser-Verlag. ISBN 3-446-40649-2.

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Wood|lignum}}
{{Wiktionary|lignum}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150407062512/http://www.thewoodexplorer.com/ &quot;A comprehensive database of commercial wood species,&quot;] thewoodexplorer.com
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20141104174821/http://www.spiritofnature.net/eng/index_eng.html Situs proprius,] spiritofnature.net (The Wood in Culture Association)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110414041302/http://www.apawood.org/level_b.cfm?content=prd_main Situs proprius,] apawood.org (APA, The Engineered Wood Association)

[[Categoria:Arbores]]
[[Categoria:Ligna|!]]
[[Categoria:Materies]]
[[Categoria:Res naturales hominibus utiles]]
[[Categoria:Silvae]]

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    <title>Lingua Gothica</title>
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[[Fasciculus:Gothic alphabet.png|thumb|[[Abecedarium]] Gothicum.]]
'''Lingua Gothica'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Mithridates}} ff. 27r-44v&lt;/ref&gt; fuit lingua [[Gothi|Gothorum]], inter [[linguae Indoeuropaeae|linguas Indoeuropaeas]] numerata. Quae in familia (vel ramo) [[Linguae Germanicae|linguarum Germanicarum]] est. Una ac sola lingua Germanica orientalis est, ex qua plus quam pauca verba adhuc exstant.

Praeter [[Biblia Sacra]] conversa, paucos tantum textus scriptos videmus. Tamen sunt ei qui hac lingua (raro) utantur, sicut e. g. etiam nonnullae paginae ''Vicipaediae Gothicae'' exstent.

Lingua Gothica usi sunt [[Visigothi]] et [[Ostrogothi]] in [[liturgia]] [[Arianismus|Ariana]]. [[Reccaredus|Reccaredo]] converso, [[Hispania Visigothica|regnum Hispaniae]] Catholicum factum est; lingua igitur Gothica usu cottidiano non utebantur incolae Hispaniae vel Lusitaniae.

== Loci ==
Lingua Gothica [[lingua mortua|mortua]] est. Saeculo autem [[saeculum 16|sexto decimo]], [[Augerius Gislenius Busbequius|Busbequius]] Gothorum, qui viderentur, posteros in Chersoneso etiam tum huius linguae dialecto usos esse testis exstat satis certus. Qua in regione lingua Gothica qui loquebantur usque ad [[saeculum 18|saeculum duodevicensimum]] superfuisse videntur. Hodie plerique eorum qui de linguis Germanicis perscrutantur ita rentur linguam quam Busbequius descripsit linguam Gothicam non fuisse &quot;classicam&quot; veluti [[Ulfilas]] faceret, sed dialectus altera quae eadem in familia linguarum Germanicarum orientalium exsisteret; cuius locutores convenienter hodie appellantur ''Gothi Crimaeani'' in regione quae prisce [[Chersonesus Taurica]] nominabatur. 

== Historia et momentum ==
Chirographa pauca Gothice scripta permanuerunt, cum quibus lingua integra nequit reaedificari. Quandoquidem plurissima corpora Gothica interpretationes alium linguarum (e.g., Graecae) scriptorum sint, quibus videtur linguam Gothicam elementis alienis linguisticis adflexisse, hoc certum manet. Fontes primae sunt:
* Corpus maximum chirographorum permanentium codicibus Ariano episcopo Ulfilate, duce ecclessiae Christianorum Visigothicorum in provincia Romana Moesia (hodie Bulgaria/Romania), scriptis commissisque consistens. Ulfilas commissit Bibliae Graecae interpretationem ad linguam Gothicam, e qua quadrantia Testamenti Novi tria fragminaque Testamenti Veteris permanuerunt. Interpretationes Ulfilatis codicibus sequentibus colliguntur:
** Codex Argenteus (Uppsala), Speyer fragmen continens: Folia 188. Chirographum Gothicum optime conservatum. E saeculo sexto preservatur et ad Italiam hodiernam transmittitur Ostrogothis septentrionalibus. Conhibet partem magnam Evangeliorum quattuor. Quandoquidem est interpretatio ex lingua Graeca, lingua Codicis Argentei verbis idiomatibusque Graecis praestatis repletur. Syntaxis praesertim imitatur Graecam.

** Codex Ambrosianus (Milan) Codexque Taurinensis (Turin): Partes V, Folia 193 ab integro. Conhibet Novi Veterisque Testamenti excerpta sparsa, et aliquae commentaria ''Skereins'' appellata. Verisimile est textum a scribis alteratum fuisse.

** Codex Gissensis (Gießen): Folium I, fragmina ex Evangelio Secundum Lucam, versibus 23 ad 24. Aegypto anno 1907 inventus, sed ab [[aqua]] anno 1945 corruptus est. 

** Codex Carolina (Guelpherbytensis): Folia quattuor, fragmina ex Epistula ad Romanos, versibus undecim ad quindecim. 

** Codex Vaticanus Latinus 5750: Folia tria, pagina septima quinquagentensima/octava quinquaegentensima, nona quinquagentensima/sextagentensima, atque prima et sextagentensima/secunda et sextagentensima ''Skereins'' commentariorum. 

* Commixtus chirographorum veterum: abedecaria, calendaria, scholia, in manuscriptis multis inventa, atque quaedam inscriptiones Runicae (inter tres et tredecim) quae creduntur Gothice scripta esse.

* Lexicum parvum continens cantum parvum sine interpretatione vocabulaque magis quam octoginta.

== Abedecarium et transliteratio ==
Lingua Gothica scriptura alphabetica ab Ulfila ipso confecta scribebatur, ut potest videri in Skeireins et manuscriptis aliis. [[Philosophus|Philosophi]] quidam (e.g., Braune) dicunt eam ex alphabeto Graeco solo evenisse, dum alii confirmant aliquas litteras Gothicas habere originem Runicam et Latinam.&lt;ref&gt;Vide [[Fausto Cercignani]], ''The Elaboration of the Gothic Alphabet and Orthography'', ''Indogermanische Forschungen'', 93, 1988, 165-185.&lt;/ref&gt;

Abedecarium Gothicum nihil refert ad litteras fractas (quae etiam, etsi inconvenienter, appellantur scriptura Gothica), quibus scribebatur inter duodecimum et quattordecimum saeculum scriptura romana, atque e quibus scriptura Fraktur, qua Theodisca lingua scribebatur, evoluit. Neque refert ad fontes sanserif Gothicas nuncupatas.

Systema constabilitum verborum Gothicorum transliterandorum in scripturam Latinam adest. Hoc systema reddit abedecarii nativi iura, transferrendo, exempli gratia, /iː/ ad ''ei''. Systemata variantia ad bene scribendum duo sunt: systema crudum quod scripturam Gothicam privam transliterat, et systema normale quod litteras diacriticas, sicut [[macron|macra]] et accentus acutos, ad melius enuntiandos sonos vocales, aut ad monstrandam originem sonorum vocalium Proto-Germanicam, addit. Systema normale orthographicum frequenter utilitatem habet in litteris academicis. 

==Bibliographia==
* [[W. H. Bennett]], ''An Introduction to the Gothic Language'', New York, 1980
* [[W. Braune]] - E. Ebbinghaus, ''Gotische Grammatik'', 1966, Tübingen
* [[Fausto Cercignani]], ''The Reduplicating Syllable and Internal Open Juncture in Gothic'', ''Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung'', 93/1, 1979, 126-132
* [[Fausto Cercignani]], ''The Development of the Gothic Short/Lax Subsystem'', ''Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung'', 93/2, 1979, 272-278
* [[Fausto Cercignani]], ''Alleged Gothic Umlauts'', ''Indogermanische Forschungen'', 85, 1980, 207-213
* [[Fausto Cercignani]], ''The Enfants Terribles of Gothic Breaking: hiri, aiþþau, etc.'', ''The Journal of Indo-European Studies'', 12/3-4, 1984, 315-344
* [[Fausto Cercignani]], ''The Development of the Gothic Vocalic System'', Bela Brogyanyi i Thomas Krömmelbein, ''Germanic Dialects: Linguistic and Philological Investigations'', Amsterdam/Philadelphia, Benjamins, 1986, 121-151.
* [[Fausto Cercignani]], ''The Elaboration of the Gothic Alphabet and Orthography’’, «Indogermanische Forschungen», 93, 1988, 168-185.
* W. Krause, ''Handbuch des Gotischen'', 1968, München.
* F. Mossé, ''Manuel de la langue gotique'', Aubier Éditions Montaigne, 1942
* Walter William Skeat, ''A Moeso-Gothic glossary'', London, 1868
* Irmengard Rauch, ''Gothic Language: Grammar, Genetic Provenance and Typology. Readings'', Peter Lang Publishing Inc., 2011
* [[Wilhelm Streitberg]], ''Die gotische Bibel '', 1965, Heidelberg
* [[Joseph Wright]], ''Grammar of the Gothic language'', Oxford, 1981

{{NexInt}}
{{Hispania Visigothica}}
*[[Abecedarium gothicum]]
*[[Index gentium antiquarum Germaniae]]
*[[Migrationes populorum et gentium]]

==Nexus externi==

* [[:s:la:Glossarium_Gothicae_Linguae/Gothico-Latinum|Glossarium Gothico-Latinum]] in ''Vicifonte''

== Notae ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

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{{Decennium|203|MMXXVI}}

== Eventa ==
* 1 Ianuarii: [[Bulgaria]] [[euro]]nem [[moneta]]m induxit.
* 3 Ianuarii: [[Nicolaus Maduro]] [[Venetiola]]e praeses a [[miles|militibus]] [[CFA|Civitatum Foederatarum]] raptus est; [[Caracae]] multis ictibus affliguntur.
* 6 Ianuarii: [[Leo XIV|Leo papa XIV]] [[Iubilaeum anni 2025]] claudit.
* 7 Ianuarii: Necatio {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Renatae Good||en|qid=Q137723290}} inter Operationem &quot;Metro Surge&quot; ad protestationes [[Minneapolis]] excitat.
* 15 Ianuarii: [[Vicipaedia]], anno 2001 a [[Iacobus Wales|Iacobo Wales]] et [[Laurentius Sanger|Laurentio Sanger]] condita, annum vicesimum quintum celebrat.
* 22 Ianuarii: [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] ab [[Ordo mundi sanitarius|Ordine Mundi Sanitarii]] se recedunt.
* 28 Ianuarii: [[Sarah Mullally]] prima femina fit quae [[Ecclesia Anglicana|Ecclesiae Anglicanae]] praeest.
* 30 Ianuarii: Tria miliones paginarum ad acta [[Galfridus Epstein|Epstein]] pertinentium publicantur, multae personae publicae clarissimae toto orbe terrarum commemorantur.
* 2–6 Februarii: [[Curdistania Syriaca|Curdistaniam Syriacam]] [[Ahmedus Husainus al-Shara|rectio Damasci nova]] sibi adiungit.
* 6 Februarii: [[Olympia hiemalia 2026|Olympia hiemalia]] in [[Italia]] simul [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]], [[Cortina Ampecanorum|Cortinae Ampecanorum]], [[Pralatium|Pralatii]], [[Livignum|Livigni]] et [[Resinae|Ante Silvam]] patefiunt.
* 21 Februarii: Bellum inter [[Afghania]] et [[Pakistania]] erumpit.
* 28 Februarii: Civitas [[Israël]] et [[Civitates Foederatae]] impetum in [[Irania]]m faciunt, impetum praeemptivum appellantes.
* 1 Martii: Irania [[Fretum Ormusense]] commeatui maritimo claudit.
* 8 Martii: [[Mojtaba Khamenei|Mojtaba Husainus Khamenei]], [[Ali Khamenei|Alii]] necati filius, magnus dux [[Irania]]e eligitur.
* 31 Martii: In [[Mongolia]], {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Uchral Nyam-Osor||en|qid=Q110962738}}, post abdicationem Gombojavyn Zandanshatar, primus minister iurat.
* 6 Aprilis: [[Programma Artemis|Artemis II]] cum quattuor astronautis Lunam circumvolat  et 11 Aprilis feliciter in Tellurem revertitur.
* 9 Aprilis: [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitates Foederatae]] et [[Irania]] indutiis pactionem faciunt, colloquiisque ut discrimen inter se componant.
* 26 Aprilis: [[Sebastianus Sawe]] Londinii primus homo [[Cursus Marathonius|cursum Marathonium]] minore tempore quam duabus horis perficit.
* 3 Maii: Epidemia [[hantaviridae|hantavirus]] [[Andes|Andini]] ad [[quadragena]]m [[navis]] vectoriae ''Hondius'' ducit, tres mortui.
* 16 Maii: Epidemia [[ebolavirus]] Bundibugyoensis in [[Res publica democratica Congensis|Re publica democratica Congolensi]] declaratur. Contra hunc typum neque cura neque vaccinatio nota est.
* 23 Maii: Protestationes in [[Albania]], quae &quot;Revolutio Phoenicopterorum&quot; appellantur.
* 25 Maii: ''[[Magnifica humanitas]]'', epistola encyclica [[Leo XIV|Leonis XIV]] prima, editur.
* 12 Iunii: [[Elon Musk]] primus fit, qui {{num|1000000000000}} [[dollarium Civitatum Foederatarum|dollariorum Americanorum]] accumulaverit.
* 22 Iunii: [[Keir Starmer]] se ab officio primi ministri [[Britanniarum regnum|Britanniarum regni]] abdicaturum nuntiat.
* 24 Iunii: [[Terrae motus]] maior magnitudinis 7.5 in Venetiola complura milia hominum necat multaque aedificia concidit.
* 1 Iulii: [[Fraternitas Sacerdotalis Sancti Pii X]] [[Esquinia]]e quattuor [[episcopus|episcopos]] novos sine mandato [[papa]]li consecrat. [[Leo XIV]] papa totam societatem [[excommunicatio|excommunicat]].
* 3 Iulii: [[Keiko Fujimori]] prima muliebris praeses civitatis [[Peruvia|Peruviae]] eligitur.
* 19 Iulii: [[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Hispanica]] vincit [[Certamen Mundanum Pedilusorium (2026)|Certamen Mundanum Pediludii]]. [[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Argentina|Argentina]] secunda et [[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Anglica|Anglia]] tertia sunt.

== Nati ==
{{Nati desiderati}}

== Mortui ==
* [[8 Ianuarii]]: [[Ludovicus E. Brus]], chimicus [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1943]].
* [[10 Ianuarii]]: [[Ericus de Däniken]], scriptor [[Helvetia|Helvetiae]]; natus est anno [[1935]].
* [[13 Ianuarii]]: [[Georgius Basiliu]], politicus [[Cyprus|Cypri]]; natus est anno [[1931]].
* [[16 Ianuarii]]: [[Ludovica Diogo]], politica [[Mozambicum|Mozambici]]; nata est anno [[1958]].
* [[24 Ianuarii]]
** [[David Abulafia]], historicus [[Britanniarum regnum|Britannicus]]; natus est anno [[1949]].
** [[Gulielmus Foege]], [[medicus]] et [[epidemiologia|epidemiologus]] [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1936]].
* [[25 Ianuarii]]: [[Yi Haechan]], politicus [[Res publica Coreana|Rei publicae Coreanae]]; natus est anno [[1952]].
* [[26 Ianuarii]]: [[Sia Figiel]], poeta, scriptrix, et pictrix [[Samoa]]na; nata est anno [[1967]].
* [[1 Februarii]]: [[Rita Süssmuth]], politica [[Germania|Germanica]]; nata est anno [[1937]].
* [[11 Februarii]]: [[Iacobus van der Beek]], actor [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1977]].
* [[15 Februarii]]: [[Robertus Duvall]], actor et moderator cinematographicus [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1931]].
* [[19 Februarii]]: [[Polycarpus Pengo]], archiepiscopus [[Tanzania|Tanzanicus]]; natus est anno [[1944]].
* [[28 Februarii]]: [[Ali Khamenei]], magnus dux [[Irania]]e, ab [[Israel]]e occiditur; natus est anno [[1939]].
* [[1 Martii]]: [[David Oddi filius]], politicus [[Islandia|Islandicus]]; natus est anno [[1948]].
* [[5 Martii]]: [[Antonius Lobo Antunes]], scriptor et psychologus [[Portugallia|Lusitanus]]; natus est anno [[1942]].
* [[8 Martii]]: [[Antonius Iacobus Leggett]], physicus [[Regnum Britanniarum|Britannicus]]; natus est anno [[1936]].
* [[12 Martii]]: [[Ioachimus Wanke]], episcopus [[Germania|Germanicus]]; natus est anno [[1941]].
* [[14 Martii]]: 
**[[Georgius Habermas]], philosophus continentalis et sociologus [[Germania|Germanicus]]; natus est anno [[1929]].
**[[Christophorus A. Sims]], oeconomiae peritus [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1942]].
* [[17 Martii]]: [[Ilia II]], patriarcha Ecclesiae Orthodoxae Georgianae [[Russia|Russicus]]; natus est anno [[1933]]. 
* [[19 Martii]]:
** [[Humbertus Bossi]], politicus [[Italia|Italianus]]; natus est anno 1941.
** [[Carolus Norris]], artifex martialis [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1940]].
* [[22 Martii]]: [[Leonillus Jospin]], politicus [[Francia|Francicus]]; natus est anno [[1937]].
* [[6 Aprilis]]: [[Christianus Schwarz-Schilling]], politicus [[Germania|Germanicus]]; natus est anno [[1930]].
* [[7 Aprilis]]: [[Iacobus Whittaker]], alpinista [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1929]].
* [[8 Aprilis]]: [[Carolus Delhez]], presbyter et sociologicus [[Belgica|Belgicus]]; natus est anno [[1951]].
* [[9 Aprilis]]: {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Björgvin Halldórsson||en|qid=Q879495}}, musicus [[Islandia|Islandicus]]; natus est anno [[1951]].
* [[19 Aprilis]]: [[Desmond Morris|Desmondus Morris]], zoologus ethologusque Anglicus; natus est anno [[1928]].
* [[24 Aprilis]]: [[Sophia Zdybicka]], philosopha et monacha [[Polonia|Polonica]]; nata est anno [[1928]].
* [[6 Maii]]: [[Theodorus Turner]], vir negotii et philanthropus Americanus; natus est anno 1938.
* [[25 Maii]]: [[Sonny Rollins]], saxophonista iazensis Americanus; natus est anno 1930.
* [[29 Maii]]: {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Bryan Bergougnoux||en|qid=Q936402}}, lusor harpastum Gallicus; nata est anno [[1983]].
* [[6 Iunii]]: [[Osorius Citora Afonso]], episcopus necatus [[Mozambicum|Mozambicus]]; natus est anno [[1972]].
* [[14 Iunii]]: [[Oliverius Tree]], cantor histrioque [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1993]].
* [[16 Iunii]]: [[Camillus Ruini]], cardinalis [[Italia|Italicus]]; natus est anno [[1931]].
* [[21 Iunii]]: [[Franciscus Guterres]], politicus [[Timora Orientalis|Timoracus]]; natus est anno [[1954]].
* [[22 Iunii]]: [[Alanus Greenspan]], pristinus praeses [[Systema aerarium foederale|systematis aerarii foederalis Americae]]; natus est anno [[1926]].
* [[11 Iulii]]: [[Lindsey Graham]], politicus [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1955]].
* [[14 Iulii]]: [[Ioannes Michael Maitzen]], astronomus [[Austria]]cus; natus est anno [[1943]].</text>
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    <title>Ferdinandus Magellanus</title>
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{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Ferdinand Magellan.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Imago]] Ferdinandi Magellani [[saeculum|saeculo]] [[saeculum 16|16]] vel [[saeculum 17|17]] picta.]]

{{res|Ferdinandus Magellanus}} ([[Lusitane]] ''Fernão de Magalhães''&amp;thinsp;; natus circa [[1480]]; mortuus [[27 Aprilis]] [[1521]]) fuit [[explorator]] [[Portugallia|Lusitanus]]. Ex urbe {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Sabrosa|Sabrosae|en|qid=Q1006389}} oriens, in Portugallia [[septentrio]]nali sitae, [[Carolus V (imperator)|Carolo I Regi Hispaniae]] servivit, [[via]]m ad [[occidens|occidentem]] usque ad [[Insulas Maluku|Insulas Condimentorum]] petens (hodiernas [[Insulae Moluccae|Insulas Moluccas]] in [[Indonesia]] sitas).

[[Expeditio Magellanica]] annorum inter [[1519]] et [[1522]] fuit prima expeditio quae, per [[Fretum Magellanicum]] transiendo, maria ab [[Oceanus Atlanticus|Oceano Atlantico]] ad [[Oceanus Pacificus|Pacificum]] (a Magellano [[Mare Pacificum]] appellatum) [[navigatio|navigavit]], necnon prima quae cunctum transivit Pacificum, atque prima quae [[Tellus|Telluris]] [[circumnavigatio]]nem complevit, quamquam Magellanus ipse, in {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Proelium Mactan|proelio|en|qid=Q2091449}} ad [[litus]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|insula Mactan|Insulae Mactan|en|qid=Q685318}} interfectus—haud procul a [[Caebua]] in [[Philippinae|Philippinis]]—totam navigationem non confecit.

[[Species (taxinomia)|Species]] ''{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Spheniscus magellanicus|Sphenisci magellanici|en|qid=Q207246}}'', [[familia (taxinomia)|familiae]] [[Spheniscidae|Spheniscidarum]], quam ipse primus [[Europa]]eorum observavit,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110823061128/http://www.globaltwitcher.com/artspec_information.asp?thingid=232 Magellanic penguin].&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; atque {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Nubeculae Magellani||en|qid=Q50028}}, parvi [[galaxias|galaxiae]] in {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Hemisphaerium caeleste australe|hemisphaerio caelesti australi|en|qid=Q2380815}} tantum conspicui, Magellani nomen commemorant. Praeterea, [[asteroides]] [[4055 Magellan]] in eius [[honor]]em nominatus est.

== Iuventus ==
Quum adhuc esset pedisequus, stipendii gratiā a Regina Leonora concessi [[educatio|educatus]] est. Posterius [[iter]] ad [[Asia Australis|Asiam Australem]] et [[Asia Orientalis|Orientalem]] fecit, deinde, ab anno [[1509]] usque ad annum [[1511]], stipedium denuo &lt;!--sub {{Scholium|Quot nomina? Estne hic singulus homo?|Navarcho Almeida, Sequira, Serrano,}} {{Scholium|“Gubernator”? Angl. “Captain”?|gubernatore}} [[Alba Quercus (Novum Mexicum)|Albae Quercus]] --&gt;sub navarcho Francisco de Almeida et navarcho Diogo Lopes de Sequira cum  Francisco Serrão, et gubernatore Afonso de Albuquerque meruit.&lt;!--?--&gt; Anno [[1506]] bello Cannanore&lt;ref&gt;James A. Patrick, ''Renaissance and Reformation'', p. 787, Marshall Cavendish, 2007, {{ISBN|0-7614-7650-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; pedem [[vulnus|vulneratus]] est. Tunc, [[condimentum|condimenta]] ex [[Insulae Malucae|Insulis Moluccis]] orientia quasi [[aureum]] in Europa cupiebantur. Quamquam, [[foedus Tordecillis]] iter per mundum occidentalem iuri Lusitano restringit. Igitur tunc Magellan ad Insulas Moluccas variis compendiariis studebat, praecipue per vias orientales.

== Regressus ==
Anno [[1512]] Europeam regressus, [[Islamici]]s [[commercium]] accusatus apud iudicium regni [[Lusitania|Lusitanae]] offensas accepit. Anno [[1516]], [[Hispania]]m perrectus, [[Hispani]] civitatis acceptus, et Hispanis [[mos|morem]] nomen mutavit. Deinde ad regnum Hispanici [[Carolus V (imperator)|Carolum V]], ad [[Insulae Moluccenses|Insulas Moluccenses]] iter consilium protulit quam [[rex]] accepit.

== Circumnavigatio et casus ==
{{vide-etiam|Expeditio Magellanica}}
Expeditionem paravit qua prima [[circumnavigatio|circumnavigaturus]] fuisset. Anno [[1519]], ad Asiam per viam occidentalem iter commisit cum classicula ex [[quinque]] navibus. Apud alios 240 [[nauta]]s erant [[Ioannes Sebastianus Elcano|Elcano]] navarchus vicarius et [[Antonius Pigafetta]] chronographus supernumerariusque, qui iter victuri fuissent.

[[America Australis|Americam Australem]] attigit et [[Brasilia]]m visitavit, quae fuit terra [[Portugallia|Lusitana]]. [[Fretum]] advenit quod [[Fretum Magellanicum|nomen]] eius hodie fert. Hoc fretum, cuspem [[continens|continente]] dividens, [[oceanus|oceanos]] [[Oceanus Atlanticus|Atlanticum]] et [[Oceanus Pacificus|Pacificum]] coniungit. Hunc{{dubsig}} rebellionem subiugit, sed [[duo|duas]] [[navis|naves]] desideravit. Miros observabant quae sunt inter alios [[Sphenisciformes|aves sine pennae volatuque]] et [[Lama glama|dromedarii sine gibbo]]. 

[[Oceanus Pacificus|Oceanum Pacificum]] attigit, et tranquillitas eius observatus, nomen hodiernam appellavit. Oceanum transientes omnes naves duro magnopere passus erant, et alii esurie moriti fuerunt. Die [[13 Februarii]] [[1521]], insulas adventum quam appellata ab Magellano [[Insulae Latronum]] quod cleptas passus erat ex indigenis, nam nunc [[Insuae Marianae|Insulae Mariana]] et [[Guama]]. 

Die [[16 Martii]] [[1521]], insulae ''Homonhon'' [[Philippinae|Philippinarum]] adventum ab Magellano est, cum adhunc 150 nautis. Interprete Henrico communicare poterant. Vernaculo rege amicavit, sed apud rixam interfuit, ei pugnante litore Mactan interfectus fuit. [[Eduardus Barbosa]] eodem proelio mortuus est.

Cetera fugerunt. Ex 237 Hispanicis, regressi sunt [[duodeviginti]] nautae die [[6 Septembris]] [[1522]], [[Ioannes Sebastianus Elcano|Ioanne Sebastiano Elcano]] duce. Unus eorum fuit [[Antonius Pigafetta]], qui totam expeditionem tradidit.

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
=== Fontes primi ===
{{Pars vicificanda}}
*{{Citation |last= Pigafetta |first= Antonio |authorlink= Antonio Pigafetta |title=Magellan's Voyage around the World |publisher=Arthur A. Clark |year= 1906 |isbn=  |ref=harv}} (orig. ''[http://www.archive.org/details/primerviajeentor00piga Primer viaje en torno del globo]'' Retrieved on 2009-04-08).
* [[Maximilianus Transylvanus]], ''De Moluccis insulis'', 1523, 1542.
*{{Citation |last=  Nowell |first= Charles E. ed. |title= Magellan's Voyage around the World: Three Contemporary Accounts |publisher=NU Press |location=Evanston |year= [[1962]] |isbn=  }}.
*&lt;cite id=CITEREFStanley1874&gt;''[http://dlxs.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=sea;cc=sea;sid=424383ff2ffa1020e1afb760b0fe4109;idno=sea061;view=toc The First Voyage Round the World, by Magellan]'', full text, English translation by Henry Stanley, 3rd Baron Stanley of Alderley, Londinii: Hakluyt, [1874] – six contemporary accounts of his voyage&lt;/cite&gt;.
*{{citation|last=Oliveira|first=Fernando|title=The Voyage of Ferdinand Magellan|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=MByAAAAAMAAJ|year=1550–1560|publication-date=2002|publisher=National Historical Institute|isbn=9789715381635}}, English translation by Peter Schreurs from the original Portuguese manuscript in the University Library of Lieden, The Netherlands.

=== Alii fontes ===
*{{Citation |last= Bergreen |first=Laurence |authorlink= Laurence Bergreen |title=Over the Edge of the World: Magellan's Terrifying Circumnavigation of the Globe  |publisher=William Morrow |year= 2003 |month= 14 October|isbn= 9780066211732, ISBN 0-06-093638-X |laysummary= http://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0066211735.asp }}.
*{{Citation |last= Guillemard |first= Francis Henry Hill |title=The life of Ferdinand Magellan, and the first circumnavigation of the globe, 1480–1521 |publisher=G. Philip  |year=[[1890]]  |url= http://www.archive.org/details/lifeofferdinandm00guil |accessdate=8 April 2009 }}.
*{{Citation |last= Hildebrand |first=Arthur Sturges |title= Magellan |publisher=Harcourt, Brace &amp; Co |location= Novi Eboraci |year= [[1924]] |isbn= 9781417914135 (reprint) }}.
*{{Citation |last= Joyner |first= Tim |title=Magellan  |publisher=International Marine Publishing  |location= Camden, Me. |year= [[1992]]  |isbn= 9780070331280 }}.
*{{Citation |last= Nunn |first= George E. |title= The Columbus and Magellan Concepts of South American Geography |year= 1932 |isbn=  }}.
*{{Citation |last= Parr |first= Charles M. |title= So Noble a Captain: The Life and Times of Ferdinand Magellan |publisher=Crowell |location=Novi Eboraci |year= [[1953]] |isbn= 0837185211, ISBN 0-8371-8521-1 }}.
*{{Citation |last= Parry |first= J. H. |authorlink= J. H. Parry |title= The Discovery of South America |publisher=Taplinger |location= Novi Eboraci |year= [[1979]] |isbn=  }}.
*{{Citation |last= Parry |first= J. H. |title= The Discovery of the Sea |publisher=University of California Press |location= Berkley |year= [[1981]] |isbn= 978-0520042360 }}.
*{{Citation |last= Parry |first= J. H. |title= The Spanish Seaborne Empire |publisher=Knopf |location= Novi Eboraci |year= 1970 |isbn= 978-0520071407 }}.
*{{Citation |last= Pérez-Mallaína |first= Pablo E. |others= trans. Carla Rahn Phillips |title= Spain's Men of the Sea: Daily Life on the Indies Fleets in the Sixteenth Century |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |location= Baltimore |year= 1998 |isbn= 9780801857461 |laysummary= http://www.marcusrediker.com/reviews/Perez_review.htm }}.
*{{Citation |last= Roditi |first= Edouard |title= Magellan of the Pacific |publisher=Faber &amp; Faber |location=Londinii |year= 1972 |isbn= 0571089453 }}.
*{{Citation |last= Schurz |first=William L. |year=1922 |month=May |title= The Spanish Lake|journal=Hispanic American Historical Review |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=181–194 |id= |quote= |doi= 10.2307/2506024 |publisher=Duke University Press |postscript= . |jstor= 2506024 }}.
*{{Citation |last= Thatcher |first=Oliver J. ed. |title=The Library of Original Sources |chapter= Vol. V: 9th to 16th Centuries |publisher=University Research Extension Co |year= 1907 |isbn=  |pages= 41–57 |url= http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1519magellan.html |accessdate=8 April 2009 }}.
*{{Citation |last= Wilford |first= John Noble |authorlink= John Noble Wilford |title= The Mapmakers |publisher=Knopf |location=Novi Eboraci |year= 2000 |isbn= 0375708502 |laysummary= http://www.cosmopolis.ch/english/cosmo33/history_cartography_mapmakers.htm }}.
*{{Citation |last= Zweig |first= Stephanus |authorlink=Stephanus Zweig |title=Conqueror of the Seas: The Story of Magellan |publisher=Read Books|year= 2007 |isbn=1406760064 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=tLoWg9mMh04C&amp;lpg=PA37&amp;dq=cannanore%201506&amp;pg=PA1#v=onepage&amp;q=cannanore%201506 }}. (1K)

{{Anni vitae|1480|1521|Magellanus, Ferdinandus}}
&lt;!--
Military personnel killed in action
People of Spanish colonial Philippines
Portuguese Roman Catholics
Deaths by blade weapons
People from Vila Real District--&gt;

[[Categoria:Circumnavigatores]]
[[Categoria:Exploratores Americae Australis]]
[[Categoria:Exploratores Oceani Pacifici]]
[[Categoria:Exploratores Portugallenses]]
[[Categoria:Historia maritima Portugalliae]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Portugalliae]]
[[Categoria:Nautae]]
[[Categoria:Necati]]
[[Categoria:Philippinae]]
{{1000 paginae}}
{{Myrias|Homines}}</text>
      <sha1>24y3cytjc0ybpvltv5sq5rp27m0n6tc</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3972993</id>
      <parentid>3972991</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-20T06:36:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jondel</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Circumnavigatio et casus */</comment>
      <origin>3972993</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11115" sha1="7gtis39ovgzyyl3c2kti7gkty3o9uzp" xml:space="preserve">{{Latinitas|-3}}
{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Ferdinand Magellan.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Imago]] Ferdinandi Magellani [[saeculum|saeculo]] [[saeculum 16|16]] vel [[saeculum 17|17]] picta.]]

{{res|Ferdinandus Magellanus}} ([[Lusitane]] ''Fernão de Magalhães''&amp;thinsp;; natus circa [[1480]]; mortuus [[27 Aprilis]] [[1521]]) fuit [[explorator]] [[Portugallia|Lusitanus]]. Ex urbe {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Sabrosa|Sabrosae|en|qid=Q1006389}} oriens, in Portugallia [[septentrio]]nali sitae, [[Carolus V (imperator)|Carolo I Regi Hispaniae]] servivit, [[via]]m ad [[occidens|occidentem]] usque ad [[Insulas Maluku|Insulas Condimentorum]] petens (hodiernas [[Insulae Moluccae|Insulas Moluccas]] in [[Indonesia]] sitas).

[[Expeditio Magellanica]] annorum inter [[1519]] et [[1522]] fuit prima expeditio quae, per [[Fretum Magellanicum]] transiendo, maria ab [[Oceanus Atlanticus|Oceano Atlantico]] ad [[Oceanus Pacificus|Pacificum]] (a Magellano [[Mare Pacificum]] appellatum) [[navigatio|navigavit]], necnon prima quae cunctum transivit Pacificum, atque prima quae [[Tellus|Telluris]] [[circumnavigatio]]nem complevit, quamquam Magellanus ipse, in {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Proelium Mactan|proelio|en|qid=Q2091449}} ad [[litus]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|insula Mactan|Insulae Mactan|en|qid=Q685318}} interfectus—haud procul a [[Caebua]] in [[Philippinae|Philippinis]]—totam navigationem non confecit.

[[Species (taxinomia)|Species]] ''{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Spheniscus magellanicus|Sphenisci magellanici|en|qid=Q207246}}'', [[familia (taxinomia)|familiae]] [[Spheniscidae|Spheniscidarum]], quam ipse primus [[Europa]]eorum observavit,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110823061128/http://www.globaltwitcher.com/artspec_information.asp?thingid=232 Magellanic penguin].&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; atque {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Nubeculae Magellani||en|qid=Q50028}}, parvi [[galaxias|galaxiae]] in {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Hemisphaerium caeleste australe|hemisphaerio caelesti australi|en|qid=Q2380815}} tantum conspicui, Magellani nomen commemorant. Praeterea, [[asteroides]] [[4055 Magellan]] in eius [[honor]]em nominatus est.

== Iuventus ==
Quum adhuc esset pedisequus, stipendii gratiā a Regina Leonora concessi [[educatio|educatus]] est. Posterius [[iter]] ad [[Asia Australis|Asiam Australem]] et [[Asia Orientalis|Orientalem]] fecit, deinde, ab anno [[1509]] usque ad annum [[1511]], stipedium denuo &lt;!--sub {{Scholium|Quot nomina? Estne hic singulus homo?|Navarcho Almeida, Sequira, Serrano,}} {{Scholium|“Gubernator”? Angl. “Captain”?|gubernatore}} [[Alba Quercus (Novum Mexicum)|Albae Quercus]] --&gt;sub navarcho Francisco de Almeida et navarcho Diogo Lopes de Sequira cum  Francisco Serrão, et gubernatore Afonso de Albuquerque meruit.&lt;!--?--&gt; Anno [[1506]] bello Cannanore&lt;ref&gt;James A. Patrick, ''Renaissance and Reformation'', p. 787, Marshall Cavendish, 2007, {{ISBN|0-7614-7650-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; pedem [[vulnus|vulneratus]] est. Tunc, [[condimentum|condimenta]] ex [[Insulae Malucae|Insulis Moluccis]] orientia quasi [[aureum]] in Europa cupiebantur. Quamquam, [[foedus Tordecillis]] iter per mundum occidentalem iuri Lusitano restringit. Igitur tunc Magellan ad Insulas Moluccas variis compendiariis studebat, praecipue per vias orientales.

== Regressus ==
Anno [[1512]] Europeam regressus, [[Islamici]]s [[commercium]] accusatus apud iudicium regni [[Lusitania|Lusitanae]] offensas accepit. Anno [[1516]], [[Hispania]]m perrectus, [[Hispani]] civitatis acceptus, et Hispanis [[mos|morem]] nomen mutavit. Deinde ad regnum Hispanici [[Carolus V (imperator)|Carolum V]], ad [[Insulae Moluccenses|Insulas Moluccenses]] iter consilium protulit quam [[rex]] accepit.

== Circumnavigatio et casus ==
{{vide-etiam|Expeditio Magellanica}}
Expeditionem paravit qua prima [[circumnavigatio|circumnavigaturus]] fuisset. Anno [[1519]], ad Asiam per viam occidentalem iter commisit cum classicula ex [[quinque]] navibus. Apud alios 240 [[nauta]]s erant [[Ioannes Sebastianus Elcano|Elcano]] navarchus vicarius et [[Antonius Pigafetta]] chronographus supernumerariusque, qui iter victuri fuissent.

[[America Australis|Americam Australem]] attigit et [[Brasilia]]m visitavit, quae fuit terra [[Portugallia|Lusitana]]. [[Fretum]] advenit quod [[Fretum Magellanicum|nomen]] eius hodie fert. Hoc fretum, cuspem [[continens|continente]] dividens, [[oceanus|oceanos]] [[Oceanus Atlanticus|Atlanticum]] et [[Oceanus Pacificus|Pacificum]] coniungit. Rebellionem subiugit, sed [[duo|duas]] [[navis|naves]] amisit. Miros observabant quae sunt inter alios [[Sphenisciformes|aves sine pennae volatuque]] et [[Lama glama|dromedarii sine gibbo]]. 

[[Oceanus Pacificus|Oceanum Pacificum]] attigit, et tranquillitas eius observatus, nomen hodiernam appellavit. Oceanum transientes omnes naves duro magnopere passus erant, et alii esurie moriti fuerunt. Die [[13 Februarii]] [[1521]], insulas adventum quam appellata ab Magellano [[Insulae Latronum]] quod cleptas passus erat ex indigenis, nam nunc [[Insuae Marianae|Insulae Mariana]] et [[Guama]]. 

Die [[16 Martii]] [[1521]], insulae ''Homonhon'' [[Philippinae|Philippinarum]] adventum ab Magellano est, cum adhunc 150 nautis. Interprete Henrico communicare poterant. Vernaculo rege amicavit, sed apud rixam interfuit, ei pugnante litore Mactan interfectus fuit. [[Eduardus Barbosa]] eodem proelio mortuus est.

Cetera fugerunt. Ex 237 Hispanicis, regressi sunt [[duodeviginti]] nautae die [[6 Septembris]] [[1522]], [[Ioannes Sebastianus Elcano|Ioanne Sebastiano Elcano]] duce. Unus eorum fuit [[Antonius Pigafetta]], qui totam expeditionem tradidit.

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
=== Fontes primi ===
{{Pars vicificanda}}
*{{Citation |last= Pigafetta |first= Antonio |authorlink= Antonio Pigafetta |title=Magellan's Voyage around the World |publisher=Arthur A. Clark |year= 1906 |isbn=  |ref=harv}} (orig. ''[http://www.archive.org/details/primerviajeentor00piga Primer viaje en torno del globo]'' Retrieved on 2009-04-08).
* [[Maximilianus Transylvanus]], ''De Moluccis insulis'', 1523, 1542.
*{{Citation |last=  Nowell |first= Charles E. ed. |title= Magellan's Voyage around the World: Three Contemporary Accounts |publisher=NU Press |location=Evanston |year= [[1962]] |isbn=  }}.
*&lt;cite id=CITEREFStanley1874&gt;''[http://dlxs.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=sea;cc=sea;sid=424383ff2ffa1020e1afb760b0fe4109;idno=sea061;view=toc The First Voyage Round the World, by Magellan]'', full text, English translation by Henry Stanley, 3rd Baron Stanley of Alderley, Londinii: Hakluyt, [1874] – six contemporary accounts of his voyage&lt;/cite&gt;.
*{{citation|last=Oliveira|first=Fernando|title=The Voyage of Ferdinand Magellan|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=MByAAAAAMAAJ|year=1550–1560|publication-date=2002|publisher=National Historical Institute|isbn=9789715381635}}, English translation by Peter Schreurs from the original Portuguese manuscript in the University Library of Lieden, The Netherlands.

=== Alii fontes ===
*{{Citation |last= Bergreen |first=Laurence |authorlink= Laurence Bergreen |title=Over the Edge of the World: Magellan's Terrifying Circumnavigation of the Globe  |publisher=William Morrow |year= 2003 |month= 14 October|isbn= 9780066211732, ISBN 0-06-093638-X |laysummary= http://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0066211735.asp }}.
*{{Citation |last= Guillemard |first= Francis Henry Hill |title=The life of Ferdinand Magellan, and the first circumnavigation of the globe, 1480–1521 |publisher=G. Philip  |year=[[1890]]  |url= http://www.archive.org/details/lifeofferdinandm00guil |accessdate=8 April 2009 }}.
*{{Citation |last= Hildebrand |first=Arthur Sturges |title= Magellan |publisher=Harcourt, Brace &amp; Co |location= Novi Eboraci |year= [[1924]] |isbn= 9781417914135 (reprint) }}.
*{{Citation |last= Joyner |first= Tim |title=Magellan  |publisher=International Marine Publishing  |location= Camden, Me. |year= [[1992]]  |isbn= 9780070331280 }}.
*{{Citation |last= Nunn |first= George E. |title= The Columbus and Magellan Concepts of South American Geography |year= 1932 |isbn=  }}.
*{{Citation |last= Parr |first= Charles M. |title= So Noble a Captain: The Life and Times of Ferdinand Magellan |publisher=Crowell |location=Novi Eboraci |year= [[1953]] |isbn= 0837185211, ISBN 0-8371-8521-1 }}.
*{{Citation |last= Parry |first= J. H. |authorlink= J. H. Parry |title= The Discovery of South America |publisher=Taplinger |location= Novi Eboraci |year= [[1979]] |isbn=  }}.
*{{Citation |last= Parry |first= J. H. |title= The Discovery of the Sea |publisher=University of California Press |location= Berkley |year= [[1981]] |isbn= 978-0520042360 }}.
*{{Citation |last= Parry |first= J. H. |title= The Spanish Seaborne Empire |publisher=Knopf |location= Novi Eboraci |year= 1970 |isbn= 978-0520071407 }}.
*{{Citation |last= Pérez-Mallaína |first= Pablo E. |others= trans. Carla Rahn Phillips |title= Spain's Men of the Sea: Daily Life on the Indies Fleets in the Sixteenth Century |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |location= Baltimore |year= 1998 |isbn= 9780801857461 |laysummary= http://www.marcusrediker.com/reviews/Perez_review.htm }}.
*{{Citation |last= Roditi |first= Edouard |title= Magellan of the Pacific |publisher=Faber &amp; Faber |location=Londinii |year= 1972 |isbn= 0571089453 }}.
*{{Citation |last= Schurz |first=William L. |year=1922 |month=May |title= The Spanish Lake|journal=Hispanic American Historical Review |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=181–194 |id= |quote= |doi= 10.2307/2506024 |publisher=Duke University Press |postscript= . |jstor= 2506024 }}.
*{{Citation |last= Thatcher |first=Oliver J. ed. |title=The Library of Original Sources |chapter= Vol. V: 9th to 16th Centuries |publisher=University Research Extension Co |year= 1907 |isbn=  |pages= 41–57 |url= http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1519magellan.html |accessdate=8 April 2009 }}.
*{{Citation |last= Wilford |first= John Noble |authorlink= John Noble Wilford |title= The Mapmakers |publisher=Knopf |location=Novi Eboraci |year= 2000 |isbn= 0375708502 |laysummary= http://www.cosmopolis.ch/english/cosmo33/history_cartography_mapmakers.htm }}.
*{{Citation |last= Zweig |first= Stephanus |authorlink=Stephanus Zweig |title=Conqueror of the Seas: The Story of Magellan |publisher=Read Books|year= 2007 |isbn=1406760064 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=tLoWg9mMh04C&amp;lpg=PA37&amp;dq=cannanore%201506&amp;pg=PA1#v=onepage&amp;q=cannanore%201506 }}. (1K)

{{Anni vitae|1480|1521|Magellanus, Ferdinandus}}
&lt;!--
Military personnel killed in action
People of Spanish colonial Philippines
Portuguese Roman Catholics
Deaths by blade weapons
People from Vila Real District--&gt;

[[Categoria:Circumnavigatores]]
[[Categoria:Exploratores Americae Australis]]
[[Categoria:Exploratores Oceani Pacifici]]
[[Categoria:Exploratores Portugallenses]]
[[Categoria:Historia maritima Portugalliae]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Portugalliae]]
[[Categoria:Nautae]]
[[Categoria:Necati]]
[[Categoria:Philippinae]]
{{1000 paginae}}
{{Myrias|Homines}}</text>
      <sha1>7gtis39ovgzyyl3c2kti7gkty3o9uzp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Index urbium Germaniae</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>4344</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3973057</id>
      <parentid>3972699</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-20T10:58:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3973057</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6946" sha1="a2lijr0tqt5qohotoszotnlae1ipzkn" xml:space="preserve">Hic habes '''indicem urbium Germaniae'''.
[[Fasciculus:Urbes in Germania.png|thumb|Urbes Germaniae]]

== Urbes autonomae ==
*[[Berolinum]], Caput Germaniae (''Berlin'')
*[[Brema]], (''Bremen'')
*[[Hamburgum]], etiam ''Hammonia'' (''Hamburg'')

== Civitates ==

=== [[Badenia-Virtembergia]] ===
*[[Achara]] (''Achern'')
*[[Ala (Germania)|Ala]] (''Aalen'')
*[[Arguna]] (''Langenargen'')
*[[Aquae]] (''Baden-Baden'')
*[[Arae Flaviae]] (''Rottweil'')
*[[Bruchsalia]] vel Bruxalium (''Bruchsal'')
*[[Calewa]] (''Calw'')
*[[Carolsruha]] (''Karlsruhe'')
*[[Cella Cuprum]] (''Kupferzell'')
*[[Condistat]] (''Bad Cannstatt'')
*[[Crailsheimum]] (''Crailsheim'')
*[[Cuppenheim]]
*[[Doneschinga]] (''Donaueschingen'')
*[[Ediningum]] (''Ettlingen'')
*[[Eslinga]] (''Esslingen'')
*[[Friburgum Brisgoviae]] (''Freiburg'')
*[[Gamundia]] (''Schwäbisch Gmünd'')
*[[Heidelberga]] (''Heidelberg'')
*[[Hailprunna]] (''Heilbronn'')
*[[Halla Suevica]] (''Schwäbisch Hall'')
*[[Isininga]] (''Eislingen'')
*[[Kornwestheimium]] (''Kornwestheim'')
*[[Lauriacum Suevicum]] (''Lorch (Württ.)'')
*[[Laviacum]] (''Lauffen am Neckar'')
*[[Lopodunum]] (''Ladenburg'')
*[[Ludoviciburgum]] (''Ludwigsburg'')
*[[Marbachum]] (''Marbach am Neckar'')
*[[Manhemium]] (''Mannheim'')
*[[Neufra]]
*[[Neulußheim]]
*[[Nurtinga]] (''Nürtingen'')
*[[Oberndorfium]] (''Oberndorf am Neckar'')
*[[Pascuum Konzi]] (''Künzelsau'')
*[[Phorca]] (''Pforzheim'')
*[[Redlinga]] (''Riedlingen'')
*[[Rotovilla]] (''Rottweil'')
*[[Sumelocenna]] (''Rottenburg'')
*[[Sindelfinga]] (''Sindelfingen'')
*[[Solicinium]] (''Schwetzingen'')
*[[Sumelocenna]] (''Rottenburg'')
*[[Stuttgartum]], caput [[terra (regio)|terrae]] foederalis (''Stuttgart'')
*[[Tubinga]] (''Tübingen'')
*[[Ulma]] (''Ulm'')
*[[Waiblinga]] (''Waiblingen'')
*[[Weil der Stadt]]
*[[Wimpina]] (''Wimpfen'')

=== [[Bavaria]] ===
*[[Abdiacum]] (''Füssen'')
*[[Altdorfii]] (''Altdorf, Baden'')
*[[Aschaffenburgum]] (''Aschaffenburg'')
*[[Augusta Vindelicorum]] (''Augsburg'')
*[[Baruthum]]) (''Bayreuth'')
*[[Batavia Bavariae|Batavia]] (''Passau'')
*[[Bedaium]] (''Seebruck'')
*[[Caesarea (Bavarorum)]] (''Kaisheim'')
*[[Caesarea (Bavarorum)]] (''Kempten'')
*[[Castra Regina]] (''Regensburg'')
*[[Coburgum]] (''Coburg'')
*[[Crana]] (''Kronach'')
*[[Curia Variscorum]] (''Hof'')
*[[Dachanum]] (''Dachau'')
*[[Dilinga]] (''Dillingen an der Donau'')
*[[Epininga]] (''Bad Aibling'')
*[[Guntia]] (''Günzburg'')
*[[Ingolstadium]] (''Ingolstadt'')
*[[Kitzinga]] (''Kitzingen'')
*[[Monachium]], caput provinciae (''München'', Anglice ''Munich'')
*[[Neoforum]], etiam ''Novoforum'' (''Neumarkt'')
*[[Landeshuetta]] (''Landshut'')

=== [[Brandenburgum]] ===
*[[Potestampium]], caput provinciae (Potsdam)
*[[Arausionis castrum]] (''Oranienburg'')
*[[Cottbusia]] (Theod. ''Cottbus'')
*[[Brandenburgum (oppidum)|Brandenburgum ad Avelum]] (''Brandenburg an der Havel'')
*[[Ratenovia]] (''Rathenow'')
*[[Rupina]] (''Neuruppin'')

=== [[Hassia]] ===
*[[Aquae Mattiacae]], caput provinciae (''Wiesbaden'')
*[[Byvera]] (''Bebra'')
*[[Cassala|Castellum vel Cassellae vel Cassala]] (''Kassel'')
*[[Castellum Mattiacorum]] (''Mainz-Kastell'') 
*[[Escevegia]] (''Eschwege'') 
*[[Francofurtum ad Moenum]] (''Frankfurt am Main'') 
*[[Fulda]] (''Fulda'') 
*[[Laudenbachia]] (''Laudenbach im Werra-Meißner-Kreis'', vide pagus Verrae Visnerique)
*[[Lauriacum Pagus Rheni]] (Lorch im Rheingau)
*[[Lauriacum Caroli Magni]] (Lorsch/Bergstraße), [[Patrimonium totius mundi]]
*[[Limburgum ad Lahnam]] (''Limburg an der Lahn'') 
*[[Magna Almeroda]] (''Großalmerode'') 
*[[Mursina]] (''Morschen'')
*[[Rodgau]] (''Rodgau'') 
*[[Villesinderothis]] (''Wilsenroth'') 
*[[Witflaria]] (''Wetzlar'') 
*[[Witzenhusa]] (''Witzenhausen'')

=== [[Megapolis et Pomerania Citerior]] ===
*[[Gryphisvaldia]] (''Greifswald'')
*[[Rostochium]] (''Rostock'')
*[[Stralsunda]] (''Stralsund'')
*[[Suerinum]] (''Schwerin'')
*[[Vismaria]] (''Wismar'')

=== [[Rhenania-Palatinatus|Rhenania-Palatinatum]] ===
*[[Augusta Treverorum]] (''Trier'')
*[[Borbetomagus]] sive Vormatia (''Worms'')
*[[Confluentes]] (''Koblenz'')
*[[Ludovici Portus Rhenanus]] (''Ludwigshafen'')
*[[Moguntiacum]], caput provinciae (''Mainz'')

=== [[Rhenania Septentrionalis-Vestfalia]] ===
*[[Aquisgranum]] (etiam, Aquae Grani, ''Aachen'')
*[[Assindia]] (''Essen'')
*[[Bilivelda]] (''Bielefeld'')
*[[Bonna]] (''Bonn'')
*[[Colonia Agrippina]] (''Köln'')
*[[Detmolda]] (''Detmold'')
*[[Thuiscoburgum]] (''Duisburg'')
*[[Divitia]] (Köln-''Deutz'')
*[[Durnomagus]] (''Dormagen'')
*[[Dusseldorpium]] (''Düsseldorf'')
*[[Lupiaepolis]] (''Lippstadt'')
*[[Monasterium (Germania)]] (''Münster'')
*[[Rigomagus]] (''Remagen'')
*[[Roisdorpium]] (''Roisdorf'')
*[[Tremonia]] (''Dortmund'')
*[[Verina]] (''Werne'')
*[[Castra Vetera|Vetera]] sive [[Xantum]] (''Xanten'')
*[[Varburgum Vestphalorum]] (''Warburg'')
*[[Warendorp]] (''Warendorf'')
*[[Porta Westfalica]] (''Porta Westfalica'')
*[[Wiperfordia]] (''Wipperfürth'')

=== [[Saravia]] sive Terra Sarrae ===
*[[Saravipontus]] seu [[Sarabrucca]], caput provinciae (''Saarbrücken'')

=== [[Saxonia]] ===
*[[Chemnicium]] (''Chemnitz'')
*[[Dresda]] (''Dresden'')
*[[Lipsia]] (''Leipzig'')

=== [[Saxonia-Anhaltinum]] ===
*[[Cusne]] (''Bad Kösen'')
*[[Islebia]] (''Eisleben'')
*[[Leucopetra]] (''Weißenfels'')
*[[Leucorea]] (''Lutherstadt Wittenberg'')
*[[Magdeburgum]] sive [[Parthenopolis]], caput provinciae (''Magdeburg'')
*[[Quedlinburgum]]
*[[Salinae Saxonicae]] (''Halle / Saale'')
*[[Stendalia]] (''Stendal'')
*[[Tucherina]] (''Teuchern'')

=== [[Saxonia Inferior]] ===
*[[Brunsvicum]] (''Braunschweig'')
*[[Cella (Germania)|Cella]] (''Celle'')
*[[Emda]] (''Emden'')
*[[Gottinga]] (''Göttingen'')
*[[Hamala]] (''Hameln'')
*[[Holtisminni]] (''Holzminden'')
*[[Hannoveria]] (''Hannover'') caput provinciae 
*[[Northeim]]
*[[Osnabrugensis]] (''Osnabrück'')
*[[Oldenburgum]] (''Oldenburg'')
*[[Petrimons]] (''Bad Pyrmont'')
*[[Wilhelmshaven]] (''Wilhelmshaven'')
*[[Winsenia]] ad flumen [[Luya]]m appellatum (''Winsen an der Luhe''), sedes administrationis regionis Harburgensis
*[[Wolfsburgum]]

=== [[Slesvicum et Holsatia]] ===
*[[Ekerenforda]] (''Eckernförde'')
*[[Kielia]] vel Chilonium, caput [[Terra Foederalis Germaniae|terrae foederalis]] (''Kiel'')
*[[Lubeca]] (''Lübeck'')
*[[Novum Monasterium]] (''Neumünster'')
*[[Oldenburgum (Holsatia)|Oldenburgum]] (''Oldenburg'')
*[[Ploena]] (''Plön'')
*[[Raceburgum]] (''Ratzeburg'')
*[[Sliasvig]] (''Schleswig'')

=== [[Thuringia]] ===
*[[Altenburgum in Misnia]] (''Altenburg, Thüringen'')
*[[Erfordia]] ''(Erfurt)''
*[[Gerapolis]] ''(Gera)''
*[[Iena]] ''(Jena)''
*[[Vimaria]] ''(Weimar)''
*[[Ilmenavia]] ''(Ilmenau)''
*[[Ysenacum]] (''Eisenach'')

{{NexInt}}
{{fn|Urbes Romanae Germaniae}}

== Nexus externi ==
*[[:de:Liste lateinischer Ortsnamen#Deutschland (Germania)|Index nominum Latinorum apud vicipaediam theodiscam]]

{{De Germania}}

[[Categoria:Urbes Germaniae|*]]
[[Categoria:Indices urbium|Germania]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Vinum</title>
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        <username>Andrew Dalby</username>
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[[Fasciculus:Banquet Louvre Kylix G133 by Cage Painter.jpg|thumb|Puer vinum ministrat.]]

'''Vinum''' est [[potio fortis|potio alcoholica]] e [[fermentatio]]ne [[mustum|musti]] ([[sucus|suci]] [[uva]]rum) confecta. [[Natura]]lis [[uva]]rum compositio sucum a [[saccharomycetes|saccharomycetibus]] utilibus fermentari sinit sine additione [[alimentum|nutrimentorum]]; qua fermentatione [[saccharum|sacchara]] in suco comprehensa consumuntur atque in [[alcohol]] [[ethanol]] convertuntur. Vinum igitur facillime conficitur. Ad vina bona et varia conficienda diversae uvarum varietates, nonnullae species et stirpes fermentorum, variaeque consuetudines perfectionis adhibentur. Vina optima quae terrarum vitiumque idonearum redolent, curiosissime praeparata, diligentissime perfecta, bene conservata, amatoribus pretio maximo venditantur. Vina modestiora, ad usum cottidianum apta, pretiis modestis emi solent etiamsi bonitati haud careant. Vinis peioribus aliquando [[distillatio|distillatis]], [[alcohol]] quod inde provenit in [[spiritus vinosus|spiritus potabiles]] convertitur aut variis rationibus [[industria]]libus adhibetur.

Humanus vini usus a [[millennium 6 a.C.n.|millennio sexto a.C.n.]] cognoscitur. Vinum inventum est in [[regio]]ne quadam montana haud longe a limitibus [[civitas sui iuris|civitatum]] hodiernorum [[Turcia]]e, [[Irania]]e, [[Georgia]]e, et [[Armenia]]e distante. Inde confectio vinorum in omnes fere terras ubi vites florere possunt graduatim transmissa est, per [[Media Asia|mediam Asiam]] ad [[Afgania]]m et [[Sinae (regio)|Sericam]], trans [[Europa Meridiana|Europam Meridianam]] omnem usque ad [[Francia]]m, [[Hispania]]m, et [[Portugallia]]m, inde per itineribus maritimis ad [[America]]m [[America Septentrionalis|Septentrionalem]] et [[America Centralis|Meridianam]], [[Africa Australis|Africam Australem]], [[Australia]]m, et [[Nova Zelandia|Novam Zelandiam]]. In frigidiores et [[calor|calidiores]] regiones, vitium expertes, vina alibi confecta advehuntur.

Ubi vinum plerumque conficitur ad cenas quotidie inferri solet. Feriis popularibus celebratur quotannis [[vindemia]], quo tempore ex uvis maturis nuper collectis mustum aut pedibus aut [[torcular]]ibus exprimitur. Hilaritas potatorum ebrietasque, quas ab alcohole provocatas nunc scimus, olim e divina vini natura deduci credebantur. [[Polytheismus|Religionibus polytheisticis]] [[deus]] qui primum vini inventorem fuisse dictus est, apud [[Roma antiqua|Romanos]] [[Liber Pater]], apud [[Graecia antiqua|Graecos]] [[Dionysus]] qui et [[Bacchus]] nuncupatus est. [[Monotheismus|Religionibus monotheisticis]] vini potestas variis modis exprimitur: [[Christianitas|Christiani]] ad [[Eucharistia]]m adhibent, [[Religio Iudaica|Iudaei]] ad epula sollemnia, exempli gratia [[sabbatum|die sabbati]]; [[Islam|Mussulmani]] autem potationem vini ob intoxicationem plerumque prohibent.
[[Fasciculus:Word for Wine in European languages.svg|thumb|upright=2|Nomina vini in linguis Europaeis et Mediterraneis in tabula geographica enumerata.]]

== Nomen ==
Nomina tam Latinum ''vinum'' quam [[Graece|Graecum]] {{Polytonic|οἶνος}}, [[Albanice|Albanicum]] ''venë,'' [[Armeniace|Armeniacum]] ''gini'' [[Hethitice|Hethiticumque]] ''wiyana'' a quibusdam e verbo quodam [[lingua Protoindoeuropaea|Indoeuropaeo]] *''win-o-'' deducuntur et cum appellatione [[planta]]e Latina &quot;[[vitis vinifera|vitis]]&quot; adsimilantur, sed haec res incerta est. Aliae linguae eiusdem [[regio]]nis, familiae [[Linguae Semiticae|Semiticae]] attributae, nominibus similibus utuntur, e.g. [[Arabice]] ''wain,'' [[Hebraice]] ''jajin.'' Nonnulli haec nomina omnia e lingua quadam [[Linguae Caucasicae|Caucasica]] antiqua mutuata esse censent: [[Georgice]] enim (in familia [[Linguae Cartvelianae|Kartvelica]]) nomen ღვინო ''ghvino'' &quot;vinum&quot; citant et e verbo ღვივილი ''ghvivili'' &quot;florire, bullire&quot; derivant. 

Nomen Latinum in [[Linguae Romanicae|linguis Romanicis]] supervivit, [[Italiane]] et [[Hispanice]] ''vino'', [[Lusitanice]] ''vinho'', [[Francogallice]] et [[Dacoromanice]] ''vin''. Idem nomen in [[Germani (antiquitas)|linguam Germanicam antiquam]] mutuatum est sub forma *''winam,'' unde [[Theodisce]] dicitur hodie ''Wein,'' [[Anglice]] ''wine''; idem in Slavonicam ''vino'', unde hodie [[Russice]] ''vino'', [[Polonice]] ''wino''; idem in [[Linguae Celticae|linguis Celticis]] antiquis, unde [[Hibernice]] hodie ''fion,'' [[Cambrice]] ''gwin.''

Nomen ''vinum'' rarius sensu latiore adhibetur pro potionibus ex aliis [[fructus|fructibus]] factis, videlicet [[Dactylus|dactylis]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Pnh}} 13.40, 14.102; {{DalbyAZ|113}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[napum|napis]] (sed hoc ad animalia medenda usitatum),&lt;ref&gt;{{Pnh}} 23.52&lt;/ref&gt; [[Pirum|piris]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Palladius Rutilius Taurus Aemilianus]], [[Opus agriculturae|''Opus agriculturae'']] 3.25.11.&lt;/ref&gt; (nomine proprio [[piracium]]), [[Malum|malis]] ([[pomacium]]) necnon [[Malum granatum|malis granatis]].&lt;ref&gt;[[Palladius Rutilius Taurus Aemilianus]], [[Opus agriculturae|''Opus agriculturae'']] 4.10.10.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Confectio ==
[[Natura]]lis uvarum compositio [[chemia|chemica]] sucum a [[fungi]]s [[saccharomycetes|saccharomycetibus]] fermentari sinit sine additione [[saccharum|saccharorum]], [[acidum|acidorum]], [[enzymum|enzymorum]] aliorumve [[alimentum|nutrimentorum]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Vintage: The Story of Wine |last=Johnson |first=H. |year=[[1989]] |publisher=Simon &amp; Schuster |isbn=0671791826 |pages=11–6}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Vinum fermentatione uvarum contusarum cum variis [[fermentum|fermentorum]]&lt;!--yeast--&gt; generibus producitur ordinis [[Saccharomycetales|saccharomycetalium]]. Uvae variis speciebus ''[[Hanseniaspora]]rum'' iam in vineis infectuntur, quae in officinis vinariis saepius interficiuntur: ibi enim ''[[Saccharomyces cerevisiae]]'' seu ''[[Saccharomyces bayanus|S. bayanus]]'' atque multo rarius ''[[Brettanomyces bruxellensis]]'' introducuntur, quae sacchara ([[glucosum]] et [[fructosum]]) fere tota in alcohol convertere potuerint.

== Genera vini ==
Vina de [[Uva|uvis]] fermentata in [[tres|tria]] genera dividi solent: [[vinum album]], [[vinum rubrum|rubrum]], [[vinum roseum|roseum]]. Praeterea sunt [[Vinum spumans|vina spumantia]], sicut [[vinum Campanicum|Campanicum]], et [[vinum fortificatum|vina fortificata]] vel alcohole amplificata, sicut [[vinum Xerae]] et [[vinum Portugallicum|Portugallicum]].
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Red_Wine_Glass.jpg|[[Vinum rubrum]]
Fasciculus:white Wine Glas.jpg|[[Vinum album]]
Fasciculus:Port wine.jpg|[[Vinum Portugallicum]]
Fasciculus:Wine_press_from_16th_century.jpg|Prelum sive torcular [[saeculum 16|saeculi sexti decimi]] vinarium
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Cultura et fabricatio vini ==
[[Fasciculus:Ruralia commoda.jpg|thumb|Vini aestimatio in [[Petrus de Crescentiis|Petri de Crescentiis]] ''[[Liber commodorum ruralium|Libro commodorum ruralium]]'' picta ([[Spira]]e anno fere 1495 edito).]]

Propter invasionem phylloxerae (parasiti ''[[Dactylosphaera vitifoliae]]'') [[saeculum 20|saeculo vicensimo]] ineunte disseminatae, hodie surculi vitium [[Europa]]earum inseruntur radicibus generum [[America]]narum.

== Regiones vitium culturae ==
=== Gallia vel Francia ===
* Pagus [[Burdigala|Burdigalensis]]
* [[Burgundia (regio Franciae)|Burgundia]]
* [[Campania (Francia)|Campania]]
* [[Elisatia]]
* Vallis [[Liger]]is
* Vallis [[Rhodanus|Rhodani]]
=== Hispania ===
* [[Andalusia]]
* [[Castella-Manica]]
=== Italia ===
* [[Tuscia]]
* [[Vallis Augustana]]
* [[Vinum Prosecense‎]]

=== Civitates Foederatae ===
* [[California]]
=== Australia ===
* Vallis [[Barossa]]e

== Enumerationes vinorum historicae ==
[[Fasciculus:Archeological sites - wine and oil.svg|thumb|upright=2|Loci antiqui ubi [[archaeologia|archaeologi]] indicia [[viticultura]]e vel [[oleicultura]]e invenerunt.]]
[[Fasciculus:Jarre néolithique contenant du vin.jpg|thumb|[[Olla]] [[neolithicum|neolithica]] quae [[vinum]] continuit, prope [[Sulaveri]] [[Georgia]]e inventa. [[Tiphlis|Tiphli]]: Museum Nationale.]]
A vindemiis [[Livia Drusilla|Liviae]] et [[Augustus (imperator)|Augusto]] gratis incipiens, [[Plinius maior]] genera vinorum antiqua curiose enumerat tam Italica quam &quot;transmarina&quot; (i.e. quae [[mare Ionium]] transierant): &lt;!-- [[Chium]], [[Lesbium]], [[Cretense]], [[Coum]], [[Maeonium]], [[Tmolites]], alia --&gt;
* Antea [[Vinum Caecubum|Caecubo]] erat generositas celeberrima in palustribus populetis [[sinus Amyclanus|sinu Amyclano]], quod iam intercidit incuria coloni locique angustia, magis tamen [[fossa Neronis]], quam a [[lacus Baianus|Baiano lacu]] [[Ostia]]m usque navigabilem incohaverat.
* Secunda nobilitas [[Vinum Falernum|Falerno]] agro erat et ex eo maxime Faustiniano; cura culturaque id collegerat. exolescit haec quoque copiae potius quam bonitati studentium ... nec ulli nunc vino maior auctoritas. Solo vinorum flamma accenditur. Tria eius genera: austerum, dulce, tenue. Quidam ita distingunt, summis collibus [[vinum Caucinum|Caucinum]] gigni, mediis [[vinum Faustinianum|Faustinianum]], imis Falernum. Non omittendum autem nulli eorum quae celebrentur iucundum saporem uvae esse.
* At tertiam palmam varie [[vinum Albanum|Albana]] [[Roma|urbi]] vicina, praedulcia ac rara in austero, item [[vinum Surrentinum|Surrentina]] in vineis tantum nascentia, convalescentibus maxime probata propter tenuitatem salubritatemque. [[Tiberius (imperator)|Tiberius]] Caesar dicebat consensisse medicos ut nobilitatem Surrentino darent; alioqui esse generosum acetum; [[Caligula|C. Caesar]], qui successit illi, nobilem vappam. Certant [[vinum Massicum|Massica]] atque a [[mons Gaurus|monte Gauro]] [[Puteoli|Puteolos]] [[Baiae|Baiasque]] prospectantia. Nam Falerno contermina [[vinum Statanum|Statana]] ad principatum venere non dubie palamque fecere sua quibusque terris tempora esse, suos rerum proventus occasusque. Iuncta iis praeponi solebant [[vinum Calenum|Calena]] et quae in vineis arbustique nascuntur [[vinum Fundanum|Fundana]] et alia ex vicinia urbis, [[vinum Veliternum|Veliterna]], [[vinum Privernas|Privernatia]]. Nam quod [[vinum Signinum|Signia]] nascitur, austeritate nimia continendae utile alvo, inter medicamina numeratur.
* Quartum curriculum publicis epulis optinuere a Divo [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Iulio]] (is enim primus auctoritatem iis dedit, ut epistulis eius apparet) [[Vinum Mamertinum|Mamertina]] circa [[Messana]]m in [[Sicilia]] genita; ex iis Potulana, ab auctore dicta illo cognomine, proxima Italiae laudantur praecipue. Est in eadem Sicilia et [[vinum Tauromenitanum|Tauromenitanis]] honos lagoenis pro Mamertino plerumque subditis.
* Ex reliquis autem a [[mare superum|supero mari]] [[vinum Praetutianum|Praetutia]] atque [[Ancona|Ancone]] nascentia, et quae a palma una forte enata [[vinum palmense|palmensia]] appellavere, in mediterraneo vero [[vinum Caesenas|Caesenatia]] ac [[vinum Maecenatianum|Maecenatiana]], in [[Verona|Veroniensi]] item [[vinum Raeticum|Raetica]], Falernis tantum postlata a [[Publius Vergilius Maro|Vergilio]], mox ab intimo sinu maris [[Vinum Hadrianum|Hadriana]], ab infero autem [[vinum Latiniense|Latiniensia]], [[vinum Graviscanum|Graviscana]], [[vinum Statoniense|Statoniensia]]. [[Etruria]]e [[Luna (urbs)|Luna]] palmam habet, [[Liguria]]e [[Genua]], inter [[mons Pyrenaeus|Pyrenaeum]] [[Alpes]]que [[Massilia]] gemino sapore, quando et condiendis aliis pinguius gignit, quod velut sucosum. [[Baeterrae|Baeterrarum]] intra [[Gallia]]s consistit auctoritas . . . verum et longinquiora Italiae ab [[mare Ausonium|Ausonio mari]] non carent gloria, [[vinum Tarentinum|Tarentina]] et [[vinum Servitium|Servitia]] et [[Consentia]]e genita et [[Tempsa]]e ac Babbiae [[vinum Lucanum|Lucanaque]] antecedentibus [[vinum Thurinum|Thurinis]]. Omnium vero eorum maxime inlustrata [[Potitus Valerius Messala|Messalae Potiti]] salute [[vinum Lagarinum|Lagarina]], non procul [[Grumentum|Grumento]] nascentia. [[Campania]] nuper excitavit novis nominibus auctoritatem sive cura sive casu ad quartum a Neapoli lapidem [[vinum Trebellicum|Trebellicis]], iuxta Capuam [[vinum Caulinum|Caulinis]] et in suo agro [[vinum Trebulanum|Trebulanis]], alioqui semper inter plebeia et [[vinum Trifolinum|Trifolinis]] gloriata, nam [[vinum Pompeianum|Pompeianis]] summum decem annorum incrementum est . . . [[Hispania]]rum [[vinum Laeetanum|Laeetana]] copia nobilitantur, elegantia vero [[vinum Tarraconense|Tarraconensia]] atque [[vinum Lauronense|Lauronensia]] et [[vinum Balearicum|Baliarica]] ex insulis conferuntur Italiae primis . . . nec negaverim et alia digna esse fama, sed de quibus consensus aevi iudicaverit haec sunt.
* Nunc simili modo transmarina dicemus. in summa gloria . . . fuere [[vinum Thasium|Thasium]] [[vinum Chium|Chiumque]], ex Chio quod [[vinum Ariusium|Ariusium]] vocant. his addidit [[vinum Lesbium|Lesbium]] [[Erasistratus|Erasistrati]] maximi medici auctoritas ... Nunc gratia ante omnia est [[vinum Clazomenium|Clazomenio]], postquam parcius mari condiunt: Lesbium sponte naturae suae mare sapit. Nec [[Tmolites|Tmoliti]] per se gratia ut vino, sed cuius dulci admixto reliquorum duritia suavitatem accipiat simul et aetatem, quoniam vetustiora protinus videntur. Ab his dignatio est [[vinum Sicyonium|Sicyonio]], [[vinum Cyprium|Cyprio]], [[vinum Telmessicum|Telmesico]], [[vinum Tripoliticum|Tripolitico]], [[vinum Berytium|Berytio]], [[vinum Tyrium|Tyrio]], [[vinum Sebennyticum|Sebennytico]]: in [[Aegyptus|Aegypto]] hoc nascitur tribus generibus uvarum ibi nobilissimis, [[vitis Thasia|Thasia]], [[vitis aethalus|aethalo]], [[vitis peuce|peuce]]. Post haec auctoritas [[vinum Hippodamantium|Hippodamantio]], [[vinum Mysticum|Mystico]], [[cantharites|cantharitae]], [[protropum|protropo]] [[vinum Cnidium|Cnidio]], [[Catacecaumenites|Catacecaumenitae]], [[Petrites|Petritae]], [[vinum Myconium|Myconio]]: nam [[Mesogites|Mesogiten]] capitis dolores facere compertum est, nec [[vinum Ephesium|Ephesium]] salubre esse, quoniam mari et defruto condiatur. [[vinum Apamenum|Apamenum]] mulso praecipue convenire dicitur, sicut Praetutium in Italia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Pnh}} [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Pliny_the_Elder/14*.html#61 14.61-75].&lt;/ref&gt;

Inter vini genera [[aevum medium|mediaevalia]] magni momenti sunt:
* [[Vinum Gallicum|Vina Gallica]]
* [[Vinum Italicum|Vina Latina]]: vernacia, [[vinum Neapolitanum]] et [[vinum Vesuvianum|Vesuvianum]], alia
* Vina [[Imperium Romanum Orientale|Imperii Romani Orientalis]]: [[vinum Romaniae]] (praecipue Messeniae), [[vinum Malvasiae]] (id est [[Monovasia]]e in [[Laconia]]), vinum [[Candia]]e (id est [[Cretense]]), alia

Haec breviter de vinis [[saeculum 17|saeculo septimo decimo]] exeunte celebribus scribit [[Ioannes Christophorus Becmanus]]:
:Inter vina excellunt, ad [[vinum Rhenanum|Rhenum]], [[vinum Hochheimense|Hochheimensia]] et [[vinum Ringauense|Rinchgauensia]] et [[vinum Baccaracense|Baccaracensia]]; sunt deinde [[vinum Franconicum|vina Franconica]], [[vinum Austriacum|Austriaca]], in [[Rhaetia|Rhetis]] [[vinum Veltlinense|Veltlinensia]]: in [[vinum Hispanicum|Hispania]] generosae naturae est [[vinum Alicantinum]] e loco portu celebri, Ilice, quae hodie Alicante, ita dictum, et [[vinum Petri Simonis]] ab auctore qui vites Rhenanas in Hispaniam transtulit, vocatum. A [[color]]e limpido ''Secco'' nomen, in quo eminet [[vinum Canariense|Canariense]], ab [[Canariae Insulae|Insulis Canariis]] appellatum. [[Vinum Hungaricum]] [[vinum Tokayense|Tokayense]] et [[vinum Sermiense|Sermiense]] in [[Austria]]m, [[Polonia]]m, [[Valachia|Wallachiam]] etc. transfertur; et Tokayensi nominetenus affine est [[vinum Tokatense|Tokatense]], vinum magni nominis in [[Armenia]] . . . [[Candia]] [[vinum Malvasiae|vino Malvatico]] superbit, cui nomen tamen a [[Monovasia|Malvasia]] [[Morea]]e castello. . . . In [[Italia]] melioris notae sunt [[vinum de Trebiano]] in territorio [[Florentia|Florentino]], [[vinum de Tabiano]]; in territorio [[Genua|Genuensi]]: [[vinum Graecum|vini Graeci]] proventus est iuxta [[Neapolis|Neapolin]]: [[lacrimae Christi (vinum)|Lacrimae Christi]] ad Vesuvium crescunt; nec sequioris notae sunt [[vinum Sancti Severini|vinum de S. Severino]] et [[vinum Syracusarum|vinum de Siracusa]] in [[Sicilia]]. In territorio Romano ad [[Falerii|Faliscum]] seu ''monte Fiascone'' colitur [[vinum muscatellinum|vinum Muscatellinum]]. . . . In [[Francia|Gallia]] fere tota vini copia est, [[Britannia Minor|Britannia]], [[Normannia]] et [[Picardia]] exceptis, quibus vini loco non ingrata est [[pomacium|sicera]]. Deterioris notae habetur [[vinum Aurelianense]]; melioris sunt [[vinum Auxitanum]] in [[Provincia (Francia)|Provincia]], [[vinum Belnense|Beaunense]] in [[Burgundia (regio Franciae)|Burgundia]], [[vinum Frontiniacum|Frontiniacum]] ad [[Monspessulanus|Mompeliam]], et pleraque ad exteros efferuntur [[Rothomagus|Rotomago]] ac [[Burdigala]].&lt;ref&gt;[[Ioannes Christophorus Becmanus]], ''Historia orbis terrarum geographica et civilis'' extracta: vide {{Google Books|F4dBAAAAcAAJ|p. 420 editionis 1707}}; e qua fere omne repetitum est in commentatione &quot;[http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/hofmann/hof4/s0778a.html Vinum]&quot; in {{Hofmannus}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Post centum annos in operibus encyclopaedicis [[Iohannes Fridericus Zückert]] (''Materia alimentaria'') et [[Iosephus Iacobus Plenck]] (in libro cuius titulus est ''Bromatologia'') enumerationem vinorum longiorem praebent. Ibi multa vina etiam hodie celebria Latine recitantur, e.g. generosiora [[Vinum Malaccense|Malaccense]] et [[vinum Xerae]]; Italiae [[vinum Proseccense|Proseccense]] et [[vinum Montis Pulciani]]; Franciae [[vinum Rivesaltinum|Rivesaltinum]]; e terris [[Portugallia|Lusitanicis]] [[vinum Portugallicum]] et [[vinum Maderaicum|Maderaicum]]. Inter leviora Germaniae [[vinum Rhenanum]], [[vinum Mosellanum|Mosellanum]] et [[vinum Franconicum|Franconicum]]; Franciae [[vinum Campanicum]], [[vinum Burgundicum|Burgundicum]], [[vinum Burdigalense|Burdigalense]], [[vinum Cadurcense|Cadurcense]] et [[vinum Eremiticum|Eremiticum]]. Plenck etiam scriptorum Latinorum fortasse primus [[vinum Capense]] (scilicet [[Africa Australis|Africae Australis]]) sine differentia inter Europaea comprehendit (&quot;vinum rubrum, dulce, generosum&quot;).&lt;ref&gt;[[Iohannes Fridericus Zückert]], ''Materia alimentaria'' (Berolini: Augustus Mylius, 1769) {{Google Books|zbVEAAAAcAAJ|pp. 341-353}}; [[Iosephus Iacobus Plenck]], ''Bromatologia seu doctrina de esculentis et potulentis'' (Lovanii: van Overbeke, 1797) {{Google Books|6YREAAAAcAAJ|pp. 318-332}}. Nomina Latina dissonantia praebet Henricus Adolphus Langheinreich, ''De vinis'' (Berolini, c. 1825) [https://archive.org/stream/b22483615#page/26/mode/2up pp. 26 et 28]: &quot;Malacense&quot; ex Hispania, &quot;Maderense&quot; idem quod Maderaicum, &quot;Capitale&quot; idem quod Capense.&lt;/ref&gt; Alia vina Europae Ioannes Henricus Zedler in encyclopaedia bilingui anno circa 1750 enumeravit, videlicet [[vinum Alsaticum|Alsatica]], [[vinum Arbosiense|de Arbois]], [[vinum Austriacum|Austriaca]], [[vinum Balearicum|Balearica]], [[vinum Franconicum|Franconica]], [[vinum Neccarium|Neccaria]], [[vinum Tyrolense|Tyrolensia]].&lt;ref&gt;Johann Heinrich Zedler, ''Grosses vollständiges Universal-Lexicon'' (1731-1754) [https://www.zedler-lexikon.de/index.html?c=blaettern&amp;seitenzahl=766&amp;bandnummer=48&amp;view=100&amp;l=de vol. 48 coll. 1505-1509], cf. [https://www.zedler-lexikon.de/index.html?c=blaettern&amp;seitenzahl=144&amp;bandnummer=43&amp;view=100&amp;l=de vol. 43 coll. 261-264]&lt;/ref&gt;

Vinum ex uvis passis coctum dicitur vinum passum, sive simplicius passum. Romani vino passo nonnumquam pro [[mel]]le utebantur. Hodie passa adhuc exstant, sed sat rara et pretiosa sunt. Sacerdotes [[Ecclesia Orthodoxa Graeca|Ecclesiae Orthodoxicae Graecae]] passo in [[sacramentum|sacramento]] [[communio]]nis utuntur.

== Potiones e vino conditae ==
[[Fasciculus:Tokaj - Hegyalja-06.jpg|thumb|[[Vinea]] [[vinum Tokayense|Tokayensis]] in [[regio]]ne Hegyalja [[Hungaria]]e]]
** [[Mulsum]] apud Romanos vinum melle temperatum
** [[Conditum]] apud Romanos fuit vinum melle, [[piper]]e, et variis [[herba condimentaria|herbis]] aromatisque commixtum. Conditi sunt varia genera, e.g. ''Conditum melizomum'' (viaticum), ''Conditum paradoxum'' (id est 'mirum'), ''Conditum Camerinum'' etc. [[Aevum Medium|Aevo Medio]] vina condito similia [[pigmentum]] et [[vinum Hippocraticum]] appellabantur
** [[Vinum Graecum]], ut dicitur, in [[Italia]] factum est, aevo antiquo et mediaevali, ad similitudinem vinorum transmarinorum.
** [[absinthiatum]] sive absinthites est vinum [[absinthium|absinthio]] tinctum, vulgo nonnumquam ''vermouth''
** [[resinatum]], vinum e [[resina]] [[picea]] arboris conditum
** [[rosatum]], vinum e [[petalum|petalis]] [[rosa]]rum conditum
** [[violacium]], vinum e petalis [[viola (genus)|violarum]] conditum

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
;Opera antiquiora
* circa 1224 : [[Henricus de Andeliaco]], ''[[La bataille des vins]]''
* ante 1309 : ''[[Tractatus de modo praeparandi et condiendi omnia cibaria]]'' I.1-18 (Marianne Mulon, &quot;Deux traités inédits d'art culinaire médiéval&quot; in ''Bulletin philologique et historique (jusqu'à 1610) du Comité des Travaux Historiques et Scientifiques'' [1968 (1971)] vol. 1 pp. 369-435) [https://www.uni-giessen.de/fbz/fb05/germanistik/absprache/sprachverwendung/gloning/tx/mul1-tra.htm Textus]
* circa 1325 : ''[[Tractatus de vinis]]'' [[Arnaldus de Villa Nova|Arnaldo de Villa Nova]] falso adscriptum.
* 1539 : [[Antonius Gazius]], ''De vino et cerevisia tractatio'' {{Google Books|lGFWAAAAcAAJ|editio 1546 ad finem libri}} {{Google Books|-_9mAAAAcAAJ|editio 1549 ad finem libri}}
* 1559 : [[Iacobus Praefectus]], ''[[De diversorum vini generum natura liber]]''. Venetiis [https://archive.org/details/hin-wel-all-00002781-001 Textus] {{Google Books|LT46AAAAcAAJ}}
* 1565 : [[Guilielmus Gratarolus]], ''De vini natura''. Argentorati: Theodosius Rihelius, 1565 {{Google Books|IEM6AAAAcAAJ}}
* 1568 : [[Guilielmus Turnerus|William Turner]], ''A New Boke of the Natures and Properties of all Wines that are commonly used here in England ... whereunto is annexed the booke of the natures and vertues of triacles''. Londinii: William Seres
* 1596 : [[Andreas Baccius]], ''[[De naturali vinorum historia]]''. Romae [http://www.mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn=urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10148134-6 Textus apud MDZ] {{Google Books|H31DAAAAcAAJ}}
* 1663 : &quot;De fermentatione, quae se in vino exhibet&quot; in Martinus Schoockius, ''De fermento et fermentatione liber'' (Groningae, 1663) [https://archive.org/details/BIUSante_pharma_011467/page/n584/mode/2up pp. 580-600]
* 1698 : &quot;[http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/hofmann/hof4/s0775a.html Vinea]&quot; et &quot;[http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/hofmann/hof4/s0776b.html Vinum]&quot; in {{Hofmannus}}
* 1767 : Ioannes Michael Schosulan, ''Dissertatio inauguralis medica De vinis''. Viennae [Vindobonae]: Trattnern {{Google Books|emg5AAAAcAAJ}}
* 1768 : &quot;[https://archive.org/details/b30454190/page/n1250/mode/1up Vitis]&quot;, &quot;[https://archive.org/details/b30454190/page/n1325/mode/1up Wine]&quot; in [[Philippus Miller|Philip Miller]], ''The Gardener's Dictionary''. 8a ed. Londinii 
* 1769 : [[Ioannes Fridericus Zückert]], ''Materia alimentaria.'' Berolini: Augustus Mylius {{Google Books|zbVEAAAAcAAJ|pp. 341-353}}
* 1797 : [[Iosephus Iacobus Plenck]], ''Bromatologia seu doctrina de esculentis et potulentis.'' Lovanii: van Overbeke {{Google Books|6YREAAAAcAAJ|pp. 318-332}}
* 1801 : [[Ioannes Antonius Chaptal|Jean-Antoine-Claude Chaptal]] et al., ''Traité théorique et practique sur la culture de la vigne''. 2a ed. 2 voll. Lutetiae: {{GB|ttw6AAAAcAAJ|vol. 1}} {{Google Books|99w6AAAAcAAJ|vol. 2}}
* 1808 : [[Ioannes Antonius Chaptal|Jean-Antoine-Claude Chaptal]] et al.; Iosephus Voltiggi, interpr., ''Tractatus de vitis cultura arteque parandi vinum''. Viennae [i.e. Vindobonae] {{Google Books|5ci0SN9cPa8C|vol. 1}} {{Google Books|CGBt8wHcW3sC|vol. 2}} 
* 1875 : [[Henricus Vizetelly|Henry Vizetelly]], ''The wines of the world characterized &amp; classed : with some particulars respecting the beers of Europe''. Londinii: Ward, Lock, 1875 [https://archive.org/details/b21528287 Textus]

;Encyclopaedica et lexicographica
* Hanten, Christa, et al. [[2008]]. ''Der Brockhaus Wein: Rebsorten, Degustation, Weinbau, Kellertechnik, internationale Anbaugebiete''. 2a ed. Mannheim: Bibliographisches Institut. ISBN 978-3-7653-0281-7.
* Foulkes, Christopher. [[2001]]. ''Larousse Encyclopedia of Wine.'' Larousse. ISBN 2-03-585013-4.
* ﻿Henry, Albert. 1996. ''Contribution à l'étude du langage œnologique en langue d'oïl (XIIe-XVe s.)'' (Académie royale de Belgique, Classe des lettres et des sciences morales et politiques, ''Mémoires de la Classe des Lettres'' in-8°, 3a ser., 14). 2 voll. Bruxellis.
* Johnson, Hugh, [[2003]]. ''Hugh Johnson's Wine Companion.'' Ed. 5a. Mitchell Beazley. ISBN 978-1-84000-704-6.
* Organisation internationale de la vigne et du vin. [[1963]]. ''Lexique de la vigne et du vin.'' Louvain: Éditions Ceuterick.
* Pigott, Stuart. [[2004]]. ''Planet Wine: A Grape by Grape Visual Guide to the Contemporary Wine World.'' Mitchell Beazley. ISBN 978-1-84000-776-3.
* Renouil, Yves, ed. [[1962]]. ''Dictionnaire du vin.'' Bordeaux: Éditions Féret et fils.
* Robinson, Jancis. [[2006]]. ''The Oxford Companion to Wine.'' Ed. 3a. Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-860990-6.
* Steurer, Rudolf. [[2003]]. ''Steurers Weinhandbuch.'' Vindobonae: Carl Ueberreuter Verlag. ISBN 978-3-8000-3933-3.

;De vinorum multiplicitate
* Bell, Bibiane, et Alexandre Dorozynsky. [[1970]]. ''Le livre du vin: Tous les vins du monde,'' ed. Louis Orizet. Lutetiae: Les Deux Coqs d'Or, 29 rue de la Boétie, 75008.
* Dumay, Raymond. [[1967]]. ''Guide du vin.'' Lutetiae: Éditions Stock
* Lichine, Alexis. [[1984]]. ''Encyclopédie des vins et des alcools de tous les pays.'' Lutetiae: Éditions Robert Laffont-Bouquins. ISBN 2-221-50195-0.
* MacNeil, Karen. [[2001]]. ''The Wine Bible.'' Workman. ISBN 163054345.
* Parker, Robert. [[2008]]. ''Parker's Wine Buyer's Guide.'' Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7432-7198-1.
* Sopexa. [[1989]]. ''Vins et spiritueux de France.'' Lutetiae: Éditions Le Carrousel. ISBN 2-907504-00-2.

;Generalia
* Dominé, André. [[2000]]. ''Le Vin.'' Lutetiae: éditions Place des Victoires. ISBN 2-84459-108-6.
* Flitsch, Wilhelm. [[1999]]. ''Wein: verstehen und genießen.'' Ed. 2a. Berolini: Springer. ISBN 3-540-66273-1.
* McCarthy, Ed, Mary Ewing-Mulligan, et Piero Antinori. [[2006]]. ''Wine for Dummies.'' HarperCollins. ISBN 0-470-04579-5.
* Oldman, Mark. [[2004]]. ''Oldman's Guide to Outsmarting Wine.'' Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-200492-0.
* Pigott, Stuart. [[2005]]. ''Schöne neue Weinwelt: von den Auswirkungen der Globalisierung auf die Kultur des Weines.'' Francofurti ad Moenum: Fischer. ISBN 3-596-16041-3.
* Zraly, Kevin. [[2006]]. '' Windows on the World Complete Wine Course.'' Sterling. ISBN 1-4027-3928-1.

; Archaeologia
* McGovern, Patrick E. 2007. ''Ancient Wine: The Search for the Origins of Viniculture.'' Princetoniae: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-12784-0. {{Google Books|4FElAgAAQBAJ|Paginae selectae}}
* McGovern, Patrick E. 2009. ''Uncorking the Past: The Quest for Wine, Beer, and Other Alcoholic Beverages.'' Berkeleiae: University of California Press. [https://content.ucpress.edu/chapters/10996.ch01.pdf cap. 1] {{Google Books|PV5UO1ELsSUC|Paginae selectae}}
* McGovern, Patrick E et al. 2017. &quot;Early Neolithic wine of Georgia in the South Caucasus.&quot; {{PNAS}} vol. 114 pp. E10309-E10318 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/26485286 JSTOR]
* McGovern, Patrick E., Stuart J. Fleming, Solomon Katz, edd. 1995. ''The Origins and Ancient History of Wine.'' Luxemburgii: Gordon &amp; Breach. {{Google Books|4ELANhFQ0QMC|Paginae selectae}}
* Tchernia, André. 1986. ''Le vin de l'Italie romaine. Essai d'histoire économique d'après les amphores''. Romae. ''Bibliothèque des Écoles françaises d'Athènes et de Rome'' vol. 261. [http://www.persee.fr/doc/befar_0257-4101_1986_mon_261_1 Textus apud persée]
* Tchernia, André, et Jean-Pierre Brun. 1999. ''Le vin romain antique.'' Grenoble: Éditions Glénat. ISBN 2-7234-2760-9.

;Historia
* Billiard, Raymond. 1913. ''La Vigne dans l'antiquité.'' Lugduni: Lardanchet. [http://www.e-corpus.org/notices/118707/book/ Textus]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* Bouvier, Michel. [[2009]]. ''Le vin, c'est toute une histoire.'' Lutetiae: Jean-Paul Rocher Éditeur. ISBN 2-917411-23-6.
* {{DalbyAZ|350-360}} 
* Guerreau, Alain. 2001. &quot;[https://books.openedition.org/psorbonne/21064 Vinea]&quot; in Monique Goullet, Michel Parisse, edd., ''Les Historiens et le latin médiéval'' (Lutetiae: Editions de la Sorbonne, 2001. ISBN 9782859444204
* Johnson, Hugh. [[2002]]. ''Une histoire mondiale du vin.'' Lutetiae: Éditions Hachette Pratique. ISBN 2-01-236758-5.
* Michael Matheus, ed. [[2004]]. ''Weinproduktion und Weinkonsum im Mittelalter.'' Stutgardiae: Geschichtliche Landeskunde.
* Yves Renouard, &quot;[http://www.persee.fr/doc/anami_0003-4398_1964_num_76_68_4513 Le vin vieux au Moyen âge]&quot; in ''Annales du Midi'' vol. 76 (1964) pp. 447-455
* Rives, Max. [[1986]]. Les origines du vignoble. In ''La vigne et le vin,'' in ''Science &amp; Vie'' 155 (Septembre):12-19. ISSN 0151-0282.
* Saltarelli, Jean-Pierre. 2007. Les vins des papes d'Avignon et le colica pictunum du vicomte de Turenne. ''Bulletin de la Société scientifique, historique et archéologique de la Corrèze'' 127.

; Oenologia
* Dittrich, Helmut Hans, et Manfred Großmann. 2005. ''Mikrobiologie des Weines.'' Ed. 3a. Stutgardiae: Eugen Ulmer. ISBN 978-3-8001-4470-9.
* Navarre, Colette. 1988. ''L'œnologie.'' Lutetiae: Éditions J. H. Baillière (Technique et Documentation - Lavoisier). ISBN 2-85206-431-6
* Shapin, Steven. 2012. &quot;[https://journals.openedition.org/estetica/1395 The Tastes of Wine: Towards a Cultural History]&quot;. ''Wineworld'' no. 51.
* Steidl, Robert. 2001. ''Kellerwirtschaft.'' Ed. 7a. Vindobonae: Österreichischer Agrarverlag. ISBN 978-3-7040-1699-7.
* Stengel, Kilien. 2008.''Œnologie et crus des vins.'' Éditions Jérôme Villette. ISBN 2-86547-008-3.
* Troost, Gerhard. 1988. ''Technologie des Weines.'' Ed. 6a. Stutgardiae: Eugen Ulmer.
* Chienwen Tsai. 2014. &quot;[https://www.cairn.info/revue-francaise-de-linguistique-appliquee-2014-1-page-117.htm La langue spécialisée du vin : étude comparative de comptes rendus de dégustation]&quot;. ''Revue française de linguistique appliquée'' vol. 19 (2014) pp. 117-131

;Viticultura
* Bauer, Karl, et al. [[2008]]. ''Weinbau.'' Ed. 8a. Vindobonae: Österr. Agrarverlag. ISBN 978-3-7040-2284-4.
* Hofmann, Uwe, Paulin Köpfer, et Arndt Werner. [[1995]]. ''Ökologischer Weinbau.'' Stutgardiae: Eugen Ulmer. ISBN 3-8001-5712-8.
* Müller, Edgar, Hans-Peter Lipps, Oswald Walg. [[2008]]. ''Weinbau.'' Ed. 3a. Stutgardiae: Eugen Ulmer. ISBN 978-3-8001-1241-8.
* Galet, Pierre. [[2000]]. ''Dictionnaire encyclopédique des cépages.'' Hachette Livre. ISBN 2-01-236331-8.
* Lefour, Julien. [[2005]]. [http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/comm_0588-8018_2005_num_77_1_2267 Les cépages de tradition française donnent-ils des vins californiens?] ''Communications'' 77:149-165.

;Commercium
* Jean-Luc Berger,. [[1986]]. Les filières de la vinification. In ''La vigne et le vin,'' in ''Science &amp; Vie,'' 155 (Septembre):72-79. ISSN 0151-0282.
* Chantal Crenn, Marion Demossier et Isabelle Techoueyres, edd., ''[https://journals.openedition.org/aof/37 Wine and Globalization]'' (''Anthropology of Food'' no. 3, 2004)

;Contextus culturalis
* Pierre Androuet, &quot;Le vin dans la religion&quot;, &quot;Le vin dans l'art&quot; in Charles Quittanson, François des Aulnoyes, edd., ''L'élite des vins de France'' (Lutetiae: Éditions Centre National de coordination, 1969) no. 2 pp. 137-143
* Olivier Jacquet, Jocelyne Pérard, &quot;[https://preo.u-bourgogne.fr/territoiresduvin/index.php?id=1939 Le développement inédit de l’œnophilie au XXe siècle]&quot; in ''Territoires du vin'' no. 12 (2021)
* René Martin, &quot;[http://www.persee.fr/doc/bude_1247-6862_1990_num_49_4_1754 « Vinum dulce, gloriosum... » Le thème du vin dans la poésie latine médiévale]&quot; in ''Bulletin de l'Association Guillaume Budé'' vol. 49 (1990) pp. 356-370
* Tenaguillo y Cortázar, Amancio, ed. [[2006]]. [http://marincazaou.pagesperso-orange.fr/CV.html ''Le vin dans ses oeuvres.''] Talence: CEPDIVIN Éditeur. ISBN 978-2-9522695-1-3.

; Diaetetica
* Jean-Pierre Bénézet, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/pharm_0035-2349_2001_num_89_332_5281 Vin et alcool dans les apothicaireries médiévales des pays du Sud]&quot; in ''Revue d'Histoire de la Pharmacie'' no. 322 (2001) pp. 477-488
* Thomas F. Lüscher, &quot;[https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/advance-article/doi/10.1093/eurheartj/ehab654/6409460 Wine, chocolate, and coffee: forbidden joys?]&quot; in ''European Heart Journal'' ehab654 (24 Octobris 2021)
* Julius Preuss, ''Biblisch-talmudische Medizin'' (Berolini: Karger, 1911) [https://archive.org/details/biblischtalmudis00preu/page/672/mode/2up pp. 673-674]

;Aliae encyclopaediae
* {{EnciItaliana|http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/vino_(Enciclopedia_Italiana)/|Vino|G. Da., A. Pal.|1937}}
* [http://www.studylight.org/enc/bri/view.cgi?n=35196 Wine]. In {{EncyBrit11}}

{{NexInt}}
{{div col|cols=2}}
* [[Bacchus]]
* [[Crapula]]
* [[Extraculum]]
* [[Gradus Brixiani]]
* [[Gudin Tipi]]
* [[Spelunca Areni 1]]
* [[Sulaveri]]
* [[Tipi Hajji Firuz]]
* [[Torcular]]
* [[Vinum Britannicum]]
* [[Vinum novum]]
* [[Γλεῦκος μηδὲ οἶνον]]
{{div col end}}

== Nexus externi ==
{{Vicicitatio|Vinum}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120125094843/http://www.cepdivin.org/index.html ''Centre d'Etudes Pluridisciplinaires des Imaginaires du Vin''] (''CEPDIVIN'')
** ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20120316005621/http://www.cepdivin.org/VinOeuvres/vinoeuvres.html Vinoeuvres]'' apud ''CEPDIVIN''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080908093841/http://news.reseau-concept.net/images/oiv/Client/Codex_2006_FR.pdf ''Codex Œnologique International 2006'']
* &quot;[http://news.reseau-concept.net/images/oiv/Client/Recueil_met_analy_2006_Vol1.pdf Recueil des méthodes internationales d'analyse des vins et des moûts, première partie]&quot; et &quot;[http://news.reseau-concept.net/images/oiv/Client/Recueil_met_analy_2006_Vol2.pdf Recueil des méthodes internationales d'analyse des vins et des moûts, deuxième partie]&quot;
* &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130609213012/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/fr/consleg/1999/R/01999R1493-20030901-fr.pdf Règlement du Conseil européen 1493 du 17 mai 1999 portant organisation commune du marché vitivinicole]&quot; apud situm iuridicum Europaeum
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120430053001/http://www.museum.agropolis.fr/pages/savoirs/vins/index.htm &quot;Vins du monde Histoire et modernité 2002, par Jean-Claude Martin, ISVV - Agro. Montpellier&quot;] apud ''Agropolis''
* &quot;[http://timemapper.okfnlabs.org/adamrabinowitz/archaeowinetimeliner#1 Archaeo-wine timeline]&quot; (annales antiquae vini historiae)

{{1000 paginae}}
{{Myrias|Anthropologia}}
{{FA stella}}

[[Categoria:Vinum|!]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>26 Iunii</title>
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      <text bytes="7881" sha1="ir80xwgo8urfwrtca5uuelaynwrvlpb" xml:space="preserve">{{Calendarium-Iunii}}
'''26 Iunii''' dies 177ª anni est (178ª in [[annus bisextilis|annis bisextilibus]]) in [[Calendarium Gregorianum|Calendario Gregoriano]]. 188 dies manent.

Secundum [[Calendarium Romanum]] est ''ante diem sextum [[Kalendae|Kalendas]] Iulias'', quae a.d. VI Kal. Iul. abbreviatur.

== Eventa ==
=== Saeculo 4 ===
* [[363]] - Post mortem [[Flavius Claudius Iulianus|Iuliani imperatoris]] antecessoris [[Iovianus]] novus [[Imperium Romanum|Augustus]] creatus est.

=== Saeculo 7 ===
* [[684]] - [[Benedictus II]] papa confirmatus est.

=== Saeculo 11 ===
* [[1080]] - [[Henricus IV]] imperator [[Brixino]]ne in concilio episcopum [[Gregorius VII|Gregorium VII]] papam deposuit.

=== Saeculo 13 ===
* [[1284]] - Tibicen canens centum et triginta liberos ex oppido [[Hamala]] abduxit, quod magistratus eius oppidi praemium pro rattis fugatis non solverat.

=== Saeculo 15 ===
* [[1409]] - [[Petrus Filargo]] concilio [[Pisae|Pisarum]] papa Alexander V creatus est, postquam duo papae inter se iurgantes depositi sunt: [[Gregorius XII]] et [[Benedictus XIII]]. Cum autem hi sedem sanctam relinquere non volebant, nunc tres papae erant.
* [[1483]] - [[Ricardus III (rex Angliae)|Richardus III]] rex Angliae creatus est.

=== Saeculo 19 ===
* [[1853]] - Milites [[Russia|Russici]] [[Valachia]]m et [[Principatus Moldaviae|Principatum Moldaviae]], quae regiones adhuc ad [[Imperium Ottomanicum]] pertinuerant, occupaverunt. Id factum initium bellum [[Crimaea]]e fuit.

=== Saeculo 20 ===
* [[1943]] - Decreto ab [[Ioannes Henricus Lammers|Ioanni Henrico Lammers]] administro mandato [[Adolfus Hitler|Adolphi Hitler]] publicato Germania nunc ''[[Großdeutsches Reich]]'', (i.e.: &quot;Imperium Germanicum Maius&quot;) vocabatur.
* [[1945]] - [[Charta Nationum Unitarum]] sub [[subscriptio]]ne decreta est.
* [[1960]] - [[Madagascaria]] a [[Francia]] libertatem adepta est.
* [[1976]] - [[Turris CN]] perfecta est.
* [[1987]] - [[Conventio contra Torturam, alteram Atrocem, Inhumanam seu Humiliantem Tractationem seu Poenam]] in potentiam iit.

=== Saeculo 21 ===
* [[2015]] - [[Iudicium Summum Civitatum Foederatarum]] omnibus Civitates [[matrimonium hominum eiusdem sexus]] admittere iudicat.

== Nati ==
=== Saeculo 18 ===
* [[1726]] - [[Victorius Amadeus III (Sabaudiae)|Victorius Amadeus III]] [[Sabaudia]]e; mortuus est anno [[1796]].
* [[1741]] - [[Ioannes Langdon]], rerum politicarum peritus [[CFA|Americanus]]; mortuus est anno [[1819]].

=== Saeculo 19 ===
* [[1824]] - [[Gulielmus Thomson, baro Kelvin]], [[physica|physicus]] mathematicus et ingeniarius [[Britanniarum regnum|Britannicus]]; mortuus est anno [[1907]].
* [[1826]] - [[Adolphus Bastian]], biologus et medicinae doctor [[Germania|Germanicus]]; mortuus est anno [[1925]].
* [[1831]] - [[Iulius Rodenberg]], [[diurnarius]] et [[scriptor]] [[Germania|Germanicus]]; mortuus est anno [[1914]].
* [[1865]] - [[Mauritius Clément]] episcopus Francicus; mortuus est anno [[1939]].
* [[1892]] - [[Pearl S. Buck]], scriptrix [[CFA|Americana]]; mortuus est anno [[1973]].
* [[1899]] - [[Maria Nicolai filia Romanova (1899-1918)|Maria Nicolai filia Romanova]], principissa [[Russia|Russica]]; necata est anno [[1918]].

=== Saeculo 20 ===
* [[1904]] - [[Petrus Lorre]], actor [[Austria|Austro]]-[[Hungaria|Hungaricus]]; mortuus est anno [[1964]].
* [[1906]] - [[Stephanus Andres]], scriptor Germanicus; mortuus est anno [[1970]].
* [[1908]] - [[Salvator Allende]], praeses [[Chilia]]e; mortuus est anno [[1973]].
* [[1913]] - [[Amatus Césaire]], scriptor et politicorum peritus [[Francia|Francicus]]; mortuus est anno [[2008]].
* [[1922]] - [[Alienora Parker]], actrix [[CFA|Americana]]; mortua est anno [[2013]].
* [[1933]]
** [[Claudius Abbado]], concentus magister [[Italia|Italicus]]; mortuus est anno [[2014]]. 
** [[David Winnick]], rerum politicarum peritus [[Britanniarum regnum|Britannicus]] factionis [[Factio Laboris|Laboris]].
* [[1936]] - [[Ioannes Claudius Turcotte]], cardinalis [[Canada|Canadiensis]]; mortuus est anno [[2015]].
* [[1937]] - [[Robertus C. Richardson]], physicus [[CFA|Americanus]]; mortuus est anno  [[2013]]. 
* [[1938]] - [[Neil Abercrombie]], rerum politicarum peritus [[CFA|Americanus]].
* [[1939]] - [[Carolus Spittal Robb]], politicus [[CFA|Americanus]].
* [[1950]] - [[Manfred Nowak]], causidicus [[Austria]]cus.
* [[1951]]
** [[Georgius Rüttgers]], rerum politicarum peritus [[Germania|Germanicus]] factionis [[CDU]]. 
** [[Elvira Drobinski-Weiß]], rerum politicarum perita [[Germania|Germanica]] factionis [[SPD]].
* [[1958]] - [[Petrus Cateriano]], primus minister [[Peruvia]]e.
* [[1963]] - [[Michael Chodorkovskij]], negotiator [[Russia|Russicus]].
* [[1967]] - [[Benedictus Hamon]], politicus [[Francia|Francicus]].
* [[1968]] - [[Paulus Maldini]], pedilusor [[Italia|Italicus]].
* [[1980]] - [[Uday Kiran]], histrio [[India|Indicus]]; mortuus est anno [[2014]].
* [[1985]] - [[Catharina Heß]], actrix [[Germania|Germanica]]
* [[1988]] - [[Dakota L. Meyer]], miles veteranus [[Corpus Classiariorum Civitatum Foederatarum|Corporis Classiariorum Civitatum Foederatarum]] qui [[Clipeum Honoris]] accepit.
* [[1993]] - [[Ariana Grande]], actrix et cantrix [[CFA|Americana]].

== Mortui ==
=== Saeculo 2 a.C.n. ===
* [[116 a.C.n.]] - [[Ptolemaeus VIII (rex Aegypti)|Ptolemaeus VIII]] rex [[Aegyptus|Aegypti]]; natus est anno [[185 a.C.n.]].

=== Saeculo 4 ===
* [[363]] - [[Julianus Apostata]], [[Imperatores Romani|Imperator Romanus]], natus est [[331]].

=== Saeculo 16 ===
* [[1541]] - [[Franciscus Pizardus]], miles [[Hispania|Hispanicus]]; natus est anno [[1478]].
* [[1569]] - [[Victorinus Strigelius]], [[Theologia|theologus]] [[Emendatio Ecclesiae|reformatus]] [[Germania|Germanicus]]; natus est anno [[1524]].

=== Saeculo 18 ===
* [[1793]]
** [[Carolus Philippus Moritz]], scriptor [[Germania|Germanicus]]; natus est anno [[1756]].
** [[Gilbertus White]], [[ornithologia|ornitologus]] [[Britanniarum Regnum|Britannicus]]; natus est anno [[1720]].

=== Saeculo 19 ===
* [[1830]] - [[Georgius IV (rex Britanniarum)|Georgius IV]], rex Britanniae et Hiberniae; natus est anno [[1762]].
* [[1900]] - [[Nicolaus Crețulescu]], vir publicus [[Romania|Dacoromanicus]]; natus est anno [[1812]].

=== Saeculo 20 ===
* [[1918]] - [[Petrus Rosegger]], poeta [[Austria]]cus; natus est anno [[1843]].
* [[1919]] - [[Michael Cvet]], botanista [[Russia|Russicus]]; natus est anno [[1872]].
* [[1937]] - [[Curtius Baro de Reibnitz]], vir publicus [[Germania|Theodiscus]], sodalis factionis [[SPD]] et praeses ministrorum [[Megalopolis-Strelicia]]e erat; anno [[1877]] natus est.
* [[1949]] - [[Kim Gu]], [[Respublica Coreae|Rei Publicae Coreanae]] vir publicus; natus est anno [[1876]].
* [[1957]] - [[Alfredus Döblin]], [[medicus]] et [[scriptor]] [[Germania|Germanicus]]; natus est anno [[1878]].
* [[1965]] - [[Bertoldus Ludovicus Ullman]], philologus [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1882]].
* [[1977]] - [[Sergius Lemešev]], cantor melodramaticus [[URSS|Sovieticus]]; natus est anno [[1902]].
* [[1996]] - [[Veronica Guerin]], [[diurnarius|diurnaria]] [[Hibernia|Hibernica]], natus est anno [[1958]].
* [[1997]] - [[Israel Kamakawiwo'ole]], cantor [[Havaii (civitas)|Havaiorum]]; natus est anno [[1959]].

=== Saeculo 21 ===
* [[2001]] - [[Gina Cigna]], theatri lyrici [[supranus]] [[Francia|Francica]]; nata est anno [[1900]].
* [[2012]] - [[Nora Ephron]], moderatrix cinematographica [[CFA|Americana]]; nata est anno [[1941]].
* [[2015]] - [[Eugenius Primakov]], primus minister [[Russia]]e; natus est anno [[1929]].
* [[2018]] - [[Andreas Dement'ev]], poeta [[Russia|Russicus]]; natus est anno [[1928]].

== Festa et Feriae ==
* [[Dies internationalis contra tortura]]
*Dies internationalis contra [[Medicamentum|medicamenti]] et [[dependentia (medicina)|suum abusum]]
* Dies Libertatis ([[Madagascaria]])

{{menses}}

[[Categoria:Dies]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>29 Iunii</title>
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      <text bytes="7652" sha1="es5o4btxfzxck70w8jqcmurzb5g1vjp" xml:space="preserve">{{Calendarium-Iunii}}
'''29 Iunii''' [[dies]] 180ª anni est (181ª [[annus bisextilis|annis bisextilibus]]) in [[Calendarium Gregorianum|calendario Gregoriano]]. 185 dies manent.

Secundum [[calendarium Romanum]] est '''ante diem tertium [[Kalendae|Kalendas]] Iulias''', quae a.d. III Kal. Iul. abbreviantur.

[[Fasciculus:HenryLux.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.46|[[Henricus VII a Luxemburgio|Henricus VII]] imperator coronatur.]]
== Eventa ==
=== Saeculo 14 ===
* [[1312]] - [[Henricus VII a Luxemburgio]] [[Roma]]e a tribus cardinalibus imperator coronatur.

=== Saeculo 19 ===
* [[1866]] - In [[Proelium Gitmiacinense|proelio Gitmiacensi]] inter [[Bellum Germanicum|bellum Germanicum]] facto [[Borussia|Borussi]] [[Saxonia|Saxones]] [[Austria]]cosque vincunt.

=== Saeculo 20 ===
* [[1913]] - [[Bulgaria]] socios [[Bellum Balcanicum Primum|Belli Balcanici Primi]], i.e. [[Graecia]]m et [[Serbia]]m sine indictione belli aggreditur, quod illi se contra eam coniuraverunt.
* [[1976]] - [[Insulae Seisellenses]] libertatem a [[Regnum Unitum|Britannia]] adipiscunutur.
* [[1986]] - [[Argentina]] in [[Certamen Mundanum Pedilusorium (1986)|Certamine Mundano Pedilusorio]] victoriam aufert.

=== Saeculo 21 ===
* [[2011]] - [[Consilium securitatis]] resolutiones 1992 de [[Litus Eburneum|Litore Eburneo]] et 1993 de [[Tribunal criminibus investigandis in quondam Iugoslavia perpetratis|tribunali criminibus investigandis in quondam Iugoslavia perpetratis]] decernit.
* [[2012]] - Consilium securitatis resolutiones 2054 de [[Tribunal criminale internationale|tribunali criminali internationali]] et 2055 de armis destructionis maximae non diffundendis decernit.

== Natales ==
=== Saeculo 16 ===
* [[1517]] - [[Rembertus Dodonaeus]], [[medicus]] et [[botanice|botanista]] [[Belgica|Belgicus]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[1585]])
=== Saeculo 18 ===
* [[1746]] - [[Ioachim Henricus Campe]], [[paedagogia|praeceptor]], [[diurnarius]] et editor [[Germania|Germanicus]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[1818]])
* [[1798]] - [[Iacobus Leopardius]], scriptor, poeta, philosophus atque philologus [[Italia|Italicus]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[1837]])
* [[1798]] - [[Willibaldus Alexis]], scriptor Germanicus (†&amp;nbsp;[[1871]])

=== Saeculo 19 ===
* [[1814]] - [[Petrus Semenenco]], [[philosophus]] et [[theologus]] catholicus [[Polonia|Polonicus]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[1868]])
* [[1818]] - [[Angelus Secchi]], Iesuita et astronomus Italicus (†&amp;nbsp;[[1878]])
* [[1842]] - [[Iosephus Labor]], [[compositor]], [[organista]] et [[clavicen]] Austriacus (†&amp;nbsp;[[1924]]) 
* [[1845]] - [[Georgius Wesley Atkinson]], gubernator [[Virginia Occidentalis|Virginiae Occidentalis]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[1925]])
* [[1849]]
** [[Petrus Montt Montt]], praeses [[Chilia]]e (†&amp;nbsp;[[1910]])
** [[Sergius Witte]], rerum politicarum peritus [[Russia|Russicus]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[1915]])
* [[1873]] - [[Leo Frobenius]], ethnologus Germanicus (†&amp;nbsp;[[1938]])
* [[1879]] - [[Alexander Tsankov]], rerum politicarum peritus [[Bulgaria|Bulgaricus]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[1959]])
* [[1880]] - [[Aloysius Beck]], miles Germanicus (†&amp;nbsp;[[1944]])
* [[1886]] 
** [[Gulielmus Höcker]], vir publicus Germanicus factionis [[SPD]], deinde [[SED]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[1955]])
** [[Robertus Schuman]], vir publicus [[Francia|Francicus]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[1963]])
* [[1896]] - [[Hermannus Lindrath]], vir publicus Germanicus factionis [[CDU]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[1960]])
* [[1900]] - [[Antonius de Saint-Exupéry]], [[scriptor]] ac aeronauta Francicus (†&amp;nbsp;1944)

=== Saeculo 20 ===
* [[1907]] - [[Junji Nishikawa]], pedilusor [[Iaponia|Iaponicus]] (mortuus anno ignoto)
* [[1912]] - [[Ioannes Toland (scriptor)|Ioannes Toland]], scriptor rerum gestarum Americanus (†&amp;nbsp;[[2004]])
* [[1922]] - [[Paulus Flora]], pictor Austriacus (†&amp;nbsp;[[2009]])
* [[1925]] - [[Georgius Napolitano]], [[praeses rei publicae Italicae]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[2023]])
* [[1926]] - [[Georgius Henricus Adoum]], scriptor [[Aequatoria]]nus (†&amp;nbsp;2009)
* [[1927]] - [[Carolus Ravens]], vir publicus Germanicus factionis SPD (†&amp;nbsp;[[2017]])
* [[1928]] - [[Ioannes Bannen]], histrio [[Scotia|Scoticus]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[1999]]).
* [[1929]] - [[Oriana Fallaci]], scriptrix et diurnaria Italica (†&amp;nbsp;[[2006]])
* [[1930]] - [[Ernestus Albrecht]], praeses ministrorum [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et sodalis factionis [[CDU]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[2014]])
* [[1931]] - [[Georgius Edwards]], scriptor et legatus [[Chilia|Chilo]]-[[Hispania|Hispanicus]] (†&amp;nbsp;2023)
* [[1944]] - [[Ioannes Patricius O'Malley]], cardinalis Americanus
* [[1945]] - [[Candrika Kumaratunga]], praeses [[Taprobane|Srilancae]]
* [[1951]] - [[Don Rosa]], pictor Americanus
* [[1955]] - [[Fridericus Kuhn]], vir publicus Germanicus et sodalis factionis [[Foedus 90/Virides|Foederis 90 Viridum]]
* [[1957]] - [[Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow]],  praeses Turcomanniae
* [[1958]] - [[Theodericus Althaus]], vir publicus Germanicus et praeses minitrorum [[Thuringia]]e
* [[1959]] - [[Atsushi Uchiyama]], pedilusor [[Iaponia|Iaponicus]]
* [[1961]] - [[Agnes Alpers]], rerum politicarum perita Germanica factionis [[Sinistra (factio politica Germaniae)|Sinistrae]]
* [[1978]] - [[Nicola Scherzinger]], cantrix Americana
* [[1979]] - [[Tomoyuki Sakai]], pedilusor Iaponicus
* [[1993]] - [[Laurentius Henrie]], actor Americanus

== Mortes ==
=== Saeculo 1 ===
* [[67]] - [[Petrus]] [[apostolus]].

=== Saeculo 19 ===
* [[1840]] - [[Lucianus Bonaparte]], frater [[Napoleo I (imperator Franciae)|Napoleonis I]] imperatoris Francorum (*&amp;nbsp;[[1775]])
* [[1852]] - [[Henricus Clay]], politicus Americanus (*&amp;nbsp;[[1777]])
* [[1861]] - [[Elizabetha Barrett Browning]], poetria [[Anglia|Anglica]] (*&amp;nbsp;[[1806]])
* [[1875]] - [[Ferdinandus I (imperator Austriae)|Ferdinandus Primus]], imperator [[Austria]]e (*&amp;nbsp;[[1793]])
* [[1895]]
** [[Thomas Henricus Huxley]], biologus et paedagogus Anglicus (*&amp;nbsp;[[1825]])
** [[Florianus Peixoto]], praeses [[Brasilia]]e (*&amp;nbsp;[[1839]])

=== Saeculo 20 ===
* [[1923]] - [[Fridericus Mauthner]], [[philosophus]] et scriptor Austriacus (*&amp;nbsp;[[1775]])
* [[1940]] - [[Paulus Klee]], pictor Germano-[[Helvetia|Helveticus]] (*&amp;nbsp;[[1879]])
* [[1941]] - [[Ignatius Ioannes Paderewski]], compositor, clavicen et politicus [[Polonia|Polonicus]] (*&amp;nbsp;[[1860]])
* [[1958]] - [[Carolus Arnold]], vir publicus Germaniae et sodalis CDU (*&amp;nbsp;[[1901]])
* [[1967]] - [[Ioanna Mansfield]], [[histrio|actrix]] Americana (*&amp;nbsp;[[1933]])
* [[1969]] - [[Moyses Tshombe]], vir publicus [[Respublica Democratica Congensis|Reipublicae Democraticae Congensis]] (*&amp;nbsp;[[1919]])
* [[1970]] - [[Stephanus Andres]], scriptor Germanicus (*&amp;nbsp;[[1904]])
* [[1984]] - [[Victor Bodson]], politicorum peritus [[Luxemburgum|Luxemburgi]] (*&amp;nbsp;[[1902]])
* [[1995]] - [[Lana Turner]], actrix Americana (*&amp;nbsp;[[1921]])
* [[2000]] - [[Victorius Gassman]], histrio et moderator cinematographicus Italicus (*&amp;nbsp;1922)

=== Saeculo 21 ===
* [[2002]] - [[Alfredus Dregger]], vir publicus Germanicus factionis CDU (*&amp;nbsp;[[1920]])
* [[2003]] - [[Catharina Hepburn]], actrix Americana (*&amp;nbsp;[[1907]])
* 2006 - [[Tadao Onishi]], pedilusor Iaponicus (*&amp;nbsp;[[1943]])
* [[2008]] - [[Donaldus S. Davis]], actor Americanus (*&amp;nbsp;[[1942]])
* [[2013]] - [[Margarita Hack]], astrophysica Italica (*&amp;nbsp;1922)
* [[2015]] - [[Carolus Pasqua]], rerum politicarum peritus Francicus (*&amp;nbsp;1927)
* [[2020]] - [[Carl Reiner]], actor et comoedus Americanus (*&amp;nbsp;1922)
* [[2021]] - [[Donaldus Rumsfeld]], rerum politicarum peritus Americanus (*&amp;nbsp;[[1932]])

== Festa et Feriae ==
* Festum sanctorum apostolorum Petri et [[Paulus Tarsensis|Pauli]]
* Dies Libertatis ([[Insulae Seisellenses]])


{{menses}}

[[Categoria:Dies]]</text>
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    <title>Carolus Fridericus Gauss</title>
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      <text bytes="18301" sha1="t00d2budij5r9uamxr30l8lwvwery66" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}

{{res|Carolus Fridericus Gauss}} (natus ''Johann Carl Friedrich Gauß'' die [[30 Aprilis]] [[1777]]; mortuus die [[23 Februarii]] [[1855]]) fuit [[mathematicus]] et [[scientia (ratio)|scientiarum]] doctus [[Germania|Germanicus]], qui multos progressus in multis campis effecit, inter quos [[theoria numerorum]], [[statistica]], [[explicatio mathematica]] ([[analysis]]), [[aequatio differentialis]] [[topologia]], [[geometria et topologia differentialis|geometria differentialis]], [[geodesia]], [[geophysica]], [[electrostatica]], [[magnetismus]], [[astronomia]], [[optica]]. In [[statistica]] [[methodus quadratorum minimorum|methodum quadratorum minimorum]] cognovit.

Tantopere in scientia tam prodiit ut et &quot;princeps mathematicorum&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
 |last=Zeidler
 |first=Eberhard
 |title=Oxford User's Guide to Mathematics
 |location=Oxoniae
 |publisher=Oxford University Press
 |year=[[2004]]
 |isbn=0198507631
 |page=1188
 }}.&lt;/ref&gt; 
et &quot;maximus mathematicus post [[antiquitas|antiquitatem]]&quot; aliquando appellatur, atque inter [[computator]]es numeratur. Gauss [[unus]] e potentissimis mathematicis in [[historia]], cum [[Archimedes|Archimede]], [[Isaacus Newtonus|Newtono]], [[Leonhardus Eulerus|Eulero]], aestimatur.&lt;ref&gt;''Scientific Monthly'' 24: 402–414.&lt;/ref&gt; Dixit Gauss &quot;Mathematica regina scientiarum est et [[theoria numerorum]] regina mathematicae est.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Wolfgang Sartorius von Waltershausen (1856, retractatus 1965), [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_h_Q5AAAAcAAJ/page/n4/mode/1up ''Gauss zum Gedächtniss''] S. Hirzel, Lipsiae 1856, p. 79.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Asteroides [[1001 Gaussia]] in eius honorem nominatus est.

== Vita ==
[[Fasciculus:Statue-of-Gauss-in-Braunschweig.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|left|Signum Gaussianum [[Brunsvicum|Brunsvici]] in loco natali positum.]]
[[Fasciculus:Carl Friedrich Gauss on his Deathbed, 1855.jpg|thumb|Gauss in lecto mortuus iacet. [[Daguerreotypus]], [[1855]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Göttingen-Grave.of.Gauß.06.jpg|thumb|[[Sepulcrum]], [[Sepulcretum Albani]] in urbe [[Goettinga]]e [[Germania]]e.]]
[[Fasciculus:GaussSiegel1777-1855.png|thumb|Sigillum Gaussium cum sententiola: ''Pauca sed Matura.'']]
[[Fasciculus:Carl Friedrich Gauß, Mitgliedsdiplom der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Petersburg.jpg|thumb|Diploma membri correspondentis [[Academia Scientiarum Russica|Academiae Scientiarum Russicae]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Carl Friedrich Gauß, Mitgliedsdiplom der Philosophischen Fakultät der Universität Prag.jpg|thumb|Diploma facultatis philosophiae [[Universitas Carolina Pragensis|Universitatis Carolinae Pragensis (1848)]].]]

=== Anni primi (1777–1798) ===
Carolus Fridericus Gauss [[Brunsvicum|Brunsvici]] in [[Ducatus Brunsvici-Guelpherbyti|Ducatu Brunsvici-Guelpherbyti]], nunc parte [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Germania]]e, die [[30 Aprilis]] anno [[1777]] natus est, [[filius]] parentium pauperum classis laborantium.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.math.wichita.edu/history/men/gauss.html|title=Carl Friedrich Gauss|publisher=Wichita State University}}.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Mater]] quidem [[alphabetismus|legere et scribere]] non potuit, et [[dies|diem]] eius ortus numquam in tabulas rettulit.

Gauss, [[prodigium puerile|puer portentosus]] aestimatus, iam [[adolescentia|adolescens]] ingenium suum proferebat.

Anno [[1799]], [[thesis doctoralis|thesem doctroralem]] ''Demonstratio nova theorematis omniem functionem algebraicam rationalem integram unius variabilis in factores reales primi vel secundi gradus resolvi posse'' de [[theorema fundamentale algebrae|theoremate fundamentali algebrae]] publicavit.

Suum [[magnum opus]] mathematicae ''[[Disquisitiones Arithmeticae]],'' anno [[1801]] editum, magnum opus astronomiae ''Theoria motus corporum coelestium in sectionibus conicis solem ambientium'', anno 1809 editum, universe habentur .

Etiam formulam cognovit qua [[dies]] [[Pascha (festum Christianum)|paschales]] in [[calendarium|calendario]] determinari possunt.

=== Mors ===
Gauss senex [[insufficientia cordis]] et [[insomnia]] laboravit. Die [[23 Februarii]] [[1855]] in sedi sua mortuus est.

== Narratio ==
Cum magister discipulis imperavit summam facere omnium [[numerus|numerorum]] ab [[unus|uno]] usque ad [[centum]], puer statim respondit 5050 (et magistrum, qui sibi pausam speravisset, frustravit). Nam Gauss intellexit 100 plus 1 101 facere, 99 + 2 item, 98 + 3 item, et cetera, ita sequuntur usque ad 50 plus 51 = 101. Ergo quingagies 101 summa rogata esse debet quae 5050 est.&lt;ref&gt;Wolfgang Sartorius von Waltershausen (1856, retractatus 1965), [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_h_Q5AAAAcAAJ/page/n4/mode/1up ''Gauss zum Gedächtniss''] S. Hirzel, Lipsiae 1856, p. 12–13.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Commemorationes ==
Post mortem suam, [[Georgius V (rex Hannoverae)|Georgius V]] [[Regnum Hannoveranum|Rex Hannoverae]] pro commemorationi Caroli Friderici Gauss medaliam{{dubsig}} ferire{{dubsig}} iussit cum [[inscriptio]]nibus GEORGIVS V REX HANNOVERAE MATHEMATICORVM PRINCIPI et ACADEMIAE SVAE GEORGIAE AVGVSTAE DECORI AETERNO.

Inter res ex Gauss appellatas sunt:
* ''[[Degaussing]]'' ([[Anglice]]), ratio campi magnetici amoti&lt;!--
* The [[Centimetre gram second system of units|CGS]] [[units of measurement|unit]] for [[magnetic field]] was named [[Gauss (unit)|gauss]] in his honour--&gt;
* [[Gauss (crater)|Gauss]], [[crater diruptionis]] in [[Luna]]&lt;ref&gt;L. E. Andersson et E. A Whitaker, ''NASA Catalogue of Lunar Nomenclature,'' NASA RP-1097 (1982).&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[1001 Gaussia]], [[asteroides]]
* ''[[Gauss (navis)|Gauss]]'', [[navis]] in [[expeditio Gaussiana]] ad [[Antarctica]]m adhibita
* [[Gaussberg]] ([[Germanice]], 'Mons Gauss'), [[mons ignifer]] [[exstinctio|exstinctus]], ab expeditione supra dicta inventus
* [[Schola Gaussiana]], [[gymnasium]]
* [[Turris Gauss]], turris observatoria [[Dransfeld]] in urbe [[Germania]]e&lt;!--
* In Canadian junior high schools, an annual national mathematics competition (Gauss Mathematics Competition) administered by the [[Centre for Education in Mathematics and Computing]] is named in honour of Gauss,
* In [[Crown College, University of California, Santa Cruz|University of California, Santa Cruz, in Crown College]], a dormitory building is named after him,--&gt;
* Gauss Haus ([[Germanice]], 'Domus Gaussiana')&lt;!-- an [[Nuclear magnetic resonance|NMR]] center --&gt; in [[Universitas Utae|Universitate Utae]]&lt;!--
* The Carl-Friedrich-Gauß School for Mathematics, Computer Science, Business Administration, Economics, and Social Sciences of [[TU Braunschweig|University of Braunschweig]]--&gt;
* The Gauss Building ([[Anglice]], 'Aedificium Gaussianum'), in [[Universitas Idahi|Universitate Idahi]] (Collegium Ingeniariae)

== Opera ==
* 1799: {{Cite book
  | title = Demonstratio nova theorematis omnem functionem algebraicam rationalem integram unius variabilis in factores reales primi vel secundi gradus resolvi posse 
  | year = 1866
 | trans-title = New proof of the theorem that every integral algebraic function of one variable can be resolved into real factors of the first or second degree
  | publisher = C. G. Fleckeisen
  | location = Helmstadii
  | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=guYGAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA3
 }} [https://edoc.hu-berlin.de/handle/18452/732 Librum originale] ([[Thesis doctoralis]])
* 1816: {{cite journal | title = Demonstratio nova altera theorematis omnem functionem algebraicam rationalem integram unius variabilis in factores reales primi vel secundi gradus resolvi posse | journal = Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Recentiores. Comm. Class. Math. | volume = 3 | pages = 107–134 | url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN35283028X_0003_2NS?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B268%2C269%5D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%7D}} 
* 1816: {{cite journal | title = Theorematis de resolubitate functionum algebraicarum integrarum in factores reales demonstratio tertia | journal = Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Recentiores. Comm. Class. Math. | volume = 3 | pages = 135–142 | url =https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN35283028X_0003_2NS?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B296%5D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%7D}} 
* 1801:  {{Cite book
  | title = Disquisitiones Arithmeticae 
  | publisher = Gerh. Fleischer jun.
  | location = Lipsiae
  | url=https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN235993352?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B5%5D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%7D
  }}
* 1808: {{cite journal | title = Theorematis arithmetici demonstratio nova | journal = Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis. Comm. Math. | volume = 16  | pages = 69–74 | url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN35283028X_0016_1NS?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B498%2C499%5D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%7D}} 
* 1809: {{Cite book
  | title = Theoria motus corporum coelestium in sectionibus conicis solem ambientium |language=la
  | publisher = Friedrich Perthes &amp; Johann Heinrich Besser
  | location = Hamburgii
  | url = https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=12217180
}} 
* 1811: {{cite journal | title = Disquisitio de elementis ellipticis Palladis ex oppositionibus annorum 1803, 1804,1805, 1806, 1807, 1808, 1809 | journal = Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Recentiores. Comm. Math. | volume = 1 | pages = 1–26 | url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN35283028X_0001_2NS?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B170%2C171%5D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%7D}} 
* 1811: {{cite journal | title = Summatio quarundam serierum singularium | journal = Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Recentiores. Comm. Class. Math. | volume = 1 | pages = 1–40 | url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN35283028X_0001_2NS?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B194%2C195%5D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%7D}} 
* 1812: {{cite journal | title = Disquisitiones generales circa seriem infinitam &lt;math&gt;1+\frac{\alpha\beta}{\gamma.1}+\mbox{etc.}&lt;/math&gt; | journal = Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Recentiores. Comm. Class. Math. | volume = 2 | pages = 1–42 | url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN35283028X_0002_2NS?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B227%5D%2C%22pan%22%3A%7B%22x%22%3A0.559%2C%22y%22%3A0.496%7D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%2C%22zoom%22%3A0.456%7D}} 
* 1815: {{cite journal | title = Methodus nova integralium valores per approximationem inveniendi | journal = Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Recentiores. Comm. Class. Math. | volume = 3 | pages = 39–76 | url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN35283028X_0003_2NS?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B200%2C201%5D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%7D}}
* 1818: {{cite journal | title = Theorematis fundamentalis in doctrina de residuis quadraticis demonstrationes et ampliationes novae | journal = Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Recentiores. Comm. Class. Math. | volume = 4 | pages = 3–20 | url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN35283028X_0004_2NS?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B262%2C263%5D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%7D}}
* 1821: {{cite journal | title = Theoria combinationis observationum erroribus minimis obnoxiae. Pars Prior | journal = Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Recentiores. Comm. Class. Math. | volume = 5 | pages = 33–62 | url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN35283028X_0005_2NS?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B276%5D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%7D}} 
* 1823: {{cite journal | title = Theoria combinationis observationum erroribus minimis obnoxiae. Pars Posterior | journal = Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Recentiores. Comm. Class. Math. | volume = 5 | pages = 63–90 | url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN35283028X_0005_2NS?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B306%5D%2C%22pan%22%3A%7B%22x%22%3A0.413%2C%22y%22%3A0.66%7D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%2C%22zoom%22%3A0.413%7D}} 
* 1828: {{cite journal | title = Supplementum theoriae combinationis observationum erroribus minimis obnoxiae | journal = Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Recentiores. Comm. Class. Math. | volume = 6 | pages = 57–98 | url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN35283028X_0006_2NS?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B271%5D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%7D}} 
* 1827: {{cite journal | title = Disquisitiones generales circa superficies curvas | journal = Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Recentiores. Comm. Class. Math. | volume = 6 | pages = 99–146 | url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN35283028X_0006_2NS?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B312%2C313%5D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%7D}}
* 1828: {{cite journal | title = Theoria residuorum biquadraticorum, Commentatio prima | journal = Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Recentiores. Comm. Class. Math. | volume = 6 | pages = 27–56 | url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN35283028X_0006_2NS?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B241%5D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%7D}}
* 1832: {{cite journal | title = Theoria residuorum biquadraticorum, Commentatio secunda | journal = Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Recentiores. Comm. Class. Math. | volume = 7 | pages = 89–148 | url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN35283028X_0007_2NS?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B273%5D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%7D}} 
* 1845: {{cite journal | title = Untersuchungen über Gegenstände der Höheren Geodäsie. Erste Abhandlung | journal = Abhandlungen der Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften in Göttingen | volume = Volumen secundum | pages = 3–46 | url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN250442582_0002}}
* 1847: {{cite journal | title = Untersuchungen über Gegenstände der Höheren Geodäsie. Zweite Abhandlung | journal = Abhandlungen der Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften in Göttingen | volume = Volumen tertium | pages = 3–44 | url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN250442582_0003}}
* 2005: {{cite book | title= Mathematisches Tagebuch 1796–1814 [Diarium mathematicum]| trans-title= [[Gauss's diary|Mathematical diary]] | series = Ostwalds Klassiker der exakten Wissenschaften, Volume 256 | location= Francofurtii ad Moenum | year = 2005 | edition = 5 |publisher= Harri Deutsch |isbn= 978-3-8171-3402-1}} (collectio notarum in lingua Latina)

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Disqvisitiones-800.jpg|''Disquisitiones arithmeticae (1801)
Fasciculus:Gauss-12.jpg|''Theorematis Arithmetici Demonstratio Nova'' (1808)
Fasciculus:Gauss-5.jpg|''Theoria Motus Corporum Coelestium in sectionibus conicis solem ambientium'' (1809)
Fasciculus:Gauss-2.jpg|''Intensitas vis Magneticae Terrestris ad Mensuram Absolutam Revocata'' (1840)
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Bibliographia==
*Biermann, Kurt-R., ed. [[1990]]. ''Gauß in Gesprächen und Briefen.'' Urania Verlag und Beck Verlag.
*Bühler, Walter Kaufmann. [[1987]]. ''Gauß: eine biographische Studie.'' Springer-Verlag.
* {{cite book |last=Dunnington|first=G. Waldo.|title=Carl Friedrich Gauss: Titan of Science
 |publisher=The Mathematical Association of America|year=[[2004]]|isbn=0-88385-547-X |oclc=53933110}}
* {{cite book
 |last=Hall
 |first=Tord
 |title=Carl Friedrich Gauss: A Biography
 |location=Cantabrigiae Massachusettae
 |publisher=[[MIT Press]]
 |year=[[1970]]
 |isbn=0-262-08040-0
 |oclc=185662235}}
* {{cite book
 |last= Sartorius von Waltershausen
 |first=Wolfgang
 |authorlink=Wolfgangus Sartorius von Waltershausen
 |title=''[https://archive.org/details/gauss00waltgoog/page/n5/mode/2up Gauss: A Memorial]''
 |publisher=
 |location=
 |isbn=
 |year=[[1966]]
 }}
* {{cite book
 |last=Simmons
 |first=J.
 |title=The Giant Book of Scientists: The 100 Greatest Minds of All Time
 |publisher=The Book Company
 |location=Sydney
 |isbn=
 |year=[[1996]]
 }}
* {{cite book
 |last=Tent
 |first=Margaret
 |title=The Prince of Mathematics: Carl Friedrich Gauss
 |publisher=A K Peters
 |location=
 |isbn= 1-56881-455-0
 |year=[[2006]]
 }}

=== Fabula ===
* {{cite book
 |last=Kehlmann
 |first=Daniel
 |title=Die Vermessung der Welt
 |publisher=Rowohlt
 |year=[[2005]]
 |isbn=3-498-03528-2
 |oclc=144590801}}

==Nexus interni==
*[[Schola Gauss Gymnasium apud Vallum Leoninum]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{vicifons|Scriptor:Carolus Fridericus Gauss|Carolum Fridericum Gauss}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070714225917/http://www.corrosion-doctors.org/Biographies/GaussBio.htm Biographia] apud www.corrosion-doctors.org{{Ling|Anglice}}
* [http://fermatslasttheorem.blogspot.com/2005/06/carl-friedrich-gauss.html Biographia] apud fermatslasttheorem.blogspot.com
* [http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost19/Gauss/gau_intr.html Chronologia] apud www.fh-augsburg.de {{Ling|Latine}}
* [http://www.gausschildren.org Gauss et sui liberi] apud www.gausschildren.org
* [http://books.google.com/books?id=yh0PAAAAIAAJ &quot;English translation of Waltershausen's 1862 biography,&quot;] apud books.google.com
* [http://www.idsia.ch/~juergen/gauss.html &quot;Gauss: mathematician of the millennium,&quot;] a [[Jürgen Schmidhuber]], apud www.idsia.ch
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111213071452/http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jbourj/money1.htm Imago Gaussiana in &quot;10 Deutsche Mark banknote,&quot;] apud www-personal.umich.edu
* [http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/MNRAS/0016//0000080.000.html Laudatio] apud adsabs.harvard.edu (MNRAS 16(1856):80)
* [[q:Carl Friedrich Gauss|Carl Friedrich Gauss]] apud [[Wikiquote]]
* [http://www-gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/cgi-bin/digbib.cgi?PPN235957348 Opera omnia] apud www-gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00ss0lf &quot;Carl Friedrich Gauss&quot;] in serie ''A Brief History of Mathematics,'' apud www.bbc.co.uk (BBC 4) &lt;!--
{{sisterlinks|commons=Johann Carl Friedrich Gauß|s=Author:Carl Friedrich Gauss}}
*{{MathGenealogy|id=18231}}
*{{planetmath reference |id=5594 |title=Carl Friedrich Gauss}}
*{{worldcat id|lccn-n79-38533}}
*{{MacTutor Biography|id=Gauss}} --&gt;


{{Lifetime|1777|1855|Gauss, Carolus Fridericus}}
[[Categoria:Alumni Academiae Helmstadiensis]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Goettingensis]]
[[Categoria:Astronomi Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Deistae]]
[[Categoria:Lutherani]]
[[Categoria:Mathematici Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Physici Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Goettingensis]]
[[Categoria:Res statisticae]]
[[Categoria:Socii Regalis Societatis Londiniensis]]
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[[Imago:Katharineum.JPG|right|thumbnail|240px|Imago scholae latinitatis - Katharinei Lubecensis]]

'''Schola Latina'''&lt;ref&gt;Vide, e.g. H. W. Fortgens, ''Schola Latina: uit het verleden van ons voorbereidend hoger onderwijs'' ([[Svolla]]e: Tjeenk Willink, 1958).&lt;/ref&gt; est [[schola]]e [[Medium Aevum|mediaevalis]] in oppidis [[Sacrum Romanum Imperium|Sacri Imperii Romani]] ad discipulos [[artes humaniores|litteris humanioribus]] arteque [[mathematica]] instituendos conditae. 

== In Nederlandia ==
Auctoritas scholarum latinitatis in [[Nederlandia]] inde ab anno [[1800]] circiter gradatim minuebatur, cum Nederlandi linguae Francogallicae, ut quae inter homines vel mediocri doctrina praeditos in omnibus Europae regionibus in usu esset, magis magisque studere coepissent.

== Scholarum latinitatis ratio secundum annos, quibus annis conditae sunt==
* 799 - Schola latinitatis civitatis [[Fardium|Fardii]], nostro tempore [[Gymnasium Essen-Werden|Gymnasium Assindianum regionis nonae]]
* 1002 - [[Domgymnasium Verden|Gymnasium cathedrale civitatis Fardiae]]
* 1088 - [[Domgymnasium Naumburg|Gymnasium cathedrale civitatis Naumburgiae]]
* 1223 - [[Ludwigsgymnasium Saarbrücken|Gymnasium Ludovicianum civitatis Saraviponti]]
* 1267 - [[Maria-Magdalenen-Gymnasium Breslau|Gymnasium S. Mariae Magdalenae Vratislavianum]]
* 1282 - Gymnasium Martini Gerbert civitatis [[Horvia]]e
* 1290 - [[Westsächsische Hochschule Zwickau (FH)|Schola superior Saxoniae occidentalis in civitate Cygnea]]
* 1325 - [[Stephaneum]]
* 1328 - [[Ernestinum Celle]]nse
* 1330 - [[Ratsgymnasium Stadthagen|Gymnasium senatorium civitatis Hageniae]]
* 1342 - [[Konrad-Duden-Gymnasium Wesel|Gymnasium Conradi Duden in civitate Veselia]]
* 1390 - [[Halepaghen-Schule|Halephagianum]]
* 1396 - [[Schola philosophico-theologica Jadertina]], nostro tempore Universitas Studiorum Jadertina (Zadar)
* 1400 - [[Georg-Wilhelm-Steller-Gymnasium Bad Windsheim|Gymnasium Georgii Gulielmi Steller Vindshemianum]]
* 1406 - [[Iohanneum Luneburgense]]
* 1406 - [[Schola Latina Malmogiensis]]
* 1453 - [[Gymnasium Hohenbaden|Gymnasium Badianum]]
* 1460 - [[Zabergäu-Gymnasium Brackenheim]]
* 1479 - [[Adam-Kraft-Gymnasium|Gymnasium Adami Kraft Suabahanium]]
* 1515 - Schola latinitatis urbana civitatis [[Freiberg (Sachsen)|Freiberg]]iae, nostro tempore Gymnasium [[Rosa alba|germanorum Scholl]]
* 1528 - [[Bodensee-Gymnasium Lindau|Gymnasium Bodamicum Lindoviense]]
* 1528 - [[Ratsgymnasium Goslar|Gymnasium senatorium Goslarianum]]
* 1529 - [[Iohanneum Hamburgense]]
* 1531 - [[Katharineum]] 
* 1536 - [[Universität Siegen|Universitas Victriciana]]
* 1540 - [[Schola eruditorum Meldorpiana]]
* 1555 - [[Laubach-Kolleg|Collegium Laubachianum]]
* 1573 - [[Gymnasium vetus Oldenburgense]]
* 1573 - [[Mariengymnasium Jever|Gymnasium S. Mariae Virginis Geverianum]]
* 1582 - [[Gymnasium Gars|Gymnasium Gartianum]]
* 1582 - [[Gymnasium Adolfinum Mursianum]]
* 1584 - [[Ubbo-Emmius-Gymnasium Leer|Gymnasium Ubbonis Emmii Lerianum]]
* 1586 - [[Gymnasium urbanum civitatis Cameniae]], quod forsitan anno 1418. iam tum conditum sit
* 1590 - schola latinitatis Burstaeni (Hassia)
* 1607 - [[Gymnasium Classicum Zagrabiense]], hodie 'Classical College in Zagreb'
* 1672 - [[Gymnasium Carolofridericianum Mannhemiense]]
* 1686 - [[Gymnasium vetus electorale Benshemiense]]
* 1688 - [[Christianeum Hamburgense]]

== Notae ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

{{NexInt}}
*[[Gymnasium]]
*[[Schola praeparatoria]]

[[Categoria:Genera scholarum]]
[[Categoria:Scholae]]
[[Categoria:Lingua Latina]]</text>
      <sha1>ito900ljsf4b7nb9lyxh17lv0ifgr16</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby</title>
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        <username>Jondel</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <text bytes="22608" sha1="1s8m4czez30ab5pb1pv9vakul7wmam2" xml:space="preserve">{{Hic sunt tabularia disputationum}}

Disputationes anteriores hic habes: [[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby/Tabularium 1|Tabularium 1]], [[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby/Tabularium 2|Tabularium 2]], [[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby/Tabularium 3|Tabularium 3]], [[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby/Tabularium 4|Tabularium 4]]. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 13:04, 27 Martii 2009 (UTC)

== Άρης Neograece ==
{{Accepta|Disputatio:Andreas Dalby|Άρης Neograece}}

Salve, Andrea, dubius sum, quomodo verba Neograeca apud nos tractanda sint. Videas quaeso commentationem quam de [[Μήλα (pellicula 2020)]] nuper scripsi. Utrum Latine ''Mila'' an ''Mela'' and ''Mēla'' scribam? Et Άρης Σερβετάλης histrio: Utrum ''Aris Servetalis'' an ''Ares Servetales''? [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 17:34, 10 Ianuarii 2025 (UTC)

:Quamquam ego Andreas non sum, nolo silere de modo quo Theodisce res tractatur: Neograeca (nomina propria praesertim) saepissime modum in antiquum transscribi solent. Inde ego praeferrem res Neograecas modum in veterem Latine reddere [[Usor:Giorno2|Giorno2]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Giorno2|disputatio]]) 18:39, 10 Ianuarii 2025 (UTC)

::Vide etiam hanc paginam: [[Vicipaedia:Translitteratio]]. [[Usor:Lesgles|Lesgles]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Lesgles|disputatio]]) 16:55, 12 Ianuarii 2025 (UTC)
:::Date veniam: pro tempore rarius apud Vicipaediam versor. Tribus rationibus translitterationem classicam nominum Neograecorum commendo: primo quod lingua Latina utimur atque hoc modo antiqui lingua nostra utentes verba Graeca in Latina convertebant; secundo quod nullam translitterationem hodiernam sine ambiguitate, sine incongruitate, sine inconsistentia reperire possumus; tertio quia eruditi scientifici, qui etiam hodie neologismos Graecos vel Graecolatinos creant, saepius translitteratione Latina uti solent. Salvete! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 21:13, 12 Ianuarii 2025 (UTC)
:::: Gratias omnibus vobis ago. Ipse quoque ita ut dicitis faciendum esse cogitavi. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 14:34, 13 Ianuarii 2025 (UTC)

== Foods in Latin questions ==
Hello, I wrote a couple of questions on different pages related to food (&lt;bdi&gt;[[Disputatio:Capsicum e carne]], [[Disputatio:Salsa alba]], [[Disputatio:Gruellum Bretonicum]], [[Disputatio:Brodium]]&lt;/bdi&gt;, &lt;bdi&gt;[[Disputatio:Iuscellum]], [[Disputatio Categoriae:Embammata]],  [[Disputatio Categoriae:Pastilla_panicea]], [[Disputatio:Ius (cibus)]], [[Disputatio:Botulus]]&lt;/bdi&gt;) and then saw that you had worked on all of the pages, so linking the questions to you directly might be better. I understand this topic is difficult because medieval authors were very inaccurate with their terms and rather stole words from their own languages, and even the Latins themselves seem to have used the words to mean a wide range of things that don't quite match the terms moderns use and it's difficult so cypher foods/dishes from text anyway, but it would be nice to at least have some consistency on Vicipaedia. [[Usor:Krken|Krken]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Krken|disputatio]]) 07:32, 15 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
:It's difficult finding convincing names. I commented at [[Gruellum Bretonicum]]: I gave quite a bit of thought to that, and chose the medieval term intentionally, but I may not have reached the ideal conclusion after all! I'm too busy just now to spend long on Vicipaedia, but please write about food, please improve where you can. Pages can be moved easily: as a rule, a changed or new lemma should be justified with a footnote. I added a footnote to your well-justified addition of &quot;lupus&quot; under ''[[Esox lucius]]'': &quot;lupus&quot; is in fact more classical, so I moved it up to second place. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 16:32, 15 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
::Attestations of lemmata may also help. Where attestations are missing, the formula &quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{FD ref}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot; may want to be attached to lemmata. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 17:49, 15 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
:::Greetings, {{Ping|IacobusAmor}} you're quite right. I found attestations for the previous '''lucius''' and the '''lupus''' that Krken added -- if I'd had no time to do that, adding &lt;nowiki&gt;{{FD ref}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; would have been my fallback position. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 18:09, 15 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)

== Create an article for Peshkopi (Penestae - in Latin) ==
@[[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] Hi Andrew! I am LevaneNevale who has communicated with you last year regarding a request made by me to create an article for Peshkopi: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshkopi on Latin Wiki. The title for it should be &quot;Penestae&quot; in Latin. Please can you create the article for Peshkopi on Latin Wiki with short content? Then add it to its corresponding Wikidata page. I would thank you so much if you will create it. Thanks [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:NevaleLevane|disputatio]]) 10:58, 17 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)

:@[[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] Please can you create the article for Peshkopi - Penestae in Latin yourself. Since Andrew isn't responding. Thanks [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:NevaleLevane|disputatio]]) 20:09, 19 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
::@[[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] Hi dear Andrew! Please can you create the article for Peshkopi - &quot;Penestae&quot; on Latin Wiki? Thanks [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:NevaleLevane|disputatio]]) 11:00, 21 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)

== De nova formula citationum ==
Hi Andrew. If I don't remember wrong, you did not like the {{Fn|Cite book}}, {{Fn|Cite link}}, {{Fn|Cite journal}} templates due to their lack of flexibility. I am creating our own version, a single template that should be able to replace all of them. It's called {{Fn|Opus}} (sorry, the documentation is still minimal), and we can make it do whatever we want. I would like to know what exactly were the shortcomings of our &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Cite ...}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; templates according to you; maybe that will help me improve the {{Fn|Opus}} template accordingly! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:28, 19 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
:Thanks for asking, Grufo. My objections were practical, not a matter of principle. 1. I felt it would be better to agree, if we could, on a format, before designing a template ... but I don't know whether we really could ever agree! 2. I feel that bibliographical templates encourage users who are unfamiliar with citations and bibliography to include too much information, to try to fill all the boxes (examples: on English Wikipedia, citing an unsigned news or periodical article, editors often write &quot;staff&quot; in the author space -- without evidence -- so as to fill the box; and sometimes, when citing a periodical, they add details of the publisher. In both cases, a editor who knows about citations would leave those boxes empty). It's hard to give concise advice on things like that, and the result is that Wikipedia bibliographies tend to be padded with unnecessary and distracting detail. However, if you want to make a suitable template, I still say, go ahead. Since I am currently busy elsewhere, I can't offer to help. (But watch out, this may well change!) [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 13:30, 20 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
:: Hi Andrew, I would be very happy to discuss the format! I am not really a big fan of using dots to separate the various fields, although after working on the template, I must admit that it solves several practical obstacles – but I am open to anything. As for filling too many fields, well, in the {{Fn|Opus}} template the only mandatory field is the title. And so
:: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Divina Comoedia
}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
:: will produce
::: {{Opus
	| titulus = Divina Comoedia
}}
:: Everything else is optional. Maybe we could emphasize this aspect! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:25, 20 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
:@[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]]: If you are developing a citation template why would you name it &quot;Opus&quot;? Sure, a citation should refer to some work but unpublished works are not really that useful unless they are well known ancient manuscripts so wouldn't a better name be &quot;Citationem&quot; or even &quot;Publicatio&quot; (excuse my lack of Latin knowledge). It just seems to me, something named &quot;Opus&quot; might be better for something like an Infobox template for creating infoboxes about works or a Navbox about topics related to works, etc. Maybe &quot;Citatio opus&quot; or &quot;Opus cita&quot; would be okay but even something like &quot;Citatio publicatio&quot; (''a la'' {{tlx|citatio libri}}) or maybe &quot;Publicationem citare&quot; sounds better to me. The Opus/work can then be the article/chapter, etc. referred to in that publication (be it a book, magazine, etc.). So then you might have a publication title and a work title (of course they are sometimes the same like novels that are typically published in books with the same title as the work contained within). —[[Usor:Uzume|Uzume]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Uzume|disputatio]]) 13:00, 20 Iulii 2025 (UTC)
:: Hi [[User:Uzume|Uzume]]. The latin word “opus” simply means “work” (noun). The idea is to have a template as generic as possible. Rather than “publicatio”, classical Latin would prefer “editio” (“edere” means “to publish” – for an English speaker it is a bit of a false friend). But as you mentioned, that would limit the template to published works. It would not be much of a problem, really; it is just that “opus” is the most open and generic name that came into my mind. Of course it could also indicate an infobox, but usually here on Latin Wikipedia we add “capsa” (“box”) to infobox templates (e.g. {{Fn|Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}, {{Fn|Capsa insulae}}, and many others). “Citatio” could also work, but we have already the old {{Fn|Citatio}} template, and the two will need to coexist for a while. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:08, 21 Iulii 2025 (UTC)
:::@[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]]: So can I cite a sculpture, a building, or canal? These could all also be considered works or &quot;Opus&quot; I suppose you could do something limit it via something like &quot;opus litterarium&quot;. I just think &quot;opus&quot; is too general and as a citation it should contain &quot;citation&quot; somehow like &quot;Opus cita&quot; or some such. —[[Usor:Uzume|Uzume]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Uzume|disputatio]]) 00:21, 21 Iulii 2025 (UTC)
:::: @[[Usor:Uzume|Uzume]]: Exactly, the idea was exactly that (I just love [[:en:Robustness principle|Postel's law]])! You can cite a sculpture, a building, or canal :-) It is an experiment, but so far it seems to be working well! I have not finished writing it however. I still have to differentiate the current {{para|series}} parameter into two different parameters: one for the case in which the series is a minor detail (e.g. a collection of books belonging to the same series) and one for the case in which the series is a more important feature (e.g. a journal). I have still to find the right wording, but it is in the back of my mind. Other capabilities will need to be implemented too. As you can see, the nomenclature is left open and generic on purpose. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:28, 21 Iulii 2025 (UTC)

== Wikipedia in Ancient Greek ==
Hi, I have seen that you speak Ancient Greek and I wanted to ask you whether you could please help us improve the Ancient Greek Wikipedia, which [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChanges?hidebots=1&amp;translations=filter&amp;hidecategorization=1&amp;hideWikibase=1&amp;hideWikifunctions=1&amp;limit=500&amp;days=30&amp;urlversion=2&amp;rc-testwiki-project=p&amp;rc-testwiki-code=grc we have been reviving for the past months]. --[[Usor:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Caro de Segeda|disputatio]]) 10:42, 27 Novembris 2025 (UTC)
:Currently I have too little spare time even to work on the Latin Vicipaedia -- so, sadly, I cannot help with ancient Greek right now. I wish you good luck and success! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 13:48, 27 Novembris 2025 (UTC)
::Thank you for the answer and good luck with the Latin Wikipedia, you are all doing a great job here. [[Usor:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Caro de Segeda|disputatio]]) 17:15, 28 Novembris 2025 (UTC)

== Mensis Martius adest ==
Salve, Andrea. Spero te bene valere. Iam mensis Martius adest; velisne Paginae Mensis nostrae [[Disputatio Vicipaediae:Pagina mensis#2026|opem ferre]]? Vale! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 14:21, 26 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
:Cito respondeo -- Salve optime, mi Grufo! hoc tempore non iam possum sed inter duos menses revenire cupio -- [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 19:04, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
:: Gratias tibi ago ob alacre responsum, Andrea. Gestio te videre in Vicipaediam revenientem! Vale. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 11:15, 28 Februarii 2026 (UTC)

== Dining with the Caesars: written source and collective memory in Suetonius ==

Dear Andrew Dalby, I found your paper &quot;Dining with the Caesars: written source and collective memory in Suetonius” on academia.eu. It is said to have been published in the proceedings of the Oxford Food Symposium, but I cannot find the precise bibliographic details (year and place of publication, page numbers etc.). Could you help me? I would like to cite your paper in a bibliographic overview of Suetonius. Kind regards, Marijke Crab [[Specialis:Conlationes/&amp;#126;2026-21490-69|&amp;#126;2026-21490-69]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:&amp;#126;2026-21490-69|talk]]) 11:41, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

:Dear Marijke, I am glad you found my paper useful. Here is a full citation: 
::Andrew Dalby, ”Dining with the Caesars” in Harlan Walker, ed., ''Food and the memory: proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery'' (Totnes: Prospect Books, 2001. ISBN 978-1-903018-16-3) pp. 62-88.
:[[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 15:03, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

== nofendare ==

&lt;nowiki&gt;;&lt;/nowiki&gt;kokkshin0@1234|#crfpinkae [[Specialis:Conlationes/&amp;#126;2026-24722-75|&amp;#126;2026-24722-75]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:&amp;#126;2026-24722-75|talk]]) 08:13, 22 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

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== Latina ==

Hello. I'm looking for Latin translation of descriptions of a few items for Wikidata. Would you help? [[Usor:Eurohunter|Eurohunter]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Eurohunter|disputatio]]) 08:18, 16 Maii 2026 (UTC)

== Sub alia subcriptione his diebus me observabis ==
Revenire in Vicipaediam his diebus volebam, sed superiores mihi dicunt nomen bina authentificatione dare necesse erit quia &lt;s&gt;magistratus&lt;/s&gt; grapheocrates sum. Quomodo et cur inter methodos multiplices huius authentificationis seligam, quomodo efficere, haud iam intellego. Fortasse amicus quis inter vicinos me adiuvare poterit. Ergo pro tempore non Andreas Dalby sed sub hoc nomine (multos annos desueto) videbor ... [[Usor:Andronikos Komnenos|Andronicus Comnenus]] 13:07, 21 Maii 2026 (UTC)

:Salve, Andrea! Bene est, quod certiores nos fecisti, ut Andronici subscriptio tua est. De bina authentificatione nescio, qui modus melior sit, numquam hoc temptabam. Sed non magistratibus illa necessaria est, solum grapheocratis. [[usor:Adam Bishop|Adam Bishop]] iam non est grapheocrates, nemo, nisi tu, iura magistratuum mutare potes. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 08:32, 22 Maii 2026 (UTC)
::Recte dicis, mi Demetri. Diebus proximis de methodis me certiorem facere possum, sine dubio. Quo facto, nomen solitum (et verum!) resumere potebo. [[Usor:Andronikos Komnenos|Andronicus Comnenus]] 12:47, 22 Maii 2026 (UTC)
::: Salve, Andrea! Infeliciter neque ego de duplici authenticatione quicquam scio (eamque odi). Fortasse potes tertium nomen Vicipaedianum creare atque per id periclitari? Spero te solutionem mox inventurum esse. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 14:42, 22 Maii 2026 (UTC)
::::Salvete amici! Vicino quodam adiuvante, in Vicipaediam nostram bina authenticatione plenaque potestate revenio. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 15:49, 26 Maii 2026 (UTC)
::::: Euax! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 03:52, 27 Maii 2026 (UTC)
::::::Io! [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 12:50, 27 Maii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::Is that Yo? as in Bush's greeting to Tony Blair, &quot;Yo, Blair!&quot; [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 15:22, 28 Maii 2026 (UTC)
::::::::Etiamnunc, sed rarius, nomen Andronici Comneni subscribo, quando paginas Vicipaedicas e telephono mobili aut e tabula in rebus minoribus emendo. His &quot;mediis&quot; facilius nomen sine duplici authenticatione dare possum. (NB: de tabula electronica, non cuneiforma, scribo.) [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 13:57, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC)

== Alius mensis adest ==
Salve Andrea! Alius mensis adest et adhuc paginā mensis caremus. Visne [[Disputatio Vicipaediae:Pagina mensis#2026|adiuvare]] ad novas paginas mensium inveniendas? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 23:44, 27 Maii 2026 (UTC)
:Propositionem feci: vide [[VP:Pam]]. Alias paginas in mente habeo proponere: enumerationem ad approbationem aliorum ibidem addere volo. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:56, 28 Maii 2026 (UTC)
:: Gratias tibi ago, Andrea! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:23, 28 Maii 2026 (UTC)

== About the confusing warning ==
Hi Andrew! I saw [[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel#c-Andronikos Komnenos-20260629103400-Grufo-20260627052800|your comment]] (via Andronicus Comnenus) at {{Caput|Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|Pagina “Spider-Man” facta est adumbratio}}. I am sorry if that warning confused you. The idea is that if there is an “adumbratio” there shouldn't be a page at the same time. So if that happens and you edit the page, it simply tells you that there is an “adumbratio” that shouldn't exist (basically it invites you to inspect it, and in case, turn it into a redirect, although this second part is not explicitly written). If you want I can make it more explicit. At the moment the warning says:
: “Etiam pagina “[[Adumbratio:Bla bla bla]]” exsistit! Suademus ut illam inspicias prius quam hanc paginam recenseas.”
I could make it become
: “Etiam pagina “[[Adumbratio:Bla bla bla]]” exsistit! Suademus ut illam inspicias et, si opus est, ad redirectionem vertas prius quam hanc paginam recenseas.”
What do you think? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 20:33, 2 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
:: {{Tpe|Nova}} Sententiam sicut supra scripsi [[Special:Diff/3951634/3969583|mutavi]]. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 21:48, 2 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
::: [I'm travelling at present, therefore logging in this way!] I see what you intended, Grufo. I expect it worked well, and I wouldn't have pressed you to change it -- but the change you have now made seems a good idea. When I saw that Jondel was at work at that moment, it was clear to me why the two pages temporarily existed and I retreated. There's plenty of time for editing, and lots to edit! [[Usor:Andronikos Komnenos|Andronicus Comnenus]] 15:45, 3 Iulii 2026 (UTC)

== Courtesy Call ==
Just saying hello! :) and let's get back to work, renew the daily wiki grind here at vicipaedia! All the best!---[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]])
:Here is an Andrew replying, even if not the Andrew you expect. I'm glad to see you around, Jondel. All the best [[Usor:Andronikos Komnenos|Andronicus Comnenus]] 15:46, 3 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
Thank you. Nice to see you guys. Are you (still) studying German?--[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]])</text>
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        <username>Andrew Dalby</username>
        <id>1084</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Courtesy Call */</comment>
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      <text bytes="23186" sha1="a9xy4v02ciapljhy3vxa92v7zrraru9" xml:space="preserve">{{Hic sunt tabularia disputationum}}

Disputationes anteriores hic habes: [[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby/Tabularium 1|Tabularium 1]], [[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby/Tabularium 2|Tabularium 2]], [[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby/Tabularium 3|Tabularium 3]], [[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby/Tabularium 4|Tabularium 4]]. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 13:04, 27 Martii 2009 (UTC)

== Άρης Neograece ==
{{Accepta|Disputatio:Andreas Dalby|Άρης Neograece}}

Salve, Andrea, dubius sum, quomodo verba Neograeca apud nos tractanda sint. Videas quaeso commentationem quam de [[Μήλα (pellicula 2020)]] nuper scripsi. Utrum Latine ''Mila'' an ''Mela'' and ''Mēla'' scribam? Et Άρης Σερβετάλης histrio: Utrum ''Aris Servetalis'' an ''Ares Servetales''? [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 17:34, 10 Ianuarii 2025 (UTC)

:Quamquam ego Andreas non sum, nolo silere de modo quo Theodisce res tractatur: Neograeca (nomina propria praesertim) saepissime modum in antiquum transscribi solent. Inde ego praeferrem res Neograecas modum in veterem Latine reddere [[Usor:Giorno2|Giorno2]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Giorno2|disputatio]]) 18:39, 10 Ianuarii 2025 (UTC)

::Vide etiam hanc paginam: [[Vicipaedia:Translitteratio]]. [[Usor:Lesgles|Lesgles]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Lesgles|disputatio]]) 16:55, 12 Ianuarii 2025 (UTC)
:::Date veniam: pro tempore rarius apud Vicipaediam versor. Tribus rationibus translitterationem classicam nominum Neograecorum commendo: primo quod lingua Latina utimur atque hoc modo antiqui lingua nostra utentes verba Graeca in Latina convertebant; secundo quod nullam translitterationem hodiernam sine ambiguitate, sine incongruitate, sine inconsistentia reperire possumus; tertio quia eruditi scientifici, qui etiam hodie neologismos Graecos vel Graecolatinos creant, saepius translitteratione Latina uti solent. Salvete! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 21:13, 12 Ianuarii 2025 (UTC)
:::: Gratias omnibus vobis ago. Ipse quoque ita ut dicitis faciendum esse cogitavi. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 14:34, 13 Ianuarii 2025 (UTC)

== Foods in Latin questions ==
Hello, I wrote a couple of questions on different pages related to food (&lt;bdi&gt;[[Disputatio:Capsicum e carne]], [[Disputatio:Salsa alba]], [[Disputatio:Gruellum Bretonicum]], [[Disputatio:Brodium]]&lt;/bdi&gt;, &lt;bdi&gt;[[Disputatio:Iuscellum]], [[Disputatio Categoriae:Embammata]],  [[Disputatio Categoriae:Pastilla_panicea]], [[Disputatio:Ius (cibus)]], [[Disputatio:Botulus]]&lt;/bdi&gt;) and then saw that you had worked on all of the pages, so linking the questions to you directly might be better. I understand this topic is difficult because medieval authors were very inaccurate with their terms and rather stole words from their own languages, and even the Latins themselves seem to have used the words to mean a wide range of things that don't quite match the terms moderns use and it's difficult so cypher foods/dishes from text anyway, but it would be nice to at least have some consistency on Vicipaedia. [[Usor:Krken|Krken]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Krken|disputatio]]) 07:32, 15 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
:It's difficult finding convincing names. I commented at [[Gruellum Bretonicum]]: I gave quite a bit of thought to that, and chose the medieval term intentionally, but I may not have reached the ideal conclusion after all! I'm too busy just now to spend long on Vicipaedia, but please write about food, please improve where you can. Pages can be moved easily: as a rule, a changed or new lemma should be justified with a footnote. I added a footnote to your well-justified addition of &quot;lupus&quot; under ''[[Esox lucius]]'': &quot;lupus&quot; is in fact more classical, so I moved it up to second place. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 16:32, 15 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
::Attestations of lemmata may also help. Where attestations are missing, the formula &quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{FD ref}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot; may want to be attached to lemmata. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 17:49, 15 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
:::Greetings, {{Ping|IacobusAmor}} you're quite right. I found attestations for the previous '''lucius''' and the '''lupus''' that Krken added -- if I'd had no time to do that, adding &lt;nowiki&gt;{{FD ref}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; would have been my fallback position. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 18:09, 15 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)

== Create an article for Peshkopi (Penestae - in Latin) ==
@[[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] Hi Andrew! I am LevaneNevale who has communicated with you last year regarding a request made by me to create an article for Peshkopi: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshkopi on Latin Wiki. The title for it should be &quot;Penestae&quot; in Latin. Please can you create the article for Peshkopi on Latin Wiki with short content? Then add it to its corresponding Wikidata page. I would thank you so much if you will create it. Thanks [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:NevaleLevane|disputatio]]) 10:58, 17 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)

:@[[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] Please can you create the article for Peshkopi - Penestae in Latin yourself. Since Andrew isn't responding. Thanks [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:NevaleLevane|disputatio]]) 20:09, 19 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
::@[[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] Hi dear Andrew! Please can you create the article for Peshkopi - &quot;Penestae&quot; on Latin Wiki? Thanks [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:NevaleLevane|disputatio]]) 11:00, 21 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)

== De nova formula citationum ==
Hi Andrew. If I don't remember wrong, you did not like the {{Fn|Cite book}}, {{Fn|Cite link}}, {{Fn|Cite journal}} templates due to their lack of flexibility. I am creating our own version, a single template that should be able to replace all of them. It's called {{Fn|Opus}} (sorry, the documentation is still minimal), and we can make it do whatever we want. I would like to know what exactly were the shortcomings of our &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Cite ...}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; templates according to you; maybe that will help me improve the {{Fn|Opus}} template accordingly! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:28, 19 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
:Thanks for asking, Grufo. My objections were practical, not a matter of principle. 1. I felt it would be better to agree, if we could, on a format, before designing a template ... but I don't know whether we really could ever agree! 2. I feel that bibliographical templates encourage users who are unfamiliar with citations and bibliography to include too much information, to try to fill all the boxes (examples: on English Wikipedia, citing an unsigned news or periodical article, editors often write &quot;staff&quot; in the author space -- without evidence -- so as to fill the box; and sometimes, when citing a periodical, they add details of the publisher. In both cases, a editor who knows about citations would leave those boxes empty). It's hard to give concise advice on things like that, and the result is that Wikipedia bibliographies tend to be padded with unnecessary and distracting detail. However, if you want to make a suitable template, I still say, go ahead. Since I am currently busy elsewhere, I can't offer to help. (But watch out, this may well change!) [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 13:30, 20 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
:: Hi Andrew, I would be very happy to discuss the format! I am not really a big fan of using dots to separate the various fields, although after working on the template, I must admit that it solves several practical obstacles – but I am open to anything. As for filling too many fields, well, in the {{Fn|Opus}} template the only mandatory field is the title. And so
:: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Divina Comoedia
}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
:: will produce
::: {{Opus
	| titulus = Divina Comoedia
}}
:: Everything else is optional. Maybe we could emphasize this aspect! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:25, 20 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
:@[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]]: If you are developing a citation template why would you name it &quot;Opus&quot;? Sure, a citation should refer to some work but unpublished works are not really that useful unless they are well known ancient manuscripts so wouldn't a better name be &quot;Citationem&quot; or even &quot;Publicatio&quot; (excuse my lack of Latin knowledge). It just seems to me, something named &quot;Opus&quot; might be better for something like an Infobox template for creating infoboxes about works or a Navbox about topics related to works, etc. Maybe &quot;Citatio opus&quot; or &quot;Opus cita&quot; would be okay but even something like &quot;Citatio publicatio&quot; (''a la'' {{tlx|citatio libri}}) or maybe &quot;Publicationem citare&quot; sounds better to me. The Opus/work can then be the article/chapter, etc. referred to in that publication (be it a book, magazine, etc.). So then you might have a publication title and a work title (of course they are sometimes the same like novels that are typically published in books with the same title as the work contained within). —[[Usor:Uzume|Uzume]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Uzume|disputatio]]) 13:00, 20 Iulii 2025 (UTC)
:: Hi [[User:Uzume|Uzume]]. The latin word “opus” simply means “work” (noun). The idea is to have a template as generic as possible. Rather than “publicatio”, classical Latin would prefer “editio” (“edere” means “to publish” – for an English speaker it is a bit of a false friend). But as you mentioned, that would limit the template to published works. It would not be much of a problem, really; it is just that “opus” is the most open and generic name that came into my mind. Of course it could also indicate an infobox, but usually here on Latin Wikipedia we add “capsa” (“box”) to infobox templates (e.g. {{Fn|Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}, {{Fn|Capsa insulae}}, and many others). “Citatio” could also work, but we have already the old {{Fn|Citatio}} template, and the two will need to coexist for a while. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:08, 21 Iulii 2025 (UTC)
:::@[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]]: So can I cite a sculpture, a building, or canal? These could all also be considered works or &quot;Opus&quot; I suppose you could do something limit it via something like &quot;opus litterarium&quot;. I just think &quot;opus&quot; is too general and as a citation it should contain &quot;citation&quot; somehow like &quot;Opus cita&quot; or some such. —[[Usor:Uzume|Uzume]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Uzume|disputatio]]) 00:21, 21 Iulii 2025 (UTC)
:::: @[[Usor:Uzume|Uzume]]: Exactly, the idea was exactly that (I just love [[:en:Robustness principle|Postel's law]])! You can cite a sculpture, a building, or canal :-) It is an experiment, but so far it seems to be working well! I have not finished writing it however. I still have to differentiate the current {{para|series}} parameter into two different parameters: one for the case in which the series is a minor detail (e.g. a collection of books belonging to the same series) and one for the case in which the series is a more important feature (e.g. a journal). I have still to find the right wording, but it is in the back of my mind. Other capabilities will need to be implemented too. As you can see, the nomenclature is left open and generic on purpose. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:28, 21 Iulii 2025 (UTC)

== Wikipedia in Ancient Greek ==
Hi, I have seen that you speak Ancient Greek and I wanted to ask you whether you could please help us improve the Ancient Greek Wikipedia, which [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChanges?hidebots=1&amp;translations=filter&amp;hidecategorization=1&amp;hideWikibase=1&amp;hideWikifunctions=1&amp;limit=500&amp;days=30&amp;urlversion=2&amp;rc-testwiki-project=p&amp;rc-testwiki-code=grc we have been reviving for the past months]. --[[Usor:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Caro de Segeda|disputatio]]) 10:42, 27 Novembris 2025 (UTC)
:Currently I have too little spare time even to work on the Latin Vicipaedia -- so, sadly, I cannot help with ancient Greek right now. I wish you good luck and success! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 13:48, 27 Novembris 2025 (UTC)
::Thank you for the answer and good luck with the Latin Wikipedia, you are all doing a great job here. [[Usor:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Caro de Segeda|disputatio]]) 17:15, 28 Novembris 2025 (UTC)

== Mensis Martius adest ==
Salve, Andrea. Spero te bene valere. Iam mensis Martius adest; velisne Paginae Mensis nostrae [[Disputatio Vicipaediae:Pagina mensis#2026|opem ferre]]? Vale! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 14:21, 26 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
:Cito respondeo -- Salve optime, mi Grufo! hoc tempore non iam possum sed inter duos menses revenire cupio -- [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 19:04, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
:: Gratias tibi ago ob alacre responsum, Andrea. Gestio te videre in Vicipaediam revenientem! Vale. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 11:15, 28 Februarii 2026 (UTC)

== Dining with the Caesars: written source and collective memory in Suetonius ==

Dear Andrew Dalby, I found your paper &quot;Dining with the Caesars: written source and collective memory in Suetonius” on academia.eu. It is said to have been published in the proceedings of the Oxford Food Symposium, but I cannot find the precise bibliographic details (year and place of publication, page numbers etc.). Could you help me? I would like to cite your paper in a bibliographic overview of Suetonius. Kind regards, Marijke Crab [[Specialis:Conlationes/&amp;#126;2026-21490-69|&amp;#126;2026-21490-69]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:&amp;#126;2026-21490-69|talk]]) 11:41, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

:Dear Marijke, I am glad you found my paper useful. Here is a full citation: 
::Andrew Dalby, ”Dining with the Caesars” in Harlan Walker, ed., ''Food and the memory: proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery'' (Totnes: Prospect Books, 2001. ISBN 978-1-903018-16-3) pp. 62-88.
:[[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 15:03, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

== nofendare ==

&lt;nowiki&gt;;&lt;/nowiki&gt;kokkshin0@1234|#crfpinkae [[Specialis:Conlationes/&amp;#126;2026-24722-75|&amp;#126;2026-24722-75]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:&amp;#126;2026-24722-75|talk]]) 08:13, 22 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

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== Latina ==

Hello. I'm looking for Latin translation of descriptions of a few items for Wikidata. Would you help? [[Usor:Eurohunter|Eurohunter]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Eurohunter|disputatio]]) 08:18, 16 Maii 2026 (UTC)

== Sub alia subcriptione his diebus me observabis ==
Revenire in Vicipaediam his diebus volebam, sed superiores mihi dicunt nomen bina authentificatione dare necesse erit quia &lt;s&gt;magistratus&lt;/s&gt; grapheocrates sum. Quomodo et cur inter methodos multiplices huius authentificationis seligam, quomodo efficere, haud iam intellego. Fortasse amicus quis inter vicinos me adiuvare poterit. Ergo pro tempore non Andreas Dalby sed sub hoc nomine (multos annos desueto) videbor ... [[Usor:Andronikos Komnenos|Andronicus Comnenus]] 13:07, 21 Maii 2026 (UTC)

:Salve, Andrea! Bene est, quod certiores nos fecisti, ut Andronici subscriptio tua est. De bina authentificatione nescio, qui modus melior sit, numquam hoc temptabam. Sed non magistratibus illa necessaria est, solum grapheocratis. [[usor:Adam Bishop|Adam Bishop]] iam non est grapheocrates, nemo, nisi tu, iura magistratuum mutare potes. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 08:32, 22 Maii 2026 (UTC)
::Recte dicis, mi Demetri. Diebus proximis de methodis me certiorem facere possum, sine dubio. Quo facto, nomen solitum (et verum!) resumere potebo. [[Usor:Andronikos Komnenos|Andronicus Comnenus]] 12:47, 22 Maii 2026 (UTC)
::: Salve, Andrea! Infeliciter neque ego de duplici authenticatione quicquam scio (eamque odi). Fortasse potes tertium nomen Vicipaedianum creare atque per id periclitari? Spero te solutionem mox inventurum esse. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 14:42, 22 Maii 2026 (UTC)
::::Salvete amici! Vicino quodam adiuvante, in Vicipaediam nostram bina authenticatione plenaque potestate revenio. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 15:49, 26 Maii 2026 (UTC)
::::: Euax! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 03:52, 27 Maii 2026 (UTC)
::::::Io! [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 12:50, 27 Maii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::Is that Yo? as in Bush's greeting to Tony Blair, &quot;Yo, Blair!&quot; [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 15:22, 28 Maii 2026 (UTC)
::::::::Etiamnunc, sed rarius, nomen Andronici Comneni subscribo, quando paginas Vicipaedicas e telephono mobili aut e tabula in rebus minoribus emendo. His &quot;mediis&quot; facilius nomen sine duplici authenticatione dare possum. (NB: de tabula electronica, non cuneiforma, scribo.) [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 13:57, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC)

== Alius mensis adest ==
Salve Andrea! Alius mensis adest et adhuc paginā mensis caremus. Visne [[Disputatio Vicipaediae:Pagina mensis#2026|adiuvare]] ad novas paginas mensium inveniendas? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 23:44, 27 Maii 2026 (UTC)
:Propositionem feci: vide [[VP:Pam]]. Alias paginas in mente habeo proponere: enumerationem ad approbationem aliorum ibidem addere volo. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:56, 28 Maii 2026 (UTC)
:: Gratias tibi ago, Andrea! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:23, 28 Maii 2026 (UTC)

== About the confusing warning ==
Hi Andrew! I saw [[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel#c-Andronikos Komnenos-20260629103400-Grufo-20260627052800|your comment]] (via Andronicus Comnenus) at {{Caput|Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|Pagina “Spider-Man” facta est adumbratio}}. I am sorry if that warning confused you. The idea is that if there is an “adumbratio” there shouldn't be a page at the same time. So if that happens and you edit the page, it simply tells you that there is an “adumbratio” that shouldn't exist (basically it invites you to inspect it, and in case, turn it into a redirect, although this second part is not explicitly written). If you want I can make it more explicit. At the moment the warning says:
: “Etiam pagina “[[Adumbratio:Bla bla bla]]” exsistit! Suademus ut illam inspicias prius quam hanc paginam recenseas.”
I could make it become
: “Etiam pagina “[[Adumbratio:Bla bla bla]]” exsistit! Suademus ut illam inspicias et, si opus est, ad redirectionem vertas prius quam hanc paginam recenseas.”
What do you think? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 20:33, 2 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
:: {{Tpe|Nova}} Sententiam sicut supra scripsi [[Special:Diff/3951634/3969583|mutavi]]. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 21:48, 2 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
::: [I'm travelling at present, therefore logging in this way!] I see what you intended, Grufo. I expect it worked well, and I wouldn't have pressed you to change it -- but the change you have now made seems a good idea. When I saw that Jondel was at work at that moment, it was clear to me why the two pages temporarily existed and I retreated. There's plenty of time for editing, and lots to edit! [[Usor:Andronikos Komnenos|Andronicus Comnenus]] 15:45, 3 Iulii 2026 (UTC)

== Courtesy Call ==
Just saying hello! :) and let's get back to work, renew the daily wiki grind here at vicipaedia! All the best!---[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]])
:Here is an Andrew replying, even if not the Andrew you expect. I'm glad to see you around, Jondel. All the best [[Usor:Andronikos Komnenos|Andronicus Comnenus]] 15:46, 3 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
Thank you. Nice to see you guys. Are you (still) studying German?--[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]])
:No, Jondel, I don't really do German (though I sometimes have to try to read it). I did take some lessons from a neighbour a few years ago: maybe I told you that?
:By the way, to be clear about it, &quot;Andronicus Comnenus&quot; is a name that I use when travelling -- because as &quot;Andrew Dalby&quot;, a bureaucrat on Vicipaedia, I have to do double authentication, and I haven't learned how to do it on my phone or tablet. I am addicted to Vicipaedia, so I have to log in somehow! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 08:28, 20 Iulii 2026 (UTC)</text>
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{{Scientia dubia}}
{{Pagina polienda|Vicipaedia Theodisca hic addita est fons. Sodes, dele [[Specialis:Diff/3771201/last|notiones nuper additas]].}}
[[Fasciculus:Kfz-Kennzeichen in Deutschland.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|[[Tabula geographica]] [[Germania]]e.]]
Hic index omnia '''[[nota autocineti|notacula]]''' continet quae hoc tempore in [[Germania]] in usu sunt. 

Primum litterae notaculi dicuntur. Deinde [[Circulus Germaniae|Circulus]] vel [[Circulus urbanus|municipium]] quae hoc notaculum habent. Si nomen differt a nomine capitis pagi, nomen capitis extra nominatur. In columna dextera explicatur a quo nomine litterae notaculi derivantur. 

Numerus litterarum, quae in notaculo sunt, [[numerus incolarum|numerum incolarum]] pagi sequitur. Maximae urbes unam litteram habent. [[Stuttgartum]] exempli gratia solum litteram S habet, quod maxima urbs est cuius nomen littera S incipit.  

Notacula quae et ad [[municipium (Germania)|municipium]] et ad pagum pertinent amplius explicantur. Numeri et litterae differunt prout ad municipium aut ad pagum pertinent. (X unam litteram indicat, XX duas etc., 9 unam numerum indicat, 99 duos etc. 

== Index notaculorum Germaniae ==

=== 0-9 ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
!width=&quot;9.1%&quot; bgcolor=#BBCCFF align=left| Nota
!width=&quot;90.9%&quot; bgcolor=#BBCCFF align=left| Institutio
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | '''0'''
| '''0-1''' [[autocinetum|autocineta]] [[Praesidens Foederalis Germaniae|Praesidentis Foederalis]]
|-
| '''0-2''' autocinetum [[cancellarius foederalis|cancellarii]]
|-
| '''0-3''' autocinetum [[Administer Foederalis Rerum Exterarum|administri rerum exterarum]]
|-
| '''0-4''' autocinetum [[secretarius rei publicae|secretarii rei publicae]] in [[officium rerum exterarum|officio rerum exterarum]]
|-
| '''0-xx-x(xx)''' vel '''0-xxx-x(xx)''' autocinetum membri [[Consilium Foederale Germaniae|Consilii Foederalis Germaniae]]
|-
| '''1'''
| '''1-1''' autocinetum [[Index Praesidum Consilii Foederalis Germaniae|Praesidentis consilii foederalis]]
|-
|}

=== A ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''A'''
| Urbs Augusta Vindelicorum (XX 100-999 et 5000-9999)
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Augusta Vindelicorum]]
|-
| [[Circulus Augustanus Vindelicorum]] 
|-
| '''AA'''
| [[Circulus Iurae Orientalis]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Iurae Orientalis&quot; -Theodisce ''Ostalbkreis'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum suffixum ''-kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo), Latinum toponymum &quot;[[Iura (mons)|Iura]] [[Suebia|Suevica]]&quot; Theodiscum ''(Schwäbische) Alb'' -hic lexemate -alb-, et denique Latinum adiectivum &quot;orientalis-e&quot; Theodiscum suffixum ''Ost-'' vertit. Quo de toponymo, vide [http://ephemeris.alcuinus.net/biographiae.php?id=358 ''Ephemeris''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Hanc tibiam praeterito autumno repertam in spelunca neolithica Hohle Fels (in Iura Suevica Germanorum) (...)&quot;. De Latinā huius circuli versione, confer aliarum linguarum versiones ''Distrito dos Alpes Orientais'' et Восточный Альб.&lt;/ref&gt;, Sedes magistratus in oppido [[Ala (Germania)|Ala]] est.
| [[Ala (Germania)|Ala]]
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''AB'''
| [[Circulus Aschaffenburgensis]] (XX 999)
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Aschaffenburgum]]
|-
| Oppidum [[Aschaffenburgum]] (Reliquae notae)
|-
| '''ABG'''
| [[Circulus terrae Altenburgensis]]
| [[Altenburgum]]
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''AC'''
| Urbs Aquisgranum
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Aquisgranum]]
|-
| [[Circulus Aquisgranensis]]: Sedes magistratus ''[[Aquisgranum|Aquisgrani]]'' est.
|-
| '''AIC'''
| ''[[Circulus Aechensis et Frewbergensis]]'', Sedes in oppido [[Aecha]]
| [[Aecha|Aecha - ''Aichach'']] &lt;ref name = Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| '''AK'''
| ''[[Circulus Altenkirchen]]''
| ''[[Altenkirchen]]''
|-
| '''AM'''
| ''Urbs [[Amberga]]''
| [[Amberga|Amberga - ''Amberg'']] &lt;ref name = Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''AN'''
| ''[[Circulus Onoldensis]]'' (AA-ZZ 100-999)
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Onoldum]] - ''Ansbach''
|-
| ''Urbs [[Onoldum]]'' &lt;ref name = Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt; (reliquae notae quae sunt: A-Z 1-999 et AA-ZZ 1-99)
|-
| '''ANA'''
| [[Circulus Annabergensis]]. Sedes magistratus est [[Annaberga-Buchholzia|Annabergae-Buchholziae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;&gt;Egli, J. J. (1893). ''Nomina Geographica: Sprach- und Sacherklärung von 42000 Geographischen Namen aller Erdräume''. [[Lipsia]]e: Friedrich Brandstetter.&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Annaberga|Annaberga -''Annaberg'']] &lt;ref name = Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| '''AÖ'''
| [[Circulus Oetingae Veteris]]
| [[Oetinga Vetus]] &lt;ref name = Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| '''AP'''
| [[Circulus Terra Vimariana]]. Sedes magistratus est [[Apoldia]]e
| [[Apolda|Apoldia - ''Apolda'']] &lt;ref name = Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| '''AS'''
| ''[[Circulus Ambergensis et Solisbacensis]]''. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Amberga]]
| Amberga et [[Solisbacum]]&lt;ref name = Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt; - ''Amberg-Sulzbach''
|-
| '''ASL'''
| ''[[Circulus Ascanensis et Stassfurtensis]]''. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Ascania]]
| [[Ascania]]
|-
| '''ASZ'''
| ''[[Circulus Owensis et Nigrensis Monensis]]''. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Owa]]
| Owa et [[Niger Mons in Fergunna]] - ''Aue-Schwarzenberg''
|-
| '''AUR'''
| [[Circulus terrae Auriacensis]]
| [[Auriacum|Auriacum - ''Aurich'']] &lt;ref name = Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| '''AW'''
| ''[[Circulus Aerwilrensis]]''. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Aerwilra]]''
| [[Aerwilra|Aerwilra - ''Ahrweiler'']] &lt;ref name = Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| '''AZ'''
| ''[[Circulus Alceiensis et Vormatiensis]]''. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Alceia]]
| [[Alceia]] &lt;ref name = Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt; et [[Vormatia]] - [[Alceia]] et [[Wormatia]]
|-
| '''AZE'''
| ''[[Circulus Servestinus Anhaltinus]]''. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Servesta Anhaltina|Servesta Anhaltina- ''Zerbst/Anhalt'']]
| [[Servesta Anhaltina|Servesta Anhaltina - ''Zerbst/Anhalt'']]
|-
|}

=== B ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''B'''
| Urbs [[Berolinum]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Berolinum
|-
| [[Legatorum Domus Berolini]] et [[Senatus Berolini]]
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''BA'''
| [[Circulus terrae Bambergensis]] (AA-ZZ 100-9999 / apud numeros infra 100 litterae B,G,F,I,O,Q in nota esse debent.)
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Bamberga|Bamberga - ''Bamberg'']] &lt;ref name = Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Urbs [[Bamberga]] (A-Z 1-9999, AA usque ad ZZ 1-99, sine litteris  B,G,F,I,O,Q (Circulus))
|-
| '''BAD'''
| Urbs [[Badena]]&lt;ref name = Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Baden-Baden
|-
| '''BAR'''
| [[Circulus terrae Barnimensis]].&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus terrae Barnimensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Barnim'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo), et de Latino gentilicio &quot;Barnimensis-e&quot; -quod ad toponymum &quot;Barnimia&quot; refertur-, vide [https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/item/XNMCGCCPE3Z4YSUNTOVAQCP3IS2HPNUW ''D. Joh. Dan. Gohlii, Medici Provincialis circuli Barnimensis superioris'' (...)], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) D. Joh. Dan. Gohlii, Medici Provincialis circuli Barnimensis superioris (...)&quot;. De toponymo &quot;Barnimia&quot;, vide: Bekmann, J. C. (1751). ''Historische Beschreibung der Chur und Mark Brandenburg''. Berolini: Vossische Buchhandlung.&lt;&lt;/ref&gt; Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Neustadium Eberswaldum]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.de/books?id=KRg_AAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA13&amp;lpg=PA13&amp;dq=b&amp;soernoaurce=bl&amp;ots=4brJFBorwj&amp;sig=XY6QC0w1kGJeOjrx3OFX9A3-Yks&amp;hl=de&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=op4iVdnuIIH2sgGc7YH4Dw&amp;sqi=2&amp;ved=0CCUQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&amp;q=Neustadium&amp;f=false google books: Scriptorum De Rebus Marchiae Brandenburgensis Maxime Celebrium Nicolai ...]&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Barnimia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bekmann 1751&quot;&gt;Bekmann, J. C. (1751). ''Historische Beschreibung der Chur und Mark Brandenburg''. Berolini: Vossische Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| '''BB'''
| [[Circulus terrae Biboniensis]]
| [[Bibonium]]&lt;ref name = Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt; - ''Böblingen''
|-
| '''BBG'''
| [[Circulus Ursopolensis]]
| * [[Arctopolis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[urbs]])&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bernburg'')&lt;/small&gt; - ''Bernburg''
|-
| '''BBL'''
| [[Senatus Terrae Brandenburgensis]] et regimine terrae
| [[Brandenburg]]ensis [[senatus terrae]]
|-
| '''BC'''
| [[Circulus Biberacensis]]
| [[Biberacum]]&lt;ref name = Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt; - ''Biberach''
|-
| '''BD'''
| Autocineta [[Organum Constitutionale|organorum constitutionalium]] ([[Senatus Foederalis Germaniae]], [[Consilium Foederale Germaniae|Consilium Foederale]],  [[Regimen Foederale (Germania)|Regimen Foederale]], [[Officium Praesidentis Foederalis]] et [[Iudices Constitutionales Foederales]])
| [[Germania|Res Publica Foederalis]]
|-
| '''BGL'''
| [[Circulus Terrae Berchtesgadenensis|Terra Berchtesgadenensis]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Terrae Berchtesgadenensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Berchtesgadener Land'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) et Latinum &quot;terra-ae&quot; Theodiscum ''Land'' vertit et Latinum gentilicum &quot;Berchtesgadenensis-e&quot; ad [[Berchtesgaden]] refertur.&lt;/ref&gt;. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Halla Bavarica]]&lt;ref name = Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Berchtesgaden]]er Land
|-
| '''BI'''
| [[Bilivelda]]
| Bilivelda - ''Bielefeld''
|-
| '''BIR'''
| [[Circulus Bircofeldensis]]
| [[Bircofelda]]&lt;ref name = Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt; - ''Birkenfeld''
|-
| '''BIT'''
| [[Circulus Eiflensis Bedensis et Prumiensis]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Bedense]]''&lt;ref name = Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Bedense et Pruma - ''Bitburg-Prüm''
|-
| '''BL'''
| [[Circulus Montium Zolnerensium]].&lt;ref&gt;''Alb'' sunt montes, ''(Hohen)zollern'' de Graesse Zolnerum appellatus.&lt;/ref&gt; Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Balinga]]
| Montes Zolnerenses
|-
| '''BLK'''
| [[Circulus Terrae Castellorum]].&lt;ref&gt;''Burg'' est castellum, ''Land'' est terra.&lt;/ref&gt; Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Naumburgum]]''&lt;ref name = Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''Burgenlandkreis''
|-
| '''BM'''
| [[Circulus Rhenanus et Arnefensis]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Tiberiacum]]''&lt;ref name = Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''Rhein-Erft-Kreis''
|-
| '''BN'''
| Urbs [[Bonna]]
| ''Bonn''
|-
| '''BO'''
| Urbs [[Baucum (Germania)|Baucum]]
| Baucum - ''Bochum''
|-
| '''BÖ'''
| [[Bördekreis]]. Sedes magistratus est [[Oscaria]]e
| [[Magdeburger Börde|Börde]]
|-
| '''BOR'''
| [[Circulus Burkenensis|Burkena]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Burkenensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Borken'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo), et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Burkena]]&quot; -ad quod gentilicium &quot;Burkenensis-e&quot; refertur-, vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=21&amp;cq=d&amp;lang=en ''bavarikon.de''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Burkena:''' Borken, Kr,. preuss. (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Burkena&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=21&amp;cq=d&amp;lang=en ''bavarikon.de''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Burkena:''' Borken, Kr,. preuss. (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Burkena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Burkena&quot;/&gt;
|-
| '''BOT'''
| Urbs [[Bottrop]]
| Bottrop
|-
| '''BP''' 
| [[Aediles Foederales (Germania)|Aediles Foederales]] – usque ab 30. Aprilis 2006 
| Aediles Foederales (olim: Cursus Publicus Germanus Foederalis)
|-
| '''BRA'''
| [[Circulus Alluvionis Visurgensis]].&lt;ref&gt;''Marsch'' est alluvio, vide etiam [[Visurgis]].&lt;/ref&gt; Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Brake]]''&lt;ref name = Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''Wesermarschkreis''
|-
| '''BRB'''
| Oppidum [[Brandenburgum (oppidum)]]
| ''Brandenburg''
|-
| '''BS'''
| [[Brunsvicum]]
| Brunsvicum - ''Braunschweig''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''BT'''
| [[Circulus terrae Baruthensis]] (AA-ZZ 100-9999, B,F,G etiam singulariter)
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Baruthum - ''Bayreuth''
|-
| Urbs [[Baruthum]] (A-Z 1-9999, AA-ZZ 1-99, sine litteris B,F,G (Circulus))
|-
| '''BTF'''
| [[Circulus Agri Amarensis]]
| [[Ager Amarensis]]&lt;ref&gt;''bitter'' amarus est, ''Feld'' est ager.&lt;/ref&gt; - ''Bitterfeld''
|-
| '''BÜS'''
| [[Commune]] [[Büsingen am Hochrhein]] (Commune in circulo [[Constantia (Germania)| terrae Constantiensis]])
| ''Büsingen''
|-
| '''BW'''
| [[Magistratus Aquarum et Navium Foederalis]]
| Magistratus Aquarum et Navium Foederalis
|-
| '''BWL'''
| [[Senatus Badeniae-Virtembergiae|Senatus Terrae Foederalis]] et [[Regimen Badeniae-Virtembergiae]]
| [[Badenia-Virtembergia|Badeniae-Virtembergiae]] [[Senatus Terrae Foederalis]]
|-
| '''BYL'''
| [[Senatus Bavariae]] et [[Rerum Politicarum Curatores Rei Publicae Bavariae]]
| [[Bavaria]]e [[Senatus Terrae Foederalis]]
|-
| '''BZ'''
| [[Circulus terrae Budissensis]]
| [[Budissa]]
|-
|}

=== C ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| '''C'''
| Urbs [[Chemnicium]]
| [[Chemnicium]]
|-
| '''CB'''
| [[Urbs]] [[Cotbusium]]
| [[Cotbusium]]
|-
| '''CE'''
| [[Circulus Cellensis]]
| [[Cella (Germania)|Cella]]&lt;ref name = Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| '''CHA'''
| [[Circulus terrae Camblensis]]
| [[Cambla]]&lt;ref name = Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| '''CLP'''
| [[Circulus Cloppenburgensis]]
| [[Cloppenburgum]]
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''CO'''
| [[Circulus terrae Coburgenis|Circulus Coburgensis]] (AA-ZZ 100-999)
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Coburgus]]
|-
| Urbs [[Coburgus]] (alia)
|-
| '''COC'''
| [[Circulus terrae Cochemiensis et Cellensis]].&lt;ref name = Graesse/&gt; Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Cochemium]]&lt;ref name = Graesse/&gt;
| [[Cochemium]]-[[Cella (Germania)|Cella]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;
|-
| '''COE'''
| [[Circulus Cosfeldiensis]]
| [[Cosfeldia]]
|-
| '''CUX'''
| [[Circulus Cuxhavensis]]
| [[Cuxhavia]]&lt;ref name = Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| '''CW'''
| [[Circulus terrae Calewensis]]
| [[Calewa]]
|-
|}

=== D ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| '''D'''
| Urbs [[Dusseldorpium]]
| [[Dusseldorpium]]
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''DA'''
| [[Darmstadium]] (AA-ZZ 100-999)
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Darmstadium
|-
| [[Circulus terrae Darmstadiensis et Dieburgensis]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido Darmstadio (cetera)
|-
| '''DAH'''
| [[Circulus Tachoviensis]]
| [[Tachovia (Bavaria)]]&lt;ref name = Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| '''DAN'''
| [[Circulus terrae Luchoviensis et Danebergensis]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Luchovia]]''
| [[Daneberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmannus&quot;&gt;{{Hofmannus}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| '''DAU'''
| [[Circulus Dumno]]
| [[Dumno]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;
|-
| '''DBR'''
| [[Circulus Doberanum|Circulus Aquarum Doberanarum]]
| [[Doberanum|Aquae Doberanae]]
|-
| '''DD'''
| Urbs [[Dresda]]
| Dresda
|-
| '''DE'''
| Urbs [[Dessavia]]
| Dessau
|-
| '''DEG'''
| [[Circulus terrae Deggendorfensis|Circulus Deggendorfensis]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus terrae Deggendorfensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Deggendorf'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Deggendorfium]]&quot; -ad quod Latinum gentilicium &quot;Deggendorfensis-e&quot; refertur-, vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB10372085?p=485&amp;cq=Candidus,%20Pantaleon&amp;lang=de ''Chronica Bavaricae Capucinorum Provinciae : in brevem summam collecta a religionis institutione usque ad eius resuscitationem''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) P. Ludovicus Sedlmair Deggendorfensis confessarius semper ei propre esse debuit (...) Testes erant Monachium, Straubinga, Deggendorfium, Bulsanum (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Deggendorfium&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB10372085?p=485&amp;cq=Candidus,%20Pantaleon&amp;lang=de ''Chronica Bavaricae Capucinorum Provinciae : in brevem summam collecta a religionis institutione usque ad eius resuscitationem''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) P. Ludovicus Sedlmair Deggendorfensis confessarius semper ei propre esse debuit (...) Testes erant Monachium, Straubinga, Deggendorfium, Bulsanum (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;

|-
| '''DEL'''
| Oppidum [[Delmenhorstium]]&lt;ref name = Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Delmenhorstium
|-
| '''DGF'''
| [[Circulus Dingolfingensis et Landaviensis]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Dingolfinga]]&lt;ref name = Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Dingolfinga et Landavia
|-
| '''DH'''
| [[Circulus terrae Diepholtia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmannus&quot;/&gt;
| [[Diepholtia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmannus&quot;/&gt;
|-
| '''DL'''
| [[Circulus Debelensis]]
| [[Debelum]]&lt;ref name = Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt; - ''Debeln''
|-
| '''DLG'''
| [[Circulus terrae Dilingensis]]
| [[Dilinga]]
|-
| '''DM'''
| [[Circulus Demmiensis]]
| [[Demmium]]&lt;ref name = Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt; - ''Demmin''
|-
| '''DN'''
| | [[Circulus Marcodurensis]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Marcodurensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Kreis Düren'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) et et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Marcodurensis-e&quot; ad [[Marcodurum]] refertur.&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Marcodurum]]&lt;ref name = Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt; - ''Düren''
|-
| '''DO'''
| Urbs [[Tremonia]]
| [[Tremonia]]
|-
| '''DON'''
| [[Retiensis pagus]].&lt;ref name = Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Donaverda]]&lt;ref name = Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''Donau-Ries''
|-
| '''DU'''
| Urbs [[Thuiscoburgum]]
| [[Thuiscoburgum]]
|-
| '''DÜW'''
| [[Circulus terrae Turingensis]]
| [[Turingum]]&lt;ref name = Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt; ad vini viam Germanam - ''Bad Dürkheim''
|-
| '''DW'''
| [[Circulus Albulensis]].&lt;ref name = Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Dippoldiswalde]]''
| ''Weißeritzkreis''
|-
| '''DZ'''
| [[Circulus Delitiensis]]
| [[Delitium]]
|-
|}

=== E ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| '''E'''
| [[Urbs]] [[Assindia]]
| Assindia
|-
| '''EA'''
| Urbs [[Ysenacum]]
| Ysenacum
|-
| '''EBE'''
| [[Circulus terrae Ebersbergensis]]
| [[Ebersberga]]&lt;ref name = Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| '''ED'''
| [[Circulus terrae Ariodunensis]]
| [[Ariodunum]]&lt;ref name = Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
|-
| '''EE'''
| [[Circulus terrae Albis et Elstrae]].&lt;ref name = Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Hertzberga]]''&lt;ref name = Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[Albis]]-[[Elstra]]''
|-
| '''EF'''
| Urbs [[Erfordia]]
| Erfordia
|-
| '''EI'''
| [[Circulus terrae Astanienis]]
| [[Astania]]&lt;ref name = Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
|-
| '''EIC'''
| [[Circulus terrae Eichsfeldiensis]]. Sedes magistratus est in ''[[Sanctorum Urbs]]''&lt;ref name = Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Eichsfeldia]]&lt;ref name = Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| '''EL'''
| [[Circulus Terrae Emesensis]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Meppea]]''&lt;ref name = Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''Emsland''
|-
| '''EM'''
| [[Circulus terrae Emmendingensis]]
| [[Emmendinga]]&lt;ref name=de.wiki&gt;De Germanica Vicipaedia&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| '''EMD'''
| Urbs [[Emda]]&lt;ref name = Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''Emden''
|-
| '''EMS'''
| [[Circulus Rhenanus et Lauganensis]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Embasis]]''&lt;ref name = Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Urbs [[Lahnstein]] (&quot;VA 1 - ZZ 999&quot;) 
* Reliqua pagi (&quot;A 1 - Z 999&quot; et &quot;AA 1 - UZ 999&quot;)
| Bad Ems 
|-
| '''EN'''
| [[Empere-Rura-Pagus-Terrestris]]. Sedes magistratus est [[Schwelma]]e&lt;ref&gt;Wernherus Teschenmacher, ''Annales Cliviae, Iuliae, Montiae, Marchiae, Ravensburgiae Antiquae et Modernae'' {{Google Books|OQxlAAAAcAAJ|pag. 301}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Schwelm'')
| [[Empere]]
|-
| '''ER'''
| Urbs [[Erlanga]]&lt;ref name = Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''Erlangen''
|-
| '''ERB'''
| [[Circulus Ottenicus]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Ottenicus&quot; -Theodisce ''Odenwaldkreis'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum suffixum ''-kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et  de Latino toponymo &quot;Ottenica silva&quot; -ad quod adiectivum &quot;Ottenicus-a-um'' refertur-, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;.&lt;ref name = Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Erpachium]]
| ''Odenwaldkreis''
|-
| '''ERH'''
| [[Circulus terrae Erlangensis et Hoechstensis]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Erlanga]]''
| ''Erlangen-Höchstadt''
|-
| '''ES'''
| [[Circulus terrae Eslingensis]]
| [[Eslinga]]
|-
| '''ESW'''
| [[Pagus Verrae Visnerique]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Scuvegia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmannus&quot;/&gt;
| ''Werra-Meißner-Kreis''
|-
| '''EU'''
| [[Circulus Euskirchensis]]
| [[Euskircha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Euskircha&quot;&gt;Vide [https://archive.org/stream/archivdergesell00dngoog/archivdergesell00dngoog_djvu.txt ''Archiv der Gesellschaft für Ältere Deutsche Geschichtskunde zur Beförderung einer Gesammtausgabe der Quellenschriften Deutscher Geschichten der Mittelalters''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Chronica  Tilmanni  (Tilmans  rocati  de  Euskircha  canonici ecclesie  S.  Crisanti  et  Mariae  monasterii  Eyffliae) (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|}

=== F ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| '''F'''
| Urbs [[Francofurtum ad Moenum]]
| Francofurtum
|-
| '''FB'''
| [[Circulus Wetterauensis]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Wetterauensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Wetteraukreis'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum suffixum ''-kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Wetterauensis-e&quot; ad [[Weteraiba]]m refertur. Quo de toponymo, vide {{Graesse}}; et quo de gentilicio, hoc derivatur ex epitheto [[binomen|binominali]] &quot;wetterauensis&quot;. De hoc epitheto, confer, v.gr. &quot;Melanochelys mossoczyi wetterauensis&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Friedberga]]''
| [[Weteraiba]]&lt;ref name = Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| '''FD'''
| [[Circulus terrae Fuldensis]]
| [[Fulda]]
|-
| '''FDS'''
| [[Circulus terrae Freudenstadiensis]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus terrae Freudenstadiensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Freudenstadt'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Freudenstadiensis-e&quot; ad [[Freudenstadium]] refertur. Quod de toponymo, vide [https://archive.org/stream/p3nuovodizionari02vene/p3nuovodizionari02vene_djvu.txt ''Nuovo dizionario geografico universale, statistico, storico, commerciale. Compilato sulle grandi opere di Arrowsmith et al.''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) FREUDENSTADT  o  FREDESTADT Fridericistadium  o  Freudenstadium (...)&quot;. De gentilicio &quot;Freudenstadiensis-e&quot;, vide [https://wellcomecollection.org/works/rdsczp6s ''wellcomecollection.org''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Disputatio medica inauguralis, sistens aegrum dysentericum ... / praeside D. Rudolpho Jacobo Camerario, ... pro licentia ... publico eruditorum examini submittit Johannes Andreas Planer, Freudenstadiensis (...)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Freudenstadium&quot;&gt;Vide [https://archive.org/stream/p3nuovodizionari02vene/p3nuovodizionari02vene_djvu.txt ''Nuovo dizionario geografico universale, statistico, storico, commerciale. Compilato sulle grandi opere di Arrowsmith et al.''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) FREUDENSTADT  o  FREDESTADT Fridericistadium  o  Freudenstadium (...)&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Freudenstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Freudenstadium&quot;/&gt;
|-
| '''FF'''
| Urbs [[Francofortum ad Oderam]]
| Francofortum ad Oderam
|-
| '''FFB'''
| [[Circulus terrae Pontis Campi Principis|Pons Campi Principi]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus terrae Onoldum&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Fürstenfeldbruck'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) Latinum substantivum &quot;pons pontis&quot; Theodiscum lexema ''-bruck'' vertit et de Latino toponymo casū genetivo &quot;Campi Principis&quot; ad monasterium Campum Principis refertur. Quo de monasterio, vide [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kloster_F%C3%BCrstenfeld articulum eius apud Vicipaediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur &quot;Das '''Kloster Fürstenfeld''' (lateinisch ''Monasterium Campus-Principis'') (...).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Pons Campi Principis&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Pons Campi Principis&quot; -Theodisce ''Fürstenfeldbruck'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;pons pontis&quot; Theodiscum lexema ''-bruck'' vertit et de Latino toponymo casū genetivo &quot;Campi Principis&quot; ad monasterium Campum Principis refertur. Quo de monasterio, vide [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kloster_F%C3%BCrstenfeld articulum eius apud Vicipaediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur &quot;Das '''Kloster Fürstenfeld''' (lateinisch ''Monasterium Campus-Principis'') (...).&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Pons Campi Principis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pons Campi Principis&quot;/&gt; - ''Fürstenfeldbruck''
|-
| '''FG'''
| [[Circulus Fribergensis]]
| [[Friberga]]
|-
| '''FL'''
| Urbs [[Flensburgum]]
| Flensburg
|-
| '''FN'''
| [[Circulus Lacus Bodamici]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Friderici Portus]]
| ''Bodenseekreis''
|-
| '''FO'''
| [[Circulus terrae Forchemiensis]]
| [[Forchemium]]&lt;ref name = Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''FR'''
| Urbs [[Friburgum Brisgoviae]] (XX 999)
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Friburgum Brisgoviae|Friburgum]]
|-
| [[Circulus Brisgoviensis et Hercynienis]].&lt;ref&gt;cf. [[Nigra Silva]]&lt;/ref&gt; Sedes magistratus est in oppido Friburgum Brisgoviae
|-
| '''FRG'''
| [[Circulus Freyung-Grafenau]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Freyung]]''
| Freyung
|-
| '''FRI'''
| [[Circulus Frisicus]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Geverae]]''&lt;ref name=de.wiki&gt;De Germanica Vicipaedia&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''Friesland''
|-
| '''FS'''
| [[Circulus terrae Frisingensis]]
| [[Frisinga]]
|-
| '''FT'''
| Urbs [[Francodalia]]&lt;ref name = Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''Frankenthal''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''FÜ'''
| Urbs [[Furtha]]&lt;ref name = Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt; (XX 999)
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Furtha - ''Fürth''
|-
| [[Circulus terrae Furthensis]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Zirndorf]]'' (reliqua)
|-
|}

=== G ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| '''G'''
| Urbs [[Gerapolis]]
| [[Gerapolis]]
|-
| '''GAP'''
| [[Circulus terrae Germagensis et Parthanensis]]
| [[Germagae et Parthanum]] - ''Garmisch-Partenkirchen''
|-
| '''GC'''
| [[Circulus Terrae Chemniciensis]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Glaucha]]''&lt;ref name=Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''Chemnitzer Land''
|-
| '''GE'''
| Urbs [[Gelsenkircha]]&lt;!--nomen latinum: https://www.uni-due.de/collcart/matrikel/1730-39/080-1734/1734.htm et https://books.google.be/books?id=WtJKAAAAcAAJ&amp;lpg=RA1-PT1&amp;ots=ysdf7qp3yh&amp;dq=Gelſenkircha&amp;hl=de&amp;pg=RA1-PT1#v=onepage&amp;q=Gelſenkircha&amp;f=false --&gt;
| [[Gelsenkircha]] - ''Gelsenkirchen''
|-
| '''GER'''
| [[Circulus terrae Iulius Vicus]]
| [[Iulius Vicus]]&lt;ref name=Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt; - ''Germersheim''
|-
| '''GF'''
| [[Circulus Gifhorn]]
| [[Gifhorn]]
|-
| '''GG'''
| [[Circulus terrae Gerahensis]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus terrae Gerahensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Groß-Gerau'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Gerahensis-e&quot; ad [[Geraha]]m refertur. Quod de toponymo, vide [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gro%C3%9F-Gerau#Geschichte articulum huius toponymi apud Vicipaediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Geraha (1002/09/13) (...).&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Geraha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Geraha&quot;&gt;Vide [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gro%C3%9F-Gerau#Geschichte articulum huius toponymi apud Vicipaediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Geraha (1002/09/13) (...).&lt;/ref&gt; - ''Groß-Gerau''
|-
| '''GI'''
| [[Circulus terrae Gissensis]]
| [[Gissa Hassorum]]&lt;ref name=Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt; - ''Gießen''
|-
| '''GL'''
| [[Circulus Rhenanus et Bergensis]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Rhenanus et Bergensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Rheinisch-Bergischer Kreis'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum ''Kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latina gentilicia &quot;Rhenanus-a-um&quot; et &quot;Bergensis-e&quot; ad flumen [[Rhenus|Rhenum]] et ad locum Bergam referuntur. Quibus de toponymis, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Ducatus Montensis|Gladbacum Montensis]]''&lt;ref&gt;[http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/BEC_BER/BERG_Ducatus_Montensis_.html Ducatus Montensis]&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''Rheinisch-Bergischer Kreis''
|-
| '''GM'''
| [[Circulus Terrae Montensis Superioris]]&lt;ref name=&quot;CTMS&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen huius [[Circulus terrae|circuli]], qui Theodisce ''Oberbergischer Kreis'' nuncupatur, ex Latino adiectivo &quot;superior-ius&quot; -Theodiscum praefixum ''Ober-'' vertens- et toponymico syntagmate genetivo &quot;Terrae Montensis&quot;. Hoc de syntagmate, vide [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergisches_Land#Historisch-geographisch articulum apud Vicipaediam Theodiscam de Terrā Montensi], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Der adjektivische lateinische Begriff ''terre Montensis'', also ''des Bergischen Landes'' wird erstmals in einer Schuldverschreibungsurkunde der bergischen Grafen vom 6. September 1363 schriftlich festgehalten, wobei aber schon in früheren Urkunden ''terra de Monte'' oder ''Land von Berg'' erscheinen (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Gumeresbraht]]''&lt;ref name=de.wiki&gt;De Germanica Vicipaedia&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''Oberbergischer Kreis''
|-
| '''GÖ'''
| [[Circulus Gottingae]]
* Circulus alius (XX 999)
* [[Gottinga]] (alia)
| Gottinga 
|-&lt;ref&gt;nota&lt;/ref&gt;
| '''GP'''
| [[Circulus terrae Goppingensis]]
| [[Goppinga]]&lt;ref name=Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt; - ''Göppingen''
|-
| '''GR'''
| Urbs [[Gorlicium Germaniae|Gorlicium]]
| Gorlicium 
|-
| '''GRZ'''
| [[Circulus Gradecensis]]
| [[Gradec]]&lt;ref name=de.wiki&gt;De Germanica Vicipaedia&lt;/ref&gt; - ''Greiz''
|-
| '''GS'''
| [[Circulus Goslariensis]]
| [[Goslaria]]
|-
| '''GT'''
| [[Circulus Guterslohensis]]
| [[Gutersloha]]
|-
| '''GTH'''
| [[Circulus Gotensis]]
| [[Gota]]&lt;ref name=Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| '''GÜ'''
| [[Circulus Gustroviensis]]
| [[Gustrovium]]&lt;ref name=Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| '''GZ'''
| [[Circulus Guntiensis]]
| [[Guntia]]
|-
|}

=== H ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| '''H'''
| [[Regio Hannoverae]]
* [[Hannovera]] (XX 999, B,F,G,I,O et Q 999 vel -X 99)
* Alia regio (alia)
| Hannovera
|-
| '''HA'''
| Urbs [[Hagenium]]
| Hagenium 
|-
| '''HAL'''
| Urbs [[Halla Saxonum]]
| Halla Saxonum
|-
| '''HAM'''
| Urbs [[Hammona]]
| Hammona
|-
| '''HAS'''
| [[Circulus terrae Hassorum montium]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Hasfurtum]]''&lt;ref&gt;Vide [https://www.e-rara.ch ''Lexicum geographicum''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Hasfurtum'',. Hasfurt , ''ad Moenum fluvium'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''Haßberge''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | '''HB'''
| Urbs [[Bremae Portus]] (A-Z 1000-9999)
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Hansa|Hanseatica]] Civitas Brema
|-
| Urbs [[Brema]]
* Brema borealis (AA-ZZ 1-99 et A-Z 1-999)
* Civitas reliqua (AA-ZZ 100-999)
|-
| [[Civitas Bremensis]] et senatus Bremensis
|-
| '''HBN'''
| [[Circulus Hilperusiensis]]
| [[Hilperusia]]&lt;ref name=Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| '''HBS'''
| [[Circulus Halberstadensis]]
| [[Halberstadium]]&lt;ref name=Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt; - ''Halberstadt''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''HD'''
| [[Circulus Rhenanus ac Nicerinus]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Heidelberga]] (''AA-ZZ 100-9999'')
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Heidelberga
|-
| Urbs Heidelberga (alio)
|-
| '''HDH'''
| [[Circulus terrae Heidenheimensis|Heidenheimium]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus terrae Heidenheimensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Heidenheim'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Heidenheimensis-e&quot; ad [[Heidenheimium]] refertur. Et quo de gentilicio et quo de toponymo, vide [https://www.heiligenlexikon.de/ActaSanctorum/25.Februar.html ''Acta Sanctorum''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Walburgis Virgo, Abbatissa Heidenheimensis in Germania (...) Eystadio, qua versus Mœnum &amp; Franconiam itur, est Heidenheimium (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Aquileia Sueviae]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20080626045931/http://www.abklex.de/ursel/rom.php Index nominum Latinorum loci (Theodisce)]&lt;/ref&gt; - 
|-
| '''HE'''
| [[Circulus Helmstadiensis]]
| [[Helmstadium]]
|-
| '''HEF'''
| [[Circulus Herocampiensis et Rotenburgensis]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Herocampia]]&lt;ref name=Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''Hersfeld-Rotenburg''
|-
| '''HEI'''
| [[Dithmarsia|Circulus Dithmarsiensis]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Heida]]
| ''
|-
| '''HEL'''
| [[Senatus Hassiae]] et [[Hassiae regimen]]
| [[Hassia]]e [[Senatus]]
|-
| '''HER'''
| Urbs [[Haranni Villa]]
| Herne 
|-
| '''HF'''
| [[Circulus Herfordiensis]]
| [[Herfordia Vestfaliae]]
|-
| '''HG'''
| [[Circulus Tauni Superioris]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Homburgum ad clivum]]&lt;ref name=Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''Hochtaunuskreis''
|-
| '''HGW'''
| Urbs [[Gryphiswalda]]
| [[Hansa|Hanseatica]] Civitas Gryphiswalda
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''HH'''
| Urbs [[Hamburgum]]
* [[Hamburgum-Medium]] (AA-ZZ 100-9999)
* Hamburgum-Meridionale/[[Hamburg-Harburg|Harburg]] (AA-ZZ 1-99, A-S 1000-9999)
* [[Bille]]/[[Hamburg-Bergedorf|Bergedorf]] (A-Z 1-999, U-Z 1000-9999)
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Hansa|Hanseatica]] Civitas Hamburgum
|-
| [[Civitas Hamburgensis]] et Senatus Hamburgensis
|-
| '''HI'''
| [[Circulus Hildesiensis]]
| [[Hildesia]]
|-
| '''HL'''
| Urbs [[Lubeca]]
| [[Hansa|Hanseatica]] Civitas Lubeca
|-
| '''HM'''
| [[Circulus Hamelensis et Petrimontensis]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Hamala]]&lt;ref name=Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''Hameln-Pyrmont''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''HN'''
| [[Circulus terrae Hailprunna (Badenia et Virtembergia)|Circulus terrae Hailprunna]] (XX 999)
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Hailprunna]]
|-
| Urbs [[Hailprunna]]&lt;ref name=Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt; (alio)
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''HO'''
| Urbs [[Hofium Variscorum]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Hofium Variscorum
|-
| [[Circulus terrae Curiae Variscorum]]
|-
| '''HOL'''
| [[Circulus Holtisminnensis]]
| [[Holtisminni]]&lt;ref name=Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt; - ''Holzminden''
|-
| '''HOM'''
| [[Circulus Saravi et Palatinatus|Saravus et Palatinatus]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Saravi et Palatinatūs&quot; -Theodisce ''Saarpfalz-Kreis' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum suffixum ''-Kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit; de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Palatinatus]]&quot;, Theodiscum lexema ''-pfalz'' vertente, et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Saravus]]&quot;, vide {{Graesse}}. De Latinā huius circuli versione, confer aliarum linguarum versiones ''Distrito de Sarre-Palatinado'' et ''Arrondissement de Sarre-Palatinat'' et ''Sarre-Palatinado'' et ''Zemský okres Sárská Falc''.&lt;/ref&gt;. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Homburgum ad Saravum]] (sine [[Oppido St. Ingbert]])
| ''Saarpfalzkreis''
|-
| '''HP'''
| [[Circulus terrae Viae Montanae]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus terrae Viae Montanae&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Bergstraße'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) et Latinum &quot;viae-ae&quot; Theodiscum lexema ''-straße'' et Latinum adiectivum &quot;montanus-a-um&quot; Theodiscum lexema ''Berg-'' vertit.&lt;/ref&gt;. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Heppenheim]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Heppenheim&quot;&gt;Vide [file:///C:/Users/34622/Downloads/Amico%20lectori%20salutem!.pdf ''Amico lectori salutem!''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) facta donatio Ecclesiae parochialis in ''Heppenheim'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''Bergstraße''
|-
| '''HR'''
| [[Circulus Sualmanahensis et Adranensis]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Sualmanahensis et Adranensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Schwalm-Eder-Kreis'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latina gentilicia &quot;Sualmanahensis-e&quot; et &quot;Adranensis-e&quot; ad flumina [[Sualmanaha]]m et [[Adrana]]m respective referuntur. Primo de hydronymo, vide [https://www.hna.de/lokales/schwalmstadt/schwalmstadt-ort68394/der-nebelfluss-und-seine-geschichte-90881979.html hna.de], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) In der älteren Wissenschaft wird behauptet, im 8. und 9. Jahrhundert habe der Fluss „Sualmanaha“, „Suualmanaha“ und „Swalmanaha“ gelautet, was Dampfwasser oder Nebelfluss oder Nebelgewässer bedeutete (...)&quot;; de secundo, vide [https://la.wikisource.org/wiki/Ab_excessu_divi_Augusti_(Annales)/Liber_I#LVI Taciti ''Ab excessū dovo Augusti/Liber I, caput LVI] ubi dicitur &quot;(...) iuventus flumen Adranam nando tramiserat (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Homberga (Effese)|Homberga]]''
| ''Schwalm-Eder-Kreis''
|-
| '''HRO'''
| Urbs [[Rostochium]]
| [[Hansa|Hanseatica]] Civitas Rostochium
|-
| '''HS'''
| [[Circulus Heinsbergensis]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Heinsbergensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Kreis Heinsberg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Heinsberga]]&quot; -ad quod gentilicium &quot;Heinsbergensis-e&quot; refertur-, vide [https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/krit002anna02_01/krit002anna02_01_0062.php ''Annales Gangeltenses''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) et Heinsbergenses nostrosque dominos ex bonis authoribus investigatum imus (...) Heinsberga vel quod Henrici mons sit vel ab equo et aggesto nomen habet (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Heinsberga&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/krit002anna02_01/krit002anna02_01_0062.php ''Annales Gangeltenses''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) et Heinsbergenses nostrosque dominos ex bonis authoribus investigatum imus (...) Heinsberga vel quod Henrici mons sit vel ab equo et aggesto nomen habet (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''Heinsberga''&lt;ref name=&quot;Heinsberga&quot;/&gt;
|-
| '''HSK'''
| |[[Circulus terrae Sauerlandiae Superioris]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hochsauerlandkreis&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen huius circuli, Theodisce ''Hochsauerlandkreis'' nucupati, sic: substantivum Latinum &quot;circulus-i&quot; Theodiscum suffixum ''-kreis'', toponymum Latinum &quot;[[Sauerlandia]]&quot; Theodiscum lexema ''-sauerland-'' et Latinum adiectivum &quot;superior-ius&quot; Theodiscum praefixum ''Hoch-'' vertit. De hoc toponymo, vide [[Ioannes Tomka Szászky]], Introductio in orbis hodierni geographiam, Posonii, anno 1748 {{Google Books|L3ZYAAAAcAAJ|pag. 329}}; Godofredus Hoberg, De flexione, Bonnae, anno 1885 {{Google Books|Jl4pAAAAYAAJ|pag. 31}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Medocabus]]''&lt;ref name=Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[Hochsauerland]]kreis''
|-
| '''HST'''
| Urbs [[Stralsunda]]
| [[Hansa|Hanseatica]] Civitas Stralsunda
|-
| '''HU'''
| Urbs [[Hanovia]]&lt;ref name=Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt; (Urbs state separate in [[Circulus Moenensis et Kincichensis|Circulo Moenensi et Kincichensi]])&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Moenensis et Kincichensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Main-Kinzig-Kreis'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum suffixum ''-Kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latina gentilicia &quot;Moenensis-e&quot; et &quot;Kincichensis-e&quot; ad flumina [[Moenus|Moenum]] et [[Kincicha]]m respective referuntur. Quibus de hydronymis, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''Main-Kinzig-Kreis''
|-
| '''HVL'''
| [[Circulus Terrae Habalae]].&lt;ref&gt;[[Habala]]&lt;/ref&gt; Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Ratenovia]]
| ''Havelland''
|-
| '''HWI'''
| Urbs [[Vismaria]]&lt;ref name=Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Hansa|Hanseatica]] Civitas Vismaria
|-
| '''HX'''
| [[Circulus Hoxariensis]]
| Hoxaria&lt;ref name=Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt; - ''Höxter''
|-
| '''HY'''
| Urbs [[Hoyerswerda]]
| Hoyerswerda
|-
|}

=== I ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| '''IGB'''
| Urbs [[St. Ingbert]] in [[Circulus Saravipalatinensis|Circulo Saravipalatinensi]]
| St. Ingbert
|-
| '''IK'''
| [[Circulus Ilmenensis]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Arnstadium]]''
| ''Ilm-Kreis''
|-
| '''IN'''
| Urbs [[Ingolstadium]]&lt;ref name=Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Ingolstadium]]
|-
| '''IZ'''
| [[Circulus Steinburgensis]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Steinburgensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Kreis Steinburg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Steinburgum]]&quot; -ad quod gentilicium &quot;Steinburgensis-e&quot; refertur-, vide [https://pau.krakow.pl/Elementa/tomy/Elementa_XX_1969.pdf ''Elementa ad fontium editiones XX''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Steinburgum (Stenburgum) (...)&quot;. Denique, de gentilicio, invenitur passim apud [https://www.google.com/search?q=%22Steinburgensis%22&amp;client=firefox-b-d&amp;sca_esv=b5d146501cb8d5e6&amp;ei=E0tkaOrKDPXU7M8PhP72gA8&amp;ved=0ahUKEwiqoLfUxZyOAxV1KvsDHQS_HfAQ4dUDCA8&amp;uact=5&amp;oq=%22Steinburgensis%22&amp;gs_lp=Egxnd3Mtd2l6LXNlcnAiECJTdGVpbmJ1cmdlbnNpcyIyBRAAGO8FMgUQABjvBTIFEAAY7wUyBRAAGO8FMgUQABjvBUjBiQFQgwdYkRxwAngAkAEAmAGaAaABgQSqAQMwLjS4AQPIAQD4AQGYAgagAuQEwgILEAAYgAQYsAMYogTCAggQABiwAxjvBZgDAIgGAZAGBZIHAzIuNKAHvQqyBwMwLjS4B8kEwgcHMi0yLjMuMcgHUw&amp;sclient=gws-wiz-serp Gugulam].&lt;/ref&gt;. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Itzehoa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Itzehoa&quot;&gt;Vide [mg.sub.uni-hamburg.de/kitodo/PPN656894008/PDF/00000097.pdf ''Der Lamberischen Geschichte von Hamburg''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) totaque Stormariae ditio cum Itzehoa et Osterhauia (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;
| Circulus Steinburgensis
|-
|}

=== J ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| '''J'''
| Urbs [[Iena]]
| [[Jena]]
|-
| '''JL'''
| | [[Circulus Ierichoviensis]]&lt;ref&gt;Vide [https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN791499162 ''Dissertationem De Aeris In Praxi Medica Usu''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Doctor, Medicus Elect. Brandenb. Circuli Jerichoviensis. (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Burgum Saxoniae]]''&lt;ref name=Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Burgum Saxoniae]]''&lt;ref name=Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| | [[Circulus Ierichoviensis]]&lt;ref&gt;Vide [https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN791499162 ''Dissertationem De Aeris In Praxi Medica Usu''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Doctor, Medicus Elect. Brandenb. Circuli Jerichoviensis. (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Burgum Saxoniae]]''&lt;ref name=Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|}

=== K ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| '''K'''
| Urbs [[Colonia Agrippina]]
| [[colonia Agrippina|Colonia]]
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''KA'''
| Urbs [[Carolsruha]] (''XX 999'')
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Carolsruha]]
|-
| [[Circulus terrae Carolsruhensis]] (aliter)
|-
| '''KB'''
| [[Circulus terrae Waldeccensis et Francoburgensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;CWEF&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen huius circuli, Theodisce ''Landkreis Waldeck-Frankenberg'' nucupati, sic: &quot;Waldeccensis&quot; est gentilicium quod ad oppidum [[Waldeccum]] refertur (de hoc oppido, vide {{Lexicon Universale}}); et &quot;Francoburgensis&quot; est gentilicium quod ad oppidum [[Francoburgum]] refertur (de hoc oppido, vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20241109062021/https://www.argosybooks.com/advSearchResults.php?authorField=Georg+BRAUN&amp;action=search Argosy Book Store], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Francenbergum, vel ut alij Francoburgum Hassiae (...)&quot;). Denique, Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit.&lt;/ref&gt;. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Corbachium]]&lt;ref name=Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Corbachium
|-
| '''KC'''
| [[Circulus terrae Cranensis]]
| [[Crana]]&lt;ref name=Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt; - ''Kronach''
|-
| '''KE'''
| Urbs [[Cambodunum]]
|[[Cambodunum]]
|-
| '''KEH'''
| [[Circulus terrae Kelhemiensis]]
| [[Kelhemium]]
|-
| '''KF'''
| Urbs [[Kaufbeura]]&lt;ref name=Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Kaufbeura]] - ''Kaufbeuren''
|-
| '''KG'''
| [[Circulus terrae Cussingensis]]
| [[Cussingum]]&lt;ref name=Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt; - ''Bad Kissingen''
|-
| '''KH'''
| [[Circulus Cruciniacensis]]
* Urbs [[Cruciniacum]] (''X 9999'')
* alio (''XX 999'')
| [[Cruciniacum]]
|-
| '''KI'''
| Urbs [[Kielia]]
| Kielia
|-
| '''KIB'''
| [[Circulus Montis Iovis|Mons Iovis]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Montis Iovis&quot; -Theodisce ''Donnersbergkreis'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum lexema ''-kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino toponymo &quot;Mons Iovis&quot;, vide [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donnersberg articulum de monte eponymo apud Vicipaediam Anglicam], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) he name Donnersberg is thought to refer to Donar, the Germanic god of thunder, a theory supported by the fact that the Romans dubbed the Donnersberg ''Mons Jovis'' after their god of thunder, Jupiter (...)&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Kirchemium et Bolandia]]''&lt;ref name=Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Mons Jovis&lt;ref name=de.wiki&gt;De Germanica Vicipaedia&lt;/ref&gt; - ''Donnersbergkreis''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''KL'''
| [[Circulus terrae Caesareo-Lutrensis]] (''XX 999'')
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Caesarea Lutra]]&lt;ref name=Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt; - ''Kaiserslautern''
|-
| Urbs [[Caesarea Lutra]] (alia)
|-
| '''KLE'''
| [[Circulus Cliviensis]]
| [[Clivia]]&lt;ref name=Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt; - ''Kleve''
|-
| '''KM'''
| [[Circulus Camentiensis]]
| [[Camentia]]&lt;ref name=Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt; - ''Kamenz''
|-
| '''KN'''
| [[Circulus terrae Constantiae]] (sine communi [[Büsingen am Hochrhein]])
| [[Constantia (Germania)|Constantia]]
|-
| '''KO'''
| Urbs [[Confluentes]]
| Confluentes
|-
| '''KÖT'''
| [[Circulus Cothenensis]]
| [[Cothena]]
|-
| '''KR'''
| Urbs [[Crefeldia]]
| ''Crefeldia''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''KS'''
| Urbs [[Cassella]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmannus&quot;/&gt; (''XX 999'', alia cum ''BFGIOQ'')
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Cassela]]
|-
| [[Circulus terrae Casselensis]] (''X 9999'', alia sine ''BFGIOQ'')
|-
| '''KT'''
| [[Circulus terrae Kitzingensis]]
| [[Kitzinga]]
|-
| '''KU'''
| [[Circulus terrae Culmbacensis]]
| [[Culmbacum]]&lt;ref name=Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt; - ''Kulmbach''
|-
| '''KÜN'''
| [[Circulus Holacheus]].&lt;ref name=Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Künzelsau]]''
| ''Hohenlohekreis''
|-
| '''KUS'''
| [[Circulus terrae Coslensis]]
| [[Cosla]]&lt;ref name=Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| '''KYF'''
| [[Circulus Cuphese]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Sondershusa]]e''
| [[Cuphese]]&lt;ref name=Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt; - ''Kyffhäuser''
|-
|}

=== L ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''L'''
| Urbs [[Lipsia]] (A-T)
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Lipsia]] (usque ad 31. Oktobris 1990 L fuit pro Lahn-Dill-circulus, quod nunc est LDK)''
|-
| [[Circulus terrae Lipsiensis]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Bornis]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt; (U-Z) 
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''LA'''
| [[Circulus Landishutensis]] (''XX 999'')
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Landishutum]]
|-
| Urbs [[Landishutum]] (reliquia)
|-
| '''LAU'''
| [[Circulus Terrae Norimbergensis]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Laufium|Laufio]]''&lt;ref&gt;Vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenahist/thou1/t1/Thuanus_historiae_1_2.html ''IAC. AVG. THVANI HISTORIARVM SVI TEMPORIS LIBRI CXX''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) quod cum nuper Altorfium et Laufium suae ditionis oppida occupasset (...).&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''Nürnberger Land''
|-
| '''LB'''
| [[Circulus Ludoviciburgi]]
| [[Ludoviciburgum]]
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''LD'''
| Urbs [[Landavia]].&lt;ref name=Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt; (''X 9999'')
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Landavia]] - ''Landau''
|-
| [[Circulus ad Vini Viam Australim]] Sedes magistratus est in oppido Landavia (''XX 999'', excernantur)
|-
| '''LDK'''
| [[Circulus Lauganensis et Dillenensis]].&lt;ref name=Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Wetzlaria]]
| ''Lahn-Dill-Kreis''
|-
| '''LDS'''
| [[Circulus terrae Damis et Silvae Sprehae|Circulus Damis et Silvae Sprehae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;CDSS&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen huius circuli provincialis, Theodisce ''Landkreis Dahme-Spreewald'' nucupati, sic: &quot;Damis&quot; est genetivus Latini hydronymi &quot;Dame&quot;, Theodisce ''Dahme'', (Latino de hoc hydronymo, vide [https://books.google.de/books?id=rqboBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA86#v=snippet&amp;q=1440&amp;f=false Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch] de regione homonymā, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) provincia, que Dame dicitur (...)); Latinum substantivum &quot;Silva-ae&quot; Theodiscum suffixum ''-wald'' vertit; et denique &quot;Sprehae&quot; est genetivus Latini hydronymi &quot;[[Spreha]]&quot;, Theodisce ''Spree'', (Latino de hoc hydronymo, vide {{Graesse}}).&lt;/ref&gt; Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Lubena]]
| ''Kreis Dahme-Spreewald''
|-
| '''LER'''
| [[Circulus Lerensis]]
| [[Leri]]&lt;ref name=Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt; - ''Leer''
|-
| '''LEV'''
| Urbs [[Leverkusen]]
| Leverkusen
|-
| '''LG'''
| [[Circulus Luneburgensis]]
| [[Luneburgum]] - ''Lüneburg''
|-
| '''LI'''
| [[Circulus terrae Lindaviensis]]
| [[Lindavia]]&lt;ref name=Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt; - ''Lindau am Bodensee''
|-
| '''LIF'''
| [[Circulus terrae Lichtenfelsensis]]
| [[Lichtenfelsum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lichtenfelsum&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.heiligenlexikon.de/ASJuli/Otto_von_Bamberg.html ''Acta Sanctorum''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) inter oppida Lichtenfelsum &amp; Staphelsteinium siti (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| '''LIP'''
| [[Circulus ad Lupiam]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Detmolda]]
| ''Kreis [[Lupia|Lippe]]''
|-
| '''LL'''
| [[Circulus terrae Landsbergensis]]
| [[Lantsberga]]&lt;ref name=Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt; - ''Landsberg am Lech''
|-
| '''LM'''
| [[Circulus terrae Limburgensis et Weilburgensis]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Limburgum ad Lauganam]]''
| ''Limburg-Weilburg''
|-
| '''LÖ'''
| [[Circulus terrae Lorrachensis]]
| [[Lorracho]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lorracho&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.e-rara.ch/download/pdf/14117362.pdf ''Verzeicliniss der für diesen Zeitraum benutzten Chronisten''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Lorracho, cum ecclesia cum omnibusque suis appendicibus (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; - ''Lörrach''
|-
| '''LOS'''
| [[Circulus terrae Viadri et Sprehae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;CVES&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen huius circuli, Theodisce ''Landkreis Oder-Spree'' nucupati, sic: &quot;Viadri&quot; est genetivus Latini hydronymi &quot;[[Viadrus]]&quot;, Theodisce ''Oder'', et &quot;Sprehae&quot; est genetivus Latini hydronymi &quot;[[Spreha]]&quot;, Theodisce ''Spree''. Latinis de ambobus hydronymis, vide {{Graesse}}). Denique, Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit.&lt;/ref&gt;. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Bescovia]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Beeskow&quot;&gt;Vide [https://biblioscout.net/book/chapter/10.35998/9783830556107/00033 ''Sammlung der im Aktenband enthaltenen Zusatzdokumente''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Beschreibung der Stadt Beeskow bis zum Ende des 16. Jahrhunderts nach verschiedenen frühneuzeitlichen Quellen (...) Reinhardus Strelius Dominus Bescoviæ, à Marchione Sigismundo Marchiæ locum tenens constitutus (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''Landkreis Oder-Spree''
|-
| '''LSA'''
| [[Senatus Terrae Saxonia-Anhaltiensis]] et regimine terrae
| [[Saxonia-Anhaltium|Saxonia-Anhaltiensis]] [[senatus terrae]]
|-
| '''LSN'''
| [[Senatus Terrae Saxonicus]] et regimine terrae
| [[Saxonia|Saxonicus]] [[senatus terrae]]
|-
| '''LU'''
| Urbs [[Ludovicus Portus Rhenanus]]
| [[Ludovici Portus Rhenanus]] 
|-
| '''LWL'''
| [[Circulus terrae Ludovici Gaudii et Parchimensis]]
| [[Ludovici Gaudium]] - ''Ludwigslust''
|-
|}

=== M ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''M'''
| Urbs [[Monacum]] (''XX 999'' und ''XX 9999'')
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Monacum]]
|-
| [[Circulus terrae Monacensis]] (alia)
|-
| '''MA'''
| Urbs [[Manhemium]]
| [[Manhemium]]
|-
| '''MB'''
| [[Circulus terrae Miesbachensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;CpMiesbachensis&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen huius circuli terrae, Theodisce ''Landkreis Miesbach'' nucupati, sic: Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et &quot;Miesbachensis-e&quot; est gentilicium ex epitheto [[binomen|binominali]] &quot;Miesbachensis&quot;. De hoc epitheto, confer, v.gr. &quot;Margaritifera geyeri miesbachensis&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Miesbach]]
|-
| '''MD'''
| Urbs [[Magdeburgum]]
| Magdeburgum
|-
| '''ME'''
| [[Circulus Medamanensis]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Medamanensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Kreis Mettmann'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Medamanensis-e&quot; ad [[Medamana]]m refertur. Quo de toponymo, vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913?p=249&amp;cq=Ludwigshafen%20u.a.&amp;lang=en ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E - M''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Medamana, Medemenum:''' Mettmann, preuss. Rheinprovinz (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Medamana]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Medamana&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913?p=249&amp;cq=Ludwigshafen%20u.a.&amp;lang=en ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E - M''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Medamana, Medemenum:''' Mettmann, preuss. Rheinprovinz (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| '''MEI'''
| [[Circulus terrae Misniensis]]
| [[Misnia]]
|-
| '''MEK'''
| [[Circulus Medius Fergunnensis]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Mariae mons Saxoniae]]''
| ''Mittlerer Erzgebirgskreis''
|-
| '''MG'''
| Urbs [[Gladbacum Monachorum]]
| ''Mönchengladbach''
|-
| '''MH'''
| Urbs [[Mulhemium ad Ruram]]
| ''Mülheim''
|-
| '''MI'''
| [[Circulus Mindensis et Lübbeckensis]]
| [[Minda]]&lt;ref name=Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt; - ''Minden''
|-
| '''MIL'''
| [[Circulus terrae Mildenburgensis]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus terrae Mildenburgensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Miltenberg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Mildenburgensis-e&quot; ad urbem [[Mildenburgum]] refertur. Quo de toponymo, vide [https://www.tha.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost16/Drunck/dru_intr.html ''Bibliotheca Augustana''] , ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Philipp Drunck (Philippus Haustulus), monachus ordinis cisterciensis, poeta, natus est anno 1491 in oppido Mildenburgo (Bavaria) (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Mildenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mildenburgum&quot;&gt;Vide[https://www.tha.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost16/Drunck/dru_intr.html ''Bibliotheca Augustana''] , ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Philipp Drunck (Philippus Haustulus), monachus ordinis cisterciensis, poeta, natus est anno 1491 in oppido Mildenburgo (Bavaria) (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| '''MK'''
| [[Circulus Marchiensis]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Liudolvescetha]]''&lt;ref name=Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''Märkischer Kreis''
|-
| '''MKK'''
| [[Circulus Moenensis et Kincichensis|Moenus et Kincicha]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Moenensis et Kincichensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Main-Kinzig-Kreis'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum suffixum ''-Kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latina gentilicia &quot;Moenensis-e&quot; et &quot;Kincichensis-e&quot; ad flumina [[Moenus|Moenum]] et [[Kincicha]]m respective referuntur. Quibus de hydronymis, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Gelnhusia]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Gelnhusia&quot;&gt;Vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenaref/hofmann/hof4/Hofmann_lexicon_t4_1250_vranvm.html ''JOH. JACOBI HOFMANNI SS. Th. Doct. Profess. Histor. et Graec. Ling. in Academ Basil. LEXICON VNIVERSALE''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Iam sub Electore Brandeburgico. Friberga Veteraviae, ''Fridberg''. Frislaria Hassiae, ''Fritzlar''. Gelnhusia Franconiae, ''Gelnhausen'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (sine urbe [[Hanovia]]) 
| ''Main-Kinzig-Kreis''
|-
| '''ML'''
| [[Circulus Mansfeldaeterrensis]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Islebia]]''
| ''Mansfelder Land''
|-
| '''MM'''
| Urbs [[Memminga]]&lt;ref name=Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Memminga]] - ''Memmingen''
|-
| '''MN'''
| [[Circulus terrae Algoviae Inferioris]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Circulus terrae Algoviae Inferioris&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen huius circuli, Theodisce ''Landkreis Unterallgäu'' nucupati, sic: Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit; ceterum, &quot;Algoviae&quot; est genetivus Latini toponymi &quot;Algovia&quot;, Theodisce ''Allgäu'', (Latino de hoc toponymo, vide {{Lexicon Universale}}); et Latinum adiectivum &quot;inferior-ius&quot; Theodiscum praefixum ''Unter-'' vertit. De Latinā huius circuli versione, confer aliarum linguarum versiones ''Distrito de Baja Algovia'' et ''Baixa Algóvia'' et ''Circondario della Bassa Algovia'' et Нижний Алльгой.&lt;/ref&gt;. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Mindelhemium]]&lt;ref name=Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Algovia Inferior
|-
| '''MOL'''
| [[Circulus Marchiensis et Terrae Viadri]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Seelow]]''
| ''Märkisch-Oderland''
|-
| '''MOS'''
| [[Circulus Nicrensis et Ottenicus]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Mosbacum]]''
| ''Neckar-Odenwald-Kreis''
|-
| '''MQ'''
| [[Circulus Merseburgensis et Quernofurtensis]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Merseburga]]''
| Merseburga et Quernofurtum&lt;ref name=Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| '''MR'''
| [[Circulus terrae Marburgensis et Biedencaphensis]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Marburgum]]''
| [[Marburgum]] et [[Biedencaph]]&lt;ref name=de.wiki&gt;De Germanica Vicipaedia&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| '''MS'''
| Urbs [[Monasterium (Germania)|Monasterium]]
| urbs Monasterium
|-
| '''MSP'''
| [[Circulus terrae Moenensis et Spessartus]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus terrae Moenensis et Spessartensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Main-Spessart'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latina gentilicia &quot;Moenensis-e&quot; et &quot;Spessartus-a-um&quot; ad flumen [[Moenus|Moenum]] et ad [[Spessartus mons|Spessartum montem]] respective referuntur. Quo de hydronymo, vide {{Graesse}}; sed quo de monti, vide [https://books.google.de/books?id=n_ROAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA2641&amp;lpg=PA2641&amp;dq=mons+spessart&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=pu4xavwPVI&amp;sig=bcZAw4LzXuV5E2yvOxw4XaIPovs&amp;hl=de&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwiVtrfdqdXRAhXBtxQKHb7jBpkQ6AEIKjAD#v=onepage&amp;q=mons%20spessart&amp;f=false ''Lateinisch-deutsches Wörterbuch''].&lt;/ref&gt;. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Carolostadium Bavariae]]''
| Main-Spessart-Kreis
|-
| '''MST'''
| [[Circulus Megapolensis Streliciensis]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Strelicia nova]]''&lt;ref name=Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''Mecklenburg-Strelitz''
|-
| '''MTK'''
| [[Circulus Moenensis et Taunus]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Moenensis et Taunus&quot; -Theodisce ''Main-Taunus-Kreis'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum suffixum ''-Kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latina gentilicia &quot;Moenensis-e&quot; et &quot;Taunus-a-um&quot; ad flumen [[Moenus|Moenum]] et ad [[Taunus mons|Taunum montem]] respective referuntur. Quo de hydronymo, vide {{Graesse}}; sed quo de monti, vide {{Hofmannus}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Hofhemium ad Taunum]]''
| ''Main-Taunus-Kreis''
|-
| '''MTL'''
| [[Circulus in Muldae vallem]] . Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Crema (Germania)|Crema]]''&lt;ref name=Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''Muldentalkreis''
|-
| '''MÜ'''
| [[Circulus Muhldorpiensis ad Aenum]]
| [[Muhldorpium ad Aenum]] - ''Mühldorf am Inn''
|-
| '''MÜR'''
| [[Circulus Müritz]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Varenum]]''&lt;ref name=Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''Müritz''
|-
| '''MVL'''
| [[Senatus Megapolis et Pomeraniae Citerioris]] et [[Regimen Megapolis et Pomeraniae Citerior]]
| [[Megapolis et Pomerania Citerior|Megapolis et Pomeraniae Citerioris]] [[senatus terrae]]
|-
| '''MW'''
| [[Circulus Mittweidensis]]
| [[Mittweida]]
|-
| '''MYK'''
| [[Circulus terrae Magniacensis et Confluentensis]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Confluentes]]'' 
* Urbs [[Anternacum]]&lt;ref name=Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;  (A-Z 1-999) sine B,F,G,I,O,Q et (AA-ZZ 1-99)
| ''Mayen-Koblenz''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''MZ'''
| Urbs [[Moguntiacum]] (''XX 999'', sive ''AA ad KY 9999'')
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Moguntiacum]]
|-
| [[Circulus Moguntiacensis et Bingensis]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Angulisamum]] (reliquae)
|-
| '''MZG'''
| [[Circulus terrae Marciensis et Waderellensis]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus terrae Marciensis et Waderellensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Merzig-Wadern'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latina gentilicia &quot;Marciensis-e&quot; et &quot;Wanderellensis-e&quot; ad communia [[Marcia]]m et [[Wanderella]]m respective referuntur. Primo de toponymo, vide {{Graesse}}; secundo de toponymo, vide [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/wikiling/index.php?f=gold&amp;page=3247 ''wikiling'']{{Nexus deficit|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Wadern, 10. Jh. (...)  (in villa) Waderella (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Marcia]]&lt;ref name=Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''Merzig-Wadern''
|-
|}

=== N ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| '''N'''
| Urbs [[Norimberga]]
| Norimberga
|-
| '''NB'''
| Urbs [[Brandeburgum Novum]]&lt;ref name=Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''Neubrandenburg''
|-
| '''ND'''
| [[Circulus terrae Neoburgensis et Schrobenhausensis]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus terrae Neoburgensis et Schrobenhausensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Neuburg-Schrobenhausen'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latina gentilicia &quot;Neoburgensis-e&quot; et &quot;Schrobenhausensis-e&quot; ad [[Neoburgum Cattorum]] et [[Schrobenhausen]] respective referuntur. Primo de toponymo, vide {{Graesse}}, sed secundo de gentilicio, vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_DbEOAAAAQAAJ/bub_gb_DbEOAAAAQAAJ_djvu.txt ''Album Academiæ Vitebergensis ab a. Ch. MDII usque ad a. MDLX. Ed. C.E. Foerstemann''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) 5. Johannes Knotz Schrobenhausensis (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Neoburgum Cattorum]]&lt;ref name=Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[Neoburgum Cattorum]]''&lt;ref name=Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| '''NDH'''
| [[Circulus Northusensis]]
| [[Northusa]]&lt;ref name=Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| '''NE'''
| [[Circulus Rhenanus Novaesiensis]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Novaesium]]
| [[Novaesium]] - ''Neuss''
|-
| '''NEA'''
| [[Circulus terrae Novae Civitatis apud Eisch et Vintshaemensis]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus terrae Novae Civitatis apud Eisch et Vintshaemensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Neustadt an der Aisch-Bad Windsheim'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum toponymicum syntagma &quot;Novae Civitatis apud Eisch&quot; Theodiscum toponymum ''Neustadt an der Aisch'' vertit. Quo de toponymo, vide [https://adw-goe.de/fileadmin/forschungsprojekte/resikom/dokumente/pdfs/HBI/C_7_Neustadt_am_Ruebenberge.pdf ''Metropolis Ecclesiae Trevericae''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''NEUSTADT AN DER AISCH [C.7.] I'''. ''Nivenstat (1285); de nova civitate (1294); iuxta Novam civitatem apud Eisch'' (...)&quot;. Ceterum, Latinum gentilicium &quot;Vintshaemensis-e&quot; ad oppidum [[Vintshaemum]] refertur. Quo de oppido, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Nova Civitas apud Eisch]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Nova Civitas apud Eisch&quot;&gt;Vide [https://adw-goe.de/fileadmin/forschungsprojekte/resikom/dokumente/pdfs/HBI/C_7_Neustadt_am_Ruebenberge.pdf ''Metropolis Ecclesiae Trevericae''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''NEUSTADT AN DER AISCH [C.7.] I'''. ''Nivenstat (1285); de nova civitate (1294); iuxta Novam civitatem apud Eisch'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Nova Civitas apud Eisch]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nova Civitas apud Eisch&quot;/&gt;
|-
| '''NES'''
| [[Circulus Rhön-Grabfeld]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Neoburgum ad Salam]]
| ''Bad Neustadt an der [[Sala|Saale]]''
|-
| '''NEW'''
| [[Circulus terrae Novae Civitatis]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus terrae Novae Civitatis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Neustadt an der Waldnaab'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum toponymicum syntagma &quot;Novae Civitatis&quot; genetivo singulari Theodiscum toponymum ''Neustadt an der Waldnaab'' vertit. Quo de toponymo, vide [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neustadt_an_der_Waldnaab#Geschichte eius oppidi articulum apud Vicipaediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Neustadt wurde 1218 anlässlich der Verpfändung der „nova civitas“ an Heinrich von Ortenburg erstmals urkundlich erwähnt (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Nova Civitas (apud Nabam Silvaticam)|Nova Civitas]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nova Civitas apud Nabam Silvaticam&quot;&gt;Vide [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neustadt_an_der_Waldnaab#Geschichte eius oppidi articulum apud Vicipaediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Neustadt wurde 1218 anlässlich der Verpfändung der „nova civitas“ an Heinrich von Ortenburg erstmals urkundlich erwähnt (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; - ''Neustadt an der Waldnaab''
|-
| '''NF'''
| [[Circulus Frisicus Septentrionalis]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Hosemum]]&lt;ref name=Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Frisia Septentrionalis]] - ''Nordfriesland''
|-
| '''NI'''
| [[Circulus Neoburgensis Visurgensis]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Neoburgensis Visurgensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Nienburg/Weser'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latina gentilicia &quot;Neoburgensis-e&quot; et &quot;Visurgensis-e&quot; ad commune [[Nova Urbs (Saxonia Inferior)|Novam Urbem]] et flumen [[Visurgis|Visurgem]] respective referuntur. Quibus de toponymis, vide {{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Nova Urbs (Saxonia Inferior)|Nova Urbs]]&lt;ref name=Graesse/&gt; - ''Nienburg an der Weser''
|-
| '''NK'''
| [[Circulus terrae Novem Ecclesiarum]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus terrae Novem Ecclesiarum&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Neunkirchen'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum toponymicum syntagma &quot;Novem Ecclesiarum&quot; genetivo plurali Theodiscum toponymum ''Neunkirchen'' vertit. Quo de toponymo, vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_H7RDAAAAYAAJ/bub_gb_H7RDAAAAYAAJ_djvu.txt ''Metropolis Ecclesiae Trevericae''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Novem ecclesiae ,  quam  Neukirchen  dicunt (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''Novem Ecclesiae''&lt;ref&gt;Vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_H7RDAAAAYAAJ/bub_gb_H7RDAAAAYAAJ_djvu.txt ''Metropolis Ecclesiae Trevericae''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Novem ecclesiae ,  quam  Neukirchen  dicunt (...)&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| '''NL'''
| [[Senatus Terrae Saxoniensis Inferiorensis]] et [[Regimen Saxoniae Inferioris]]
| [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[senatus terrae]]
|-
| '''NM'''
| [[Circulus terrae Novoforensis]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Noviforum in Palatinatu Superiore]]
| [[Noviforum in Palatinatu Superiore]] - ''Neumarkt in der Oberpfalz''
|-
| '''NMS'''
| Urbs [[Novum Monasterium]]
| Novum Monasterium
|-
| '''NOH'''
| [[Circulus in Comitatu Binethensi]].&lt;ref name=Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Northornon]]&lt;ref name=de.wiki&gt;De Germanica Vicipaedia&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''Grafschaft Bentheim''
|-
| '''NOL'''
| [[Circulus Superiolusatiensis et Inferiosiliensis]]. Sedes magistratus est [[Baxum|Baxi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cranz 1771&quot;&gt;Cranz, D. (1771). ''Alte und neue Brüder-Historie oder kurz gefasste Geschichte der evangelischen Brüder-Unität auf den Schweizerischen und sächsischen Kolonien''. Barbeiae: Heinrich Detlef Ebers. Theodisce ''Niesky''.&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''Niederschlesische Oberlausitz''
|-
| '''NOM'''
| [[Circulus terrae Northemiensis]] 
| [[Northemium]]
|-
| '''NR'''
| [[Circulus terrae Neowidensis]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus terrae Neowidensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Neuwied'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Neowidensis-e&quot; Theodiscum toponymum ''Neuwied'' vertit. Quo de gentilicio, vide [https://www.rheinische-geschichte.lvr.de/Persoenlichkeiten/maximilian-alexander-philipp-prinz-zu-wied-neuwied-/DE-2086/lido/57c92ef68392a6.35258846 ], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Sein Ma­nu­skript „Fau­na Neo­wi­den­sis“, 1847 voll­endet, ist die ers­te Re­gio­nal­fau­na für den Mit­tel­rhein. Die Ver­öf­fent­li­chung ein­zel­ner Er­kennt­nis­se über­ließ er je­doch an­de­ren, vor al­lem dem Neu­wie­der Apo­the­ker Franz Pe­ter Brahts (...)&quot;. Latinum toponymum &quot;Neowida-ae&quot; e suo gentilicio fingitur.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Urbs [[Neoweda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus N-Z&quot;/&gt; (&quot;A 1 - Z 9999&quot;)
* Circulus reliquius (&quot;AA 1 - ZZ 999&quot;)
| ''Neoweda''&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus N-Z&quot;/&gt;
|-
| '''NRW'''
| [[Senatus Terrae Rhenaniae Septentrionalis-Guestfaliae]] et [[Regimen Rhenaniae Septentrionalis-Guestfaliae]]
| [[Rhenania Septentrionalis-Guestfalia|Rhenaniae Septentrionalis-Guestfaliae]] [[senatus terrae]]
|-
| '''NU'''
| [[Circulus terrae Novae Ulmae]]
| [[Nova Ulma (Bavaria)|Nova Ulma]]
|-
| '''NVP'''
| [[Circulus Citeriopomeraniensis Boreus]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Grimus]]&lt;ref name=Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''Nordvorpommern''
|-
| '''NW'''
| Urbs [[Neapolis Palatinorum]]&lt;ref name=Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''Neustadt an der Weinstraße''
|-
| '''NWM'''
| [[Circulus terrae Megapolitanus Boreoccidentalis]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Gnevismolae]]''&lt;ref name=de.wiki&gt;De Germanica Vicipaedia&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''Nordwest[[Megapolis et Pomerania Citerior|mecklenburg]]''
|-
|}

=== O ===

{|
|-
| '''OA'''
| [[Circulus terrae Algoviae Superioris]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Circulus terrae Algoviae Superioris&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen huius circuli, Theodisce ''Landkreis Oberallgäu'' nucupati, sic: Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit; ceterum, &quot;Algoviae&quot; est genetivus Latini toponymi &quot;Algovia&quot;, Theodisce ''Allgäu'', (Latino de hoc toponymo, vide {{Lexicon Universale}}); et Latinum adiectivum &quot;superior-ius&quot; Theodiscum praefixum ''Ober-'' vertit. De Latinā huius circuli versione, confer aliarum linguarum versiones ''Distrito de Alta Algovia'' et ''Alta Algóvia'' et ''Circondario dell'Alta Algovia''.&lt;/ref&gt;. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Sunthofen]]''&lt;ref&gt;Vide [https://www.e-rara.ch › download  ''Monuments de l'histoire de l'ancien évêché de Bâle'], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Item Rector in Sunthofen (...) Item Sunthofen (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Algovia]] Superior
|-
| '''OAL'''
| [[Circulus terrae Algoviae Orientalis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Circulus terrae Algoviae Orientalis&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen huius circuli, Theodisce ''Landkreis Ostallgäu'' nucupati, sic: Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit; ceterum, &quot;Algoviae&quot; est genetivus Latini toponymi &quot;Algovia&quot;, Theodisce ''Allgäu'', (Latino de hoc toponymo, vide {{Lexicon Universale}}); et Latinum adiectivum &quot;orientalis-e&quot; Theodiscum praefixum ''Ost-'' vertit. De Latinā huius circuli versione, confer aliarum linguarum versiones ''distrito de Algovia Oriental'' et ''Algóvia Oriental'' et ''Circondario dell'Algovia Orientale'' et Восточный Алльгой.&lt;/ref&gt;. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Marktoberdorfium|Marktoberdorfio]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
| Algovia Orientalis
|-
| '''OB'''
| Urbs [[Overhusa]]
| Overhusa
|-
| '''OD'''
| [[Circulus Sturmarius|Sturmaria]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Sturmarius&quot; -Theodisce ''Kreis Stormarn'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Sturmarius-a-um&quot; ad regionem [[Sturmaria]]m refertur. Quo de toponymo, vide {{Graesse}}. Denique, de gentilicio, vide [https://www.jassa.org/?p=1432 ''In Nomine Jassa''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Tres autem sunt Nordalbingorum populi, Sturmarii, Holzati, Thetmarzi'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Oldeslovia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmannus&quot;/&gt;
| [[Oldeslovia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmannus&quot;/&gt;
|-
| '''OE'''
| [[Circulus Olpensis]]
| [[Olpa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Buno 1661&quot;&gt;Buno, Ioannes; ''Introductio in Ptolomaei Geographiam''. Guelpherbyti: Sumptibus Conradi Bunonis, 1661.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Olpe'')
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''OF'''
| Urbs [[Offenbachium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; (X 9-9999, xx 9-99 außer Buchst. BFGIOQ nur vierstellig)
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Offenbachium&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;
|-
| [[Circulus terrae Offenbachiensis]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus terrae Offenbachiensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Offenbach'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Offenbachium]]&quot; -ad quod gentilicium &quot;Offenbachiensis-e&quot; redertur-, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Dicenbah]]''&lt;ref&gt;[https://arcinsys.hessen.de/arcinsys/showArchivalDescriptionDetails?archivalDescriptionId=5012528 ''HStAD Fonds A 1 No 181/1''].&lt;/ref&gt; (XX 999 Buchst. AA-AZ vierstellig; BFGIOQ als Einzelbuchst bis 999)
|-
| '''OG'''
| [[Circulus Mordenaugia]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Mordenaugia&quot; -Theodisce ''Ortenaukreis'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum suffixum ''-kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Mordenaugia]]&quot;, Theodiscum toponymicum lexema ''Ortenau-'' vertens, vide [https://francia.ahlfeldt.se/page/documents/39 ''Regnum Francorum''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''quicquid in Alsacense et in Mordenaugia habere visus est'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Offenburgum]]''
| Offenburg
|-
| '''OH'''
| [[Circulus Holsatiae Orientalis]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Holsatiae Orientalis&quot; -Theodisce ''Kreis Ostholstein'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Holsatia|Holsatia-ae]]&quot;, vide {{Graesse}}. Denique Latinum adiectivum &quot;orientalis-e&quot; Theodiscum suffixum ''Ost-'' vertit. De Latinā huius circuli versione, confer aliarum linguarum versiones ''Distrito de Holstein Oriental'' et ''Arrondissement du Holstein-de-l'Est'' et ''Holsácia Oriental'' et ''Circondario dell'Holstein Orientale'' et ''Zemský okres Východní Holštýnsko'' et Восточный Гольштейн et ''Kreis Østholsten''.&lt;/ref&gt;. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Utina]]
| [[Holsatia]] Orientalis
|-
| '''OHA'''
| [[Circulus Osteroda ad Harthicos montes]]
| [[Osteroda ad Harthicos montes]]
|-
| '''OHV'''
| [[Circulus terrae Habalae Superioris]]&lt;ref name=&quot;CHS&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen huius circuli, Theodisce ''Landkreis Oberhavel'' nucupati, e flumine [[Habala|Habalā]], Theodisce ''Havel'', et adiectivo &quot;superior-ius&quot;, quod Theodiscum praefixum ''Ober-'' vertit. Denique, Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit.&lt;/ref&gt;. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Arausionis castrum]]
| [[Habala]] Superior
|-
| '''OHZ'''
| [[Circulus terrae Astanholteremarki|Astanholteremarki]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus terrae Astanienis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Osterholz'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino toponymo &quot;Astanholteremarki&quot;, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Astanholteremarki-Scirnbeki|Astanholteremarkis-Scirnbekis]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;
| Astanholteremarki
|-
| '''OK'''
| [[Ohrekreis]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Hahaldeslevo]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hahaldeslevo&quot;&gt;Vide [articulum de hoc oppido apud Vicipaediam Anglicam], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) The Saxon fortress of ''hahaldeslevo'' in Eastphalia was first mentioned in a 966 deed of donation issued by Emperor Otto I. (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Ohre]]kreis
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''OL'''
| Urbs [[Oldenburg (Oldb)]] (XX 999)
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Oldenburg
|-
| [[Circulus Oldenburgum]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Vildhusia]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmannus&quot;/&gt; (sonst)
|-
| '''OPR'''
| [[Circulus terrae Pregnitianae Orientalis et Rupinensis]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus terrae Pregnitianae Orientalis et Rupinensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Ostprignitz-Ruppin'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latina gentilicia &quot;Pregnitianus-a-um&quot; et &quot;Rupinensis-e&quot; ad loca Pregnitiam et [[Novirupinum|Rupinum]] respective referuntur. Primo de gentilicio, vide: Bekmann, J. C., auctore (1751). ''Historische Beschreibung der Chur und Mark Brandenburg''. Berolini: Christian Friedrich Voß; primo de toponymo, vide: Riedel, A. F., auctore (1841). ''Codex Diplomaticus Brandenburgensis''. Berolini: F. H. Morin; secundo de toponymum vide [https://books.google.de/books?id=qnoDAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA140&amp;lpg=PA140&amp;dq=Novirupinum&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=NQa5Zw-i7h&amp;sig=S-V1byTw4W_k7bfntkjPbrhCPWY&amp;hl=de&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=KX4xVYznO5WwaZjigNgP&amp;ved=0CCkQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&amp;q=Novirupinum&amp;f=false google books: Scriptores Rerum Brandenburgensium: Quibus Historia Marchiae Brandenburgensis Eiusque Variae Mutationes Et Transitus Rerum Ab Origine Gentis Ad Nostra Usque Tempora Recensentur Et Illustrantur, Francofurti/Viadrum: Kleybe, 1741-1753]. Denique Latinum adiectivum &quot;orientalis-e&quot; Theodiscum suffixum ''Ost-'' vertit. De Latinā huius circuli versione, confer aliarum linguarum versiones ''Distrito de Prignitz Oriental-Ruppin'' et ''Arrondissement de Prignitz-de-l'Est-Ruppin'' et ''Prignitz Oriental-Ruppin'' et ''Zemský okres Východní Prignitz-Ruppin'' et Восточный Пригниц-Руппин.&lt;/ref&gt;. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Rupina]]''
| Pregnitia Orientalis et Rupinum
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''OS'''
| [[Circulus Osnabrugae]] (''XX 999'')
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Osnabrugensis|Osnabruga]]
|-
| Urbs [[Osnabrugensis|Osnabruga]] (alia)
|-
| '''OSL'''
| [[Circulus provincialis Silvae Sprehae Superioris et Lusatiae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;CpSSSeL&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen huius circuli provincialis, Theodisce ''Landkreis Oberspreewald-Lausitz'' nucupati, sic: Latinum adiectivum &quot;superior-ius&quot; Theodiscum praefixum ''Ober-,'' Latinum hydronymum &quot;[[Spreha]]&quot; Theodiscum lexema''-spree-,'' Latinum substantivum &quot;silva-ae&quot; Theodiscum lexema ''-wald'' et Latinum toponymum &quot;[[Lusatia]]&quot; Theodiscum ''Lausitz'' vertit.&lt;/ref&gt;. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Senftenbergum]]''&lt;ref&gt;Vide [https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_pharma_res005374/BIUSante_pharma_res005374_djvu.txt ''Georgii Agricolae De ortu &amp; causis subterraneorum, lib. V''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) prope  Senftenbergum,  quas  cinereo  colore  iunt (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;
| Silva [[Spreha]]e Superioris et [[Lusatia]]e
|-
| '''OVP'''
| [[Circulus Ostvorpommern]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Anclamum|Anclami]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmannus&quot;&gt;{{Hofmannus}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Ost[[vorpommern]]
|-
|}

=== P ===

{| 
|-
| '''P'''
| Urbs [[Potestampium]]
| Potestampium
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''PA'''
| Urbs [[Batavia (Bavaria)|Batavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Batavia (Bavaria)|Batavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;
|-
| [[Circulus terrae Batavus]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus terrae Batavus&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Passau'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Batavia (Bavaria)|Batavia]]&quot; -ad quod gentilicium &quot;Batavus-a-um&quot; refertur-, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| '''PAF'''
| [[Circulus terrae Pfaffenhofium ad Ilmam]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus terrae Pfaffenhofium ad Ilma&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Pfaffenhofen an der Ilm'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Pfaffenhofium ad Ilmam|Pfaffenhofium]]&quot;, vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenahist/pareus1/Pareus_historia.html ''DANIELIS PAREI HISTORIA BAVARICO- PALATINA''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) cladem hosti tum prope Pfaffenhofium (...)&quot;. Latinum syntagma &quot;ad Ilmam&quot; ad flumen [[Ilma (Bavaria)|Ilmam]] refertur ut distinguatur haec urbs homonymis ex urbibus. Quo de hydronymo, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Pfaffenhofium ad Ilmam]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pfaffenhofium ad Ilmam&quot;&gt;de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Pfaffenhofium ad Ilmam|Pfaffenhofium]]&quot;, vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenahist/pareus1/Pareus_historia.html ''DANIELIS PAREI HISTORIA BAVARICO- PALATINA''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) cladem hosti tum prope Pfaffenhofium (...)&quot;. Latinum syntagma &quot;ad Ilmam&quot; ad flumen [[Ilma (Bavaria)|Ilmam]] refertur ut distinguatur haec urbs homonymis ex urbibus. Quo de hydronymo, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| '''PAN'''
| [[Circulus terrae Vallis Rotae et Aeni|Valles Rotae et Aenus]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus terrae Vallis Rotae et Aeni&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Rottal-Inn'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) et Latinum substantivum &quot;[[Valles|Valles-is]]&quot; Theodiscum suffixum ''-tal'' vertit et de Latinis hydronymis &quot;[[Rota (Aenus)|Rota]]&quot; et &quot;[[Aenus]]&quot;, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Pharrachiricha]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Pharrachiricha&quot;&gt;Vide [https://werkstatt.formulae.uni-hamburg.de/texts/urn:cts:formulae:passau.heuwieser0086.lat001/passage/all ''Die Traditionen des Hochstifts Passau (Ed. Heuwieser) Nr. 86''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) proprietate tradiderunt in loco qui dicitur Pharrachiricha iugera XX (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Pharrachiricha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pharrachiricha&quot;/&gt;
|-
| '''PB'''
| [[Circulus Paderbronnensis]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Paderbronnensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Kreis Paderborn'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Paderbronna]]&quot; -ad quod gentilicium &quot;Paderbronnensis-e&quot; refertur-, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Paderbronna]]
|-
| '''PCH'''
| [[Circulus Parchimensis]]
| [[Parchimum]]
|-
| '''PE'''
| [[Circulus terrae Poynensis]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus terrae Poynensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Peine'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Poynum]]&quot; -ad quod gentilicium &quot;Poynensis-e&quot; redertur-, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Poynum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''PF'''
| Urbs [[Phorca]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Phorca
|-
| [[Circulus Enzensis]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Enzensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Enzkreis'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum suffixum ''-kreis'' vertit (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Enzensis-e&quot; ad flumen [[Enze]] refertur. De hoc hydronymo, vide [https://ia601601.us.archive.org/23/items/bub_gb_G-4IAAAAQAAJ/bub_gb_G-4IAAAAQAAJ.pdf ''Beiträge zur gallo-keltisch... Namenkunde''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) die ''Enz'' (in den Neckar), c. 1150 Enze fluvius (d i. *Antia) (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Enze&quot;&gt;Vide [https://ia601601.us.archive.org/23/items/bub_gb_G-4IAAAAQAAJ/bub_gb_G-4IAAAAQAAJ.pdf ''Beiträge zur gallo-keltisch... Namenkunde''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) die ''Enz'' (in den Neckar), c. 1150 Enze fluvius (d i. *Antia) (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Phorca]]''
|-
| '''PI'''
| [[Circulus Pinnebergensis]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Pinnebergensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Kreis Pinneberg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Pinneberga]]&quot; -ad quod gentilicium &quot;Pinnebergensis-e&quot; refertur-, vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenaref/hofmann/hof4/Hofmann_lexicon_t4_1125_sthenocrates.html ''LEXICON VNIVERSALE''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Eius urbes sunt Glucstadium, Crempa et Pinneberga, tractus cognominis caput (...)&quot;. Denique, de gentilicio, vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20250628191122/https://lib.ugent.be/nl/catalog/ebk01:4330000001201687 ''In Iure &amp; facto probe fundata Remonstratio''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) neque vigore Recessus Pinnebergensis, cuius titulus Interim (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Pinneberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pinneberga&quot;&gt;Vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenaref/hofmann/hof4/Hofmann_lexicon_t4_1125_sthenocrates.html ''LEXICON VNIVERSALE''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Eius urbes sunt Glucstadium, Crempa et Pinneberga, tractus cognominis caput (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| '''PIR'''
| [[Circulus Sächsische Schweiz]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Pirna]]''
| Pirna
|-
| '''PL'''
| Urbs [[Plavia Variscorum]]
| Plauen
|-
| '''PLÖ'''
| [[Circulus Plunensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;
| [[Ploena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;
|-
| '''PM'''
| [[Circulus terrae Potestampii et Mediae Marchiae]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus terrae Potestampii et Mediae Marchiae&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Potsdam-Mittelmark'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Potestampium|Potestampium-i]]&quot;, vide {{Graesse}}; et Latino de toponymico syntagma &quot;Media Marchia&quot;, vide {{Hofmannus}}, sub lemmate &quot;MARCHIA Brandeburgica&quot;, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) &amp; media Marchia, ''Mittel-Marck'', quae in medio duarum (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Belizi]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Belizi&quot;&gt;Vide [https://svarogi.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/154877538-rex-germanorum-populus-sclavorum-ivo-vukcevic.pdf ''Rex Germanorum, 'populos Sclavorum'], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Belici— '''''burguuwardium Belizi''''', 997 (...) '''''Burguuardium Belizi... in provincia Bloni,''''' 997 (...) erhaps centered at Belzig (Belici) (...)  in this area, ''Belizi'' (Belici), modern Beelitz(...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Potestampium]] et Media Marchia
|-
| '''PR'''
| [[Circulus terrae Pregnitianae]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus terrae Pregnitianae&quot; -Theodisce ''Prignitz'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Pregnitianus-a-um&quot; ad locum Pregnitiam refertur. Quo de gentilicio, vide: Bekmann, J. C., auctore (1751). ''Historische Beschreibung der Chur und Mark Brandenburg''. Berolini: Christian Friedrich Voß; et quo de toponymo, vide: Riedel, A. F., auctore (1841). ''Codex Diplomaticus Brandenburgensis''. Berolini: F. H. Morin.&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Pregnitia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pregnitia&quot;&gt;Riedel, A. F., auctore (1841). ''Codex Diplomaticus Brandenburgensis''. Berolini: F. H. Morin.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''PS'''
| [[Pirminisensna]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Pirminisensna
|-
| [[Circulus Südwestpfalz]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido Pirminisensna
|-
|}

=== Q ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| '''QLB'''
| [[Circulus Quedlinburgensis]]
| [[Quedlinburgum]]
|-
|}

=== R ===

{| 
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''R'''
| Urbs [[Ratisbona]] (''XX 999'')
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Regensburg
|-
| [[Circulus terrae Ratisbonensis]] (sonst)
|-
| '''RA'''
| [[Circulus terrae Rastattensis]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus terrae Rastattensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Rastatt'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Rastattensis-e&quot; ad [[Rastatt]]m refertur. Quo de gentilicio, vide [https://wiki.genealogy.net/Hochschulschriften/Herkunft_latein_deutsch ''Hochschulschriften/Herkunft latein deutsch''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Rastattensis (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Rastatt]]
|-
| '''RD'''
| [[Circulus Rendesburgensis et Ekerenfordensis]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Rendesburgensis et Ekerenfordensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Kreis Rendsburg-Eckernförde'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum ''Kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latina gentilicia &quot;Rendesburgensis-e&quot; et &quot;Ekerenfordensis-e&quot; ad urbes [[Rendesburgum]] et [[Ekerenforda]]m referuntur. Primo de toponymo, vide {{Graesse}}; secundo de toponymo, vide [[Ekerenforda|eius articulum apud Vicipaediam Latinam]].&lt;/ref&gt;. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Rendesburgum]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;
| Rendsburg
|-
| '''RE'''
| [[Circulus Recklinghusiensis]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Recklinghusiensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Kreis Recklinghausen'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Recklinghusium]]&quot; -ad quod gentilicium &quot;Recklinghusiensis-e&quot; refertur-, vide [http://www.archive.org/stream/itinerariumthom00kerngoog/itinerariumthom00kerngoog_djvu.txt Itinerarium Thomæ Carve, Tipperariensis ... cum historia facti Butleri, Gordon, Lesly et aliorum (1859)].&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Recklinghusium]]
|-
| '''REG'''
| [[Circulus terrae Regenensis]]
| [[Regen (Urbs)|Regen]]
|-
| '''RG'''
| [[Circulus Riesa-Großenhain]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Großenhain]]''
| [[Riesa]]-Großenhain
|-
| '''RH'''
| [[Circulus terrae Rotensis]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus terrae Rotensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Roth'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Rota (Bavaria)|Rota]]&quot; -ad quod Latinum gentilicium &quot;Rotensis-e&quot; refertur-, vide homonymas urbes apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Rota (Bavaria)|Rota]]
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''RO'''
| Urbs [[Rosenheimium]] (''X 999'' oder ''XX 99'')
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Rosenheimium
|-
| [[Circulus terrae Rosenheimiensis]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus terrae Rosenheimiensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Rosenheim'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Rosenheimium]]&quot; -ad quod Latinum gentilicium &quot;Rosenheimiensis-e&quot; refertur-, vide Ioannes Adlzreitter, ''Boicae gentis annalium, pars III'' in ''Historiis Bavaricis'' (Monachii: Schell, 1662), [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ue9k0Hd26tQC&amp;pg=PA561 p. 561].&lt;/ref&gt;(sonst)
|-
| '''ROW'''
| [[Circulus terrae Rotenburgensis ad Wemmam]]
| [[Rotenburgum ad Wemmam]]
|-
| '''RP'''
| [[Circulus Palatinatus ad Rhenum]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Palatinatūs ad Rhenum&quot; -Theodisce ''Rhein-Pfalz-Kreis'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum suffixum ''-Kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit; de Latino toponymico syntagmate &quot;[[Palatinatus]] ad [[Rhenus|Rhenum]]&quot;, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Ludwigshafen am Rhein]]''
| [[Rhein]]-[[Pfalz (Region)|Pfalz]]
|-
| '''RPL'''
| [[Rheinland-Pfälzischer Landtag]] und [[Landesregierung von Rheinland-Pfalz]]
| [[Rheinland-Pfalz|Rheinland-Pfälzischer]] [[Landtag]]
|-
| '''RS'''
| Urbs [[Remscheidium]]
| Remscheid
|-
| '''RT'''
| [[Circulus terrae Reutlingensis]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus terrae Reutlingensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Reutlingen'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Reutlingensis-e&quot; ad [[Reutlinga]]m refertur. Quo de toponymo, vide {{Hofmannus}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Reutlinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmannus&quot;/&gt;
|-
| '''RÜD'''
| [[Circulus Pagi Rhenani et Tauni]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Pagi Rhenani et Tauni&quot; -Theodisce ''Rheingau-Taunus-Kreis'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum suffixum ''-Kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit; de Latino toponymico syntagmate [[Pagus Rheni|Pagus Rhenanus]] vide [https://books.google.de/books?id=kppGAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA146&amp;lpg=PA146&amp;dq=pagus+Rhenanus&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=PF-rfPl9hI&amp;sig=1bgp04aYlbOIBBnBwaHfdsPk09g&amp;hl=de&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwir8fbkv-TPAhVEaRQKHTxlBSgQ6AEIKDAB#v=onepage&amp;q=pagus%20Rhenanus&amp;f=false Isagoge In Elementa Ivris Pvblici, Qvo Vtvntvr Nobiles Immediati In Imperio Rom. Germ, auctore Io. Ludovico Klüber, Erlangae 1793]; denique de Latino toponymo [[Taunus mons|Taunus-i]], vide {{Hofmannus}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Bad Schwalbach]]''
| [[Rüdesheim am Rhein|Rüdesheim]]
|-
| '''RÜG'''
| [[Circulus Rugiae]]. Sedes magistratus est [[Montes in Ruya|Montibus in Ruya]]'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913?p=249&amp;cq=Ludwigshafen%20u.a.&amp;lang=en ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E - M''].&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Bergen auf Rügen'')
| [[Rugia]]
|-
| '''RV'''
| [[Circulus terrae Ravenspurgensis]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus terrae Ravenspurgensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Ravensburg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Ravenspurgensis-e&quot; ad [[Ravenspurgum]] refertur. Quo de toponymo, vide {{Hofmannus}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Ravenspurgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmannus&quot;/&gt;
|-
| '''RW'''
| [[Circulus Rotovillaa]]
| [[Rotovilla]]
|-
| '''RZ'''
| [[Ducatus Lauenburgicus]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Raceburgum|Raceburgo]]''
| Raceburgum
|-
|}

=== S ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| '''S'''
| Urbs [[Stutgardia]]
| [[Stutgardia]] - ''Stuttgart''
|-
| '''SAD'''
| [[Circulus terrae Schwandorfensis]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus terrae Schwandorfensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Schwandorf'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Schwandorfium]]&quot; -ad quod Latinum gentilicium &quot;Schwandorfensis-e&quot; refertur-, vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB10373625?p=85&amp;cq=Neoburgum&amp;lang=de ''Brevis Bavariae geographia''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Schwandorfium, Schwandorf (...)&quot;. De gentilicio, confer [[binomen]] &quot;Holzbergia schwandorfensis&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[Schwandorfium]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Schwandorfium&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB10373625?p=85&amp;cq=Neoburgum&amp;lang=de ''Brevis Bavariae geographia''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Schwandorfium, Schwandorf (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| '''SAL'''
| [[Senatus Terrae Saraviensis]] et [[Regimen Saraviae]]
| [[Saravia]]e [[senatus terrae]]
|-
| '''SAW'''
| [[Circulus Soltquellensis]]. Sedes magistratus est [[Soltquella]]e&lt;ref name=&quot;Zeiller&quot;&gt;
| [[Soltquella]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Zeiller&quot;&gt;Zeiller, M. (1653). ''Topographia Electoratus Brandenburgici et Ducatus Pomeraniae''. [[Francofurtum ad Moenum|Francofurti ad Moenum]]: Matthäus Merian.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| '''SB'''
| [[Coniunctio urbana Saravipontensis]] (sine urbe ''[[Völklingen]]'')
* Urbs [[Saravipons]] &lt;!--Hier gibt's auch unterschiedliche--&gt;
* alia &lt;!--Nummernzuornungen. Wer's weiß, bitte nachtragen--&gt;
| Saravipons
|-
| '''SBK'''
| [[Circulus Pulchri Torrentis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Thal 1588&quot;/&gt;
| [[Pulcher Torrens]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Thal 1588&quot;&gt;Thal, J. (1588). ''Sylva Hercynia: Sive Catalogus plantarum sponte nascentium in montibus et locis vicinis Hercyniae''. In ''Opera Botanica''. Apud Joannem Maior.&lt;/ref&gt; - ''Schönebeck''
|-
| '''SC'''
| Urbs [[Swabacum]]&lt;ref name = Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''Schwabach''
|-
| '''SDL'''
| [[Circulus terrae Stendaliensis]]
| [[Stendalia]]
|-
| '''SE'''
| [[Circulus Segebergensis]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Segebega]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Segeberga&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.historicpictoric.com/products/map-pars-meridionalis-wagriae-cum-partes-stormariae?srsltid=AfmBOopRo9bnNv-nGC9RnMONsiyHXPkBdc680bFHbAFYk0G-0NCnynTe Historic Pictoric], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) et Praefectura Segebergensis (...)&quot;. Quo de toponymo, vide [https://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/braun1594bd4/0074/image,info ], ubi &quot;(...) Segeberga. Holsatiae Ducatum à nemoribus syluisq. appellationem fortitum, &amp; nuncupatum (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''Bad Segeberg''
|-
| '''SFA'''
| [[Circulus Soltau-Vastulingeburstalle]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Vastulingeburstalle]]''&lt;ref&gt;Vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_U3ILAAAAYAAJ/bub_gb_U3ILAAAAYAAJ_djvu.txt ], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Voleward de Vastulingeburstalle, Bernhard Bidonis filius de Ondertunun, Poppo et Aedthelhard de Thurnithi, Hrothger de Glethingi (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Soltau]]-[[Vastulingeburstalle]]&lt;ref&gt;Vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_U3ILAAAAYAAJ/bub_gb_U3ILAAAAYAAJ_djvu.txt ], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Voleward de Vastulingeburstalle, Bernhard Bidonis filius de Ondertunun, Poppo et Aedthelhard de Thurnithi, Hrothger de Glethingi (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| '''SG'''
| Urbs [[Salingiacum]]
| ''Solingen''
|-
| '''SGH'''
| [[Circulus Sangerhusensis]]
| [[Sangerhusa]]&lt;ref name = Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt; - ''Sangershausen''
|-
| '''SH'''
| [[Senatus Terra Schlesvici et Holsatiae]], [[Regimen Slesvici et Holsatiae]] et vehiculi aedilium.
| [[Slesvicum et Holsatia|Slesvici et Holsatiae]] [[senatus terrae]]
|-
| '''SHA'''
| [[Circulus terrae Hallae Suevicae]]
| [[Halla Suevica]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmannus&quot;/&gt;
|-
| '''SHG'''
| [[Circulus Theorosburgensis]].&lt;ref name = Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Haga Schauenburgi]]&lt;ref name = Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''Schauenburg'' vel ''Stadthagen''
|-
| '''SHK'''
| [[Circulus Salae et Terrae Silvaticae]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Isenberga Thuringorum]]
| Circulus [[Sala (flumen)|Salae]] et Terrae Silvaticae
|-
| '''SHL'''
| Urbs [[Sulaha]]&lt;ref name=de.wiki&gt;De Germanica Vicipaedia&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''Suhl''
|-
| '''SI'''
| [[Circulus Sigensis et Wittgensteinensis|Siga et Wittgenstein]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen huius [[Circulus terrae|circuli]], qui Theodisce ''Kreis Siegen-Wittgenstein'' nuncupatur, e gentiliciis &quot;Sigensis-e&quot; et &quot;Wittgensteinensis&quot;. Primum gentilicium ad [[Siga (Germania)|Sigam]] refertur; quo de toponymo, vide {{Graesse}}. Secundo de gentilicio, invenitur passim apud [https://www.google.com/search?q=%22Wittgensteinensis%22&amp;client=firefox-b-d&amp;sca_esv=2ecbce6232480e5e&amp;biw=1271&amp;bih=271&amp;ei=kP9jaM_IC-GukdUPoKDHgA8&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjP0NfS_ZuOAxVhV6QEHSDQEfAQ4dUDCA8&amp;uact=5&amp;oq=%22Wittgensteinensis%22&amp;gs_lp=Egxnd3Mtd2l6LXNlcnAiEyJXaXR0Z2Vuc3RlaW5lbnNpcyIyCBAAGIAEGKIEMgUQABjvBTIFEAAY7wUyBRAAGO8FMgUQABjvBUjNIlCqCligHXABeACQAQCYAZABoAHAB6oBAzAuOLgBA8gBAPgBAZgCCaACvQjCAgsQABiABBiwAxiiBMICCBAAGLADGO8FwgIGEAAYBxgewgIIEAAYExgHGB7CAgcQABiABBgTmAMAiAYBkAYFkgcDMS44oAeNILIHAzAuOLgHqQjCBwUyLTIuN8gHXw&amp;sclient=gws-wiz-serp Gugulam] et ad Wittgestein refertur.&lt;/ref&gt;. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Siga (Germania)|Siga]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;
| Siga&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;
|-
| '''SIG'''
| [[Circulus terrae Sigmaringensis]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen huius [[Circulus terrae|circuli]], qui Theodisce ''Landkreis Sigmaringen'' nuncupatur, Latino e gentilicio &quot;Sigmaringensis-e&quot;. Quod gentilicium ad [[Sigmaringa]]m refertur; quo de toponymo, vide [[Fidelis de Sigmaringa|Fidelem de Sigmaringā]]. Denique, Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit.&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[Sigmaringa]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Sigmaringa&quot;&gt;Vide [[Fidelis de Sigmaringa|Fidelem de Sigmaringā]].&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| '''SIM'''
| [[Circulus Rheni et Tergi Canini]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Rheni et Tergi Canini&quot; -Theodisce ''Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum suffixum ''-Kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latinis toponymis &quot;[[Rhenus]]&quot; et &quot;[[Tergum Caninum]]&quot;, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Simmera]]&lt;ref name = Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Simmera]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;
|-
| '''SK'''
| [[Circulus ad Salam]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Halla Saxonum]]
| ''Saalkreis''
|-
| '''SL''
| [[Circulus Slesvicus et Flensburgensis]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Sliasvig]]
| ''Schleswig-Flensburg''
|-
| '''SLF'''
| [[Circulus terrae Salfeldensis et Rudolphopolitanus]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Salfelda Thuringorum]]&lt;ref name = Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Salfelda Thuringorum
|-
| '''SLS'''
| [[Circulus terrae Ludovici arcis ad Saram]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus terrae Ludovici arcis ad Saram&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Saarlouis'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino toponymico syntagmata &quot;[[Ludovici arx ad Saram]]&quot;, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Ludovici Arx ad Saram]]&lt;ref name = Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| '''SM'''
| [[Circulus terrae Smalcaldianus et Mainingianus]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Mainingia]]
| [[Smalcaldia]]&lt;ref name = Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt; et [[Mainingia]]
|-
| '''SN'''
| Urbs [[Suerinum]]
| Suerinum
|-
| '''SO'''
| [[Circulus Susatensis]]
| [[Susatum]]&lt;ref name = Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| '''SÖM'''
| [[Circulus terrae Summerdensis]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen huius [[Circulus terrae|circuli]], qui Theodisce ''Landkreis Sömmerda'' nuncupatur, Latino e gentilicio &quot;Summerdensis-e&quot;. Quod gentilicium ad [[Summerda]]m refertur; quo de toponymo, vide [https://medit.lutheran.hu/files/buchwald_georg_wittenberger_ordiniertenbuch_1560_1572_1895.pdf], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Ego ''Paulus Hypelius'' Summerdae natus in Thuringia hoc meo Chirographo testa
tum facio (...)&quot;. Denique, Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit.&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Summerda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Summerda&quot;&gt;Vide [https://medit.lutheran.hu/files/buchwald_georg_wittenberger_ordiniertenbuch_1560_1572_1895.pdf], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Ego ''Paulus Hypelius'' Summerdae natus in Thuringia hoc meo Chirographo testatum facio (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| '''SOK'''
| [[Circulus Salensis et Orlahensis]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Slewitz]]''
| Circulus [[Sala (flumen)|Salensis]] et Orlahensis
|-
| '''SON'''
| [[Circulus Solimontensis]]
| [[Mons Solis]]
|-
| '''SP'''
| Urbs [[Spira]]&lt;ref name = Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''Speyer''
|-
| '''SPN'''
| [[Circulus terrae Sprehae et Nissae]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen huius circuli, Theodisce ''Landkreis Spree-Neiße'' nucupati, sic:  &quot;Sprehae&quot; est genetivus Latini hydronymi &quot;[[Spreha|Spreha-ae]]&quot;, Theodisce ''Spree'' et &quot;Nissae&quot; est genetivus Latini hydronymi &quot;[[Nissa Lusatianus|Nissa-ae]]&quot;, Theodisce ''Neiße''. Latinis de ambobus hydronymis, vide {{Graesse}}. Denique, Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit.&lt;/ref&gt;. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Forstia (Lusatia)|Forstia]]&lt;ref&gt;Vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenahist/wassenberg1/Wassenberg_florus.html  ''FLORUS GERMANICUS''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Quum aliae, aliae que urbes, Budissini moveritur exemplo. Forstia et Lubavia exasperantur: et Forstia [''note'': Mox reliquam Lusatiam] quidem (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[Spreha|Spreha]] et [[Nissa Lusatianus|Nissa]]''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''SR'''
| Urbs [[Straubinga]] &lt;ref name = Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Straubinga
|
| [[Circulus terrae Straubingensis et Poganus]].&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus terrae Straubingensis et Poganus&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Straubing-Bogen'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latina gentilicia &quot;Straubingensis-e&quot; et &quot;Poganus-a-um&quot; ad [[Straubinga]], et [[Villa Pogana|Villam Poganam]], respective, referuntur. Primo de toponymo, vide {{Graesse}}; et de secundo, vide [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogen_(Stadt)#Bis_zum_19._Jahrhundert articulum apud Vicipaediam Theodiscam de hoc oppido], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Unter dem Namen ''Villa Pogana'' wird Bogen um die Mitte des 8. Jahrhunderts erstmals erwähnt (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; Sedes magistratus est in oppido Acilia Augusta vel Straubinga &lt;ref name = Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| '''ST'''
| [[Circulus Steinfurtensis]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Steinfurtensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Kreis Steinfurt'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Steinfurtum]]&quot; et eius gentilicio &quot;Steinfurtensis-e&quot;, vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenaref/koenig/Koenig_bibliotheca_3.html ''GEORG MATTHIAE KÖNIGII BIBLIOTHECA VETUS ET NOVA. ''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Hinc Steinfurtum delatus (...) Steinfurtensis archiater (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; 
| [[Steinfurtum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Steinfurtum&quot;&gt;Vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenaref/koenig/Koenig_bibliotheca_3.html ''GEORG MATTHIAE KÖNIGII BIBLIOTHECA VETUS ET NOVA. ''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Hinc Steinfurtum delatus (...) Steinfurtensis archiater (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| '''STA'''
| [[Circulus terrae Starnbergensis]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen huius [[Circulus terrae|circuli]], qui Theodisce ''Landkreis Starnberg'' nuncupatur, Latino e gentilicio &quot;Starnbergensis-e&quot;. Quod gentilicium ad [[Starnberga]]m refertur; quo de toponymo, vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenahist/pareus1/Pareus_historia.html ''DANIELIS PAREI HISTORIA BAVARICO- PALATINA''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Grunwalda, Starnberga, Weilhaimium (...)&quot;. Denique, Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit.&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Starnberga]]
|-
| '''STD'''
| [[Circulus Stadae]]
| [[Stadae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;
|-
| '''STL'''
| [[Circulus Stolipolitanus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;UL 1602&quot;/&gt;
| [[Stolipolis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;UL 1602&quot;&gt;Universitas Lipsiensis (1602). ''Epithalamia In Honorem Ornatissimi Et Doctissimi Viri Domini Georgii Fabricii Stolipolitani''. Typis Iohanni Schnorri.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| '''SU'''
| [[Circulus Rhenanus et Segensis]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Rhenanus et Segensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Rhein-Sieg-Kreis'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum suffixum ''-Kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latina gentilicia &quot;Rhenanus-a-um&quot; et &quot;Segensis-e&quot; ad flumina [[Rhenus|Rhenum]] et [[Sega]]m referuntur. Quibus de hydronymis, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Siegburgum|Siegburgo]]''
| [[Siegburgum]]
|-
| '''SÜW'''
| [[Circulus ad Vini Viam Australim]]
| ''Südliche Weinstraße''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''SW'''
| Urbs [[Suevofortum]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Suevofortum
|-
| [[Circulus terrae Suevofortensis]]
|-
| '''SZ'''
| Urbs [[Salzgitter]]
| Salzgitter
|-
|}

=== T ===

{| 
|-
| '''TBB'''
| [[Circulus Moenensis et Tuberensis]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Moenensis et Tuberensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Main-Tauber-Kreis'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum suffixum ''-Kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latina gentilicia &quot;Moenensis-e&quot; et &quot;Tuberensis-e&quot; ad flumina [[Moenus|Moenum]] et [[Tuberus|Tuberum]] respective referuntur. Quibus de hydronymis, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Tauberbischofsheim]]''
| Tauberbischofsheim
|-
| '''TF'''
| [[Circulus terrae Teltovensis et Flamingus]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus terrae Teltovensis et Flamingus&quot; -Theodisce ''Landreis Teltow-Fläming'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latina gentilicia &quot;Teltovensis-e&quot; et &quot;Flamingus-a-um&quot; ad &quot;Teltovia&quot; et Regionem Flamingam (Theodisce ''Teltow'' et ''Fläming'', respective) referuntur. Primo de gentilicio, vide: Heffter, M. W., auctore (1854). ''Diplomatarium Brandenburgense: Codex diplomaticus praecipue res germanicas illustrans''. Brandenburgi; de secundo, hoc gentilicium eandem etymologiam Theodisci susbtantivi ''Fläming'' habet, quia haec Germanica regio saeculo XII a [[Flandria|Flandricis]] (i.e. Flamingis) colonis occupata est. De synonymia inter &quot;Flamingus-a-um&quot; et &quot;Flandricus-a-um&quot; (quoque eādem cum etymologiā), vide {{Graesse}}. Et ex hoc gentilicio, derivatur toponymo &quot;Flamingia-ae&quot;. Quo de toponymo, vide [https://dokumen.pub/urkundenbuch-des-hochstifts-naumburg-1207-1304-3412144991-9783412144999.html ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Naumburg''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Petrus de Flamingia (...)&quot;. Denique, de toponymo &quot;[[Teltovia]]&quot;, vide: Bekmann, J. C., auctore (1751). ''Historische Beschreibung der Chur und Mark Brandenburg''. Berolini: Christian Friedrich Voß.&lt;/ref&gt;. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Lucovaldia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bekmann 1751&quot;&gt;Bekmann, J. C. (1751). ''Historische Beschreibung der Chur und Mark Brandenburg''. Berolini: Vossische Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Theodisce ''Luckenwalde''&lt;/ref&gt; 
| Teltovia&lt;ref name=&quot;Bekmann 1751&quot;/&gt; et Flamingia&lt;ref name=&quot;Flamingia&quot;&gt;Vide [https://dokumen.pub/urkundenbuch-des-hochstifts-naumburg-1207-1304-3412144991-9783412144999.html ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Naumburg''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Petrus de Flamingia (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| '''THL'''
| [[Thüringer Landtag]] und Landesregierung
| [[Thüringen|Thüringer]] [[Landtag]]
|-
| '''THW'''
| [[Technisches Hilfswerk|Bundesanstalt Technisches Hilfswerk]]
| Technisches Hilfswerk
|-
| '''TIR'''
| [[Circulus terrae Tursenreutensis]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus terrae Tursenreutensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Tirschenreuth'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino gentilicio &quot;Tursenreutensis-e&quot;, quod ad [[TTursenreut]] refertur, vide [https://nlp.fi.muni.cz/projekty/ahisto/portal/fulltext.php?docid=635&amp;search=Tursenreut ''Monumenta Egrana I''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) In Tursenreut et in majori Klenau (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Tursenreut]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Tursenreut&quot;&gt;Vide [https://nlp.fi.muni.cz/projekty/ahisto/portal/fulltext.php?docid=635&amp;search=Tursenreut ''Monumenta Egrana I''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) In Tursenreut et in majori Klenau (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| '''TO'''
| [[Circulus Torgau-Oschatz]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Argelia]]''
| Torgau oder Torgau-[[Oschatz]]
|-
| '''TÖL'''
| [[Circulus terrae Tolzenarius et Veliphoratusiensis]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus terrae Tolzenarius et Veliphoratusiensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo gentilicioque &quot;[[Tolzenarius]]&quot;, vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&amp;cq=M%C3%BCnchen&amp;lang=de ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z'']; et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Veliphoratusium]]&quot; -ad quod gentilicium &quot;Veliphoratusiensis-e&quot; refertur-, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Tolzenarius]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus N-Z&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&amp;cq=M%C3%BCnchen&amp;lang=de ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z''].&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''TR'''
| [[Circulus terrae Augustae Treverorum et Saraburgi]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus terrae Augustae Treverorum et Saraburgi -Theodisce ''Landkreis Trier-Saarburg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latinis toponymis &quot;[[Augusta Treverorum]]&quot; et &quot;[[Saraburgum]]·, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Augusta Treverorum]]''
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Augusta Treverorum]]
|-
| Urbs [[Augusta Treverorum]]
|-
| '''TS'''
| [[Circulus Trunensis]]
| [[Trun (Bavaria)|Trun]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Trun&quot;&gt;Vide [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traunstein#Bis_zum_19._Jahrhundert articulum hoc de oppido apud Vicipaediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Zwar nennen kirchliche Güterverzeichnisse schon um 790 Besitzungen ''ad Trun'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;'''
|-
| '''TÜ'''
| [[Circulus terrae Tubingensis]]
| [[Tubinga]]
|-
| '''TUT'''
| [[Circulus terrae Tulingensis]]
| [[Tulingum]]
|-
|}

=== U ===

{| 
|-
| '''UE'''
| [[Circulus Ulsenensis]]
| [[Ulsena]]
|-
| '''UER'''
| [[Circulus Uecker-Randow]]. Sedes magistratus est [[Pasewalchia]]e&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus N-Z&quot;&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Pasewalk'')
| [[Uecker]]-[[Randow]]
|-
| '''UH'''
| [[Circulus Onestrudensis et Hainichensis]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Onestrudensis et Hainichensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Unstrut-Hainich-Kreis'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum suffixum ''-Kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latina gentilicia &quot;Onestrudensis-e&quot; et &quot;Hainichensis-e&quot; ad flumen [[Onestrudis|Onestrudem]] et ad montem [[Hainich]] respective referuntur. Quo de hydronymo, vide articulum hoc de flumine apud Vicipaediam Anglicam, ubi dicitur &quot;in 575, the river was attested as the ''Onestrudis'', in the 7th century it was referred to as the ''Unestrude'', and in 994 as the ''Vnstruod''&quot;; secundo de gentilicio, confer binominale epitheton &quot;hainichensis&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Mulhusa Thuringorum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;
| Onestrudis et Hainich
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''UL'''
| [[Alb-Donau-Kreis]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Ulma]]'' (''XX 999; NA 1000-ZZ 9999; X 9(99) et XX 9(9), si litterae B, F, G, I, O, Q in nota sint.'')
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Ulma]]
|-
| Urbs [[Ulma]] (alioquin)
|-
| '''UM'''
| [[Circulus terrae Uckeranae Marchiae]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus terrae Uckeranae Marchiae&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Uckermark'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) et de Latino toponymico syntagmate &quot;[[Uckerana marchia]]&quot;, Theodiscum toponymum ''Uckermark'' vertente, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Premislavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;
| [[Uckerana Marchia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;
|-
| '''UN'''
| [[Unna (circulus)|Unna]]
| [[Unna]]
|-
|}

=== V ===

{| 
|-
| '''V'''
| [[Circulus Terrae Advocatorum]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Plavia Variscorum]]
| [[Terra advocatorum]]
|-
| '''VB'''
| [[Circulus Montis Avium]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Montis Avium&quot; -Theodisce ''Vogelsbergkreis'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum suffixum ''-kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum toponymicum syntagma &quot;[[Mons avium (Chattorum)|Mons Avium]]&quot; -Theodiscum toponymicum lexema ''Vogelsberg-'' vertens- ex nominibus Latinis plurium eius [[regio]]nis [[planta]]rum deducitur.&lt;/ref&gt;. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Lauterbach (Hassia)|Lauterbach]]
| [[Mons avium (Chattorum)|Mons Avium]]
|-
| '''VEC'''
| [[Circulus Vechta]]
| [[Vechta]]
|-
| '''VER'''
| [[Circulus terrae Fardensis]]
| [[Fardium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;
|-
| '''VIE'''
| [[Circulus Virsensis]]
| [[Virsena]]
|-
| '''VK'''
| Urbs [[Völklingen]] ([[Mittelstadt]] im [[Stadtverband Saarbrücken]])
| Völklingen
|-
| '''VS'''
| [[Circulus Nigrae Silvae et Baarensis]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Nigrae Silvae et Baarensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Schwarzwald-Baar-Kreis'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum suffixum ''-kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Nigra silva]]&quot;, Theodiscum ''Schwarzwald'' vertens, vide {{Graesse}} et de gentilicium &quot;Baarensis-e&quot; ad Baram -Theodisce - refertur. Et quo de gentilicio et quo de toponymo, vide [https://www.heiligenlexikon.de/ActaSanctorum/16.Oktober.html ''Acta Sanctorum: 16. Oktober''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Bara, Para, pagus est ducatus Alemanniæ ad Nigram Sylvam (...)  Landgraviatus Baarensis ad Nigram Sylvam ac Danubium (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''Schwarzwald-Baar-Kreis''. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Villingen-Schwenningen]]
| Villingen-Schwenningen
|-
|}

=== W ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| '''W'''
| Urbs [[Wipperae Vallis]]
| ''Wuppertal''
|-
| '''WAF'''
| [[Circulus Warendorpiensis]]
| [[Warendorp]]
|-
| '''WAK'''
| [[Circulus Wartburgensis]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Wartburgensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Wartburgkreis'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum suffixum ''-kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Watburgensis-e&quot; ad [[Castellum Wartburgense]] refertur, quod est in hoc circulo. Hoc castellum etiam &quot;Wartburgum&quot; nuncupatum. Quo de toponymo, vide {{Hofmannus}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Salsunga]]&lt;ref name=de.wiki&gt;De Germanica Vicipaedia&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Castellum Wartburgense|Wartburgum]]
|-
| '''WB'''
| [[Circulus terrae Wittenbergensis]]
| [[Wittenberga]]
|-
| '''WE'''
| Urbs [[Vimaria]]
| Vimaria
|-
| '''WEN'''
| Urbs [[Vaida]]&lt;ref name=Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''Weiden in der Oberpfalz''
|-
| '''WES'''
| [[Circulus Vesaliensis]]
| [[Vesalia]]&lt;ref name=Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt; - ''Wesel''
|-
| '''WF'''
| [[Circulus Guelpherbytensis]]
| [[Guelpherbytum]] - ''Wolfenbüttel''
|-
| '''WHV'''
| Urbs [[Wilhelmshaven|Guglielmi Portus]]
| ''Wilhelmshaven''
|-
| '''WI'''
| Urbs [[Aquae Mattiacae]]
| Aquae Mattiacae
|-
| '''WIL'''
| [[Circulus terrae Tabernarum Mosellanicarum-Cusae et Vitelliaci]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus terrae Tabernarum Mosellanicarum-Cusae et Vitelliaci&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Bernkastel-Wittlich'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latinis toponymis &quot;[[Tabernae Mosellanicae-Cusa|Tabernae Mosellanicae-Cusa]]&quot; et &quot;[[Vitelliacum]]&quot;, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Vitteliacum]]&lt;ref name=Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''Kreis [[Tabernae Mosellanicae-Cusa|Bernkastel]]-Wittlich''
|-
| '''WL'''
| [[Circulus Harburgensis]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Winsenia]]
| Winsenia
|-
| '''WM'''
| [[Circulus Wilhainensis et Scongensis]].&lt;ref name=Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Wilhain]]&lt;ref name=de.wiki&gt;De Germanica Vicipaedia&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''Weilheim-Schongau''
|-
| '''WN'''
| [[Circulus Remisensis et Murrensis]].&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Remisensis et Murrensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Rems-Murr-Kreis'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum suffixum ''-Kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latina gentilicia &quot;Remisensis-e&quot; et &quot;Murrensis-e&quot; ad flumina [[Remisus|Remisum]] et [[Murrensis|Murrensem]] refertur. Primo de hydronymo, vide [https://books.google.de/books?id=FuwzkvZmlVAC&amp;pg=RA2-PT353&amp;lpg=RA2-PT353&amp;dq=Rems+fluvius&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=pqKYOU-Qfo&amp;sig=ACfU3U0iTPhkv6wzJUq8mkuntYSbzkgUaw&amp;hl=de&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwi04PX82dvmAhVKK5oKHUwGAR8Q6AEwAXoECAcQAQ#v=onepage&amp;q=Rems%20fluvius&amp;f=false FONS LATINITATIS CORVINIANUS BICORNIS, auctor. Christophorus Giglingius]; secundo de hydronymo et [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murr_(Fluss)#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Er ist bereits in der Bezeichnung der römerzeitlichen Ansiedlung vicus murrensis belegt, die ein bei Benningen oder bei Murrhardt gelegenes Lagerdorf war (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Waiblinga]]&lt;ref name=Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''Rems-Murr-Kreis''
|-
| '''WND'''
| [[Circulus terrae Sancti Wendelini]]&lt;ref name=&quot;CDSW&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen huius circuli terrae, Theodisce ''Landkreis Sankt Wendel'' nucupati, sic: Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit; et &quot;Sancti Wendelini&quot; est genetivus Latini hagionymo &quot;Sanctus Wendelinus&quot;, Theodisce ''Sankt Wendel'', (Latino de hoc hagionymo, inspice [https://www.google.com/search?q=%22Sancti+Wendelini%22&amp;client=firefox-b-d&amp;sca_esv=a39f92e395423779&amp;sxsrf=AHTn8zr38D38RdAayY4AX7cwVMKQx8W0WA:1745181816884&amp;ei=eFwFaLPbNdqUxc8P4JvwyQs&amp;start=20&amp;sa=N&amp;sstk=Af40H4WsUn6D4rIBN8dmTO0WkDK6ttHD7f-kREX-LdD4ErNenSh62OZYnzZjzkMQStdsBcAWFzDKiioCh7Jfrn6XbNADdznuYTcGnCsWQ0G9mOQlDtM-WrPZgQY83sK9lFuH&amp;ved=2ahUKEwiz943yvOeMAxVaSvEDHeANPLk4ChDy0wN6BAgIEAc&amp;biw=1273&amp;bih=297&amp;dpr=1.5 id apud Gugulam].&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Oppidum Sancti Wendelini]] - ''St. Wendel''
|-
| '''WO'''
| Urbs [[Vormatia]]
| Vormatia
|-
| '''WOB'''
| Urbs [[Wolfsburg]]
| ''Wolfsburg''
|-
| '''WR'''
| [[Circulus Werningrodensis]]
| [[Werningroda]]&lt;ref name=Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt; - ''Wernigerode''
|-
| '''WSF'''
| [[Circulus Leucopetrensis]]
| [[Leucopetra]]
|-
| '''WST'''
| [[Circulus Paludosoterrensis]].&lt;ref name=de.wiki&gt;De Germanica Vicipaedia&lt;/ref&gt; Sedes magistratus est [[Locus Occidentalis (Saxonia Inferior)|Loco Occidentali]]
| [[Locus Occidentalis (Saxonia Inferior)|Locus Occidentalis]]
|-
| '''WT'''
| [[Circulus terrae Waldshutensis]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen huius circuli, Theodisce ''Landkreis Waldshut'' nucupati, sic: &quot;Waldshutensis-e&quot; est gentilicium quod ad oppidum [[Waldishuote-Tuoingen]] refertur. Quo de gentilicio, vide [https://regionalia.blb-karlsruhe.de/frontdoor/deliver/index/docId/22736/file/BLB_Freiburger_Dioecesan_Archiv_1890_21.pdf ], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ex mandato laudabilis Magistratus Waldshutensis (...)&quot;; quo de oppido, vide [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldshut-Tiengen#Geschichte_von_Waldshutn hunc articulum apud Vicipaediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Arnoldo scultheto in Waldishuote'' (...) ''Sigillum civium in Waldishut'' (...) ''Actum apud Tuoingen coram populo Alpegouense'' (...)&quot;. Denique, Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit.&lt;/ref&gt;. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Waldishuote-Tuoingen]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmannus&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Waldishuote-Tuoingen&quot;&gt;Vide [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldshut-Tiengen#Geschichte_von_Waldshutn hunc articulum apud Vicipaediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Arnoldo scultheto in Waldishuote'' (...) ''Sigillum civium in Waldishut'' (...) ''Actum apud Tuoingen coram populo Alpegouense'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;
| Waldishuote-Tuoingen&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmannus&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Waldishuote-Tuoingen&quot;/&gt;
|-
| '''WTM'''
| [[Circulus Widmundensis]]
| [[Widmundi]]&lt;ref name=Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt; - ''Wittmund''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''WÜ'''
| [[Herbipolis]] (AA-ZZ 100-9999)
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Herbipolis
|-
| [[Circulus terrae Herbipolitanus]] (A-Z 1-9999 et AA-ZZ 1-99)
|-
| '''WUG'''
| [[Circulus Weissenburgensis Noricensis]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Weissenburgum Noricum]]&lt;ref name=Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Weissenburgum Noricum]] - ''Weißenburg''
|-
| '''WUN'''
| [[Circulus terrae Bonsideliae in Montibus Piniferis]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus terrae Bonsideliae in Montibus Piniferis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Wunsiedel im Fichtelgebirge'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Bonsidelia|Bonsidelia-ae]]&quot;, vide {{Graesse}}. Latino de syntagmate &quot;in [[Montes Piniferi|Montibus Piniferis]], Theodisce ''im Fichtelgebirge'' vertente, vide {{Google Books|3G0uAAAAYAAJ|p. 396}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Bonsidelia]]&lt;ref name=Graesse/&gt;
|-
| '''WW'''
| [[Circulus Rheticus]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Montaborina]]&lt;ref name=Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Rhetico mons|Rhetico]]&lt;ref name=Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt; - [[Westerwaldia]]
|-
|}

=== X ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| '''X'''
|  Praetoria internationales [[OTAN|Consociationis ex Pacto Atlantico Septentrionali]]
| [[OTAN]]
|}

=== Y ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| '''Y'''
| [[Copiae Foederales Germaniae]]
| &quot;Y&quot; fortuite creatus, cum &quot;BW&quot; (sicut [[Germanice]]: ''Bundeswehr'') aut cognata erant condonata ad fundationem copiae. Cavallatio cursat apud milites Y fuerit finis [[Anglice|Anglici]] verbi ''Germany''.
|Copiae Germaniae
|-
|}

=== Z ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''Z'''
| Urbs [[Cygnea]] (XX)
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Cygnea
|-
| [[Circulus Cygnensis]]. Sedes magistratus est [[Insula ad Plessam|Insulae ad Plessam]] (alia)
|-
| '''ZI'''
| [[Circulus Lobaviensis et Sitaviensis]].&lt;ref name=Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Sitavia]]''
| [[Sitavia]]
|-
| '''ZR'''
| [[Landkreis Greiz]]
| [[Zeulenroda]]
|-
| '''ZW'''
| Urbs [[Bipontium]]&lt;ref name=Graesse&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''Zweibrücken''
|-
|}

{{NexInt}}
*[[Index fluviorum (Germaniae)]] 
*[[Index lacuum (Germaniae)]] 
*[[Index regionum (Germaniae)]]
*[[Index urbium (Germaniae)]] 
*[[Index vicorum (Germaniae)]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

[[Categoria:Autocineta]]
[[Categoria:Indices]]
[[Categoria:Pagi Germaniae|!]]</text>
      <sha1>18q2tpjh7t6cg74j9uguh2yaa9qxn30</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Verbania</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>19465</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3973078</id>
      <parentid>3787866</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-20T11:52:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>LilyKitty</username>
        <id>18316</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>dede Bernardo Riemann</comment>
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      <text bytes="2859" sha1="eo80v2stmmuw5q7i9c57a3cuz6p1eb0" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Aerial image of Verbania (view from the south).jpg|thumb|Verbania et lacus [[Verbannus]]]]
'''Verbania'''&lt;ref&gt;Nomi d'Italia - AAVV, De Agostini&lt;/ref&gt; {{victio|Verbania|ae|f}} ([[Lingua Italiana|Italice]]: ''[[:it:Verbania|Verbania]]'') est [[Commune Italiae|municipium]] [[Italia]]e, circiter 30&amp;thinsp;950 incolarum, in [[Regio Italiae|Regione]] [[Pedemontium|Pedemontio]] situm et urbs princeps [[Provincia Verbanensis-Cusiana-Oscelensis|Provinciae Verbanensis-Cusianae-Oscelensis]]. Urbani ''Verbanienses''&lt;ref&gt;[[Verbum novatum]]&lt;/ref&gt; appellantur.

== Insigne ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Corona di città.svg|''[[Urbs Italiae]]''&lt;ref&gt;anno [[2007]]&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Geographia ==
Verbania apud lacum [[Verbanus lacus|Verbanum]] sita est, qui Italice ''Lago Maggiore'' ('lacus maior') vocatur.

== Historia ==
Municipium Verbania anno [[1939]]  constitum est, cum oppidis [[Intrum|Intri]], [[Pallantia]]e ac [[Suna]]e se in novum municipium Verbaniam iunxerunt.

Ab anno [[1992]] Verbania caput [[provincia]]e est.

== Cives notabiles ==
=== Nati ===
* [[Ludovicus Cadorna]], dux exercitūs [[Italia|Italici]] inter [[primum bellum mundanum]]
=== Mortui ===
* [[Bernardus Riemann]], mathematicus [[Germania|Germanicus]]

== Ecclesia Catholica Romana ==
* [[Dioecesis Novariensis]],

== Fractiones, vici et loci in municipio ==
=== Municipia abrogata ===
* [[Intrum]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Goffredo Casalis}}&lt;/ref&gt; (alia nomina: [[Interamnium (Verbania)|Interamnium]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Goffredo Casalis}}&lt;/ref&gt;), ''Intra''
* [[Pallantia]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Goffredo Casalis}}&lt;/ref&gt;, ''Pallanza''
* [[Suna]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Goffredo Casalis}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Suna''.

=== Fractiones ===
* [[Intrum]] (alia nomina: [[Interamnium (Verbania)|Interamnium]]), 
* [[Pallantia]] 
* [[Suna]]

''Antoliva, Biganzolo, Cavandone, Fondotoce, Possaccio, Torchiedo, Trobaso, Unchio, Zoverallo''.

== Municipia finitima ==
''Arizzano, Baveno, Cambiasca, Cossogno, Ghiffa, Gravellona Toce, Laveno-Mombello (VA), Mergozzo, Miazzina, San Bernardino Verbano, Stresa, Vignone''.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Pedemontium]] (''regio''),
* [[Provincia Verbanensis-Cusiana-Oscelensis]],
* [[Municipia iuncta Italiae]],
* [[Urbes Italiae]].

== Nexus externi ==
* [http://www.comune.verbania.it/ Situs publicus] {{Ling|Lingua Italiana{{!}}Italice}}
{{CommuniaCat|Verbania|Verbaniam}}

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Flag of None.svg|Collocatio finium municipii in Provincia Verbanensi-Cusiana-Oscelensi.
Imago:Intra panorama.jpg|Despectus in [[Intrum]]
Imago:VERBANIA-PALLANZA-DSC 0484.jpg|Despectus in [[Pallatia]]m
Imago:8075 - Verbania-Suna - Lungolago presso la chiesa di Santa Lucia - Foto Giovanni Dall'Orto, 8-4-2007.jpg|[[Suna]]e, medium oppidum.
&lt;/gallery&gt;
{{Urbes qui sunt capita provinciarum Italicarum}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Verbania| ]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>1284</title>
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      <text bytes="432" sha1="nkc0lr7zkh315a7sm4iwhf4zkji6xva" xml:space="preserve">{{decennium|129}}

'''1284''' = MCCLXXXIV

== Eventa ==
* [[26 Iunii]] - [[Tibicen Hamelae|Tibicen canens]] centum et triginta liberos ex oppido [[Hamala]], quod magistratus eius oppidi praemium pro rattis fugatis non solverat.
* [[12 Augusti]] - [[Philippus IV (rex Franciae)|Philippus IV]] rex [[Francia]]e [[Lutetia]]e Ioannam [[Navarra]]e in matrimonium duxit.

== Nati ==
{{Nati desiderati}}

== Mortui ==
{{Mortui desiderati}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Flavius Stilicho</title>
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        <id>2059</id>
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      <comment>/* De vita */</comment>
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      <text bytes="9119" sha1="mhhmd5oss00ygy8vd7fbd4jsj95irv4" xml:space="preserve">{{L1}}
[[Imago:Stilico diptych.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[Diptychon consulare]] Stilichonis anni circiter [[400]], [[Modicia]]e in thesauro ecclesiae cathedralis conservatum. Monstrat autem Stilichonem cum uxore [[Serena]] et filio [[Eucherius (filius Stilichonis)|Eucherio]]. Puerorum in clipeo Stilichonis sculptorum sunt qui [[Arcadius|Arcadii]] [[Honorius|Honoriique]] fratrum Augustorum imagines esse doceant, ut quorum pro tutela atque patrono Stilicho se gesserit.]] 

{{res|Flavius Stilicho}} (anno [[359]] circiter natus anno [[408]] die [[22 Augusti|22 mensis Augusti]] [[Ravenna]]e iussu [[Heraclianus|Heracliani]] ducis exercitus [[imperator]]is [[Flavius Augustus Honorius|Honorii]] supplicio adfectus) fuit [[magister militum]] originis [[barbari]]cae et [[Comes|comes stabuli]] et [[consul]] annorum [[400]] et [[405]]. Testis atque interpres rerum a Stilichone gestarum maximus [[Claudianus]] poeta extat in carminibus 2–28 et nonnullis carminibus minoribus. Contra ab [[Orosius|Orosio]] Stilichonis facta depinguntur ut vituperanda. Quod Vandalus erat, etiam [[Arianismus|Arianus]].

==De vita==
Stilicho in hodierna [[Germania]] a patre [[Vandali|Vandalo]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Orosius]] VII.38.1.&lt;/ref&gt; natus est, auxiliario in exercitu Romano&lt;ref&gt;''De consulatu Stilichonis'' I.35-9.&lt;/ref&gt;, et matre quae civis [[Roma|Romana]] erat&lt;ref&gt;Ita [[Hieronymus]] (Ep. 123.16) eum semibarbarum dicit.&lt;/ref&gt;. Tamen semper se Romanum putavit etiamsi erat, sicut plurimi Germani, [[Arianismus|arianus]], ergo putatus [[Haeresis|haereticus]]. Correcte tres linguas principales illius temporis loquebatur: [[Lingua Germanica|Germanicam]] communem, [[Lingua Latina|Latinam]] [[Lingua Graeca|Graecamque]]. Historiographiae vir videtur multum ambiguus: putatus dux fidelis causae Imperii Romani, egit negative{{dubsig}} pro se. Nam [[Alaricus|Alaricum]] non pepulit neque limitem ad flumen [[Rhenus|Rhenum]] servavit.

[[Theodosius I|Theodosio I]] regnante, qui ultimus utriusque partis Imperi imperator fuit, tribunus praetorianus militaris fuit qui circa [[384]] eum 'vix primaevum' ad regem Persarum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Sapor III|Saporem III|en|qid=Q310267}} misit, ut de pace et partitione [[Armenia|Armeniae]] ageret&lt;ref&gt;''De consulatu'' I.51-68&lt;/ref&gt;. Missio felix fuit et Stilicho, cum Theodosium [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopoli]] adisset, comes sacri stabuli et mox comes domesticorum&lt;ref&gt;Ausonius, ''Laus Serenae'' 90-94.&lt;/ref&gt; (385-392) ac postremo circa 392 magister militum  factus est, ut limites a [[Visigothi|Visigothis]] defenderet: ita hoc negotium per circa viginta annos&lt;ref&gt;Viginti tres si [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimi]] computationi credimus (V.34.6).&lt;/ref&gt; habuit. Theodosius quia virtutem eius videbat, ei Serenam suam neptem uxorem dedit&lt;ref&gt;''De consulatu'' I.69-83 et ''Laus Serenae''.&lt;/ref&gt;, quae postea filia adoptiva fuit. Eo coniugio nati sunt filius [[Eucherius]] et duae filiae, Maria et Termantia, quae uxores imperatoris [[Honorius|Honorii]] fuerunt .
[[Fasciculus:Rione XV Esquilino, Roma, Italy - panoramio (49).jpg|thumb| Nomen Stilichonis in porta Honoriana Romae legitur (CIL VI.1189)]]
Imperatore [[Valentinianus II|Valentiniano II]] anno [[392]] interfecto, Stilicho exercitum paravit qui, Theodosio duce, [[Eugenius (imperator)|Flavium Eugenium]] proelio ad flumen Frigidum vicit (sept. 394). In hac quoque pugna Stilicho imperavit, cum haberet subordinatum [[Alaricus I (rex Visigothorum)|Alaricum]] Visigothum (deinde suum inimicum), qui magnam auxiliariorum [[Gothi|Gothorum]] copiam ducebat. Deinde magister utriusque militiae in parte occidentali imperii nominatur. Anno [[400]] una cum [[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aureliano]] [[consul|consulatum]] gessit.

[[Monumentum]] [[marmor]]eum annis circa 400 factum et dictum sepulcrum Stilichonis in [[basilica]] sancti [[Ambrosius|Ambrosii]] [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]] exstat, sed Stilichonem hac in urbe sepultum esse vix veri simile videtur. Nam primo testimonia desunt, deinde omnino corpus illis temporibus inquietissimis ac bellicosis a loco supplicii Mediolanum tralatum esse a multis viris doctis denegatur.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes ==
*[[CIL]] V.6250, VI.1188-1190, VI.1730-4, VI.31987-9, IX,4051, XIV.165. [[L'Année épigraphique|AE]] [https://edh-www.adw.uni-heidelberg.de/inschrift/suche?literatur=1926,%200124 1926,124]
* [[Claudius Claudianus|Claudianus]],  ''De consulatu Stilichonis'' et alia poemata
* ''[[Codex Theodosianus]]''
* [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimus]] ''[[Historia nova]]''
* [[Orosius|Paulus Orosius]], ''[[Historiae adversum paganos]]''
* [[Claudius Rutilius Namatianus]], ''De reditu suo''
* [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Epistulae'' IV.1-14

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Emma Burrell, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436726 A Re-Examination of Why Stilicho Abandoned His Pursuit of Alaric in 397]&quot;, ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2004: 251-256 
*	Alan Cameron, &quot;[https://www.academia.edu/25506845/Theodosius_the_Great_and_the_Regency_of_Stilico Theodosius the Great and the regency of Stilico]&quot;, ''Harvard Studies'', 1969: 247-280 
*Emilienne Demougeot, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/44168669 Note sur la politique orientale de Stilichon de 405 à 407]&quot;, ''Byzantion'', 1950(II):  27-37 
* [[Eduardus Gibbon]], ''The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire''
* Ian Hughes, ''Stilicho : the Vandal who saved Rome'', Pen and Sword Military, 2021 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=79TIDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT74&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_selected_pages&amp;cad=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]
*A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/852/mode/2up 853-858]
*Rudolf Keller, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=jMDTNtkscXQC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ViewAPI&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Stilicho, oder, Die Geschichte des weströmischen Reiches von 395-408]'', Berolini, 1884
*Giulia Marolla, &quot;[https://storicamente.org/marolla-stilicone-generale Dagli altari alla polvere. Stilicone da parens Augusti a semibarbarus proditor]&quot;, ''Storicamente'', 2018: 30.
*[[Theodorus Mommsenus|Theodorus Mommsen]], &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4472880 Stilicho und Alarich]&quot;, ''Hermes'', 1903: 101-115
* Bruno Pottier, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/mefr_0223-5102_2005_num_117_1_10947 Un pamphlet contre Stilichon dans l’Histoire Auguste : la vie de Maximin Le Thrace]&quot;, ''Mélanges de l'école française de Rome'', 2005 (117-1): 223-267
* Santo Mazzarino, ''Stilicone. La Crisi Imperiale dopo Teodosio'', [[1942]] (Rizzoli ISBN 978-88-17-33616-1) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1942_num_11_2_2700_t1_0335_0000_2 Recensio critica]
* Heinricus Richter, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?hl=fr&amp;lr=&amp;id=ponfsh4ruPkC&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PA1&amp;dq=serena+stilichonis&amp;ots=vaSabmKd8r&amp;sig=kMRQOGElZOJXCFoqw6FoLMeZj2U&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false De Stilichone et Rufino]'', Halis Saxonum, 1860 '''LATINE'''
*Michele Renee Salzman, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436821 Symmachus and the &quot;Barbarian&quot; Generals]&quot;, ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2006: 352-367
*Paulus Schulz, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?hl=fr&amp;lr=&amp;id=kv6unNYVlEUC&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PA1&amp;dq=serena+stilichonis&amp;ots=zPymhMZ5rA&amp;sig=LlWeNoL9PBOQcOJSI22m7f53z88&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false De Stilichone iisque qui de eo agunt fontibus, Claudiano imprimis et Zosimo]'', Regimonti, 1864 '''LATINE'''
*Lucien Sigayret, &quot;[https://books.openedition.org/pupvd/29079 Les deux voyages de Stilichon]&quot; in ''Bouleversants voyages'',  Presses universitaires de Perpignan, 2000: 85-100
*Michaël Vannesse,	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_2010_num_88_1_7794 L’armée romaine en Occident sous Stilichon (395-408 ap. J.-C.) : le témoignage des décrets impériaux]&quot;, ''Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire'', 2010:  99-112
*	Edmundus Vogt, ''[https://archive.org/details/clclaudianicarmi00vogt/mode/2up Cl. Claudiani carminum quae Stiliconem praedicant fides historica ex comparatione ceterorum fontium recensetur]'', Bonnae, 1863 '''LATINE'''

== Nexus externi ==
{{communia|Stilicho|Flavium Stilichonem}}
* Guillaume Vincent, ''Stilicon, architecte de la victoire: un examen du rôle stratégique du général lors de la bataille de la rivière Frigidus'' [https://mastersfdl.hypotheses.org/6020 Investigatio]

{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores=[[Eutropius (consul)|Eutropius]] et [[Flavius Mallius Theodorus]]|
annus= 400&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aureliano]]|
successores=[[Flavius Fravitta]] et [[Flavius Vincentius]]}}
{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores=[[Honorius (imperator)|Imp. Caesar Flavius Honorius Augustus]] VI et [[Aristaenetus]]|
annus= 405&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Flavius Anthemius|Flavio Anthemio]]|
successores=[[Arcadius|Imp. Caesar Flavius Arcadius Augustus]] VI et [[Anicius Flavius Petronius Probus]]}} 

{{Lifetime|saeculo 4|408|Stilicho, Flavius}}
[[Categoria:Ductores exercitus]]
[[Categoria:Milites Romani antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Morte damnati]]</text>
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[[Imago:Stilico diptych.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[Diptychon consulare]] Stilichonis anni circiter [[400]], [[Modicia]]e in thesauro ecclesiae cathedralis conservatum. Monstrat autem Stilichonem cum uxore [[Serena]] et filio [[Eucherius (filius Stilichonis)|Eucherio]]. Puerorum in clipeo Stilichonis sculptorum sunt qui [[Arcadius|Arcadii]] [[Honorius|Honoriique]] fratrum Augustorum imagines esse doceant, ut quorum pro tutela atque patrono Stilicho se gesserit.]] 

{{res|Flavius Stilicho}} (anno [[359]] circiter natus anno [[408]] die [[22 Augusti|22 mensis Augusti]] [[Ravenna]]e iussu [[Heraclianus|Heracliani]] ducis exercitus [[imperator]]is [[Flavius Augustus Honorius|Honorii]] supplicio adfectus) fuit [[magister militum]] originis [[barbari]]cae et [[Comes|comes stabuli]] et [[consul]] annorum [[400]] et [[405]]. Testis atque interpres rerum a Stilichone gestarum maximus [[Claudianus]] poeta extat in carminibus 2–28 et nonnullis carminibus minoribus. Contra ab [[Orosius|Orosio]] Stilichonis facta depinguntur ut vituperanda. Quod Vandalus erat, etiam [[Arianismus|Arianus]].

==De vita==
Stilicho in hodierna [[Germania]] a patre [[Vandali|Vandalo]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Orosius]] VII.38.1.&lt;/ref&gt; natus est, auxiliario in exercitu Romano&lt;ref&gt;''De consulatu Stilichonis'' I.35-9.&lt;/ref&gt;, et matre quae civis [[Roma|Romana]] erat&lt;ref&gt;Ita [[Hieronymus]] (Ep. 123.16) eum semibarbarum dicit.&lt;/ref&gt;. Tamen semper se Romanum putavit etiamsi erat, sicut plurimi Germani, [[Arianismus|arianus]], ergo putatus [[Haeresis|haereticus]]. Correcte tres linguas principales illius temporis loquebatur: [[Lingua Germanica|Germanicam]] communem, [[Lingua Latina|Latinam]] [[Lingua Graeca|Graecamque]]. In [[historiographia]] vir multum ambiguus depingitur: putatus dux fidelis causae Imperii Romani, egit negative{{dubsig}} pro se. Nam [[Alaricus|Alaricum]] non pepulit neque limitem ad flumen [[Rhenus|Rhenum]] servavit.

[[Theodosius I|Theodosio I]] regnante, qui ultimus utriusque partis Imperi imperator fuit, tribunus praetorianus militaris fuit qui circa [[384]] eum 'vix primaevum' ad regem Persarum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Sapor III|Saporem III|en|qid=Q310267}} misit, ut de pace et partitione [[Armenia|Armeniae]] ageret&lt;ref&gt;''De consulatu'' I.51-68&lt;/ref&gt;. Missio felix fuit et Stilicho, cum Theodosium [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopoli]] adisset, comes sacri stabuli et mox comes domesticorum&lt;ref&gt;Ausonius, ''Laus Serenae'' 90-94.&lt;/ref&gt; (385-392) ac postremo circa 392 magister militum  factus est, ut limites a [[Visigothi|Visigothis]] defenderet: ita hoc negotium per circa viginta annos&lt;ref&gt;Viginti tres si [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimi]] computationi credimus (V.34.6).&lt;/ref&gt; habuit. Theodosius quia virtutem eius videbat, ei Serenam suam neptem uxorem dedit&lt;ref&gt;''De consulatu'' I.69-83 et ''Laus Serenae''.&lt;/ref&gt;, quae postea filia adoptiva fuit. Eo coniugio nati sunt filius [[Eucherius]] et duae filiae, Maria et Termantia, quae uxores imperatoris [[Honorius|Honorii]] fuerunt .
[[Fasciculus:Rione XV Esquilino, Roma, Italy - panoramio (49).jpg|thumb| Nomen Stilichonis in porta Honoriana Romae legitur (CIL VI.1189)]]
Imperatore [[Valentinianus II|Valentiniano II]] anno [[392]] interfecto, Stilicho exercitum paravit qui, Theodosio duce, [[Eugenius (imperator)|Flavium Eugenium]] proelio ad flumen Frigidum vicit (sept. 394). In hac quoque pugna Stilicho imperavit, cum haberet subordinatum [[Alaricus I (rex Visigothorum)|Alaricum]] Visigothum (deinde suum inimicum), qui magnam auxiliariorum [[Gothi|Gothorum]] copiam ducebat. Deinde magister utriusque militiae in parte occidentali imperii nominatur. Anno [[400]] una cum [[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aureliano]] [[consul|consulatum]] gessit.

[[Monumentum]] [[marmor]]eum annis circa 400 factum et dictum sepulcrum Stilichonis in [[basilica]] sancti [[Ambrosius|Ambrosii]] [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]] exstat, sed Stilichonem hac in urbe sepultum esse vix veri simile videtur. Nam primo testimonia desunt, deinde omnino corpus illis temporibus inquietissimis ac bellicosis a loco supplicii Mediolanum tralatum esse a multis viris doctis denegatur.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes ==
*[[CIL]] V.6250, VI.1188-1190, VI.1730-4, VI.31987-9, IX,4051, XIV.165. [[L'Année épigraphique|AE]] [https://edh-www.adw.uni-heidelberg.de/inschrift/suche?literatur=1926,%200124 1926,124]
* [[Claudius Claudianus|Claudianus]],  ''De consulatu Stilichonis'' et alia poemata
* ''[[Codex Theodosianus]]''
* [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimus]] ''[[Historia nova]]''
* [[Orosius|Paulus Orosius]], ''[[Historiae adversum paganos]]''
* [[Claudius Rutilius Namatianus]], ''De reditu suo''
* [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Epistulae'' IV.1-14

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Emma Burrell, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436726 A Re-Examination of Why Stilicho Abandoned His Pursuit of Alaric in 397]&quot;, ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2004: 251-256 
*	Alan Cameron, &quot;[https://www.academia.edu/25506845/Theodosius_the_Great_and_the_Regency_of_Stilico Theodosius the Great and the regency of Stilico]&quot;, ''Harvard Studies'', 1969: 247-280 
*Emilienne Demougeot, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/44168669 Note sur la politique orientale de Stilichon de 405 à 407]&quot;, ''Byzantion'', 1950(II):  27-37 
* [[Eduardus Gibbon]], ''The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire''
* Ian Hughes, ''Stilicho : the Vandal who saved Rome'', Pen and Sword Military, 2021 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=79TIDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT74&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_selected_pages&amp;cad=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]
*A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/852/mode/2up 853-858]
*Rudolf Keller, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=jMDTNtkscXQC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ViewAPI&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Stilicho, oder, Die Geschichte des weströmischen Reiches von 395-408]'', Berolini, 1884
*Giulia Marolla, &quot;[https://storicamente.org/marolla-stilicone-generale Dagli altari alla polvere. Stilicone da parens Augusti a semibarbarus proditor]&quot;, ''Storicamente'', 2018: 30.
*[[Theodorus Mommsenus|Theodorus Mommsen]], &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4472880 Stilicho und Alarich]&quot;, ''Hermes'', 1903: 101-115
* Bruno Pottier, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/mefr_0223-5102_2005_num_117_1_10947 Un pamphlet contre Stilichon dans l’Histoire Auguste : la vie de Maximin Le Thrace]&quot;, ''Mélanges de l'école française de Rome'', 2005 (117-1): 223-267
* Santo Mazzarino, ''Stilicone. La Crisi Imperiale dopo Teodosio'', [[1942]] (Rizzoli ISBN 978-88-17-33616-1) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1942_num_11_2_2700_t1_0335_0000_2 Recensio critica]
* Heinricus Richter, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?hl=fr&amp;lr=&amp;id=ponfsh4ruPkC&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PA1&amp;dq=serena+stilichonis&amp;ots=vaSabmKd8r&amp;sig=kMRQOGElZOJXCFoqw6FoLMeZj2U&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false De Stilichone et Rufino]'', Halis Saxonum, 1860 '''LATINE'''
*Michele Renee Salzman, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436821 Symmachus and the &quot;Barbarian&quot; Generals]&quot;, ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2006: 352-367
*Paulus Schulz, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?hl=fr&amp;lr=&amp;id=kv6unNYVlEUC&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PA1&amp;dq=serena+stilichonis&amp;ots=zPymhMZ5rA&amp;sig=LlWeNoL9PBOQcOJSI22m7f53z88&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false De Stilichone iisque qui de eo agunt fontibus, Claudiano imprimis et Zosimo]'', Regimonti, 1864 '''LATINE'''
*Lucien Sigayret, &quot;[https://books.openedition.org/pupvd/29079 Les deux voyages de Stilichon]&quot; in ''Bouleversants voyages'',  Presses universitaires de Perpignan, 2000: 85-100
*Michaël Vannesse,	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_2010_num_88_1_7794 L’armée romaine en Occident sous Stilichon (395-408 ap. J.-C.) : le témoignage des décrets impériaux]&quot;, ''Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire'', 2010:  99-112
*	Edmundus Vogt, ''[https://archive.org/details/clclaudianicarmi00vogt/mode/2up Cl. Claudiani carminum quae Stiliconem praedicant fides historica ex comparatione ceterorum fontium recensetur]'', Bonnae, 1863 '''LATINE'''

== Nexus externi ==
{{communia|Stilicho|Flavium Stilichonem}}
* Guillaume Vincent, ''Stilicon, architecte de la victoire: un examen du rôle stratégique du général lors de la bataille de la rivière Frigidus'' [https://mastersfdl.hypotheses.org/6020 Investigatio]

{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores=[[Eutropius (consul)|Eutropius]] et [[Flavius Mallius Theodorus]]|
annus= 400&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aureliano]]|
successores=[[Flavius Fravitta]] et [[Flavius Vincentius]]}}
{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores=[[Honorius (imperator)|Imp. Caesar Flavius Honorius Augustus]] VI et [[Aristaenetus]]|
annus= 405&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Flavius Anthemius|Flavio Anthemio]]|
successores=[[Arcadius|Imp. Caesar Flavius Arcadius Augustus]] VI et [[Anicius Flavius Petronius Probus]]}} 

{{Lifetime|saeculo 4|408|Stilicho, Flavius}}
[[Categoria:Ductores exercitus]]
[[Categoria:Milites Romani antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Morte damnati]]</text>
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[[Imago:Stilico diptych.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[Diptychon consulare]] Stilichonis anni circiter [[400]], [[Modicia]]e in thesauro ecclesiae cathedralis conservatum. Monstrat autem Stilichonem cum uxore [[Serena]] et filio [[Eucherius (filius Stilichonis)|Eucherio]]. Puerorum in clipeo Stilichonis sculptorum sunt qui [[Arcadius|Arcadii]] [[Honorius|Honoriique]] fratrum Augustorum imagines esse doceant, ut quorum pro tutela atque patrono Stilicho se gesserit.]] 

{{res|Flavius Stilicho}} (anno [[359]] circiter natus anno [[408]] die [[22 Augusti|22 mensis Augusti]] [[Ravenna]]e iussu [[Heraclianus|Heracliani]] ducis exercitus [[imperator]]is [[Flavius Augustus Honorius|Honorii]] supplicio adfectus) fuit [[magister militum]] originis [[barbari]]cae et [[Comes|comes stabuli]] et [[consul]] annorum [[400]] et [[405]]. Testis atque interpres rerum a Stilichone gestarum maximus [[Claudianus]] poeta extat in carminibus 2–28 et nonnullis carminibus minoribus. Contra ab [[Orosius|Orosio]] Stilichonis facta depinguntur ut vituperanda. Quod Vandalus erat, etiam [[Arianismus|Arianus]].

==De vita==
Stilicho in hodierna [[Germania]] a patre [[Vandali|Vandalo]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Orosius]] VII.38.1.&lt;/ref&gt; natus est, auxiliario in exercitu Romano&lt;ref&gt;''De consulatu Stilichonis'' I.35-9.&lt;/ref&gt;, et matre quae civis [[Roma|Romana]] erat&lt;ref&gt;Ita [[Hieronymus]] (Ep. 123.16) eum semibarbarum dicit.&lt;/ref&gt;. Tamen semper se Romanum putavit etiamsi erat, sicut plurimi Germani, [[Arianismus|arianus]], ergo putatus [[Haeresis|haereticus]]. Correcte tres linguas principales illius temporis loquebatur: [[Lingua Germanica|Germanicam]] communem, [[Lingua Latina|Latinam]] [[Lingua Graeca|Graecamque]]. In [[historiographia]] vir multum ambiguus depingitur: putatus dux fidelis causae Imperii Romani, egit negative{{dubsig}} pro se. Nam [[Alaricus|Alaricum]] non pepulit neque limitem ad flumen [[Rhenus|Rhenum]] servavit.

[[Theodosius I|Theodosio I]] regnante, qui ultimus utriusque partis Imperi imperator fuit, tribunus praetorianus militaris fuit qui circa [[384]] eum 'vix primaevum' ad regem Persarum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Sapor III|Saporem III|en|qid=Q310267}} misit, ut de pace et partitione [[Armenia|Armeniae]] ageret&lt;ref&gt;''De consulatu'' I.51-68&lt;/ref&gt;. Legatio felix fuit et Stilicho, cum Theodosium [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopoli]] adisset, comes sacri stabuli et mox comes domesticorum&lt;ref&gt;Ausonius, ''Laus Serenae'' 90-94.&lt;/ref&gt; (385-392) ac postremo circa 392 magister militum  factus est, ut limites a [[Visigothi|Visigothis]] defenderet: ita hoc negotium per circa viginta annos&lt;ref&gt;Viginti tres si [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimi]] computationi credimus (V.34.6).&lt;/ref&gt; habuit. Theodosius quia virtutem eius videbat, ei Serenam suam neptem uxorem dedit&lt;ref&gt;''De consulatu'' I.69-83 et ''Laus Serenae''.&lt;/ref&gt;, quae postea filia adoptiva fuit. Eo coniugio nati sunt filius [[Eucherius]] et duae filiae, Maria et Termantia, quae uxores imperatoris [[Honorius|Honorii]] fuerunt .
[[Fasciculus:Rione XV Esquilino, Roma, Italy - panoramio (49).jpg|thumb| Nomen Stilichonis in porta Honoriana Romae legitur (CIL VI.1189)]]
Imperatore [[Valentinianus II|Valentiniano II]] anno [[392]] interfecto, Stilicho exercitum paravit qui, Theodosio duce, [[Eugenius (imperator)|Flavium Eugenium]] proelio ad flumen Frigidum vicit (sept. 394). In hac quoque pugna Stilicho imperavit, cum haberet subordinatum [[Alaricus I (rex Visigothorum)|Alaricum]] Visigothum (deinde suum inimicum), qui magnam auxiliariorum [[Gothi|Gothorum]] copiam ducebat. Deinde magister utriusque militiae in parte occidentali imperii nominatur. Anno [[400]] una cum [[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aureliano]] [[consul|consulatum]] gessit.

[[Monumentum]] [[marmor]]eum annis circa 400 factum et dictum sepulcrum Stilichonis in [[basilica]] sancti [[Ambrosius|Ambrosii]] [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]] exstat, sed Stilichonem hac in urbe sepultum esse vix veri simile videtur. Nam primo testimonia desunt, deinde omnino corpus illis temporibus inquietissimis ac bellicosis a loco supplicii Mediolanum tralatum esse a multis viris doctis denegatur.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes ==
*[[CIL]] V.6250, VI.1188-1190, VI.1730-4, VI.31987-9, IX,4051, XIV.165. [[L'Année épigraphique|AE]] [https://edh-www.adw.uni-heidelberg.de/inschrift/suche?literatur=1926,%200124 1926,124]
* [[Claudius Claudianus|Claudianus]],  ''De consulatu Stilichonis'' et alia poemata
* ''[[Codex Theodosianus]]''
* [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimus]] ''[[Historia nova]]''
* [[Orosius|Paulus Orosius]], ''[[Historiae adversum paganos]]''
* [[Claudius Rutilius Namatianus]], ''De reditu suo''
* [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Epistulae'' IV.1-14

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Emma Burrell, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436726 A Re-Examination of Why Stilicho Abandoned His Pursuit of Alaric in 397]&quot;, ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2004: 251-256 
*	Alan Cameron, &quot;[https://www.academia.edu/25506845/Theodosius_the_Great_and_the_Regency_of_Stilico Theodosius the Great and the regency of Stilico]&quot;, ''Harvard Studies'', 1969: 247-280 
*Emilienne Demougeot, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/44168669 Note sur la politique orientale de Stilichon de 405 à 407]&quot;, ''Byzantion'', 1950(II):  27-37 
* [[Eduardus Gibbon]], ''The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire''
* Ian Hughes, ''Stilicho : the Vandal who saved Rome'', Pen and Sword Military, 2021 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=79TIDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT74&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_selected_pages&amp;cad=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]
*A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/852/mode/2up 853-858]
*Rudolf Keller, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=jMDTNtkscXQC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ViewAPI&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Stilicho, oder, Die Geschichte des weströmischen Reiches von 395-408]'', Berolini, 1884
*Giulia Marolla, &quot;[https://storicamente.org/marolla-stilicone-generale Dagli altari alla polvere. Stilicone da parens Augusti a semibarbarus proditor]&quot;, ''Storicamente'', 2018: 30.
*[[Theodorus Mommsenus|Theodorus Mommsen]], &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4472880 Stilicho und Alarich]&quot;, ''Hermes'', 1903: 101-115
* Bruno Pottier, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/mefr_0223-5102_2005_num_117_1_10947 Un pamphlet contre Stilichon dans l’Histoire Auguste : la vie de Maximin Le Thrace]&quot;, ''Mélanges de l'école française de Rome'', 2005 (117-1): 223-267
* Santo Mazzarino, ''Stilicone. La Crisi Imperiale dopo Teodosio'', [[1942]] (Rizzoli ISBN 978-88-17-33616-1) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1942_num_11_2_2700_t1_0335_0000_2 Recensio critica]
* Heinricus Richter, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?hl=fr&amp;lr=&amp;id=ponfsh4ruPkC&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PA1&amp;dq=serena+stilichonis&amp;ots=vaSabmKd8r&amp;sig=kMRQOGElZOJXCFoqw6FoLMeZj2U&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false De Stilichone et Rufino]'', Halis Saxonum, 1860 '''LATINE'''
*Michele Renee Salzman, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436821 Symmachus and the &quot;Barbarian&quot; Generals]&quot;, ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2006: 352-367
*Paulus Schulz, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?hl=fr&amp;lr=&amp;id=kv6unNYVlEUC&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PA1&amp;dq=serena+stilichonis&amp;ots=zPymhMZ5rA&amp;sig=LlWeNoL9PBOQcOJSI22m7f53z88&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false De Stilichone iisque qui de eo agunt fontibus, Claudiano imprimis et Zosimo]'', Regimonti, 1864 '''LATINE'''
*Lucien Sigayret, &quot;[https://books.openedition.org/pupvd/29079 Les deux voyages de Stilichon]&quot; in ''Bouleversants voyages'',  Presses universitaires de Perpignan, 2000: 85-100
*Michaël Vannesse,	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_2010_num_88_1_7794 L’armée romaine en Occident sous Stilichon (395-408 ap. J.-C.) : le témoignage des décrets impériaux]&quot;, ''Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire'', 2010:  99-112
*	Edmundus Vogt, ''[https://archive.org/details/clclaudianicarmi00vogt/mode/2up Cl. Claudiani carminum quae Stiliconem praedicant fides historica ex comparatione ceterorum fontium recensetur]'', Bonnae, 1863 '''LATINE'''

== Nexus externi ==
{{communia|Stilicho|Flavium Stilichonem}}
* Guillaume Vincent, ''Stilicon, architecte de la victoire: un examen du rôle stratégique du général lors de la bataille de la rivière Frigidus'' [https://mastersfdl.hypotheses.org/6020 Investigatio]

{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores=[[Eutropius (consul)|Eutropius]] et [[Flavius Mallius Theodorus]]|
annus= 400&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aureliano]]|
successores=[[Flavius Fravitta]] et [[Flavius Vincentius]]}}
{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores=[[Honorius (imperator)|Imp. Caesar Flavius Honorius Augustus]] VI et [[Aristaenetus]]|
annus= 405&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Flavius Anthemius|Flavio Anthemio]]|
successores=[[Arcadius|Imp. Caesar Flavius Arcadius Augustus]] VI et [[Anicius Flavius Petronius Probus]]}} 

{{Lifetime|saeculo 4|408|Stilicho, Flavius}}
[[Categoria:Ductores exercitus]]
[[Categoria:Milites Romani antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Morte damnati]]</text>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-19T15:36:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
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[[Imago:Stilico diptych.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[Diptychon consulare]] Stilichonis anni circiter [[400]], [[Modicia]]e in thesauro ecclesiae cathedralis conservatum. Monstrat autem Stilichonem cum uxore [[Serena]] et filio [[Eucherius (filius Stilichonis)|Eucherio]]. Puerorum in clipeo Stilichonis sculptorum sunt qui [[Arcadius|Arcadii]] [[Honorius|Honoriique]] fratrum Augustorum imagines esse doceant, ut quorum pro tutela atque patrono Stilicho se gesserit.]] 

{{res|Flavius Stilicho}} (anno [[359]] circiter natus anno [[408]] die [[22 Augusti|22 mensis Augusti]] [[Ravenna]]e iussu [[Heraclianus|Heracliani]] ducis exercitus [[imperator]]is [[Flavius Augustus Honorius|Honorii]] supplicio adfectus) fuit [[magister militum]] originis [[barbari]]cae et [[Comes|comes stabuli]] et [[consul]] annorum [[400]] et [[405]]. Testis atque interpres rerum a Stilichone gestarum maximus [[Claudianus]] poeta extat in carminibus 2–28 et nonnullis carminibus minoribus. Contra ab [[Orosius|Orosio]] Stilichonis facta depinguntur ut vituperanda. Quod Vandalus erat, etiam [[Arianismus|Arianus]].

==De vita==
Stilicho in hodierna [[Germania]] a patre [[Vandali|Vandalo]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Orosius]] VII.38.1.&lt;/ref&gt; natus est, auxiliario in exercitu Romano&lt;ref&gt;''De consulatu Stilichonis'' I.35-9.&lt;/ref&gt;, et matre quae civis [[Roma|Romana]] erat&lt;ref&gt;Ita [[Hieronymus]] (Ep. 123.16) eum semibarbarum dicit.&lt;/ref&gt;. Tamen semper se Romanum putavit etiamsi erat, sicut plurimi Germani, [[Arianismus|arianus]], ergo putatus [[Haeresis|haereticus]]. Correcte tres linguas principales illius temporis loquebatur: [[Lingua Germanica|Germanicam]] communem, [[Lingua Latina|Latinam]] [[Lingua Graeca|Graecamque]]. In [[historiographia]] vir multum ambiguus depingitur: putatus dux fidelis causae Imperii Romani, egit negative{{dubsig}} pro se. Nam [[Alaricus|Alaricum]] non pepulit neque limitem ad flumen [[Rhenus|Rhenum]] servavit.

[[Theodosius I|Theodosio I]] regnante, qui ultimus utriusque partis Imperi imperator fuit, tribunus praetorianus militaris fuit qui circa [[384]] eum 'vix primaevum' ad regem Persarum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Sapor III|Saporem III|en|qid=Q310267}} misit, ut de pace et partitione [[Armenia|Armeniae]] ageret&lt;ref&gt;''De consulatu'' I.51-68&lt;/ref&gt;. Legatio felix fuit et Stilicho, cum Theodosium [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopoli]] adisset, comes sacri stabuli et mox comes domesticorum&lt;ref&gt;Ausonius, ''Laus Serenae'' 90-94.&lt;/ref&gt; (385-392) ac postremo circa 392 magister militum  factus est, ut limites a [[Visigothi|Visigothis]] defenderet: ita hoc negotium per circa viginta annos&lt;ref&gt;Viginti tres si [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimi]] computationi credimus (V.34.6).&lt;/ref&gt; habuit. Theodosius quia virtutem eius videbat, ei Serenam suam neptem uxorem dedit&lt;ref&gt;''De consulatu'' I.69-83 et ''Laus Serenae''.&lt;/ref&gt;, quae postea filia adoptiva fuit. Eo coniugio nati sunt filius [[Eucherius]] et duae filiae, Maria et Termantia, quae uxores imperatoris [[Honorius|Honorii]] fuerunt .
[[Fasciculus:Rione XV Esquilino, Roma, Italy - panoramio (49).jpg|thumb| Nomen Stilichonis in porta Honoriana Romae legitur (CIL VI.1189)]]
Imperatore [[Valentinianus II|Valentiniano II]] anno [[392]] interfecto, Stilicho exercitum paravit qui, Theodosio duce, [[Eugenius (imperator)|Flavium Eugenium]] proelio ad flumen Frigidum vicit (sept. 394). In hac quoque pugna Stilicho imperavit, cum haberet subordinatum [[Alaricus I (rex Visigothorum)|Alaricum]] Visigothum (deinde suum inimicum), qui magnam auxiliariorum [[Gothi|Gothorum]] copiam ducebat. Deinde magister utriusque militiae in parte occidentali imperii nominatur. Simul Honorium iussu Theodosii custodiebat atque ita Theodosio mortuo occidentalibus partibus imperabat ut [[Flavius Rufinus|Rufinus]] orientalibus&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus IV.59.1. Orosius VII.37.1:  ''interea cum a Theodosio imperatore seniore singulis potissimis infantum cura et disciplina utriusque palatii commissa esset, hoc est Rufino orientalis aulae, Stiliconi occidentalis imperii''... Eunapius fr. 62. Iohannes Antiochensis fr.188.&lt;/ref&gt;. Anno [[400]] una cum [[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aureliano]] [[consul|consulatum]] gessit.

[[Monumentum]] [[marmor]]eum annis circa 400 factum et dictum sepulcrum Stilichonis in [[basilica]] sancti [[Ambrosius|Ambrosii]] [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]] exstat, sed Stilichonem hac in urbe sepultum esse vix veri simile videtur. Nam primo testimonia desunt, deinde omnino corpus illis temporibus inquietissimis ac bellicosis a loco supplicii Mediolanum tralatum esse a multis viris doctis denegatur.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes ==
*[[CIL]] V.6250, VI.1188-1190, VI.1730-4, VI.31987-9, IX,4051, XIV.165. [[L'Année épigraphique|AE]] [https://edh-www.adw.uni-heidelberg.de/inschrift/suche?literatur=1926,%200124 1926,124]
* [[Claudius Claudianus|Claudianus]],  ''De consulatu Stilichonis'' et alia poemata
* ''[[Codex Theodosianus]]''
* [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimus]] ''[[Historia nova]]''
* [[Orosius|Paulus Orosius]], ''[[Historiae adversum paganos]]''
* [[Claudius Rutilius Namatianus]], ''De reditu suo''
* [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Epistulae'' IV.1-14

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Emma Burrell, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436726 A Re-Examination of Why Stilicho Abandoned His Pursuit of Alaric in 397]&quot;, ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2004: 251-256 
*	Alan Cameron, &quot;[https://www.academia.edu/25506845/Theodosius_the_Great_and_the_Regency_of_Stilico Theodosius the Great and the regency of Stilico]&quot;, ''Harvard Studies'', 1969: 247-280 
*Emilienne Demougeot, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/44168669 Note sur la politique orientale de Stilichon de 405 à 407]&quot;, ''Byzantion'', 1950(II):  27-37 
* [[Eduardus Gibbon]], ''The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire''
* Ian Hughes, ''Stilicho : the Vandal who saved Rome'', Pen and Sword Military, 2021 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=79TIDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT74&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_selected_pages&amp;cad=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]
*A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/852/mode/2up 853-858]
*Rudolf Keller, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=jMDTNtkscXQC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ViewAPI&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Stilicho, oder, Die Geschichte des weströmischen Reiches von 395-408]'', Berolini, 1884
*Giulia Marolla, &quot;[https://storicamente.org/marolla-stilicone-generale Dagli altari alla polvere. Stilicone da parens Augusti a semibarbarus proditor]&quot;, ''Storicamente'', 2018: 30.
*[[Theodorus Mommsenus|Theodorus Mommsen]], &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4472880 Stilicho und Alarich]&quot;, ''Hermes'', 1903: 101-115
* Bruno Pottier, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/mefr_0223-5102_2005_num_117_1_10947 Un pamphlet contre Stilichon dans l’Histoire Auguste : la vie de Maximin Le Thrace]&quot;, ''Mélanges de l'école française de Rome'', 2005 (117-1): 223-267
* Santo Mazzarino, ''Stilicone. La Crisi Imperiale dopo Teodosio'', [[1942]] (Rizzoli ISBN 978-88-17-33616-1) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1942_num_11_2_2700_t1_0335_0000_2 Recensio critica]
* Heinricus Richter, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?hl=fr&amp;lr=&amp;id=ponfsh4ruPkC&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PA1&amp;dq=serena+stilichonis&amp;ots=vaSabmKd8r&amp;sig=kMRQOGElZOJXCFoqw6FoLMeZj2U&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false De Stilichone et Rufino]'', Halis Saxonum, 1860 '''LATINE'''
*Michele Renee Salzman, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436821 Symmachus and the &quot;Barbarian&quot; Generals]&quot;, ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2006: 352-367
*Paulus Schulz, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?hl=fr&amp;lr=&amp;id=kv6unNYVlEUC&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PA1&amp;dq=serena+stilichonis&amp;ots=zPymhMZ5rA&amp;sig=LlWeNoL9PBOQcOJSI22m7f53z88&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false De Stilichone iisque qui de eo agunt fontibus, Claudiano imprimis et Zosimo]'', Regimonti, 1864 '''LATINE'''
*Lucien Sigayret, &quot;[https://books.openedition.org/pupvd/29079 Les deux voyages de Stilichon]&quot; in ''Bouleversants voyages'',  Presses universitaires de Perpignan, 2000: 85-100
*Michaël Vannesse,	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_2010_num_88_1_7794 L’armée romaine en Occident sous Stilichon (395-408 ap. J.-C.) : le témoignage des décrets impériaux]&quot;, ''Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire'', 2010:  99-112
*	Edmundus Vogt, ''[https://archive.org/details/clclaudianicarmi00vogt/mode/2up Cl. Claudiani carminum quae Stiliconem praedicant fides historica ex comparatione ceterorum fontium recensetur]'', Bonnae, 1863 '''LATINE'''

== Nexus externi ==
{{communia|Stilicho|Flavium Stilichonem}}
* Guillaume Vincent, ''Stilicon, architecte de la victoire: un examen du rôle stratégique du général lors de la bataille de la rivière Frigidus'' [https://mastersfdl.hypotheses.org/6020 Investigatio]

{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores=[[Eutropius (consul)|Eutropius]] et [[Flavius Mallius Theodorus]]|
annus= 400&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aureliano]]|
successores=[[Flavius Fravitta]] et [[Flavius Vincentius]]}}
{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores=[[Honorius (imperator)|Imp. Caesar Flavius Honorius Augustus]] VI et [[Aristaenetus]]|
annus= 405&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Flavius Anthemius|Flavio Anthemio]]|
successores=[[Arcadius|Imp. Caesar Flavius Arcadius Augustus]] VI et [[Anicius Flavius Petronius Probus]]}} 

{{Lifetime|saeculo 4|408|Stilicho, Flavius}}
[[Categoria:Ductores exercitus]]
[[Categoria:Milites Romani antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Morte damnati]]</text>
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        <id>2059</id>
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[[Imago:Stilico diptych.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[Diptychon consulare]] Stilichonis anni circiter [[400]], [[Modicia]]e in thesauro ecclesiae cathedralis conservatum. Monstrat autem Stilichonem cum uxore [[Serena]] et filio [[Eucherius (filius Stilichonis)|Eucherio]]. Puerorum in clipeo Stilichonis sculptorum sunt qui [[Arcadius|Arcadii]] [[Honorius|Honoriique]] fratrum Augustorum imagines esse doceant, ut quorum pro tutela atque patrono Stilicho se gesserit.]] 

{{res|Flavius Stilicho}} (anno [[359]] circiter natus anno [[408]] die [[22 Augusti|22 mensis Augusti]] [[Ravenna]]e iussu [[Heraclianus|Heracliani]] ducis exercitus [[imperator]]is [[Flavius Augustus Honorius|Honorii]] supplicio adfectus) fuit [[magister militum]] originis [[barbari]]cae et [[Comes|comes stabuli]] et [[consul]] annorum [[400]] et [[405]]. Testis atque interpres rerum a Stilichone gestarum maximus [[Claudianus]] poeta extat in carminibus 2–28 et nonnullis carminibus minoribus. Contra ab [[Orosius|Orosio]] Stilichonis facta depinguntur ut vituperanda. Quod Vandalus erat, etiam [[Arianismus|Arianus]].

==De vita==
Stilicho in hodierna [[Germania]] a patre [[Vandali|Vandalo]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Orosius]] VII.38.1.&lt;/ref&gt; natus est, auxiliario in exercitu Romano&lt;ref&gt;''De consulatu Stilichonis'' I.35-9.&lt;/ref&gt;, et matre quae civis [[Roma|Romana]] erat&lt;ref&gt;Ita [[Hieronymus]] (Ep. 123.16) eum semibarbarum dicit.&lt;/ref&gt;. Tamen semper se Romanum putavit etiamsi erat, sicut plurimi Germani, [[Arianismus|arianus]], ergo putatus [[Haeresis|haereticus]]. Correcte tres linguas principales illius temporis loquebatur: [[Lingua Germanica|Germanicam]] communem, [[Lingua Latina|Latinam]] [[Lingua Graeca|Graecamque]]. In [[historiographia]] vir multum ambiguus depingitur: putatus dux fidelis causae Imperii Romani, egit negative{{dubsig}} pro se. Nam [[Alaricus|Alaricum]] non pepulit neque limitem ad flumen [[Rhenus|Rhenum]] servavit.

[[Theodosius I|Theodosio I]] regnante, qui ultimus utriusque partis Imperi imperator fuit, tribunus praetorianus militaris fuit qui circa [[384]] eum 'vix primaevum' ad regem Persarum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Sapor III|Saporem III|en|qid=Q310267}} misit, ut de pace et partitione [[Armenia|Armeniae]] ageret&lt;ref&gt;''De consulatu'' I.51-68&lt;/ref&gt;. Legatio felix fuit et Stilicho, cum Theodosium [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopoli]] adisset, comes sacri stabuli et mox comes domesticorum&lt;ref&gt;Ausonius, ''Laus Serenae'' 90-94.&lt;/ref&gt; (385-392) ac postremo circa 392 magister militum  factus est, ut limites a [[Visigothi|Visigothis]] defenderet: ita hoc negotium per circa viginta annos&lt;ref&gt;Viginti tres si [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimi]] computationi credimus (V.34.6).&lt;/ref&gt; habuit. Theodosius quia virtutem eius videbat, ei Serenam suam neptem uxorem dedit&lt;ref&gt;''De consulatu'' I.69-83 et ''Laus Serenae''.&lt;/ref&gt;, quae postea filia adoptiva fuit. Eo coniugio nati sunt filius [[Eucherius]] et duae filiae, Maria et Termantia, quae uxores imperatoris [[Honorius|Honorii]] fuerunt .
[[Fasciculus:Rione XV Esquilino, Roma, Italy - panoramio (49).jpg|thumb| Nomen Stilichonis in porta Honoriana Romae legitur (CIL VI.1189)]]
Imperatore [[Valentinianus II|Valentiniano II]] anno [[392]] interfecto, Stilicho exercitum paravit qui, Theodosio duce, [[Eugenius (imperator)|Flavium Eugenium]] proelio ad flumen Frigidum vicit (sept. 394). In hac quoque pugna Stilicho imperavit, cum haberet subordinatum [[Alaricus I (rex Visigothorum)|Alaricum]] Visigothum (deinde suum inimicum), qui magnam auxiliariorum [[Gothi|Gothorum]] copiam ducebat. Deinde magister utriusque militiae in parte occidentali imperii nominatur. Simul Honorium iussu Theodosii custodiebat atque ita Theodosio mortuo occidentalibus partibus imperabat ut [[Flavius Rufinus|Rufinus]] orientalibus&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus IV.59.1. [[Orosius]] VII.37.1:  ''interea cum a Theodosio imperatore seniore singulis potissimis infantum cura et disciplina utriusque palatii commissa esset, hoc est Rufino orientalis aulae, Stiliconi occidentalis imperii''... Eunapius fr. 62. Iohannes Antiochensis fr.188.&lt;/ref&gt;. Anno [[400]] una cum [[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aureliano]] [[consul|consulatum]] gessit.

[[Monumentum]] [[marmor]]eum annis circa 400 factum et dictum sepulcrum Stilichonis in [[basilica]] sancti [[Ambrosius|Ambrosii]] [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]] exstat, sed Stilichonem hac in urbe sepultum esse vix veri simile videtur. Nam primo testimonia desunt, deinde omnino corpus illis temporibus inquietissimis ac bellicosis a loco supplicii Mediolanum tralatum esse a multis viris doctis denegatur.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes ==
*[[CIL]] V.6250, VI.1188-1190, VI.1730-4, VI.31987-9, IX,4051, XIV.165. [[L'Année épigraphique|AE]] [https://edh-www.adw.uni-heidelberg.de/inschrift/suche?literatur=1926,%200124 1926,124]
* [[Claudius Claudianus|Claudianus]],  ''De consulatu Stilichonis'' et alia poemata
* ''[[Codex Theodosianus]]''
* [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimus]] ''[[Historia nova]]''
* [[Orosius|Paulus Orosius]], ''[[Historiae adversum paganos]]''
* [[Claudius Rutilius Namatianus]], ''De reditu suo''
* [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Epistulae'' IV.1-14

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Emma Burrell, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436726 A Re-Examination of Why Stilicho Abandoned His Pursuit of Alaric in 397]&quot;, ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2004: 251-256 
*	Alan Cameron, &quot;[https://www.academia.edu/25506845/Theodosius_the_Great_and_the_Regency_of_Stilico Theodosius the Great and the regency of Stilico]&quot;, ''Harvard Studies'', 1969: 247-280 
*Emilienne Demougeot, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/44168669 Note sur la politique orientale de Stilichon de 405 à 407]&quot;, ''Byzantion'', 1950(II):  27-37 
* [[Eduardus Gibbon]], ''The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire''
* Ian Hughes, ''Stilicho : the Vandal who saved Rome'', Pen and Sword Military, 2021 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=79TIDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT74&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_selected_pages&amp;cad=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]
*A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/852/mode/2up 853-858]
*Rudolf Keller, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=jMDTNtkscXQC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ViewAPI&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Stilicho, oder, Die Geschichte des weströmischen Reiches von 395-408]'', Berolini, 1884
*Giulia Marolla, &quot;[https://storicamente.org/marolla-stilicone-generale Dagli altari alla polvere. Stilicone da parens Augusti a semibarbarus proditor]&quot;, ''Storicamente'', 2018: 30.
*[[Theodorus Mommsenus|Theodorus Mommsen]], &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4472880 Stilicho und Alarich]&quot;, ''Hermes'', 1903: 101-115
* Bruno Pottier, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/mefr_0223-5102_2005_num_117_1_10947 Un pamphlet contre Stilichon dans l’Histoire Auguste : la vie de Maximin Le Thrace]&quot;, ''Mélanges de l'école française de Rome'', 2005 (117-1): 223-267
* Santo Mazzarino, ''Stilicone. La Crisi Imperiale dopo Teodosio'', [[1942]] (Rizzoli ISBN 978-88-17-33616-1) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1942_num_11_2_2700_t1_0335_0000_2 Recensio critica]
* Heinricus Richter, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?hl=fr&amp;lr=&amp;id=ponfsh4ruPkC&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PA1&amp;dq=serena+stilichonis&amp;ots=vaSabmKd8r&amp;sig=kMRQOGElZOJXCFoqw6FoLMeZj2U&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false De Stilichone et Rufino]'', Halis Saxonum, 1860 '''LATINE'''
*Michele Renee Salzman, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436821 Symmachus and the &quot;Barbarian&quot; Generals]&quot;, ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2006: 352-367
*Paulus Schulz, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?hl=fr&amp;lr=&amp;id=kv6unNYVlEUC&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PA1&amp;dq=serena+stilichonis&amp;ots=zPymhMZ5rA&amp;sig=LlWeNoL9PBOQcOJSI22m7f53z88&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false De Stilichone iisque qui de eo agunt fontibus, Claudiano imprimis et Zosimo]'', Regimonti, 1864 '''LATINE'''
*Lucien Sigayret, &quot;[https://books.openedition.org/pupvd/29079 Les deux voyages de Stilichon]&quot; in ''Bouleversants voyages'',  Presses universitaires de Perpignan, 2000: 85-100
*Michaël Vannesse,	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_2010_num_88_1_7794 L’armée romaine en Occident sous Stilichon (395-408 ap. J.-C.) : le témoignage des décrets impériaux]&quot;, ''Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire'', 2010:  99-112
*	Edmundus Vogt, ''[https://archive.org/details/clclaudianicarmi00vogt/mode/2up Cl. Claudiani carminum quae Stiliconem praedicant fides historica ex comparatione ceterorum fontium recensetur]'', Bonnae, 1863 '''LATINE'''

== Nexus externi ==
{{communia|Stilicho|Flavium Stilichonem}}
* Guillaume Vincent, ''Stilicon, architecte de la victoire: un examen du rôle stratégique du général lors de la bataille de la rivière Frigidus'' [https://mastersfdl.hypotheses.org/6020 Investigatio]

{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores=[[Eutropius (consul)|Eutropius]] et [[Flavius Mallius Theodorus]]|
annus= 400&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aureliano]]|
successores=[[Flavius Fravitta]] et [[Flavius Vincentius]]}}
{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores=[[Honorius (imperator)|Imp. Caesar Flavius Honorius Augustus]] VI et [[Aristaenetus]]|
annus= 405&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Flavius Anthemius|Flavio Anthemio]]|
successores=[[Arcadius|Imp. Caesar Flavius Arcadius Augustus]] VI et [[Anicius Flavius Petronius Probus]]}} 

{{Lifetime|saeculo 4|408|Stilicho, Flavius}}
[[Categoria:Ductores exercitus]]
[[Categoria:Milites Romani antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Morte damnati]]</text>
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        <id>2059</id>
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[[Imago:Stilico diptych.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[Diptychon consulare]] Stilichonis anni circiter [[400]], [[Modicia]]e in thesauro ecclesiae cathedralis conservatum. Monstrat autem Stilichonem cum uxore [[Serena]] et filio [[Eucherius (filius Stilichonis)|Eucherio]]. Puerorum in clipeo Stilichonis sculptorum sunt qui [[Arcadius|Arcadii]] [[Honorius|Honoriique]] fratrum Augustorum imagines esse doceant, ut quorum pro tutela atque patrono Stilicho se gesserit.]] 

{{res|Flavius Stilicho}} (anno [[359]] circiter natus anno [[408]] die [[22 Augusti|22 mensis Augusti]] [[Ravenna]]e iussu [[Heraclianus|Heracliani]] ducis exercitus [[imperator]]is [[Flavius Augustus Honorius|Honorii]] supplicio adfectus) fuit [[magister militum]] originis [[barbari]]cae et [[Comes|comes stabuli]] et [[consul]] annorum [[400]] et [[405]]. Testis atque interpres rerum a Stilichone gestarum maximus [[Claudianus]] poeta extat in carminibus 2–28 et nonnullis carminibus minoribus. Contra ab [[Orosius|Orosio]] Stilichonis facta depinguntur ut vituperanda. Quod Vandalus erat, etiam [[Arianismus|Arianus]].

==De vita==
Stilicho in hodierna [[Germania]] a patre [[Vandali|Vandalo]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Orosius]] VII.38.1.&lt;/ref&gt; natus est, auxiliario in exercitu Romano&lt;ref&gt;''De consulatu Stilichonis'' I.35-9.&lt;/ref&gt;, et matre quae civis [[Roma|Romana]] erat&lt;ref&gt;Ita [[Hieronymus]] (Ep. 123.16) eum semibarbarum dicit.&lt;/ref&gt;. Tamen semper se Romanum putavit etiamsi erat, sicut plurimi Germani, [[Arianismus|arianus]], ergo putatus [[Haeresis|haereticus]]. Correcte tres linguas principales illius temporis loquebatur: [[Lingua Germanica|Germanicam]] communem, [[Lingua Latina|Latinam]] [[Lingua Graeca|Graecamque]]. In [[historiographia]] vir multum ambiguus depingitur: putatus dux fidelis causae Imperii Romani, egit negative{{dubsig}} pro se. Nam [[Alaricus|Alaricum]] non pepulit neque limitem ad flumen [[Rhenus|Rhenum]] servavit.

[[Theodosius I|Theodosio I]] regnante, qui ultimus utriusque partis Imperi imperator fuit, tribunus praetorianus militaris fuit qui circa [[384]] eum 'vix primaevum' ad regem Persarum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Sapor III|Saporem III|en|qid=Q310267}} misit, ut de pace et partitione [[Armenia|Armeniae]] ageret&lt;ref&gt;''De consulatu'' I.51-68&lt;/ref&gt;. Legatio felix fuit et Stilicho, cum Theodosium [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopoli]] adisset, comes sacri stabuli et mox comes domesticorum&lt;ref&gt;Ausonius, ''Laus Serenae'' 90-94.&lt;/ref&gt; (385-392) ac postremo circa 392 magister militum  factus est, ut limites a [[Visigothi|Visigothis]] defenderet: ita hoc negotium per circa viginta annos&lt;ref&gt;Viginti tres si [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimi]] computationi credimus (V.34.6).&lt;/ref&gt; habuit. Theodosius quia virtutem eius videbat, ei Serenam suam neptem uxorem dedit&lt;ref&gt;''De consulatu'' I.69-83 et ''Laus Serenae''.&lt;/ref&gt;, quae postea filia adoptiva fuit. Eo coniugio nati sunt filius [[Eucherius]] et duae filiae, Maria et Termantia, quae uxores imperatoris [[Honorius|Honorii]] fuerunt .
[[Fasciculus:Rione XV Esquilino, Roma, Italy - panoramio (49).jpg|thumb| Nomen Stilichonis in porta Honoriana Romae legitur (CIL VI.1189)]]
Imperatore [[Valentinianus II|Valentiniano II]] anno [[392]] interfecto, Stilicho exercitum paravit qui, Theodosio duce, [[Eugenius (imperator)|Flavium Eugenium]] proelio ad flumen Frigidum vicit (sept. 394). In hac quoque pugna Stilicho imperavit, cum haberet subordinatum [[Alaricus I (rex Visigothorum)|Alaricum]] Visigothum (deinde suum inimicum), qui magnam auxiliariorum [[Gothi|Gothorum]] copiam ducebat. Deinde magister utriusque militiae in parte occidentali imperii nominatur. Simul Honorium iussu Theodosii custodiebat atque ita Theodosio mortuo occidentalibus partibus imperabat ut [[Flavius Rufinus|Rufinus]] orientalibus&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus IV.59.1. [[Orosius]] VII.37.1:  ''interea cum a Theodosio imperatore seniore singulis potissimis infantum cura et disciplina utriusque palatii commissa esset, hoc est Rufino orientalis aulae, Stiliconi occidentalis imperii''... Eunapius fr. 62. Iohannes Antiochensis fr.188.&lt;/ref&gt;. Quia tum (395) magna pars exercitus orientalis in eius manu erat quia Eugenium pugnatum venerat curam totius imperii sibi vindicavit&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus V.4.3. [[Ausonius]], ''In Rufinum'' II.4-6.&lt;/ref&gt;. Anno [[400]] una cum [[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aureliano]] [[consul|consulatum]] gessit.

[[Monumentum]] [[marmor]]eum annis circa 400 factum et dictum sepulcrum Stilichonis in [[basilica]] sancti [[Ambrosius|Ambrosii]] [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]] exstat, sed Stilichonem hac in urbe sepultum esse vix veri simile videtur. Nam primo testimonia desunt, deinde omnino corpus illis temporibus inquietissimis ac bellicosis a loco supplicii Mediolanum tralatum esse a multis viris doctis denegatur.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes ==
*[[CIL]] V.6250, VI.1188-1190, VI.1730-4, VI.31987-9, IX,4051, XIV.165. [[L'Année épigraphique|AE]] [https://edh-www.adw.uni-heidelberg.de/inschrift/suche?literatur=1926,%200124 1926,124]
* [[Claudius Claudianus|Claudianus]],  ''De consulatu Stilichonis'' et alia poemata
* ''[[Codex Theodosianus]]''
* [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimus]] ''[[Historia nova]]''
* [[Orosius|Paulus Orosius]], ''[[Historiae adversum paganos]]''
* [[Claudius Rutilius Namatianus]], ''De reditu suo''
* [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Epistulae'' IV.1-14

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Emma Burrell, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436726 A Re-Examination of Why Stilicho Abandoned His Pursuit of Alaric in 397]&quot;, ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2004: 251-256 
*	Alan Cameron, &quot;[https://www.academia.edu/25506845/Theodosius_the_Great_and_the_Regency_of_Stilico Theodosius the Great and the regency of Stilico]&quot;, ''Harvard Studies'', 1969: 247-280 
*Emilienne Demougeot, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/44168669 Note sur la politique orientale de Stilichon de 405 à 407]&quot;, ''Byzantion'', 1950(II):  27-37 
* [[Eduardus Gibbon]], ''The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire''
* Ian Hughes, ''Stilicho : the Vandal who saved Rome'', Pen and Sword Military, 2021 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=79TIDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT74&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_selected_pages&amp;cad=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]
*A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/852/mode/2up 853-858]
*Rudolf Keller, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=jMDTNtkscXQC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ViewAPI&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Stilicho, oder, Die Geschichte des weströmischen Reiches von 395-408]'', Berolini, 1884
*Giulia Marolla, &quot;[https://storicamente.org/marolla-stilicone-generale Dagli altari alla polvere. Stilicone da parens Augusti a semibarbarus proditor]&quot;, ''Storicamente'', 2018: 30.
*[[Theodorus Mommsenus|Theodorus Mommsen]], &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4472880 Stilicho und Alarich]&quot;, ''Hermes'', 1903: 101-115
* Bruno Pottier, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/mefr_0223-5102_2005_num_117_1_10947 Un pamphlet contre Stilichon dans l’Histoire Auguste : la vie de Maximin Le Thrace]&quot;, ''Mélanges de l'école française de Rome'', 2005 (117-1): 223-267
* Santo Mazzarino, ''Stilicone. La Crisi Imperiale dopo Teodosio'', [[1942]] (Rizzoli ISBN 978-88-17-33616-1) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1942_num_11_2_2700_t1_0335_0000_2 Recensio critica]
* Heinricus Richter, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?hl=fr&amp;lr=&amp;id=ponfsh4ruPkC&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PA1&amp;dq=serena+stilichonis&amp;ots=vaSabmKd8r&amp;sig=kMRQOGElZOJXCFoqw6FoLMeZj2U&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false De Stilichone et Rufino]'', Halis Saxonum, 1860 '''LATINE'''
*Michele Renee Salzman, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436821 Symmachus and the &quot;Barbarian&quot; Generals]&quot;, ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2006: 352-367
*Paulus Schulz, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?hl=fr&amp;lr=&amp;id=kv6unNYVlEUC&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PA1&amp;dq=serena+stilichonis&amp;ots=zPymhMZ5rA&amp;sig=LlWeNoL9PBOQcOJSI22m7f53z88&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false De Stilichone iisque qui de eo agunt fontibus, Claudiano imprimis et Zosimo]'', Regimonti, 1864 '''LATINE'''
*Lucien Sigayret, &quot;[https://books.openedition.org/pupvd/29079 Les deux voyages de Stilichon]&quot; in ''Bouleversants voyages'',  Presses universitaires de Perpignan, 2000: 85-100
*Michaël Vannesse,	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_2010_num_88_1_7794 L’armée romaine en Occident sous Stilichon (395-408 ap. J.-C.) : le témoignage des décrets impériaux]&quot;, ''Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire'', 2010:  99-112
*	Edmundus Vogt, ''[https://archive.org/details/clclaudianicarmi00vogt/mode/2up Cl. Claudiani carminum quae Stiliconem praedicant fides historica ex comparatione ceterorum fontium recensetur]'', Bonnae, 1863 '''LATINE'''

== Nexus externi ==
{{communia|Stilicho|Flavium Stilichonem}}
* Guillaume Vincent, ''Stilicon, architecte de la victoire: un examen du rôle stratégique du général lors de la bataille de la rivière Frigidus'' [https://mastersfdl.hypotheses.org/6020 Investigatio]

{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores=[[Eutropius (consul)|Eutropius]] et [[Flavius Mallius Theodorus]]|
annus= 400&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aureliano]]|
successores=[[Flavius Fravitta]] et [[Flavius Vincentius]]}}
{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores=[[Honorius (imperator)|Imp. Caesar Flavius Honorius Augustus]] VI et [[Aristaenetus]]|
annus= 405&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Flavius Anthemius|Flavio Anthemio]]|
successores=[[Arcadius|Imp. Caesar Flavius Arcadius Augustus]] VI et [[Anicius Flavius Petronius Probus]]}} 

{{Lifetime|saeculo 4|408|Stilicho, Flavius}}
[[Categoria:Ductores exercitus]]
[[Categoria:Milites Romani antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Morte damnati]]</text>
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[[Imago:Stilico diptych.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[Diptychon consulare]] Stilichonis anni circiter [[400]], [[Modicia]]e in thesauro ecclesiae cathedralis conservatum. Monstrat autem Stilichonem cum uxore [[Serena]] et filio [[Eucherius (filius Stilichonis)|Eucherio]]. Puerorum in clipeo Stilichonis sculptorum sunt qui [[Arcadius|Arcadii]] [[Honorius|Honoriique]] fratrum Augustorum imagines esse doceant, ut quorum pro tutela atque patrono Stilicho se gesserit.]] 

{{res|Flavius Stilicho}} (anno [[359]] circiter natus anno [[408]] die [[22 Augusti|22 mensis Augusti]] [[Ravenna]]e iussu [[Heraclianus|Heracliani]] ducis exercitus [[imperator]]is [[Flavius Augustus Honorius|Honorii]] supplicio adfectus) fuit [[magister militum]] originis [[barbari]]cae et [[Comes|comes stabuli]] et [[consul]] annorum [[400]] et [[405]]. Testis atque interpres rerum a Stilichone gestarum maximus [[Claudianus]] poeta extat in carminibus 2–28 et nonnullis carminibus minoribus. Contra ab [[Orosius|Orosio]] Stilichonis facta depinguntur ut vituperanda. Quod Vandalus erat, etiam [[Arianismus|Arianus]].

==De vita==
Stilicho in hodierna [[Germania]] a patre [[Vandali|Vandalo]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Orosius]] VII.38.1.&lt;/ref&gt; natus est, auxiliario in exercitu Romano&lt;ref&gt;''De consulatu Stilichonis'' I.35-9.&lt;/ref&gt;, et matre quae civis [[Roma|Romana]] erat&lt;ref&gt;Ita [[Hieronymus]] (Ep. 123.16) eum semibarbarum dicit.&lt;/ref&gt;. Tamen semper se Romanum putavit etiamsi erat, sicut plurimi Germani, [[Arianismus|arianus]], ergo putatus [[Haeresis|haereticus]]. Correcte tres linguas principales illius temporis loquebatur: [[Lingua Germanica|Germanicam]] communem, [[Lingua Latina|Latinam]] [[Lingua Graeca|Graecamque]]. In [[historiographia]] vir multum ambiguus depingitur: putatus dux fidelis causae Imperii Romani, egit negative{{dubsig}} pro se. Nam [[Alaricus|Alaricum]] non pepulit neque limitem ad flumen [[Rhenus|Rhenum]] servavit.

[[Theodosius I|Theodosio I]] regnante, qui ultimus utriusque partis Imperi imperator fuit, tribunus praetorianus militaris fuit qui circa [[384]] eum 'vix primaevum' ad regem Persarum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Sapor III|Saporem III|en|qid=Q310267}} misit, ut de pace et partitione [[Armenia|Armeniae]] ageret&lt;ref&gt;''De consulatu'' I.51-68&lt;/ref&gt;. Legatio felix fuit et Stilicho, cum Theodosium [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopoli]] adisset, comes sacri stabuli et mox comes domesticorum&lt;ref&gt;Ausonius, ''Laus Serenae'' 90-94.&lt;/ref&gt; (385-392) ac postremo circa 392 magister militum  factus est, ut limites a [[Visigothi|Visigothis]] defenderet: ita hoc negotium per circa viginta annos&lt;ref&gt;Viginti tres si [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimi]] computationi credimus (V.34.6).&lt;/ref&gt; habuit. Theodosius quia virtutem eius videbat, ei Serenam suam neptem uxorem dedit&lt;ref&gt;''De consulatu'' I.69-83 et ''Laus Serenae''.&lt;/ref&gt;, quae postea filia adoptiva fuit. Eo coniugio nati sunt filius [[Eucherius]] et duae filiae, Maria et Termantia, quae uxores imperatoris [[Honorius|Honorii]] fuerunt .
[[Fasciculus:Rione XV Esquilino, Roma, Italy - panoramio (49).jpg|thumb| Nomen Stilichonis in porta Honoriana Romae legitur (CIL VI.1189)]]
Imperatore [[Valentinianus II|Valentiniano II]] anno [[392]] interfecto, Stilicho exercitum paravit qui, Theodosio duce, [[Eugenius (imperator)|Flavium Eugenium]] proelio ad flumen Frigidum vicit (sept. 394). In hac quoque pugna Stilicho imperavit, cum haberet subordinatum [[Alaricus I (rex Visigothorum)|Alaricum]] Visigothum (deinde suum inimicum), qui magnam auxiliariorum [[Gothi|Gothorum]] copiam ducebat. Deinde magister utriusque militiae in parte occidentali imperii nominatur. Simul Honorium iussu Theodosii custodiebat atque ita Theodosio mortuo occidentalibus partibus imperabat ut [[Flavius Rufinus|Rufinus]] orientalibus&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus IV.59.1. [[Orosius]] VII.37.1:  ''interea cum a Theodosio imperatore seniore singulis potissimis infantum cura et disciplina utriusque palatii commissa esset, hoc est Rufino orientalis aulae, Stiliconi occidentalis imperii''... Eunapius fr. 62. Iohannes Antiochensis fr.188.&lt;/ref&gt;. Quia tum (395) magna pars exercitus orientalis in eius manu erat quia Eugenium pugnatum venerat curam totius imperii sibi vindicavit&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus V.4.3. [[Ausonius]], ''In Rufinum'' II.4-6: ''Tibi credita fratrum utraque maiestas geminaeque exercitus aulae''.&lt;/ref&gt;. Anno [[400]] una cum [[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aureliano]] [[consul|consulatum]] gessit.

[[Monumentum]] [[marmor]]eum annis circa 400 factum et dictum sepulcrum Stilichonis in [[basilica]] sancti [[Ambrosius|Ambrosii]] [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]] exstat, sed Stilichonem hac in urbe sepultum esse vix veri simile videtur. Nam primo testimonia desunt, deinde omnino corpus illis temporibus inquietissimis ac bellicosis a loco supplicii Mediolanum tralatum esse a multis viris doctis denegatur.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes ==
*[[CIL]] V.6250, VI.1188-1190, VI.1730-4, VI.31987-9, IX,4051, XIV.165. [[L'Année épigraphique|AE]] [https://edh-www.adw.uni-heidelberg.de/inschrift/suche?literatur=1926,%200124 1926,124]
* [[Claudius Claudianus|Claudianus]],  ''De consulatu Stilichonis'' et alia poemata
* ''[[Codex Theodosianus]]''
* [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimus]] ''[[Historia nova]]''
* [[Orosius|Paulus Orosius]], ''[[Historiae adversum paganos]]''
* [[Claudius Rutilius Namatianus]], ''De reditu suo''
* [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Epistulae'' IV.1-14

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Emma Burrell, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436726 A Re-Examination of Why Stilicho Abandoned His Pursuit of Alaric in 397]&quot;, ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2004: 251-256 
*	Alan Cameron, &quot;[https://www.academia.edu/25506845/Theodosius_the_Great_and_the_Regency_of_Stilico Theodosius the Great and the regency of Stilico]&quot;, ''Harvard Studies'', 1969: 247-280 
*Emilienne Demougeot, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/44168669 Note sur la politique orientale de Stilichon de 405 à 407]&quot;, ''Byzantion'', 1950(II):  27-37 
* [[Eduardus Gibbon]], ''The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire''
* Ian Hughes, ''Stilicho : the Vandal who saved Rome'', Pen and Sword Military, 2021 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=79TIDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT74&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_selected_pages&amp;cad=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]
*A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/852/mode/2up 853-858]
*Rudolf Keller, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=jMDTNtkscXQC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ViewAPI&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Stilicho, oder, Die Geschichte des weströmischen Reiches von 395-408]'', Berolini, 1884
*Giulia Marolla, &quot;[https://storicamente.org/marolla-stilicone-generale Dagli altari alla polvere. Stilicone da parens Augusti a semibarbarus proditor]&quot;, ''Storicamente'', 2018: 30.
*[[Theodorus Mommsenus|Theodorus Mommsen]], &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4472880 Stilicho und Alarich]&quot;, ''Hermes'', 1903: 101-115
* Bruno Pottier, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/mefr_0223-5102_2005_num_117_1_10947 Un pamphlet contre Stilichon dans l’Histoire Auguste : la vie de Maximin Le Thrace]&quot;, ''Mélanges de l'école française de Rome'', 2005 (117-1): 223-267
* Santo Mazzarino, ''Stilicone. La Crisi Imperiale dopo Teodosio'', [[1942]] (Rizzoli ISBN 978-88-17-33616-1) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1942_num_11_2_2700_t1_0335_0000_2 Recensio critica]
* Heinricus Richter, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?hl=fr&amp;lr=&amp;id=ponfsh4ruPkC&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PA1&amp;dq=serena+stilichonis&amp;ots=vaSabmKd8r&amp;sig=kMRQOGElZOJXCFoqw6FoLMeZj2U&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false De Stilichone et Rufino]'', Halis Saxonum, 1860 '''LATINE'''
*Michele Renee Salzman, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436821 Symmachus and the &quot;Barbarian&quot; Generals]&quot;, ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2006: 352-367
*Paulus Schulz, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?hl=fr&amp;lr=&amp;id=kv6unNYVlEUC&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PA1&amp;dq=serena+stilichonis&amp;ots=zPymhMZ5rA&amp;sig=LlWeNoL9PBOQcOJSI22m7f53z88&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false De Stilichone iisque qui de eo agunt fontibus, Claudiano imprimis et Zosimo]'', Regimonti, 1864 '''LATINE'''
*Lucien Sigayret, &quot;[https://books.openedition.org/pupvd/29079 Les deux voyages de Stilichon]&quot; in ''Bouleversants voyages'',  Presses universitaires de Perpignan, 2000: 85-100
*Michaël Vannesse,	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_2010_num_88_1_7794 L’armée romaine en Occident sous Stilichon (395-408 ap. J.-C.) : le témoignage des décrets impériaux]&quot;, ''Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire'', 2010:  99-112
*	Edmundus Vogt, ''[https://archive.org/details/clclaudianicarmi00vogt/mode/2up Cl. Claudiani carminum quae Stiliconem praedicant fides historica ex comparatione ceterorum fontium recensetur]'', Bonnae, 1863 '''LATINE'''

== Nexus externi ==
{{communia|Stilicho|Flavium Stilichonem}}
* Guillaume Vincent, ''Stilicon, architecte de la victoire: un examen du rôle stratégique du général lors de la bataille de la rivière Frigidus'' [https://mastersfdl.hypotheses.org/6020 Investigatio]

{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores=[[Eutropius (consul)|Eutropius]] et [[Flavius Mallius Theodorus]]|
annus= 400&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aureliano]]|
successores=[[Flavius Fravitta]] et [[Flavius Vincentius]]}}
{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores=[[Honorius (imperator)|Imp. Caesar Flavius Honorius Augustus]] VI et [[Aristaenetus]]|
annus= 405&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Flavius Anthemius|Flavio Anthemio]]|
successores=[[Arcadius|Imp. Caesar Flavius Arcadius Augustus]] VI et [[Anicius Flavius Petronius Probus]]}} 

{{Lifetime|saeculo 4|408|Stilicho, Flavius}}
[[Categoria:Ductores exercitus]]
[[Categoria:Milites Romani antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Morte damnati]]</text>
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[[Imago:Stilico diptych.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[Diptychon consulare]] Stilichonis anni circiter [[400]], [[Modicia]]e in thesauro ecclesiae cathedralis conservatum. Monstrat autem Stilichonem cum uxore [[Serena]] et filio [[Eucherius (filius Stilichonis)|Eucherio]]. Puerorum in clipeo Stilichonis sculptorum sunt qui [[Arcadius|Arcadii]] [[Honorius|Honoriique]] fratrum Augustorum imagines esse doceant, ut quorum pro tutela atque patrono Stilicho se gesserit.]] 

{{res|Flavius Stilicho}} (anno [[359]] circiter natus anno [[408]] die [[22 Augusti|22 mensis Augusti]] [[Ravenna]]e iussu [[Heraclianus|Heracliani]] ducis exercitus [[imperator]]is [[Flavius Augustus Honorius|Honorii]] supplicio adfectus) fuit [[magister militum]] originis [[barbari]]cae et [[Comes|comes stabuli]] et [[consul]] annorum [[400]] et [[405]]. Testis atque interpres rerum a Stilichone gestarum maximus [[Claudianus]] poeta extat in carminibus 2–28 et nonnullis carminibus minoribus. Contra ab [[Orosius|Orosio]] Stilichonis facta depinguntur ut vituperanda. Quod Vandalus erat, etiam [[Arianismus|Arianus]].

==De vita==
Stilicho in hodierna [[Germania]] a patre [[Vandali|Vandalo]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Orosius]] VII.38.1.&lt;/ref&gt; natus est, auxiliario in exercitu Romano&lt;ref&gt;''De consulatu Stilichonis'' I.35-9.&lt;/ref&gt;, et matre quae civis [[Roma|Romana]] erat&lt;ref&gt;Ita [[Hieronymus]] (Ep. 123.16) eum semibarbarum dicit.&lt;/ref&gt;. Tamen semper se Romanum putavit etiamsi erat, sicut plurimi Germani, [[Arianismus|arianus]], ergo putatus [[Haeresis|haereticus]]. Correcte tres linguas principales illius temporis loquebatur: [[Lingua Germanica|Germanicam]] communem, [[Lingua Latina|Latinam]] [[Lingua Graeca|Graecamque]]. In [[historiographia]] vir multum ambiguus depingitur: putatus dux fidelis causae Imperii Romani, egit negative{{dubsig}} pro se. Nam [[Alaricus|Alaricum]] non pepulit neque limitem ad flumen [[Rhenus|Rhenum]] servavit.

[[Theodosius I|Theodosio I]] regnante, qui ultimus utriusque partis Imperi imperator fuit, tribunus praetorianus militaris fuit qui circa [[384]] eum 'vix primaevum' ad regem Persarum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Sapor III|Saporem III|en|qid=Q310267}} misit, ut de pace et partitione [[Armenia|Armeniae]] ageret&lt;ref&gt;''De consulatu'' I.51-68&lt;/ref&gt;. Legatio felix fuit et Stilicho, cum Theodosium [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopoli]] adisset, comes sacri stabuli et mox comes domesticorum&lt;ref&gt;Ausonius, ''Laus Serenae'' 90-94.&lt;/ref&gt; (385-392) ac postremo circa 392 magister militum  factus est, ut limites a [[Visigothi|Visigothis]] defenderet: ita hoc negotium per circa viginta annos&lt;ref&gt;Viginti tres si [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimi]] computationi credimus (V.34.6).&lt;/ref&gt; habuit. Theodosius quia virtutem eius videbat, ei Serenam suam neptem uxorem dedit&lt;ref&gt;''De consulatu'' I.69-83 et ''Laus Serenae''.&lt;/ref&gt;, quae postea filia adoptiva fuit. Eo coniugio nati sunt filius [[Eucherius]] et duae filiae, Maria et Termantia, quae uxores imperatoris [[Honorius|Honorii]] fuerunt .
[[Fasciculus:Rione XV Esquilino, Roma, Italy - panoramio (49).jpg|thumb| Nomen Stilichonis in porta Honoriana Romae legitur (CIL VI.1189)]]
Imperatore [[Valentinianus II|Valentiniano II]] anno [[392]] interfecto, Stilicho exercitum paravit qui, Theodosio duce, [[Eugenius (imperator)|Flavium Eugenium]] proelio ad flumen Frigidum vicit (sept. 394). In hac quoque pugna Stilicho imperavit, cum haberet subordinatum [[Alaricus I (rex Visigothorum)|Alaricum]] Visigothum (deinde suum inimicum), qui magnam auxiliariorum [[Gothi|Gothorum]] copiam ducebat. Deinde magister utriusque militiae in parte occidentali imperii nominatur. Simul Honorium iussu Theodosii custodiebat atque ita Theodosio mortuo occidentalibus partibus imperabat ut [[Flavius Rufinus|Rufinus]] orientalibus&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus IV.59.1. [[Orosius]] VII.37.1:  ''interea cum a Theodosio imperatore seniore singulis potissimis infantum cura et disciplina utriusque palatii commissa esset, hoc est Rufino orientalis aulae, Stiliconi occidentalis imperii''... Eunapius fr. 62. Iohannes Antiochensis fr.188.&lt;/ref&gt;. Quia tum (395) magna pars exercitus orientalis in eius manu erat quia Eugenium pugnatum venerat curam totius imperii sibi vindicavit&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus V.4.3. [[Ausonius]], ''In Rufinum'' II.4-6: ''Tibi credita fratrum utraque maiestas geminaeque exercitus aulae''.&lt;/ref&gt;. Exercitum adversus Alarici Visigothos in Graciam ducebat cum ab Arcadio, Rufino auctore, sibi remittere et in occidentem retro cedere iussus est&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus V.7. ''In Rufinum'' II.202sqq.&lt;/ref&gt;. Quod fecit sed eodem tempore eorum duci Gainae Rufinum occidendum mandasse videtur. Anno [[400]] una cum [[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aureliano]] [[consul|consulatum]] gessit.

[[Monumentum]] [[marmor]]eum annis circa 400 factum et dictum sepulcrum Stilichonis in [[basilica]] sancti [[Ambrosius|Ambrosii]] [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]] exstat, sed Stilichonem hac in urbe sepultum esse vix veri simile videtur. Nam primo testimonia desunt, deinde omnino corpus illis temporibus inquietissimis ac bellicosis a loco supplicii Mediolanum tralatum esse a multis viris doctis denegatur.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes ==
*[[CIL]] V.6250, VI.1188-1190, VI.1730-4, VI.31987-9, IX,4051, XIV.165. [[L'Année épigraphique|AE]] [https://edh-www.adw.uni-heidelberg.de/inschrift/suche?literatur=1926,%200124 1926,124]
* [[Claudius Claudianus|Claudianus]],  ''De consulatu Stilichonis'' et alia poemata
* ''[[Codex Theodosianus]]''
* [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimus]] ''[[Historia nova]]''
* [[Orosius|Paulus Orosius]], ''[[Historiae adversum paganos]]''
* [[Claudius Rutilius Namatianus]], ''De reditu suo''
* [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Epistulae'' IV.1-14

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Emma Burrell, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436726 A Re-Examination of Why Stilicho Abandoned His Pursuit of Alaric in 397]&quot;, ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2004: 251-256 
*	Alan Cameron, &quot;[https://www.academia.edu/25506845/Theodosius_the_Great_and_the_Regency_of_Stilico Theodosius the Great and the regency of Stilico]&quot;, ''Harvard Studies'', 1969: 247-280 
*Emilienne Demougeot, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/44168669 Note sur la politique orientale de Stilichon de 405 à 407]&quot;, ''Byzantion'', 1950(II):  27-37 
* [[Eduardus Gibbon]], ''The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire''
* Ian Hughes, ''Stilicho : the Vandal who saved Rome'', Pen and Sword Military, 2021 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=79TIDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT74&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_selected_pages&amp;cad=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]
*A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/852/mode/2up 853-858]
*Rudolf Keller, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=jMDTNtkscXQC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ViewAPI&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Stilicho, oder, Die Geschichte des weströmischen Reiches von 395-408]'', Berolini, 1884
*Giulia Marolla, &quot;[https://storicamente.org/marolla-stilicone-generale Dagli altari alla polvere. Stilicone da parens Augusti a semibarbarus proditor]&quot;, ''Storicamente'', 2018: 30.
*[[Theodorus Mommsenus|Theodorus Mommsen]], &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4472880 Stilicho und Alarich]&quot;, ''Hermes'', 1903: 101-115
* Bruno Pottier, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/mefr_0223-5102_2005_num_117_1_10947 Un pamphlet contre Stilichon dans l’Histoire Auguste : la vie de Maximin Le Thrace]&quot;, ''Mélanges de l'école française de Rome'', 2005 (117-1): 223-267
* Santo Mazzarino, ''Stilicone. La Crisi Imperiale dopo Teodosio'', [[1942]] (Rizzoli ISBN 978-88-17-33616-1) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1942_num_11_2_2700_t1_0335_0000_2 Recensio critica]
* Heinricus Richter, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?hl=fr&amp;lr=&amp;id=ponfsh4ruPkC&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PA1&amp;dq=serena+stilichonis&amp;ots=vaSabmKd8r&amp;sig=kMRQOGElZOJXCFoqw6FoLMeZj2U&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false De Stilichone et Rufino]'', Halis Saxonum, 1860 '''LATINE'''
*Michele Renee Salzman, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436821 Symmachus and the &quot;Barbarian&quot; Generals]&quot;, ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2006: 352-367
*Paulus Schulz, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?hl=fr&amp;lr=&amp;id=kv6unNYVlEUC&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PA1&amp;dq=serena+stilichonis&amp;ots=zPymhMZ5rA&amp;sig=LlWeNoL9PBOQcOJSI22m7f53z88&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false De Stilichone iisque qui de eo agunt fontibus, Claudiano imprimis et Zosimo]'', Regimonti, 1864 '''LATINE'''
*Lucien Sigayret, &quot;[https://books.openedition.org/pupvd/29079 Les deux voyages de Stilichon]&quot; in ''Bouleversants voyages'',  Presses universitaires de Perpignan, 2000: 85-100
*Michaël Vannesse,	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_2010_num_88_1_7794 L’armée romaine en Occident sous Stilichon (395-408 ap. J.-C.) : le témoignage des décrets impériaux]&quot;, ''Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire'', 2010:  99-112
*	Edmundus Vogt, ''[https://archive.org/details/clclaudianicarmi00vogt/mode/2up Cl. Claudiani carminum quae Stiliconem praedicant fides historica ex comparatione ceterorum fontium recensetur]'', Bonnae, 1863 '''LATINE'''

== Nexus externi ==
{{communia|Stilicho|Flavium Stilichonem}}
* Guillaume Vincent, ''Stilicon, architecte de la victoire: un examen du rôle stratégique du général lors de la bataille de la rivière Frigidus'' [https://mastersfdl.hypotheses.org/6020 Investigatio]

{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores=[[Eutropius (consul)|Eutropius]] et [[Flavius Mallius Theodorus]]|
annus= 400&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aureliano]]|
successores=[[Flavius Fravitta]] et [[Flavius Vincentius]]}}
{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores=[[Honorius (imperator)|Imp. Caesar Flavius Honorius Augustus]] VI et [[Aristaenetus]]|
annus= 405&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Flavius Anthemius|Flavio Anthemio]]|
successores=[[Arcadius|Imp. Caesar Flavius Arcadius Augustus]] VI et [[Anicius Flavius Petronius Probus]]}} 

{{Lifetime|saeculo 4|408|Stilicho, Flavius}}
[[Categoria:Ductores exercitus]]
[[Categoria:Milites Romani antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Morte damnati]]</text>
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[[Imago:Stilico diptych.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[Diptychon consulare]] Stilichonis anni circiter [[400]], [[Modicia]]e in thesauro ecclesiae cathedralis conservatum. Monstrat autem Stilichonem cum uxore [[Serena]] et filio [[Eucherius (filius Stilichonis)|Eucherio]]. Puerorum in clipeo Stilichonis sculptorum sunt qui [[Arcadius|Arcadii]] [[Honorius|Honoriique]] fratrum Augustorum imagines esse doceant, ut quorum pro tutela atque patrono Stilicho se gesserit.]] 

{{res|Flavius Stilicho}} (anno [[359]] circiter natus anno [[408]] die [[22 Augusti|22 mensis Augusti]] [[Ravenna]]e iussu [[Heraclianus|Heracliani]] ducis exercitus [[imperator]]is [[Flavius Augustus Honorius|Honorii]] supplicio adfectus) fuit [[magister militum]] originis [[barbari]]cae et [[Comes|comes stabuli]] et [[consul]] annorum [[400]] et [[405]]. Testis atque interpres rerum a Stilichone gestarum maximus [[Claudianus]] poeta extat in carminibus 2–28 et nonnullis carminibus minoribus. Contra ab [[Orosius|Orosio]] Stilichonis facta depinguntur ut vituperanda. Quod Vandalus erat, etiam [[Arianismus|Arianus]].

==De vita==
Stilicho in hodierna [[Germania]] a patre [[Vandali|Vandalo]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Orosius]] VII.38.1.&lt;/ref&gt; natus est, auxiliario in exercitu Romano&lt;ref&gt;''De consulatu Stilichonis'' I.35-9.&lt;/ref&gt;, et matre quae civis [[Roma|Romana]] erat&lt;ref&gt;Ita [[Hieronymus]] (Ep. 123.16) eum semibarbarum dicit.&lt;/ref&gt;. Tamen semper se Romanum putavit etiamsi erat, sicut plurimi Germani, [[Arianismus|arianus]], ergo putatus [[Haeresis|haereticus]]. Correcte tres linguas principales illius temporis loquebatur: [[Lingua Germanica|Germanicam]] communem, [[Lingua Latina|Latinam]] [[Lingua Graeca|Graecamque]]. In [[historiographia]] vir multum ambiguus depingitur: putatus dux fidelis causae Imperii Romani, egit negative{{dubsig}} pro se. Nam [[Alaricus|Alaricum]] non pepulit neque limitem ad flumen [[Rhenus|Rhenum]] servavit.

[[Theodosius I|Theodosio I]] regnante, qui ultimus utriusque partis Imperi imperator fuit, tribunus praetorianus militaris fuit qui circa [[384]] eum 'vix primaevum' ad regem Persarum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Sapor III|Saporem III|en|qid=Q310267}} misit, ut de pace et partitione [[Armenia|Armeniae]] ageret&lt;ref&gt;''De consulatu'' I.51-68&lt;/ref&gt;. Legatio felix fuit et Stilicho, cum Theodosium [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopoli]] adisset, comes sacri stabuli et mox comes domesticorum&lt;ref&gt;Ausonius, ''Laus Serenae'' 90-94.&lt;/ref&gt; (385-392) ac postremo circa 392 magister militum  factus est, ut limites a [[Visigothi|Visigothis]] defenderet: ita hoc negotium per circa viginta annos&lt;ref&gt;Viginti tres si [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimi]] computationi credimus (V.34.6).&lt;/ref&gt; habuit. Theodosius quia virtutem eius videbat, ei Serenam suam neptem uxorem dedit&lt;ref&gt;''De consulatu'' I.69-83 et ''Laus Serenae''.&lt;/ref&gt;, quae postea filia adoptiva fuit. Eo coniugio nati sunt filius [[Eucherius]] et duae filiae, Maria et Termantia, quae uxores imperatoris [[Honorius|Honorii]] fuerunt .
[[Fasciculus:Rione XV Esquilino, Roma, Italy - panoramio (49).jpg|thumb| Nomen Stilichonis in porta Honoriana Romae legitur (CIL VI.1189)]]
Imperatore [[Valentinianus II|Valentiniano II]] anno [[392]] interfecto, Stilicho exercitum paravit qui, Theodosio duce, [[Eugenius (imperator)|Flavium Eugenium]] proelio ad flumen Frigidum vicit (sept. 394). In hac quoque pugna Stilicho imperavit, cum haberet subordinatum [[Alaricus I (rex Visigothorum)|Alaricum]] Visigothum (deinde suum inimicum), qui magnam auxiliariorum [[Gothi|Gothorum]] copiam ducebat. Deinde magister utriusque militiae in parte occidentali imperii nominatur. Simul Honorium iussu Theodosii custodiebat atque ita Theodosio mortuo occidentalibus partibus imperabat ut [[Flavius Rufinus|Rufinus]] orientalibus&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus IV.59.1. [[Orosius]] VII.37.1:  ''interea cum a Theodosio imperatore seniore singulis potissimis infantum cura et disciplina utriusque palatii commissa esset, hoc est Rufino orientalis aulae, Stiliconi occidentalis imperii''... Eunapius fr. 62. Iohannes Antiochensis fr.188.&lt;/ref&gt;. Quia tum (395) magna pars exercitus orientalis in eius manu erat quia Eugenium pugnatum venerat curam totius imperii sibi vindicavit&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus V.4.3. [[Ausonius]], ''In Rufinum'' II.4-6: ''Tibi credita fratrum utraque maiestas geminaeque exercitus aulae''.&lt;/ref&gt;. Exercitum adversus Alarici Visigothos in Graciam ducebat cum ab Arcadio, Rufino auctore, sibi remittere et in occidentem retro cedere iussus est&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus V.7. ''In Rufinum'' II.202sqq.&lt;/ref&gt;. Quod fecit sed eodem tempore eorum duci Gainae Rufinum occidendum mandasse videtur. Anno [[400]] una cum [[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aureliano]] [[consul|consulatum]] gessit.

[[Monumentum]] [[marmor]]eum annis circa 400 factum et dictum sepulcrum Stilichonis in [[basilica]] sancti [[Ambrosius|Ambrosii]] [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]] exstat, sed Stilichonem hac in urbe sepultum esse vix veri simile videtur. Nam primo testimonia desunt, deinde omnino corpus illis temporibus inquietissimis ac bellicosis a loco supplicii Mediolanum tralatum esse a multis viris doctis denegatur.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes ==
*[[CIL]] V.6250, VI.1188-1190, VI.1730-4, VI.31987-9, IX,4051, XIV.165. [[L'Année épigraphique|AE]] [https://edh-www.adw.uni-heidelberg.de/inschrift/suche?literatur=1926,%200124 1926,124]
* [[Claudius Claudianus|Claudianus]],  ''De consulatu Stilichonis'', ''In Rufinum'' et alia poemata
* ''[[Codex Theodosianus]]''
* [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimus]] ''[[Historia nova]]''
* [[Orosius|Paulus Orosius]], ''[[Historiae adversum paganos]]''
* [[Claudius Rutilius Namatianus]], ''De reditu suo''
* [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Epistulae'' IV.1-14

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Emma Burrell, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436726 A Re-Examination of Why Stilicho Abandoned His Pursuit of Alaric in 397]&quot;, ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2004: 251-256 
*	Alan Cameron, &quot;[https://www.academia.edu/25506845/Theodosius_the_Great_and_the_Regency_of_Stilico Theodosius the Great and the regency of Stilico]&quot;, ''Harvard Studies'', 1969: 247-280 
*Emilienne Demougeot, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/44168669 Note sur la politique orientale de Stilichon de 405 à 407]&quot;, ''Byzantion'', 1950(II):  27-37 
* [[Eduardus Gibbon]], ''The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire''
* Ian Hughes, ''Stilicho : the Vandal who saved Rome'', Pen and Sword Military, 2021 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=79TIDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT74&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_selected_pages&amp;cad=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]
*A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/852/mode/2up 853-858]
*Rudolf Keller, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=jMDTNtkscXQC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ViewAPI&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Stilicho, oder, Die Geschichte des weströmischen Reiches von 395-408]'', Berolini, 1884
*Giulia Marolla, &quot;[https://storicamente.org/marolla-stilicone-generale Dagli altari alla polvere. Stilicone da parens Augusti a semibarbarus proditor]&quot;, ''Storicamente'', 2018: 30.
*[[Theodorus Mommsenus|Theodorus Mommsen]], &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4472880 Stilicho und Alarich]&quot;, ''Hermes'', 1903: 101-115
* Bruno Pottier, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/mefr_0223-5102_2005_num_117_1_10947 Un pamphlet contre Stilichon dans l’Histoire Auguste : la vie de Maximin Le Thrace]&quot;, ''Mélanges de l'école française de Rome'', 2005 (117-1): 223-267
* Santo Mazzarino, ''Stilicone. La Crisi Imperiale dopo Teodosio'', [[1942]] (Rizzoli ISBN 978-88-17-33616-1) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1942_num_11_2_2700_t1_0335_0000_2 Recensio critica]
* Heinricus Richter, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?hl=fr&amp;lr=&amp;id=ponfsh4ruPkC&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PA1&amp;dq=serena+stilichonis&amp;ots=vaSabmKd8r&amp;sig=kMRQOGElZOJXCFoqw6FoLMeZj2U&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false De Stilichone et Rufino]'', Halis Saxonum, 1860 '''LATINE'''
*Michele Renee Salzman, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436821 Symmachus and the &quot;Barbarian&quot; Generals]&quot;, ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2006: 352-367
*Paulus Schulz, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?hl=fr&amp;lr=&amp;id=kv6unNYVlEUC&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PA1&amp;dq=serena+stilichonis&amp;ots=zPymhMZ5rA&amp;sig=LlWeNoL9PBOQcOJSI22m7f53z88&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false De Stilichone iisque qui de eo agunt fontibus, Claudiano imprimis et Zosimo]'', Regimonti, 1864 '''LATINE'''
*Lucien Sigayret, &quot;[https://books.openedition.org/pupvd/29079 Les deux voyages de Stilichon]&quot; in ''Bouleversants voyages'',  Presses universitaires de Perpignan, 2000: 85-100
*Michaël Vannesse,	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_2010_num_88_1_7794 L’armée romaine en Occident sous Stilichon (395-408 ap. J.-C.) : le témoignage des décrets impériaux]&quot;, ''Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire'', 2010:  99-112
*	Edmundus Vogt, ''[https://archive.org/details/clclaudianicarmi00vogt/mode/2up Cl. Claudiani carminum quae Stiliconem praedicant fides historica ex comparatione ceterorum fontium recensetur]'', Bonnae, 1863 '''LATINE'''

== Nexus externi ==
{{communia|Stilicho|Flavium Stilichonem}}
* Guillaume Vincent, ''Stilicon, architecte de la victoire: un examen du rôle stratégique du général lors de la bataille de la rivière Frigidus'' [https://mastersfdl.hypotheses.org/6020 Investigatio]

{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores=[[Eutropius (consul)|Eutropius]] et [[Flavius Mallius Theodorus]]|
annus= 400&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aureliano]]|
successores=[[Flavius Fravitta]] et [[Flavius Vincentius]]}}
{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores=[[Honorius (imperator)|Imp. Caesar Flavius Honorius Augustus]] VI et [[Aristaenetus]]|
annus= 405&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Flavius Anthemius|Flavio Anthemio]]|
successores=[[Arcadius|Imp. Caesar Flavius Arcadius Augustus]] VI et [[Anicius Flavius Petronius Probus]]}} 

{{Lifetime|saeculo 4|408|Stilicho, Flavius}}
[[Categoria:Ductores exercitus]]
[[Categoria:Milites Romani antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Morte damnati]]</text>
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      <text bytes="10322" sha1="3zi2c08jkduchzlbjp9ten1u50ac9x8" xml:space="preserve">{{L1}}
[[Imago:Stilico diptych.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[Diptychon consulare]] Stilichonis anni circiter [[400]], [[Modicia]]e in thesauro ecclesiae cathedralis conservatum. Monstrat autem Stilichonem cum uxore [[Serena]] et filio [[Eucherius (filius Stilichonis)|Eucherio]]. Puerorum in clipeo Stilichonis sculptorum sunt qui [[Arcadius|Arcadii]] [[Honorius|Honoriique]] fratrum Augustorum imagines esse doceant, ut quorum pro tutela atque patrono Stilicho se gesserit.]] 

{{res|Flavius Stilicho}} (anno [[359]] circiter natus anno [[408]] die [[22 Augusti|22 mensis Augusti]] [[Ravenna]]e iussu [[Heraclianus|Heracliani]] ducis exercitus [[imperator]]is [[Flavius Augustus Honorius|Honorii]] supplicio adfectus) fuit [[magister militum]] originis [[barbari]]cae et [[Comes|comes stabuli]] et [[consul]] annorum [[400]] et [[405]]. Testis atque interpres rerum a Stilichone gestarum maximus [[Claudianus]] poeta extat in carminibus 2–28 et nonnullis carminibus minoribus. Contra ab [[Orosius|Orosio]] Stilichonis facta depinguntur ut vituperanda. Quod Vandalus erat, etiam [[Arianismus|Arianus]].

==De vita==
Stilicho in hodierna [[Germania]] a patre [[Vandali|Vandalo]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Orosius]] VII.38.1.&lt;/ref&gt; natus est, auxiliario in exercitu Romano&lt;ref&gt;''De consulatu Stilichonis'' I.35-9.&lt;/ref&gt;, et matre quae civis [[Roma|Romana]] erat&lt;ref&gt;Ita [[Hieronymus]] (Ep. 123.16) eum semibarbarum dicit.&lt;/ref&gt;. Tamen semper se Romanum putavit etiamsi erat, sicut plurimi Germani, [[Arianismus|arianus]], ergo putatus [[Haeresis|haereticus]]. Correcte tres linguas principales illius temporis loquebatur: [[Lingua Germanica|Germanicam]] communem, [[Lingua Latina|Latinam]] [[Lingua Graeca|Graecamque]]. In [[historiographia]] vir multum ambiguus depingitur: putatus dux fidelis causae Imperii Romani, egit negative{{dubsig}} pro se. Nam [[Alaricus|Alaricum]] non pepulit neque limitem ad flumen [[Rhenus|Rhenum]] servavit.

[[Theodosius I|Theodosio I]] regnante, qui ultimus utriusque partis Imperi imperator fuit, tribunus praetorianus militaris fuit qui circa [[384]] eum 'vix primaevum' ad regem Persarum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Sapor III|Saporem III|en|qid=Q310267}} misit, ut de pace et partitione [[Armenia|Armeniae]] ageret&lt;ref&gt;''De consulatu'' I.51-68&lt;/ref&gt;. Legatio felix fuit et Stilicho, cum Theodosium [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopoli]] adisset, comes sacri stabuli et mox comes domesticorum&lt;ref&gt;Ausonius, ''Laus Serenae'' 90-94.&lt;/ref&gt; (385-392) ac postremo circa 392 magister militum  factus est, ut limites a [[Visigothi|Visigothis]] defenderet: ita hoc negotium per circa viginta annos&lt;ref&gt;Viginti tres si [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimi]] computationi credimus (V.34.6).&lt;/ref&gt; habuit. Theodosius quia virtutem eius videbat, ei Serenam suam neptem uxorem dedit&lt;ref&gt;''De consulatu'' I.69-83 et ''Laus Serenae''.&lt;/ref&gt;, quae postea filia adoptiva fuit. Eo coniugio nati sunt filius [[Eucherius]] et duae filiae, Maria et Termantia, quae uxores imperatoris [[Honorius|Honorii]] fuerunt .
[[Fasciculus:Rione XV Esquilino, Roma, Italy - panoramio (49).jpg|thumb| Nomen Stilichonis in porta Honoriana Romae legitur (CIL VI.1189)]]
Imperatore [[Valentinianus II|Valentiniano II]] anno [[392]] interfecto, Stilicho exercitum paravit qui, Theodosio duce, [[Eugenius (imperator)|Flavium Eugenium]] proelio ad flumen Frigidum vicit (sept. 394). In hac quoque pugna Stilicho imperavit, cum haberet subordinatum [[Alaricus I (rex Visigothorum)|Alaricum]] Visigothum (deinde suum inimicum), qui magnam auxiliariorum [[Gothi|Gothorum]] copiam ducebat. Deinde magister utriusque militiae in parte occidentali imperii nominatur. Simul Honorium iussu Theodosii custodiebat atque ita Theodosio mortuo occidentalibus partibus imperabat ut [[Flavius Rufinus|Rufinus]] orientalibus&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus IV.59.1. [[Orosius]] VII.37.1:  ''interea cum a Theodosio imperatore seniore singulis potissimis infantum cura et disciplina utriusque palatii commissa esset, hoc est Rufino orientalis aulae, Stiliconi occidentalis imperii''... Eunapius fr. 62. Iohannes Antiochensis fr.188.&lt;/ref&gt;. Quia tum (395) magna pars exercitus orientalis in eius manu erat quia Eugenium pugnatum venerat curam totius imperii sibi vindicavit&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus V.4.3. [[Ausonius]], ''In Rufinum'' II.4-6: ''Tibi credita fratrum utraque maiestas geminaeque exercitus aulae''.&lt;/ref&gt;. Exercitum adversus Alarici Visigothos in Graciam ducebat cum ab Arcadio, Rufino auctore, sibi remittere et in occidentem retro cedere iussus est&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus V.7. ''In Rufinum'' II.202sqq.&lt;/ref&gt;. Quod fecit sed eodem tempore eorum duci Gainae Rufinum occidendum mandasse videtur. Annis 396/7 ad flumen Rhenum venit ac deinde in Peloponnesum adpulit ad Alaricum impugnandum sed iterum recedere ab Arcadio iussus est qui tum [[Eutropius (consul)|Eutropio]] morem gerebat. Anno [[400]] una cum [[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aureliano]] [[consul|consulatum]] gessit.

[[Monumentum]] [[marmor]]eum annis circa 400 factum et dictum sepulcrum Stilichonis in [[basilica]] sancti [[Ambrosius|Ambrosii]] [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]] exstat, sed Stilichonem hac in urbe sepultum esse vix veri simile videtur. Nam primo testimonia desunt, deinde omnino corpus illis temporibus inquietissimis ac bellicosis a loco supplicii Mediolanum tralatum esse a multis viris doctis denegatur.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes ==
*[[CIL]] V.6250, VI.1188-1190, VI.1730-4, VI.31987-9, IX,4051, XIV.165. [[L'Année épigraphique|AE]] [https://edh-www.adw.uni-heidelberg.de/inschrift/suche?literatur=1926,%200124 1926,124]
* [[Claudius Claudianus|Claudianus]],  ''De consulatu Stilichonis'', ''In Rufinum'' et alia poemata
* ''[[Codex Theodosianus]]''
* [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimus]] ''[[Historia nova]]''
* [[Orosius|Paulus Orosius]], ''[[Historiae adversum paganos]]''
* [[Claudius Rutilius Namatianus]], ''De reditu suo''
* [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Epistulae'' IV.1-14

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Emma Burrell, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436726 A Re-Examination of Why Stilicho Abandoned His Pursuit of Alaric in 397]&quot;, ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2004: 251-256 
*	Alan Cameron, &quot;[https://www.academia.edu/25506845/Theodosius_the_Great_and_the_Regency_of_Stilico Theodosius the Great and the regency of Stilico]&quot;, ''Harvard Studies'', 1969: 247-280 
*Emilienne Demougeot, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/44168669 Note sur la politique orientale de Stilichon de 405 à 407]&quot;, ''Byzantion'', 1950(II):  27-37 
* [[Eduardus Gibbon]], ''The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire''
* Ian Hughes, ''Stilicho : the Vandal who saved Rome'', Pen and Sword Military, 2021 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=79TIDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT74&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_selected_pages&amp;cad=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]
*A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/852/mode/2up 853-858]
*Rudolf Keller, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=jMDTNtkscXQC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ViewAPI&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Stilicho, oder, Die Geschichte des weströmischen Reiches von 395-408]'', Berolini, 1884
*Giulia Marolla, &quot;[https://storicamente.org/marolla-stilicone-generale Dagli altari alla polvere. Stilicone da parens Augusti a semibarbarus proditor]&quot;, ''Storicamente'', 2018: 30.
*[[Theodorus Mommsenus|Theodorus Mommsen]], &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4472880 Stilicho und Alarich]&quot;, ''Hermes'', 1903: 101-115
* Bruno Pottier, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/mefr_0223-5102_2005_num_117_1_10947 Un pamphlet contre Stilichon dans l’Histoire Auguste : la vie de Maximin Le Thrace]&quot;, ''Mélanges de l'école française de Rome'', 2005 (117-1): 223-267
* Santo Mazzarino, ''Stilicone. La Crisi Imperiale dopo Teodosio'', [[1942]] (Rizzoli ISBN 978-88-17-33616-1) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1942_num_11_2_2700_t1_0335_0000_2 Recensio critica]
* Heinricus Richter, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?hl=fr&amp;lr=&amp;id=ponfsh4ruPkC&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PA1&amp;dq=serena+stilichonis&amp;ots=vaSabmKd8r&amp;sig=kMRQOGElZOJXCFoqw6FoLMeZj2U&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false De Stilichone et Rufino]'', Halis Saxonum, 1860 '''LATINE'''
*Michele Renee Salzman, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436821 Symmachus and the &quot;Barbarian&quot; Generals]&quot;, ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2006: 352-367
*Paulus Schulz, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?hl=fr&amp;lr=&amp;id=kv6unNYVlEUC&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PA1&amp;dq=serena+stilichonis&amp;ots=zPymhMZ5rA&amp;sig=LlWeNoL9PBOQcOJSI22m7f53z88&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false De Stilichone iisque qui de eo agunt fontibus, Claudiano imprimis et Zosimo]'', Regimonti, 1864 '''LATINE'''
*Lucien Sigayret, &quot;[https://books.openedition.org/pupvd/29079 Les deux voyages de Stilichon]&quot; in ''Bouleversants voyages'',  Presses universitaires de Perpignan, 2000: 85-100
*Michaël Vannesse,	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_2010_num_88_1_7794 L’armée romaine en Occident sous Stilichon (395-408 ap. J.-C.) : le témoignage des décrets impériaux]&quot;, ''Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire'', 2010:  99-112
*	Edmundus Vogt, ''[https://archive.org/details/clclaudianicarmi00vogt/mode/2up Cl. Claudiani carminum quae Stiliconem praedicant fides historica ex comparatione ceterorum fontium recensetur]'', Bonnae, 1863 '''LATINE'''

== Nexus externi ==
{{communia|Stilicho|Flavium Stilichonem}}
* Guillaume Vincent, ''Stilicon, architecte de la victoire: un examen du rôle stratégique du général lors de la bataille de la rivière Frigidus'' [https://mastersfdl.hypotheses.org/6020 Investigatio]

{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores=[[Eutropius (consul)|Eutropius]] et [[Flavius Mallius Theodorus]]|
annus= 400&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aureliano]]|
successores=[[Flavius Fravitta]] et [[Flavius Vincentius]]}}
{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores=[[Honorius (imperator)|Imp. Caesar Flavius Honorius Augustus]] VI et [[Aristaenetus]]|
annus= 405&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Flavius Anthemius|Flavio Anthemio]]|
successores=[[Arcadius|Imp. Caesar Flavius Arcadius Augustus]] VI et [[Anicius Flavius Petronius Probus]]}} 

{{Lifetime|saeculo 4|408|Stilicho, Flavius}}
[[Categoria:Ductores exercitus]]
[[Categoria:Milites Romani antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Morte damnati]]</text>
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[[Imago:Stilico diptych.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[Diptychon consulare]] Stilichonis anni circiter [[400]], [[Modicia]]e in thesauro ecclesiae cathedralis conservatum. Monstrat autem Stilichonem cum uxore [[Serena]] et filio [[Eucherius (filius Stilichonis)|Eucherio]]. Puerorum in clipeo Stilichonis sculptorum sunt qui [[Arcadius|Arcadii]] [[Honorius|Honoriique]] fratrum Augustorum imagines esse doceant, ut quorum pro tutela atque patrono Stilicho se gesserit.]] 

{{res|Flavius Stilicho}} (anno [[359]] circiter natus anno [[408]] die [[22 Augusti|22 mensis Augusti]] [[Ravenna]]e iussu [[Heraclianus|Heracliani]] ducis exercitus [[imperator]]is [[Flavius Augustus Honorius|Honorii]] supplicio adfectus) fuit [[magister militum]] originis [[barbari]]cae et [[Comes|comes stabuli]] et [[consul]] annorum [[400]] et [[405]]. Testis atque interpres rerum a Stilichone gestarum maximus [[Claudianus]] poeta extat in carminibus 2–28 et nonnullis carminibus minoribus. Contra ab [[Orosius|Orosio]] Stilichonis facta depinguntur ut vituperanda. Quod Vandalus erat, etiam [[Arianismus|Arianus]].

==De vita==
Stilicho in hodierna [[Germania]] a patre [[Vandali|Vandalo]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Orosius]] VII.38.1.&lt;/ref&gt; natus est, auxiliario in exercitu Romano&lt;ref&gt;''De consulatu Stilichonis'' I.35-9.&lt;/ref&gt;, et matre quae civis [[Roma|Romana]] erat&lt;ref&gt;Ita [[Hieronymus]] (Ep. 123.16) eum semibarbarum dicit.&lt;/ref&gt;. Tamen semper se Romanum putavit etiamsi erat, sicut plurimi Germani, [[Arianismus|arianus]], ergo putatus [[Haeresis|haereticus]]. Correcte tres linguas principales illius temporis loquebatur: [[Lingua Germanica|Germanicam]] communem, [[Lingua Latina|Latinam]] [[Lingua Graeca|Graecamque]]. In [[historiographia]] vir multum ambiguus depingitur: putatus dux fidelis causae Imperii Romani, egit negative{{dubsig}} pro se. Nam [[Alaricus|Alaricum]] non pepulit neque limitem ad flumen [[Rhenus|Rhenum]] servavit.

[[Theodosius I|Theodosio I]] regnante, qui ultimus utriusque partis Imperi imperator fuit, tribunus praetorianus militaris fuit qui circa [[384]] eum 'vix primaevum' ad regem Persarum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Sapor III|Saporem III|en|qid=Q310267}} misit, ut de pace et partitione [[Armenia|Armeniae]] ageret&lt;ref&gt;''De consulatu'' I.51-68&lt;/ref&gt;. Legatio felix fuit et Stilicho, cum Theodosium [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopoli]] adisset, comes sacri stabuli et mox comes domesticorum&lt;ref&gt;Ausonius, ''Laus Serenae'' 90-94.&lt;/ref&gt; (385-392) ac postremo circa 392 magister militum  factus est, ut limites a [[Visigothi|Visigothis]] defenderet: ita hoc negotium per circa viginta annos&lt;ref&gt;Viginti tres si [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimi]] computationi credimus (V.34.6).&lt;/ref&gt; habuit. Theodosius quia virtutem eius videbat, ei Serenam suam neptem uxorem dedit&lt;ref&gt;''De consulatu'' I.69-83 et ''Laus Serenae''.&lt;/ref&gt;, quae postea filia adoptiva fuit. Eo coniugio nati sunt filius [[Eucherius]] et duae filiae, Maria et Termantia, quae uxores imperatoris [[Honorius|Honorii]] fuerunt .
[[Fasciculus:Rione XV Esquilino, Roma, Italy - panoramio (49).jpg|thumb| Nomen Stilichonis in porta Honoriana Romae legitur (CIL VI.1189)]]
Imperatore [[Valentinianus II|Valentiniano II]] anno [[392]] interfecto, Stilicho exercitum paravit qui, Theodosio duce, [[Eugenius (imperator)|Flavium Eugenium]] proelio ad flumen Frigidum vicit (sept. 394). In hac quoque pugna Stilicho imperavit, cum haberet subordinatum [[Alaricus I (rex Visigothorum)|Alaricum]] Visigothum (deinde suum inimicum), qui magnam auxiliariorum [[Gothi|Gothorum]] copiam ducebat. Deinde magister utriusque militiae in parte occidentali imperii nominatur. Simul Honorium iussu Theodosii custodiebat atque ita Theodosio mortuo occidentalibus partibus imperabat ut [[Flavius Rufinus|Rufinus]] orientalibus&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus IV.59.1. [[Orosius]] VII.37.1:  ''interea cum a Theodosio imperatore seniore singulis potissimis infantum cura et disciplina utriusque palatii commissa esset, hoc est Rufino orientalis aulae, Stiliconi occidentalis imperii''... Eunapius fr. 62. Iohannes Antiochensis fr.188.&lt;/ref&gt;. Quia tum (395) magna pars exercitus orientalis in eius manu erat quia Eugenium pugnatum venerat curam totius imperii sibi vindicavit&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus V.4.3. [[Ausonius]], ''In Rufinum'' II.4-6: ''Tibi credita fratrum utraque maiestas geminaeque exercitus aulae''.&lt;/ref&gt;. Exercitum adversus Alarici Visigothos in Graciam ducebat cum ab Arcadio, Rufino auctore, sibi remittere et in occidentem retro cedere iussus est&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus V.7. ''In Rufinum'' II.202sqq.&lt;/ref&gt;. Quod fecit sed eodem tempore eorum duci Gainae Rufinum occidendum mandasse videtur. Annis 396/7 ad flumen Rhenum venit ac deinde in Peloponnesum adpulit ad Alaricum impugnandum sed iterum recedere ab Arcadio iussus est qui tum [[Eutropius (consul)|Eutropio]] morem gerebat. Qua de causa etiam hostis publicus a senatu [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopolitano]] iudicatus est&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus V.7 et 11.1. Ausonius, ''de Quarto consulatu Honorii'' 459sqq.&lt;/ref&gt;. Anno [[400]] una cum [[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aureliano]] [[consul|consulatum]] gessit.

[[Monumentum]] [[marmor]]eum annis circa 400 factum et dictum sepulcrum Stilichonis in [[basilica]] sancti [[Ambrosius|Ambrosii]] [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]] exstat, sed Stilichonem hac in urbe sepultum esse vix veri simile videtur. Nam primo testimonia desunt, deinde omnino corpus illis temporibus inquietissimis ac bellicosis a loco supplicii Mediolanum tralatum esse a multis viris doctis denegatur.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes ==
*[[CIL]] V.6250, VI.1188-1190, VI.1730-4, VI.31987-9, IX,4051, XIV.165. [[L'Année épigraphique|AE]] [https://edh-www.adw.uni-heidelberg.de/inschrift/suche?literatur=1926,%200124 1926,124]
* [[Claudius Claudianus|Claudianus]],  ''De consulatu Stilichonis'', ''In Rufinum'' et alia poemata
* ''[[Codex Theodosianus]]''
* [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimus]] ''[[Historia nova]]''
* [[Orosius|Paulus Orosius]], ''[[Historiae adversum paganos]]''
* [[Claudius Rutilius Namatianus]], ''De reditu suo''
* [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Epistulae'' IV.1-14

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Emma Burrell, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436726 A Re-Examination of Why Stilicho Abandoned His Pursuit of Alaric in 397]&quot;, ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2004: 251-256 
*	Alan Cameron, &quot;[https://www.academia.edu/25506845/Theodosius_the_Great_and_the_Regency_of_Stilico Theodosius the Great and the regency of Stilico]&quot;, ''Harvard Studies'', 1969: 247-280 
*Emilienne Demougeot, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/44168669 Note sur la politique orientale de Stilichon de 405 à 407]&quot;, ''Byzantion'', 1950(II):  27-37 
* [[Eduardus Gibbon]], ''The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire''
* Ian Hughes, ''Stilicho : the Vandal who saved Rome'', Pen and Sword Military, 2021 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=79TIDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT74&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_selected_pages&amp;cad=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]
*A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/852/mode/2up 853-858]
*Rudolf Keller, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=jMDTNtkscXQC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ViewAPI&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Stilicho, oder, Die Geschichte des weströmischen Reiches von 395-408]'', Berolini, 1884
*Giulia Marolla, &quot;[https://storicamente.org/marolla-stilicone-generale Dagli altari alla polvere. Stilicone da parens Augusti a semibarbarus proditor]&quot;, ''Storicamente'', 2018: 30.
*[[Theodorus Mommsenus|Theodorus Mommsen]], &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4472880 Stilicho und Alarich]&quot;, ''Hermes'', 1903: 101-115
* Bruno Pottier, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/mefr_0223-5102_2005_num_117_1_10947 Un pamphlet contre Stilichon dans l’Histoire Auguste : la vie de Maximin Le Thrace]&quot;, ''Mélanges de l'école française de Rome'', 2005 (117-1): 223-267
* Santo Mazzarino, ''Stilicone. La Crisi Imperiale dopo Teodosio'', [[1942]] (Rizzoli ISBN 978-88-17-33616-1) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1942_num_11_2_2700_t1_0335_0000_2 Recensio critica]
* Heinricus Richter, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?hl=fr&amp;lr=&amp;id=ponfsh4ruPkC&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PA1&amp;dq=serena+stilichonis&amp;ots=vaSabmKd8r&amp;sig=kMRQOGElZOJXCFoqw6FoLMeZj2U&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false De Stilichone et Rufino]'', Halis Saxonum, 1860 '''LATINE'''
*Michele Renee Salzman, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436821 Symmachus and the &quot;Barbarian&quot; Generals]&quot;, ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2006: 352-367
*Paulus Schulz, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?hl=fr&amp;lr=&amp;id=kv6unNYVlEUC&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PA1&amp;dq=serena+stilichonis&amp;ots=zPymhMZ5rA&amp;sig=LlWeNoL9PBOQcOJSI22m7f53z88&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false De Stilichone iisque qui de eo agunt fontibus, Claudiano imprimis et Zosimo]'', Regimonti, 1864 '''LATINE'''
*Lucien Sigayret, &quot;[https://books.openedition.org/pupvd/29079 Les deux voyages de Stilichon]&quot; in ''Bouleversants voyages'',  Presses universitaires de Perpignan, 2000: 85-100
*Michaël Vannesse,	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_2010_num_88_1_7794 L’armée romaine en Occident sous Stilichon (395-408 ap. J.-C.) : le témoignage des décrets impériaux]&quot;, ''Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire'', 2010:  99-112
*	Edmundus Vogt, ''[https://archive.org/details/clclaudianicarmi00vogt/mode/2up Cl. Claudiani carminum quae Stiliconem praedicant fides historica ex comparatione ceterorum fontium recensetur]'', Bonnae, 1863 '''LATINE'''

== Nexus externi ==
{{communia|Stilicho|Flavium Stilichonem}}
* Guillaume Vincent, ''Stilicon, architecte de la victoire: un examen du rôle stratégique du général lors de la bataille de la rivière Frigidus'' [https://mastersfdl.hypotheses.org/6020 Investigatio]

{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores=[[Eutropius (consul)|Eutropius]] et [[Flavius Mallius Theodorus]]|
annus= 400&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aureliano]]|
successores=[[Flavius Fravitta]] et [[Flavius Vincentius]]}}
{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores=[[Honorius (imperator)|Imp. Caesar Flavius Honorius Augustus]] VI et [[Aristaenetus]]|
annus= 405&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Flavius Anthemius|Flavio Anthemio]]|
successores=[[Arcadius|Imp. Caesar Flavius Arcadius Augustus]] VI et [[Anicius Flavius Petronius Probus]]}} 

{{Lifetime|saeculo 4|408|Stilicho, Flavius}}
[[Categoria:Ductores exercitus]]
[[Categoria:Milites Romani antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Morte damnati]]</text>
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[[Imago:Stilico diptych.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[Diptychon consulare]] Stilichonis anni circiter [[400]], [[Modicia]]e in thesauro ecclesiae cathedralis conservatum. Monstrat autem Stilichonem cum uxore [[Serena]] et filio [[Eucherius (filius Stilichonis)|Eucherio]]. Puerorum in clipeo Stilichonis sculptorum sunt qui [[Arcadius|Arcadii]] [[Honorius|Honoriique]] fratrum Augustorum imagines esse doceant, ut quorum pro tutela atque patrono Stilicho se gesserit.]] 

{{res|Flavius Stilicho}} (anno [[359]] circiter natus anno [[408]] die [[22 Augusti|22 mensis Augusti]] [[Ravenna]]e iussu [[Heraclianus|Heracliani]] ducis exercitus [[imperator]]is [[Flavius Augustus Honorius|Honorii]] supplicio adfectus) fuit [[magister militum]] originis [[barbari]]cae et [[Comes|comes stabuli]] et [[consul]] annorum [[400]] et [[405]]. Testis atque interpres rerum a Stilichone gestarum maximus [[Claudianus]] poeta extat in carminibus 2–28 et nonnullis carminibus minoribus. Contra ab [[Orosius|Orosio]] Stilichonis facta depinguntur ut vituperanda. Quod Vandalus erat, etiam [[Arianismus|Arianus]].

==De vita==
Stilicho in hodierna [[Germania]] a patre [[Vandali|Vandalo]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Orosius]] VII.38.1.&lt;/ref&gt; natus est, auxiliario in exercitu Romano&lt;ref&gt;''De consulatu Stilichonis'' I.35-9.&lt;/ref&gt;, et matre quae civis [[Roma|Romana]] erat&lt;ref&gt;Ita [[Hieronymus]] (Ep. 123.16) eum semibarbarum dicit.&lt;/ref&gt;. Tamen semper se Romanum putavit etiamsi erat, sicut plurimi Germani, [[Arianismus|arianus]], ergo putatus [[Haeresis|haereticus]]. Correcte tres linguas principales illius temporis loquebatur: [[Lingua Germanica|Germanicam]] communem, [[Lingua Latina|Latinam]] [[Lingua Graeca|Graecamque]]. In [[historiographia]] vir multum ambiguus depingitur: putatus dux fidelis causae Imperii Romani, egit negative{{dubsig}} pro se. Nam [[Alaricus|Alaricum]] non pepulit neque limitem ad flumen [[Rhenus|Rhenum]] servavit.

[[Theodosius I|Theodosio I]] regnante, qui ultimus utriusque partis Imperi imperator fuit, tribunus praetorianus militaris fuit qui circa [[384]] eum 'vix primaevum' ad regem Persarum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Sapor III|Saporem III|en|qid=Q310267}} misit, ut de pace et partitione [[Armenia|Armeniae]] ageret&lt;ref&gt;''De consulatu'' I.51-68&lt;/ref&gt;. Legatio felix fuit et Stilicho, cum Theodosium [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopoli]] adisset, comes sacri stabuli et mox comes domesticorum&lt;ref&gt;Ausonius, ''Laus Serenae'' 90-94.&lt;/ref&gt; (385-392) ac postremo circa 392 magister militum  factus est, ut limites a [[Visigothi|Visigothis]] defenderet: ita hoc negotium per circa viginta annos&lt;ref&gt;Viginti tres si [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimi]] computationi credimus (V.34.6).&lt;/ref&gt; habuit. Theodosius quia virtutem eius videbat, ei Serenam suam neptem uxorem dedit&lt;ref&gt;''De consulatu'' I.69-83 et ''Laus Serenae''.&lt;/ref&gt;, quae postea filia adoptiva fuit. Eo coniugio nati sunt filius [[Eucherius]] et duae filiae, Maria et Termantia, quae uxores imperatoris [[Honorius|Honorii]] fuerunt .
[[Fasciculus:Rione XV Esquilino, Roma, Italy - panoramio (49).jpg|thumb| Nomen Stilichonis in porta Honoriana Romae legitur (CIL VI.1189)]]
Imperatore [[Valentinianus II|Valentiniano II]] anno [[392]] interfecto, Stilicho exercitum paravit qui, Theodosio duce, [[Eugenius (imperator)|Flavium Eugenium]] proelio ad flumen Frigidum vicit (sept. 394). In hac quoque pugna Stilicho imperavit, cum haberet subordinatum [[Alaricus I (rex Visigothorum)|Alaricum]] Visigothum (deinde suum inimicum), qui magnam auxiliariorum [[Gothi|Gothorum]] copiam ducebat. Deinde magister utriusque militiae in parte occidentali imperii nominatur. Simul Honorium iussu Theodosii custodiebat atque ita Theodosio mortuo occidentalibus partibus imperabat ut [[Flavius Rufinus|Rufinus]] orientalibus&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus IV.59.1. [[Orosius]] VII.37.1:  ''interea cum a Theodosio imperatore seniore singulis potissimis infantum cura et disciplina utriusque palatii commissa esset, hoc est Rufino orientalis aulae, Stiliconi occidentalis imperii''... Eunapius fr. 62. Iohannes Antiochensis fr.188.&lt;/ref&gt;. Quia tum (395) magna pars exercitus orientalis in eius manu erat quia Eugenium pugnatum venerat curam totius imperii sibi vindicavit&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus V.4.3. [[Ausonius]], ''In Rufinum'' II.4-6: ''Tibi credita fratrum utraque maiestas geminaeque exercitus aulae''.&lt;/ref&gt;. Exercitum adversus Alarici Visigothos in Graciam ducebat cum ab Arcadio, Rufino auctore, sibi remittere et in occidentem retro cedere iussus est&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus V.7. ''In Rufinum'' II.202sqq.&lt;/ref&gt;. Quod fecit sed eodem tempore eorum duci Gainae Rufinum occidendum mandasse videtur. Annis 396/7 ad flumen Rhenum venit ac deinde in Peloponnesum adpulit ad Alaricum impugnandum sed iterum recedere ab Arcadio iussus est qui tum [[Eutropius (consul)|Eutropio]] morem gerebat. Qua de causa etiam hostis publicus a senatu [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopolitano]] iudicatus est&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus V.7 et 11.1. Ausonius, ''de Quarto consulatu Honorii'' 459sqq.&lt;/ref&gt;. Eodem anno rebellionem [[Gildo|Gildonis]] in Africa oppressit fratre ipsius adversus eum misso&lt;ref&gt;Ausonius, ''de Bello Gildonis''.&lt;/ref&gt;. Anno [[400]] una cum [[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aureliano]] [[consul|consulatum]] gessit.

[[Monumentum]] [[marmor]]eum annis circa 400 factum et dictum sepulcrum Stilichonis in [[basilica]] sancti [[Ambrosius|Ambrosii]] [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]] exstat, sed Stilichonem hac in urbe sepultum esse vix veri simile videtur. Nam primo testimonia desunt, deinde omnino corpus illis temporibus inquietissimis ac bellicosis a loco supplicii Mediolanum tralatum esse a multis viris doctis denegatur.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes ==
*[[CIL]] V.6250, VI.1188-1190, VI.1730-4, VI.31987-9, IX,4051, XIV.165. [[L'Année épigraphique|AE]] [https://edh-www.adw.uni-heidelberg.de/inschrift/suche?literatur=1926,%200124 1926,124]
* [[Claudius Claudianus|Claudianus]],  ''De consulatu Stilichonis'', ''In Rufinum'' et alia poemata
* ''[[Codex Theodosianus]]''
* [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimus]] ''[[Historia nova]]''
* [[Orosius|Paulus Orosius]], ''[[Historiae adversum paganos]]''
* [[Claudius Rutilius Namatianus]], ''De reditu suo''
* [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Epistulae'' IV.1-14

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Emma Burrell, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436726 A Re-Examination of Why Stilicho Abandoned His Pursuit of Alaric in 397]&quot;, ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2004: 251-256 
*	Alan Cameron, &quot;[https://www.academia.edu/25506845/Theodosius_the_Great_and_the_Regency_of_Stilico Theodosius the Great and the regency of Stilico]&quot;, ''Harvard Studies'', 1969: 247-280 
*Emilienne Demougeot, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/44168669 Note sur la politique orientale de Stilichon de 405 à 407]&quot;, ''Byzantion'', 1950(II):  27-37 
* [[Eduardus Gibbon]], ''The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire''
* Ian Hughes, ''Stilicho : the Vandal who saved Rome'', Pen and Sword Military, 2021 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=79TIDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT74&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_selected_pages&amp;cad=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]
*A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/852/mode/2up 853-858]
*Rudolf Keller, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=jMDTNtkscXQC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ViewAPI&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Stilicho, oder, Die Geschichte des weströmischen Reiches von 395-408]'', Berolini, 1884
*Giulia Marolla, &quot;[https://storicamente.org/marolla-stilicone-generale Dagli altari alla polvere. Stilicone da parens Augusti a semibarbarus proditor]&quot;, ''Storicamente'', 2018: 30.
*[[Theodorus Mommsenus|Theodorus Mommsen]], &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4472880 Stilicho und Alarich]&quot;, ''Hermes'', 1903: 101-115
* Bruno Pottier, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/mefr_0223-5102_2005_num_117_1_10947 Un pamphlet contre Stilichon dans l’Histoire Auguste : la vie de Maximin Le Thrace]&quot;, ''Mélanges de l'école française de Rome'', 2005 (117-1): 223-267
* Santo Mazzarino, ''Stilicone. La Crisi Imperiale dopo Teodosio'', [[1942]] (Rizzoli ISBN 978-88-17-33616-1) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1942_num_11_2_2700_t1_0335_0000_2 Recensio critica]
* Heinricus Richter, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?hl=fr&amp;lr=&amp;id=ponfsh4ruPkC&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PA1&amp;dq=serena+stilichonis&amp;ots=vaSabmKd8r&amp;sig=kMRQOGElZOJXCFoqw6FoLMeZj2U&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false De Stilichone et Rufino]'', Halis Saxonum, 1860 '''LATINE'''
*Michele Renee Salzman, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436821 Symmachus and the &quot;Barbarian&quot; Generals]&quot;, ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2006: 352-367
*Paulus Schulz, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?hl=fr&amp;lr=&amp;id=kv6unNYVlEUC&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PA1&amp;dq=serena+stilichonis&amp;ots=zPymhMZ5rA&amp;sig=LlWeNoL9PBOQcOJSI22m7f53z88&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false De Stilichone iisque qui de eo agunt fontibus, Claudiano imprimis et Zosimo]'', Regimonti, 1864 '''LATINE'''
*Lucien Sigayret, &quot;[https://books.openedition.org/pupvd/29079 Les deux voyages de Stilichon]&quot; in ''Bouleversants voyages'',  Presses universitaires de Perpignan, 2000: 85-100
*Michaël Vannesse,	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_2010_num_88_1_7794 L’armée romaine en Occident sous Stilichon (395-408 ap. J.-C.) : le témoignage des décrets impériaux]&quot;, ''Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire'', 2010:  99-112
*	Edmundus Vogt, ''[https://archive.org/details/clclaudianicarmi00vogt/mode/2up Cl. Claudiani carminum quae Stiliconem praedicant fides historica ex comparatione ceterorum fontium recensetur]'', Bonnae, 1863 '''LATINE'''

== Nexus externi ==
{{communia|Stilicho|Flavium Stilichonem}}
* Guillaume Vincent, ''Stilicon, architecte de la victoire: un examen du rôle stratégique du général lors de la bataille de la rivière Frigidus'' [https://mastersfdl.hypotheses.org/6020 Investigatio]

{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores=[[Eutropius (consul)|Eutropius]] et [[Flavius Mallius Theodorus]]|
annus= 400&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aureliano]]|
successores=[[Flavius Fravitta]] et [[Flavius Vincentius]]}}
{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores=[[Honorius (imperator)|Imp. Caesar Flavius Honorius Augustus]] VI et [[Aristaenetus]]|
annus= 405&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Flavius Anthemius|Flavio Anthemio]]|
successores=[[Arcadius|Imp. Caesar Flavius Arcadius Augustus]] VI et [[Anicius Flavius Petronius Probus]]}} 

{{Lifetime|saeculo 4|408|Stilicho, Flavius}}
[[Categoria:Ductores exercitus]]
[[Categoria:Milites Romani antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Morte damnati]]</text>
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[[Imago:Stilico diptych.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[Diptychon consulare]] Stilichonis anni circiter [[400]], [[Modicia]]e in thesauro ecclesiae cathedralis conservatum. Monstrat autem Stilichonem cum uxore [[Serena]] et filio [[Eucherius (filius Stilichonis)|Eucherio]]. Puerorum in clipeo Stilichonis sculptorum sunt qui [[Arcadius|Arcadii]] [[Honorius|Honoriique]] fratrum Augustorum imagines esse doceant, ut quorum pro tutela atque patrono Stilicho se gesserit.]] 

{{res|Flavius Stilicho}} (anno [[359]] circiter natus anno [[408]] die [[22 Augusti|22 mensis Augusti]] [[Ravenna]]e iussu [[Heraclianus|Heracliani]] ducis exercitus [[imperator]]is [[Flavius Augustus Honorius|Honorii]] supplicio adfectus) fuit [[magister militum]] originis [[barbari]]cae et [[Comes|comes stabuli]] et [[consul]] annorum [[400]] et [[405]]. Testis atque interpres rerum a Stilichone gestarum maximus [[Claudianus]] poeta extat in carminibus 2–28 et nonnullis carminibus minoribus. Contra ab [[Orosius|Orosio]] Stilichonis facta depinguntur ut vituperanda. Quod Vandalus erat, etiam [[Arianismus|Arianus]].

==De vita==
Stilicho in hodierna [[Germania]] a patre [[Vandali|Vandalo]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Orosius]] VII.38.1.&lt;/ref&gt; natus est, auxiliario in exercitu Romano&lt;ref&gt;''De consulatu Stilichonis'' I.35-9.&lt;/ref&gt;, et matre quae civis [[Roma|Romana]] erat&lt;ref&gt;Ita [[Hieronymus]] (Ep. 123.16) eum semibarbarum dicit.&lt;/ref&gt;. Tamen semper se Romanum putavit etiamsi erat, sicut plurimi Germani, [[Arianismus|arianus]], ergo putatus [[Haeresis|haereticus]]. Correcte tres linguas principales illius temporis loquebatur: [[Lingua Germanica|Germanicam]] communem, [[Lingua Latina|Latinam]] [[Lingua Graeca|Graecamque]]. In [[historiographia]] vir multum ambiguus depingitur: putatus dux fidelis causae Imperii Romani, egit negative{{dubsig}} pro se. Nam [[Alaricus|Alaricum]] non pepulit neque limitem ad flumen [[Rhenus|Rhenum]] servavit.

[[Theodosius I|Theodosio I]] regnante, qui ultimus utriusque partis Imperi imperator fuit, tribunus praetorianus militaris fuit qui circa [[384]] eum 'vix primaevum' ad regem Persarum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Sapor III|Saporem III|en|qid=Q310267}} misit, ut de pace et partitione [[Armenia|Armeniae]] ageret&lt;ref&gt;''De consulatu'' I.51-68&lt;/ref&gt;. Legatio felix fuit et Stilicho, cum Theodosium [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopoli]] adisset, comes sacri stabuli et mox comes domesticorum&lt;ref&gt;Ausonius, ''Laus Serenae'' 90-94.&lt;/ref&gt; (385-392) ac postremo circa 392 magister militum  factus est, ut limites a [[Visigothi|Visigothis]] defenderet: ita hoc negotium per circa viginta annos&lt;ref&gt;Viginti tres si [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimi]] computationi credimus (V.34.6).&lt;/ref&gt; habuit. Theodosius quia virtutem eius videbat, ei Serenam suam neptem uxorem dedit&lt;ref&gt;''De consulatu'' I.69-83 et ''Laus Serenae''.&lt;/ref&gt;, quae postea filia adoptiva fuit. Eo coniugio nati sunt filius [[Eucherius]] et duae filiae, Maria et Termantia, quae uxores imperatoris [[Honorius|Honorii]] fuerunt .
[[Fasciculus:Rione XV Esquilino, Roma, Italy - panoramio (49).jpg|thumb| Nomen Stilichonis in porta Honoriana Romae legitur (CIL VI.1189)]]
Imperatore [[Valentinianus II|Valentiniano II]] anno [[392]] interfecto, Stilicho exercitum paravit qui, Theodosio duce, [[Eugenius (imperator)|Flavium Eugenium]] proelio ad flumen Frigidum vicit (sept. 394). In hac quoque pugna Stilicho imperavit, cum haberet subordinatum [[Alaricus I (rex Visigothorum)|Alaricum]] Visigothum (deinde suum inimicum), qui magnam auxiliariorum [[Gothi|Gothorum]] copiam ducebat. Deinde magister utriusque militiae in parte occidentali imperii nominatur. Simul Honorium iussu Theodosii custodiebat atque ita Theodosio mortuo occidentalibus partibus imperabat ut [[Flavius Rufinus|Rufinus]] orientalibus&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus IV.59.1. [[Orosius]] VII.37.1:  ''interea cum a Theodosio imperatore seniore singulis potissimis infantum cura et disciplina utriusque palatii commissa esset, hoc est Rufino orientalis aulae, Stiliconi occidentalis imperii''... Eunapius fr. 62. Iohannes Antiochensis fr.188.&lt;/ref&gt;. Quia tum (395) magna pars exercitus orientalis in eius manu erat quia Eugenium pugnatum venerat curam totius imperii sibi vindicavit&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus V.4.3. [[Ausonius]], ''In Rufinum'' II.4-6: ''Tibi credita fratrum utraque maiestas geminaeque exercitus aulae''.&lt;/ref&gt;. Exercitum adversus Alarici Visigothos in Graciam ducebat cum ab Arcadio, Rufino auctore, sibi remittere et in occidentem retro cedere iussus est&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus V.7. ''In Rufinum'' II.202sqq.&lt;/ref&gt;. Quod fecit sed eodem tempore eorum duci Gainae Rufinum occidendum mandasse videtur. Annis 396/7 ad flumen Rhenum venit ac deinde in Peloponnesum adpulit ad Alaricum impugnandum sed iterum recedere ab Arcadio iussus est qui tum [[Eutropius (consul)|Eutropio]] morem gerebat. Qua de causa etiam hostis publicus a senatu [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopolitano]] iudicatus est&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus V.7 et 11.1. Ausonius, ''de Quarto consulatu Honorii'' 459sqq.&lt;/ref&gt;. Eodem anno rebellionem [[Gildo|Gildonis]] in Africa oppressit fratre ipsius adversus eum misso&lt;ref&gt;Ausonius, ''de Bello Gildonis''. Zosimus V.11.2-5, Orosius VII.36.2-13.&lt;/ref&gt;. 

Anno [[400]] una cum [[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aureliano]] [[consul|consulatum]] gessit.

[[Monumentum]] [[marmor]]eum annis circa 400 factum et dictum sepulcrum Stilichonis in [[basilica]] sancti [[Ambrosius|Ambrosii]] [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]] exstat, sed Stilichonem hac in urbe sepultum esse vix veri simile videtur. Nam primo testimonia desunt, deinde omnino corpus illis temporibus inquietissimis ac bellicosis a loco supplicii Mediolanum tralatum esse a multis viris doctis denegatur.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes ==
*[[CIL]] V.6250, VI.1188-1190, VI.1730-4, VI.31987-9, IX,4051, XIV.165. [[L'Année épigraphique|AE]] [https://edh-www.adw.uni-heidelberg.de/inschrift/suche?literatur=1926,%200124 1926,124]
* [[Claudius Claudianus|Claudianus]],  ''De consulatu Stilichonis'', ''In Rufinum'' et alia poemata
* ''[[Codex Theodosianus]]''
* [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimus]] ''[[Historia nova]]''
* [[Orosius|Paulus Orosius]], ''[[Historiae adversum paganos]]''
* [[Claudius Rutilius Namatianus]], ''De reditu suo''
* [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Epistulae'' IV.1-14

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Emma Burrell, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436726 A Re-Examination of Why Stilicho Abandoned His Pursuit of Alaric in 397]&quot;, ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2004: 251-256 
*	Alan Cameron, &quot;[https://www.academia.edu/25506845/Theodosius_the_Great_and_the_Regency_of_Stilico Theodosius the Great and the regency of Stilico]&quot;, ''Harvard Studies'', 1969: 247-280 
*Emilienne Demougeot, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/44168669 Note sur la politique orientale de Stilichon de 405 à 407]&quot;, ''Byzantion'', 1950(II):  27-37 
* [[Eduardus Gibbon]], ''The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire''
* Ian Hughes, ''Stilicho : the Vandal who saved Rome'', Pen and Sword Military, 2021 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=79TIDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT74&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_selected_pages&amp;cad=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]
*A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/852/mode/2up 853-858]
*Rudolf Keller, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=jMDTNtkscXQC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ViewAPI&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Stilicho, oder, Die Geschichte des weströmischen Reiches von 395-408]'', Berolini, 1884
*Giulia Marolla, &quot;[https://storicamente.org/marolla-stilicone-generale Dagli altari alla polvere. Stilicone da parens Augusti a semibarbarus proditor]&quot;, ''Storicamente'', 2018: 30.
*[[Theodorus Mommsenus|Theodorus Mommsen]], &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4472880 Stilicho und Alarich]&quot;, ''Hermes'', 1903: 101-115
* Bruno Pottier, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/mefr_0223-5102_2005_num_117_1_10947 Un pamphlet contre Stilichon dans l’Histoire Auguste : la vie de Maximin Le Thrace]&quot;, ''Mélanges de l'école française de Rome'', 2005 (117-1): 223-267
* Santo Mazzarino, ''Stilicone. La Crisi Imperiale dopo Teodosio'', [[1942]] (Rizzoli ISBN 978-88-17-33616-1) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1942_num_11_2_2700_t1_0335_0000_2 Recensio critica]
* Heinricus Richter, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?hl=fr&amp;lr=&amp;id=ponfsh4ruPkC&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PA1&amp;dq=serena+stilichonis&amp;ots=vaSabmKd8r&amp;sig=kMRQOGElZOJXCFoqw6FoLMeZj2U&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false De Stilichone et Rufino]'', Halis Saxonum, 1860 '''LATINE'''
*Michele Renee Salzman, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436821 Symmachus and the &quot;Barbarian&quot; Generals]&quot;, ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2006: 352-367
*Paulus Schulz, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?hl=fr&amp;lr=&amp;id=kv6unNYVlEUC&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PA1&amp;dq=serena+stilichonis&amp;ots=zPymhMZ5rA&amp;sig=LlWeNoL9PBOQcOJSI22m7f53z88&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false De Stilichone iisque qui de eo agunt fontibus, Claudiano imprimis et Zosimo]'', Regimonti, 1864 '''LATINE'''
*Lucien Sigayret, &quot;[https://books.openedition.org/pupvd/29079 Les deux voyages de Stilichon]&quot; in ''Bouleversants voyages'',  Presses universitaires de Perpignan, 2000: 85-100
*Michaël Vannesse,	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_2010_num_88_1_7794 L’armée romaine en Occident sous Stilichon (395-408 ap. J.-C.) : le témoignage des décrets impériaux]&quot;, ''Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire'', 2010:  99-112
*	Edmundus Vogt, ''[https://archive.org/details/clclaudianicarmi00vogt/mode/2up Cl. Claudiani carminum quae Stiliconem praedicant fides historica ex comparatione ceterorum fontium recensetur]'', Bonnae, 1863 '''LATINE'''

== Nexus externi ==
{{communia|Stilicho|Flavium Stilichonem}}
* Guillaume Vincent, ''Stilicon, architecte de la victoire: un examen du rôle stratégique du général lors de la bataille de la rivière Frigidus'' [https://mastersfdl.hypotheses.org/6020 Investigatio]

{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores=[[Eutropius (consul)|Eutropius]] et [[Flavius Mallius Theodorus]]|
annus= 400&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aureliano]]|
successores=[[Flavius Fravitta]] et [[Flavius Vincentius]]}}
{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores=[[Honorius (imperator)|Imp. Caesar Flavius Honorius Augustus]] VI et [[Aristaenetus]]|
annus= 405&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Flavius Anthemius|Flavio Anthemio]]|
successores=[[Arcadius|Imp. Caesar Flavius Arcadius Augustus]] VI et [[Anicius Flavius Petronius Probus]]}} 

{{Lifetime|saeculo 4|408|Stilicho, Flavius}}
[[Categoria:Ductores exercitus]]
[[Categoria:Milites Romani antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Morte damnati]]</text>
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[[Imago:Stilico diptych.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[Diptychon consulare]] Stilichonis anni circiter [[400]], [[Modicia]]e in thesauro ecclesiae cathedralis conservatum. Monstrat autem Stilichonem cum uxore [[Serena]] et filio [[Eucherius (filius Stilichonis)|Eucherio]]. Puerorum in clipeo Stilichonis sculptorum sunt qui [[Arcadius|Arcadii]] [[Honorius|Honoriique]] fratrum Augustorum imagines esse doceant, ut quorum pro tutela atque patrono Stilicho se gesserit.]] 

{{res|Flavius Stilicho}} (anno [[359]] circiter natus anno [[408]] die [[22 Augusti|22 mensis Augusti]] [[Ravenna]]e iussu [[Heraclianus|Heracliani]] ducis exercitus [[imperator]]is [[Flavius Augustus Honorius|Honorii]] supplicio adfectus) fuit [[magister militum]] originis [[barbari]]cae et [[Comes|comes stabuli]] et [[consul]] annorum [[400]] et [[405]]. Testis atque interpres rerum a Stilichone gestarum maximus [[Claudianus]] poeta extat in carminibus 2–28 et nonnullis carminibus minoribus. Contra ab [[Orosius|Orosio]] Stilichonis facta depinguntur ut vituperanda. Quod Vandalus erat, etiam [[Arianismus|Arianus]].

==De vita==
Stilicho in hodierna [[Germania]] a patre [[Vandali|Vandalo]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Orosius]] VII.38.1.&lt;/ref&gt; natus est, auxiliario in exercitu Romano&lt;ref&gt;''De consulatu Stilichonis'' I.35-9.&lt;/ref&gt;, et matre quae civis [[Roma|Romana]] erat&lt;ref&gt;Ita [[Hieronymus]] (Ep. 123.16) eum semibarbarum dicit.&lt;/ref&gt;. Tamen semper se Romanum putavit etiamsi erat, sicut plurimi Germani, [[Arianismus|arianus]], ergo putatus [[Haeresis|haereticus]]. Correcte tres linguas principales illius temporis loquebatur: [[Lingua Germanica|Germanicam]] communem, [[Lingua Latina|Latinam]] [[Lingua Graeca|Graecamque]]. In [[historiographia]] vir multum ambiguus depingitur: putatus dux fidelis causae Imperii Romani, egit negative{{dubsig}} pro se. Nam [[Alaricus|Alaricum]] non pepulit neque limitem ad flumen [[Rhenus|Rhenum]] servavit.

[[Theodosius I|Theodosio I]] regnante, qui ultimus utriusque partis Imperi imperator fuit, tribunus praetorianus militaris fuit qui circa [[384]] eum 'vix primaevum' ad regem Persarum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Sapor III|Saporem III|en|qid=Q310267}} misit, ut de pace et partitione [[Armenia|Armeniae]] ageret&lt;ref&gt;''De consulatu'' I.51-68&lt;/ref&gt;. Legatio felix fuit et Stilicho, cum Theodosium [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopoli]] adisset, comes sacri stabuli et mox comes domesticorum&lt;ref&gt;Ausonius, ''Laus Serenae'' 90-94.&lt;/ref&gt; (385-392) ac postremo circa 392 magister militum  factus est, ut limites a [[Visigothi|Visigothis]] defenderet: ita hoc negotium per circa viginta annos&lt;ref&gt;Viginti tres si [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimi]] computationi credimus (V.34.6).&lt;/ref&gt; habuit. Theodosius quia virtutem eius videbat, ei Serenam suam neptem uxorem dedit&lt;ref&gt;''De consulatu'' I.69-83 et ''Laus Serenae''.&lt;/ref&gt;, quae postea filia adoptiva fuit. Eo coniugio nati sunt filius [[Eucherius]] et duae filiae, Maria et Termantia, quae uxores imperatoris [[Honorius|Honorii]] fuerunt .
[[Fasciculus:Rione XV Esquilino, Roma, Italy - panoramio (49).jpg|thumb| Nomen Stilichonis in porta Honoriana Romae legitur (CIL VI.1189)]]
Imperatore [[Valentinianus II|Valentiniano II]] anno [[392]] interfecto, Stilicho exercitum paravit qui, Theodosio duce, [[Eugenius (imperator)|Flavium Eugenium]] proelio ad flumen Frigidum vicit (sept. 394). In hac quoque pugna Stilicho imperavit, cum haberet subordinatum [[Alaricus I (rex Visigothorum)|Alaricum]] Visigothum (deinde suum inimicum), qui magnam auxiliariorum [[Gothi|Gothorum]] copiam ducebat. Deinde magister utriusque militiae in parte occidentali imperii nominatur. Simul Honorium iussu Theodosii custodiebat atque ita Theodosio mortuo occidentalibus partibus imperabat ut [[Flavius Rufinus|Rufinus]] orientalibus&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus IV.59.1. [[Orosius]] VII.37.1:  ''interea cum a Theodosio imperatore seniore singulis potissimis infantum cura et disciplina utriusque palatii commissa esset, hoc est Rufino orientalis aulae, Stiliconi occidentalis imperii''... Eunapius fr. 62. Iohannes Antiochensis fr.188.&lt;/ref&gt;. Quia tum (395) magna pars exercitus orientalis in eius manu erat quia Eugenium pugnatum venerat curam totius imperii sibi vindicavit&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus V.4.3. [[Ausonius]], ''In Rufinum'' II.4-6: ''Tibi credita fratrum utraque maiestas geminaeque exercitus aulae''.&lt;/ref&gt;. Exercitum adversus Alarici Visigothos in Graciam ducebat cum ab Arcadio, Rufino auctore, sibi remittere et in occidentem retro cedere iussus est&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus V.7. ''In Rufinum'' II.202sqq.&lt;/ref&gt;. Quod fecit sed eodem tempore eorum duci Gainae Rufinum occidendum mandasse videtur. Annis 396/7 ad flumen Rhenum venit ac deinde in Peloponnesum adpulit ad Alaricum impugnandum sed iterum recedere ab Arcadio iussus est qui tum [[Eutropius (consul)|Eutropio]] morem gerebat. Qua de causa etiam hostis publicus a senatu [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopolitano]] iudicatus est&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus V.7 et 11.1. Ausonius, ''de Quarto consulatu Honorii'' 459sqq.&lt;/ref&gt;. Eodem anno rebellionem [[Gildo|Gildonis]] in Africa oppressit fratre ipsius Mascezel nomine adversus eum misso&lt;ref&gt;Ausonius, ''de Bello Gildonis''. Zosimus V.11.2-5, Orosius VII.36.2-13.&lt;/ref&gt;. 

Anno [[400]] una cum [[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aureliano]] [[consul|consulatum]] gessit.

[[Monumentum]] [[marmor]]eum annis circa 400 factum et dictum sepulcrum Stilichonis in [[basilica]] sancti [[Ambrosius|Ambrosii]] [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]] exstat, sed Stilichonem hac in urbe sepultum esse vix veri simile videtur. Nam primo testimonia desunt, deinde omnino corpus illis temporibus inquietissimis ac bellicosis a loco supplicii Mediolanum tralatum esse a multis viris doctis denegatur.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes ==
*[[CIL]] V.6250, VI.1188-1190, VI.1730-4, VI.31987-9, IX,4051, XIV.165. [[L'Année épigraphique|AE]] [https://edh-www.adw.uni-heidelberg.de/inschrift/suche?literatur=1926,%200124 1926,124]
* [[Claudius Claudianus|Claudianus]],  ''De consulatu Stilichonis'', ''In Rufinum'' et alia poemata
* ''[[Codex Theodosianus]]''
* [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimus]] ''[[Historia nova]]''
* [[Orosius|Paulus Orosius]], ''[[Historiae adversum paganos]]''
* [[Claudius Rutilius Namatianus]], ''De reditu suo''
* [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Epistulae'' IV.1-14

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Emma Burrell, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436726 A Re-Examination of Why Stilicho Abandoned His Pursuit of Alaric in 397]&quot;, ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2004: 251-256 
*	Alan Cameron, &quot;[https://www.academia.edu/25506845/Theodosius_the_Great_and_the_Regency_of_Stilico Theodosius the Great and the regency of Stilico]&quot;, ''Harvard Studies'', 1969: 247-280 
*Emilienne Demougeot, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/44168669 Note sur la politique orientale de Stilichon de 405 à 407]&quot;, ''Byzantion'', 1950(II):  27-37 
* [[Eduardus Gibbon]], ''The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire''
* Ian Hughes, ''Stilicho : the Vandal who saved Rome'', Pen and Sword Military, 2021 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=79TIDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT74&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_selected_pages&amp;cad=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]
*A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/852/mode/2up 853-858]
*Rudolf Keller, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=jMDTNtkscXQC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ViewAPI&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Stilicho, oder, Die Geschichte des weströmischen Reiches von 395-408]'', Berolini, 1884
*Giulia Marolla, &quot;[https://storicamente.org/marolla-stilicone-generale Dagli altari alla polvere. Stilicone da parens Augusti a semibarbarus proditor]&quot;, ''Storicamente'', 2018: 30.
*[[Theodorus Mommsenus|Theodorus Mommsen]], &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4472880 Stilicho und Alarich]&quot;, ''Hermes'', 1903: 101-115
* Bruno Pottier, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/mefr_0223-5102_2005_num_117_1_10947 Un pamphlet contre Stilichon dans l’Histoire Auguste : la vie de Maximin Le Thrace]&quot;, ''Mélanges de l'école française de Rome'', 2005 (117-1): 223-267
* Santo Mazzarino, ''Stilicone. La Crisi Imperiale dopo Teodosio'', [[1942]] (Rizzoli ISBN 978-88-17-33616-1) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1942_num_11_2_2700_t1_0335_0000_2 Recensio critica]
* Heinricus Richter, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?hl=fr&amp;lr=&amp;id=ponfsh4ruPkC&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PA1&amp;dq=serena+stilichonis&amp;ots=vaSabmKd8r&amp;sig=kMRQOGElZOJXCFoqw6FoLMeZj2U&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false De Stilichone et Rufino]'', Halis Saxonum, 1860 '''LATINE'''
*Michele Renee Salzman, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436821 Symmachus and the &quot;Barbarian&quot; Generals]&quot;, ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2006: 352-367
*Paulus Schulz, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?hl=fr&amp;lr=&amp;id=kv6unNYVlEUC&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PA1&amp;dq=serena+stilichonis&amp;ots=zPymhMZ5rA&amp;sig=LlWeNoL9PBOQcOJSI22m7f53z88&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false De Stilichone iisque qui de eo agunt fontibus, Claudiano imprimis et Zosimo]'', Regimonti, 1864 '''LATINE'''
*Lucien Sigayret, &quot;[https://books.openedition.org/pupvd/29079 Les deux voyages de Stilichon]&quot; in ''Bouleversants voyages'',  Presses universitaires de Perpignan, 2000: 85-100
*Michaël Vannesse,	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_2010_num_88_1_7794 L’armée romaine en Occident sous Stilichon (395-408 ap. J.-C.) : le témoignage des décrets impériaux]&quot;, ''Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire'', 2010:  99-112
*	Edmundus Vogt, ''[https://archive.org/details/clclaudianicarmi00vogt/mode/2up Cl. Claudiani carminum quae Stiliconem praedicant fides historica ex comparatione ceterorum fontium recensetur]'', Bonnae, 1863 '''LATINE'''

== Nexus externi ==
{{communia|Stilicho|Flavium Stilichonem}}
* Guillaume Vincent, ''Stilicon, architecte de la victoire: un examen du rôle stratégique du général lors de la bataille de la rivière Frigidus'' [https://mastersfdl.hypotheses.org/6020 Investigatio]

{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores=[[Eutropius (consul)|Eutropius]] et [[Flavius Mallius Theodorus]]|
annus= 400&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aureliano]]|
successores=[[Flavius Fravitta]] et [[Flavius Vincentius]]}}
{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores=[[Honorius (imperator)|Imp. Caesar Flavius Honorius Augustus]] VI et [[Aristaenetus]]|
annus= 405&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Flavius Anthemius|Flavio Anthemio]]|
successores=[[Arcadius|Imp. Caesar Flavius Arcadius Augustus]] VI et [[Anicius Flavius Petronius Probus]]}} 

{{Lifetime|saeculo 4|408|Stilicho, Flavius}}
[[Categoria:Ductores exercitus]]
[[Categoria:Milites Romani antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Morte damnati]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gotthold Ephraim Lessing</title>
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        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
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      <text bytes="7271" sha1="loh8wylrs3tv65urrwemja5bge2vy68" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}

'''Gotthold Ephraim Lessing''' ([[1729]]-[[1781]]) fuit [[poeta]], [[philosophus]], et [[scriptor]] [[fabula scaenica|fabularum scaenicarum]] [[Germania|Germanicus]]. Fabulis suis scriptisque contemplativis, quae imprimis ad [[notio (philosophia)|notio]]nem [[tolerantia]]e pertinent, hic [[illuminismus|illuminator]] viam patefecit ad excolendam ac provehendam theatralem artem.  
[[Philosophia]]m [[Benedictus de Spinoza|Benedicti de Spinoza]] secutus est, et [[liber (litterae)|librum]] notissimum de [[Laocoon|Laocoonte]] anno [[1766]] in lucem protulit.

== De vita ==
Lessing die [[22 Ianuarii]] [[1729]] [[Camentia]]e natus est ex patre [[Iohannes Gottfried Lessing|Iohanne Gottfried]], archidiacono Camentiensi scriptoreque librorum [[theologia|theologicorum]], et matre Iustina Salome (nata Feller). Gotthold Ephraim scholam classicam Camentiae ab anno [[1737]] frequentavit. Deinde anno [[1741]] studia iniit in principum schola (''Fürstenschule St. Afra'') [[Misnia|Misniensi]]. Quibus finitis studiis in  [[Universitas Lipsiensis|Universitatem Lipsiensem]] adscriptus est operam daturus [[theologia]]e, [[medicina]]e, [[philosophia]]e et denique [[philologia]]e.&lt;ref&gt;Lamport 1981.&lt;/ref&gt; Duobus annis theologiae studebat, donec his interruptis studiis mense Augusto [[1748]] mwdicinae studia iniit in [[universitas Wittenbergensis|universitate Vitebergensi]],&lt;ref&gt;Juntke 1966: 274.&lt;/ref&gt; sed iam Novembri mense eiusdem anni [[Berolinum]] profectus est, cogitabat enim scribendo ibi se alere posse.

Litteris elegantioribus, poesi et theatro magis magisque adtrahebatur, et in familiaritatem venerat hominum litteratorum theatraliumque. [[Christlob Mylius]] multum apud eum valebat, et sine dubio Mylium secutus Berolinum se contulit. Berolini apud [[Vossische Zeitung|Berlinerische privilegierte Zeitung]] munera critici et redactoris curabat. Quae incepta filii parum placebant parentibus, quorum postulatu Gotthold Ephraim Vitenbergae mense Aprili 1752 gradum magistri adsecutus est. Mense Novembri eodem anno Berolinum reversus in familiaritatem venit multorum hominum litteratorum. Octobri mense [[1755]] [[Lipsia]]m rediit,&lt;ref&gt;Barner 2001.&lt;/ref&gt; certe ut ad iter circulare per [[Nederlandia]]m [[Anglia]]mque in [[Francia]]m faciendum se praepararet, comitem [[Christianus Gottfried Winckler|Christiani Winckler]], filii mercatoris nobilis Lipsiensis. Maio mense [[1756]] [[Amstelodamum]] profecti prae [[Bellum Septem Annorum|bello septem annorum]] iter continuare non iam potuerunt. 

Anno [[1758]] Berolinum reversus una cum [[Fridericus Nicolai|Friderico Nicolai]] et [[Moses Mendelssohn|Mose Mendelssohn]] epistulas ad novissimas litteras pertinentes (''[[Briefe, die neueste Literatur betreffend]]'') edidit. Anno [[1760]] Lessing socius extraneus [[Academia Scientiarum Borussica|Academiae Scientiarum Borussicae]] electus est. Ab eodem anno [[Vratislavia]]e munere [[scriba]]e [[Fridericus Bogislav von Tauentzien|Friderici von Tauentzien]] ducis generalis functus est, unde anno [[1765]] Berolinum rediit. 

Deinde, anno [[1767]], [[dramaturgus]] et consiliarius theatro nationali [[Hamburgum|Hammoniae]] operam dabat, donec theatrum propter difficultates pecuniarias anno [[1769]] clausum est. Hoc tempore in familiaritatem multorum hominum litteratorum venit, et quidem [[Eva König|Evae König]] (1736–1778), quam morte mariti viduatam anno [[1776]] in [[matrimonium]] duxit. 

Anno [[1770]] [[Guelpherbytum|Guelpherbyti]] curator [[Bibliotheca Augusta|Bibliothecae Augustae]] (''Herzog August Bibliothek'') factus est. Qua in bibliotheca [[Theophilus Presbyter|Theophili Presbyteris]] opus ''Schedula diversarum artium'' inscriptum invenit, de quo anno [[1774]] opus ''Vom Alter der Ölmalerey aus dem Theophilus Presbyter'' edidit. Anno [[1775]] Lessing munus bibliothecarii in medium reliquit propter varia itinera et audientiam ab [[Iosephus II|Iosepho II]], imperatore [[Sacrum Romanum Imperium|Sacri Romani Imperii]], factam. Praeterea [[Maximilianus Leopoldus de Brunsvico-Guelpherbyto|Leopoldum Brunsvici principem]] comitatus est in longo itinere in [[Italia]]m facto.

[[Vigilia Natalis Christi|Vigilia natali Christi]] [[1777]] Eva Lessing filium genuit, qui tamen postridie vitam amisit. Eva ipsa tres fere post septimanas [[febris puerperalis|febri puerperali]] mortem obiit. Proximo anno etiam Gotthold Ephraim Lessing deteriore adfectus est valetudine. Die [[15 Februarii]] [[infactus cerebri|infarctu cerebri]] mortuus est, Brunsvicique sepultus. 

== De gravitate auctoris ==
Lessing erat similiter magnus sciens quam bonus [[cantus|cantuum]], [[fabula]]rum, [[epigramma]]tum, [[drama (fictio)|dramatum]] compositor. Optime rationem generis prosaici explorabat: scriptis [[critica litterarum|criticis]]-[[aesthetica|aestheticis]] suis (''Briefe, die neueste Literatur betreffend,'' 1759; ''Laokoon,'' 1766; ''Wie die Alten den Tod gebildet,'' 1769) [[theoria]]m artisticam refecit in fundamentis novis liberans drama Germanicum ab imitatione servili [[Francia|Francogallica]] (''Hamburgische Dramaturgie,'' 1768–69). In [[drama]]tibus eius momenti maximi—''Miß Sara Sampson'' (1755), ''Minna von Barnhelm'' (1763), ''Emilia Galotti'' (1772), ''Nathan der Weise'' (1779)—ipse exempla [[tolerantia]]e [[religio]]nis imitanda dedit. Insuper [[theologia]]m [[cogitatio libera|liberiorem]] instituit (''Antigoeze,'' 1778; ''Die Erziehung des Menschengeschlechts,'' 1780).

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Wilfried Barner, ''Goethe und Lessing. Eine schwierige Konstellation.'' Wallstein Verlag, 2001.
* Cord-Friedrich Berghahn, ''„Töne in der Musik sind keine Zeichen“. Lessing und die Musik'', Lessing-Akademie, Guelpherbyti 2012.
* [[Fausto Cercignani]], ''Gotthold Ephraim Lessing'', Milano, 1994.
* Monika Fick, ''Lessing-Handbuch. Leben-Werk-Wirkung.'' Metzler, 2000.
* Fritz Juntke, ''Album Academiae Vitebergensis.'' Halle (Saale), 1966.
* Lamport, F. J. ''Lessing and the Drama.'' Oxford UP, 1981. 
* Hugh Barr Nisbet, ''Gotthold Ephraim Lessing: His Life, Works and Thought'', Oxford University Press 2013
* Volker Nölle, ''Subjektivität und Wirklichkeit in Lessings dramatischem und theologischem Werk'', Berlin 1977.
* Paul Rilla, ''Lessing und sein Zeitalter'', C.H. Beck, München 1968.
* Wilhelm von Sternburg, ''Gotthold Ephraim Lessing.'' Rowohlt, 2010
* Stefanie Stockhorst, ''Einführung in das Werk Gotthold Ephraim Lessing'', Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 2011.
* Friedrich Vollhardt, ''Gotthold Ephraim Lessing: Epoche und Werk'', Wallstein, Göttingen 2018.

== Nexus externi ==
{{Communia|Gotthold Ephraim Lessing}}
* {{BBKL|l/Lessing_g_e|auctor=Hans-Josef Olszewsky|commentatio=LESSING, Gotthold Ephraim|tomus=4|columnae=1545-1551}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304191656/http://literaturnetz.org/autoren/gotthold_ephraim_lessing Fabulae Lessing apud literaturnetz.org] 
*[https://www.projekt-gutenberg.org/autoren/namen/lessing.html Opera in interreti]

{{Lifetime|1729|1781|Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim}}
[[Categoria:Auctores Theodisci]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Lipsiensis]]
[[Categoria:Deistae]]
[[Categoria:Francomurarii]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores scaenici]]
{{Myrias|Homines}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Carolus Fridericus Abel</title>
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      <text bytes="1388" sha1="jkfkk8o3twfgyktcxs2ef7paja4hrrx" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Carl Friedrich Abel.jpg|thumb|right|Carolus Fridericus Abel (anno [[1777]]). Fecit [[Thomas Gainsborough]]]]

''' Carolus Fridericus''' ''vulgo'' Carl Friedrich '''Abel''' (natus die [[22 Decembris]] [[1723]] [[Cothena]]e - obiit die [[20 Iunii]] [[1787]] [[Londinium|Londinii]]) fuit compositor [[Germania|Germanicus]] ac praeclarus psaltes fidium accurate [[viola cruralis|violae cruralis]]. 


Annis inter 1748 et 1758 socius fuit Capellae aulicae [[dresda|Dresdensis]] et vitam ex anno 1759 Londinii egit. Ibi una cum [[ioannes Christianus Bach|Ioanne Christiano Bach]] usque 1782 (quo Bach mortuus est) concentus subnotatoribus reservatos dabat. Ipse musicographus magnus fuit qui inter alia symphonias XXXVI et pro instrumentism chordatis quadricinia XVIII exaravit. 
==Bibliographia==
* S. M. Helm: ''Carl Friedrich Abel, Symphonist'', Londinii [[1953]]
* Walter Knape: ''Bibliographisch-thematisches Verzeichnis der Kompositionen von Karl Friedrich Abel.'' Ad Portam Editio, Cuxhaviae  [[1971]]
* Walter Knape: ''Karl Friedrich Abel. Leben und Werk eines frühklassischen Komponisten.'' [[Brema]]e: Schünemann [[1973]]. ISBN 3-7961-3036-4

== Nexus externus ==
{{CommuniaCat|Carl Friedrich Abel|Carolum Fridericum Abel}}

{{bio-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abel, Carolus Fridericus}}
[[Categoria:Compositores Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1723]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1787]]</text>
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'''Martinus Bucerus''' (vere: ''Martin Butzer/Butscher''; natus die [[11 Novembris]], [[1491]] [[Selestadium|Selestadii]] in [[Alsatia]]; mortuus die [[28 Februarii]], [[1551]] [[Cantabrigia]]e (''Cambridge'') in [[Anglia]]), qui antea [[monachus]] [[Dominicani|dominicanus]] fuerat, fuit [[Reformatio|reformator]] [[Argentoratum|Argentorati]] et [[theologus]] [[Germania|Germanicus]]. 
==Vita==
Adulescens XV annorum [[Ordo Fratrum Praedicatorum|Dominicanus]] factus est qui ex anno 1517 in [[Universitas Ruperto-Carola Heidelbergensis|Universitate Heidelbergensi]] linguis Graecae et Hebraicae, theologiae, philosophiae, [[ars rhetorica|rhetoricis]] studuit. [[Reformatio]] eum alliciebat cum anno 1518 [[martinus Lutherus|Lutherum]] cognoverat et [[desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus|Erasmi Roterodami]] scripta legerat.

Ordine religioso relicto praedicator aulicus apud principem electorem Fredericum [[Palatinatus]] factus est. Parochia [[Landstulia]]e (in [[Rhenania-Palatinatus|Palatinatu]]) anno 1522 mandatus est antequam anno 1523 [[argentoratum|Argentorati]] operam daret. Praeter Reformationis promotionem indefessus in unione inter Lutheranos et [[ecclesiae Reformatae|Reformatos]] concilianda laborabat. Cum in disputationibus [[Berna]]e (1528) et [[marburgum|Marburgi]] (1529) habitis in initio [[huldericus Zvinglius|Zvinglio]] faveret, aliquanto post Lutheranas versiones maluit. Colloquia ista finem habuerunt anno 1536 [[Wittenberga]]e.

[[helvetia|Helvetiis]] unionem recusantibus una cum landgravo Philippo [[Hassia]]e, cui litteras dare solebat, ordines Germanicos protestanticos saltem unificare potuit. Sic et in colloquiis religiosis [[hagenoa|Hagenoensibus]] (1540) agebat necnon [[Ratisbona]]e (1541, 1546). Quando anno 1542 [[colonia Agrippina|Colonienes]] notionibus reformatoriis laetificare volebat, a clericorum multitudine vehementissime lacessitus est. Pacem provisoram [[augusta Vindelicorum|Augustanam]] impugnans Argentoratum deserere coactus est et mense Aprili 1549 in [[Anglia]]m iit [[Petrus Martyr Vermilius|Petro Martyre Vermilio]] invitante.

Sapientia eius ampla, quam numquam vanitate prae se ferebat, praesertim in insulis Britannicis magni aestimata est.

== Opera ==

Inter multa opera a Bucero scripta sunt:

''De regno Christi'' - editio princeps anno 1557.

''S. Psalmorum libri quinque ad Ebraicam veritatem versi, et familiari explanatione elucidati per Aretium Felinum theologum'' - editio princeps anno 1529. ''Aretius Felinus'' pseudonymum Buceri est.&lt;ref&gt;Greschat, Martin Bucer. Ein Reformator und seine Zeit, München 1990, S. 94f.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lege etiam ==

* M. Bucero, ''La Riforma a Strasburgo'' a cura di E. Genre, Claudiana, [[Taurinum|Taurinii]] anno [[1991]] 
* J.W. Baum, ''Capito and Butzer'' ([[Argentoratum|Argentorati]], [[1860]]); 
* A. Erichson, ''Martin Butzer'' (anno [[1891]]); 
* Martin Greschat, ''Martin Bucer: A Reformer and His Times,'', [[Vestmonasterium|Vestmonasterii]] John Knox, anno [[2004]].
* Martin Greschat: ''Martin Bucer. Ein Reformator und seine Zeit.'' Beck, Monaci 1990, ISBN 3-406-34610-3  
* Andreas Gäumann: ''Reich Christi und Obrigkeit. Eine Studie zum reformatorischen Denken und Handeln Martin Bucers'' (= ''Zürcher Beiträge zur Reformationsgeschichte.'' Bd. 20). Lang, Bernae u.2001, ISBN 3-906766-75-6  
* Albert de Lange, Thomas Wilhelmi: ''Martin Bucer. (1491–1551). Auf der Suche nach der Wiederherstellung der Einheit'' (= ''Universitätsarchiv (Heidelberg). Schriften.'' 5). verlag regionalkultur, Ubstadt-Weiher 2001, ISBN 3-89735-180-3. 
* Thomas Schirrmacher (ed.): ''Anwalt der Liebe. Martin Bucer als Theologe und Seelsorger. Beiträge zum 450. Todestag des Reformators'' (= ''Jahrbuch des Martin-Bucer-Seminars.'' Bd. 1). Verlag für Kultur und Wissenschaft, Bonnae 2002, ISBN 3-932829-33-6 ([https://www.thomasschirrmacher.info/wp-content/uploads/2001/02/MBS_Jahrbuch_2001_Bucer.pdf  PDF])
* Matthieu Arnold, Berndt Hamm (edd.): ''Martin Bucer zwischen Luther und Zwingli'' (= ''Spätmittelalter und Reformation.'' NR Bd. 23). Mohr Siebeck, Tubingae 2003, ISBN 3-16-147763-4. 
* Thomas Klöckner: ''Martin Bucer und die Einheit der Christenheit. Ein theologiegeschichtlicher Beitrag zur Ökumene-Debatte im modernen Evangelikalismus (Lausanner Prägung).'' Neukirchener Theologie, Neoclesiae-Fliunniae 2014, ISBN 978-3-7887-2823-6  
* Christoph Strohm, Thomas Wilhelmi (ed.): ''Martin Bucer, der dritte deutsche Reformator. Zum Ertrag der Edition der Deutschen Schriften Martin Bucers.'' Winter, Heidelbergae 2016, ISBN 978-3-8253-6723-7.

== Nexus externi ==

{{Communia|Martin Bucer|Martinum Bucerum}}

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080605083037/http://www.eresie.it/it/id415.htm De Martino Bucer in pagina haeresibus dicata]
* {{BBKL|b/bucer_m|auctor=Friedrich Wilhelm Bautz|commentatio=BUCER (Butzer), Martin|tomus=1|columnae=782-785}}
* [http://www.heiligenlexikon.de/BiographienM/Martin_Bucer.html Pagina de Bucero in Lexico oecumenicum sanctorum]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080917015512/http://www.bucer.de/ueberuns/werwirsind/00000093d5075a609/index.html Brevis Biographia Martini Bucer]

{{religiosi}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bucerus, Martinus}}
[[Categoria:Theologi]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Reformatores]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1491]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1551]]</text>
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'''Martinus Bucerus''' (vere: ''Martin Butzer/Butscher''; natus die [[11 Novembris]], [[1491]] [[Selestadium|Selestadii]] in [[Alsatia]]; mortuus die [[28 Februarii]], [[1551]] [[Cantabrigia]]e (''Cambridge'') in [[Anglia]]), qui antea [[monachus]] [[Dominicani|dominicanus]] fuerat, fuit [[Reformatio|reformator]] [[Argentoratum|Argentorati]] et [[theologus]] [[Germania|Germanicus]]. 
==Vita==
Adulescens XV annorum [[Ordo Fratrum Praedicatorum|Dominicanus]] factus est qui ex anno 1517 in [[Universitas Ruperto-Carola Heidelbergensis|Universitate Heidelbergensi]] linguis Graecae et Hebraicae, theologiae, philosophiae, [[ars rhetorica|rhetoricis]] studuit. [[Reformatio]] eum alliciebat cum anno 1518 [[martinus Lutherus|Lutherum]] cognoverat et [[desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus|Erasmi Roterodami]] scripta legerat.

Ordine religioso relicto praedicator aulicus apud principem electorem Fredericum [[Palatinatus]] factus est. Parochia [[Landstulia]]e (in [[Rhenania-Palatinatus|Palatinatu]]) anno 1522 mandatus est antequam anno 1523 [[argentoratum|Argentorati]] operam daret. Praeter Reformationis promotionem indefessus in unione inter Lutheranos et [[ecclesiae Reformatae|Reformatos]] concilianda laborabat. Cum in disputationibus [[Berna]]e (1528) et [[marburgum|Marburgi]] (1529) habitis in initio [[huldericus Zvinglius|Zvinglio]] faveret, aliquanto post Lutheranas versiones maluit. Colloquia ista finem habuerunt anno 1536 [[Wittenberga]]e.

[[helvetia|Helvetiis]] unionem recusantibus una cum landgravo Philippo [[Hassia]]e, cui litteras dare solebat, ordines Germanicos protestanticos saltem unificare potuit. Sic et in colloquiis religiosis [[hagenoa|Hagenoensibus]] (1540) agebat necnon [[Ratisbona]]e (1541, 1546). Quando anno 1542 [[colonia Agrippina|Colonienes]] notionibus reformatoriis laetificare volebat, a clericorum multitudine vehementissime lacessitus est. Pacem provisoram [[augusta Vindelicorum|Augustanam]] impugnans Argentoratum deserere coactus est et mense Aprili 1549 in [[Anglia]]m iit [[Petrus Martyr Vermilius|Petro Martyre Vermilio]] invitante.

Sapientia eius ampla, quam numquam vanitate prae se ferebat, praesertim in insulis Britannicis magni aestimata est.

== Opera ==

Inter multa opera a Bucero scripta sunt:

''De regno Christi'' - editio princeps anno 1557.

''S. Psalmorum libri quinque ad Ebraicam veritatem versi, et familiari explanatione elucidati per Aretium Felinum theologum'' - editio princeps anno 1529. ''Aretius Felinus'' pseudonymum Buceri est.&lt;ref&gt;Greschat, Martin Bucer. Ein Reformator und seine Zeit, München 1990, S. 94f.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== Lege etiam ==

* M. Bucero, ''La Riforma a Strasburgo'' a cura di E. Genre, Claudiana, [[Taurinum|Taurinii]] anno [[1991]] 
* J.W. Baum, ''Capito and Butzer'' ([[Argentoratum|Argentorati]], [[1860]]); 
* A. Erichson, ''Martin Butzer'' (anno [[1891]]); 
* Martin Greschat, ''Martin Bucer: A Reformer and His Times,'', [[Vestmonasterium|Vestmonasterii]] John Knox, anno [[2004]].
* Martin Greschat: ''Martin Bucer. Ein Reformator und seine Zeit.'' Beck, Monaci 1990, ISBN 3-406-34610-3  
* Andreas Gäumann: ''Reich Christi und Obrigkeit. Eine Studie zum reformatorischen Denken und Handeln Martin Bucers'' (= ''Zürcher Beiträge zur Reformationsgeschichte.'' Bd. 20). Lang, Bernae u.2001, ISBN 3-906766-75-6  
* Albert de Lange, Thomas Wilhelmi: ''Martin Bucer. (1491–1551). Auf der Suche nach der Wiederherstellung der Einheit'' (= ''Universitätsarchiv (Heidelberg). Schriften.'' 5). verlag regionalkultur, Ubstadt-Weiher 2001, ISBN 3-89735-180-3. 
* Thomas Schirrmacher (ed.): ''Anwalt der Liebe. Martin Bucer als Theologe und Seelsorger. Beiträge zum 450. Todestag des Reformators'' (= ''Jahrbuch des Martin-Bucer-Seminars.'' Bd. 1). Verlag für Kultur und Wissenschaft, Bonnae 2002, ISBN 3-932829-33-6 ([https://www.thomasschirrmacher.info/wp-content/uploads/2001/02/MBS_Jahrbuch_2001_Bucer.pdf  PDF])
* Matthieu Arnold, Berndt Hamm (edd.): ''Martin Bucer zwischen Luther und Zwingli'' (= ''Spätmittelalter und Reformation.'' NR Bd. 23). Mohr Siebeck, Tubingae 2003, ISBN 3-16-147763-4. 
* Thomas Klöckner: ''Martin Bucer und die Einheit der Christenheit. Ein theologiegeschichtlicher Beitrag zur Ökumene-Debatte im modernen Evangelikalismus (Lausanner Prägung).'' Neukirchener Theologie, Neoclesiae-Fliunniae 2014, ISBN 978-3-7887-2823-6  
* Christoph Strohm, Thomas Wilhelmi (ed.): ''Martin Bucer, der dritte deutsche Reformator. Zum Ertrag der Edition der Deutschen Schriften Martin Bucers.'' Winter, Heidelbergae 2016, ISBN 978-3-8253-6723-7.

== Nexus externi ==

{{Communia|Martin Bucer|Martinum Bucerum}}

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080605083037/http://www.eresie.it/it/id415.htm De Martino Bucer in pagina haeresibus dicata]
* {{BBKL|b/bucer_m|auctor=Friedrich Wilhelm Bautz|commentatio=BUCER (Butzer), Martin|tomus=1|columnae=782-785}}
* [http://www.heiligenlexikon.de/BiographienM/Martin_Bucer.html Pagina de Bucero in Lexico oecumenicum sanctorum]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080917015512/http://www.bucer.de/ueberuns/werwirsind/00000093d5075a609/index.html Brevis Biographia Martini Bucer]

{{religiosi}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bucerus, Martinus}}
[[Categoria:Theologi]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Reformatores]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1491]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1551]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Abraham Vater</title>
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      <text bytes="1598" sha1="kjiq9lyl9mzt79emruzn3m529e9pzsm" xml:space="preserve">[[Imago:Abraham-Vater.jpg|thumb|Abraham Vater. [[Pinacotheca]] Dux Augusti in [[bibliotheca]] Guelpherbytensi.]]
{{L1}}
'''Abrahamus Vater''' (natus die [[9 Decembris]] [[1684]] [[Wittenberga]]e; mortuus ibidem die [[18 Novembris]] [[1751]]) fuit [[medicus]], [[anatomia|anatomicus]] ac [[philosophia|philosophus]] [[Germania|Germanus]].  Alma mater sua [[Universitas Fridericiana Halensis]] fuit ubi philosophiam et [[Medicina|medicinam]] studiut. Ad honorem eius [[Ampulla hepatopancreatica|ampullae hepatopancreatica]], quam primum Vater anno [[1720]] descripsit, nomen papillae Vateri impositum est.

== Opera ==
*''Dissertatio anatomica quo novum bilis dicetilicum circa orifucum ductus choledochi ut et valvulosam colli vesicae felleae constructionem ad disceptandum proponit'', Vittenbergae, lit. Gerdesianus, [[1720]].
*''Das Blatter-Beltzen oder die Art und Weise, die Blattern durch künstliche Einpfropfung zu erwecken'', Vittenbergae, [[1721]].
*''De calculis in locis inusitatis natis et per vias insolitas exclusis'', [[1741]].
*''De instrumentoro ad determinadas lucis refractiones'', [[1751]].
*''Diss., qua valor et sufficienta signorum infantem recens natum aut motuum aut vivum editum arguentium examinatur'', [[1735]].

==Nexus externi==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080112180143/http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/2603.html Qui nomen dedit? - Abrahamus Vater]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vater, Abraham}}
[[Categoria:Medici Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Philosophi]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Theodisci]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Latini recentiores]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1684]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1751]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nicolaus Taurellus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="2731" sha1="g9tuz5xfruxl4f5xld0o7z3mwtkixkd" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
'''Nicolaus Taurellus''' (humili loco natus die [[26 Novembris]] [[1547]]; mortuus die [[28 Septembris]] [[1606]]) fuit [[medicus]] et [[philosophus]] [[Germania|Germanicus]]. Medicus civicus meruit urbis [[Colmaria]]e.

Mulier eius Katharina filia fuit [[Anna Weckerin|Annae Weckerin]], libri culinarii ''[[Ein köstlich new Kochbuch]]'' scriptricis: matre nuper mortua, Katharina ipsa hunc librum anno [[1597]] divulgari iussit.

== Opera ==
* ''Theses Philosophicae, De Ortu Rationalis Animae''. Nürnberg: Kauffmann, 1596. [http://diglib.hab.de/drucke/174-quod-13/start.htm Editio electronica Bibliothecae Principis Augusti Guelpherbytensis]
* ''Philosophiae triumphus seu metaphysica philosophandi methodus''. [[Basilia (urbs)|Basiliae]] anno [[1573]].
* ''Medicae praedictionis methodus''. Frankfurt, 1581.
* ''Carmina Funebria, Quae Magnorum Aliquot, Clarorumque virorum felici memoriae dicavit.'' [[Norimberga]]e: Lochner, anno 1602. [http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camena/taur2/te01.html Editio electronica Bibliothecae Universitatis Mannheim]
* ''Emblemata Physico-Ethica, Hoc Est: naturae morum moderatricis picta præcepta''. Norimbergae: Halbmayer, anno 1617. Zug: IDC, 1981.
* ''Taurellus Defensus : H. E. Iac. Wilh. Feuerlini ... Dissertatio Apologetica pro Nic. Taurello ... Atheismi et Deismi Iniuste Accusato''. Norimbergae: Schmid, anno 1734. [[CD-ROM]]-Editio, Mannheim: Univ.-Bibl., anno 2007

== Lege etiam ==
* [[Melchior Adam|Adam, Melchior]]. [[1620]]. ''Vitae Germanorum medicorum qui saeculo superiori, et quod excurrit, claruerunt congestae &amp; ad annum usque MDCXX deductae a Melchiore Adamo.'' Heidelberg: Rosa. [http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/adam/adam2/s435.html Facsimile electronicum apud ''Camenam'']
* Freher, Paul. [[1688]]. ''Theatrum virorum eruditione clarorum.'' Nürnberg: Hoffmann.
* Folaron, Stefan. [[2002]]. ''Philosophie der Menschenwürde nach Nikolaus Taurellus.'' Częstochowa: Wydawn. WSP. ISBN 83-7098-730-3.
* Omeis, Magnus Daniel. [[1683]]. ''Gloria Academiae Altdorfinae sive Orationum Fasciculus Universitatis Noricae Ortum, Progressum &amp; cuncta Memorabilia, omniumq[ue] Professorum, qui in quatuor, uti vocant, Facultatibus, a primis eam ornarunt incunabulis, Vitas, Mortes ac Scripta, exhibens.'' Altdorfii.

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes biographici}}
* {{BBKL|t/taurellus_n|auctor=Günther Thomann|commentatio=TAURELLUS, Nikolaus|tomus=11|columnae=574-579}}

{{bio-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Taurellus, Nicolaus}}

[[Categoria:Nati 1547]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1606]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Latini Renascentiae]]
[[Categoria:Medici Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Philosophi Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Physici Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Eruditi Alsatiae]]</text>
      <sha1>g9tuz5xfruxl4f5xld0o7z3mwtkixkd</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Formula:Succurre</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
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        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>“Succurre labori...” → “Succurre labori!”; minora</comment>
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	| color = lightgreen
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'''Succurre labori!'''

Haec pagina nondum perfecta in manibus auctoris est, qui gratias maximas cuique aget, qui sibi interea opem tulerit.

&lt;small&gt;Si vero auctor ipse per septem dies nihil mutaverit, hanc formulam delere licet.&lt;/small&gt;

{{Transl|
titulus=[[Image:English language.svg|24px|left|English language]] English|
corpus=The editor who created this page will be grateful for your help in improving it. (After this header has been in place for one week you can remove it.)}} 
{{Transl|
titulus=[[Image:German-Language-Flag.svg|24px|left|German language]] Deutsch|
corpus=Der Anleger dieser Seite freut sich über Hilfe bei ihrer Verbessering. (Nach einer Woche ohne Änderungen kann dieser Betreff entfernt werden.)}}
{{Transl|
titulus=[[Image:Flag of Esperanto.svg|24px|left|Esperanto]] Esperanto|
corpus=La paĝokreinto tre ŝatus ĝian plibonigon. (Post unu semajno sen ŝanĝoj tiu ĉi markilo povas foriĝi.)}}

}}{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Paginae nondum finitae]]}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentatio}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
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      <minor />
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      <text bytes="1117" sha1="9qmla8612huiwe2k7u0g22kad4jz0m7" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{Capsa annuntiationis
	| color = lightgreen
	| 1 =

'''Succurre labori!'''

Haec pagina nondum perfecta in manibus auctoris est, qui gratias maximas cuique aget, qui sibi interea opem tulerit.

&lt;small&gt;Si auctor ipse per septem dies nihil mutaverit, hanc formulam delere licet.&lt;/small&gt;

{{Transl|
titulus=[[Image:English language.svg|24px|left|English language]] English|
corpus=The editor who created this page will be grateful for your help in improving it. (After this header has been in place for one week you can remove it.)}} 
{{Transl|
titulus=[[Image:German-Language-Flag.svg|24px|left|German language]] Deutsch|
corpus=Der Anleger dieser Seite freut sich über Hilfe bei ihrer Verbessering. (Nach einer Woche ohne Änderungen kann dieser Betreff entfernt werden.)}}
{{Transl|
titulus=[[Image:Flag of Esperanto.svg|24px|left|Esperanto]] Esperanto|
corpus=La paĝokreinto tre ŝatus ĝian plibonigon. (Post unu semajno sen ŝanĝoj tiu ĉi markilo povas foriĝi.)}}

}}{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Paginae nondum finitae]]}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentatio}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>9qmla8612huiwe2k7u0g22kad4jz0m7</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Christophorus Hegendorf</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="1108" sha1="g55byqve2xtoj2k9cd2tyn1bjh7yesh" xml:space="preserve">''' Christophorus Hegendorf''' (natus circa annum [[1500]] [[Lipsia]]e – propter [[pestis|pestem]] mortuus est die [[8 Augusti]] [[1540]] [[Luneburgum|Luneburgi]]) fuit [[poeta]], [[iuris consultus]] et [[theologus]] [[Germania|Germanicus]].

== Vita ==

Hegendorf [[theologia]]e Lipsiae studuit et [[Petrus Mosellanus|Petri Mosellanus]] discipulus et successor fuit. 

== Nexus externi ==
* , [http://mdz.bib-bvb.de/digbib/lexika/adb/images/adb011/@ebt-link?target=idmatch(entityref,adb0110276) Vol. 11 pag.e 274], [http://mdz.bib-bvb.de/digbib/lexika/adb/images/adb013/@ebt-link?target=idmatch(entityref,adb0130796) vol 13 pag. 794], [http://mdz.bib-bvb.de/digbib/lexika/adb/images/adb024/@ebt-link?target=idmatch(entityref,adb0240787) De Christophoro Hegendorf] in ''Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie'' Vol. 24 pag. 785

{{bio-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hegendorf, Christophorus}}

[[Categoria:Incolae Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Humanistae]]
[[Categoria:Iuris consulti]]
[[Categoria:Theologi]]
[[Categoria:Praeclari homines Ecclesiae emendationis]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1540]]
[[Categoria:Nati saeculo 15 aut 16]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Iohannes Avenarius</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>51703</id>
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        <id>212347</id>
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      <text bytes="1158" sha1="ajqsd0wr40uw3mmeph5bvea0zixs0l4" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
''' Iohannes Avenarius ''' (natus die [[10 Augusti]] [[1516]] [[Egra]]e in [[Bohemia]]; mortuus die [[5 Decembris]] [[1590]] [[Cicis|Cici]]) fuit [[theologus]] [[Martinus Lutherus|Lutheranus]], [[scriptor]] et [[Lingua Hebraica|Hebraicae]] studiosus [[Germania|Germanicus]] .

== Opera selecta ==
* Grammatica hebraica, Wittenbergae 1570, 1575 und öfter
* Liber radicum sive Lexicon hebraicum, Wittenbergae 1568, 1588
* Christliche Gebete für allerley Noth und Stende der ganzen Christenheit, außgeteilet auf alle Tage in der Woche zu sprechen, Wittenbergae 1567, Argentorati 1595 
* Trostbüchlein für kranke, betrübte und angefochtene Christen, Wittenbergae 1570 
* Vita Christi, Wittenbergae 1580 T. II 1616

== Nexus externus ==

* {{BBKL|h/habermann_j|auctor=Friedrich Wilhelm Bautz|commentatio=HABERMANN (lat.: Avenarius), Johann|tomus=2|columna=419}}

{{bio-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Avenarius, Ioannes}}

[[Categoria:Philologi Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Philologi Cechiae]]
[[Categoria:Theologi]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1516]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1590]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Latini Renascentiae]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Theodisci]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Bernardus Riemann</title>
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        <username>LilyKitty</username>
        <id>18316</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>de loco mortis</comment>
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      <text bytes="1478" sha1="sczhn1ycvmiehwdmq6ihct7ejt0r0ax" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
'''Georgius Fridericus Bernardus Riemann''' (natus die [[17 Septembris]] [[1826]] in [[Breselenz]] (hodie pars communis [[Jameln]]) iuxta [[Dannenberg]]; mortuus die [[20 Iulii]] [[1866]] [[Selasca]]e [[Verbania]]e vici [[Lacus Verbanus|Lacui Verbano]] adiacentis) fuit [[mathematicus]] [[Germania|Germanicus]] qui [[analysis mathematica|analysis]], [[theoria numerorum|theoriae numerorum]], geometriae [[calculus differentialis|diferentialis]] et [[topologia]]e peritus fuit.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Functio zeta Riemanniana]]
* [[Hypothesis Riemanniana]]
* [[Relativitas generalis]]
* [[4167 Riemann]]

== Nexus externi ==

{{Communia|Georg Friedrich Bernhard Riemann|Bernardum Riemann}}
{{PND|118600869|nomen=Bernardi Riemann aut de Bernardo Riemann}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20161116130055/http://haftendorn.uni-lueneburg.de/mathe-lehramt.htm?show=http%3A%2F%2Fhaftendorn.uni-lueneburg.de%2Fgeschichte%2Friemann%2Friemann.htm Bernardi Riemann biographIA a Dörte Haftendorn scripta, Universitas Lüneburg]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080323084044/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Riemann.html Biographia apud] Mc Tutor {{Ling|Anglice}} 
* [http://www.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/helios/fachinfo/www/math/htmg/riemann.pdf Biographia  Bernardi Riemann a Dedekind scripta, pdf]

{{Lifetime|1826|1866|Riemann, Bernardus}}
[[Categoria:Mathematici Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Goettingensis]]

{{Myrias|Homines}}</text>
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      <text bytes="1482" sha1="3uyoo97soj6wvc7tylx8z8uqmdz8m4i" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
'''Georgius Fridericus Bernardus Riemann''' (natus die [[17 Septembris]] [[1826]] in [[Breselenz]] (hodie pars communis [[Jameln]]) iuxta [[Dannenberg]]; mortuus die [[20 Iulii]] [[1866]] [[Selasca]]e [[Verbania]]e vici [[Lacus Verbanus|Lacui Verbano]] adiacentis) fuit [[mathematicus]] [[Germania|Germanicus]] qui [[analysis mathematica|analysis]], [[theoria numerorum|theoriae numerorum]], geometriae [[calculus differentialis|diferentialis]] et [[topologia]]e peritus fuit.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Functio zeta Riemanniana]]
* [[Hypothesis Riemanniana]]
* [[Relativitas generalis]]
* [[4167 Riemann]]

== Nexus externi ==

{{Communia|Georg Friedrich Bernhard Riemann|Bernardum Riemann}}
{{PND|118600869|nomen=Bernardi Riemann aut de Bernardo Riemann}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20161116130055/http://haftendorn.uni-lueneburg.de/mathe-lehramt.htm?show=http%3A%2F%2Fhaftendorn.uni-lueneburg.de%2Fgeschichte%2Friemann%2Friemann.htm Bernardi Riemann biographIA a Dörte Haftendorn scripta, Universitas Luneburgensis]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080323084044/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Riemann.html Biographia apud] Mc Tutor {{Ling|Anglice}} 
* [http://www.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/helios/fachinfo/www/math/htmg/riemann.pdf Biographia  Bernardi Riemann a Dedekind scripta, pdf]

{{Lifetime|1826|1866|Riemann, Bernardus}}
[[Categoria:Mathematici Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Goettingensis]]

{{Myrias|Homines}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nicolaus Hartmann (philosophus)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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{{Videhom|Nicolaus Hartmann (architectus)}}
''' Nicolaus Hartmann''' ([[Lettonice]] ''Nikolajs Hartmanis''; natus [[Riga]]e die [[20 Februarii]] [[1882]]; mortuus [[Gottinga]]e die [[9 Octobris]] [[1950]]) fuit [[philosophus]] [[Germania|Germanicus]] et putatur clarus [[saeculum 20|saeculi XX]] [[metaphysica]]e renovator studii [[phaenomenologia]]e causa. Ante fuit discipulus [[Arminius Cohen|Arminii Cohen]] et [[Paulus Natorp|Pauli Natrop]] sholae Neo-Kantismi.

[[Professor]] philosophiae [[Universitas Marpurgensis|Universitatis Marpurgensis]], deinde [[Universitas Coloniensis|Universitatis Coloniensis]] et [[Alma Universitas Humboldtiana Berolinensis|Almae Universitatis Humboldtiana Berolinensis]] fuit et socius [[Academia Scientiarum Borussica|Academiae Scientiarum Borussicae]] erat.

== Lege etiam ==
* 1952: H. Heimsoeth et al.: ''Nicolai Hartmann, der Denker und sein Werk''.
* 1959: H. Hulsmann: ''Die Methode in der Philosophie Nicolai Hartmanns''.
* 1962: K. Kanthack: ''Nicolai Hartmann und das Ende der Ontologie''.
* 1987: Alois Joh. Buch: ''Nicolai Hartmann - 1882-1982''. Bouvier, Bonnae 1987.
* 1997: Martin Morgenstern: ''Nicolai Hartmann zur Einführung''. Junius, Hamburgi 1997.
* 2003: Gerhard Ehrl: ''Nicolai Hartmanns philosophische Anthropologie in systematischer Perspektive''. Junghans, Cuxhaviae 2003.
* 2004: Alessandro Gamba: ''In principio era il fine. Ontologia e teleologia in Nicolai Hartmann''. Vita e Pensiero, Mediolani 2004. ISBN 88-343-1970-2

== Nexus externi ==
{{PND|118546317|nomen=Nicolai Hartmann aut de Nicolao Hartmann}}
* [http://www.philolex.de/nhartman.htm De Nicolao Hartmann philolex]
* [http://www.formalontology.it/hartmannn.htm Levels of Reality in Nicolai Hartmann's Ontology]

{{bio-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hartmann, Nicolaus}}

[[Categoria:Philosophi]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Lettoniae]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Theodisci]]
[[Categoria:Professores universitatum et scholarum Berolinensium]]
[[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Goettingensis]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1882]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1950]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gentes Romanae</title>
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        <id>452</id>
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      <comment>/* N */</comment>
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      <text bytes="4691" sha1="qgft3ajo9koillm2lrzmc41oolqtio6" xml:space="preserve">{{Latinitas}}

{{Index}}

== A ==
* [[Gens Abronia]]
* [[Gens Aburia]]
* [[Gens Accia]]
* [[Gens Accoleia]]
* [[Gens Acerronia]]
* [[Gens Acilia]]
* [[Gens Actoria]]
* [[Gens Acutia]]
* [[Gens Aebutia]]
* [[Gens Aelia]]
* [[Gens Aemilia]]
* [[Gens Afrania]]
* [[Gens Albia]]
* [[Gens Albinia]]
* [[Gens Albucia]]
* [[Gens Alfena]]
* [[Gens Alfia]]
* [[Gens Aliena]]
* [[Gens Amafinia]]
* [[Gens Ampia]]
* [[Gens Ancharia]]
* [[Gens Anicia]]
* [[Gens Annaea]]
* [[Gens Annia]]
* [[Gens Antia]]
* [[Gens Antistia]]
* [[Gens Antonia]]
* [[Gens Aponia]]
* [[Gens Appia]]
* [[Gens Appuleia]]
* [[Gens Apronia]]
* [[Gens Apustia]]
* [[Gens Aquillia]]
* [[Gens Aquinia]]
* [[Gens Arellia]]
* [[Gens Arennia]]
* [[Gens Arpineia]]
* [[Gens Arria]]
* [[Gens Arruntia]]
* [[Gens Articuleia]]
* [[Gens Asconia]]
* [[Gens Asinia]]
* [[Gens Ateia]]
* [[Gens Aternia]]
* [[Gens Atia]]
* [[Gens Atilia]]
* [[Gens Atinia]]
* [[Gens Atria]]
* [[Gens Attia]]
* [[Gens Aufidia]]
* [[Gens Aulia]]
* [[Gens Aurelia]]
* [[Gens Auria]]
* [[Gens Aurunculeia]]
* [[Gens Autronia]]
* [[Gens Aviena]]
* [[Gens Avidia]]
* [[Gens Axia]]

== B ==
* [[Gens Baebia]]
* [[Gens Balventia]]
* [[Gens Bantia]]
* [[Gens Barbatia]]
* [[Gens Betiliena]]
* [[Gens Betucia]]
* [[Gens Blossia]]
* [[Gens Bruttia]]
* [[Gens Bucculeia]]
* [[Gens Burriena]]

== C ==
* [[Gens Caecia]]
* [[Gens Caecilia]]
* [[Gens Caecina]]
* [[Gens Caedicia]]
* [[Gens Caelia]]
* [[Gens Caeparia]]
* [[Gens Caepasia]]
* [[Gens Caerellia]]
* [[Gens Caesennia]]
* [[Gens Caesetia]]
* [[Gens Caesia]]
* [[Gens Caesonia]]
* [[Gens Caesulena]]
* [[Gens Caetronia]]
* [[Gens Calavia]]
* [[Gens Calidia]]
* [[Gens Calpurnia]]
* [[Gens Calvisia]]
* [[Gens Cania]]
* [[Gens Canidia]]
* [[Gens Caninia]]
* [[Gens Cantia]]
* [[Gens Cantilia]]
* [[Gens Canuleia]]
* [[Gens Canutia]]
* [[Gens Carfulena]]
* [[Gens Carisia]]
* [[Gens Carpinatia]]
* [[Gens Carteia]]
* [[Gens Carvilia]]
* [[Gens Cassia]]
* [[Gens Castricia]]
* [[Gens Castrinia]]
* [[Gens Catia]]
* [[Gens Catiena]]
* [[Gens Catilia]]
* [[Gens Ceionia]]
* [[Gens Centenia]]
* [[Gens Cestia]]
* [[Gens Cicereia]]
* [[Gens Cilnia]]
* [[Gens Cincia]]
* [[Gens Cispia]]
* [[Gens Claudia]]
* [[Gens Cloelia]]
* [[Gens Cluentia]]
* [[Gens Cluvia]]
* [[Gens Cocceia]]
* [[Gens Cominia]]
* [[Gens Consentia]]
* [[Gens Considia]]
* [[Gens Coponia]]
* [[Gens Corfidia]]
* [[Gens Cornelia]]
* [[Gens Cornificia]]
* [[Gens Coruncania]]
* [[Gens Cosconia]]
* [[Gens Cossinia]]
* [[Gens Cossutia]]
* [[Gens Cotia]]
* [[Gens Crassitia]]
* [[Gens Crepereia]]
* [[Gens Critonia]]
* [[Gens Cupiennia]]
* [[Gens Curia]]
* [[Gens Curiatia]]
* [[Gens Curtia]]
* [[Gens Curtilia]]
* [[Gens Cuspia]]

== D ==
* [[Gens Decia]]
* [[Gens Domitia]]
* [[Gens Duilia]]

== E ==
* [[Gens Egnatia]]
* [[Gens Erucia]]

== F ==
* [[Gens Fabia]]
* [[Gens Fabricia]]
* [[Gens Flaminia]]
* [[Gens Flavia]]
* [[Gens Foslia]]
* [[Gens Fufia]]
* [[Gens Fulvia]]
* [[Gens Fundania]]
* [[Gens Furia]]

== G ==
* [[Gens Gegania]]
* [[Gens Gellia]]
* [[Gens Genucia]]

== H ==
* [[Gens Hateria]]
* [[Gens Herminia]]
* [[Gens Horatia]]
* [[Gens Hortensia]]
* [[Gens Hostilia]]

== I ==
* [[Gens Icilia]]
* [[Gens Iulia]]
* [[Gens Iunia]]
* [[Gens Iuventia]]

== L ==
* [[Gens Laelia]]
* [[Gens Larcia]]
* [[Gens Licinia]]
* [[Gens Livia]]
* [[Gens Lucretia]]
* [[Gens Lutatia]]

== M ==
* [[Gens Mallia]]
* [[Gens Manlia]]
* [[Gens Marcia]]
* [[Gens Memmia]]
* [[Gens Menenia]]
* [[Gens Minucia]]
* [[Gens Mucia]]
* [[Gens Munia]]
* [[Gens Mummia]]

== N ==
* [[Gens Nautia]]
* [[Gens Novia]]

== O ==
* [[Gens Octavia]]

== P ==
* [[Gens Papiria]]
* [[Gens Peritia]]
* [[Gens Petilia]]
* [[Gens Pompeia]]
* [[Gens Pomponia]]
* [[Gens Popilia]]
* [[Gens Porcia]]
* [[Gens Postumia]]

== Q ==
* [[Gens Quinctia]]
* [[Gens Quinctilia]]

== R ==
* [[Gens Rubelia]]
* [[Gens Rubria]], cuius est illa [[Rubria Tertulla]], ortu [[Forum Livii|Foroliviensis]], quam lapis apud [[Mevaniola]]m reperta celeberrimis verbis memorat.
* [[Gens Rutinia]]

== S ==
* [[Gens Sallustia]]
* [[Gens Scribonia]]
* [[Gens Sempronia]]
* [[Gens Septimia]]
* [[Gens Sepullia]]
* [[Gens Servilia]]
* [[Gens Sextia]]
* [[Gens Sosia]]
* [[Gens Sulpicia]]

== T ==
* [[Gens Terentia]]
* [[Gens Tullia]]

== U ==
* [[Gens Ulpia]]

== V ==
* [[Gens Valeria]]
* [[Gens Verginia]]
* [[Gens Vivia]]
* [[Gens Vipsania]]
* [[Gens Vitellia]]
* [[Gens Vulcacia]]

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Heikki Solin et  Olli Salomies, ''Repertorium nominum gentilium et cognominum Latinorum'', [[Hildeshemium]], 1994. &quot;Editio nova addendis corrigendisque augmentata&quot;. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/711631 Recensio critica primae editionis 1988]
{{Roma antiqua}}

[[Categoria:Gentes Romanae|!]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Decimus Iunius Novius Priscus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
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      <comment>/* Nexus interni */ Novum caput</comment>
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      <text bytes="996" sha1="rki7vuixtspsexcm8p4ex4klyys9tip" xml:space="preserve">'''Decimus Iunius Novius Priscus Rufus''' (nescimus, quando natus mortuusve sit) senator Romanus primo saeculo post Christum natum fuit. Pater eius forsitan amicus [[Lucius Annaeus Seneca minor|Senecae]] fuit. Anno [[78]] consul ordinarius creatus est &lt;ref&gt;Barbara Levick, Vespasianus, Londinii, 1999, p. 177&lt;/ref&gt;. 

== Notae ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Gens Novia]]

{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores= [[Vespasianus|Imp. Caesar Vespasianus Augustus]] VIII et [[Titus (imperator)|Titus Caesar Vespasianus]] VI|
annus= 78&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Lucius Ceionius Commodus (consul 78)|Lucio Ceionio Commodo]]|
successores= [[Vespasianus|Imp. Caesar Vespasianus Augustus]] IX et [[Titus (imperator)|Titus Caesar Vespasianus]] VII}}

{{Lifetime|saeculo 1|saeculo 1 aut 2|Iunius Novius Priscus Rufus, Decimus}}
[[Categoria:Gens Iunia|Novius Priscus Rufus, Decimus]]
[[Categoria:Senatores]]
[[Categoria:Gens Novia|Novius Priscus Rufus, Decimus]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Georgius Sand</title>
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      <text bytes="9766" sha1="5t1uraqinuk53si984sxeucabqde2v2" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} 
[[File:Nohant 06 2009.jpg|thumb|Nohant - Georgii Sand domus]]
''' Georgius Sand''' (nata ''Amandine-Aurore-Lucile Dupin de Francueil'' [[Lutetia]]e die [[1 Iulii]] [[1804]];  mortua die [[8 Iunii]] [[1876]] in [[Nohant-Vic|Nohant]] in hodierna [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefectura]] [[Andra (praefectura Franciae)|Andrae]]) fuit [[Scriptor|scriptrix]] [[Francia|Francica]] quae [[criticum litterarium]] pro [[iura mulierum|iuribus mulierum]] pugnavit et [[societas sine classibus|societatem sine classibus]] pro [[opifex|opificis]] hominibus [[paupertas|paupertatis]] voluit. Fuit amans compositoris [[Fridericus Chopin|Friderici Chopin]], scriptoris [[Alfredus de Musset|Alfredi de Musset]] democraticis socialistisque sicut; [[Dominicus Franciscus Ioannes Arago|D. F. I. Arago]], [[Ludovicus Blanc|Ludovici Blanc]], Petri Leroux et [[Michael Bakunin]] et [[Petrus Iosephus Proudhon|Petri Iosephi Proudhon]].
==Vita==
[[File:Contes-mfn-37.png|thumb|''La chemise de Sylvinet'', fabellae]]
Sand in latifundiis familiae [[nohant-Vic|Nohant]] in [[Bituriges Cubi|Bituricensi provincia]] (Berry) pueritiam bellam peregit antequam [[Lutetia]]m in hospitium Augustinianarum angelicarum veniret. Ibi mansit tres per annos (1817-1820). Reversa ad Nohant nupsit anno 1822 [[baro]]ni Dudevant. Sed matrimonium incrementum infelix habuit; marito assentiente Sand dimidium annum Lutetiae versabatur, ut spiritali vitae melius faveret et pecuniam faceret. Variis muneribus sine feliciore eventu occupabatur e.g. in libris convertendis, in plassando, in pingendo. [[Iulius Sandeau|Iulio Sandeau]] consulente [[mythistoria]]s exarare coepit, primo una cum eo. Opus eorum commune »Rose et Blanche« (sub pseudonymo &quot;Jules Sand&quot; anno 1831, quinque tomorum) non applausum est. Quo melior successus fuit in fabula Milesia quam anno 1832 sine auxilio pepigit, nempe »Indiana«. Se ipsam Georgium Sand nominavit quia &quot;George&quot; cognomen facetium compatriotarum in Berry est. Eodem anno editum est opus »Valentine«, proximo anno autem »Lélia«: ambo opera et laudes et repudium genuerunt.
====Itineraria cum geniis====
Aestate anni 1833 iter fecit [[venetiae|Venetias]] una cum poeta [[Alfredus de Musset|Alfredo de Musset]], qui cum Sand consuetudines contraxerat. Venetiis, ubi Musset aegrotavit, amicitia ex inopinatu rupta est. De variis istius mansuetudinis aspectibus Sand scripsit opera »Le secrétaire intime« (1832), »Les lettres d'un voyageur« (1834) et (multo post) »Elle et lui« (1859). Versio ultima autem ita audax et insolens fuit, ut poetae frater [[Paulus de Musset]] libro »Lui et elle« responsum multo acrius reddidit. 

Opus »Lettres d'un voyageur«, ubi evidentissime [[Franciscus Liszt]] et baronissa d'Agoult partes suas vix celatas agunt, ingenium scriptoris egregium ante omnium oculos ponsuit. Anno 1836 denique divortium officiale concessum est; marito pristino Sand porro pecunias multas dedit. Ecce mythistoriae tunc novae: »Jacques« (1834), »Leone Leoni« (1835), »André« (1835) et »Simon« (1836). Inter homines eminentes, qui circulos eius intraverant, fuerunt Chopin, Lamennais, [[Michael de Bourges]] respublicanus et [[Petrus Leroux]] socialista. Cum Chopin relationem intimam longam habuit et comitata est eum anno 1838 in insulam [[Maiorica]]m morbo medendo. De quibus diebus librum notissimum »Un hiver à Majorque« (1842) scripsit. Annis inter 1833 et 1838 mythistoriae variae additae sunt: »Lavinia«, »Metella«, »Mathéa«, »La marquise«, »Mauprat«, »La dernière Aldini«, »Les maîtres mosaïstes«, »L'Uscoque« quae omnia in foliis »Revue des Deux Mondes« edita sunt. Inspirantibus Lamennais et Cabet scriptae sunt litterae »Lettres à Marcie« (anno 1837 editae apud »Monde«), insuper taediosa mythistoria mystica »Spiridion« (1839) et phantasicum scriptum »Les sept cordes de la lyre« (1840). Iurgiis cum moderatoribus foliorum »Revue des Deux Mondes« ortis Sand cum Leroux, Viardot, Lamennais et aliis fundavit periodicum praetitulatum »Revue indépendante«. Tunc mythistorias plus minusve socialisticas confecit quibus tituli hi: »Le compagnon du tour de France« (1840), »Le meunier d'Angibault« (1845), »Le péché de M. Antoine« (1847), »Consuelo« (1842; opus optimum quod in argumentis complebat »Comtesse de Rudolstadt« (1843). Ecce aliae fabulae Romanenses similis generis: »Pauline« (1841), »Horace« (1842), »Isidora« et »Teverino« (1846) et »Lucrezia Floriani«, »Le Piccinino« et »Le château des désertes« (1847). Litterarum Francogallicarum canoni ditavit etiam historiunculis de vicis, velut: »Mouny-Robin« (1841), »Melchior« (1841), »Jeanne« (1844), »La mare an diable« (1846), »François le champi« (1847) et »La petite Fadette« (1849), quae opuscula criticus quidam ''Georgica Francogallica'' nuncupabat.

Rerum novarum fax anno 1848 cor scriptricis inflammavit. Fundavit periodicum hebdomadarium »La cause du peuple« et scripsit instigante Ledru-Rollin symbolas multas. Modo ardenti pepigit »Lettres au peuple« et vix [[Napoleo III (imperator Franciae)|Napoleonis III]] decadentiam ferebat qui commercium epistulare cum ea habuerat. Tamen intacta mansit dilectio ad invicem.

====Ultimis annis====
[[File:Stèle à George Sand 01.jpg|thumb|Stela [[Revin]] in Arduennis erecta]]
Aetate provecta Sand nec studium nec fortitudinem deposuit; immo ars eius magis pura elucere videtur quam in operibus pristinis immaturis et nimis excitatis. Ecce exempla creationum novarum: »Mont Revêche«, »La filleule«, »Les maîtres sonneurs« (1853). Dramata eius collecta sunt apud »Théâtre de Nohant« (1864) et apud »Théâtre complet« (1866–67). Inter mythistorias magis maturas sobriasque mentionem faciamus de »Le marquis de Villemer« (1861); »Mademoiselle de la Quintinie« (1863; contra opus Feuillet cui titulus »Sibylle«); »Laura« (1865); »La confession d'une jeune fille« (1865); »Monsieur Sylvestre« (1866); »Pierre qui roule« (1870); »Mademoiselle Azote« (1870); »André Beauvray« (1870). Autobiographia longa quae primo edita est apud »Presse« multis lectoribus non placuit quia ibi argumenta psychologica philosophicaque praevalent. 

Femina [[cogitatio libera|cogitationum liberalium]] usque ad mortem fuit: in Castello Nohant animam efflavit. In La Châtre haud procul a Nohant anno 1881 monumentum erectum est, quod fecerat Millet. Anno 1904 in anniversario centesimo [[Lutetia]]e in Palatii Luxemburgensis hortis artifex Sicard monumentum creavit. Statua eius etiam in Theatro Francico invenitur.

==Gravitudo==
In operibus eius profundae observationes inveniuntur et robur quo omnia confici potuerunt. Inter mulieres temporis sui excellebat. Amor intra et extra matrimonium laudatur; politica, oeconomica, religio, hominum superioritates animum et stilum regebant. Multa in scriptis tamen temporis istius cogitationibus typicis plena sunt. Affabre poeta scribit in litteris, ubi generatim de natura et de hominibus (e.g. in historiunculis de vita rustica) narrat. 

Filius eius [[Mauritius Sand]] (1823-1889) etiam scriptor fuit.

== Sententia ==
*Aut pugna aut mors, aut luctatio sanguinea aut nihil. Talis quaestio invicta nobis datur.&lt;ref&gt;(Francogallice: ''Le combat ou la mort, la lutte sanguinaire ou le néant. C'est ainsi que la question est invinciblement posée.''), quod apud ''[[Misère de la philosophie]]'' a Carolo Marx citatur.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Opera selecta ==
* 1848: ''[[La Petite Fadette]]'' (Parva Fadette)
* 1846: ''[[La Mare au diable]]'' (Palus diaboli)
* 1832: ''[[Indiana (mythistoria)|Indiana]]''
* 1841: ''[[Consuelo]]''
* 1837: ''[[Mauprat]]''
* 1854: ''[[Histoire de ma vie]]'' (Historia vitae meae)
* 1876: ''[[Marianne (mythistoria)|Marianne]]''
* 1852: ''[[La Comtesse de Rudolstadt]]''
* 1859: ''[[Elle et lui]]'' (Ea et is)
* 1842: ''[[Horace (mythistoria)|Horace]]'' (Horatius)
== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== Bibliographia ==
* Heinrich Mann: ''Gustave Flaubert und George Sand.'' In: ''Geist und Tat. Franzosen 1780–1930.'' Kiepenheuer, Berolini 1931.
* Solange Clésinger: ''Frédéric Chopin. Souvenir inédits.'' Edidit Jean-Jacques Eigeldinger, In: ''Revue musicale de Suisse romande.'' 31/1978, p. 224–238.
* Marie-Paule Rambeau: ''Chopin dans la vie et l'Œuvre de George Sand.'' Lutetiae 1985, ISBN 2-251-36526-5.
* Jean Firges: ''George Sand: Die Utopie von Freiheit und Gleichheit.'' (= ''Exemplarische Reihe Literatur und Philosophie''. Band 16). Sonnenberg, Annweiler 2004, ISBN 3-933264-33-2.
* Ralf Nestmeyer: ''Französische Dichter und ihre Häuser.'' Insel, Francofurti 2005, ISBN 3-458-34793-3.
* Gerlinde Kraus: ''Bedeutende Französinnen. Christine de Pizan, Émilie du Châtelet, Madame de Sévigné, Germaine de Staël, Olympe de Gouges, Madame Roland, George Sand, Simone de Beauvoir.'' Schröder, Mühlheim am Main/ Norderstedt 2006, ISBN 3-9811251-0-X.
* Otmar Hesse: ''Eine europäische Familie mit Bezügen zu Goslar und Quedlinburg. Gräfin Aurora von Königsmarck. Graf Moritz von Sachsen. George Sand.'' Eigenverlag Otmar Hesse, [[Goslaria]]e 2019, ISBN 978-3-00-062315-8.

== Nexus externi ==

* [http://www.dichterinnen.de/Sand/ Biographia in paginis Theodiscis de mulieribus scribentibus]
* [http://www.fembio.org/biographie.php/frau/biographie/george-sand/ Sand in clarissimis feminis]
* [http://jydupuis.apinc.org/auteurs/sand.htm Opera (PDF)]
*[https://www.projekt-gutenberg.org/autoren/namen/sand.html Opera selecta in Theodiscum conversa]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sand, Georgius}}
[[Categoria:Scriptores Franciae]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores pseudonymi]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores mythistoriarum Franciae]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Francogallici]]
[[Categoria:Mulieres]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1804]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1876]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ericus Vagts</title>
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      <text bytes="1617" sha1="nbm8lojlu0r2z6y31v26n462lpygo1y" xml:space="preserve">{{capsa hominis Vicidata}}
'''Ericus''' (vulgo: ''Erich'') '''Vagts''' (natus [[9 Februarii]] [[1896]] [[Cuxhavia]]e, mortuus [[20 Februarii]] [[1980]] [[Brema]]e) vir publicus [[Germania]]e erat.

== Iuventus et Munus ==
Post scholam finitam Vagts anno [[1914]] miles conscriptus ad annum [[1918]] militavit. [[Bellum Orbis Terrarum I|Bello orbis Terrarum I]] finito iurisprudentiae [[Kielia]]e et [[Tubinga]]e studebat, sed studium non finiebat. Anno [[1925]] Vagts praeses ''Concilii Rusticae'' (Landbund) Megalopolis factus est, quod paene pars factionis [[DNVP]] fuit. 

== Cursus honorum ==
Huius factionis anno [[1928]] legatus civitatis [[Urbs Hanseatica Brema|Urbis Hanseaticae Bremae]] electus est, anno [[1933]] senator Bremae factus est. Sed iam [[30 Septembris]] [[1933]] ab hoc magistratu recessit, legatus Bremae et postea [[Ducatus Oldenburgensis|Oldenburgi]] [[Berolinum|Berolini]] factus est. Anno [[1945]], cum [[CFA|Americani]] Bremam occuparent, Vagts ab eis [[4 Maii]] magister civium nominatus est. Sed iam [[1 Augusti]] 1945 dimissus est, quod cum senatoribus sociales democraticos et communistos iurgaverat. Vagts etiam sex menses in carcerem missus est. Successor eius [[Gulielmus Kaisen]] creatus est.

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes biographici}}

{{Magistri Civium Superiores Urbis Hanseaticae Bremae}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vagts, Ericus}}

[[Categoria:Nati 1896]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Chiloniensis]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Tubingensis]]
[[Categoria:Participes primi belli mundani]]
[[Categoria:Magistri civium superiores Urbis Hanseaticae Bremae]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1980]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Iacobus Franck</title>
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'''Iacobus Franck''' ([[Hamburgum|Hamburgi]] natus die [[26 Augusti]] [[1882]]; [[Gottinga]]e mortuus die [[21 Maii]] [[1964]]) fuit [[physicus]] [[Germania|Germanicus]] qui anno [[1925]] una cum [[Gustavus Hertz|Gustavo Hertz]] [[Praemium Nobelianum Physicae|Nobelianum Physicae Praemium]] meruit.

== Lege etiam ==

* Markus Wegner, ''Eine Erinnerung an James Franck …es muß auch Menschen meiner Art geben.'' In: ''Wilhelm-Gymnasium 
Hamburgi 1881–2006. Festschrift zum 125jährigen Jubiläum 2006'', Hamburg 2006.
* Jost Lemmerich, ''Aufrecht im Sturm der Zeit. Der Physiker James Franck, 1882–1964''. GNT-Verlag, 
Diepholtiae/Stuttgarti/Berolini 2007, ISBN 978-3-928186-83-4.

== Nexus externi ==

{{CommuniaCat|James Franck|Iacobum Franck}}

* [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1925/ De Iacobo Franck] in pagina Nobeliano Physicae Praemio dicata {{Ling|Anglice}}

{{scien-bio-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Franck, Iacobus }}

[[Categoria:Physici Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1882]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1964]]
[[Categoria:Praemium Nobelianum Physicae]]
[[Categoria:Socii Regalis Societatis Londiniensis]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Adolphus Köster</title>
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      <text bytes="2667" sha1="8n2zqz4hv1tpbs6hk96rr1l9qe3c3pf" xml:space="preserve">{{capsa hominis Vicidata}}
'''Adolphus''' (''Adolf'') '''Köster''' (natus [[Fardium|Fardii]] apud [[Brema]]m [[8 Martii]] [[1883]], mortuus [[Belgradum|Belgradi]] [[18 Februarii]] [[1930]]) fuit legatus et vir publicus [[Germania]]e et sodalis [[SPD]].

== Iuventus et munus ==
Köster ad annum [[1894]] in oppido [[Kappeln]] (in Sliasvico), deinde ad annum [[1900]] in oppido Bergedorf apud [[Hamburgum]] vixit. Postquam maturitatem adeptus est, [[Marburgum|Marburgi]] [[theologia]]e et [[philosophia]]e studebat, et anno [[1905]] probationem accepit. Anno [[1907]], [[Erlanga]]e [[doctor philosophiae]] promotus est. Tum diurnarius et scriptor laboravit atque anno [[1912]] habilitatus est et docens privatus in Universitate [[Monachium|Monachii]] docebat. Inter [[primum bellum mundanum]] diurnarius de pugnis rationes dabat. Anno [[1918]], pro cancellaria reipublicae [[Borussia]]e, deinde ab initio anni [[1919]] pro cancellaria imperii laboravit, et eodem anno commissarius Germaniae in regione Sliasvici Septentrionalis fuit, ubi suffragium habebatur, an hic pagus ad [[Dania]]m vel ad Germaniam pertineret. 

== Cursus honorum ==
Die [[10 Aprilis]] [[1920]] Köster [[Administer Imperii Rerum Exterarum (Germania)|Administer Imperii Rerum Exterarum]] in consilio ministrorum [[Hermannus Müller|Müller]] I nominatus est, sed iam [[21 Iunii]] eiusdem anni hoc officium finitum est. Die autem [[26 Octobris]] [[1921]], is [[Administer Imperii Rerum Internarum (Germania)|Administer Imperii Rerum Internarum]] in consilio ministrorum [[Carolus Iosephus Wirth|Wirth]] II nominatus est et ad [[14 Novembris]] [[1922]] mansit.

== Legatus Germaniae ==
Köster, postquam administerium reliquit, anno [[1924]] legatus Germaniae [[Riga]]e in [[Lettonia]] factus est, et ad annum [[1928]] mansit. Deinde legatus Belgradi fuit. Cum ibi anno 1930 non iam grandaevus [[inflammatio]]ne [[caecum|caeci]] mortuus esset, hic nuntius multos homines magno dolore adfecit.

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090615132054/http://www.bergedorf.de/snamen.html Curriculum vitae in pagina vici Bergedorf ([[Hamburgum]]) de via nominis Adolf-Köster-Straße (lingua Theodisca)]

{{Administri Imperii Rerum Externarum Germaniae (1919 - 1945)}}
{{Administri Imperii Rerum Internarum Germaniae (1919 - 1945)}}
{{Consilium Ministrorum Müller I}}
{{Consilium Ministrorum Wirth II}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Koester, Adolphus}}

[[Categoria:Nati 1883]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1930]]
[[Categoria:Administri Imperii Rerum Externarum (Germania)]]
[[Categoria:Administri Imperii Rerum Internarum (Germania)]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Marburgensis]]
[[Categoria:Legati Germaniae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Leuphana Universitas Luneburgensis</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>3973074</id>
      <parentid>3581710</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-20T11:49:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Leuphana Universität Lüneburg]] ad [[Leuphana Universitas Luneburgensis]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. </comment>
      <origin>3581710</origin>
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      <text bytes="428" sha1="hc957cc614lri4fhqe2azjgybj4e1x2" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa scholae Vicidata}}
'''Leuphana Universität Lüneburg''' est studiorum universitas, [[Luneburgum|Luneburgi]] anno [[1946]] condita.
''[[Leuphana]]'' fuit [[oppidum]] ad [[Albis|Albim]] [[fluvius|fluvium]] situm, cuius mentio in ''[[Geographia (Ptolemaeus)|Geographia]]'' [[Claudius Ptolemaeus|Ptolemaei]] fit.

{{uni-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Universitates Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Luneburgum]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1946]]</text>
      <sha1>hc957cc614lri4fhqe2azjgybj4e1x2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3973076</id>
      <parentid>3973074</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-20T11:50:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3973076</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="479" sha1="bb26ddidahvgt5jcsib7njs63kejwoz" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa scholae Vicidata}}
'''Leuphana Universitas Luneburgensis''' (Theodisce ''Leuphana Universität Lüneburg'') est studiorum universitas, [[Luneburgum|Luneburgi]] anno [[1946]] condita.
''[[Leuphana]]'' fuit [[oppidum]] ad [[Albis|Albim]] [[fluvius|fluvium]] situm, cuius mentio in ''[[Geographia (Ptolemaeus)|Geographia]]'' [[Claudius Ptolemaeus|Ptolemaei]] fit.

{{uni-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Universitates Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Luneburgum]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1946]]</text>
      <sha1>bb26ddidahvgt5jcsib7njs63kejwoz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Circulus imperii</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>96606</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3972938</id>
      <parentid>3765490</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-19T21:31:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3972938</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3686" sha1="majpnf7nrshsqszbw1gkdajdo5okziz" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Map of the Imperial Circles (1560)-la.svg|thumb|Divisio administrativa circulorum imperii initio [[saeculum 16|saeculi 16.]]. In albo: Territoria extra circulos]]

'''Circuli imperii'''&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.bayerische-landesbibliothek-online.de/histkarten/suche?kartenid=129 &quot;Circulus imperii Bavaria&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt; erant regiones, quae plura dominia territorialia [[Imperium Romanum Sacrum|Sacri Romani Imperii]] comprehendebant, initio exceptis territoriis [[Princeps Elector Imperii|Principum Electorum]] et [[Domus Austriae]]. In imperio reformando anno [[1500]] ab imperatore [[Maximilianus I|Maximiliano I.]] instituti, quibus imperium melius administraretur, usque ad annum [[1806]] permanebant.


== Divisio administrativa ==
[[Fasciculus:Maximilian I mit Landkarte.jpg|thumb|right|[[Maximilianus I]] in circulis imperii partiendis (Frontispicium in: Tromsdorffs ''Geographie von ganz Teutschland'', 1711)]]
Circuli primo numeris, postea appellationibus ad divisionem geographicam spectantibus instructi sunt. Primi sex anno [[1500]] formati circuli erant:
* Circulus Bavaricus
* Circulus Suevicus
* Circulus Rhenanus Superior
* Circulus Westphalicus sive Germaniae Inferioris
* Circulus Franconicus
* Circulus Saxonicus Inferior


Anno [[1512]] alli quattuor instituti sunt:
* Circulus Burgundicus
* Circulus Austriacus
* Circulus Rhenanus Inferior sive Electorum Rheni
* Circulus Saxonicus Superior

Quattuor circulis anno [[1512]] additis etiam terrae hereditariae [[Domus Habsburgensis|Habsburgenses]] (Circulus Burgundicus et Circulus Austriacus) et dominia [[Princeps Elector Imperii|Principum Electorum]] (Circulus Rhenanus Inferior et Circulus Saxonicus Superior) constitutioni circulorum adiuncta sunt. [[Bohemia]] (cum [[Silesia]], [[Lusatia]] et [[Moravia]]), [[Confoederatio Helvetica]], [[SRI Equites]], territoria imperii in Italia sita et alia dominia ut puta [[Gevera|Civitas Gevera]] vel res publica colonorum [[Ditmarsia]] numquam in circulis inserta erant.

== Officia circulorum imperii ==

Secundum [[Ioannes Althusius|Ioannem Althusium]]&lt;ref&gt;Politica methodice digesta, cap. 33, no. 95 ss., 3. ed. Herbornae 1614&lt;/ref&gt;
&quot;Unicuique circulo demandata est in regione suo 
* I. cura et defensio pacis publicae, 
* II. executio justitiae, 
* III. cura monetae publicae, 
* IV. contributionum moderatio 
* V. inquisitio de vectigalibus

Hae quinque curae circulis singulis demandata sunt cum suis annexis. Quibus adduntur negotia publica regionis cujusque.“ 

Addendum est:
* VI. nominatio adsessoris cameralis

== Notae ==

&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Iohannes Althusius: Politica methodice digesta, 3. ed., [[Herborna]]e 1614
* Winfried Dotzauer: Die deutschen Reichskreise in der Verfassung des alten Reiches und ihr Eigenleben. 1500–1806. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadtiae 1989, ISBN 3-534-04139-9 [http://books.google.de/books?id=nivgmctAVyAC&amp;pg=PA58&amp;lpg=PA58&amp;dq=1554+Reichskreis&amp;source=web&amp;ots=0LxyKuNcCs&amp;sig=w_9Nz_ru7fbPnEprQbN6kCumLp8&amp;hl=de&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;resnum=1&amp;ct=result#PPA58,M1 liber apud books.google.de]
* Wolfgang Wüst (Ed.): Die &quot;gute&quot; Policey im Reichskreis. Zur frühmodernen Normensetzung in den Kernregionen des Alten Reiches, 4 volumina fontium, vol 1: ''Der Schwäbische Reichskreis, unter besonderer Berücksichtigung Bayerisch-Schwabens'', Berolini 2001; vol. 2: ''Der Fränkische Reichskreis'', Berolini 2003; vol. 3: ''Der Bayerische Reichskreis und die Oberpfalz'', Berolini 2004; vol. 4: Die lokale Policey: Normensetzung und Ordnungspolitik auf dem Lande. Ein Quellenwerk, Berolini 2008. ISBN 978-3-05-004396-8 (vol. 4)

[[Categoria:Subdivisiones Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Sacrum Romanum Imperium]]</text>
      <sha1>majpnf7nrshsqszbw1gkdajdo5okziz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Hispanica</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>96987</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3972985</id>
      <parentid>3883471</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-20T04:18:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bartholomite</username>
        <id>116968</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>★★</comment>
      <origin>3972985</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1551" sha1="nm5etepk5p9tgt99wawoj97d6wf7prq" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Escudo selección española 2026.png|thumb|Turma Nationalis Hispanica.]]
'''Turma Nationalis Hispanica''' ([[Hispanice]] ''Selección de fútbol de España'') est nationalis [[pediludium|pediludii]] turma virilis [[Hispania|Hispanicus]]. Praesens pedilusorum [[exercitor]] est [[Iulianus Lopetegui]]. Quae turma anno [[2010]] [[Certamen Mundanum Pedilusorium (2010)|Certamen Mundanum Pedilusorium]] vicit. Praeterea die [[1 Iulii]] [[2012]], postquam iam anno [[2008]] [[Certamen Europaeum Pediludii 2008]] vicerat, etiam [[Certamen Europaeum Pediludii 2012]] vicit.

==Celebri lusores turmae pediludii==
{{div col|3}}
* [[Jordi Alba]]
* [[Amancio Amaro]]
* [[Ludovicus Michael Arconada]] 
* [[Sergius Busquets]]
* [[Emilius Butrageño]]
* [[Iker Casillas]]
* [[Ludovicus Del Sol]]
* [[Franciscus Gento]]
* [[Iosephus Guardiola]] 
* [[Fernandus Hierro]]
* [[Andreas Iniesta]]
* [[Iosephus Angelus Iribar]]
* [[Carolus Marchena]]
* [[Marcelino Martínez]]
* [[Gerardus Piqué]]
* [[Carolus Puyol]]
* [[Quini]]
* [[Sergius Ramos]]
* [[Petrus Rodríguez Ledesma|Petrus Rodríguez]]
* [[Raúl]]
* [[Fernandus Torres]]
* [[Victor Valdés]]
* [[David Villa]]
* [[Xabi Alonso]]
* [[Xavi]]
* [[Telmus Zarra]]
* [[Andoni Zubizarreta]]
{{div col end}}

== Nexus externus ==
{{CommuniaCat|Spain national association football team|Turmam Pedilusoriam Nationalem Hispanicam}}
* [http://www.rfef.es/ Societatis Nationalis Hispanicae pediludii pagina interretialis]

{{stipula}}

[[Categoria:Hispania]]
[[Categoria:Turmae Nationales Pediludii|Hispania]]</text>
      <sha1>nm5etepk5p9tgt99wawoj97d6wf7prq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>David McAllister</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>98343</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3972959</id>
      <parentid>3742851</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-19T23:13:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3972959</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4307" sha1="adibhdz4s2w9ui9venux607r7kp3gpb" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
'''David McAllister''' ([[Berolinum|Berolini]] patre [[Scotia|Scotico]] die [[12 Ianuarii]] [[1971]] natus), [[causidicus]], est vir publicus [[Germania]]e et sodalis [[Christiana Democratica Unio Germaniae|Christianae Democraticae Unionis Germaniae]]. A die [[1 Iulii]] [[2010]] McAllister praeses ministrorum [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] est.

== Origo, iuventus, munus ==
[[Fasciculus:A23A8739 (45389253611).jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|[[Manfredus Weber]] (ad sinistram), [[Angela Merkel]], David McAllister [[Bruxellae|Bruxellis]] ad congressum [[factio popularis Europaea|factionis popularis Europaeae]] anno 2018 colloquentes]]
Pater eius origine [[Scotia|Scotica]] centurio exercitus [[Britannia|Britannici]] erat, qui ab anno [[1953]] [[Berolinum|Berolini]] militavit, quae urbs tum inter victores [[Bellum Orbis Terrarum II|Belli Orbis Terrarum II]] divisa est. Mater magistra linguae Theodiscae et musicae fuit. Primo cum sororibus maioribus duabus Berolini vixit, anno [[1982]] familia in oppidum ''Bederkesam'' in Saxoniam Inferiorem movit. David et Theodiscam et Anglicam linguam edidiscit atque cives Britanniae ut [[Germania]]e est. Anno [[1989]] maturitatem adeptus est et deinde ipse miles conscriptus in Exercitu Germanico fuit. Ab anno [[1991]] [[Hannovera]]e iurisprudentiae studebat atque anno [[1996]] primam, [[1998]] secundam probationem accepit. Posthac causidicus operam dedit.

== Familia ==
Anno [[2003]] uxorem duxit et ex ea duas filias habet.

== Cursus honorum ==
[[Fasciculus:EPP Zagreb Congress in Croatia, 20-21 November 2019 (49100062426) cropped.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|David McAllister (ad sinistram), [[Donaldus Tusk]], [[Antonius López-Istúriz White]] [[Zagrabia]]e ad congressum [[factio popularis Europaea|factionis popularis Europaeae]] anno 2019 picti]]
McAllister ab anno [[1988]] sodalis factionis CDU est atque annis [[1991]] - [[1994]] praeses [[Unio iuvenilis|Unionis Iuvenilis]] pagi Cuxhaviae et annis 1996 - 2010 etiam legatus huius pagi erat. Annis [[1996]] - [[2002]] decurio oppidi Bederkesae et ab anno [[2001]] etiam magister civium hic erat. Ab anno [[1998]] legatus senatus terrae Saxoniae Inferioris, ab anno [[2008]] etiam praeses factionis CDU huius terrae est. Annis [[2003]] - 2010 praeses legatorum CDU in senatus terrae fuit, deinde successor [[Christianus Wulff|Christiani Wulff]] praeses ministrorum electus est. Sed die [[20 Ianuarii]] [[2013]] electionem senatus terrae perdidit&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.wahlrecht.de/ergebnisse/niedersachsen.htm http://www.wahlrecht.de/ergebnisse/niedersachsen.htm]&lt;/ref&gt; et a die [[19 Februarii]] successor eius praeses ministrorum [[Stephanus Weil]] ([[SPD]]) est&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/inland/niedersachsen-weil-zum-ministerpraesidenten-gewaehlt-12085925.html FAZ.net die 19 Februarii 2013]&lt;/ref&gt;. Die [[26 Martii]] [[2014]] legatus senatus terrae Saxoniae Inferioris se recepit&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.tagesspiegel.de/meinung/europawahl-david-mcallister-und-sein-abschied-aus-hannover/9672896.html Der Tagesspiegel (Berolinum) die 26 Martii 2014]&lt;/ref&gt; atque candidatus summus suae factionis electionis [[Parlamentum Europaeum|Parlamenti Europaei]], quae die [[25 Maii]] habenda, electus est&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.taz.de/!136237/ TAZ (Berolinum) die 5 Aprilis 2014]&lt;/ref&gt;. Hoc mense etiam sodalis praesidii summi factionis totius CDU factus est&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140528141241/http://www.cdu.de/vorstand/david-mcallister Curriculum vitae in pagina factionis CDU]&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Jennifer Rankin, &quot;[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/17/not-sad-to-do-this-job-the-merkel-ally-leading-eus-brexit-team 'Not sad to do this job': the Merkel ally leading EU's Brexit team]&quot; in ''[[The Guardian]]'' (17 Martii 2020)

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat}}
* [http://www.mcallister.de/ David McAllister pagina interretialis]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140528141241/http://www.cdu.de/vorstand/david-mcallister Curriculum vitae apud paginam factionis CDU]

{{Praesides Ministrorum Saxoniae Inferioris}}

{{Lifetime|1971||Macallister, David}}

[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Hannoverensis]]
[[Categoria:Praesides ministrorum Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Causidici]]
[[Categoria:Legati Parlamenti Europaei]]</text>
      <sha1>adibhdz4s2w9ui9venux607r7kp3gpb</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Maximus Schneidewin</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>102683</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3973054</id>
      <parentid>2446299</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-20T10:51:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3973054</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="714" sha1="8h7adlxwv81fjdar0jone1vwhonmq21" xml:space="preserve">''' Maximus Paulus Ernestus Bertoldus Schneidewin ''' ([[Gottinga]]e natus die [[24 Februarii]] [[1843]]; mortuus [[Hamala]]e die [[22 Ianuarii]] [[1931]]), philologi [[Fridericus Gulielmus Schneidewin|Friderici Gulielmi Schneidewin]] filius,  fuit sermonum antiquorum [[philologus]] [[Germania|Germanicus]].

== Nexus externi ==

* {{PND|116839570}}
* {{BBKL|s/s1/schneidewin_m|auctor=Gunnar Anger|commentatio=SCHNEIDEWIN, Max (Paul Ernst Berthold)|tomus=25|columnae=1298-1309}}
{{bio-stipula}}
{{Lifetime|1843|1931|Schneidewin, Maximus}}
[[Categoria:Auctores Theodisci]]
[[Categoria:Philologi Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Philosophi]]
[[Categoria:Interpretes Graeco-Latini]]
[[Categoria:Interpretes Graeco-Theodisci]]</text>
      <sha1>8h7adlxwv81fjdar0jone1vwhonmq21</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wincelcumba</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>114287</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3972913</id>
      <parentid>3423544</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-19T18:10:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Andrew Dalby</username>
        <id>1084</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Andrew Dalby movit paginam [[Winchcombe]] ad [[Wincelcumba]]: nomen Latinum</comment>
      <origin>3423544</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1214" sha1="3ourqy9q2avicew2fka21z9c183l08s" xml:space="preserve">{{charta locatrix 
|Glocestriae
|label=Winchcombe
|lat_deg =51
|lat_min =57
|lon_deg = -1| lon_min = -57
|position=left
|background = 
|width=250
|float=right
|caption= Oppidi collocatio in comitatu Glocestria
}}
'''Winchcombe''' est oppidum comitatus [[Glocestria]]e in [[Anglia]] occidentali situm. Ibi [[nundinae]] tenebantur ab anno [[991]], [[mercatus]] autem ab anno [[1194]].&lt;ref&gt;Samantha Letters, &quot;[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=40416 Gazetteer of Markets and Fairs in England and Wales to 1516]&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Fasciculus:Winchcombe.jpg|thumb|left|Via urbana in Winchcombe]]
== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Winchcombe}}

== Bibliographia ==
* &quot;[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=51412#s6 Winchcomb (St. Peter)]&quot; in {{Lewis England}}
* &quot;[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=40270 The Abbey of Winchcombe]&quot; in {{VCH}} Gloucestershire vol. 2 pp. 66-72
* Welbore St. Clair Baddeley, ''The Place-Names of Gloucestershire: a handbook'' (Glevi: John Bellows, 1913) p. 165 [http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924030976504#page/n199/mode/2up Textus apud archive.org]

{{Urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Loci habitati comitatus Glocestriae]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3972917</id>
      <parentid>3972913</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-19T18:13:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Andrew Dalby</username>
        <id>1084</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>3972917</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1311" sha1="mqjhe35gx5bujyr28o19j82724zfg08" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
{{charta locatrix 
|Glocestriae
|label=Wincelcumba
|lat_deg =51
|lat_min =57
|lon_deg = -1| lon_min = -57
|position=left
|background = 
|width=250
|float=right
|caption= Oppidi collocatio in comitatu Glocestria
}}
'''Wincelcumba''', vulgo ''Winchcombe'', est oppidum comitatus [[Glocestria]]e in [[Anglia]] occidentali situm. Ibi [[nundinae]] tenebantur ab anno [[991]], [[mercatus]] autem ab anno [[1194]].&lt;ref&gt;Samantha Letters, &quot;[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=40416 Gazetteer of Markets and Fairs in England and Wales to 1516]&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
[[Fasciculus:Winchcombe.jpg|thumb|left|Via principalis oppidi Wincelcumbae]]
* &quot;[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=51412#s6 Winchcomb (St. Peter)]&quot; in {{Lewis England}}
* &quot;[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=40270 The Abbey of Winchcombe]&quot; in {{VCH}} Gloucestershire vol. 2 pp. 66-72
* Welbore St. Clair Baddeley, ''The Place-Names of Gloucestershire: a handbook'' (Glevi: John Bellows, 1913) p. 165 [http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924030976504#page/n199/mode/2up Textus apud archive.org]

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes geographici}}
{{CommuniaCat|Winchcombe|Wincelcumbam}}

{{Urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Loci habitati comitatus Glocestriae]]</text>
      <sha1>mqjhe35gx5bujyr28o19j82724zfg08</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Formula:Monitus de pagina usoris</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
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      <id>3973029</id>
      <parentid>3972821</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-20T08:44:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>3973029</origin>
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      <text bytes="1063" sha1="exrliosv7zuq0bo7drv6f2tdvc9jxaz" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#if:{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio|+|{{#switch:{{NAMESPACENUMBER}}|2|3=+}}}}
	| {{Capsa paginae
		| color = #ffc9c9
		| pigmentum = #fffff3
		| 1 =

'''Pagina {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{TALKSPACE}}|disputationis u|u}}s{{#switch:{{{1|}}}
	| M | m = oris
	| F | f = tricis
	| A | a = tricis usorisve
	| #default = {{GENDER:{{ROOTPAGENAME}}|oris|tricis|tricis usorisve}}
}} [[Vicipaedia:Pagina prima|Vicipaediae Latinae]]'''

Haec pagina non est pars enyclopaediae. Si extra Vicipaediam eam repperisti, quoddam speculum paginae originalis vides, cuius auctor se cum situ non consociavit. Paginam veram recentissimamque hic perlegere potes: &lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/{{FULLPAGENAMEE}} &lt;span&gt;https://la.wiki&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;span&gt;pedia.org/wi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;ki/{{FULLPAGENAMEE}}&lt;/span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.

	}}{{#ifeq:{{{indiceatur|}}}|ne|&lt;nowiki /&gt;__NOINDEX__&lt;nowiki /&gt;}}
	| {{Error|Error: Haec formula in spatiis nominalibus usoris aut disputationis usoris tantum est adhibenda.}}
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentatio}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>exrliosv7zuq0bo7drv6f2tdvc9jxaz</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Lotus (antiquitas)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>132675</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3972865</id>
      <parentid>3404743</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-19T13:15:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Andrew Dalby</username>
        <id>1084</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>[[Project:HotCat|HotCat]]: +[[Categoria:Plantae fabulosae]]</comment>
      <origin>3972865</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4442" sha1="54w2cgxd8tg3q3ec54plkm6q2p8cudr" xml:space="preserve">{{Videdis|Lotus}}
[[Fasciculus:Nymphaea lotus (1).jpg|thumb|[[Nymphaea lotus]] Aegyptia]]
'''Lotos''' sive '''lotus''', -i, f. ([[Graece]]: λωτός, ὁ, inde etiam Latine interdum masc.) in litteris antiquis varia significat:
*Lotos erat cibus ac symbolum maximi momenti in [[Aegyptus Antiqua|Aegypto antiqua]]. Sed lotus Aegypti antiquae non erat eadem ac genus [[nelumbo]]. Quid fuerit adhuc disputatur, plerumque [[nymphaea lotus]] aut [[nymphaea caerulea]] proponitur.
*Lotos, qua apud [[Homerus|Homerum]] [[Lotophagi]] vescebantur, lotos Aegyptia fuisse videtur.&lt;ref&gt;[[Homerus]] ''[[Odyssea]]'' 9.91-99&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Herodotus]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Herodotus]] ''[[Historiae (Herodotus)|Historiae]]'' 2.96, 4.177&lt;/ref&gt; ac [[Polybius]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Polybius]] ''[[Historiae (Polybius)|Historíae]]'' 12.2&lt;/ref&gt; arborem [[Africa]]e septentrionalis nomine loto describit, [[acacia]]e spineae similem, quae [[Ziziphus lotus]] ex genere [[Ziziphus|Zizipho]] esse putatur.&lt;ref&gt;Vide etiam: Plin. 13, 101 ss.;  Verg. georg. 2, 84.;  Ps. Verg. cul. 123 ss.; Plin. 17, 5 et alibi&lt;/ref&gt;
*Arbor a [[Theophrastus|Theophrasto]] descripta [[Celtis australis]] esse videtur.&lt;ref&gt;[[Theophrastus]] ''[[Historia plantarum (Theophrastus)|Historia plantarum]]'' 4.3.1s.&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Gaius Plinius Secundus|Plinius maior]] in ''[[Naturalis historia (Plinius)|Naturali historia]]'' lotum hoc modo describit:&lt;ref&gt;[[Plinius]] ''[[Naturalis historia (Plinius)|Naturalis historia]]'' 13.32.&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Eadem Africa, qua vergit ad nos, insignem arborem loton gignit, quam vocat [[Celtis australis|celthim]], et ipsam Italiae familiarem, sed terra mutatam. praecipua est circa Syrtis atque Nasimonas. magnitudo quae piro, quamquam Nepos Cornelius brevem tradit. incisurae folio crebriores; alioqui ilicis viderentur. differentiae plures, eaeque maxime fructibus fiunt. magnitudo huic fabae, color croci, sed ante maturitatem alius atque alius, sicut uvis. nascitur densus in ramis myrti modo, non ut in Italia cerasis.&quot;
*Saepius de loto loquitur:
**Cuinam rem lotus (i.e. celtis australis) adhibeatur demonstrat.&lt;ref&gt;Plinius Naturalis historia 24.2&lt;/ref&gt;
**De loto longaeva, quae est forsitan [[diospyros lotus]], scribit.&lt;ref&gt;Plinius Naturalis historia 16.85&lt;/ref&gt;
**Arboris loti transmarinae, quae stipite caret, mentionem facit (celtis australis aut alia [[Ziziphus lotus|ziziphi species]]?)&lt;ref&gt;Plinius Naturalis historia 16.53&lt;/ref&gt;
**Praeterea de arbore optimi ligni, verisimile diospyro loto, cui est lignum valde robustum, scribit.&lt;ref&gt;Plinius Naturalis historia 13.17&lt;/ref&gt;
**Plinius etiam altercationem inter [[Lucius Licinius Crassus|L. Crassum]] atque [[Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 96 a.C.n.)|Cn. Domitium Ahenobarbum]] tradit:&lt;ref&gt;Plinius Naturalis historia 17.1 ss.&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Crassus orator fuit in primis nominis Romani. Domus ei magnifica, sed aliquanto praestantior in eodem Palatio Q. Catuli, qui Cimbros cum C. Mario fudit, multo vero pulcherrima consensu omnium aetate ea in colle Viminali C. Aquili, equitis Romani clarioris illa etiam quam iuris civilis scientia, cum tamen obiecta Crasso sua est. nobilissimarum gentium ambo censuram post consulatus simul gessere anno conditae urbis DCLXII frequentem iurgiis propter dissimilitudinem morum. tum Cn. Domitius, ut erat vehemens natura, praeterea accensus odio, quod ex aemulatione avidissimum est, graviter increpuit tanti censorem habitare, |LX| HS pro domo eius identidem promittens, et Crassus, ut praesens ingenio semper, ut faceto lepore sollers, addicere se respondit exceptis sex arboribus. ac ne uno quidem denario, si adimerentur, emptam volente Domitio, Crassus: Utrumne igitur ego sum, inquit, quaeso, Domiti, exemplo gravis et ipsa mea censura notandus, qui domo, quae mihi hereditate obvenit, comiter habentem, an tu, qui sex arbores |LX| aestimes? haec fuere lotoe patula ramorum opacitate lascivae.&quot;

De celtibus australibus agere videntur.

== Bibliographia ==
*Konrat Ziegler: Lotos (3). In: Der Kleine Pauly (KlP). Vol. 3, Stuttgardiae 1969, Col. 743.
* Johann Gottlob Schneider: ''Handwörterbuch der griechischen Sprache'' Bd. 2, Leipzig 1828, p. 58 [http://books.google.com/books?id=XtyEAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA58&amp;lpg=PA58&amp;dq=Celtis+lotos&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=yFkPLNofOr&amp;sig=mMi4raRIwkM2KVDTwmw7WA-1KO0&amp;hl=de&amp;ei=TFRFTP2UBdSCOOfmlbUE&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=4&amp;ved=0CCgQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&amp;q=Celtis%20lotos&amp;f=false Online]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Proteales]]
[[Categoria:Plantae fabulosae]]</text>
      <sha1>54w2cgxd8tg3q3ec54plkm6q2p8cudr</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3972894</id>
      <parentid>3972865</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-19T16:27:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Andrew Dalby</username>
        <id>1084</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>3972894</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4557" sha1="3axbeispzybvwvcxtohmc0t4cgfohs4" xml:space="preserve">{{Videdis|Lotus}}
[[Fasciculus:Nymphaea lotus (1).jpg|thumb|[[Nymphaea lotus]] Aegyptia]]
'''Lotos''' sive '''lotus''', -i, f. ([[Graece]]: λωτός, ὁ, inde etiam Latine interdum masc.) in litteris antiquis varia significat:
*Lotos erat cibus ac symbolum maximi momenti in [[Aegyptus Antiqua|Aegypto antiqua]]. Sed lotus Aegypti antiquae non erat eadem ac genus [[nelumbo]]. Quid fuerit adhuc disputatur, plerumque [[nymphaea lotus]] aut [[nymphaea caerulea]] proponitur.
*Lotos, qua apud [[Homerus|Homerum]] [[Lotophagi]] vescebantur, lotos Aegyptia fuisse videtur.&lt;ref&gt;[[Homerus]] ''[[Odyssea]]'' 9.91-99&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Herodotus]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Herodotus]] ''[[Historiae (Herodotus)|Historiae]]'' 2.96, 4.177&lt;/ref&gt; ac [[Polybius]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Polybius]] ''[[Historiae (Polybius)|Historíae]]'' 12.2&lt;/ref&gt; arborem [[Africa]]e septentrionalis nomine loto describit, [[acacia]]e spineae similem, quae [[Ziziphus lotus]] ex genere [[Ziziphus|Zizipho]] esse putatur.&lt;ref&gt;Vide etiam: Plin. 13, 101 ss.;  Verg. georg. 2, 84.;  Ps. Verg. cul. 123 ss.; Plin. 17, 5 et alibi&lt;/ref&gt;
*Arbor a [[Theophrastus|Theophrasto]] descripta [[Celtis australis]] esse videtur.&lt;ref&gt;[[Theophrastus]] ''[[Historia plantarum (Theophrastus)|Historia plantarum]]'' 4.3.1s.&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Gaius Plinius Secundus|Plinius maior]] in ''[[Naturalis historia (Plinius)|Naturali historia]]'' lotum hoc modo describit:&lt;ref&gt;[[Plinius]] ''[[Naturalis historia (Plinius)|Naturalis historia]]'' 13.32.&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Eadem Africa, qua vergit ad nos, insignem arborem loton gignit, quam vocat [[Celtis australis|celthim]], et ipsam Italiae familiarem, sed terra mutatam. praecipua est circa Syrtis atque Nasimonas. magnitudo quae piro, quamquam Nepos Cornelius brevem tradit. incisurae folio crebriores; alioqui ilicis viderentur. differentiae plures, eaeque maxime fructibus fiunt. magnitudo huic fabae, color croci, sed ante maturitatem alius atque alius, sicut uvis. nascitur densus in ramis myrti modo, non ut in Italia cerasis.&quot;
*Saepius de loto loquitur:
**De plantis hoc nomine nuncupatis: [[Dioscorides]], ''[[Materia medica (Dioscorides)|Materia medica]]'' 4.110-113
**Cuinam rem lotus (i.e. celtis australis) adhibeatur demonstrat.&lt;ref&gt;Plinius Naturalis historia 24.2&lt;/ref&gt;
**De loto longaeva, quae est forsitan [[diospyros lotus]], scribit.&lt;ref&gt;Plinius Naturalis historia 16.85&lt;/ref&gt;
**Arboris loti transmarinae, quae stipite caret, mentionem facit (celtis australis aut alia [[Ziziphus lotus|ziziphi species]]?)&lt;ref&gt;Plinius Naturalis historia 16.53&lt;/ref&gt;
**Praeterea de arbore optimi ligni, verisimile diospyro loto, cui est lignum valde robustum, scribit.&lt;ref&gt;Plinius Naturalis historia 13.17&lt;/ref&gt;
**Plinius etiam altercationem inter [[Lucius Licinius Crassus|L. Crassum]] atque [[Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 96 a.C.n.)|Cn. Domitium Ahenobarbum]] tradit:&lt;ref&gt;Plinius Naturalis historia 17.1 ss.&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Crassus orator fuit in primis nominis Romani. Domus ei magnifica, sed aliquanto praestantior in eodem Palatio Q. Catuli, qui Cimbros cum C. Mario fudit, multo vero pulcherrima consensu omnium aetate ea in colle Viminali C. Aquili, equitis Romani clarioris illa etiam quam iuris civilis scientia, cum tamen obiecta Crasso sua est. nobilissimarum gentium ambo censuram post consulatus simul gessere anno conditae urbis DCLXII frequentem iurgiis propter dissimilitudinem morum. tum Cn. Domitius, ut erat vehemens natura, praeterea accensus odio, quod ex aemulatione avidissimum est, graviter increpuit tanti censorem habitare, |LX| HS pro domo eius identidem promittens, et Crassus, ut praesens ingenio semper, ut faceto lepore sollers, addicere se respondit exceptis sex arboribus. ac ne uno quidem denario, si adimerentur, emptam volente Domitio, Crassus: Utrumne igitur ego sum, inquit, quaeso, Domiti, exemplo gravis et ipsa mea censura notandus, qui domo, quae mihi hereditate obvenit, comiter habentem, an tu, qui sex arbores |LX| aestimes? haec fuere lotoe patula ramorum opacitate lascivae.&quot;

De celtibus australibus agere videntur.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
*Konrat Ziegler: Lotos (3). In: Der Kleine Pauly (KlP). Vol. 3, Stuttgardiae 1969, Col. 743.
* Johann Gottlob Schneider: ''Handwörterbuch der griechischen Sprache'' Bd. 2, Leipzig 1828, p. 58 [http://books.google.com/books?id=XtyEAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA58&amp;lpg=PA58&amp;dq=Celtis+lotos&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=yFkPLNofOr&amp;sig=mMi4raRIwkM2KVDTwmw7WA-1KO0&amp;hl=de&amp;ei=TFRFTP2UBdSCOOfmlbUE&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=4&amp;ved=0CCgQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&amp;q=Celtis%20lotos&amp;f=false Online]

[[Categoria:Proteales]]
[[Categoria:Plantae fabulosae]]</text>
      <sha1>3axbeispzybvwvcxtohmc0t4cgfohs4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Index circulorum et liberarum urbium Saxoniae Inferioris</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>159068</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3972945</id>
      <parentid>3899256</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-19T22:09:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3972945</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10981" sha1="q6fz92zrdldkt9sa8lvn8uddjjke0kz" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Landkreise Niedersachsen.svg|Circuli Saxoniae Inferioris.|upright=1.5|center]]
{{Norma media|[[Saxonia Inferior]] in triginta septem [[Circulus terrae|circulos terrae]], [[Hannovera (regio)|Hannovera regio]], atque octo urbes autonomas dividitur.}}

== Regio Hannoverae et urbes circulo exemptae ==
=== Regio Hannovera ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: .88em;&quot;
|-
|'''Numerus'''
|'''Nomen'''
|'''Situs'''
|'''Insigne'''
|'''Signum Autocinetorum'''
|'''Caput'''
|'''Numerus incolarum '''
|'''magnitudo agrorum (km²)'''
|'''spissitudo incolarum per km²'''
|-
|1
|[[Hannovera (regio)|Hannovera Regio]]          
|[[Fasciculus:H in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Regio Hannovera]]
|[[Fasciculus:Wappen der Region Hannover.svg|50px|Hannovera regio]]
|H
|[[Hannovera]] (urbs)
|1.132.130
|2.290,5 
|494
|}

=== Urbes circulo exemptae ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: .88em;&quot;
|-
|'''Numerus'''
|'''Nomen'''
|'''Situs'''
|'''Insigne'''
|'''Signum Autocinetorum'''
|'''Caput'''
|'''Numerus incolarum '''
|'''magnitudo agrorum (km²)'''
|'''spissitudo incolarum per km²'''
|-
|1
|[[Brunsvicum]] (urbs)
|[[Fasciculus:BS in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Brunsvicum]]
|[[Fasciculus:DEU Braunschweig COA.svg|50px|Brunsvicum]]
|BS
|[[Brunsvicum]]
|248.867
|192,1
|1.296 
|-
|2
|[[Delmenhorstium]] (urbs)
|[[Fasciculus:DEL in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Delmenhorstium]]
|[[Fasciculus:DEU Delmenhorst COA.svg|50px|Delmenhorstium]]
|DEL
|[[Delmenhorstium]]
|74.361
|62,4
|1.192
|-
|3
|[[Emda]] (urbs)
|[[Fasciculus:EMD in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Emda]]
|[[Fasciculus:DEU Emden COA.svg|50px|Emda]]
|EMD
|[[Emda]]
|51.616
|112,3
|460
|-
|4
|[[Oldenburgum (Oldenburgum)|Oldenburgum]] (urbs)
|[[Fasciculus:OL (St) in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Oldenburgum]]
|[[Fasciculus:Oldenburg coat of arms.svg|50px|Oldenburgum]]
|OL
|[[Oldenburgum (Oldenburgum)|Oldenburgum]]
|162.173
|103,0
|1.574
|-
|5
|[[Osnabruga]] (urbs)
|[[Fasciculus:OS (St) in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Osnabruga]]
|[[Fasciculus:Osnabrück Wappen.svg|50px|Osnabruga]]
|OS
|[[Osnabruga]]
|164.119
|119,8
|1.370
|-
|6
|[[Salzgitter]] (urbs)
|[[Fasciculus:SZ in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Salzgitter]]
|[[Fasciculus:DEU Salzgitter COA.svg|50px|Salzgitter]]
|SZ
|[[Salzgitter]]
|102.394 	 	
|224,0
|457
|-
|7
|[[Wilhelmshaven]] (urbs)
|[[Fasciculus:WHV in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Wilhelmshaven]]
|[[Fasciculus:DEU Wilhelmshaven COA.svg|50px|Wilhelmshaven]]
|WHV
|[[Wilhelmshaven]]
|81.324
|106,9
|761
|-
|8
|[[Wolfsburg]] (urbs)
|[[Fasciculus:WOB in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Wolfsburg]]
|[[Fasciculus:Wappen Wolfsburg.svg|50px|Wolfsburg]]
|WOB
|[[Wolfsburg]]
|121.451
|204,0
|595
|}

== Circuli terrae ==
Hi circuli terrae nunc sunt:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: .88em;&quot;
|-
|'''Numerus'''
|'''Nomen'''
|'''Situs'''
|'''Insigne'''
|'''Signum Autocinetorum'''
|'''Caput'''
|'''Numerus incolarum '''
|'''magnitudo agrorum (km²)'''
|'''spissitudo incolarum per km²'''
|-
|1
|[[Circulus Paludosoterrensis|Paludosoterrensis]]
|[[Fasciculus:WST in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Paludosoterrensis]]
|[[Fasciculus:Wappen Landkreis Ammerland.svg|50px|Paludosoterrensis]]
|WST
|[[Locus Occidentalis (Saxonia Inferior)|Locus Occidentalis]]
|118.004
|728,2
|162
|-
|2
|[[Aurich (circulus)|Aurich]]
|[[Fasciculus:AUR in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Aurich]]
|[[Fasciculus:DEU Landkreis Aurich COA.svg|50px|Aurich]]
|AUR
|[[Aurich]]
|188.947
|1.287,2
|147
|-
|3
|[[Circulus Cellensis|Cella]]
|[[Fasciculus:CE in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Cella]]
|[[Fasciculus:Wappen Landkreis Celle.svg|50px|Cella]]
|CE
|[[Cella (Germania)|Cella]]
|178.528
|1.545,0
|116
|-
|4
|[[Circulus Cloppenburgensis|Cloppenburgum]]
|[[Fasciculus:CLP in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Cloppenburgum]]
|[[Fasciculus:DEU Landkreis Cloppenburg COA.svg|50px|Cloppenburgum]]
|CLP
|[[Cloppenburgum]]
|158.194
|1.418,2
|112
|-
|5
|[[Circulus Cuxhavensis|Cuxhavia]]
|[[Fasciculus:CUX in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Cuxhavia]]
|[[Fasciculus:Wappen Landkreis Cuxhaven 2018.svg|50px|Cuxhavia]]
|CUX
|[[Cuxhavia]]
|200.464
|2.072,6
|97
|-
|6
|[[Circulus Diepholz|Diepholz]]
|[[Fasciculus:DH in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Diepholz]]
|[[Fasciculus:DEU Landkreis Diepholz COA.svg|50px|Diepholz]]
|DH
|[[Diepholz]]
|213.558 	 	
|1.987,6
|107
|-
|7
|[[Circulus Terrae Emesensis|Terra Emesensis]]
|[[Fasciculus:EL in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Terra Emesensis]]
|[[Fasciculus:Wappen Landkreis Emsland.svg|50px|Terra Emesensis]]
|EL
|[[Meppia]]
|313.056
|2.881,4
|109
|-
|8
|[[Circulus Frisicus|Frisia]]
|[[Fasciculus:FRI in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Frisia]]
|[[Fasciculus:Wappen Landkreis Friesland.svg|50px|Frisia]]
|FRI
|[[Geverae]]
|99.598
|607,9
|164
|-
|9
|[[Circulus Gifhorn|Gifhorn]]
|[[Fasciculus:GF in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Gifhorn]]
|[[Fasciculus:Wappen Landkreis Gifhorn.svg|50px|Gifhorn]]
|GF
|[[Gifhorn]]
|172.643
|1.607,9
|107
|-
|10
|[[Circulus Goslariensis|Goslaria]]
|[[Fasciculus:GS in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Goslaria]]
|[[Fasciculus:Wappen Landkreis Goslar.svg|50px|Goslaria]]
|GS
|[[Goslaria]]
|143.014
|965,1
|148
|-
|11
|[[Circulus Gottingae|Gottinga]]
|[[Fasciculus:GÖ in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Gottinga]]
|[[Fasciculus:DEU Landkreis Goettingen COA.svg|50px|Gottinga]]
|GÖ
|[[Gottinga]]
|329.538 
|1.753,4
|188
|-
|12
|[[Circulus in Comitatu Binethensi|Comitatus Binethensis]]
|[[Fasciculus:NOH in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Comitatus Binethensis]]
|[[Fasciculus:Wappen Grafschaft Bentheim.svg|50px|Comitatus Binethensis]]
|NOH
|[[Northornon]]
|135.047
|980,8 	
|138
|-
|13
|[[Circulus Hamelensis et Petrimontensis|Hamala-Petrimons]]
|[[Fasciculus:HM in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Hamala-Petrimons]]
|[[Fasciculus:Wappen Landkreis Hameln-Pyrmont.svg|50px|Hamala-Petrimons]]
|HM
|[[Hamala]]
|154.085
|796,2 	
|194
|-
|14
|[[Circulus Harburgensis|Harburgum]]
|[[Fasciculus:WL in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Harburgum]]
|[[Fasciculus:DEU_Landkreis_Harburg_COA.svg|50px|Harburgum]]
|WL
|[[Winsenia]]
|246.868
|1.244,6
|198
|-
|15
|[[Circulus Heidensis]]
|[[Fasciculus:HK in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Circulus Heidensis]]
|[[Fasciculus:Wappen_des_Heidekreises.svg|50px|Circulus Heidensis]]
|HK
|[[Bad Fallingbostel]]
|139.630
|1.873,5
|75
|-
|16
|[[Circulus Helmstadiensis|Helmstadium]]
|[[Fasciculus:HE in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Helmstadium]]
|[[Fasciculus:DEU Landkreis Helmstedt COA.svg|50px|Helmstadium]]
|HE
|[[Helmstadium]]
|92.836
|673,8
|138
|-
|17
|[[Circulus Hildesiensis|Hildesia]]
|[[Fasciculus:HI in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Hildesia]]
|[[Fasciculus:Wappen Landkreis Hildesheim.svg|50px|Hildesia]]
|HI
|[[Hildesia]]
|282.856
|1.205,8
|235
|-
|18
|[[Circulus Holtisminnensis|Holtisminni]]
|[[Fasciculus:HOL in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Holtisminni]]
|[[Fasciculus:DEU Landkreis Holzminden COA.svg|50px|Holtisminni]]
|HOL
|[[Holtisminni]]
|73.240
|692,5 	
|106
|-
|19
|[[Circulus Lerensis|Leri]]
|[[Fasciculus:LER in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Leri]]
|[[Fasciculus:DEU Landkreis Leer COA.svg|50px|Leri]]
|LER
|[[Leri]]
|164.705
|1.086,0 	
|152
|-
|20
|[[Circulus Lüchow-Dannenberg|Lüchow-Dannenberg]]
|[[Fasciculus:DAN in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Lüchow-Dannenberg]]
|[[Fasciculus:Wappen Landkreis Lüchow-Dannenberg.svg|50px|Lüchow-Dannenberg]]
|DAN
|[[Lüchow (Saxonia Inferior)|Lüchow]]
|49.213
|1.220,5
|40
|-
|21
|[[Circulus Luneburgensis|Luneburgum]]
|[[Fasciculus:LG in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Luneburgum]]
|[[Fasciculus:DEU Landkreis Lüneburg COA.svg|50px|Luneburgum]]
|LG
|[[Luneburgum]]
|177.279 	 	
|1.323,4
|134
|-
|22
|[[Circulus Neoburgensis Visurgensis|Neoburgum ad Visurgim]]
|[[Fasciculus:NI in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Neoburgum]]
|[[Fasciculus:DEU Landkreis Nienburg, Weser COA.svg|50px|Neoburgum]]
|NI
|[[Neoburgium ad Visurgiam]]
|122.206 	 	
|1.398,9
|87
|-
|23
|[[Circulus Northeim|Northeim]]
|[[Fasciculus:NOM in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Northeim]]
|[[Fasciculus:Wappen Landkreis Northeim.svg|50px|Northeim]]
|NOM
|[[Northeim]]
|139.060
|1.266,9
|110
|-
|24
|[[Circulus Oldenburgum]]
|[[Fasciculus:OL_(Lkr)_in_Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Oldenburgum]]
|[[Fasciculus:DEU Landkreis Oldenburg COA.svg|50px|Oldenburgum]]
|OL
|[[Wildeshausen]]
|127.282
|1.063,1
|120
|-
|25
|[[Circulus Osnabrugae]]
|[[Fasciculus:OS_(Lkr)_in_Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Osnabruga]]
|[[Fasciculus:DE Landkreis Osnabrück COA.svg|50px|Osnabruga]]
|OS
|[[Osnabruga]]
|356.123
|2.121,6
|168
|-
|26
|[[Circulus terrae Astanholteremarki|Astanholteremarki]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus terrae Astanholteremarki&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Osterholz'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino toponymo &quot;Astanholteremarki&quot;, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
|[[Fasciculus:OHZ in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Astanholteremarki]]
|[[Fasciculus:DEU Landkreis Osterholz COA.svg|50px|Astanholteremarki]]
|OHZ
|[[Astanholteremarki-Scirnbeki]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
|111.876
|650,7 	
|172
|-
|27
|[[Circulus Peine]]
|[[Fasciculus:PE in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Peine]]
|[[Fasciculus:DEU Landkreis Peine COA.svg|50px|Peine]]
|PE
|[[Peine]]
|131.481
|534,7
|246
|-
|28
|[[Circulus Rotenburg (Wümme)|Rotenburg (Wümme)]]
|[[Fasciculus:ROW in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Rothenburg]]
|[[Fasciculus:DEU_Landkreis_Rotenburg_Wuemme_COA.svg|50px|Rothenburg]]
|ROW
|[[Rotenburg (Wümme)]]
|163.860
|2.070,0
|79
|-
|29
|[[Circulus Theorosburgensis]]
|[[Fasciculus:SHG in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Circulus Theorosburgensis]]
|[[Fasciculus:Wappen Landkreis Schaumburg.svg|50px|Circulus Theorosburgensis]]
|SHG
|[[Haga Schauenburgi]]
|160.636
|675,6
|238
|-
|30
|[[Circulus Stadae|Stada]]
|[[Fasciculus:STD in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Stada]]
|[[Fasciculus:Wappen Landkreis Stade.svg|50px|Stada]]
|STD
|[[Stada]]
|197.132
|1.266,0
|156
|-
|31
|[[Circulus Uelzen]]
|[[Fasciculus:UE in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Uelzen]]
|[[Fasciculus:DEU Landkreis Uelzen COA.svg|50px|Uelzen]]
|UE
|[[Uelzen]]
|94.020
|1.453,9
|65
|-
|32
|[[Circulus Vechta]]
|[[Fasciculus:VEC in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Vechta]]
|[[Fasciculus:DE Landkreis Vechta COA.svg|50px|Vechta]]
|VEC
|[[Vechta]]
|135.374
|812,5
|167
|-
|33
|[[Circulus Verden]]
|[[Fasciculus:VER in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Verden]]
|[[Fasciculus:DEU Landkreis Verden COA.svg|50px|Verden]]
|VER
|[[Verden]]
|133.368
|787,7
|169
|-
|34
|[[Circulus Alluvionis Visurgensis]]
|[[Fasciculus:BRA in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Circulus Alluvionis Visurgensis]]
|[[Fasciculus:DEU Landkreis Wesermarsch COA.svg|50px|Circulus Alluvionis Visurgensis]]
|BRA
|[[Brake]]
|90.772
|821,9
|110
|-
|35
|[[Circulus Widmundensis]]
|[[Fasciculus:WTM in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Widmundi]]
|[[Fasciculus:DEU_Landkreis_Wittmund_COA.svg|50px|Widmundi]]
|WTM
|[[Witmundi]]
|57.280
|656,7
|87
|-
|36
|[[Circulus Guelpherbytensis]]
|[[Fasciculus:WF in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Guelpherbytum]]
|[[Fasciculus:Wappen Landkreis Wolfenbüttel.svg|50px|Guelpherbytum]]
|WF
|[[Guelpherbytum]] 
|122.040
|722,5
|169
|}

[[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris|!]]
[[Categoria:Indices regionum et provinciarum|Saxonia Inferior]]</text>
      <sha1>q6fz92zrdldkt9sa8lvn8uddjjke0kz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3972968</id>
      <parentid>3972945</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-19T23:40:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3972968</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10989" sha1="r7y1zc97x9koltcmcmpkauv8x5hz7k7" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Landkreise Niedersachsen.svg|Circuli Saxoniae Inferioris.|upright=1.5|center]]
{{Norma media|[[Saxonia Inferior]] in triginta septem [[Circulus terrae|circulos terrae]], [[Hannovera (regio)|Hannovera regio]], atque octo urbes autonomas dividitur.}}

== Regio Hannoverae et urbes circulo exemptae ==
=== Regio Hannovera ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: .88em;&quot;
|-
|'''Numerus'''
|'''Nomen'''
|'''Situs'''
|'''Insigne'''
|'''Signum Autocinetorum'''
|'''Caput'''
|'''Numerus incolarum '''
|'''magnitudo agrorum (km²)'''
|'''spissitudo incolarum per km²'''
|-
|1
|[[Hannovera (regio)|Hannovera Regio]]          
|[[Fasciculus:H in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Regio Hannovera]]
|[[Fasciculus:Wappen der Region Hannover.svg|50px|Hannovera regio]]
|H
|[[Hannovera]] (urbs)
|1.132.130
|2.290,5 
|494
|}

=== Urbes circulo exemptae ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: .88em;&quot;
|-
|'''Numerus'''
|'''Nomen'''
|'''Situs'''
|'''Insigne'''
|'''Signum Autocinetorum'''
|'''Caput'''
|'''Numerus incolarum '''
|'''magnitudo agrorum (km²)'''
|'''spissitudo incolarum per km²'''
|-
|1
|[[Brunsvicum]] (urbs)
|[[Fasciculus:BS in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Brunsvicum]]
|[[Fasciculus:DEU Braunschweig COA.svg|50px|Brunsvicum]]
|BS
|[[Brunsvicum]]
|248.867
|192,1
|1.296 
|-
|2
|[[Delmenhorstium]] (urbs)
|[[Fasciculus:DEL in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Delmenhorstium]]
|[[Fasciculus:DEU Delmenhorst COA.svg|50px|Delmenhorstium]]
|DEL
|[[Delmenhorstium]]
|74.361
|62,4
|1.192
|-
|3
|[[Emda]] (urbs)
|[[Fasciculus:EMD in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Emda]]
|[[Fasciculus:DEU Emden COA.svg|50px|Emda]]
|EMD
|[[Emda]]
|51.616
|112,3
|460
|-
|4
|[[Oldenburgum (Oldenburgum)|Oldenburgum]] (urbs)
|[[Fasciculus:OL (St) in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Oldenburgum]]
|[[Fasciculus:Oldenburg coat of arms.svg|50px|Oldenburgum]]
|OL
|[[Oldenburgum (Oldenburgum)|Oldenburgum]]
|162.173
|103,0
|1.574
|-
|5
|[[Osnabruga]] (urbs)
|[[Fasciculus:OS (St) in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Osnabruga]]
|[[Fasciculus:Osnabrück Wappen.svg|50px|Osnabruga]]
|OS
|[[Osnabruga]]
|164.119
|119,8
|1.370
|-
|6
|[[Salzgitter]] (urbs)
|[[Fasciculus:SZ in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Salzgitter]]
|[[Fasciculus:DEU Salzgitter COA.svg|50px|Salzgitter]]
|SZ
|[[Salzgitter]]
|102.394 	 	
|224,0
|457
|-
|7
|[[Wilhelmshaven]] (urbs)
|[[Fasciculus:WHV in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Wilhelmshaven]]
|[[Fasciculus:DEU Wilhelmshaven COA.svg|50px|Wilhelmshaven]]
|WHV
|[[Wilhelmshaven]]
|81.324
|106,9
|761
|-
|8
|[[Wolfsburg]] (urbs)
|[[Fasciculus:WOB in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Wolfsburg]]
|[[Fasciculus:Wappen Wolfsburg.svg|50px|Wolfsburg]]
|WOB
|[[Wolfsburg]]
|121.451
|204,0
|595
|}

== Circuli terrae ==
Hi circuli terrae nunc sunt:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: .88em;&quot;
|-
|'''Numerus'''
|'''Nomen'''
|'''Situs'''
|'''Insigne'''
|'''Signum Autocinetorum'''
|'''Caput'''
|'''Numerus incolarum '''
|'''magnitudo agrorum (km²)'''
|'''spissitudo incolarum per km²'''
|-
|1
|[[Circulus Paludosoterrensis|Paludosoterrensis]]
|[[Fasciculus:WST in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Paludosoterrensis]]
|[[Fasciculus:Wappen Landkreis Ammerland.svg|50px|Paludosoterrensis]]
|WST
|[[Locus Occidentalis (Saxonia Inferior)|Locus Occidentalis]]
|118.004
|728,2
|162
|-
|2
|[[Aurich (circulus)|Aurich]]
|[[Fasciculus:AUR in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Aurich]]
|[[Fasciculus:DEU Landkreis Aurich COA.svg|50px|Aurich]]
|AUR
|[[Aurich]]
|188.947
|1.287,2
|147
|-
|3
|[[Circulus Cellensis|Cella]]
|[[Fasciculus:CE in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Cella]]
|[[Fasciculus:Wappen Landkreis Celle.svg|50px|Cella]]
|CE
|[[Cella (Germania)|Cella]]
|178.528
|1.545,0
|116
|-
|4
|[[Circulus Cloppenburgensis|Cloppenburgum]]
|[[Fasciculus:CLP in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Cloppenburgum]]
|[[Fasciculus:DEU Landkreis Cloppenburg COA.svg|50px|Cloppenburgum]]
|CLP
|[[Cloppenburgum]]
|158.194
|1.418,2
|112
|-
|5
|[[Circulus Cuxhavensis|Cuxhavia]]
|[[Fasciculus:CUX in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Cuxhavia]]
|[[Fasciculus:Wappen Landkreis Cuxhaven 2018.svg|50px|Cuxhavia]]
|CUX
|[[Cuxhavia]]
|200.464
|2.072,6
|97
|-
|6
|[[Circulus Diepholz|Diepholtia]]
|[[Fasciculus:DH in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Diepholtia]]
|[[Fasciculus:DEU Landkreis Diepholz COA.svg|50px|Diepholtia]]
|DH
|[[Diepholtia]]
|213.558 	 	
|1.987,6
|107
|-
|7
|[[Circulus Terrae Emesensis|Terra Emesensis]]
|[[Fasciculus:EL in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Terra Emesensis]]
|[[Fasciculus:Wappen Landkreis Emsland.svg|50px|Terra Emesensis]]
|EL
|[[Meppia]]
|313.056
|2.881,4
|109
|-
|8
|[[Circulus Frisicus|Frisia]]
|[[Fasciculus:FRI in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Frisia]]
|[[Fasciculus:Wappen Landkreis Friesland.svg|50px|Frisia]]
|FRI
|[[Geverae]]
|99.598
|607,9
|164
|-
|9
|[[Circulus Gifhorn|Gifhorn]]
|[[Fasciculus:GF in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Gifhorn]]
|[[Fasciculus:Wappen Landkreis Gifhorn.svg|50px|Gifhorn]]
|GF
|[[Gifhorn]]
|172.643
|1.607,9
|107
|-
|10
|[[Circulus Goslariensis|Goslaria]]
|[[Fasciculus:GS in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Goslaria]]
|[[Fasciculus:Wappen Landkreis Goslar.svg|50px|Goslaria]]
|GS
|[[Goslaria]]
|143.014
|965,1
|148
|-
|11
|[[Circulus Gottingae|Gottinga]]
|[[Fasciculus:GÖ in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Gottinga]]
|[[Fasciculus:DEU Landkreis Goettingen COA.svg|50px|Gottinga]]
|GÖ
|[[Gottinga]]
|329.538 
|1.753,4
|188
|-
|12
|[[Circulus in Comitatu Binethensi|Comitatus Binethensis]]
|[[Fasciculus:NOH in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Comitatus Binethensis]]
|[[Fasciculus:Wappen Grafschaft Bentheim.svg|50px|Comitatus Binethensis]]
|NOH
|[[Northornon]]
|135.047
|980,8 	
|138
|-
|13
|[[Circulus Hamelensis et Petrimontensis|Hamala-Petrimons]]
|[[Fasciculus:HM in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Hamala-Petrimons]]
|[[Fasciculus:Wappen Landkreis Hameln-Pyrmont.svg|50px|Hamala-Petrimons]]
|HM
|[[Hamala]]
|154.085
|796,2 	
|194
|-
|14
|[[Circulus Harburgensis|Harburgum]]
|[[Fasciculus:WL in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Harburgum]]
|[[Fasciculus:DEU_Landkreis_Harburg_COA.svg|50px|Harburgum]]
|WL
|[[Winsenia]]
|246.868
|1.244,6
|198
|-
|15
|[[Circulus Heidensis]]
|[[Fasciculus:HK in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Circulus Heidensis]]
|[[Fasciculus:Wappen_des_Heidekreises.svg|50px|Circulus Heidensis]]
|HK
|[[Bad Fallingbostel]]
|139.630
|1.873,5
|75
|-
|16
|[[Circulus Helmstadiensis|Helmstadium]]
|[[Fasciculus:HE in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Helmstadium]]
|[[Fasciculus:DEU Landkreis Helmstedt COA.svg|50px|Helmstadium]]
|HE
|[[Helmstadium]]
|92.836
|673,8
|138
|-
|17
|[[Circulus Hildesiensis|Hildesia]]
|[[Fasciculus:HI in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Hildesia]]
|[[Fasciculus:Wappen Landkreis Hildesheim.svg|50px|Hildesia]]
|HI
|[[Hildesia]]
|282.856
|1.205,8
|235
|-
|18
|[[Circulus Holtisminnensis|Holtisminni]]
|[[Fasciculus:HOL in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Holtisminni]]
|[[Fasciculus:DEU Landkreis Holzminden COA.svg|50px|Holtisminni]]
|HOL
|[[Holtisminni]]
|73.240
|692,5 	
|106
|-
|19
|[[Circulus Lerensis|Leri]]
|[[Fasciculus:LER in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Leri]]
|[[Fasciculus:DEU Landkreis Leer COA.svg|50px|Leri]]
|LER
|[[Leri]]
|164.705
|1.086,0 	
|152
|-
|20
|[[Circulus Lüchow-Dannenberg|Lüchow-Dannenberg]]
|[[Fasciculus:DAN in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Lüchow-Dannenberg]]
|[[Fasciculus:Wappen Landkreis Lüchow-Dannenberg.svg|50px|Lüchow-Dannenberg]]
|DAN
|[[Lüchow (Saxonia Inferior)|Lüchow]]
|49.213
|1.220,5
|40
|-
|21
|[[Circulus Luneburgensis|Luneburgum]]
|[[Fasciculus:LG in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Luneburgum]]
|[[Fasciculus:DEU Landkreis Lüneburg COA.svg|50px|Luneburgum]]
|LG
|[[Luneburgum]]
|177.279 	 	
|1.323,4
|134
|-
|22
|[[Circulus Neoburgensis Visurgensis|Neoburgum ad Visurgim]]
|[[Fasciculus:NI in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Neoburgum]]
|[[Fasciculus:DEU Landkreis Nienburg, Weser COA.svg|50px|Neoburgum]]
|NI
|[[Neoburgium ad Visurgiam]]
|122.206 	 	
|1.398,9
|87
|-
|23
|[[Circulus Northeim|Northeim]]
|[[Fasciculus:NOM in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Northeim]]
|[[Fasciculus:Wappen Landkreis Northeim.svg|50px|Northeim]]
|NOM
|[[Northeim]]
|139.060
|1.266,9
|110
|-
|24
|[[Circulus Oldenburgum]]
|[[Fasciculus:OL_(Lkr)_in_Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Oldenburgum]]
|[[Fasciculus:DEU Landkreis Oldenburg COA.svg|50px|Oldenburgum]]
|OL
|[[Wildeshausen]]
|127.282
|1.063,1
|120
|-
|25
|[[Circulus Osnabrugae]]
|[[Fasciculus:OS_(Lkr)_in_Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Osnabruga]]
|[[Fasciculus:DE Landkreis Osnabrück COA.svg|50px|Osnabruga]]
|OS
|[[Osnabruga]]
|356.123
|2.121,6
|168
|-
|26
|[[Circulus terrae Astanholteremarki|Astanholteremarki]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus terrae Astanholteremarki&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Osterholz'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino toponymo &quot;Astanholteremarki&quot;, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
|[[Fasciculus:OHZ in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Astanholteremarki]]
|[[Fasciculus:DEU Landkreis Osterholz COA.svg|50px|Astanholteremarki]]
|OHZ
|[[Astanholteremarki-Scirnbeki]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
|111.876
|650,7 	
|172
|-
|27
|[[Circulus Peine]]
|[[Fasciculus:PE in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Peine]]
|[[Fasciculus:DEU Landkreis Peine COA.svg|50px|Peine]]
|PE
|[[Peine]]
|131.481
|534,7
|246
|-
|28
|[[Circulus Rotenburg (Wümme)|Rotenburg (Wümme)]]
|[[Fasciculus:ROW in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Rothenburg]]
|[[Fasciculus:DEU_Landkreis_Rotenburg_Wuemme_COA.svg|50px|Rothenburg]]
|ROW
|[[Rotenburg (Wümme)]]
|163.860
|2.070,0
|79
|-
|29
|[[Circulus Theorosburgensis]]
|[[Fasciculus:SHG in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Circulus Theorosburgensis]]
|[[Fasciculus:Wappen Landkreis Schaumburg.svg|50px|Circulus Theorosburgensis]]
|SHG
|[[Haga Schauenburgi]]
|160.636
|675,6
|238
|-
|30
|[[Circulus Stadae|Stada]]
|[[Fasciculus:STD in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Stada]]
|[[Fasciculus:Wappen Landkreis Stade.svg|50px|Stada]]
|STD
|[[Stada]]
|197.132
|1.266,0
|156
|-
|31
|[[Circulus Uelzen]]
|[[Fasciculus:UE in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Uelzen]]
|[[Fasciculus:DEU Landkreis Uelzen COA.svg|50px|Uelzen]]
|UE
|[[Uelzen]]
|94.020
|1.453,9
|65
|-
|32
|[[Circulus Vechta]]
|[[Fasciculus:VEC in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Vechta]]
|[[Fasciculus:DE Landkreis Vechta COA.svg|50px|Vechta]]
|VEC
|[[Vechta]]
|135.374
|812,5
|167
|-
|33
|[[Circulus Verden]]
|[[Fasciculus:VER in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Verden]]
|[[Fasciculus:DEU Landkreis Verden COA.svg|50px|Verden]]
|VER
|[[Verden]]
|133.368
|787,7
|169
|-
|34
|[[Circulus Alluvionis Visurgensis]]
|[[Fasciculus:BRA in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Circulus Alluvionis Visurgensis]]
|[[Fasciculus:DEU Landkreis Wesermarsch COA.svg|50px|Circulus Alluvionis Visurgensis]]
|BRA
|[[Brake]]
|90.772
|821,9
|110
|-
|35
|[[Circulus Widmundensis]]
|[[Fasciculus:WTM in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Widmundi]]
|[[Fasciculus:DEU_Landkreis_Wittmund_COA.svg|50px|Widmundi]]
|WTM
|[[Witmundi]]
|57.280
|656,7
|87
|-
|36
|[[Circulus Guelpherbytensis]]
|[[Fasciculus:WF in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Guelpherbytum]]
|[[Fasciculus:Wappen Landkreis Wolfenbüttel.svg|50px|Guelpherbytum]]
|WF
|[[Guelpherbytum]] 
|122.040
|722,5
|169
|}

[[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris|!]]
[[Categoria:Indices regionum et provinciarum|Saxonia Inferior]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3972971</id>
      <parentid>3972968</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-19T23:52:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3972971</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11002" sha1="b7snqhegfec1uq1x6xno1b169rd7ldu" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Landkreise Niedersachsen.svg|Circuli Saxoniae Inferioris.|upright=1.5|center]]
{{Norma media|[[Saxonia Inferior]] in triginta septem [[Circulus terrae|circulos terrae]], [[Hannovera (regio)|Hannovera regio]], atque octo urbes autonomas dividitur.}}

== Regio Hannoverae et urbes circulo exemptae ==
=== Regio Hannovera ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: .88em;&quot;
|-
|'''Numerus'''
|'''Nomen'''
|'''Situs'''
|'''Insigne'''
|'''Signum Autocinetorum'''
|'''Caput'''
|'''Numerus incolarum '''
|'''magnitudo agrorum (km²)'''
|'''spissitudo incolarum per km²'''
|-
|1
|[[Hannovera (regio)|Hannovera Regio]]          
|[[Fasciculus:H in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Regio Hannovera]]
|[[Fasciculus:Wappen der Region Hannover.svg|50px|Hannovera regio]]
|H
|[[Hannovera]] (urbs)
|1.132.130
|2.290,5 
|494
|}

=== Urbes circulo exemptae ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: .88em;&quot;
|-
|'''Numerus'''
|'''Nomen'''
|'''Situs'''
|'''Insigne'''
|'''Signum Autocinetorum'''
|'''Caput'''
|'''Numerus incolarum '''
|'''magnitudo agrorum (km²)'''
|'''spissitudo incolarum per km²'''
|-
|1
|[[Brunsvicum]] (urbs)
|[[Fasciculus:BS in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Brunsvicum]]
|[[Fasciculus:DEU Braunschweig COA.svg|50px|Brunsvicum]]
|BS
|[[Brunsvicum]]
|248.867
|192,1
|1.296 
|-
|2
|[[Delmenhorstium]] (urbs)
|[[Fasciculus:DEL in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Delmenhorstium]]
|[[Fasciculus:DEU Delmenhorst COA.svg|50px|Delmenhorstium]]
|DEL
|[[Delmenhorstium]]
|74.361
|62,4
|1.192
|-
|3
|[[Emda]] (urbs)
|[[Fasciculus:EMD in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Emda]]
|[[Fasciculus:DEU Emden COA.svg|50px|Emda]]
|EMD
|[[Emda]]
|51.616
|112,3
|460
|-
|4
|[[Oldenburgum (Oldenburgum)|Oldenburgum]] (urbs)
|[[Fasciculus:OL (St) in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Oldenburgum]]
|[[Fasciculus:Oldenburg coat of arms.svg|50px|Oldenburgum]]
|OL
|[[Oldenburgum (Oldenburgum)|Oldenburgum]]
|162.173
|103,0
|1.574
|-
|5
|[[Osnabruga]] (urbs)
|[[Fasciculus:OS (St) in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Osnabruga]]
|[[Fasciculus:Osnabrück Wappen.svg|50px|Osnabruga]]
|OS
|[[Osnabruga]]
|164.119
|119,8
|1.370
|-
|6
|[[Salzgitter]] (urbs)
|[[Fasciculus:SZ in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Salzgitter]]
|[[Fasciculus:DEU Salzgitter COA.svg|50px|Salzgitter]]
|SZ
|[[Salzgitter]]
|102.394 	 	
|224,0
|457
|-
|7
|[[Wilhelmshaven]] (urbs)
|[[Fasciculus:WHV in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Wilhelmshaven]]
|[[Fasciculus:DEU Wilhelmshaven COA.svg|50px|Wilhelmshaven]]
|WHV
|[[Wilhelmshaven]]
|81.324
|106,9
|761
|-
|8
|[[Wolfsburg]] (urbs)
|[[Fasciculus:WOB in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Wolfsburg]]
|[[Fasciculus:Wappen Wolfsburg.svg|50px|Wolfsburg]]
|WOB
|[[Wolfsburg]]
|121.451
|204,0
|595
|}

== Circuli terrae ==
Hi circuli terrae nunc sunt:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: .88em;&quot;
|-
|'''Numerus'''
|'''Nomen'''
|'''Situs'''
|'''Insigne'''
|'''Signum Autocinetorum'''
|'''Caput'''
|'''Numerus incolarum '''
|'''magnitudo agrorum (km²)'''
|'''spissitudo incolarum per km²'''
|-
|1
|[[Circulus Paludosoterrensis|Paludosoterrensis]]
|[[Fasciculus:WST in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Paludosoterrensis]]
|[[Fasciculus:Wappen Landkreis Ammerland.svg|50px|Paludosoterrensis]]
|WST
|[[Locus Occidentalis (Saxonia Inferior)|Locus Occidentalis]]
|118.004
|728,2
|162
|-
|2
|[[Aurich (circulus)|Aurich]]
|[[Fasciculus:AUR in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Aurich]]
|[[Fasciculus:DEU Landkreis Aurich COA.svg|50px|Aurich]]
|AUR
|[[Aurich]]
|188.947
|1.287,2
|147
|-
|3
|[[Circulus Cellensis|Cella]]
|[[Fasciculus:CE in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Cella]]
|[[Fasciculus:Wappen Landkreis Celle.svg|50px|Cella]]
|CE
|[[Cella (Germania)|Cella]]
|178.528
|1.545,0
|116
|-
|4
|[[Circulus Cloppenburgensis|Cloppenburgum]]
|[[Fasciculus:CLP in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Cloppenburgum]]
|[[Fasciculus:DEU Landkreis Cloppenburg COA.svg|50px|Cloppenburgum]]
|CLP
|[[Cloppenburgum]]
|158.194
|1.418,2
|112
|-
|5
|[[Circulus Cuxhavensis|Cuxhavia]]
|[[Fasciculus:CUX in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Cuxhavia]]
|[[Fasciculus:Wappen Landkreis Cuxhaven 2018.svg|50px|Cuxhavia]]
|CUX
|[[Cuxhavia]]
|200.464
|2.072,6
|97
|-
|6
|[[Circulus Diepholz|Diepholtia]]
|[[Fasciculus:DH in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Diepholtia]]
|[[Fasciculus:DEU Landkreis Diepholz COA.svg|50px|Diepholtia]]
|DH
|[[Diepholtia]]
|213.558 	 	
|1.987,6
|107
|-
|7
|[[Circulus Terrae Emesensis|Terra Emesensis]]
|[[Fasciculus:EL in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Terra Emesensis]]
|[[Fasciculus:Wappen Landkreis Emsland.svg|50px|Terra Emesensis]]
|EL
|[[Meppia]]
|313.056
|2.881,4
|109
|-
|8
|[[Circulus Frisicus|Frisia]]
|[[Fasciculus:FRI in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Frisia]]
|[[Fasciculus:Wappen Landkreis Friesland.svg|50px|Frisia]]
|FRI
|[[Geverae]]
|99.598
|607,9
|164
|-
|9
|[[Circulus Gifhorn|Gifhorn]]
|[[Fasciculus:GF in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Gifhorn]]
|[[Fasciculus:Wappen Landkreis Gifhorn.svg|50px|Gifhorn]]
|GF
|[[Gifhorn]]
|172.643
|1.607,9
|107
|-
|10
|[[Circulus Goslariensis|Goslaria]]
|[[Fasciculus:GS in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Goslaria]]
|[[Fasciculus:Wappen Landkreis Goslar.svg|50px|Goslaria]]
|GS
|[[Goslaria]]
|143.014
|965,1
|148
|-
|11
|[[Circulus Gottingae|Gottinga]]
|[[Fasciculus:GÖ in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Gottinga]]
|[[Fasciculus:DEU Landkreis Goettingen COA.svg|50px|Gottinga]]
|GÖ
|[[Gottinga]]
|329.538 
|1.753,4
|188
|-
|12
|[[Circulus in Comitatu Binethensi|Comitatus Binethensis]]
|[[Fasciculus:NOH in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Comitatus Binethensis]]
|[[Fasciculus:Wappen Grafschaft Bentheim.svg|50px|Comitatus Binethensis]]
|NOH
|[[Northornon]]
|135.047
|980,8 	
|138
|-
|13
|[[Circulus Hamelensis et Petrimontensis|Hamala-Petrimons]]
|[[Fasciculus:HM in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Hamala-Petrimons]]
|[[Fasciculus:Wappen Landkreis Hameln-Pyrmont.svg|50px|Hamala-Petrimons]]
|HM
|[[Hamala]]
|154.085
|796,2 	
|194
|-
|14
|[[Circulus Harburgensis|Harburgum]]
|[[Fasciculus:WL in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Harburgum]]
|[[Fasciculus:DEU_Landkreis_Harburg_COA.svg|50px|Harburgum]]
|WL
|[[Winsenia]]
|246.868
|1.244,6
|198
|-
|15
|[[Circulus Heidensis]]
|[[Fasciculus:HK in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Circulus Heidensis]]
|[[Fasciculus:Wappen_des_Heidekreises.svg|50px|Circulus Heidensis]]
|HK
|[[Bad Fallingbostel]]
|139.630
|1.873,5
|75
|-
|16
|[[Circulus Helmstadiensis|Helmstadium]]
|[[Fasciculus:HE in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Helmstadium]]
|[[Fasciculus:DEU Landkreis Helmstedt COA.svg|50px|Helmstadium]]
|HE
|[[Helmstadium]]
|92.836
|673,8
|138
|-
|17
|[[Circulus Hildesiensis|Hildesia]]
|[[Fasciculus:HI in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Hildesia]]
|[[Fasciculus:Wappen Landkreis Hildesheim.svg|50px|Hildesia]]
|HI
|[[Hildesia]]
|282.856
|1.205,8
|235
|-
|18
|[[Circulus Holtisminnensis|Holtisminni]]
|[[Fasciculus:HOL in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Holtisminni]]
|[[Fasciculus:DEU Landkreis Holzminden COA.svg|50px|Holtisminni]]
|HOL
|[[Holtisminni]]
|73.240
|692,5 	
|106
|-
|19
|[[Circulus Lerensis|Leri]]
|[[Fasciculus:LER in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Leri]]
|[[Fasciculus:DEU Landkreis Leer COA.svg|50px|Leri]]
|LER
|[[Leri]]
|164.705
|1.086,0 	
|152
|-
|20
|[[Circulus Lüchow-Dannenberg|Lüchow-Dannenberg]]
|[[Fasciculus:DAN in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Lüchow-Dannenberg]]
|[[Fasciculus:Wappen Landkreis Lüchow-Dannenberg.svg|50px|Lüchow-Dannenberg]]
|DAN
|[[Lüchow (Saxonia Inferior)|Lüchow]]
|49.213
|1.220,5
|40
|-
|21
|[[Circulus Luneburgensis|Luneburgum]]
|[[Fasciculus:LG in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Luneburgum]]
|[[Fasciculus:DEU Landkreis Lüneburg COA.svg|50px|Luneburgum]]
|LG
|[[Luneburgum]]
|177.279 	 	
|1.323,4
|134
|-
|22
|[[Circulus Neoburgensis Visurgensis|Neoburgum ad Visurgim]]
|[[Fasciculus:NI in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Neoburgum]]
|[[Fasciculus:DEU Landkreis Nienburg, Weser COA.svg|50px|Neoburgum]]
|NI
|[[Neoburgium ad Visurgiam]]
|122.206 	 	
|1.398,9
|87
|-
|23
|[[Circulus Northeim|Northeim]]
|[[Fasciculus:NOM in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Northeim]]
|[[Fasciculus:Wappen Landkreis Northeim.svg|50px|Northeim]]
|NOM
|[[Northeim]]
|139.060
|1.266,9
|110
|-
|24
|[[Circulus Oldenburgum]]
|[[Fasciculus:OL_(Lkr)_in_Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Oldenburgum]]
|[[Fasciculus:DEU Landkreis Oldenburg COA.svg|50px|Oldenburgum]]
|OL
|[[Wildeshausen]]
|127.282
|1.063,1
|120
|-
|25
|[[Circulus Osnabrugae]]
|[[Fasciculus:OS_(Lkr)_in_Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Osnabruga]]
|[[Fasciculus:DE Landkreis Osnabrück COA.svg|50px|Osnabruga]]
|OS
|[[Osnabruga]]
|356.123
|2.121,6
|168
|-
|26
|[[Circulus terrae Astanholteremarki|Astanholteremarki]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus terrae Astanholteremarki&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Osterholz'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino toponymo &quot;Astanholteremarki&quot;, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
|[[Fasciculus:OHZ in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Astanholteremarki]]
|[[Fasciculus:DEU Landkreis Osterholz COA.svg|50px|Astanholteremarki]]
|OHZ
|[[Astanholteremarki-Scirnbeki]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
|111.876
|650,7 	
|172
|-
|27
|[[Circulus Peine]]
|[[Fasciculus:PE in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Peine]]
|[[Fasciculus:DEU Landkreis Peine COA.svg|50px|Peine]]
|PE
|[[Peine]]
|131.481
|534,7
|246
|-
|28
|[[Circulus Rotenburg (Wümme)|Rotenburg (Wümme)]]
|[[Fasciculus:ROW in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Rothenburg]]
|[[Fasciculus:DEU_Landkreis_Rotenburg_Wuemme_COA.svg|50px|Rothenburg]]
|ROW
|[[Rotenburg (Wümme)]]
|163.860
|2.070,0
|79
|-
|29
|[[Circulus Theorosburgensis]]
|[[Fasciculus:SHG in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Circulus Theorosburgensis]]
|[[Fasciculus:Wappen Landkreis Schaumburg.svg|50px|Circulus Theorosburgensis]]
|SHG
|[[Haga Schauenburgi]]
|160.636
|675,6
|238
|-
|30
|[[Circulus Stadae|Stada]]
|[[Fasciculus:STD in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Stada]]
|[[Fasciculus:Wappen Landkreis Stade.svg|50px|Stada]]
|STD
|[[Stada]]
|197.132
|1.266,0
|156
|-
|31
|[[Circulus Uelzen]]
|[[Fasciculus:UE in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Uelzen]]
|[[Fasciculus:DEU Landkreis Uelzen COA.svg|50px|Uelzen]]
|UE
|[[Uelzen]]
|94.020
|1.453,9
|65
|-
|32
|[[Circulus Vechta]]
|[[Fasciculus:VEC in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Vechta]]
|[[Fasciculus:DE Landkreis Vechta COA.svg|50px|Vechta]]
|VEC
|[[Vechta]]
|135.374
|812,5
|167
|-
|33
|[[Circulus terrae Fardensis]]
|[[Fasciculus:VER in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Fardium]]
|[[Fasciculus:DEU Landkreis Verden COA.svg|50px|Fardium]]
|VER
|[[Fardium]]
|133.368
|787,7
|169
|-
|34
|[[Circulus Alluvionis Visurgensis]]
|[[Fasciculus:BRA in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Circulus Alluvionis Visurgensis]]
|[[Fasciculus:DEU Landkreis Wesermarsch COA.svg|50px|Circulus Alluvionis Visurgensis]]
|BRA
|[[Brake]]
|90.772
|821,9
|110
|-
|35
|[[Circulus Widmundensis]]
|[[Fasciculus:WTM in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Widmundi]]
|[[Fasciculus:DEU_Landkreis_Wittmund_COA.svg|50px|Widmundi]]
|WTM
|[[Witmundi]]
|57.280
|656,7
|87
|-
|36
|[[Circulus Guelpherbytensis]]
|[[Fasciculus:WF in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Guelpherbytum]]
|[[Fasciculus:Wappen Landkreis Wolfenbüttel.svg|50px|Guelpherbytum]]
|WF
|[[Guelpherbytum]] 
|122.040
|722,5
|169
|}

[[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris|!]]
[[Categoria:Indices regionum et provinciarum|Saxonia Inferior]]</text>
      <sha1>b7snqhegfec1uq1x6xno1b169rd7ldu</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3973059</id>
      <parentid>3972971</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-20T11:01:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3973059</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10999" sha1="2vbm7utb2ax78bhn9j99mzm0bajeigt" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Landkreise Niedersachsen.svg|Circuli Saxoniae Inferioris.|upright=1.5|center]]
{{Norma media|[[Saxonia Inferior]] in triginta septem [[Circulus terrae|circulos terrae]], [[Hannovera (regio)|Hannovera regio]], atque octo urbes autonomas dividitur.}}

== Regio Hannoverae et urbes circulo exemptae ==
=== Regio Hannovera ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: .88em;&quot;
|-
|'''Numerus'''
|'''Nomen'''
|'''Situs'''
|'''Insigne'''
|'''Signum Autocinetorum'''
|'''Caput'''
|'''Numerus incolarum '''
|'''magnitudo agrorum (km²)'''
|'''spissitudo incolarum per km²'''
|-
|1
|[[Hannovera (regio)|Hannovera Regio]]          
|[[Fasciculus:H in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Regio Hannovera]]
|[[Fasciculus:Wappen der Region Hannover.svg|50px|Hannovera regio]]
|H
|[[Hannovera]] (urbs)
|1.132.130
|2.290,5 
|494
|}

=== Urbes circulo exemptae ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: .88em;&quot;
|-
|'''Numerus'''
|'''Nomen'''
|'''Situs'''
|'''Insigne'''
|'''Signum Autocinetorum'''
|'''Caput'''
|'''Numerus incolarum '''
|'''magnitudo agrorum (km²)'''
|'''spissitudo incolarum per km²'''
|-
|1
|[[Brunsvicum]] (urbs)
|[[Fasciculus:BS in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Brunsvicum]]
|[[Fasciculus:DEU Braunschweig COA.svg|50px|Brunsvicum]]
|BS
|[[Brunsvicum]]
|248.867
|192,1
|1.296 
|-
|2
|[[Delmenhorstium]] (urbs)
|[[Fasciculus:DEL in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Delmenhorstium]]
|[[Fasciculus:DEU Delmenhorst COA.svg|50px|Delmenhorstium]]
|DEL
|[[Delmenhorstium]]
|74.361
|62,4
|1.192
|-
|3
|[[Emda]] (urbs)
|[[Fasciculus:EMD in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Emda]]
|[[Fasciculus:DEU Emden COA.svg|50px|Emda]]
|EMD
|[[Emda]]
|51.616
|112,3
|460
|-
|4
|[[Oldenburgum (Oldenburgum)|Oldenburgum]] (urbs)
|[[Fasciculus:OL (St) in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Oldenburgum]]
|[[Fasciculus:Oldenburg coat of arms.svg|50px|Oldenburgum]]
|OL
|[[Oldenburgum (Oldenburgum)|Oldenburgum]]
|162.173
|103,0
|1.574
|-
|5
|[[Osnabruga]] (urbs)
|[[Fasciculus:OS (St) in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Osnabruga]]
|[[Fasciculus:Osnabrück Wappen.svg|50px|Osnabruga]]
|OS
|[[Osnabruga]]
|164.119
|119,8
|1.370
|-
|6
|[[Salzgitter]] (urbs)
|[[Fasciculus:SZ in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Salzgitter]]
|[[Fasciculus:DEU Salzgitter COA.svg|50px|Salzgitter]]
|SZ
|[[Salzgitter]]
|102.394 	 	
|224,0
|457
|-
|7
|[[Wilhelmshaven]] (urbs)
|[[Fasciculus:WHV in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Wilhelmshaven]]
|[[Fasciculus:DEU Wilhelmshaven COA.svg|50px|Wilhelmshaven]]
|WHV
|[[Wilhelmshaven]]
|81.324
|106,9
|761
|-
|8
|[[Wolfsburg]] (urbs)
|[[Fasciculus:WOB in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Wolfsburg]]
|[[Fasciculus:Wappen Wolfsburg.svg|50px|Wolfsburg]]
|WOB
|[[Wolfsburg]]
|121.451
|204,0
|595
|}

== Circuli terrae ==
Hi circuli terrae nunc sunt:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: .88em;&quot;
|-
|'''Numerus'''
|'''Nomen'''
|'''Situs'''
|'''Insigne'''
|'''Signum Autocinetorum'''
|'''Caput'''
|'''Numerus incolarum '''
|'''magnitudo agrorum (km²)'''
|'''spissitudo incolarum per km²'''
|-
|1
|[[Circulus Paludosoterrensis|Paludosoterrensis]]
|[[Fasciculus:WST in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Paludosoterrensis]]
|[[Fasciculus:Wappen Landkreis Ammerland.svg|50px|Paludosoterrensis]]
|WST
|[[Locus Occidentalis (Saxonia Inferior)|Locus Occidentalis]]
|118.004
|728,2
|162
|-
|2
|[[Aurich (circulus)|Aurich]]
|[[Fasciculus:AUR in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Aurich]]
|[[Fasciculus:DEU Landkreis Aurich COA.svg|50px|Aurich]]
|AUR
|[[Aurich]]
|188.947
|1.287,2
|147
|-
|3
|[[Circulus Cellensis|Cella]]
|[[Fasciculus:CE in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Cella]]
|[[Fasciculus:Wappen Landkreis Celle.svg|50px|Cella]]
|CE
|[[Cella (Germania)|Cella]]
|178.528
|1.545,0
|116
|-
|4
|[[Circulus Cloppenburgensis|Cloppenburgum]]
|[[Fasciculus:CLP in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Cloppenburgum]]
|[[Fasciculus:DEU Landkreis Cloppenburg COA.svg|50px|Cloppenburgum]]
|CLP
|[[Cloppenburgum]]
|158.194
|1.418,2
|112
|-
|5
|[[Circulus Cuxhavensis|Cuxhavia]]
|[[Fasciculus:CUX in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Cuxhavia]]
|[[Fasciculus:Wappen Landkreis Cuxhaven 2018.svg|50px|Cuxhavia]]
|CUX
|[[Cuxhavia]]
|200.464
|2.072,6
|97
|-
|6
|[[Circulus Diepholz|Diepholtia]]
|[[Fasciculus:DH in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Diepholtia]]
|[[Fasciculus:DEU Landkreis Diepholz COA.svg|50px|Diepholtia]]
|DH
|[[Diepholtia]]
|213.558 	 	
|1.987,6
|107
|-
|7
|[[Circulus Terrae Emesensis|Terra Emesensis]]
|[[Fasciculus:EL in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Terra Emesensis]]
|[[Fasciculus:Wappen Landkreis Emsland.svg|50px|Terra Emesensis]]
|EL
|[[Meppia]]
|313.056
|2.881,4
|109
|-
|8
|[[Circulus Frisicus|Frisia]]
|[[Fasciculus:FRI in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Frisia]]
|[[Fasciculus:Wappen Landkreis Friesland.svg|50px|Frisia]]
|FRI
|[[Geverae]]
|99.598
|607,9
|164
|-
|9
|[[Circulus Gifhorn|Gifhorn]]
|[[Fasciculus:GF in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Gifhorn]]
|[[Fasciculus:Wappen Landkreis Gifhorn.svg|50px|Gifhorn]]
|GF
|[[Gifhorn]]
|172.643
|1.607,9
|107
|-
|10
|[[Circulus Goslariensis|Goslaria]]
|[[Fasciculus:GS in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Goslaria]]
|[[Fasciculus:Wappen Landkreis Goslar.svg|50px|Goslaria]]
|GS
|[[Goslaria]]
|143.014
|965,1
|148
|-
|11
|[[Circulus Gottingae|Gottinga]]
|[[Fasciculus:GÖ in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Gottinga]]
|[[Fasciculus:DEU Landkreis Goettingen COA.svg|50px|Gottinga]]
|GÖ
|[[Gottinga]]
|329.538 
|1.753,4
|188
|-
|12
|[[Circulus in Comitatu Binethensi|Comitatus Binethensis]]
|[[Fasciculus:NOH in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Comitatus Binethensis]]
|[[Fasciculus:Wappen Grafschaft Bentheim.svg|50px|Comitatus Binethensis]]
|NOH
|[[Northornon]]
|135.047
|980,8 	
|138
|-
|13
|[[Circulus Hamelensis et Petrimontensis|Hamala-Petrimons]]
|[[Fasciculus:HM in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Hamala-Petrimons]]
|[[Fasciculus:Wappen Landkreis Hameln-Pyrmont.svg|50px|Hamala-Petrimons]]
|HM
|[[Hamala]]
|154.085
|796,2 	
|194
|-
|14
|[[Circulus Harburgensis|Harburgum]]
|[[Fasciculus:WL in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Harburgum]]
|[[Fasciculus:DEU_Landkreis_Harburg_COA.svg|50px|Harburgum]]
|WL
|[[Winsenia]]
|246.868
|1.244,6
|198
|-
|15
|[[Circulus Heidensis]]
|[[Fasciculus:HK in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Circulus Heidensis]]
|[[Fasciculus:Wappen_des_Heidekreises.svg|50px|Circulus Heidensis]]
|HK
|[[Fallingbostela]]
|139.630
|1.873,5
|75
|-
|16
|[[Circulus Helmstadiensis|Helmstadium]]
|[[Fasciculus:HE in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Helmstadium]]
|[[Fasciculus:DEU Landkreis Helmstedt COA.svg|50px|Helmstadium]]
|HE
|[[Helmstadium]]
|92.836
|673,8
|138
|-
|17
|[[Circulus Hildesiensis|Hildesia]]
|[[Fasciculus:HI in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Hildesia]]
|[[Fasciculus:Wappen Landkreis Hildesheim.svg|50px|Hildesia]]
|HI
|[[Hildesia]]
|282.856
|1.205,8
|235
|-
|18
|[[Circulus Holtisminnensis|Holtisminni]]
|[[Fasciculus:HOL in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Holtisminni]]
|[[Fasciculus:DEU Landkreis Holzminden COA.svg|50px|Holtisminni]]
|HOL
|[[Holtisminni]]
|73.240
|692,5 	
|106
|-
|19
|[[Circulus Lerensis|Leri]]
|[[Fasciculus:LER in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Leri]]
|[[Fasciculus:DEU Landkreis Leer COA.svg|50px|Leri]]
|LER
|[[Leri]]
|164.705
|1.086,0 	
|152
|-
|20
|[[Circulus Lüchow-Dannenberg|Lüchow-Dannenberg]]
|[[Fasciculus:DAN in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Lüchow-Dannenberg]]
|[[Fasciculus:Wappen Landkreis Lüchow-Dannenberg.svg|50px|Lüchow-Dannenberg]]
|DAN
|[[Lüchow (Saxonia Inferior)|Lüchow]]
|49.213
|1.220,5
|40
|-
|21
|[[Circulus Luneburgensis|Luneburgum]]
|[[Fasciculus:LG in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Luneburgum]]
|[[Fasciculus:DEU Landkreis Lüneburg COA.svg|50px|Luneburgum]]
|LG
|[[Luneburgum]]
|177.279 	 	
|1.323,4
|134
|-
|22
|[[Circulus Neoburgensis Visurgensis|Neoburgum ad Visurgim]]
|[[Fasciculus:NI in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Neoburgum]]
|[[Fasciculus:DEU Landkreis Nienburg, Weser COA.svg|50px|Neoburgum]]
|NI
|[[Neoburgium ad Visurgiam]]
|122.206 	 	
|1.398,9
|87
|-
|23
|[[Circulus Northeim|Northeim]]
|[[Fasciculus:NOM in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Northeim]]
|[[Fasciculus:Wappen Landkreis Northeim.svg|50px|Northeim]]
|NOM
|[[Northeim]]
|139.060
|1.266,9
|110
|-
|24
|[[Circulus Oldenburgum]]
|[[Fasciculus:OL_(Lkr)_in_Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Oldenburgum]]
|[[Fasciculus:DEU Landkreis Oldenburg COA.svg|50px|Oldenburgum]]
|OL
|[[Wildeshausen]]
|127.282
|1.063,1
|120
|-
|25
|[[Circulus Osnabrugae]]
|[[Fasciculus:OS_(Lkr)_in_Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Osnabruga]]
|[[Fasciculus:DE Landkreis Osnabrück COA.svg|50px|Osnabruga]]
|OS
|[[Osnabruga]]
|356.123
|2.121,6
|168
|-
|26
|[[Circulus terrae Astanholteremarki|Astanholteremarki]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus terrae Astanholteremarki&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Osterholz'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino toponymo &quot;Astanholteremarki&quot;, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
|[[Fasciculus:OHZ in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Astanholteremarki]]
|[[Fasciculus:DEU Landkreis Osterholz COA.svg|50px|Astanholteremarki]]
|OHZ
|[[Astanholteremarki-Scirnbeki]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
|111.876
|650,7 	
|172
|-
|27
|[[Circulus Peine]]
|[[Fasciculus:PE in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Peine]]
|[[Fasciculus:DEU Landkreis Peine COA.svg|50px|Peine]]
|PE
|[[Peine]]
|131.481
|534,7
|246
|-
|28
|[[Circulus Rotenburg (Wümme)|Rotenburg (Wümme)]]
|[[Fasciculus:ROW in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Rothenburg]]
|[[Fasciculus:DEU_Landkreis_Rotenburg_Wuemme_COA.svg|50px|Rothenburg]]
|ROW
|[[Rotenburg (Wümme)]]
|163.860
|2.070,0
|79
|-
|29
|[[Circulus Theorosburgensis]]
|[[Fasciculus:SHG in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Circulus Theorosburgensis]]
|[[Fasciculus:Wappen Landkreis Schaumburg.svg|50px|Circulus Theorosburgensis]]
|SHG
|[[Haga Schauenburgi]]
|160.636
|675,6
|238
|-
|30
|[[Circulus Stadae|Stada]]
|[[Fasciculus:STD in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Stada]]
|[[Fasciculus:Wappen Landkreis Stade.svg|50px|Stada]]
|STD
|[[Stada]]
|197.132
|1.266,0
|156
|-
|31
|[[Circulus Uelzen]]
|[[Fasciculus:UE in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Uelzen]]
|[[Fasciculus:DEU Landkreis Uelzen COA.svg|50px|Uelzen]]
|UE
|[[Uelzen]]
|94.020
|1.453,9
|65
|-
|32
|[[Circulus Vechta]]
|[[Fasciculus:VEC in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Vechta]]
|[[Fasciculus:DE Landkreis Vechta COA.svg|50px|Vechta]]
|VEC
|[[Vechta]]
|135.374
|812,5
|167
|-
|33
|[[Circulus terrae Fardensis]]
|[[Fasciculus:VER in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Fardium]]
|[[Fasciculus:DEU Landkreis Verden COA.svg|50px|Fardium]]
|VER
|[[Fardium]]
|133.368
|787,7
|169
|-
|34
|[[Circulus Alluvionis Visurgensis]]
|[[Fasciculus:BRA in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Circulus Alluvionis Visurgensis]]
|[[Fasciculus:DEU Landkreis Wesermarsch COA.svg|50px|Circulus Alluvionis Visurgensis]]
|BRA
|[[Brake]]
|90.772
|821,9
|110
|-
|35
|[[Circulus Widmundensis]]
|[[Fasciculus:WTM in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Widmundi]]
|[[Fasciculus:DEU_Landkreis_Wittmund_COA.svg|50px|Widmundi]]
|WTM
|[[Witmundi]]
|57.280
|656,7
|87
|-
|36
|[[Circulus Guelpherbytensis]]
|[[Fasciculus:WF in Niedersachsen.svg|50px|Guelpherbytum]]
|[[Fasciculus:Wappen Landkreis Wolfenbüttel.svg|50px|Guelpherbytum]]
|WF
|[[Guelpherbytum]] 
|122.040
|722,5
|169
|}

[[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris|!]]
[[Categoria:Indices regionum et provinciarum|Saxonia Inferior]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tysfjord</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>160162</id>
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        <username>Bartholomite</username>
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      <text bytes="464" sha1="efugi6j2pcmq3ws65n7r1kgsacnlp7d" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus: Stetind-Tysfjord-from north.jpg|300 px|thumb|left|Tysfjord]]
{{res|Tysfjord}} est [[Norvegia]]e commune 1856 incolarum (anno [[2012]]) in provincia [[Nordland (provincia) |Nordland]].

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Tysfjord|Tysfjord}}
{{Fontes geographici}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160429153948/http://www.tysfjord.kommune.no/ Tysfjord pagina interretialis]

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria: Communia Norvegiae]]</text>
      <sha1>efugi6j2pcmq3ws65n7r1kgsacnlp7d</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Carolus Faulmann</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>162604</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
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      <text bytes="2540" sha1="834kctu0f8zok98eaf0l71hybjixxx3" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Carl Faulmann circa 1875.jpg|thumb|200px|Karl Faulmann]]
'''Ioannes Christopherus Carolus Faulmann''', plerumque breviter Karl Faulmann, (natus die [[24 Iunii]] anno [[1835]] [[Salinae Saxonicae|Salinis Saxonicis]]; mortuus die [[28 Iunii]] anno [[1894]] [[Vindobona]]e) fuit [[typographus]], studiosus et [[stenographia]]e peritus.

[[Fasciculus:FaulmannGeschDerSchriftFrontispice.png|[[Frontispicium]] Faulmanni ''Illustrierter Geschichte der Schrift'' (1880)|thumb|200px]]
[[Fasciculus:FaulmannBuchDerSchriftPage171.png|Pagina ex Faulmanni ''Buch der Schrift'' (2. ed. 1880)|thumb|200px]]

== Opera ==
* ''Das Buch der Schrift. Enthaltend die Schriftzeichen und Alphabete aller Zeiten und aller Völker des Erdkreises.'' Vindobonae 1878, 2. ed. 1880 ([http://archive.org/details/dasbuchderschri01faulgoog in interrete]).
* ''Illustrirte Geschichte der Schrift.'' Vindobonae 1880 ([http://archive.org/details/illustrirtegesc04faulgoog in interrete]).
* ''Illustrirte Geschichte der Buchdruckerkunst.'' Vindobonae 1882 ([http://archive.org/details/illustrirtegesc00faulgoog in interrete]).
* ''Historische Grammatik der Stenographie.'' Vindobonae 1887.
* ''Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache nach eigenen neuen Forschungen.'' Salinis Saxonicis 1893.
* ''Geschichte und Literatur der Stenografie.'' Vindobonae 1895.

== Bibliographia ==
* Christian Johnen: Faulmann, Karl. In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Vol. 48, Lipiae 1904, p. 500–504. 
* Rudolf Weinmeister: Faulmann, Karl. In: Neue Deutsche Biographie (NDB). Vol. 5, Berolini 1961, p. 32 s.
* Leopold Elsinger: ''Professor Karl Faulmanns Leben und seine Werke''. Vindobonae 1908
* Eva-Maria Hanebutt-Benz / Dirk H. Veldhuis: ''Vom Bildzeichen zum Alphabet. Ein Nachwort zu Karl Faulmanns „Illustrierte[r] Geschichte der Schrift“''. In: Faulmann, ''Illustrierte Geschichte der Schrift'', Nördlingen / Greno 1989, p. 633-940
* Christian Johnen: ''Allgemeine Geschichte der Kurzschrift''. 4. ed., Berolini 1940
* Franz Kreuter / Karl W. Schmidt: ''Karl Faulmann, Leben und Werk''. 2. ed., Berolini 1935
* Laurenz Schneider / Georg Blauert: ''Geschichte der Deutschen Kurzschrift''. Guelpherbyti 1936
* Bernd Zimmermann: ''Fremde bringen Fortschritt. Zum 100. Todestag von Karl Faulmann'', In: Saat - Evangelische Kirchenzeitung für Österreich, anno 41, No. 17 (die 4 Sept. 1994), p. 7 

{{bio-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Stenographi]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Austriae]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1835]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1894]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Circulus Holtisminnensis</title>
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      <text bytes="2473" sha1="11nb5tmndcrv1gh18tcjrvllqem6b30" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}}

'''Circulus Holtisminni''', nunc pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], die [[12 Octobris]] [[1832]] a [[Gulielmus (Dux Brunsvici)|Gulielmo]] duce [[Ducatus Brunsvici|Brunsvici]] conditus est. Caput circuli urbs [[Holtisminni]] est.

== Historia ==
Circulus primo ad Ducatum, deinde ad [[Res Publica Brunsvicum|Rem Publicam Brunsvicum]] pertinebat. A die [[1 Novembris]] [[1941]] circulus Holtisminni pars provinciae Hannoverae [[Borussia]]e erat. Anno [[1945]] ad terram Hannoveram, ab anno [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinet. Hodie disputatur, an circulus cum finitimo [[Circulus Northeim|Circulo Northeim]] coniungendus sit.

== Communia circuli ==
[[Fasciculus:Municipalities in HOL.svg|300px|right|Communia in circulo Holtisminnensi]]
Circulus Holtisminnensis 32 communia habet, quae maxima parte ad &quot;communia generalia&quot; (Theodisce &quot;Samtgemeinden&quot;) coniuncta sunt. Haec sunt:

* [[Delligsen]] (8142 incolae)
* [[Holtisminni]] urbs, caput circuli (19.939)

* [[Bevern (commune generale)|Bevern]], commune generale (6056)
** [[Bevern]] (3946)
** [[Golmbach]] (979)
** [[Holenberg]] (440)
** [[Negenborn]] (691)

* [[Bodenwerder-Polle]], commune generale (15.375)
** [[Bodenwerder]] urbs (5546)
** [[Brevörde]] (718)
** [[Halle (Holtisminni)|Halle]] (1590)
** [[Hehlen]] (1912)
** [[Heinsen]] (861)
** [[Heyen]] (482)
** [[Kirchbrak]] (1089)
** [[Ottenstein]] (1189)
** [[Pegestorf]] (428)
** [[Polle]] (1102)
** [[Vahlbruch]] (458)

* [[Boffzen (commune generale)|Boffzen]], commune generale (7042)
** [[Boffzen]] (2701)
** [[Derental]] (671)
** [[Fürstenberg]] (1167)
** [[Lauenförde]] (2503)

* [[Eschershausen-Stadtoldendorf]], commune generale (15.375)
** [[Arholzen]] (391)
** [[Deensen]] (1511)
** [[Dielmissen]] (812)
** [[Eimen]] (996)
** [[Eschershausen]], urbs (3415)
** [[Heinade]] (920)
** [[Holzen]] (629)
** [[Lenne]] (673)
** [[Lüerdissen]] (448)
** [[Stadtoldendorf]] (5457)
** [[Wangelnstedt]] (617)

Praeterea sunt loca quaedam, quae ad nullum commune pertinent. Quae omnia hominibus deserta sunt:

* Boffzen (23,40 km²)
* Eimen (12,91 km²)
* Eschershausen (4,92 km²)
* Grünenplan (22,71 km²)
* [[Holtisminni]] (15,01 km²)
* Merxhausen (22,50 km²)
* Wenzen (15,84 km²)

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index circulorum et liberarum urbium Saxoniae Inferioris]]

{{geo-stipula}}

{{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}}

[[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris|Holtisminni]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1832]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Vahlbruch</title>
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      <text bytes="664" sha1="gvaqy8uk9zciw5r8ifilldsc2arizep" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}

'''Vahlbruch''' commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Holtisminnensis|circulo Holtisminnensi]] est. Ad Vahlbruch etiam vicus Meiborssen pertinet.
 
== Historia ==
Meiborrsen anno [[1508]] primo, sed nomine Meibodessen vel Maybarssen in actis descripta est. Ab anno [[1922]] Vahlbruch ad [[Circulus Hamelensis et Petrimontensis|Circulum Hamelensem et Petrimontensem]] pertinuit. Ab anno [[1973]] pars circuli Holtisminnorum est. A die [[1 Ianuarii]] [[2010]] pars communis generalis [[Bodenwerder-Polle]] est, antea ad commune generale Polle pertinuit.

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dassel</title>
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      <text bytes="1763" sha1="c855e1cl63tc3lek2109l9aro8lv186" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}

[[Fasciculus:DasselOldTownHall.jpg|thumb|Curia vetus Dassiliae.]]
'''Dassel''' ('''Villa Dassilia''') commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Northeim|circuli Northeim]] est. Ad Dassiliam etiam vici Amelsen, Deitersen, Eilensen, Ellensen, Hilwartshausen, Hoppensen, Hunnesrück, Krimmensen, Lauenberg, Lüthorst, Mackensen, Markoldendorf, Portenhagen, Relliehausen, Sievershausen atque Wellersen pertinent.

== Historia ==
Dassel saeculo 9 primum nomine ''villa Dassila'' in actis descripta est.&lt;ref&gt;Traditiones Corvey, 428.&lt;/ref&gt; Ab anno [[1310]] Dassel [[episcopus|episcopo]] [[Dioecesis Hildesiensis|Hildesiensi]] subditum erat. Anno [[1523]] ad [[Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Luneburgensis|Ducatum Brunsvicensem et Luneburgensem]] adiectum est. Annis [[1807]] - [[1813]] ad [[Regnum Westphaliae]], annis [[1815]] - [[1866]] ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], tum ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Ab anno [[1946]] pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Die [[1 Martii]] [[1974]] vici supra enumerati communi Dassel - nunc oppido - adiecti sunt.

== Cives clari ==
* [[Iordanus de Saxonia]] (1190 - 1237), [[Magister Ordinis Praedicatorum]].
* [[Rainaldus de Dassel]], Archiepiscopus [[Colonia Agrippina|Coloniae Agrippinae]]

== Bibliographia ==
* Ioannes Mirus: ''Chronik der Stadt Dassel, von der Grafschaft bis zur Gebietsreform 1974'', Hildesheim 1981
* Hubertus Zummach: ''Ruina mundi!, Rainald von Dassel, des Heiligen Römischen Reiches Erz- und Reichskanzler'', [[Holtisminni]]s 2007, ISBN 978-3-940751-00-3
* Ioannes Letzner: ''Dasselische und Einbeckische Chronica'', Erfurt 1596.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat}}

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Condita saeculo 9]]</text>
      <sha1>c855e1cl63tc3lek2109l9aro8lv186</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Crater (vas antiquum)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>174096</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3973056</id>
      <parentid>2659949</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-20T10:55:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3973056</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1060" sha1="932h52u00qx1a58usr3v5nd7ksmxubx" xml:space="preserve">{{Videdis|Crater}}
[[Fasciculus:ac.krater.jpg|thumb|Crater in [[acropolis|acropoli]] [[Mycenae|Mycenarum]] inventus, qui milites armis indutos demonstrat, inter annos [[1200 a.C.n.]]-[[1100 a.C.n.]] factus, hodie in [[Museum Archaeologicum Nationale (Athenae)|Museo Archaeologico Nationali]], Athenis, asservatus.]]
'''Crater''' ([[Graece]] {{Polytonic|κρατήρ}}, ex verbo κεράννυμι, &quot;misceo&quot;)&lt;ref&gt;crāter, tēris, Acc. Sg. -tēra, Acc. Pl. -tēras, m.; in oratione soluta plerumque crātēra, ae, f., interdum crēterrae, ārum, f. - vide: [http://www.zeno.org/Georges-1913/A/crater?hl=crater Vox &quot;crater&quot;] in Karl Ernst Georges: Ausführliches lateinisch-deutsches Handwörterbuch, 8. ed. Hannoverae 1913.&lt;/ref&gt; est vas amplum in [[Graecia antiqua]] in epulis aut [[symposium|symposiis]] ad [[vinum]] [[aqua]] miscendum adhibitum.

== Notae ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Kraters|crateras}}

{{stipula}}

[[Categoria:Figlina]]
[[Categoria:Graecia antiqua]]
[[Categoria:Vasa (supellex)]]</text>
      <sha1>932h52u00qx1a58usr3v5nd7ksmxubx</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Vicipaedia:Pagina prima/Nuntii</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>174428</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3972983</id>
      <parentid>3971564</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-20T04:14:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bartholomite</username>
        <id>116968</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* 2026 */</comment>
      <origin>3972983</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3979" sha1="bobdlck9d7ntpy6o8ngo2ncmewksrq4" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Compendia paginae|VP:N}}
Contenta huius paginae in [[Vicipaedia:Pagina prima|Pagina prima]] ostenduntur.

NB: eodem tempore, quo hic nuntium quemque addis, eandem rem in pagina [[2026]] adde aut sub &quot;Eventis&quot; aut sub &quot;Mortuis&quot;&lt;/noinclude&gt;

==2026==
[[Fasciculus:2026 FIFA World Cup emblem.svg|80 px|right|Certaminis logotypus]]
* 19 Iulii: [[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Hispanica]] vincit [[Certamen Mundanum Pedilusorium (2026)|Certamen Mundanum Pediludii]]. [[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Argentina|Argentina]] secunda et [[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Anglica|Anglia]] tertia sunt.
* 3 Iulii: [[Keiko Fujimori]] prima muliebris praeses civitatis [[Peruvia|Peruviae]] eligitur, die 28 Iulii 2026 mandatum initura est.
[[Fasciculus:Dom Alfonso de Galarreta mirrored.JPG|80 px|right|Alphonsus de Galarreta, FSSPX]]
* 1 Iulii: [[Fraternitas Sacerdotalis Sancti Pii X]] [[Esquinia]]e quattuor [[episcopus|episcopos]] novos sine mandato [[papa]]li consecrat. [[Leo XIV]] papa totam societatem [[excommunicatio|excommunicat]].
* 24 Iunii: [[Terrae motus Venetiolanus anni 2026|Terrae motus]] maior magnitudinis 7.5 in [[Venetiola]] complura milia hominum necat multaque aedificia concidit.
[[Fasciculus:Alan Greenspan color photo portrait.jpg|80 px|right|[[Alanus Greenspan]]]]
* 22 Iunii: [[Alanus Greenspan]], pristinus praeses [[Systema aerarium foederale|systematis aerarii foederalis Americae]], centum annos natus moritur.
* 12 Iunii: [[Elon Musk]] primus fit, qui {{num|1000000000000}} [[dollarium Civitatum Foederatarum|dollariorum Americanorum]] accumulaverit.
[[Fasciculus:Leo XIV (june 2025).jpg|80px|right|[[Leo XIV]]]]
* 25 Maii: &quot;[[Magnifica humanitas]]&quot;, epistola encyclica [[Leo XIV|Leonis XIV]] prima, editur. 
* 15 Maii: Eruptio epidemiae ebolae e provincia Ituri [[Res publica democratica Congensis|Rei publicae democraticae Congensis]] refertur. Centeni homines illic et in [[Uganda]] in hunc morbum incidunt.
* 3 Maii: Epidemia [[hantaviridae|hantavirus]] [[Andes|Andini]] ad [[quadragena]]m [[navis]] vectoriae ''Hondius'' ducit, tres mortui.
[[Fasciculus:Sabastian Sawe (KEN) 2025.jpg|90px|right|Sebastianus Sawe]]
* 26 Aprilis: [[Sebastianus Sawe]] Londinii primus homo [[Cursus Marathonius|cursum Marathonium]] minore tempore quam duabus horis perficit.
[[Fasciculus:Artemis II patch.svg|90px|right|Emblema missionis cum nominibus astronautarum]]
* 6 Aprilis: [[Programma Artemis|Artemis II]] cum quattuor astronautis Lunam circumvolat et 11 Aprilis feliciter in Tellurem revertitur.
[[Fasciculus:Portrait of Mojtaba Khamenei.jpg|90px|right|Mojtaba Khamenei]]
* 8 Martii: [[Mojtaba Khamenei|Mojtaba Husainus Khamenei]], [[Ali Khamenei|Alii]] necati filius, magnus dux [[Irania]]e eligitur.
* 28 Februarii: Civitas [[Israël]] et [[Civitates Foederatae]] impetum [[bomba]]rum ad [[Irania]]m faciunt, illum impetum praeemptivum appellantes.
* 21 Februarii: Bellum inter [[Afghania]] et [[Pakistania]] erumpit.
[[Fasciculus:2026 Winter Olympics logo.svg|90px|right|[[Olympia hiemalia 2026]]]]
* 6 Februarii: [[Olympia hiemalia 2026|Olympia hiemalia]] in [[Italia]] simul [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]], [[Cortina Ampecanorum|Cortinae Ampecanorum]], [[Pralatium|Pralatii]], [[Livignum|Livigni]] et [[Resinae|Ante Silvam]] patefiunt.
* 2–6 Februarii: [[Curdistania Syriaca|Curdistaniam Syriacam]] [[Ahmedus Husainus al-Shara|rectio Damasci nova]] sibi adiungit. 
* 22 Ianuarii: [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] ab [[Ordo mundi sanitarius|Ordine Mundi Sanitarii]] se recedunt.
* 15 Ianuarii: [[Vicipaedia]], anno 2001 a [[Iacobus Wales|Iacobo Wales]] et [[Laurentius Sanger|Laurentio Sanger]] condita, annum vicesimum quintum celebrat.
* 6 Ianuarii: [[Leo XIV|Leo papa XIV]] [[Iubilaeum anni 2025]] claudit.
[[Fasciculus:Nicolas Maduro on December 31, 2025 (cropped2).jpg|80px|right|[[Nicolaus Maduro]]]]
* 3 Ianuarii: [[Nicolaus Maduro]] Venetiolae praeses a militibus [[CFA|Civitatum Foederatarum]] raptus est, [[Caracae]] multis ictibus affliguntur.</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gifhorna</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>179626</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3972972</id>
      <parentid>3505567</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-19T23:57:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Gifhorn]] ad [[Gifhorna]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam</comment>
      <origin>3505567</origin>
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      <text bytes="1001" sha1="m4j2h7el9hq1v099lzwe22q4ns67ynh" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}

'''Gifhorn''' urbs [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et caput [[Circulus Gifhorn|Circuli Gifhorn]] est. Ad Gifhorn etiam vici Kästorf, Gamsen, Wilsche, Neubokel atque Winkel pertinent.

== Historia ==
[[Fasciculus:GF PK 2006.jpg|thumb|left|Ecclesia Sancti Nicolai Gifhorn]]
Gifhorn anno [[1196]] primo in actis descriptum est. Anno [[1275]] ius fori accepit, anno [[1332]] ''oppidum'' vocatum est. Fuit tum pars [[Ducatus Luneburgensis]]. Anno [[1705]] ad Ducatum Electoralem Brunsvicum-Luneburgensem transiit. Annis [[1810]] - [[1813]] pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Tum ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Ab anno [[1946]] pars Saxoniae Inferioris est.

== Nexus externi ==
{{Commonscat}}
* [http://www.stadt-gifhorn.de Pagina urbis Gifhorn]

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Urbes Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Condita saeculo 12]]
[[Categoria:Saxonia Inferior]]</text>
      <sha1>m4j2h7el9hq1v099lzwe22q4ns67ynh</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3972974</id>
      <parentid>3972972</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-20T00:00:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3972974</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1175" sha1="jom9ameuxes3tl6ouyf0ss8oysu8ty3" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}

'''Gifhorna'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Cellarius 1703&quot;&gt;Cellarius, C. (1703). ''Geographia Antiqua iuxta et Nova''. Ienae: Bielckius.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Gifhorn'') urbs [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et caput [[Circulus Gifhornensis|Circuli Gifhornensis]] est. Ad Gifhornam etiam vici Kästorf, Gamsen, Wilsche, Neubokel atque Winkel pertinent.

== Historia ==
[[Fasciculus:GF PK 2006.jpg|thumb|left|Ecclesia Sancti Nicolai Gifhorn]]
Gifhorna anno [[1196]] primo in actis descripta est. Anno [[1275]] ius fori accepit, anno [[1332]] ''oppidum'' vocata est. Fuit tum pars [[Ducatus Luneburgensis]]. Anno [[1705]] ad Ducatum Electoralem Brunsvicum-Luneburgensem transiit. Annis [[1810]] - [[1813]] pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Tum ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Ab anno [[1946]] pars Saxoniae Inferioris est.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{Commonscat}}
* [http://www.stadt-gifhorn.de Pagina urbis Gifhornae]

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Urbes Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Condita saeculo 12]]
[[Categoria:Saxonia Inferior]]</text>
      <sha1>jom9ameuxes3tl6ouyf0ss8oysu8ty3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Luchovia</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>198627</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3973070</id>
      <parentid>3897647</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-20T11:38:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Lüchow (Saxonia Inferior)]] ad [[Luchovia]] praeter redirectionem: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam</comment>
      <origin>3897647</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="2142" sha1="elx2p3gmcoahgl8u7wb4vjfca71l05t" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Luechow marktplatz 4033.jpg|thumb|Forum et Curia oppidi Luchoviae]]

'''Luchovia''' (Theodisce ''Lüchow'')&lt;ref name=&quot;Luchovia&quot;&gt;Vide [https://ia801403.us.archive.org/28/items/antiquitatessele00keys/antiquitatessele00keys.pdf ''Antiquitates selectae septentrionales et Celticae''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) De Venedicis aut Germanicis prope Luchoviam effossis Epistola ''Georgii Frid, Mithofii'' data Luchovia d. 17. Maji 1691 (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; oppidum [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Lüchow-Dannenberg|Circuli Luchoviensis et Danebergensis]] est. Ad Luchoviam etiam vici Banneick, Beutow, Bösel, Gollau, Grabow, Jabel, Jeetzel, Kolborn, Krautze, Künsche, Loge, Lüsen, Müggenburg, Plate, Ranzau, Reddebeitz, Reetze, Rehbeck, Saaße, Satemin, Seerau in der Lucie, Tarmitz atque Weitsche pertinent. Lübbow caput communis generalis [[Lüchow (terra Wenedorum)|eiusdem nominis]] est. 

== Historia ==
Luchovia anno [[1158]] primo in actis decriptum est et anno [[1291]] ius oppidi accepit. Ab anno [[1320]] pars [[Ducatus Luneburgensis]] fuit. Anno [[1705]] ad Ducatum Electoralem Brunsvicum-Luneburgensem transiit. Anno [[1803]] cum toto Ducato a copiis [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Francicis]] occupatum est. Annis [[1810]] - [[1813]] pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Anno [[1811]] totum oppidum incendio maximo deletum, sed mox reparatum est. Tum ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Lübbow ab anno [[1946]] pars Saxoniae Inferioris et ab anno [[2006]] caput [[Lüchow (terra Wenedorum)|Luchovia]] communis generalis est. Anno [[1972]] vici supra dicti ad Luchoviam adiuncti sunt.

== Cives noti ==
*[[Fridericus Syrup]] (1881 - 1945), rerum politicarum peritus

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat}}
*[http://www.luechow.de/ Pagina officialis]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20131224155002/http://www.luechow-wendland.de/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-5748/ Pagina communis generalis Lüchow de Lchow oppido scripta]

{{urbs-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Luechow}}
[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Condita saeculo 12]]</text>
      <sha1>elx2p3gmcoahgl8u7wb4vjfca71l05t</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bernardus Fellay</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>202926</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3972981</id>
      <parentid>2690058</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-20T02:27:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bartholomite</username>
        <id>116968</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3972981</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="865" sha1="066lnavcpfxy90ku1ymb1r5a6ygt6jy" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}

{{res|Bernardus Fellay}} (natus die [[12 Aprilis]] [[1958]] in [[Sierre]] in pago Helvetiae [[Valesia]]) est episcopus auxiliaris [[Fraternitas Sacerdotalis Sancti Pii X|Fraternitatis Sacerdotalis Sancti Pii X]], qui die [[30 Iunii]] [[1988]] a [[Marcellus Lefebvre|Marcello Lefebvre]] consacratus est. Propter hoc actum papa [[Ioannes Paulus II]] Marcello Lefebvre sacra interdixit. Ab anno [[1994]] Bernard Fellay Fraternitatis dux est.

== Nexus interni ==
* [[Ricardus Williamson]]

== Nexus externi==
{{CommuniaCat|Bernard Fellay|Bernardum Fellay}}
{{Fontes biographici}}
* [http://ab2t.blogspot.ch/2009_01_01_archive.html#2449792235193381654 Colloquium percontativum cum Bernardo Fellay]

{{bio-stipula}}

{{Anni vitae|1958||Fellay, Bernardus}}
[[Categoria:Episcopi Helvetiae]]
[[Categoria:Excommunicati]]
[[Categoria:Theologi]]</text>
      <sha1>066lnavcpfxy90ku1ymb1r5a6ygt6jy</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3972982</id>
      <parentid>3972981</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-20T02:30:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bartholomite</username>
        <id>116968</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3972982</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="886" sha1="5nnp34n81xq1mdjh6xoq3o3fo2e2p52" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}

{{res|Bernardus Fellay}} (natus die [[12 Aprilis]] [[1958]] in [[Sierre]] in pago Helvetiae [[Valesia]]) est episcopus auxiliaris [[Fraternitas Sacerdotalis Sancti Pii X|Fraternitatis Sacerdotalis Sancti Pii X]], qui die [[30 Iunii]] [[1988]] a [[Marcellus Lefebvre|Marcello Lefebvre]] consacratus est. Propter hoc actum papa [[Ioannes Paulus II]] Marcello Lefebvre sacra interdixit. Ab anno [[1994]] ad annum [[2018]] Bernardus Fellay fraternitatis dux fuit.

== Nexus interni ==
* [[Ricardus Williamson]]

== Nexus externi==
{{CommuniaCat|Bernard Fellay|Bernardum Fellay}}
{{Fontes biographici}}
* [http://ab2t.blogspot.ch/2009_01_01_archive.html#2449792235193381654 Colloquium percontativum cum Bernardo Fellay]

{{bio-stipula}}

{{Anni vitae|1958||Fellay, Bernardus}}
[[Categoria:Episcopi Helvetiae]]
[[Categoria:Excommunicati]]
[[Categoria:Theologi]]</text>
      <sha1>5nnp34n81xq1mdjh6xoq3o3fo2e2p52</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ecclesia cathedralis Mediolanensis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>208087</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3972915</id>
      <parentid>3916643</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-19T18:10:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3972915</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1133" sha1="43eu3q8ctwh9g8jobw509kzq6t29uuc" xml:space="preserve">{{Latinitas|-2}}
[[Fasciculus:Milano Italy Duomo-Milan-01.jpg|thumb|upright=1.8|Ecclesia Cathedralis Mediolanensis [[Februarius|Februario]] [[2009]] visa.]]
'''Ecclesia Cathedralis Mediolanensis''', rite '''Ecclesia cathedralis metropolitana Nativitatis Beatae Mariae Virginis''' (vulgo [[Italiane]] ''duomo di Milano''; in [[Langobardus sermo|Langobardo sermone]] ''domm de Milan''), est [[ecclesia cathedralis]] [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]] sita pres{{dubsig}} [[Platea Ecclesiae Cathedralis (Mediolanum)|Platea Ecclesiae Cathedralis]]. Quinta a maxima [[orbis terrarum]] ecclesia cathedrali est, sed in [[Italia]] maxima. [[Saeculum 14|Saeculo 14]] [[aedificium|aedificari]] coepit, et usque ad [[annus|annum]] [[1965]] perficiebatur.

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Duomo (Milan)|Ecclesiam Cathedralem Mediolanensem}}
* [http://www.duomomilano.it/en/ Situs interretialis cathedralis proprius.] {{ling|Anglice|Italiane}}

{{aedi-stipula}}
{{reli-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Archidioecesis Mediolanensis]]
[[Categoria:Ecclesiae cathedrales Italiae|Mediolanum]]
[[Categoria:Ecclesiae Langobardiae]]
[[Categoria:Mediolanum]]
{{Myrias|Ars}}</text>
      <sha1>43eu3q8ctwh9g8jobw509kzq6t29uuc</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Reutlinga</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>213714</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3973036</id>
      <parentid>3587925</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-20T09:54:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>REPanetta</username>
        <id>71378</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Clari cives */</comment>
      <origin>3973036</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="929" sha1="itoeangiyfznb1wghyl0a9hqarwxtza" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus: Reutlingen_Achalm_2012-04.jpg|thumb|300px|Reutlingen: despectus in mediam urbem]]

'''Reutlinga'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Hofmannus}} in indice&lt;/ref&gt; vulgo ''Reutlingen'' est [[urbs]] et commune [[Badenia-Virtembergia|Badense-Virtembergense]] 110'681 incolarum (anno [[2012]]).
== Clari cives ==

* [[Sebastianus Gryphius]], librorum mercator et [[humanista]] (circa [[1492]]-[[1556]])
* [[Martinus Hengel]], theologus ([[1926]]–[[2009]])
* [[Daniel Fridericus List]], homo oeconomicus et politicus ([[1789]]-[[1846]])
* [[Marcus Bernhard]], homo politicus, natus 1972

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index Communium Badeniae-Virtembergiae|Indicem Communium Badeniae-Virtembergiae]]
== Nexus externi ==
{{communia| Reutlingen | Reutlingam}}
* [https://www.reutlingen.de Reutlingen pagina interretialis]
{{geo-stipula}}

{{Urbes liberae et imperiales Sacri Romani Imperii}}

[[Categoria:Urbes Badeniae et Virtembergiae]]</text>
      <sha1>itoeangiyfznb1wghyl0a9hqarwxtza</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3973040</id>
      <parentid>3973036</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-20T10:06:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>REPanetta</username>
        <id>71378</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3973040</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="964" sha1="lejhzt5s3njzvoug4lh57kx91qs7coj" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus: Reutlingen_Achalm_2012-04.jpg|thumb|300px|Reutlingen: despectus in mediam urbem]]

'''Reutlinga'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Hofmannus}} in indice&lt;/ref&gt; vulgo ''Reutlingen'' est [[urbs]] et commune [[Badenia-Virtembergia|Badense-Virtembergense]] 110'681 incolarum (anno [[2012]]).
== Clari cives ==

* [[Sebastianus Gryphius]], librorum mercator et [[humanista]] (circa [[1492]]-[[1556]])
* [[Martinus Hengel]], theologus ([[1926]]–[[2009]])
* [[Daniel Fridericus List]], homo oeconomicus et politicus ([[1789]]-[[1846]])
* [[Marcus Bernhard]], Peritus iurisprudentiae et homo politicus, (5 Februarii 1972)

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index Communium Badeniae-Virtembergiae|Indicem Communium Badeniae-Virtembergiae]]
== Nexus externi ==
{{communia| Reutlingen | Reutlingam}}
* [https://www.reutlingen.de Reutlingen pagina interretialis]
{{geo-stipula}}

{{Urbes liberae et imperiales Sacri Romani Imperii}}

[[Categoria:Urbes Badeniae et Virtembergiae]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Brinkum (Stuhr)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>215386</id>
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      <parentid>3101213</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-19T23:34:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3972967</origin>
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      <text bytes="1060" sha1="e5do6qsvq0cp5ba474cnal47opu9aq1" xml:space="preserve">{{Vicificanda}}
'''Brinkum''' oppidum incolarum circa 10 700 est. Brinkum est maxima pars civitatis nomine Stuhr et etiam pars circuli Diepholtiae.

Brinkum prope urbem [[Brema]]m situm est.

== Res gestae ==
Anno [[1063]] Brinkum in litteris sub nomen Brinscimibroch primo publice nominatum est. 

== Notae ==
Prope Brinkum vetus (nunc nominata &quot;Brinkum&quot;) nova pars oppidi nomine Brinkum-Nord condita est.

Brinkum-Nord ad septemtriones conversum est. Brinkum-Nord est gravis regio oeconomica, in qua multae et magnae tabernae mercatoriae sitae sunt.

Praeterea magna strata autocinetica nomine A1 per Brinkum pertinet.

Alias et vetus pars Brinki, in qua plurimi homines Brinki vivant, ecclesias, scholas, alias res possidet.

[[Fasciculus:2012-08-08-fotoflug-bremen erster flug 0127.JPG|thumb|Hic partem stratae autocineticae nomine A1 prope Brinkum sitam vides.]]

== Nexus ==
Vide etiam http://www.stuhr.de/gemeinde-verwaltung/ortsteile/brinkum/ 

Vide etiam paginam Vicipaediae oppidi non procul siti: [[Syke]]

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Syke</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>215647</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3972965</id>
      <parentid>3696997</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-19T23:31:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3972965</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="673" sha1="c5b97vfr355659o6k41riogwer41sbw" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
'''Syke''' est [[oppidum]] incolarum circa 24 000 in [[Saxonia Inferior]]e situm. Syke etiam pars [[Circulus Diepholz|circuli Diepholtia]] est.

Syke a [[Brema]], urbe magna, 19 km abest. Flumen Hache per oppidum Sykem perfluit. 

== Res gestae ==
Oppidum nomine Syke anno [[1225]] primo publice nominatum est.

Iam in temporibus antiquorum [[Germania|Germanorum]] prope flumen Hachem agricolae vivebant.

In saeculo 13 arx in terra oppidi hodierni in vallo aedificata est. 

Anno 1929 Syke oppidum factum est.

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes geographici}}
{{commonscat}}
* [http://www.syke.de Situs proprius]

[[Categoria:Urbes Saxoniae Inferioris]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Index urbium, oppidorum et communium Saxoniae Inferioris</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>216135</id>
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      <parentid>3908515</parentid>
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        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
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      <text bytes="28957" sha1="nr91pb40b14um419okpagoh4xx2z6hf" xml:space="preserve">'''Index communium in [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxonia Inferiore]]''' omnes [[commune|communia]] (Theodisce ''Gemeinden''), consociationes communium (Theodisce ''Gemeindeverbände'') atque loca nulli communium adscripta (Theodisce ''gemeindefreien Gebiete''), quae hodie in [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terra]] [[Germania|Germanica]] [[Saxonia Inferior]]e exstant, complectitur.

Postremae mutationes finium territorialium in Saxonia Inferiore [[1 Novembris|Kalendis Novembribus]] anni [[2021]] effectae sunt. Ex eo tempore [[Saxonia Inferior]] 939 communium et 25 loca nulli communi adscripta (quorum duo habitantur) habet. Quibus e communibus 159 titulo [[urbs|urbis]] (Theodisce ''Stadt'') et 49 titulo [[oppidum|oppidi]] (Theodisce ''Flecken'') utuntur.

Praeterea nonnullae proprietates exstant secundum communium administrationem: Nam 939 communia in 289 communia unitaria et 650 communia membra dividuntur; quae vero in universum 114 consociationes communium constituunt, ut munera communiter administrent. Hae consociationes communium ipsa communia non sunt, sed foedera cooperationis, quae aut ex regione aut ex communitate in qua sedes administrationis sita est nomen accipiunt. Quapropter in Saxonia Inferiore idem nomen tam communi quam consociationi communium tribui potest. Agitur tamen de duobus corporibus iuridicis distinctis, quae proprias repraesentationes atque propria munera habent.

Praeterea, propter magnitudinem suam, nonnullae communium et consociationes communium peculiarem rationem cum [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulo terrae]] (Theodisce ''Landkreis'') habent:

• Decem urbes statum iuridicum [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli urbani]] (Theodisce ''kreisfreien Stadt'') obtinent, nulli circulo terrae subiiciuntur atque omnia sua munera exercent.
• Septem urbes statum iuridicum urbis magnae sui iuris (Theodisce ''Große selbständige Stadt'') obtinent atque multa, sed non omnia, munera circuli terrae cui adscribuntur exercent.
• 61 communium et tria communia generalis (Theodisce ''Samtgemeinden'') statum iuridicum communis sui iuris (Theodisce ''Selbständige Gemeinde'') obtinent atque quaedam munera districtus cui adscribuntur exercent.
• 861 ceterae communium nullam peculiarem rationem cum circulo terrae cui adscribuntur habent.

=== A ===
{|
|-----
| width=&quot;250&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* [[Achim (Landkreis Verden)|Achim]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Adelebsen]]''
* [[Adelheidsdorf]]
* [[Adenbüttel]]
* [[Adendorf]]
* [[Adenstedt]]
* ''[[Aerzen]]''
* [[Affinghausen]]
* [[Agathenburg]]
* [[Ahausen]]
* ''[[Ahlden (Aller)]]''
* [[Ahlerstedt]]
* [[Ahnsbeck]]
| width=&quot;250&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* [[Ahnsen]]
* [[Alfeld]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alfhausen]]
* [[Alfstedt]]
* [[Algermissen]]
* [[Almstedt]]
* [[Altenmedingen]]
* [[Amelinghausen]]
* [[Amt Neuhaus]]
* [[Anderlingen]]
* [[Andervenne]]
* [[Ankum]]
| width=&quot;250&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* [[Apelern]]
* [[Apen]]	
* [[Apensen]]
* [[Appel]]
* [[Arholzen]]
* [[Armstorf]]
* ''[[Artlenburg]]''
* [[Asendorf (Landkreis Diepholz)|Asendorf]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Diepholz)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Asendorf (Nordheide)|Asendorf]] &lt;small&gt;(Nordheide)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Astanholteremarki-Scirnbeki]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(caput circuli)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Auetal]]
* [[Auhagen]]
* [[Aurich]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Axstedt]]
|}

=== B ===
{|
|-----
| width=&quot;250&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* ''[[Bad Bederkesa]]''
* '''[[Aquae Benthemiae]]''' (Theod. Bad Bentheim)
* [[Badbergen]]
* '''[[Bad Bevensen]]'''
* ''[[Bad Bodenteich]]''
* [[Baddeckenstedt]]
* [[Bad Eilsen]]
* [[Bad Essen]]
* '''[[Bad Fallingbostel]]''' &lt;small&gt;(Kreisstadt)&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Bad Gandersheim]]'''
* [[Bad Grund]]
* '''[[Bad Harzburg]]'''
* '''[[Bad Iburg]]'''
* [[Bad Laer]]
* '''[[Bad Lauterberg im Harz]]'''
* '''[[Munimeri]] ''' (Bad Münder am Deister)
* '''[[Bad Nenndorf]]'''
* [[Bad Pyrmont]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bad Rothenfelde]]
* '''[[Bad Sachsa]]'''
* '''[[Bad Salzdetfurth]]'''
* [[Bad Zwischenahn]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bahrdorf]]
* [[Bahrenborstel]]
* [[Bakum]]
* [[Balge]]
* [[Balje]]
* [[Baltrum]]
* [[Banteln]]
* ''[[Bardowick]]''
* ''[[Barenburg]]''
* [[Barendorf]]
* [[Bargstedt (Niedersachsen)|Bargstedt]]
* [[Barnstedt]]
* ''[[Barnstorf]]''
* [[Barsinghausen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barßel]]
* [[Barum (Luneburgum)|Barum]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Lüneburg)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barum (Circulus Uelzen)|Barum]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Uelzen)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barver]]
* [[Barwedel]]
* [[Basdahl]]
* '''[[Bassum]]'''
| width=&quot;250&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* [[Bawinkel]]
* [[Beckdorf]]
* [[Beckedorf]]
* [[Beckeln]]
* [[Beedenbostel]]
* [[Beesten]]
* [[Beierstedt]]
* [[Belm]]
* [[Belum]]
* [[Bendestorf]]
* [[Berge (Niedersachsen)|Berge]]
* '''[[Berga (Circulus Cellensis)|Bergen]]''' &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Celle)&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Bergen an der Dumme]]''
* [[Bergfeld]]
* [[Berne]]
* '''[[Bersenbrück]]'''
* [[Berumbur]]
* [[Betheln]]
* [[Betzendorf]]
* ''[[Bevern (Landkreis Holzminden)|Bevern]]''
* ''[[Beverstedt]]''
* [[Bienenbüttel]]
* [[Bilshausen]]
* [[Binnen]]
* [[Bippen]]
* [[Bispingen]]
* [[Bissendorf]]
* '''[[Bleckede]]'''
* [[Blender (Landkreis Verden)|Blender]]
* [[Bliedersdorf]]
* [[Blomberg (circulus Widmundensis)|Blomberg]]
* '''[[Bockenem]]'''
* [[Bockhorn (Friesland)|Bockhorn]]
* [[Bockhorst]]
* ''[[Bodenfelde]]''
* [[Bodensee (Saxonia Inferior)|Bodensee]]
* '''[[Bodenwerder]]'''
* [[Boffzen]]
* [[Böhme (Niedersachsen)|Böhme]]
* [[Bohmte]]
* [[Boitze]]	
* [[Bokensdorf]]
* [[Bomlitz]]
| width=&quot;250&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* [[Börger]]
* '''[[Borkum]]'''
* [[Börßum]]
* [[Borstel (Landkreis Diepholz)|Borstel]]
* [[Bösel]]
* [[Bötersen]]
* [[Bothel]]
* ''[[Bovenden]]''
* [[Brackel]]
* '''[[Brake]]''' &lt;small&gt;(sedes [[Circulus Alluvionis Visurgensis|Circuli Alluvionis Visurgensis]])&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bramsche]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Braunlage]]'''
* '''[[Brunsvicum]]''' &lt;small&gt;([[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]])&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Breddenberg]]
* [[Breddorf]]
* '''[[Bremervörde]]'''
* [[Brest (Niedersachsen)|Brest]]
* [[Brevörde]]
* [[Brietlingen]]
* [[Brinkum (Stuhr)|Brinkum]]
* [[Brockel]]
* [[Bröckel]]
* [[Brockum]]
* ''[[Brome]]''
* ''[[Bruchhausen-Vilsen]]''
* [[Brüggen (Leine)|Brüggen]]
* [[Buchholz (bei Stadthagen)|Buchholz]] ? &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Buchholz (Aller)]] ? &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Buchholz in der Nordheide]]'''
* '''[[Bückeburg]]'''
* ''[[Bücken]]''
* [[Büddenstedt]]
* [[Bühren]]
* [[Bülkau]]
* [[Bülstedt]]
* [[Bunde]]
* [[Burgdorf (Circulus Guelpherbytensis)|Burgdorf]] &lt;small&gt;(Landkreis Wolfenbüttel)&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Burgdorf]]''' &lt;small&gt;(Region Hannover)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Burgwedel]]'''
* [[Burweg]]
* [[Butjadingen]]
* [[Buxtehude]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
|}

=== C ===
{|
|-----
| width=&quot;250&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* [[Cadenberge]]
* [[Calberlah]]
* [[Cappel (Niedersachsen)|Cappel]]
* [[Cappeln (Oldenburg)]]
* '''[[Cella]]''' &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
| width=&quot;250&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* '''[[Clausthal-Zellerfeld]]'''
* ''[[Clenze]]''
* [[Cloppenburg]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Colnrade]]
* ''[[Coppenbrügge]]''
| width=&quot;250&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* [[Coppengrave]]
* [[Cramme]]
* [[Cremlingen]]
* '''[[Cuxhaven]]''' &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
|}

=== D ===
{|
|-----
| width=&quot;250&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* [[Dahlem (Niedersachsen)|Dahlem]]
* ''[[Dahlenburg]]''
* [[Dahlum]]
* '''[[Damme (Dümmer)|Damme]]'''
* [[Damnatz]]
* [[Danndorf]]
* '''[[Dannenberg]] (Albis)'''
* '''[[Dassel]]'''
* [[Dedelstorf]]
* [[Deensen]]
* [[Deinste]]
* [[Deinstedt]]
* ''[[Delligsen]]''
* '''[[Delmenhorstium]]''' &lt;small&gt;([[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]])&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Denkte]]
* [[Derental]]
* [[Dersum]]
| width=&quot;250&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* [[Despetal]]
* ''[[Detern]]''
* [[Dettum]]
* [[Deutsch Evern]]
* [[Dickel]]
* [[Didderse]]
* [[Diekholzen]]
* [[Dielmissen]]
* ''[[Diepenau]]''
* '''[[Diepholz]]''' &lt;small&gt;(caput circuli)&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Dinklage]]'''
* '''[[Dissen am Teutoburger Wald]]'''
* [[Dohren (Emsland)|Dohren]] &lt;small&gt;(Emsland)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dohren]] &lt;small&gt;(Nordheide)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dollern]]
* [[Dornum]]
* [[Dörpen]]
| width=&quot;250&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* [[Dorstadt]]
* [[Dorum]]
* [[Dörverden]]
* [[Dötlingen]]
* [[Drage (Elbe)|Drage]]
* ''[[Drakenburg]]''
* [[Drangstedt]]
* '''[[Dransfeld]]'''
* [[Drebber]]
* [[Drentwede]]
* [[Drestedt]]
* [[Drochtersen]]
* [[Düdenbüttel]]
* [[Duderstadt]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Duingen]]''
* [[Dünsen]]
* [[Dunum]]
|}

=== E ===
{|
|-----
| width=&quot;250&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* [[Ebergötzen]]
* [[Eberholzen]]
* [[Ebersdorfium (Saxonia Inferior)|Ebersdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ebersdorfium&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Ebersdorf' in Latinam &quot;Ebersdorfium&quot; verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''[[Ebstorf]]''
* [[Echem]]
* [[Edemissen]]
* [[Edewecht]]
* [[Egestorf]]
* [[Eggermühlen]]
* [[Ehra-Lessien]]
* [[Ehrenburg (Niedersachsen)|Ehrenburg]]
* [[Eickeloh]]
* [[Eicklingen]]
* ''[[Eime]]''
* [[Eimen]]
* [[Eimke]]
* [[Einbeck]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
| width=&quot;250&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* [[Elbe (Niedersachsen)|Elbe]]
* [[Elbingerode (bei Herzberg am Harz)|Elbingerode]]
* [[Eldingen]]
* [[Elmlohe]]
* [[Elsdorf (Niedersachsen)|Elsdorf]]
* '''[[Elsfleth]]'''
* '''[[Elze]]'''
* [[Embsen]]
* '''[[Emda]]''' &lt;small&gt;([[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]])&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Emlichheim]]
* [[Emmendorf]]
* [[Emmerthal]]
* [[Emsbüren]]
* [[Emstek]]
* [[Emtinghausen]]
* [[Engden]]
* [[Engelschoff]]
| width=&quot;250&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* [[Erkerode]]
* [[Esche]]
* [[Eschede]]
* '''[[Eschershausen]]'''
* '''[[Esens]]'''
* [[Essel]]
* [[Essen (Oldenburgum)]]
* [[Esterwegen]]
* [[Estorf (Landkreis Stade)|Estorf]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Stade)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Estorf (Weser)|Estorf]] &lt;small&gt;(Weser)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Everode]]
* [[Eversmeer]]
* [[Evessen]]
* [[Eydelstedt]]
* [[Eyendorf]]
* [[Eystrup]]
|}

=== F ===
{|
|-----
| width=&quot;250&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* [[Farven]]
* [[Faßberg]]
* [[Filsum]]
* [[Fintel]]
* [[Firrel]]
* [[Flögeln]]
* [[Flöthe]]
| width=&quot;250&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* [[Frankenfeld]]
* [[Freden]]
* [[Fredenbeck]]
* ''[[Freiburg/Elbe]]''
* [[Freistatt]]
* [[Frellstedt]]
* '''[[Freren]]'''
| width=&quot;250&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* [[Fresenburg]]
* [[Friedeburg]]
* [[Friedlandia (Saxonia Inferior)|Friedland]]
* [[Friesoythe]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Fürstenau]]'''
* [[Furstenberga]]
|}

=== G ===
{|
|-----
| width=&quot;250&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* [[Ganderkesee]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gandesbergen]]
* [[Garbsen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Garlstorf]]
* [[Garrel]]
* [[Garstedt]]
* ''[[Gartow]]''
* [[Geeste]]
* [[Geestland]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gehrde]]
* '''[[Gehrden]]'''
* [[Georgsdorf]]
* [[Georgsmarienhütte]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gerdau]]
* [[Gersten]]
* [[Getelo]]
* [[Gevensleben]]
* [[Geversdorf]]
| width=&quot;250&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* ''[[Gieboldehausen]]''
* [[Giesen]]
* [[Gifhorn]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gilten]]
* [[Glandorf]]
* [[Gleichen]]
* [[Gnarrenburg]]
* [[Gödenstorf]]
* [[Göhrde]]
* [[Goldenstedt]]
* [[Gölenkamp]]
* [[Golmbach]]
* [[Gorleben]]
* '''[[Goslaria]]''' &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Göttingen]]''' &lt;small&gt;([[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]])&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Grafhorst]]
* [[Grasberg]]
| width=&quot;250&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* [[Grasleben]]
* [[Grethem]]
* '''[[Gronau]]'''
* [[Groß Berßen]]
* [[Großefehn]]
* [[Großenkneten]]
* [[Großenwörden]]
* [[Großheide]]
* [[Groß Ippener]]
* [[Groß Meckelsen]]
* [[Groß Oesingen]]
* [[Groß Twülpstedt]]
* [[Grünendeich]]
* [[Guderhandviertel]]
* '''[[Guelpherbytum]]''' &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Wolfenbüttel'')&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gusborn]]
* [[Gyhum]]
|}

=== H ===
{|
|-----
| width=&quot;250&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* [[Hademstorf]]
* ''[[Hage]]''
* [[Hagen am Teutoburger Wald]]
* [[Hagen im Bremischen]]
* ''[[Hagenburg]]''
* [[Hagermarsch]]
* [[Hahausen]]
* [[Halbemond]]
* [[Halle (comitatus Binethensis)|Halle]] &lt;small&gt;(b.Neuenhaus)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Halle (Holtisminni)|Halle]] &lt;small&gt;(Montes Visurgis)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Halvesbostel]]
* [[Hambergen]]
* [[Hambühren]]
* [[Hämelhausen]]
* '''[[Hameln]]''' &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hamersen]]
* [[Hammah]]
* [[Handeloh]]
* [[Handorf]]
* [[Handrup]]
* [[Hankensbüttel]]
* '''[[Hannover]]''' &lt;small&gt;([[caput (urbs)|caput]] [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terrae foederalis]])&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]])&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hann. Münden]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Mundia Hannoverana]]'''
* [[Hanstedt (Circulus Uelzen)|Hanstedt]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Uelzen)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hanstedt (Nordheide)|Hanstedt]] &lt;small&gt;(Nordheide)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Harbarnsen]]
* '''[[Hardegsen]]'''
* '''[[Haren (Amisia)]]'''
* [[Harmstorf]]
* ''[[Harpstedt]]''
* ''[[Harsefeld]]''
* [[Harsum]]
* [[Hasbergen]]
* '''[[Haselünne]]'''
* [[Haßbergen]]
* [[Hassel (Weser)]]
* [[Hassendorf]]
* [[Haste]]	
| width=&quot;250&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* [[Hatten]]
* [[Hattorf ad Harthicos montes]]
* [[Häuslingen]]
* [[Haverlah]]
* [[Hechthausen]]
* [[Hedeper]]
* [[Heede (Emsland)|Heede]]
* [[Heemsen]]
* [[Heere]]	
* [[Heeslingen]]
* [[Heeßen]]
* [[Hehlen]]
* [[Heidenau (Saxonia Inferior)|Heidenau]]
* [[Heinade]]
* [[Heinbockel]]
* [[Heiningen (Niedersachsen)|Heiningen]]
* [[Heinsen]]
* [[Hellwege]]
* [[Helmstedt]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Helpsen]]
* [[Helvesiek]]
* '''[[Hemmingen]]'''
* '''[[Hemmoor]]'''
* [[Hemsbünde]]
* [[Hemslingen]]
* [[Hemsloh]]
* [[Hepstedt]]
* '''[[Herzberg am Harz]]'''
* [[Herzlake]]
* [[Hesel]]
* [[Hespe]]
* '''[[Hessisch Oldendorf]]'''
* [[Heuerßen]]
* [[Heyen]]
* '''[[Hildesheim]]''' &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hilgermissen]]
* [[Hilkenbrook]]
| width=&quot;250&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* [[Hillerse]]
* [[Hilter am Teutoburger Wald]]
* [[Himbergen]]
* [[Himmelpforten]]
* [[Hinte]]
* [[Hipstedt]]
* [[Hittbergen]]
* '''[[Hitzacker]]'''
* [[Hodenhagen]]
* [[Höhbeck]]
* [[Hohenhameln]]
* [[Hohne]]
* [[Hohnhorst]]
* [[Hohnstorf (Albis)]]
* [[Holdorf (Niedersachsen)|Holdorf]]
* [[Holenberg]]
* [[Holle]]
* [[Hollenstedt]]
* [[Hollern-Twielenfleth]]
* [[Hollnseth]]
* [[Holste]]
* [[Holtgast]]
* [[Holtland]]
* [[Holzen (bei Eschershausen)|Holzen]]
* [[Holzminden]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hoogstede]]
* [[Hörden ad Harthicos montes]]
* ''[[Horneburg]]''
* [[Horstedt (Niedersachsen)|Horstedt]]
* '''[[Hoya]]'''
* [[Hoyerhagen]]
* [[Hoyershausen]]
* [[Hude (Oldenburg)]]
* [[Hüde]]
* [[Hülsede]]
* [[Husum (bei Nienburg)|Husum]]
* [[Hüven]]
|}

=== I ===
{|
|-----
| width=&quot;250&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* [[Ihlienworth]]
* [[Ihlow (Frisia Orientalis)|Ihlow]]
* [[Ilsede]]
| width=&quot;250&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* [[Ingeleben]]
* [[Isenbüttel]]
* [[Isernhagen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
| width=&quot;250&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* [[Isterberg]]
* [[Itterbeck]]
|}

=== J ===
{|
|-----
| width=&quot;250&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* [[Jade (Saxonia Inferior)|Jade]]
* [[Jameln]]
* [[Jelmstorf]]
* [[Jembke]]
| width=&quot;250&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* [[Jemgum]]
* [[Jerxheim]]
* [[Jesteburg]]
* '''[[Geverae]]''' &lt;small&gt;(Germanice ''Jever'', caput circuli)&lt;/small&gt;
| width=&quot;250&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* [[Jork]]
* [[Jühnde]]
* [[Juist]]
|}

=== K ===
{|
|-----
| width=&quot;250&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* [[Kakenstorf]]
* [[Kalbe (Niedersachsen)|Kalbe]]
* [[Kalefeld]]
* [[Karwitz]]
* [[Katlenburg-Lindau]]
* [[Kettenkamp]]
* [[Kirchbrak]]
* [[Kirchdorf (bei Sulingen)|Kirchdorf]]
* [[Kirchgellersen]]
* [[Kirchlinteln]]
| width=&quot;250&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* [[Kirchseelte]]
* [[Kirchtimke]]
* [[Kirchwalsede]]
* [[Kissenbrück]]
* [[Klein Berßen]]
* [[Klein Meckelsen]]
* [[Kluse (Emsland)|Kluse]]
* [[Kneitlingen]]
* [[Köhlen]]
| width=&quot;250&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* '''[[Luttera Regalis]]''' (''Königslutter am Elm'')
* [[Königsmoor]]
* [[Kranenburg (Oste)|Kranenburg]]
* [[Krebeck]]
* [[Krummendeich]]
* [[Krummhörn]]
* [[Kührstedt]]
* [[Küsten]]
* [[Kutenholz]]
|}

=== L ===
{|
|-----
| width=&quot;250&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* [[Laar]]
* [[Laatzen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lachendorf]]
* [[Lage (Saxonia Inferior)|Lage]]
* [[Lähden]]
* [[Lahn (Hümmling)|Lahn]]
* ''[[Lamspringe]]''
* [[Lamstedt]]
* [[Landesbergen]]
* [[Landolfshausen]]
* [[Landwehr (Gemeinde)|Landwehr]]
* '''[[Langelsheim]]'''
* '''[[Langen (bei Bremerhaven)|Langen]]''' &lt;small&gt;(b.Bremerhaven)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langen (Emsland)|Langen]] &lt;small&gt;(Emsland)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langendorf (Elbe)|Langendorf]]
* [[Langenhagen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langeoog]]
* [[Langlingen]]
* ''[[Langwedel (Weser)|Langwedel]]''
* [[Lastrup]]
* [[Lathen]]
* ''[[Lauenau]]''
| width=&quot;250&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* [[Lauenbrück]]
* ''[[Lauenförde]]''
* [[Lauenhagen]]
* '''[[Leri]]''' &lt;small&gt;(Theod. ''Leer'')&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Leese]]
* [[Leezdorf]]
* [[Lehe (Emsland)|Lehe]]
* [[Lehre (Niedersachsen)|Lehre]]
* [[Lehrte]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Leiferde]]
* [[Lembruch]]
* ''[[Lemförde]]''
* [[Lemgow]]
* [[Lemwerder]]
* [[Lengede]]
* [[Lengenbostel]]
* [[Lengerich (Emsland)|Lengerich]]
* [[Lenne (Niedersachsen)|Lenne]]
* ''[[Liebenau (Niedersachsen)|Liebenau]]''
* [[Liebenburg]]
* [[Lilienthal]]
* [[Lindern (Oldenburg)]]
| width=&quot;250&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* [[Lindhorst]]
* [[Lindwedel]]
* '''[[Lingen (Ems)]]''' &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Linsburg]]
* [[Lintig]]
* '''[[Lohne (Oldenburg)]]'''
* '''[[Löningen]]'''
* [[Lorup]]
* [[Loxstedt]]
* [[Lübberstedt]]
* [[Lübbow]]
* '''[[Lüchow (terra Wenedorum)]]''' &lt;small&gt;(caput circuli)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Luckau (Saxonia Inferior)|Luckau]]
* [[Lüder (Lüneburger Heide)|Lüder]]
* [[Lüdersburg]]
* [[Lüdersfeld]]
* [[Lüerdissen]]
* [[Luhden]]
* '''[[Luneburgum]]''' &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lünne]]
* [[Lütetsburg]]
* ''[[Lutter am Barenberge]]''
|}

=== M ===
{|
|-----
| width=&quot;250&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* [[Maasen]]
* ''[[Marienhafe]]''
* [[Marienhagen]]
* [[Mariental (Niedersachsen)|Mariental]]
* [[Marklohe]]
* [[Marl (Dümmer)|Marl]]
* [[Marschacht]]
* [[Martfeld]]
* [[Marxen]]
* [[Mechtersen]]
* [[Meerbeck]]
| width=&quot;250&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* [[Meine]]
* [[Meinersen]]
* [[Melbeck]]
* [[Melle]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mellinghausen]]
* [[Menslage]]
* [[Meppen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Merzen]]
* [[Messenkamp]]
* [[Messingen]]
* [[Midlum (Land Wursten)|Midlum]]
| width=&quot;250&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* [[Misselwarden]]
* [[Mittelnkirchen]]
* [[Mittelstenahe]]
* [[Moisburg]]
* [[Molbergen]]
* [[Moormerland]]
* [[Moorweg]]
* '''[[Moringen]]'''
* [[Müden (Alara)]]
* [[Mulsum (Land Wursten)|Mulsum]]
* '''[[Munster (Örtze)|Munster]]'''
|}

=== N ===
{|
|-----
| width=&quot;250&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* [[Nahrendorf]]
* [[Natendorf]]
* [[Neetze]]
* [[Negenborn]]
* [[Nenndorf (circulus Widmundensis)|Nenndorf]]
* [[Neubörger]]
* [[Neu Darchau]]
* '''[[Neuenhaus]]'''
* [[Neuenkirchen (Altes Land)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(Altes Land)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen (bei Bassum)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(b.Bassum)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen (Land Hadeln)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(Land Hadeln)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen (Landkreis Osnabrück)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Osnabrück)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen (Lüneburger Heide)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(Lüneb.Heide)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen-Vörden]]
| width=&quot;250&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* [[Neuharlingersiel]]
* ''[[Neuhaus (Oste)]]''
* [[Neuhof (Landkreis Hildesheim)|Neuhof]]
* [[Neukamperfehn]]
* [[Neulehe]]
* [[Neuschoo]]
* [[Neustadt am Rübenberge]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neu Wulmstorf]]
* [[Niederlangen]]
* [[Niedernwöhren]]
* [[Niemetal]]
* [[Nienburg/Weser]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nienhagen (Landkreis Celle)|Nienhagen]]
* [[Nienstädt]]
| width=&quot;250&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* [[Norden]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nordenham]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Norderney]]'''
* [[Nordholz]]
* [[Northornon]] &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Nordhorn'')&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nordleda]]
* [[Nordsehl]]
* [[Nordstemmen]]
* ''[[Nörten-Hardenberg]]''
* '''[[Northeim]]''' &lt;small&gt;(Kreisstadt)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nortmoor]]
* [[Nortrup]]
* [[Nottensdorf]]
|}

=== O ===
{|
|-----
| width=&quot;250&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* [[Oberlangen]]
* [[Oberndorf (Oste)|Oberndorf]]
* [[Obernfeld]]
* [[Obernholz]]
* '''[[Obernkirchen]]'''
* [[Ochtersum]]
* [[Odisheim]]
* [[Oederquart]]
* [[Oerel]]
* [[Oetzen]]
* [[Ohne]]
| width=&quot;250&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* [[Ohrum]]
* '''[[Oldenburgum]]''' &lt;small&gt;([[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]])&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Oldendorf (Landkreis Stade)|Oldendorf]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Stade)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Oldendorf (Luhe)]]
* [[Osloß]]
* '''[[Osnabruga]]''' &lt;small&gt;([[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]])&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Osteel]]
* [[Osten (Oste)|Osten]]
* [[Osterbruch]]
* [[Ostercappeln]]
* [[Ostereistedt]]
* [[Osterholz-Scharmbeck]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
| width=&quot;250&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* [[Osterode am Harz]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Osterwald]]
* [[Ostrhauderfehn]]
* ''[[Ottenstein (Niedersachsen)|Ottenstein]]''
* [[Otter]]
* '''[[Otterndorf]]'''
* ''[[Ottersberg]]''
* [[Ovelgönne]]
* [[Oyten]]	
|}

=== P ===
{|
|-----
| width=&quot;250&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* [[Padingbüttel]]
* [[Papenburg]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Parsau]]
* '''[[Pattensen]]'''
| width=&quot;250&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* [[Pegestorf]]
* [[Peine]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Pennigsehl]]
* [[Pohle]]
| width=&quot;250&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* ''[[Polle]]''
* [[Pollhagen]]
* [[Prezelle]]
* [[Prinzhöfte]]
|}

=== Q ===
{|
|-----
| width=&quot;250&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* '''[[Quakenbrück]]'''
* [[Quendorf]]
| width=&quot;250&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* [[Querenhorst]]
| width=&quot;250&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* [[Quernheim]]
|}

=== R ===
{|
|-----
| width=&quot;250&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* [[Räbke]]
* [[Radbruch]]
* [[Raddestorf]]
* [[Rastdorf]]
* [[Rastede]]
* [[Rätzlingen (Niedersachsen)|Rätzlingen]]
* [[Rechtsupweg]]
* [[Reeßum]]
* [[Regesbostel]]
* '''[[Rehburg-Loccum]]'''
* [[Rehden]]
* [[Rehlingen]]
* [[Reinstorf]]
* [[Remlingen (Niedersachsen)|Remlingen]]
* [[Renkenberge]]
| width=&quot;250&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* [[Rennau]]
* [[Reppenstedt]]
* '''[[Rethem (Aller)]]'''
* [[Rhade]]
* [[Rhauderfehn]]
* [[Rhede (Ems)]]
* [[Rheden (Niedersachsen)|Rheden]]
* [[Rhumspringe]]
* [[Ribbesbüttel]]
* [[Riede (Landkreis Verden)|Riede]]
* [[Rieste]]
* [[Ringe]]
* [[Ringstedt]]
* [[Rinteln]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ritterhude]]
| width=&quot;250&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* '''[[Rodenberg]]'''
* [[Rodewald]]
* [[Rohrsen]]
* [[Roklum]]
* [[Rollshausen]]
* [[Römstedt]]
* [[Ronnenberg]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rosche]]
* [[Rosdorf]]
* [[Rosengarten (Landkreis Harburg)|Rosengarten]]
* '''[[Rotenburg (Wümme)]]''' &lt;small&gt;(Kreisstadt)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rötgesbüttel]]
* [[Rüdershausen]]
* [[Rühen]]
* [[Rullstorf]]
|}

=== S ===
{|
|-----	
| width=&quot;250&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* '''[[Sachsenhagen]]'''
* [[Salzbergen]]
* '''[[Salzgitter]]''' &lt;small&gt;([[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]])&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Salzhausen]]
* ''[[Salzhemmendorf]]''
* [[Samern]]
* [[Sandbostel]]
* [[Sande (Frisia)|Sande]]
* '''[[Sarstedt]]'''
* [[Sassenburg]]
* [[Saterland]]
* [[Sauensiek]]
* [[Schapen]]
* [[Scharnebeck]]
* [[Scheden]]
* [[Scheeßel]]
* [[Schellerten]]
* [[Schiffdorf]]
* [[Schladen-Werla]]
* '''[[Schnackenburg]]'''
* [[Schnega]]
* '''[[Schneverdingen]]'''
* [[Scholen]]
* [[Schönewörde]]
* '''[[Schöningen]]'''
* '''[[Schöppenstedt]]'''
* [[Schortens]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Schüttorf]]'''
* [[Schwaförden]]
* [[Schwanewede]]
* [[Schwarme]]	
* [[Schwarmstedt]]
* [[Schweindorf]]
| width=&quot;250&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* [[Schweringen]]
* [[Schwerinsdorf]]
* [[Schwienau]]
* [[Schwülper]]
* [[Seeburg (Niedersachsen)|Seeburg]]
* [[Seedorf (bei Zeven)|Seedorf]]
* [[Seelze]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Seesen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Seevetal]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Seggebruch]]
* [[Sehlde]]
* [[Sehlem (Niedersachsen)|Sehlem]]
* [[Sehnde]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Selsingen]]
* [[Semmenstedt]]
* [[Seulingen]]
* [[Sibbesse]]
* [[Sickte]]
* ''[[Siedenburg]]''
* [[Sittensen]]
* [[Soderstorf]]
* [[Sögel]]	
* [[Söhlde]]
* [[Söllingen (Niedersachsen)|Söllingen]]
* '''[[Soltau]]'''
* [[Soltendieck]]
* [[Sottrum]]
* [[Spahnharrenstätte]]
* [[Spelle]]
* [[Spiekeroog]]
* [[Sprakensehl]]
* [[Springe]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stade]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stadlandia]] (Germanice ''Stadland'')
| width=&quot;250&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* '''[[Stadthagen]]''' &lt;small&gt;(Kreisstadt)&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Stadtoldendorf]]'''
* [[Staffhorst]]
* [[Staufenberg]]
* [[Stavern]]
* [[Stedesdorf]]
* [[Steimbke]]
* [[Steinau (Niedersachsen)|Steinau]]
* [[Steinfeld (Oldenburg)]]
* [[Steinhorst (Niedersachsen)|Steinhorst]]
* [[Steinkirchen (Altes Land)|Steinkirchen]]
* [[Stelle]]
* [[Stemmen (Landkreis Rotenburg)|Stemmen]]
* [[Stemshorn]]
* ''[[Steyerberg]]''
* [[Stinstedt]]
* [[Stöckse]]
* [[Stoetze]]
* [[Stolzenau]]
* [[Stuhr]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Südbrookmerland]]
* [[Suderburg]]
* [[Südergellersen]]
* [[Südheide]]
* [[Sudwalde]]
* [[Suhlendorf]]
* '''[[Sulingen]]'''
* [[Süpplingen]]
* [[Süpplingenburg]]
* [[Süstedt]]
* [[Sustrum]]
* [[Surwold]]
* [[Suthfeld]]
* '''[[Syke]]'''
|}

=== T ===
{|
|-----
| width=&quot;250&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* [[Tappenbeck]]
* [[Tarmstedt]]
* [[Tespe]]
* [[Thedinghausen]]
* [[Thomasburg]]
* [[Thuine]]
| width=&quot;250&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* [[Tiddische]]
* [[Tiste]]
* [[Toppenstedt]]
* [[Tostedt]]
* [[Tosterglope]]
| width=&quot;250&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* [[Trebel]]
* [[Tülau]]
* [[Twieflingen]]
* [[Twist (Emsland)|Twist]]
* '''[[Twistringen]]'''
|}

=== U ===
{|
|-----
| width=&quot;250&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* ''[[Uchte]]''
* [[Uehrde]]
* [[Uelsen]]
* [[Uelzen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
| width=&quot;250&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* [[Uetze]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ummern]]
* [[Undeloh]]
| width=&quot;250&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* [[Upgant-Schott]]
* [[Uplengen]]
* '''[[Uslar]]'''
* [[Utarp]]
|}

=== V ===
{|
|-----
| width=&quot;250&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* [[Vahlberg]]
* [[Vahlbruch]]
* [[Vahlde]]
* [[Varel]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Varrel]]
* [[Vastorf]]
* [[Vechelde]]
| width=&quot;250&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* [[Vechta]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Velpke]]
* [[Veltheim (Ohe)]]
* [[Verden (Aller)]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vierden]]
* [[Vierhöfen]]
* [[Visbek]]
| width=&quot;250&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* '''[[Visselhövede]]'''
* [[Vögelsen]]
* [[Vollersode]]
* [[Voltlage]]
* [[Vordorf]]
* [[Vorwerk (Niedersachsen)|Vorwerk]]
* [[Vrees]]
|}

=== W ===
{|
|-----
| width=&quot;250&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* [[Waake]]
* [[Waddeweitz]]
* [[Wagenfeld]]
* [[Wagenhoff]]
* [[Wahrenholz]]
* [[Walchum]]
* [[Walkenried]]
* [[Wallenhorst]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wallmoden]]
* [[Walsrode]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wangelnstedt]]
* [[Wangerland]]
* [[Wangerooge]]
* [[Wanna]]
* [[Warberg]]
* [[Wardenburg]]
* [[Warmsen]]
* [[Warpe]]
* [[Wasbüttel]]
* [[Wathlingen]]
* [[Wedemark]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Weener]]'''
* [[Weenzen]]
* [[Wehrbleck]]
* [[Welle]]
* [[Wendeburg]]
* [[Wendisch Evern]]
* [[Wennigsen]]
* [[Wenzendorf]]
* [[Werdum]]
* [[Werlte]]
| width=&quot;250&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* [[Werpeloh]]
* [[Wesendorf]]
* [[Weste (Niedersachsen)|Weste]]
* [[Westergellersen]]
* [[Westerholt]]
* '''[[Westerstede]]''' &lt;small&gt;(caput circuli)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Westertimke]]
* [[Westerwalsede]]
* [[Westfeld (Niedersachsen)|Westfeld]]
* [[Westoverledingen]]
* [[Wetschen]]
* [[Wettrup]]
* [[Weyhausen]]
* [[Weyhe]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wieda]]
* ''[[Wiedensahl]]''
* [[Wiefelstede]]
* [[Wielen]]
* [[Wienhausen]]
* '''[[Wiesmoor]]'''
* [[Wietmarschen]]
* [[Wietze]]
* [[Wietzen]]
* [[Wietzendorf]]
* '''[[Wildeshausen]]''' &lt;small&gt;(caput circuli)&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Wilhelmshaven]]''' &lt;small&gt;([[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]])&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wilstedt]]
* [[Wilsum]]
* [[Wingst]]
| width=&quot;250&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* [[Winkelsett]]
* [[Winnigstedt]]
* [[Winsen (Aller)]]
* [[Winsenia]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Winzenburg]]
* [[Wippingen]]
* [[Wirdum]]
* [[Wischhafen]]
* [[Wistedt]]
* '''[[Wittingen]]'''
* [[Wittmar]]
* '''[[Witmundi]]''' (Germ. ''Wittmund'')&lt;small&gt;(caput circuli)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wittorf]]
* [[Wohnste]]
* '''[[Wolfsburg]]''' &lt;small&gt;([[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]])&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wollbrandshausen]]
* [[Wollershausen]]
* [[Wölpinghausen]]
* [[Wolsdorf]]
* [[Woltersdorf (Wendland)|Woltersdorf]]
* [[Woltershausen]]
* [[Worpswede]]
* [[Wremen]]
* [[Wrestedt]]
* [[Wriedel]]
* [[Wulfsen]]
* [[Wulften ad Harthicos montes]]
* [[Wunstorf]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Wustrow (Saxonia Inferior)]]'''
|}

=== Z ===
{|
|-----
| width=&quot;250&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* [[Zernien]]
* [[Zetel]]
| width=&quot;250&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* '''[[Zeven]]'''
| width=&quot;250&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* [[Zorge]]
|}

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris|!]]</text>
      <sha1>nr91pb40b14um419okpagoh4xx2z6hf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3972911</id>
      <parentid>3972850</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-19T18:03:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3972911</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27276" sha1="rwzhd1nw18lp77a8da0l6y5f2ecotnn" xml:space="preserve">'''Index communium in [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxonia Inferiore]]''' omnes [[commune|communia]] (Theodisce ''Gemeinden''), consociationes communium (Theodisce ''Gemeindeverbände'') atque loca nulli communium adscripta (Theodisce ''gemeindefreien Gebiete''), quae hodie in [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terra]] [[Germania|Germanica]] [[Saxonia Inferior]]e exstant, complectitur.

Postremae mutationes finium territorialium in Saxonia Inferiore [[1 Novembris|Kalendis Novembribus]] anni [[2021]] effectae sunt. Ex eo tempore [[Saxonia Inferior]] 939 communium et 25 loca nulli communi adscripta (quorum duo habitantur) habet. Quibus e communibus 159 titulo [[urbs|urbis]] (Theodisce ''Stadt'') et 49 titulo [[oppidum|oppidi]] (Theodisce ''Flecken'') utuntur.

Praeterea nonnullae proprietates exstant secundum communium administrationem: Nam 939 communia in 289 communia unitaria et 650 communia membra dividuntur; quae vero in universum 114 consociationes communium constituunt, ut munera communiter administrent. Hae consociationes communium ipsa communia non sunt, sed foedera cooperationis, quae aut ex regione aut ex communitate in qua sedes administrationis sita est nomen accipiunt. Quapropter in Saxonia Inferiore idem nomen tam communi quam consociationi communium tribui potest. Agitur tamen de duobus corporibus iuridicis distinctis, quae proprias repraesentationes atque propria munera habent.

Praeterea, propter magnitudinem suam, nonnullae communium et consociationes communium peculiarem rationem cum [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulo terrae]] (Theodisce ''Landkreis'') habent:

• Decem urbes statum iuridicum [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli urbani]] (Theodisce ''kreisfreien Stadt'') obtinent, nulli circulo terrae subiiciuntur atque omnia sua munera exercent.
• Septem urbes statum iuridicum urbis magnae sui iuris (Theodisce ''Große selbständige Stadt'') obtinent atque multa, sed non omnia, munera circuli terrae cui adscribuntur exercent.
• 61 communium et tria communia generalis (Theodisce ''Samtgemeinden'') statum iuridicum communis sui iuris (Theodisce ''Selbständige Gemeinde'') obtinent atque quaedam munera districtus cui adscribuntur exercent.
• 861 ceterae communium nullam peculiarem rationem cum circulo terrae cui adscribuntur habent.

=== A ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Achim (Landkreis Verden)|Achim]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Adelebsen]]''
* [[Adelheidsdorf]]
* [[Adenbüttel]]
* [[Adendorf]]
* [[Adenstedt]]
* ''[[Aerzen]]''
* [[Affinghausen]]
* [[Agathenburg]]
* [[Ahausen]]
* ''[[Ahlden (Aller)]]''
* [[Ahlerstedt]]
* [[Ahnsbeck]]
* [[Ahnsen]]
* [[Alfeld]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alfhausen]]
* [[Alfstedt]]
* [[Algermissen]]
* [[Almstedt]]
* [[Altenmedingen]]
* [[Amelinghausen]]
* [[Amt Neuhaus]]
* [[Anderlingen]]
* [[Andervenne]]
* [[Ankum]]
* [[Apelern]]
* [[Apen]]	
* [[Apensen]]
* [[Appel]]
* [[Arholzen]]
* [[Armstorf]]
* ''[[Artlenburg]]''
* [[Asendorf (Landkreis Diepholz)|Asendorf]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Diepholz)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Asendorf (Nordheide)|Asendorf]] &lt;small&gt;(Nordheide)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Astanholteremarki-Scirnbeki]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(caput circuli)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Auetal]]
* [[Auhagen]]
* [[Aurich]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Axstedt]]
{{div col end}}

=== B ===
{{div col|3}}
* ''[[Bad Bederkesa]]''
* '''[[Aquae Benthemiae]]''' (Theod. Bad Bentheim)
* [[Badbergen]]
* '''[[Bad Bevensen]]'''
* ''[[Bad Bodenteich]]''
* [[Baddeckenstedt]]
* [[Bad Eilsen]]
* [[Bad Essen]]
* '''[[Bad Fallingbostel]]''' &lt;small&gt;(Kreisstadt)&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Bad Gandersheim]]'''
* [[Bad Grund]]
* '''[[Bad Harzburg]]'''
* '''[[Bad Iburg]]'''
* [[Bad Laer]]
* '''[[Bad Lauterberg im Harz]]'''
* '''[[Munimeri]] ''' (Bad Münder am Deister)
* '''[[Bad Nenndorf]]'''
* [[Bad Pyrmont]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bad Rothenfelde]]
* '''[[Bad Sachsa]]'''
* '''[[Bad Salzdetfurth]]'''
* [[Bad Zwischenahn]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bahrdorf]]
* [[Bahrenborstel]]
* [[Bakum]]
* [[Balge]]
* [[Balje]]
* [[Baltrum]]
* [[Banteln]]
* ''[[Bardowick]]''
* ''[[Barenburg]]''
* [[Barendorf]]
* [[Bargstedt (Niedersachsen)|Bargstedt]]
* [[Barnstedt]]
* ''[[Barnstorf]]''
* [[Barsinghausen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barßel]]
* [[Barum (Luneburgum)|Barum]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Lüneburg)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barum (Circulus Uelzen)|Barum]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Uelzen)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barver]]
* [[Barwedel]]
* [[Basdahl]]
* '''[[Bassum]]'''
* [[Bawinkel]]
* [[Beckdorf]]
* [[Beckedorf]]
* [[Beckeln]]
* [[Beedenbostel]]
* [[Beesten]]
* [[Beierstedt]]
* [[Belm]]
* [[Belum]]
* [[Bendestorf]]
* [[Berge (Niedersachsen)|Berge]]
* '''[[Berga (Circulus Cellensis)|Bergen]]''' &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Celle)&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Bergen an der Dumme]]''
* [[Bergfeld]]
* [[Berne]]
* '''[[Bersenbrück]]'''
* [[Berumbur]]
* [[Betheln]]
* [[Betzendorf]]
* ''[[Bevern (Landkreis Holzminden)|Bevern]]''
* ''[[Beverstedt]]''
* [[Bienenbüttel]]
* [[Bilshausen]]
* [[Binnen]]
* [[Bippen]]
* [[Bispingen]]
* [[Bissendorf]]
* '''[[Bleckede]]'''
* [[Blender (Landkreis Verden)|Blender]]
* [[Bliedersdorf]]
* [[Blomberg (circulus Widmundensis)|Blomberg]]
* '''[[Bockenem]]'''
* [[Bockhorn (Friesland)|Bockhorn]]
* [[Bockhorst]]
* ''[[Bodenfelde]]''
* [[Bodensee (Saxonia Inferior)|Bodensee]]
* '''[[Bodenwerder]]'''
* [[Boffzen]]
* [[Böhme (Niedersachsen)|Böhme]]
* [[Bohmte]]
* [[Boitze]]	
* [[Bokensdorf]]
* [[Bomlitz]]
* [[Börger]]
* '''[[Borkum]]'''
* [[Börßum]]
* [[Borstel (Landkreis Diepholz)|Borstel]]
* [[Bösel]]
* [[Bötersen]]
* [[Bothel]]
* ''[[Bovenden]]''
* [[Brackel]]
* '''[[Brake]]''' &lt;small&gt;(sedes [[Circulus Alluvionis Visurgensis|Circuli Alluvionis Visurgensis]])&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bramsche]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Braunlage]]'''
* '''[[Brunsvicum]]''' &lt;small&gt;([[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]])&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Breddenberg]]
* [[Breddorf]]
* '''[[Bremervörde]]'''
* [[Brest (Niedersachsen)|Brest]]
* [[Brevörde]]
* [[Brietlingen]]
* [[Brinkum (Stuhr)|Brinkum]]
* [[Brockel]]
* [[Bröckel]]
* [[Brockum]]
* ''[[Brome]]''
* ''[[Bruchhausen-Vilsen]]''
* [[Brüggen (Leine)|Brüggen]]
* [[Buchholz (bei Stadthagen)|Buchholz]] ? &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Buchholz (Aller)]] ? &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Buchholz in der Nordheide]]'''
* '''[[Bückeburg]]'''
* ''[[Bücken]]''
* [[Büddenstedt]]
* [[Bühren]]
* [[Bülkau]]
* [[Bülstedt]]
* [[Bunde]]
* [[Burgdorf (Circulus Guelpherbytensis)|Burgdorf]] &lt;small&gt;(Landkreis Wolfenbüttel)&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Burgdorf]]''' &lt;small&gt;(Region Hannover)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Burgwedel]]'''
* [[Burweg]]
* [[Butjadingen]]
* [[Buxtehude]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== C ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Cadenberge]]
* [[Calberlah]]
* [[Cappel (Niedersachsen)|Cappel]]
* [[Cappeln (Oldenburg)]]
* '''[[Cella]]''' &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Clausthal-Zellerfeld]]'''
* ''[[Clenze]]''
* [[Cloppenburg]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Colnrade]]
* ''[[Coppenbrügge]]''
* [[Coppengrave]]
* [[Cramme]]
* [[Cremlingen]]
* '''[[Cuxhaven]]''' &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== D ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Dahlem (Niedersachsen)|Dahlem]]
* ''[[Dahlenburg]]''
* [[Dahlum]]
* '''[[Damme (Dümmer)|Damme]]'''
* [[Damnatz]]
* [[Danndorf]]
* '''[[Dannenberg]] (Albis)'''
* '''[[Dassel]]'''
* [[Dedelstorf]]
* [[Deensen]]
* [[Deinste]]
* [[Deinstedt]]
* ''[[Delligsen]]''
* '''[[Delmenhorstium]]''' &lt;small&gt;([[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]])&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Denkte]]
* [[Derental]]
* [[Dersum]]
* [[Despetal]]
* ''[[Detern]]''
* [[Dettum]]
* [[Deutsch Evern]]
* [[Dickel]]
* [[Didderse]]
* [[Diekholzen]]
* [[Dielmissen]]
* ''[[Diepenau]]''
* '''[[Diepholz]]''' &lt;small&gt;(caput circuli)&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Dinklage]]'''
* '''[[Dissen am Teutoburger Wald]]'''
* [[Dohren (Emsland)|Dohren]] &lt;small&gt;(Emsland)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dohren]] &lt;small&gt;(Nordheide)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dollern]]
* [[Dornum]]
* [[Dörpen]]
* [[Dorstadt]]
* [[Dorum]]
* [[Dörverden]]
* [[Dötlingen]]
* [[Drage (Elbe)|Drage]]
* ''[[Drakenburg]]''
* [[Drangstedt]]
* '''[[Dransfeld]]'''
* [[Drebber]]
* [[Drentwede]]
* [[Drestedt]]
* [[Drochtersen]]
* [[Düdenbüttel]]
* [[Duderstadt]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Duingen]]''
* [[Dünsen]]
* [[Dunum]]
{{div col end}}

=== E ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Ebergötzen]]
* [[Eberholzen]]
* [[Ebersdorfium (Saxonia Inferior)|Ebersdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ebersdorfium&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Ebersdorf' in Latinam &quot;Ebersdorfium&quot; verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''[[Ebstorf]]''
* [[Echem]]
* [[Edemissen]]
* [[Edewecht]]
* [[Egestorf]]
* [[Eggermühlen]]
* [[Ehra-Lessien]]
* [[Ehrenburg (Niedersachsen)|Ehrenburg]]
* [[Eickeloh]]
* [[Eicklingen]]
* ''[[Eime]]''
* [[Eimen]]
* [[Eimke]]
* [[Einbeck]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Elbe (Niedersachsen)|Elbe]]
* [[Elbingerode (bei Herzberg am Harz)|Elbingerode]]
* [[Eldingen]]
* [[Elmlohe]]
* [[Elsdorf (Niedersachsen)|Elsdorf]]
* '''[[Elsfleth]]'''
* '''[[Elze]]'''
* [[Embsen]]
* '''[[Emda]]''' &lt;small&gt;([[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]])&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Emlichheim]]
* [[Emmendorf]]
* [[Emmerthal]]
* [[Emsbüren]]
* [[Emstek]]
* [[Emtinghausen]]
* [[Engden]]
* [[Engelschoff]]
* [[Erkerode]]
* [[Esche]]
* [[Eschede]]
* '''[[Eschershausen]]'''
* '''[[Esens]]'''
* [[Essel]]
* [[Essen (Oldenburgum)]]
* [[Esterwegen]]
* [[Estorf (Landkreis Stade)|Estorf]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Stade)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Estorf (Weser)|Estorf]] &lt;small&gt;(Weser)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Everode]]
* [[Eversmeer]]
* [[Evessen]]
* [[Eydelstedt]]
* [[Eyendorf]]
* [[Eystrup]]
{{div col end}}

=== F ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Farven]]
* [[Faßberg]]
* [[Filsum]]
* [[Fintel]]
* [[Firrel]]
* [[Flögeln]]
* [[Flöthe]]
* [[Frankenfeld]]
* [[Freden]]
* [[Fredenbeck]]
* ''[[Freiburg/Elbe]]''
* [[Freistatt]]
* [[Frellstedt]]
* '''[[Freren]]'''
* [[Fresenburg]]
* [[Friedeburg]]
* [[Friedlandia (Saxonia Inferior)|Friedland]]
* [[Friesoythe]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Fürstenau]]'''
* [[Furstenberga]]
{{div col end}}

=== G ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Ganderkesee]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gandesbergen]]
* [[Garbsen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Garlstorf]]
* [[Garrel]]
* [[Garstedt]]
* ''[[Gartow]]''
* [[Geeste]]
* [[Geestland]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gehrde]]
* '''[[Gehrden]]'''
* [[Georgsdorf]]
* [[Georgsmarienhütte]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gerdau]]
* [[Gersten]]
* [[Getelo]]
* [[Gevensleben]]
* [[Geversdorf]]
* ''[[Gieboldehausen]]''
* [[Giesen]]
* [[Gifhorn]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gilten]]
* [[Glandorf]]
* [[Gleichen]]
* [[Gnarrenburg]]
* [[Gödenstorf]]
* [[Göhrde]]
* [[Goldenstedt]]
* [[Gölenkamp]]
* [[Golmbach]]
* [[Gorleben]]
* '''[[Goslaria]]''' &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Göttingen]]''' &lt;small&gt;([[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]])&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Grafhorst]]
* [[Grasberg]]
* [[Grasleben]]
* [[Grethem]]
* '''[[Gronau]]'''
* [[Groß Berßen]]
* [[Großefehn]]
* [[Großenkneten]]
* [[Großenwörden]]
* [[Großheide]]
* [[Groß Ippener]]
* [[Groß Meckelsen]]
* [[Groß Oesingen]]
* [[Groß Twülpstedt]]
* [[Grünendeich]]
* [[Guderhandviertel]]
* '''[[Guelpherbytum]]''' &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Wolfenbüttel'')&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gusborn]]
* [[Gyhum]]
{{div col end}}

=== H ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Hademstorf]]
* ''[[Hage]]''
* [[Hagen am Teutoburger Wald]]
* [[Hagen im Bremischen]]
* ''[[Hagenburg]]''
* [[Hagermarsch]]
* [[Hahausen]]
* [[Halbemond]]
* [[Halle (comitatus Binethensis)|Halle]] &lt;small&gt;(b.Neuenhaus)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Halle (Holtisminni)|Halle]] &lt;small&gt;(Montes Visurgis)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Halvesbostel]]
* [[Hambergen]]
* [[Hambühren]]
* [[Hämelhausen]]
* '''[[Hameln]]''' &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hamersen]]
* [[Hammah]]
* [[Handeloh]]
* [[Handorf]]
* [[Handrup]]
* [[Hankensbüttel]]
* '''[[Hannover]]''' &lt;small&gt;([[caput (urbs)|caput]] [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terrae foederalis]])&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]])&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hann. Münden]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Mundia Hannoverana]]'''
* [[Hanstedt (Circulus Uelzen)|Hanstedt]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Uelzen)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hanstedt (Nordheide)|Hanstedt]] &lt;small&gt;(Nordheide)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Harbarnsen]]
* '''[[Hardegsen]]'''
* '''[[Haren (Amisia)]]'''
* [[Harmstorf]]
* ''[[Harpstedt]]''
* ''[[Harsefeld]]''
* [[Harsum]]
* [[Hasbergen]]
* '''[[Haselünne]]'''
* [[Haßbergen]]
* [[Hassel (Weser)]]
* [[Hassendorf]]
* [[Haste]]	
* [[Hatten]]
* [[Hattorf ad Harthicos montes]]
* [[Häuslingen]]
* [[Haverlah]]
* [[Hechthausen]]
* [[Hedeper]]
* [[Heede (Emsland)|Heede]]
* [[Heemsen]]
* [[Heere]]	
* [[Heeslingen]]
* [[Heeßen]]
* [[Hehlen]]
* [[Heidenau (Saxonia Inferior)|Heidenau]]
* [[Heinade]]
* [[Heinbockel]]
* [[Heiningen (Niedersachsen)|Heiningen]]
* [[Heinsen]]
* [[Hellwege]]
* [[Helmstedt]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Helpsen]]
* [[Helvesiek]]
* '''[[Hemmingen]]'''
* '''[[Hemmoor]]'''
* [[Hemsbünde]]
* [[Hemslingen]]
* [[Hemsloh]]
* [[Hepstedt]]
* '''[[Herzberg am Harz]]'''
* [[Herzlake]]
* [[Hesel]]
* [[Hespe]]
* '''[[Hessisch Oldendorf]]'''
* [[Heuerßen]]
* [[Heyen]]
* '''[[Hildesheim]]''' &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hilgermissen]]
* [[Hilkenbrook]]
* [[Hillerse]]
* [[Hilter am Teutoburger Wald]]
* [[Himbergen]]
* [[Himmelpforten]]
* [[Hinte]]
* [[Hipstedt]]
* [[Hittbergen]]
* '''[[Hitzacker]]'''
* [[Hodenhagen]]
* [[Höhbeck]]
* [[Hohenhameln]]
* [[Hohne]]
* [[Hohnhorst]]
* [[Hohnstorf (Albis)]]
* [[Holdorf (Niedersachsen)|Holdorf]]
* [[Holenberg]]
* [[Holle]]
* [[Hollenstedt]]
* [[Hollern-Twielenfleth]]
* [[Hollnseth]]
* [[Holste]]
* [[Holtgast]]
* [[Holtland]]
* [[Holzen (bei Eschershausen)|Holzen]]
* [[Holzminden]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hoogstede]]
* [[Hörden ad Harthicos montes]]
* ''[[Horneburg]]''
* [[Horstedt (Niedersachsen)|Horstedt]]
* '''[[Hoya]]'''
* [[Hoyerhagen]]
* [[Hoyershausen]]
* [[Hude (Oldenburg)]]
* [[Hüde]]
* [[Hülsede]]
* [[Husum (bei Nienburg)|Husum]]
* [[Hüven]]
{{div col end}}

=== I ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Ihlienworth]]
* [[Ihlow (Frisia Orientalis)|Ihlow]]
* [[Ilsede]]
* [[Ingeleben]]
* [[Isenbüttel]]
* [[Isernhagen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Isterberg]]
* [[Itterbeck]]
{{div col end}}

=== J ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Jade (Saxonia Inferior)|Jade]]
* [[Jameln]]
* [[Jelmstorf]]
* [[Jembke]]
* [[Jemgum]]
* [[Jerxheim]]
* [[Jesteburg]]
* '''[[Geverae]]''' &lt;small&gt;(Germanice ''Jever'', caput circuli)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Jork]]
* [[Jühnde]]
* [[Juist]]
{{div col end}}

=== K ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Kakenstorf]]
* [[Kalbe (Niedersachsen)|Kalbe]]
* [[Kalefeld]]
* [[Karwitz]]
* [[Katlenburg-Lindau]]
* [[Kettenkamp]]
* [[Kirchbrak]]
* [[Kirchdorf (bei Sulingen)|Kirchdorf]]
* [[Kirchgellersen]]
* [[Kirchlinteln]]
* [[Kirchseelte]]
* [[Kirchtimke]]
* [[Kirchwalsede]]
* [[Kissenbrück]]
* [[Klein Berßen]]
* [[Klein Meckelsen]]
* [[Kluse (Emsland)|Kluse]]
* [[Kneitlingen]]
* [[Köhlen]]
* '''[[Luttera Regalis]]''' (''Königslutter am Elm'')
* [[Königsmoor]]
* [[Kranenburg (Oste)|Kranenburg]]
* [[Krebeck]]
* [[Krummendeich]]
* [[Krummhörn]]
* [[Kührstedt]]
* [[Küsten]]
* [[Kutenholz]]
{{div col end}}

=== L ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Laar]]
* [[Laatzen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lachendorf]]
* [[Lage (Saxonia Inferior)|Lage]]
* [[Lähden]]
* [[Lahn (Hümmling)|Lahn]]
* ''[[Lamspringe]]''
* [[Lamstedt]]
* [[Landesbergen]]
* [[Landolfshausen]]
* [[Landwehr (Gemeinde)|Landwehr]]
* '''[[Langelsheim]]'''
* '''[[Langen (bei Bremerhaven)|Langen]]''' &lt;small&gt;(b.Bremerhaven)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langen (Emsland)|Langen]] &lt;small&gt;(Emsland)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langendorf (Elbe)|Langendorf]]
* [[Langenhagen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langeoog]]
* [[Langlingen]]
* ''[[Langwedel (Weser)|Langwedel]]''
* [[Lastrup]]
* [[Lathen]]
* ''[[Lauenau]]''
* [[Lauenbrück]]
* ''[[Lauenförde]]''
* [[Lauenhagen]]
* '''[[Leri]]''' &lt;small&gt;(Theod. ''Leer'')&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Leese]]
* [[Leezdorf]]
* [[Lehe (Emsland)|Lehe]]
* [[Lehre (Niedersachsen)|Lehre]]
* [[Lehrte]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Leiferde]]
* [[Lembruch]]
* ''[[Lemförde]]''
* [[Lemgow]]
* [[Lemwerder]]
* [[Lengede]]
* [[Lengenbostel]]
* [[Lengerich (Emsland)|Lengerich]]
* [[Lenne (Niedersachsen)|Lenne]]
* ''[[Liebenau (Niedersachsen)|Liebenau]]''
* [[Liebenburg]]
* [[Lilienthal]]
* [[Lindern (Oldenburg)]]
* [[Lindhorst]]
* [[Lindwedel]]
* '''[[Lingen (Ems)]]''' &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Linsburg]]
* [[Lintig]]
* '''[[Lohne (Oldenburg)]]'''
* '''[[Löningen]]'''
* [[Lorup]]
* [[Loxstedt]]
* [[Lübberstedt]]
* [[Lübbow]]
* '''[[Lüchow (terra Wenedorum)]]''' &lt;small&gt;(caput circuli)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Luckau (Saxonia Inferior)|Luckau]]
* [[Lüder (Lüneburger Heide)|Lüder]]
* [[Lüdersburg]]
* [[Lüdersfeld]]
* [[Lüerdissen]]
* [[Luhden]]
* '''[[Luneburgum]]''' &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lünne]]
* [[Lütetsburg]]
* ''[[Lutter am Barenberge]]''
{{div col end}}

=== M ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Maasen]]
* ''[[Marienhafe]]''
* [[Marienhagen]]
* [[Mariental (Niedersachsen)|Mariental]]
* [[Marklohe]]
* [[Marl (Dümmer)|Marl]]
* [[Marschacht]]
* [[Martfeld]]
* [[Marxen]]
* [[Mechtersen]]
* [[Meerbeck]]
* [[Meine]]
* [[Meinersen]]
* [[Melbeck]]
* [[Melle]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mellinghausen]]
* [[Menslage]]
* [[Meppen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Merzen]]
* [[Messenkamp]]
* [[Messingen]]
* [[Midlum (Land Wursten)|Midlum]]
* [[Misselwarden]]
* [[Mittelnkirchen]]
* [[Mittelstenahe]]
* [[Moisburg]]
* [[Molbergen]]
* [[Moormerland]]
* [[Moorweg]]
* '''[[Moringen]]'''
* [[Müden (Alara)]]
* [[Mulsum (Land Wursten)|Mulsum]]
* '''[[Munster (Örtze)|Munster]]'''
{{div col end}}

=== N ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Nahrendorf]]
* [[Natendorf]]
* [[Neetze]]
* [[Negenborn]]
* [[Nenndorf (circulus Widmundensis)|Nenndorf]]
* [[Neubörger]]
* [[Neu Darchau]]
* '''[[Neuenhaus]]'''
* [[Neuenkirchen (Altes Land)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(Altes Land)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen (bei Bassum)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(b.Bassum)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen (Land Hadeln)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(Land Hadeln)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen (Landkreis Osnabrück)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Osnabrück)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen (Lüneburger Heide)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(Lüneb.Heide)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen-Vörden]]
* [[Neuharlingersiel]]
* ''[[Neuhaus (Oste)]]''
* [[Neuhof (Landkreis Hildesheim)|Neuhof]]
* [[Neukamperfehn]]
* [[Neulehe]]
* [[Neuschoo]]
* [[Neustadt am Rübenberge]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neu Wulmstorf]]
* [[Niederlangen]]
* [[Niedernwöhren]]
* [[Niemetal]]
* [[Nienburg/Weser]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nienhagen (Landkreis Celle)|Nienhagen]]
* [[Nienstädt]]
* [[Norden]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nordenham]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Norderney]]'''
* [[Nordholz]]
* [[Northornon]] &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Nordhorn'')&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nordleda]]
* [[Nordsehl]]
* [[Nordstemmen]]
* ''[[Nörten-Hardenberg]]''
* '''[[Northeim]]''' &lt;small&gt;(Kreisstadt)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nortmoor]]
* [[Nortrup]]
* [[Nottensdorf]]
{{div col end}}

=== O ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Oberlangen]]
* [[Oberndorf (Oste)|Oberndorf]]
* [[Obernfeld]]
* [[Obernholz]]
* '''[[Obernkirchen]]'''
* [[Ochtersum]]
* [[Odisheim]]
* [[Oederquart]]
* [[Oerel]]
* [[Oetzen]]
* [[Ohne]]
* [[Ohrum]]
* '''[[Oldenburgum]]''' &lt;small&gt;([[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]])&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Oldendorf (Landkreis Stade)|Oldendorf]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Stade)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Oldendorf (Luhe)]]
* [[Osloß]]
* '''[[Osnabruga]]''' &lt;small&gt;([[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]])&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Osteel]]
* [[Osten (Oste)|Osten]]
* [[Osterbruch]]
* [[Ostercappeln]]
* [[Ostereistedt]]
* [[Osterholz-Scharmbeck]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Osterode am Harz]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Osterwald]]
* [[Ostrhauderfehn]]
* ''[[Ottenstein (Niedersachsen)|Ottenstein]]''
* [[Otter]]
* '''[[Otterndorf]]'''
* ''[[Ottersberg]]''
* [[Ovelgönne]]
* [[Oyten]]	
{{div col end}}

=== P ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Padingbüttel]]
* [[Papenburg]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Parsau]]
* '''[[Pattensen]]'''
* [[Pegestorf]]
* [[Peine]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Pennigsehl]]
* [[Pohle]]
* ''[[Polle]]''
* [[Pollhagen]]
* [[Prezelle]]
* [[Prinzhöfte]]
{{div col end}}

=== Q ===
{{div col|3}}
* '''[[Quakenbrück]]'''
* [[Quendorf]]
* [[Querenhorst]]
* [[Quernheim]]
{{div col end}}

=== R ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Räbke]]
* [[Radbruch]]
* [[Raddestorf]]
* [[Rastdorf]]
* [[Rastede]]
* [[Rätzlingen (Niedersachsen)|Rätzlingen]]
* [[Rechtsupweg]]
* [[Reeßum]]
* [[Regesbostel]]
* '''[[Rehburg-Loccum]]'''
* [[Rehden]]
* [[Rehlingen]]
* [[Reinstorf]]
* [[Remlingen (Niedersachsen)|Remlingen]]
* [[Renkenberge]]
* [[Rennau]]
* [[Reppenstedt]]
* '''[[Rethem (Aller)]]'''
* [[Rhade]]
* [[Rhauderfehn]]
* [[Rhede (Ems)]]
* [[Rheden (Niedersachsen)|Rheden]]
* [[Rhumspringe]]
* [[Ribbesbüttel]]
* [[Riede (Landkreis Verden)|Riede]]
* [[Rieste]]
* [[Ringe]]
* [[Ringstedt]]
* [[Rinteln]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ritterhude]]
* '''[[Rodenberg]]'''
* [[Rodewald]]
* [[Rohrsen]]
* [[Roklum]]
* [[Rollshausen]]
* [[Römstedt]]
* [[Ronnenberg]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rosche]]
* [[Rosdorf]]
* [[Rosengarten (Landkreis Harburg)|Rosengarten]]
* '''[[Rotenburg (Wümme)]]''' &lt;small&gt;(Kreisstadt)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rötgesbüttel]]
* [[Rüdershausen]]
* [[Rühen]]
* [[Rullstorf]]
{{div col end}}

=== S ===
{{div col|3}}
* '''[[Sachsenhagen]]'''
* [[Salzbergen]]
* '''[[Salzgitter]]''' &lt;small&gt;([[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]])&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Salzhausen]]
* ''[[Salzhemmendorf]]''
* [[Samern]]
* [[Sandbostel]]
* [[Sande (Frisia)|Sande]]
* '''[[Sarstedt]]'''
* [[Sassenburg]]
* [[Saterland]]
* [[Sauensiek]]
* [[Schapen]]
* [[Scharnebeck]]
* [[Scheden]]
* [[Scheeßel]]
* [[Schellerten]]
* [[Schiffdorf]]
* [[Schladen-Werla]]
* '''[[Schnackenburg]]'''
* [[Schnega]]
* '''[[Schneverdingen]]'''
* [[Scholen]]
* [[Schönewörde]]
* '''[[Schöningen]]'''
* '''[[Schöppenstedt]]'''
* [[Schortens]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Schüttorf]]'''
* [[Schwaförden]]
* [[Schwanewede]]
* [[Schwarme]]	
* [[Schwarmstedt]]
* [[Schweindorf]]
* [[Schweringen]]
* [[Schwerinsdorf]]
* [[Schwienau]]
* [[Schwülper]]
* [[Seeburg (Niedersachsen)|Seeburg]]
* [[Seedorf (bei Zeven)|Seedorf]]
* [[Seelze]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Seesen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Seevetal]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Seggebruch]]
* [[Sehlde]]
* [[Sehlem (Niedersachsen)|Sehlem]]
* [[Sehnde]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Selsingen]]
* [[Semmenstedt]]
* [[Seulingen]]
* [[Sibbesse]]
* [[Sickte]]
* ''[[Siedenburg]]''
* [[Sittensen]]
* [[Soderstorf]]
* [[Sögel]]	
* [[Söhlde]]
* [[Söllingen (Niedersachsen)|Söllingen]]
* '''[[Soltau]]'''
* [[Soltendieck]]
* [[Sottrum]]
* [[Spahnharrenstätte]]
* [[Spelle]]
* [[Spiekeroog]]
* [[Sprakensehl]]
* [[Springe]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stade]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stadlandia]] (Germanice ''Stadland'')
* '''[[Stadthagen]]''' &lt;small&gt;(Kreisstadt)&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Stadtoldendorf]]'''
* [[Staffhorst]]
* [[Staufenberg]]
* [[Stavern]]
* [[Stedesdorf]]
* [[Steimbke]]
* [[Steinau (Niedersachsen)|Steinau]]
* [[Steinfeld (Oldenburg)]]
* [[Steinhorst (Niedersachsen)|Steinhorst]]
* [[Steinkirchen (Altes Land)|Steinkirchen]]
* [[Stelle]]
* [[Stemmen (Landkreis Rotenburg)|Stemmen]]
* [[Stemshorn]]
* ''[[Steyerberg]]''
* [[Stinstedt]]
* [[Stöckse]]
* [[Stoetze]]
* [[Stolzenau]]
* [[Stuhr]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Südbrookmerland]]
* [[Suderburg]]
* [[Südergellersen]]
* [[Südheide]]
* [[Sudwalde]]
* [[Suhlendorf]]
* '''[[Sulingen]]'''
* [[Süpplingen]]
* [[Süpplingenburg]]
* [[Süstedt]]
* [[Sustrum]]
* [[Surwold]]
* [[Suthfeld]]
* '''[[Syke]]'''
{{div col end}}

=== T ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Tappenbeck]]
* [[Tarmstedt]]
* [[Tespe]]
* [[Thedinghausen]]
* [[Thomasburg]]
* [[Thuine]]
* [[Tiddische]]
* [[Tiste]]
* [[Toppenstedt]]
* [[Tostedt]]
* [[Tosterglope]]
* [[Trebel]]
* [[Tülau]]
* [[Twieflingen]]
* [[Twist (Emsland)|Twist]]
* '''[[Twistringen]]'''
{{div col end}}

=== U ===
{{div col|3}}
* ''[[Uchte]]''
* [[Uehrde]]
* [[Uelsen]]
* [[Uelzen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Uetze]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ummern]]
* [[Undeloh]]
* [[Upgant-Schott]]
* [[Uplengen]]
* '''[[Uslar]]'''
* [[Utarp]]
{{div col end}}

=== V ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Vahlberg]]
* [[Vahlbruch]]
* [[Vahlde]]
* [[Varel]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Varrel]]
* [[Vastorf]]
* [[Vechelde]]
* [[Vechta]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Velpke]]
* [[Veltheim (Ohe)]]
* [[Verden (Aller)]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vierden]]
* [[Vierhöfen]]
* [[Visbek]]
* '''[[Visselhövede]]'''
* [[Vögelsen]]
* [[Vollersode]]
* [[Voltlage]]
* [[Vordorf]]
* [[Vorwerk (Niedersachsen)|Vorwerk]]
* [[Vrees]]
{{div col end}}

=== W ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Waake]]
* [[Waddeweitz]]
* [[Wagenfeld]]
* [[Wagenhoff]]
* [[Wahrenholz]]
* [[Walchum]]
* [[Walkenried]]
* [[Wallenhorst]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wallmoden]]
* [[Walsrode]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wangelnstedt]]
* [[Wangerland]]
* [[Wangerooge]]
* [[Wanna]]
* [[Warberg]]
* [[Wardenburg]]
* [[Warmsen]]
* [[Warpe]]
* [[Wasbüttel]]
* [[Wathlingen]]
* [[Wedemark]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Weener]]'''
* [[Weenzen]]
* [[Wehrbleck]]
* [[Welle]]
* [[Wendeburg]]
* [[Wendisch Evern]]
* [[Wennigsen]]
* [[Wenzendorf]]
* [[Werdum]]
* [[Werlte]]
* [[Werpeloh]]
* [[Wesendorf]]
* [[Weste (Niedersachsen)|Weste]]
* [[Westergellersen]]
* [[Westerholt]]
* '''[[Westerstede]]''' &lt;small&gt;(caput circuli)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Westertimke]]
* [[Westerwalsede]]
* [[Westfeld (Niedersachsen)|Westfeld]]
* [[Westoverledingen]]
* [[Wetschen]]
* [[Wettrup]]
* [[Weyhausen]]
* [[Weyhe]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wieda]]
* ''[[Wiedensahl]]''
* [[Wiefelstede]]
* [[Wielen]]
* [[Wienhausen]]
* '''[[Wiesmoor]]'''
* [[Wietmarschen]]
* [[Wietze]]
* [[Wietzen]]
* [[Wietzendorf]]
* '''[[Wildeshausen]]''' &lt;small&gt;(caput circuli)&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Wilhelmshaven]]''' &lt;small&gt;([[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]])&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wilstedt]]
* [[Wilsum]]
* [[Wingst]]
* [[Winkelsett]]
* [[Winnigstedt]]
* [[Winsen (Aller)]]
* [[Winsenia]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Winzenburg]]
* [[Wippingen]]
* [[Wirdum]]
* [[Wischhafen]]
* [[Wistedt]]
* '''[[Wittingen]]'''
* [[Wittmar]]
* '''[[Witmundi]]''' (Germ. ''Wittmund'')&lt;small&gt;(caput circuli)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wittorf]]
* [[Wohnste]]
* '''[[Wolfsburg]]''' &lt;small&gt;([[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]])&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wollbrandshausen]]
* [[Wollershausen]]
* [[Wölpinghausen]]
* [[Wolsdorf]]
* [[Woltersdorf (Wendland)|Woltersdorf]]
* [[Woltershausen]]
* [[Worpswede]]
* [[Wremen]]
* [[Wrestedt]]
* [[Wriedel]]
* [[Wulfsen]]
* [[Wulften ad Harthicos montes]]
* [[Wunstorf]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Wustrow (Saxonia Inferior)]]'''
{{div col end}}

=== Z ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Zernien]]
* [[Zetel]]
* '''[[Zeven]]'''
* [[Zorge]]
{{div col end}}

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris|!]]</text>
      <sha1>rwzhd1nw18lp77a8da0l6y5f2ecotnn</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3972931</id>
      <parentid>3972911</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-19T19:23:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3972931</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="29113" sha1="o896ttri5uofhy2bskb19kyzpwrz87n" xml:space="preserve">'''Index communium in [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxonia Inferiore]]''' omnes [[commune|communia]] (Theodisce ''Gemeinden''), consociationes communium (Theodisce ''Gemeindeverbände'') atque loca nulli communium adscripta (Theodisce ''gemeindefreien Gebiete''), quae hodie in [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terra]] [[Germania|Germanica]] [[Saxonia Inferior]]e exstant, complectitur.

Postremae mutationes finium territorialium in Saxonia Inferiore [[1 Novembris|Kalendis Novembribus]] anni [[2021]] effectae sunt. Ex eo tempore [[Saxonia Inferior]] 939 communium et 25 loca nulli communi adscripta (quorum duo habitantur) habet. Quibus e communibus 159 titulo [[urbs|urbis]] (Theodisce ''Stadt'') et 49 titulo [[oppidum|oppidi]] (Theodisce ''Flecken'') utuntur.

Praeterea nonnullae proprietates exstant secundum communium administrationem: Nam 939 communia in 289 communia unitaria et 650 communia membra dividuntur; quae vero in universum 114 consociationes communium constituunt, ut munera communiter administrent. Hae consociationes communium ipsa communia non sunt, sed foedera cooperationis, quae aut ex regione aut ex communitate in qua sedes administrationis sita est nomen accipiunt. Quapropter in Saxonia Inferiore idem nomen tam communi quam consociationi communium tribui potest. Agitur tamen de duobus corporibus iuridicis distinctis, quae proprias repraesentationes atque propria munera habent.

Praeterea, propter magnitudinem suam, nonnullae communium et consociationes communium peculiarem rationem cum [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulo terrae]] (Theodisce ''Landkreis'') habent:

• Decem urbes statum iuridicum [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli urbani]] (Theodisce ''kreisfreien Stadt'') obtinent, nulli circulo terrae subiiciuntur atque omnia sua munera exercent.
• Septem urbes statum iuridicum urbis magnae sui iuris (Theodisce ''Große selbständige Stadt'') obtinent atque multa, sed non omnia, munera circuli terrae cui adscribuntur exercent.
• 61 communium et tria communia generalis (Theodisce ''Samtgemeinden'') statum iuridicum communis sui iuris (Theodisce ''Selbständige Gemeinde'') obtinent atque quaedam munera districtus cui adscribuntur exercent.
• 861 ceterae communium nullam peculiarem rationem cum circulo terrae cui adscribuntur habent.

=== A ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Achim (Landkreis Verden)|Achim]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Adelebsen]]''
* [[Adelheidsdorf]]
* [[Adenbüttel]]
* [[Adendorf]]
* [[Adenstedt]]
* ''[[Aerzen]]''
* [[Affinghausen]]
* [[Agathenburg]]
* [[Ahausen]]
* ''[[Ahlden (Aller)]]''
* [[Ahlerstedt]]
* [[Ahnsbeck]]
* [[Ahnsen]]
* [[Alfeld]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alfhausen]]
* [[Alfstedt]]
* [[Algermissen]]
* [[Almstedt]]
* [[Altenmedingen]]
* [[Amelinghausen]]
* [[Amt Neuhaus]]
* [[Anderlingen]]
* [[Andervenne]]
* [[Ankum]]
* [[Apelern]]
* [[Apen]]	
* [[Apensen]]
* [[Appel]]
* [[Arholzen]]
* [[Armstorf]]
* ''[[Artlenburg]]''
* [[Asendorf (Landkreis Diepholz)|Asendorf]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Diepholz)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Asendorf (Nordheide)|Asendorf]] &lt;small&gt;(Nordheide)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Astanholteremarki-Scirnbeki]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(caput circuli)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Auetal]]
* [[Auhagen]]
* [[Aurich]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Axstedt]]
{{div col end}}

=== B ===
{{div col|3}}
* ''[[Bad Bederkesa]]''
* '''[[Aquae Benthemiae]]''' (Theod. Bad Bentheim)
* [[Badbergen]]
* '''[[Bad Bevensen]]'''
* ''[[Bad Bodenteich]]''
* [[Baddeckenstedt]]
* [[Bad Eilsen]]
* [[Bad Essen]]
* '''[[Bad Fallingbostel]]''' &lt;small&gt;(Kreisstadt)&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Bad Gandersheim]]'''
* [[Bad Grund]]
* '''[[Bad Harzburg]]'''
* '''[[Bad Iburg]]'''
* [[Bad Laer]]
* '''[[Bad Lauterberg im Harz]]'''
* '''[[Munimeri]] ''' (Bad Münder am Deister)
* '''[[Bad Nenndorf]]'''
* [[Bad Pyrmont]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bad Rothenfelde]]
* '''[[Bad Sachsa]]'''
* '''[[Bad Salzdetfurth]]'''
* [[Bad Zwischenahn]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bahrdorf]]
* [[Bahrenborstel]]
* [[Bakum]]
* [[Balge]]
* [[Balje]]
* [[Baltrum]]
* [[Banteln]]
* ''[[Bardowick]]''
* ''[[Barenburg]]''
* [[Barendorf]]
* [[Bargstedt (Niedersachsen)|Bargstedt]]
* [[Barnstedt]]
* ''[[Barnstorf]]''
* [[Barsinghausen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barßel]]
* [[Barum (Luneburgum)|Barum]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Lüneburg)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barum (Circulus Uelzen)|Barum]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Uelzen)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barver]]
* [[Barwedel]]
* [[Basdahl]]
* '''[[Bassum]]'''
* [[Bawinkel]]
* [[Beckdorf]]
* [[Beckedorf]]
* [[Beckeln]]
* [[Beedenbostel]]
* [[Beesten]]
* [[Beierstedt]]
* [[Belm]]
* [[Belum]]
* [[Bendestorf]]
* [[Berge (Niedersachsen)|Berge]]
* '''[[Berga (Circulus Cellensis)|Bergen]]''' &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Celle)&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Bergen an der Dumme]]''
* [[Bergfeld]]
* [[Berne]]
* '''[[Bersenbrück]]'''
* [[Berumbur]]
* [[Betheln]]
* [[Betzendorf]]
* ''[[Bevern (Landkreis Holzminden)|Bevern]]''
* ''[[Beverstedt]]''
* [[Bienenbüttel]]
* [[Bilshausen]]
* [[Binnen]]
* [[Bippen]]
* [[Bispingen]]
* [[Bissendorf]]
* '''[[Bleckede]]'''
* [[Blender (Landkreis Verden)|Blender]]
* [[Bliedersdorf]]
* [[Blomberg (circulus Widmundensis)|Blomberg]]
* '''[[Bockenem]]'''
* [[Bockhorn (Friesland)|Bockhorn]]
* [[Bockhorst]]
* ''[[Bodenfelde]]''
* [[Bodensee (Saxonia Inferior)|Bodensee]]
* '''[[Bodenwerder]]'''
* [[Boffzen]]
* [[Böhme (Niedersachsen)|Böhme]]
* [[Bohmte]]
* [[Boitze]]	
* [[Bokensdorf]]
* [[Bomlitz]]
* [[Börger]]
* '''[[Borkum]]'''
* [[Börßum]]
* [[Borstel (Landkreis Diepholz)|Borstel]]
* [[Bösel]]
* [[Bötersen]]
* [[Bothel]]
* ''[[Bovenden]]''
* [[Brackel]]
* '''[[Brake]]''' &lt;small&gt;(sedes [[Circulus Alluvionis Visurgensis|Circuli Alluvionis Visurgensis]])&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bramsche]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Braunlage]]'''
* '''[[Brunsvicum]]''' &lt;small&gt;([[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]])&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Breddenberg]]
* [[Breddorf]]
* '''[[Bremervörde]]'''
* [[Brest (Niedersachsen)|Brest]]
* [[Brevörde]]
* [[Brietlingen]]
* [[Brinkum (Stuhr)|Brinkum]]
* [[Brockel]]
* [[Bröckel]]
* [[Brockum]]
* ''[[Brome]]''
* ''[[Bruchhausen-Vilsen]]''
* [[Brüggen (Leine)|Brüggen]]
* [[Buchholz (bei Stadthagen)|Buchholz]] ? &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Buchholz (Aller)]] ? &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Buchholz in der Nordheide]]'''
* '''[[Bückeburg]]'''
* ''[[Bücken]]''
* [[Büddenstedt]]
* [[Bühren]]
* [[Bülkau]]
* [[Bülstedt]]
* [[Bunde]]
* [[Burgdorf (Circulus Guelpherbytensis)|Burgdorf]] &lt;small&gt;(Landkreis Wolfenbüttel)&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Burgdorf]]''' &lt;small&gt;(Region Hannover)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Burgwedel]]'''
* [[Burweg]]
* [[Butjadingen]]
* [[Buxtehude]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== C ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Cadenberge]]
* [[Calberlah]]
* [[Cappel (Niedersachsen)|Cappel]]
* [[Cappeln (Oldenburg)]]
* '''[[Cella]]''' &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Clausthal-Zellerfeld]]'''
* ''[[Clenze]]''
* [[Cloppenburg]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Colnrade]]
* ''[[Coppenbrügge]]''
* [[Coppengrave]]
* [[Cramme]]
* [[Cremlingen]]
* '''[[Cuxhaven]]''' &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== D ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Dahlem (Niedersachsen)|Dahlem]]
* ''[[Dahlenburg]]''
* [[Dahlum]]
* '''[[Damme (Dümmer)|Damme]]'''
* [[Damnatz]]
* [[Danndorf]]
* '''[[Dannenberg]] (Albis)'''
* '''[[Dassel]]'''
* [[Dedelstorf]]
* [[Deensen]]
* [[Deinste]]
* [[Deinstedt]]
* ''[[Delligsen]]''
* '''[[Delmenhorstium]]''' &lt;small&gt;([[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]])&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Denkte]]
* [[Derental]]
* [[Dersum]]
* [[Despetal]]
* ''[[Detern]]''
* [[Dettum]]
* [[Deutsch Evern]]
* [[Dickel]]
* [[Didderse]]
* [[Diekholzen]]
* [[Dielmissen]]
* ''[[Diepenau]]''
* '''[[Diepholz]]''' &lt;small&gt;(caput circuli)&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Dinklage]]'''
* '''[[Dissen am Teutoburger Wald]]'''
* [[Dohren (Emsland)|Dohren]] &lt;small&gt;(Emsland)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dohren]] &lt;small&gt;(Nordheide)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dollern]]
* [[Dornum]]
* [[Dörpen]]
* [[Dorstadt]]
* [[Dorum]]
* [[Dörverden]]
* [[Dötlingen]]
* [[Drage (Elbe)|Drage]]
* ''[[Drakenburg]]''
* [[Drangstedt]]
* '''[[Dransfeld]]'''
* [[Drebber]]
* [[Drentwede]]
* [[Drestedt]]
* [[Drochtersen]]
* [[Düdenbüttel]]
* [[Duderstadt]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Duingen]]''
* [[Dünsen]]
* [[Dunum]]
{{div col end}}

=== E ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Ebergötzen]]
* [[Eberholzen]]
* [[Ebersdorfium (Saxonia Inferior)|Ebersdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ebersdorfium&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Ebersdorf' in Latinam &quot;Ebersdorfium&quot; verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''[[Ebstorf]]''
* [[Echem]]
* [[Edemissen]]
* [[Edewecht]]
* [[Egestorf]]
* [[Eggermühlen]]
* [[Ehra-Lessien]]
* [[Ehrenburg (Niedersachsen)|Ehrenburg]]
* [[Eickeloh]]
* [[Eicklingen]]
* ''[[Eime]]''
* [[Eimen]]
* [[Eimke]]
* [[Einbeck]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Elbe (Niedersachsen)|Elbe]]
* [[Elbingerode (bei Herzberg am Harz)|Elbingerode]]
* [[Eldingen]]
* [[Elmlohe]]
* [[Elsdorf (Niedersachsen)|Elsdorf]]
* '''[[Elsfleth]]'''
* '''[[Elze]]'''
* [[Embsen]]
* '''[[Emda]]''' &lt;small&gt;([[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]])&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Emlichheim]]
* [[Emmendorf]]
* [[Emmerthal]]
* [[Emsbüren]]
* [[Emstek]]
* [[Emtinghausen]]
* [[Engden]]
* [[Engelschoff]]
* [[Erkerode]]
* [[Esche]]
* [[Eschede]]
* '''[[Eschershausen]]'''
* '''[[Esens]]'''
* [[Essel]]
* [[Essen (Oldenburgum)]]
* [[Esterwegen]]
* [[Estorf (Landkreis Stade)|Estorf]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Stade)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Estorf (Weser)|Estorf]] &lt;small&gt;(Weser)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Everode]]
* [[Eversmeer]]
* [[Evessen]]
* [[Eydelstedt]]
* [[Eyendorf]]
* [[Eystrup]]
{{div col end}}

=== F ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Farven]]
* [[Faßberg]]
* [[Filsum]]
* [[Fintel]]
* [[Firrel]]
* [[Flögeln]]
* [[Flöthe]]
* [[Frankenfeld]]
* [[Freden]]
* [[Fredenbeck]]
* ''[[Freiburg/Elbe]]''
* [[Freistatt]]
* [[Frellstedt]]
* '''[[Freren]]'''
* [[Fresenburg]]
* [[Friedeburg]]
* [[Friedlandia (Saxonia Inferior)|Friedland]]
* [[Friesoythe]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Fürstenau]]'''
* [[Furstenberga]]
{{div col end}}

=== G ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Ganderkesee]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gandesbergen]]
* [[Garbsen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Garlstorf]]
* [[Garrel]]
* [[Garstedt]]
* ''[[Gartow]]''
* [[Geeste]]
* [[Geestland]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gehrde]]
* '''[[Gehrden]]'''
* [[Georgsdorf]]
* [[Georgsmarienhütte]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gerdau]]
* [[Gersten]]
* [[Getelo]]
* [[Gevensleben]]
* [[Geversdorf]]
* ''[[Gieboldehausen]]''
* [[Giesen]]
* [[Gifhorn]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gilten]]
* [[Glandorf]]
* [[Gleichen]]
* [[Gnarrenburg]]
* [[Gödenstorf]]
* [[Göhrde]]
* [[Goldenstedt]]
* [[Gölenkamp]]
* [[Golmbach]]
* [[Gorleben]]
* '''[[Goslaria]]''' &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Göttingen]]''' &lt;small&gt;([[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]])&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Grafhorst]]
* [[Grasberg]]
* [[Grasleben]]
* [[Grethem]]
* '''[[Gronau]]'''
* [[Groß Berßen]]
* [[Großefehn]]
* [[Großenkneten]]
* [[Großenwörden]]
* [[Großheide]]
* [[Groß Ippener]]
* [[Groß Meckelsen]]
* [[Groß Oesingen]]
* [[Groß Twülpstedt]]
* [[Grünendeich]]
* [[Guderhandviertel]]
* [[Guelpherbytum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wolfenbüttel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wulfenbüttel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gusborn]]
* [[Gyhum]]
{{div col end}}

=== H ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Hademstorf]]
* ''[[Hage]]''
* [[Hagen am Teutoburger Wald]]
* [[Hagen im Bremischen]]
* ''[[Hagenburg]]''
* [[Hagermarsch]]
* [[Hahausen]]
* [[Halbemond]]
* [[Halle (comitatus Binethensis)|Halle]] &lt;small&gt;(b.Neuenhaus)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Halle (Holtisminni)|Halle]] &lt;small&gt;(Montes Visurgis)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Halvesbostel]]
* [[Hambergen]]
* [[Hambühren]]
* [[Hämelhausen]]
* '''[[Hameln]]''' &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hamersen]]
* [[Hammah]]
* [[Handeloh]]
* [[Handorf]]
* [[Handrup]]
* [[Hankensbüttel]]
* '''[[Hannover]]''' &lt;small&gt;([[caput (urbs)|caput]] [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terrae foederalis]])&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]])&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hann. Münden]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Mundia Hannoverana]]'''
* [[Hanstedt (Circulus Uelzen)|Hanstedt]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Uelzen)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hanstedt (Nordheide)|Hanstedt]] &lt;small&gt;(Nordheide)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Harbarnsen]]
* '''[[Hardegsen]]'''
* '''[[Haren (Amisia)]]'''
* [[Harmstorf]]
* ''[[Harpstedt]]''
* ''[[Harsefeld]]''
* [[Harsum]]
* [[Hasbergen]]
* '''[[Haselünne]]'''
* [[Haßbergen]]
* [[Hassel (Weser)]]
* [[Hassendorf]]
* [[Haste]]	
* [[Hatten]]
* [[Hattorf ad Harthicos montes]]
* [[Häuslingen]]
* [[Haverlah]]
* [[Hechthausen]]
* [[Hedeper]]
* [[Heede (Emsland)|Heede]]
* [[Heemsen]]
* [[Heere]]	
* [[Heeslingen]]
* [[Heeßen]]
* [[Hehlen]]
* [[Heidenau (Saxonia Inferior)|Heidenau]]
* [[Heinade]]
* [[Heinbockel]]
* [[Heiningen (Niedersachsen)|Heiningen]]
* [[Heinsen]]
* [[Hellwege]]
* [[Helmstedt]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Helpsen]]
* [[Helvesiek]]
* '''[[Hemmingen]]'''
* '''[[Hemmoor]]'''
* [[Hemsbünde]]
* [[Hemslingen]]
* [[Hemsloh]]
* [[Hepstedt]]
* '''[[Herzberg am Harz]]'''
* [[Herzlake]]
* [[Hesel]]
* [[Hespe]]
* '''[[Hessisch Oldendorf]]'''
* [[Heuerßen]]
* [[Heyen]]
* '''[[Hildesheim]]''' &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hilgermissen]]
* [[Hilkenbrook]]
* [[Hillerse]]
* [[Hilter am Teutoburger Wald]]
* [[Himbergen]]
* [[Himmelpforten]]
* [[Hinte]]
* [[Hipstedt]]
* [[Hittbergen]]
* '''[[Hitzacker]]'''
* [[Hodenhagen]]
* [[Höhbeck]]
* [[Hohenhameln]]
* [[Hohne]]
* [[Hohnhorst]]
* [[Hohnstorf (Albis)]]
* [[Holdorf (Niedersachsen)|Holdorf]]
* [[Holenberg]]
* [[Holle]]
* [[Hollenstedt]]
* [[Hollern-Twielenfleth]]
* [[Hollnseth]]
* [[Holste]]
* [[Holtgast]]
* [[Holtland]]
* [[Holzen (bei Eschershausen)|Holzen]]
* [[Holzminden]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hoogstede]]
* [[Hörden ad Harthicos montes]]
* ''[[Horneburg]]''
* [[Horstedt (Niedersachsen)|Horstedt]]
* '''[[Hoya]]'''
* [[Hoyerhagen]]
* [[Hoyershausen]]
* [[Hude (Oldenburg)]]
* [[Hüde]]
* [[Hülsede]]
* [[Husum (bei Nienburg)|Husum]]
* [[Hüven]]
{{div col end}}

=== I ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Ihlienworth]]
* [[Ihlow (Frisia Orientalis)|Ihlow]]
* [[Ilsede]]
* [[Ingeleben]]
* [[Isenbüttel]]
* [[Isernhagen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Isterberg]]
* [[Itterbeck]]
{{div col end}}

=== J ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Jade (Saxonia Inferior)|Jade]]
* [[Jameln]]
* [[Jelmstorf]]
* [[Jembke]]
* [[Jemgum]]
* [[Jerxheim]]
* [[Jesteburg]]
* '''[[Geverae]]''' &lt;small&gt;(Germanice ''Jever'', caput circuli)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Jork]]
* [[Jühnde]]
* [[Juist]]
{{div col end}}

=== K ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Kakenstorf]]
* [[Kalbe (Niedersachsen)|Kalbe]]
* [[Kalefeld]]
* [[Karwitz]]
* [[Katlenburg-Lindau]]
* [[Kettenkamp]]
* [[Kirchbrak]]
* [[Kirchdorf (bei Sulingen)|Kirchdorf]]
* [[Kirchgellersen]]
* [[Kirchlinteln]]
* [[Kirchseelte]]
* [[Kirchtimke]]
* [[Kirchwalsede]]
* [[Kissenbrück]]
* [[Klein Berßen]]
* [[Klein Meckelsen]]
* [[Kluse (Emsland)|Kluse]]
* [[Kneitlingen]]
* [[Köhlen]]
* [[Königsmoor]]
* [[Kranenburg (Oste)|Kranenburg]]
* [[Krebeck]]
* [[Krummendeich]]
* [[Krummhörn]]
* [[Kührstedt]]
* [[Küsten]]
* [[Kutenholz]]
{{div col end}}

=== L ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Laar]]
* [[Laatzen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lachendorf]]
* [[Lage (Saxonia Inferior)|Lage]]
* [[Lähden]]
* [[Lahn (Hümmling)|Lahn]]
* ''[[Lamspringe]]''
* [[Lamstedt]]
* [[Landesbergen]]
* [[Landolfshausen]]
* [[Landwehr (Gemeinde)|Landwehr]]
* '''[[Langelsheim]]'''
* '''[[Langen (bei Bremerhaven)|Langen]]''' &lt;small&gt;(b.Bremerhaven)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langen (Emsland)|Langen]] &lt;small&gt;(Emsland)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langendorf (Elbe)|Langendorf]]
* [[Langenhagen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langeoog]]
* [[Langlingen]]
* ''[[Langwedel (Weser)|Langwedel]]''
* [[Lastrup]]
* [[Lathen]]
* ''[[Lauenau]]''
* [[Lauenbrück]]
* ''[[Lauenförde]]''
* [[Lauenhagen]]
* [[Leese]]
* [[Leezdorf]]
* [[Lehe (Emsland)|Lehe]]
* [[Lehre (Niedersachsen)|Lehre]]
* [[Lehrte]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Leiferde]]
* [[Lembruch]]
* ''[[Lemförde]]''
* [[Lemgow]]
* [[Lemwerder]]
* [[Lengede]]
* [[Lengenbostel]]
* [[Lengerich (Emsland)|Lengerich]]
* [[Lenne (Niedersachsen)|Lenne]]
* [[Leri]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theod. ''Leer'')&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Leer''; [[lingua Saxonica|Orientofrisosaxonice]] ''Läär''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lier'')&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Liebenau (Niedersachsen)|Liebenau]]''
* [[Liebenburg]]
* [[Lilienthal]]
* [[Lindern (Oldenburg)]]
* [[Lindhorst]]
* [[Lindwedel]]
* '''[[Lingen (Ems)]]''' &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Linsburg]]
* [[Lintig]]
* '''[[Lohne (Oldenburg)]]'''
* '''[[Löningen]]'''
* [[Lorup]]
* [[Loxstedt]]
* [[Lübberstedt]]
* [[Lübbow]]
* '''[[Lüchow (terra Wenedorum)]]''' &lt;small&gt;(caput circuli)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Luckau (Saxonia Inferior)|Luckau]]
* [[Lüder (Lüneburger Heide)|Lüder]]
* [[Lüdersburg]]
* [[Lüdersfeld]]
* [[Lüerdissen]]
* [[Luhden]]
* '''[[Luneburgum]]''' &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lünne]]
* [[Lütetsburg]]
* ''[[Lutter am Barenberge]]''
* [[Luttera Regalis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Königslutter am Elm'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== M ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Maasen]]
* ''[[Marienhafe]]''
* [[Marienhagen]]
* [[Mariental (Niedersachsen)|Mariental]]
* [[Marklohe]]
* [[Marl (Dümmer)|Marl]]
* [[Marschacht]]
* [[Martfeld]]
* [[Marxen]]
* [[Mechtersen]]
* [[Meerbeck]]
* [[Meine]]
* [[Meinersen]]
* [[Melbeck]]
* [[Melle]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mellinghausen]]
* [[Menslage]]
* [[Meppen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Merzen]]
* [[Messenkamp]]
* [[Messingen]]
* [[Midlum (Land Wursten)|Midlum]]
* [[Misselwarden]]
* [[Mittelnkirchen]]
* [[Mittelstenahe]]
* [[Moisburg]]
* [[Molbergen]]
* [[Moormerland]]
* [[Moorweg]]
* '''[[Moringen]]'''
* [[Müden (Alara)]]
* [[Mulsum (Land Wursten)|Mulsum]]
* '''[[Munster (Örtze)|Munster]]'''
{{div col end}}

=== N ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Nahrendorf]]
* [[Natendorf]]
* [[Neetze]]
* [[Negenborn]]
* [[Nenndorf (circulus Widmundensis)|Nenndorf]]
* [[Neubörger]]
* [[Neu Darchau]]
* '''[[Neuenhaus]]'''
* [[Neuenkirchen (Altes Land)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(Altes Land)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen (bei Bassum)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(b.Bassum)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen (Land Hadeln)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(Land Hadeln)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen (Landkreis Osnabrück)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Osnabrück)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen (Lüneburger Heide)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(Lüneb.Heide)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen-Vörden]]
* [[Neuharlingersiel]]
* ''[[Neuhaus (Oste)]]''
* [[Neuhof (Landkreis Hildesheim)|Neuhof]]
* [[Neukamperfehn]]
* [[Neulehe]]
* [[Neuschoo]]
* [[Neustadt am Rübenberge]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neu Wulmstorf]]
* [[Niederlangen]]
* [[Niedernwöhren]]
* [[Niemetal]]
* [[Nienburg/Weser]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nienhagen (Landkreis Celle)|Nienhagen]]
* [[Nienstädt]]
* [[Norden]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nordenham]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Norderney]]'''
* [[Nordholz]]
* [[Nordleda]]
* [[Nordsehl]]
* [[Nordstemmen]]
* ''[[Nörten-Hardenberg]]''
* '''[[Northeim]]''' &lt;small&gt;(Kreisstadt)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Northorna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;&gt;Egli, J. J. (1893). ''Nomina Geographica: Sprach- und Sacherklärung von 42000 Geographischen Namen aller Erdräume''. [[Lipsia]]e: Friedrich Brandstetter.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Nordhorn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nothoorn'' seu ''Notthoarn'' seu ''Netthoarn'' seu ''Noordhoorn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nortmoor]]
* [[Nortrup]]
* [[Nottensdorf]]
{{div col end}}

=== O ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Oberlangen]]
* [[Oberndorf (Oste)|Oberndorf]]
* [[Obernfeld]]
* [[Obernholz]]
* '''[[Obernkirchen]]'''
* [[Ochtersum]]
* [[Odisheim]]
* [[Oederquart]]
* [[Oerel]]
* [[Oetzen]]
* [[Ohne]]
* [[Ohrum]]
* '''[[Oldenburgum]]''' &lt;small&gt;([[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]])&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Oldendorf (Landkreis Stade)|Oldendorf]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Stade)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Oldendorf (Luhe)]]
* [[Osloß]]
* '''[[Osnabruga]]''' &lt;small&gt;([[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]])&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Osteel]]
* [[Osten (Oste)|Osten]]
* [[Osterbruch]]
* [[Ostercappeln]]
* [[Ostereistedt]]
* [[Osterholz-Scharmbeck]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Osterode am Harz]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Osterwald]]
* [[Ostrhauderfehn]]
* ''[[Ottenstein (Niedersachsen)|Ottenstein]]''
* [[Otter]]
* '''[[Otterndorf]]'''
* ''[[Ottersberg]]''
* [[Ovelgönne]]
* [[Oyten]]	
{{div col end}}

=== P ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Padingbüttel]]
* [[Papenburg]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Parsau]]
* '''[[Pattensen]]'''
* [[Pegestorf]]
* [[Peine]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Pennigsehl]]
* [[Pohle]]
* ''[[Polle]]''
* [[Pollhagen]]
* [[Prezelle]]
* [[Prinzhöfte]]
{{div col end}}

=== Q ===
{{div col|3}}
* '''[[Quakenbrück]]'''
* [[Quendorf]]
* [[Querenhorst]]
* [[Quernheim]]
{{div col end}}

=== R ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Räbke]]
* [[Radbruch]]
* [[Raddestorf]]
* [[Rastdorf]]
* [[Rastede]]
* [[Rätzlingen (Niedersachsen)|Rätzlingen]]
* [[Rechtsupweg]]
* [[Reeßum]]
* [[Regesbostel]]
* '''[[Rehburg-Loccum]]'''
* [[Rehden]]
* [[Rehlingen]]
* [[Reinstorf]]
* [[Remlingen (Niedersachsen)|Remlingen]]
* [[Renkenberge]]
* [[Rennau]]
* [[Reppenstedt]]
* '''[[Rethem (Aller)]]'''
* [[Rhade]]
* [[Rhauderfehn]]
* [[Rhede (Ems)]]
* [[Rheden (Niedersachsen)|Rheden]]
* [[Rhumspringe]]
* [[Ribbesbüttel]]
* [[Riede (Landkreis Verden)|Riede]]
* [[Rieste]]
* [[Ringe]]
* [[Ringstedt]]
* [[Rinteln]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ritterhude]]
* '''[[Rodenberg]]'''
* [[Rodewald]]
* [[Rohrsen]]
* [[Roklum]]
* [[Rollshausen]]
* [[Römstedt]]
* [[Ronnenberg]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rosche]]
* [[Rosdorf]]
* [[Rosengarten (Landkreis Harburg)|Rosengarten]]
* '''[[Rotenburg (Wümme)]]''' &lt;small&gt;(Kreisstadt)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rötgesbüttel]]
* [[Rüdershausen]]
* [[Rühen]]
* [[Rullstorf]]
{{div col end}}

=== S ===
{{div col|3}}
* '''[[Sachsenhagen]]'''
* [[Salzbergen]]
* '''[[Salzgitter]]''' &lt;small&gt;([[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]])&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Salzhausen]]
* ''[[Salzhemmendorf]]''
* [[Samern]]
* [[Sandbostel]]
* [[Sande (Frisia)|Sande]]
* '''[[Sarstedt]]'''
* [[Sassenburg]]
* [[Sagterlandia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;BOV 2013&quot;&gt;Bischöfliches Offizialat Vechta (2013). ''Findbuch des Offizialatsarchivs Vechta: Altes Archiv (Abteilung A: Saterlandia, Kirchliche Unterlagen, Akte A 8: „Informatio de Sagterlandia“ aus dem Jahre 1710)''. Vechtae, in Germania: Bischöfliches Offizialat.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Saterland''; quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Sagterland''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Seelterlound'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sauensiek]]
* [[Schapen]]
* [[Scharnebeck]]
* [[Scheden]]
* [[Scheeßel]]
* [[Schellerten]]
* [[Schiffdorf]]
* [[Schladen-Werla]]
* '''[[Schnackenburg]]'''
* [[Schnega]]
* '''[[Schneverdingen]]'''
* [[Scholen]]
* [[Schönewörde]]
* '''[[Schöningen]]'''
* '''[[Schöppenstedt]]'''
* [[Schortens]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Schüttorf]]'''
* [[Schwaförden]]
* [[Schwanewede]]
* [[Schwarme]]	
* [[Schwarmstedt]]
* [[Schweindorf]]
* [[Schweringen]]
* [[Schwerinsdorf]]
* [[Schwienau]]
* [[Schwülper]]
* [[Seeburg (Niedersachsen)|Seeburg]]
* [[Seedorf (bei Zeven)|Seedorf]]
* [[Seelze]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Seesen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Seevetal]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Seggebruch]]
* [[Sehlde]]
* [[Sehlem (Niedersachsen)|Sehlem]]
* [[Sehnde]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Selsingen]]
* [[Semmenstedt]]
* [[Seulingen]]
* [[Sibbesse]]
* [[Sickte]]
* ''[[Siedenburg]]''
* [[Sittensen]]
* [[Soderstorf]]
* [[Sögel]]	
* [[Söhlde]]
* [[Söllingen (Niedersachsen)|Söllingen]]
* '''[[Soltau]]'''
* [[Soltendieck]]
* [[Sottrum]]
* [[Spahnharrenstätte]]
* [[Spelle]]
* [[Spiekeroog]]
* [[Sprakensehl]]
* [[Springe]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stade]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stadlandia]]&lt;ref&gt;Ioannes Iustus Wynkelman, [https://books.google.com/books?id=WvgaAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA617&amp;lpg=PA617&amp;dq=statlandia+saxonia&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=Ysl9JI4L06&amp;sig=2y6x3I38sU3-RcrP0HtnSkUxssI&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0CCwQ6AEwA2oVChMIwqiv-NWMxgIVQgmSCh2CZwDj#v=onepage&amp;q=statlandia%20saxonia&amp;f=false ''Notitia historico-politica veteris Saxo-Westphaliae finitimarumque regionum,''] 1667:277.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Stadland'')&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Stadthagen]]''' &lt;small&gt;(Kreisstadt)&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Stadtoldendorf]]'''
* [[Staffhorst]]
* [[Staufenberg]]
* [[Stavern]]
* [[Stedesdorf]]
* [[Steimbke]]
* [[Steinau (Niedersachsen)|Steinau]]
* [[Steinfeld (Oldenburg)]]
* [[Steinhorst (Niedersachsen)|Steinhorst]]
* [[Steinkirchen (Altes Land)|Steinkirchen]]
* [[Stelle]]
* [[Stemmen (Landkreis Rotenburg)|Stemmen]]
* [[Stemshorn]]
* ''[[Steyerberg]]''
* [[Stinstedt]]
* [[Stöckse]]
* [[Stoetze]]
* [[Stolzenau]]
* [[Stuhr]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Südbrookmerland]]
* [[Suderburg]]
* [[Südergellersen]]
* [[Südheide]]
* [[Sudwalde]]
* [[Suhlendorf]]
* '''[[Sulingen]]'''
* [[Süpplingen]]
* [[Süpplingenburg]]
* [[Süstedt]]
* [[Sustrum]]
* [[Surwold]]
* [[Suthfeld]]
* '''[[Syke]]'''
{{div col end}}

=== T ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Tappenbeck]]
* [[Tarmstedt]]
* [[Tespe]]
* [[Thedinghausen]]
* [[Thomasburg]]
* [[Thuine]]
* [[Tiddische]]
* [[Tiste]]
* [[Toppenstedt]]
* [[Tostedt]]
* [[Tosterglope]]
* [[Trebel]]
* [[Tülau]]
* [[Twieflingen]]
* [[Twist (Emsland)|Twist]]
* '''[[Twistringen]]'''
{{div col end}}

=== U ===
{{div col|3}}
* ''[[Uchte]]''
* [[Uehrde]]
* [[Uelsen]]
* [[Uelzen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Uetze]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ummern]]
* [[Undeloh]]
* [[Upgant-Schott]]
* [[Uplengen]]
* '''[[Uslar]]'''
* [[Utarp]]
{{div col end}}

=== V ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Vahlberg]]
* [[Vahlbruch]]
* [[Vahlde]]
* [[Varel]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Varrel]]
* [[Vastorf]]
* [[Vechelde]]
* [[Vechta]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Velpke]]
* [[Veltheim (Ohe)]]
* [[Verden (Aller)]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vierden]]
* [[Vierhöfen]]
* [[Visbek]]
* '''[[Visselhövede]]'''
* [[Vögelsen]]
* [[Vollersode]]
* [[Voltlage]]
* [[Vordorf]]
* [[Vorwerk (Niedersachsen)|Vorwerk]]
* [[Vrees]]
{{div col end}}

=== W ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Waake]]
* [[Waddeweitz]]
* [[Wagenfeld]]
* [[Wagenhoff]]
* [[Wahrenholz]]
* [[Walchum]]
* [[Walkenried]]
* [[Wallenhorst]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wallmoden]]
* [[Walsrode]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wangelnstedt]]
* [[Wangerland]]
* [[Wangerooge]]
* [[Wanna]]
* [[Warberg]]
* [[Wardenburg]]
* [[Warmsen]]
* [[Warpe]]
* [[Wasbüttel]]
* [[Wathlingen]]
* [[Wedemark]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Weener]]'''
* [[Weenzen]]
* [[Wehrbleck]]
* [[Welle]]
* [[Wendeburg]]
* [[Wendisch Evern]]
* [[Wennigsen]]
* [[Wenzendorf]]
* [[Werdum]]
* [[Werlte]]
* [[Werpeloh]]
* [[Wesendorf]]
* [[Weste (Niedersachsen)|Weste]]
* [[Westergellersen]]
* [[Westerholt]]
* '''[[Westerstede]]''' &lt;small&gt;(caput circuli)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Westertimke]]
* [[Westerwalsede]]
* [[Westfeld (Niedersachsen)|Westfeld]]
* [[Westoverledingen]]
* [[Wetschen]]
* [[Wettrup]]
* [[Weyhausen]]
* [[Weyhe]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wieda]]
* ''[[Wiedensahl]]''
* [[Wiefelstede]]
* [[Wielen]]
* [[Wienhausen]]
* '''[[Wiesmoor]]'''
* [[Wietmarschen]]
* [[Wietze]]
* [[Wietzen]]
* [[Wietzendorf]]
* '''[[Wildeshausen]]''' &lt;small&gt;(caput circuli)&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Wilhelmshaven]]''' &lt;small&gt;([[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]])&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wilstedt]]
* [[Wilsum]]
* [[Wingst]]
* [[Winkelsett]]
* [[Winnigstedt]]
* [[Winsen (Aller)]]
* [[Winsenia]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Winzenburg]]
* [[Wippingen]]
* [[Wirdum]]
* [[Wischhafen]]
* [[Wistedt]]
* [[Witmundia]]&lt;ref&gt;E.g., [[Ioannes Luyts|Ioannis Luyts]] ''Introductio ad Geographiam novam et veterem'', Ultraiecti 1692, [https://books.google.fr/books?id=_o0YP3-9VTMC&amp;pg=PA281&amp;dq=Witmundia&amp;hl=ru&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjShLT7vdDrAhVJw4sKHZLLCokQ6AEwAnoECAMQAg#v=onepage&amp;q=Witmundia&amp;f=false p. 281].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wittmund'')&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Wittingen]]'''
* [[Wittmar]]
* [[Wittorf]]
* [[Wohnste]]
* '''[[Wolfsburg]]''' &lt;small&gt;([[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]])&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wollbrandshausen]]
* [[Wollershausen]]
* [[Wölpinghausen]]
* [[Wolsdorf]]
* [[Woltersdorf (Wendland)|Woltersdorf]]
* [[Woltershausen]]
* [[Worpswede]]
* [[Wremen]]
* [[Wrestedt]]
* [[Wriedel]]
* [[Wulfsen]]
* [[Wulften ad Harthicos montes]]
* [[Wunstorf]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Wustrow (Saxonia Inferior)]]'''
{{div col end}}

=== Z ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Zernien]]
* [[Zetel]]
* '''[[Zeven]]'''
* [[Zorge]]
{{div col end}}

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris|!]]</text>
      <sha1>o896ttri5uofhy2bskb19kyzpwrz87n</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3972932</id>
      <parentid>3972931</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-19T19:25:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3972932</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="29105" sha1="c4dc7a6iw0zkymlu3p464sfoqtlckul" xml:space="preserve">'''Index communium in [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxonia Inferiore]]''' omnes [[commune|communia]] (Theodisce ''Gemeinden''), consociationes communium (Theodisce ''Gemeindeverbände'') atque loca nulli communium adscripta (Theodisce ''gemeindefreien Gebiete''), quae hodie in [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terra]] [[Germania|Germanica]] [[Saxonia Inferior]]e exstant, complectitur.

Postremae mutationes finium territorialium in Saxonia Inferiore [[1 Novembris|Kalendis Novembribus]] anni [[2021]] effectae sunt. Ex eo tempore [[Saxonia Inferior]] 939 communium et 25 loca nulli communi adscripta (quorum duo habitantur) habet. Quibus e communibus 159 titulo [[urbs|urbis]] (Theodisce ''Stadt'') et 49 titulo [[oppidum|oppidi]] (Theodisce ''Flecken'') utuntur.

Praeterea nonnullae proprietates exstant secundum communium administrationem: Nam 939 communia in 289 communia unitaria et 650 communia membra dividuntur; quae vero in universum 114 consociationes communium constituunt, ut munera communiter administrent. Hae consociationes communium ipsa communia non sunt, sed foedera cooperationis, quae aut ex regione aut ex communitate in qua sedes administrationis sita est nomen accipiunt. Quapropter in Saxonia Inferiore idem nomen tam communi quam consociationi communium tribui potest. Agitur tamen de duobus corporibus iuridicis distinctis, quae proprias repraesentationes atque propria munera habent.

Praeterea, propter magnitudinem suam, nonnullae communium et consociationes communium peculiarem rationem cum [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulo terrae]] (Theodisce ''Landkreis'') habent:

* Decem urbes statum iuridicum [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli urbani]] (Theodisce ''kreisfreien Stadt'') obtinent, nulli circulo terrae subiiciuntur atque omnia sua munera exercent.
* Septem urbes statum iuridicum urbis magnae sui iuris (Theodisce ''Große selbständige Stadt'') obtinent atque multa, sed non omnia, munera circuli terrae cui adscribuntur exercent.
* 61 communium et tria communia generalis (Theodisce ''Samtgemeinden'') statum iuridicum communis sui iuris (Theodisce ''Selbständige Gemeinde'') obtinent atque quaedam munera districtus cui adscribuntur exercent.
* 861 ceterae communium nullam peculiarem rationem cum circulo terrae cui adscribuntur habent.

=== A ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Achim (Landkreis Verden)|Achim]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Adelebsen]]''
* [[Adelheidsdorf]]
* [[Adenbüttel]]
* [[Adendorf]]
* [[Adenstedt]]
* ''[[Aerzen]]''
* [[Affinghausen]]
* [[Agathenburg]]
* [[Ahausen]]
* ''[[Ahlden (Aller)]]''
* [[Ahlerstedt]]
* [[Ahnsbeck]]
* [[Ahnsen]]
* [[Alfeld]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alfhausen]]
* [[Alfstedt]]
* [[Algermissen]]
* [[Almstedt]]
* [[Altenmedingen]]
* [[Amelinghausen]]
* [[Amt Neuhaus]]
* [[Anderlingen]]
* [[Andervenne]]
* [[Ankum]]
* [[Apelern]]
* [[Apen]]	
* [[Apensen]]
* [[Appel]]
* [[Arholzen]]
* [[Armstorf]]
* ''[[Artlenburg]]''
* [[Asendorf (Landkreis Diepholz)|Asendorf]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Diepholz)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Asendorf (Nordheide)|Asendorf]] &lt;small&gt;(Nordheide)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Astanholteremarki-Scirnbeki]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(caput circuli)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Auetal]]
* [[Auhagen]]
* [[Aurich]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Axstedt]]
{{div col end}}

=== B ===
{{div col|3}}
* ''[[Bad Bederkesa]]''
* '''[[Aquae Benthemiae]]''' (Theod. Bad Bentheim)
* [[Badbergen]]
* '''[[Bad Bevensen]]'''
* ''[[Bad Bodenteich]]''
* [[Baddeckenstedt]]
* [[Bad Eilsen]]
* [[Bad Essen]]
* '''[[Bad Fallingbostel]]''' &lt;small&gt;(Kreisstadt)&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Bad Gandersheim]]'''
* [[Bad Grund]]
* '''[[Bad Harzburg]]'''
* '''[[Bad Iburg]]'''
* [[Bad Laer]]
* '''[[Bad Lauterberg im Harz]]'''
* '''[[Munimeri]] ''' (Bad Münder am Deister)
* '''[[Bad Nenndorf]]'''
* [[Bad Pyrmont]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bad Rothenfelde]]
* '''[[Bad Sachsa]]'''
* '''[[Bad Salzdetfurth]]'''
* [[Bad Zwischenahn]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bahrdorf]]
* [[Bahrenborstel]]
* [[Bakum]]
* [[Balge]]
* [[Balje]]
* [[Baltrum]]
* [[Banteln]]
* ''[[Bardowick]]''
* ''[[Barenburg]]''
* [[Barendorf]]
* [[Bargstedt (Niedersachsen)|Bargstedt]]
* [[Barnstedt]]
* ''[[Barnstorf]]''
* [[Barsinghausen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barßel]]
* [[Barum (Luneburgum)|Barum]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Lüneburg)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barum (Circulus Uelzen)|Barum]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Uelzen)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barver]]
* [[Barwedel]]
* [[Basdahl]]
* '''[[Bassum]]'''
* [[Bawinkel]]
* [[Beckdorf]]
* [[Beckedorf]]
* [[Beckeln]]
* [[Beedenbostel]]
* [[Beesten]]
* [[Beierstedt]]
* [[Belm]]
* [[Belum]]
* [[Bendestorf]]
* [[Berge (Niedersachsen)|Berge]]
* '''[[Berga (Circulus Cellensis)|Bergen]]''' &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Celle)&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Bergen an der Dumme]]''
* [[Bergfeld]]
* [[Berne]]
* '''[[Bersenbrück]]'''
* [[Berumbur]]
* [[Betheln]]
* [[Betzendorf]]
* ''[[Bevern (Landkreis Holzminden)|Bevern]]''
* ''[[Beverstedt]]''
* [[Bienenbüttel]]
* [[Bilshausen]]
* [[Binnen]]
* [[Bippen]]
* [[Bispingen]]
* [[Bissendorf]]
* '''[[Bleckede]]'''
* [[Blender (Landkreis Verden)|Blender]]
* [[Bliedersdorf]]
* [[Blomberg (circulus Widmundensis)|Blomberg]]
* '''[[Bockenem]]'''
* [[Bockhorn (Friesland)|Bockhorn]]
* [[Bockhorst]]
* ''[[Bodenfelde]]''
* [[Bodensee (Saxonia Inferior)|Bodensee]]
* '''[[Bodenwerder]]'''
* [[Boffzen]]
* [[Böhme (Niedersachsen)|Böhme]]
* [[Bohmte]]
* [[Boitze]]	
* [[Bokensdorf]]
* [[Bomlitz]]
* [[Börger]]
* '''[[Borkum]]'''
* [[Börßum]]
* [[Borstel (Landkreis Diepholz)|Borstel]]
* [[Bösel]]
* [[Bötersen]]
* [[Bothel]]
* ''[[Bovenden]]''
* [[Brackel]]
* '''[[Brake]]''' &lt;small&gt;(sedes [[Circulus Alluvionis Visurgensis|Circuli Alluvionis Visurgensis]])&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bramsche]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Braunlage]]'''
* '''[[Brunsvicum]]''' &lt;small&gt;([[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]])&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Breddenberg]]
* [[Breddorf]]
* '''[[Bremervörde]]'''
* [[Brest (Niedersachsen)|Brest]]
* [[Brevörde]]
* [[Brietlingen]]
* [[Brinkum (Stuhr)|Brinkum]]
* [[Brockel]]
* [[Bröckel]]
* [[Brockum]]
* ''[[Brome]]''
* ''[[Bruchhausen-Vilsen]]''
* [[Brüggen (Leine)|Brüggen]]
* [[Buchholz (bei Stadthagen)|Buchholz]] ? &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Buchholz (Aller)]] ? &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Buchholz in der Nordheide]]'''
* '''[[Bückeburg]]'''
* ''[[Bücken]]''
* [[Büddenstedt]]
* [[Bühren]]
* [[Bülkau]]
* [[Bülstedt]]
* [[Bunde]]
* [[Burgdorf (Circulus Guelpherbytensis)|Burgdorf]] &lt;small&gt;(Landkreis Wolfenbüttel)&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Burgdorf]]''' &lt;small&gt;(Region Hannover)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Burgwedel]]'''
* [[Burweg]]
* [[Butjadingen]]
* [[Buxtehude]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== C ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Cadenberge]]
* [[Calberlah]]
* [[Cappel (Niedersachsen)|Cappel]]
* [[Cappeln (Oldenburg)]]
* '''[[Cella]]''' &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Clausthal-Zellerfeld]]'''
* ''[[Clenze]]''
* [[Cloppenburg]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Colnrade]]
* ''[[Coppenbrügge]]''
* [[Coppengrave]]
* [[Cramme]]
* [[Cremlingen]]
* '''[[Cuxhaven]]''' &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== D ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Dahlem (Niedersachsen)|Dahlem]]
* ''[[Dahlenburg]]''
* [[Dahlum]]
* '''[[Damme (Dümmer)|Damme]]'''
* [[Damnatz]]
* [[Danndorf]]
* '''[[Dannenberg]] (Albis)'''
* '''[[Dassel]]'''
* [[Dedelstorf]]
* [[Deensen]]
* [[Deinste]]
* [[Deinstedt]]
* ''[[Delligsen]]''
* '''[[Delmenhorstium]]''' &lt;small&gt;([[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]])&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Denkte]]
* [[Derental]]
* [[Dersum]]
* [[Despetal]]
* ''[[Detern]]''
* [[Dettum]]
* [[Deutsch Evern]]
* [[Dickel]]
* [[Didderse]]
* [[Diekholzen]]
* [[Dielmissen]]
* ''[[Diepenau]]''
* '''[[Diepholz]]''' &lt;small&gt;(caput circuli)&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Dinklage]]'''
* '''[[Dissen am Teutoburger Wald]]'''
* [[Dohren (Emsland)|Dohren]] &lt;small&gt;(Emsland)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dohren]] &lt;small&gt;(Nordheide)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dollern]]
* [[Dornum]]
* [[Dörpen]]
* [[Dorstadt]]
* [[Dorum]]
* [[Dörverden]]
* [[Dötlingen]]
* [[Drage (Elbe)|Drage]]
* ''[[Drakenburg]]''
* [[Drangstedt]]
* '''[[Dransfeld]]'''
* [[Drebber]]
* [[Drentwede]]
* [[Drestedt]]
* [[Drochtersen]]
* [[Düdenbüttel]]
* [[Duderstadt]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Duingen]]''
* [[Dünsen]]
* [[Dunum]]
{{div col end}}

=== E ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Ebergötzen]]
* [[Eberholzen]]
* [[Ebersdorfium (Saxonia Inferior)|Ebersdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ebersdorfium&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Ebersdorf' in Latinam &quot;Ebersdorfium&quot; verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''[[Ebstorf]]''
* [[Echem]]
* [[Edemissen]]
* [[Edewecht]]
* [[Egestorf]]
* [[Eggermühlen]]
* [[Ehra-Lessien]]
* [[Ehrenburg (Niedersachsen)|Ehrenburg]]
* [[Eickeloh]]
* [[Eicklingen]]
* ''[[Eime]]''
* [[Eimen]]
* [[Eimke]]
* [[Einbeck]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Elbe (Niedersachsen)|Elbe]]
* [[Elbingerode (bei Herzberg am Harz)|Elbingerode]]
* [[Eldingen]]
* [[Elmlohe]]
* [[Elsdorf (Niedersachsen)|Elsdorf]]
* '''[[Elsfleth]]'''
* '''[[Elze]]'''
* [[Embsen]]
* '''[[Emda]]''' &lt;small&gt;([[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]])&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Emlichheim]]
* [[Emmendorf]]
* [[Emmerthal]]
* [[Emsbüren]]
* [[Emstek]]
* [[Emtinghausen]]
* [[Engden]]
* [[Engelschoff]]
* [[Erkerode]]
* [[Esche]]
* [[Eschede]]
* '''[[Eschershausen]]'''
* '''[[Esens]]'''
* [[Essel]]
* [[Essen (Oldenburgum)]]
* [[Esterwegen]]
* [[Estorf (Landkreis Stade)|Estorf]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Stade)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Estorf (Weser)|Estorf]] &lt;small&gt;(Weser)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Everode]]
* [[Eversmeer]]
* [[Evessen]]
* [[Eydelstedt]]
* [[Eyendorf]]
* [[Eystrup]]
{{div col end}}

=== F ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Farven]]
* [[Faßberg]]
* [[Filsum]]
* [[Fintel]]
* [[Firrel]]
* [[Flögeln]]
* [[Flöthe]]
* [[Frankenfeld]]
* [[Freden]]
* [[Fredenbeck]]
* ''[[Freiburg/Elbe]]''
* [[Freistatt]]
* [[Frellstedt]]
* '''[[Freren]]'''
* [[Fresenburg]]
* [[Friedeburg]]
* [[Friedlandia (Saxonia Inferior)|Friedland]]
* [[Friesoythe]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Fürstenau]]'''
* [[Furstenberga]]
{{div col end}}

=== G ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Ganderkesee]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gandesbergen]]
* [[Garbsen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Garlstorf]]
* [[Garrel]]
* [[Garstedt]]
* ''[[Gartow]]''
* [[Geeste]]
* [[Geestland]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gehrde]]
* '''[[Gehrden]]'''
* [[Georgsdorf]]
* [[Georgsmarienhütte]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gerdau]]
* [[Gersten]]
* [[Getelo]]
* [[Gevensleben]]
* [[Geversdorf]]
* ''[[Gieboldehausen]]''
* [[Giesen]]
* [[Gifhorn]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gilten]]
* [[Glandorf]]
* [[Gleichen]]
* [[Gnarrenburg]]
* [[Gödenstorf]]
* [[Göhrde]]
* [[Goldenstedt]]
* [[Gölenkamp]]
* [[Golmbach]]
* [[Gorleben]]
* '''[[Goslaria]]''' &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Göttingen]]''' &lt;small&gt;([[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]])&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Grafhorst]]
* [[Grasberg]]
* [[Grasleben]]
* [[Grethem]]
* '''[[Gronau]]'''
* [[Groß Berßen]]
* [[Großefehn]]
* [[Großenkneten]]
* [[Großenwörden]]
* [[Großheide]]
* [[Groß Ippener]]
* [[Groß Meckelsen]]
* [[Groß Oesingen]]
* [[Groß Twülpstedt]]
* [[Grünendeich]]
* [[Guderhandviertel]]
* [[Guelpherbytum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wolfenbüttel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wulfenbüttel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gusborn]]
* [[Gyhum]]
{{div col end}}

=== H ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Hademstorf]]
* ''[[Hage]]''
* [[Hagen am Teutoburger Wald]]
* [[Hagen im Bremischen]]
* ''[[Hagenburg]]''
* [[Hagermarsch]]
* [[Hahausen]]
* [[Halbemond]]
* [[Halle (comitatus Binethensis)|Halle]] &lt;small&gt;(b.Neuenhaus)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Halle (Holtisminni)|Halle]] &lt;small&gt;(Montes Visurgis)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Halvesbostel]]
* [[Hambergen]]
* [[Hambühren]]
* [[Hämelhausen]]
* '''[[Hameln]]''' &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hamersen]]
* [[Hammah]]
* [[Handeloh]]
* [[Handorf]]
* [[Handrup]]
* [[Hankensbüttel]]
* '''[[Hannover]]''' &lt;small&gt;([[caput (urbs)|caput]] [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terrae foederalis]])&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]])&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hann. Münden]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Mundia Hannoverana]]'''
* [[Hanstedt (Circulus Uelzen)|Hanstedt]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Uelzen)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hanstedt (Nordheide)|Hanstedt]] &lt;small&gt;(Nordheide)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Harbarnsen]]
* '''[[Hardegsen]]'''
* '''[[Haren (Amisia)]]'''
* [[Harmstorf]]
* ''[[Harpstedt]]''
* ''[[Harsefeld]]''
* [[Harsum]]
* [[Hasbergen]]
* '''[[Haselünne]]'''
* [[Haßbergen]]
* [[Hassel (Weser)]]
* [[Hassendorf]]
* [[Haste]]	
* [[Hatten]]
* [[Hattorf ad Harthicos montes]]
* [[Häuslingen]]
* [[Haverlah]]
* [[Hechthausen]]
* [[Hedeper]]
* [[Heede (Emsland)|Heede]]
* [[Heemsen]]
* [[Heere]]	
* [[Heeslingen]]
* [[Heeßen]]
* [[Hehlen]]
* [[Heidenau (Saxonia Inferior)|Heidenau]]
* [[Heinade]]
* [[Heinbockel]]
* [[Heiningen (Niedersachsen)|Heiningen]]
* [[Heinsen]]
* [[Hellwege]]
* [[Helmstedt]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Helpsen]]
* [[Helvesiek]]
* '''[[Hemmingen]]'''
* '''[[Hemmoor]]'''
* [[Hemsbünde]]
* [[Hemslingen]]
* [[Hemsloh]]
* [[Hepstedt]]
* '''[[Herzberg am Harz]]'''
* [[Herzlake]]
* [[Hesel]]
* [[Hespe]]
* '''[[Hessisch Oldendorf]]'''
* [[Heuerßen]]
* [[Heyen]]
* '''[[Hildesheim]]''' &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hilgermissen]]
* [[Hilkenbrook]]
* [[Hillerse]]
* [[Hilter am Teutoburger Wald]]
* [[Himbergen]]
* [[Himmelpforten]]
* [[Hinte]]
* [[Hipstedt]]
* [[Hittbergen]]
* '''[[Hitzacker]]'''
* [[Hodenhagen]]
* [[Höhbeck]]
* [[Hohenhameln]]
* [[Hohne]]
* [[Hohnhorst]]
* [[Hohnstorf (Albis)]]
* [[Holdorf (Niedersachsen)|Holdorf]]
* [[Holenberg]]
* [[Holle]]
* [[Hollenstedt]]
* [[Hollern-Twielenfleth]]
* [[Hollnseth]]
* [[Holste]]
* [[Holtgast]]
* [[Holtland]]
* [[Holzen (bei Eschershausen)|Holzen]]
* [[Holzminden]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hoogstede]]
* [[Hörden ad Harthicos montes]]
* ''[[Horneburg]]''
* [[Horstedt (Niedersachsen)|Horstedt]]
* '''[[Hoya]]'''
* [[Hoyerhagen]]
* [[Hoyershausen]]
* [[Hude (Oldenburg)]]
* [[Hüde]]
* [[Hülsede]]
* [[Husum (bei Nienburg)|Husum]]
* [[Hüven]]
{{div col end}}

=== I ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Ihlienworth]]
* [[Ihlow (Frisia Orientalis)|Ihlow]]
* [[Ilsede]]
* [[Ingeleben]]
* [[Isenbüttel]]
* [[Isernhagen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Isterberg]]
* [[Itterbeck]]
{{div col end}}

=== J ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Jade (Saxonia Inferior)|Jade]]
* [[Jameln]]
* [[Jelmstorf]]
* [[Jembke]]
* [[Jemgum]]
* [[Jerxheim]]
* [[Jesteburg]]
* '''[[Geverae]]''' &lt;small&gt;(Germanice ''Jever'', caput circuli)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Jork]]
* [[Jühnde]]
* [[Juist]]
{{div col end}}

=== K ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Kakenstorf]]
* [[Kalbe (Niedersachsen)|Kalbe]]
* [[Kalefeld]]
* [[Karwitz]]
* [[Katlenburg-Lindau]]
* [[Kettenkamp]]
* [[Kirchbrak]]
* [[Kirchdorf (bei Sulingen)|Kirchdorf]]
* [[Kirchgellersen]]
* [[Kirchlinteln]]
* [[Kirchseelte]]
* [[Kirchtimke]]
* [[Kirchwalsede]]
* [[Kissenbrück]]
* [[Klein Berßen]]
* [[Klein Meckelsen]]
* [[Kluse (Emsland)|Kluse]]
* [[Kneitlingen]]
* [[Köhlen]]
* [[Königsmoor]]
* [[Kranenburg (Oste)|Kranenburg]]
* [[Krebeck]]
* [[Krummendeich]]
* [[Krummhörn]]
* [[Kührstedt]]
* [[Küsten]]
* [[Kutenholz]]
{{div col end}}

=== L ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Laar]]
* [[Laatzen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lachendorf]]
* [[Lage (Saxonia Inferior)|Lage]]
* [[Lähden]]
* [[Lahn (Hümmling)|Lahn]]
* ''[[Lamspringe]]''
* [[Lamstedt]]
* [[Landesbergen]]
* [[Landolfshausen]]
* [[Landwehr (Gemeinde)|Landwehr]]
* '''[[Langelsheim]]'''
* '''[[Langen (bei Bremerhaven)|Langen]]''' &lt;small&gt;(b.Bremerhaven)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langen (Emsland)|Langen]] &lt;small&gt;(Emsland)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langendorf (Elbe)|Langendorf]]
* [[Langenhagen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langeoog]]
* [[Langlingen]]
* ''[[Langwedel (Weser)|Langwedel]]''
* [[Lastrup]]
* [[Lathen]]
* ''[[Lauenau]]''
* [[Lauenbrück]]
* ''[[Lauenförde]]''
* [[Lauenhagen]]
* [[Leese]]
* [[Leezdorf]]
* [[Lehe (Emsland)|Lehe]]
* [[Lehre (Niedersachsen)|Lehre]]
* [[Lehrte]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Leiferde]]
* [[Lembruch]]
* ''[[Lemförde]]''
* [[Lemgow]]
* [[Lemwerder]]
* [[Lengede]]
* [[Lengenbostel]]
* [[Lengerich (Emsland)|Lengerich]]
* [[Lenne (Niedersachsen)|Lenne]]
* [[Leri]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theod. ''Leer'')&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Leer''; [[lingua Saxonica|Orientofrisosaxonice]] ''Läär''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lier'')&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Liebenau (Niedersachsen)|Liebenau]]''
* [[Liebenburg]]
* [[Lilienthal]]
* [[Lindern (Oldenburg)]]
* [[Lindhorst]]
* [[Lindwedel]]
* '''[[Lingen (Ems)]]''' &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Linsburg]]
* [[Lintig]]
* '''[[Lohne (Oldenburg)]]'''
* '''[[Löningen]]'''
* [[Lorup]]
* [[Loxstedt]]
* [[Lübberstedt]]
* [[Lübbow]]
* '''[[Lüchow (terra Wenedorum)]]''' &lt;small&gt;(caput circuli)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Luckau (Saxonia Inferior)|Luckau]]
* [[Lüder (Lüneburger Heide)|Lüder]]
* [[Lüdersburg]]
* [[Lüdersfeld]]
* [[Lüerdissen]]
* [[Luhden]]
* '''[[Luneburgum]]''' &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lünne]]
* [[Lütetsburg]]
* ''[[Lutter am Barenberge]]''
* [[Luttera Regalis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Königslutter am Elm'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== M ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Maasen]]
* ''[[Marienhafe]]''
* [[Marienhagen]]
* [[Mariental (Niedersachsen)|Mariental]]
* [[Marklohe]]
* [[Marl (Dümmer)|Marl]]
* [[Marschacht]]
* [[Martfeld]]
* [[Marxen]]
* [[Mechtersen]]
* [[Meerbeck]]
* [[Meine]]
* [[Meinersen]]
* [[Melbeck]]
* [[Melle]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mellinghausen]]
* [[Menslage]]
* [[Meppen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Merzen]]
* [[Messenkamp]]
* [[Messingen]]
* [[Midlum (Land Wursten)|Midlum]]
* [[Misselwarden]]
* [[Mittelnkirchen]]
* [[Mittelstenahe]]
* [[Moisburg]]
* [[Molbergen]]
* [[Moormerland]]
* [[Moorweg]]
* '''[[Moringen]]'''
* [[Müden (Alara)]]
* [[Mulsum (Land Wursten)|Mulsum]]
* '''[[Munster (Örtze)|Munster]]'''
{{div col end}}

=== N ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Nahrendorf]]
* [[Natendorf]]
* [[Neetze]]
* [[Negenborn]]
* [[Nenndorf (circulus Widmundensis)|Nenndorf]]
* [[Neubörger]]
* [[Neu Darchau]]
* '''[[Neuenhaus]]'''
* [[Neuenkirchen (Altes Land)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(Altes Land)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen (bei Bassum)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(b.Bassum)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen (Land Hadeln)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(Land Hadeln)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen (Landkreis Osnabrück)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Osnabrück)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen (Lüneburger Heide)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(Lüneb.Heide)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen-Vörden]]
* [[Neuharlingersiel]]
* ''[[Neuhaus (Oste)]]''
* [[Neuhof (Landkreis Hildesheim)|Neuhof]]
* [[Neukamperfehn]]
* [[Neulehe]]
* [[Neuschoo]]
* [[Neustadt am Rübenberge]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neu Wulmstorf]]
* [[Niederlangen]]
* [[Niedernwöhren]]
* [[Niemetal]]
* [[Nienburg/Weser]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nienhagen (Landkreis Celle)|Nienhagen]]
* [[Nienstädt]]
* [[Norden]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nordenham]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Norderney]]'''
* [[Nordholz]]
* [[Nordleda]]
* [[Nordsehl]]
* [[Nordstemmen]]
* ''[[Nörten-Hardenberg]]''
* '''[[Northeim]]''' &lt;small&gt;(Kreisstadt)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Northorna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;&gt;Egli, J. J. (1893). ''Nomina Geographica: Sprach- und Sacherklärung von 42000 Geographischen Namen aller Erdräume''. [[Lipsia]]e: Friedrich Brandstetter.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Nordhorn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nothoorn'' seu ''Notthoarn'' seu ''Netthoarn'' seu ''Noordhoorn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nortmoor]]
* [[Nortrup]]
* [[Nottensdorf]]
{{div col end}}

=== O ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Oberlangen]]
* [[Oberndorf (Oste)|Oberndorf]]
* [[Obernfeld]]
* [[Obernholz]]
* '''[[Obernkirchen]]'''
* [[Ochtersum]]
* [[Odisheim]]
* [[Oederquart]]
* [[Oerel]]
* [[Oetzen]]
* [[Ohne]]
* [[Ohrum]]
* '''[[Oldenburgum]]''' &lt;small&gt;([[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]])&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Oldendorf (Landkreis Stade)|Oldendorf]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Stade)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Oldendorf (Luhe)]]
* [[Osloß]]
* '''[[Osnabruga]]''' &lt;small&gt;([[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]])&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Osteel]]
* [[Osten (Oste)|Osten]]
* [[Osterbruch]]
* [[Ostercappeln]]
* [[Ostereistedt]]
* [[Osterholz-Scharmbeck]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Osterode am Harz]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Osterwald]]
* [[Ostrhauderfehn]]
* ''[[Ottenstein (Niedersachsen)|Ottenstein]]''
* [[Otter]]
* '''[[Otterndorf]]'''
* ''[[Ottersberg]]''
* [[Ovelgönne]]
* [[Oyten]]	
{{div col end}}

=== P ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Padingbüttel]]
* [[Papenburg]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Parsau]]
* '''[[Pattensen]]'''
* [[Pegestorf]]
* [[Peine]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Pennigsehl]]
* [[Pohle]]
* ''[[Polle]]''
* [[Pollhagen]]
* [[Prezelle]]
* [[Prinzhöfte]]
{{div col end}}

=== Q ===
{{div col|3}}
* '''[[Quakenbrück]]'''
* [[Quendorf]]
* [[Querenhorst]]
* [[Quernheim]]
{{div col end}}

=== R ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Räbke]]
* [[Radbruch]]
* [[Raddestorf]]
* [[Rastdorf]]
* [[Rastede]]
* [[Rätzlingen (Niedersachsen)|Rätzlingen]]
* [[Rechtsupweg]]
* [[Reeßum]]
* [[Regesbostel]]
* '''[[Rehburg-Loccum]]'''
* [[Rehden]]
* [[Rehlingen]]
* [[Reinstorf]]
* [[Remlingen (Niedersachsen)|Remlingen]]
* [[Renkenberge]]
* [[Rennau]]
* [[Reppenstedt]]
* '''[[Rethem (Aller)]]'''
* [[Rhade]]
* [[Rhauderfehn]]
* [[Rhede (Ems)]]
* [[Rheden (Niedersachsen)|Rheden]]
* [[Rhumspringe]]
* [[Ribbesbüttel]]
* [[Riede (Landkreis Verden)|Riede]]
* [[Rieste]]
* [[Ringe]]
* [[Ringstedt]]
* [[Rinteln]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ritterhude]]
* '''[[Rodenberg]]'''
* [[Rodewald]]
* [[Rohrsen]]
* [[Roklum]]
* [[Rollshausen]]
* [[Römstedt]]
* [[Ronnenberg]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rosche]]
* [[Rosdorf]]
* [[Rosengarten (Landkreis Harburg)|Rosengarten]]
* '''[[Rotenburg (Wümme)]]''' &lt;small&gt;(Kreisstadt)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rötgesbüttel]]
* [[Rüdershausen]]
* [[Rühen]]
* [[Rullstorf]]
{{div col end}}

=== S ===
{{div col|3}}
* '''[[Sachsenhagen]]'''
* [[Salzbergen]]
* '''[[Salzgitter]]''' &lt;small&gt;([[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]])&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Salzhausen]]
* ''[[Salzhemmendorf]]''
* [[Samern]]
* [[Sandbostel]]
* [[Sande (Frisia)|Sande]]
* '''[[Sarstedt]]'''
* [[Sassenburg]]
* [[Sagterlandia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;BOV 2013&quot;&gt;Bischöfliches Offizialat Vechta (2013). ''Findbuch des Offizialatsarchivs Vechta: Altes Archiv (Abteilung A: Saterlandia, Kirchliche Unterlagen, Akte A 8: „Informatio de Sagterlandia“ aus dem Jahre 1710)''. Vechtae, in Germania: Bischöfliches Offizialat.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Saterland''; quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Sagterland''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Seelterlound'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sauensiek]]
* [[Schapen]]
* [[Scharnebeck]]
* [[Scheden]]
* [[Scheeßel]]
* [[Schellerten]]
* [[Schiffdorf]]
* [[Schladen-Werla]]
* '''[[Schnackenburg]]'''
* [[Schnega]]
* '''[[Schneverdingen]]'''
* [[Scholen]]
* [[Schönewörde]]
* '''[[Schöningen]]'''
* '''[[Schöppenstedt]]'''
* [[Schortens]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Schüttorf]]'''
* [[Schwaförden]]
* [[Schwanewede]]
* [[Schwarme]]	
* [[Schwarmstedt]]
* [[Schweindorf]]
* [[Schweringen]]
* [[Schwerinsdorf]]
* [[Schwienau]]
* [[Schwülper]]
* [[Seeburg (Niedersachsen)|Seeburg]]
* [[Seedorf (bei Zeven)|Seedorf]]
* [[Seelze]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Seesen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Seevetal]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Seggebruch]]
* [[Sehlde]]
* [[Sehlem (Niedersachsen)|Sehlem]]
* [[Sehnde]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Selsingen]]
* [[Semmenstedt]]
* [[Seulingen]]
* [[Sibbesse]]
* [[Sickte]]
* ''[[Siedenburg]]''
* [[Sittensen]]
* [[Soderstorf]]
* [[Sögel]]	
* [[Söhlde]]
* [[Söllingen (Niedersachsen)|Söllingen]]
* '''[[Soltau]]'''
* [[Soltendieck]]
* [[Sottrum]]
* [[Spahnharrenstätte]]
* [[Spelle]]
* [[Spiekeroog]]
* [[Sprakensehl]]
* [[Springe]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stade]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stadlandia]]&lt;ref&gt;Ioannes Iustus Wynkelman, [https://books.google.com/books?id=WvgaAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA617&amp;lpg=PA617&amp;dq=statlandia+saxonia&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=Ysl9JI4L06&amp;sig=2y6x3I38sU3-RcrP0HtnSkUxssI&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0CCwQ6AEwA2oVChMIwqiv-NWMxgIVQgmSCh2CZwDj#v=onepage&amp;q=statlandia%20saxonia&amp;f=false ''Notitia historico-politica veteris Saxo-Westphaliae finitimarumque regionum,''] 1667:277.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Stadland'')&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Stadthagen]]''' &lt;small&gt;(Kreisstadt)&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Stadtoldendorf]]'''
* [[Staffhorst]]
* [[Staufenberg]]
* [[Stavern]]
* [[Stedesdorf]]
* [[Steimbke]]
* [[Steinau (Niedersachsen)|Steinau]]
* [[Steinfeld (Oldenburg)]]
* [[Steinhorst (Niedersachsen)|Steinhorst]]
* [[Steinkirchen (Altes Land)|Steinkirchen]]
* [[Stelle]]
* [[Stemmen (Landkreis Rotenburg)|Stemmen]]
* [[Stemshorn]]
* ''[[Steyerberg]]''
* [[Stinstedt]]
* [[Stöckse]]
* [[Stoetze]]
* [[Stolzenau]]
* [[Stuhr]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Südbrookmerland]]
* [[Suderburg]]
* [[Südergellersen]]
* [[Südheide]]
* [[Sudwalde]]
* [[Suhlendorf]]
* '''[[Sulingen]]'''
* [[Süpplingen]]
* [[Süpplingenburg]]
* [[Süstedt]]
* [[Sustrum]]
* [[Surwold]]
* [[Suthfeld]]
* '''[[Syke]]'''
{{div col end}}

=== T ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Tappenbeck]]
* [[Tarmstedt]]
* [[Tespe]]
* [[Thedinghausen]]
* [[Thomasburg]]
* [[Thuine]]
* [[Tiddische]]
* [[Tiste]]
* [[Toppenstedt]]
* [[Tostedt]]
* [[Tosterglope]]
* [[Trebel]]
* [[Tülau]]
* [[Twieflingen]]
* [[Twist (Emsland)|Twist]]
* '''[[Twistringen]]'''
{{div col end}}

=== U ===
{{div col|3}}
* ''[[Uchte]]''
* [[Uehrde]]
* [[Uelsen]]
* [[Uelzen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Uetze]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ummern]]
* [[Undeloh]]
* [[Upgant-Schott]]
* [[Uplengen]]
* '''[[Uslar]]'''
* [[Utarp]]
{{div col end}}

=== V ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Vahlberg]]
* [[Vahlbruch]]
* [[Vahlde]]
* [[Varel]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Varrel]]
* [[Vastorf]]
* [[Vechelde]]
* [[Vechta]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Velpke]]
* [[Veltheim (Ohe)]]
* [[Verden (Aller)]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vierden]]
* [[Vierhöfen]]
* [[Visbek]]
* '''[[Visselhövede]]'''
* [[Vögelsen]]
* [[Vollersode]]
* [[Voltlage]]
* [[Vordorf]]
* [[Vorwerk (Niedersachsen)|Vorwerk]]
* [[Vrees]]
{{div col end}}

=== W ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Waake]]
* [[Waddeweitz]]
* [[Wagenfeld]]
* [[Wagenhoff]]
* [[Wahrenholz]]
* [[Walchum]]
* [[Walkenried]]
* [[Wallenhorst]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wallmoden]]
* [[Walsrode]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wangelnstedt]]
* [[Wangerland]]
* [[Wangerooge]]
* [[Wanna]]
* [[Warberg]]
* [[Wardenburg]]
* [[Warmsen]]
* [[Warpe]]
* [[Wasbüttel]]
* [[Wathlingen]]
* [[Wedemark]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Weener]]'''
* [[Weenzen]]
* [[Wehrbleck]]
* [[Welle]]
* [[Wendeburg]]
* [[Wendisch Evern]]
* [[Wennigsen]]
* [[Wenzendorf]]
* [[Werdum]]
* [[Werlte]]
* [[Werpeloh]]
* [[Wesendorf]]
* [[Weste (Niedersachsen)|Weste]]
* [[Westergellersen]]
* [[Westerholt]]
* '''[[Westerstede]]''' &lt;small&gt;(caput circuli)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Westertimke]]
* [[Westerwalsede]]
* [[Westfeld (Niedersachsen)|Westfeld]]
* [[Westoverledingen]]
* [[Wetschen]]
* [[Wettrup]]
* [[Weyhausen]]
* [[Weyhe]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wieda]]
* ''[[Wiedensahl]]''
* [[Wiefelstede]]
* [[Wielen]]
* [[Wienhausen]]
* '''[[Wiesmoor]]'''
* [[Wietmarschen]]
* [[Wietze]]
* [[Wietzen]]
* [[Wietzendorf]]
* '''[[Wildeshausen]]''' &lt;small&gt;(caput circuli)&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Wilhelmshaven]]''' &lt;small&gt;([[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]])&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wilstedt]]
* [[Wilsum]]
* [[Wingst]]
* [[Winkelsett]]
* [[Winnigstedt]]
* [[Winsen (Aller)]]
* [[Winsenia]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Winzenburg]]
* [[Wippingen]]
* [[Wirdum]]
* [[Wischhafen]]
* [[Wistedt]]
* [[Witmundia]]&lt;ref&gt;E.g., [[Ioannes Luyts|Ioannis Luyts]] ''Introductio ad Geographiam novam et veterem'', Ultraiecti 1692, [https://books.google.fr/books?id=_o0YP3-9VTMC&amp;pg=PA281&amp;dq=Witmundia&amp;hl=ru&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjShLT7vdDrAhVJw4sKHZLLCokQ6AEwAnoECAMQAg#v=onepage&amp;q=Witmundia&amp;f=false p. 281].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wittmund'')&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Wittingen]]'''
* [[Wittmar]]
* [[Wittorf]]
* [[Wohnste]]
* '''[[Wolfsburg]]''' &lt;small&gt;([[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]])&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wollbrandshausen]]
* [[Wollershausen]]
* [[Wölpinghausen]]
* [[Wolsdorf]]
* [[Woltersdorf (Wendland)|Woltersdorf]]
* [[Woltershausen]]
* [[Worpswede]]
* [[Wremen]]
* [[Wrestedt]]
* [[Wriedel]]
* [[Wulfsen]]
* [[Wulften ad Harthicos montes]]
* [[Wunstorf]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Wustrow (Saxonia Inferior)]]'''
{{div col end}}

=== Z ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Zernien]]
* [[Zetel]]
* '''[[Zeven]]'''
* [[Zorge]]
{{div col end}}

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris|!]]</text>
      <sha1>c4dc7a6iw0zkymlu3p464sfoqtlckul</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3972934</id>
      <parentid>3972932</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-19T19:27:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3972934</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="29206" sha1="cvg4h6y7397w935k96aq8ka9ql8wfr1" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Municipalities in Lower Saxony.svg|thumb|500px|Urbes et communia Saxoniae Inferioris.]]
'''Index communium in [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxonia Inferiore]]''' omnes [[commune|communia]] (Theodisce ''Gemeinden''), consociationes communium (Theodisce ''Gemeindeverbände'') atque loca nulli communium adscripta (Theodisce ''gemeindefreien Gebiete''), quae hodie in [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terra]] [[Germania|Germanica]] [[Saxonia Inferior]]e exstant, complectitur.

Postremae mutationes finium territorialium in Saxonia Inferiore [[1 Novembris|Kalendis Novembribus]] anni [[2021]] effectae sunt. Ex eo tempore [[Saxonia Inferior]] 939 communium et 25 loca nulli communi adscripta (quorum duo habitantur) habet. Quibus e communibus 159 titulo [[urbs|urbis]] (Theodisce ''Stadt'') et 49 titulo [[oppidum|oppidi]] (Theodisce ''Flecken'') utuntur.

Praeterea nonnullae proprietates exstant secundum communium administrationem: Nam 939 communia in 289 communia unitaria et 650 communia membra dividuntur; quae vero in universum 114 consociationes communium constituunt, ut munera communiter administrent. Hae consociationes communium ipsa communia non sunt, sed foedera cooperationis, quae aut ex regione aut ex communitate in qua sedes administrationis sita est nomen accipiunt. Quapropter in Saxonia Inferiore idem nomen tam communi quam consociationi communium tribui potest. Agitur tamen de duobus corporibus iuridicis distinctis, quae proprias repraesentationes atque propria munera habent.

Praeterea, propter magnitudinem suam, nonnullae communium et consociationes communium peculiarem rationem cum [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulo terrae]] (Theodisce ''Landkreis'') habent:

* Decem urbes statum iuridicum [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli urbani]] (Theodisce ''kreisfreien Stadt'') obtinent, nulli circulo terrae subiiciuntur atque omnia sua munera exercent.
* Septem urbes statum iuridicum urbis magnae sui iuris (Theodisce ''Große selbständige Stadt'') obtinent atque multa, sed non omnia, munera circuli terrae cui adscribuntur exercent.
* 61 communium et tria communia generalis (Theodisce ''Samtgemeinden'') statum iuridicum communis sui iuris (Theodisce ''Selbständige Gemeinde'') obtinent atque quaedam munera districtus cui adscribuntur exercent.
* 861 ceterae communium nullam peculiarem rationem cum circulo terrae cui adscribuntur habent.

=== A ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Achim (Landkreis Verden)|Achim]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Adelebsen]]''
* [[Adelheidsdorf]]
* [[Adenbüttel]]
* [[Adendorf]]
* [[Adenstedt]]
* ''[[Aerzen]]''
* [[Affinghausen]]
* [[Agathenburg]]
* [[Ahausen]]
* ''[[Ahlden (Aller)]]''
* [[Ahlerstedt]]
* [[Ahnsbeck]]
* [[Ahnsen]]
* [[Alfeld]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alfhausen]]
* [[Alfstedt]]
* [[Algermissen]]
* [[Almstedt]]
* [[Altenmedingen]]
* [[Amelinghausen]]
* [[Amt Neuhaus]]
* [[Anderlingen]]
* [[Andervenne]]
* [[Ankum]]
* [[Apelern]]
* [[Apen]]	
* [[Apensen]]
* [[Appel]]
* [[Arholzen]]
* [[Armstorf]]
* ''[[Artlenburg]]''
* [[Asendorf (Landkreis Diepholz)|Asendorf]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Diepholz)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Asendorf (Nordheide)|Asendorf]] &lt;small&gt;(Nordheide)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Astanholteremarki-Scirnbeki]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(caput circuli)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Auetal]]
* [[Auhagen]]
* [[Aurich]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Axstedt]]
{{div col end}}

=== B ===
{{div col|3}}
* ''[[Bad Bederkesa]]''
* '''[[Aquae Benthemiae]]''' (Theod. Bad Bentheim)
* [[Badbergen]]
* '''[[Bad Bevensen]]'''
* ''[[Bad Bodenteich]]''
* [[Baddeckenstedt]]
* [[Bad Eilsen]]
* [[Bad Essen]]
* '''[[Bad Fallingbostel]]''' &lt;small&gt;(Kreisstadt)&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Bad Gandersheim]]'''
* [[Bad Grund]]
* '''[[Bad Harzburg]]'''
* '''[[Bad Iburg]]'''
* [[Bad Laer]]
* '''[[Bad Lauterberg im Harz]]'''
* '''[[Munimeri]] ''' (Bad Münder am Deister)
* '''[[Bad Nenndorf]]'''
* [[Bad Pyrmont]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bad Rothenfelde]]
* '''[[Bad Sachsa]]'''
* '''[[Bad Salzdetfurth]]'''
* [[Bad Zwischenahn]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bahrdorf]]
* [[Bahrenborstel]]
* [[Bakum]]
* [[Balge]]
* [[Balje]]
* [[Baltrum]]
* [[Banteln]]
* ''[[Bardowick]]''
* ''[[Barenburg]]''
* [[Barendorf]]
* [[Bargstedt (Niedersachsen)|Bargstedt]]
* [[Barnstedt]]
* ''[[Barnstorf]]''
* [[Barsinghausen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barßel]]
* [[Barum (Luneburgum)|Barum]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Lüneburg)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barum (Circulus Uelzen)|Barum]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Uelzen)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barver]]
* [[Barwedel]]
* [[Basdahl]]
* '''[[Bassum]]'''
* [[Bawinkel]]
* [[Beckdorf]]
* [[Beckedorf]]
* [[Beckeln]]
* [[Beedenbostel]]
* [[Beesten]]
* [[Beierstedt]]
* [[Belm]]
* [[Belum]]
* [[Bendestorf]]
* [[Berge (Niedersachsen)|Berge]]
* '''[[Berga (Circulus Cellensis)|Bergen]]''' &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Celle)&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Bergen an der Dumme]]''
* [[Bergfeld]]
* [[Berne]]
* '''[[Bersenbrück]]'''
* [[Berumbur]]
* [[Betheln]]
* [[Betzendorf]]
* ''[[Bevern (Landkreis Holzminden)|Bevern]]''
* ''[[Beverstedt]]''
* [[Bienenbüttel]]
* [[Bilshausen]]
* [[Binnen]]
* [[Bippen]]
* [[Bispingen]]
* [[Bissendorf]]
* '''[[Bleckede]]'''
* [[Blender (Landkreis Verden)|Blender]]
* [[Bliedersdorf]]
* [[Blomberg (circulus Widmundensis)|Blomberg]]
* '''[[Bockenem]]'''
* [[Bockhorn (Friesland)|Bockhorn]]
* [[Bockhorst]]
* ''[[Bodenfelde]]''
* [[Bodensee (Saxonia Inferior)|Bodensee]]
* '''[[Bodenwerder]]'''
* [[Boffzen]]
* [[Böhme (Niedersachsen)|Böhme]]
* [[Bohmte]]
* [[Boitze]]	
* [[Bokensdorf]]
* [[Bomlitz]]
* [[Börger]]
* '''[[Borkum]]'''
* [[Börßum]]
* [[Borstel (Landkreis Diepholz)|Borstel]]
* [[Bösel]]
* [[Bötersen]]
* [[Bothel]]
* ''[[Bovenden]]''
* [[Brackel]]
* '''[[Brake]]''' &lt;small&gt;(sedes [[Circulus Alluvionis Visurgensis|Circuli Alluvionis Visurgensis]])&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bramsche]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Braunlage]]'''
* '''[[Brunsvicum]]''' &lt;small&gt;([[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]])&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Breddenberg]]
* [[Breddorf]]
* '''[[Bremervörde]]'''
* [[Brest (Niedersachsen)|Brest]]
* [[Brevörde]]
* [[Brietlingen]]
* [[Brinkum (Stuhr)|Brinkum]]
* [[Brockel]]
* [[Bröckel]]
* [[Brockum]]
* ''[[Brome]]''
* ''[[Bruchhausen-Vilsen]]''
* [[Brüggen (Leine)|Brüggen]]
* [[Buchholz (bei Stadthagen)|Buchholz]] ? &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Buchholz (Aller)]] ? &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Buchholz in der Nordheide]]'''
* '''[[Bückeburg]]'''
* ''[[Bücken]]''
* [[Büddenstedt]]
* [[Bühren]]
* [[Bülkau]]
* [[Bülstedt]]
* [[Bunde]]
* [[Burgdorf (Circulus Guelpherbytensis)|Burgdorf]] &lt;small&gt;(Landkreis Wolfenbüttel)&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Burgdorf]]''' &lt;small&gt;(Region Hannover)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Burgwedel]]'''
* [[Burweg]]
* [[Butjadingen]]
* [[Buxtehude]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== C ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Cadenberge]]
* [[Calberlah]]
* [[Cappel (Niedersachsen)|Cappel]]
* [[Cappeln (Oldenburg)]]
* '''[[Cella]]''' &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Clausthal-Zellerfeld]]'''
* ''[[Clenze]]''
* [[Cloppenburg]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Colnrade]]
* ''[[Coppenbrügge]]''
* [[Coppengrave]]
* [[Cramme]]
* [[Cremlingen]]
* '''[[Cuxhaven]]''' &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== D ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Dahlem (Niedersachsen)|Dahlem]]
* ''[[Dahlenburg]]''
* [[Dahlum]]
* '''[[Damme (Dümmer)|Damme]]'''
* [[Damnatz]]
* [[Danndorf]]
* '''[[Dannenberg]] (Albis)'''
* '''[[Dassel]]'''
* [[Dedelstorf]]
* [[Deensen]]
* [[Deinste]]
* [[Deinstedt]]
* ''[[Delligsen]]''
* '''[[Delmenhorstium]]''' &lt;small&gt;([[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]])&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Denkte]]
* [[Derental]]
* [[Dersum]]
* [[Despetal]]
* ''[[Detern]]''
* [[Dettum]]
* [[Deutsch Evern]]
* [[Dickel]]
* [[Didderse]]
* [[Diekholzen]]
* [[Dielmissen]]
* ''[[Diepenau]]''
* '''[[Diepholz]]''' &lt;small&gt;(caput circuli)&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Dinklage]]'''
* '''[[Dissen am Teutoburger Wald]]'''
* [[Dohren (Emsland)|Dohren]] &lt;small&gt;(Emsland)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dohren]] &lt;small&gt;(Nordheide)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dollern]]
* [[Dornum]]
* [[Dörpen]]
* [[Dorstadt]]
* [[Dorum]]
* [[Dörverden]]
* [[Dötlingen]]
* [[Drage (Elbe)|Drage]]
* ''[[Drakenburg]]''
* [[Drangstedt]]
* '''[[Dransfeld]]'''
* [[Drebber]]
* [[Drentwede]]
* [[Drestedt]]
* [[Drochtersen]]
* [[Düdenbüttel]]
* [[Duderstadt]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Duingen]]''
* [[Dünsen]]
* [[Dunum]]
{{div col end}}

=== E ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Ebergötzen]]
* [[Eberholzen]]
* [[Ebersdorfium (Saxonia Inferior)|Ebersdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ebersdorfium&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Ebersdorf' in Latinam &quot;Ebersdorfium&quot; verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''[[Ebstorf]]''
* [[Echem]]
* [[Edemissen]]
* [[Edewecht]]
* [[Egestorf]]
* [[Eggermühlen]]
* [[Ehra-Lessien]]
* [[Ehrenburg (Niedersachsen)|Ehrenburg]]
* [[Eickeloh]]
* [[Eicklingen]]
* ''[[Eime]]''
* [[Eimen]]
* [[Eimke]]
* [[Einbeck]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Elbe (Niedersachsen)|Elbe]]
* [[Elbingerode (bei Herzberg am Harz)|Elbingerode]]
* [[Eldingen]]
* [[Elmlohe]]
* [[Elsdorf (Niedersachsen)|Elsdorf]]
* '''[[Elsfleth]]'''
* '''[[Elze]]'''
* [[Embsen]]
* '''[[Emda]]''' &lt;small&gt;([[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]])&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Emlichheim]]
* [[Emmendorf]]
* [[Emmerthal]]
* [[Emsbüren]]
* [[Emstek]]
* [[Emtinghausen]]
* [[Engden]]
* [[Engelschoff]]
* [[Erkerode]]
* [[Esche]]
* [[Eschede]]
* '''[[Eschershausen]]'''
* '''[[Esens]]'''
* [[Essel]]
* [[Essen (Oldenburgum)]]
* [[Esterwegen]]
* [[Estorf (Landkreis Stade)|Estorf]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Stade)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Estorf (Weser)|Estorf]] &lt;small&gt;(Weser)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Everode]]
* [[Eversmeer]]
* [[Evessen]]
* [[Eydelstedt]]
* [[Eyendorf]]
* [[Eystrup]]
{{div col end}}

=== F ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Farven]]
* [[Faßberg]]
* [[Filsum]]
* [[Fintel]]
* [[Firrel]]
* [[Flögeln]]
* [[Flöthe]]
* [[Frankenfeld]]
* [[Freden]]
* [[Fredenbeck]]
* ''[[Freiburg/Elbe]]''
* [[Freistatt]]
* [[Frellstedt]]
* '''[[Freren]]'''
* [[Fresenburg]]
* [[Friedeburg]]
* [[Friedlandia (Saxonia Inferior)|Friedland]]
* [[Friesoythe]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Fürstenau]]'''
* [[Furstenberga]]
{{div col end}}

=== G ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Ganderkesee]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gandesbergen]]
* [[Garbsen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Garlstorf]]
* [[Garrel]]
* [[Garstedt]]
* ''[[Gartow]]''
* [[Geeste]]
* [[Geestland]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gehrde]]
* '''[[Gehrden]]'''
* [[Georgsdorf]]
* [[Georgsmarienhütte]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gerdau]]
* [[Gersten]]
* [[Getelo]]
* [[Gevensleben]]
* [[Geversdorf]]
* ''[[Gieboldehausen]]''
* [[Giesen]]
* [[Gifhorn]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gilten]]
* [[Glandorf]]
* [[Gleichen]]
* [[Gnarrenburg]]
* [[Gödenstorf]]
* [[Göhrde]]
* [[Goldenstedt]]
* [[Gölenkamp]]
* [[Golmbach]]
* [[Gorleben]]
* '''[[Goslaria]]''' &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Göttingen]]''' &lt;small&gt;([[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]])&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Grafhorst]]
* [[Grasberg]]
* [[Grasleben]]
* [[Grethem]]
* '''[[Gronau]]'''
* [[Groß Berßen]]
* [[Großefehn]]
* [[Großenkneten]]
* [[Großenwörden]]
* [[Großheide]]
* [[Groß Ippener]]
* [[Groß Meckelsen]]
* [[Groß Oesingen]]
* [[Groß Twülpstedt]]
* [[Grünendeich]]
* [[Guderhandviertel]]
* [[Guelpherbytum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wolfenbüttel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wulfenbüttel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gusborn]]
* [[Gyhum]]
{{div col end}}

=== H ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Hademstorf]]
* ''[[Hage]]''
* [[Hagen am Teutoburger Wald]]
* [[Hagen im Bremischen]]
* ''[[Hagenburg]]''
* [[Hagermarsch]]
* [[Hahausen]]
* [[Halbemond]]
* [[Halle (comitatus Binethensis)|Halle]] &lt;small&gt;(b.Neuenhaus)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Halle (Holtisminni)|Halle]] &lt;small&gt;(Montes Visurgis)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Halvesbostel]]
* [[Hambergen]]
* [[Hambühren]]
* [[Hämelhausen]]
* '''[[Hameln]]''' &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hamersen]]
* [[Hammah]]
* [[Handeloh]]
* [[Handorf]]
* [[Handrup]]
* [[Hankensbüttel]]
* '''[[Hannover]]''' &lt;small&gt;([[caput (urbs)|caput]] [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terrae foederalis]])&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]])&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hann. Münden]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Mundia Hannoverana]]'''
* [[Hanstedt (Circulus Uelzen)|Hanstedt]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Uelzen)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hanstedt (Nordheide)|Hanstedt]] &lt;small&gt;(Nordheide)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Harbarnsen]]
* '''[[Hardegsen]]'''
* '''[[Haren (Amisia)]]'''
* [[Harmstorf]]
* ''[[Harpstedt]]''
* ''[[Harsefeld]]''
* [[Harsum]]
* [[Hasbergen]]
* '''[[Haselünne]]'''
* [[Haßbergen]]
* [[Hassel (Weser)]]
* [[Hassendorf]]
* [[Haste]]	
* [[Hatten]]
* [[Hattorf ad Harthicos montes]]
* [[Häuslingen]]
* [[Haverlah]]
* [[Hechthausen]]
* [[Hedeper]]
* [[Heede (Emsland)|Heede]]
* [[Heemsen]]
* [[Heere]]	
* [[Heeslingen]]
* [[Heeßen]]
* [[Hehlen]]
* [[Heidenau (Saxonia Inferior)|Heidenau]]
* [[Heinade]]
* [[Heinbockel]]
* [[Heiningen (Niedersachsen)|Heiningen]]
* [[Heinsen]]
* [[Hellwege]]
* [[Helmstedt]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Helpsen]]
* [[Helvesiek]]
* '''[[Hemmingen]]'''
* '''[[Hemmoor]]'''
* [[Hemsbünde]]
* [[Hemslingen]]
* [[Hemsloh]]
* [[Hepstedt]]
* '''[[Herzberg am Harz]]'''
* [[Herzlake]]
* [[Hesel]]
* [[Hespe]]
* '''[[Hessisch Oldendorf]]'''
* [[Heuerßen]]
* [[Heyen]]
* '''[[Hildesheim]]''' &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hilgermissen]]
* [[Hilkenbrook]]
* [[Hillerse]]
* [[Hilter am Teutoburger Wald]]
* [[Himbergen]]
* [[Himmelpforten]]
* [[Hinte]]
* [[Hipstedt]]
* [[Hittbergen]]
* '''[[Hitzacker]]'''
* [[Hodenhagen]]
* [[Höhbeck]]
* [[Hohenhameln]]
* [[Hohne]]
* [[Hohnhorst]]
* [[Hohnstorf (Albis)]]
* [[Holdorf (Niedersachsen)|Holdorf]]
* [[Holenberg]]
* [[Holle]]
* [[Hollenstedt]]
* [[Hollern-Twielenfleth]]
* [[Hollnseth]]
* [[Holste]]
* [[Holtgast]]
* [[Holtland]]
* [[Holzen (bei Eschershausen)|Holzen]]
* [[Holzminden]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hoogstede]]
* [[Hörden ad Harthicos montes]]
* ''[[Horneburg]]''
* [[Horstedt (Niedersachsen)|Horstedt]]
* '''[[Hoya]]'''
* [[Hoyerhagen]]
* [[Hoyershausen]]
* [[Hude (Oldenburg)]]
* [[Hüde]]
* [[Hülsede]]
* [[Husum (bei Nienburg)|Husum]]
* [[Hüven]]
{{div col end}}

=== I ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Ihlienworth]]
* [[Ihlow (Frisia Orientalis)|Ihlow]]
* [[Ilsede]]
* [[Ingeleben]]
* [[Isenbüttel]]
* [[Isernhagen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Isterberg]]
* [[Itterbeck]]
{{div col end}}

=== J ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Jade (Saxonia Inferior)|Jade]]
* [[Jameln]]
* [[Jelmstorf]]
* [[Jembke]]
* [[Jemgum]]
* [[Jerxheim]]
* [[Jesteburg]]
* '''[[Geverae]]''' &lt;small&gt;(Germanice ''Jever'', caput circuli)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Jork]]
* [[Jühnde]]
* [[Juist]]
{{div col end}}

=== K ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Kakenstorf]]
* [[Kalbe (Niedersachsen)|Kalbe]]
* [[Kalefeld]]
* [[Karwitz]]
* [[Katlenburg-Lindau]]
* [[Kettenkamp]]
* [[Kirchbrak]]
* [[Kirchdorf (bei Sulingen)|Kirchdorf]]
* [[Kirchgellersen]]
* [[Kirchlinteln]]
* [[Kirchseelte]]
* [[Kirchtimke]]
* [[Kirchwalsede]]
* [[Kissenbrück]]
* [[Klein Berßen]]
* [[Klein Meckelsen]]
* [[Kluse (Emsland)|Kluse]]
* [[Kneitlingen]]
* [[Köhlen]]
* [[Königsmoor]]
* [[Kranenburg (Oste)|Kranenburg]]
* [[Krebeck]]
* [[Krummendeich]]
* [[Krummhörn]]
* [[Kührstedt]]
* [[Küsten]]
* [[Kutenholz]]
{{div col end}}

=== L ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Laar]]
* [[Laatzen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lachendorf]]
* [[Lage (Saxonia Inferior)|Lage]]
* [[Lähden]]
* [[Lahn (Hümmling)|Lahn]]
* ''[[Lamspringe]]''
* [[Lamstedt]]
* [[Landesbergen]]
* [[Landolfshausen]]
* [[Landwehr (Gemeinde)|Landwehr]]
* '''[[Langelsheim]]'''
* '''[[Langen (bei Bremerhaven)|Langen]]''' &lt;small&gt;(b.Bremerhaven)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langen (Emsland)|Langen]] &lt;small&gt;(Emsland)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langendorf (Elbe)|Langendorf]]
* [[Langenhagen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langeoog]]
* [[Langlingen]]
* ''[[Langwedel (Weser)|Langwedel]]''
* [[Lastrup]]
* [[Lathen]]
* ''[[Lauenau]]''
* [[Lauenbrück]]
* ''[[Lauenförde]]''
* [[Lauenhagen]]
* [[Leese]]
* [[Leezdorf]]
* [[Lehe (Emsland)|Lehe]]
* [[Lehre (Niedersachsen)|Lehre]]
* [[Lehrte]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Leiferde]]
* [[Lembruch]]
* ''[[Lemförde]]''
* [[Lemgow]]
* [[Lemwerder]]
* [[Lengede]]
* [[Lengenbostel]]
* [[Lengerich (Emsland)|Lengerich]]
* [[Lenne (Niedersachsen)|Lenne]]
* [[Leri]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theod. ''Leer'')&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Leer''; [[lingua Saxonica|Orientofrisosaxonice]] ''Läär''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lier'')&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Liebenau (Niedersachsen)|Liebenau]]''
* [[Liebenburg]]
* [[Lilienthal]]
* [[Lindern (Oldenburg)]]
* [[Lindhorst]]
* [[Lindwedel]]
* '''[[Lingen (Ems)]]''' &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Linsburg]]
* [[Lintig]]
* '''[[Lohne (Oldenburg)]]'''
* '''[[Löningen]]'''
* [[Lorup]]
* [[Loxstedt]]
* [[Lübberstedt]]
* [[Lübbow]]
* '''[[Lüchow (terra Wenedorum)]]''' &lt;small&gt;(caput circuli)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Luckau (Saxonia Inferior)|Luckau]]
* [[Lüder (Lüneburger Heide)|Lüder]]
* [[Lüdersburg]]
* [[Lüdersfeld]]
* [[Lüerdissen]]
* [[Luhden]]
* '''[[Luneburgum]]''' &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lünne]]
* [[Lütetsburg]]
* ''[[Lutter am Barenberge]]''
* [[Luttera Regalis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Königslutter am Elm'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== M ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Maasen]]
* ''[[Marienhafe]]''
* [[Marienhagen]]
* [[Mariental (Niedersachsen)|Mariental]]
* [[Marklohe]]
* [[Marl (Dümmer)|Marl]]
* [[Marschacht]]
* [[Martfeld]]
* [[Marxen]]
* [[Mechtersen]]
* [[Meerbeck]]
* [[Meine]]
* [[Meinersen]]
* [[Melbeck]]
* [[Melle]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mellinghausen]]
* [[Menslage]]
* [[Meppen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Merzen]]
* [[Messenkamp]]
* [[Messingen]]
* [[Midlum (Land Wursten)|Midlum]]
* [[Misselwarden]]
* [[Mittelnkirchen]]
* [[Mittelstenahe]]
* [[Moisburg]]
* [[Molbergen]]
* [[Moormerland]]
* [[Moorweg]]
* '''[[Moringen]]'''
* [[Müden (Alara)]]
* [[Mulsum (Land Wursten)|Mulsum]]
* '''[[Munster (Örtze)|Munster]]'''
{{div col end}}

=== N ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Nahrendorf]]
* [[Natendorf]]
* [[Neetze]]
* [[Negenborn]]
* [[Nenndorf (circulus Widmundensis)|Nenndorf]]
* [[Neubörger]]
* [[Neu Darchau]]
* '''[[Neuenhaus]]'''
* [[Neuenkirchen (Altes Land)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(Altes Land)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen (bei Bassum)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(b.Bassum)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen (Land Hadeln)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(Land Hadeln)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen (Landkreis Osnabrück)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Osnabrück)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen (Lüneburger Heide)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(Lüneb.Heide)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen-Vörden]]
* [[Neuharlingersiel]]
* ''[[Neuhaus (Oste)]]''
* [[Neuhof (Landkreis Hildesheim)|Neuhof]]
* [[Neukamperfehn]]
* [[Neulehe]]
* [[Neuschoo]]
* [[Neustadt am Rübenberge]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neu Wulmstorf]]
* [[Niederlangen]]
* [[Niedernwöhren]]
* [[Niemetal]]
* [[Nienburg/Weser]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nienhagen (Landkreis Celle)|Nienhagen]]
* [[Nienstädt]]
* [[Norden]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nordenham]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Norderney]]'''
* [[Nordholz]]
* [[Nordleda]]
* [[Nordsehl]]
* [[Nordstemmen]]
* ''[[Nörten-Hardenberg]]''
* '''[[Northeim]]''' &lt;small&gt;(Kreisstadt)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Northorna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;&gt;Egli, J. J. (1893). ''Nomina Geographica: Sprach- und Sacherklärung von 42000 Geographischen Namen aller Erdräume''. [[Lipsia]]e: Friedrich Brandstetter.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Nordhorn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nothoorn'' seu ''Notthoarn'' seu ''Netthoarn'' seu ''Noordhoorn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nortmoor]]
* [[Nortrup]]
* [[Nottensdorf]]
{{div col end}}

=== O ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Oberlangen]]
* [[Oberndorf (Oste)|Oberndorf]]
* [[Obernfeld]]
* [[Obernholz]]
* '''[[Obernkirchen]]'''
* [[Ochtersum]]
* [[Odisheim]]
* [[Oederquart]]
* [[Oerel]]
* [[Oetzen]]
* [[Ohne]]
* [[Ohrum]]
* '''[[Oldenburgum]]''' &lt;small&gt;([[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]])&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Oldendorf (Landkreis Stade)|Oldendorf]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Stade)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Oldendorf (Luhe)]]
* [[Osloß]]
* '''[[Osnabruga]]''' &lt;small&gt;([[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]])&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Osteel]]
* [[Osten (Oste)|Osten]]
* [[Osterbruch]]
* [[Ostercappeln]]
* [[Ostereistedt]]
* [[Osterholz-Scharmbeck]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Osterode am Harz]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Osterwald]]
* [[Ostrhauderfehn]]
* ''[[Ottenstein (Niedersachsen)|Ottenstein]]''
* [[Otter]]
* '''[[Otterndorf]]'''
* ''[[Ottersberg]]''
* [[Ovelgönne]]
* [[Oyten]]	
{{div col end}}

=== P ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Padingbüttel]]
* [[Papenburg]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Parsau]]
* '''[[Pattensen]]'''
* [[Pegestorf]]
* [[Peine]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Pennigsehl]]
* [[Pohle]]
* ''[[Polle]]''
* [[Pollhagen]]
* [[Prezelle]]
* [[Prinzhöfte]]
{{div col end}}

=== Q ===
{{div col|3}}
* '''[[Quakenbrück]]'''
* [[Quendorf]]
* [[Querenhorst]]
* [[Quernheim]]
{{div col end}}

=== R ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Räbke]]
* [[Radbruch]]
* [[Raddestorf]]
* [[Rastdorf]]
* [[Rastede]]
* [[Rätzlingen (Niedersachsen)|Rätzlingen]]
* [[Rechtsupweg]]
* [[Reeßum]]
* [[Regesbostel]]
* '''[[Rehburg-Loccum]]'''
* [[Rehden]]
* [[Rehlingen]]
* [[Reinstorf]]
* [[Remlingen (Niedersachsen)|Remlingen]]
* [[Renkenberge]]
* [[Rennau]]
* [[Reppenstedt]]
* '''[[Rethem (Aller)]]'''
* [[Rhade]]
* [[Rhauderfehn]]
* [[Rhede (Ems)]]
* [[Rheden (Niedersachsen)|Rheden]]
* [[Rhumspringe]]
* [[Ribbesbüttel]]
* [[Riede (Landkreis Verden)|Riede]]
* [[Rieste]]
* [[Ringe]]
* [[Ringstedt]]
* [[Rinteln]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ritterhude]]
* '''[[Rodenberg]]'''
* [[Rodewald]]
* [[Rohrsen]]
* [[Roklum]]
* [[Rollshausen]]
* [[Römstedt]]
* [[Ronnenberg]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rosche]]
* [[Rosdorf]]
* [[Rosengarten (Landkreis Harburg)|Rosengarten]]
* '''[[Rotenburg (Wümme)]]''' &lt;small&gt;(Kreisstadt)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rötgesbüttel]]
* [[Rüdershausen]]
* [[Rühen]]
* [[Rullstorf]]
{{div col end}}

=== S ===
{{div col|3}}
* '''[[Sachsenhagen]]'''
* [[Salzbergen]]
* '''[[Salzgitter]]''' &lt;small&gt;([[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]])&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Salzhausen]]
* ''[[Salzhemmendorf]]''
* [[Samern]]
* [[Sandbostel]]
* [[Sande (Frisia)|Sande]]
* '''[[Sarstedt]]'''
* [[Sassenburg]]
* [[Sagterlandia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;BOV 2013&quot;&gt;Bischöfliches Offizialat Vechta (2013). ''Findbuch des Offizialatsarchivs Vechta: Altes Archiv (Abteilung A: Saterlandia, Kirchliche Unterlagen, Akte A 8: „Informatio de Sagterlandia“ aus dem Jahre 1710)''. Vechtae, in Germania: Bischöfliches Offizialat.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Saterland''; quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Sagterland''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Seelterlound'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sauensiek]]
* [[Schapen]]
* [[Scharnebeck]]
* [[Scheden]]
* [[Scheeßel]]
* [[Schellerten]]
* [[Schiffdorf]]
* [[Schladen-Werla]]
* '''[[Schnackenburg]]'''
* [[Schnega]]
* '''[[Schneverdingen]]'''
* [[Scholen]]
* [[Schönewörde]]
* '''[[Schöningen]]'''
* '''[[Schöppenstedt]]'''
* [[Schortens]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Schüttorf]]'''
* [[Schwaförden]]
* [[Schwanewede]]
* [[Schwarme]]	
* [[Schwarmstedt]]
* [[Schweindorf]]
* [[Schweringen]]
* [[Schwerinsdorf]]
* [[Schwienau]]
* [[Schwülper]]
* [[Seeburg (Niedersachsen)|Seeburg]]
* [[Seedorf (bei Zeven)|Seedorf]]
* [[Seelze]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Seesen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Seevetal]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Seggebruch]]
* [[Sehlde]]
* [[Sehlem (Niedersachsen)|Sehlem]]
* [[Sehnde]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Selsingen]]
* [[Semmenstedt]]
* [[Seulingen]]
* [[Sibbesse]]
* [[Sickte]]
* ''[[Siedenburg]]''
* [[Sittensen]]
* [[Soderstorf]]
* [[Sögel]]	
* [[Söhlde]]
* [[Söllingen (Niedersachsen)|Söllingen]]
* '''[[Soltau]]'''
* [[Soltendieck]]
* [[Sottrum]]
* [[Spahnharrenstätte]]
* [[Spelle]]
* [[Spiekeroog]]
* [[Sprakensehl]]
* [[Springe]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stade]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stadlandia]]&lt;ref&gt;Ioannes Iustus Wynkelman, [https://books.google.com/books?id=WvgaAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA617&amp;lpg=PA617&amp;dq=statlandia+saxonia&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=Ysl9JI4L06&amp;sig=2y6x3I38sU3-RcrP0HtnSkUxssI&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0CCwQ6AEwA2oVChMIwqiv-NWMxgIVQgmSCh2CZwDj#v=onepage&amp;q=statlandia%20saxonia&amp;f=false ''Notitia historico-politica veteris Saxo-Westphaliae finitimarumque regionum,''] 1667:277.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Stadland'')&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Stadthagen]]''' &lt;small&gt;(Kreisstadt)&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Stadtoldendorf]]'''
* [[Staffhorst]]
* [[Staufenberg]]
* [[Stavern]]
* [[Stedesdorf]]
* [[Steimbke]]
* [[Steinau (Niedersachsen)|Steinau]]
* [[Steinfeld (Oldenburg)]]
* [[Steinhorst (Niedersachsen)|Steinhorst]]
* [[Steinkirchen (Altes Land)|Steinkirchen]]
* [[Stelle]]
* [[Stemmen (Landkreis Rotenburg)|Stemmen]]
* [[Stemshorn]]
* ''[[Steyerberg]]''
* [[Stinstedt]]
* [[Stöckse]]
* [[Stoetze]]
* [[Stolzenau]]
* [[Stuhr]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Südbrookmerland]]
* [[Suderburg]]
* [[Südergellersen]]
* [[Südheide]]
* [[Sudwalde]]
* [[Suhlendorf]]
* '''[[Sulingen]]'''
* [[Süpplingen]]
* [[Süpplingenburg]]
* [[Süstedt]]
* [[Sustrum]]
* [[Surwold]]
* [[Suthfeld]]
* '''[[Syke]]'''
{{div col end}}

=== T ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Tappenbeck]]
* [[Tarmstedt]]
* [[Tespe]]
* [[Thedinghausen]]
* [[Thomasburg]]
* [[Thuine]]
* [[Tiddische]]
* [[Tiste]]
* [[Toppenstedt]]
* [[Tostedt]]
* [[Tosterglope]]
* [[Trebel]]
* [[Tülau]]
* [[Twieflingen]]
* [[Twist (Emsland)|Twist]]
* '''[[Twistringen]]'''
{{div col end}}

=== U ===
{{div col|3}}
* ''[[Uchte]]''
* [[Uehrde]]
* [[Uelsen]]
* [[Uelzen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Uetze]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ummern]]
* [[Undeloh]]
* [[Upgant-Schott]]
* [[Uplengen]]
* '''[[Uslar]]'''
* [[Utarp]]
{{div col end}}

=== V ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Vahlberg]]
* [[Vahlbruch]]
* [[Vahlde]]
* [[Varel]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Varrel]]
* [[Vastorf]]
* [[Vechelde]]
* [[Vechta]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Velpke]]
* [[Veltheim (Ohe)]]
* [[Verden (Aller)]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vierden]]
* [[Vierhöfen]]
* [[Visbek]]
* '''[[Visselhövede]]'''
* [[Vögelsen]]
* [[Vollersode]]
* [[Voltlage]]
* [[Vordorf]]
* [[Vorwerk (Niedersachsen)|Vorwerk]]
* [[Vrees]]
{{div col end}}

=== W ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Waake]]
* [[Waddeweitz]]
* [[Wagenfeld]]
* [[Wagenhoff]]
* [[Wahrenholz]]
* [[Walchum]]
* [[Walkenried]]
* [[Wallenhorst]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wallmoden]]
* [[Walsrode]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wangelnstedt]]
* [[Wangerland]]
* [[Wangerooge]]
* [[Wanna]]
* [[Warberg]]
* [[Wardenburg]]
* [[Warmsen]]
* [[Warpe]]
* [[Wasbüttel]]
* [[Wathlingen]]
* [[Wedemark]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Weener]]'''
* [[Weenzen]]
* [[Wehrbleck]]
* [[Welle]]
* [[Wendeburg]]
* [[Wendisch Evern]]
* [[Wennigsen]]
* [[Wenzendorf]]
* [[Werdum]]
* [[Werlte]]
* [[Werpeloh]]
* [[Wesendorf]]
* [[Weste (Niedersachsen)|Weste]]
* [[Westergellersen]]
* [[Westerholt]]
* '''[[Westerstede]]''' &lt;small&gt;(caput circuli)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Westertimke]]
* [[Westerwalsede]]
* [[Westfeld (Niedersachsen)|Westfeld]]
* [[Westoverledingen]]
* [[Wetschen]]
* [[Wettrup]]
* [[Weyhausen]]
* [[Weyhe]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wieda]]
* ''[[Wiedensahl]]''
* [[Wiefelstede]]
* [[Wielen]]
* [[Wienhausen]]
* '''[[Wiesmoor]]'''
* [[Wietmarschen]]
* [[Wietze]]
* [[Wietzen]]
* [[Wietzendorf]]
* '''[[Wildeshausen]]''' &lt;small&gt;(caput circuli)&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Wilhelmshaven]]''' &lt;small&gt;([[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]])&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wilstedt]]
* [[Wilsum]]
* [[Wingst]]
* [[Winkelsett]]
* [[Winnigstedt]]
* [[Winsen (Aller)]]
* [[Winsenia]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Winzenburg]]
* [[Wippingen]]
* [[Wirdum]]
* [[Wischhafen]]
* [[Wistedt]]
* [[Witmundia]]&lt;ref&gt;E.g., [[Ioannes Luyts|Ioannis Luyts]] ''Introductio ad Geographiam novam et veterem'', Ultraiecti 1692, [https://books.google.fr/books?id=_o0YP3-9VTMC&amp;pg=PA281&amp;dq=Witmundia&amp;hl=ru&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjShLT7vdDrAhVJw4sKHZLLCokQ6AEwAnoECAMQAg#v=onepage&amp;q=Witmundia&amp;f=false p. 281].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wittmund'')&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Wittingen]]'''
* [[Wittmar]]
* [[Wittorf]]
* [[Wohnste]]
* '''[[Wolfsburg]]''' &lt;small&gt;([[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]])&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wollbrandshausen]]
* [[Wollershausen]]
* [[Wölpinghausen]]
* [[Wolsdorf]]
* [[Woltersdorf (Wendland)|Woltersdorf]]
* [[Woltershausen]]
* [[Worpswede]]
* [[Wremen]]
* [[Wrestedt]]
* [[Wriedel]]
* [[Wulfsen]]
* [[Wulften ad Harthicos montes]]
* [[Wunstorf]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Wustrow (Saxonia Inferior)]]'''
{{div col end}}

=== Z ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Zernien]]
* [[Zetel]]
* '''[[Zeven]]'''
* [[Zorge]]
{{div col end}}

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris|!]]</text>
      <sha1>cvg4h6y7397w935k96aq8ka9ql8wfr1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3972936</id>
      <parentid>3972934</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-19T19:56:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3972936</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30494" sha1="8auyvwztvqk8l5lefi0h2mcvro51rd6" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Municipalities in Lower Saxony.svg|thumb|500px|Urbes et communia Saxoniae Inferioris.]]
'''Index communium in [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxonia Inferiore]]''' omnes [[commune|communia]] (Theodisce ''Gemeinden''), consociationes communium (Theodisce ''Gemeindeverbände'') atque loca nulli communium adscripta (Theodisce ''gemeindefreien Gebiete''), quae hodie in [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terra]] [[Germania|Germanica]] [[Saxonia Inferior]]e exstant, complectitur.

Postremae mutationes finium territorialium in Saxonia Inferiore [[1 Novembris|Kalendis Novembribus]] anni [[2021]] effectae sunt. Ex eo tempore [[Saxonia Inferior]] 939 communium et 25 loca nulli communi adscripta (quorum duo habitantur) habet. Quibus e communibus 159 titulo [[urbs|urbis]] (Theodisce ''Stadt'') et 49 titulo [[oppidum|oppidi]] (Theodisce ''Flecken'') utuntur.

Praeterea nonnullae proprietates exstant secundum communium administrationem: Nam 939 communia in 289 communia unitaria et 650 communia membra dividuntur; quae vero in universum 114 consociationes communium constituunt, ut munera communiter administrent. Hae consociationes communium ipsa communia non sunt, sed foedera cooperationis, quae aut ex regione aut ex communitate in qua sedes administrationis sita est nomen accipiunt. Quapropter in Saxonia Inferiore idem nomen tam communi quam consociationi communium tribui potest. Agitur tamen de duobus corporibus iuridicis distinctis, quae proprias repraesentationes atque propria munera habent.

Praeterea, propter magnitudinem suam, nonnullae communium et consociationes communium peculiarem rationem cum [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulo terrae]] (Theodisce ''Landkreis'') habent:

* Decem urbes statum iuridicum [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli urbani]] (Theodisce ''kreisfreien Stadt'') obtinent, nulli circulo terrae subiiciuntur atque omnia sua munera exercent.
* Septem urbes statum iuridicum urbis magnae sui iuris (Theodisce ''Große selbständige Stadt'') obtinent atque multa, sed non omnia, munera circuli terrae cui adscribuntur exercent.
* 61 communium et tria communia generalis (Theodisce ''Samtgemeinden'') statum iuridicum communis sui iuris (Theodisce ''Selbständige Gemeinde'') obtinent atque quaedam munera districtus cui adscribuntur exercent.
* 861 ceterae communium nullam peculiarem rationem cum circulo terrae cui adscribuntur habent.

=== A ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Achim (Landkreis Verden)|Achim]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Adelebsen]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Adelheidsdorf]]
* [[Adenbüttel]]
* [[Adendorf]]
* [[Adenstedt]]
* [[Aerzen]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Affinghausen]]
* [[Agathenburg]]
* [[Ahausen]]
* [[Ahlden (Aller)]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ahlerstedt]]
* [[Ahnsbeck]]
* [[Ahnsen]]
* [[Alfeld]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alfhausen]]
* [[Alfstedt]]
* [[Algermissen]]
* [[Almstedt]]
* [[Altenmedingen]]
* [[Amelinghausen]]
* [[Amt Neuhaus]]
* [[Anderlingen]]
* [[Andervenne]]
* [[Ankum]]
* [[Apelern]]
* [[Apen]]	
* [[Apensen]]
* [[Appel]]
* [[Aquae Benthemiae]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; (Theod. Bad Bentheim)
* [[Arholzen]]
* [[Armstorf]]
* [[Artlenburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Asendorf (Landkreis Diepholz)|Asendorf]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Diepholz)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Asendorf (Nordheide)|Asendorf]] &lt;small&gt;(Nordheide)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Astanholteremarki-Scirnbeki]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(caput circuli)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Auetal]]
* [[Auhagen]]
* [[Aurich]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Axstedt]]
{{div col end}}

=== B ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Bad Bederkesa]]
* [[Badbergen]]
* [[Bad Bevensen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bad Bodenteich]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Baddeckenstedt]]
* [[Bad Eilsen]]
* [[Bad Essen]]
* [[Bad Fallingbostel]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bad Gandersheim]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bad Grund]]
* [[Bad Harzburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bad Iburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bad Laer]]
* [[Bad Lauterberg im Harz]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bad Nenndorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bad Pyrmont]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bad Rothenfelde]]
* '''[[Bad Sachsa]]'''
* '''[[Bad Salzdetfurth]]'''
* [[Bad Zwischenahn]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bahrdorf]]
* [[Bahrenborstel]]
* [[Bakum]]
* [[Balge]]
* [[Balje]]
* [[Baltrum]]
* [[Banteln]]
* [[Bardowick]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barenburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barendorf]]
* [[Bargstedt (Niedersachsen)|Bargstedt]]
* [[Barnstedt]]
* [[Barnstorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barsinghausen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barßel]]
* [[Barum (Luneburgum)|Barum]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Lüneburg)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barum (Circulus Uelzen)|Barum]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Uelzen)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barver]]
* [[Barwedel]]
* [[Basdahl]]
* '''[[Bassum]]'''
* [[Bawinkel]]
* [[Beckdorf]]
* [[Beckedorf]]
* [[Beckeln]]
* [[Beedenbostel]]
* [[Beesten]]
* [[Beierstedt]]
* [[Belm]]
* [[Belum]]
* [[Bendestorf]]
* [[Berge (Niedersachsen)|Berge]]
* '''[[Berga (Circulus Cellensis)|Bergen]]''' &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Celle)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bergen an der Dumme]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bergfeld]]
* [[Berne]]
* '''[[Bersenbrück]]'''
* [[Berumbur]]
* [[Betheln]]
* [[Betzendorf]]
* [[Bevern (Landkreis Holzminden)|Bevern]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Beverstedt]]
* [[Bienenbüttel]]
* [[Bilshausen]]
* [[Binnen]]
* [[Bippen]]
* [[Bispingen]]
* [[Bissendorf]]
* '''[[Bleckede]]'''
* [[Blender (Landkreis Verden)|Blender]]
* [[Bliedersdorf]]
* [[Blomberg (circulus Widmundensis)|Blomberg]]
* '''[[Bockenem]]'''
* [[Bockhorn (Friesland)|Bockhorn]]
* [[Bockhorst]]
* [[Bodenfelde]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bodensee (Saxonia Inferior)|Bodensee]]
* '''[[Bodenwerder]]'''
* [[Boffzen]]
* [[Böhme (Niedersachsen)|Böhme]]
* [[Bohmte]]
* [[Boitze]]	
* [[Bokensdorf]]
* [[Bomlitz]]
* [[Börger]]
* '''[[Borkum]]'''
* [[Börßum]]
* [[Borstel (Landkreis Diepholz)|Borstel]]
* [[Bösel]]
* [[Bötersen]]
* [[Bothel]]
* [[Bovenden]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brackel]]
* '''[[Brake]]''' &lt;small&gt;(sedes [[Circulus Alluvionis Visurgensis|Circuli Alluvionis Visurgensis]])&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bramsche]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Braunlage]]'''
* '''[[Brunsvicum]]''' &lt;small&gt;([[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]])&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Breddenberg]]
* [[Breddorf]]
* '''[[Bremervörde]]'''
* [[Brest (Niedersachsen)|Brest]]
* [[Brevörde]]
* [[Brietlingen]]
* [[Brinkum (Stuhr)|Brinkum]]
* [[Brockel]]
* [[Bröckel]]
* [[Brockum]]
* [[Brome]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bruchhausen-Vilsen]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brüggen (Leine)|Brüggen]]
* [[Buchholz (bei Stadthagen)|Buchholz]] ? &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Buchholz (Aller)]] ? &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Buchholz in der Nordheide]]'''
* '''[[Bückeburg]]'''
* [[Bücken]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Büddenstedt]]
* [[Bühren]]
* [[Bülkau]]
* [[Bülstedt]]
* [[Bunde]]
* [[Burgdorf (Circulus Guelpherbytensis)|Burgdorf]] &lt;small&gt;(Landkreis Wolfenbüttel)&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Burgdorf]]''' &lt;small&gt;(Region Hannover)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Burgwedel]]'''
* [[Burweg]]
* [[Butjadingen]]
* [[Buxtehude]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== C ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Cadenberge]]
* [[Calberlah]]
* [[Cappel (Niedersachsen)|Cappel]]
* [[Cappeln (Oldenburg)]]
* '''[[Cella]]''' &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Clausthal-Zellerfeld]]'''
* [[Clenze]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Cloppenburg]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Colnrade]]
* [[Coppenbrügge]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Coppengrave]]
* [[Cramme]]
* [[Cremlingen]]
* '''[[Cuxhaven]]''' &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== D ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Dahlem (Niedersachsen)|Dahlem]]
* [[Dahlenburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dahlum]]
* '''[[Damme (Dümmer)|Damme]]'''
* [[Damnatz]]
* [[Danndorf]]
* '''[[Dannenberg]] (Albis)'''
* '''[[Dassel]]'''
* [[Dedelstorf]]
* [[Deensen]]
* [[Deinste]]
* [[Deinstedt]]
* [[Delligsen]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Delmenhorstium]]''' &lt;small&gt;([[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]])&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Denkte]]
* [[Derental]]
* [[Dersum]]
* [[Despetal]]
* [[Detern]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dettum]]
* [[Deutsch Evern]]
* [[Dickel]]
* [[Didderse]]
* [[Diekholzen]]
* [[Dielmissen]]
* [[Diepenau]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Diepholz]]''' &lt;small&gt;(caput circuli)&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Dinklage]]'''
* '''[[Dissen am Teutoburger Wald]]'''
* [[Dohren (Emsland)|Dohren]] &lt;small&gt;(Emsland)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dohren]] &lt;small&gt;(Nordheide)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dollern]]
* [[Dornum]]
* [[Dörpen]]
* [[Dorstadt]]
* [[Dorum]]
* [[Dörverden]]
* [[Dötlingen]]
* [[Drage (Elbe)|Drage]]
* [[Drakenburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Drangstedt]]
* '''[[Dransfeld]]'''
* [[Drebber]]
* [[Drentwede]]
* [[Drestedt]]
* [[Drochtersen]]
* [[Düdenbüttel]]
* [[Duderstadt]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Duingen]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dünsen]]
* [[Dunum]]
{{div col end}}

=== E ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Ebergötzen]]
* [[Eberholzen]]
* [[Ebersdorfium (Saxonia Inferior)|Ebersdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ebersdorfium&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Ebersdorf' in Latinam &quot;Ebersdorfium&quot; verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Ebstorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Echem]]
* [[Edemissen]]
* [[Edewecht]]
* [[Egestorf]]
* [[Eggermühlen]]
* [[Ehra-Lessien]]
* [[Ehrenburg (Niedersachsen)|Ehrenburg]]
* [[Eickeloh]]
* [[Eicklingen]]
* [[Eime]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eimen]]
* [[Eimke]]
* [[Einbeck]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Elbe (Niedersachsen)|Elbe]]
* [[Elbingerode (bei Herzberg am Harz)|Elbingerode]]
* [[Eldingen]]
* [[Elmlohe]]
* [[Elsdorf (Niedersachsen)|Elsdorf]]
* '''[[Elsfleth]]'''
* '''[[Elze]]'''
* [[Embsen]]
* '''[[Emda]]''' &lt;small&gt;([[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]])&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Emlichheim]]
* [[Emmendorf]]
* [[Emmerthal]]
* [[Emsbüren]]
* [[Emstek]]
* [[Emtinghausen]]
* [[Engden]]
* [[Engelschoff]]
* [[Erkerode]]
* [[Esche]]
* [[Eschede]]
* '''[[Eschershausen]]'''
* '''[[Esens]]'''
* [[Essel]]
* [[Essen (Oldenburgum)]]
* [[Esterwegen]]
* [[Estorf (Landkreis Stade)|Estorf]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Stade)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Estorf (Weser)|Estorf]] &lt;small&gt;(Weser)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Everode]]
* [[Eversmeer]]
* [[Evessen]]
* [[Eydelstedt]]
* [[Eyendorf]]
* [[Eystrup]]
{{div col end}}

=== F ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Farven]]
* [[Faßberg]]
* [[Filsum]]
* [[Fintel]]
* [[Firrel]]
* [[Flögeln]]
* [[Flöthe]]
* [[Frankenfeld]]
* [[Freden]]
* [[Fredenbeck]]
* [[Freiburg/Elbe]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Freistatt]]
* [[Frellstedt]]
* '''[[Freren]]'''
* [[Fresenburg]]
* [[Friedeburg]]
* [[Friedlandia (Saxonia Inferior)|Friedland]]
* [[Friesoythe]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Fürstenau]]'''
* [[Furstenberga]]
{{div col end}}

=== G ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Ganderkesee]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gandesbergen]]
* [[Garbsen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Garlstorf]]
* [[Garrel]]
* [[Garstedt]]
* [[Gartow]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Geeste]]
* [[Geestland]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gehrde]]
* '''[[Gehrden]]'''
* [[Georgsdorf]]
* [[Georgsmarienhütte]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gerdau]]
* [[Gersten]]
* [[Getelo]]
* [[Gevensleben]]
* [[Geversdorf]]
* [[Gieboldehausen]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Giesen]]
* [[Gifhorn]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gilten]]
* [[Glandorf]]
* [[Gleichen]]
* [[Gnarrenburg]]
* [[Gödenstorf]]
* [[Göhrde]]
* [[Goldenstedt]]
* [[Gölenkamp]]
* [[Golmbach]]
* [[Gorleben]]
* '''[[Goslaria]]''' &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Göttingen]]''' &lt;small&gt;([[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]])&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Grafhorst]]
* [[Grasberg]]
* [[Grasleben]]
* [[Grethem]]
* '''[[Gronau]]'''
* [[Groß Berßen]]
* [[Großefehn]]
* [[Großenkneten]]
* [[Großenwörden]]
* [[Großheide]]
* [[Groß Ippener]]
* [[Groß Meckelsen]]
* [[Groß Oesingen]]
* [[Groß Twülpstedt]]
* [[Grünendeich]]
* [[Guderhandviertel]]
* [[Guelpherbytum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wolfenbüttel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wulfenbüttel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gusborn]]
* [[Gyhum]]
{{div col end}}

=== H ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Hademstorf]]
* [[Hage]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hagen am Teutoburger Wald]]
* [[Hagen im Bremischen]]
* [[Hagenburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hagermarsch]]
* [[Hahausen]]
* [[Halbemond]]
* [[Halle (comitatus Binethensis)|Halle]] &lt;small&gt;(b.Neuenhaus)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Halle (Holtisminni)|Halle]] &lt;small&gt;(Montes Visurgis)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Halvesbostel]]
* [[Hambergen]]
* [[Hambühren]]
* [[Hämelhausen]]
* '''[[Hameln]]''' &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hamersen]]
* [[Hammah]]
* [[Handeloh]]
* [[Handorf]]
* [[Handrup]]
* [[Hankensbüttel]]
* '''[[Hannover]]''' &lt;small&gt;([[caput (urbs)|caput]] [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terrae foederalis]])&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]])&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hann. Münden]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Mundia Hannoverana]]'''
* [[Hanstedt (Circulus Uelzen)|Hanstedt]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Uelzen)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hanstedt (Nordheide)|Hanstedt]] &lt;small&gt;(Nordheide)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Harbarnsen]]
* '''[[Hardegsen]]'''
* '''[[Haren (Amisia)]]'''
* [[Harmstorf]]
* [[Harpstedt]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Harsefeld]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Harsum]]
* [[Hasbergen]]
* '''[[Haselünne]]'''
* [[Haßbergen]]
* [[Hassel (Weser)]]
* [[Hassendorf]]
* [[Haste]]	
* [[Hatten]]
* [[Hattorf ad Harthicos montes]]
* [[Häuslingen]]
* [[Haverlah]]
* [[Hechthausen]]
* [[Hedeper]]
* [[Heede (Emsland)|Heede]]
* [[Heemsen]]
* [[Heere]]	
* [[Heeslingen]]
* [[Heeßen]]
* [[Hehlen]]
* [[Heidenau (Saxonia Inferior)|Heidenau]]
* [[Heinade]]
* [[Heinbockel]]
* [[Heiningen (Niedersachsen)|Heiningen]]
* [[Heinsen]]
* [[Hellwege]]
* [[Helmstedt]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Helpsen]]
* [[Helvesiek]]
* '''[[Hemmingen]]'''
* '''[[Hemmoor]]'''
* [[Hemsbünde]]
* [[Hemslingen]]
* [[Hemsloh]]
* [[Hepstedt]]
* '''[[Herzberg am Harz]]'''
* [[Herzlake]]
* [[Hesel]]
* [[Hespe]]
* '''[[Hessisch Oldendorf]]'''
* [[Heuerßen]]
* [[Heyen]]
* '''[[Hildesheim]]''' &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hilgermissen]]
* [[Hilkenbrook]]
* [[Hillerse]]
* [[Hilter am Teutoburger Wald]]
* [[Himbergen]]
* [[Himmelpforten]]
* [[Hinte]]
* [[Hipstedt]]
* [[Hittbergen]]
* '''[[Hitzacker]]'''
* [[Hodenhagen]]
* [[Höhbeck]]
* [[Hohenhameln]]
* [[Hohne]]
* [[Hohnhorst]]
* [[Hohnstorf (Albis)]]
* [[Holdorf (Niedersachsen)|Holdorf]]
* [[Holenberg]]
* [[Holle]]
* [[Hollenstedt]]
* [[Hollern-Twielenfleth]]
* [[Hollnseth]]
* [[Holste]]
* [[Holtgast]]
* [[Holtland]]
* [[Holzen (bei Eschershausen)|Holzen]]
* [[Holzminden]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hoogstede]]
* [[Hörden ad Harthicos montes]]
* [[Horneburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Horstedt (Niedersachsen)|Horstedt]]
* '''[[Hoya]]'''
* [[Hoyerhagen]]
* [[Hoyershausen]]
* [[Hude (Oldenburg)]]
* [[Hüde]]
* [[Hülsede]]
* [[Husum (bei Nienburg)|Husum]]
* [[Hüven]]
{{div col end}}

=== I ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Ihlienworth]]
* [[Ihlow (Frisia Orientalis)|Ihlow]]
* [[Ilsede]]
* [[Ingeleben]]
* [[Isenbüttel]]
* [[Isernhagen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Isterberg]]
* [[Itterbeck]]
{{div col end}}

=== J ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Jade (Saxonia Inferior)|Jade]]
* [[Jameln]]
* [[Jelmstorf]]
* [[Jembke]]
* [[Jemgum]]
* [[Jerxheim]]
* [[Jesteburg]]
* '''[[Geverae]]''' &lt;small&gt;(Germanice ''Jever'', caput circuli)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Jork]]
* [[Jühnde]]
* [[Juist]]
{{div col end}}

=== K ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Kakenstorf]]
* [[Kalbe (Niedersachsen)|Kalbe]]
* [[Kalefeld]]
* [[Karwitz]]
* [[Katlenburg-Lindau]]
* [[Kettenkamp]]
* [[Kirchbrak]]
* [[Kirchdorf (bei Sulingen)|Kirchdorf]]
* [[Kirchgellersen]]
* [[Kirchlinteln]]
* [[Kirchseelte]]
* [[Kirchtimke]]
* [[Kirchwalsede]]
* [[Kissenbrück]]
* [[Klein Berßen]]
* [[Klein Meckelsen]]
* [[Kluse (Emsland)|Kluse]]
* [[Kneitlingen]]
* [[Köhlen]]
* [[Königsmoor]]
* [[Kranenburg (Oste)|Kranenburg]]
* [[Krebeck]]
* [[Krummendeich]]
* [[Krummhörn]]
* [[Kührstedt]]
* [[Küsten]]
* [[Kutenholz]]
{{div col end}}

=== L ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Laar]]
* [[Laatzen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lachendorf]]
* [[Lage (Saxonia Inferior)|Lage]]
* [[Lähden]]
* [[Lahn (Hümmling)|Lahn]]
* ''[[Lamspringe]]''
* [[Lamstedt]]
* [[Landesbergen]]
* [[Landolfshausen]]
* [[Landwehr (Gemeinde)|Landwehr]]
* '''[[Langelsheim]]'''
* '''[[Langen (bei Bremerhaven)|Langen]]''' &lt;small&gt;(b.Bremerhaven)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langen (Emsland)|Langen]] &lt;small&gt;(Emsland)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langendorf (Elbe)|Langendorf]]
* [[Langenhagen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langeoog]]
* [[Langlingen]]
* [[Langwedel (Weser)|Langwedel]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lastrup]]
* [[Lathen]]
* [[Lauenau]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lauenbrück]]
* [[Lauenförde]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lauenhagen]]
* [[Leese]]
* [[Leezdorf]]
* [[Lehe (Emsland)|Lehe]]
* [[Lehre (Niedersachsen)|Lehre]]
* [[Lehrte]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Leiferde]]
* [[Lembruch]]
* [[Lemförde]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lemgow]]
* [[Lemwerder]]
* [[Lengede]]
* [[Lengenbostel]]
* [[Lengerich (Emsland)|Lengerich]]
* [[Lenne (Niedersachsen)|Lenne]]
* [[Leri]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theod. ''Leer'')&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Leer''; [[lingua Saxonica|Orientofrisosaxonice]] ''Läär''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lier'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Liebenau (Niedersachsen)|Liebenau]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Liebenburg]]
* [[Lilienthal]]
* [[Lindern (Oldenburg)]]
* [[Lindhorst]]
* [[Lindwedel]]
* '''[[Lingen (Ems)]]''' &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Linsburg]]
* [[Lintig]]
* '''[[Lohne (Oldenburg)]]'''
* '''[[Löningen]]'''
* [[Lorup]]
* [[Loxstedt]]
* [[Lübberstedt]]
* [[Lübbow]]
* '''[[Lüchow (terra Wenedorum)]]''' &lt;small&gt;(caput circuli)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Luckau (Saxonia Inferior)|Luckau]]
* [[Lüder (Lüneburger Heide)|Lüder]]
* [[Lüdersburg]]
* [[Lüdersfeld]]
* [[Lüerdissen]]
* [[Luhden]]
* '''[[Luneburgum]]''' &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lünne]]
* [[Lütetsburg]]
* ''[[Lutter am Barenberge]]''
* [[Luttera Regalis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Königslutter am Elm'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== M ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Maasen]]
* [[Marienhafe]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Marienhagen]]
* [[Mariental (Niedersachsen)|Mariental]]
* [[Marklohe]]
* [[Marl (Dümmer)|Marl]]
* [[Marschacht]]
* [[Martfeld]]
* [[Marxen]]
* [[Mechtersen]]
* [[Meerbeck]]
* [[Meine]]
* [[Meinersen]]
* [[Melbeck]]
* [[Melle]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mellinghausen]]
* [[Menslage]]
* [[Meppen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Merzen]]
* [[Messenkamp]]
* [[Messingen]]
* [[Midlum (Land Wursten)|Midlum]]
* [[Misselwarden]]
* [[Mittelnkirchen]]
* [[Mittelstenahe]]
* [[Moisburg]]
* [[Molbergen]]
* [[Moormerland]]
* [[Moorweg]]
* '''[[Moringen]]'''
* [[Müden (Alara)]]
* [[Mulsum (Land Wursten)|Mulsum]]
* [[Munimeri]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; (Bad Münder am Deister)
* '''[[Munster (Örtze)|Munster]]'''
{{div col end}}

=== N ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Nahrendorf]]
* [[Natendorf]]
* [[Neetze]]
* [[Negenborn]]
* [[Nenndorf (circulus Widmundensis)|Nenndorf]]
* [[Neubörger]]
* [[Neu Darchau]]
* '''[[Neuenhaus]]'''
* [[Neuenkirchen (Altes Land)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(Altes Land)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen (bei Bassum)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(b.Bassum)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen (Land Hadeln)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(Land Hadeln)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen (Landkreis Osnabrück)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Osnabrück)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen (Lüneburger Heide)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(Lüneb.Heide)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen-Vörden]]
* [[Neuharlingersiel]]
* [[Neuhaus (Oste)]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuhof (Landkreis Hildesheim)|Neuhof]]
* [[Neukamperfehn]]
* [[Neulehe]]
* [[Neuschoo]]
* [[Neustadt am Rübenberge]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neu Wulmstorf]]
* [[Niederlangen]]
* [[Niedernwöhren]]
* [[Niemetal]]
* [[Nienburg/Weser]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nienhagen (Landkreis Celle)|Nienhagen]]
* [[Nienstädt]]
* [[Norden]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nordenham]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Norderney]]'''
* [[Nordholz]]
* [[Nordleda]]
* [[Nordsehl]]
* [[Nordstemmen]]
* [[Nörten-Hardenberg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Northeim]]''' &lt;small&gt;(Kreisstadt)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Northorna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;&gt;Egli, J. J. (1893). ''Nomina Geographica: Sprach- und Sacherklärung von 42000 Geographischen Namen aller Erdräume''. [[Lipsia]]e: Friedrich Brandstetter.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Nordhorn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nothoorn'' seu ''Notthoarn'' seu ''Netthoarn'' seu ''Noordhoorn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nortmoor]]
* [[Nortrup]]
* [[Nottensdorf]]
{{div col end}}

=== O ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Oberlangen]]
* [[Oberndorf (Oste)|Oberndorf]]
* [[Obernfeld]]
* [[Obernholz]]
* '''[[Obernkirchen]]'''
* [[Ochtersum]]
* [[Odisheim]]
* [[Oederquart]]
* [[Oerel]]
* [[Oetzen]]
* [[Ohne]]
* [[Ohrum]]
* '''[[Oldenburgum]]''' &lt;small&gt;([[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]])&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Oldendorf (Landkreis Stade)|Oldendorf]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Stade)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Oldendorf (Luhe)]]
* [[Osloß]]
* '''[[Osnabruga]]''' &lt;small&gt;([[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]])&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Osteel]]
* [[Osten (Oste)|Osten]]
* [[Osterbruch]]
* [[Ostercappeln]]
* [[Ostereistedt]]
* [[Osterholz-Scharmbeck]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Osterode am Harz]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Osterwald]]
* [[Ostrhauderfehn]]
* [[Ottenstein (Niedersachsen)|Ottenstein]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Otter]]
* '''[[Otterndorf]]'''
* [[Ottersberg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ovelgönne]]
* [[Oyten]]	
{{div col end}}

=== P ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Padingbüttel]]
* [[Papenburg]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Parsau]]
* '''[[Pattensen]]'''
* [[Pegestorf]]
* [[Peine]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Pennigsehl]]
* [[Pohle]]
* [[Polle]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Pollhagen]]
* [[Prezelle]]
* [[Prinzhöfte]]
{{div col end}}

=== Q ===
{{div col|3}}
* '''[[Quakenbrück]]'''
* [[Quendorf]]
* [[Querenhorst]]
* [[Quernheim]]
{{div col end}}

=== R ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Räbke]]
* [[Radbruch]]
* [[Raddestorf]]
* [[Rastdorf]]
* [[Rastede]]
* [[Rätzlingen (Niedersachsen)|Rätzlingen]]
* [[Rechtsupweg]]
* [[Reeßum]]
* [[Regesbostel]]
* '''[[Rehburg-Loccum]]'''
* [[Rehden]]
* [[Rehlingen]]
* [[Reinstorf]]
* [[Remlingen (Niedersachsen)|Remlingen]]
* [[Renkenberge]]
* [[Rennau]]
* [[Reppenstedt]]
* '''[[Rethem (Aller)]]'''
* [[Rhade]]
* [[Rhauderfehn]]
* [[Rhede (Ems)]]
* [[Rheden (Niedersachsen)|Rheden]]
* [[Rhumspringe]]
* [[Ribbesbüttel]]
* [[Riede (Landkreis Verden)|Riede]]
* [[Rieste]]
* [[Ringe]]
* [[Ringstedt]]
* [[Rinteln]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ritterhude]]
* '''[[Rodenberg]]'''
* [[Rodewald]]
* [[Rohrsen]]
* [[Roklum]]
* [[Rollshausen]]
* [[Römstedt]]
* [[Ronnenberg]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rosche]]
* [[Rosdorf]]
* [[Rosengarten (Landkreis Harburg)|Rosengarten]]
* '''[[Rotenburg (Wümme)]]''' &lt;small&gt;(Kreisstadt)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rötgesbüttel]]
* [[Rüdershausen]]
* [[Rühen]]
* [[Rullstorf]]
{{div col end}}

=== S ===
{{div col|3}}
* '''[[Sachsenhagen]]'''
* [[Salzbergen]]
* '''[[Salzgitter]]''' &lt;small&gt;([[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]])&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Salzhausen]]
* [[Salzhemmendorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Samern]]
* [[Sandbostel]]
* [[Sande (Frisia)|Sande]]
* '''[[Sarstedt]]'''
* [[Sassenburg]]
* [[Sagterlandia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;BOV 2013&quot;&gt;Bischöfliches Offizialat Vechta (2013). ''Findbuch des Offizialatsarchivs Vechta: Altes Archiv (Abteilung A: Saterlandia, Kirchliche Unterlagen, Akte A 8: „Informatio de Sagterlandia“ aus dem Jahre 1710)''. Vechtae, in Germania: Bischöfliches Offizialat.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Saterland''; quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Sagterland''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Seelterlound'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sauensiek]]
* [[Schapen]]
* [[Scharnebeck]]
* [[Scheden]]
* [[Scheeßel]]
* [[Schellerten]]
* [[Schiffdorf]]
* [[Schladen-Werla]]
* '''[[Schnackenburg]]'''
* [[Schnega]]
* '''[[Schneverdingen]]'''
* [[Scholen]]
* [[Schönewörde]]
* '''[[Schöningen]]'''
* '''[[Schöppenstedt]]'''
* [[Schortens]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Schüttorf]]'''
* [[Schwaförden]]
* [[Schwanewede]]
* [[Schwarme]]	
* [[Schwarmstedt]]
* [[Schweindorf]]
* [[Schweringen]]
* [[Schwerinsdorf]]
* [[Schwienau]]
* [[Schwülper]]
* [[Seeburg (Niedersachsen)|Seeburg]]
* [[Seedorf (bei Zeven)|Seedorf]]
* [[Seelze]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Seesen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Seevetal]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Seggebruch]]
* [[Sehlde]]
* [[Sehlem (Niedersachsen)|Sehlem]]
* [[Sehnde]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Selsingen]]
* [[Semmenstedt]]
* [[Seulingen]]
* [[Sibbesse]]
* [[Sickte]]
* [[Siedenburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sittensen]]
* [[Soderstorf]]
* [[Sögel]]	
* [[Söhlde]]
* [[Söllingen (Niedersachsen)|Söllingen]]
* '''[[Soltau]]'''
* [[Soltendieck]]
* [[Sottrum]]
* [[Spahnharrenstätte]]
* [[Spelle]]
* [[Spiekeroog]]
* [[Sprakensehl]]
* [[Springe]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stade]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stadlandia]]&lt;ref&gt;Ioannes Iustus Wynkelman, [https://books.google.com/books?id=WvgaAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA617&amp;lpg=PA617&amp;dq=statlandia+saxonia&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=Ysl9JI4L06&amp;sig=2y6x3I38sU3-RcrP0HtnSkUxssI&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0CCwQ6AEwA2oVChMIwqiv-NWMxgIVQgmSCh2CZwDj#v=onepage&amp;q=statlandia%20saxonia&amp;f=false ''Notitia historico-politica veteris Saxo-Westphaliae finitimarumque regionum,''] 1667:277.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Stadland'')&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Stadthagen]]''' &lt;small&gt;(Kreisstadt)&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Stadtoldendorf]]'''
* [[Staffhorst]]
* [[Staufenberg]]
* [[Stavern]]
* [[Stedesdorf]]
* [[Steimbke]]
* [[Steinau (Niedersachsen)|Steinau]]
* [[Steinfeld (Oldenburg)]]
* [[Steinhorst (Niedersachsen)|Steinhorst]]
* [[Steinkirchen (Altes Land)|Steinkirchen]]
* [[Stelle]]
* [[Stemmen (Landkreis Rotenburg)|Stemmen]]
* [[Stemshorn]]
* [[Steyerberg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stinstedt]]
* [[Stöckse]]
* [[Stoetze]]
* [[Stolzenau]]
* [[Stuhr]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Südbrookmerland]]
* [[Suderburg]]
* [[Südergellersen]]
* [[Südheide]]
* [[Sudwalde]]
* [[Suhlendorf]]
* '''[[Sulingen]]'''
* [[Süpplingen]]
* [[Süpplingenburg]]
* [[Süstedt]]
* [[Sustrum]]
* [[Surwold]]
* [[Suthfeld]]
* '''[[Syke]]'''
{{div col end}}

=== T ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Tappenbeck]]
* [[Tarmstedt]]
* [[Tespe]]
* [[Thedinghausen]]
* [[Thomasburg]]
* [[Thuine]]
* [[Tiddische]]
* [[Tiste]]
* [[Toppenstedt]]
* [[Tostedt]]
* [[Tosterglope]]
* [[Trebel]]
* [[Tülau]]
* [[Twieflingen]]
* [[Twist (Emsland)|Twist]]
* '''[[Twistringen]]'''
{{div col end}}

=== U ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Uchte]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Uehrde]]
* [[Uelsen]]
* [[Uelzen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Uetze]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ummern]]
* [[Undeloh]]
* [[Upgant-Schott]]
* [[Uplengen]]
* '''[[Uslar]]'''
* [[Utarp]]
{{div col end}}

=== V ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Vahlberg]]
* [[Vahlbruch]]
* [[Vahlde]]
* [[Varel]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Varrel]]
* [[Vastorf]]
* [[Vechelde]]
* [[Vechta]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Velpke]]
* [[Veltheim (Ohe)]]
* [[Verden (Aller)]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vierden]]
* [[Vierhöfen]]
* [[Visbek]]
* '''[[Visselhövede]]'''
* [[Vögelsen]]
* [[Vollersode]]
* [[Voltlage]]
* [[Vordorf]]
* [[Vorwerk (Niedersachsen)|Vorwerk]]
* [[Vrees]]
{{div col end}}

=== W ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Waake]]
* [[Waddeweitz]]
* [[Wagenfeld]]
* [[Wagenhoff]]
* [[Wahrenholz]]
* [[Walchum]]
* [[Walkenried]]
* [[Wallenhorst]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wallmoden]]
* [[Walsrode]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wangelnstedt]]
* [[Wangerland]]
* [[Wangerooge]]
* [[Wanna]]
* [[Warberg]]
* [[Wardenburg]]
* [[Warmsen]]
* [[Warpe]]
* [[Wasbüttel]]
* [[Wathlingen]]
* [[Wedemark]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Weener]]'''
* [[Weenzen]]
* [[Wehrbleck]]
* [[Welle]]
* [[Wendeburg]]
* [[Wendisch Evern]]
* [[Wennigsen]]
* [[Wenzendorf]]
* [[Werdum]]
* [[Werlte]]
* [[Werpeloh]]
* [[Wesendorf]]
* [[Weste (Niedersachsen)|Weste]]
* [[Westergellersen]]
* [[Westerholt]]
* '''[[Westerstede]]''' &lt;small&gt;(caput circuli)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Westertimke]]
* [[Westerwalsede]]
* [[Westfeld (Niedersachsen)|Westfeld]]
* [[Westoverledingen]]
* [[Wetschen]]
* [[Wettrup]]
* [[Weyhausen]]
* [[Weyhe]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wieda]]
* [[Wiedensahl]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wiefelstede]]
* [[Wielen]]
* [[Wienhausen]]
* '''[[Wiesmoor]]'''
* [[Wietmarschen]]
* [[Wietze]]
* [[Wietzen]]
* [[Wietzendorf]]
* '''[[Wildeshausen]]''' &lt;small&gt;(caput circuli)&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Wilhelmshaven]]''' &lt;small&gt;([[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]])&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wilstedt]]
* [[Wilsum]]
* [[Wingst]]
* [[Winkelsett]]
* [[Winnigstedt]]
* [[Winsen (Aller)]]
* [[Winsenia]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Winzenburg]]
* [[Wippingen]]
* [[Wirdum]]
* [[Wischhafen]]
* [[Wistedt]]
* [[Witmundia]]&lt;ref&gt;E.g., [[Ioannes Luyts|Ioannis Luyts]] ''Introductio ad Geographiam novam et veterem'', Ultraiecti 1692, [https://books.google.fr/books?id=_o0YP3-9VTMC&amp;pg=PA281&amp;dq=Witmundia&amp;hl=ru&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjShLT7vdDrAhVJw4sKHZLLCokQ6AEwAnoECAMQAg#v=onepage&amp;q=Witmundia&amp;f=false p. 281].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wittmund'')&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Wittingen]]'''
* [[Wittmar]]
* [[Wittorf]]
* [[Wohnste]]
* '''[[Wolfsburg]]''' &lt;small&gt;([[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]])&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wollbrandshausen]]
* [[Wollershausen]]
* [[Wölpinghausen]]
* [[Wolsdorf]]
* [[Woltersdorf (Wendland)|Woltersdorf]]
* [[Woltershausen]]
* [[Worpswede]]
* [[Wremen]]
* [[Wrestedt]]
* [[Wriedel]]
* [[Wulfsen]]
* [[Wulften ad Harthicos montes]]
* [[Wunstorf]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Wustrow (Saxonia Inferior)]]'''
{{div col end}}

=== Z ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Zernien]]
* [[Zetel]]
* '''[[Zeven]]'''
* [[Zorge]]
{{div col end}}

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris|!]]</text>
      <sha1>8auyvwztvqk8l5lefi0h2mcvro51rd6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3972937</id>
      <parentid>3972936</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-19T21:24:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3972937</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="32307" sha1="qhl8fc7vpk8gxrn7ezbgyk9532w5cf6" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Municipalities in Lower Saxony.svg|thumb|500px|Urbes et communia Saxoniae Inferioris.]]
'''Index communium in [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxonia Inferiore]]''' omnes [[commune|communia]] (Theodisce ''Gemeinden''), consociationes communium (Theodisce ''Gemeindeverbände'') atque loca nulli communium adscripta (Theodisce ''gemeindefreien Gebiete''), quae hodie in [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terra]] [[Germania|Germanica]] [[Saxonia Inferior]]e exstant, complectitur.

Postremae mutationes finium territorialium in Saxonia Inferiore [[1 Novembris|Kalendis Novembribus]] anni [[2021]] effectae sunt. Ex eo tempore [[Saxonia Inferior]] 939 communium et 25 loca nulli communi adscripta (quorum duo habitantur) habet. Quibus e communibus 159 titulo [[urbs|urbis]] (Theodisce ''Stadt'') et 49 titulo [[oppidum|oppidi]] (Theodisce ''Flecken'') utuntur.

Praeterea nonnullae proprietates exstant secundum communium administrationem: Nam 939 communia in 289 communia unitaria et 650 communia membra dividuntur; quae vero in universum 114 consociationes communium constituunt, ut munera communiter administrent. Hae consociationes communium ipsa communia non sunt, sed foedera cooperationis, quae aut ex regione aut ex communitate in qua sedes administrationis sita est nomen accipiunt. Quapropter in Saxonia Inferiore idem nomen tam communi quam consociationi communium tribui potest. Agitur tamen de duobus corporibus iuridicis distinctis, quae proprias repraesentationes atque propria munera habent.

Praeterea, propter magnitudinem suam, nonnullae communium et consociationes communium peculiarem rationem cum [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulo terrae]] (Theodisce ''Landkreis'') habent:

* Decem urbes statum iuridicum [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli urbani]] (Theodisce ''kreisfreien Stadt'') obtinent, nulli circulo terrae subiiciuntur atque omnia sua munera exercent.
* Septem urbes statum iuridicum urbis magnae sui iuris (Theodisce ''Große selbständige Stadt'') obtinent atque multa, sed non omnia, munera circuli terrae cui adscribuntur exercent.
* 61 communium et tria communia generalis (Theodisce ''Samtgemeinden'') statum iuridicum communis sui iuris (Theodisce ''Selbständige Gemeinde'') obtinent atque quaedam munera districtus cui adscribuntur exercent.
* 861 ceterae communium nullam peculiarem rationem cum circulo terrae cui adscribuntur habent.

=== A ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Achim (Landkreis Verden)|Achim]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Adelebsen]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Adelheidsdorf]]
* [[Adenbüttel]]
* [[Adendorf]]
* [[Adenstedt]]
* [[Aerzen]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Affinghausen]]
* [[Agathenburg]]
* [[Ahausen]]
* [[Ahlden (Aller)]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ahlerstedt]]
* [[Ahnsbeck]]
* [[Ahnsen]]
* [[Alfeld]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alfhausen]]
* [[Alfstedt]]
* [[Algermissen]]
* [[Almstedt]]
* [[Altenmedingen]]
* [[Amelinghausen]]
* [[Amt Neuhaus]]
* [[Anderlingen]]
* [[Andervenne]]
* [[Ankum]]
* [[Apelern]]
* [[Apen]]	
* [[Apensen]]
* [[Appel]]
* [[Aquae Benthemiae]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; (Theod. Bad Bentheim)
* [[Arholzen]]
* [[Armstorf]]
* [[Artlenburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Asendorf (Landkreis Diepholz)|Asendorf]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Diepholz)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Asendorf (Nordheide)|Asendorf]] &lt;small&gt;(Nordheide)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Astanholteremarki-Scirnbeki]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(caput circuli)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Auetal]]
* [[Auhagen]]
* [[Aurich]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Axstedt]]
{{div col end}}

=== B ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Bad Bederkesa]]
* [[Badbergen]]
* [[Bad Bevensen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bad Bodenteich]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Baddeckenstedt]]
* [[Bad Eilsen]]
* [[Bad Essen]]
* [[Bad Fallingbostel]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bad Gandersheim]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bad Grund]]
* [[Bad Harzburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bad Iburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bad Laer]]
* [[Bad Lauterberg im Harz]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bad Nenndorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bad Pyrmont]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bad Rothenfelde]]
* [[Bad Sachsa]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bad Salzdetfurth]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bad Zwischenahn]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bahrdorf]]
* [[Bahrenborstel]]
* [[Bakum]]
* [[Balge]]
* [[Balje]]
* [[Baltrum]]
* [[Banteln]]
* [[Bardowick]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barenburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barendorf]]
* [[Bargstedt (Niedersachsen)|Bargstedt]]
* [[Barnstedt]]
* [[Barnstorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barsinghausen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barßel]]
* [[Barum (Luneburgum)|Barum]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Lüneburg)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barum (Circulus Uelzen)|Barum]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Uelzen)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barver]]
* [[Barwedel]]
* [[Basdahl]]
* [[Bassum]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bawinkel]]
* [[Beckdorf]]
* [[Beckedorf]]
* [[Beckeln]]
* [[Beedenbostel]]
* [[Beesten]]
* [[Beierstedt]]
* [[Belm]]
* [[Belum]]
* [[Bendestorf]]
* [[Berge (Niedersachsen)|Berge]]
* '''[[Berga (Circulus Cellensis)|Bergen]]''' &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Celle)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bergen an der Dumme]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bergfeld]]
* [[Berne]]
* [[Bersenbrück]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Berumbur]]
* [[Betheln]]
* [[Betzendorf]]
* [[Bevern (Landkreis Holzminden)|Bevern]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Beverstedt]]
* [[Bienenbüttel]]
* [[Bilshausen]]
* [[Binnen]]
* [[Bippen]]
* [[Bispingen]]
* [[Bissendorf]]
* [[Bleckede]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Blender (Landkreis Verden)|Blender]]
* [[Bliedersdorf]]
* [[Blomberg (circulus Widmundensis)|Blomberg]]
* [[Bockenem]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bockhorn (Friesland)|Bockhorn]]
* [[Bockhorst]]
* [[Bodenfelde]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bodensee (Saxonia Inferior)|Bodensee]]
* [[Bodenwerder]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Boffzen]]
* [[Böhme (Niedersachsen)|Böhme]]
* [[Bohmte]]
* [[Boitze]]	
* [[Bokensdorf]]
* [[Bomlitz]]
* [[Börger]]
* [[Borkum]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Börßum]]
* [[Borstel (Landkreis Diepholz)|Borstel]]
* [[Bösel]]
* [[Bötersen]]
* [[Bothel]]
* [[Bovenden]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brackel]]
* [[Brake]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bramsche]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Braunlage]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Breddenberg]]
* [[Breddorf]]
* [[Bremervörde]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brest (Niedersachsen)|Brest]]
* [[Brevörde]]
* [[Brietlingen]]
* [[Brinkum (Stuhr)|Brinkum]]
* [[Brockel]]
* [[Bröckel]]
* [[Brockum]]
* [[Brome]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bruchhausen-Vilsen]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brunsvicum]] &lt;small&gt;([[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]])&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brüggen (Leine)|Brüggen]]
* [[Buchholz (bei Stadthagen)|Buchholz]] ? &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Buchholz (Aller)]] ? &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Buchholz in der Nordheide]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bückeburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bücken]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Büddenstedt]]
* [[Bühren]]
* [[Bülkau]]
* [[Bülstedt]]
* [[Bunde]]
* [[Burgdorf (Circulus Guelpherbytensis)|Burgdorf]] &lt;small&gt;(Landkreis Wolfenbüttel)&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Burgdorf]]''' &lt;small&gt;(Region Hannover)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Burgwedel]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Burweg]]
* [[Butjadingen]]
* [[Buxtehude]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== C ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Cadenberge]]
* [[Calberlah]]
* [[Cappel (Niedersachsen)|Cappel]]
* [[Cappeln (Oldenburg)]]
* [[Cella]] &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Clausthal-Zellerfeld]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Clenze]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Cloppenburg]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Colnrade]]
* [[Coppenbrügge]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Coppengrave]]
* [[Cramme]]
* [[Cremlingen]]
* [[Cuxhaven]] &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== D ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Dahlem (Niedersachsen)|Dahlem]]
* [[Dahlenburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dahlum]]
* [[Damme (Dümmer)|Damme]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Damnatz]]
* [[Danndorf]]
* [[Dannenberg]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dassel]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; 
* [[Dedelstorf]]
* [[Deensen]]
* [[Deinste]]
* [[Deinstedt]]
* [[Delligsen]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Delmenhorstium]] &lt;small&gt;([[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]])&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Denkte]]
* [[Derental]]
* [[Dersum]]
* [[Despetal]]
* [[Detern]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dettum]]
* [[Deutsch Evern]]
* [[Dickel]]
* [[Didderse]]
* [[Diekholzen]]
* [[Dielmissen]]
* [[Diepenau]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Diepholz]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dinklage]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dissen am Teutoburger Wald]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dohren (Emsland)|Dohren]] &lt;small&gt;(Emsland)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dohren]] &lt;small&gt;(Nordheide)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dollern]]
* [[Dornum]]
* [[Dörpen]]
* [[Dorstadt]]
* [[Dorum]]
* [[Dörverden]]
* [[Dötlingen]]
* [[Drage (Elbe)|Drage]]
* [[Drakenburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Drangstedt]]
* [[Dransfeld]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Drebber]]
* [[Drentwede]]
* [[Drestedt]]
* [[Drochtersen]]
* [[Düdenbüttel]]
* [[Duderstadt]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Duingen]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dünsen]]
* [[Dunum]]
{{div col end}}

=== E ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Ebergötzen]]
* [[Eberholzen]]
* [[Ebersdorfium (Saxonia Inferior)|Ebersdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ebersdorfium&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Ebersdorf' in Latinam &quot;Ebersdorfium&quot; verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Ebstorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Echem]]
* [[Edemissen]]
* [[Edewecht]]
* [[Egestorf]]
* [[Eggermühlen]]
* [[Ehra-Lessien]]
* [[Ehrenburg (Niedersachsen)|Ehrenburg]]
* [[Eickeloh]]
* [[Eicklingen]]
* [[Eime]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eimen]]
* [[Eimke]]
* [[Einbeck]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Elbe (Niedersachsen)|Elbe]]
* [[Elbingerode (bei Herzberg am Harz)|Elbingerode]]
* [[Eldingen]]
* [[Elmlohe]]
* [[Elsdorf (Niedersachsen)|Elsdorf]]
* [[Elsfleth]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Elze]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Embsen]]
* [[Emda]] &lt;small&gt;([[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]])&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Emlichheim]]
* [[Emmendorf]]
* [[Emmerthal]]
* [[Emsbüren]]
* [[Emstek]]
* [[Emtinghausen]]
* [[Engden]]
* [[Engelschoff]]
* [[Erkerode]]
* [[Esche]]
* [[Eschede]]
* [[Eschershausen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Esens]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Essel]]
* [[Essen (Oldenburgum)]]
* [[Esterwegen]]
* [[Estorf (Landkreis Stade)|Estorf]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Stade)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Estorf (Weser)|Estorf]] &lt;small&gt;(Weser)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Everode]]
* [[Eversmeer]]
* [[Evessen]]
* [[Eydelstedt]]
* [[Eyendorf]]
* [[Eystrup]]
{{div col end}}

=== F ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Farven]]
* [[Faßberg]]
* [[Filsum]]
* [[Fintel]]
* [[Firrel]]
* [[Flögeln]]
* [[Flöthe]]
* [[Frankenfeld]]
* [[Freden]]
* [[Fredenbeck]]
* [[Freiburg/Elbe]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Freistatt]]
* [[Frellstedt]]
* [[Freren]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Fresenburg]]
* [[Friedeburg]]
* [[Friedlandia (Saxonia Inferior)|Friedland]]
* [[Friesoythe]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Fürstenau]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Furstenberga]]
{{div col end}}

=== G ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Ganderkesee]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gandesbergen]]
* [[Garbsen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Garlstorf]]
* [[Garrel]]
* [[Garstedt]]
* [[Gartow]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Geeste]]
* [[Geestland]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gehrde]]
* [[Gehrden]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Georgsdorf]]
* [[Georgsmarienhütte]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gerdau]]
* [[Gersten]]
* [[Getelo]]
* [[Gevensleben]]
* [[Geverae]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Germanice ''Jever'', caput circuli)&lt;/small&gt; 
* [[Geversdorf]]
* [[Gieboldehausen]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Giesen]]
* [[Gifhorn]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gilten]]
* [[Glandorf]]
* [[Gleichen]]
* [[Gnarrenburg]]
* [[Gödenstorf]]
* [[Göhrde]]
* [[Goldenstedt]]
* [[Gölenkamp]]
* [[Golmbach]]
* [[Gorleben]]
* [[Goslaria]] &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Göttingen]]''' &lt;small&gt;([[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]])&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Grafhorst]]
* [[Grasberg]]
* [[Grasleben]]
* [[Grethem]]
* [[Gronau]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Groß Berßen]]
* [[Großefehn]]
* [[Großenkneten]]
* [[Großenwörden]]
* [[Großheide]]
* [[Groß Ippener]]
* [[Groß Meckelsen]]
* [[Groß Oesingen]]
* [[Groß Twülpstedt]]
* [[Grünendeich]]
* [[Guderhandviertel]]
* [[Guelpherbytum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wolfenbüttel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wulfenbüttel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gusborn]]
* [[Gyhum]]
{{div col end}}

=== H ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Hademstorf]]
* [[Hage]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hagen am Teutoburger Wald]]
* [[Hagen im Bremischen]]
* [[Hagenburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hagermarsch]]
* [[Hahausen]]
* [[Halbemond]]
* [[Halle (comitatus Binethensis)|Halle]] &lt;small&gt;(b.Neuenhaus)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Halle (Holtisminni)|Halle]] &lt;small&gt;(Montes Visurgis)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Halvesbostel]]
* [[Hambergen]]
* [[Hambühren]]
* [[Hämelhausen]]
* [[Hameln]] &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hamersen]]
* [[Hammah]]
* [[Handeloh]]
* [[Handorf]]
* [[Handrup]]
* [[Hankensbüttel]]
* [[Hannover]] &lt;small&gt;[[caput (urbs)|caput]] [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terrae foederalis]] et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hann. Münden]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hanstedt (Circulus Uelzen)|Hanstedt]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Uelzen)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hanstedt (Nordheide)|Hanstedt]] &lt;small&gt;(Nordheide)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Harbarnsen]]
* [[Hardegsen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Haren (Amisia)]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Harmstorf]]
* [[Harpstedt]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Harsefeld]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Harsum]]
* [[Hasbergen]]
* [[Haselünne]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Haßbergen]]
* [[Hassel (Weser)]]
* [[Hassendorf]]
* [[Haste]]	
* [[Hatten]]
* [[Hattorf ad Harthicos montes]]
* [[Häuslingen]]
* [[Haverlah]]
* [[Hechthausen]]
* [[Hedeper]]
* [[Heede (Emsland)|Heede]]
* [[Heemsen]]
* [[Heere]]	
* [[Heeslingen]]
* [[Heeßen]]
* [[Hehlen]]
* [[Heidenau (Saxonia Inferior)|Heidenau]]
* [[Heinade]]
* [[Heinbockel]]
* [[Heiningen (Niedersachsen)|Heiningen]]
* [[Heinsen]]
* [[Hellwege]]
* [[Helmstedt]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Helpsen]]
* [[Helvesiek]]
* [[Hemmingen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hemmoor]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hemsbünde]]
* [[Hemslingen]]
* [[Hemsloh]]
* [[Hepstedt]]
* [[Herzberg am Harz]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Herzlake]]
* [[Hesel]]
* [[Hespe]]
* [[Hessisch Oldendorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heuerßen]]
* [[Heyen]]
* [[Hildesheim]] &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hilgermissen]]
* [[Hilkenbrook]]
* [[Hillerse]]
* [[Hilter am Teutoburger Wald]]
* [[Himbergen]]
* [[Himmelpforten]]
* [[Hinte]]
* [[Hipstedt]]
* [[Hittbergen]]
* [[Hitzacker]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hodenhagen]]
* [[Höhbeck]]
* [[Hohenhameln]]
* [[Hohne]]
* [[Hohnhorst]]
* [[Hohnstorf (Albis)]]
* [[Holdorf (Niedersachsen)|Holdorf]]
* [[Holenberg]]
* [[Holle]]
* [[Hollenstedt]]
* [[Hollern-Twielenfleth]]
* [[Hollnseth]]
* [[Holste]]
* [[Holtgast]]
* [[Holtland]]
* [[Holzen (bei Eschershausen)|Holzen]]
* [[Holzminden]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hoogstede]]
* [[Hörden ad Harthicos montes]]
* [[Horneburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Horstedt (Niedersachsen)|Horstedt]]
* [[Hoya]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hoyerhagen]]
* [[Hoyershausen]]
* [[Hude (Oldenburg)]]
* [[Hüde]]
* [[Hülsede]]
* [[Husum (bei Nienburg)|Husum]]
* [[Hüven]]
{{div col end}}

=== I ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Ihlienworth]]
* [[Ihlow (Frisia Orientalis)|Ihlow]]
* [[Ilsede]]
* [[Ingeleben]]
* [[Isenbüttel]]
* [[Isernhagen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Isterberg]]
* [[Itterbeck]]
{{div col end}}

=== J ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Jade (Saxonia Inferior)|Jade]]
* [[Jameln]]
* [[Jelmstorf]]
* [[Jembke]]
* [[Jemgum]]
* [[Jerxheim]]
* [[Jesteburg]]
* [[Jork]]
* [[Jühnde]]
* [[Juist]]
{{div col end}}

=== K ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Kakenstorf]]
* [[Kalbe (Niedersachsen)|Kalbe]]
* [[Kalefeld]]
* [[Karwitz]]
* [[Katlenburg-Lindau]]
* [[Kettenkamp]]
* [[Kirchbrak]]
* [[Kirchdorf (bei Sulingen)|Kirchdorf]]
* [[Kirchgellersen]]
* [[Kirchlinteln]]
* [[Kirchseelte]]
* [[Kirchtimke]]
* [[Kirchwalsede]]
* [[Kissenbrück]]
* [[Klein Berßen]]
* [[Klein Meckelsen]]
* [[Kluse (Emsland)|Kluse]]
* [[Kneitlingen]]
* [[Köhlen]]
* [[Königsmoor]]
* [[Kranenburg (Oste)|Kranenburg]]
* [[Krebeck]]
* [[Krummendeich]]
* [[Krummhörn]]
* [[Kührstedt]]
* [[Küsten]]
* [[Kutenholz]]
{{div col end}}

=== L ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Laar]]
* [[Laatzen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lachendorf]]
* [[Lage (Saxonia Inferior)|Lage]]
* [[Lähden]]
* [[Lahn (Hümmling)|Lahn]]
* ''[[Lamspringe]]''
* [[Lamstedt]]
* [[Landesbergen]]
* [[Landolfshausen]]
* [[Landwehr (Gemeinde)|Landwehr]]
* [[Langelsheim]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Langen (bei Bremerhaven)|Langen]]''' &lt;small&gt;(b.Bremerhaven)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langen (Emsland)|Langen]] &lt;small&gt;(Emsland)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langendorf (Elbe)|Langendorf]]
* [[Langenhagen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langeoog]]
* [[Langlingen]]
* [[Langwedel (Weser)|Langwedel]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lastrup]]
* [[Lathen]]
* [[Lauenau]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lauenbrück]]
* [[Lauenförde]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lauenhagen]]
* [[Leese]]
* [[Leezdorf]]
* [[Lehe (Emsland)|Lehe]]
* [[Lehre (Niedersachsen)|Lehre]]
* [[Lehrte]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Leiferde]]
* [[Lembruch]]
* [[Lemförde]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lemgow]]
* [[Lemwerder]]
* [[Lengede]]
* [[Lengenbostel]]
* [[Lengerich (Emsland)|Lengerich]]
* [[Lenne (Niedersachsen)|Lenne]]
* [[Leri]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theod. ''Leer'')&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Leer''; [[lingua Saxonica|Orientofrisosaxonice]] ''Läär''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lier'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Liebenau (Niedersachsen)|Liebenau]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Liebenburg]]
* [[Lilienthal]]
* [[Lindern (Oldenburg)]]
* [[Lindhorst]]
* [[Lindwedel]]
* [[Lingen (Ems)]] &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Linsburg]]
* [[Lintig]]
* [[Lohne (Oldenburg)]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Löningen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lorup]]
* [[Loxstedt]]
* [[Lübberstedt]]
* [[Lübbow]]
* [[Lüchow (terra Wenedorum)]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Luckau (Saxonia Inferior)|Luckau]]
* [[Lüder (Lüneburger Heide)|Lüder]]
* [[Lüdersburg]]
* [[Lüdersfeld]]
* [[Lüerdissen]]
* [[Luhden]]
* '''[[Luneburgum]]''' &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lünne]]
* [[Lütetsburg]]
* ''[[Lutter am Barenberge]]''
* [[Luttera Regalis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Königslutter am Elm'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== M ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Maasen]]
* [[Marienhafe]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Marienhagen]]
* [[Mariental (Niedersachsen)|Mariental]]
* [[Marklohe]]
* [[Marl (Dümmer)|Marl]]
* [[Marschacht]]
* [[Martfeld]]
* [[Marxen]]
* [[Mechtersen]]
* [[Meerbeck]]
* [[Meine]]
* [[Meinersen]]
* [[Melbeck]]
* [[Melle]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mellinghausen]]
* [[Menslage]]
* [[Meppen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Merzen]]
* [[Messenkamp]]
* [[Messingen]]
* [[Midlum (Land Wursten)|Midlum]]
* [[Misselwarden]]
* [[Mittelnkirchen]]
* [[Mittelstenahe]]
* [[Moisburg]]
* [[Molbergen]]
* [[Moormerland]]
* [[Moorweg]]
* [[Moringen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Müden (Alara)]]
* [[Mulsum (Land Wursten)|Mulsum]]
* [[Mundia Hannoverana]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Munimeri]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; (Bad Münder am Deister)
* [[Munster (Örtze)|Munster]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== N ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Nahrendorf]]
* [[Natendorf]]
* [[Neetze]]
* [[Negenborn]]
* [[Nenndorf (circulus Widmundensis)|Nenndorf]]
* [[Neubörger]]
* [[Neu Darchau]]
* [[Neuenhaus]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen (Altes Land)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(Altes Land)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen (bei Bassum)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(b.Bassum)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen (Land Hadeln)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(Land Hadeln)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen (Landkreis Osnabrück)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Osnabrück)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen (Lüneburger Heide)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(Lüneb.Heide)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen-Vörden]]
* [[Neuharlingersiel]]
* [[Neuhaus (Oste)]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuhof (Landkreis Hildesheim)|Neuhof]]
* [[Neukamperfehn]]
* [[Neulehe]]
* [[Neuschoo]]
* [[Neustadt am Rübenberge]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neu Wulmstorf]]
* [[Niederlangen]]
* [[Niedernwöhren]]
* [[Niemetal]]
* [[Nienburg/Weser]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nienhagen (Landkreis Celle)|Nienhagen]]
* [[Nienstädt]]
* [[Norden]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nordenham]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Norderney]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nordholz]]
* [[Nordleda]]
* [[Nordsehl]]
* [[Nordstemmen]]
* [[Nörten-Hardenberg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Northeim]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Northorna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;&gt;Egli, J. J. (1893). ''Nomina Geographica: Sprach- und Sacherklärung von 42000 Geographischen Namen aller Erdräume''. [[Lipsia]]e: Friedrich Brandstetter.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Nordhorn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nothoorn'' seu ''Notthoarn'' seu ''Netthoarn'' seu ''Noordhoorn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nortmoor]]
* [[Nortrup]]
* [[Nottensdorf]]
{{div col end}}

=== O ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Oberlangen]]
* [[Oberndorf (Oste)|Oberndorf]]
* [[Obernfeld]]
* [[Obernholz]]
* [[Obernkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ochtersum]]
* [[Odisheim]]
* [[Oederquart]]
* [[Oerel]]
* [[Oetzen]]
* [[Ohne]]
* [[Ohrum]]
* [[Oldenburgum]] &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Oldendorf (Landkreis Stade)|Oldendorf]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Stade)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Oldendorf (Luhe)]]
* [[Osloß]]
* [[Osnabruga]] &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Osteel]]
* [[Osten (Oste)|Osten]]
* [[Osterbruch]]
* [[Ostercappeln]]
* [[Ostereistedt]]
* [[Osterholz-Scharmbeck]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Osterode am Harz]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Osterwald]]
* [[Ostrhauderfehn]]
* [[Ottenstein (Niedersachsen)|Ottenstein]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Otter]]
* [[Otterndorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ottersberg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ovelgönne]]
* [[Oyten]]	
{{div col end}}

=== P ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Padingbüttel]]
* [[Papenburg]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Parsau]]
* [[Pattensen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Pegestorf]]
* [[Peine]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Pennigsehl]]
* [[Pohle]]
* [[Polle]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Pollhagen]]
* [[Prezelle]]
* [[Prinzhöfte]]
{{div col end}}

=== Q ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Quakenbrück]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Quendorf]]
* [[Querenhorst]]
* [[Quernheim]]
{{div col end}}

=== R ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Räbke]]
* [[Radbruch]]
* [[Raddestorf]]
* [[Rastdorf]]
* [[Rastede]]
* [[Rätzlingen (Niedersachsen)|Rätzlingen]]
* [[Rechtsupweg]]
* [[Reeßum]]
* [[Regesbostel]]
* [[Rehburg-Loccum]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rehden]]
* [[Rehlingen]]
* [[Reinstorf]]
* [[Remlingen (Niedersachsen)|Remlingen]]
* [[Renkenberge]]
* [[Rennau]]
* [[Reppenstedt]]
* [[Rethem (Aller)]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rhade]]
* [[Rhauderfehn]]
* [[Rhede (Ems)]]
* [[Rheden (Niedersachsen)|Rheden]]
* [[Rhumspringe]]
* [[Ribbesbüttel]]
* [[Riede (Landkreis Verden)|Riede]]
* [[Rieste]]
* [[Ringe]]
* [[Ringstedt]]
* [[Rinteln]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ritterhude]]
* [[Rodenberg]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rodewald]]
* [[Rohrsen]]
* [[Roklum]]
* [[Rollshausen]]
* [[Römstedt]]
* [[Ronnenberg]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rosche]]
* [[Rosdorf]]
* [[Rosengarten (Landkreis Harburg)|Rosengarten]]
* [[Rotenburg (Wümme)]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rötgesbüttel]]
* [[Rüdershausen]]
* [[Rühen]]
* [[Rullstorf]]
{{div col end}}

=== S ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Sachsenhagen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Salzbergen]]
* [[Salzgitter]] &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Salzhausen]]
* [[Salzhemmendorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Samern]]
* [[Sandbostel]]
* [[Sande (Frisia)|Sande]]
* [[Sarstedt]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sassenburg]]
* [[Sagterlandia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;BOV 2013&quot;&gt;Bischöfliches Offizialat Vechta (2013). ''Findbuch des Offizialatsarchivs Vechta: Altes Archiv (Abteilung A: Saterlandia, Kirchliche Unterlagen, Akte A 8: „Informatio de Sagterlandia“ aus dem Jahre 1710)''. Vechtae, in Germania: Bischöfliches Offizialat.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Saterland''; quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Sagterland''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Seelterlound'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sauensiek]]
* [[Schapen]]
* [[Scharnebeck]]
* [[Scheden]]
* [[Scheeßel]]
* [[Schellerten]]
* [[Schiffdorf]]
* [[Schladen-Werla]]
* [[Schnackenburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schnega]]
* [[Schneverdingen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Scholen]]
* [[Schönewörde]]
* [[Schöningen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schöppenstedt]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schortens]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schüttorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schwaförden]]
* [[Schwanewede]]
* [[Schwarme]]	
* [[Schwarmstedt]]
* [[Schweindorf]]
* [[Schweringen]]
* [[Schwerinsdorf]]
* [[Schwienau]]
* [[Schwülper]]
* [[Seeburg (Niedersachsen)|Seeburg]]
* [[Seedorf (bei Zeven)|Seedorf]]
* [[Seelze]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Seesen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Seevetal]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Seggebruch]]
* [[Sehlde]]
* [[Sehlem (Niedersachsen)|Sehlem]]
* [[Sehnde]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Selsingen]]
* [[Semmenstedt]]
* [[Seulingen]]
* [[Sibbesse]]
* [[Sickte]]
* [[Siedenburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sittensen]]
* [[Soderstorf]]
* [[Sögel]]	
* [[Söhlde]]
* [[Söllingen (Niedersachsen)|Söllingen]]
* [[Soltau]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Soltendieck]]
* [[Sottrum]]
* [[Spahnharrenstätte]]
* [[Spelle]]
* [[Spiekeroog]]
* [[Sprakensehl]]
* [[Springe]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stade]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stadlandia]]&lt;ref&gt;Ioannes Iustus Wynkelman, [https://books.google.com/books?id=WvgaAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA617&amp;lpg=PA617&amp;dq=statlandia+saxonia&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=Ysl9JI4L06&amp;sig=2y6x3I38sU3-RcrP0HtnSkUxssI&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0CCwQ6AEwA2oVChMIwqiv-NWMxgIVQgmSCh2CZwDj#v=onepage&amp;q=statlandia%20saxonia&amp;f=false ''Notitia historico-politica veteris Saxo-Westphaliae finitimarumque regionum,''] 1667:277.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Stadland'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stadthagen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stadtoldendorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Staffhorst]]
* [[Staufenberg]]
* [[Stavern]]
* [[Stedesdorf]]
* [[Steimbke]]
* [[Steinau (Niedersachsen)|Steinau]]
* [[Steinfeld (Oldenburg)]]
* [[Steinhorst (Niedersachsen)|Steinhorst]]
* [[Steinkirchen (Altes Land)|Steinkirchen]]
* [[Stelle]]
* [[Stemmen (Landkreis Rotenburg)|Stemmen]]
* [[Stemshorn]]
* [[Steyerberg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stinstedt]]
* [[Stöckse]]
* [[Stoetze]]
* [[Stolzenau]]
* [[Stuhr]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Südbrookmerland]]
* [[Suderburg]]
* [[Südergellersen]]
* [[Südheide]]
* [[Sudwalde]]
* [[Suhlendorf]]
* [[Sulingen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Süpplingen]]
* [[Süpplingenburg]]
* [[Süstedt]]
* [[Sustrum]]
* [[Surwold]]
* [[Suthfeld]]
* [[Syke]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== T ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Tappenbeck]]
* [[Tarmstedt]]
* [[Tespe]]
* [[Thedinghausen]]
* [[Thomasburg]]
* [[Thuine]]
* [[Tiddische]]
* [[Tiste]]
* [[Toppenstedt]]
* [[Tostedt]]
* [[Tosterglope]]
* [[Trebel]]
* [[Tülau]]
* [[Twieflingen]]
* [[Twist (Emsland)|Twist]]
* [[Twistringen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== U ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Uchte]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Uehrde]]
* [[Uelsen]]
* [[Uelzen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Uetze]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ummern]]
* [[Undeloh]]
* [[Upgant-Schott]]
* [[Uplengen]]
* [[Uslar]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Utarp]]
{{div col end}}

=== V ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Vahlberg]]
* [[Vahlbruch]]
* [[Vahlde]]
* [[Varel]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Varrel]]
* [[Vastorf]]
* [[Vechelde]]
* [[Vechta]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Velpke]]
* [[Veltheim (Ohe)]]
* [[Verden (Aller)]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vierden]]
* [[Vierhöfen]]
* [[Visbek]]
* [[Visselhövede]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vögelsen]]
* [[Vollersode]]
* [[Voltlage]]
* [[Vordorf]]
* [[Vorwerk (Niedersachsen)|Vorwerk]]
* [[Vrees]]
{{div col end}}

=== W ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Waake]]
* [[Waddeweitz]]
* [[Wagenfeld]]
* [[Wagenhoff]]
* [[Wahrenholz]]
* [[Walchum]]
* [[Walkenried]]
* [[Wallenhorst]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wallmoden]]
* [[Walsrode]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wangelnstedt]]
* [[Wangerland]]
* [[Wangerooge]]
* [[Wanna]]
* [[Warberg]]
* [[Wardenburg]]
* [[Warmsen]]
* [[Warpe]]
* [[Wasbüttel]]
* [[Wathlingen]]
* [[Wedemark]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Weener]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Weenzen]]
* [[Wehrbleck]]
* [[Welle]]
* [[Wendeburg]]
* [[Wendisch Evern]]
* [[Wennigsen]]
* [[Wenzendorf]]
* [[Werdum]]
* [[Werlte]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Werpeloh]]
* [[Wesendorf]]
* [[Weste (Niedersachsen)|Weste]]
* [[Westergellersen]]
* [[Westerholt]]
* [[Westerstede]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Westertimke]]
* [[Westerwalsede]]
* [[Westfeld (Niedersachsen)|Westfeld]]
* [[Westoverledingen]]
* [[Wetschen]]
* [[Wettrup]]
* [[Weyhausen]]
* [[Weyhe]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wieda]]
* [[Wiedensahl]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wiefelstede]]
* [[Wielen]]
* [[Wienhausen]]
* [[Wiesmoor]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wietmarschen]]
* [[Wietze]]
* [[Wietzen]]
* [[Wietzendorf]]
* [[Wildeshausen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wilhelmshaven]] &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wilstedt]]
* [[Wilsum]]
* [[Wingst]]
* [[Winkelsett]]
* [[Winnigstedt]]
* [[Winsen (Aller)]] 
* [[Winsenia]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Winzenburg]]
* [[Wippingen]]
* [[Wirdum]]
* [[Wischhafen]]
* [[Wistedt]]
* [[Witmundia]]&lt;ref&gt;E.g., [[Ioannes Luyts|Ioannis Luyts]] ''Introductio ad Geographiam novam et veterem'', Ultraiecti 1692, [https://books.google.fr/books?id=_o0YP3-9VTMC&amp;pg=PA281&amp;dq=Witmundia&amp;hl=ru&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjShLT7vdDrAhVJw4sKHZLLCokQ6AEwAnoECAMQAg#v=onepage&amp;q=Witmundia&amp;f=false p. 281].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wittmund'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wittingen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wittmar]]
* [[Wittorf]]
* [[Wohnste]]
* [[Wolfsburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wollbrandshausen]]
* [[Wollershausen]]
* [[Wölpinghausen]]
* [[Wolsdorf]]
* [[Woltersdorf (Wendland)|Woltersdorf]]
* [[Woltershausen]]
* [[Worpswede]]
* [[Wremen]]
* [[Wrestedt]]
* [[Wriedel]]
* [[Wulfsen]]
* [[Wulften ad Harthicos montes]]
* [[Wunstorf]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wustrow (Saxonia Inferior)]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== Z ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Zernien]]
* [[Zetel]]
* [[Zeven]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Zorge]]
{{div col end}}

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris|!]]</text>
      <sha1>qhl8fc7vpk8gxrn7ezbgyk9532w5cf6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3972942</id>
      <parentid>3972937</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-19T21:52:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3972942</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="32528" sha1="be7xhoxmr26k0a62jj5fqr2jdsocnfw" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Municipalities in Lower Saxony.svg|thumb|500px|Urbes et communia Saxoniae Inferioris.]]
'''Index communium in [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxonia Inferiore]]''' omnes [[commune|communia]] (Theodisce ''Gemeinden''), consociationes communium (Theodisce ''Gemeindeverbände'') atque loca nulli communium adscripta (Theodisce ''gemeindefreien Gebiete''), quae hodie in [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terra]] [[Germania|Germanica]] [[Saxonia Inferior]]e exstant, complectitur.

Postremae mutationes finium territorialium in Saxonia Inferiore [[1 Novembris|Kalendis Novembribus]] anni [[2021]] effectae sunt. Ex eo tempore [[Saxonia Inferior]] 939 communium et 25 loca nulli communi adscripta (quorum duo habitantur) habet. Quibus e communibus 159 titulo [[urbs|urbis]] (Theodisce ''Stadt'') et 49 titulo [[oppidum|oppidi]] (Theodisce ''Flecken'') utuntur.

Praeterea nonnullae proprietates exstant secundum communium administrationem: Nam 939 communia in 289 communia unitaria et 650 communia membra dividuntur; quae vero in universum 114 consociationes communium constituunt, ut munera communiter administrent. Hae consociationes communium ipsa communia non sunt, sed foedera cooperationis, quae aut ex regione aut ex communitate in qua sedes administrationis sita est nomen accipiunt. Quapropter in Saxonia Inferiore idem nomen tam communi quam consociationi communium tribui potest. Agitur tamen de duobus corporibus iuridicis distinctis, quae proprias repraesentationes atque propria munera habent.

Praeterea, propter magnitudinem suam, nonnullae communium et consociationes communium peculiarem rationem cum [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulo terrae]] (Theodisce ''Landkreis'') habent:

* Decem urbes statum iuridicum [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli urbani]] (Theodisce ''kreisfreien Stadt'') obtinent, nulli circulo terrae subiiciuntur atque omnia sua munera exercent.
* Septem urbes statum iuridicum urbis magnae sui iuris (Theodisce ''Große selbständige Stadt'') obtinent atque multa, sed non omnia, munera circuli terrae cui adscribuntur exercent.
* 61 communium et tria communia generalis (Theodisce ''Samtgemeinden'') statum iuridicum communis sui iuris (Theodisce ''Selbständige Gemeinde'') obtinent atque quaedam munera districtus cui adscribuntur exercent.
* 861 ceterae communium nullam peculiarem rationem cum circulo terrae cui adscribuntur habent.

=== A ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Achim (Landkreis Verden)|Achim]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Adelebsen]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Adelheidsdorf]]
* [[Adenbüttel]]
* [[Adendorf]]
* [[Adenstedt]]
* [[Aerzen]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Affinghausen]]
* [[Agathenburg]]
* [[Ahausen]]
* [[Ahlden (Aller)]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ahlerstedt]]
* [[Ahnsbeck]]
* [[Ahnsen]]
* [[Alfeld]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alfhausen]]
* [[Alfstedt]]
* [[Algermissen]]
* [[Almstedt]]
* [[Altenmedingen]]
* [[Amelinghausen]]
* [[Amt Neuhaus]]
* [[Anderlingen]]
* [[Andervenne]]
* [[Ankum]]
* [[Apelern]]
* [[Apen]]	
* [[Apensen]]
* [[Appel]]
* [[Arholzen]]
* [[Armstorf]]
* [[Artlenburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Asendorf (Landkreis Diepholz)|Asendorf]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Diepholz)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Asendorf (Nordheide)|Asendorf]] &lt;small&gt;(Nordheide)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Astanholteremarki-Scirnbeki]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(caput circuli)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Auetal]]
* [[Auhagen]]
* [[Aurich]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Axstedt]]
{{div col end}}

=== B ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Bad Bederkesa]]
* [[Badbergen]]
* [[Bad Bevensen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bad Bodenteich]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Baddeckenstedt]]
* [[Bad Eilsen]]
* [[Bad Essen]]
* [[Bad Fallingbostel]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bad Gandersheim]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bad Grund]]
* [[Bad Harzburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bad Iburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bad Laer]]
* [[Bad Lauterberg im Harz]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bad Nenndorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bad Pyrmont]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bad Rothenfelde]]
* [[Bad Sachsa]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bad Salzdetfurth]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bad Zwischenahn]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bahrdorf]]
* [[Bahrenborstel]]
* [[Bakum]]
* [[Balge]]
* [[Balje]]
* [[Baltrum]]
* [[Banteln]]
* [[Bardowick]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barenburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barendorf]]
* [[Bargstedt (Niedersachsen)|Bargstedt]]
* [[Barnstedt]]
* [[Barnstorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barsinghausen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barßel]]
* [[Barum (Luneburgum)|Barum]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Lüneburg)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barum (Circulus Uelzen)|Barum]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Uelzen)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barver]]
* [[Barwedel]]
* [[Basdahl]]
* [[Bassum]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bawinkel]]
* [[Beckdorf]]
* [[Beckedorf]]
* [[Beckeln]]
* [[Beedenbostel]]
* [[Beesten]]
* [[Beierstedt]]
* [[Belm]]
* [[Belum]]
* [[Bendestorf]]
* [[Berge (Niedersachsen)|Berge]]
* [[Berga (Circulus Cellensis)|Bergen]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Celle)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bergen an der Dumme]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bergfeld]]
* [[Berne]]
* [[Bersenbrück]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Berumbur]]
* [[Betheln]]
* [[Betzendorf]]
* [[Bevern (Landkreis Holzminden)|Bevern]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Beverstedt]]
* [[Bienenbüttel]]
* [[Bilshausen]]
* [[Binethemum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III II 1688&quot;&gt;Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: Dissertationen et Chronica Regia'' (Vol. II). Helmestadii: Typis Georgii Wolfgangi Hammii.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Bentheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Binnen]]
* [[Bippen]]
* [[Bispingen]]
* [[Bissendorf]]
* [[Bleckede]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Blender (Landkreis Verden)|Blender]]
* [[Bliedersdorf]]
* [[Blomberg (circulus Widmundensis)|Blomberg]]
* [[Bockenem]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bockhorn (Friesland)|Bockhorn]]
* [[Bockhorst]]
* [[Bodenfelde]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bodensee (Saxonia Inferior)|Bodensee]]
* [[Bodenwerder]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Boffzen]]
* [[Böhme (Niedersachsen)|Böhme]]
* [[Bohmte]]
* [[Boitze]]	
* [[Bokensdorf]]
* [[Bomlitz]]
* [[Börger]]
* [[Borkum]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Börßum]]
* [[Borstel (Landkreis Diepholz)|Borstel]]
* [[Bösel]]
* [[Bötersen]]
* [[Bothel]]
* [[Bovenden]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brackel]]
* [[Brake]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bramsche]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Braunlage]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Breddenberg]]
* [[Breddorf]]
* [[Bremervörde]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brest (Niedersachsen)|Brest]]
* [[Brevörde]]
* [[Brietlingen]]
* [[Brinkum (Stuhr)|Brinkum]]
* [[Brockel]]
* [[Bröckel]]
* [[Brockum]]
* [[Brome]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bruchhausen-Vilsen]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brunsvicum]] &lt;small&gt;([[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]])&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brüggen (Leine)|Brüggen]]
* [[Buchholz (bei Stadthagen)|Buchholz]] ? &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Buchholz (Aller)]] ? &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Buchholz in der Nordheide]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bückeburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bücken]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Büddenstedt]]
* [[Bühren]]
* [[Bülkau]]
* [[Bülstedt]]
* [[Bunde]]
* [[Burgdorf (Circulus Guelpherbytensis)|Burgdorf]] &lt;small&gt;(Landkreis Wolfenbüttel)&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Burgdorf]]''' &lt;small&gt;(Region Hannover)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Burgwedel]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Burweg]]
* [[Butjadingen]]
* [[Buxtehude]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== C ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Cadenberge]]
* [[Calberlah]]
* [[Cappel (Niedersachsen)|Cappel]]
* [[Cappeln (Oldenburg)]]
* [[Cella]] &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Clausthal-Zellerfeld]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Clenze]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Cloppenburg]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Colnrade]]
* [[Coppenbrügge]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Coppengrave]]
* [[Cramme]]
* [[Cremlingen]]
* [[Cuxhaven]] &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== D ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Dahlem (Niedersachsen)|Dahlem]]
* [[Dahlenburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dahlum]]
* [[Damme (Dümmer)|Damme]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Damnatz]]
* [[Danndorf]]
* [[Dannenberg]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dassel]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; 
* [[Dedelstorf]]
* [[Deensen]]
* [[Deinste]]
* [[Deinstedt]]
* [[Delligsen]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Delmenhorstium]] &lt;small&gt;([[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]])&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Denkte]]
* [[Derental]]
* [[Dersum]]
* [[Despetal]]
* [[Detern]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dettum]]
* [[Deutsch Evern]]
* [[Dickel]]
* [[Didderse]]
* [[Diekholzen]]
* [[Dielmissen]]
* [[Diepenau]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Diepholz]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dinklage]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dissen am Teutoburger Wald]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dohren (Emsland)|Dohren]] &lt;small&gt;(Emsland)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dohren]] &lt;small&gt;(Nordheide)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dollern]]
* [[Dornum]]
* [[Dörpen]]
* [[Dorstadt]]
* [[Dorum]]
* [[Dörverden]]
* [[Dötlingen]]
* [[Drage (Elbe)|Drage]]
* [[Drakenburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Drangstedt]]
* [[Dransfeld]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Drebber]]
* [[Drentwede]]
* [[Drestedt]]
* [[Drochtersen]]
* [[Düdenbüttel]]
* [[Duderstadt]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Duingen]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dünsen]]
* [[Dunum]]
{{div col end}}

=== E ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Ebergötzen]]
* [[Eberholzen]]
* [[Ebersdorfium (Saxonia Inferior)|Ebersdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ebersdorfium&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Ebersdorf' in Latinam &quot;Ebersdorfium&quot; verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Ebstorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Echem]]
* [[Edemissen]]
* [[Edewecht]]
* [[Egestorf]]
* [[Eggermühlen]]
* [[Ehra-Lessien]]
* [[Ehrenburg (Niedersachsen)|Ehrenburg]]
* [[Eickeloh]]
* [[Eicklingen]]
* [[Eime]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eimen]]
* [[Eimke]]
* [[Einbeck]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Elbe (Niedersachsen)|Elbe]]
* [[Elbingerode (bei Herzberg am Harz)|Elbingerode]]
* [[Eldingen]]
* [[Elmlohe]]
* [[Elsdorf (Niedersachsen)|Elsdorf]]
* [[Elsfleth]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Elze]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Embsen]]
* [[Emda]] &lt;small&gt;([[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]])&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Emlichheim]]
* [[Emmendorf]]
* [[Emmerthal]]
* [[Emsbüren]]
* [[Emstek]]
* [[Emtinghausen]]
* [[Engden]]
* [[Engelschoff]]
* [[Erkerode]]
* [[Esche]]
* [[Eschede]]
* [[Eschershausen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Esens]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Essel]]
* [[Essen (Oldenburgum)]]
* [[Esterwegen]]
* [[Estorf (Landkreis Stade)|Estorf]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Stade)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Estorf (Weser)|Estorf]] &lt;small&gt;(Weser)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Everode]]
* [[Eversmeer]]
* [[Evessen]]
* [[Eydelstedt]]
* [[Eyendorf]]
* [[Eystrup]]
{{div col end}}

=== F ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Farven]]
* [[Faßberg]]
* [[Filsum]]
* [[Fintel]]
* [[Firrel]]
* [[Flögeln]]
* [[Flöthe]]
* [[Frankenfeld]]
* [[Freden]]
* [[Fredenbeck]]
* [[Freiburg/Elbe]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Freistatt]]
* [[Frellstedt]]
* [[Freren]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Fresenburg]]
* [[Friedeburg]]
* [[Friedlandia (Saxonia Inferior)|Friedland]]
* [[Friesoythe]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Fürstenau]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Furstenberga]]
{{div col end}}

=== G ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Ganderkesee]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gandesbergen]]
* [[Garbsen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Garlstorf]]
* [[Garrel]]
* [[Garstedt]]
* [[Gartow]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Geeste]]
* [[Geestland]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gehrde]]
* [[Gehrden]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Georgsdorf]]
* [[Georgsmarienhütte]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gerdau]]
* [[Gersten]]
* [[Getelo]]
* [[Gevensleben]]
* [[Gevera]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Jever'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Geversdorf]]
* [[Gieboldehausen]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Giesen]]
* [[Gifhorn]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gilten]]
* [[Glandorf]]
* [[Gleichen]]
* [[Gnarrenburg]]
* [[Gödenstorf]]
* [[Göhrde]]
* [[Goldenstedt]]
* [[Gölenkamp]]
* [[Golmbach]]
* [[Gorleben]]
* [[Goslaria]] &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Göttingen]]''' &lt;small&gt;([[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]])&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Grafhorst]]
* [[Grasberg]]
* [[Grasleben]]
* [[Grethem]]
* [[Gronau]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Groß Berßen]]
* [[Großefehn]]
* [[Großenkneten]]
* [[Großenwörden]]
* [[Großheide]]
* [[Groß Ippener]]
* [[Groß Meckelsen]]
* [[Groß Oesingen]]
* [[Groß Twülpstedt]]
* [[Grünendeich]]
* [[Guderhandviertel]]
* [[Guelpherbytum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wolfenbüttel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wulfenbüttel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gusborn]]
* [[Gyhum]]
{{div col end}}

=== H ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Hademstorf]]
* [[Hage]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hagen am Teutoburger Wald]]
* [[Hagen im Bremischen]]
* [[Hagenburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hagermarsch]]
* [[Hahausen]]
* [[Halbemond]]
* [[Halle (comitatus Binethensis)|Halle]] &lt;small&gt;(b.Neuenhaus)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Halle (Holtisminni)|Halle]] &lt;small&gt;(Montes Visurgis)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Halvesbostel]]
* [[Hambergen]]
* [[Hambühren]]
* [[Hämelhausen]]
* [[Hameln]] &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hamersen]]
* [[Hammah]]
* [[Handeloh]]
* [[Handorf]]
* [[Handrup]]
* [[Hankensbüttel]]
* [[Hannover]] &lt;small&gt;[[caput (urbs)|caput]] [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terrae foederalis]] et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hann. Münden]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hanstedt (Circulus Uelzen)|Hanstedt]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Uelzen)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hanstedt (Nordheide)|Hanstedt]] &lt;small&gt;(Nordheide)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Harbarnsen]]
* [[Hardegsen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Haren (Amisia)]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Harmstorf]]
* [[Harpstedt]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Harsefeld]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Harsum]]
* [[Hasbergen]]
* [[Haselünne]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Haßbergen]]
* [[Hassel (Weser)]]
* [[Hassendorf]]
* [[Haste]]	
* [[Hatten]]
* [[Hattorf ad Harthicos montes]]
* [[Häuslingen]]
* [[Haverlah]]
* [[Hechthausen]]
* [[Hedeper]]
* [[Heede (Emsland)|Heede]]
* [[Heemsen]]
* [[Heere]]	
* [[Heeslingen]]
* [[Heeßen]]
* [[Hehlen]]
* [[Heidenau (Saxonia Inferior)|Heidenau]]
* [[Heinade]]
* [[Heinbockel]]
* [[Heiningen (Niedersachsen)|Heiningen]]
* [[Heinsen]]
* [[Hellwege]]
* [[Helmstedt]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Helpsen]]
* [[Helvesiek]]
* [[Hemmingen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hemmoor]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hemsbünde]]
* [[Hemslingen]]
* [[Hemsloh]]
* [[Hepstedt]]
* [[Herzberg am Harz]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Herzlake]]
* [[Hesel]]
* [[Hespe]]
* [[Hessisch Oldendorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heuerßen]]
* [[Heyen]]
* [[Hildesheim]] &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hilgermissen]]
* [[Hilkenbrook]]
* [[Hillerse]]
* [[Hilter am Teutoburger Wald]]
* [[Himbergen]]
* [[Himmelpforten]]
* [[Hinte]]
* [[Hipstedt]]
* [[Hittbergen]]
* [[Hitzacker]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hodenhagen]]
* [[Höhbeck]]
* [[Hohenhameln]]
* [[Hohne]]
* [[Hohnhorst]]
* [[Hohnstorf (Albis)]]
* [[Holdorf (Niedersachsen)|Holdorf]]
* [[Holenberg]]
* [[Holle]]
* [[Hollenstedt]]
* [[Hollern-Twielenfleth]]
* [[Hollnseth]]
* [[Holste]]
* [[Holtgast]]
* [[Holtland]]
* [[Holzen (bei Eschershausen)|Holzen]]
* [[Holzminden]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hoogstede]]
* [[Hörden ad Harthicos montes]]
* [[Horneburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Horstedt (Niedersachsen)|Horstedt]]
* [[Hoya]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hoyerhagen]]
* [[Hoyershausen]]
* [[Hude (Oldenburg)]]
* [[Hüde]]
* [[Hülsede]]
* [[Husum (bei Nienburg)|Husum]]
* [[Hüven]]
{{div col end}}

=== I ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Ihlienworth]]
* [[Ihlow (Frisia Orientalis)|Ihlow]]
* [[Ilsede]]
* [[Ingeleben]]
* [[Isenbüttel]]
* [[Isernhagen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Isterberg]]
* [[Itterbeck]]
{{div col end}}

=== J ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Jade (Saxonia Inferior)|Jade]]
* [[Jameln]]
* [[Jelmstorf]]
* [[Jembke]]
* [[Jemgum]]
* [[Jerxheim]]
* [[Jesteburg]]
* [[Jork]]
* [[Jühnde]]
* [[Juist]]
{{div col end}}

=== K ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Kakenstorf]]
* [[Kalbe (Niedersachsen)|Kalbe]]
* [[Kalefeld]]
* [[Karwitz]]
* [[Katlenburg-Lindau]]
* [[Kettenkamp]]
* [[Kirchbrak]]
* [[Kirchdorf (bei Sulingen)|Kirchdorf]]
* [[Kirchgellersen]]
* [[Kirchlinteln]]
* [[Kirchseelte]]
* [[Kirchtimke]]
* [[Kirchwalsede]]
* [[Kissenbrück]]
* [[Klein Berßen]]
* [[Klein Meckelsen]]
* [[Kluse (Emsland)|Kluse]]
* [[Kneitlingen]]
* [[Köhlen]]
* [[Königsmoor]]
* [[Kranenburg (Oste)|Kranenburg]]
* [[Krebeck]]
* [[Krummendeich]]
* [[Krummhörn]]
* [[Kührstedt]]
* [[Küsten]]
* [[Kutenholz]]
{{div col end}}

=== L ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Laar]]
* [[Laatzen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lachendorf]]
* [[Lage (Saxonia Inferior)|Lage]]
* [[Lähden]]
* [[Lahn (Hümmling)|Lahn]]
* ''[[Lamspringe]]''
* [[Lamstedt]]
* [[Landesbergen]]
* [[Landolfshausen]]
* [[Landwehr (Gemeinde)|Landwehr]]
* [[Langelsheim]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Langen (bei Bremerhaven)|Langen]]''' &lt;small&gt;(b.Bremerhaven)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langen (Emsland)|Langen]] &lt;small&gt;(Emsland)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langendorf (Elbe)|Langendorf]]
* [[Langenhagen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langeoog]]
* [[Langlingen]]
* [[Langwedel (Weser)|Langwedel]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lastrup]]
* [[Lathen]]
* [[Lauenau]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lauenbrück]]
* [[Lauenförde]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lauenhagen]]
* [[Leese]]
* [[Leezdorf]]
* [[Lehe (Emsland)|Lehe]]
* [[Lehre (Niedersachsen)|Lehre]]
* [[Lehrte]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Leiferde]]
* [[Lembruch]]
* [[Lemförde]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lemgow]]
* [[Lemwerder]]
* [[Lengede]]
* [[Lengenbostel]]
* [[Lengerich (Emsland)|Lengerich]]
* [[Lenne (Niedersachsen)|Lenne]]
* [[Leri]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Leer''; [[lingua Saxonica|Orientofrisosaxonice]] ''Läär''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lier'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Liebenau (Niedersachsen)|Liebenau]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Liebenburg]]
* [[Lilienthal]]
* [[Lindern (Oldenburg)]]
* [[Lindhorst]]
* [[Lindwedel]]
* [[Lingen (Ems)]] &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Linsburg]]
* [[Lintig]]
* [[Lohne (Oldenburg)]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Löningen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lorup]]
* [[Loxstedt]]
* [[Lübberstedt]]
* [[Lübbow]]
* [[Lüchow (terra Wenedorum)]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Luckau (Saxonia Inferior)|Luckau]]
* [[Lüder (Lüneburger Heide)|Lüder]]
* [[Lüdersburg]]
* [[Lüdersfeld]]
* [[Lüerdissen]]
* [[Luhden]]
* '''[[Luneburgum]]''' &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lünne]]
* [[Lütetsburg]]
* ''[[Lutter am Barenberge]]''
* [[Luttera Regalis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Königslutter am Elm'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== M ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Maasen]]
* [[Marienhafe]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Marienhagen]]
* [[Mariental (Niedersachsen)|Mariental]]
* [[Marklohe]]
* [[Marl (Dümmer)|Marl]]
* [[Marschacht]]
* [[Martfeld]]
* [[Marxen]]
* [[Mechtersen]]
* [[Meerbeck]]
* [[Meine]]
* [[Meinersen]]
* [[Melbeck]]
* [[Melle]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mellinghausen]]
* [[Menslage]]
* [[Meppen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Merzen]]
* [[Messenkamp]]
* [[Messingen]]
* [[Midlum (Land Wursten)|Midlum]]
* [[Misselwarden]]
* [[Mittelnkirchen]]
* [[Mittelstenahe]]
* [[Moisburg]]
* [[Molbergen]]
* [[Moormerland]]
* [[Moorweg]]
* [[Moringen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Müden (Alara)]]
* [[Mulsum (Land Wursten)|Mulsum]]
* [[Mundia Hannoverana]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Munimeri]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; (Bad Münder am Deister)
* [[Munster (Örtze)|Munster]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== N ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Nahrendorf]]
* [[Natendorf]]
* [[Neetze]]
* [[Negenborn]]
* [[Nenndorf (circulus Widmundensis)|Nenndorf]]
* [[Neubörger]]
* [[Neu Darchau]]
* [[Neuenhaus]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen (Altes Land)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(Altes Land)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen (bei Bassum)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(b.Bassum)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen (Land Hadeln)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(Land Hadeln)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen (Landkreis Osnabrück)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Osnabrück)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen (Lüneburger Heide)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(Lüneb.Heide)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen-Vörden]]
* [[Neuharlingersiel]]
* [[Neuhaus (Oste)]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuhof (Landkreis Hildesheim)|Neuhof]]
* [[Neukamperfehn]]
* [[Neulehe]]
* [[Neuschoo]]
* [[Neustadt am Rübenberge]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neu Wulmstorf]]
* [[Niederlangen]]
* [[Niedernwöhren]]
* [[Niemetal]]
* [[Nienburg/Weser]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nienhagen (Landkreis Celle)|Nienhagen]]
* [[Nienstädt]]
* [[Norden]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nordenham]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Norderney]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nordholz]]
* [[Nordleda]]
* [[Nordsehl]]
* [[Nordstemmen]]
* [[Nörten-Hardenberg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Northeim]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Northorna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;&gt;Egli, J. J. (1893). ''Nomina Geographica: Sprach- und Sacherklärung von 42000 Geographischen Namen aller Erdräume''. [[Lipsia]]e: Friedrich Brandstetter.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Nordhorn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nothoorn'' seu ''Notthoarn'' seu ''Netthoarn'' seu ''Noordhoorn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nortmoor]]
* [[Nortrup]]
* [[Nottensdorf]]
{{div col end}}

=== O ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Oberlangen]]
* [[Oberndorf (Oste)|Oberndorf]]
* [[Obernfeld]]
* [[Obernholz]]
* [[Obernkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ochtersum]]
* [[Odisheim]]
* [[Oederquart]]
* [[Oerel]]
* [[Oetzen]]
* [[Ohne]]
* [[Ohrum]]
* [[Oldenburgum]] &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Oldendorf (Landkreis Stade)|Oldendorf]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Stade)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Oldendorf (Luhe)]]
* [[Osloß]]
* [[Osnabruga]] &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Osteel]]
* [[Osten (Oste)|Osten]]
* [[Osterbruch]]
* [[Ostercappeln]]
* [[Ostereistedt]]
* [[Osterholz-Scharmbeck]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Osterode am Harz]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Osterwald]]
* [[Ostrhauderfehn]]
* [[Ottenstein (Niedersachsen)|Ottenstein]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Otter]]
* [[Otterndorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ottersberg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ovelgönne]]
* [[Oyten]]	
{{div col end}}

=== P ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Padingbüttel]]
* [[Papenburg]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Parsau]]
* [[Pattensen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Pegestorf]]
* [[Peine]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Pennigsehl]]
* [[Pohle]]
* [[Polle]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Pollhagen]]
* [[Prezelle]]
* [[Prinzhöfte]]
{{div col end}}

=== Q ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Quakenbrück]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Quendorf]]
* [[Querenhorst]]
* [[Quernheim]]
{{div col end}}

=== R ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Räbke]]
* [[Radbruch]]
* [[Raddestorf]]
* [[Rastdorf]]
* [[Rastede]]
* [[Rätzlingen (Niedersachsen)|Rätzlingen]]
* [[Rechtsupweg]]
* [[Reeßum]]
* [[Regesbostel]]
* [[Rehburg-Loccum]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rehden]]
* [[Rehlingen]]
* [[Reinstorf]]
* [[Remlingen (Niedersachsen)|Remlingen]]
* [[Renkenberge]]
* [[Rennau]]
* [[Reppenstedt]]
* [[Rethem (Aller)]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rhade]]
* [[Rhauderfehn]]
* [[Rhede (Ems)]]
* [[Rheden (Niedersachsen)|Rheden]]
* [[Rhumspringe]]
* [[Ribbesbüttel]]
* [[Riede (Landkreis Verden)|Riede]]
* [[Rieste]]
* [[Ringe]]
* [[Ringstedt]]
* [[Rinteln]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ritterhude]]
* [[Rodenberg]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rodewald]]
* [[Rohrsen]]
* [[Roklum]]
* [[Rollshausen]]
* [[Römstedt]]
* [[Ronnenberg]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rosche]]
* [[Rosdorf]]
* [[Rosengarten (Landkreis Harburg)|Rosengarten]]
* [[Rotenburg (Wümme)]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rötgesbüttel]]
* [[Rüdershausen]]
* [[Rühen]]
* [[Rullstorf]]
{{div col end}}

=== S ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Sachsenhagen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Salzbergen]]
* [[Salzgitter]] &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Salzhausen]]
* [[Salzhemmendorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Samern]]
* [[Sandbostel]]
* [[Sande (Frisia)|Sande]]
* [[Sarstedt]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sassenburg]]
* [[Sagterlandia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;BOV 2013&quot;&gt;Bischöfliches Offizialat Vechta (2013). ''Findbuch des Offizialatsarchivs Vechta: Altes Archiv (Abteilung A: Saterlandia, Kirchliche Unterlagen, Akte A 8: „Informatio de Sagterlandia“ aus dem Jahre 1710)''. Vechtae, in Germania: Bischöfliches Offizialat.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Saterland''; quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Sagterland''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Seelterlound'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sauensiek]]
* [[Schapen]]
* [[Scharnebeck]]
* [[Scheden]]
* [[Scheeßel]]
* [[Schellerten]]
* [[Schiffdorf]]
* [[Schladen-Werla]]
* [[Schnackenburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schnega]]
* [[Schneverdingen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Scholen]]
* [[Schönewörde]]
* [[Schöningen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schöppenstedt]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schortens]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schüttorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schwaförden]]
* [[Schwanewede]]
* [[Schwarme]]	
* [[Schwarmstedt]]
* [[Schweindorf]]
* [[Schweringen]]
* [[Schwerinsdorf]]
* [[Schwienau]]
* [[Schwülper]]
* [[Seeburg (Niedersachsen)|Seeburg]]
* [[Seedorf (bei Zeven)|Seedorf]]
* [[Seelze]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Seesen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Seevetal]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Seggebruch]]
* [[Sehlde]]
* [[Sehlem (Niedersachsen)|Sehlem]]
* [[Sehnde]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Selsingen]]
* [[Semmenstedt]]
* [[Seulingen]]
* [[Sibbesse]]
* [[Sickte]]
* [[Siedenburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sittensen]]
* [[Soderstorf]]
* [[Sögel]]	
* [[Söhlde]]
* [[Söllingen (Niedersachsen)|Söllingen]]
* [[Soltau]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Soltendieck]]
* [[Sottrum]]
* [[Spahnharrenstätte]]
* [[Spelle]]
* [[Spiekeroog]]
* [[Sprakensehl]]
* [[Springe]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stade]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stadlandia]]&lt;ref&gt;Ioannes Iustus Wynkelman, [https://books.google.com/books?id=WvgaAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA617&amp;lpg=PA617&amp;dq=statlandia+saxonia&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=Ysl9JI4L06&amp;sig=2y6x3I38sU3-RcrP0HtnSkUxssI&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0CCwQ6AEwA2oVChMIwqiv-NWMxgIVQgmSCh2CZwDj#v=onepage&amp;q=statlandia%20saxonia&amp;f=false ''Notitia historico-politica veteris Saxo-Westphaliae finitimarumque regionum,''] 1667:277.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Stadland'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stadthagen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stadtoldendorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Staffhorst]]
* [[Staufenberg]]
* [[Stavern]]
* [[Stedesdorf]]
* [[Steimbke]]
* [[Steinau (Niedersachsen)|Steinau]]
* [[Steinfeld (Oldenburg)]]
* [[Steinhorst (Niedersachsen)|Steinhorst]]
* [[Steinkirchen (Altes Land)|Steinkirchen]]
* [[Stelle]]
* [[Stemmen (Landkreis Rotenburg)|Stemmen]]
* [[Stemshorn]]
* [[Steyerberg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stinstedt]]
* [[Stöckse]]
* [[Stoetze]]
* [[Stolzenau]]
* [[Stuhr]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Südbrookmerland]]
* [[Suderburg]]
* [[Südergellersen]]
* [[Südheide]]
* [[Sudwalde]]
* [[Suhlendorf]]
* [[Sulingen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Süpplingen]]
* [[Süpplingenburg]]
* [[Süstedt]]
* [[Sustrum]]
* [[Surwold]]
* [[Suthfeld]]
* [[Syke]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== T ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Tappenbeck]]
* [[Tarmstedt]]
* [[Tespe]]
* [[Thedinghausen]]
* [[Thomasburg]]
* [[Thuine]]
* [[Tiddische]]
* [[Tiste]]
* [[Toppenstedt]]
* [[Tostedt]]
* [[Tosterglope]]
* [[Trebel]]
* [[Tülau]]
* [[Twieflingen]]
* [[Twist (Emsland)|Twist]]
* [[Twistringen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== U ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Uchte]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Uehrde]]
* [[Uelsen]]
* [[Uelzen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Uetze]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ummern]]
* [[Undeloh]]
* [[Upgant-Schott]]
* [[Uplengen]]
* [[Uslar]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Utarp]]
{{div col end}}

=== V ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Vahlberg]]
* [[Vahlbruch]]
* [[Vahlde]]
* [[Varel]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Varrel]]
* [[Vastorf]]
* [[Vechelde]]
* [[Vechta]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Velpke]]
* [[Veltheim (Ohe)]]
* [[Verden (Aller)]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vierden]]
* [[Vierhöfen]]
* [[Visbek]]
* [[Visselhövede]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vögelsen]]
* [[Vollersode]]
* [[Voltlage]]
* [[Vordorf]]
* [[Vorwerk (Niedersachsen)|Vorwerk]]
* [[Vrees]]
{{div col end}}

=== W ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Waake]]
* [[Waddeweitz]]
* [[Wagenfeld]]
* [[Wagenhoff]]
* [[Wahrenholz]]
* [[Walchum]]
* [[Walkenried]]
* [[Wallenhorst]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wallmoden]]
* [[Walsrode]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wangelnstedt]]
* [[Wangerland]]
* [[Wangerooge]]
* [[Wanna]]
* [[Warberg]]
* [[Wardenburg]]
* [[Warmsen]]
* [[Warpe]]
* [[Wasbüttel]]
* [[Wathlingen]]
* [[Wedemark]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Weener]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Weenzen]]
* [[Wehrbleck]]
* [[Welle]]
* [[Wendeburg]]
* [[Wendisch Evern]]
* [[Wennigsen]]
* [[Wenzendorf]]
* [[Werdum]]
* [[Werlte]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Werpeloh]]
* [[Wesendorf]]
* [[Weste (Niedersachsen)|Weste]]
* [[Westergellersen]]
* [[Westerholt]]
* [[Westerstede]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Westertimke]]
* [[Westerwalsede]]
* [[Westfeld (Niedersachsen)|Westfeld]]
* [[Westoverledingen]]
* [[Wetschen]]
* [[Wettrup]]
* [[Weyhausen]]
* [[Weyhe]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wieda]]
* [[Wiedensahl]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wiefelstede]]
* [[Wielen]]
* [[Wienhausen]]
* [[Wiesmoor]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wietmarschen]]
* [[Wietze]]
* [[Wietzen]]
* [[Wietzendorf]]
* [[Wildeshausen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wilhelmshaven]] &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wilstedt]]
* [[Wilsum]]
* [[Wingst]]
* [[Winkelsett]]
* [[Winnigstedt]]
* [[Winsen (Aller)]] 
* [[Winsenia]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Winzenburg]]
* [[Wippingen]]
* [[Wirdum]]
* [[Wischhafen]]
* [[Wistedt]]
* [[Witmundia]]&lt;ref&gt;E.g., [[Ioannes Luyts|Ioannis Luyts]] ''Introductio ad Geographiam novam et veterem'', Ultraiecti 1692, [https://books.google.fr/books?id=_o0YP3-9VTMC&amp;pg=PA281&amp;dq=Witmundia&amp;hl=ru&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjShLT7vdDrAhVJw4sKHZLLCokQ6AEwAnoECAMQAg#v=onepage&amp;q=Witmundia&amp;f=false p. 281].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wittmund'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wittingen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wittmar]]
* [[Wittorf]]
* [[Wohnste]]
* [[Wolfsburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wollbrandshausen]]
* [[Wollershausen]]
* [[Wölpinghausen]]
* [[Wolsdorf]]
* [[Woltersdorf (Wendland)|Woltersdorf]]
* [[Woltershausen]]
* [[Worpswede]]
* [[Wremen]]
* [[Wrestedt]]
* [[Wriedel]]
* [[Wulfsen]]
* [[Wulften ad Harthicos montes]]
* [[Wunstorf]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wustrow (Saxonia Inferior)]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== Z ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Zernien]]
* [[Zetel]]
* [[Zeven]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Zorge]]
{{div col end}}

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris|!]]</text>
      <sha1>be7xhoxmr26k0a62jj5fqr2jdsocnfw</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3972975</id>
      <parentid>3972942</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-20T00:03:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3972975</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="34745" sha1="1ri3d521jo22uu8445fq90h73fkd9pk" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Municipalities in Lower Saxony.svg|thumb|500px|Urbes et communia Saxoniae Inferioris.]]
'''Index communium in [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxonia Inferiore]]''' omnes [[commune|communia]] (Theodisce ''Gemeinden''), consociationes communium (Theodisce ''Gemeindeverbände'') atque loca nulli communium adscripta (Theodisce ''gemeindefreien Gebiete''), quae hodie in [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terra]] [[Germania|Germanica]] [[Saxonia Inferior]]e exstant, complectitur.

Postremae mutationes finium territorialium in Saxonia Inferiore [[1 Novembris|Kalendis Novembribus]] anni [[2021]] effectae sunt. Ex eo tempore [[Saxonia Inferior]] 939 communium et 25 loca nulli communi adscripta (quorum duo habitantur) habet. Quibus e communibus 159 titulo [[urbs|urbis]] (Theodisce ''Stadt'') et 49 titulo [[oppidum|oppidi]] (Theodisce ''Flecken'') utuntur.

Praeterea nonnullae proprietates exstant secundum communium administrationem: Nam 939 communia in 289 communia unitaria et 650 communia membra dividuntur; quae vero in universum 114 consociationes communium constituunt, ut munera communiter administrent. Hae consociationes communium ipsa communia non sunt, sed foedera cooperationis, quae aut ex regione aut ex communitate in qua sedes administrationis sita est nomen accipiunt. Quapropter in Saxonia Inferiore idem nomen tam communi quam consociationi communium tribui potest. Agitur tamen de duobus corporibus iuridicis distinctis, quae proprias repraesentationes atque propria munera habent.

Praeterea, propter magnitudinem suam, nonnullae communium et consociationes communium peculiarem rationem cum [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulo terrae]] (Theodisce ''Landkreis'') habent:

* Decem urbes statum iuridicum [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli urbani]] (Theodisce ''kreisfreien Stadt'') obtinent, nulli circulo terrae subiiciuntur atque omnia sua munera exercent.
* Septem urbes statum iuridicum urbis magnae sui iuris (Theodisce ''Große selbständige Stadt'') obtinent atque multa, sed non omnia, munera circuli terrae cui adscribuntur exercent.
* 61 communium et tria communia generalis (Theodisce ''Samtgemeinden'') statum iuridicum communis sui iuris (Theodisce ''Selbständige Gemeinde'') obtinent atque quaedam munera districtus cui adscribuntur exercent.
* 861 ceterae communium nullam peculiarem rationem cum circulo terrae cui adscribuntur habent.

=== A ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Achim (Landkreis Verden)|Achim]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Adelebsen]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Adelheidsdorf]]
* [[Adenbüttel]]
* [[Adendorf]]
* [[Adenstedt]]
* [[Aerzen]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Affinghausen]]
* [[Agathenburg]]
* [[Ahausen]]
* [[Ahlden (Aller)]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ahlerstedt]]
* [[Ahnsbeck]]
* [[Ahnsen]]
* [[Alfeld]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alfhausen]]
* [[Alfstedt]]
* [[Algermissen]]
* [[Almstedt]]
* [[Altenmedingen]]
* [[Amelinghausen]]
* [[Amt Neuhaus]]
* [[Anderlingen]]
* [[Andervenne]]
* [[Ankum]]
* [[Apelern]]
* [[Apen]]	
* [[Apensen]]
* [[Appel]]
* [[Arholzen]]
* [[Armstorf]]
* [[Artlenburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Asendorf (Landkreis Diepholz)|Asendorf]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Diepholz)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Asendorf (Nordheide)|Asendorf]] &lt;small&gt;(Nordheide)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Astanholteremarki-Scirnbeki]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Osterholz-Scharmbeck''; [[Saxonice]] ''Oosterholt-Scharmbeek'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Auetal]]
* [[Auhagen]]
* [[Auricum (Saxonia Inferior)|Auricum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Emmius 1616&quot;&gt;Emmius, U. (1616). ''Rerum Frisicarum Historia''. [[Lugdunum Batavorum|Lugduni Batavorum]]: Elzevier.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Aurich''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Aurk''; [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Saxonica|Orientofrisosaxonice]] ''Auerk'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Axstedt]]
{{div col end}}

=== B ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Bad Bederkesa]]
* [[Badbergen]]
* [[Bad Bevensen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bad Bodenteich]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Baddeckenstedt]]
* [[Bad Eilsen]]
* [[Bad Essen]]
* [[Bad Fallingbostel]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bad Gandersheim]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bad Grund]]
* [[Bad Harzburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bad Iburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bad Laer]]
* [[Bad Lauterberg im Harz]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bad Nenndorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bad Pyrmont]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bad Rothenfelde]]
* [[Bad Sachsa]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bad Salzdetfurth]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bad Zwischenahn]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bahrdorf]]
* [[Bahrenborstel]]
* [[Bakum]]
* [[Balge]]
* [[Balje]]
* [[Baltrum]]
* [[Banteln]]
* [[Bardowick]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barenburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barendorf]]
* [[Bargstedt (Niedersachsen)|Bargstedt]]
* [[Barnstedt]]
* [[Barnstorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barsinghausen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barßel]]
* [[Barum (Luneburgum)|Barum]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Lüneburg)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barum (Circulus Uelzen)|Barum]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Uelzen)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barver]]
* [[Barwedel]]
* [[Basdahl]]
* [[Bassum]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bawinkel]]
* [[Beckdorf]]
* [[Beckedorf]]
* [[Beckeln]]
* [[Beedenbostel]]
* [[Beesten]]
* [[Beierstedt]]
* [[Belm]]
* [[Belum]]
* [[Bendestorf]]
* [[Berge (Niedersachsen)|Berge]]
* [[Berga (Circulus Cellensis)|Bergen]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Celle)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bergen an der Dumme]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bergfeld]]
* [[Berne]]
* [[Bersenbrück]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Berumbur]]
* [[Betheln]]
* [[Betzendorf]]
* [[Bevern (Landkreis Holzminden)|Bevern]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Beverstedt]]
* [[Bienenbüttel]]
* [[Bilshausen]]
* [[Binethemum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III II 1688&quot;&gt;Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: Dissertationen et Chronica Regia'' (Vol. II). Helmestadii: Typis Georgii Wolfgangi Hammii.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Bentheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Binnen]]
* [[Bippen]]
* [[Bispingen]]
* [[Bissendorf]]
* [[Bleckede]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Blender (Landkreis Verden)|Blender]]
* [[Bliedersdorf]]
* [[Blomberg (circulus Widmundensis)|Blomberg]]
* [[Bockenem]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bockhorn (Friesland)|Bockhorn]]
* [[Bockhorst]]
* [[Bodenfelde]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bodensee (Saxonia Inferior)|Bodensee]]
* [[Bodenwerder]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Boffzen]]
* [[Böhme (Niedersachsen)|Böhme]]
* [[Bohmte]]
* [[Boitze]]	
* [[Bokensdorf]]
* [[Bomlitz]]
* [[Börger]]
* [[Borkum]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Börßum]]
* [[Borstel (Landkreis Diepholz)|Borstel]]
* [[Bösel]]
* [[Bötersen]]
* [[Bothel]]
* [[Bovenden]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brackel]]
* [[Brake]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bramsche]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Braunlage]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Breddenberg]]
* [[Breddorf]]
* [[Bremervörde]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brest (Niedersachsen)|Brest]]
* [[Brevörde]]
* [[Brietlingen]]
* [[Brinkum (Stuhr)|Brinkum]]
* [[Brockel]]
* [[Bröckel]]
* [[Brockum]]
* [[Brome]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bruchhausen-Vilsen]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brunsvicum]] &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brüggen (Leine)|Brüggen]]
* [[Buchholz (bei Stadthagen)|Buchholz]] ? &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Buchholz (Aller)]] ? &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Buchholz in der Nordheide]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bückeburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bücken]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Büddenstedt]]
* [[Bühren]]
* [[Bülkau]]
* [[Bülstedt]]
* [[Bunde]]
* [[Burgdorf (Circulus Guelpherbytensis)|Burgdorf]] &lt;small&gt;(Landkreis Wolfenbüttel)&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Burgdorf]]''' &lt;small&gt;(Region Hannover)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Burgwedel]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Burweg]]
* [[Butjadingen]]
* [[Buxtehude]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== C ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Cadenberge]]
* [[Calberlah]]
* [[Cappel (Niedersachsen)|Cappel]]
* [[Cappeln (Oldenburg)]]
* [[Cella (Germania)|Cella]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Celle'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Clausthal-Zellerfeld]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Clenze]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Cloppenburgum]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Cloppenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Cloppenborg''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Kloppenbuurich'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Colnrade]]
* [[Coppenbrügge]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Coppengrave]]
* [[Cramme]]
* [[Cremlingen]]
* [[Cuxhavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Cuxhaven''; [[Saxonice]] ''Cuxhoben'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== D ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Dahlem (Niedersachsen)|Dahlem]]
* [[Dahlenburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dahlum]]
* [[Damme (Dümmer)|Damme]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Damnatz]]
* [[Danndorf]]
* [[Dannenberg]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dassel]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; 
* [[Dedelstorf]]
* [[Deensen]]
* [[Deinste]]
* [[Deinstedt]]
* [[Delligsen]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Delmenhorstium]] &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Denkte]]
* [[Derental]]
* [[Dersum]]
* [[Despetal]]
* [[Detern]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dettum]]
* [[Deutsch Evern]]
* [[Dickel]]
* [[Didderse]]
* [[Diekholzen]]
* [[Dielmissen]]
* [[Diepenau]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Diepholtia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmannus&quot;&gt;{{Hofmannus}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Diepholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Deefholt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dinklage]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dissen am Teutoburger Wald]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dohren (Emsland)|Dohren]] &lt;small&gt;(Emsland)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dohren]] &lt;small&gt;(Nordheide)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dollern]]
* [[Dornum]]
* [[Dörpen]]
* [[Dorstadt]]
* [[Dorum]]
* [[Dörverden]]
* [[Dötlingen]]
* [[Drage (Elbe)|Drage]]
* [[Drakenburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Drangstedt]]
* [[Dransfeld]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Drebber]]
* [[Drentwede]]
* [[Drestedt]]
* [[Drochtersen]]
* [[Düdenbüttel]]
* [[Duderstadt]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Duingen]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dünsen]]
* [[Dunum]]
{{div col end}}

=== E ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Ebergötzen]]
* [[Eberholzen]]
* [[Ebersdorfium (Saxonia Inferior)|Ebersdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ebersdorfium&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Ebersdorf' in Latinam &quot;Ebersdorfium&quot; verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Ebstorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Echem]]
* [[Edemissen]]
* [[Edewecht]]
* [[Egestorf]]
* [[Eggermühlen]]
* [[Ehra-Lessien]]
* [[Ehrenburg (Niedersachsen)|Ehrenburg]]
* [[Eickeloh]]
* [[Eicklingen]]
* [[Eime]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eimen]]
* [[Eimke]]
* [[Einbeck]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Elbe (Niedersachsen)|Elbe]]
* [[Elbingerode (bei Herzberg am Harz)|Elbingerode]]
* [[Eldingen]]
* [[Elmlohe]]
* [[Elsdorf (Niedersachsen)|Elsdorf]]
* [[Elsfleth]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Elze]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Embsen]]
* [[Emda]] &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Emlichheim]]
* [[Emmendorf]]
* [[Emmerthal]]
* [[Emsbüren]]
* [[Emstek]]
* [[Emtinghausen]]
* [[Engden]]
* [[Engelschoff]]
* [[Erkerode]]
* [[Esche]]
* [[Eschede]]
* [[Eschershausen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Esens]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Essel]]
* [[Essen (Oldenburgum)]]
* [[Esterwegen]]
* [[Estorf (Landkreis Stade)|Estorf]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Stade)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Estorf (Weser)|Estorf]] &lt;small&gt;(Weser)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Everode]]
* [[Eversmeer]]
* [[Evessen]]
* [[Eydelstedt]]
* [[Eyendorf]]
* [[Eystrup]]
{{div col end}}

=== F ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Fardium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Verden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Veern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Farven]]
* [[Faßberg]]
* [[Filsum]]
* [[Fintel]]
* [[Firrel]]
* [[Flögeln]]
* [[Flöthe]]
* [[Frankenfeld]]
* [[Freden]]
* [[Fredenbeck]]
* [[Freiburg/Elbe]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Freistatt]]
* [[Frellstedt]]
* [[Freren]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Fresenburg]]
* [[Friedeburg]]
* [[Friedlandia (Saxonia Inferior)|Friedland]]
* [[Friesoythe]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Fürstenau]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Furstenberga]]
{{div col end}}

=== G ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Ganderkesee]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gandesbergen]]
* [[Garbsen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Garlstorf]]
* [[Garrel]]
* [[Garstedt]]
* [[Gartow]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Geeste]]
* [[Geestland]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gehrde]]
* [[Gehrden]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Georgsdorf]]
* [[Georgsmarienhütte]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gerdau]]
* [[Gersten]]
* [[Getelo]]
* [[Gevensleben]]
* [[Gevera]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Jever'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Geversdorf]]
* [[Gieboldehausen]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Giesen]]
* [[Gifhorna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cellarius 1703&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Gifhorn'')&lt;/small
* [[Gilten]]
* [[Glandorf]]
* [[Gleichen]]
* [[Gnarrenburg]]
* [[Gödenstorf]]
* [[Göhrde]]
* [[Goldenstedt]]
* [[Gölenkamp]]
* [[Golmbach]]
* [[Gorleben]]
* [[Goslaria]] &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Göttingen]] &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Grafhorst]]
* [[Grasberg]]
* [[Grasleben]]
* [[Grethem]]
* [[Gronau]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Groß Berßen]]
* [[Großefehn]]
* [[Großenkneten]]
* [[Großenwörden]]
* [[Großheide]]
* [[Groß Ippener]]
* [[Groß Meckelsen]]
* [[Groß Oesingen]]
* [[Groß Twülpstedt]]
* [[Grünendeich]]
* [[Guderhandviertel]]
* [[Guelpherbytum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wolfenbüttel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wulfenbüttel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gusborn]]
* [[Gyhum]]
{{div col end}}

=== H ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Hademstorf]]
* [[Hage]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hagen am Teutoburger Wald]]
* [[Hagen im Bremischen]]
* [[Hagenburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hagermarsch]]
* [[Hahausen]]
* [[Halbemond]]
* [[Halle (comitatus Binethensis)|Halle]] &lt;small&gt;(b.Neuenhaus)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Halle (Holtisminni)|Halle]] &lt;small&gt;(Montes Visurgis)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Halvesbostel]]
* [[Hambergen]]
* [[Hambühren]]
* [[Hämelhausen]]
* [[Hameln]] &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hamersen]]
* [[Hammah]]
* [[Handeloh]]
* [[Handorf]]
* [[Handrup]]
* [[Hankensbüttel]]
* [[Hannover]] &lt;small&gt;[[caput (urbs)|caput]] [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terrae foederalis]] et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hann. Münden]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hanstedt (Circulus Uelzen)|Hanstedt]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Uelzen)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hanstedt (Nordheide)|Hanstedt]] &lt;small&gt;(Nordheide)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Harbarnsen]]
* [[Hardegsen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Haren (Amisia)]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Harmstorf]]
* [[Harpstedt]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Harsefeld]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Harsum]]
* [[Hasbergen]]
* [[Haselünne]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Haßbergen]]
* [[Hassel (Weser)]]
* [[Hassendorf]]
* [[Haste]]	
* [[Hatten]]
* [[Hattorf ad Harthicos montes]]
* [[Häuslingen]]
* [[Haverlah]]
* [[Hechthausen]]
* [[Hedeper]]
* [[Heede (Emsland)|Heede]]
* [[Heemsen]]
* [[Heere]]	
* [[Heeslingen]]
* [[Heeßen]]
* [[Hehlen]]
* [[Heidenau (Saxonia Inferior)|Heidenau]]
* [[Heinade]]
* [[Heinbockel]]
* [[Heiningen (Niedersachsen)|Heiningen]]
* [[Heinsen]]
* [[Hellwege]]
* [[Helmstedt]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Helpsen]]
* [[Helvesiek]]
* [[Hemmingen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hemmoor]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hemsbünde]]
* [[Hemslingen]]
* [[Hemsloh]]
* [[Hepstedt]]
* [[Herzberg am Harz]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Herzlake]]
* [[Hesel]]
* [[Hespe]]
* [[Hessisch Oldendorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heuerßen]]
* [[Heyen]]
* [[Hildesheim]] &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hilgermissen]]
* [[Hilkenbrook]]
* [[Hillerse]]
* [[Hilter am Teutoburger Wald]]
* [[Himbergen]]
* [[Himmelpforten]]
* [[Hinte]]
* [[Hipstedt]]
* [[Hittbergen]]
* [[Hitzacker]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hodenhagen]]
* [[Höhbeck]]
* [[Hohenhameln]]
* [[Hohne]]
* [[Hohnhorst]]
* [[Hohnstorf (Albis)]]
* [[Holdorf (Niedersachsen)|Holdorf]]
* [[Holenberg]]
* [[Holle]]
* [[Hollenstedt]]
* [[Hollern-Twielenfleth]]
* [[Hollnseth]]
* [[Holste]]
* [[Holtgast]]
* [[Holtland]]
* [[Holzen (bei Eschershausen)|Holzen]]
* [[Holzminden]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hoogstede]]
* [[Hörden ad Harthicos montes]]
* [[Horneburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Horstedt (Niedersachsen)|Horstedt]]
* [[Hoya]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hoyerhagen]]
* [[Hoyershausen]]
* [[Hude (Oldenburg)]]
* [[Hüde]]
* [[Hülsede]]
* [[Husum (bei Nienburg)|Husum]]
* [[Hüven]]
{{div col end}}

=== I ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Ihlienworth]]
* [[Ihlow (Frisia Orientalis)|Ihlow]]
* [[Ilsede]]
* [[Ingeleben]]
* [[Isenbüttel]]
* [[Isernhagen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Isterberg]]
* [[Itterbeck]]
{{div col end}}

=== J ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Jade (Saxonia Inferior)|Jade]]
* [[Jameln]]
* [[Jelmstorf]]
* [[Jembke]]
* [[Jemgum]]
* [[Jerxheim]]
* [[Jesteburg]]
* [[Jork]]
* [[Jühnde]]
* [[Juist]]
{{div col end}}

=== K ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Kakenstorf]]
* [[Kalbe (Niedersachsen)|Kalbe]]
* [[Kalefeld]]
* [[Karwitz]]
* [[Katlenburg-Lindau]]
* [[Kettenkamp]]
* [[Kirchbrak]]
* [[Kirchdorf (bei Sulingen)|Kirchdorf]]
* [[Kirchgellersen]]
* [[Kirchlinteln]]
* [[Kirchseelte]]
* [[Kirchtimke]]
* [[Kirchwalsede]]
* [[Kissenbrück]]
* [[Klein Berßen]]
* [[Klein Meckelsen]]
* [[Kluse (Emsland)|Kluse]]
* [[Kneitlingen]]
* [[Köhlen]]
* [[Königsmoor]]
* [[Kranenburg (Oste)|Kranenburg]]
* [[Krebeck]]
* [[Krummendeich]]
* [[Krummhörn]]
* [[Kührstedt]]
* [[Küsten]]
* [[Kutenholz]]
{{div col end}}

=== L ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Laar]]
* [[Laatzen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lachendorf]]
* [[Lage (Saxonia Inferior)|Lage]]
* [[Lähden]]
* [[Lahn (Hümmling)|Lahn]]
* ''[[Lamspringe]]''
* [[Lamstedt]]
* [[Landesbergen]]
* [[Landolfshausen]]
* [[Landwehr (Gemeinde)|Landwehr]]
* [[Langelsheim]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Langen (bei Bremerhaven)|Langen]]''' &lt;small&gt;(b.Bremerhaven)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langen (Emsland)|Langen]] &lt;small&gt;(Emsland)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langendorf (Elbe)|Langendorf]]
* [[Langenhagen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langeoog]]
* [[Langlingen]]
* [[Langwedel (Weser)|Langwedel]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lastrup]]
* [[Lathen]]
* [[Lauenau]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lauenbrück]]
* [[Lauenförde]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lauenhagen]]
* [[Leese]]
* [[Leezdorf]]
* [[Lehe (Emsland)|Lehe]]
* [[Lehre (Niedersachsen)|Lehre]]
* [[Lehrte]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Leiferde]]
* [[Lembruch]]
* [[Lemförde]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lemgow]]
* [[Lemwerder]]
* [[Lengede]]
* [[Lengenbostel]]
* [[Lengerich (Emsland)|Lengerich]]
* [[Lenne (Niedersachsen)|Lenne]]
* [[Leri]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Leer''; [[lingua Saxonica|Orientofrisosaxonice]] ''Läär''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lier'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Liebenau (Niedersachsen)|Liebenau]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Liebenburg]]
* [[Lilienthal]]
* [[Lindern (Oldenburg)]]
* [[Lindhorst]]
* [[Lindwedel]]
* [[Lingen (Ems)]] &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Linsburg]]
* [[Lintig]]
* [[Locus Occidentalis (Saxonia Inferior)|Locus Occidentalis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cellarius 1703&quot;&gt;Cellarius, C. (1703). ''Geographia Antiqua iuxta et Nova''. Ienae: Bielckius.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Westerstede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Westerstäe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lohne (Oldenburg)]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Löningen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lorup]]
* [[Loxstedt]]
* [[Lübberstedt]]
* [[Lübbow]]
* [[Lüchow (terra Wenedorum)]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Luckau (Saxonia Inferior)|Luckau]]
* [[Lüder (Lüneburger Heide)|Lüder]]
* [[Lüdersburg]]
* [[Lüdersfeld]]
* [[Lüerdissen]]
* [[Luhden]]
* '''[[Luneburgum]]''' &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lünne]]
* [[Lütetsburg]]
* ''[[Lutter am Barenberge]]''
* [[Luttera Regalis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Königslutter am Elm'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== M ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Maasen]]
* [[Marienhafe]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Marienhagen]]
* [[Mariental (Niedersachsen)|Mariental]]
* [[Marklohe]]
* [[Marl (Dümmer)|Marl]]
* [[Marschacht]]
* [[Martfeld]]
* [[Marxen]]
* [[Mechtersen]]
* [[Meerbeck]]
* [[Meine]]
* [[Meinersen]]
* [[Melbeck]]
* [[Melle]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mellinghausen]]
* [[Menslage]]
* [[Meppen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Merzen]]
* [[Messenkamp]]
* [[Messingen]]
* [[Midlum (Land Wursten)|Midlum]]
* [[Misselwarden]]
* [[Mittelnkirchen]]
* [[Mittelstenahe]]
* [[Moisburg]]
* [[Molbergen]]
* [[Moormerland]]
* [[Moorweg]]
* [[Moringen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Müden (Alara)]]
* [[Mulsum (Land Wursten)|Mulsum]]
* [[Mundia Hannoverana]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Munimeri]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; (Bad Münder am Deister)
* [[Munster (Örtze)|Munster]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== N ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Nahrendorf]]
* [[Natendorf]]
* [[Neetze]]
* [[Negenborn]]
* [[Nenndorf (circulus Widmundensis)|Nenndorf]]
* [[Neubörger]]
* [[Neu Darchau]]
* [[Neuenhaus]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen (Altes Land)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(Altes Land)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen (bei Bassum)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(b.Bassum)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen (Land Hadeln)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(Land Hadeln)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen (Landkreis Osnabrück)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Osnabrück)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen (Lüneburger Heide)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(Lüneb.Heide)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen-Vörden]]
* [[Neuharlingersiel]]
* [[Neuhaus (Oste)]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuhof (Landkreis Hildesheim)|Neuhof]]
* [[Neukamperfehn]]
* [[Neulehe]]
* [[Neuschoo]]
* [[Neustadt am Rübenberge]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neu Wulmstorf]]
* [[Niederlangen]]
* [[Niedernwöhren]]
* [[Niemetal]]
* [[Nienburg/Weser]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nienhagen (Landkreis Celle)|Nienhagen]]
* [[Nienstädt]]
* [[Norden]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nordenham]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Norderney]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nordholz]]
* [[Nordleda]]
* [[Nordsehl]]
* [[Nordstemmen]]
* [[Nörten-Hardenberg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Northeim]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Northorna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;&gt;Egli, J. J. (1893). ''Nomina Geographica: Sprach- und Sacherklärung von 42000 Geographischen Namen aller Erdräume''. [[Lipsia]]e: Friedrich Brandstetter.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Nordhorn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nothoorn'' seu ''Notthoarn'' seu ''Netthoarn'' seu ''Noordhoorn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nortmoor]]
* [[Nortrup]]
* [[Nottensdorf]]
{{div col end}}

=== O ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Oberlangen]]
* [[Oberndorf (Oste)|Oberndorf]]
* [[Obernfeld]]
* [[Obernholz]]
* [[Obernkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ochtersum]]
* [[Odisheim]]
* [[Oederquart]]
* [[Oerel]]
* [[Oetzen]]
* [[Ohne]]
* [[Ohrum]]
* [[Oldenburgum]] &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Oldendorf (Landkreis Stade)|Oldendorf]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Stade)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Oldendorf (Luhe)]]
* [[Osloß]]
* [[Osnabruga]] &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Osteel]]
* [[Osten (Oste)|Osten]]
* [[Osterbruch]]
* [[Ostercappeln]]
* [[Ostereistedt]]
* [[Osterode am Harz]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Osterwald]]
* [[Ostrhauderfehn]]
* [[Ottenstein (Niedersachsen)|Ottenstein]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Otter]]
* [[Otterndorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ottersberg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ovelgönne]]
* [[Oyten]]	
{{div col end}}

=== P ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Padingbüttel]]
* [[Papenburg]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Parsau]]
* [[Pattensen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Pegestorf]]
* [[Peine]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Pennigsehl]]
* [[Pohle]]
* [[Polle]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Pollhagen]]
* [[Prezelle]]
* [[Prinzhöfte]]
{{div col end}}

=== Q ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Quakenbrück]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Quendorf]]
* [[Querenhorst]]
* [[Quernheim]]
{{div col end}}

=== R ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Räbke]]
* [[Radbruch]]
* [[Raddestorf]]
* [[Rastdorf]]
* [[Rastede]]
* [[Rätzlingen (Niedersachsen)|Rätzlingen]]
* [[Rechtsupweg]]
* [[Reeßum]]
* [[Regesbostel]]
* [[Rehburg-Loccum]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rehden]]
* [[Rehlingen]]
* [[Reinstorf]]
* [[Remlingen (Niedersachsen)|Remlingen]]
* [[Renkenberge]]
* [[Rennau]]
* [[Reppenstedt]]
* [[Rethem (Aller)]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rhade]]
* [[Rhauderfehn]]
* [[Rhede (Ems)]]
* [[Rheden (Niedersachsen)|Rheden]]
* [[Rhumspringe]]
* [[Ribbesbüttel]]
* [[Riede (Landkreis Verden)|Riede]]
* [[Rieste]]
* [[Ringe]]
* [[Ringstedt]]
* [[Rinteln]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ritterhude]]
* [[Rodenberg]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rodewald]]
* [[Rohrsen]]
* [[Roklum]]
* [[Rollshausen]]
* [[Römstedt]]
* [[Ronnenberg]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rosche]]
* [[Rosdorf]]
* [[Rosengarten (Landkreis Harburg)|Rosengarten]]
* [[Rotenburg (Wümme)]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rötgesbüttel]]
* [[Rüdershausen]]
* [[Rühen]]
* [[Rullstorf]]
{{div col end}}

=== S ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Sachsenhagen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Salzbergen]]
* [[Salzgitter]] &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Salzhausen]]
* [[Salzhemmendorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Samern]]
* [[Sandbostel]]
* [[Sande (Frisia)|Sande]]
* [[Sarstedt]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sassenburg]]
* [[Sagterlandia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;BOV 2013&quot;&gt;Bischöfliches Offizialat Vechta (2013). ''Findbuch des Offizialatsarchivs Vechta: Altes Archiv (Abteilung A: Saterlandia, Kirchliche Unterlagen, Akte A 8: „Informatio de Sagterlandia“ aus dem Jahre 1710)''. Vechtae, in Germania: Bischöfliches Offizialat.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Saterland''; quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Sagterland''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Seelterlound'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sauensiek]]
* [[Schapen]]
* [[Scharnebeck]]
* [[Scheden]]
* [[Scheeßel]]
* [[Schellerten]]
* [[Schiffdorf]]
* [[Schladen-Werla]]
* [[Schnackenburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schnega]]
* [[Schneverdingen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Scholen]]
* [[Schönewörde]]
* [[Schöningen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schöppenstedt]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schortens]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schüttorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schwaförden]]
* [[Schwanewede]]
* [[Schwarme]]	
* [[Schwarmstedt]]
* [[Schweindorf]]
* [[Schweringen]]
* [[Schwerinsdorf]]
* [[Schwienau]]
* [[Schwülper]]
* [[Seeburg (Niedersachsen)|Seeburg]]
* [[Seedorf (bei Zeven)|Seedorf]]
* [[Seelze]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Seesen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Seevetal]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Seggebruch]]
* [[Sehlde]]
* [[Sehlem (Niedersachsen)|Sehlem]]
* [[Sehnde]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Selsingen]]
* [[Semmenstedt]]
* [[Seulingen]]
* [[Sibbesse]]
* [[Sickte]]
* [[Siedenburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sittensen]]
* [[Soderstorf]]
* [[Sögel]]	
* [[Söhlde]]
* [[Söllingen (Niedersachsen)|Söllingen]]
* [[Soltau]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Soltendieck]]
* [[Sottrum]]
* [[Spahnharrenstätte]]
* [[Spelle]]
* [[Spiekeroog]]
* [[Sprakensehl]]
* [[Springe]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stade]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stadlandia]]&lt;ref&gt;Ioannes Iustus Wynkelman, [https://books.google.com/books?id=WvgaAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA617&amp;lpg=PA617&amp;dq=statlandia+saxonia&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=Ysl9JI4L06&amp;sig=2y6x3I38sU3-RcrP0HtnSkUxssI&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0CCwQ6AEwA2oVChMIwqiv-NWMxgIVQgmSCh2CZwDj#v=onepage&amp;q=statlandia%20saxonia&amp;f=false ''Notitia historico-politica veteris Saxo-Westphaliae finitimarumque regionum,''] 1667:277.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Stadland'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stadthagen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stadtoldendorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Staffhorst]]
* [[Staufenberg]]
* [[Stavern]]
* [[Stedesdorf]]
* [[Steimbke]]
* [[Steinau (Niedersachsen)|Steinau]]
* [[Steinfeld (Oldenburg)]]
* [[Steinhorst (Niedersachsen)|Steinhorst]]
* [[Steinkirchen (Altes Land)|Steinkirchen]]
* [[Stelle]]
* [[Stemmen (Landkreis Rotenburg)|Stemmen]]
* [[Stemshorn]]
* [[Steyerberg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stinstedt]]
* [[Stöckse]]
* [[Stoetze]]
* [[Stolzenau]]
* [[Stuhr]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Südbrookmerland]]
* [[Suderburg]]
* [[Südergellersen]]
* [[Südheide]]
* [[Sudwalde]]
* [[Suhlendorf]]
* [[Sulingen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Süpplingen]]
* [[Süpplingenburg]]
* [[Süstedt]]
* [[Sustrum]]
* [[Surwold]]
* [[Suthfeld]]
* [[Syke]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== T ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Tappenbeck]]
* [[Tarmstedt]]
* [[Tespe]]
* [[Thedinghausen]]
* [[Thomasburg]]
* [[Thuine]]
* [[Tiddische]]
* [[Tiste]]
* [[Toppenstedt]]
* [[Tostedt]]
* [[Tosterglope]]
* [[Trebel]]
* [[Tülau]]
* [[Twieflingen]]
* [[Twist (Emsland)|Twist]]
* [[Twistringen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== U ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Uchte]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Uehrde]]
* [[Uelsen]]
* [[Uelzen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Uetze]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ummern]]
* [[Undeloh]]
* [[Upgant-Schott]]
* [[Uplengen]]
* [[Uslar]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Utarp]]
{{div col end}}

=== V ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Vahlberg]]
* [[Vahlbruch]]
* [[Vahlde]]
* [[Varel]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Varrel]]
* [[Vastorf]]
* [[Vechelde]]
* [[Vechta]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Velpke]]
* [[Veltheim (Ohe)]]
* [[Vierden]]
* [[Vierhöfen]]
* [[Visbek]]
* [[Visselhövede]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vögelsen]]
* [[Vollersode]]
* [[Voltlage]]
* [[Vordorf]]
* [[Vorwerk (Niedersachsen)|Vorwerk]]
* [[Vrees]]
{{div col end}}

=== W ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Waake]]
* [[Waddeweitz]]
* [[Wagenfeld]]
* [[Wagenhoff]]
* [[Wahrenholz]]
* [[Walchum]]
* [[Walkenried]]
* [[Wallenhorst]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wallmoden]]
* [[Walsrode]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wangelnstedt]]
* [[Wangerland]]
* [[Wangerooge]]
* [[Wanna]]
* [[Warberg]]
* [[Wardenburg]]
* [[Warmsen]]
* [[Warpe]]
* [[Wasbüttel]]
* [[Wathlingen]]
* [[Wedemark]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Weener]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Weenzen]]
* [[Wehrbleck]]
* [[Welle]]
* [[Wendeburg]]
* [[Wendisch Evern]]
* [[Wennigsen]]
* [[Wenzendorf]]
* [[Werdum]]
* [[Werlte]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Werpeloh]]
* [[Wesendorf]]
* [[Weste (Niedersachsen)|Weste]]
* [[Westergellersen]]
* [[Westerholt]]
* [[Westertimke]]
* [[Westerwalsede]]
* [[Westfeld (Niedersachsen)|Westfeld]]
* [[Westoverledingen]]
* [[Wetschen]]
* [[Wettrup]]
* [[Weyhausen]]
* [[Weyhe]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wieda]]
* [[Wiedensahl]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wiefelstede]]
* [[Wielen]]
* [[Wienhausen]]
* [[Wiesmoor]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wietmarschen]]
* [[Wietze]]
* [[Wietzen]]
* [[Wietzendorf]]
* [[Wildeshausen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wilhelmshaven]] &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wilstedt]]
* [[Wilsum]]
* [[Wingst]]
* [[Winkelsett]]
* [[Winnigstedt]]
* [[Winsen (Aller)]] 
* [[Winsenia]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Winzenburg]]
* [[Wippingen]]
* [[Wirdum]]
* [[Wischhafen]]
* [[Wistedt]]
* [[Witmundia]]&lt;ref&gt;E.g., [[Ioannes Luyts|Ioannis Luyts]] ''Introductio ad Geographiam novam et veterem'', Ultraiecti 1692, [https://books.google.fr/books?id=_o0YP3-9VTMC&amp;pg=PA281&amp;dq=Witmundia&amp;hl=ru&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjShLT7vdDrAhVJw4sKHZLLCokQ6AEwAnoECAMQAg#v=onepage&amp;q=Witmundia&amp;f=false p. 281].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wittmund'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wittingen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wittmar]]
* [[Wittorf]]
* [[Wohnste]]
* [[Wolfsburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wollbrandshausen]]
* [[Wollershausen]]
* [[Wölpinghausen]]
* [[Wolsdorf]]
* [[Woltersdorf (Wendland)|Woltersdorf]]
* [[Woltershausen]]
* [[Worpswede]]
* [[Wremen]]
* [[Wrestedt]]
* [[Wriedel]]
* [[Wulfsen]]
* [[Wulften ad Harthicos montes]]
* [[Wunstorf]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wustrow (Saxonia Inferior)]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== Z ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Zernien]]
* [[Zetel]]
* [[Zeven]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Zorge]]
{{div col end}}

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris|!]]</text>
      <sha1>1ri3d521jo22uu8445fq90h73fkd9pk</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3972976</id>
      <parentid>3972975</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-20T00:04:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3972976</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="34762" sha1="2oa9unee0bqa7pgrk788vg1cjgly59s" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Municipalities in Lower Saxony.svg|thumb|500px|Urbes et communia Saxoniae Inferioris.]]
'''Index communium in [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxonia Inferiore]]''' omnes [[commune|communia]] (Theodisce ''Gemeinden''), consociationes communium (Theodisce ''Gemeindeverbände'') atque loca nulli communium adscripta (Theodisce ''gemeindefreien Gebiete''), quae hodie in [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terra]] [[Germania|Germanica]] [[Saxonia Inferior]]e exstant, complectitur.

Postremae mutationes finium territorialium in Saxonia Inferiore [[1 Novembris|Kalendis Novembribus]] anni [[2021]] effectae sunt. Ex eo tempore [[Saxonia Inferior]] 939 communium et 25 loca nulli communi adscripta (quorum duo habitantur) habet. Quibus e communibus 159 titulo [[urbs|urbis]] (Theodisce ''Stadt'') et 49 titulo [[oppidum|oppidi]] (Theodisce ''Flecken'') utuntur.

Praeterea nonnullae proprietates exstant secundum communium administrationem: Nam 939 communia in 289 communia unitaria et 650 communia membra dividuntur; quae vero in universum 114 consociationes communium constituunt, ut munera communiter administrent. Hae consociationes communium ipsa communia non sunt, sed foedera cooperationis, quae aut ex regione aut ex communitate in qua sedes administrationis sita est nomen accipiunt. Quapropter in Saxonia Inferiore idem nomen tam communi quam consociationi communium tribui potest. Agitur tamen de duobus corporibus iuridicis distinctis, quae proprias repraesentationes atque propria munera habent.

Praeterea, propter magnitudinem suam, nonnullae communium et consociationes communium peculiarem rationem cum [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulo terrae]] (Theodisce ''Landkreis'') habent:

* Decem urbes statum iuridicum [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli urbani]] (Theodisce ''kreisfreien Stadt'') obtinent, nulli circulo terrae subiiciuntur atque omnia sua munera exercent.
* Septem urbes statum iuridicum urbis magnae sui iuris (Theodisce ''Große selbständige Stadt'') obtinent atque multa, sed non omnia, munera circuli terrae cui adscribuntur exercent.
* 61 communium et tria communia generalis (Theodisce ''Samtgemeinden'') statum iuridicum communis sui iuris (Theodisce ''Selbständige Gemeinde'') obtinent atque quaedam munera districtus cui adscribuntur exercent.
* 861 ceterae communium nullam peculiarem rationem cum circulo terrae cui adscribuntur habent.

=== A ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Achim (Landkreis Verden)|Achim]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Adelebsen]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Adelheidsdorf]]
* [[Adenbüttel]]
* [[Adendorf]]
* [[Adenstedt]]
* [[Aerzen]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Affinghausen]]
* [[Agathenburg]]
* [[Ahausen]]
* [[Ahlden (Aller)]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ahlerstedt]]
* [[Ahnsbeck]]
* [[Ahnsen]]
* [[Alfeld]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alfhausen]]
* [[Alfstedt]]
* [[Algermissen]]
* [[Almstedt]]
* [[Altenmedingen]]
* [[Amelinghausen]]
* [[Amt Neuhaus]]
* [[Anderlingen]]
* [[Andervenne]]
* [[Ankum]]
* [[Apelern]]
* [[Apen]]	
* [[Apensen]]
* [[Appel]]
* [[Arholzen]]
* [[Armstorf]]
* [[Artlenburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Asendorf (Landkreis Diepholz)|Asendorf]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Diepholz)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Asendorf (Nordheide)|Asendorf]] &lt;small&gt;(Nordheide)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Astanholteremarki-Scirnbeki]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Osterholz-Scharmbeck''; [[Saxonice]] ''Oosterholt-Scharmbeek'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Auetal]]
* [[Auhagen]]
* [[Auricum (Saxonia Inferior)|Auricum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Emmius 1616&quot;&gt;Emmius, U. (1616). ''Rerum Frisicarum Historia''. [[Lugdunum Batavorum|Lugduni Batavorum]]: Elzevier.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Aurich''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Aurk''; [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Saxonica|Orientofrisosaxonice]] ''Auerk'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Axstedt]]
{{div col end}}

=== B ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Bad Bederkesa]]
* [[Badbergen]]
* [[Bad Bevensen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bad Bodenteich]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Baddeckenstedt]]
* [[Bad Eilsen]]
* [[Bad Essen]]
* [[Bad Fallingbostel]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bad Gandersheim]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bad Grund]]
* [[Bad Harzburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bad Iburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bad Laer]]
* [[Bad Lauterberg im Harz]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bad Nenndorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bad Pyrmont]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bad Rothenfelde]]
* [[Bad Sachsa]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bad Salzdetfurth]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bad Zwischenahn]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bahrdorf]]
* [[Bahrenborstel]]
* [[Bakum]]
* [[Balge]]
* [[Balje]]
* [[Baltrum]]
* [[Banteln]]
* [[Bardowick]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barenburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barendorf]]
* [[Bargstedt (Niedersachsen)|Bargstedt]]
* [[Barnstedt]]
* [[Barnstorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barsinghausen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barßel]]
* [[Barum (Luneburgum)|Barum]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Lüneburg)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barum (Circulus Uelzen)|Barum]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Uelzen)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barver]]
* [[Barwedel]]
* [[Basdahl]]
* [[Bassum]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bawinkel]]
* [[Beckdorf]]
* [[Beckedorf]]
* [[Beckeln]]
* [[Beedenbostel]]
* [[Beesten]]
* [[Beierstedt]]
* [[Belm]]
* [[Belum]]
* [[Bendestorf]]
* [[Berge (Niedersachsen)|Berge]]
* [[Berga (Circulus Cellensis)|Bergen]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Celle)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bergen an der Dumme]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bergfeld]]
* [[Berne]]
* [[Bersenbrück]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Berumbur]]
* [[Betheln]]
* [[Betzendorf]]
* [[Bevern (Landkreis Holzminden)|Bevern]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Beverstedt]]
* [[Bienenbüttel]]
* [[Bilshausen]]
* [[Binethemum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III II 1688&quot;&gt;Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: Dissertationen et Chronica Regia'' (Vol. II). Helmestadii: Typis Georgii Wolfgangi Hammii.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Bentheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Binnen]]
* [[Bippen]]
* [[Bispingen]]
* [[Bissendorf]]
* [[Bleckede]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Blender (Landkreis Verden)|Blender]]
* [[Bliedersdorf]]
* [[Blomberg (circulus Widmundensis)|Blomberg]]
* [[Bockenem]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bockhorn (Friesland)|Bockhorn]]
* [[Bockhorst]]
* [[Bodenfelde]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bodensee (Saxonia Inferior)|Bodensee]]
* [[Bodenwerder]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Boffzen]]
* [[Böhme (Niedersachsen)|Böhme]]
* [[Bohmte]]
* [[Boitze]]	
* [[Bokensdorf]]
* [[Bomlitz]]
* [[Börger]]
* [[Borkum]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Börßum]]
* [[Borstel (Landkreis Diepholz)|Borstel]]
* [[Bösel]]
* [[Bötersen]]
* [[Bothel]]
* [[Bovenden]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brackel]]
* [[Brake]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bramsche]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Braunlage]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Breddenberg]]
* [[Breddorf]]
* [[Bremervörde]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brest (Niedersachsen)|Brest]]
* [[Brevörde]]
* [[Brietlingen]]
* [[Brinkum (Stuhr)|Brinkum]]
* [[Brockel]]
* [[Bröckel]]
* [[Brockum]]
* [[Brome]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bruchhausen-Vilsen]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brunsvicum]] &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brüggen (Leine)|Brüggen]]
* [[Buchholz (bei Stadthagen)|Buchholz]] ? &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Buchholz (Aller)]] ? &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Buchholz in der Nordheide]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bückeburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bücken]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Büddenstedt]]
* [[Bühren]]
* [[Bülkau]]
* [[Bülstedt]]
* [[Bunde]]
* [[Burgdorf (Circulus Guelpherbytensis)|Burgdorf]] &lt;small&gt;(Landkreis Wolfenbüttel)&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Burgdorf]]''' &lt;small&gt;(Region Hannover)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Burgwedel]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Burweg]]
* [[Butjadingen]]
* [[Buxtehude]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== C ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Cadenberge]]
* [[Calberlah]]
* [[Cappel (Niedersachsen)|Cappel]]
* [[Cappeln (Oldenburg)]]
* [[Cella (Germania)|Cella]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Celle'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Clausthal-Zellerfeld]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Clenze]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Cloppenburgum]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Cloppenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Cloppenborg''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Kloppenbuurich'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Colnrade]]
* [[Coppenbrügge]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Coppengrave]]
* [[Cramme]]
* [[Cremlingen]]
* [[Cuxhavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Cuxhaven''; [[Saxonice]] ''Cuxhoben'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== D ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Dahlem (Niedersachsen)|Dahlem]]
* [[Dahlenburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dahlum]]
* [[Damme (Dümmer)|Damme]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Damnatz]]
* [[Danndorf]]
* [[Dannenberg]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dassel]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; 
* [[Dedelstorf]]
* [[Deensen]]
* [[Deinste]]
* [[Deinstedt]]
* [[Delligsen]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Delmenhorstium]] &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Denkte]]
* [[Derental]]
* [[Dersum]]
* [[Despetal]]
* [[Detern]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dettum]]
* [[Deutsch Evern]]
* [[Dickel]]
* [[Didderse]]
* [[Diekholzen]]
* [[Dielmissen]]
* [[Diepenau]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Diepholtia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmannus&quot;&gt;{{Hofmannus}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Diepholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Deefholt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dinklage]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dissen am Teutoburger Wald]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dohren (Emsland)|Dohren]] &lt;small&gt;(Emsland)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dohren]] &lt;small&gt;(Nordheide)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dollern]]
* [[Dornum]]
* [[Dörpen]]
* [[Dorstadt]]
* [[Dorum]]
* [[Dörverden]]
* [[Dötlingen]]
* [[Drage (Elbe)|Drage]]
* [[Drakenburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Drangstedt]]
* [[Dransfeld]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Drebber]]
* [[Drentwede]]
* [[Drestedt]]
* [[Drochtersen]]
* [[Düdenbüttel]]
* [[Duderstadt]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Duingen]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dünsen]]
* [[Dunum]]
{{div col end}}

=== E ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Ebergötzen]]
* [[Eberholzen]]
* [[Ebersdorfium (Saxonia Inferior)|Ebersdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ebersdorfium&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Ebersdorf' in Latinam &quot;Ebersdorfium&quot; verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Ebstorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Echem]]
* [[Edemissen]]
* [[Edewecht]]
* [[Egestorf]]
* [[Eggermühlen]]
* [[Ehra-Lessien]]
* [[Ehrenburg (Niedersachsen)|Ehrenburg]]
* [[Eickeloh]]
* [[Eicklingen]]
* [[Eime]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eimen]]
* [[Eimke]]
* [[Einbeck]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Elbe (Niedersachsen)|Elbe]]
* [[Elbingerode (bei Herzberg am Harz)|Elbingerode]]
* [[Eldingen]]
* [[Elmlohe]]
* [[Elsdorf (Niedersachsen)|Elsdorf]]
* [[Elsfleth]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Elze]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Embsen]]
* [[Emda]] &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Emlichheim]]
* [[Emmendorf]]
* [[Emmerthal]]
* [[Emsbüren]]
* [[Emstek]]
* [[Emtinghausen]]
* [[Engden]]
* [[Engelschoff]]
* [[Erkerode]]
* [[Esche]]
* [[Eschede]]
* [[Eschershausen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Esens]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Essel]]
* [[Essen (Oldenburgum)]]
* [[Esterwegen]]
* [[Estorf (Landkreis Stade)|Estorf]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Stade)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Estorf (Weser)|Estorf]] &lt;small&gt;(Weser)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Everode]]
* [[Eversmeer]]
* [[Evessen]]
* [[Eydelstedt]]
* [[Eyendorf]]
* [[Eystrup]]
{{div col end}}

=== F ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Fardium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Verden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Veern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Farven]]
* [[Faßberg]]
* [[Filsum]]
* [[Fintel]]
* [[Firrel]]
* [[Flögeln]]
* [[Flöthe]]
* [[Frankenfeld]]
* [[Freden]]
* [[Fredenbeck]]
* [[Freiburg/Elbe]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Freistatt]]
* [[Frellstedt]]
* [[Freren]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Fresenburg]]
* [[Friedeburg]]
* [[Friedlandia (Saxonia Inferior)|Friedland]]
* [[Friesoythe]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Fürstenau]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Furstenberga]]
{{div col end}}

=== G ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Ganderkesee]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gandesbergen]]
* [[Garbsen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Garlstorf]]
* [[Garrel]]
* [[Garstedt]]
* [[Gartow]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Geeste]]
* [[Geestland]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gehrde]]
* [[Gehrden]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Georgsdorf]]
* [[Georgsmarienhütte]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gerdau]]
* [[Gersten]]
* [[Getelo]]
* [[Gevensleben]]
* [[Gevera]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Jever'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Geversdorf]]
* [[Gieboldehausen]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Giesen]]
* [[Gifhorna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cellarius 1703&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Gifhorn'')&lt;/small
* [[Gilten]]
* [[Glandorf]]
* [[Gleichen]]
* [[Gnarrenburg]]
* [[Gödenstorf]]
* [[Göhrde]]
* [[Goldenstedt]]
* [[Gölenkamp]]
* [[Golmbach]]
* [[Gorleben]]
* [[Goslaria]] &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Göttingen]] &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Grafhorst]]
* [[Grasberg]]
* [[Grasleben]]
* [[Grethem]]
* [[Gronau]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Groß Berßen]]
* [[Großefehn]]
* [[Großenkneten]]
* [[Großenwörden]]
* [[Großheide]]
* [[Groß Ippener]]
* [[Groß Meckelsen]]
* [[Groß Oesingen]]
* [[Groß Twülpstedt]]
* [[Grünendeich]]
* [[Guderhandviertel]]
* [[Guelpherbytum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wolfenbüttel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wulfenbüttel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gusborn]]
* [[Gyhum]]
{{div col end}}

=== H ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Hademstorf]]
* [[Hage]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hagen am Teutoburger Wald]]
* [[Hagen im Bremischen]]
* [[Hagenburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hagermarsch]]
* [[Hahausen]]
* [[Halbemond]]
* [[Halle (comitatus Binethensis)|Halle]] &lt;small&gt;(b.Neuenhaus)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Halle (Holtisminni)|Halle]] &lt;small&gt;(Montes Visurgis)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Halvesbostel]]
* [[Hambergen]]
* [[Hambühren]]
* [[Hämelhausen]]
* [[Hameln]] &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hamersen]]
* [[Hammah]]
* [[Handeloh]]
* [[Handorf]]
* [[Handrup]]
* [[Hankensbüttel]]
* [[Hannover]] &lt;small&gt;[[caput (urbs)|caput]] [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terrae foederalis]] et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hann. Münden]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hanstedt (Circulus Uelzen)|Hanstedt]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Uelzen)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hanstedt (Nordheide)|Hanstedt]] &lt;small&gt;(Nordheide)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Harbarnsen]]
* [[Hardegsen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Haren (Amisia)]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Harmstorf]]
* [[Harpstedt]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Harsefeld]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Harsum]]
* [[Hasbergen]]
* [[Haselünne]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Haßbergen]]
* [[Hassel (Weser)]]
* [[Hassendorf]]
* [[Haste]]	
* [[Hatten]]
* [[Hattorf ad Harthicos montes]]
* [[Häuslingen]]
* [[Haverlah]]
* [[Hechthausen]]
* [[Hedeper]]
* [[Heede (Emsland)|Heede]]
* [[Heemsen]]
* [[Heere]]	
* [[Heeslingen]]
* [[Heeßen]]
* [[Hehlen]]
* [[Heidenau (Saxonia Inferior)|Heidenau]]
* [[Heinade]]
* [[Heinbockel]]
* [[Heiningen (Niedersachsen)|Heiningen]]
* [[Heinsen]]
* [[Hellwege]]
* [[Helmstedt]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Helpsen]]
* [[Helvesiek]]
* [[Hemmingen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hemmoor]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hemsbünde]]
* [[Hemslingen]]
* [[Hemsloh]]
* [[Hepstedt]]
* [[Herzberg am Harz]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Herzlake]]
* [[Hesel]]
* [[Hespe]]
* [[Hessisch Oldendorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heuerßen]]
* [[Heyen]]
* [[Hildesheim]] &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hilgermissen]]
* [[Hilkenbrook]]
* [[Hillerse]]
* [[Hilter am Teutoburger Wald]]
* [[Himbergen]]
* [[Himmelpforten]]
* [[Hinte]]
* [[Hipstedt]]
* [[Hittbergen]]
* [[Hitzacker]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hodenhagen]]
* [[Höhbeck]]
* [[Hohenhameln]]
* [[Hohne]]
* [[Hohnhorst]]
* [[Hohnstorf (Albis)]]
* [[Holdorf (Niedersachsen)|Holdorf]]
* [[Holenberg]]
* [[Holle]]
* [[Hollenstedt]]
* [[Hollern-Twielenfleth]]
* [[Hollnseth]]
* [[Holste]]
* [[Holtgast]]
* [[Holtland]]
* [[Holzen (bei Eschershausen)|Holzen]]
* [[Holzminden]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hoogstede]]
* [[Hörden ad Harthicos montes]]
* [[Horneburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Horstedt (Niedersachsen)|Horstedt]]
* [[Hoya]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hoyerhagen]]
* [[Hoyershausen]]
* [[Hude (Oldenburg)]]
* [[Hüde]]
* [[Hülsede]]
* [[Husum (bei Nienburg)|Husum]]
* [[Hüven]]
{{div col end}}

=== I ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Ihlienworth]]
* [[Ihlow (Frisia Orientalis)|Ihlow]]
* [[Ilsede]]
* [[Ingeleben]]
* [[Isenbüttel]]
* [[Isernhagen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Isterberg]]
* [[Itterbeck]]
{{div col end}}

=== J ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Jade (Saxonia Inferior)|Jade]]
* [[Jameln]]
* [[Jelmstorf]]
* [[Jembke]]
* [[Jemgum]]
* [[Jerxheim]]
* [[Jesteburg]]
* [[Jork]]
* [[Jühnde]]
* [[Juist]]
{{div col end}}

=== K ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Kakenstorf]]
* [[Kalbe (Niedersachsen)|Kalbe]]
* [[Kalefeld]]
* [[Karwitz]]
* [[Katlenburg-Lindau]]
* [[Kettenkamp]]
* [[Kirchbrak]]
* [[Kirchdorf (bei Sulingen)|Kirchdorf]]
* [[Kirchgellersen]]
* [[Kirchlinteln]]
* [[Kirchseelte]]
* [[Kirchtimke]]
* [[Kirchwalsede]]
* [[Kissenbrück]]
* [[Klein Berßen]]
* [[Klein Meckelsen]]
* [[Kluse (Emsland)|Kluse]]
* [[Kneitlingen]]
* [[Köhlen]]
* [[Königsmoor]]
* [[Kranenburg (Oste)|Kranenburg]]
* [[Krebeck]]
* [[Krummendeich]]
* [[Krummhörn]]
* [[Kührstedt]]
* [[Küsten]]
* [[Kutenholz]]
{{div col end}}

=== L ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Laar]]
* [[Laatzen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lachendorf]]
* [[Lage (Saxonia Inferior)|Lage]]
* [[Lähden]]
* [[Lahn (Hümmling)|Lahn]]
* ''[[Lamspringe]]''
* [[Lamstedt]]
* [[Landesbergen]]
* [[Landolfshausen]]
* [[Landwehr (Gemeinde)|Landwehr]]
* [[Langelsheim]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Langen (bei Bremerhaven)|Langen]]''' &lt;small&gt;(b.Bremerhaven)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langen (Emsland)|Langen]] &lt;small&gt;(Emsland)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langendorf (Elbe)|Langendorf]]
* [[Langenhagen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langeoog]]
* [[Langlingen]]
* [[Langwedel (Weser)|Langwedel]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lastrup]]
* [[Lathen]]
* [[Lauenau]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lauenbrück]]
* [[Lauenförde]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lauenhagen]]
* [[Leese]]
* [[Leezdorf]]
* [[Lehe (Emsland)|Lehe]]
* [[Lehre (Niedersachsen)|Lehre]]
* [[Lehrte]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Leiferde]]
* [[Lembruch]]
* [[Lemförde]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lemgow]]
* [[Lemwerder]]
* [[Lengede]]
* [[Lengenbostel]]
* [[Lengerich (Emsland)|Lengerich]]
* [[Lenne (Niedersachsen)|Lenne]]
* [[Leri]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Leer''; [[lingua Saxonica|Orientofrisosaxonice]] ''Läär''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lier'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Liebenau (Niedersachsen)|Liebenau]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Liebenburg]]
* [[Lilienthal]]
* [[Lindern (Oldenburg)]]
* [[Lindhorst]]
* [[Lindwedel]]
* [[Lingen (Ems)]] &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Linsburg]]
* [[Lintig]]
* [[Locus Occidentalis (Saxonia Inferior)|Locus Occidentalis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cellarius 1703&quot;&gt;Cellarius, C. (1703). ''Geographia Antiqua iuxta et Nova''. Ienae: Bielckius.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Westerstede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Westerstäe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lohne (Oldenburg)]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Löningen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lorup]]
* [[Loxstedt]]
* [[Lübberstedt]]
* [[Lübbow]]
* [[Lüchow (terra Wenedorum)]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Luckau (Saxonia Inferior)|Luckau]]
* [[Lüder (Lüneburger Heide)|Lüder]]
* [[Lüdersburg]]
* [[Lüdersfeld]]
* [[Lüerdissen]]
* [[Luhden]]
* '''[[Luneburgum]]''' &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lünne]]
* [[Lütetsburg]]
* ''[[Lutter am Barenberge]]''
* [[Luttera Regalis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Königslutter am Elm'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== M ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Maasen]]
* [[Marienhafe]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Marienhagen]]
* [[Mariental (Niedersachsen)|Mariental]]
* [[Marklohe]]
* [[Marl (Dümmer)|Marl]]
* [[Marschacht]]
* [[Martfeld]]
* [[Marxen]]
* [[Mechtersen]]
* [[Meerbeck]]
* [[Meine]]
* [[Meinersen]]
* [[Melbeck]]
* [[Melle]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mellinghausen]]
* [[Menslage]]
* [[Meppen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Merzen]]
* [[Messenkamp]]
* [[Messingen]]
* [[Midlum (Land Wursten)|Midlum]]
* [[Misselwarden]]
* [[Mittelnkirchen]]
* [[Mittelstenahe]]
* [[Moisburg]]
* [[Molbergen]]
* [[Moormerland]]
* [[Moorweg]]
* [[Moringen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Müden (Alara)]]
* [[Mulsum (Land Wursten)|Mulsum]]
* [[Mundia Hannoverana]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Munimeri]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; (Bad Münder am Deister)
* [[Munster (Örtze)|Munster]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== N ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Nahrendorf]]
* [[Natendorf]]
* [[Neetze]]
* [[Negenborn]]
* [[Nenndorf (circulus Widmundensis)|Nenndorf]]
* [[Neubörger]]
* [[Neu Darchau]]
* [[Neuenhaus]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen (Altes Land)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(Altes Land)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen (bei Bassum)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(b.Bassum)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen (Land Hadeln)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(Land Hadeln)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen (Landkreis Osnabrück)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Osnabrück)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen (Lüneburger Heide)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(Lüneb.Heide)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen-Vörden]]
* [[Neuharlingersiel]]
* [[Neuhaus (Oste)]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuhof (Landkreis Hildesheim)|Neuhof]]
* [[Neukamperfehn]]
* [[Neulehe]]
* [[Neuschoo]]
* [[Neustadt am Rübenberge]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neu Wulmstorf]]
* [[Niederlangen]]
* [[Niedernwöhren]]
* [[Niemetal]]
* [[Nienburg/Weser]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nienhagen (Landkreis Celle)|Nienhagen]]
* [[Nienstädt]]
* [[Norden]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nordenham]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Norderney]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nordholz]]
* [[Nordleda]]
* [[Nordsehl]]
* [[Nordstemmen]]
* [[Nörten-Hardenberg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Northeim]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Northorna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;&gt;Egli, J. J. (1893). ''Nomina Geographica: Sprach- und Sacherklärung von 42000 Geographischen Namen aller Erdräume''. [[Lipsia]]e: Friedrich Brandstetter.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Nordhorn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nothoorn'' seu ''Notthoarn'' seu ''Netthoarn'' seu ''Noordhoorn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nortmoor]]
* [[Nortrup]]
* [[Nottensdorf]]
{{div col end}}

=== O ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Oberlangen]]
* [[Oberndorf (Oste)|Oberndorf]]
* [[Obernfeld]]
* [[Obernholz]]
* [[Obernkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ochtersum]]
* [[Odisheim]]
* [[Oederquart]]
* [[Oerel]]
* [[Oetzen]]
* [[Ohne]]
* [[Ohrum]]
* [[Oldenburgum]] &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Oldendorf (Landkreis Stade)|Oldendorf]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Stade)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Oldendorf (Luhe)]]
* [[Osloß]]
* [[Osnabruga]] &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Osteel]]
* [[Osten (Oste)|Osten]]
* [[Osterbruch]]
* [[Ostercappeln]]
* [[Ostereistedt]]
* [[Osterode am Harz]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Osterwald]]
* [[Ostrhauderfehn]]
* [[Ottenstein (Niedersachsen)|Ottenstein]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Otter]]
* [[Otterndorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ottersberg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ovelgönne]]
* [[Oyten]]	
{{div col end}}

=== P ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Padingbüttel]]
* [[Papenburg]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Parsau]]
* [[Pattensen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Pegestorf]]
* [[Peine]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Pennigsehl]]
* [[Pohle]]
* [[Polle]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Pollhagen]]
* [[Prezelle]]
* [[Prinzhöfte]]
{{div col end}}

=== Q ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Quakenbrück]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Quendorf]]
* [[Querenhorst]]
* [[Quernheim]]
{{div col end}}

=== R ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Räbke]]
* [[Radbruch]]
* [[Raddestorf]]
* [[Rastdorf]]
* [[Rastede]]
* [[Rätzlingen (Niedersachsen)|Rätzlingen]]
* [[Rechtsupweg]]
* [[Reeßum]]
* [[Regesbostel]]
* [[Rehburg-Loccum]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rehden]]
* [[Rehlingen]]
* [[Reinstorf]]
* [[Remlingen (Niedersachsen)|Remlingen]]
* [[Renkenberge]]
* [[Rennau]]
* [[Reppenstedt]]
* [[Rethem (Aller)]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rhade]]
* [[Rhauderfehn]]
* [[Rhede (Ems)]]
* [[Rheden (Niedersachsen)|Rheden]]
* [[Rhumspringe]]
* [[Ribbesbüttel]]
* [[Riede (Landkreis Verden)|Riede]]
* [[Rieste]]
* [[Ringe]]
* [[Ringstedt]]
* [[Rinteln]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ritterhude]]
* [[Rodenberg]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rodewald]]
* [[Rohrsen]]
* [[Roklum]]
* [[Rollshausen]]
* [[Römstedt]]
* [[Ronnenberg]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rosche]]
* [[Rosdorf]]
* [[Rosengarten (Landkreis Harburg)|Rosengarten]]
* [[Rotenburg (Wümme)]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rötgesbüttel]]
* [[Rüdershausen]]
* [[Rühen]]
* [[Rullstorf]]
{{div col end}}

=== S ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Sachsenhagen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Salzbergen]]
* [[Salzgitter]] &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Salzhausen]]
* [[Salzhemmendorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Samern]]
* [[Sandbostel]]
* [[Sande (Frisia)|Sande]]
* [[Sarstedt]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sassenburg]]
* [[Sagterlandia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;BOV 2013&quot;&gt;Bischöfliches Offizialat Vechta (2013). ''Findbuch des Offizialatsarchivs Vechta: Altes Archiv (Abteilung A: Saterlandia, Kirchliche Unterlagen, Akte A 8: „Informatio de Sagterlandia“ aus dem Jahre 1710)''. Vechtae, in Germania: Bischöfliches Offizialat.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Saterland''; quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Sagterland''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Seelterlound'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sauensiek]]
* [[Schapen]]
* [[Scharnebeck]]
* [[Scheden]]
* [[Scheeßel]]
* [[Schellerten]]
* [[Schiffdorf]]
* [[Schladen-Werla]]
* [[Schnackenburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schnega]]
* [[Schneverdingen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Scholen]]
* [[Schönewörde]]
* [[Schöningen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schöppenstedt]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schortens]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schüttorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schwaförden]]
* [[Schwanewede]]
* [[Schwarme]]	
* [[Schwarmstedt]]
* [[Schweindorf]]
* [[Schweringen]]
* [[Schwerinsdorf]]
* [[Schwienau]]
* [[Schwülper]]
* [[Seeburg (Niedersachsen)|Seeburg]]
* [[Seedorf (bei Zeven)|Seedorf]]
* [[Seelze]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Seesen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Seevetal]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Seggebruch]]
* [[Sehlde]]
* [[Sehlem (Niedersachsen)|Sehlem]]
* [[Sehnde]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Selsingen]]
* [[Semmenstedt]]
* [[Seulingen]]
* [[Sibbesse]]
* [[Sickte]]
* [[Siedenburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sittensen]]
* [[Soderstorf]]
* [[Sögel]]	
* [[Söhlde]]
* [[Söllingen (Niedersachsen)|Söllingen]]
* [[Soltau]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Soltendieck]]
* [[Sottrum]]
* [[Spahnharrenstätte]]
* [[Spelle]]
* [[Spiekeroog]]
* [[Sprakensehl]]
* [[Springe]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stade]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stadlandia]]&lt;ref&gt;Ioannes Iustus Wynkelman, [https://books.google.com/books?id=WvgaAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA617&amp;lpg=PA617&amp;dq=statlandia+saxonia&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=Ysl9JI4L06&amp;sig=2y6x3I38sU3-RcrP0HtnSkUxssI&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0CCwQ6AEwA2oVChMIwqiv-NWMxgIVQgmSCh2CZwDj#v=onepage&amp;q=statlandia%20saxonia&amp;f=false ''Notitia historico-politica veteris Saxo-Westphaliae finitimarumque regionum,''] 1667:277.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Stadland'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stadthagen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stadtoldendorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Staffhorst]]
* [[Staufenberg]]
* [[Stavern]]
* [[Stedesdorf]]
* [[Steimbke]]
* [[Steinau (Niedersachsen)|Steinau]]
* [[Steinfeld (Oldenburg)]]
* [[Steinhorst (Niedersachsen)|Steinhorst]]
* [[Steinkirchen (Altes Land)|Steinkirchen]]
* [[Stelle]]
* [[Stemmen (Landkreis Rotenburg)|Stemmen]]
* [[Stemshorn]]
* [[Steyerberg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stinstedt]]
* [[Stöckse]]
* [[Stoetze]]
* [[Stolzenau]]
* [[Stuhr]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Südbrookmerland]]
* [[Suderburg]]
* [[Südergellersen]]
* [[Südheide]]
* [[Sudwalde]]
* [[Suhlendorf]]
* [[Sulingen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Süpplingen]]
* [[Süpplingenburg]]
* [[Süstedt]]
* [[Sustrum]]
* [[Surwold]]
* [[Suthfeld]]
* [[Syke]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== T ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Tappenbeck]]
* [[Tarmstedt]]
* [[Tespe]]
* [[Thedinghausen]]
* [[Thomasburg]]
* [[Thuine]]
* [[Tiddische]]
* [[Tiste]]
* [[Toppenstedt]]
* [[Tostedt]]
* [[Tosterglope]]
* [[Trebel]]
* [[Tülau]]
* [[Twieflingen]]
* [[Twist (Emsland)|Twist]]
* [[Twistringen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== U ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Uchte]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Uehrde]]
* [[Uelsen]]
* [[Uelzen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Uetze]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ummern]]
* [[Undeloh]]
* [[Upgant-Schott]]
* [[Uplengen]]
* [[Uslar]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Utarp]]
{{div col end}}

=== V ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Vahlberg]]
* [[Vahlbruch]]
* [[Vahlde]]
* [[Varel]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Varrel]]
* [[Vastorf]]
* [[Vechelde]]
* [[Vechta]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Velpke]]
* [[Veltheim (Ohe)]]
* [[Vierden]]
* [[Vierhöfen]]
* [[Visbek]]
* [[Visselhövede]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vögelsen]]
* [[Vollersode]]
* [[Voltlage]]
* [[Vordorf]]
* [[Vorwerk (Niedersachsen)|Vorwerk]]
* [[Vrees]]
{{div col end}}

=== W ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Waake]]
* [[Waddeweitz]]
* [[Wagenfeld]]
* [[Wagenhoff]]
* [[Wahrenholz]]
* [[Walchum]]
* [[Walkenried]]
* [[Wallenhorst]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wallmoden]]
* [[Walsrode]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wangelnstedt]]
* [[Wangerland]]
* [[Wangerooge]]
* [[Wanna]]
* [[Warberg]]
* [[Wardenburg]]
* [[Warmsen]]
* [[Warpe]]
* [[Wasbüttel]]
* [[Wathlingen]]
* [[Wedemark]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Weener]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Weenzen]]
* [[Wehrbleck]]
* [[Welle]]
* [[Wendeburg]]
* [[Wendisch Evern]]
* [[Wennigsen]]
* [[Wenzendorf]]
* [[Werdum]]
* [[Werlte]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Werpeloh]]
* [[Wesendorf]]
* [[Weste (Niedersachsen)|Weste]]
* [[Westergellersen]]
* [[Westerholt]]
* [[Westertimke]]
* [[Westerwalsede]]
* [[Westfeld (Niedersachsen)|Westfeld]]
* [[Westoverledingen]]
* [[Wetschen]]
* [[Wettrup]]
* [[Weyhausen]]
* [[Weyhe]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wieda]]
* [[Wiedensahl]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wiefelstede]]
* [[Wielen]]
* [[Wienhausen]]
* [[Wiesmoor]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wietmarschen]]
* [[Wietze]]
* [[Wietzen]]
* [[Wietzendorf]]
* [[Wildeshausen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wilhelmshaven]] &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wilstedt]]
* [[Wilsum]]
* [[Wingst]]
* [[Winkelsett]]
* [[Winnigstedt]]
* [[Winsen (Aller)]] 
* [[Winsenia]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Winzenburg]]
* [[Wippingen]]
* [[Wirdum]]
* [[Wischhafen]]
* [[Wistedt]]
* [[Witmundia]]&lt;ref&gt;E.g., [[Ioannes Luyts|Ioannis Luyts]] ''Introductio ad Geographiam novam et veterem'', Ultraiecti 1692, [https://books.google.fr/books?id=_o0YP3-9VTMC&amp;pg=PA281&amp;dq=Witmundia&amp;hl=ru&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjShLT7vdDrAhVJw4sKHZLLCokQ6AEwAnoECAMQAg#v=onepage&amp;q=Witmundia&amp;f=false p. 281].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wittmund'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wittingen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wittmar]]
* [[Wittorf]]
* [[Wohnste]]
* [[Wolfsburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wollbrandshausen]]
* [[Wollershausen]]
* [[Wölpinghausen]]
* [[Wolsdorf]]
* [[Woltersdorf (Wendland)|Woltersdorf]]
* [[Woltershausen]]
* [[Worpswede]]
* [[Wremen]]
* [[Wrestedt]]
* [[Wriedel]]
* [[Wulfsen]]
* [[Wulften ad Harthicos montes]]
* [[Wunstorf]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wustrow (Saxonia Inferior)]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== Z ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Zernien]]
* [[Zetel]]
* [[Zeven]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Zorge]]
{{div col end}}

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris|!]]</text>
      <sha1>2oa9unee0bqa7pgrk788vg1cjgly59s</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3972978</id>
      <parentid>3972976</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-20T00:18:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* G */</comment>
      <origin>3972978</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="34763" sha1="59b29tiuuvarv0t0bfzi33ci73mkrkk" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Municipalities in Lower Saxony.svg|thumb|500px|Urbes et communia Saxoniae Inferioris.]]
'''Index communium in [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxonia Inferiore]]''' omnes [[commune|communia]] (Theodisce ''Gemeinden''), consociationes communium (Theodisce ''Gemeindeverbände'') atque loca nulli communium adscripta (Theodisce ''gemeindefreien Gebiete''), quae hodie in [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terra]] [[Germania|Germanica]] [[Saxonia Inferior]]e exstant, complectitur.

Postremae mutationes finium territorialium in Saxonia Inferiore [[1 Novembris|Kalendis Novembribus]] anni [[2021]] effectae sunt. Ex eo tempore [[Saxonia Inferior]] 939 communium et 25 loca nulli communi adscripta (quorum duo habitantur) habet. Quibus e communibus 159 titulo [[urbs|urbis]] (Theodisce ''Stadt'') et 49 titulo [[oppidum|oppidi]] (Theodisce ''Flecken'') utuntur.

Praeterea nonnullae proprietates exstant secundum communium administrationem: Nam 939 communia in 289 communia unitaria et 650 communia membra dividuntur; quae vero in universum 114 consociationes communium constituunt, ut munera communiter administrent. Hae consociationes communium ipsa communia non sunt, sed foedera cooperationis, quae aut ex regione aut ex communitate in qua sedes administrationis sita est nomen accipiunt. Quapropter in Saxonia Inferiore idem nomen tam communi quam consociationi communium tribui potest. Agitur tamen de duobus corporibus iuridicis distinctis, quae proprias repraesentationes atque propria munera habent.

Praeterea, propter magnitudinem suam, nonnullae communium et consociationes communium peculiarem rationem cum [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulo terrae]] (Theodisce ''Landkreis'') habent:

* Decem urbes statum iuridicum [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli urbani]] (Theodisce ''kreisfreien Stadt'') obtinent, nulli circulo terrae subiiciuntur atque omnia sua munera exercent.
* Septem urbes statum iuridicum urbis magnae sui iuris (Theodisce ''Große selbständige Stadt'') obtinent atque multa, sed non omnia, munera circuli terrae cui adscribuntur exercent.
* 61 communium et tria communia generalis (Theodisce ''Samtgemeinden'') statum iuridicum communis sui iuris (Theodisce ''Selbständige Gemeinde'') obtinent atque quaedam munera districtus cui adscribuntur exercent.
* 861 ceterae communium nullam peculiarem rationem cum circulo terrae cui adscribuntur habent.

=== A ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Achim (Landkreis Verden)|Achim]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Adelebsen]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Adelheidsdorf]]
* [[Adenbüttel]]
* [[Adendorf]]
* [[Adenstedt]]
* [[Aerzen]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Affinghausen]]
* [[Agathenburg]]
* [[Ahausen]]
* [[Ahlden (Aller)]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ahlerstedt]]
* [[Ahnsbeck]]
* [[Ahnsen]]
* [[Alfeld]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alfhausen]]
* [[Alfstedt]]
* [[Algermissen]]
* [[Almstedt]]
* [[Altenmedingen]]
* [[Amelinghausen]]
* [[Amt Neuhaus]]
* [[Anderlingen]]
* [[Andervenne]]
* [[Ankum]]
* [[Apelern]]
* [[Apen]]	
* [[Apensen]]
* [[Appel]]
* [[Arholzen]]
* [[Armstorf]]
* [[Artlenburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Asendorf (Landkreis Diepholz)|Asendorf]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Diepholz)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Asendorf (Nordheide)|Asendorf]] &lt;small&gt;(Nordheide)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Astanholteremarki-Scirnbeki]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Osterholz-Scharmbeck''; [[Saxonice]] ''Oosterholt-Scharmbeek'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Auetal]]
* [[Auhagen]]
* [[Auricum (Saxonia Inferior)|Auricum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Emmius 1616&quot;&gt;Emmius, U. (1616). ''Rerum Frisicarum Historia''. [[Lugdunum Batavorum|Lugduni Batavorum]]: Elzevier.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Aurich''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Aurk''; [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Saxonica|Orientofrisosaxonice]] ''Auerk'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Axstedt]]
{{div col end}}

=== B ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Bad Bederkesa]]
* [[Badbergen]]
* [[Bad Bevensen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bad Bodenteich]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Baddeckenstedt]]
* [[Bad Eilsen]]
* [[Bad Essen]]
* [[Bad Fallingbostel]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bad Gandersheim]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bad Grund]]
* [[Bad Harzburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bad Iburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bad Laer]]
* [[Bad Lauterberg im Harz]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bad Nenndorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bad Pyrmont]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bad Rothenfelde]]
* [[Bad Sachsa]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bad Salzdetfurth]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bad Zwischenahn]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bahrdorf]]
* [[Bahrenborstel]]
* [[Bakum]]
* [[Balge]]
* [[Balje]]
* [[Baltrum]]
* [[Banteln]]
* [[Bardowick]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barenburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barendorf]]
* [[Bargstedt (Niedersachsen)|Bargstedt]]
* [[Barnstedt]]
* [[Barnstorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barsinghausen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barßel]]
* [[Barum (Luneburgum)|Barum]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Lüneburg)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barum (Circulus Uelzen)|Barum]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Uelzen)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barver]]
* [[Barwedel]]
* [[Basdahl]]
* [[Bassum]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bawinkel]]
* [[Beckdorf]]
* [[Beckedorf]]
* [[Beckeln]]
* [[Beedenbostel]]
* [[Beesten]]
* [[Beierstedt]]
* [[Belm]]
* [[Belum]]
* [[Bendestorf]]
* [[Berge (Niedersachsen)|Berge]]
* [[Berga (Circulus Cellensis)|Bergen]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Celle)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bergen an der Dumme]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bergfeld]]
* [[Berne]]
* [[Bersenbrück]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Berumbur]]
* [[Betheln]]
* [[Betzendorf]]
* [[Bevern (Landkreis Holzminden)|Bevern]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Beverstedt]]
* [[Bienenbüttel]]
* [[Bilshausen]]
* [[Binethemum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III II 1688&quot;&gt;Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: Dissertationen et Chronica Regia'' (Vol. II). Helmestadii: Typis Georgii Wolfgangi Hammii.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Bentheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Binnen]]
* [[Bippen]]
* [[Bispingen]]
* [[Bissendorf]]
* [[Bleckede]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Blender (Landkreis Verden)|Blender]]
* [[Bliedersdorf]]
* [[Blomberg (circulus Widmundensis)|Blomberg]]
* [[Bockenem]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bockhorn (Friesland)|Bockhorn]]
* [[Bockhorst]]
* [[Bodenfelde]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bodensee (Saxonia Inferior)|Bodensee]]
* [[Bodenwerder]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Boffzen]]
* [[Böhme (Niedersachsen)|Böhme]]
* [[Bohmte]]
* [[Boitze]]	
* [[Bokensdorf]]
* [[Bomlitz]]
* [[Börger]]
* [[Borkum]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Börßum]]
* [[Borstel (Landkreis Diepholz)|Borstel]]
* [[Bösel]]
* [[Bötersen]]
* [[Bothel]]
* [[Bovenden]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brackel]]
* [[Brake]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bramsche]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Braunlage]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Breddenberg]]
* [[Breddorf]]
* [[Bremervörde]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brest (Niedersachsen)|Brest]]
* [[Brevörde]]
* [[Brietlingen]]
* [[Brinkum (Stuhr)|Brinkum]]
* [[Brockel]]
* [[Bröckel]]
* [[Brockum]]
* [[Brome]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bruchhausen-Vilsen]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brunsvicum]] &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brüggen (Leine)|Brüggen]]
* [[Buchholz (bei Stadthagen)|Buchholz]] ? &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Buchholz (Aller)]] ? &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Buchholz in der Nordheide]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bückeburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bücken]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Büddenstedt]]
* [[Bühren]]
* [[Bülkau]]
* [[Bülstedt]]
* [[Bunde]]
* [[Burgdorf (Circulus Guelpherbytensis)|Burgdorf]] &lt;small&gt;(Landkreis Wolfenbüttel)&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Burgdorf]]''' &lt;small&gt;(Region Hannover)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Burgwedel]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Burweg]]
* [[Butjadingen]]
* [[Buxtehude]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== C ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Cadenberge]]
* [[Calberlah]]
* [[Cappel (Niedersachsen)|Cappel]]
* [[Cappeln (Oldenburg)]]
* [[Cella (Germania)|Cella]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Celle'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Clausthal-Zellerfeld]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Clenze]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Cloppenburgum]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Cloppenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Cloppenborg''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Kloppenbuurich'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Colnrade]]
* [[Coppenbrügge]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Coppengrave]]
* [[Cramme]]
* [[Cremlingen]]
* [[Cuxhavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Cuxhaven''; [[Saxonice]] ''Cuxhoben'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== D ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Dahlem (Niedersachsen)|Dahlem]]
* [[Dahlenburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dahlum]]
* [[Damme (Dümmer)|Damme]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Damnatz]]
* [[Danndorf]]
* [[Dannenberg]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dassel]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; 
* [[Dedelstorf]]
* [[Deensen]]
* [[Deinste]]
* [[Deinstedt]]
* [[Delligsen]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Delmenhorstium]] &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Denkte]]
* [[Derental]]
* [[Dersum]]
* [[Despetal]]
* [[Detern]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dettum]]
* [[Deutsch Evern]]
* [[Dickel]]
* [[Didderse]]
* [[Diekholzen]]
* [[Dielmissen]]
* [[Diepenau]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Diepholtia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmannus&quot;&gt;{{Hofmannus}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Diepholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Deefholt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dinklage]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dissen am Teutoburger Wald]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dohren (Emsland)|Dohren]] &lt;small&gt;(Emsland)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dohren]] &lt;small&gt;(Nordheide)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dollern]]
* [[Dornum]]
* [[Dörpen]]
* [[Dorstadt]]
* [[Dorum]]
* [[Dörverden]]
* [[Dötlingen]]
* [[Drage (Elbe)|Drage]]
* [[Drakenburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Drangstedt]]
* [[Dransfeld]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Drebber]]
* [[Drentwede]]
* [[Drestedt]]
* [[Drochtersen]]
* [[Düdenbüttel]]
* [[Duderstadt]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Duingen]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dünsen]]
* [[Dunum]]
{{div col end}}

=== E ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Ebergötzen]]
* [[Eberholzen]]
* [[Ebersdorfium (Saxonia Inferior)|Ebersdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ebersdorfium&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Ebersdorf' in Latinam &quot;Ebersdorfium&quot; verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Ebstorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Echem]]
* [[Edemissen]]
* [[Edewecht]]
* [[Egestorf]]
* [[Eggermühlen]]
* [[Ehra-Lessien]]
* [[Ehrenburg (Niedersachsen)|Ehrenburg]]
* [[Eickeloh]]
* [[Eicklingen]]
* [[Eime]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eimen]]
* [[Eimke]]
* [[Einbeck]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Elbe (Niedersachsen)|Elbe]]
* [[Elbingerode (bei Herzberg am Harz)|Elbingerode]]
* [[Eldingen]]
* [[Elmlohe]]
* [[Elsdorf (Niedersachsen)|Elsdorf]]
* [[Elsfleth]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Elze]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Embsen]]
* [[Emda]] &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Emlichheim]]
* [[Emmendorf]]
* [[Emmerthal]]
* [[Emsbüren]]
* [[Emstek]]
* [[Emtinghausen]]
* [[Engden]]
* [[Engelschoff]]
* [[Erkerode]]
* [[Esche]]
* [[Eschede]]
* [[Eschershausen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Esens]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Essel]]
* [[Essen (Oldenburgum)]]
* [[Esterwegen]]
* [[Estorf (Landkreis Stade)|Estorf]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Stade)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Estorf (Weser)|Estorf]] &lt;small&gt;(Weser)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Everode]]
* [[Eversmeer]]
* [[Evessen]]
* [[Eydelstedt]]
* [[Eyendorf]]
* [[Eystrup]]
{{div col end}}

=== F ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Fardium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Verden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Veern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Farven]]
* [[Faßberg]]
* [[Filsum]]
* [[Fintel]]
* [[Firrel]]
* [[Flögeln]]
* [[Flöthe]]
* [[Frankenfeld]]
* [[Freden]]
* [[Fredenbeck]]
* [[Freiburg/Elbe]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Freistatt]]
* [[Frellstedt]]
* [[Freren]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Fresenburg]]
* [[Friedeburg]]
* [[Friedlandia (Saxonia Inferior)|Friedland]]
* [[Friesoythe]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Fürstenau]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Furstenberga]]
{{div col end}}

=== G ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Ganderkesee]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gandesbergen]]
* [[Garbsen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Garlstorf]]
* [[Garrel]]
* [[Garstedt]]
* [[Gartow]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Geeste]]
* [[Geestland]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gehrde]]
* [[Gehrden]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Georgsdorf]]
* [[Georgsmarienhütte]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gerdau]]
* [[Gersten]]
* [[Getelo]]
* [[Gevensleben]]
* [[Gevera]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Jever'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Geversdorf]]
* [[Gieboldehausen]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Giesen]]
* [[Gifhorna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cellarius 1703&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Gifhorn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gilten]]
* [[Glandorf]]
* [[Gleichen]]
* [[Gnarrenburg]]
* [[Gödenstorf]]
* [[Göhrde]]
* [[Goldenstedt]]
* [[Gölenkamp]]
* [[Golmbach]]
* [[Gorleben]]
* [[Goslaria]] &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Göttingen]] &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Grafhorst]]
* [[Grasberg]]
* [[Grasleben]]
* [[Grethem]]
* [[Gronau]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Groß Berßen]]
* [[Großefehn]]
* [[Großenkneten]]
* [[Großenwörden]]
* [[Großheide]]
* [[Groß Ippener]]
* [[Groß Meckelsen]]
* [[Groß Oesingen]]
* [[Groß Twülpstedt]]
* [[Grünendeich]]
* [[Guderhandviertel]]
* [[Guelpherbytum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wolfenbüttel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wulfenbüttel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gusborn]]
* [[Gyhum]]
{{div col end}}

=== H ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Hademstorf]]
* [[Hage]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hagen am Teutoburger Wald]]
* [[Hagen im Bremischen]]
* [[Hagenburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hagermarsch]]
* [[Hahausen]]
* [[Halbemond]]
* [[Halle (comitatus Binethensis)|Halle]] &lt;small&gt;(b.Neuenhaus)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Halle (Holtisminni)|Halle]] &lt;small&gt;(Montes Visurgis)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Halvesbostel]]
* [[Hambergen]]
* [[Hambühren]]
* [[Hämelhausen]]
* [[Hameln]] &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hamersen]]
* [[Hammah]]
* [[Handeloh]]
* [[Handorf]]
* [[Handrup]]
* [[Hankensbüttel]]
* [[Hannover]] &lt;small&gt;[[caput (urbs)|caput]] [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terrae foederalis]] et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hann. Münden]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hanstedt (Circulus Uelzen)|Hanstedt]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Uelzen)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hanstedt (Nordheide)|Hanstedt]] &lt;small&gt;(Nordheide)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Harbarnsen]]
* [[Hardegsen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Haren (Amisia)]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Harmstorf]]
* [[Harpstedt]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Harsefeld]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Harsum]]
* [[Hasbergen]]
* [[Haselünne]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Haßbergen]]
* [[Hassel (Weser)]]
* [[Hassendorf]]
* [[Haste]]	
* [[Hatten]]
* [[Hattorf ad Harthicos montes]]
* [[Häuslingen]]
* [[Haverlah]]
* [[Hechthausen]]
* [[Hedeper]]
* [[Heede (Emsland)|Heede]]
* [[Heemsen]]
* [[Heere]]	
* [[Heeslingen]]
* [[Heeßen]]
* [[Hehlen]]
* [[Heidenau (Saxonia Inferior)|Heidenau]]
* [[Heinade]]
* [[Heinbockel]]
* [[Heiningen (Niedersachsen)|Heiningen]]
* [[Heinsen]]
* [[Hellwege]]
* [[Helmstedt]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Helpsen]]
* [[Helvesiek]]
* [[Hemmingen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hemmoor]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hemsbünde]]
* [[Hemslingen]]
* [[Hemsloh]]
* [[Hepstedt]]
* [[Herzberg am Harz]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Herzlake]]
* [[Hesel]]
* [[Hespe]]
* [[Hessisch Oldendorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heuerßen]]
* [[Heyen]]
* [[Hildesheim]] &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hilgermissen]]
* [[Hilkenbrook]]
* [[Hillerse]]
* [[Hilter am Teutoburger Wald]]
* [[Himbergen]]
* [[Himmelpforten]]
* [[Hinte]]
* [[Hipstedt]]
* [[Hittbergen]]
* [[Hitzacker]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hodenhagen]]
* [[Höhbeck]]
* [[Hohenhameln]]
* [[Hohne]]
* [[Hohnhorst]]
* [[Hohnstorf (Albis)]]
* [[Holdorf (Niedersachsen)|Holdorf]]
* [[Holenberg]]
* [[Holle]]
* [[Hollenstedt]]
* [[Hollern-Twielenfleth]]
* [[Hollnseth]]
* [[Holste]]
* [[Holtgast]]
* [[Holtland]]
* [[Holzen (bei Eschershausen)|Holzen]]
* [[Holzminden]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hoogstede]]
* [[Hörden ad Harthicos montes]]
* [[Horneburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Horstedt (Niedersachsen)|Horstedt]]
* [[Hoya]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hoyerhagen]]
* [[Hoyershausen]]
* [[Hude (Oldenburg)]]
* [[Hüde]]
* [[Hülsede]]
* [[Husum (bei Nienburg)|Husum]]
* [[Hüven]]
{{div col end}}

=== I ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Ihlienworth]]
* [[Ihlow (Frisia Orientalis)|Ihlow]]
* [[Ilsede]]
* [[Ingeleben]]
* [[Isenbüttel]]
* [[Isernhagen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Isterberg]]
* [[Itterbeck]]
{{div col end}}

=== J ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Jade (Saxonia Inferior)|Jade]]
* [[Jameln]]
* [[Jelmstorf]]
* [[Jembke]]
* [[Jemgum]]
* [[Jerxheim]]
* [[Jesteburg]]
* [[Jork]]
* [[Jühnde]]
* [[Juist]]
{{div col end}}

=== K ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Kakenstorf]]
* [[Kalbe (Niedersachsen)|Kalbe]]
* [[Kalefeld]]
* [[Karwitz]]
* [[Katlenburg-Lindau]]
* [[Kettenkamp]]
* [[Kirchbrak]]
* [[Kirchdorf (bei Sulingen)|Kirchdorf]]
* [[Kirchgellersen]]
* [[Kirchlinteln]]
* [[Kirchseelte]]
* [[Kirchtimke]]
* [[Kirchwalsede]]
* [[Kissenbrück]]
* [[Klein Berßen]]
* [[Klein Meckelsen]]
* [[Kluse (Emsland)|Kluse]]
* [[Kneitlingen]]
* [[Köhlen]]
* [[Königsmoor]]
* [[Kranenburg (Oste)|Kranenburg]]
* [[Krebeck]]
* [[Krummendeich]]
* [[Krummhörn]]
* [[Kührstedt]]
* [[Küsten]]
* [[Kutenholz]]
{{div col end}}

=== L ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Laar]]
* [[Laatzen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lachendorf]]
* [[Lage (Saxonia Inferior)|Lage]]
* [[Lähden]]
* [[Lahn (Hümmling)|Lahn]]
* ''[[Lamspringe]]''
* [[Lamstedt]]
* [[Landesbergen]]
* [[Landolfshausen]]
* [[Landwehr (Gemeinde)|Landwehr]]
* [[Langelsheim]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Langen (bei Bremerhaven)|Langen]]''' &lt;small&gt;(b.Bremerhaven)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langen (Emsland)|Langen]] &lt;small&gt;(Emsland)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langendorf (Elbe)|Langendorf]]
* [[Langenhagen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langeoog]]
* [[Langlingen]]
* [[Langwedel (Weser)|Langwedel]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lastrup]]
* [[Lathen]]
* [[Lauenau]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lauenbrück]]
* [[Lauenförde]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lauenhagen]]
* [[Leese]]
* [[Leezdorf]]
* [[Lehe (Emsland)|Lehe]]
* [[Lehre (Niedersachsen)|Lehre]]
* [[Lehrte]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Leiferde]]
* [[Lembruch]]
* [[Lemförde]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lemgow]]
* [[Lemwerder]]
* [[Lengede]]
* [[Lengenbostel]]
* [[Lengerich (Emsland)|Lengerich]]
* [[Lenne (Niedersachsen)|Lenne]]
* [[Leri]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Leer''; [[lingua Saxonica|Orientofrisosaxonice]] ''Läär''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lier'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Liebenau (Niedersachsen)|Liebenau]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Liebenburg]]
* [[Lilienthal]]
* [[Lindern (Oldenburg)]]
* [[Lindhorst]]
* [[Lindwedel]]
* [[Lingen (Ems)]] &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Linsburg]]
* [[Lintig]]
* [[Locus Occidentalis (Saxonia Inferior)|Locus Occidentalis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cellarius 1703&quot;&gt;Cellarius, C. (1703). ''Geographia Antiqua iuxta et Nova''. Ienae: Bielckius.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Westerstede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Westerstäe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lohne (Oldenburg)]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Löningen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lorup]]
* [[Loxstedt]]
* [[Lübberstedt]]
* [[Lübbow]]
* [[Lüchow (terra Wenedorum)]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Luckau (Saxonia Inferior)|Luckau]]
* [[Lüder (Lüneburger Heide)|Lüder]]
* [[Lüdersburg]]
* [[Lüdersfeld]]
* [[Lüerdissen]]
* [[Luhden]]
* '''[[Luneburgum]]''' &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lünne]]
* [[Lütetsburg]]
* ''[[Lutter am Barenberge]]''
* [[Luttera Regalis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Königslutter am Elm'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== M ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Maasen]]
* [[Marienhafe]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Marienhagen]]
* [[Mariental (Niedersachsen)|Mariental]]
* [[Marklohe]]
* [[Marl (Dümmer)|Marl]]
* [[Marschacht]]
* [[Martfeld]]
* [[Marxen]]
* [[Mechtersen]]
* [[Meerbeck]]
* [[Meine]]
* [[Meinersen]]
* [[Melbeck]]
* [[Melle]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mellinghausen]]
* [[Menslage]]
* [[Meppen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Merzen]]
* [[Messenkamp]]
* [[Messingen]]
* [[Midlum (Land Wursten)|Midlum]]
* [[Misselwarden]]
* [[Mittelnkirchen]]
* [[Mittelstenahe]]
* [[Moisburg]]
* [[Molbergen]]
* [[Moormerland]]
* [[Moorweg]]
* [[Moringen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Müden (Alara)]]
* [[Mulsum (Land Wursten)|Mulsum]]
* [[Mundia Hannoverana]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Munimeri]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; (Bad Münder am Deister)
* [[Munster (Örtze)|Munster]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== N ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Nahrendorf]]
* [[Natendorf]]
* [[Neetze]]
* [[Negenborn]]
* [[Nenndorf (circulus Widmundensis)|Nenndorf]]
* [[Neubörger]]
* [[Neu Darchau]]
* [[Neuenhaus]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen (Altes Land)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(Altes Land)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen (bei Bassum)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(b.Bassum)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen (Land Hadeln)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(Land Hadeln)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen (Landkreis Osnabrück)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Osnabrück)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen (Lüneburger Heide)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(Lüneb.Heide)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen-Vörden]]
* [[Neuharlingersiel]]
* [[Neuhaus (Oste)]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuhof (Landkreis Hildesheim)|Neuhof]]
* [[Neukamperfehn]]
* [[Neulehe]]
* [[Neuschoo]]
* [[Neustadt am Rübenberge]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neu Wulmstorf]]
* [[Niederlangen]]
* [[Niedernwöhren]]
* [[Niemetal]]
* [[Nienburg/Weser]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nienhagen (Landkreis Celle)|Nienhagen]]
* [[Nienstädt]]
* [[Norden]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nordenham]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Norderney]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nordholz]]
* [[Nordleda]]
* [[Nordsehl]]
* [[Nordstemmen]]
* [[Nörten-Hardenberg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Northeim]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Northorna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;&gt;Egli, J. J. (1893). ''Nomina Geographica: Sprach- und Sacherklärung von 42000 Geographischen Namen aller Erdräume''. [[Lipsia]]e: Friedrich Brandstetter.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Nordhorn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nothoorn'' seu ''Notthoarn'' seu ''Netthoarn'' seu ''Noordhoorn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nortmoor]]
* [[Nortrup]]
* [[Nottensdorf]]
{{div col end}}

=== O ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Oberlangen]]
* [[Oberndorf (Oste)|Oberndorf]]
* [[Obernfeld]]
* [[Obernholz]]
* [[Obernkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ochtersum]]
* [[Odisheim]]
* [[Oederquart]]
* [[Oerel]]
* [[Oetzen]]
* [[Ohne]]
* [[Ohrum]]
* [[Oldenburgum]] &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Oldendorf (Landkreis Stade)|Oldendorf]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Stade)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Oldendorf (Luhe)]]
* [[Osloß]]
* [[Osnabruga]] &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Osteel]]
* [[Osten (Oste)|Osten]]
* [[Osterbruch]]
* [[Ostercappeln]]
* [[Ostereistedt]]
* [[Osterode am Harz]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Osterwald]]
* [[Ostrhauderfehn]]
* [[Ottenstein (Niedersachsen)|Ottenstein]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Otter]]
* [[Otterndorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ottersberg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ovelgönne]]
* [[Oyten]]	
{{div col end}}

=== P ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Padingbüttel]]
* [[Papenburg]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Parsau]]
* [[Pattensen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Pegestorf]]
* [[Peine]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Pennigsehl]]
* [[Pohle]]
* [[Polle]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Pollhagen]]
* [[Prezelle]]
* [[Prinzhöfte]]
{{div col end}}

=== Q ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Quakenbrück]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Quendorf]]
* [[Querenhorst]]
* [[Quernheim]]
{{div col end}}

=== R ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Räbke]]
* [[Radbruch]]
* [[Raddestorf]]
* [[Rastdorf]]
* [[Rastede]]
* [[Rätzlingen (Niedersachsen)|Rätzlingen]]
* [[Rechtsupweg]]
* [[Reeßum]]
* [[Regesbostel]]
* [[Rehburg-Loccum]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rehden]]
* [[Rehlingen]]
* [[Reinstorf]]
* [[Remlingen (Niedersachsen)|Remlingen]]
* [[Renkenberge]]
* [[Rennau]]
* [[Reppenstedt]]
* [[Rethem (Aller)]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rhade]]
* [[Rhauderfehn]]
* [[Rhede (Ems)]]
* [[Rheden (Niedersachsen)|Rheden]]
* [[Rhumspringe]]
* [[Ribbesbüttel]]
* [[Riede (Landkreis Verden)|Riede]]
* [[Rieste]]
* [[Ringe]]
* [[Ringstedt]]
* [[Rinteln]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ritterhude]]
* [[Rodenberg]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rodewald]]
* [[Rohrsen]]
* [[Roklum]]
* [[Rollshausen]]
* [[Römstedt]]
* [[Ronnenberg]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rosche]]
* [[Rosdorf]]
* [[Rosengarten (Landkreis Harburg)|Rosengarten]]
* [[Rotenburg (Wümme)]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rötgesbüttel]]
* [[Rüdershausen]]
* [[Rühen]]
* [[Rullstorf]]
{{div col end}}

=== S ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Sachsenhagen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Salzbergen]]
* [[Salzgitter]] &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Salzhausen]]
* [[Salzhemmendorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Samern]]
* [[Sandbostel]]
* [[Sande (Frisia)|Sande]]
* [[Sarstedt]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sassenburg]]
* [[Sagterlandia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;BOV 2013&quot;&gt;Bischöfliches Offizialat Vechta (2013). ''Findbuch des Offizialatsarchivs Vechta: Altes Archiv (Abteilung A: Saterlandia, Kirchliche Unterlagen, Akte A 8: „Informatio de Sagterlandia“ aus dem Jahre 1710)''. Vechtae, in Germania: Bischöfliches Offizialat.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Saterland''; quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Sagterland''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Seelterlound'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sauensiek]]
* [[Schapen]]
* [[Scharnebeck]]
* [[Scheden]]
* [[Scheeßel]]
* [[Schellerten]]
* [[Schiffdorf]]
* [[Schladen-Werla]]
* [[Schnackenburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schnega]]
* [[Schneverdingen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Scholen]]
* [[Schönewörde]]
* [[Schöningen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schöppenstedt]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schortens]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schüttorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schwaförden]]
* [[Schwanewede]]
* [[Schwarme]]	
* [[Schwarmstedt]]
* [[Schweindorf]]
* [[Schweringen]]
* [[Schwerinsdorf]]
* [[Schwienau]]
* [[Schwülper]]
* [[Seeburg (Niedersachsen)|Seeburg]]
* [[Seedorf (bei Zeven)|Seedorf]]
* [[Seelze]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Seesen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Seevetal]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Seggebruch]]
* [[Sehlde]]
* [[Sehlem (Niedersachsen)|Sehlem]]
* [[Sehnde]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Selsingen]]
* [[Semmenstedt]]
* [[Seulingen]]
* [[Sibbesse]]
* [[Sickte]]
* [[Siedenburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sittensen]]
* [[Soderstorf]]
* [[Sögel]]	
* [[Söhlde]]
* [[Söllingen (Niedersachsen)|Söllingen]]
* [[Soltau]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Soltendieck]]
* [[Sottrum]]
* [[Spahnharrenstätte]]
* [[Spelle]]
* [[Spiekeroog]]
* [[Sprakensehl]]
* [[Springe]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stade]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stadlandia]]&lt;ref&gt;Ioannes Iustus Wynkelman, [https://books.google.com/books?id=WvgaAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA617&amp;lpg=PA617&amp;dq=statlandia+saxonia&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=Ysl9JI4L06&amp;sig=2y6x3I38sU3-RcrP0HtnSkUxssI&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0CCwQ6AEwA2oVChMIwqiv-NWMxgIVQgmSCh2CZwDj#v=onepage&amp;q=statlandia%20saxonia&amp;f=false ''Notitia historico-politica veteris Saxo-Westphaliae finitimarumque regionum,''] 1667:277.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Stadland'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stadthagen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stadtoldendorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Staffhorst]]
* [[Staufenberg]]
* [[Stavern]]
* [[Stedesdorf]]
* [[Steimbke]]
* [[Steinau (Niedersachsen)|Steinau]]
* [[Steinfeld (Oldenburg)]]
* [[Steinhorst (Niedersachsen)|Steinhorst]]
* [[Steinkirchen (Altes Land)|Steinkirchen]]
* [[Stelle]]
* [[Stemmen (Landkreis Rotenburg)|Stemmen]]
* [[Stemshorn]]
* [[Steyerberg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stinstedt]]
* [[Stöckse]]
* [[Stoetze]]
* [[Stolzenau]]
* [[Stuhr]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Südbrookmerland]]
* [[Suderburg]]
* [[Südergellersen]]
* [[Südheide]]
* [[Sudwalde]]
* [[Suhlendorf]]
* [[Sulingen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Süpplingen]]
* [[Süpplingenburg]]
* [[Süstedt]]
* [[Sustrum]]
* [[Surwold]]
* [[Suthfeld]]
* [[Syke]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== T ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Tappenbeck]]
* [[Tarmstedt]]
* [[Tespe]]
* [[Thedinghausen]]
* [[Thomasburg]]
* [[Thuine]]
* [[Tiddische]]
* [[Tiste]]
* [[Toppenstedt]]
* [[Tostedt]]
* [[Tosterglope]]
* [[Trebel]]
* [[Tülau]]
* [[Twieflingen]]
* [[Twist (Emsland)|Twist]]
* [[Twistringen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== U ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Uchte]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Uehrde]]
* [[Uelsen]]
* [[Uelzen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Uetze]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ummern]]
* [[Undeloh]]
* [[Upgant-Schott]]
* [[Uplengen]]
* [[Uslar]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Utarp]]
{{div col end}}

=== V ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Vahlberg]]
* [[Vahlbruch]]
* [[Vahlde]]
* [[Varel]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Varrel]]
* [[Vastorf]]
* [[Vechelde]]
* [[Vechta]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Velpke]]
* [[Veltheim (Ohe)]]
* [[Vierden]]
* [[Vierhöfen]]
* [[Visbek]]
* [[Visselhövede]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vögelsen]]
* [[Vollersode]]
* [[Voltlage]]
* [[Vordorf]]
* [[Vorwerk (Niedersachsen)|Vorwerk]]
* [[Vrees]]
{{div col end}}

=== W ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Waake]]
* [[Waddeweitz]]
* [[Wagenfeld]]
* [[Wagenhoff]]
* [[Wahrenholz]]
* [[Walchum]]
* [[Walkenried]]
* [[Wallenhorst]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wallmoden]]
* [[Walsrode]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wangelnstedt]]
* [[Wangerland]]
* [[Wangerooge]]
* [[Wanna]]
* [[Warberg]]
* [[Wardenburg]]
* [[Warmsen]]
* [[Warpe]]
* [[Wasbüttel]]
* [[Wathlingen]]
* [[Wedemark]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Weener]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Weenzen]]
* [[Wehrbleck]]
* [[Welle]]
* [[Wendeburg]]
* [[Wendisch Evern]]
* [[Wennigsen]]
* [[Wenzendorf]]
* [[Werdum]]
* [[Werlte]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Werpeloh]]
* [[Wesendorf]]
* [[Weste (Niedersachsen)|Weste]]
* [[Westergellersen]]
* [[Westerholt]]
* [[Westertimke]]
* [[Westerwalsede]]
* [[Westfeld (Niedersachsen)|Westfeld]]
* [[Westoverledingen]]
* [[Wetschen]]
* [[Wettrup]]
* [[Weyhausen]]
* [[Weyhe]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wieda]]
* [[Wiedensahl]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wiefelstede]]
* [[Wielen]]
* [[Wienhausen]]
* [[Wiesmoor]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wietmarschen]]
* [[Wietze]]
* [[Wietzen]]
* [[Wietzendorf]]
* [[Wildeshausen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wilhelmshaven]] &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wilstedt]]
* [[Wilsum]]
* [[Wingst]]
* [[Winkelsett]]
* [[Winnigstedt]]
* [[Winsen (Aller)]] 
* [[Winsenia]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Winzenburg]]
* [[Wippingen]]
* [[Wirdum]]
* [[Wischhafen]]
* [[Wistedt]]
* [[Witmundia]]&lt;ref&gt;E.g., [[Ioannes Luyts|Ioannis Luyts]] ''Introductio ad Geographiam novam et veterem'', Ultraiecti 1692, [https://books.google.fr/books?id=_o0YP3-9VTMC&amp;pg=PA281&amp;dq=Witmundia&amp;hl=ru&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjShLT7vdDrAhVJw4sKHZLLCokQ6AEwAnoECAMQAg#v=onepage&amp;q=Witmundia&amp;f=false p. 281].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wittmund'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wittingen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wittmar]]
* [[Wittorf]]
* [[Wohnste]]
* [[Wolfsburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wollbrandshausen]]
* [[Wollershausen]]
* [[Wölpinghausen]]
* [[Wolsdorf]]
* [[Woltersdorf (Wendland)|Woltersdorf]]
* [[Woltershausen]]
* [[Worpswede]]
* [[Wremen]]
* [[Wrestedt]]
* [[Wriedel]]
* [[Wulfsen]]
* [[Wulften ad Harthicos montes]]
* [[Wunstorf]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wustrow (Saxonia Inferior)]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== Z ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Zernien]]
* [[Zetel]]
* [[Zeven]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Zorge]]
{{div col end}}

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris|!]]</text>
      <sha1>59b29tiuuvarv0t0bfzi33ci73mkrkk</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3972980</id>
      <parentid>3972978</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-20T00:33:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3972980</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="34963" sha1="5u0emi4ywixewyuwxnstbm8zuqpktg4" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Municipalities in Lower Saxony.svg|thumb|500px|Urbes et communia Saxoniae Inferioris.]]
'''Index communium in [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxonia Inferiore]]''' omnes [[commune|communia]] (Theodisce ''Gemeinden''), consociationes communium (Theodisce ''Gemeindeverbände'') atque loca nulli communium adscripta (Theodisce ''gemeindefreien Gebiete''), quae hodie in [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terra]] [[Germania|Germanica]] [[Saxonia Inferior]]e exstant, complectitur.

Postremae mutationes finium territorialium in Saxonia Inferiore [[1 Novembris|Kalendis Novembribus]] anni [[2021]] effectae sunt. Ex eo tempore [[Saxonia Inferior]] 939 communium et 25 loca nulli communi adscripta (quorum duo habitantur) habet. Quibus e communibus 159 titulo [[urbs|urbis]] (Theodisce ''Stadt'') et 49 titulo [[oppidum|oppidi]] (Theodisce ''Flecken'') utuntur.

Praeterea nonnullae proprietates exstant secundum communium administrationem: Nam 939 communia in 289 communia unitaria et 650 communia membra dividuntur; quae vero in universum 114 consociationes communium constituunt, ut munera communiter administrent. Hae consociationes communium ipsa communia non sunt, sed foedera cooperationis, quae aut ex regione aut ex communitate in qua sedes administrationis sita est nomen accipiunt. Quapropter in Saxonia Inferiore idem nomen tam communi quam consociationi communium tribui potest. Agitur tamen de duobus corporibus iuridicis distinctis, quae proprias repraesentationes atque propria munera habent.

Praeterea, propter magnitudinem suam, nonnullae communium et consociationes communium peculiarem rationem cum [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulo terrae]] (Theodisce ''Landkreis'') habent:

* Decem urbes statum iuridicum [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli urbani]] (Theodisce ''kreisfreien Stadt'') obtinent, nulli circulo terrae subiiciuntur atque omnia sua munera exercent.
* Septem urbes statum iuridicum urbis magnae sui iuris (Theodisce ''Große selbständige Stadt'') obtinent atque multa, sed non omnia, munera circuli terrae cui adscribuntur exercent.
* 61 communium et tria communia generalis (Theodisce ''Samtgemeinden'') statum iuridicum communis sui iuris (Theodisce ''Selbständige Gemeinde'') obtinent atque quaedam munera districtus cui adscribuntur exercent.
* 861 ceterae communium nullam peculiarem rationem cum circulo terrae cui adscribuntur habent.

=== A ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Achim (Landkreis Verden)|Achim]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Adelebsen]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Adelheidsdorf]]
* [[Adenbüttel]]
* [[Adendorf]]
* [[Adenstedt]]
* [[Aerzen]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Affinghausen]]
* [[Agathenburg]]
* [[Ahausen]]
* [[Ahlden (Aller)]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ahlerstedt]]
* [[Ahnsbeck]]
* [[Ahnsen]]
* [[Alfeld]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alfhausen]]
* [[Alfstedt]]
* [[Algermissen]]
* [[Almstedt]]
* [[Altenmedingen]]
* [[Amelinghausen]]
* [[Amt Neuhaus]]
* [[Anderlingen]]
* [[Andervenne]]
* [[Ankum]]
* [[Apelern]]
* [[Apen]]	
* [[Apensen]]
* [[Appel]]
* [[Arholzen]]
* [[Armstorf]]
* [[Artlenburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Asendorf (Landkreis Diepholz)|Asendorf]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Diepholz)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Asendorf (Nordheide)|Asendorf]] &lt;small&gt;(Nordheide)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Astanholteremarki-Scirnbeki]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Osterholz-Scharmbeck''; [[Saxonice]] ''Oosterholt-Scharmbeek'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Auetal]]
* [[Auhagen]]
* [[Auricum (Saxonia Inferior)|Auricum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Emmius 1616&quot;&gt;Emmius, U. (1616). ''Rerum Frisicarum Historia''. [[Lugdunum Batavorum|Lugduni Batavorum]]: Elzevier.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Aurich''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Aurk''; [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Saxonica|Orientofrisosaxonice]] ''Auerk'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Axstedt]]
{{div col end}}

=== B ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Bad Bederkesa]]
* [[Badbergen]]
* [[Bad Bevensen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bad Bodenteich]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Baddeckenstedt]]
* [[Bad Eilsen]]
* [[Bad Essen]]
* [[Bad Fallingbostel]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bad Gandersheim]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bad Grund]]
* [[Bad Harzburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bad Iburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bad Laer]]
* [[Bad Lauterberg im Harz]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bad Nenndorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bad Pyrmont]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bad Rothenfelde]]
* [[Bad Sachsa]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bad Salzdetfurth]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bad Zwischenahn]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bahrdorf]]
* [[Bahrenborstel]]
* [[Bakum]]
* [[Balge]]
* [[Balje]]
* [[Baltrum]]
* [[Banteln]]
* [[Bardowick]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barenburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barendorf]]
* [[Bargstedt (Niedersachsen)|Bargstedt]]
* [[Barnstedt]]
* [[Barnstorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barsinghausen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barßel]]
* [[Barum (Luneburgum)|Barum]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Lüneburg)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barum (Circulus Uelzen)|Barum]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Uelzen)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barver]]
* [[Barwedel]]
* [[Basdahl]]
* [[Bassum]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bawinkel]]
* [[Beckdorf]]
* [[Beckedorf]]
* [[Beckeln]]
* [[Beedenbostel]]
* [[Beesten]]
* [[Beierstedt]]
* [[Belm]]
* [[Belum]]
* [[Bendestorf]]
* [[Berge (Niedersachsen)|Berge]]
* [[Berga (Circulus Cellensis)|Bergen]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Celle)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bergen an der Dumme]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bergfeld]]
* [[Berne]]
* [[Bersenbrück]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Berumbur]]
* [[Betheln]]
* [[Betzendorf]]
* [[Bevern (Landkreis Holzminden)|Bevern]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Beverstedt]]
* [[Bienenbüttel]]
* [[Bilshausen]]
* [[Binethemum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III II 1688&quot;&gt;Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: Dissertationen et Chronica Regia'' (Vol. II). Helmestadii: Typis Georgii Wolfgangi Hammii.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Bentheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Binnen]]
* [[Bippen]]
* [[Bispingen]]
* [[Bissendorf]]
* [[Bleckede]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Blender (Landkreis Verden)|Blender]]
* [[Bliedersdorf]]
* [[Blomberg (circulus Widmundensis)|Blomberg]]
* [[Bockenem]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bockhorn (Friesland)|Bockhorn]]
* [[Bockhorst]]
* [[Bodenfelde]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bodensee (Saxonia Inferior)|Bodensee]]
* [[Bodenwerder]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Boffzen]]
* [[Böhme (Niedersachsen)|Böhme]]
* [[Bohmte]]
* [[Boitze]]	
* [[Bokensdorf]]
* [[Bomlitz]]
* [[Börger]]
* [[Borkum]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Börßum]]
* [[Borstel (Landkreis Diepholz)|Borstel]]
* [[Bösel]]
* [[Bötersen]]
* [[Bothel]]
* [[Bovenden]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brackel]]
* [[Brake]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bramsche]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Braunlage]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Breddenberg]]
* [[Breddorf]]
* [[Bremervörde]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brest (Niedersachsen)|Brest]]
* [[Brevörde]]
* [[Brietlingen]]
* [[Brinkum (Stuhr)|Brinkum]]
* [[Brockel]]
* [[Bröckel]]
* [[Brockum]]
* [[Brome]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bruchhausen-Vilsen]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brunsvicum]] &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brüggen (Leine)|Brüggen]]
* [[Buchholz (bei Stadthagen)|Buchholz]] ? &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Buchholz (Aller)]] ? &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Buchholz in der Nordheide]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bückeburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bücken]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Büddenstedt]]
* [[Bühren]]
* [[Bülkau]]
* [[Bülstedt]]
* [[Bunde]]
* [[Burgdorf (Circulus Guelpherbytensis)|Burgdorf]] &lt;small&gt;(Landkreis Wolfenbüttel)&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Burgdorf]]''' &lt;small&gt;(Region Hannover)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Burgwedel]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Burweg]]
* [[Butjadingen]]
* [[Buxtehude]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== C ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Cadenberge]]
* [[Calberlah]]
* [[Cappel (Niedersachsen)|Cappel]]
* [[Cappeln (Oldenburg)]]
* [[Cella (Germania)|Cella]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Celle'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Clausthal-Zellerfeld]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Clenze]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Cloppenburgum]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Cloppenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Cloppenborg''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Kloppenbuurich'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Colnrade]]
* [[Coppenbrügge]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Coppengrave]]
* [[Cramme]]
* [[Cremlingen]]
* [[Cuxhavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Cuxhaven''; [[Saxonice]] ''Cuxhoben'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== D ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Dahlem (Niedersachsen)|Dahlem]]
* [[Dahlenburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dahlum]]
* [[Damme (Dümmer)|Damme]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Damnatz]]
* [[Danndorf]]
* [[Dannenberg]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dassel]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; 
* [[Dedelstorf]]
* [[Deensen]]
* [[Deinste]]
* [[Deinstedt]]
* [[Delligsen]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Delmenhorstium]] &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Denkte]]
* [[Derental]]
* [[Dersum]]
* [[Despetal]]
* [[Detern]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dettum]]
* [[Deutsch Evern]]
* [[Dickel]]
* [[Didderse]]
* [[Diekholzen]]
* [[Dielmissen]]
* [[Diepenau]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Diepholtia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmannus&quot;&gt;{{Hofmannus}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Diepholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Deefholt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dinklage]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dissen am Teutoburger Wald]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dohren (Emsland)|Dohren]] &lt;small&gt;(Emsland)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dohren]] &lt;small&gt;(Nordheide)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dollern]]
* [[Dornum]]
* [[Dörpen]]
* [[Dorstadt]]
* [[Dorum]]
* [[Dörverden]]
* [[Dötlingen]]
* [[Drage (Elbe)|Drage]]
* [[Drakenburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Drangstedt]]
* [[Dransfeld]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Drebber]]
* [[Drentwede]]
* [[Drestedt]]
* [[Drochtersen]]
* [[Düdenbüttel]]
* [[Duderstadt]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Duingen]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dünsen]]
* [[Dunum]]
{{div col end}}

=== E ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Ebergötzen]]
* [[Eberholzen]]
* [[Ebersdorfium (Saxonia Inferior)|Ebersdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ebersdorfium&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Ebersdorf' in Latinam &quot;Ebersdorfium&quot; verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Ebstorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Echem]]
* [[Edemissen]]
* [[Edewecht]]
* [[Egestorf]]
* [[Eggermühlen]]
* [[Ehra-Lessien]]
* [[Ehrenburg (Niedersachsen)|Ehrenburg]]
* [[Eickeloh]]
* [[Eicklingen]]
* [[Eime]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eimen]]
* [[Eimke]]
* [[Einbeck]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Elbe (Niedersachsen)|Elbe]]
* [[Elbingerode (bei Herzberg am Harz)|Elbingerode]]
* [[Eldingen]]
* [[Elmlohe]]
* [[Elsdorf (Niedersachsen)|Elsdorf]]
* [[Elsfleth]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Elze]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Embsen]]
* [[Emda]] &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Emlichheim]]
* [[Emmendorf]]
* [[Emmerthal]]
* [[Emsbüren]]
* [[Emstek]]
* [[Emtinghausen]]
* [[Engden]]
* [[Engelschoff]]
* [[Erkerode]]
* [[Esche]]
* [[Eschede]]
* [[Eschershausen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Esens]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Essel]]
* [[Essen (Oldenburgum)]]
* [[Esterwegen]]
* [[Estorf (Landkreis Stade)|Estorf]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Stade)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Estorf (Weser)|Estorf]] &lt;small&gt;(Weser)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Everode]]
* [[Eversmeer]]
* [[Evessen]]
* [[Eydelstedt]]
* [[Eyendorf]]
* [[Eystrup]]
{{div col end}}

=== F ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Fardium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Verden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Veern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Farven]]
* [[Faßberg]]
* [[Filsum]]
* [[Fintel]]
* [[Firrel]]
* [[Flögeln]]
* [[Flöthe]]
* [[Frankenfeld]]
* [[Freden]]
* [[Fredenbeck]]
* [[Freiburg/Elbe]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Freistatt]]
* [[Frellstedt]]
* [[Freren]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Fresenburg]]
* [[Friedeburg]]
* [[Friedlandia (Saxonia Inferior)|Friedland]]
* [[Friesoythe]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Fürstenau]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Furstenberga]]
{{div col end}}

=== G ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Ganderkesee]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gandesbergen]]
* [[Garbsen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Garlstorf]]
* [[Garrel]]
* [[Garstedt]]
* [[Gartow]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Geeste]]
* [[Geestland]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gehrde]]
* [[Gehrden]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Georgsdorf]]
* [[Georgsmarienhütte]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gerdau]]
* [[Gersten]]
* [[Getelo]]
* [[Gevensleben]]
* [[Gevera]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Jever'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Geversdorf]]
* [[Gieboldehausen]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Giesen]]
* [[Gifhorna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cellarius 1703&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Gifhorn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gilten]]
* [[Glandorf]]
* [[Gleichen]]
* [[Gnarrenburg]]
* [[Gödenstorf]]
* [[Göhrde]]
* [[Goldenstedt]]
* [[Gölenkamp]]
* [[Golmbach]]
* [[Gorleben]]
* [[Goslaria]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Goslar''; [[Saxonice]] ''Goslär'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Göttingen]] &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Grafhorst]]
* [[Grasberg]]
* [[Grasleben]]
* [[Grethem]]
* [[Gronau]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Groß Berßen]]
* [[Großefehn]]
* [[Großenkneten]]
* [[Großenwörden]]
* [[Großheide]]
* [[Groß Ippener]]
* [[Groß Meckelsen]]
* [[Groß Oesingen]]
* [[Groß Twülpstedt]]
* [[Grünendeich]]
* [[Guderhandviertel]]
* [[Guelpherbytum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wolfenbüttel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wulfenbüttel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gusborn]]
* [[Gyhum]]
{{div col end}}

=== H ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Hademstorf]]
* [[Hage]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hagen am Teutoburger Wald]]
* [[Hagen im Bremischen]]
* [[Hagenburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hagermarsch]]
* [[Hahausen]]
* [[Halbemond]]
* [[Halle (comitatus Binethensis)|Halle]] &lt;small&gt;(b.Neuenhaus)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Halle (Holtisminni)|Halle]] &lt;small&gt;(Montes Visurgis)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Halvesbostel]]
* [[Hambergen]]
* [[Hambühren]]
* [[Hämelhausen]]
* [[Hameln]] &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hamersen]]
* [[Hammah]]
* [[Handeloh]]
* [[Handorf]]
* [[Handrup]]
* [[Hankensbüttel]]
* [[Hannover]] &lt;small&gt;[[caput (urbs)|caput]] [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terrae foederalis]] et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hann. Münden]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hanstedt (Circulus Uelzen)|Hanstedt]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Uelzen)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hanstedt (Nordheide)|Hanstedt]] &lt;small&gt;(Nordheide)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Harbarnsen]]
* [[Hardegsen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Haren (Amisia)]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Harmstorf]]
* [[Harpstedt]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Harsefeld]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Harsum]]
* [[Hasbergen]]
* [[Haselünne]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Haßbergen]]
* [[Hassel (Weser)]]
* [[Hassendorf]]
* [[Haste]]	
* [[Hatten]]
* [[Hattorf ad Harthicos montes]]
* [[Häuslingen]]
* [[Haverlah]]
* [[Hechthausen]]
* [[Hedeper]]
* [[Heede (Emsland)|Heede]]
* [[Heemsen]]
* [[Heere]]	
* [[Heeslingen]]
* [[Heeßen]]
* [[Hehlen]]
* [[Heidenau (Saxonia Inferior)|Heidenau]]
* [[Heinade]]
* [[Heinbockel]]
* [[Heiningen (Niedersachsen)|Heiningen]]
* [[Heinsen]]
* [[Hellwege]]
* [[Helmstedt]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Helpsen]]
* [[Helvesiek]]
* [[Hemmingen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hemmoor]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hemsbünde]]
* [[Hemslingen]]
* [[Hemsloh]]
* [[Hepstedt]]
* [[Herzberg am Harz]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Herzlake]]
* [[Hesel]]
* [[Hespe]]
* [[Hessisch Oldendorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heuerßen]]
* [[Heyen]]
* [[Hildesheim]] &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hilgermissen]]
* [[Hilkenbrook]]
* [[Hillerse]]
* [[Hilter am Teutoburger Wald]]
* [[Himbergen]]
* [[Himmelpforten]]
* [[Hinte]]
* [[Hipstedt]]
* [[Hittbergen]]
* [[Hitzacker]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hodenhagen]]
* [[Höhbeck]]
* [[Hohenhameln]]
* [[Hohne]]
* [[Hohnhorst]]
* [[Hohnstorf (Albis)]]
* [[Holdorf (Niedersachsen)|Holdorf]]
* [[Holenberg]]
* [[Holle]]
* [[Hollenstedt]]
* [[Hollern-Twielenfleth]]
* [[Hollnseth]]
* [[Holste]]
* [[Holtgast]]
* [[Holtland]]
* [[Holzen (bei Eschershausen)|Holzen]]
* [[Holzminden]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hoogstede]]
* [[Hörden ad Harthicos montes]]
* [[Horneburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Horstedt (Niedersachsen)|Horstedt]]
* [[Hoya]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hoyerhagen]]
* [[Hoyershausen]]
* [[Hude (Oldenburg)]]
* [[Hüde]]
* [[Hülsede]]
* [[Husum (bei Nienburg)|Husum]]
* [[Hüven]]
{{div col end}}

=== I ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Ihlienworth]]
* [[Ihlow (Frisia Orientalis)|Ihlow]]
* [[Ilsede]]
* [[Ingeleben]]
* [[Isenbüttel]]
* [[Isernhagen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Isterberg]]
* [[Itterbeck]]
{{div col end}}

=== J ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Jade (Saxonia Inferior)|Jade]]
* [[Jameln]]
* [[Jelmstorf]]
* [[Jembke]]
* [[Jemgum]]
* [[Jerxheim]]
* [[Jesteburg]]
* [[Jork]]
* [[Jühnde]]
* [[Juist]]
{{div col end}}

=== K ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Kakenstorf]]
* [[Kalbe (Niedersachsen)|Kalbe]]
* [[Kalefeld]]
* [[Karwitz]]
* [[Katlenburg-Lindau]]
* [[Kettenkamp]]
* [[Kirchbrak]]
* [[Kirchdorf (bei Sulingen)|Kirchdorf]]
* [[Kirchgellersen]]
* [[Kirchlinteln]]
* [[Kirchseelte]]
* [[Kirchtimke]]
* [[Kirchwalsede]]
* [[Kissenbrück]]
* [[Klein Berßen]]
* [[Klein Meckelsen]]
* [[Kluse (Emsland)|Kluse]]
* [[Kneitlingen]]
* [[Köhlen]]
* [[Königsmoor]]
* [[Kranenburg (Oste)|Kranenburg]]
* [[Krebeck]]
* [[Krummendeich]]
* [[Krummhörn]]
* [[Kührstedt]]
* [[Küsten]]
* [[Kutenholz]]
{{div col end}}

=== L ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Laar]]
* [[Laatzen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lachendorf]]
* [[Lage (Saxonia Inferior)|Lage]]
* [[Lähden]]
* [[Lahn (Hümmling)|Lahn]]
* ''[[Lamspringe]]''
* [[Lamstedt]]
* [[Landesbergen]]
* [[Landolfshausen]]
* [[Landwehr (Gemeinde)|Landwehr]]
* [[Langelsheim]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Langen (bei Bremerhaven)|Langen]]''' &lt;small&gt;(b.Bremerhaven)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langen (Emsland)|Langen]] &lt;small&gt;(Emsland)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langendorf (Elbe)|Langendorf]]
* [[Langenhagen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langeoog]]
* [[Langlingen]]
* [[Langwedel (Weser)|Langwedel]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lastrup]]
* [[Lathen]]
* [[Lauenau]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lauenbrück]]
* [[Lauenförde]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lauenhagen]]
* [[Leese]]
* [[Leezdorf]]
* [[Lehe (Emsland)|Lehe]]
* [[Lehre (Niedersachsen)|Lehre]]
* [[Lehrte]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Leiferde]]
* [[Lembruch]]
* [[Lemförde]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lemgow]]
* [[Lemwerder]]
* [[Lengede]]
* [[Lengenbostel]]
* [[Lengerich (Emsland)|Lengerich]]
* [[Lenne (Niedersachsen)|Lenne]]
* [[Leri]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Leer''; [[lingua Saxonica|Orientofrisosaxonice]] ''Läär''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lier'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Liebenau (Niedersachsen)|Liebenau]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Liebenburg]]
* [[Lilienthal]]
* [[Lindern (Oldenburg)]]
* [[Lindhorst]]
* [[Lindwedel]]
* [[Lingen (Ems)]] &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Linsburg]]
* [[Lintig]]
* [[Locus Occidentalis (Saxonia Inferior)|Locus Occidentalis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cellarius 1703&quot;&gt;Cellarius, C. (1703). ''Geographia Antiqua iuxta et Nova''. Ienae: Bielckius.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Westerstede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Westerstäe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lohne (Oldenburg)]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Löningen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lorup]]
* [[Loxstedt]]
* [[Lübberstedt]]
* [[Lübbow]]
* [[Lüchow (terra Wenedorum)]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Luckau (Saxonia Inferior)|Luckau]]
* [[Lüder (Lüneburger Heide)|Lüder]]
* [[Lüdersburg]]
* [[Lüdersfeld]]
* [[Lüerdissen]]
* [[Luhden]]
* '''[[Luneburgum]]''' &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lünne]]
* [[Lütetsburg]]
* ''[[Lutter am Barenberge]]''
* [[Luttera Regalis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Königslutter am Elm'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== M ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Maasen]]
* [[Marienhafe]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Marienhagen]]
* [[Mariental (Niedersachsen)|Mariental]]
* [[Marklohe]]
* [[Marl (Dümmer)|Marl]]
* [[Marschacht]]
* [[Martfeld]]
* [[Marxen]]
* [[Mechtersen]]
* [[Meerbeck]]
* [[Meine]]
* [[Meinersen]]
* [[Melbeck]]
* [[Melle]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mellinghausen]]
* [[Menslage]]
* [[Meppen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Merzen]]
* [[Messenkamp]]
* [[Messingen]]
* [[Midlum (Land Wursten)|Midlum]]
* [[Misselwarden]]
* [[Mittelnkirchen]]
* [[Mittelstenahe]]
* [[Moisburg]]
* [[Molbergen]]
* [[Moormerland]]
* [[Moorweg]]
* [[Moringen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Müden (Alara)]]
* [[Mulsum (Land Wursten)|Mulsum]]
* [[Mundia Hannoverana]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Munimeri]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; (Bad Münder am Deister)
* [[Munster (Örtze)|Munster]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== N ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Nahrendorf]]
* [[Natendorf]]
* [[Neetze]]
* [[Negenborn]]
* [[Nenndorf (circulus Widmundensis)|Nenndorf]]
* [[Neubörger]]
* [[Neu Darchau]]
* [[Neuenhaus]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen (Altes Land)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(Altes Land)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen (bei Bassum)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(b.Bassum)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen (Land Hadeln)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(Land Hadeln)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen (Landkreis Osnabrück)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Osnabrück)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen (Lüneburger Heide)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(Lüneb.Heide)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen-Vörden]]
* [[Neuharlingersiel]]
* [[Neuhaus (Oste)]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuhof (Landkreis Hildesheim)|Neuhof]]
* [[Neukamperfehn]]
* [[Neulehe]]
* [[Neuschoo]]
* [[Neustadt am Rübenberge]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neu Wulmstorf]]
* [[Niederlangen]]
* [[Niedernwöhren]]
* [[Niemetal]]
* [[Nienburg/Weser]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nienhagen (Landkreis Celle)|Nienhagen]]
* [[Nienstädt]]
* [[Norden]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nordenham]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Norderney]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nordholz]]
* [[Nordleda]]
* [[Nordsehl]]
* [[Nordstemmen]]
* [[Nörten-Hardenberg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Northeim]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Northorna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;&gt;Egli, J. J. (1893). ''Nomina Geographica: Sprach- und Sacherklärung von 42000 Geographischen Namen aller Erdräume''. [[Lipsia]]e: Friedrich Brandstetter.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Nordhorn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nothoorn'' seu ''Notthoarn'' seu ''Netthoarn'' seu ''Noordhoorn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nortmoor]]
* [[Nortrup]]
* [[Nottensdorf]]
{{div col end}}

=== O ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Oberlangen]]
* [[Oberndorf (Oste)|Oberndorf]]
* [[Obernfeld]]
* [[Obernholz]]
* [[Obernkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ochtersum]]
* [[Odisheim]]
* [[Oederquart]]
* [[Oerel]]
* [[Oetzen]]
* [[Ohne]]
* [[Ohrum]]
* [[Oldenburgum]] &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Oldendorf (Landkreis Stade)|Oldendorf]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Stade)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Oldendorf (Luhe)]]
* [[Osloß]]
* [[Osnabruga]] &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Osteel]]
* [[Osten (Oste)|Osten]]
* [[Osterbruch]]
* [[Ostercappeln]]
* [[Ostereistedt]]
* [[Osterode am Harz]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Osterwald]]
* [[Ostrhauderfehn]]
* [[Ottenstein (Niedersachsen)|Ottenstein]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Otter]]
* [[Otterndorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ottersberg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ovelgönne]]
* [[Oyten]]	
{{div col end}}

=== P ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Padingbüttel]]
* [[Papenburg]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Parsau]]
* [[Pattensen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Pegestorf]]
* [[Peine]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Pennigsehl]]
* [[Pohle]]
* [[Polle]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Pollhagen]]
* [[Prezelle]]
* [[Prinzhöfte]]
{{div col end}}

=== Q ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Quakenbrück]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Quendorf]]
* [[Querenhorst]]
* [[Quernheim]]
{{div col end}}

=== R ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Räbke]]
* [[Radbruch]]
* [[Raddestorf]]
* [[Rastdorf]]
* [[Rastede]]
* [[Rätzlingen (Niedersachsen)|Rätzlingen]]
* [[Rechtsupweg]]
* [[Reeßum]]
* [[Regesbostel]]
* [[Rehburg-Loccum]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rehden]]
* [[Rehlingen]]
* [[Reinstorf]]
* [[Remlingen (Niedersachsen)|Remlingen]]
* [[Renkenberge]]
* [[Rennau]]
* [[Reppenstedt]]
* [[Rethem (Aller)]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rhade]]
* [[Rhauderfehn]]
* [[Rhede (Ems)]]
* [[Rheden (Niedersachsen)|Rheden]]
* [[Rhumspringe]]
* [[Ribbesbüttel]]
* [[Riede (Landkreis Verden)|Riede]]
* [[Rieste]]
* [[Ringe]]
* [[Ringstedt]]
* [[Rinteln]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ritterhude]]
* [[Rodenberg]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rodewald]]
* [[Rohrsen]]
* [[Roklum]]
* [[Rollshausen]]
* [[Römstedt]]
* [[Ronnenberg]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rosche]]
* [[Rosdorf]]
* [[Rosengarten (Landkreis Harburg)|Rosengarten]]
* [[Rotenburg (Wümme)]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rötgesbüttel]]
* [[Rüdershausen]]
* [[Rühen]]
* [[Rullstorf]]
{{div col end}}

=== S ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Sachsenhagen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Salzbergen]]
* [[Salzgitter]] &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Salzhausen]]
* [[Salzhemmendorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Samern]]
* [[Sandbostel]]
* [[Sande (Frisia)|Sande]]
* [[Sarstedt]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sassenburg]]
* [[Sagterlandia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;BOV 2013&quot;&gt;Bischöfliches Offizialat Vechta (2013). ''Findbuch des Offizialatsarchivs Vechta: Altes Archiv (Abteilung A: Saterlandia, Kirchliche Unterlagen, Akte A 8: „Informatio de Sagterlandia“ aus dem Jahre 1710)''. Vechtae, in Germania: Bischöfliches Offizialat.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Saterland''; quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Sagterland''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Seelterlound'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sauensiek]]
* [[Schapen]]
* [[Scharnebeck]]
* [[Scheden]]
* [[Scheeßel]]
* [[Schellerten]]
* [[Schiffdorf]]
* [[Schladen-Werla]]
* [[Schnackenburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schnega]]
* [[Schneverdingen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Scholen]]
* [[Schönewörde]]
* [[Schöningen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schöppenstedt]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schortens]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schüttorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schwaförden]]
* [[Schwanewede]]
* [[Schwarme]]	
* [[Schwarmstedt]]
* [[Schweindorf]]
* [[Schweringen]]
* [[Schwerinsdorf]]
* [[Schwienau]]
* [[Schwülper]]
* [[Seeburg (Niedersachsen)|Seeburg]]
* [[Seedorf (bei Zeven)|Seedorf]]
* [[Seelze]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Seesen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Seevetal]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Seggebruch]]
* [[Sehlde]]
* [[Sehlem (Niedersachsen)|Sehlem]]
* [[Sehnde]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Selsingen]]
* [[Semmenstedt]]
* [[Seulingen]]
* [[Sibbesse]]
* [[Sickte]]
* [[Siedenburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sittensen]]
* [[Soderstorf]]
* [[Sögel]]	
* [[Söhlde]]
* [[Söllingen (Niedersachsen)|Söllingen]]
* [[Soltau]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Soltendieck]]
* [[Sottrum]]
* [[Spahnharrenstätte]]
* [[Spelle]]
* [[Spiekeroog]]
* [[Sprakensehl]]
* [[Springe]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stade]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stadlandia]]&lt;ref&gt;Ioannes Iustus Wynkelman, [https://books.google.com/books?id=WvgaAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA617&amp;lpg=PA617&amp;dq=statlandia+saxonia&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=Ysl9JI4L06&amp;sig=2y6x3I38sU3-RcrP0HtnSkUxssI&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0CCwQ6AEwA2oVChMIwqiv-NWMxgIVQgmSCh2CZwDj#v=onepage&amp;q=statlandia%20saxonia&amp;f=false ''Notitia historico-politica veteris Saxo-Westphaliae finitimarumque regionum,''] 1667:277.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Stadland'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stadthagen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stadtoldendorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Staffhorst]]
* [[Staufenberg]]
* [[Stavern]]
* [[Stedesdorf]]
* [[Steimbke]]
* [[Steinau (Niedersachsen)|Steinau]]
* [[Steinfeld (Oldenburg)]]
* [[Steinhorst (Niedersachsen)|Steinhorst]]
* [[Steinkirchen (Altes Land)|Steinkirchen]]
* [[Stelle]]
* [[Stemmen (Landkreis Rotenburg)|Stemmen]]
* [[Stemshorn]]
* [[Steyerberg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stinstedt]]
* [[Stöckse]]
* [[Stoetze]]
* [[Stolzenau]]
* [[Stuhr]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Südbrookmerland]]
* [[Suderburg]]
* [[Südergellersen]]
* [[Südheide]]
* [[Sudwalde]]
* [[Suhlendorf]]
* [[Sulingen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Süpplingen]]
* [[Süpplingenburg]]
* [[Süstedt]]
* [[Sustrum]]
* [[Surwold]]
* [[Suthfeld]]
* [[Syke]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== T ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Tappenbeck]]
* [[Tarmstedt]]
* [[Tespe]]
* [[Thedinghausen]]
* [[Thomasburg]]
* [[Thuine]]
* [[Tiddische]]
* [[Tiste]]
* [[Toppenstedt]]
* [[Tostedt]]
* [[Tosterglope]]
* [[Trebel]]
* [[Tülau]]
* [[Twieflingen]]
* [[Twist (Emsland)|Twist]]
* [[Twistringen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== U ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Uchte]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Uehrde]]
* [[Uelsen]]
* [[Uelzen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Uetze]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ummern]]
* [[Undeloh]]
* [[Upgant-Schott]]
* [[Uplengen]]
* [[Uslar]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Utarp]]
{{div col end}}

=== V ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Vahlberg]]
* [[Vahlbruch]]
* [[Vahlde]]
* [[Varel]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Varrel]]
* [[Vastorf]]
* [[Vechelde]]
* [[Vechta]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Velpke]]
* [[Veltheim (Ohe)]]
* [[Vierden]]
* [[Vierhöfen]]
* [[Visbek]]
* [[Visselhövede]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vögelsen]]
* [[Vollersode]]
* [[Voltlage]]
* [[Vordorf]]
* [[Vorwerk (Niedersachsen)|Vorwerk]]
* [[Vrees]]
{{div col end}}

=== W ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Waake]]
* [[Waddeweitz]]
* [[Wagenfeld]]
* [[Wagenhoff]]
* [[Wahrenholz]]
* [[Walchum]]
* [[Walkenried]]
* [[Wallenhorst]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wallmoden]]
* [[Walsrode]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wangelnstedt]]
* [[Wangerland]]
* [[Wangerooge]]
* [[Wanna]]
* [[Warberg]]
* [[Wardenburg]]
* [[Warmsen]]
* [[Warpe]]
* [[Wasbüttel]]
* [[Wathlingen]]
* [[Wedemark]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Weener]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Weenzen]]
* [[Wehrbleck]]
* [[Welle]]
* [[Wendeburg]]
* [[Wendisch Evern]]
* [[Wennigsen]]
* [[Wenzendorf]]
* [[Werdum]]
* [[Werlte]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Werpeloh]]
* [[Wesendorf]]
* [[Weste (Niedersachsen)|Weste]]
* [[Westergellersen]]
* [[Westerholt]]
* [[Westertimke]]
* [[Westerwalsede]]
* [[Westfeld (Niedersachsen)|Westfeld]]
* [[Westoverledingen]]
* [[Wetschen]]
* [[Wettrup]]
* [[Weyhausen]]
* [[Weyhe]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wieda]]
* [[Wiedensahl]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wiefelstede]]
* [[Wielen]]
* [[Wienhausen]]
* [[Wiesmoor]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wietmarschen]]
* [[Wietze]]
* [[Wietzen]]
* [[Wietzendorf]]
* [[Wildeshausen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wilhelmshaven]] &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wilstedt]]
* [[Wilsum]]
* [[Wingst]]
* [[Winkelsett]]
* [[Winnigstedt]]
* [[Winsen (Aller)]] 
* [[Winsenia]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Winzenburg]]
* [[Wippingen]]
* [[Wirdum]]
* [[Wischhafen]]
* [[Wistedt]]
* [[Witmundia]]&lt;ref&gt;E.g., [[Ioannes Luyts|Ioannis Luyts]] ''Introductio ad Geographiam novam et veterem'', Ultraiecti 1692, [https://books.google.fr/books?id=_o0YP3-9VTMC&amp;pg=PA281&amp;dq=Witmundia&amp;hl=ru&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjShLT7vdDrAhVJw4sKHZLLCokQ6AEwAnoECAMQAg#v=onepage&amp;q=Witmundia&amp;f=false p. 281].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wittmund'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wittingen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wittmar]]
* [[Wittorf]]
* [[Wohnste]]
* [[Wolfsburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wollbrandshausen]]
* [[Wollershausen]]
* [[Wölpinghausen]]
* [[Wolsdorf]]
* [[Woltersdorf (Wendland)|Woltersdorf]]
* [[Woltershausen]]
* [[Worpswede]]
* [[Wremen]]
* [[Wrestedt]]
* [[Wriedel]]
* [[Wulfsen]]
* [[Wulften ad Harthicos montes]]
* [[Wunstorf]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wustrow (Saxonia Inferior)]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== Z ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Zernien]]
* [[Zetel]]
* [[Zeven]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Zorge]]
{{div col end}}

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris|!]]</text>
      <sha1>5u0emi4ywixewyuwxnstbm8zuqpktg4</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3973038</id>
      <parentid>3972980</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-20T10:00:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Index Communium Saxoniae Inferioris]] ad [[Index urbium, oppidorum et communium Saxoniae Inferioris]]: nomen accuratius</comment>
      <origin>3972980</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="34963" sha1="5u0emi4ywixewyuwxnstbm8zuqpktg4" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Municipalities in Lower Saxony.svg|thumb|500px|Urbes et communia Saxoniae Inferioris.]]
'''Index communium in [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxonia Inferiore]]''' omnes [[commune|communia]] (Theodisce ''Gemeinden''), consociationes communium (Theodisce ''Gemeindeverbände'') atque loca nulli communium adscripta (Theodisce ''gemeindefreien Gebiete''), quae hodie in [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terra]] [[Germania|Germanica]] [[Saxonia Inferior]]e exstant, complectitur.

Postremae mutationes finium territorialium in Saxonia Inferiore [[1 Novembris|Kalendis Novembribus]] anni [[2021]] effectae sunt. Ex eo tempore [[Saxonia Inferior]] 939 communium et 25 loca nulli communi adscripta (quorum duo habitantur) habet. Quibus e communibus 159 titulo [[urbs|urbis]] (Theodisce ''Stadt'') et 49 titulo [[oppidum|oppidi]] (Theodisce ''Flecken'') utuntur.

Praeterea nonnullae proprietates exstant secundum communium administrationem: Nam 939 communia in 289 communia unitaria et 650 communia membra dividuntur; quae vero in universum 114 consociationes communium constituunt, ut munera communiter administrent. Hae consociationes communium ipsa communia non sunt, sed foedera cooperationis, quae aut ex regione aut ex communitate in qua sedes administrationis sita est nomen accipiunt. Quapropter in Saxonia Inferiore idem nomen tam communi quam consociationi communium tribui potest. Agitur tamen de duobus corporibus iuridicis distinctis, quae proprias repraesentationes atque propria munera habent.

Praeterea, propter magnitudinem suam, nonnullae communium et consociationes communium peculiarem rationem cum [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulo terrae]] (Theodisce ''Landkreis'') habent:

* Decem urbes statum iuridicum [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli urbani]] (Theodisce ''kreisfreien Stadt'') obtinent, nulli circulo terrae subiiciuntur atque omnia sua munera exercent.
* Septem urbes statum iuridicum urbis magnae sui iuris (Theodisce ''Große selbständige Stadt'') obtinent atque multa, sed non omnia, munera circuli terrae cui adscribuntur exercent.
* 61 communium et tria communia generalis (Theodisce ''Samtgemeinden'') statum iuridicum communis sui iuris (Theodisce ''Selbständige Gemeinde'') obtinent atque quaedam munera districtus cui adscribuntur exercent.
* 861 ceterae communium nullam peculiarem rationem cum circulo terrae cui adscribuntur habent.

=== A ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Achim (Landkreis Verden)|Achim]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Adelebsen]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Adelheidsdorf]]
* [[Adenbüttel]]
* [[Adendorf]]
* [[Adenstedt]]
* [[Aerzen]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Affinghausen]]
* [[Agathenburg]]
* [[Ahausen]]
* [[Ahlden (Aller)]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ahlerstedt]]
* [[Ahnsbeck]]
* [[Ahnsen]]
* [[Alfeld]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alfhausen]]
* [[Alfstedt]]
* [[Algermissen]]
* [[Almstedt]]
* [[Altenmedingen]]
* [[Amelinghausen]]
* [[Amt Neuhaus]]
* [[Anderlingen]]
* [[Andervenne]]
* [[Ankum]]
* [[Apelern]]
* [[Apen]]	
* [[Apensen]]
* [[Appel]]
* [[Arholzen]]
* [[Armstorf]]
* [[Artlenburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Asendorf (Landkreis Diepholz)|Asendorf]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Diepholz)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Asendorf (Nordheide)|Asendorf]] &lt;small&gt;(Nordheide)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Astanholteremarki-Scirnbeki]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Osterholz-Scharmbeck''; [[Saxonice]] ''Oosterholt-Scharmbeek'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Auetal]]
* [[Auhagen]]
* [[Auricum (Saxonia Inferior)|Auricum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Emmius 1616&quot;&gt;Emmius, U. (1616). ''Rerum Frisicarum Historia''. [[Lugdunum Batavorum|Lugduni Batavorum]]: Elzevier.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Aurich''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Aurk''; [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Saxonica|Orientofrisosaxonice]] ''Auerk'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Axstedt]]
{{div col end}}

=== B ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Bad Bederkesa]]
* [[Badbergen]]
* [[Bad Bevensen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bad Bodenteich]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Baddeckenstedt]]
* [[Bad Eilsen]]
* [[Bad Essen]]
* [[Bad Fallingbostel]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bad Gandersheim]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bad Grund]]
* [[Bad Harzburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bad Iburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bad Laer]]
* [[Bad Lauterberg im Harz]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bad Nenndorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bad Pyrmont]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bad Rothenfelde]]
* [[Bad Sachsa]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bad Salzdetfurth]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bad Zwischenahn]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bahrdorf]]
* [[Bahrenborstel]]
* [[Bakum]]
* [[Balge]]
* [[Balje]]
* [[Baltrum]]
* [[Banteln]]
* [[Bardowick]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barenburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barendorf]]
* [[Bargstedt (Niedersachsen)|Bargstedt]]
* [[Barnstedt]]
* [[Barnstorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barsinghausen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barßel]]
* [[Barum (Luneburgum)|Barum]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Lüneburg)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barum (Circulus Uelzen)|Barum]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Uelzen)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barver]]
* [[Barwedel]]
* [[Basdahl]]
* [[Bassum]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bawinkel]]
* [[Beckdorf]]
* [[Beckedorf]]
* [[Beckeln]]
* [[Beedenbostel]]
* [[Beesten]]
* [[Beierstedt]]
* [[Belm]]
* [[Belum]]
* [[Bendestorf]]
* [[Berge (Niedersachsen)|Berge]]
* [[Berga (Circulus Cellensis)|Bergen]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Celle)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bergen an der Dumme]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bergfeld]]
* [[Berne]]
* [[Bersenbrück]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Berumbur]]
* [[Betheln]]
* [[Betzendorf]]
* [[Bevern (Landkreis Holzminden)|Bevern]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Beverstedt]]
* [[Bienenbüttel]]
* [[Bilshausen]]
* [[Binethemum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III II 1688&quot;&gt;Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: Dissertationen et Chronica Regia'' (Vol. II). Helmestadii: Typis Georgii Wolfgangi Hammii.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Bentheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Binnen]]
* [[Bippen]]
* [[Bispingen]]
* [[Bissendorf]]
* [[Bleckede]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Blender (Landkreis Verden)|Blender]]
* [[Bliedersdorf]]
* [[Blomberg (circulus Widmundensis)|Blomberg]]
* [[Bockenem]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bockhorn (Friesland)|Bockhorn]]
* [[Bockhorst]]
* [[Bodenfelde]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bodensee (Saxonia Inferior)|Bodensee]]
* [[Bodenwerder]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Boffzen]]
* [[Böhme (Niedersachsen)|Böhme]]
* [[Bohmte]]
* [[Boitze]]	
* [[Bokensdorf]]
* [[Bomlitz]]
* [[Börger]]
* [[Borkum]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Börßum]]
* [[Borstel (Landkreis Diepholz)|Borstel]]
* [[Bösel]]
* [[Bötersen]]
* [[Bothel]]
* [[Bovenden]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brackel]]
* [[Brake]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bramsche]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Braunlage]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Breddenberg]]
* [[Breddorf]]
* [[Bremervörde]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brest (Niedersachsen)|Brest]]
* [[Brevörde]]
* [[Brietlingen]]
* [[Brinkum (Stuhr)|Brinkum]]
* [[Brockel]]
* [[Bröckel]]
* [[Brockum]]
* [[Brome]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bruchhausen-Vilsen]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brunsvicum]] &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brüggen (Leine)|Brüggen]]
* [[Buchholz (bei Stadthagen)|Buchholz]] ? &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Buchholz (Aller)]] ? &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Buchholz in der Nordheide]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bückeburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bücken]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Büddenstedt]]
* [[Bühren]]
* [[Bülkau]]
* [[Bülstedt]]
* [[Bunde]]
* [[Burgdorf (Circulus Guelpherbytensis)|Burgdorf]] &lt;small&gt;(Landkreis Wolfenbüttel)&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Burgdorf]]''' &lt;small&gt;(Region Hannover)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Burgwedel]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Burweg]]
* [[Butjadingen]]
* [[Buxtehude]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== C ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Cadenberge]]
* [[Calberlah]]
* [[Cappel (Niedersachsen)|Cappel]]
* [[Cappeln (Oldenburg)]]
* [[Cella (Germania)|Cella]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Celle'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Clausthal-Zellerfeld]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Clenze]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Cloppenburgum]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Cloppenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Cloppenborg''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Kloppenbuurich'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Colnrade]]
* [[Coppenbrügge]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Coppengrave]]
* [[Cramme]]
* [[Cremlingen]]
* [[Cuxhavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Cuxhaven''; [[Saxonice]] ''Cuxhoben'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== D ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Dahlem (Niedersachsen)|Dahlem]]
* [[Dahlenburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dahlum]]
* [[Damme (Dümmer)|Damme]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Damnatz]]
* [[Danndorf]]
* [[Dannenberg]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dassel]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; 
* [[Dedelstorf]]
* [[Deensen]]
* [[Deinste]]
* [[Deinstedt]]
* [[Delligsen]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Delmenhorstium]] &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Denkte]]
* [[Derental]]
* [[Dersum]]
* [[Despetal]]
* [[Detern]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dettum]]
* [[Deutsch Evern]]
* [[Dickel]]
* [[Didderse]]
* [[Diekholzen]]
* [[Dielmissen]]
* [[Diepenau]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Diepholtia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmannus&quot;&gt;{{Hofmannus}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Diepholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Deefholt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dinklage]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dissen am Teutoburger Wald]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dohren (Emsland)|Dohren]] &lt;small&gt;(Emsland)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dohren]] &lt;small&gt;(Nordheide)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dollern]]
* [[Dornum]]
* [[Dörpen]]
* [[Dorstadt]]
* [[Dorum]]
* [[Dörverden]]
* [[Dötlingen]]
* [[Drage (Elbe)|Drage]]
* [[Drakenburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Drangstedt]]
* [[Dransfeld]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Drebber]]
* [[Drentwede]]
* [[Drestedt]]
* [[Drochtersen]]
* [[Düdenbüttel]]
* [[Duderstadt]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Duingen]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dünsen]]
* [[Dunum]]
{{div col end}}

=== E ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Ebergötzen]]
* [[Eberholzen]]
* [[Ebersdorfium (Saxonia Inferior)|Ebersdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ebersdorfium&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Ebersdorf' in Latinam &quot;Ebersdorfium&quot; verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Ebstorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Echem]]
* [[Edemissen]]
* [[Edewecht]]
* [[Egestorf]]
* [[Eggermühlen]]
* [[Ehra-Lessien]]
* [[Ehrenburg (Niedersachsen)|Ehrenburg]]
* [[Eickeloh]]
* [[Eicklingen]]
* [[Eime]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eimen]]
* [[Eimke]]
* [[Einbeck]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Elbe (Niedersachsen)|Elbe]]
* [[Elbingerode (bei Herzberg am Harz)|Elbingerode]]
* [[Eldingen]]
* [[Elmlohe]]
* [[Elsdorf (Niedersachsen)|Elsdorf]]
* [[Elsfleth]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Elze]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Embsen]]
* [[Emda]] &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Emlichheim]]
* [[Emmendorf]]
* [[Emmerthal]]
* [[Emsbüren]]
* [[Emstek]]
* [[Emtinghausen]]
* [[Engden]]
* [[Engelschoff]]
* [[Erkerode]]
* [[Esche]]
* [[Eschede]]
* [[Eschershausen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Esens]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Essel]]
* [[Essen (Oldenburgum)]]
* [[Esterwegen]]
* [[Estorf (Landkreis Stade)|Estorf]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Stade)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Estorf (Weser)|Estorf]] &lt;small&gt;(Weser)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Everode]]
* [[Eversmeer]]
* [[Evessen]]
* [[Eydelstedt]]
* [[Eyendorf]]
* [[Eystrup]]
{{div col end}}

=== F ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Fardium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Verden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Veern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Farven]]
* [[Faßberg]]
* [[Filsum]]
* [[Fintel]]
* [[Firrel]]
* [[Flögeln]]
* [[Flöthe]]
* [[Frankenfeld]]
* [[Freden]]
* [[Fredenbeck]]
* [[Freiburg/Elbe]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Freistatt]]
* [[Frellstedt]]
* [[Freren]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Fresenburg]]
* [[Friedeburg]]
* [[Friedlandia (Saxonia Inferior)|Friedland]]
* [[Friesoythe]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Fürstenau]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Furstenberga]]
{{div col end}}

=== G ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Ganderkesee]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gandesbergen]]
* [[Garbsen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Garlstorf]]
* [[Garrel]]
* [[Garstedt]]
* [[Gartow]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Geeste]]
* [[Geestland]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gehrde]]
* [[Gehrden]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Georgsdorf]]
* [[Georgsmarienhütte]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gerdau]]
* [[Gersten]]
* [[Getelo]]
* [[Gevensleben]]
* [[Gevera]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Jever'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Geversdorf]]
* [[Gieboldehausen]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Giesen]]
* [[Gifhorna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cellarius 1703&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Gifhorn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gilten]]
* [[Glandorf]]
* [[Gleichen]]
* [[Gnarrenburg]]
* [[Gödenstorf]]
* [[Göhrde]]
* [[Goldenstedt]]
* [[Gölenkamp]]
* [[Golmbach]]
* [[Gorleben]]
* [[Goslaria]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Goslar''; [[Saxonice]] ''Goslär'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Göttingen]] &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Grafhorst]]
* [[Grasberg]]
* [[Grasleben]]
* [[Grethem]]
* [[Gronau]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Groß Berßen]]
* [[Großefehn]]
* [[Großenkneten]]
* [[Großenwörden]]
* [[Großheide]]
* [[Groß Ippener]]
* [[Groß Meckelsen]]
* [[Groß Oesingen]]
* [[Groß Twülpstedt]]
* [[Grünendeich]]
* [[Guderhandviertel]]
* [[Guelpherbytum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wolfenbüttel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wulfenbüttel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gusborn]]
* [[Gyhum]]
{{div col end}}

=== H ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Hademstorf]]
* [[Hage]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hagen am Teutoburger Wald]]
* [[Hagen im Bremischen]]
* [[Hagenburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hagermarsch]]
* [[Hahausen]]
* [[Halbemond]]
* [[Halle (comitatus Binethensis)|Halle]] &lt;small&gt;(b.Neuenhaus)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Halle (Holtisminni)|Halle]] &lt;small&gt;(Montes Visurgis)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Halvesbostel]]
* [[Hambergen]]
* [[Hambühren]]
* [[Hämelhausen]]
* [[Hameln]] &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hamersen]]
* [[Hammah]]
* [[Handeloh]]
* [[Handorf]]
* [[Handrup]]
* [[Hankensbüttel]]
* [[Hannover]] &lt;small&gt;[[caput (urbs)|caput]] [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terrae foederalis]] et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hann. Münden]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hanstedt (Circulus Uelzen)|Hanstedt]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Uelzen)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hanstedt (Nordheide)|Hanstedt]] &lt;small&gt;(Nordheide)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Harbarnsen]]
* [[Hardegsen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Haren (Amisia)]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Harmstorf]]
* [[Harpstedt]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Harsefeld]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Harsum]]
* [[Hasbergen]]
* [[Haselünne]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Haßbergen]]
* [[Hassel (Weser)]]
* [[Hassendorf]]
* [[Haste]]	
* [[Hatten]]
* [[Hattorf ad Harthicos montes]]
* [[Häuslingen]]
* [[Haverlah]]
* [[Hechthausen]]
* [[Hedeper]]
* [[Heede (Emsland)|Heede]]
* [[Heemsen]]
* [[Heere]]	
* [[Heeslingen]]
* [[Heeßen]]
* [[Hehlen]]
* [[Heidenau (Saxonia Inferior)|Heidenau]]
* [[Heinade]]
* [[Heinbockel]]
* [[Heiningen (Niedersachsen)|Heiningen]]
* [[Heinsen]]
* [[Hellwege]]
* [[Helmstedt]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Helpsen]]
* [[Helvesiek]]
* [[Hemmingen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hemmoor]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hemsbünde]]
* [[Hemslingen]]
* [[Hemsloh]]
* [[Hepstedt]]
* [[Herzberg am Harz]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Herzlake]]
* [[Hesel]]
* [[Hespe]]
* [[Hessisch Oldendorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heuerßen]]
* [[Heyen]]
* [[Hildesheim]] &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hilgermissen]]
* [[Hilkenbrook]]
* [[Hillerse]]
* [[Hilter am Teutoburger Wald]]
* [[Himbergen]]
* [[Himmelpforten]]
* [[Hinte]]
* [[Hipstedt]]
* [[Hittbergen]]
* [[Hitzacker]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hodenhagen]]
* [[Höhbeck]]
* [[Hohenhameln]]
* [[Hohne]]
* [[Hohnhorst]]
* [[Hohnstorf (Albis)]]
* [[Holdorf (Niedersachsen)|Holdorf]]
* [[Holenberg]]
* [[Holle]]
* [[Hollenstedt]]
* [[Hollern-Twielenfleth]]
* [[Hollnseth]]
* [[Holste]]
* [[Holtgast]]
* [[Holtland]]
* [[Holzen (bei Eschershausen)|Holzen]]
* [[Holzminden]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hoogstede]]
* [[Hörden ad Harthicos montes]]
* [[Horneburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Horstedt (Niedersachsen)|Horstedt]]
* [[Hoya]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hoyerhagen]]
* [[Hoyershausen]]
* [[Hude (Oldenburg)]]
* [[Hüde]]
* [[Hülsede]]
* [[Husum (bei Nienburg)|Husum]]
* [[Hüven]]
{{div col end}}

=== I ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Ihlienworth]]
* [[Ihlow (Frisia Orientalis)|Ihlow]]
* [[Ilsede]]
* [[Ingeleben]]
* [[Isenbüttel]]
* [[Isernhagen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Isterberg]]
* [[Itterbeck]]
{{div col end}}

=== J ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Jade (Saxonia Inferior)|Jade]]
* [[Jameln]]
* [[Jelmstorf]]
* [[Jembke]]
* [[Jemgum]]
* [[Jerxheim]]
* [[Jesteburg]]
* [[Jork]]
* [[Jühnde]]
* [[Juist]]
{{div col end}}

=== K ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Kakenstorf]]
* [[Kalbe (Niedersachsen)|Kalbe]]
* [[Kalefeld]]
* [[Karwitz]]
* [[Katlenburg-Lindau]]
* [[Kettenkamp]]
* [[Kirchbrak]]
* [[Kirchdorf (bei Sulingen)|Kirchdorf]]
* [[Kirchgellersen]]
* [[Kirchlinteln]]
* [[Kirchseelte]]
* [[Kirchtimke]]
* [[Kirchwalsede]]
* [[Kissenbrück]]
* [[Klein Berßen]]
* [[Klein Meckelsen]]
* [[Kluse (Emsland)|Kluse]]
* [[Kneitlingen]]
* [[Köhlen]]
* [[Königsmoor]]
* [[Kranenburg (Oste)|Kranenburg]]
* [[Krebeck]]
* [[Krummendeich]]
* [[Krummhörn]]
* [[Kührstedt]]
* [[Küsten]]
* [[Kutenholz]]
{{div col end}}

=== L ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Laar]]
* [[Laatzen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lachendorf]]
* [[Lage (Saxonia Inferior)|Lage]]
* [[Lähden]]
* [[Lahn (Hümmling)|Lahn]]
* ''[[Lamspringe]]''
* [[Lamstedt]]
* [[Landesbergen]]
* [[Landolfshausen]]
* [[Landwehr (Gemeinde)|Landwehr]]
* [[Langelsheim]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Langen (bei Bremerhaven)|Langen]]''' &lt;small&gt;(b.Bremerhaven)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langen (Emsland)|Langen]] &lt;small&gt;(Emsland)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langendorf (Elbe)|Langendorf]]
* [[Langenhagen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langeoog]]
* [[Langlingen]]
* [[Langwedel (Weser)|Langwedel]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lastrup]]
* [[Lathen]]
* [[Lauenau]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lauenbrück]]
* [[Lauenförde]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lauenhagen]]
* [[Leese]]
* [[Leezdorf]]
* [[Lehe (Emsland)|Lehe]]
* [[Lehre (Niedersachsen)|Lehre]]
* [[Lehrte]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Leiferde]]
* [[Lembruch]]
* [[Lemförde]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lemgow]]
* [[Lemwerder]]
* [[Lengede]]
* [[Lengenbostel]]
* [[Lengerich (Emsland)|Lengerich]]
* [[Lenne (Niedersachsen)|Lenne]]
* [[Leri]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Leer''; [[lingua Saxonica|Orientofrisosaxonice]] ''Läär''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lier'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Liebenau (Niedersachsen)|Liebenau]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Liebenburg]]
* [[Lilienthal]]
* [[Lindern (Oldenburg)]]
* [[Lindhorst]]
* [[Lindwedel]]
* [[Lingen (Ems)]] &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Linsburg]]
* [[Lintig]]
* [[Locus Occidentalis (Saxonia Inferior)|Locus Occidentalis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cellarius 1703&quot;&gt;Cellarius, C. (1703). ''Geographia Antiqua iuxta et Nova''. Ienae: Bielckius.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Westerstede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Westerstäe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lohne (Oldenburg)]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Löningen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lorup]]
* [[Loxstedt]]
* [[Lübberstedt]]
* [[Lübbow]]
* [[Lüchow (terra Wenedorum)]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Luckau (Saxonia Inferior)|Luckau]]
* [[Lüder (Lüneburger Heide)|Lüder]]
* [[Lüdersburg]]
* [[Lüdersfeld]]
* [[Lüerdissen]]
* [[Luhden]]
* '''[[Luneburgum]]''' &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lünne]]
* [[Lütetsburg]]
* ''[[Lutter am Barenberge]]''
* [[Luttera Regalis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Königslutter am Elm'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== M ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Maasen]]
* [[Marienhafe]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Marienhagen]]
* [[Mariental (Niedersachsen)|Mariental]]
* [[Marklohe]]
* [[Marl (Dümmer)|Marl]]
* [[Marschacht]]
* [[Martfeld]]
* [[Marxen]]
* [[Mechtersen]]
* [[Meerbeck]]
* [[Meine]]
* [[Meinersen]]
* [[Melbeck]]
* [[Melle]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mellinghausen]]
* [[Menslage]]
* [[Meppen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Merzen]]
* [[Messenkamp]]
* [[Messingen]]
* [[Midlum (Land Wursten)|Midlum]]
* [[Misselwarden]]
* [[Mittelnkirchen]]
* [[Mittelstenahe]]
* [[Moisburg]]
* [[Molbergen]]
* [[Moormerland]]
* [[Moorweg]]
* [[Moringen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Müden (Alara)]]
* [[Mulsum (Land Wursten)|Mulsum]]
* [[Mundia Hannoverana]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Munimeri]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; (Bad Münder am Deister)
* [[Munster (Örtze)|Munster]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== N ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Nahrendorf]]
* [[Natendorf]]
* [[Neetze]]
* [[Negenborn]]
* [[Nenndorf (circulus Widmundensis)|Nenndorf]]
* [[Neubörger]]
* [[Neu Darchau]]
* [[Neuenhaus]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen (Altes Land)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(Altes Land)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen (bei Bassum)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(b.Bassum)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen (Land Hadeln)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(Land Hadeln)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen (Landkreis Osnabrück)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Osnabrück)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen (Lüneburger Heide)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(Lüneb.Heide)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen-Vörden]]
* [[Neuharlingersiel]]
* [[Neuhaus (Oste)]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuhof (Landkreis Hildesheim)|Neuhof]]
* [[Neukamperfehn]]
* [[Neulehe]]
* [[Neuschoo]]
* [[Neustadt am Rübenberge]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neu Wulmstorf]]
* [[Niederlangen]]
* [[Niedernwöhren]]
* [[Niemetal]]
* [[Nienburg/Weser]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nienhagen (Landkreis Celle)|Nienhagen]]
* [[Nienstädt]]
* [[Norden]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nordenham]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Norderney]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nordholz]]
* [[Nordleda]]
* [[Nordsehl]]
* [[Nordstemmen]]
* [[Nörten-Hardenberg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Northeim]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Northorna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;&gt;Egli, J. J. (1893). ''Nomina Geographica: Sprach- und Sacherklärung von 42000 Geographischen Namen aller Erdräume''. [[Lipsia]]e: Friedrich Brandstetter.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Nordhorn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nothoorn'' seu ''Notthoarn'' seu ''Netthoarn'' seu ''Noordhoorn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nortmoor]]
* [[Nortrup]]
* [[Nottensdorf]]
{{div col end}}

=== O ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Oberlangen]]
* [[Oberndorf (Oste)|Oberndorf]]
* [[Obernfeld]]
* [[Obernholz]]
* [[Obernkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ochtersum]]
* [[Odisheim]]
* [[Oederquart]]
* [[Oerel]]
* [[Oetzen]]
* [[Ohne]]
* [[Ohrum]]
* [[Oldenburgum]] &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Oldendorf (Landkreis Stade)|Oldendorf]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Stade)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Oldendorf (Luhe)]]
* [[Osloß]]
* [[Osnabruga]] &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Osteel]]
* [[Osten (Oste)|Osten]]
* [[Osterbruch]]
* [[Ostercappeln]]
* [[Ostereistedt]]
* [[Osterode am Harz]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Osterwald]]
* [[Ostrhauderfehn]]
* [[Ottenstein (Niedersachsen)|Ottenstein]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Otter]]
* [[Otterndorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ottersberg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ovelgönne]]
* [[Oyten]]	
{{div col end}}

=== P ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Padingbüttel]]
* [[Papenburg]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Parsau]]
* [[Pattensen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Pegestorf]]
* [[Peine]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Pennigsehl]]
* [[Pohle]]
* [[Polle]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Pollhagen]]
* [[Prezelle]]
* [[Prinzhöfte]]
{{div col end}}

=== Q ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Quakenbrück]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Quendorf]]
* [[Querenhorst]]
* [[Quernheim]]
{{div col end}}

=== R ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Räbke]]
* [[Radbruch]]
* [[Raddestorf]]
* [[Rastdorf]]
* [[Rastede]]
* [[Rätzlingen (Niedersachsen)|Rätzlingen]]
* [[Rechtsupweg]]
* [[Reeßum]]
* [[Regesbostel]]
* [[Rehburg-Loccum]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rehden]]
* [[Rehlingen]]
* [[Reinstorf]]
* [[Remlingen (Niedersachsen)|Remlingen]]
* [[Renkenberge]]
* [[Rennau]]
* [[Reppenstedt]]
* [[Rethem (Aller)]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rhade]]
* [[Rhauderfehn]]
* [[Rhede (Ems)]]
* [[Rheden (Niedersachsen)|Rheden]]
* [[Rhumspringe]]
* [[Ribbesbüttel]]
* [[Riede (Landkreis Verden)|Riede]]
* [[Rieste]]
* [[Ringe]]
* [[Ringstedt]]
* [[Rinteln]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ritterhude]]
* [[Rodenberg]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rodewald]]
* [[Rohrsen]]
* [[Roklum]]
* [[Rollshausen]]
* [[Römstedt]]
* [[Ronnenberg]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rosche]]
* [[Rosdorf]]
* [[Rosengarten (Landkreis Harburg)|Rosengarten]]
* [[Rotenburg (Wümme)]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rötgesbüttel]]
* [[Rüdershausen]]
* [[Rühen]]
* [[Rullstorf]]
{{div col end}}

=== S ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Sachsenhagen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Salzbergen]]
* [[Salzgitter]] &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Salzhausen]]
* [[Salzhemmendorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Samern]]
* [[Sandbostel]]
* [[Sande (Frisia)|Sande]]
* [[Sarstedt]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sassenburg]]
* [[Sagterlandia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;BOV 2013&quot;&gt;Bischöfliches Offizialat Vechta (2013). ''Findbuch des Offizialatsarchivs Vechta: Altes Archiv (Abteilung A: Saterlandia, Kirchliche Unterlagen, Akte A 8: „Informatio de Sagterlandia“ aus dem Jahre 1710)''. Vechtae, in Germania: Bischöfliches Offizialat.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Saterland''; quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Sagterland''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Seelterlound'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sauensiek]]
* [[Schapen]]
* [[Scharnebeck]]
* [[Scheden]]
* [[Scheeßel]]
* [[Schellerten]]
* [[Schiffdorf]]
* [[Schladen-Werla]]
* [[Schnackenburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schnega]]
* [[Schneverdingen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Scholen]]
* [[Schönewörde]]
* [[Schöningen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schöppenstedt]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schortens]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schüttorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schwaförden]]
* [[Schwanewede]]
* [[Schwarme]]	
* [[Schwarmstedt]]
* [[Schweindorf]]
* [[Schweringen]]
* [[Schwerinsdorf]]
* [[Schwienau]]
* [[Schwülper]]
* [[Seeburg (Niedersachsen)|Seeburg]]
* [[Seedorf (bei Zeven)|Seedorf]]
* [[Seelze]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Seesen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Seevetal]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Seggebruch]]
* [[Sehlde]]
* [[Sehlem (Niedersachsen)|Sehlem]]
* [[Sehnde]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Selsingen]]
* [[Semmenstedt]]
* [[Seulingen]]
* [[Sibbesse]]
* [[Sickte]]
* [[Siedenburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sittensen]]
* [[Soderstorf]]
* [[Sögel]]	
* [[Söhlde]]
* [[Söllingen (Niedersachsen)|Söllingen]]
* [[Soltau]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Soltendieck]]
* [[Sottrum]]
* [[Spahnharrenstätte]]
* [[Spelle]]
* [[Spiekeroog]]
* [[Sprakensehl]]
* [[Springe]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stade]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stadlandia]]&lt;ref&gt;Ioannes Iustus Wynkelman, [https://books.google.com/books?id=WvgaAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA617&amp;lpg=PA617&amp;dq=statlandia+saxonia&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=Ysl9JI4L06&amp;sig=2y6x3I38sU3-RcrP0HtnSkUxssI&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0CCwQ6AEwA2oVChMIwqiv-NWMxgIVQgmSCh2CZwDj#v=onepage&amp;q=statlandia%20saxonia&amp;f=false ''Notitia historico-politica veteris Saxo-Westphaliae finitimarumque regionum,''] 1667:277.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Stadland'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stadthagen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stadtoldendorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Staffhorst]]
* [[Staufenberg]]
* [[Stavern]]
* [[Stedesdorf]]
* [[Steimbke]]
* [[Steinau (Niedersachsen)|Steinau]]
* [[Steinfeld (Oldenburg)]]
* [[Steinhorst (Niedersachsen)|Steinhorst]]
* [[Steinkirchen (Altes Land)|Steinkirchen]]
* [[Stelle]]
* [[Stemmen (Landkreis Rotenburg)|Stemmen]]
* [[Stemshorn]]
* [[Steyerberg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stinstedt]]
* [[Stöckse]]
* [[Stoetze]]
* [[Stolzenau]]
* [[Stuhr]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Südbrookmerland]]
* [[Suderburg]]
* [[Südergellersen]]
* [[Südheide]]
* [[Sudwalde]]
* [[Suhlendorf]]
* [[Sulingen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Süpplingen]]
* [[Süpplingenburg]]
* [[Süstedt]]
* [[Sustrum]]
* [[Surwold]]
* [[Suthfeld]]
* [[Syke]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== T ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Tappenbeck]]
* [[Tarmstedt]]
* [[Tespe]]
* [[Thedinghausen]]
* [[Thomasburg]]
* [[Thuine]]
* [[Tiddische]]
* [[Tiste]]
* [[Toppenstedt]]
* [[Tostedt]]
* [[Tosterglope]]
* [[Trebel]]
* [[Tülau]]
* [[Twieflingen]]
* [[Twist (Emsland)|Twist]]
* [[Twistringen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== U ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Uchte]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Uehrde]]
* [[Uelsen]]
* [[Uelzen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Uetze]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ummern]]
* [[Undeloh]]
* [[Upgant-Schott]]
* [[Uplengen]]
* [[Uslar]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Utarp]]
{{div col end}}

=== V ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Vahlberg]]
* [[Vahlbruch]]
* [[Vahlde]]
* [[Varel]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Varrel]]
* [[Vastorf]]
* [[Vechelde]]
* [[Vechta]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Velpke]]
* [[Veltheim (Ohe)]]
* [[Vierden]]
* [[Vierhöfen]]
* [[Visbek]]
* [[Visselhövede]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vögelsen]]
* [[Vollersode]]
* [[Voltlage]]
* [[Vordorf]]
* [[Vorwerk (Niedersachsen)|Vorwerk]]
* [[Vrees]]
{{div col end}}

=== W ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Waake]]
* [[Waddeweitz]]
* [[Wagenfeld]]
* [[Wagenhoff]]
* [[Wahrenholz]]
* [[Walchum]]
* [[Walkenried]]
* [[Wallenhorst]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wallmoden]]
* [[Walsrode]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wangelnstedt]]
* [[Wangerland]]
* [[Wangerooge]]
* [[Wanna]]
* [[Warberg]]
* [[Wardenburg]]
* [[Warmsen]]
* [[Warpe]]
* [[Wasbüttel]]
* [[Wathlingen]]
* [[Wedemark]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Weener]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Weenzen]]
* [[Wehrbleck]]
* [[Welle]]
* [[Wendeburg]]
* [[Wendisch Evern]]
* [[Wennigsen]]
* [[Wenzendorf]]
* [[Werdum]]
* [[Werlte]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Werpeloh]]
* [[Wesendorf]]
* [[Weste (Niedersachsen)|Weste]]
* [[Westergellersen]]
* [[Westerholt]]
* [[Westertimke]]
* [[Westerwalsede]]
* [[Westfeld (Niedersachsen)|Westfeld]]
* [[Westoverledingen]]
* [[Wetschen]]
* [[Wettrup]]
* [[Weyhausen]]
* [[Weyhe]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wieda]]
* [[Wiedensahl]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wiefelstede]]
* [[Wielen]]
* [[Wienhausen]]
* [[Wiesmoor]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wietmarschen]]
* [[Wietze]]
* [[Wietzen]]
* [[Wietzendorf]]
* [[Wildeshausen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wilhelmshaven]] &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wilstedt]]
* [[Wilsum]]
* [[Wingst]]
* [[Winkelsett]]
* [[Winnigstedt]]
* [[Winsen (Aller)]] 
* [[Winsenia]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Winzenburg]]
* [[Wippingen]]
* [[Wirdum]]
* [[Wischhafen]]
* [[Wistedt]]
* [[Witmundia]]&lt;ref&gt;E.g., [[Ioannes Luyts|Ioannis Luyts]] ''Introductio ad Geographiam novam et veterem'', Ultraiecti 1692, [https://books.google.fr/books?id=_o0YP3-9VTMC&amp;pg=PA281&amp;dq=Witmundia&amp;hl=ru&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjShLT7vdDrAhVJw4sKHZLLCokQ6AEwAnoECAMQAg#v=onepage&amp;q=Witmundia&amp;f=false p. 281].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wittmund'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wittingen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wittmar]]
* [[Wittorf]]
* [[Wohnste]]
* [[Wolfsburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wollbrandshausen]]
* [[Wollershausen]]
* [[Wölpinghausen]]
* [[Wolsdorf]]
* [[Woltersdorf (Wendland)|Woltersdorf]]
* [[Woltershausen]]
* [[Worpswede]]
* [[Wremen]]
* [[Wrestedt]]
* [[Wriedel]]
* [[Wulfsen]]
* [[Wulften ad Harthicos montes]]
* [[Wunstorf]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wustrow (Saxonia Inferior)]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== Z ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Zernien]]
* [[Zetel]]
* [[Zeven]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Zorge]]
{{div col end}}

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris|!]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Disciplina arcani</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
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      <text bytes="5895" sha1="s65gnjsaoivrdbe2ajl25dfk3jx6ugh" xml:space="preserve">'''Disciplina arcani''' est [[mos]] qui in [[Christianitas primitiva|Christianitate primitiva]]&lt;!--Early C.--&gt; obtinuit, quo [[scientia (ratio)|scientia]] intimiorum [[mysteria sacra|mysteriorum]] [[religio]]nis [[Christianitas|Christianae]] ab hominibus non Christianis et adeo ab eis qui in [[fides|fide]] docebantur diligenter abdita est.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05032a.htm &quot;Disciplina arcani,&quot;] in ''The Catholic Encyclopedia,'' vol. 5 (Novi Eboraci: Robert Appleton Company, 1909).&lt;/ref&gt;

==In primis Christianitatis temporibus==
Notio disciplinae arcani, [[lex|legis]] quae mandavit ut Christiani de [[ritus|ritibus]] et [[doctrina|doctrinis]] conticescerent, bene [[saeculum 20|saeculo vicensimo]] investigata est.&lt;ref&gt;Stroumsa 2005.&lt;/ref&gt; Sunt qui dicant nucleum doctrinae oralis hereditate exceptum esse ab [[Iudaismus|Iudaismo]] [[Palaestina|Palaestiniano]] et [[Iudaismus Hellenisticus|Hellenistico]] ac fundamenta traditionis oralis secretae in [[Prima Christianitas|primis Christianitatis temporibus]] constituisse. Hic nucleus doctrinarum oralium (quae traditiones vetustiores perpetuaverunt et ad formanda abscedentia ambarum notionum [[Christianitas|Christianarum]] et [[Gnosticismus|Gnosticarum]] probari possunt),&lt;ref&gt;Frommann 1833.&lt;/ref&gt; rem generavit quae disciplina arcani &lt;!--[[Christianitas saeculi quarti|--&gt;saeculo quarto&lt;!--]]--&gt; appellari coepit.&lt;ref&gt;Stroumsa 2005.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hatch 1890.&lt;/ref&gt; Proprietas huius disciplinae est quod res silentii non fuit [[dogma]] et donum sacramentale, sed elementa et perfunctio ritualis.&lt;ref&gt;Philip Schaff, ''New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge,'' vol. 1 (Aachen: Basilians, 1819–1893).&lt;/ref&gt; [[Origenes]] in ''[[Contra Celsum]]'' arguit ipsas Christianorum doctrinas, non solum eorum [[ritus]], secretas esse debere.&lt;ref&gt;Origenes, ''Contra Celsum,'' 1:1.&lt;/ref&gt; Etiamsi elementa perfunctionis ritualis, sicut [[missa|missa fidelium]] et alii ritus Christiani inter disciplinas arcani per prima Christianitatis tempora fuerunt, praecipue [[saeculum|saeculis]] [[saeculum 3|tertio]] et [[saeculum 4|quarto]], nemo hodie res quae disciplinam continere solebant definite declarare potest. [[Origenes]] quidem, ac [[Clemens Alexandrinus]], [[Tertullianus]], [[Basilius Magnus]], [[Ambrosius Mediolanensis]], multique alii [[Patres Ecclesiae]] primae Christianitatis mentionem traditionis oralis faciunt, ut in provocatione Sancti Basilii ad &quot;traditionem non scriptam&quot; in libro ''de Spiritu Sancto'' facta:
&lt;blockquote&gt;[[Dogma]]tum et ''[[kerygma]]tum'' quae in [[ecclesia]] tenentur partem habemus ex doctrina scripta (εκ της εγγραφου διδασκαλιας), partemque deducimus ex traditione [[apostolus|apostolica]], quae ''en mistirio'' (εν μυστηριω) tradita est. Et ambae partes easdem vires (την αυτην ισχυν) habent in rebus [[pietas|pietatis]]. . . . Ex traditione tacita et mystica, ex doctrina non vulgata, ineffabili, eveniunt.&lt;ref&gt;Sanctus Basilius, ''de Spiritu Sancto,'' 66.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[Anglice]]: &quot;Of the dogmata and ''kerygmata,'' which are kept in the Church, we have some from the written teaching (εκ της εγγραφου διδασκαλιας), and some we derive from the Apostolic tradition, which had been handed down ''en mistirio'' (εν μυστηριω). And both have the same strength (την αυτην ισχυν) in the matters of piety. . . . They come from the silent and mystical tradition, from the unpublic and ineffable teaching.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

{{NexInt}}&lt;!--
*[[Divinizatio (Christianitas)]]--&gt;
*[[Christianitas esoterica]]
*[[Gnosticismus]]&lt;!-- +
*[[Gnosticism et Testamentum Novum]]
*[[Mysteria Graeco-Romana]]--&gt;
*[[Theoria]]

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Bibliographia==
*Anrich, G. [[1894]]. ''Das antike Mysterienwesen in seinem Einfluss auf das Christentum.'' Gottingis.
*Batiffol, Pierre. [[1902]]. ''Études d’histoire et de théologie positive.'' Lutetiae.
*Credner, K. A. [[1844]]. Commentarius in ''Jenaer allgemeine Litteraturzeitung.''
*Eckartshausen, K. von. [[1752]], [[1803]]. &quot;The Cloud Upon The Sanctuary.&quot;
*Frommann. [[1833]]. ''De Disciplina Arcani in vetere Ecclesia christiana obticuisse fertur.'' Ienae.
*Gravel, H. [[1902]]. ''Die Arkandisciplin'', pars 1. Monasterii. 
*Harnack, Theodosius. [[1854]]. ''Der christliche Gemeindegottesdienst im apostolischen und altkatholischen Zeitalter.'' Erlangen.
*Hatch, E. [[1890]]. ''The Influence of Greek Ideas and Usages upon the Christian Church.'' Capitulum 10. Londinii.
*Meier, G. T. [[1670]]. ''De recondita veteris ecclesiæ theologia.'' Helmstadii.
*Rothe, R. [[1841]]. ''De disciplinæ arcani origine.'' Heidelberg.
*Schelstrate, E. von. [[1678]], [[1681]]. ''Antiquitas illustrata circa concilia generalia et provincialia and Commentatio de s. Antiocheno concilio.'' Antverpiae.
*Schelstrate. [[1685]]. ''Dissertatio apologetica de disciplina arcani contra disputationem E. Tentzelii.''
*Stroumsa, G. G. [[2005]]. ''Hidden Wisdom: Esoteric Traditions and the Roots of Christian Mysticism.'' Studies in the History of Religions.
*Tentzel, W. E. [[1683]]. ''Exercitationes selectæ,'' 2. Lipsiae.&lt;!-- Cum sua ''Dissertatio de disciplina arcani''--&gt;
*Wobbermin, G. [[1896]]. ''Religionsgeschichtliche Studien zur Frage der Beeinflussung des Urchristentums durch das antike Mysterienwesen.'' Berolini.
*Zezschwitz, G. von. [[1863]]. ''System der Katechetik'' 1:154-209. Lipsiae.

==Nexus externi==
*Palamidessi, Tommaso. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120207065249/http://www.archeosofica.org/en/content/view/163/37/ &quot;The Discipline of the Arcane,&quot;] www.archeosofica.org
*''The Catholic Encyclopedia. [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05032a.htm &quot;The Discipline of the Secret,&quot;] www.newadvent.org

{{DEFAULTSORT:Disciplina Arcani}}
[[Categoria:Christianitas esoterica]]&lt;!--
[[Categoria:Nomina Christiana]]
[[Categoria:Origines Christianitatis]]--&gt;</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Iosephus Kramer</title>
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      <text bytes="570" sha1="tl0w4mjg5umujdpioldg7urw0owqzea" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Kramer Josef.jpeg|thumb|Iosephus Kramer anno [[1945]]]]

'''Iosephus Kramer''' ([[Monacum|Monaci]] in [[Bavaria]] natus die [[10 Novembris]] [[1906]]; [[Damnatio ad furcam|ad furcam damnatus]] est [[Hamala]]e die [[13 Decembris]] [[1945]]) fuit sodalis [[NSDAP]], [[SS]] miles et in multis castris carceralibus praefectus. 
== Nexus externus ==
{{CommuniaCat|Josef Kramer|Iosephum Kramer}}

{{bio-stipula}}

{{Lifetime|1906|1945|Kramer,Iosephus}}

[[Categoria:Morte damnati]]
[[Categoria:Milites Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Osvecimia]]
[[Categoria:Holocaustum]]</text>
      <sha1>tl0w4mjg5umujdpioldg7urw0owqzea</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ungleichzeitigkeit</title>
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      <text bytes="3234" sha1="sj4vjfyo6nng3oqosucawpvh35db0xt" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-27348-0008, Berlin, Ernst Bloch auf Begegnung der Geistesschaffenden.jpg|thumb|[[Ernestus Bloch]] (1954).]]
'''Ungleichzeitigkeit''' ([[Latine]] fere 'incontemporalitas') est [[notio (philosophia)|notio]] quae [[significatio (linguistica)|significat]] moram vel iniquum temporis progressum inter homines illatum propter [[modernizatio]]nem [[capitalismus|capitalisticam]] et/vel imperfectionem horum processuum.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jameson1991&quot;&gt;Jameson 1991: 307.&lt;/ref&gt; Qui [[terminus technicus|terminus]] ab [[Ernestus Bloch|Ernesto Bloch]] [[philosophus|philosopho]] [[Germania|Germanico]] inventus postea prolatus est praesertim in conformatione verborum, q.e. &quot;die Ungleichzeitigket des Gleichzeitigen&quot; ('incontemporalitas eius quod contemporale est'), plerumque cum de [[placita Marxiana|placitis Marxianis]], [[theoria systematis mundi|systemate mundi]] sive ''Weltsystem'', [[postmodernismus|postmodernismo]] et [[globalizatio]]ne agitur. 

{{NexInt}}
*[[Philosophia spatii et temporis|Compressio temporis et spatii]]
*[[Modernismus]]
*[[Temporalitas]]

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Bibliographia==
*Bausinger, Hermann. [[1989]]. Ungleichzeitigkeiten. Von der Volkskunde zur empirischen Kulturwissenschaft. In ''Kultursoziologie: Symptom des Zeitgeistes?'' Ed. Helmut Berking et Richard Faber, 267–285. Würzburg: Königshausen &amp; Neumann. ISBN 3884794086. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120131075658/http://tobias-lib.uni-tuebingen.de/volltexte/2010/4843/pdf/Bausinger_Hermann_Kultursoziologie_Symptom_des_.pdf (PDF; 170 KB)].
*Behrens, Roger. [[1996]]. ''Die Ungleichzeitigkeit des realen Humanismus: Konsequenzen, Experimente und Montagen in kritischer Theorie.'' Cuxhaviae: Junghans. ISBN 3926848545.
*[[Ernestus Bloch|Bloch, Ernst]]. [[1932]], [[1977]]. Nonsynchronism and the Obligation to its Dialectics. ''New German Critique'' 11: 22–38. Conv. Mark Ritter. JSTOR 487802.
*[[Ernestus Bloch|Bloch, Ernst]]. [[1978]]. Über Ungleichzeitigkeit, Provinz und Propaganda. In ''Gesamtausgabe: Ergänzungsband: Tendenz – Latenz – Utopie.'' Francofurti: Suhrkamp. ISBN 3518071793.''
*Harootunian, Harry. [[2005]]. Some Thoughts on Comparability and the Space-Time Problem. ''Boundary 2'' 32 (2): 23–52. doi:10.1215/01903659-32-2-23. [http://boundary2.dukejournals.org/cgi/reprint/32/2/23 Reimpressio.]
*Jameson, Fredric. [[1991]]. ''Postmodernism, or, The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism: Post-Contemporary Interventions.'' Durhamiae Carolinae Septentrionalis: Duke University Press. ISBN 9780822310907.[http://books.google.com/books?id=WXBiBWXv8dMC Google Books.]
*Pinder, Wilhelm. [[1926]]. ''Das Problem der Generation in der Kunstgeschichte Europas.'' Berolini: Frankfurter Verlags-Anstalt.
*Schwartz, Frederic J. [[2001]]. Ernst Bloch and Wilhelm Pinder: Out of Sync. ''Grey Room'' 3: 54–89. JSTOR 1262566.

[[Categoria:Geographia culturae]]
[[Categoria:Marxiana]]
[[Categoria:Philosophia politica]]
[[Categoria:Philosophia temporis]]
[[Categoria:Postmodernismus]]
[[Categoria:Theoria critica]]
[[Categoria:Verba Theodisca]]
&lt;!--
[[Categoria:Marxist theory]]
[[Category:Spacetime]]
[[Category:Marxist terminology]]
[[Category:Postmodern theory]]
[[Category:Globalization terminology]]--&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Circulus Ammerlandensis</title>
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      <text bytes="1827" sha1="fe5jdpnhkuvsn2cyo6upy6vb85lyz19" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}}

[[Fasciculus:Municipalities in WST.svg|thumb|Communia in circulo Ammerlandensi.]]
'''Circulus Ammerlandensis'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;&gt;Egli, J. J. (1893). ''Nomina Geographica: Sprach- und Sacherklärung von 42000 Geographischen Namen aller Erdräume''. [[Lipsia]]e: Friedrich Brandstetter.&lt;/ref&gt; (Germanice ''Landkreis Ammerland''), nunc pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], anno [[1933]] conditus est et ad annum [[1946]] ad [[Ducatus Oldenburgensis|Liberam Civitatem Oldenburgensem]] pertinuit et deinde ad Saxoniam Inferiorem. Caput circuli urbs [[Locus Occidentalis (Saxonia Inferior)|Locus Occidentalis]] est.

== De rebus gestis ==
Circulus anno [[1933]] nomine &quot;magistratus Ammerlandensis&quot; (''Amt Ammerland'') conditus est et ab anno [[1939]] &quot;Circulus Ammerlandensis&quot; nominatus est. Anno [[1946]] ad cum toto civitate Oldenburgensi ad Saxoniam Inferiorem transiit. Anno [[1938]] et [[1974]] numerus communium in circulo alteratus est. Annis [[1977]] ad usque [[1980]], cum [[Circulus Frisicus]] dissolutus est, [[Bockhorn]], [[Varel]] atque [[Zetel]] communia ad Circulum Ammerlandensem pertinuerunt.

== Communia circuli ==
Haec sunt hodie communia huius circuli:

* [[Bad Zwischenahn]] (27.866 incolae)
* [[Locus Occidentalis (Saxonia Inferior)|Locus Occidentalis]] (caput circuli, 21.919)
* [[Edewecht]] (21.291)
* [[Rastede]] (21.259)
* [[Wiefelstede]] (15.453)
* [[Apen]] (11.077)

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index circulorum et liberarum urbium Saxoniae Inferioris]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat|Landkreis Ammerland|Circulum Ammerlandensem}}
* [http://www.ammerland.de/ Pagina officialis]

{{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris|Circulus Ammerlandensis]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1933]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Usor:Grufo</title>
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      <text bytes="873" sha1="m5vf28hycud5e2vat3wgsbk0youoj7b" xml:space="preserve">{{annales/capsa status|praemonitus=3|molestia=minima}}
&lt;div style=&quot;float: right; padding-left: 1em; clear: right;&quot;&gt;{{Magistratus sum}}
{{Usor globalis|la}}
{{Nuntia Latine scripta placent}}
{{Systemate GNU Vicipaediam recenseo}}
{{Viciarchaeologus}}
{{Mihi sunt subpaginae}}
{{Phabricator hospitio me excepit}}
{{Aperte citer}}&lt;/div&gt;

== Meae paginae ==
* [[Usor:Grufo/Paginae creatae|Paginae creatae]]
* [[Usor:Grufo/Formulae de recenti et recentissima Latinitate|Formulae de recenti et recentissima Latinitate]]
* [[Usor:Grufo/Formulae creatae|Formulae creatae]]
* [[Usor:Grufo/Tituli adhuc sine commentatione|Tituli adhuc sine commentatione]]
* [[Usor:Grufo/Nominativi miri|Nominativi miri]]
* [[Usor:Grufo/Officina|Officina]]
* [[Usor:Grufo/Harenarium|Harenarium]]
* [[Usor:Grufo/scripts|Scripts]]
* [[Specialis:Praefixa/Usor:Grufo/|Omnes subpaginae mei spatii usoris]]</text>
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    <title>Circulus in Comitatu Binethensi</title>
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      <text bytes="2680" sha1="6axwgx486ks9e1s1rrvgjubscw4e8pr" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}}

[[Fasciculus:Municipalities in NOH.svg|300px|right|Communia in circulo in comitatu Binethensi]]
'''Circulus in Comitatu Binethensi''' (Theod.: ''Landkreis Grafschaft Bentheim''), nunc pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], anno [[1885]] conditus est et ad annum [[1945]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit et deinde ab anno [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem. Caput circuli urbs [[Northorna]] est.

== Historia ==
Comitatus Binethensis anno [[1015]] primo in actis descriptum est. Ab anno [[1815]] ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Anno [[1885]] circulus conditus est. Post [[Secundum Bellum Mundanum]] [[Nederlandia]] agrum circuli reparationis causa postulavit neque tamen multum adipisci potuit&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-44435312.html Der Spiegel die 1 Ianuarii 1949]&lt;/ref&gt;. Ab anno [[1946]] Circulus Binethensis pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Numerus incolarum tum multis hominibus auctus est, qui e Germania Orientali fugati erant. Annis [[1974]], [[1977]] atque [[1978]] fines circuli paulum mutatae sunt.

== Communia circuli ==
Haec sunt 25 communia huius circuli, quae partim ad communia generalia coniuncti sunt:


* [[Binethemum]] (Theod. ''Bad Bentheim''), oppidum (15.104 incolae)
* [[Northorna]] (Theod. ''Nordhorn''), caput circuli (52.579)
* [[Wietmarschen]] (11.765)

* [[Emlichheim (commune generale)|Emlichheim]] commune generale (14.428)
** [[Emlichheim]], sedes administrationis (7.288)
** [[Hoogstede]] (2.883)
** [[Laar]] (2.176)
** [[Ringe]] (2.081)

* [[Neuenhaus (commune generale)|Neuenhaus]] commune generale (13.896)
** [[Esche]] (573)
** [[Georgsdorf]] (1.280)
** [[Lage (Saxonia Inferior)|Lage]] (1.059)
** [[Neuenhaus]], oppidum et sedes administrationis (9813)
** [[Osterwald]] (1.171)

* [[Schüttorf (commune generale)|Schüttdorf]] commune generale (15.388)
** [[Engden]] (432)
** [[Isterberg]] (581)
** [[Ohne]] (572)
** [[Quendorf]] (548)
** [[Samern]] (745)
** [[Schüttorf]], oppidum et sedes administrationis (12.510)

* [[Uelsen (commune generale)|Uelsen]] commune generale (11.169)
** [[Getelo]] (550)
** [[Gölenkamp]] (588)
** [[Halle (comitatus Binethensis)|Halle]] (663)
** [[Itterbeck]] (1.760)
** [[Uelsen]], sedes administrationis (5.468)
** [[Wielen]] (551)
** [[Wilsum]] (1.589)

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat|Landkreis Grafschaft Bentheim|circulum in comitatu Binethensi}}
[http://www.grafschaft-bentheim.de Pagina officialis]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}}

{{geo-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Binethensis comitatus circulus}}
[[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1885]]</text>
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    <title>Binethemum</title>
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      <comment>Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Aquae Benthemiae]] ad [[Binethemum]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam</comment>
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      <text bytes="2344" sha1="rbqkivtxnhgc9hf7ohybvw9bjjmjxez" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Bad_Bentheim.jpg|thumb|left|Benthemiae cum castello]]
[[Fasciculus:Bad_Bentheim_Burg-Innenhof.JPG|thumb|left|Forum Castelli]]
'''Aquae Benthemiae''' (Germanice ''Bad Bentheim'') est oppidum [[Germania|Germanicus]] in [[Saxonia Inferior]]e atque [[Circulus in Comitatu Binethensi|Circulo in Comitatu Binethensi]] situm. Ad oppidum et Gildehaus, Achterberg, Hagelshoek, Holt et Haar, Waldseite, Westenberg, Bardel atque Sieringhoek communia pertinent.

== Historia ==
Anno [[1020]] oppidum primo nomine ''Binithem'' in actis descriptum est&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120824065207/http://www.stadt-badbentheim.de/index/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=26&amp;Itemid=50 Historia oppidi in situ interretiali officiali descripta]&lt;/ref&gt;. Tum hic castellum aedificatum est. Tum Benthemia ad [[Archidioecesis Ultraiectensis|Archidioecesem Ultraiectensem]] pertinuit. Anno [[1116]] castellum Binethense bello deletum est. Deinde fuit sedes comitum Binethensium atque caput comitatus Binethensis erat et usque ad annum [[1753]] mansit, cum Friedericus Carolus comes Benthemiam [[Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Luneburgensis|Electori Hannoverae]] pigno dedit. Ab anno [[1806]] Benthemia ad [[Magnus Ducatus Montensis|Magnum Ducatum Montensem]] pertinuit. [[Napoleo I (imperator Franciae)|Napoleone]] imperatore victo Benthemia pars [[Regnum Hannoveranum|Regni Hannoverani]] fuit. Anno [[1865]] Benthemia ius oppidi adeptum est. Regnum Hannoveranum autem anno [[1866]] a [[Borussia]] occupatum est. Anno [[1885]] Circulus in Comitatu Binethensi conditus est, cuius caput Benthemia erat. Anno [[1945]] [[Regnum Unitum|Britannici]] magistratus, qui hanc partem Germaniae occupaverunt, caput circuli [[Northornon]] transtulerunt, quod in media parte regionis situm est. Ab anno [[1946]] Circulus Binethensis pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Numerus incolarum tum multis hominibus auctus est, qui e Germania Orientali fugati erant. Anno [[1974]] vici supra dicti ad Benthemiam adiuncti sunt. Anno [[1979]] Benthemia titulus ''Aquae'' accepit (Germanice ''Bad'').

== Nexus externus ==
{{commonscat|Bad Bentheim|Aquas Benthemiae}}
* [http://www.stadt-badbentheim.de/ Pagina officialis oppidi ''Aquarum Benthemiae'']

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Condita saeculo 11]]</text>
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[[Fasciculus:Bad_Bentheim.jpg|thumb|left|Binethemum cum castello.]]
[[Fasciculus:Bad_Bentheim_Burg-Innenhof.JPG|thumb|left|Forum Castelli.]]
'''Binethemum'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III II 1688&quot;&gt;Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: Dissertationen et Chronica Regia'' (Vol. II). Helmestadii: Typis Georgii Wolfgangi Hammii.&lt;/ref&gt; seu '''Benthemium'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Jung 1773&quot;&gt;Jung, J. H. (1773). ''Historiae Antiquissimae Comitatus Benthemiensis Libri Tres. Accedit Codex Diplomatum et Documentorum''. Hannoverae: Typis Knochianis.&lt;/ref&gt; seu '''Benthemum'''&lt;ref name=&quot;De la Serna 1795&quot;&gt;De la Serna, J. (1795). ''Diccionario Geográfico o Descripción de todos los Reynos, Provincias, Islas y Ciudades del Mundo'' (Vol. I). Matriti: Imprenta de la Viuda de Ibarra.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Bad Bentheim'') est urbs [[Germania|Germanica]] in [[Saxonia Inferior]]e atque [[Circulus in Comitatu Binethensi|Circulo in Comitatu Binethensi]] situm. Ad oppidum et Gildehaus, Achterberg, Hagelshoek, Holt et Haar, Waldseite, Westenberg, Bardel atque Sieringhoek communia pertinent.

== Historia ==
Anno [[1020]] oppidum primo nomine ''Binithem'' in actis descriptum est&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120824065207/http://www.stadt-badbentheim.de/index/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=26&amp;Itemid=50 Historia oppidi in situ interretiali officiali descripta]&lt;/ref&gt;. Tum hic castellum aedificatum est. Tum Binethemum ad [[Archidioecesis Ultraiectensis|Archidioecesem Ultraiectensem]] pertinuit. Anno [[1116]] castellum Binethense bello deletum est. Deinde fuit sedes comitum Binethensium atque caput comitatus Binethensis erat et usque ad annum [[1753]] mansit, cum Friedericus Carolus comes Binethemensis [[Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Luneburgensis|Electori Hannoverae]] pigno dedit. Ab anno [[1806]] Binethemum ad [[Magnus Ducatus Montensis|Magnum Ducatum Montensem]] pertinuit. [[Napoleo I (imperator Franciae)|Napoleone]] imperatore victo Binethemum pars [[Regnum Hannoveranum|Regni Hannoverani]] fuit. Anno [[1865]] Binethemum ius oppidi adeptum est. Regnum Hannoveranum autem anno [[1866]] a [[Borussia]] occupatum est. Anno [[1885]] Circulus in Comitatu Binethensi conditus est, cuius caput Binethemum erat. Anno [[1945]] [[Regnum Unitum|Britannici]] magistratus, qui hanc partem Germaniae occupaverunt, caput circuli [[Northornon]] transtulerunt, quod in media parte regionis situm est. Ab anno [[1946]] Circulus Binethensis pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Numerus incolarum tum multis hominibus auctus est, qui e Germania Orientali fugati erant. Anno [[1974]] vici supra dicti ad Binethemum adiuncti sunt. Anno [[1979]] Binethemum titulus ''Bad'' (scilicet &quot;balneum&quot;) [[lingua Theodisca|suo nomini Theodisco]] accepit .

== Nexus externus ==
{{commonscat|Bad Bentheim|Binethemum}}
* [http://www.stadt-badbentheim.de/ Pagina officialis urbis Binethemi]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Condita saeculo 11]]</text>
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    <title>RHENUS (societas mercatoria)</title>
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      <text bytes="4657" sha1="g25f6kkz81g0agu1j8fra4ikstv7imw" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus: Rhenus-logistics.svg|thumb|[[Insigne]] societatis RHENUS.]]
[[Fasciculus: Rhenus Midgard Wilhelmshaven port crane in Wilhelmshaven (9412913748).jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|RHENUS ciconia in portu Wilhelmshaven.]]
[[Fasciculus: 19861010a Nonnendammallee.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Tramen onerarium RHENI Berolini.]]
'''RHENUS''' (sive '''RHENUS Logistics''', firma '''RHENUS SE &amp; Co. KG''') est [[societas mercatoria]] rerum logisticarum{{dubsig}} [[Germania|Germanica]].

== Officium ==
RHENUS, [[societas navigationis]] et organizatio [[commeatus onerarius intermodalis|commeatus onerarii intermodalis]], auxilium et varios modos [[vectura]]e [[merx|mercium]], [[commeatus|transportationis]] et [[transitus (commercium)|transitus]] viae, [[ferrivia]], navigationi, aeroplanis sicut etiam curam [[granarium|granariorum]] et [[portus|portuum]] efficit.

== Historia ==
Anno [[1912]] [[Societas anonyma|societates]] mercatoriae ''Badische Actiengesellschaft für Rheinschiffahrt und Seetransport'' et ''Rheinschiffahrts Actiengesellschaft'' societatem communem ''RHENUS Transport GmbH'' secundum nomen fluminis [[Rhenus|Rheni]] condiderunt. Situs societatis novae fuit [[Francofurtum ad Moenum|Francofurti ad Moenum]].

RHENUS ab anno [[1934]] societati ''VEBA'', sed ab anno [[1969]] societati mercatoria [[Hugo Stinnes]] (sede RHENI nunc in urbe [[Manhemium|Manhemio]]) ab anno 1998 vero societati ''Rethmann'' pertinuit.&lt;ref&gt;Firma: ''RETHMANN AG &amp; Co.''. Situs publicus: http://www.rethmann.com/.''&lt;/ref&gt;

Anno1966 societatem filiam ''CCS Combined Container Service'' condidit.&lt;ref&gt;Ab anno 1976 novae firmae ''CCS Combined Container Service GmbH &amp; Co. KG''.&lt;/ref&gt;

Anno [[2000]] RHENUS emit [[Societas Navigationis|societatem navigationis]] ''[[Societas Navigationis NEPTUNUS Helvetica|Neptunum]]'' in urbe [[Basilea]] sitam, officium navigationis RHENI et Neptuni in novam societatem filiam ''RHENUS Alpina'' statuens.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.schulschiff-leventina.ch/srsl/module/pages/detail.asp?IDPage=95&amp;PageKatalogeID=81&amp;menuid=81&amp;parentid Historia societatis Neptunus Basileae.]{{Nexus deficitur|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Organizatio ==
=== Sedes ===

Sedes administrationis RHENI hodie [[Holzwickedum|Holzwickedi]] apud [[aëroportus Tremoniae|aëroportum Tremoniae]] est.

=== Societates filiae selectae ===
* ''RHENUS Contargo'', commeatum contineriorum faciens ([[Theodisce]]: Containerhinterlandtransport), 2005.
* ''RHENUS Freight Logistics'', 2008.
* ''Cisterna Rheni'' (Theodisce ''Rheintank GmbH''), [[Thuiscoburgum|Thuiscoburgi]], 2009.

=== Officinae et infrastructura selectae ===
RHENUS officinis in variis civitatibus utitur, e.g.:
* Situs industriae [[Berolinum|Berolini]], 1993.
* ''Weserport GmbH'' urbe [[Brema]] ripas onerarias in portu [[Bremae Portus|Bremae]] gerens, ubi naves '''[[bulk carrier]]''' sive '''chymatoploia''' onerantur (una cum [[Ferraria Bremiensis|Ferraria Bremiensi]] gesta), 1995.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.weserport.de/wir-ueber-uns/daten-und-fakten.html Situs publicus societatis Rhenus Weserport.]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Officina transitus mercium apud [[Lutetia]]m, anno 2002 condita.
* [[Bulk Terminal]] in portu urbis [[Wilhelmshaven]].
* Area in [[Portus Roterodami|Portu Roterodami]].
* Novus portus fluminis Rheni prope urbem [[Weil am Rhein]], 2011.
* Locus transitus mercium [[Barcino|Barcini]].
* ''Cuxport GmbH'' [[Cuxhavia]]e ad flumen [[Albis|Albem]].
* Ab anno 1997 RHENUS [[Manhemium|Manhemio]] transitum officinae [[John Deere]] maximae orbis terrarum societatis [[tractorium|tractoria]] fabricantis efficit.
* [[Tremonia]]e officina centralis transitus mercium apud [[portum canalis Tremoniae]].
* Officina transitus mercium Manhemio.
* Cura transitus mercium in aëroportis [[Turicum|Turici]], [[Genava]]e et [[Berna]]e.

=== Societates mercatoriae qui RHENO partialiter pertinent ===
* [[Crossrail]], societas ferriviae [[Helvetia]]e.
* [[Societas Franciae Navigationis Rhenica]] ([[Francice]] Compagnie Française de Navigation Rhénane).
* ''Transitus internationalis (societas mercatoria)'' (Anglice: ''IFS Inter Freight System'', Theodisce: ''Internationale Spedition GmbH'').

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Heinz-Gert Schlenkemann: ''Die Konzentration in der Binnenschiffahrt''. Göttingen 1982.

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160228225427/http://www.de.rhenus.com/ Situs publicus societatis RHENI.]
* [http://www.de.rhenus.com/unternehmen/geschichte/ Historia RHENI.]

[[Categoria:Constituta 1912]]
[[Categoria:Navigatio]]
[[Categoria:Rhenus]]
[[Categoria:Societates mercatoriae Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Societates vecturae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Franciscus Georgius Rössler</title>
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      <text bytes="9496" sha1="aac8zf4i81bhbmfsgmlenbu7oq48air" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Franz-Georg_Rössler.jpg|thumb|Franciscus Georgius Rössler, anno 2008]] 
'''Franciscus Georgius''' vulgo ''Franz-Georg'' '''Rössler''' (natus Ruppertsbergae in [[oppidum|oppido]] quodam [[Rhenania-Palatinatus|Rhenaniae-Palatinatus]] die [[14 Maii]] [[1949]], mortuus die [[17 Martii]] [[2017]] [[Dudonis Curtes|Dudonis Curtibus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamprecht I 1886&quot;&gt;Theodisce ''Dudenhofen''. Quo de toponymo, vide: Lamprecht, K. (1886). ''Deutsches Wirtschaftsleben im Mittelalter: Untersuchungen über die Entwicklung der materiellen Kultur des platten Landes auf Grund der Quellen zunächst des Mosellandes'' (Vol. 1). Alphons Dürr.&lt;/ref&gt; apud [[Spira (urbs)|Spiram]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/ikue/conversations/messages/6518 Nuntius in elencho novorum mundi catholici Esperantistici]&lt;/ref&gt;) fuit magister [[musica]]e [[geographia]]eque [[Germania|Germanus]]. [[Melodia]]s componebat, concentus dabat, [[lingua|linguis]] [[lingua Theodisca|Theodisca]] et [[lingua Esperantica|Esperantica]] [[libellus|libellos]] tractationesque pangebat, [[oratio]]nes dicebat, [[ars|artes]] colebat.

== Vita ==
Domnum Rössler a pueritia [[ministrantes|ministrantis]] servitium in ecclesia, musicae cura in familia, avunculi opera campestris moverunt. Postea aegros quoque curabat in Nosocomio Sanctae Mariae in urbe [[Ludovici Portus Rhenanus|Ludovici Portu Rhenano]]. Studiis in schola elementari terminatis [[gymnasium]] humanisticum Neapolitanum ([[Neustadt an der Weinstraße]]) frequentavit, ubi anno 1968 maturitatem scholasticam implevit. Servitium militare tamquam miles medicus egit.

In universitatibus [[Manhemium|Manhemii]] [[Heidelberga]]eque musicae, geographiae, musicologiae, compositioni studuit; tirocinio [[spira (urbs)|Spirae]] perfecto ibidem in gymnasio a Nicolao de Weis dicto professor creatus est. Ibique operam navabat usque annum 2012. Anno 1972 in matrimonium duxerat [[Rita Rössler-Buckel|Ritam Rössler-Buckel]], artificem. Die 17 Martii 2017 ex inopinatu in domu sua animam efflavit.

== Momenta gravitatis ==
=== Musicae ===
Praecox in musicalibus ecclesiasticis catholicis participans (e.g. in [[Cantus Gregorianus|cantu Gregoriano]] exercendo), instrumentis variis canens (clavichordio, organo tubulato, monaulis, fistulis corticatis, tibia clarisona, tuba, violina, viola), ab Officii Diocesis Spirensis de musica ecclesiastica superioribus examinatus est. Regentis chori munere in multis locis Electoratus Palatinati functus est. 

Melodiarum compositione imbuebatur apud Ioannem Vogt, Manhemiensem. Fere triginta opera composuit, praesertim clavicinio, choro, musicae camerali apta. Quorum plura quoque edita sunt in casis editricibus: de hoc confer elenchum apud casam Volfgangi G. Haas infra. Opus eius praetitulatum &quot;Evoluo&quot; anno 1994 in sectione modernorum palmam tulit in certamine chororum Germanicorum Choro [[Mogontiacum|Moguntino]] Figurali qui dicitur interpretante.

=== Linguae ===
Thesi baccalaureatus publicata, ubi de [[Paulus Hindemith|Paulo Hindemith]] actum erat, circiter 50 res legendas edidit (poeseos, [[musicologia]]e, monographica, artis picturalis, linguisticae, historica regionalia) non solum lingua Theodisca sed etiam idiomate Esperantico. Addendae sunt circiter 500 tractationes diurnariaque et praelectiones innumerabiles.

=== Imaginibus ===
Domno Rössler, cui artium pulchritudo iam inde a pueritio captaverat, incrementum autodidacticum permisit, ut inde ab anno 1994 expositiones habere inciperet. In Germania et extra Germaniam, plerumque una cum uxore Rita, monstrationes de graphica impressa sive de rebus plasticis sive de graphica computatro exarata produci iussit, quae omnia interdum musica ornare solebat. Membrum factum est insuper in collegio artificum quodam Esperantistarum quod dicunt ''Bildarta Internacia Ligo de Esperantistoj'' (BILDE).

=== Esperanticis ===
Anno 1985 primo Esperantica offendenti mox persuasum fuit utilitatem necnon humanitatem motionis istius praevalere. Quam linguam usurpat in modos diversissimos: in re diurnaria (e.g. in periodicis &quot;[[Monato]]&quot;, &quot;La Gazeto&quot;, &quot;Juna Amiko&quot;, &quot;Internacia Pedagogia Revuo&quot;), in editionibus, in orationibus, in cursibus, in musica. Duo decennia organoedus in missis Esperanticis in cathedrali Spirensi celebratis fuit. Cooperationem iniit cum variis sodalitatibus, quarum nomina haec: [[Universalis Societas Esperantica]], Circulus esperantistarum catholicorum [[Dioecesis Spirensis]], [[Associatio Esperanticum docentium internationalis]], Academia Internationalis [[Res publica Sancti Marini|Rei publicae Sancti Marini]] (AIS), Academia scientifica internationalis Esperantica (ISAE), [[Unio Internationalis Esperantistarum Catholicorum]], [[Associatio Esperantica Germanica]], [[Interculturale Centrum ICH]]. 

Autumno anni 2016 locupletavit symbolis culturalibus transmissiones radiophonicas Esperanticas quae vocantur [[Thuringia internationalis]] ([[Statio Radiophonica F.R.E.I.|Stationis radiophonicae FREI Erfordiensis]]).

== Publicata (selecta) ==
=== De musica ===
* Sonate für Orgel (Musikverlag Willy Müller, Heidelbergae)
* Kantate ''Evoluo'' (Text: Richard Schulz) Auftragswerk der Gesellschaft für Neue Musik Mannheim, 1991 (CD: Valve-Hearts, Peter Tonger-Musikverlag, Coloniae Agrippinae 1996)
* Mit Johann Sebastian Bach – und Charles Gounod hört zu… – (Musikverlag Anton Böhm &amp; Sohn, Augustae Vindelicum)
* Zwölf Inventionen für ein Tasteninstrument (Karl Heinrich Möseler Verlag, Guelpherbyti, 1972)
* Sonata ''All’ ungherese'' per pianoforte solo (Peter Tonger-Musikverlag, Coloniae Agrippinae)
* Improvisation (''Hommage à Béla Bartók'') für Violine (Oboe, Querflöte) und Klavier (editiones Mercator, Thuiscoburgi 1990)
* ''Alles Bach'' – B-A-C-H-Kompositionen und B-A-C-H-Bearbeitungen aus 40 Jahren (Edition Antiphon 160, Spirae 2012)
* RÖWV MUSIK 2012 (Alle Musik bis Mai 2012) Buchoriginal und CD-Dokumentation (Wolfgang G. Haas-Musikverlag e. K., Coloniae Agrippinae)

=== De lingua ===
* Schön läßt es sich reden vom Abgrund – Gedichte (Strasser-Verlag, Kaiserslautern)
* Alfred Cahn - Komponist aus Speyer (Ponto-Verlag, Speyer)
* Jeder muß das Seine machen – Schüttelreime (Ponto-Verlag, Speyer)
* Oskar Frey - Ein Pfälzer Komponist – Monographie (Strasser Verlag, Kaiserslautern, 1991)
* Die ostinaten Werke Josef Gabriel Rheinbergers – Strukturanalyse (Verlag Anton Böhm &amp; Sohn, Augsburg, 1994)
* Mi Camino Palatino – Mein Pfälzer Jakobsweg – Der Weg vor dem Weg (Edition Antiphon, Speyer, 2009)

=== De imaginibus ===
* Lignoskulpte – Naturholzplastiken und Texte. Photographien: Rita Rössler-Buckel (Verlag Bild &amp; Kunst / KK-Edition, [[Domus in Silva (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Domi in Silva]], 1994)

* Augenblicke aus Ewigkeit – Ausstellungen, Vorträge und Konzerte zum Thema Rose Ausländer. Rita Rössler-Buckel und Franz-Georg Rössler. Vorwort: Franz Dudenhöffer (Verlag Bild &amp; Kunst / KK-Edition, [[Domus in Silva (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Domi in Silva]], 2001)

* Különös társáság / Kuriose Gesellschaft – Miniaturbuch (Jókai Mór Városi Könyvtár, Pápa (H), 1997)

=== In Esperanticis ===
* Momentoj el eterno / Augenblicke aus Ewigkeit. Gedichte von Rose Ausländer. Übersetzung. Illustrationen: Rita Rössler-Buckel. Zweisprachige Ausgabe in Deutsch und Esperanto (Heinz M. Bleicher-Verlag, Gerlingen, 1989)
* Kleiner Tierkreis – Bestareto. Gedichte. Illustrationen: Rita Rössler-Buckel. Zweisprachige Ausgabe in Deutsch und Esperanto (Esperanto-Centro, Paderborn, 1988)
* Edith Stein – Eine Jüdin unter dem Kreuz / Edino Ŝtono – Judino sub la kruco. Lebensbild (zusammen mit Rita Rössler-Buckel). Zweisprachige Ausgabe in Deutsch und Esperanto (Gmeiner-Verlag, Meßkirch, 1992)
* Tempo tempesta – Gedichte und Esperanto-Biographie (Flandra Esperanto-Ligo, 1995)
* Das Puppenbuch – Gedichte zu Aquarell-Grisaillen von Rita Rössler-Buckel (Edition Antiphon, Speyer, 1993)
* Ungarische Skizzen / Hungaraj skizoj / Magyar vázlatok. Dreisprachige Ausgabe in Deutsch, Esperanto und Ungarisch, mit Tiefdruckgraphik von Rita Rössler-Buckel (Ponto-Verlag, Speyer, 1995)
* 25 jaroj kun Esperanto / 25 Jahre mit Esperanto. RÖWV ESPERANTO. Aktivitäten und Produkte in und zu Esperanto (Edition Antiphon, Speyer, 2010)

==Bibliographia==
*Daniel Fromme, Rita Rössler-Buckel (ed.): ''Franz-Georg Rössler (1949-2017). Leben. Werk. Lebenswerk'', editiones Regionalkultur, Ubstadt-Weiher/Heidelbergae/Spirae/Stutgardiae/Basileae 2022, ISBN 978-3-95505-325-3

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat|Franz-Georg Rössler|Franciscum-Georgium Rössler}}
* [https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/119310880 nexus apud DDB]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304101752/http://www.haas-koeln.de/komponisten/roessler_franz.php Elenchus editionum musicalium domni Rössler]
* [http://www.esperanto.net/literaturo/autor/rossler.html De Rössler in paginis litterarum Esperanticarum]
* [http://www.ais-sanmarino.org/isd/html/isd_ano.html?lingvo=&amp;jaro=1687&amp;aldono=SK&amp;numero=113 De Rössler in Academia Sancti Marini rei publicae]
* [https://portal.dnb.de/opac.htm?method=simpleSearch&amp;query=119310880 Index librorum in Bibliothecae Germanicae Nationalis catalogo]

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;
{{Lifetime|1949|2017|Rossler, Franciscus Georgius}}

[[Categoria:Paedagogi Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Esperantistae]]
[[Categoria:Musici Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Compositores Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Organistae]]
[[Categoria:Geographi Germaniae]]</text>
      <sha1>aac8zf4i81bhbmfsgmlenbu7oq48air</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ioannes Hieronymus Schroeter</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>262586</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3973060</id>
      <parentid>3760690</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-20T11:07:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3973060</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1712" sha1="ojbdypx0ydedy6n0v89nlqymtiu1xgw" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Johann Hieronymus Schröter.png|thumb|Ioannes Hieronymus Schroeter]] '''Ioannes Hieronymus Schroeter''' (natus die [[30 Augusti]] [[1745]] [[Erfordia]]e, mortuus ibidem die [[29 Augusti]] [[1816]]) [[Germania|Germanicus]] iuris consultus astronomusque fuit.

==Vita==
[[Gottinga]]e iuribus studebat et in vico Liliarum Valle (theodisce: ''Lilienthal'') ([[Principatus Electori Imperii Brunsvigo-Luneburgensis]]) laborare coepit. Ibique speculam astronomicam modernissimam exstrui iussit adiuvantibus dominis [[Fridericus Gulielmus Bessel|Bessel]] atque [[Carolus Ludovicus Harding|Harding]]. Observabatur de planetarum materia physica necnon de luna. Anno 1813 eum dimiserunt, concremaverunt speculam astronomicam [[Francia|Franci]]. Tum Erfordiam rursus petivit.

==Opera==
* ''Selenotopographische Fragmente zur genauern Kenntnis der Mondfläch.'' (Lilienth. 1791 et Götting. 1802, 2 vol.)
* ''Aphroditographische Fragmente zur genauern Kenntnis des Planeten Venus.'' (Helmstadii 1796) 
* ''Kronographische Fragmente zur genauern Kenntnis des Planeten Saturn.'' (Götting. 1808) 
* ''Hermographische Fragmente zur genauern Kenntnis des Planeten Merkur.'' (1816) 
* ''Areographische Fragmente'' a Terby (Brüss. 1873) et a Sande Bakhuyzen (Leiden 1881) editum.

==Fontes==
* ''Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon.'' Band 18. Leipzig 1909, p. 48, quae omnia [http://www.zeno.org/nid/2000743913X legi possunt hic in interreti.]
* Günther Oestmann: ''Schroeter, Johann Hieronymus.'' In: ''Neue Deutsche Biographie'' (NDB). Band 23, Duncker &amp; Humblot, Berolini 2007.


{{Lifetime|1745|1816|Schroeter, Ioannis}}
[[Categoria:Incolae Erfordiae]]
[[Categoria:Astronomi Germaniae]]
[[categoria:Iuris consulti]]</text>
      <sha1>ojbdypx0ydedy6n0v89nlqymtiu1xgw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Circulus Cuxhavensis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>267036</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3972952</id>
      <parentid>3501215</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-19T23:04:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3972952</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2516" sha1="0i86q760ck2a1938lzf1v2nzqgvk8q9" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}}

[[Fasciculus:Municipalities in CUX.svg|300px|right|Communia in circulo Cuxhavensi]]
'''Circulus Cuxhavensis''' (Germanice ''Landkreis Cuxhaven''), pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], anno [[1977]] conditus est et circulis pristinis Hadeln et Wesermünde atque urbe [[Cuxhavia]] conditus est.

== De rebus gestis ==
Ager circuli partim ad [[Ducatus Bremensis|Ducatum Bremensem]] pertinet, cum urbs [[Cuxhavia]] pars [[Hamburgum|Hamburgi]] fuit. Anno [[1715]] Ducatus Bremensem ad Ducatum Electoralem Brunsvicum-Luneburgensem transiit. Anno [[1803]] cum toto Ducato a copiis [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Francicis]] occupatum est. Ab anno [[1810]] ad [[1813]] pars [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Imperii Francici]] erat. Tum ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Anno [[1937]] etiam [[Cuxhavia]] urbs pars Borussiae facta est. Ab anno [[1946]] totus ager circuli futuri pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Anno [[1977]] circulus conditus est.

== Communia circuli ==
Haec sunt communia huius circuli, quae partim ad communia generalia coniuncti sunt:

* [[Beverstedt]] (13.503 incolae)
* [[Cuxhavia]], caput circuli (48.264)
* [[Geestland]] oppidum (30.936)
* [[Hagen Bremensis]] (10.991)
* [[Loxstedt]] (15.980)
* [[Schiffdorf]] (14.095)
* [[Wurster Nordseeküste]] (16.965)

* [[Börde Lamstedt (commune generale)|Börde Lamstedt]] (6052)
** [[Armstorf]] (646)
** [[Hollnseth]] (898)
** [[Lamstedt]] (sedes administrationis) (3349)
** [[Mittelstenahe]] (601)
** [[Stinstedt]] (558)

* [[Hemmoor (commune generale)|Hemmor]] (14.189)
** [[Hechthausen]] (3500)
** [[Hemmoor]] oppidum, sedes administrationis (8861)
** [[Osten]] (1828)

* [[Terra Hadelensis (commune generale)|Terra Hadelensis]] (27.128)

** [[Belum]] (838)
** [[Bülkau]] (884)
** [[Cadenberge]] (4126)
** [[Ihlienworth]] (1588)
** Neuenkirchen (1378)
** [[Neuhaus (Oste)|Neuhaus]] (1186)
** [[Nordleda]] (1084)
** [[Oberndorf]] (1359)
** [[Odisheim]] (497)
** [[Osterbruch]] (520)
** [[Otterndorf]], oppidum, sedes administrationis (7230)
** [[Steinau]] (845)
** [[Wanna]] (2179)
** [[Wingst]] (3414)

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index circulorum et liberarum urbium Saxoniae Inferioris]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat|Landkreis Cuxhaven|Circulum Cuxhavensem}}
* [http://www.landkreis-cuxhaven.de/ Pagina officialis]

{{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}}

{{geo-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cuxhavensis circulus}}
[[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1977]]</text>
      <sha1>0i86q760ck2a1938lzf1v2nzqgvk8q9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Circulus terrae Diepholtia</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>267096</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3972962</id>
      <parentid>3894479</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-19T23:29:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Circulus Diepholz]] ad [[Circulus terrae Diepholtia]] praeter redirectionem: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam</comment>
      <origin>3894479</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2847" sha1="bb95ltte1xkzq6zuhufj349k2t73pbl" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}}

[[Fasciculus:Municipalities in DH.svg|300px|right|Communia in circulo Diepholz]]
'''Circulus terrae Diepholtia'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Hofmannus}}&lt;/ref&gt; (Germanice ''Landkreis Diepholz''), pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], anno [[1977]] conditus est et circulis pristinis comitatibus Diepholtia&lt;ref&gt;{{Hofmannus}}&lt;/ref&gt; et Hoya.

== De rebus gestis ==
Ager circuli maxima ex parte ad [[Electoratus Brunsvici-Luneburgi|Electoratum Brunsvici-Luneburgi]] pertinuit. Anno [[1803]] cum toto Ducato a copiis [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Francicis]] occupatum est. Ab anno [[1810]] ad [[1813]] pars [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Imperii Francici]] erat. Tum ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Anno [[1977]] circulus conditus est (vide supra).

== Communia circuli ==
Haec sunt communia huius circuli, quae partim ad communia generalia coniuncti sunt:

* [[Bassum]], oppidum (15.768 incolae)
* [[Diepholtia]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Hofmannus}}&lt;/ref&gt;, caput circuli (16.692)
* [[Stuhr]] (33.083)
* [[Sulingen]], oppidum (12.681)
* [[Syke]], oppidum (24.018)
* [[Twistringen]], oppidum (12.219)
* [[Wagenfeld]] (7102)
* [[Weyhe]] (30.388)

* [[Altes Amt Lemförde (commune generale)|Altes Amt Lemförde]] (8211)
** Brockum (1021)
** Hüde (1131)
** Lembruch (1148)
** Lemförde (sedes administrationis, 3105)
** Marl (718)
** Quernheim (424)
** Stemshorn (664)

* [[Barnstorf (commune generale)|Barnstorf]] (12.016)
** Barnstorf (sedes administrationis, 6292)
** Drebber (2971)
** Drentwede (994)
** Eydelstedt (1759)

* [[Bruchhausen-Vilsen (commune generale)|Bruchhausen-Vilsen]] (16.971)
** Asendorf (2919)
** Bruchhausen-Vilsen (sedes administrationis, 8837)
** Martfeld (2681)
** Schwarme (2534)

* [[Kirchdorf (commune generale)|Kirchdorf]] (7444)
** Bahrenborstel (1134)
** Barenburg (1242)
** Freistatt (632)
** Kirchdorf (sedes administrationis, 2145)
** Varrel (1504)
** Wehrbleck (787)

* [[Rehden (commune generale)|Rehden]] (5887)
** Barver (1049)
** Dickel (462)
** Hemsloh (563)
** Rehden (sedes administrationis, 2055)
** Wetschen (1758)

* [[Schwaförden (commune generale)|Schwaförden]] (6892)
** Affinghausen (832)
** Ehrenburg (1510)
** Neuenkirchen (1163)
** Scholen (808)
** Schwaförde (sedes administrationis, 1523)
** Sudwalde (1056)

* [[Siedenburg (commune generale)|Siedenburg]] (4604)
** Borstel (1249)
** Maasen (469)
** Mellinghausen (1075)
** Siedenburg (sedes administrationis, 1278)

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index circulorum et liberarum urbium Saxoniae Inferioris]]

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat|Landkreis Diepholz|Circulum Diepholz}}
* [http://www.diepholz.de/ Pagina officialis]

{{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}}

{{geo-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Diepholz circulus}}
[[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1977]]</text>
      <sha1>bb95ltte1xkzq6zuhufj349k2t73pbl</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3972964</id>
      <parentid>3972962</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-19T23:30:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3972964</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2852" sha1="bh2zcrg6honm76c6m20fsg0v4pn4qi5" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}}

[[Fasciculus:Municipalities in DH.svg|300px|right|Communia in circulo Diepholtia]]
'''Circulus terrae Diepholtia'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Hofmannus}}&lt;/ref&gt; (Germanice ''Landkreis Diepholz''), pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], anno [[1977]] conditus est et circulis pristinis comitatibus Diepholtia&lt;ref&gt;{{Hofmannus}}&lt;/ref&gt; et Hoya.

== De rebus gestis ==
Ager circuli maxima ex parte ad [[Electoratus Brunsvici-Luneburgi|Electoratum Brunsvici-Luneburgi]] pertinuit. Anno [[1803]] cum toto Ducato a copiis [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Francicis]] occupatum est. Ab anno [[1810]] ad [[1813]] pars [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Imperii Francici]] erat. Tum ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Anno [[1977]] circulus conditus est (vide supra).

== Communia circuli ==
Haec sunt communia huius circuli, quae partim ad communia generalia coniuncti sunt:

* [[Bassum]], oppidum (15.768 incolae)
* [[Diepholtia]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Hofmannus}}&lt;/ref&gt;, caput circuli (16.692)
* [[Stuhr]] (33.083)
* [[Sulingen]], oppidum (12.681)
* [[Syke]], oppidum (24.018)
* [[Twistringen]], oppidum (12.219)
* [[Wagenfeld]] (7102)
* [[Weyhe]] (30.388)

* [[Altes Amt Lemförde (commune generale)|Altes Amt Lemförde]] (8211)
** Brockum (1021)
** Hüde (1131)
** Lembruch (1148)
** Lemförde (sedes administrationis, 3105)
** Marl (718)
** Quernheim (424)
** Stemshorn (664)

* [[Barnstorf (commune generale)|Barnstorf]] (12.016)
** Barnstorf (sedes administrationis, 6292)
** Drebber (2971)
** Drentwede (994)
** Eydelstedt (1759)

* [[Bruchhausen-Vilsen (commune generale)|Bruchhausen-Vilsen]] (16.971)
** Asendorf (2919)
** Bruchhausen-Vilsen (sedes administrationis, 8837)
** Martfeld (2681)
** Schwarme (2534)

* [[Kirchdorf (commune generale)|Kirchdorf]] (7444)
** Bahrenborstel (1134)
** Barenburg (1242)
** Freistatt (632)
** Kirchdorf (sedes administrationis, 2145)
** Varrel (1504)
** Wehrbleck (787)

* [[Rehden (commune generale)|Rehden]] (5887)
** Barver (1049)
** Dickel (462)
** Hemsloh (563)
** Rehden (sedes administrationis, 2055)
** Wetschen (1758)

* [[Schwaförden (commune generale)|Schwaförden]] (6892)
** Affinghausen (832)
** Ehrenburg (1510)
** Neuenkirchen (1163)
** Scholen (808)
** Schwaförde (sedes administrationis, 1523)
** Sudwalde (1056)

* [[Siedenburg (commune generale)|Siedenburg]] (4604)
** Borstel (1249)
** Maasen (469)
** Mellinghausen (1075)
** Siedenburg (sedes administrationis, 1278)

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index circulorum et liberarum urbium Saxoniae Inferioris]]

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat|Landkreis Diepholz|Circulum Diepholtiam}}
* [http://www.diepholz.de/ Pagina officialis]

{{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}}

{{geo-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Diepholz circulus}}
[[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1977]]</text>
      <sha1>bh2zcrg6honm76c6m20fsg0v4pn4qi5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Circulus Heidensis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>267149</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3973058</id>
      <parentid>3713863</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-20T11:01:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3973058</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2668" sha1="tm5e3fs3yi8xlw04z8qzfu8cwczg2p9" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}}

[[Fasciculus:Municipalities in HK.svg|300px|right|Communia in circulo Heidensi]]
'''Circulus Heidensis''' (Germanice ''Landkreis Heidekreis''), pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], anno [[1977]] conditus est et circulis pristinis Soltau et [[Fallingbostela]].

== De rebus gestis ==
Ager circuli maxima ex parte ad [[Electoratus Brunsvici-Luneburgi|Electoratum Brunsvici-Luneburgi]] pertinuit. Anno [[1805]] cum toto Ducato a copiis [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Francicis]] occupatum est. Ab anno [[1807]] ad [[1813]] pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Tum ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Anno [[1885]] circuli Soltau et [[Fallingbostela]]e conditi sunt, anno [[1932]] hi coniuncti, sed anno sequente civibus rebellantibus iterum divisi sunt&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20161005142500/http://www.heidekreis.de/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-11042/13722_read-55182/ heidekreis.de]&lt;/ref&gt;. Ab anno [[1946]] circuli ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinent et anno [[1977]] circulus Soltau-Fallingbostela iterum conditus est. Hic anno [[2011]] nomen circuli Heidensi accepit.

== Communia circuli ==
Haec sunt communia huius circuli, quae partim ad communia generalia coniuncti sunt:

* [[Bispingen]] (6404)
* [[Bomlitz]] (6951)
* [[Fallingbostela]], (caput circuli, 11.044 incolae)
* [[Munster]], oppidum (15.091)
* [[Neuenkirchen]] (5570)
* [[Schneverdingen]] oppidum (18.729)
* [[Soltau]], oppidum (21.414)
* [[Walsrode]], oppidum (23.219)
* [[Wietzendorf]] (4105)

* [[Ahlden (commune generale)|Ahlden]] commune generale (7034)
** [[Ahlden (Alara)|Ahlden]] (1518)
** [[Eickeloh]] (781)
** [[Grethem]] (646)
** [[Hademstorf]] (834)
** [[Hodenhagen]], sedes administrationis (3255)

* [[Rethem (commune generale)|Rethem]] commune generale (4594)
** [[Böhme]] (920)
** [[Frankenfeld]] (522)
** [[Häuslingen]] (795)
** [[Rethem (Alara)|Rethem]], oppidum et sedes administrationis (2357)

* [[Schwarmstedt (commune generale)|Schwarmstedt]] (12.545)
** [[Buchholz (Alara)|Buchholz]] (2133)
** [[Essel]] (1100)
** [[Gilten]] (1205)
** [[Lindwedel]] (2618)
** [[Schwarmstedt]], sedes administrationis (5489)

* [[Osterheide]], pagus communi exemptus, cuius caput vicus Oerbke (3564)

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index circulorum et liberarum urbium Saxoniae Inferioris]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat|Landkreis Heidekreis|Circulum Heidensem}}
* [http://www.heidekreis.de/ Pagina officialis]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}}

{{geo-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Heidensis circulus}}
[[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1977]]</text>
      <sha1>tm5e3fs3yi8xlw04z8qzfu8cwczg2p9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Circulus terrae Astanholteremarki</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>267394</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3972947</id>
      <parentid>3898115</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-19T22:21:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Circulus Osterholz]] ad [[Circulus terrae Astanholteremarki]] praeter redirectionem: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam</comment>
      <origin>3898115</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1714" sha1="pd71r414dkv0rss5edrh4f8xz72ktcc" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Municipalities in OHZ.svg|thumb|Communia in circulo Astanholteremarki.]]
'''Circulus terrae Astanholteremarki'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Landkreis Ostersholz''), pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], anno [[1885]] conditus est, et finibus mutatis ad diem hodiernum exstat.

== De rebus gestis ==
Ager circuli ab anno [[1719]] ad [[Electoratus Brunsvici-Luneburgi|Electoratum Brunsvici-Luneburgi]] pertinuit, post [[Bella Coalitionum|Bella Napoleonica]] ad novum [[Regnum Hannoveranum]]. Ab anno [[1866]] pars [[Borussia]]e fuit. Ab anno [[1946]] circulus ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinet, et anno [[1974]] fines hodiernas accipit.

== Communia circuli ==
Haec sunt communia huius circuli, quae partim cum commune generale Hambergen coniunguntur:
* [[Grasberg]] (7694 incolae)
* [[Lilienthal]] (18&amp;thinsp;819)
* [[Astanholteremarki-Scirnbeki]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;, caput circuli (30&amp;thinsp;302)
* [[Ritterhude]] (14&amp;thinsp;680)
* [[Schwanewede]] (21&amp;thinsp;040)
* [[Worpswede]] (9285)
* [[Hambergen (commune generale)|Hambergen]] commune generale (11&amp;thinsp;759)
** [[Axstedt]] (1153)
** [[Hambergen]], sedes administrationis (5705)
** [[Holste]] (1326)
** [[Lübberstedt]] (738)
** [[Vollersode]] (2837)

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index circulorum et liberarum urbium Saxoniae Inferioris]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Landkreis Osterholz|Circulum Astanholteremarki}}
* [http://landkreis-osterholz.de/ Situs interretialis circuli proprius.]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}}
{{geo-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Astanholteremarki circulus}}
[[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1885]]</text>
      <sha1>pd71r414dkv0rss5edrh4f8xz72ktcc</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Catholici Arnstadii</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>269637</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3973047</id>
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[[Fasciculus:Arnstadt Elisabethkirche.JPG|thumb|Ecclesia Sanctae Elisabeth]] 
[[Fasciculus:Elizabeth chapel Arnstadt.JPG|thumb|Altare in Ecclesia Sanctae Elisabeth]]
[[Fasciculus:Gottesackerkirche Arnstadt.JPG|thumb|Ecclesia Assumptionis DNIC, hodierna principalis ecclesia]]
[[Vita]] Christiana [[Arnstadium|Arnstadii]] saecula multa [[floruit|florebat]] et [[monachium|monachia]] fanaque multa in [[urbs|urbe]] efficiebat. Terra urbana omne [[architectura|architectonice]] et [[spiritualitas|spiritualiter]] istis rebus semper motum et affectum est.
==Finis Catholicismi==
[[Reformatio]]ne invadente [[spiritus]] [[Ecclesia Catholica|Catholicus]] Arnstadii vi finitus est. Monachi monachaeque, nisi conversioni annuerent, oppido exire coacti sunt. Id etiam Arnstadiensibus invitis factum est exempli gratia cum ea sors crudelis [[Franciscani|Franciscanos]] tangeret. Namque illi labore sociali imbuti pauperes viduas orphanos adiuvabant. Anno [[1624]] vestigia Catholica ultima extincta sunt. Ducissa Augusta Dorothea de Brunsvico-Guelpherbyto exceptioni fuit post conversionem suam. [[Sacerdos|Sacerdotes]] privati [[missa]]s ante eam privatas legerunt in [[cappella]] Castelli Augustenburg haud procul a pristina Arce Käfernburg siti. 
==Revivens catholicismus==
Circa annum 1800 en nonnullos incolas Catholicos - inter 4380 incolas Catholicae [[fides|fidei]] erant sedecim. Die [[7 Februarii]] [[1817]], annis trecentis elapsis, denuo missam Catholicam celebrari permissio est data contioni quae in aedibus ad forum medium sitis (Markt 14) convenerat. Pharmacopolae Kuhn uxor [[moguntiacum|Moguntina]] diaetam in tabulato primo ad sacra mysteria celebranda disposuerat. Interdum autem missae etiam in [[Nosocomium Sanctorum Georgii et Iacobi|Cappella Sancti Georgii]] celebrabantur. Communitas catholica crescens anno 1830 domum in via Wagneriana (Wagnerstraße 2) acquisivit, ubi in tabulato medio oratorium valde parvum institutum est. Quod oratorium mox nimis angustum [[Christianitas|Christifidelibus]] Catholicis magis magisque auctis fuit. Inde die [[24 Septembris]] [[1837]] ibidem a sacerdote Liebherr [[erfordia|Erfordiensis]] consecrata est Cappella Sancti Guntheri. Die [[11 Octobris]] [[1837]] dux ipse communitatem Catholicam Arnstadiensem publice agnovit eiusque munera approbavit. 

Anno 1866 numerus Catholicorum erat 112. Anno 1870, [[bellum Germano-Francicum|Bello Germano-Francico]] saeviente, Augustus Sagel sacerdotio Arnstadiensi inauguratus est. Antea autem pastores Catholici [[Gota]] sive Erfordia ad tempus venerant. Anno eodem Catholici ab iuris perito Wilke terram in via Krappgartenstraße sibi comparaverunt ubi non solum cappellam sed etiam [[schola]]m privatam Catholicam erexerunt. Educatorium{{dubsig}} id apertum erat annis a 1872 ad 1938.

==Ecclesia Sanctae Elisabeth et moniales== 
Quoniam [[campus oeconomicus secundarius]] crescebat operarii e regionibus traditionaliter Catholicis (e Bavaria, Silesia, Rhenania Septentrionalis-Vestfalia) Arnstadium petebant. Die [[16 Augusti]] [[1877]] Fanum Sanctae Elisabeth consecratum est quod usque annum 1987 ecclesia principalis Catholica Arnstadiensis fuit. Anno autem [[1987]] [[Ecclesia Ascensionis Domini (Arnstadium)|Ecclesia Ascensionis Domini]] statum istum nacta est. 

Diei [[23 Aprilis]] [[1930]] monachae e Schönstatt (Vallendar, [[Rhenania-Palatinatus|Rhenaniae-Palatinatus]]) Arnstadium advenerunt ad communitatem Catholicam confirmandam. Inde a die [[5 Decembris]] [[1932]] nonnae etiam [[paedotropheum|nepiagogium]] moderabantur: [[paedotropheum]] istud et hodie exsistit. Monacharum in cursu temporum fuit munus [[anima]]rum curatricum, secretariarum parochialium, organistarum. Multi profugi ex [[Europa Orientalis|Europae Orientalis]] terris Arnstadium [[bellum mundanum secundum|bello mundano secundo]] et tempore postbellico venerunt. Monachae centrum provinciale apud [[Friedrichroda]] habebant, cum religiosum centrum semper fuit [[Hagiopolis in Eichsfeldia|Hagiopoli in Eichsfeldia]]. In oppidis propinquis Stadtilm (anno 1936) et Gräfenroda (anno 1937; ambo oppida sita sunt in [[circulus Ilm|Circulo Ilm]]) ecclesiae Catholicae aliae erectae sunt. Anno 1942 Adolphus Fleischmann sacerdos Catholicus Arnstadiensis nominatus erat.

==Numero Catholicorum porro crescente==
Anno 1949 iam 4800 catholici Arnstadii habitabant. Die [[16 Octobris]] [[1949]] in Ichtershausen praeter protestanticum [[Fanum Sancti Georgii (Ichtershausen)|Fanum Sancti Georgii]] Ecclesia Assumptionis BMSV consecrata est, die [[8 Maii]] [[1961]] in Plaue{{dubsig}} Cappella Mariae Reginae. Anno 1971, Conradus Marin [[episcopus]] [[Paderbronna|Paderbronnensis]] sacramentum [[confirmatio]]nis iuvenibus Catholicis Arnstadii tradidit. Complexus monasterii in via  Wachsenburgallee (ubi moniales et Ecclesia Sanctae Elisabeth) post annum [[1987]] constructorie{{dubsig}} paulum mutatus est, sacerdote Volfgango Teichert moderante.
==Nexus externi== 
*[http://www.kath.kirche.arnstadt.de Pagina domestica communitatis catholicae Arnstadiensis]
*[http://www.schoenstaetter-marienschwestern.org De congregatione Monialium Mariae]
*[http://www.schoenstatt-friedrichroda.de Centrum catholicum in Friedrichroda]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160912095958/http://www.kath-kindergarten.arnstadt.de/ Hortus infantium Arnstadiensis catholicus]

[[Categoria:Ecclesia Catholica Romana in Europa]]
[[Categoria:Arnstadium]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ioannes Michael Maitzen</title>
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        <username>Tirolischleioans</username>
        <id>207160</id>
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      <text bytes="3832" sha1="mawibo9atmafvsfe8hmt3ho0x1zl06s" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
{{res|Ioannes Michael Maitzen}} (natus die [[28 Martii]] [[1943]] [[Graecium|Graecii]], mortuus die [[14 Iulii]] [[2026]] [[Vindobona]]e&lt;ref&gt;[https://ikue.org/in-memoriam/ &quot;In memoriam&quot;] – apud: ''ikue.org''&lt;/ref&gt;) fuit [[austria|Austriacus]] astronomus et praeses [[Foederatio Esperantica Austriaca |Foederationis Esperanticae Austriacae]].

==Vita==
{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Absolutorium|Absolutorio|en|qid=Q481048}} in [[gymnasium|gymnasio]] [[humanismus|humanistico]] anno [[1961]] recepto, [[astronomia]]e, [[mathematica]]e, [[physica]]e in [[universitas Graecensis|universitate Graecensi]] studuit. Anno [[1967]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|doctoratus|doctoratu|en|qid=Q849697}} laureatus est. Tempore studiorum in instituto astronomicorum universitario iam assistebat. Postea [[Baucum (Germania)|Bauci]] annis ab [[1969]] ad [[1976]] laborabat. Annis autem ab [[1976]] ad [[1985]] fuit assistens scientificus in instituto astronomicorum universitario [[Vindobona]]e. Anno [[1986]], instituti dicti consultorem principem proclamaverunt;{{dubsig}}&lt;!--qui erant?--&gt; in [[Europa]] apud [[observatorium]] meridianum [[Europa]]eum astronomos Austriacos inde ab anno [[1986]] repraesentavit.

Veniam docendi universitariam mense Martio [[1980]] est nactus. Mense martio [[1989]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|professor universitarius extraordinarius||nl|qid=Q32391314}} a [[Curtius Waldheim|Curtio Waldheim]], reipublicae praeside, factus est.

== De rebus scientificis et linguisticis ==
Maitzen luminum colandorum rationem excogitavit quae iuvit [[stella]]s magneticas chemice separatas invenire. Nam in luce talium stellarum, apud undas longitudine 520 [[metrum|nanometrorum]], lacunae typicae deteguntur.

Maitzen fuit professor apud Scientiarum Academiam Internationalem (AIS) [[Civitas Sancti Marini|Civitatis Sancti Marini]], ubi saepe {{Verba obscura|in sessionibus studiosis symbola afferebat.}} Talis academia ab [[Universalis Societas Esperantica|Universali Societate Esperantica]] instituta erat. Annos plures in eius praesidio fuit, denique anno [[2012]] eam ducere coēpit. 

Annis inter [[1968]] et [[1969]] [[Associatio iuventutis Esperanticae internationalis|Associationi iuventutis Esperanticae internationali]] praefuit. In congressibus esperantistarum universalibus parandis pluriens participavit. Res Esperanticas Vindobonae optime disponebat; anno [[1987]], quum [[lingua Esperantica]] iubilaeum centum annorum celebravit, symposium scientificum moderatus est. Anno [[2001]] seminarium in Anno linguarum Europaeo initiavit. In editione altera glossarii PIV (Plena Ilustrita Vortaro) auxilium dabat pretiosum. Inde ab anno [[2012]] in officio [[nationes Unitae|Nationum Unitarum]] Vindobonensi argumenta Universalis Societatis Esperanticae (UEA) proposuit explicavitque. Anno [[2013]] UEA diploma de optimis rebus pro Esperantico gestis ei dedit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20161212202323/http://www.liberafolio.org/2013/uea-diplomis-12-elstarajn-agantojn Nuntius de praemio attributo in periodico [[Liberum Folium|Libero Folio]]]&lt;/ref&gt; Saepe cum [[celsus Wandel|Celso Wandel]] orationes scientificas in conventibus Esperanticis habuit.

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Nexus externi==
* [https://search.onb.ac.at/primo-explore/search?query=creator,exact,%20Maitzen,%20Hans%20Michael%20,AND&amp;tab=default_tab&amp;search_scope=ONB_gesamtbestand&amp;vid=ONB&amp;mode=advanced&amp;offset=0 Opera de Maitzen et a Maitzen scripta in catalogo Vindobonensi de linguis constructis] 
* [http://sciencev1.orf.at/maitzen/biomaitzen.html Biographiuncula]

{{Anni vitae|1943|2026|Maitzen, Ioannes}}
[[Categoria:Esperantistae]]
[[Categoria:Eruditi Austriae]]
[[Categoria:Astronomi]]
[[Categoria:Physici]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Graecensis]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Marcus Bernhard</title>
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'''Marcus''' (Theodisce ''Marc'') '''Bernhard''' (natus die [[5 Februarii]] [[1972]] [[Reutlinga]]e) rerum politicarum peritus [[Germania|Germanicus]] est.

== Eruditio et munus ==
Bernhard annis [[1993]] - [[1998]] apud [[Universitas Augustae Vindelicorum|Universitatem Augustae Vindelicorum]] iurisprudentiae studebat, anno 1998 primam, anno [[2000]] secundam probationem accepit atque dehinccausidicus operam dat. Ab anno [[2012]] Bernhard moderator societatis commercialis rerum informaticarum est.

== Cursus honorum ==
Bernhard primo breviter apud [[SPD|Socialistas Iuvenes]] sodalis erat, deinde ad [[Unio iuvenalis|Unionem Iuvenalem]] transiit et ab anno [[1991]] sodalis [[CDU]] fuit. Annis [[1999]] -[[2012]] consiliarius oppidi [[Dornstadt]] fuit, anno [[2013]] ad [[AfD|Alternativam pro Germania]] transiit. Ab anno [[2014]] consiliarius urbis [[Carolsruha]]e est et anno [[2017]] legatus ad [[Dieta Foederalis Germaniae|Dietae Foederalis Germaniae]] electus est.

== Familia ==
Bernhard divortium fecit cum uxore, habet duos liberos.

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://marcbernhard.wordpress.com/ Pagina personalis]
* [https://www.bundestag.de/abgeordnete/biografien/B/bernhard_marc/518352 Biographia apud situm interretialem Dietae Foederalis Germaniae]

{{lifetime|1972||Bernhard, Marcus}}

[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Augustae Vindelicorum]]
[[Categoria:Causidici]]
[[Categoria:Legati Diaetae foederalis Germaniae]]</text>
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'''Marcus''' (Theodisce ''Marc'') '''Bernhard''' (natus die [[5 Februarii]] [[1972]] [[Reutlinga]]e) rerum politicarum peritus [[Germania|Germanicus]] est.

== Eruditio et munus ==
Bernhard annis [[1993]] - [[1998]] apud [[Universitas Augustae Vindelicorum|Universitatem Augustae Vindelicorum]] iurisprudentiae studebat, anno 1998 primam, anno [[2000]] secundam probationem accepit atque dehinc causidicus operam dat. Ab anno [[2012]] Bernhard moderator societatis commercialis rerum informaticarum est.

== Cursus honorum ==
Bernhard primo breviter apud [[SPD|Socialistas Iuvenes]] sodalis erat, deinde ad [[Unio iuvenalis|Unionem Iuvenalem]] transiit et ab anno [[1991]] sodalis [[CDU]] fuit. Annis [[1999]] -[[2012]] consiliarius oppidi [[Dornstadt]] fuit, anno [[2013]] ad [[AfD|Alternativam pro Germania]] transiit. Ab anno [[2014]] consiliarius urbis [[Carolsruha]]e est et anno [[2017]] legatus ad [[Dieta Foederalis Germaniae|Dietae Foederalis Germaniae]] electus est.

== Familia ==
Bernhard divortium fecit cum uxore, habet duos liberos.

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://marcbernhard.wordpress.com/ Pagina personalis]
* [https://www.bundestag.de/abgeordnete/biografien/B/bernhard_marc/518352 Biographia apud situm interretialem Dietae Foederalis Germaniae]

{{lifetime|1972||Bernhard, Marcus}}

[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Augustae Vindelicorum]]
[[Categoria:Causidici]]
[[Categoria:Legati Diaetae foederalis Germaniae]]</text>
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    <title>Vinum Campanicum</title>
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      <text bytes="5624" sha1="1vqnfb9e6dkx3p8t4h9lwnu5cr9jho8" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Glass of champagne.jpg|thumb|Poculum Campanici bullantis]]
'''Vinum Campanicum'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Schuetz&quot; /&gt; vel '''Campanum'''&lt;ref&gt;&quot;vinum Campanum seu Rhemense&quot;: Salins (1702) p. 10; vide etiam titulum huius operis&lt;/ref&gt; e [[Campania (Francia)|Campania]] oritur, quae inter praecipuas [[Vinum Gallicum|vinorum Gallicorum]] [[regio]]nes enumeratur. Hic autem nostro tempore [[vinum]] singulae speciei provenit, Latine '''Campanicum bullans'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Schuetz&quot;&gt;&quot;Campanicum ... Campanicum bullans&quot;: Gulielmus Schuetz, ''[http://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10845844-5 De vino: dissertatio inauguralis medica]'' (Berolini, 1829) p. 32&lt;/ref&gt; appellatum. Per omnem fere [[orbis terrarum|terrarum orbem]] venundatur, sed in ipsa productionis regione emporia praecipua [[Durocortorum]] et [[Sparnacum]] habet. [[Ageium|Agei]] in hac regione provenit et vinum rubrum, olim &quot;[[Vinum Aynium|Aynium]]&quot; nuncupatum, et vinum bullans inter meliora Campaniae omnis aestimatum.

[[Methodus Campanica]], quo vina bullantes in ampullis mittuntur, primus [[Christphorus Merret]] eruditus [[Anglia|Anglus]] descripsit.

Olim distinguebantur intra hac regione [[vinum Aynium|vinum Ayense]], Altivilleriense, Pieriense, Sylleriense, Verzenense, Taïssiense, Monbrense.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Salins (1702)}} p. 4; &quot;selectiores districtus Sillerinus, Altumvilleriensis, Versenaicus, Romanensis aliique&quot;: [[Ioannes Antonius Chaptal|Jean-Antoine-Claude Chaptal]] et al.; Iosephus Voltiggi, interpr., ''Tractatus de vitis cultura arteque parandi vinum''. Viennae [i.e. Vindobonae] 1808 {{GB|SetMAAAAcAAJ|vol. 1 p. 138}}&lt;/ref&gt; His omnibus magna parte oblitis, locum vini Ayensis hodie partim tenent ''[[vinum Aynium|coteaux Champenois]]''.
 
== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
[[Fasciculus:Vignobles champagne.svg|thumb|upright=2|Forma vinetorum Campanicorum]]
; Fontes antiquiores
* 1223/1224 : [[Henricus de Andeliaco]], ''[[La Bataille des vins]]'' (Alexandre Héron, ''Oeuvres de Henri d'Andeli, trouvère normand du 13e siècle'' [Rotomagi, 1880] pp. [https://archive.org/details/oeuvresdehenrida00henruoft/page/22/mode/2up 23-30], [https://archive.org/details/oeuvresdehenrida00henruoft/page/86/mode/2up 87-129])
* 1588 : [[Iulianus Palmarius]], ''[[De vino et pomaceo]]'' (Parisiis: apud Guillelmum Auvray) [https://archive.org/details/iulianipalmarii00grengoog/page/n71/mode/2up p. 30]
* 1702 : {{ec|id=Salins (1702)|c=Ioannes Baptista de Salins, ''Defensio vini Burgundiani adversus vinum Campanum''. Parisiis {{Google Books|RSZhAAAAcAAJ}}}}
* 1705 : [[Sancteuremondus]], ''Oeuvres meslées'' (Londinii: Tonson, 1705) {{GB|e3rGj2_xGPEC|vol. 2 pars 1 p. 36}} (''Esparnai'')
* 1768 : &quot;The manner of making wine in Champaign&quot; in [[Philippus Miller|Philip Miller]], ''The Gardener's Dictionary'' (8a ed. Londinii) [https://archive.org/details/b30454190/page/n1261/mode/1up s.v. Vitis]
* 1879 : [[Henricus Vizetelly|Henry Vizetelly]], ''Facts about champagne and other sparkling wines''. Londinii: Ward, Lock, 1879 [https://archive.org/details/b21528317 Textus]
* 1882 : [[Henricus Vizetelly|Henry Vizetelly]], ''A history of champagne''. Londinii: Vizetelly, 1882 [https://archive.org/details/historyofchampag00vize Textus]

; Eruditio
* &quot;Le Champagne de clos&quot;, &quot;Champagne: petite histoire du dosage&quot;, &quot;La vogue des vieux millésimes de champagne&quot; in ''Les Cahiers de la gastronomie'' n° 9, 10, 12 (2011-2012?)
* François Bonal, ''Encyclopédie: Histoire du champagne; Connaissance du champagne; Présence du champagne'' (1984) [https://maisons-champagne.com/fr/encyclopedies/histoire-du-champagne/ Textus]
* Claire Desbois, Werner Paravicini, Jean-Pierre Poussou, edd., ''Le champagne, une histoire franco-allemande''. Lutetiae: PUPS, 2011
* Kolleen M. Guy, ''When Champagne Became French: Wine and the Making of a National Identity''. Baltimorae: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003. ISBN 9780801887475 [https://archive.org/details/whenchampagnebec0000guyk Paginae selectae]
* C. Moreau-Bérillon,, ''Au pays du Champagne : le vignoble, le vin''. Remis: Michaud, 1925 [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k63658190 Textus] apud Gallica
* Benoît Musset, ''Vignobles de Champagne et vins mousseux – 1650-1830 : histoire d’un mariage de raison''. Lutetiae: Fayard, 2008
* Benoit Musset, &quot;[https://preo.u-bourgogne.fr/crescentis/index.php?id=267 Du « quartier » au « champagne » : pluralité et emboîtement des échelles de lieux en Champagne (1650-1820)]&quot; in ''Crescentis'' no. 1 (2018)
* Jean-Robert Pitte, &quot;[https://preo.u-bourgogne.fr/territoiresduvin/index.php?id=1746 Du champagne, pour dissiper la tristesse du roi Louis XV!]&quot; in ''Territoires du vin'' no. 10 (2019)
* Ioannes Baptista de Salins, ''Defensio vini Burgundiani adversus vinum Campanum''. Parisiis, 1702 {{Google Books|RSZhAAAAcAAJ}}
* Serena Sutcliffe, ''Champagne: The History and Character of the World's Most Celebrated Wine''. Londinii: Mitchell Beazley, 1988. ISBN 0-671-66672-X [https://archive.org/details/champagnehistory0000sutc Paginae selectae]
* Kim Willsher, &quot;[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/aug/03/growers-and-producers-at-odds-in-france-champagne-wars-coronavirus Growers and producers at odds in France's 'champagne wars']&quot; in ''[[The Guardian]]'' (3 Augusti 2020)

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://www.champagne.fr/en/homepage Situs associationis commercialis]
* &quot;[http://mowse.blogspot.com/2016/08/context-and-conclusion-of-burgundy.html Context and conclusion of the Burgundy-Champagne 100-year war]&quot;

[[Categoria:Vina Gallica]]
[[Categoria:Gastronomia Campaniae Francicae]]
[[Categoria:Gastronomia Parisiensis]]</text>
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      <text bytes="5625" sha1="9jn24px6vzk909cl9317wu44k4d5x4n" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Glass of champagne.jpg|thumb|Poculum Campanici bullantis]]
'''Vinum Campanicum'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Schuetz&quot; /&gt; vel '''Campanum'''&lt;ref&gt;&quot;vinum Campanum seu Rhemense&quot;: Salins (1702) p. 10; vide etiam titulum huius operis&lt;/ref&gt; e [[Campania (Francia)|Campania]] oritur, quae inter praecipuas [[Vinum Gallicum|vinorum Gallicorum]] [[regio]]nes enumeratur. Hic autem nostro tempore [[vinum]] singulae speciei provenit, Latine '''Campanicum bullans'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Schuetz&quot;&gt;&quot;Campanicum ... Campanicum bullans&quot;: Gulielmus Schuetz, ''[http://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10845844-5 De vino: dissertatio inauguralis medica]'' (Berolini, 1829) p. 32&lt;/ref&gt; appellatum. Per omnem fere [[orbis terrarum|terrarum orbem]] venundatur, sed in ipsa productionis regione emporia praecipua [[Durocortorum]] et [[Sparnacum]] habet. [[Ageium|Agei]] in hac regione provenit et vinum rubrum, olim &quot;[[Vinum Aynium|Aynium]]&quot; nuncupatum, et vinum bullans inter meliora Campaniae omnis aestimatum.

[[Methodus Campanica]], quo vina bullantes in ampullis mittuntur, primus [[Christophorus Merret]] eruditus [[Anglia|Anglus]] descripsit.

Olim distinguebantur intra hac regione [[vinum Aynium|vinum Ayense]], Altivilleriense, Pieriense, Sylleriense, Verzenense, Taïssiense, Monbrense.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Salins (1702)}} p. 4; &quot;selectiores districtus Sillerinus, Altumvilleriensis, Versenaicus, Romanensis aliique&quot;: [[Ioannes Antonius Chaptal|Jean-Antoine-Claude Chaptal]] et al.; Iosephus Voltiggi, interpr., ''Tractatus de vitis cultura arteque parandi vinum''. Viennae [i.e. Vindobonae] 1808 {{GB|SetMAAAAcAAJ|vol. 1 p. 138}}&lt;/ref&gt; His omnibus magna parte oblitis, locum vini Ayensis hodie partim tenent ''[[vinum Aynium|coteaux Champenois]]''.
 
== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
[[Fasciculus:Vignobles champagne.svg|thumb|upright=2|Forma vinetorum Campanicorum]]
; Fontes antiquiores
* 1223/1224 : [[Henricus de Andeliaco]], ''[[La Bataille des vins]]'' (Alexandre Héron, ''Oeuvres de Henri d'Andeli, trouvère normand du 13e siècle'' [Rotomagi, 1880] pp. [https://archive.org/details/oeuvresdehenrida00henruoft/page/22/mode/2up 23-30], [https://archive.org/details/oeuvresdehenrida00henruoft/page/86/mode/2up 87-129])
* 1588 : [[Iulianus Palmarius]], ''[[De vino et pomaceo]]'' (Parisiis: apud Guillelmum Auvray) [https://archive.org/details/iulianipalmarii00grengoog/page/n71/mode/2up p. 30]
* 1702 : {{ec|id=Salins (1702)|c=Ioannes Baptista de Salins, ''Defensio vini Burgundiani adversus vinum Campanum''. Parisiis {{Google Books|RSZhAAAAcAAJ}}}}
* 1705 : [[Sancteuremondus]], ''Oeuvres meslées'' (Londinii: Tonson, 1705) {{GB|e3rGj2_xGPEC|vol. 2 pars 1 p. 36}} (''Esparnai'')
* 1768 : &quot;The manner of making wine in Champaign&quot; in [[Philippus Miller|Philip Miller]], ''The Gardener's Dictionary'' (8a ed. Londinii) [https://archive.org/details/b30454190/page/n1261/mode/1up s.v. Vitis]
* 1879 : [[Henricus Vizetelly|Henry Vizetelly]], ''Facts about champagne and other sparkling wines''. Londinii: Ward, Lock, 1879 [https://archive.org/details/b21528317 Textus]
* 1882 : [[Henricus Vizetelly|Henry Vizetelly]], ''A history of champagne''. Londinii: Vizetelly, 1882 [https://archive.org/details/historyofchampag00vize Textus]

; Eruditio
* &quot;Le Champagne de clos&quot;, &quot;Champagne: petite histoire du dosage&quot;, &quot;La vogue des vieux millésimes de champagne&quot; in ''Les Cahiers de la gastronomie'' n° 9, 10, 12 (2011-2012?)
* François Bonal, ''Encyclopédie: Histoire du champagne; Connaissance du champagne; Présence du champagne'' (1984) [https://maisons-champagne.com/fr/encyclopedies/histoire-du-champagne/ Textus]
* Claire Desbois, Werner Paravicini, Jean-Pierre Poussou, edd., ''Le champagne, une histoire franco-allemande''. Lutetiae: PUPS, 2011
* Kolleen M. Guy, ''When Champagne Became French: Wine and the Making of a National Identity''. Baltimorae: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003. ISBN 9780801887475 [https://archive.org/details/whenchampagnebec0000guyk Paginae selectae]
* C. Moreau-Bérillon,, ''Au pays du Champagne : le vignoble, le vin''. Remis: Michaud, 1925 [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k63658190 Textus] apud Gallica
* Benoît Musset, ''Vignobles de Champagne et vins mousseux – 1650-1830 : histoire d’un mariage de raison''. Lutetiae: Fayard, 2008
* Benoit Musset, &quot;[https://preo.u-bourgogne.fr/crescentis/index.php?id=267 Du « quartier » au « champagne » : pluralité et emboîtement des échelles de lieux en Champagne (1650-1820)]&quot; in ''Crescentis'' no. 1 (2018)
* Jean-Robert Pitte, &quot;[https://preo.u-bourgogne.fr/territoiresduvin/index.php?id=1746 Du champagne, pour dissiper la tristesse du roi Louis XV!]&quot; in ''Territoires du vin'' no. 10 (2019)
* Ioannes Baptista de Salins, ''Defensio vini Burgundiani adversus vinum Campanum''. Parisiis, 1702 {{Google Books|RSZhAAAAcAAJ}}
* Serena Sutcliffe, ''Champagne: The History and Character of the World's Most Celebrated Wine''. Londinii: Mitchell Beazley, 1988. ISBN 0-671-66672-X [https://archive.org/details/champagnehistory0000sutc Paginae selectae]
* Kim Willsher, &quot;[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/aug/03/growers-and-producers-at-odds-in-france-champagne-wars-coronavirus Growers and producers at odds in France's 'champagne wars']&quot; in ''[[The Guardian]]'' (3 Augusti 2020)

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://www.champagne.fr/en/homepage Situs associationis commercialis]
* &quot;[http://mowse.blogspot.com/2016/08/context-and-conclusion-of-burgundy.html Context and conclusion of the Burgundy-Champagne 100-year war]&quot;

[[Categoria:Vina Gallica]]
[[Categoria:Gastronomia Campaniae Francicae]]
[[Categoria:Gastronomia Parisiensis]]</text>
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        <username>Andrew Dalby</username>
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      <comment>bibl</comment>
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      <text bytes="6014" sha1="kr6cirp3ujekrdo2rqmzhx1fni4iabb" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Glass of champagne.jpg|thumb|Poculum Campanici bullantis]]
'''Vinum Campanicum'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Schuetz&quot; /&gt; vel '''Campanum'''&lt;ref&gt;&quot;vinum Campanum seu Rhemense&quot;: Salins (1702) p. 10; vide etiam titulum huius operis&lt;/ref&gt; e [[Campania (Francia)|Campania]] oritur, quae inter praecipuas [[Vinum Gallicum|vinorum Gallicorum]] [[regio]]nes enumeratur. Hic autem nostro tempore [[vinum]] singulae speciei provenit, Latine '''Campanicum bullans'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Schuetz&quot;&gt;&quot;Campanicum ... Campanicum bullans&quot;: Gulielmus Schuetz, ''[http://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10845844-5 De vino: dissertatio inauguralis medica]'' (Berolini, 1829) p. 32&lt;/ref&gt; appellatum. Per omnem fere [[orbis terrarum|terrarum orbem]] venundatur, sed in ipsa productionis regione emporia praecipua [[Durocortorum]] et [[Sparnacum]] habet. [[Ageium|Agei]] in hac regione provenit et vinum rubrum, olim &quot;[[Vinum Aynium|Aynium]]&quot; nuncupatum, et vinum bullans inter meliora Campaniae omnis aestimatum.

[[Methodus Campanica]], quo vina bullantes in ampullis mittuntur, primus [[Christophorus Merret]] eruditus [[Anglia|Anglus]] descripsit.

Olim distinguebantur intra hac regione [[vinum Aynium|vinum Ayense]], Altivilleriense, Pieriense, Sylleriense, Verzenense, Taïssiense, Monbrense.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Salins (1702)}} p. 4; &quot;selectiores districtus Sillerinus, Altumvilleriensis, Versenaicus, Romanensis aliique&quot;: [[Ioannes Antonius Chaptal|Jean-Antoine-Claude Chaptal]] et al.; Iosephus Voltiggi, interpr., ''Tractatus de vitis cultura arteque parandi vinum''. Viennae [i.e. Vindobonae] 1808 {{GB|SetMAAAAcAAJ|vol. 1 p. 138}}&lt;/ref&gt; His omnibus magna parte oblitis, locum vini Ayensis hodie partim tenent ''[[vinum Aynium|coteaux Champenois]]''.
 
== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
[[Fasciculus:Vignobles champagne.svg|thumb|upright=2|Forma vinetorum Campanicorum]]
; Fontes antiquiores
* 1223/1224 : [[Henricus de Andeliaco]], ''[[La Bataille des vins]]'' (Alexandre Héron, ''Oeuvres de Henri d'Andeli, trouvère normand du 13e siècle'' [Rotomagi, 1880] pp. [https://archive.org/details/oeuvresdehenrida00henruoft/page/22/mode/2up 23-30], [https://archive.org/details/oeuvresdehenrida00henruoft/page/86/mode/2up 87-129])
* 1588 : [[Iulianus Palmarius]], ''[[De vino et pomaceo]]'' (Parisiis: apud Guillelmum Auvray) [https://archive.org/details/iulianipalmarii00grengoog/page/n71/mode/2up p. 30]
* 1669 : [[Christophorus Merret|Christopher Merret]], &quot;[https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_two-discourses-i-conce_charleton-walter_1669/page/200/mode/2up Some observations concerning the ordering of wines]&quot; in Walter Charleton, ''Two discourses: I, Concerning the different wits of men; II, Of the mysterie of vintners'' (Londinii: William Whitwood) pp. 201-230
* 1702 : {{ec|id=Salins (1702)|c=Ioannes Baptista de Salins, ''Defensio vini Burgundiani adversus vinum Campanum''. Parisiis {{Google Books|RSZhAAAAcAAJ}}}}
* 1705 : [[Sancteuremondus]], ''Oeuvres meslées'' (Londinii: Tonson, 1705) {{GB|e3rGj2_xGPEC|vol. 2 pars 1 p. 36}} (''Esparnai'')
* 1768 : &quot;The manner of making wine in Champaign&quot; in [[Philippus Miller|Philip Miller]], ''The Gardener's Dictionary'' (8a ed. Londinii) [https://archive.org/details/b30454190/page/n1261/mode/1up s.v. Vitis]
* 1879 : [[Henricus Vizetelly|Henry Vizetelly]], ''Facts about champagne and other sparkling wines''. Londinii: Ward, Lock, 1879 [https://archive.org/details/b21528317 Textus]
* 1882 : [[Henricus Vizetelly|Henry Vizetelly]], ''A history of champagne''. Londinii: Vizetelly, 1882 [https://archive.org/details/historyofchampag00vize Textus]

; Eruditio
* &quot;Le Champagne de clos&quot;, &quot;Champagne: petite histoire du dosage&quot;, &quot;La vogue des vieux millésimes de champagne&quot; in ''Les Cahiers de la gastronomie'' n° 9, 10, 12 (2011-2012?)
* François Bonal, ''Encyclopédie: Histoire du champagne; Connaissance du champagne; Présence du champagne'' (1984) [https://maisons-champagne.com/fr/encyclopedies/histoire-du-champagne/ Textus]
* Claire Desbois, Werner Paravicini, Jean-Pierre Poussou, edd., ''Le champagne, une histoire franco-allemande''. Lutetiae: PUPS, 2011
* Kolleen M. Guy, ''When Champagne Became French: Wine and the Making of a National Identity''. Baltimorae: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003. ISBN 9780801887475 [https://archive.org/details/whenchampagnebec0000guyk Paginae selectae]
* C. Moreau-Bérillon,, ''Au pays du Champagne : le vignoble, le vin''. Remis: Michaud, 1925 [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k63658190 Textus] apud Gallica
* Benoît Musset, ''Vignobles de Champagne et vins mousseux – 1650-1830 : histoire d’un mariage de raison''. Lutetiae: Fayard, 2008
* Benoit Musset, &quot;[https://preo.u-bourgogne.fr/crescentis/index.php?id=267 Du « quartier » au « champagne » : pluralité et emboîtement des échelles de lieux en Champagne (1650-1820)]&quot; in ''Crescentis'' no. 1 (2018)
* Jean-Robert Pitte, &quot;[https://preo.u-bourgogne.fr/territoiresduvin/index.php?id=1746 Du champagne, pour dissiper la tristesse du roi Louis XV!]&quot; in ''Territoires du vin'' no. 10 (2019)
* Ioannes Baptista de Salins, ''Defensio vini Burgundiani adversus vinum Campanum''. Parisiis, 1702 {{Google Books|RSZhAAAAcAAJ}}
* Serena Sutcliffe, ''Champagne: The History and Character of the World's Most Celebrated Wine''. Londinii: Mitchell Beazley, 1988. ISBN 0-671-66672-X [https://archive.org/details/champagnehistory0000sutc Paginae selectae]
* Kim Willsher, &quot;[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/aug/03/growers-and-producers-at-odds-in-france-champagne-wars-coronavirus Growers and producers at odds in France's 'champagne wars']&quot; in ''[[The Guardian]]'' (3 Augusti 2020)

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://www.champagne.fr/en/homepage Situs associationis commercialis]
* &quot;[http://mowse.blogspot.com/2016/08/context-and-conclusion-of-burgundy.html Context and conclusion of the Burgundy-Champagne 100-year war]&quot;

[[Categoria:Vina Gallica]]
[[Categoria:Gastronomia Campaniae Francicae]]
[[Categoria:Gastronomia Parisiensis]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cognitura publica Europaea</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>284929</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3972857</id>
      <parentid>3972842</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-19T12:42:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>De “cognitura”</comment>
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      <text bytes="1911" sha1="pkbghks02es8jpuod6bi9eql7nroaja" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Laura Codruta Kövesi.jpg|thumb|{{creanda|ro|Laura Codruța Kövesi}} est prima cognitrix generalis Cogniturae Publicae Europaeae.]]

{{res|Cognitura Publica Europaea}}{{convertimus}}&lt;ref&gt;{{*Cfr}} {{LTL|cognitura|674}}: &quot;munus, quo quis fungitur in delaturis faciendis&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;{{L&amp;S ref|cognitura}} ([[Anglice]] ''[[:en:European Public Prosecutor|European Public Prosecutor's Office]]''; [[Francogallice]] ''[[:fr:Parquet européen|Parquet européen]]''; [[Theodisce]] ''[[:de:Europäische Staatsanwaltschaft|Europäische Staatsanwaltschaft]]'') est munus [[Unio Europaea|Unionis Europaeae]] cui est dicio delicta patrimonium unionis laedentia persequi.

Cognitura, edicto anni [[2017]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2017/1939/oj Edictum (UE) 2017/1939 Consilii de die 12 octobris 2017 amplificatae cooperationis efficiendae de fundatione Cogniturae Publicae Europaeae].&lt;/ref&gt; condita et deinde exstructa, ex die [[1 Iunii]] [[2021]] operatur&lt;ref&gt;[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec_impl/2021/856/oj Resolutio exsecutoria (EU) 2021/856 Commissionis de die 25 Maii 2021 qua statuitur dies a qua Cognitura Publica Europaea officia investigativa et proceduralia{{dubsig}} poenalia sua suscepit].&lt;/ref&gt;.

In dicione cogniturae sunt fraudes summae quae plus quam 10&amp;nbsp;000 [[euro]]num attinent ad [[pecunia]]m solutam ab unione atque aliae fraudes trans fines summae plus quam 10&amp;nbsp;000&amp;nbsp;000 euronum. Dicio terrestris ad Unionem Europaeam sine [[Dania]] et [[Hibernia]] spectat.

In medio aedificio [[Luxemburgum|Luxemburgi]] sunt unus cognitor generalis, viginti duo cognitores publici, atque alii operarii. In variis [[civitas|civitatibus]] sunt cognitores publici delegati qui accusationes ad curias illarum civitatum portant.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://www.eppo.europa.eu/ Situs interretialis Cogniturae Publicae Europaeae]

[[Categoria:Unio Europaea]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ecclesia Evangelica Germaniae</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
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      <text bytes="6530" sha1="4es7hniu83gs9vrotk6z3360mhfdxml" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:EKD Sitz Hannover.jpg|thumb|Sedes ecclesiae Hannoverae.]]
[[Fasciculus:Evangelisch Zensus 2011.png|thumb|Pars evagelicorum in numero incolarum Germaniae anno 2011.]]
'''Ecclesia Evangelica Germaniae'''&lt;ref&gt;Henricus Lotharius Barth, Papa Iohannes Paulus II.: sitne Sanctis sine mora ascribendus, Dettelbach, anno 2007 {{Google Books|ZRt4OIM4U4YC|pag. 86}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Evangelicus&quot; in contextu Theodisco omnes [[Protestantes]] designat, vide etiam [[Corpus Evangelicorum]] et [[Evangelismus#Ambiguitas nominis|Evangelismus - Ambiguitas nominis]].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Evangelische Kirche in Deutschland''&lt;ref&gt;Ad pedem litterarum '''Ecclesia Evangelica in Germania'''.&lt;/ref&gt;, [[acronymum|acronymo]] '''EKD''') est foederatio 20 ecclesiarum sui iuris, vel [[Lutheranismus|lutheranarum]] vel [[Ecclesiae Reformatae|reformatarum]] vel unitarum, condita anno [[1946]].

Communia sociis Ecclesiae Evangelicae Germaniae sunt [[Symbolum Apostolorum]] ac [[Symbolum Nicaenum Constantinopolitanum]], et omnes e [[reformatio]]ne ortae sunt, sed aliter multas traditiones [[theologia|theologicas]] accipit.

Quamquam etiam motus conservativi in illa ecclesia exstant, plerumque liberalis est. Ita [[demiurgismus|creationismum]] reicit et ordinationem mulierum accipit; 14&lt;ref&gt;Mense Ianuarii 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; inter 20 ecclesias socias [[matrimonium hominum eiusdem sexus#Matrimonium hominum eiusdem sexus in religione|nuptias hominum eiusdem sexus]] celebrant.

== Ecclesiae foederatae ==

Fines 20 ecclesiarum sociarum plerumque sunt illi civitatium provinciarumve anni [[1815]].

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable zebra&quot;
|-
! ecclesia socia
! confessio
!  class=&quot;unsortable&quot;| numerus fidelium&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(die 31 Decembris 2017)&lt;/small&gt;
!  class=&quot;unsortable&quot;| numerus paroeciarum
! numerus circulorum
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot;| sedes
! situs in Germania
|-
| {{creanda|de|Evangelische Landeskirche Anhalts|Ecclesia Evangelica Anhalti}}
| unita
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 32&amp;nbsp;611
| 150
| 5
| [[Dessavia-Roslavia]]
| [[Fasciculus:EKD Anhalt.svg|80px]]
|-
| {{creanda|de|Evangelische Landeskirche in Baden|Ecclesia Evangelica Badeniae}}
| unita
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 1&amp;nbsp;156&amp;nbsp;407
| 630
| 29
| [[Carolsruha]]
| [[Fasciculus:EKD Baden.svg|80px]]
|-
| {{creanda|de|Evangelisch-Lutherische Kirche in Bayern|Ecclesia Evangelica Lutherana Bavariae}}
| lutherana
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 2&amp;nbsp;370&amp;nbsp;179
| 1 531
| 68
| [[Monacum]]
| [[Fasciculus:EKD Bayern.svg|80px]]
|-
| {{creanda|de|Evangelische Kirche Berlin-Brandenburg-schlesische Oberlausitz|Ecclesia Evangelica Berolini, Brandenburgi et Lusatiae Superioris Silesiensis}}
| unita
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 962&amp;nbsp;569
| 1 504
| 35
| [[Berlin]]
| [[Fasciculus:EVK Berlin-Brandenburg-schlesische Oberlausitz.svg|80px]]
|-
| {{creanda|de|Evangelisch-Lutherische Landeskirche in Braunschweig|Ecclesia Lutherana Brunsvici}}
| lutherana
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 334&amp;nbsp;951
| 414
| 13
| [[Guelpherbytum]]
| [[Fasciculus:EKD Braunschweig.svg|80px]]
|-
| {{creanda|de|Bremische Evangelische Kirche|Ecclesia Evangelica Bremensis}}
| unita
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 193&amp;nbsp;099
| 61
| 0
| [[Brema]]
| [[Fasciculus:EKD Bremen.svg|80px]]
|-
| {{creanda|de|Evangelisch-lutherische Landeskirche Hannovers|Ecclesia Evangelica Lutherana Hannoverae}}
| lutherana
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 2&amp;nbsp;579&amp;nbsp;722
| 1 366
| 57
| [[Hannovera]]
| [[Fasciculus:EKD Hannover.svg|80px]]
|-
| {{creanda|de|Evangelische Kirche in Hessen und Nassau|Ecclesia Evangelica Hassiae et Nassoviae}}
| unita
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 1&amp;nbsp;549&amp;nbsp;.255
| 1 175
| 47
| [[Darmstadium]]
| [[Fasciculus:EKD Hessen-Nassau.svg|80px]]
|-
| {{creanda|de|Evangelische Kirche von Kurhessen-Waldeck|Ecclesia Evangelica Hassiae Electoralis Valdecique}}
| unita, lutherana et reformata
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 812&amp;nbsp;273
| 894
| 26
| [[Cassella]]
| [[Fasciculus:EKD Kurhessen-Waldeck.svg|80px]]
|-
| {{creanda|de|Lippische Landeskirche|Ecclesia Lippiensis}}
| reformata et lutherana
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 159&amp;nbsp;396
| 72
| 5
| [[Detmolda]]
| [[Fasciculus:EKD Lippe.svg|80px]]
|-
| {{creanda|de|Evangelische Kirche in Mitteldeutschland|Ecclesia Evangelica Germaniae Centralis}}
| unita
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 712&amp;nbsp;064
| 3 315
| 38
| [[Magdeburgum]], [[Erfordia]]
| [[Fasciculus:EKD Mitteldeutschland.svg|80px]]
|-
| {{creanda|de|Evangelisch-Lutherische Kirche in Norddeutschland|Ecclesia Evangelica Lutherana Germaniae Septentrionalis}}
| lutherana
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 2&amp;nbsp;027&amp;nbsp;751
| 1 104
| 14
| [[Kielia]], [[Suerinum]]
| [[Fasciculus:EKD Norddeutschland.svg|80px]]
|-
| {{creanda|de|Evangelisch-Lutherische Kirche in Oldenburg|Ecclesia Evangelica Lutherana Oldenburgi}}
| lutherana
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 411&amp;nbsp;595
| 123
| 6
| [[Oldenburgum]]
| [[Fasciculus:EKD Oldenburg.svg|80px]]
|-
| {{creanda|de|Evangelische Kirche der Pfalz (Protestantische Landeskirche)|Ecclesia Evangelica Palatinati}}
| unita
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 515&amp;nbsp;627
| 431
| 20
| [[Spira (urbs)|Spira]]
| [[Fasciculus:EKD Pfalz.svg|80px]]
|-
| {{creanda|de|Evangelisch-reformierte Kirche (Landeskirche)|Ecclesia Evangelica Reformata}}
| reformata
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 173&amp;nbsp;305
| 142
| 11
| [[Leri]]
| haud territorialis
|-
| {{creanda|de|Evangelische Kirche im Rheinland|Ecclesia Evangelica Rhenaniae}}
| unita
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 2&amp;nbsp;544&amp;nbsp;325
| 755
| 38
| [[Dusseldorpium]]
| [[Fasciculus:EKD Rheinland.svg|80px]]
|-
| {{creanda|de|Evangelisch-Lutherische Landeskirche Sachsens|Ecclesia Evangelica Lutherana Saxoniae}}
| lutherana
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 689&amp;nbsp;858
| 766
| 25
| [[Dresda]]
| [[Fasciculus:EKD Sachsen.svg|80px]]
|-
| {{creanda|de|Evangelisch-Lutherische Landeskirche Schaumburg-Lippe|Ecclesia Evangelica Lutherana Schaumburgi Lippiensis}}
| lutherana
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 51&amp;nbsp;234
| 22
| 2
| [[Bocensis]]
| [[Fasciculus:EKD Schaumburg-Lippe.svg|80px]]
|-
| {{creanda|de|Evangelische Kirche von Westfalen|Ecclesia Evangelica Vestfaliae}}
| unita
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 2&amp;nbsp;236&amp;nbsp;897
| 623
| 31
| [[Bilivelda]]
| [[Fasciculus:EKD Westfalen.svg|80px]]
|-
| {{creanda|de|Evangelische Landeskirche in Württemberg|Ecclesia Evangelica Virtembergiae}}
| lutherana
| align=&quot;right&quot;| 2&amp;nbsp;022&amp;nbsp;740
| 1 373
| 48
| [[Stuttgardia]]
| [[Fasciculus:EKD Württemberg.svg|80px]]
|}

[[Fasciculus:Deutschland Landeskirchen ev 2012.svg|thumb|left|300px|Tabula ecclesiarum sociarum.]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Evangelische Kirche in Deutschland|Ecclesiam Evangelicam Germaniae}}
* [https://www.ekd.de/ Situs interretialis]

{{Formula:Religiones Germaniae}}
[[Categoria:Communitates Protestantes]]</text>
      <sha1>4es7hniu83gs9vrotk6z3360mhfdxml</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Renatus Andegavensis</title>
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      <comment>([[c:GR|GR]]) [[c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[File:René d'Anjou.jpg]] → [[File:Vigiles de Charles VII, fol. 171, René d'Anjou et son armée.jpg]] [[c:COM:FR#FR4|Criterion 4]] (harmonizing names of file set)</comment>
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      <text bytes="56939" sha1="9m4mn6vvusnz0xnshlcqvt1o1otiyf8" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}

{{res|Renatus Andegavensis}} cognomento {{res|plene=Renatus Andegavensis Bonus|bonus}},&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Renatus ille, cognomine Bonus, Rex Neapolis et Siciliae, Dux Andegavensis, Comes Provinciae, filius fuit Ludovici III. Regis Neapolitani&quot;: Caspar Sagittarius, 1691 {{Google Books|N8tcAAAAcAAJ|p. 20}}&lt;/ref&gt; Francogallice ''René d'Anjou'' atque saepe ''le bon roi René'',&lt;ref&gt;&quot;madame Marguerite Danjou fille du bon roy Rene&quot;: Jean de Bourdigné, ''Hystoire agrégative des annales et cronicques d'Anjou'' {{Google Books|-f5TAAAAcAAJ|f. 166r}}&lt;/ref&gt; fuit nobilis [[Francia]]e qui etiam regna transmarina sibi vindicavit, videlicet [[Regnum Hierosolymitanum|Hierosolymitanum]], [[Regnum Neapolitanum|Neapolitanum]], [[Regnum Siciliae|Siculum]]. Filius fuit [[Ludovicus II (dux Andegavensis)|Ludovici II]] ducis [[Andecavensis|Andegavensis]] et [[Yolanda Aragoniae|Yolandae]] [[Aragonia|Aragonensis]]. Pater fuit [[Margarita Andegavensis|Margaritae Andegavensis]] reginae [[Anglia]]e. Neque [[Hierosolyma]]m neque [[Sicilia]]m unquam visitavit. [[Neapolis|Neapoli]] haud regnavit, nisi quod inter annos [[1437]] et [[1442]] in terris huius regni vano militabat. [[Francogallice]] de amore et de nobilitate scripsit. [[Ordo crescentis lunae|Ordinem crescentis lunae]] anno [[1448]] condidit.

== De vita ==
[[Fasciculus:Les Heures de Paris de Rene d'Anjou02 detail.jpg|thumb|[[Renatus (episcopus Andecavensis)|Sanctus Renatus]], episcopus aevo antiquo Andegavensis, cum effigie [[Ludovicus II (dux Andegavensis)|Ludovici II]] ducis nuper mortui, ex ''Horis Renati Andegavensis'' a &quot;{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Magister de Rohan|magistro de Rohan|fr|qid=Q744415}}&quot; ornatis (''Heures de René d'Anjou, roi de Sicile''. [[Bibliotheca Nationalis Francica|BNF]] MS. Lat. 1156 A, olim Cangé 61, f. 61r)&lt;ref&gt;[https://archivesetmanuscrits.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cc134533 Catalogus]&lt;/ref&gt;]]

=== Iuventus ===
Renatus die fere [[16 Ianuarii]] [[1409]]&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f31 vol. 1 pp. 3-4]&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; in [[castellum Andegavense|castello Andegavensi]] natus est ubi pater, qui ante decem annos e Neapoli expulsus erat, ducatum suum Andecavensem gubernabat. Praenomen ad honorem sancti episcopi Andegavensis [[Renatus (episcopus Andecavensis)|Renati]] datum est. Frater natu maximus [[Ludovicus III (dux Andegavensis)|Ludovicus]] haeres fuerit tam huius ducatus quam [[comitatus Provinciae]]; soror natu maior [[Maria Andegavensis|Maria]] anno 1413 desponsa est [[Carolus VII (rex Francorum)|Carolo]] comiti Pontievriae, cui Renatus annis insequentibus contubernalis erat dum Carolus (rex Francorum futurus) sub Yolandae tutela vivebat. Patre anno 1417 mortuo, Renatus breve temporis spatium cum matre fratribusque Caroloque remansit, sed sponsalia eius cum [[Isabella (ducissa Lotharingiae)|Isabella]] [[Lotharingia]]e die [[20 Martii]] [[1419]] conventa sunt e consiliis coniunctis Yolandae matris suae et [[Ludovicus I (dux Barri)|Ludovici]], Yolandae avunculi, cardinalis episcopi ducisque [[Barrum|Barri]]. Ergo [[Nanceium|Nancei]] a die [[10 Augusti]] [[1419|huius anni]]&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f81 vol. 1 pp. 53-59]&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; apud illam socrumque [[Carolus II (dux Lotharingiae)|Carolum]] ducem educatus est in prisco [[castellum ducale (Nanceium)|castello ducali]] (quod nepos [[Renatus II (dux Lotharingiae)|Renatus II]] stilo novo reconstruxerit).

Isabellam Nancei die [[24 Octobris]] [[1420]] in matrimonium duxit, obeunte [[Henricus de Villa|Henrico de Villa]] episcopo [[Tullum Leucorum|Tullensi]]. Ludovicus Barrensis gubernium ducatus sui anno fere 1420 Renato et Isabellae confidit. Mariam Renati sororem Carolus Valesius anno 1422 in matrimonium duxit eodemque anno apud [[Avaricum Biturigum|Bituriges]] se regem Francorum proclamavit. [[Anglia|Anglis]] devictis et e maiori Franciae parte expulsis, Carolus tandem die [[17 Iulii]] [[1429]] rex consecratus est in [[ecclesia cathedralis Remensis|ecclesia cathedrali Remensi]], Renato cum aliis regni nobilibus adstante. Die [[15 Augusti]] [[1429|huius anni]] Renatus exercitum suum iuxta copias Francicas contra Anglos ad [[Mons Speculatorius|Montem Speculatorium]] duxit, ubi tandem proelium nullum commissum est.

Ludovico duce mortuo, Renatus ducatum Barri die [[26 Iunii]] [[1430]] accepit. Socro mortuo anno 1431 iure uxoris dux Lotharingiae factus est, sed hunc ducatum in pace non tenebat: [[Antonius (comes Vaudimontii)|Antonius]] enim comes [[Vaudimontium|Vaudimontii]], qui, semel a Renato anno [[1425]] in obsidione [[Wizilium|Wizilii]] devicto, rursus ducatum Lotharingiensem sibi vindicabat atque iam socio [[Philippus Bonus|Philippo]] [[ducatus Burgundiae|Burgundo]] bellum gerebat, Renatum die [[2 Iulii]] [[1431]] proelio cepit et Philippo statim tradidit, aemulo familiae Andecavensium fere sempiterno.

=== Captivitas Burgundica ===
Renatus primum in castello [[Mons Talenti|montis Talenti]] prope [[Divio]]nem, mox in arce [[Bracon (Iura)|Bracone]], deinde ad [[Rochefort-sur-Nenon|Rochefort]] prope [[Dola]]m incarceratus est, denuo in [[castellum Divionense|castello Divionensi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f93 vol. 1 pp. 65-66, 81-95]&lt;/ref&gt; Ibi Philippus captivum suum primum die [[16 Februarii]] [[1432]] visitavit. Licentiam exeundi die [[1 Maii]] [[1432|huius anni]] concedit: Renatus autem filios [[Ioannes Andegavensis|Ioannem]] et [[Ludovicus (filius Renati Andegavensis)|Ludovicum]] loco suo tradere coactus est. [[Bruxellae|Bruxellis]] die [[13 Februarii]] [[1433]], praeside Philippo, induciae temporariae inter Renatum et Antonium compositae sunt per sponsalia Ferrici, huius filii, cum Yolanda, filia illius (e quo Antonii nepos futurus heres Lotharingiae fuerit): deinde patres, usque adhuc inimici, ad pacem Lotharingiae reddendam socii laboraverunt. Renatus mense Ianuario [[1434]] Carolum regem [[Vienna]]e in [[delphinatus Viennensis|delphinatu]], Februario [[Amadeus VIII (dux Sabaudiae)|Amadeum VIII]] ducem [[Ducatus Sabaudiae|Sabaudiae]] incurrit filiumque eius [[Ludovicus (dux Sabaudiae)|Ludovicum]] cuius matrimonium eis diebus [[Camberiacum|Camberiaci]] in urbe celebratum est.

Mox cum Antonio [[Basilea]]e progressus est ubi de hereditate ducatus Lotharingiae praeside imperatore [[Sigismundus Luxemburgicus|Sigismundo]] disputaverunt, Renato victore. Ducatum suum manibus imperatoris in [[ecclesia cathedralis Basileensis|cathedrali Basileensi]] die [[24 Aprilis]] [[1434]] rite accepit. Quam rem aegre ferens Philippus Burgundus, qui decretum de Lotharingia sibi Bruxellis reservaverat, captivum exemptum statim in carcerem Divionensem revocavit et duos annos retinuerit, filio natu maximo Ioanne minime liberato. Renatus interdum dux Andegavensis comesque [[Cenomanensis]] et [[comitatus|Provinciae]] die [[12 Novembris]] [[1434]] factus est, fratre Ludovico hoc die mortuo. Eodem casu [[regnum Neapolitanum]] mox accepit, cuius regina [[Ioanna II (regina Neapolitana)|Ioanna II]], filiis carens, [[Alphonsus V (rex Aragonum)|Alphonso Aragonensi]] &quot;Magnifico&quot; breviter ad hereditatem accepto denuoque reiecto, Ludovicum Andegavensem haeredem anno 1431 constituerat. Ioanna enim die [[2 Februarii]] [[1435]] mortem obiit.

[[Fasciculus:Les Heures de Paris de Rene d'Anjou03.jpg|thumb|Renatus Andegavensis barbatus (sicut in carcere Burgundo iacebat) precans, ex ''Horis Renati Andegavensis'' a &quot;magistro de Rohan&quot; ornatis (''Heures de René d'Anjou, roi de Sicile''. [[Bibliotheca Nationalis Francica|BNF]] MS. Lat. 1156 A, olim Cangé 61, f. 81v)&lt;ref&gt;[https://archivesetmanuscrits.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cc134533 Catalogus]&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Qui carcerem dux Barri et Lotharingiae intraverat, plurimos titulos gerens (Ioanna enim se reginam Hierosolymae, Siciliae et Hungariae praetenderat) ibi iacebat, quippe qui, mente captoris, redemptionem sumptuosiorem meruerit. De fortuna sua Neapolitana Renatus, stricte inclusus, a consiliario [[Vitalis de Cabanis|Vitale de Cabanis]] iuris consulto Provinciali certior factus est. Die [[27 Octobris]] [[1435|huius anni]] eruditus [[Petrus Candidus Decembrius]], [[Philippus Maria Vicecomes]] [[Ducatus Mediolanensis|ducis]] [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]] legatus, de foedere quaerens Renatum visitavit. Hic nihil palam dicere temptans, vigilum Burgundorum causa, colloquia postridie inter consiliarium secretum suum [[Iacobus de Sierck|Iacobum de Sierck]] (archiepiscopum futurum) Candidumque Decembrium fieri suasit. Tali severitate agens Philippus diu cessionem [[ducatus Barrensis]] vano postulabat.&lt;ref&gt;''El re Rayneri non pote heri parlare como desiderava per li guardii cha dintorno ... El duca de Borgogna, lassato el parentato del re di Francia, si cerca el parentato del dito re Rayneri, per havere el ducato di Barri'': relatio [[Petrus Candidus Decembrius|Petri Candidi Decembrii]] apud {{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6460820b/f240 vol. 2 pp. 220-222]&lt;/ref&gt; Ultimo [[Insula (urbs Franciae)|Insulae]] in urbe die [[7 Februarii]] [[1437]] dominia minora plura, magnum pretium pecuniarium, sponsalia neptis suae [[Maria Borbonia (1428–1448)|Mariae Borboniae]] accepit cum Renati filio Ioanne,&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f148 vol. 1 pp. 120-128]&lt;/ref&gt; qui Divione incarceratus manebat.

Mater Yolanda iam ante annum 1435 ducatum Andecavensem dirigebat, loco Ludovici ducis qui in Italia moraverat. Uxor Isabella, titulo vicariae generalis a marito captivo die [[4 Iunii]] [[1435]] dato, gubernium Lotharingiae episcopis [[Conradus Bayerus de Boppardo|Conrado Bayero]] [[Mettis|Mettensi]] et [[Ludovicus de Haraucurte|Ludovico de Haraucurte]] [[Virodunum|Virodunensi]] confidit.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f138 vol. 1 pp. 110-114]&lt;/ref&gt; [[Neapolis|Neapolim]] die [[18 Octobris]] [[1435]] progressa est cum filio natu secundo Ludovico.&lt;ref&gt;Augustin Calmet, ''Histoire ecclésiastique et civile de Lorraine'' (1728) vol. 2 {{Google Books|j0pP_MDm90IC|col. 790}}; {{qc|id=Russo (2016)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibi {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Castellum Capuanum||it|qid=Q858940}} sibi domum principalem constituit, sed non sine aemulo regnum pro marito suscepit. Alphonsus enim, iam Aragoniam et Siciliam possidens, sibi titulum regni Neapolitani nuper amissum vindicabat. Mense Augusto captus et incarceratus a duce [[Mediolanum|Mediolanensi]] [[Philippus Maria Vicecomes|Philippo Maria Vicecomite]], mense Octobri 1435 liberatus est ut Neapolim conquisiverit, annutante captore quem rapidissime in socium converterat. Isabella igitur cum militibus suis exercituque ab [[Iacobus Caldora|Iacobo Caldora]] duce [[Barium|Barii]] conductis bellum contra Alphonsum gerebat. Die [[25 Februarii]] [[1437]] foedus cum [[Genua|Genuensibus]] concludit, qui nuper sibi a ducatu Mediolanensi libertatem proclamaverant. Mense Aprili [[1437]] advenit [[Ioannes Maria Vitelleschi]] cardinalis, auxilia a papa [[Eugenius IV|Eugenio IV]] missa ducens, sed, paucis rebus factis, dissonantiis cum Isabella Iacoboque Caldora ortis, mox abiit.

=== Regnum Neapolitanum amissum ===
Renatus ipse die [[7 Februarii]] [[1437]] liberatus terras suas rapidius visitavit. Gubernium Lotharingiae et Barrensis binis episcopis cum Erardo de Chastelet confidit. Filium Ioannem e carcere ipse redemit, ducem [[Calabria]]e creavit, secum ad urbem [[Andecavis|Andecavorum]] conduxit ubi matrimonium eius (nuper Insulae in urbe convento) celebratum est.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Villeneuve (1825)}} [https://archive.org/details/histoirederendan01vill/page/234/mode/2up vol. 1 p. 234-235]; Augustin Calmet, ''Histoire ecclésiastique et civile de Lorraine'' (1728) vol. 2 {{Google Books|j0pP_MDm90IC|col. 805}}; ''[http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/ANJOU,%20MAINE.htm#JeanAnjoudied1470 Medlands]''&lt;/ref&gt; Inde mense Iulio villam regiam de [[Gyen]] petivit ubi rex Carolus VII degebat. Ibi Renatus privatim cum sorore [[Maria Andegavensis|Maria]] regina et fratre natu tertio [[Carolus Andegavensis|Carolo]], consiliario regis, de comitatu Cenomanensi ad Carolum transferendo atque de rebus aulicis a Carolo curandis die [[2 Augusti]] [[1437|eiusdem anni]] statuit.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f159 vol. 1 pp. 131-132]&lt;/ref&gt; Deinde res Barrenses et Lotharingienses corrigere curavit, pace cum Antonio Vaudimontii iterum compacta. Mense Novembri Provinciam petivit (quam usque adeo nunquam viderat),&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Frizet (2009)}} nota 4&lt;/ref&gt; filio Ioanne nuroque Maria assistentibus, ubi inter ritos sollemnes festaque popularia die [[7 Decembris]] [[1437]] [[Arelate]] intravit, die 15 [[Massilia]]m, die 17 eiusdem mensis Aquis Sextiis. Propter tumultus contra [[Iudaei|Iudaeos]] a civibus huius urbis recenter iniuste motis [[consilium eminens]] a fratre [[Ludovicus III (dux Andegavensis|Ludovico]] Aquis Sextiis institutum [[Massilia]]m removi iussit.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Villeneuve (1825)}} [https://archive.org/details/histoirederendan01vill/page/240/mode/2up vol. 1 pp. 241-251]&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Fasciculus:Armes du roi rené d'anjou.jpg|thumb|Insignia Renati Andegavensis e ''Statutis Ordinis Crescentis Lunae'' ab illo anno [[1448]] conditae (''Statuts de l'Ordre du Croissant''. [[Bibliotheca Nationalis Francica|BNF]] MS. Fr. 25204 f. 52r)&lt;ref&gt;[https://archivesetmanuscrits.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cc53671s Catalogus]&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Renatus Ioannesque et Maria cum copiis suis, navibus sociorum Genuensium septem utentes (quarum tres mercede conduxerant), [[Genua]]m de [[15 Aprilis]] [[1438]], inde {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Portus Pisanus|Portum Pisanum|it|qid=Q3909173}}, inde Neapolim die [[19 Maii]] [[1438|proximo]] pervenerunt.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f191.image vol. 1 pp. 161-166]&lt;/ref&gt; Ibi ducem exercituum iam senem Iacobum Caldora primum cognovit, quem &quot;loco patris&quot; se honorare nuntiavit,&lt;ref&gt;''Diaria Neapolitana'' [https://archive.org/details/RerumItalicarumScriptores21/page/n588/mode/2up col. 1108]&lt;/ref&gt; et uxorem filiumque Ludovicum post multos annos revidit. Ludovicum statim Nanceium misit, titulis marchionis [[Pons Montionis|Pontis Montionis]] et gubernatoris [[comitatus Barrensis]], mox etiam ducatus Lotharingiae locum tenentis.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Russo (2016)}}; ''[http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/ANJOU,%20MAINE.htm#LouisAnjoudied1444 Medlands]''&lt;/ref&gt; Alphonsus cum fratre [[Petrus Aragonensis|Petro]] bellum gerens, castella Neapolitana [[castellum novum (Neapolis)|novum]] et [[castellum Ovi|Ovi]] iam possidens, die [[17 Octobris]] [[1438]] ipsam urbem Neapolim cepit, fratre in obsidione interfecto. Renatus post duos menses urbem, mense Augusto [[1439]] etiam castella sibi vindicavit.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f204 vol. 1 pp. 174-180]&lt;/ref&gt; His annis per provincias vario successu pugnatum est. Iacobo Caldora mense Novembri [[1439]] in obsidione [[Collis (Campania)|Collis Samnitici]] mortuo, filius eius Antonius semper inconstans ad Alphonsum se iungit. Impensis crescentibus, victoria magis magisque incerta, Isabella a Neapoli die fere [[10 Augusti]] [[1440]] discedens, titulis vicariae generalis Provinciae Lotharingiaeque et Andecavensis munita, Massiliam petivit.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f214 vol. 1 pp. 184-199]; {{qc|id=Russo (2016)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Renatus deinde habitationem suam in Castello novo constituens ibi die [[28 Februarii]] [[1441|anni insequentis]] festa celebravit,&lt;ref&gt;Oren J. Margolis, &quot;Cipriano de' Mari's Lucianic speech for René of Anjou (St-Dié, MS 37): humanism and diplomacy in Genoa and beyond&quot; in ''Renaissance Studies'' vol. 27 (2013) pp. 219-235 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/24420153 JSTOR]&lt;/ref&gt; sed a mense Februario [[1442]], Castello Ovi deperdito, nihil regni Neapolitani retinuit nisi Castellum novum mediamque urbem Neapolim, moeniis cinctam, ubi cives mox fame affligebantur. Renatus ex urbe capta die [[2 Iunii]] [[1442|huius anni]] recedere coactus est. Sic e regno exclusus itinere marino [[Portus Pisanus|Portum Pisanum]], inde [[Florentia]]m regressus est, ubi subsidia apud papam Eugenium IV iterum postulavit. Honoribus sed non militibus oneratus, ad [[Aquae Sextiae|Aquas Sextias]] mense Octobri pervenit, regno Neapolitano amissa.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f240 vol. 1 pp. 210-220]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Filiae Margaritae matrimonium ===
Dum [[Massilia]]e in Provincia res huius comitatus iuxta Isabellam uxorem corrigebat, mater [[Yolanda Aragoniae|Yolanda]], qui locum tenens ducatum Andecavensem pro filio suo gubernabat, die [[14 Novembris]] [[1442]] mortua est.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f256 vol. 1 p. 226]&lt;/ref&gt; Quo ducatu his annis ab exercitu [[Anglia|Anglo]] minato, Renatus de pace cum Anglis componenda iam fortasse cogitabat. Ergo decretis Provincialibus Massiliae et [[Tarasco]]ne latis ad aulam regis Francici [[Carolus VII (rex Francorum)|Caroli VII]] cum Isabella properavit, qui, [[Guienna]] nuper devicta, mense Martio [[1443]] [[Tolosa]]e morabat cum regina [[Maria Andegavensis|Maria]] Renati sorore. Unde hi quattuor cum [[Carolus Aurelianensis|Carolo Aurelianensi]] (nuper e captivitate Anglica redempto) per [[Tulla]]m [[Pictavium]]que in ducatum [[Andecavensis|Andegavensem]] revenerunt. Ibi [[Chinonium|Chinonii]] die [[1 Decembris]] [[1443|huius anni]] [[Magdalena Valesia|Magdalena]], filia Mariae minima, nata erit.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f256 vol. 1 pp. 226-229]&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Fasciculus:Les Heures de Paris de Rene d'Anjou01 detail.jpg|thumb|Virgo lunae crescentis, ex ''Horis Renati Andegavensis'' a &quot;magistro de Rohan&quot; ornatis (''Heures de René d'Anjou, roi de Sicile''. [[Bibliotheca Nationalis Francica|BNF]] MS. Lat. 1156 A, olim Cangé 61, f. 18v)&lt;ref&gt;[https://archivesetmanuscrits.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cc134533 Catalogus]&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Anno insequenti e consiliis politicis praesertim Caroli ducis Aurelianensis ipsiusque Renati inter Francicos, [[Henricus Beaufort (cardinalis)|Henrici Beaufort]] cardinalis inter Anglos, pacem inter duas nationes componendam proiectum est. Die [[22 Maii]] [[1444]] per [[induciae Turonenses|inducias Turonenses]] conventa est, legatis Anglicis Henrico Beaufort et comite [[Suffolcia]]e [[Willelmus de la Pole|Willelmo de la Pole]] cum [[Adam Moleyns|Adamo Moleyns]] decano [[Wintonia|Wintoniensi]], pacem duos annos inter [[Francia|Francos]] et Anglos fore, provincias [[Andecavensis|Andecavensem]] [[Cenomanensis|Cenomanensemque]] regno Francico dandas, matrimonium regis Henrici VI cum [[Margarita Andegavensis|Margarita]] Renati filia, annum aetatis suae quidecimum agente, celebrandum. Illa dum colloquia tenebantur iam prope legatos cum matre in {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|abbatia Belli Montis prope Turones|abbatia|fr|qid=Q22994209}} [[Bellus Mons prope Turones|Belli Montis prope Turones]] manebat. Sponsalia [[Turonum|Turonis]] in [[basilica Sancti Martini Turonensis|basilica S. Martini]] die [[24 Maii|24]] [[1444|huius mensis]] rite celebratae sunt, obeunte legato apostolico [[Petrus de Monte|Petro de Monte]], adstante rege Francico [[Carolus VII (rex Francorum)|Carolo VII]], delphino [[Ludovicus XI|Ludovico]], patruo [[Carolus IV (comes Cenomanensis)|Carolo]], amita Maria regina. Renatus pater, tamquam rex Siciliae et Hierusalem, Carolusque rex Franciae, inter homines; Margarita, tamquam regina Angliae, Mariaque regina Franciae, inter mulieres aequis honoribus ad epulas consederunt.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f260 vol. 1 pp. 230-233]; &quot;Procès-verbal&quot; (narratio sponsalium) ibidem [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6460820b/f274.image vol. 2 pp. 254-257]; &quot;Mariage de Marguerite d'Anjou&quot; in Auguste Vallet de Viriville, ''Histoire de Charles VII, roi de France, et de son époque'' (Lutetiae, 1862-1865) [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k28987p/f469 vol. 2 pp. 453-454 in nota subiuncta]&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Mettis|Mettenses]], Renato subiecti, restitutionem pecuniarum eo iamdudum mutuatarum postulantes, ornamenta et impedimenta ceperunt quae Isabella ad matrimonium filiae suae celebrandum [[Pons Montionis|Ponte Montionis]] mitterat. Quae ut recuperarent Renatus et Carolus VII socii mense Septembri 1444 expeditionem fecerunt dieque [[3 Martii]] [[1445]] capitulationem urbis acceperunt. Matrimonium ergo Margaritae et Henrici [[Nanceium|Nancei]] mense Martio 1445 celebratum est cum magnificis {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|ludi equestres|ludis equestribus|fr|qid=Q736161}}. Adfuit et [[Ferricus II (comes Vaudimontii)|Ferricus Vaudimontii]], Antonii filius, cui diebus insequentibus Yolanda Renati filia natu maxima nupsit, saltationibus [[hastiludium|hastiludiisque]] tam pastoralibus quam militaribus datis. Territoriis suis late sparsis aegre rectis, Renatus gubernium Lotharingiae filio Ioanni, annum aetatis vigesimum primum agenti, confidit.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f263 vol. 1 pp. 233-244], [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6460820b/f169 vol. 2 pp. 149-150]&lt;/ref&gt; Filius Ludovicus hoc fere tempus (sed die etiamque anno incertis) mortuus est.

[[Fasciculus:Passion de saint Maurice - Arsenal940 - Assemblée de l'ordre du croissant.jpg|thumb|Congregatio equitum [[Ordo crescentis lunae|Ordinis crescentis lunae]]. ''Passio Mauritii et sociorum eius'' (1453). [[Bibliotheca Nationalis Francica|BNF]] MS. Arsénal 940 f. ante primum]]
Inde ad ducatum Andegavensem revenit, ubi anno [[1446]] hastiludia duo celebravit,&lt;ref&gt;Numerus hastiludiorum hoc anno celebratorum vario modo datur: tria enim fuerunt, videlicet Raziliaci, Launay, Salmurii, secundum Guillaume Bureaux, &quot;[https://journals.openedition.org/peme/12792 Pas d’armes et vide iconographique: quand le texte doit remplacer l’image (xve siècle)]&quot; in ''Perspectivess médiévales'' no. 38 (2017)&lt;/ref&gt; videlicet ''[[Emprise de la gueule du dragon]]'' ad villam {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Raziliacum||fr|qid=Q22941220}} iuxta [[Chinonium]] et ''{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Emprise du château de la joyeuse garde||fr|qid=Q18414134}}'' apud villam {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Launay prope Salmurium|Launay|fr|qid=Q2969674}} prope [[Salmurium]]&lt;ref&gt;Sébastien Nadot, &quot;Le manuscrit français F. p. XIV, no 4 de la Bibliothèque Nationale de Russie: Chronique illustrée des Pas de Razilly et de Saumur (1446)&quot; in S. Nadot, ''Le Spectacle des joutes'' (Redonis) pp. i-xiv [https://books.openedition.org/pur/134457 de hac commentatione]; Marc Vulson de la Colombière, ''Le vray théâtre d'honneur et de chevalerie'' (Lutetiae, 1648) [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k480023j/f107 vol. 1 pp. 81-106]; {{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6460820b/f166 vol. 2 pp. 146-147]&lt;/ref&gt; quam nuper uxori Isabellae dono dederat.

=== Debellatio Anglorum ===
Pax autem cum Anglis anno 1444 facta breve spatium tantum duraverat. Cessionem enim comitatus [[Cenomanensis]], de iure ducibus Andegavensibus obnoxii, quam rex Henricus VI verbis promiserat, non perficiebat. Colloquiis rursus [[Cenomanum|Cenomani]] mense Octobri [[1447]] habitis, comitatu nihilominus usque in mensem Martium [[1448]] ab Anglis retento, Carolus rex urbem Cenomanum obsedit comitatumque omnem armis reduxit et [[Carolus (comes Cenomanensis)|Carolo Andegavensi]] concedit, Renati fratri intimoque regis ipsius consiliario, heredi Cenomanensis e testamento fratris natu maximi.&lt;ref&gt;[[Willelmus Worcestre]], ''Collections'' in Joseph Stevenson, ed., ''Letters and papers illustrative of the wars of the English in France during the reign of Henry the Sixth'' (Londinii, 1861) [https://archive.org/details/letterspapersill22stev/page/n269/mode/2up vol. 2ii pp. 634-718]; {{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f278 vol. 1 pp. 248-252, 263]&lt;/ref&gt;

Renatus a mense Februario 1447 usque in Iulium 1449 in Provincia morabat. Ibi [[Ludovicus XI (rex Francorum)|Ludovicus]] delphinus, qui in [[Dalfinatus Viennensis|territorio suo]] procul a patre se retraxerat, [[Tarasco]]ne eum petivit dum [[peregrinatio Sanctae Mariae de Mari|peregrinationem]] [[ecclesia Sanctae Mariae de Mari|Sanctae Mariae de Mari]] absolvebat. De hoc loco sacro explorando consentierunt, sed non de politica contra regem Carolum coniunctione. Renatus ergo anno insequenti effossiones in [[villa de Mari]] fieri iussit ubi reliquias sanctarum [[Maria Iacobi|Mariae Iacobi]] et [[Maria Salome|Mariae Salomae]] repertas nuntiatum est.&lt;ref&gt;Abbé Faillon, ''Monuments inédits sur l'apostolat de Sainte Marie-Madeleine en Provence'' (1848-1865) [http://jeanderoquefort.free.fr/6_1_4_abbe_faillon.html Textus]&lt;/ref&gt; His annis episcopus [[Telo Martius|Telonensis]] [[Ioannes Gombard]] episcopusque [[Massilia|Massiliensis]] [[Nicolaus de Brancas]], legati eius, cum legatis Caroli VII per [[Lugdunum]] [[Roma]]m missi sunt ut [[schisma]] terminare conarentur, quae res die [[7 Aprilis]] [[1449]] efficitur.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f283 vol. 1 pp. 253-257]&lt;/ref&gt; Tarascone a die 3 usque in [[8 Iunii]] [[1449]] [[hastiludium]] celebravit, titulo ''[[Pas de la bergère]]'', cuius victor Ferricus Vaudimontii gener Renati praemium basiarum accepit.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Crapelet (1828)}}; {{qc|id=Quatrebarbes (1843-1846)}} {{GB|GRhtnj1X-PcC|vol. 2 p. 43 sqq.}}; {{qc|id=Frizet (2009)}}; {{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6460820b/f167 vol. 2 pp. 147-149]&lt;/ref&gt;

Ibidem iam die [[11 Augusti]] [[1448]] [[ordo crescentis lunae|Ordinem crescentis lunae]] condiderat,&lt;ref&gt;''Statuts de l'Ordre du Croissant'' [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8470042b Manuscriptum]&lt;/ref&gt; exemplo [[ordo Aurei Velleris|Ordine aurei velleris]] aemulorum [[ducatus Burgundiae|Burgundorum]], cuius equites maxima parte Renati milites et fautores necnon clientes fuerint. Capitulum primum huius ordinis Tarascone die [[22 Septembris]] [[1448|eiusdem anni]] tenuit, senatore primo {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Guido de Valle (dominus Laudiaci)|Guidone de Valle|fr|qid=Q3121866}} domino [[Laudiacum|Laudiaci]], senatoribus insequentibus Renato ipso, [[Ioannes Cossa|Ioanne Cossa]] Italo, [[Ludovicus de Bello Valle|Ludovico de Bello Valle]] patruoque huius [[Bertrandus de Bello Valle|Bertrando]] Andegavensibus.&lt;ref&gt;Christian de Mérindol, &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20250123231956/https://www.torrossa.com/en/catalog/preview/2254857 L'Ordre du croissant: mises au point et perspectives]&quot; in Jean-Michel Matz, Noël Coulet, edd., ''La Noblesse dans les territoires angevins à la fin du Moyen Âge'' (École Française de Rome, 2000) pp. 499-509; Michael T. Reynolds, &quot;[https://www.academia.edu/3316843/René_of_Anjou_King_of_Sicily_and_the_order_of_the_Croissant René of Anjou, King of Sicily, and the Order of the Croissant]&quot; in ''Journal of Medieval History'' vol. 19 (1993) pp. 125–161; {{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f560 vol. 1 pp. 530-536]&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Fasciculus:Vigiles de Charles VII, fol. 171, René d'Anjou et son armée.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|''Comment le roy de Cecille vint devers le feu roy en Normandie'': Renatus &quot;rex Siciliae&quot;, regis Caroli VII socius, milites suos in expeditionem [[Normannia|Normannicam]] anno [[1449]] ducens. [[Martialis de Arvernia]], ''Vigilia Caroli VII'', 1484 ([[Bibliotheca Nationalis Francica|BNF]] Fr. 5054 f. 171r [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b105380390 Catalogus])]]
Renatus filiusque Ioannes a mense Octobri [[1449]] cum [[Carolus VII (rex Francorum)|Carolo]] rege in [[Normannia]] contra Anglos militaverunt, qui pacem abrumpens [[Filiceriae|Filicerias]] ceperant. Socii in [[Rothomagus|Rothomagum]] die [[10 Novembris]] [[1449|huius anni]] sine proelio recepti [[Cadomum]] die [[6 Iulii]] [[1450]] post obsidionem ceperunt.&lt;ref&gt;[[Aegidius Le Bouvier|Gilles Le Bouvier]], ''Le Recouvrement de Normendie'' in Joseph Stevenson, ed., ''Narratives of the expulsion of the English from Normandy, 1449-1450'' (Londinii, 1863) [https://archive.org/details/narrativesofexpu00stev/page/286/mode/2up pp. 287-359 passim]; {{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f288 vol. 1 pp. 258-261]&lt;/ref&gt; Renatus rursus mense Augusto [[1451]] [[Talleburgum|Talleburgi]] in urbe regionis [[Santonensis]] cum Carolo collocutus est, qui [[Guienna]]m ab Anglis eo anno munitam oppugnabat, bono successu. Hic apud [[Turonum|Turones]] aliquot menses, ille [[Andecavis]] in urbe haud longe distante morabat ut colloquia continuare possent. Mense Februario [[1452]] Renatus Provinciam petivit sed cito in ducatum Andegavensem reditus est ubi uxor Isabella apud Launay aegrotabat. Quae die [[28 Februarii]] [[1453]] mortua est. Viduus ducatum Lotharingiae, quem iure uxoris gubernaverat, filio Ioanni die [[26 Martii]] [[1453|eiusdem anni]] cedit, consignantibus Antonio et Ferrico Vaudimontii.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f291 vol. 1 pp. 261-265]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Expeditio Italica secundumque matrimonium ===
[[Fasciculus:Regnault et Jehanneton BNF colophon.jpg|thumb|Ultima pagina carminis ''Regnault et Jeanneton'' ubi personae huius fabulae per insignia Renato et [[Ioanna de Valle|Ioannae de Valle]] amatae adaequantur. Exemplar saec. XIX manuscripti saec. XV ([[Bibliotheca Nationalis Francica|BNF]] Fr. 12178)]]
His diebus [[Florentia|Florentini]] et [[Mediolanum|Mediolanenses]], quippe qui potestatem Alphonsi Magnifici metuebant, novam expeditionem Italicam suaserunt apud Carolum regem, qui, [[Genua]]m sibi subigere cupiens, in castello suo [[Plessiacum prope Turones|Montiliorum]] die [[21 Februarii]] [[1452]] foedus concludit quo non ipse sed filius Ludovicus delphinus sociusque Renatus expeditionem anno insequenti susceperint ad Genuenses Venetosque, Alphonsi socios, debellandos. Renatus nihil ex hoc foedere habuerit nisi his rebus prospere factis milites sui meridiei versus regnum Neapolitanum conquisiverint. Renatus ergo mense Iulio 1453 ab [[Aquae Sextiae|Aquis Sextiis]] per [[Segustero]]nem usque ad [[Vapincum]] cum equitum fere duo milia progressus est, sed, [[Transitus Alpium|transitu Alpino]] a [[ducatus Sabaudiae|Sabaudis]] interdictis, Massiliam redire coactus est. Trans mare [[Albintimilium]], inde per [[Hasta Pompeia|Hastam Pompeiam]], [[Alexandria Statiellorum|Alexandriam]], [[Papia]]m, [[Cremona]]m pervenit ubi copias suas cum sociis coniunxit. [[Brixia]]m statim oppugnaverunt, olim Mediolano subiectam, recenter a Venetis captam. Urbem pagumque Brixianum rapidissime conquisiverunt, sed sub pluviis hiemalibus plura non potebant. Florentini (qui, sicut Renatus, adeo nihil profecerant) subsidia promissa retraxerunt pacemque adiuvante papa [[Nicolaus V|Nicolao V]] peterunt. Renatus, qui [[Placentia]]e mense Decembri morabat, de his colloquiis iratus, statim per Alexandriam [[Alba Pompeia|Albamque Pompeiam]] et [[Mons Matrona|montem Matronam]] (Sabaudis permittentibus) Aquas Sextias die fere [[9 Februarii]] [[1454]] revenit, a pluribus tam Italis quam Francis contemptus.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f300 vol. 1 pp. 270-287]&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Fasciculus:Pietro da milano, medaglia di renato d'angiò, 1461.JPG|thumb|upright=1.25|&lt;small&gt;RENATVS . DEI . GRAGIA . IHERVSALEM . ET . SICILIE . REX . &amp; . CETERA&lt;/small&gt;: effigies a Petro Milanensi anno 1461 sculpta]]
Si poëtae res veras cantitant, [[Ioanna de Valle|Ioannam de Valle]], quam mox in matrimonium duxerit, iam ante expeditionem Italicam aut cognoverat aut per effigiem conspexerat. Carmine enim allegorico, titulo ''Regnault et Jeanneton'' (ut qui diceret &quot;Renatus et Ioanna&quot;) de hoc amore et de itinere transalpino hiemali refertur:
::''Mon cuer dès lors vous donnay'' ...&lt;br/&gt;
:::''Que force fut''&lt;br/&gt;
::''Seulement au rapport qu'il eut''&lt;br/&gt;
::''De vostre beauté, tant que peut,''&lt;br/&gt;
::''Vous amer''
(&quot;Cor meum statim tibi dedi ... quod de forma tua certius factum te amare quo melius coactum est&quot;); etiam
::''Par quoy me convint estre duit''&lt;br/&gt;
::''De passer les haulx mons sans bruit''&lt;br/&gt;
:::''Ne pour mourir''&lt;br/&gt;
::''En la nège et illec pourrir''
(&quot;unde ductus sum altos montes silentiose transire ne mortuus illic putrefierem&quot;);
::''Mais delà les mons je laissay''&lt;br/&gt;
::''Mon avoir que plus ne garday''
(&quot;res meas&quot;, regnum scilicet Neapolitanum, &quot;ultra montes reliqui neque plura habebo&quot;). Quas sollicitudines non a solo ''Regnault'' confitentur, sed et a [[Franciscus I Sfortia|Francisco Sfortia]] duce Mediolanensi referuntur, qui mense Decembri &quot;bidui itinere Placentiam profectus, causamque regii discessus percontatus, reperit esse levem ac paene puerilem, quod ... sola muliebri cura in tanta rerum actione movebatur&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Ioannes Simoneta, ''Rerum gestarum Francisci Sfortiae libri'' [https://archive.org/details/RerumItalicarumScriptores21/page/n358/mode/1up ed. 1732 coll. 661-662 in nota subiuncta]; {{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f327 vol. 1 pp. 297-301]&lt;/ref&gt; Certe mense Augusto 1454 in ducatum Andegavensem reditus statim senatores tres Ordinis crescentis lunae, videlicet {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Guido de Valle (dominus Laudiaci)|Guidonem dominum Laudiaci|fr|qid=Q3121866}}, [[Ludovicus de Bello Valle|Ludovicum]] et [[Bertrandus de Bello Valle|Bertrandum de Bello Valle]] ad [[Guido XIV (comes de Valle)|Guidonem comitem de Valle]] Ioannae patrem misit ut de matrimonio concordent. Die [[10 Septembris]] [[1454|eiusdem anni]] in [[abbatia Sancti Nicolai (Andecavis)|abbatia Sancti Nicolai]] Andecavis in urbe nuptiis se iunxerunt.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f325 vol. 1 pp. 295-308]&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Fasciculus:Díptico Matheron..JPG|thumb|upright=2|Renatus Andegavensis uxorque secunda [[Ioanna de Laval]]. &quot;Diptychon Matheron&quot; a [[Nicolaus Froment|Nicolao Froment]] anno c. 1475 factum ([[Museum Lupariense]] [[Lutetia]]e)]]
Nutrice Renati sororisque [[Maria Andegavensis|Mariae]] anno [[1459]] mortua, Renatus sepulturam in [[ecclesia Nostrae Dominae de Andiliaco|ecclesia Nostrae Dominae]] de [[Andiliacum|Andiliaco]] [[Salmurium|Salmurii]] suburbio erigere curavit, carmine inscripto quod incipit:
::''Ci gist la nourrice Thiephaine''&lt;br/&gt;
::''La Magine, qui ot grant paine''&lt;br/&gt;
::''A nourrir de let en enfance''&lt;br/&gt;
::''Marie d'Anjou royne de France''&lt;br/&gt;
::''Et apres son frere René ...''&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f34.image vol. 1 pp. 6-7]&lt;/ref&gt;
(&quot;Hic iacet nutrix Typhaena ''La Magine'' quae summa cura infantes Mariam Andegavensem Franciae reginam fratremque Renatum lacte suo nutrivit ...&quot;) In Provincia rursus a mense Martio [[1457]] morabat, ubi expeditionem Italicam iterum praeparavit, non suam sed a filio [[Ioannes Andegavensis|Ioanne]] susceptam. Qui de regno Neapolitano, sicut pater, bellum multos annos vano gesserit. Inde anno [[1461]] ad [[Genua]]m revenit, suadente rege Carolo VII, ut hanc civitatem ad societatem Francicam revocaret. Renatus eodem tempore naves bellicas cohortemque militum a [[Massilia]] Genuam conduxit, ubi die [[17 Iulii]] [[1461|huius anni]] adveniens nihil potuit nisi refugos exercituum Francici Neapolitanique, nuper devictos, in naves suas recipere.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f357 vol. 1 pp. 327-330]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ultimi anni ===
[[Fasciculus:Nicola Froment, Triptych of the Burning Bush, 1475, Aix-en-Provence, Church Saint-Sauveur.jpg|thumb|upright=2|&quot;[[Triptychon rubi ardentis]]&quot; a [[Nicolaus Froment|Nicolao Froment]] anno 1475 factum. Renatus Andegavensis uxorque Ioanna de Laval ad genua procumbentes ([[Ecclesia cathedralis Aquissextiensis|Ecclesia cathedralis S. Salvatoris Aquissextiensis]])]]
Rex Carolus, sub cuius imperio Renatus ducatum suum tenuit, cui insuper fidelis consiliarius amicusque a iuventute erat, die 22 eiusdem mensis mortuus est. Successor [[Ludovicus XI (rex Francorum)|Ludovicus XI]], olim delphinus, Renatum aliosque nobiles patris socios e consiliis suis statim removit.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f357 vol. 1 pp. 331-337, 342-345]&lt;/ref&gt; Tandem hoc modo bellum civile evocavit ducesque antea inter se inimicos in foederationem &quot;[[foederati de bono publico|de bono publico]]&quot; (ita nuncupatam) sibi coniungere coëgit, videlicet [[Carolus Temerarius|Carolum comitem Carolensem]] (ducis [[ducatus Burgundiae|Burgundiae]] filius), [[Carolus (dux Biturigum)|Carolum ducem Biturigum]] (Ludovici ipsius fratrem), [[Ioannes II (dux Borboniae)|Ioannem ducem Borboniae]], Ioannem Renati filium ducem [[Lotharingia]]e, [[Franciscus II (dux Britanniae)|Franciscum]] ducem [[Britannia Minor|Britanniae]], alios nonnullos, quos aegre debellavit. Neque Renatus neque filius Carolus dux Cenomanensis se illis iunxerant.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f386 vol. 1 pp. 356-366]&lt;/ref&gt; Nobiles [[Catalonia]]e consiliumque urbis [[Barcino]]nis anno [[1466]] Renatum appellaverunt ad regnum [[Aragonia]]e comitatumque Barcinonensem contra [[Ioannes II (rex Aragoniae)|Ioannem II]] capienda, id quod facere volens filium Ioannem generumque Ferricum suo loco misit, qui anno insequenti vano in Aragoniam arma intulerunt. Ipse autem bellum in Franciscum Britanniae ducem Carolumque ducem Biturigum renovabat et [[Ancenisium|Ancenisii]] ad pacem die [[10 Septembris]] [[1468]] coëgit. Haec suadente rege Ludovico perfecit, qui eo titulum vicarii generalis Andegavensis Cenomanensis Britanniaeque Minoris attribuerat&lt;ref name=&quot;Catalonia Britannia Burgundia&quot;&gt;{{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f396 vol. 1 pp. 366-379]&lt;/ref&gt; laudesque die [[28 Ianuarii]] [[1469]] dum [[Montilia prope Turones|Montiliis]] morabat his verbis expressit:
:Cum itaque, ingruentibus plurimis divisionibus, guerris, bellis plus quam civilibus ac sedicionibus intestinis, que ab aliquibus annis citra regnum nostrum totamque rem publicam regni invaserunt, unus inter preclaros principes inventus est, qui nullo pacto nullaque racione impelli potuit ut a fidelitate tociusque rei publice tuicione regieque nostre corone zelo minime secederet: is est carissimus avunculus noster, quem merito patrem nostrum dixerimus, serenissimus Renatus, Jherusalem, Sicilie et Arragonum rex, Andegavie, Barri, etc. dux, comes Provincie, etc., qui indomita constancia, invicta fidelitate, rectissima voluntate optimus princeps quoad potuit hujus regni antiquam tamen et summam dignitatem observavit, maxima in reverencia habuit, semper magnifecit, in precipiciumque ruituram erexit.&lt;ref&gt;[[Ludovicus XI|Ludovici XI]] litterae patentes [[28 Ianuarii]] [[1469]]: {{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6460820b/f352 vol. 2 pp. 332-334] (orthographia mediaevali servata)&lt;/ref&gt;

In Provincia ab anno [[1471]] sine interruptione habitabat. [[Aquae Sextiae|Aquis Sextiis]] die [[10 Iulii]] [[1480]] mortuus,&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f409 vol. 1 pp. 379-428]&lt;/ref&gt; sua voluntate in [[ecclesia cathedralis Andecavensis|ecclesia cathedrali Andecavensi]] sepultus est.

== De Renato scriptore et patrono ==
Carmen titulo ''Regnault et Janneton'', quo anno circiter 1454 amores Renati [[Ioanna de Valle|Ioannaeque de Valle]] sicut pastorum bucolicorum enarrantur, non a Renato ipso sed a poëta aulico scriptum est. Coaevi nihilominus posterioresque satis multi rege ipso attribuerunt. Iam [[Georgius Castellanus]] in carmine [[aenigma]]tico ''Recollection des merveilleuses advenues'' ad hoc poëma alludit:
::''J'ai ung roi de Cecille''&lt;br/&gt;
::''Vu devenir berger,''&lt;br/&gt;
::''Et sa femme gentille''&lt;br/&gt;
::''De ce meme mestier''&lt;br/&gt;
::''Portant la pannetiere,''&lt;br/&gt;
::''La houlette et chappeau,''&lt;br/&gt;
::''Logeans sur la bruyere''&lt;br/&gt;
::''Auprès de leur trouppeau&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Chichmaref (1929)}} pp. 226-241&lt;/ref&gt;
(&quot;Regem Siciliae vidi qui pastor factus est et nobilem eius mulierem taliter corbem pedumque necnon mitellam gerentem, in saltu prope gregem morantes&quot;). Sed Renatus, iam opusculi de hastiludiis dirigendis ''Traité de la forme et devis comme on fait les tournois'' (1452)&lt;ref&gt;[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b84522067 Manuscriptum e scriptorio auctoris]&lt;/ref&gt; auctor, his annis opere morali ''Le Mortifiement de Vaine Plaisance'' oratione soluta (1455) fabulaque allegorica ''Le Livre du coeur d'amour épris'' (1457)&lt;ref&gt;[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b60005361 Manuscriptum e scriptorio auctoris]; [https://search.onb.ac.at/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=ONB_alma21302514430003338&amp;context=L&amp;vid=ONB&amp;lang=de_DE Manuscriptum Vindobonense: imprime &quot;Digitales Objekt&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt; composuit.&lt;ref name=&quot;Indoles&quot;&gt;{{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f458 vol. 1 pp. 428-433], [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f567 537-554]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Proles ==
[[Fasciculus:Memento homo.jpg|thumb|[[Mors]] coronam regiam induta verbaque monstrans &quot;[[Memento homo quia pulvis es et in pulverem reverteris]]&quot;. &quot;''Horae Egerton''&quot;, anno fere 1415 factae, anno fere 1443 iussu Renati Andegavensis novis imaginibus auctae ([[Bibliotheca Britannica|BL]] MS. Egerton 1070 f. 53) [http://searcharchives.bl.uk/IAMS_VU2:IAMS032-001984149 Catalogus]{{Nexus deficit|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ]]
E matrimonio cum [[Isabella (ducissa Lotharingiae)|Isabella]] [[Lotharingia]]e, quam die [[24 Octobris]] [[1420]] duxit, novem liberi nati sunt, videlicet:
* [[Ioannes Andegavensis|Ioannes]], natus die [[2 Augusti]] [[1424]], futurus marchio [[Pons Montionis|Pontis]] (fratri successor) duxque Lotharingiae
* [[Ludovicus (filius Renati Andegavensis)|Ludovicus]], natus die [[16 Octobris]] [[1427]], futurus marchio Pontis
* [[Yolanda Andegavensis|Yolanda]], nata die [[2 Novembris]] [[1428]], futura ducissa Lotharingiae
* [[Margarita Andegavensis|Margarita]], nata die [[24 Martii]] [[1430]], futura regina [[Anglia]]e
* Nicolaus (natus die [[2 Novembris]] [[1428]], Yolandae gemellus), Carolus (natus 1431), Isabella, Renatus, Anna (nata 1437), qui omnes mox mortui sunt.

E concubinis vel amasiis nati sunt:
* Blanchia, in Provincia nata anno fere 1438, uxor futura [[Bertrandus de Bello Valle|Bertrandi de Bello Valle]]&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f293 vol. 1 p. 263]; ''[http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/ANJOU,%20MAINE.htm#LouisAnjoudied1444 Medlands]''&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Ioannes (nothus Andegavensis)|Ioannes]], futurus marchio Pontis (fratrum successor)
* Magdalena

Filii omnes ante eum mortui sunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;Proles&quot;&gt;{{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f463 vol. 1 pp. 433-435]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fortuna&quot;&gt;{{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f465 vol. 1 pp. 435-437]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fontes de vita et principatu Renati Andegavensis ==
* ''Cronica del regno di Napoli'' [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6460820b/f448 vide pp. 428-435]
* ''Diaria Neapolitana ab anno MCCLXVI usque ad annum MCCCCLXXVIII'' (''Rerum Italicarum scriptores'' vol. 21 [1732] coll. 1027-1238) [https://archive.org/details/RerumItalicarumScriptores21/page/n583/mode/2up coll. 1098-1127]
* Jean de Bourdigné, ''Hystoire agrégative des annales et cronicques d'Anjou'' {{Google Books|-f5TAAAAcAAJ|editio 1529}} {{GB|WLDnAAAAMAAJ|vol. 1}} {{GB|p8nnAAAAMAAJ|vol. 2 editionis 1842}}
* [[Ioannes Chartier]], ''[[Chronique de Charles VII (Chartier)|Chronique de Charles VII]]'' [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k277120 Editio 1858 vol. 1] [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k27713b 2] [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k27714p 3]
* [[Aegidius Le Bouvier|Gilles Le Bouvier]], ''Chroniques du roi Charles VII'' [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1043385b Editio 1594]
* [[Caesar Nostradameus]], ''L'Histoire et chronique de Provence'' [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_R4Cd0TiO2igC Editio 1624]
* [[Ianus Pannonius]], ''De laudibus Renati Siciliae regis''&lt;ref&gt;Géza Szentmártoni Szabó, &quot;[https://books.openedition.org/pur/124764 Du péril de Parthénope : la découverte de la version intégrale du panégyrique de René d’Anjou par Janus Pannonius]&quot; in {{qc|id=Matz et Tonnerre (2011)}} pp. 287-312&lt;/ref&gt;
* Gasparus Pelegrinus, ''Historiae de actibus regis Alphonsi'' lib. 8-10 [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6460820b/f421 vide pp. 401-428]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
; Editiones operum et documentorum
* {{ec|id=Crapelet (1828)|c=G.-A. Crapelet, ed., ''Le pas d'armes de la bergère, maintenu au tournoi de Tarascon; publié d'après le manuscrit de la Bibliothèque du roi''. Lutetiae: Crapelet, 1828 [https://archive.org/details/lepasdarmesdelab00beauuoft Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''}}
* Albert Lecoy de La Marche, ed., ''Extraits des comptes et mémoriaux du roi René: pour servir à l'histoire des arts au XVe siècle''. Lutetiae: Picard, 1873 {{Google Books|OdkZAAAAYAAJ}}
* {{ec|id=Quatrebarbes (1843-1846)|c=Comte de Quatrebarbes, ed., ''Oeuvres complètes du roi René''. Andecavis: Cosnier et Lachaise, 1843-1846 {{GB|CYlTAAAAcAAJ|vol. 1}} {{GB|GRhtnj1X-PcC|vol. 2}} {{GB|ZO1sveFmwxoC|vol. 3}} {{Google Books|FUhA2oSgM4sC|vol. 4}}; 2a ed. Lutetiae, 1849 {{GB|j1czAQAAMAAJ|vol. 1}} {{GB|gD4-AQAAMAAJ|vol. 2}}}}

; Colloquia
* ''Le roi René: René, duc d’Anjou, de Bar et de Lorraine, Roi de Sicile et de Jérusalem, roi d’Aragon, comte de Provence (1409-1480)''. Avennione, 1986
* {{ec|id=Matz et Tonnerre (2011)|c=Jean-Michel Matz, Noël-Yves Tonnerre, edd., ''René d'Anjou (1409-1480): pouvoirs et gouvernement''. Redonis: Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 2011. ISBN 978-2-7535-1702-8 [https://books.openedition.org/pur/124668 Textus]}}
* Jean-Michel Matz, Élisabeth Verry, edd., ''Le Roi René dans tous ses États''. Lutetiae: Éditions du patrimoine, Centre des monuments nationaux, 2009. ISBN 978-2-7577-0069-3

; Vitae
* Noël Coulet, Alice Planche, Françoise Robin, ''Le Roi René: le prince, le mécène, l'écrivain, le mythe''. Aquis Sextiis: Édisud, 1982
* Jean Favier, ''Le Roi René''. Lutetiae: Fayard, 2008. ISBN 978-2-213-63480-7
* Marie Louyse de Garnier Des Garets, ''Un artisan de la renaissance française au xve siècle, le Roi René (1409-1480)''. Éditions de la table ronde, 1946
* Margaret L. Kekewich, ''The Good King: René of Anjou and Fifteenth Century Europe''. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008 {{Google Books|3GCCDAAAQBAJ|Paginae selectae}}
* {{ec|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)|c=Albert Lecoy de La Marche, ''Le roi René, sa vie, son administration, ses travaux artistiques et littéraires, d'après les documents inédits des archives de France et d'Italie''. 2 voll. Lutetiae: Firmin-Didot, 1875 [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g vol. 1] [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6460820b 2] apud Gallica}}
* Jacques Levron, ''Le Bon Roi René''. Lutetiae: Arthaud, 1973
* Françoise Robin, ''Le Roi René : Prince des fleurs de lys''. Éditions Ouest-France, 2015. ISBN 978-2-7373-6445-7
* {{ec|id=Villeneuve (1825)|c=F. L. de Villeneuve Bargemont, ''Histoire de René d'Anjou, roi de Naples, duc de Lorraine et cte de Provence''. Lutetiae: Blaise, 1825 {{GB|92EOAAAAQAAJ|vol. 1}} {{GB|E2IOAAAAQAAJ|vol. 2}} {{Google Books|JWIOAAAAQAAJ|vol. 3}}}}

; Biographica et historica
* R. Busquet, &quot;Les Créations administratives, judiciaires et fiscales du roi René en Provence&quot; in ''Mémoires de l’Institut historique de Provence'' vol. 1 (1924) pp. 12-57
* Noël Coulet, &quot;[https://www.torrossa.com/en/resources/an/2254848 La noblesse provençale dans l'entourage du roi René]&quot; in Jean-Michel Matz, Noël Coulet, edd., ''La noblesse dans les territoires angevins à la fin du Moyen Âge : actes du Colloque international organisé par l'Université d'Angers : Angers-Saumur, 3-6 juin 1998'' (Romae, 2000)
* N. F. Faraglia, ''Storia della lotta tra Alfonso V d’Aragona e Renati d’Angiò''. Lanciano, 1908
* Yannick Frizet, ''Louis XI, le roi René et la Provence''. Aquis Sextiis: Presses Universitaires de Provence, 2015. ISBN 978-2-85399-970-0
* Christian de Mérindol, ''Le Roi René et la seconde Maison d'Anjou: emblématique, art, histoire''. Lutetiae: Le Léopard d'or, 1987. ISBN 2-86377-057-8
* Christof Ohnesorge, &quot;[https://books.openedition.org/pur/18348 Les ambitions et l’échec de la seconde maison d’Anjou (vers 1380-vers 1480)]&quot; in Noël-Yves Tonnerre, Élisabeth Verry, edd., ''Les Princes angevins du xiiie au xve siècle : un destin européen'' (Redonis: Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2003. ISBN 2-86847-735-6 [https://books.openedition.org/pur/18320 ~]) pp. 265-276
* Françoise Robin, &quot;[https://www.torrossa.com/en/resources/an/2254842 La cour de René d'Anjou en Provence. Demeures, itinéraires et séjours]&quot; in Jean-Michel Matz, Noël Coulet, edd., ''La noblesse dans les territoires angevins à la fin du Moyen Âge : actes du Colloque international organisé par l'Université d'Angers : Angers-Saumur, 3-6 juin 1998'' (Romae, 2000)
* Hélène Schneider, &quot;Le roi René et le Barrois dans les années 1470: l'apport de ses lettres patentes&quot; in Patrick Gilli, Jacques Paviot, edd., ''Hommes, cultures et sociétés à la fin du Moyen Âge: Liber discipulorum en l'honneur de Philippe Contamine'' (Lutetiae: Presses de l'Université de Paris-Sorbonne, 2012. ISBN 978-2-84050-845-8) pp. 361-374

; De scriptis et patronatu
* J.-H. Albanès, &quot;La bibliothèque du roi René&quot; in ''Revue des sociétés savantes des départements'' 5a ser. vol. 8 (1874) pp. 301-310
* Anna Orriols Alsina, &quot;[https://www.academia.edu/36617299/_De_René_d_Anjou_y_Jeanne_de_Laval_a_Regnault_et_Janneton_ambientes_artísticos_ De René d’Anjou y Jeanne de Laval a Regnault et Janneton: ambientes artísticos]&quot; in N. A. Elaguina et al., edd., ''Les amours de René d’Anjou. Libro de Estudios'' (Petropoli: Biblioteca Nacional de Rusia, 2005)
* G. Biancotto, &quot;La Cour de René d’Anjou et les premières traductions d’œuvres italiennes en France&quot; in Ch. Brucker, ed., ''Traduction et adaptation en France à la fin du Moyen Âge et à la Renaissance: actes du colloque de Nancy, 199522 (Lutetiae, 1997) pp. 187-203
* Nicolas Bock, &quot;[https://www.academia.edu/21145798/Médailles_et_humanisme._René_d_Anjou_et_la_diplomatie_artistique_en_Italie Médailles et humanisme. René d’Anjou et la diplomatie artistique en Italie]&quot; in Florence Bouchet, ed., ''René d’Anjou, écrivain et mécène (1409-1480)'' (2011) pp. 159-177
* Florence Bouchet, ed., ''René d’Anjou, écrivain et mécène (1409-1480)''. Tornaci: Brepols, 2011. ISBN 978-2-503-53350-6
* {{ec|id=Chichmaref (1929)|c=V. Chichmaref, &quot;[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k16063h/f220 Notes sur quelques oeuvres attribuées aut roi René]&quot; in ''Romania'' vol. 55 (1929) pp. 214-250 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/45044823 JSTOR]}}
* Chantal Connochie-Bourgne, Valérie Gontero-Lauze, edd., ''Les arts et les lettres en Provence au temps du roi René''. Aquis Sextiis: Presses Universitaires de Provence, 2013. ISBN 978-2-85399-889-5 [https://web.archive.org/web/20210812111022/https://presses-universitaires.univ-amu.fr/sites/presses-universitaires.univ-amu.fr/files/p1_20/files//tdm_ARTSLETTRESROIRENE.pdf Index huius operis] [https://journals.openedition.org/peme/7556 Recensio huius operis]
* Noël Coulet, &quot;La cuisine dans la maison aixoise du XVe siècle (1400-1450)&quot; in Carole Lambert, ed., ''Du manuscrit à la table: essais sur la cuisine au Moyen Âge et répertoire des manuscrits médiévaux contenant des recettes culinaires'' (Monte Regali: Presses de l'Université de Montréal, 1992) pp. 163-172; [https://archive.org/details/dumanuscritalata0000unse/page/162/mode/2up Exemplar mutuabile]
* Y. Esquieu, N. Coulet, &quot;La Musique à la cour provençale du roi René&quot; in ''Provence historique'' vol. 31 (1981) pp. 299-312
* {{ec|id=Frizet (2009)|c=Yannick Frizet, &quot;[https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01828688/document Les apports culturels de deux grands princes français en Provence, René d’Anjou et Louis XI]&quot; in ''Les Arts et les Lettres en Provence au temps du roi René, Actes du colloque international tenu en 2009'' pp. 141-157}}
* Marc-Édouard Gautier, François Avril, edd., ''Splendeur de l'enluminure: le roi René et les livres''. Arelate: Actes Sud, 2009. ISBN 978-2-7427-8611-4
* Hélène Haug, &quot;&quot;Maistre Pierre de Hurion, agille imitateur&quot;: bilan sur les auteurs actifs à la cour de René d'Anjou (1434-1480)&quot; in ''Romania'' vol. 131 (2013) pp. 130-151 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/45038784 JSTOR]
* Eugène Hucher, ''Iconographie du roi René, de Jeanne de Laval, sa seconde femme et de divers autres princes de la maison d'Anjou''. Cenomanis: Monnoyer, 1879 [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k57272945 Textus] apud Gallica
* Jean-Michel Matz, &quot;[https://books.openedition.org/pur/124782 La « bibliothèque » de René d’Anjou : un instrument de gouvernement ?]&quot; in Jean-Michel Matz, Noël-Yves Tonnerre, edd., ''René d'Anjou (1409-1480): pouvoirs et gouvernement'' (2011 [https://books.openedition.org/pur/124668 ~]) pp. 339-354
* Christian de Mérindol, ''Les Fêtes de chevalerie à la cour du roi René : Emblématique, art et histoire (les joutes de Nancy, le pas de Saumur et le pas de Tarascon)''. Lutetiae: CTHS, 1993 {{Google Books|8FJYDwAAQBAJ|Fragmenta}}
* C. Murciaux, &quot;René d’Anjou peintre, poète et mystique&quot; in ''La Table ronde'' no. 165 (1961) pp. 7-28
* J. Renouvier, ''Les Peintres et enlumineurs du roi René''. Montispessulani, 1857
* Françoise Robin, ''La Cour d'Anjou-Provence. La vie artistique sous le règne de René''. Lutetiae: Picard, 1985
* G. A. Runnalls, &quot;René d'Anjou et le théâtre&quot; in ''Annales de Bretagne'' vol. 88 (1981) pp. 157-180

; De fortuna
* Florence Bouchet, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/roma_0035-8029_2013_num_131_521_7403 Supplément au ‘procès de bonification’ du roi René : les Épitaphes du roi de Sicile]&quot; in ''Romania'' no. 521-522 (2013) pp. 100-127
* Noël Coulet, &quot;La mort et les obsèques aixoises du roi René: une prolifération narrative tardive&quot; in R. Bertrand, A. Carol, J. N. Pelen, edd., ''Les narrations de la mort'' (Aquis Sextiis, 2005) pp. 89-100
* Murielle Gaude-Ferragu, &quot;[https://books.openedition.org/pur/124788 Tribulations corporelles et inhumation royale : les funérailles de René Ier d’Anjou (1480-1481)]&quot; in Jean-Michel Matz, Noël-Yves Tonnerre, edd., ''René d'Anjou (1409-1480): pouvoirs et gouvernement'' (2011 [https://books.openedition.org/pur/124668 ~]) pp. 373-385
* Maria Magdalena Székely, &quot;[https://www.academia.edu/11716916/Monarhul_ideal_în_imaginarul_Evului_Mediu._René_d_Anjou_şi_Ştefan_cel_Mare Monarhul ideal în imaginarul Evului Mediu. René d’Anjou şi Ştefan cel Mare]&quot; in ''Analele Putnei'' vol. 1 (2010) pp. 283-302

; Aliae encyclopaediae
* &quot;[[:s:en:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/René I.|René I]]&quot; in {{EncyBrit11}}
* {{ec|id=Russo (2016)|c={{DBI|http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/renato-d-angio_(Dizionario-Biografico)|Renato d'Angio|Enza Russo|2016}}}}
* {{ADB|28|207|209|René d’Anjou|Wilhelm Wiegand|ADB:René d’Anjou}}

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|René I of Naples|Renatum Andegavensem}}
{{Fontes biographici}}
* ''Horae Renati regis Siciliae'': manuscriptum [[Bibliotheca Nationalis Francica|BNF]] Latin 1156 A
** [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b6000466t Catalogus et series imaginum]
* &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20230515182725/https://www.arlima.net/qt/rene_danjou.html René d'Anjou]&quot; apud ''ARLIMA''
* &quot;[http://www.ecolebizu.org/Angers/contesEtLegendesDanjou/laBailleeDesFilles/index.htm La Baillée des Filles]&quot; (vide et [https://web.archive.org/web/20200620021235/https://www.wiki-anjou.fr/index.php/Baill%C3%A9e_des_filles hic])

{{Duces Andegavenses}}

{{Lifetime|1409|1480|Renatus, Andegavensis}}
{{FA stella}}

[[Categoria:Renatus Andegavensis| ]]
[[Categoria:Nobiles Franciae]]
[[Categoria:Regnum Hierosolymitanum]]
[[Categoria:Incarcerati]]
[[Categoria:Duces Lotharingiae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ioachim Ringelnatz</title>
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      <text bytes="4226" sha1="73u63s1q1z1rqjjxxwyw2yi8qk8aw05" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Hugo Erfurth - Portrait Joachim Ringelnatz, c. 1930.jpg|thumb|Ioachimi Ringelnatz efficies circa annum 1930, quam fecit Hugo Erfurth]]
'''Ioachim Ringelnatz'''(vere: ''Hans Bötticher''; natus die [[7 Iulii]] [[1883]] [[Wurzena]]e in [[Saxonia]], mortuus die [[17 Novembris]] [[1934]] [[berolinum|Berolini]] auctor, pictor, scurro, comicus [[spectaculum cabareticum|cabareticus]] [[germania|Germanicus]] fuit. Opuscula eius facetias saepe miras atque proprias spargunt. Nonnumquam sub pseudonymis Pinko Meyer, Fritz Dörry, Gustav Hester res concinnavit.
==Vita== 
[[File:Ringelnatz-Kuttel.jpg|thumb|Heros Kuddel Daddeldu, alter ego quasi]]
Filius Georgii Bötticher, institoris atque auctoris rerum iuvenilium, cursum scholasticum interrumpens viis in variis migrabat atque ambulabat. Tunc pecuniam fecit in navibus, quae postea in opere ''Was ein Schiffsjungen-Tagebuch erzählt'' anno 1911 narravit. Postea [[hamburgum|Hamburgi]] in commercialibus eruditus est, antequam in [[Anglia]]m contenderet ubi domorum curatoris munere fungebatur. Chartas densatas atque crassas pro tegmentis fabricare edidicit atque [[monacum|Monaci]] in grapheo periegetico laboravit. Anno 1909 autem poeta praelatus in caupona ''Simplicissimi'' factus est, quam artifices multi frequentare solebant. Ibi versus subdolos et ingeniosos recitare ei licuit. [[Franciscus Wedekind]], [[Henricus Mühsam]] et alii scriptores tribus [[Schwabing-West|Schwabing]] cum eo consuetudinem contraxerunt. Eis omnibus admonentibus poemata et narratiunculas in tomis ''Die Schnupftabakdose. Stumpfsinn in Versen und Bildern von Hans Bötticher und Richard Seewald'' (anno 1912) et ''Ein jeder lebt's. Novellen von Hans Bötticher'' (anno 1913) vulgavit. Tum se sustentavit labore bibliothecarii et mystagogi. 

[[primum bellum mundanum|Primo bello pancosmico]] sub militia navali stipendia meruit. Denique anno 1920 [[Berolinum]] venit tamquam auctor atque histrio in scaenas [[Ioannes de Wolzogen|Ioannis de Wolzogen]], quibus titulus ''Schall und Rauch''. Anno ante sibi cognomen ''Ringelnatz'' dedit, quo idiomate nautarum cappae designatur. 

Ut cantor circumforaneus poesim suam satiricam atque lubricam in lustrationibus praesentavit, e.g. '''Turngedichte'' (1920). Itaque multis in locis fama crescebat atque [[Alfredus Polgar]], [[Hermannus Hesse]], editores [[Ernestus Rowohlt]] et Kurt Wolff, [[Alfredus Flechtheim]] arbiter elegantiarum, [[Asta Nielsen]] actrix et multi alii libenter laudes atque reverentiam ingenio tali dicebant. Ante omnes autem figura quasi autobiographica Kuddel Daddeldu (''Kuddel Daddeldu oder Das schlüpfrige Leid''; annis 1920 et 1923) erweitert 1923) omnes captabat: iste vir vere feliciter nugas cum prudentia miscere potuit. Neque desperatio, rerum peior interpretatio et planctus status vitae difficilis afuerunt, uti in commercio epistulari magno videri potest. Cum anno 1933 [[Adolphus Hitler]] Germanorum tyrannus factus esset, ostensiones publicae omnes interdictae sunt et Ringelnatz pauper pulmonibus laborans mortuus est. Autobiographica de Ringelnatz inveniuntur in libris'' Gustav Hester. Als Mariner im Kriege'' (1928) et ''Mein Leben bis zum Kriege'' (1931).

==Nexus externi==
{{Commonscat|Joachim Ringelnatz|Ioachimum Ringelnatz}}
*[https://www.projekt-gutenberg.org/autoren/namen/ringelnz.html Opera interreti]
*[http://ringelnatz-verein.de/ Amici Ringelnatz in urbe eius natali]
*[https://www.welt.de/kultur/literarischewelt/article204862922/Actionszenen-der-Weltliteratur-Joachim-Ringelnatz.html &quot;Als Schiffsjunge Ringelnatz in den Urwald floh&quot;,] commentatio in ephemeride ''Welt'', 8.1.2020
*[https://www.ringelnatzmuseum.de/ Opus fundatum Cuxhaviae, cum museo]
*[https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/Joachim_Ringelnatz Scaturigo apud Vicifontem]
*[https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118601121 Res apud DDB]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20200708021735/http://webopac.hwwa.de/PresseMappe20E/Digiview_MID.cfm?mid=P014659 Archivum diurnarium de Ringelnatz] 
*[http://www.zeno.org/Literatur/M/Ringelnatz,+Joachim Opera apud Zeno]

{{Lifetime|1883|1934|Ringelnatz, Ioachim}}
[[Categoria:Comici]]
[[Categoria:Expressionismus]]
[[Categoria:Histriones]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Germaniae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Christianus Niebuhr</title>
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      <text bytes="1311" sha1="j18fd2eleckwt2n3mpwuop0g2xm1zbj" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
'''Christianus''' vulgo ''Carsten'' '''Niebuhr''' (natus die [[17 Martii]] [[1733]] Cuxhaviae-Lüdingworth in [[Saxonia Inferior]]e, mortuus die [[26 Aprilis]] [[1815]] Meldorf in [[Dithmarsia]]) mathematicus et indagator [[germania|Germanicus]] fuit.
==Vita==
Cum [[Gottinga]]e rebus mathematicis studuisset anno 1760 nauta ingeniarius [[dania|Danicus]] creatus est. Annis inter 1761 et 1767 sub mandato rectionis Danicae iter fecit in Arabiam, Persiam et terras orientales contiguas; viam solus pergebat sociis mortuis. Ex anno 1778 tamquam consiliarius regius et ex anno 1808 tamquam consiliarius gubernatorius Meldorf in oppido vitam degebat. 

In lucem protulit opera magni momenti »Beschreibung von Arabien« (Hafniae 1772) et »Reisebeschreibung nach Arabien und andern umliegenden Ländern« (Hafniae 1774–78). Edidit res socii Forskal has: »Descriptiones animalium etc.« (Hafniae 1775); »Flora aegyptiaco-arabica« (Hafniae  1776) et »Icones rerum memorabilium etc.« (Hafniae 1776). Vitam eius scripsit filius et summus historicus [[Bartholdus Georgius Niebuhr]] (Kieliae 1817).

==Nexus externi==
{{fontes biographici}}

{{Lifetime|1733|1815|Niebuhr, Christianus}}
[[categoria:Mathematici Germaniae]]
[[categoria:Exploratores Asiae Mediae]]
[[categoria:Cartographi]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Seraium Orientale</title>
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      <text bytes="1932" sha1="dh8dr9dsivsje45g3d75uiloge1xgsr" xml:space="preserve">{{pro pagina discretiva vide|Seraium (discretiva)}}
{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Istočno Sarajevo.jpg|thumb|250px|Despectus in Seraium Orientale]] 
'''Seraium Orientale'''&lt;ref name=&quot;CathHier&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Egger SL|65}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[Ebbe Vilborg]], ''Norstedts svensk-latinska ordbok'', editio secunda, 2009. Nomini adiectivo, &quot;Seraiensis&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Google Books|coN42atKxeYC|Il mondo antico, moderno e novissimo ... Antonio Chiusole · 1722}}&lt;/ref&gt; (etiam: ''Saraglium Orientale''&lt;ref&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;); olim '''Vrhbosna Orientalis'''&lt;ref name=&quot;CathHier&quot;&gt;{{CathHierDiocese|vrhb|Archidioecesis Vrhbosnensis seu Seraiensis}}&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Serbice]]: ''Источно Сарајево''; [[Bosnice]]: ''Istočno Sarajevo''; [[Croatice]]: ''Istočno Sarajevo'') est municipium [[Bosnia et Herzegovina|Bosniae et Herzegovinae]], in [[Res publica Serbica|Re publica Serbica]] situm et pars orientalis [[Seraium|urbis Seraii]]. Incolae ''Seraienses Orientales''&lt;ref name=&quot;CathHier&quot; /&gt; seu ''Vrhbosnenses Orientales''&lt;ref name=&quot;CathHier&quot; /&gt; appellantur.

Seraium Orientale et municipia ''Источна Илиџа / Istočna Ilidža'', [[Novum Seraium]] (''Lukavica''), [[Vetus Urbs Orientalis]], ''Пале / Pale'', ''Соколац / Sokolac'' et ''Trnovo / Трново'' formant Aream Metropolitanam Seraiensem Orientalem.

== Notae ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Seraium]] (seu [[Saraglium]], [[Vrhbosna]])
* [[Bosnia]] (''terra'')

==Nexus externi==
{{CommuniaCat|Istočno Sarajevo|Seraium Orientale}}
{{Fontes geographici}}

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:East Sarajevo City Coat of arms.JPG|Seraii Orientalis Insigne.
Fasciculus:Flag of East Sarajevo.svg|Seraii Orientalis Vexillum.
Imago:BH municipality location Istocno Sarajevo.png|Collocatio finium municipii in Bosnia et Herzegovina.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

[[Categoria:Seraium et Romania]]
[[Categoria:Municipia Bosniae et Herzegovinae]]</text>
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    <title>Gens Novia</title>
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'''Gens Novia''' erat gens [[Plebs|plebeia]] parvi momenti in [[Romani antiqui|Roma antiqua]]. Qui huic [[Gens|genti]] pertineant non ante ultimum saeculum liberae [[Libera res publica Romana|Rei publicae]] romanae apparent. Sic anno 78 p.C.n.&lt;ref&gt;''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology'', vol. II, pp. 1211, 1212 (&quot;[[wikisource:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Novia gens|Novia Gens]]&quot;).&lt;/ref&gt; tantum [[Decimus Iunius Novius Priscus]], primus e Noviis, [[consul]]atum obtinuit.

== De origine ==
Nomen ''Novius'' est nomen gentilicium quod a communi [[Lingua Osca|Osco]] [[Praenomen|praenomine]] ''Novius'' derivatum est. Cum et praenomen et nomen eandem formam induant, non raro accidit ut aegre arbitreris utrum Novius sit alicui praenomen an ''nomen gentilicium''. Utroque modo, nomen ipsum sufficit ad Oscam originem Noviorum confirmandam.&lt;ref&gt;Chase, pp. 127, 128, 138.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Membra ==

* [[Quintus Novius]], dramatum scriptor [[Lucius Cornelius Sulla|Sulla]] florente, cuius fabulae [[Atellana|atellana]]e celebrantur. Erat contemporaneus [[Lucius Pomponius|Pomponio]], et ei atellanico. Novii opera saepius memorantur a Nonio Marcello.&lt;ref&gt;Macrobius, i. 10.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gellius, xv. 13.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bothe, ''Poëtae Scenici Latinorum'', vol. ii. p. 41 ''ff''.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Lucius Novius, cuius cognomen ''Niger forte fuit'', [[tribunus plebis]] anno 58 a.C.n, cum [[Publius Clodius Pulcher|Publio Clodio Pulchro]]. Novius fortiter collegae suo se opposuit.&lt;ref&gt;Asconius Pedianus, ''In Ciceronis Pro Milone'', p. 47 (ed. [[Johann Caspar von Orelli|Orelli]]).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Broughton, vol. II, p. 196.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Novius Facundus, mathematicus [[Augustus (imperator)|Augusto caesare]] qui medium excogitavit quo longitudo dierum mensuretur, utens obelisco erecto in [[Campus Martius|campo Martio]].&lt;ref&gt;Pliny, xxxvi. 72.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Decimus Iunius Novius Priscus]], consul anno 78 p.C.n. Verisimiliter est idem ac Novius Priscus, qui fuit inter [[Lucius Annaeus Seneca minor|Senecae]] amicos, et pulsus est a [[Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus|Nerone]] anno 66 p.c.n.. Uxor eius fuit Artoria Flacilla.&lt;ref&gt;Tacitus, ''Annales'' xv. 71.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PIR II 417&quot;&gt;''PIR'', vol. II, p. 417.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Novius, amicus [[Marcus Valerius Martialis|Martialis]].&lt;ref&gt;Martial, vii. 72.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PIR II 416&quot;&gt;''PIR'', vol. II, p. 416.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Novius Maximus, vir cui Plinius Iunior misit duas epistolas.&lt;ref&gt;Plinius Minor, ''Epistulae'', iv. 20, v. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Novius, captator testamentorum, de quo Juvenal.&lt;ref&gt;Juvenal, xii. 111.&lt;/ref&gt;
* L. Novius Crispinus Martialis Saturninus, [[proconsul]] [[Gallia Narbonensis|Galliae Narbonensis]] et legatus ''pro praetore'' in [[Africa (provincia Romana)|Africa Proconsulari]] [[Antoninus Pius|Antonino Piio regnante]]; consul ''suffectus'' anno 150 vel 151.
* Gaius Novius Priscus, consul ''suffectus'' anno 152 p.C.n. Duxit Flaviam Menodoram.
* Gaius Novius C. f. Rusticus Venuleius Apronianus, filius Prisci et Flaviae Menodorae, ''tribunus laticlavius'' meruit cum sexta legione, fuit legatus in [[Asia (provincia Romana)|Asia]], [[quaestor]] candidatus et tribunus plebis, et praetor ''designatus''.&lt;ref name=&quot;PIR II 418&quot;&gt;''PIR'', vol. II, p. 418.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Publii Novius L. f. Saturninus Martialis Marcello, filius Crispini, consul ''circa'' annum 150 p.C.n.
* Novia L. f. Crispina, filia Crispini consulis, uxor Titurii Antistii Adventi.
* Lucius Novius Rufus, consul {{Lang|la|suffectus}} anno 186 p.C.n, fuit legatus ''pro praetore'' in [[Hispania Tarraconensis|Hispania Tarraconensi]] anno 193. Rufus erat inter praeclaros Romanos quos ad mortem [[Septimius Severus]] duxit sine causa.&lt;ref&gt;Aelius Spartianus, &quot;Vita Septimii Severi&quot;, 13.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Gens Novia| ]]
[[Categoria:Gentes Romanae]]</text>
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      <text bytes="3807" sha1="n6v45qbd0w2crrsdy52eab1qtlsow19" xml:space="preserve">{{res|Gens Novia}} erat gens [[Plebs|plebeia]] parvi momenti in [[Romani antiqui|Roma antiqua]]. Qui huic [[Gens|genti]] pertineant non ante ultimum saeculum liberae [[Libera res publica Romana|Rei publicae]] romanae apparent. Sic anno 78 p.C.n.&lt;ref&gt;''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology'', vol. II, pp. 1211, 1212 (&quot;[[wikisource:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Novia gens|Novia Gens]]&quot;).&lt;/ref&gt; tantum [[Decimus Iunius Novius Priscus]], primus e Noviis, [[consul]]atum obtinuit.

== De origine ==
Nomen ''Novius'' est nomen gentilicium quod a communi [[Lingua Osca|Osco]] [[Praenomen|praenomine]] ''Novius'' derivatum est. Cum et praenomen et nomen eandem formam induant, non raro accidit ut aegre arbitreris utrum Novius sit alicui praenomen an ''nomen gentilicium''. Utroque modo, nomen ipsum sufficit ad Oscam originem Noviorum confirmandam.&lt;ref&gt;Chase, pp. 127, 128, 138.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Membra ==

* [[Quintus Novius]], dramatum scriptor [[Lucius Cornelius Sulla|Sulla]] florente, cuius fabulae [[Atellana|atellana]]e celebrantur. Erat contemporaneus [[Lucius Pomponius|Pomponio]], et ei atellanico. Novii opera saepius memorantur a Nonio Marcello.&lt;ref&gt;Macrobius, i. 10.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gellius, xv. 13.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bothe, ''Poëtae Scenici Latinorum'', vol. ii. p. 41 ''ff''.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Lucius Novius, cuius cognomen ''Niger forte fuit'', [[tribunus plebis]] anno 58 a.C.n, cum [[Publius Clodius Pulcher|Publio Clodio Pulchro]]. Novius fortiter collegae suo se opposuit.&lt;ref&gt;Asconius Pedianus, ''In Ciceronis Pro Milone'', p. 47 (ed. [[Johann Caspar von Orelli|Orelli]]).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Broughton, vol. II, p. 196.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Novius Facundus, mathematicus [[Augustus (imperator)|Augusto caesare]] qui medium excogitavit quo longitudo dierum mensuretur, utens obelisco erecto in [[Campus Martius|campo Martio]].&lt;ref&gt;Pliny, xxxvi. 72.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Decimus Iunius Novius Priscus]], consul anno 78 p.C.n. Verisimiliter est idem ac Novius Priscus, qui fuit inter [[Lucius Annaeus Seneca minor|Senecae]] amicos, et pulsus est a [[Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus|Nerone]] anno 66 p.c.n.. Uxor eius fuit Artoria Flacilla.&lt;ref&gt;Tacitus, ''Annales'' xv. 71.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PIR II 417&quot;&gt;''PIR'', vol. II, p. 417.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Novius, amicus [[Marcus Valerius Martialis|Martialis]].&lt;ref&gt;Martial, vii. 72.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PIR II 416&quot;&gt;''PIR'', vol. II, p. 416.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Novius Maximus, vir cui Plinius Iunior misit duas epistolas.&lt;ref&gt;Plinius Minor, ''Epistulae'', iv. 20, v. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Novius, captator testamentorum, de quo Juvenal.&lt;ref&gt;Juvenal, xii. 111.&lt;/ref&gt;
* L. Novius Crispinus Martialis Saturninus, [[proconsul]] [[Gallia Narbonensis|Galliae Narbonensis]] et legatus ''pro praetore'' in [[Africa (provincia Romana)|Africa Proconsulari]] [[Antoninus Pius|Antonino Piio regnante]]; consul ''suffectus'' anno 150 vel 151.
* Gaius Novius Priscus, consul ''suffectus'' anno 152 p.C.n. Duxit Flaviam Menodoram.
* Gaius Novius C. f. Rusticus Venuleius Apronianus, filius Prisci et Flaviae Menodorae, ''tribunus laticlavius'' meruit cum sexta legione, fuit legatus in [[Asia (provincia Romana)|Asia]], [[quaestor]] candidatus et tribunus plebis, et praetor ''designatus''.&lt;ref name=&quot;PIR II 418&quot;&gt;''PIR'', vol. II, p. 418.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Publii Novius L. f. Saturninus Martialis Marcello, filius Crispini, consul ''circa'' annum 150 p.C.n.
* Novia L. f. Crispina, filia Crispini consulis, uxor Titurii Antistii Adventi.
* Lucius Novius Rufus, consul {{Lang|la|suffectus}} anno 186 p.C.n, fuit legatus ''pro praetore'' in [[Hispania Tarraconensis|Hispania Tarraconensi]] anno 193. Rufus erat inter praeclaros Romanos quos ad mortem [[Septimius Severus]] duxit sine causa.&lt;ref&gt;Aelius Spartianus, &quot;Vita Septimii Severi&quot;, 13.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Gens Novia| ]]
[[Categoria:Gentes Romanae]]</text>
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      <text bytes="2332" sha1="kxkpytx5nr41ws4voeemn6boo92kovg" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Houghton Typ 625.21.132 - Alciati Emblemata, 1621 - Consiliarij principum.jpg|thumb|Imago comitum Ulixis apud Lotophagos molliter dormientium in editione ''Emblematum'' Andreae Alciati  (1621)]]
'''Lotophagi''' sunt gens mythica nono carmine ''[[Odyssea|Odysseae]]'' memorata. Nam [[Ulixes]] postquam a [[Peloponnesus|Peloponnesi]] litoribus et [[Malea|promunturio Maleensi]] tempestate abactus est, ad fines Lotophagorum post novem navigationis dies adpulit.  Gens mitis erat quae loto vescebatur et hunc cibum viatoribus libenter dare solebant. Cum vero animadvertit comites qui lotum comedissent patriae oblitos ibidem apud Lotophagos manere velle, tum Ulixes eos  ad naves catenatos raptim reduxit atque properanter maris fluctibus sese rursus commisit.

Multi putant [[Lotus (antiquitas)|lotum]] florem (versus 84ː οἲ τ' ἄνθινον εἶδαρ ἔδουσι) esse ab antiquis Aegyptiacis saepe depictum; sunt tamen diversae opiniones ut Victor Bérard&lt;ref&gt;Adnotatio ad locum in editione ''Odysseae'' apud [[Collection des Universités de France]].&lt;/ref&gt; qui Lotophagos palmarum comestores (versus 94ː μελιηδέα καρπόν = &quot;melleum fructum&quot;) in litore Africae fuisse credebat.
== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== Fontes ==
*''[[Odyssea]]'' IX.80-104.
== Plura legere si cupis ==
*M. Dorie, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/pharm_0035-2349_1967_num_55_195_7693 Les plantes magiques de l'Odyssée. Lotos et moly]&quot;, ''Revue d'Histoire de la Pharmacie'', 1967ː 573-584
*A. Foucaud,	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/pharm_0035-2349_1962_num_50_175_8823 Lotus et lotophages : un petit problème d'histoire grecque]&quot;, ''Revue d'Histoire de la Pharmacie'', 1962ː 422-424
* Alessandra Lukinovich, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/gaia_1287-3349_1998_num_3_1_1337 Le cercle des douze étapes du voyage d'Ulysse aux confins du monde]&quot;, ''GAIA. Revue interdisciplinaire sur la Grèce ancienne'', 1998ː 9-26
* Duarte Mimoso-Ruiz,	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/horma_0984-2616_2006_num_54_1_2340 Les voyageurs « tunisiens »]&quot;, ''Horizons Maghrébins - Le droit à la mémoire'', 2006ː 72-80
*M. Rousseaux, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/bude_0004-5527_1971_num_1_3_3155 Ulysse et les mangeurs de coquelicots]&quot;, ''Bulletin de l'Association Guillaume Budé'', 1971ː 333-351

[[Categoria:Odyssea]]
[[Categoria:Mythologia Graeca]]</text>
      <sha1>kxkpytx5nr41ws4voeemn6boo92kovg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3972862</id>
      <parentid>3972858</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-19T13:13:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Andrew Dalby</username>
        <id>1084</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>+ fontes</comment>
      <origin>3972862</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2585" sha1="fstkxkh06ug9x4wfhsxhufifd3i2jl4" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Houghton Typ 625.21.132 - Alciati Emblemata, 1621 - Consiliarij principum.jpg|thumb|Imago comitum Ulixis apud Lotophagos molliter dormientium in editione ''Emblematum'' Andreae Alciati  (1621)]]
'''Lotophagi''' sunt gens mythica nono carmine ''[[Odyssea|Odysseae]]'' memorata. Nam [[Ulixes]] postquam a [[Peloponnesus|Peloponnesi]] litoribus et [[Malea|promunturio Maleensi]] tempestate abactus est, ad fines Lotophagorum post novem navigationis dies adpulit.  Gens mitis erat quae loto vescebatur et hunc cibum viatoribus libenter dare solebant. Cum vero animadvertit comites qui lotum comedissent patriae oblitos ibidem apud Lotophagos manere velle, tum Ulixes eos  ad naves catenatos raptim reduxit atque properanter maris fluctibus sese rursus commisit.

Multi putant [[Lotus (antiquitas)|lotum]] florem (versus 84ː οἲ τ' ἄνθινον εἶδαρ ἔδουσι) esse ab antiquis Aegyptiacis saepe depictum; sunt tamen diversae opiniones ut Victor Bérard&lt;ref&gt;Adnotatio ad locum in editione ''Odysseae'' apud [[Collection des Universités de France]].&lt;/ref&gt; qui Lotophagos palmarum comestores (versus 94ː μελιηδέα καρπόν = &quot;melleum fructum&quot;) in litore Africae fuisse credebat.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes ==
*''[[Odyssea]]'' IX.80-104.
* [[Herodotus]], ''[[Historiae (Herodotus)|Historiae]]'' 4.77, cf. 2.92.2
* [[Theophrastus]], ''[[Historia plantarum (Theophrastus)|Historia plantarum]]'' 4.3.4, cf. 7.15.3
* [[Polybius]], ''[[Historiae (Polybius)|Historiae]]'' 12.2
* {{Pnh}} 14.101

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*M. Dorie, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/pharm_0035-2349_1967_num_55_195_7693 Les plantes magiques de l'Odyssée. Lotos et moly]&quot;, ''Revue d'Histoire de la Pharmacie'', 1967ː 573-584
*A. Foucaud,	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/pharm_0035-2349_1962_num_50_175_8823 Lotus et lotophages : un petit problème d'histoire grecque]&quot;, ''Revue d'Histoire de la Pharmacie'', 1962ː 422-424
* Alessandra Lukinovich, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/gaia_1287-3349_1998_num_3_1_1337 Le cercle des douze étapes du voyage d'Ulysse aux confins du monde]&quot;, ''GAIA. Revue interdisciplinaire sur la Grèce ancienne'', 1998ː 9-26
* Duarte Mimoso-Ruiz,	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/horma_0984-2616_2006_num_54_1_2340 Les voyageurs « tunisiens »]&quot;, ''Horizons Maghrébins - Le droit à la mémoire'', 2006ː 72-80
*M. Rousseaux, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/bude_0004-5527_1971_num_1_3_3155 Ulysse et les mangeurs de coquelicots]&quot;, ''Bulletin de l'Association Guillaume Budé'', 1971ː 333-351

[[Categoria:Odyssea]]
[[Categoria:Mythologia Graeca]]</text>
      <sha1>fstkxkh06ug9x4wfhsxhufifd3i2jl4</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3972864</id>
      <parentid>3972862</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-19T13:14:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Andrew Dalby</username>
        <id>1084</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>[[Project:HotCat|HotCat]]: +[[Categoria:Plantae fabulosae]]</comment>
      <origin>3972864</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2617" sha1="eg0wwg1iz6lrnkfl9bqh0yt7kl206n9" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Houghton Typ 625.21.132 - Alciati Emblemata, 1621 - Consiliarij principum.jpg|thumb|Imago comitum Ulixis apud Lotophagos molliter dormientium in editione ''Emblematum'' Andreae Alciati  (1621)]]
'''Lotophagi''' sunt gens mythica nono carmine ''[[Odyssea|Odysseae]]'' memorata. Nam [[Ulixes]] postquam a [[Peloponnesus|Peloponnesi]] litoribus et [[Malea|promunturio Maleensi]] tempestate abactus est, ad fines Lotophagorum post novem navigationis dies adpulit.  Gens mitis erat quae loto vescebatur et hunc cibum viatoribus libenter dare solebant. Cum vero animadvertit comites qui lotum comedissent patriae oblitos ibidem apud Lotophagos manere velle, tum Ulixes eos  ad naves catenatos raptim reduxit atque properanter maris fluctibus sese rursus commisit.

Multi putant [[Lotus (antiquitas)|lotum]] florem (versus 84ː οἲ τ' ἄνθινον εἶδαρ ἔδουσι) esse ab antiquis Aegyptiacis saepe depictum; sunt tamen diversae opiniones ut Victor Bérard&lt;ref&gt;Adnotatio ad locum in editione ''Odysseae'' apud [[Collection des Universités de France]].&lt;/ref&gt; qui Lotophagos palmarum comestores (versus 94ː μελιηδέα καρπόν = &quot;melleum fructum&quot;) in litore Africae fuisse credebat.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes ==
*''[[Odyssea]]'' IX.80-104.
* [[Herodotus]], ''[[Historiae (Herodotus)|Historiae]]'' 4.77, cf. 2.92.2
* [[Theophrastus]], ''[[Historia plantarum (Theophrastus)|Historia plantarum]]'' 4.3.4, cf. 7.15.3
* [[Polybius]], ''[[Historiae (Polybius)|Historiae]]'' 12.2
* {{Pnh}} 14.101

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*M. Dorie, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/pharm_0035-2349_1967_num_55_195_7693 Les plantes magiques de l'Odyssée. Lotos et moly]&quot;, ''Revue d'Histoire de la Pharmacie'', 1967ː 573-584
*A. Foucaud,	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/pharm_0035-2349_1962_num_50_175_8823 Lotus et lotophages : un petit problème d'histoire grecque]&quot;, ''Revue d'Histoire de la Pharmacie'', 1962ː 422-424
* Alessandra Lukinovich, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/gaia_1287-3349_1998_num_3_1_1337 Le cercle des douze étapes du voyage d'Ulysse aux confins du monde]&quot;, ''GAIA. Revue interdisciplinaire sur la Grèce ancienne'', 1998ː 9-26
* Duarte Mimoso-Ruiz,	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/horma_0984-2616_2006_num_54_1_2340 Les voyageurs « tunisiens »]&quot;, ''Horizons Maghrébins - Le droit à la mémoire'', 2006ː 72-80
*M. Rousseaux, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/bude_0004-5527_1971_num_1_3_3155 Ulysse et les mangeurs de coquelicots]&quot;, ''Bulletin de l'Association Guillaume Budé'', 1971ː 333-351

[[Categoria:Odyssea]]
[[Categoria:Mythologia Graeca]]
[[Categoria:Plantae fabulosae]]</text>
      <sha1>eg0wwg1iz6lrnkfl9bqh0yt7kl206n9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3972866</id>
      <parentid>3972864</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-19T13:16:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Andrew Dalby</username>
        <id>1084</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>[[Project:HotCat|HotCat]]: -[[Categoria:Plantae fabulosae]]</comment>
      <origin>3972866</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2585" sha1="fstkxkh06ug9x4wfhsxhufifd3i2jl4" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Houghton Typ 625.21.132 - Alciati Emblemata, 1621 - Consiliarij principum.jpg|thumb|Imago comitum Ulixis apud Lotophagos molliter dormientium in editione ''Emblematum'' Andreae Alciati  (1621)]]
'''Lotophagi''' sunt gens mythica nono carmine ''[[Odyssea|Odysseae]]'' memorata. Nam [[Ulixes]] postquam a [[Peloponnesus|Peloponnesi]] litoribus et [[Malea|promunturio Maleensi]] tempestate abactus est, ad fines Lotophagorum post novem navigationis dies adpulit.  Gens mitis erat quae loto vescebatur et hunc cibum viatoribus libenter dare solebant. Cum vero animadvertit comites qui lotum comedissent patriae oblitos ibidem apud Lotophagos manere velle, tum Ulixes eos  ad naves catenatos raptim reduxit atque properanter maris fluctibus sese rursus commisit.

Multi putant [[Lotus (antiquitas)|lotum]] florem (versus 84ː οἲ τ' ἄνθινον εἶδαρ ἔδουσι) esse ab antiquis Aegyptiacis saepe depictum; sunt tamen diversae opiniones ut Victor Bérard&lt;ref&gt;Adnotatio ad locum in editione ''Odysseae'' apud [[Collection des Universités de France]].&lt;/ref&gt; qui Lotophagos palmarum comestores (versus 94ː μελιηδέα καρπόν = &quot;melleum fructum&quot;) in litore Africae fuisse credebat.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes ==
*''[[Odyssea]]'' IX.80-104.
* [[Herodotus]], ''[[Historiae (Herodotus)|Historiae]]'' 4.77, cf. 2.92.2
* [[Theophrastus]], ''[[Historia plantarum (Theophrastus)|Historia plantarum]]'' 4.3.4, cf. 7.15.3
* [[Polybius]], ''[[Historiae (Polybius)|Historiae]]'' 12.2
* {{Pnh}} 14.101

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*M. Dorie, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/pharm_0035-2349_1967_num_55_195_7693 Les plantes magiques de l'Odyssée. Lotos et moly]&quot;, ''Revue d'Histoire de la Pharmacie'', 1967ː 573-584
*A. Foucaud,	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/pharm_0035-2349_1962_num_50_175_8823 Lotus et lotophages : un petit problème d'histoire grecque]&quot;, ''Revue d'Histoire de la Pharmacie'', 1962ː 422-424
* Alessandra Lukinovich, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/gaia_1287-3349_1998_num_3_1_1337 Le cercle des douze étapes du voyage d'Ulysse aux confins du monde]&quot;, ''GAIA. Revue interdisciplinaire sur la Grèce ancienne'', 1998ː 9-26
* Duarte Mimoso-Ruiz,	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/horma_0984-2616_2006_num_54_1_2340 Les voyageurs « tunisiens »]&quot;, ''Horizons Maghrébins - Le droit à la mémoire'', 2006ː 72-80
*M. Rousseaux, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/bude_0004-5527_1971_num_1_3_3155 Ulysse et les mangeurs de coquelicots]&quot;, ''Bulletin de l'Association Guillaume Budé'', 1971ː 333-351

[[Categoria:Odyssea]]
[[Categoria:Mythologia Graeca]]</text>
      <sha1>fstkxkh06ug9x4wfhsxhufifd3i2jl4</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3972870</id>
      <parentid>3972866</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-19T13:47:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Andrew Dalby</username>
        <id>1084</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Fontes */</comment>
      <origin>3972870</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2739" sha1="j8k6d850dwydk43i7r55r19ru771oju" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Houghton Typ 625.21.132 - Alciati Emblemata, 1621 - Consiliarij principum.jpg|thumb|Imago comitum Ulixis apud Lotophagos molliter dormientium in editione ''Emblematum'' Andreae Alciati  (1621)]]
'''Lotophagi''' sunt gens mythica nono carmine ''[[Odyssea|Odysseae]]'' memorata. Nam [[Ulixes]] postquam a [[Peloponnesus|Peloponnesi]] litoribus et [[Malea|promunturio Maleensi]] tempestate abactus est, ad fines Lotophagorum post novem navigationis dies adpulit.  Gens mitis erat quae loto vescebatur et hunc cibum viatoribus libenter dare solebant. Cum vero animadvertit comites qui lotum comedissent patriae oblitos ibidem apud Lotophagos manere velle, tum Ulixes eos  ad naves catenatos raptim reduxit atque properanter maris fluctibus sese rursus commisit.

Multi putant [[Lotus (antiquitas)|lotum]] florem (versus 84ː οἲ τ' ἄνθινον εἶδαρ ἔδουσι) esse ab antiquis Aegyptiacis saepe depictum; sunt tamen diversae opiniones ut Victor Bérard&lt;ref&gt;Adnotatio ad locum in editione ''Odysseae'' apud [[Collection des Universités de France]].&lt;/ref&gt; qui Lotophagos palmarum comestores (versus 94ː μελιηδέα καρπόν = &quot;melleum fructum&quot;) in litore Africae fuisse credebat.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes ==
*''[[Odyssea]]'' IX.80-104, cf. IV.603
* [[Herodotus]], ''[[Historiae (Herodotus)|Historiae]]'' 4.77, cf. 2.92.2
* [[Xenophon]], ''[[Anabasis (Xenophon)|Anabasis]]'' 3.2.25
* [[Theophrastus]], ''[[Historia plantarum (Theophrastus)|Historia plantarum]]'' 4.3.1-4, cf. 7.15.3
* [[Polybius]], ''[[Historiae (Polybius)|Historiae]]'' 12.2
* {{Pnh}} 14.101
* [[Dioscorides]], ''[[Materia medica (Dioscorides)|Materia medica]]'' 4.110-113

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*M. Dorie, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/pharm_0035-2349_1967_num_55_195_7693 Les plantes magiques de l'Odyssée. Lotos et moly]&quot;, ''Revue d'Histoire de la Pharmacie'', 1967ː 573-584
*A. Foucaud,	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/pharm_0035-2349_1962_num_50_175_8823 Lotus et lotophages : un petit problème d'histoire grecque]&quot;, ''Revue d'Histoire de la Pharmacie'', 1962ː 422-424
* Alessandra Lukinovich, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/gaia_1287-3349_1998_num_3_1_1337 Le cercle des douze étapes du voyage d'Ulysse aux confins du monde]&quot;, ''GAIA. Revue interdisciplinaire sur la Grèce ancienne'', 1998ː 9-26
* Duarte Mimoso-Ruiz,	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/horma_0984-2616_2006_num_54_1_2340 Les voyageurs « tunisiens »]&quot;, ''Horizons Maghrébins - Le droit à la mémoire'', 2006ː 72-80
*M. Rousseaux, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/bude_0004-5527_1971_num_1_3_3155 Ulysse et les mangeurs de coquelicots]&quot;, ''Bulletin de l'Association Guillaume Budé'', 1971ː 333-351

[[Categoria:Odyssea]]
[[Categoria:Mythologia Graeca]]</text>
      <sha1>j8k6d850dwydk43i7r55r19ru771oju</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3972893</id>
      <parentid>3972870</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-19T16:22:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Andrew Dalby</username>
        <id>1084</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>de loto, non Lotophagis</comment>
      <origin>3972893</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2658" sha1="ou7kz8xbn2zqbgy1285lcswcpl1n13h" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Houghton Typ 625.21.132 - Alciati Emblemata, 1621 - Consiliarij principum.jpg|thumb|Imago comitum Ulixis apud Lotophagos molliter dormientium in editione ''Emblematum'' Andreae Alciati  (1621)]]
'''Lotophagi''' sunt gens mythica nono carmine ''[[Odyssea|Odysseae]]'' memorata. Nam [[Ulixes]] postquam a [[Peloponnesus|Peloponnesi]] litoribus et [[Malea|promunturio Maleensi]] tempestate abactus est, ad fines Lotophagorum post novem navigationis dies adpulit.  Gens mitis erat quae loto vescebatur et hunc cibum viatoribus libenter dare solebant. Cum vero animadvertit comites qui lotum comedissent patriae oblitos ibidem apud Lotophagos manere velle, tum Ulixes eos  ad naves catenatos raptim reduxit atque properanter maris fluctibus sese rursus commisit.

Multi putant [[Lotus (antiquitas)|lotum]] florem (versus 84ː οἲ τ' ἄνθινον εἶδαρ ἔδουσι) esse ab antiquis Aegyptiacis saepe depictum; sunt tamen diversae opiniones ut Victor Bérard&lt;ref&gt;Adnotatio ad locum in editione ''Odysseae'' apud [[Collection des Universités de France]].&lt;/ref&gt; qui Lotophagos palmarum comestores (versus 94ː μελιηδέα καρπόν = &quot;melleum fructum&quot;) in litore Africae fuisse credebat.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes ==
*''[[Odyssea]]'' IX.80-104, cf. IV.603
* [[Herodotus]], ''[[Historiae (Herodotus)|Historiae]]'' 4.77, cf. 2.92.2
* [[Xenophon]], ''[[Anabasis (Xenophon)|Anabasis]]'' 3.2.25
* [[Theophrastus]], ''[[Historia plantarum (Theophrastus)|Historia plantarum]]'' 4.3.1-4, cf. 7.15.3
* [[Polybius]], ''[[Historiae (Polybius)|Historiae]]'' 12.2
* {{Pnh}} 14.101

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*M. Dorie, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/pharm_0035-2349_1967_num_55_195_7693 Les plantes magiques de l'Odyssée. Lotos et moly]&quot;, ''Revue d'Histoire de la Pharmacie'', 1967ː 573-584
*A. Foucaud,	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/pharm_0035-2349_1962_num_50_175_8823 Lotus et lotophages : un petit problème d'histoire grecque]&quot;, ''Revue d'Histoire de la Pharmacie'', 1962ː 422-424
* Alessandra Lukinovich, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/gaia_1287-3349_1998_num_3_1_1337 Le cercle des douze étapes du voyage d'Ulysse aux confins du monde]&quot;, ''GAIA. Revue interdisciplinaire sur la Grèce ancienne'', 1998ː 9-26
* Duarte Mimoso-Ruiz,	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/horma_0984-2616_2006_num_54_1_2340 Les voyageurs « tunisiens »]&quot;, ''Horizons Maghrébins - Le droit à la mémoire'', 2006ː 72-80
*M. Rousseaux, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/bude_0004-5527_1971_num_1_3_3155 Ulysse et les mangeurs de coquelicots]&quot;, ''Bulletin de l'Association Guillaume Budé'', 1971ː 333-351

[[Categoria:Odyssea]]
[[Categoria:Mythologia Graeca]]</text>
      <sha1>ou7kz8xbn2zqbgy1285lcswcpl1n13h</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3972902</id>
      <parentid>3972893</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-19T17:18:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Andrew Dalby</username>
        <id>1084</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>3972902</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2903" sha1="thrdhxqgonjh81tfvob4oz38nqmfhae" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Houghton Typ 625.21.132 - Alciati Emblemata, 1621 - Consiliarij principum.jpg|thumb|Imago comitum Ulixis apud Lotophagos molliter dormientium in editione ''Emblematum'' Andreae Alciati  (1621)]]
'''Lotophagi''' sunt gens mythica nono carmine ''[[Odyssea|Odysseae]]'' memorata. Nam [[Ulixes]] postquam a [[Peloponnesus|Peloponnesi]] litoribus et [[Malea|promunturio Maleensi]] tempestate abactus est, ad fines Lotophagorum post novem navigationis dies adpulit.  Gens mitis erat quae loto vescebatur et hunc cibum viatoribus libenter dare solebant. Cum vero animadvertit comites qui lotum comedissent patriae oblitos ibidem apud Lotophagos manere velle, tum Ulixes eos  ad naves catenatos raptim reduxit atque properanter maris fluctibus sese rursus commisit.

Multi putant [[Lotus (antiquitas)|lotum]] florem (versus 84ː οἲ τ' ἄνθινον εἶδαρ ἔδουσι) esse ab antiquis Aegyptiacis saepe depictum; sunt tamen diversae opiniones ut Victor Bérard&lt;ref&gt;Adnotatio ad locum in editione ''Odysseae'' apud [[Collection des Universités de France]].&lt;/ref&gt; qui Lotophagos palmarum comestores (versus 94ː μελιηδέα καρπόν = &quot;melleum fructum&quot;) in litore Africae fuisse credebat. Fructum arboris, qui hodie ''[[Ziziphus lotus]]'' appellatur, eodem loci florentem, scriptores antiqui adduxerunt, inter quos [[Herodotus]], [[Theophrastus]], [[Polybius]]. Hic praesertim de vino, [[medus|medo]] vel oenomelite simili, disserit.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes ==
*''[[Odyssea]]'' IX.80-104, cf. IV.603
* [[Herodotus]], ''[[Historiae (Herodotus)|Historiae]]'' 4.77, cf. 2.92.2
* [[Xenophon]], ''[[Anabasis (Xenophon)|Anabasis]]'' 3.2.25
* [[Theophrastus]], ''[[Historia plantarum (Theophrastus)|Historia plantarum]]'' 4.3.1-4, cf. 7.15.3
* [[Polybius]], ''[[Historiae (Polybius)|Historiae]]'' 12.2
* {{Pnh}} 14.101

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*M. Dorie, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/pharm_0035-2349_1967_num_55_195_7693 Les plantes magiques de l'Odyssée. Lotos et moly]&quot;, ''Revue d'Histoire de la Pharmacie'', 1967ː 573-584
*A. Foucaud,	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/pharm_0035-2349_1962_num_50_175_8823 Lotus et lotophages : un petit problème d'histoire grecque]&quot;, ''Revue d'Histoire de la Pharmacie'', 1962ː 422-424
* Alessandra Lukinovich, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/gaia_1287-3349_1998_num_3_1_1337 Le cercle des douze étapes du voyage d'Ulysse aux confins du monde]&quot;, ''GAIA. Revue interdisciplinaire sur la Grèce ancienne'', 1998ː 9-26
* Duarte Mimoso-Ruiz,	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/horma_0984-2616_2006_num_54_1_2340 Les voyageurs « tunisiens »]&quot;, ''Horizons Maghrébins - Le droit à la mémoire'', 2006ː 72-80
*M. Rousseaux, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/bude_0004-5527_1971_num_1_3_3155 Ulysse et les mangeurs de coquelicots]&quot;, ''Bulletin de l'Association Guillaume Budé'', 1971ː 333-351

[[Categoria:Odyssea]]
[[Categoria:Mythologia Graeca]]</text>
      <sha1>thrdhxqgonjh81tfvob4oz38nqmfhae</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>3972903</id>
      <parentid>3972902</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-19T17:19:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Andrew Dalby</username>
        <id>1084</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
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      <text bytes="2924" sha1="imhqu7nhrhs3zpu7ao2isk34jlzethx" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Houghton Typ 625.21.132 - Alciati Emblemata, 1621 - Consiliarij principum.jpg|thumb|Imago comitum Ulixis apud Lotophagos molliter dormientium in editione ''Emblematum'' Andreae Alciati  (1621)]]
'''Lotophagi''' sunt gens mythica nono carmine ''[[Odyssea|Odysseae]]'' memorata. Nam [[Ulixes]] postquam a [[Peloponnesus|Peloponnesi]] litoribus et [[Malea|promunturio Maleensi]] tempestate abactus est, ad fines Lotophagorum post novem navigationis dies adpulit.  Gens mitis erat quae loto vescebatur et hunc cibum viatoribus libenter dare solebant. Cum vero animadvertit comites qui lotum comedissent patriae oblitos ibidem apud Lotophagos manere velle, tum Ulixes eos  ad naves catenatos raptim reduxit atque properanter maris fluctibus sese rursus commisit.

Multi putant [[Lotus (antiquitas)|lotum]] florem (versus 84ː οἲ τ' ἄνθινον εἶδαρ ἔδουσι) esse ab antiquis Aegyptiacis saepe depictum; sunt tamen diversae opiniones ut Victor Bérard&lt;ref&gt;Adnotatio ad locum in editione ''Odysseae'' apud [[Collection des Universités de France]].&lt;/ref&gt; qui Lotophagos palmarum comestores (versus 94ː μελιηδέα καρπόν = &quot;melleum fructum&quot;) in litore Africae fuisse credebat. Fructum arboris, qui hodie ''[[Ziziphus lotus]]'' appellatur, eodem loci florentem, scriptores antiqui adduxerunt, inter quos [[Herodotus]], [[Theophrastus]], [[Polybius]]. Hic praesertim de vino, [[medus|medo]] vel oenomelite simili, e fructibus confecto disserit.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes ==
*''[[Odyssea]]'' IX.80-104, cf. IV.603
* [[Herodotus]], ''[[Historiae (Herodotus)|Historiae]]'' 4.77, cf. 2.92.2
* [[Xenophon]], ''[[Anabasis (Xenophon)|Anabasis]]'' 3.2.25
* [[Theophrastus]], ''[[Historia plantarum (Theophrastus)|Historia plantarum]]'' 4.3.1-4, cf. 7.15.3
* [[Polybius]], ''[[Historiae (Polybius)|Historiae]]'' 12.2
* {{Pnh}} 14.101

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*M. Dorie, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/pharm_0035-2349_1967_num_55_195_7693 Les plantes magiques de l'Odyssée. Lotos et moly]&quot;, ''Revue d'Histoire de la Pharmacie'', 1967ː 573-584
*A. Foucaud,	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/pharm_0035-2349_1962_num_50_175_8823 Lotus et lotophages : un petit problème d'histoire grecque]&quot;, ''Revue d'Histoire de la Pharmacie'', 1962ː 422-424
* Alessandra Lukinovich, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/gaia_1287-3349_1998_num_3_1_1337 Le cercle des douze étapes du voyage d'Ulysse aux confins du monde]&quot;, ''GAIA. Revue interdisciplinaire sur la Grèce ancienne'', 1998ː 9-26
* Duarte Mimoso-Ruiz,	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/horma_0984-2616_2006_num_54_1_2340 Les voyageurs « tunisiens »]&quot;, ''Horizons Maghrébins - Le droit à la mémoire'', 2006ː 72-80
*M. Rousseaux, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/bude_0004-5527_1971_num_1_3_3155 Ulysse et les mangeurs de coquelicots]&quot;, ''Bulletin de l'Association Guillaume Budé'', 1971ː 333-351

[[Categoria:Odyssea]]
[[Categoria:Mythologia Graeca]]</text>
      <sha1>imhqu7nhrhs3zpu7ao2isk34jlzethx</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>3972904</id>
      <parentid>3972903</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-19T17:20:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Andrew Dalby</username>
        <id>1084</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>[[Project:HotCat|HotCat]]: +[[Categoria:Gentes Africae]]</comment>
      <origin>3972904</origin>
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      <text bytes="2953" sha1="00aonk8yqwjuoxfmgh5633xhti957l0" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Houghton Typ 625.21.132 - Alciati Emblemata, 1621 - Consiliarij principum.jpg|thumb|Imago comitum Ulixis apud Lotophagos molliter dormientium in editione ''Emblematum'' Andreae Alciati  (1621)]]
'''Lotophagi''' sunt gens mythica nono carmine ''[[Odyssea|Odysseae]]'' memorata. Nam [[Ulixes]] postquam a [[Peloponnesus|Peloponnesi]] litoribus et [[Malea|promunturio Maleensi]] tempestate abactus est, ad fines Lotophagorum post novem navigationis dies adpulit.  Gens mitis erat quae loto vescebatur et hunc cibum viatoribus libenter dare solebant. Cum vero animadvertit comites qui lotum comedissent patriae oblitos ibidem apud Lotophagos manere velle, tum Ulixes eos  ad naves catenatos raptim reduxit atque properanter maris fluctibus sese rursus commisit.

Multi putant [[Lotus (antiquitas)|lotum]] florem (versus 84ː οἲ τ' ἄνθινον εἶδαρ ἔδουσι) esse ab antiquis Aegyptiacis saepe depictum; sunt tamen diversae opiniones ut Victor Bérard&lt;ref&gt;Adnotatio ad locum in editione ''Odysseae'' apud [[Collection des Universités de France]].&lt;/ref&gt; qui Lotophagos palmarum comestores (versus 94ː μελιηδέα καρπόν = &quot;melleum fructum&quot;) in litore Africae fuisse credebat. Fructum arboris, qui hodie ''[[Ziziphus lotus]]'' appellatur, eodem loci florentem, scriptores antiqui adduxerunt, inter quos [[Herodotus]], [[Theophrastus]], [[Polybius]]. Hic praesertim de vino, [[medus|medo]] vel oenomelite simili, e fructibus confecto disserit.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes ==
*''[[Odyssea]]'' IX.80-104, cf. IV.603
* [[Herodotus]], ''[[Historiae (Herodotus)|Historiae]]'' 4.77, cf. 2.92.2
* [[Xenophon]], ''[[Anabasis (Xenophon)|Anabasis]]'' 3.2.25
* [[Theophrastus]], ''[[Historia plantarum (Theophrastus)|Historia plantarum]]'' 4.3.1-4, cf. 7.15.3
* [[Polybius]], ''[[Historiae (Polybius)|Historiae]]'' 12.2
* {{Pnh}} 14.101

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*M. Dorie, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/pharm_0035-2349_1967_num_55_195_7693 Les plantes magiques de l'Odyssée. Lotos et moly]&quot;, ''Revue d'Histoire de la Pharmacie'', 1967ː 573-584
*A. Foucaud,	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/pharm_0035-2349_1962_num_50_175_8823 Lotus et lotophages : un petit problème d'histoire grecque]&quot;, ''Revue d'Histoire de la Pharmacie'', 1962ː 422-424
* Alessandra Lukinovich, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/gaia_1287-3349_1998_num_3_1_1337 Le cercle des douze étapes du voyage d'Ulysse aux confins du monde]&quot;, ''GAIA. Revue interdisciplinaire sur la Grèce ancienne'', 1998ː 9-26
* Duarte Mimoso-Ruiz,	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/horma_0984-2616_2006_num_54_1_2340 Les voyageurs « tunisiens »]&quot;, ''Horizons Maghrébins - Le droit à la mémoire'', 2006ː 72-80
*M. Rousseaux, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/bude_0004-5527_1971_num_1_3_3155 Ulysse et les mangeurs de coquelicots]&quot;, ''Bulletin de l'Association Guillaume Budé'', 1971ː 333-351

[[Categoria:Odyssea]]
[[Categoria:Mythologia Graeca]]
[[Categoria:Gentes Africae]]</text>
      <sha1>00aonk8yqwjuoxfmgh5633xhti957l0</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Formula:Formula in multis paginis adhibita</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>298719</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3972851</id>
      <parentid>3972809</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-19T12:30:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Grufo movit paginam [[Formula:High-use]] ad [[Formula:Formula in multis paginis adhibita]]: Nomen Latinum</comment>
      <origin>3972809</origin>
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      <text bytes="233" sha1="rybo2c10jv0ec1a2035hariyax0h1cs" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#invoke:High-use|main|1={{{1|}}}|2={{{2|}}}|all-pages={{{all-pages|}}}|info={{{info|}}}|demo={{{demo|}}}|form={{{form|}}}|expiry={{{expiry|}}}|system={{{system|}}}}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentatio}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>rybo2c10jv0ec1a2035hariyax0h1cs</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Formula:High-risk</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>298720</id>
    <redirect title="Formula:Formula in multis paginis adhibita" />
    <revision>
      <id>3972869</id>
      <parentid>3642062</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-19T13:47:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Duplam redirectionem correxi</comment>
      <origin>3972869</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="56" sha1="ef7gm4ukj1gbf21vgqrb343e6oyaz31" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Formula:Formula in multis paginis adhibita]]</text>
      <sha1>ef7gm4ukj1gbf21vgqrb343e6oyaz31</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Zotheca</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>306032</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3972950</id>
      <parentid>3752093</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-19T22:56:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3972950</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1149" sha1="l5oxornhhgacwhok6ofr7sj5rv24fun" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Alkoven - Museumsdorf Cloppenburg.JPG|thumb|zotheca in Vico Museali, Cloppenburgi in [[Saxonia Inferior]]e]] 
'''Zotheca'''&lt;ref&gt;Karl Ernst Georges: ''Kleines deutsch-lateinisches Handwörterbuch''. Septima editio Hanovrae et Lipsiae 1910), col. 1409 ([http://www.zeno.org/nid/20002020793 hic in interreti])&lt;/ref&gt; ( Francogallice ''alcôve''&lt;ref&gt;Etymologia proponitur Arabica: القبة al-qubba, quae vox camaram significat.&lt;/ref&gt;) conclave parvum quoddam fuit, quod [[lectus|lectis]] tantummodo patebat. 

Interdum ita conclavis pars dormitoria nuncupatur, quae porta aut velo separatur. Spatium tale quo aëra immittere non possibile esse videtur, sanitati vix salubre est. Unde hodie in habitationibus non iam in usu est. Ea technica autem nostris diebus e.g. in [[tractum periegeticum|curru periegetico]] adhibetur, ubi locus non abundat.&lt;ref&gt;[https://ahorn-camp.de/ahorn-reisemobile/alkoven-wohnmobile/ vehicula quae solutionem optimam dormiendi proponunt et id nomine suo monstrant]&lt;/ref&gt; 
==Nexus externi==
{{Commonscat|Alcoves (interior architectural element)|zothecam}}
==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;
[[categoria:Architectura]]
{{Stipula}}</text>
      <sha1>l5oxornhhgacwhok6ofr7sj5rv24fun</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lucia Salani</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>306950</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3972992</id>
      <parentid>3972849</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-20T06:34:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>“personalibus” → “privatis”; minora</comment>
      <origin>3972992</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="18113" sha1="2fuoy8bc6zbbumrtndmoroz1kphdn27" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}

{{res|Lucia Salani}}, vulgo ''Lucy Salani'' (nata [[Fossanum|Fossani]] die [[12 Augusti]] [[1924]]; mortua [[Bononia|Bononiae]] die [[22 Martii]] [[2023]]) fuit [[Activismus|activista]] [[Italia|Italica]], sola [[mulier]] [[transgener]] Italica quae [[castra carceralia|castris carceralibus]] [[nazismus|nazisticis]] superfuit. 

Nata Bononiae nominis [[Lucianus (nomen)|Luciani]], vulgo ''Luciano'',&lt;ref name=&quot;icon-magazine&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Le mille vite di Lucy Salani, donna transgender più anziana d'Italia sopravvissuta a Dachau
	| contextus = Icon Magazine
	| tempus = 2022-01-10
	| url = https://www.iconmagazine.it/eventi/le-mille-vite-di-lucy-salani-transessuale-piu-anziana-ditalia-sopravvissuta-a-dachau/
	| tempus inspectionis = 2022-02-02
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Salani adolevit quasi vir [[Homosexualitas|homosexualis]]. {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Antifascista||en|qid=Q210189}}, exercitibus sive Italico sive [[Germania|Germanico]] desertis [[Dachanum]] anno [[1944]] deportata est. Ibi sex menses mansit, donec anno [[1945]] [[castra carceralia]] ab [[America]]nis liberata sunt. Deinde [[Taurinum|Taurini]] vixit, opifex [[supellex|supellectilum]], quum communitatem transgenerem Italicam ac [[Lutetia|Parisinam]] frequentaret. Bononiam regressa, decennio [[1980|199]] tempus {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|otium senile|otii senilis|en|qid=Q946865}} ibi egit.

Eius [[narratio]] rerum post annum [[2010]] cognita est, per opera [[scriptor|scriptricis]] [[dispositor cinematographicus|dispositricisque cinematographicae]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Gabriella Romano|Gabriellae Romano|it|qid=Q3756763}}, quae duo opera ei dedicavit. Lucia Salani a ''{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Motus Transgeneris Identitatis|Motu Transgeneris Identitatis|it|qid=Q3866588}}'' censetur unicus homo transgener qui Italiae [[fascismus|fascisticae]] et persecutionibus nazisticis superfuit.

== Biographia ==

=== Iuventus sub fascismo ===
Lucy Salani anno [[1924]] [[Fossanum|Fossani]], municipii [[Pedemontium|Pedemontani]], nata est, duobus annis postquam [[Benitus Mussolini]] fascies prehendit.&lt;ref name=&quot;il-post&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = È morta Lucy Salani, l'unica persona trans italiana sopravvissuta ai lager nazisti
	| contextus = Il Post
	| tempus = 2023-03-22
	| url = https://www.ilpost.it/2023/03/22/lucy-salani-morta/
	| tempus inspectionis = 2023-03-24
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Familia, [[Aemilia]]na origine, antifascista,&lt;ref name=&quot;la-nuova-ferrara&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Lucy, un omosessuale a Dachau «Mi salvò l’essere disertore»
	| contextus = La Nuova Ferrara
	| tempus = 2018-01-28
	| lingua = it
	| url = https://lanuovaferrara.gelocal.it/ferrara/cronaca/2018/01/27/news/lucy-un-omosessuale-a-dachau-mi-salvo-l-essere-disertore-1.16405331
	| tempus inspectionis = 2022-01-30
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; sequentibus annis Bononiam migratura erat.&lt;ref name=&quot;il-post&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;le-matin&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Trans, 94 ans, et indésirable
	| contextus = Le Matin
	| tempus = 2018-01-15
	| lingua = fr
	| url = https://www.lematin.ch/story/trans-94-ans-et-indesirable-205707590568
	| tempus inspectionis = 2022-01-30
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; “Puera diversa”, a patre fratribusque Lucy repudiata est,&lt;ref name=&quot;la-stampa&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Omocausto, i “triangoli rosa” e lo sterminio dimenticato
	| contextus = La Stampa
	| tempus = 2018-01-24
	| lingua = it
	| url = https://www.lastampa.it/torino/appuntamenti/2018/01/24/news/omocausto-i-triangoli-rosa-e-lo-sterminio-dimenticato-1.33971240/
	| tempus inspectionis = 2022-01-30
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;tetu&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = TÊTU {{!}} Femme trans survivante de la Shoah, Lucy est refusée par toutes les maisons de retraite
	| lingua = fr
	| url = https://tetu.com/2018/01/18/une-survivante-trans-de-la-shoah-est-refusee-par-toutes-les-maisons-de-retraite/
	| tempus inspectionis = 2022-01-30
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; atque nexus homosexuales eius, ob minas fascistorum, ei fuerunt occultandi.&lt;ref name=&quot;la-nuova-ferrara&quot; /&gt;

=== Bellum Orbis Terrarum II ===
Mense [[Augustus|Augusto]] [[1943]] in servitium apud {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Exercitus Italianus|exercitum Italianum|it|qid=Q796411}} vocata est—quamvis sine fructu tentavisset se homosexualem declarando ut id elaberetur&lt;ref name=&quot;romano-2019-p29&quot;&gt;{{qc|id=Romano (2009)}}, p. 29.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;il-post&quot; /&gt;—deinde ad [[Tormenta|artilleriam]] [[Cormonum]] missa est.&lt;ref name=&quot;romano-2019-p29&quot; /&gt; Parum post {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|edictum Badoglio||en|qid=Q3922435}}, exercitum deseruit et, Bononiam regressa, parentes invenit [[Mirandula|Mirandulae]] emotos.&lt;ref name=&quot;romano-2019-p29&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;il-post&quot; /&gt; Hic, timens ne disertionem suam eos in periculum adduceret, vitam clandestinam reliquit, et, compulsa ut nazisistas vel fascistas adiuvaret, se exercitui nazistarum sociavit {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Suviana|Suvianae|it|qid=Q2446386}},&lt;ref name=&quot;romano-2019-p30&quot;&gt;{{qc|id=Romano (2009)}}, p. 30.&lt;/ref&gt; ubi [[copiae contraëreae|copiis contraëreis]] assignata est.&lt;ref name=&quot;la-nuova-ferrara&quot; /&gt; Etiam adepta est ut excercitum nazisticum desereret, se in aquam gelidam intingendo et e [[valetudinarium|valetudinario]] Bononiae evadendo, ubi ob consequentem [[pneumonia]]m commissa erat.&lt;ref name=&quot;romano-2019-p30&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;il-post&quot; /&gt;

Dehinc, Bononiae vixit prostituta, dum complures clientes eius erant praefecti nazistae.&lt;ref name=&quot;romano-2019-p30&quot; /&gt; In uno ex his intercursibus, [[vigil]]es in [[deversorium]] ubi ea cum quodam praefecto erat eruperunt et, eā vocatā, defectionem detexerunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;romano-2019-p31&quot;&gt;{{qc|id=Romano (2009)}}, p. 31.&lt;/ref&gt; Propterea in {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|cella vinaria|cellam vinariam|en|qid=Q22995}} cuiusdam villae prope [[Patavium]] clausa est. Quum e qua parum postea per {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|sera|seram|en|qid=Q228039}} vitiosam evadendo successisset, Mirandulae denuo capta est.&lt;ref name=&quot;romano-2019-p31&quot; /&gt; Hinc, post brevem mansionem in carceribus Bononiae [[Mutina]]eque, [[Verona]]m ducta est ut a nazistis interrogeretur.&lt;ref name=&quot;romano-2019-p31&quot; /&gt; Ad [[poena capitalis|poenam capitalem]] condemnata, adepta est, venia ab {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Albertus Kesselring|Alberto Kesselring|en|qid=Q57134}} petita, ut damnatio in {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|damnatio ad laborem|laborem coactum|en|qid=Q1373376}} permutaretur, apud [[castra operaria]] [[Bernau am Chiemsee|Bernau]] expiandum, in Germania meridionali, ubi [[missile]]s {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|V-1 (missile)|V-1|en|qid=Q153348}} et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|V-2 (missile)|V-2|en|qid=Q174640}} construebantur.&lt;ref name=&quot;romano-2019-p31&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;il-post&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;la-nuova-ferrara&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;la-stampa&quot; /&gt; Adepta quoque est ut a castris operariis cum alio captivo fugeret, quamquam ille in conatu effugii a nazistis perageretur.&lt;ref name=&quot;romano-2019-p32-33&quot;&gt;{{qc|id=Romano (2009)}}, pp. 32–33.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;il-post&quot; /&gt; Quum ad [[confinium|fines]] inter [[Austria]]m et Italiam pervenisset, rursus detecta et capta est.&lt;ref name=&quot;romano-2019-p32-33&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;il-post&quot; /&gt;

Desertrix exercitūs Germanici, postremo ad castra carceralia Dachani deportata est, ubi “triangulum rubrum” captivorum politicorum et desertorum eam signavit.&lt;ref name=&quot;il-post&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;la-nuova-ferrara&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;estense&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Lucy Salani: “Voglio che si sappia cosa succedeva a Dachau perché non accada più” {{!}} estense.com Ferrara
	| tempus = 2018-01-28
	| lingua = it
	| url = https://www.estense.com/?p=668611,%20https://www.estense.com/?p=668611
	| tempus inspectionis = 2022-01-30
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;l-espresso&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Dachau, il carcere, l’impegno: le mille vite di Lucy Salani, la nonna trans d’Italia
	| contextus = L'Espresso
	| tempus = 2021-12-02
	| url = https://espresso.repubblica.it/attualita/2021/12/02/news/lucy_salani_la_nonna_trans_d_italia-327922443/
	| tempus inspectionis = 2022-02-02
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Sex menses in castris supervixit, donec, viginti annos nata, mense [[Aprilis|Aprili]] [[1945]] a copiis Americanis liberata est.&lt;ref name=&quot;tetu&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;estense&quot; /&gt; Ipso die suae liberationis et Nazistarum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|supplicium per sclopetationem|supplicio per sclopetationem|en|qid=Q216169}}{{Convertimus}}&lt;ref&gt;Est verbum ''sclopētō'', ''-āvi'', ''-ātum'', ''-āre''; cfr. {{Opus
	| cognomen 1 = Deraedt
	| nomen 1 = Francisca
	| cognomen 2 = Licoppe
	| nomen 2 = Gaius
	| commentatio de auctore 2 = Gaius Licoppe
	| titulus = Calepinus Novus. Vocabularium linguae Latinae hodiernum. Latino–Francogallicum.
	| annus = 2002
	| pagina = 90
	| locus = [[Bruxellae|Bruxellis]]
	| domus editoria = Fundatio Melissa – Musée de la Maison d'Érasme
	| url = https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5bf95078f2e6b130dad843c9/t/5ed0cfdd19433c358c63f1ee/1590743007497/Calepinus+Novus+Latin-Fran%C3%A7ais.pdf
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; superfuit, ubi genu percussa est.&lt;ref name=&quot;il-post&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;la-nuova-ferrara&quot; /&gt; A militibus Americanis inventa est viva inter cadavera.&lt;ref name=&quot;il-post&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;la-nuova-ferrara&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ansa-2019-11-08&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = In lager Dachau perchè gay, ora è trans: storia di lucy
	| url = https://www.ansa.it/canale_lifestyle/notizie/people/2019/11/08/in-lager-dachau-perche-gay-ora-e-trans-storia-di-lucy_fb0be5d7-a107-47bd-822b-2738d579b685.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Vita in Italia liberata ===

Post liberationem a fascistis Italiae, opifex supellectilum opera dans, Lucia Salani inter Romam et Taurinum vixit.&lt;ref name=&quot;il-post&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;la-nuova-ferrara&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;corriere-di-bologna&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Bologna: Lucy, la trans di Dachau senza casa di riposo: «Per lei non c’è posto»
	| url = https://corrieredibologna.corriere.it/bologna/cronaca/18_gennaio_11/lucy-trans-dachaucerca-casa-riposo-ma-lei-non-c-posto-07089be0-f6a8-11e7-9dbd-e21586ec6bd7.shtml
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Lutetia]]m visitans, scaenam transgenerem et [[cabaretus|cabaretos]] [[transvestitismus|transvestitarum]] frequentavit.&lt;ref name=&quot;il-post&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;tetu&quot; /&gt;

In medio decennio [[1980|199]] [[Londinium]] movit ut chirurgiae [[permutatio sexus (chirurgia)|permutationis sexus]] subiret, etiamsi recusans nomen suum in [[census|censu]] publico nationali mutare.&lt;ref name=&quot;il-post&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;today-it&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Appello a Mattarella: “Lucy Salani, trans sopravvissuta a Dachau, sia senatrice a vita”
	| contextus = Today
	| lingua = it
	| url = https://www.today.it/attualita/lucy-salani-appello-senatrice-a-vita.html
	| tempus inspectionis = 2022-01-30
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;gay-it&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| auctor = Federico Boni
	| titulus = Donna trans sopravvissuta a Dachau, Lucy senatrice a vita: l'appello a Sergio Mattarella - Gay.it
	| lingua = it
	| url = https://www.gay.it/lucy-trans-dachau-senatrice
	| tempus inspectionis = 2022-01-30
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;le-matin&quot; /&gt;

=== Otium senile Bononiae ===

Ad parentes suos curandos, decennio [[1980|199]] Lucy Salani Bononiam redivit. Ibi reliquam vitam egit.&lt;ref name=&quot;il-post&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;tetu&quot; /&gt;

Ultimis annis decadis [[202|2010]] nonnulla [[diarium|diaria]] nuntiaverunt Luciam vivere [[solitudo|solitariam]], sine familia et [[paupertas|pauperem]].&lt;ref name=&quot;tetu&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;today-it&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;le-matin&quot; /&gt; Deinceps a voluntariis ''Motus Transgeneris Identitatis'' visitata curataque est.&lt;ref name=&quot;today-it&quot; /&gt;

Nocte inter dies [[22 Martii|21]] et [[22 Martii]] [[2023]], anno {{comp|XCIX|“Nonagensimo nono”}} vitae, interivit.&lt;ref name=&quot;il-post&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bologna-today&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Addio a Lucy Salani, unica transessuale sopravvissuta al lager di Dachau
	| tempus = 2023-03-22
	| url = https://www.bolognatoday.it/cronaca/morta-lucy-salani-transessuale-lager-dachau.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Agnitio ==
Narratio de Lucia Salani per [[biographia]]m innotuit a Gabriella Romano scriptam, ''Il mio nome è Lucy: L'Italia del XX secolo nei ricordi di una transessuale'' (‘Nomen meum est Lucy: Italia in memoriis mulieris transgeneris’), anno [[2009]] a {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Donzelli (editor)|Donzelli|it|qid=Q3714048}} edita.&lt;ref name=&quot;il-post&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;la-nuova-ferrara&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;le-matin&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;corriere-di-bologna&quot; /&gt; Duobus annis post, Gabriella Romano etiam [[pellicula documentaria|pelliculam documentariam]] {{Op|[[Essere Lucy (pellicula 2011)|Essere Lucy]]}} fecit (‘Esse Lucy’).&lt;ref name=&quot;today-it&quot; /&gt;

''Motus Transgeneris Identitatis'' putat Luciam Salani esse unicum hominem [[transgener|transsexualem]] superstitem, in Italia, persecutionibus nazi-fascisticis et castris carceralibus.&lt;ref name=&quot;il-post&quot; /&gt;

Anno [[2014]], {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Amelio||it|qid=Q558109}} dispositor cinematographicus in [[pellicula documentaria]] {{Op|{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Felice chi è diverso (pellicula 2014)|Felice chi è diverso|it|qid=Q15965651}}}} (‘Laetus qui diversus est’) Luciam Salani {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|percontatio|percontatus est|en|qid=Q4202018}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;il-post&quot; /&gt; Quae quattuor annis post invitata est ad [[Dies internationalis memoriae Soae|diem memoriae]] ab {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Arcigay||en|qid=Q637369}} et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Arcilesbica||it|qid=Q3621730}} constitutum.&lt;ref name=&quot;estense&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;today-it&quot; /&gt; Hac occasione “Impossibile est”, dixit, “oblivisci et ignoscere. Etiam tum aliquot noctis somniare res horrendissimas quas vidi soleo et adhuc ibi esse mihi videor; et propterea cupio homines scire quid in castris carceralibus fiebat, ne fiat iterum.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;today-it&quot; /&gt;

Mense [[Novembris|Novembri]] [[2019]], praeses Arcigay Romae, Franciscus Angeli, [[praeses rei publicae Italicae|praesidem rei publicae Italicae]] [[Sergius Mattarella|Sergium Mattarella]] petivit ut Luciam Salani {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|senator ad vitam (Italia)|senatricem ad vitam|en|qid=Q826589}} nominaret.&lt;ref name=&quot;ansa-2019-11-08&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;today-it&quot; /&gt;

Inter annos [[2020]] et [[2021]], [[Matthaeus Botrugno]] et [[Daniel Coluccini]] pelliculam documentariam {{Op|[[C'è un soffio di vita soltanto (pellicula 2021)|C'è un soffio di vita soltanto]]}} (‘Afflatus tantum unus est vitae’), vitae Luciae Salani dicatam, fecerunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;il-post&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;metropolitan-magazine&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = “C’è un soffio di vita soltanto”: il documentario su Lucy Salani, la donna trans sopravvissuta a Dachau
	| contextus = Metropolitan Magazine
	| tempus = 2022-01-11
	| url = https://metropolitanmagazine.it/ce-un-soffio-di-vita-soltanto-il-documentario-su-lucy-salani-la-donna-trans-sopravvissuta-a-dachau/
	| tempus inspectionis = 2022-02-02
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Pellicula eam, annos 96 natam, per vitam quotidianam Bononiae et aliquot tempora Dachau, ubi ad celebrationes {{comp|LXXV|“Septuagensimi quinti”}} anniversarii liberationis castrorum invitata erat, sequitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;rai-cinema&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Torino 39 - “C'è un soffio di vita soltanto” - Interviste
	| domus editoria = Rai Cinema
	| url = https://www.rai.it/raicinema/video/2021/11/Torino-39---Ce-un-soffio-di-vita-soltanto---Interviste-d0e80bd0-b499-4312-b257-210a5dbfaacb.html
	| tempus inspectionis = 2022-02-02
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mymovies-it&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = C'è un soffio di vita soltanto
	| domus editoria = MYmovies
	| url = https://www.mymovies.it/film/2021/ce-un-soffio-di-vita-soltanto/
	| tempus inspectionis = 2022-02-02
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Titulus pelliculae desumptus est e versu finali poematis ab ipsa Lucia scripti.&lt;ref name=&quot;icon-magazine&quot; /&gt;

Anno [[2025]], liber {{Op|[[Quasi un secolo: Vita di Lucy Salani]]}}&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Cangelosi&amp;Antonelli, 2025}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Centro Documentario Pistoiese editus est, Simone Cangelosi et Fulviā Antonelli pro archivo “OUT-TAKES” curantibus. Praeter multas collationes amicorum sociorumque activistarum, liber documenta et photographemata ex tabulariis eius privatis, secundum ultima eius desideria, exhibet.&lt;ref&gt;[https://patrimonioculturale.regione.emilia-romagna.it/novita/notizie/2025/lucy-salani Quasi un secolo. Vita di Lucy Salani]. Patrimonio culturale.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes ==
* {{ec|id=Romano (2009)|c=Romano, Gabriella (2009). ''Il mio nome è Lucy. L'Italia del XX secolo nei ricordi di una transessuale''. [[Donzelli (editor)|Donzelli Editor]]. [[ISBN]] [[Specialis:Librorum_fontes/978-8-8603-6362-6|978-8-8603-6362-6]]}}
* {{ec|id=Romano (2012)|c=Romano, Gabriella (2012). ''Essere Lucy''. [[Manifesto Libri]]. [[ISBN]] [[Specialis:Librorum_fontes/978-8-8728-5564-5|978-8-8728-5564-5]]}}
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Cangelosi&amp;Antonelli, 2025
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen redactoris 1 = Cangelosi
		| nomen redactoris 1 = Simone
		| cognomen redactricis 2 = Antonelli
		| nomen redactricis 2 = Fulvia
		| titulus = Quasi un secolo: Vita di Lucy Salani
		| annus = 2025
		| isbn = 978-8-8962-5825-5
		| domus editoria = Centro Documentazione Pistoia
		| locus = [[Pistorium|Pistorii]]
	}}
}}

== Pelliculae ==
* {{Op|[[Essere Lucy (pellicula 2011)|Essere Lucy]]}} (2011), dispositrice [[Gabriella Romano]] – pellicula documentaria
* {{Op|{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Felice chi è diverso (pellicula 2014)|Felice chi è diverso|it|qid=Q15965651}}}} (2014), dispositore [[Ioannes Amelio|Ioanne Amelio]] – pellicula documentaria
* {{Op|[[C'è un soffio di vita soltanto (pellicula 2021)|C'è un soffio di vita soltanto]]}} (2021), dispositoribus [[Matthaeus Botrugno|Matthaeo Botrugno]] et [[Daniel Coluccini|Daniele Coluccini]] – pellicula documentaria

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Lucy Salani|Luciam Salani}}

{{Appendicula de hac pagina|
{{TranslHebd|3765298}}
}}

{{Lifetime|1924|2023|Salani, Lucia}}
[[Categoria:Incolae Italiae]]</text>
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Harenaria sunt paginae creatae ad Vicipaediae syntaxin experiendam et periclitandam. '''Haec pagina non est commentatio enyclopaedica'''.

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      <text bytes="38678" sha1="g1159kgk7741rav3zc3hbk6pd5je405" xml:space="preserve">{{Hic sunt tabularia disputationum}}

Disputationes veteres:
{{Specialis:Praefixa/Disputatio Usoris:Grufo/Tabularium}}

== Translation request ==

Hello, Grufo.

Can you create an article about the American Democratic Vice Presidential candidate [[:en:Tim Walz]] ([[Timotheus Iacobus Walz]]) in Latin Wikipedia, just like for the Republican Vice Presidential candidate [[Iacobus David Vance]]?

Yours sincerely, [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 12:48, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)

: Hi. I did not create the [[Iacobus David Vance]] page, I only [[Specialis:Diff/3848980/3849044|corrected a few things]], mostly of typographical nature. Of course a [[Timotheus Iacobus Walz]] page would be a nice thing to have. But asking users to do something for us usually rarely works. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:01, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::I understand. Thank you for the reply. I also posted the same question to the original uploader. Though I think he or she is a &quot;one timer&quot; and might not upload or edit again. [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 13:22, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::: I do not know why the original author created Vance's page, but it is not to be excluded that they did it as a consequence of political affiliation (nothing is wrong with that, as long their contribution is encyclopedic), and if that is the case asking the same person to create the page of their political adversary will likely not work. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:27, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::::That also later crossed my mind. I personally did not request a translation due to political reasons. I just thought that the other Vice Presidential candidate should also have an article in Latin Wikipedia. Never mind. [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 13:34, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::::: No problem. Let's see how the original author reacts. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:41, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::::::To my surprise, the original author uploaded the second article as well. I have thanked him or her and I thank you as well. [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 15:59, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::::::: I am happy they did! :) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:01, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)

== Nomination ==
Hi, Grufo. I just proposed you at [[Vicipaedia:Petitio magistratus/Grufo]]. When you have a spare moment, please go there and indicate your willingness -- thank you! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 08:23, 7 Septembris 2024 (UTC)
: Thank you, Andrew! :-) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 08:46, 7 Septembris 2024 (UTC)
::As you may have noticed, you are elected nemine contradicente. An excellent result! I will now attempt to give you the appropriate permissions. I'm sorry I have been absent rather often on real world concerns, and this may continue for a while. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 19:23, 15 Septembris 2024 (UTC)
:::Done, I think. Next time you log in, verify if you have some unaccustomed powers. Notably, you should be able to delete a page (which should be helpful to you and to others who may need to have a page deleted), and protect a page from some groups of editors, and you should be able to block a user, named or anonymous. Tell me if I can help with anything. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 19:36, 15 Septembris 2024 (UTC)
:::: Hooray! :-) You have absolutely nothing to apologize for, Andrew. I am very grateful for your sponsorship. I hope your real world concerns will soon calm down. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 21:19, 15 Septembris 2024 (UTC)

== Candidatus ad magistratum propositus ==

Gratias tibi ago, Grufo optime! Me maxime honorasti me ad electionem in circulum magistratuum proponens. Praeter doctrinam meam debiliorem imprimis inopia temporis liberi me monet, ne hoc munus acciperem. Per septuaginta horas cuiusque hebdomadae munere medici occupatus sum. Ideo non prius quam circa mediam noctem ad Vicipaediam nostram accedere soleo. [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bis-Taurinus|disputatio]]) 20:47, 11 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
: Gratias tibi ago, Bis-Taurine, quia mihi scripsisti. Paucum tempus non est magnum incommodum, multi sunt magistratus apud nos qui inter se laborem distribuunt (nihilominus a magistratu haud maior labor, sed sapientia tantum requiritur). Nisi tibi displacet “magistratus mediae noctis” fieri, tuam petitionem proponere adhuc cupio. Attamen importunē insistere nolo! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:46, 11 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
:: @[[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]]: Demetrium Talpam et Marcum Terentium Bibliophilum [[Vicipaedia:Taberna#Magistratus: novae nominationes|nuper proposui]]; et te, volentem, proponere cupio. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 08:44, 15 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
::: Bis-Taurinus Grufoni salutem! Si paucum tempus et peritia mea exigua non impediunt, me canditatum proponas! [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bis-Taurinus|disputatio]]) 05:29, 16 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
:::: Euax! :-) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 11:47, 16 Octobris 2024 (UTC)

== Request ==

As mentioned in [[Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 30#Disney cartoon articles]], there are some semi-protected pages that have been protected for 15 years now. Do you think it'd be OK to remove protection from them? I'm asking you because I see you've handled protections before. I also think that there should be some improvement to these pages, as they are generally stubs that have been short for 15 years. Should I start a new discussion at [[Vicipaedia:Taberna]] to get someone to add more content to the pages? [[Specialis:Conlationes/2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB|2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB]] 16:56, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
: Hi. It seems that the discussion you linked was not really in favour of removing the protection. It is true that four years have passed, however these pages are only semi-protected, all you need to edit them is an account. Have you considered creating one? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:01, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
:: Some of the pages were unprotected, and those haven't been vandalized since. I actually thought that the discussion was in favor by the end of it. Just a note, I'd have to wait four days to edit after creating an account. However, I was wondering if anyone could add more content to these pages. I saw [[Babe: Pig in the City]] was deleted, but could a new page be written to replace it? Also, I see the tag at [[Rugrats]], should that page be deleted? If I create an account, I'll let you know. [[Specialis:Conlationes/2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB|2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB]] 17:06, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
::: Account created. [[Usor:Shopping metaphor|Shopping metaphor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Shopping metaphor|disputatio]]) 17:10, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
:::: That is great! Happy editing! :-)

== Petitio de Formula:AE ==
Salve Grufo! Potesne Formulam:AE in nostra Vicipaedia ratam facere ut exempli gratia in Vicipaedia Anglica. Nam nexum ad inscriptiones Latinas et Graecas praebet quae in ''[[L'Année épigraphique]]'' publicatae sunt. Vide exempli gratia [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindia_gens Mindia gens] apud Anglicos (AE|2018|325). Etenim epigraphia Latinitati fons non negligendus aestimanda est. Ante aliquot annos Andreas Dalby hoc idem ad Formulam [[CIL]] effecerat. Te amabo si temptabis. --[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 15:17, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC)

Tibi gratias ago. Non difficile fortasse erat sed talium rerum non peritus sum.--[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 15:28, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC)

: Noli timere, magnopere quidem fuit facile factu. :-) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:33, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC)

:: {{Tpe|Postilla}} [[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marce]], formulam {{Fn|AE ref}} quoque nunc habemus. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:54, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC)

== Capsa mendosa? ==

Hi! I’ve just noticed your [[Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 33#Capsa mendosa?|your ping from over a year ago]], but the problem seems to still persist, so better late than never. ☺ It’s probably because the same coats of arms are listed both [[d:Q81162#P154|as logos]] and [[d:Q81162#P94|as actual coats of arms]], so the solution is removing the logos from the Wikidata items. —[[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Tacsipacsi|disputatio]]) 11:39, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
: Hi [[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]], thank you for reaching out. How about [[Specialis:Diff/3850542/3861571|this solution]]? To be really unbreakable it should be extended to the other image properties as well – because, for example, [[Collegium Sanctae Catharinae (Oxonia)|here]] the problem still persists. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:48, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
:: {{tpe|Nova}} Maybe [[Specialis:Diff/3850542/3861576|this other solution]] solves everything once and for all. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:59, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
:::I think it’s more of a workaround than a solution: Wikidata data is simply wrong (these images are coats of arms, not logos), so that should be fixed instead of changing the Wikipedia infobox. [https://www.wikidata.org/w/index.php?title=Property_talk:P94&amp;diff=2273008387 I’ve added a complex constraint on Wikidata that lists exact duplicates] (it won’t catch St Catherine’s College, but it will catch the others). —[[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Tacsipacsi|disputatio]]) 22:15, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
:::: It makes sense. What our template does is simply a check for duplicate images (which under no circumstances need to be shown twice). Feel free to restore the check-free version if you want. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:28, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
:::::I &lt;em&gt;think&lt;/em&gt; the checks shouldn’t be there, but I don’t &lt;em&gt;want&lt;/em&gt; to remove them, because I don’t consider myself part of the Latin Wikipedia community and thus want to leave the decision up to the community. (I’m not angry or something like that; it’s perfectly fine for me that you do whatever you want.) —[[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Tacsipacsi|disputatio]]) 23:15, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
:::::: No problem, [[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]]. [[Specialis:Diff/3861576/3861607|I removed the checks]]. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 23:35, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)

== Create a page for Peshkopi - Penestae in Latin ==
@[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] Hi dear Grufo! I am from Albania and I have a request. I want to ask you please can you create a page for Peshkopi: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshkopi  (Penestae in Latin) on Latin Wiki. I have asked Andrew Dalby to create it and he didn't created it. So I would be very grateful to you if you will create it yourself. Thanks [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:NevaleLevane|disputatio]]) 13:28, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
: Hi, [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]]. You have already sent me an email three days ago, to which I already replied. Please stop spamming. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:46, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
::@[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] Hi Grufo! Now I see the email as I didn't checked it. When you will have time, you will create it? The title for Peshkopi in Latin is Penestae: https://www.loquis.com/en/loquis/2174022/Peshkopi https://latin_latin.en-academic.com/45532/PENESTAE https://www.wikiwand.com/en/articles/Penestae_(tribe) Thanks [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:NevaleLevane|disputatio]]) 17:14, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
::: @[[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]]: As I already wrote you via email, it is not my intention to create the page you are requesting, for at least the following reasons:
:::* The subject is not among my priorities
:::* Based on what I know '''and your own sources''' ([https://latin_latin.en-academic.com/45532/PENESTAE #1], [https://www.wikiwand.com/en/articles/Penestae_(tribe) #2]), the ''Penestae'' were a tribe, not a place, and I don't know reliable sources that state otherwise (I will be happy to be contradicted) – actually, the Latin name of Peshkopi seems to be [[Episcopia (discretiva)|Episcopia]] (again, I am happy to be contradicted), whereas the locality where the ''Penestae'' lived was called ''Penestia'', as it seems
:::* If I ever had any intention to create such page, your fixation on a proper name without sources made any intention vanish (you started insisting on it already [[Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 34#Create articles for Korçë (Coryza - in Latin), Kukës (unknown name in Latin) and Peshkopi (Penestae - in Latin)|five months ago]]) – Btw, we can attempt to propose our translations of common names (see {{Fn|Convertimus}}), but doing the same with proper names is definitely out of question (it's like if I insisted – without sources – that your name is “Donald”)
::: --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:04, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)

== De quadam difficultate ==
Salve Grufo, scisne, cur &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Titulus italicus}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; non valeat textum italicum reddere in commentatione [[Fabian oder Der Gang vor die Hunde (pellicula 2021)]]? [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 17:10, 25 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
: Salve Neander! Credo titulum nimis longum esse causam (formula {{Fn|Titulus italicus}} non est sine defectibus). [[Specialis:Diff/3887061/3887066|Haec excogitatio]] similia incommoda solvere potest. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:31, 25 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
:: Rectum igitur hominem adii auxilium petens. Gratias ago quam maximas! [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 18:13, 25 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)

== De voce [[Disportus in Italia]] ==
Ciao, Grufo. Avrei voluto scriverti in latino, ma presumendo che tu sia italiano ti parlerò nella nostra lingua. Scusami tanto se ti disturbo, ma volevo chiederti: come mai hai cancellato la voce [[Disportus in Italia]], creata da me nella giornata di ieri? Sarebbe stato un approfondimento importante sullo sport italiano (argomento di cui mi sto occupando molto), presente anche in molte altre edizioni di Wikipedia. È vero che quando hai cancellato la pagina essa consisteva in un mero elenco di sport con link rossi indirizzanti a sottopagine, ma avrei avuto l'intenzione di scriverla, ampliarla, correggerla, magari in giorni futuri: quindi non l'avrei lasciata in sospeso, abbandonando una voce appena creata, anzi, avrei anche scritto le pagine con i dettagli per ogni disciplina e magari creato una voce simile per altri paesi del mondo. Perciò volevo chiederti soltanto se la voce potrà essere riammessa o potrò comunque ricrearla (anche non adesso, lavorandoci magari prima sulla mia [[Usor:Davide2025/Harenarium|sandbox]]). Puoi rispondermi sulla mia [[Usor:Davide2025/Disputatio|talk]] ed eventualmente continuare a darmi suggerimenti per il futuro. A presto e ''magnas gratias tibi, mi Grufo''! [[Usor:Davide2025|Davide2025]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Davide2025|disputatio]]) 14:07, 21 Octobris 2025 (UTC)
: Ciao [[Usor:Davide2025|Davide]]. Il problema è che non si accettano pagine non finite nello spazio enciclopedico. Ci possono essere dei lavori in corso, ma allora si aggiunge {{Fn|In usu}} in cima alla pagina, altrimenti altri utenti assumeranno che la pagina è stata lasciata così (e infatti un altro utente ha chiesto la cancellazione immediata della pagina in quanto incompleta). Ho ripristinato la pagina in [[Usor:Davide2025/Harenarium/Disportus in Italia]]. Ti consiglio di svilupparla ulteriormente prima di metterla nello spazio enciclopedico. Buon lavoro. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 14:25, 21 Octobris 2025 (UTC)

== Transylvania et dies 11 Ianuarii ==

Salve Grufo!
Tibi [[Disputatio:11 Ianuarii|hic]] respondi. [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bis-Taurinus|disputatio]]) 22:10, 5 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
: Gratias tibi ago, [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurine]]. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:41, 5 Februarii 2026 (UTC)

== Tiro sum ==

Salve Grufo! Tiro hic sum, et magis scire volo de Vikipedia Latina. Nunc disco grammaticam Latinan libro Arnoldiis qui vocatur est “A practical introduction to Latin prose”, et libros Ciceronis lego. Estne fas hic scribere ut linguam Latinam discam? -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 17:37, 11 Martii 2026 (UTC)
: Salve, [[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]]. Utilissimum est Latine scribere ad Latinum discendum! Tua peritia linguae mihi videtur esse satis bona. Suadeo ut incipias paginas iam exstantes emendando. Si autem novas paginas scribere cupis, tibi licet sive eas statim creare sive nostro novo “[[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio|systemate adumbrationum]]” uti. Tibi faustas emendationes auguror! Vale. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 21:11, 11 Martii 2026 (UTC)
::Gratias tibi ago! -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 10:53, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC)

== Adumbratorne ego? ==
Salve Grufo, demiror, qua de causa pagina [[Der fliegende Holländer (melodrama)]] a me incepta Adumbrationis titulo dignata sit. Melius hoc intellegerem, si fere omnes aliae paginae &quot;Adumbrationes&quot; essent. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 18:13, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC)
: Salve [[Usor:Neander|Neander]]! Hoc evēnit quia [[Usor:Bartholomite]] putavit [[Special:PermanentLink/3948086|hanc versionem paginae]] esse nimis brevem, idcirco in spatium adumbrationum [[Special:Diff/3948160/3948161|movit]]. Puto motionem rectam fuisse, sed nunc pagina est satis longa. Nihilominus [[Disputatio Usoris:Bartholomite#De paginis ad spatium adumbrationum motis|ei scripsi]] te monendum fore quotienscumque paginam a te creatam moveret. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 19:47, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC)

== [[UEFA Nations League]] ==

Salve Grufo, potesne paginae huius nomen ex Anglico in Latinum mutare? Vale, -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 14:39, 30 Martii 2026 (UTC)
: Salve [[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]]. Credo istam mutationem in [[Disputatio:UEFA Nations League|pagina disputationis illius commentationis]] melius petendam esse. Vale. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:10, 30 Martii 2026 (UTC)
::Petivi. Vale. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 15:20, 30 Martii 2026 (UTC)

== Quae sunt &quot;negativa lineamenta&quot;? ==

Dixisti quod differt motus &quot;caterva&quot; et &quot;grex&quot; inquantum caterva est grex negativis cum lineamentis. Cur? Caterva ergo annon extat ut motus pro structura abstracta-algebraica in Neo-Latinitate? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 04:11, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
: Salve, [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]. “Caterva” est sicut “turba”, “multitudo sine ordine” (cf. “caterva verborum”), at “grex” est tantummodo aggregatio quaedam. Romani “catervam” saepe excercitūs aliarum gentium appellabant, raro suos. Vide {{Lewshort|caterva|catervam}} et {{L&amp;S|grex|gregem}}. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 05:06, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::Oh, ergo in sensibus communibus differt, non in sensibus ut termata artis. (Sed &quot;grex&quot; erat terma ab Evaristo Galois confectum, ut pagina dicit.) Gratias ago! -- [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 05:14, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::: @[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]: Ita. Ultro, quod ad nomen ab Evaristo Galois confectum attinet, mihi videtur ipse nullum nomen Latinum, sed tantummodo vocabulum Francogallicum ''groupe'' adhibuisse. Erravine? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 05:25, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::::Sic videtur. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 05:40, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

== You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
Greetings,

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years.

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== Formulae ==

Hi, Grufo. I am happy to be back among Vicipaedians, and also happy that Vicipaedia has been getting better and better in my absence. I am very glad that you have been able to work so hard on it at a time when I could not. I notice, in creating new pages, that I should be using formulae &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Res}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; for article names, &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Ores}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; for names that are titles of works, and &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Anni vitae}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; instead of &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Lifetime}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Correct? I'm sure there are other new formulae, and no doubt I will gradually pick them up, but if there are any more that you think I will need often, feel free to tell me! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 13:53, 31 Maii 2026 (UTC)
: Hi Andrew! I am very glad you are back! Yes, {{Fn|ores}} stands for “res de opere”. It must not be confused with {{Fn|ires}}: both show the lemma in italic, but only {{Fn|ores}} adds the &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;&lt;cite&gt;...&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; tag under the hood, which in turn instructs search engines that the page is about a work. As for {{Fn|anni vitae}}/{{Fn|lifetime}}, the second is simply a redirect to the first, so you are free to choose—although we should prefer Latin in our pages. Among the other things that have changed when you were not here, as far as I can recall, there is that the two old templates {{Fn|nexus desiderati}} and {{Fn|nexus absunt}} have been merged into one single template, and that {{Fn|creanda}} is now transitioning towards {{Fsn|pcc}} (the latter's title might change in the future); long story short, from now on, if you can, please write &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{subst:creanda|...}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; instead of &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{creanda|...}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;. The advantage is that when eventually the missing page gets created, the new template is able to recognize it even if it got created under a different name. I don't know if there have been other big changes. If yes, probably you will notice! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:39, 31 Maii 2026 (UTC)
::That's good. I could not quite follow the developments with &quot;creanda&quot;. Your explanation makes it clear, and I will use &quot;subst:creanda&quot;. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 18:48, 2 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::: @[[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]]: Writing &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{subst:creanda|...}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; is transitory in this phase to facilitate the usage of the new template. You can also directly write &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{subst:pcc|...}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;, although this uses a slightly different syntax. Compare:
:::: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{subst:pcc|en=Direction (geometry)|directio|directionem}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
::: and
:::: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{subst:creanda|en|Direction (geometry)|directio|directionem}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
::: [[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|The documentation]] should explain everything in detail. The point is that the new template is able to get the Wikidata entity of the linked page, and so both &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{subst:creanda|...}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; and &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{subst:pcc|...}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;, once you save the page, will eventually turn into,
:::: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|directio|directionem|en|qid=Q2151613}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
::: where {{para|qid|Q2151613}} contains the Wikidata entity. Once the template has the Wikidata entity, it no longer matters under which name a new page gets created, it will find it. Moreover, when that happens, [[:Categoria:Paginae quae recensionem vacuam exspectant|this category]] will list the pages that now ask for the creation of pages that have already been created, and an empty edit (!) will be enough to remove the template from the page. For instance, on the top-right corner of the “[[Situs interretialis]]” page there is currently the icon of a blinking zero with a pencil; if you click on it and then click on “Mutationes ostendere”, everything should be more clear. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 19:31, 2 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::I did begin to write &quot;subst:creanda&quot; instead of &quot;creanda&quot;. What happened was that immediately on saving my work it changed to the next step, with a much longer template name &quot;safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve&quot; and rearranged elements. This made it harder to continue editing the page. So, to stop that immediate change happening, I've gone back to writing &quot;creanda&quot;. I take it the whole series of changes, from &quot;creanda&quot; to &quot;subst:creanda&quot;, and on, can be done automatically at some later stage? [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:23, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::: @[[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew]]: I just created {{Fsn|creanda/m}}. Now if you write
::::::: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{subst:creanda/m|en|Julie Gayet|fr|Julie Gayet|Iulia Gayet}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
:::::: when you save the page it gets replaced with
::::::: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{safesubst:creanda|en|Julie Gayet|fr|Julie Gayet|Iulia Gayet}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
:::::: When you save the page one time more it gets replaced with
::::::: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Iulia Gayet||fr|en|qid=Q435925}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
:::::: Is that what you were looking for? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:07, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::::::: P.S. I can also create it with a timer (e.g. it doesn't get replaced before one day passes), but I'll need a bit longer to create that. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:29, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::::::::Grufo, you never cease to amaze me! You can do anything! I don't want to be awkward -- after all, if I were efficient, I could save all my potential improvements for one edit, and then do it, and it wouldn't be a problem. However, there may be some value, to others as well as to me, if it works after a fixed delay (a day, as you suggest). Others, not only me, re-read and revise their edits immediately after saving the essential part. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 15:58, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::::::::: Thank you, Andrew. Consider it done :) P.S. The long name “Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve” could be temporary: one day, when all transclusions of {{Fn|Creanda}} will be gone (I think they are about 2000 at the moment), we can rename {{Fn|Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve}} to {{Fn|Creanda}}. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:21, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::: @[[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew]]: I added a timer of one day to {{Fsn|creanda/m}} (you will have to tolerate a {{para|t}} parameter that gets automatically added to save the starting time). What do you think? You would use {{Fsn|creanda/m}} exacly like you would use {{Fn|creanda}}. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 21:15, 15 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::::Fine, thanks! I'll use {{Fsn|creanda/m}} from now on. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 08:31, 16 Iunii 2026 (UTC)

== Citation style ==

Hi, Grufo. Thanks for working on &quot;[[Dis-moi ce que tu manges: je te dirai ce que tu es]]&quot;. I have just one question about the citation style. Is it really a good idea to aim to put months as well as years in the parenthetic date that follows the author's name? My impression is that English Wikipedians sometimes do this, and that Google Books sometimes inserts days and months (totally unreliably) alongside years of publication, but that people writing bibliographies in the real world don't do it. It would be quite a matter of chance whether the information is available or not. What do you think about that? [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:10, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
: Hi [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew]]. I think that with books definitely the year alone should be enough. The month maybe can be useful with journals (it is true though that volume and issue numbers should be enough). Maybe a general exception is when an author publishes two or more works in the same year: in that case the month might be the only way to write the Chicago-style short citation (e.g. &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{qc|Einstein, Mai. 2021}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; and &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{qc|Einstein, Iul. 2021}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;). Long story short: feel free to remove {{para|mensis}} and {{para|tempus ostentum}} from Melvin's article and {{para|mensis}} from Nemeroff's article! P.S. If you have any suggestions on how to improve the {{[[Formula:Opus|Opus]]}} template, please don't hesitate. When I wrote it I tried to find a compromise between English (and other languages') citation standards and the peculiarities of Latin tradition (for instance, I avoided using non-nominative forms like “Alberto Einstein auctore” or “Alberti Einstein ''Lorem Ipsum''”). --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 14:48, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::In general your template works very well. I'll give it some thought. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 16:05, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC)

== De involuntaria invocatione ==
@[[Usor:Amahoney|Amahoney]], @[[Usor:Andreas Raether|Andreas Raether]], @[[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]], @[[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]], @[[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]], @[[Usor:Frontfrog|Frontfrog]], @[[Usor:Giorno2|Giorno2]], @[[Usor:Ioshus Rocchio|Ioshus Rocchio]] et [[Usor:Lesgles|Lesgles]]: Amici, ignoscite mihi, quaeso, si antea invocationem involuntariam a me acceperatis; exemplum tantum novae formulae {{[[Formula:Usores in colloquio#&amp;#123;&amp;#123;subst:Usores in colloquio&amp;#125;&amp;#125;|subst:Usores in colloquio]]}} ostendere volui. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:55, 18 Iunii 2026 (UTC)

== Castellum Poseidon ==

Non video quid huic articulo deficiat. Existimo eum perfecte exigit Wikipediae. Si consentis, potesne tollere observationem negativam? Gratias antehac.[[Usor:Andries Van den Abeele|Andries Van den Abeele]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andries Van den Abeele|disputatio]]) 16:39, 30 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
: Salve [[Usor:Andries Van den Abeele|Andries Van den Abeele]]. Bibliographia est Francogallice scripta. Scriptiones quales “Iulio MMXXV” non solemus adhibere, sed potius “Iulio 2025”. Formula {{Fn|Nobr}} non habemus. Formula {{Fn|Sfn}} apud nos appellatur {{Fn|Qc}} et alia syntaxi nititur. Sunt etiam multae aliae res Vicificandae. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:55, 30 Iunii 2026 (UTC)

== Meiko Nakahara Autotranslata Correctio ==

Apud dignatione, cur paginam autotranslatam esse figurabam. Totam paginam transferre a me scio, et Ego volo quod non lingua Anglica sic sit, sed literale et totale volo. Autem tota pagina vere translatio 'by hand' in Anglicā, et sī tu Meiko Nakahara paginam Anglicam apud Vicipaediā translatore transferas, scribitio mea non sic totale est. Sī pagina problema habet, acceptibilius est, et velim corrigere [[Usor:PeterBJohnLemon|PeterBJohnLemon]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:PeterBJohnLemon|disputatio]]) 18:48, 4 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
: Salve, PeterBJohnLemon. Capsam addidi quia pagina [[Meiko Nakahara]] ''videtur'' e translatione machinaria orta esse, quamquam certus esse nequeo. Forma enim currens mihi videtur nimis mendosa ut in Vicipaedia maneat (velut: “scita pro musica sua in Urbe Populariā genā musicā est”, “Postquam cantantem cursum suam”, “Tributus grex clamatus Lotos ea formatus erat in 2010 et activus jam dum 2019”, atque multa alia exempla). Si haec translatio re vera manu facta est, eo magis emendationibus eget. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 20:34, 4 Iulii 2026 (UTC)

== [https://latin-words.com/word/latin/doctoratu  doctoratu] ==
The Latin supine is a verbal noun derived from a verb, not from an ordinary noun. It is formed from the verbal stem associated with the fourth principal part.The word doctoratus (&quot;doctorate&quot;) is a noun, not a verb. A supine must come from a verb such as:[doceo, docere, docui, doctus]. We can thus use [doctum,doctū].  As a fellow lover of Latin &quot;word archaeology,&quot; I'd say your instinct is good! :) However, let us stick as much as possible to original latin. eg this is Neolatin. Your contributions, by the way, are highly appreciated! --[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) [[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) 10:34, 17 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
: Hi [[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]]. Almost correct, except that the suffix ''{{swikten|-atus|-atus}}'' (gen. ''-atūs'') can skip the “coming from a verb” part, and so you have nouns like ''senatus'', ''triumviratus'', ''tribunatus'', etc. ''Doctoratus'' (gen. -ūs) is not a new word. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 12:25, 17 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
::''Doctoratu'' looks to me like a fourth-declension noun in the ablative, as seen in ''acu punctum'' 'stuck with a needle' and similar constructions; however, if possible, an encyclopedia might want to specify the field: was it a doctorate of philosophy ([[Ph.D.]])? or a doctorate of something else? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 13:08, 17 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
::: Yes, Iacobus (I also agree that specifying the field would be nice). The suffix ''-atus'' and the supine share the same historical origin. The supine ultimately denotes the action expressed by the verb, and the corresponding fourth-declension noun is often synonymous with a noun in ''-io'', ''-ionis'' (e.g. ''positus'', ''-ūs'' and ''positio'', ''-onis'' are synonyms). When we say ''facile dictu'', we are ultimately saying “easy with respect to the act of saying.” I know some grammarians treat the supine and the corresponding fourth-declension noun as distinct; i.e. ''exitu'' as a supine would be different from ''exitu'', the ablative of ''exitus'', except… it isn't (other than the fact that sometimes the supine can govern an object). The suffix ''-atus'' is particularly interesting because it can bypass the corresponding verb. Following the scheme above, ''doctoratus'' would be similar to ''*doctoratio'', and both would derive from ''*doctorare''—except that ''*doctorare'' does not actually need to exist. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:30, 17 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
Hi Grufo. Your Latin is awesome! Unfortunately people always focus on the exceptions and will think Neolatin is ok. For future similar situations some thing like doctoratione or doctorato wouldn't hurt it? You know very will the supines need to be handled carefully.  Also , both all words capitalized titles exists as well not not all capitalized titles. I would prefer the all capitalized word titles but am not insisting.---[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]])</text>
      <sha1>g1159kgk7741rav3zc3hbk6pd5je405</sha1>
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      <id>3973021</id>
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      <text bytes="38685" sha1="tjcvrs1qla9e6jzmmgvqr5n0muk3jnt" xml:space="preserve">{{Hic sunt tabularia disputationum}}

Disputationes veteres:
{{Specialis:Praefixa/Disputatio Usoris:Grufo/Tabularium}}

== Translation request ==

Hello, Grufo.

Can you create an article about the American Democratic Vice Presidential candidate [[:en:Tim Walz]] ([[Timotheus Iacobus Walz]]) in Latin Wikipedia, just like for the Republican Vice Presidential candidate [[Iacobus David Vance]]?

Yours sincerely, [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 12:48, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)

: Hi. I did not create the [[Iacobus David Vance]] page, I only [[Specialis:Diff/3848980/3849044|corrected a few things]], mostly of typographical nature. Of course a [[Timotheus Iacobus Walz]] page would be a nice thing to have. But asking users to do something for us usually rarely works. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:01, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::I understand. Thank you for the reply. I also posted the same question to the original uploader. Though I think he or she is a &quot;one timer&quot; and might not upload or edit again. [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 13:22, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::: I do not know why the original author created Vance's page, but it is not to be excluded that they did it as a consequence of political affiliation (nothing is wrong with that, as long their contribution is encyclopedic), and if that is the case asking the same person to create the page of their political adversary will likely not work. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:27, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::::That also later crossed my mind. I personally did not request a translation due to political reasons. I just thought that the other Vice Presidential candidate should also have an article in Latin Wikipedia. Never mind. [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 13:34, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::::: No problem. Let's see how the original author reacts. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:41, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::::::To my surprise, the original author uploaded the second article as well. I have thanked him or her and I thank you as well. [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 15:59, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::::::: I am happy they did! :) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:01, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)

== Nomination ==
Hi, Grufo. I just proposed you at [[Vicipaedia:Petitio magistratus/Grufo]]. When you have a spare moment, please go there and indicate your willingness -- thank you! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 08:23, 7 Septembris 2024 (UTC)
: Thank you, Andrew! :-) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 08:46, 7 Septembris 2024 (UTC)
::As you may have noticed, you are elected nemine contradicente. An excellent result! I will now attempt to give you the appropriate permissions. I'm sorry I have been absent rather often on real world concerns, and this may continue for a while. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 19:23, 15 Septembris 2024 (UTC)
:::Done, I think. Next time you log in, verify if you have some unaccustomed powers. Notably, you should be able to delete a page (which should be helpful to you and to others who may need to have a page deleted), and protect a page from some groups of editors, and you should be able to block a user, named or anonymous. Tell me if I can help with anything. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 19:36, 15 Septembris 2024 (UTC)
:::: Hooray! :-) You have absolutely nothing to apologize for, Andrew. I am very grateful for your sponsorship. I hope your real world concerns will soon calm down. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 21:19, 15 Septembris 2024 (UTC)

== Candidatus ad magistratum propositus ==

Gratias tibi ago, Grufo optime! Me maxime honorasti me ad electionem in circulum magistratuum proponens. Praeter doctrinam meam debiliorem imprimis inopia temporis liberi me monet, ne hoc munus acciperem. Per septuaginta horas cuiusque hebdomadae munere medici occupatus sum. Ideo non prius quam circa mediam noctem ad Vicipaediam nostram accedere soleo. [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bis-Taurinus|disputatio]]) 20:47, 11 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
: Gratias tibi ago, Bis-Taurine, quia mihi scripsisti. Paucum tempus non est magnum incommodum, multi sunt magistratus apud nos qui inter se laborem distribuunt (nihilominus a magistratu haud maior labor, sed sapientia tantum requiritur). Nisi tibi displacet “magistratus mediae noctis” fieri, tuam petitionem proponere adhuc cupio. Attamen importunē insistere nolo! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:46, 11 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
:: @[[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]]: Demetrium Talpam et Marcum Terentium Bibliophilum [[Vicipaedia:Taberna#Magistratus: novae nominationes|nuper proposui]]; et te, volentem, proponere cupio. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 08:44, 15 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
::: Bis-Taurinus Grufoni salutem! Si paucum tempus et peritia mea exigua non impediunt, me canditatum proponas! [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bis-Taurinus|disputatio]]) 05:29, 16 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
:::: Euax! :-) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 11:47, 16 Octobris 2024 (UTC)

== Request ==

As mentioned in [[Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 30#Disney cartoon articles]], there are some semi-protected pages that have been protected for 15 years now. Do you think it'd be OK to remove protection from them? I'm asking you because I see you've handled protections before. I also think that there should be some improvement to these pages, as they are generally stubs that have been short for 15 years. Should I start a new discussion at [[Vicipaedia:Taberna]] to get someone to add more content to the pages? [[Specialis:Conlationes/2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB|2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB]] 16:56, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
: Hi. It seems that the discussion you linked was not really in favour of removing the protection. It is true that four years have passed, however these pages are only semi-protected, all you need to edit them is an account. Have you considered creating one? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:01, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
:: Some of the pages were unprotected, and those haven't been vandalized since. I actually thought that the discussion was in favor by the end of it. Just a note, I'd have to wait four days to edit after creating an account. However, I was wondering if anyone could add more content to these pages. I saw [[Babe: Pig in the City]] was deleted, but could a new page be written to replace it? Also, I see the tag at [[Rugrats]], should that page be deleted? If I create an account, I'll let you know. [[Specialis:Conlationes/2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB|2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB]] 17:06, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
::: Account created. [[Usor:Shopping metaphor|Shopping metaphor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Shopping metaphor|disputatio]]) 17:10, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
:::: That is great! Happy editing! :-)

== Petitio de Formula:AE ==
Salve Grufo! Potesne Formulam:AE in nostra Vicipaedia ratam facere ut exempli gratia in Vicipaedia Anglica. Nam nexum ad inscriptiones Latinas et Graecas praebet quae in ''[[L'Année épigraphique]]'' publicatae sunt. Vide exempli gratia [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindia_gens Mindia gens] apud Anglicos (AE|2018|325). Etenim epigraphia Latinitati fons non negligendus aestimanda est. Ante aliquot annos Andreas Dalby hoc idem ad Formulam [[CIL]] effecerat. Te amabo si temptabis. --[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 15:17, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC)

Tibi gratias ago. Non difficile fortasse erat sed talium rerum non peritus sum.--[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 15:28, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC)

: Noli timere, magnopere quidem fuit facile factu. :-) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:33, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC)

:: {{Tpe|Postilla}} [[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marce]], formulam {{Fn|AE ref}} quoque nunc habemus. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:54, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC)

== Capsa mendosa? ==

Hi! I’ve just noticed your [[Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 33#Capsa mendosa?|your ping from over a year ago]], but the problem seems to still persist, so better late than never. ☺ It’s probably because the same coats of arms are listed both [[d:Q81162#P154|as logos]] and [[d:Q81162#P94|as actual coats of arms]], so the solution is removing the logos from the Wikidata items. —[[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Tacsipacsi|disputatio]]) 11:39, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
: Hi [[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]], thank you for reaching out. How about [[Specialis:Diff/3850542/3861571|this solution]]? To be really unbreakable it should be extended to the other image properties as well – because, for example, [[Collegium Sanctae Catharinae (Oxonia)|here]] the problem still persists. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:48, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
:: {{tpe|Nova}} Maybe [[Specialis:Diff/3850542/3861576|this other solution]] solves everything once and for all. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:59, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
:::I think it’s more of a workaround than a solution: Wikidata data is simply wrong (these images are coats of arms, not logos), so that should be fixed instead of changing the Wikipedia infobox. [https://www.wikidata.org/w/index.php?title=Property_talk:P94&amp;diff=2273008387 I’ve added a complex constraint on Wikidata that lists exact duplicates] (it won’t catch St Catherine’s College, but it will catch the others). —[[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Tacsipacsi|disputatio]]) 22:15, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
:::: It makes sense. What our template does is simply a check for duplicate images (which under no circumstances need to be shown twice). Feel free to restore the check-free version if you want. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:28, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
:::::I &lt;em&gt;think&lt;/em&gt; the checks shouldn’t be there, but I don’t &lt;em&gt;want&lt;/em&gt; to remove them, because I don’t consider myself part of the Latin Wikipedia community and thus want to leave the decision up to the community. (I’m not angry or something like that; it’s perfectly fine for me that you do whatever you want.) —[[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Tacsipacsi|disputatio]]) 23:15, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
:::::: No problem, [[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]]. [[Specialis:Diff/3861576/3861607|I removed the checks]]. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 23:35, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)

== Create a page for Peshkopi - Penestae in Latin ==
@[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] Hi dear Grufo! I am from Albania and I have a request. I want to ask you please can you create a page for Peshkopi: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshkopi  (Penestae in Latin) on Latin Wiki. I have asked Andrew Dalby to create it and he didn't created it. So I would be very grateful to you if you will create it yourself. Thanks [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:NevaleLevane|disputatio]]) 13:28, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
: Hi, [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]]. You have already sent me an email three days ago, to which I already replied. Please stop spamming. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:46, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
::@[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] Hi Grufo! Now I see the email as I didn't checked it. When you will have time, you will create it? The title for Peshkopi in Latin is Penestae: https://www.loquis.com/en/loquis/2174022/Peshkopi https://latin_latin.en-academic.com/45532/PENESTAE https://www.wikiwand.com/en/articles/Penestae_(tribe) Thanks [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:NevaleLevane|disputatio]]) 17:14, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
::: @[[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]]: As I already wrote you via email, it is not my intention to create the page you are requesting, for at least the following reasons:
:::* The subject is not among my priorities
:::* Based on what I know '''and your own sources''' ([https://latin_latin.en-academic.com/45532/PENESTAE #1], [https://www.wikiwand.com/en/articles/Penestae_(tribe) #2]), the ''Penestae'' were a tribe, not a place, and I don't know reliable sources that state otherwise (I will be happy to be contradicted) – actually, the Latin name of Peshkopi seems to be [[Episcopia (discretiva)|Episcopia]] (again, I am happy to be contradicted), whereas the locality where the ''Penestae'' lived was called ''Penestia'', as it seems
:::* If I ever had any intention to create such page, your fixation on a proper name without sources made any intention vanish (you started insisting on it already [[Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 34#Create articles for Korçë (Coryza - in Latin), Kukës (unknown name in Latin) and Peshkopi (Penestae - in Latin)|five months ago]]) – Btw, we can attempt to propose our translations of common names (see {{Fn|Convertimus}}), but doing the same with proper names is definitely out of question (it's like if I insisted – without sources – that your name is “Donald”)
::: --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:04, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)

== De quadam difficultate ==
Salve Grufo, scisne, cur &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Titulus italicus}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; non valeat textum italicum reddere in commentatione [[Fabian oder Der Gang vor die Hunde (pellicula 2021)]]? [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 17:10, 25 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
: Salve Neander! Credo titulum nimis longum esse causam (formula {{Fn|Titulus italicus}} non est sine defectibus). [[Specialis:Diff/3887061/3887066|Haec excogitatio]] similia incommoda solvere potest. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:31, 25 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
:: Rectum igitur hominem adii auxilium petens. Gratias ago quam maximas! [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 18:13, 25 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)

== De voce [[Disportus in Italia]] ==
Ciao, Grufo. Avrei voluto scriverti in latino, ma presumendo che tu sia italiano ti parlerò nella nostra lingua. Scusami tanto se ti disturbo, ma volevo chiederti: come mai hai cancellato la voce [[Disportus in Italia]], creata da me nella giornata di ieri? Sarebbe stato un approfondimento importante sullo sport italiano (argomento di cui mi sto occupando molto), presente anche in molte altre edizioni di Wikipedia. È vero che quando hai cancellato la pagina essa consisteva in un mero elenco di sport con link rossi indirizzanti a sottopagine, ma avrei avuto l'intenzione di scriverla, ampliarla, correggerla, magari in giorni futuri: quindi non l'avrei lasciata in sospeso, abbandonando una voce appena creata, anzi, avrei anche scritto le pagine con i dettagli per ogni disciplina e magari creato una voce simile per altri paesi del mondo. Perciò volevo chiederti soltanto se la voce potrà essere riammessa o potrò comunque ricrearla (anche non adesso, lavorandoci magari prima sulla mia [[Usor:Davide2025/Harenarium|sandbox]]). Puoi rispondermi sulla mia [[Usor:Davide2025/Disputatio|talk]] ed eventualmente continuare a darmi suggerimenti per il futuro. A presto e ''magnas gratias tibi, mi Grufo''! [[Usor:Davide2025|Davide2025]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Davide2025|disputatio]]) 14:07, 21 Octobris 2025 (UTC)
: Ciao [[Usor:Davide2025|Davide]]. Il problema è che non si accettano pagine non finite nello spazio enciclopedico. Ci possono essere dei lavori in corso, ma allora si aggiunge {{Fn|In usu}} in cima alla pagina, altrimenti altri utenti assumeranno che la pagina è stata lasciata così (e infatti un altro utente ha chiesto la cancellazione immediata della pagina in quanto incompleta). Ho ripristinato la pagina in [[Usor:Davide2025/Harenarium/Disportus in Italia]]. Ti consiglio di svilupparla ulteriormente prima di metterla nello spazio enciclopedico. Buon lavoro. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 14:25, 21 Octobris 2025 (UTC)

== Transylvania et dies 11 Ianuarii ==

Salve Grufo!
Tibi [[Disputatio:11 Ianuarii|hic]] respondi. [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bis-Taurinus|disputatio]]) 22:10, 5 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
: Gratias tibi ago, [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurine]]. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:41, 5 Februarii 2026 (UTC)

== Tiro sum ==

Salve Grufo! Tiro hic sum, et magis scire volo de Vikipedia Latina. Nunc disco grammaticam Latinan libro Arnoldiis qui vocatur est “A practical introduction to Latin prose”, et libros Ciceronis lego. Estne fas hic scribere ut linguam Latinam discam? -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 17:37, 11 Martii 2026 (UTC)
: Salve, [[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]]. Utilissimum est Latine scribere ad Latinum discendum! Tua peritia linguae mihi videtur esse satis bona. Suadeo ut incipias paginas iam exstantes emendando. Si autem novas paginas scribere cupis, tibi licet sive eas statim creare sive nostro novo “[[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio|systemate adumbrationum]]” uti. Tibi faustas emendationes auguror! Vale. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 21:11, 11 Martii 2026 (UTC)
::Gratias tibi ago! -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 10:53, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC)

== Adumbratorne ego? ==
Salve Grufo, demiror, qua de causa pagina [[Der fliegende Holländer (melodrama)]] a me incepta Adumbrationis titulo dignata sit. Melius hoc intellegerem, si fere omnes aliae paginae &quot;Adumbrationes&quot; essent. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 18:13, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC)
: Salve [[Usor:Neander|Neander]]! Hoc evēnit quia [[Usor:Bartholomite]] putavit [[Special:PermanentLink/3948086|hanc versionem paginae]] esse nimis brevem, idcirco in spatium adumbrationum [[Special:Diff/3948160/3948161|movit]]. Puto motionem rectam fuisse, sed nunc pagina est satis longa. Nihilominus [[Disputatio Usoris:Bartholomite#De paginis ad spatium adumbrationum motis|ei scripsi]] te monendum fore quotienscumque paginam a te creatam moveret. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 19:47, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC)

== [[UEFA Nations League]] ==

Salve Grufo, potesne paginae huius nomen ex Anglico in Latinum mutare? Vale, -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 14:39, 30 Martii 2026 (UTC)
: Salve [[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]]. Credo istam mutationem in [[Disputatio:UEFA Nations League|pagina disputationis illius commentationis]] melius petendam esse. Vale. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:10, 30 Martii 2026 (UTC)
::Petivi. Vale. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 15:20, 30 Martii 2026 (UTC)

== Quae sunt &quot;negativa lineamenta&quot;? ==

Dixisti quod differt motus &quot;caterva&quot; et &quot;grex&quot; inquantum caterva est grex negativis cum lineamentis. Cur? Caterva ergo annon extat ut motus pro structura abstracta-algebraica in Neo-Latinitate? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 04:11, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
: Salve, [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]. “Caterva” est sicut “turba”, “multitudo sine ordine” (cf. “caterva verborum”), at “grex” est tantummodo aggregatio quaedam. Romani “catervam” saepe excercitūs aliarum gentium appellabant, raro suos. Vide {{Lewshort|caterva|catervam}} et {{L&amp;S|grex|gregem}}. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 05:06, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::Oh, ergo in sensibus communibus differt, non in sensibus ut termata artis. (Sed &quot;grex&quot; erat terma ab Evaristo Galois confectum, ut pagina dicit.) Gratias ago! -- [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 05:14, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::: @[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]: Ita. Ultro, quod ad nomen ab Evaristo Galois confectum attinet, mihi videtur ipse nullum nomen Latinum, sed tantummodo vocabulum Francogallicum ''groupe'' adhibuisse. Erravine? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 05:25, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::::Sic videtur. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 05:40, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

== You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election ==

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== Formulae ==

Hi, Grufo. I am happy to be back among Vicipaedians, and also happy that Vicipaedia has been getting better and better in my absence. I am very glad that you have been able to work so hard on it at a time when I could not. I notice, in creating new pages, that I should be using formulae &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Res}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; for article names, &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Ores}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; for names that are titles of works, and &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Anni vitae}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; instead of &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Lifetime}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Correct? I'm sure there are other new formulae, and no doubt I will gradually pick them up, but if there are any more that you think I will need often, feel free to tell me! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 13:53, 31 Maii 2026 (UTC)
: Hi Andrew! I am very glad you are back! Yes, {{Fn|ores}} stands for “res de opere”. It must not be confused with {{Fn|ires}}: both show the lemma in italic, but only {{Fn|ores}} adds the &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;&lt;cite&gt;...&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; tag under the hood, which in turn instructs search engines that the page is about a work. As for {{Fn|anni vitae}}/{{Fn|lifetime}}, the second is simply a redirect to the first, so you are free to choose—although we should prefer Latin in our pages. Among the other things that have changed when you were not here, as far as I can recall, there is that the two old templates {{Fn|nexus desiderati}} and {{Fn|nexus absunt}} have been merged into one single template, and that {{Fn|creanda}} is now transitioning towards {{Fsn|pcc}} (the latter's title might change in the future); long story short, from now on, if you can, please write &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{subst:creanda|...}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; instead of &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{creanda|...}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;. The advantage is that when eventually the missing page gets created, the new template is able to recognize it even if it got created under a different name. I don't know if there have been other big changes. If yes, probably you will notice! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:39, 31 Maii 2026 (UTC)
::That's good. I could not quite follow the developments with &quot;creanda&quot;. Your explanation makes it clear, and I will use &quot;subst:creanda&quot;. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 18:48, 2 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::: @[[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]]: Writing &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{subst:creanda|...}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; is transitory in this phase to facilitate the usage of the new template. You can also directly write &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{subst:pcc|...}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;, although this uses a slightly different syntax. Compare:
:::: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{subst:pcc|en=Direction (geometry)|directio|directionem}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
::: and
:::: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{subst:creanda|en|Direction (geometry)|directio|directionem}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
::: [[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|The documentation]] should explain everything in detail. The point is that the new template is able to get the Wikidata entity of the linked page, and so both &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{subst:creanda|...}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; and &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{subst:pcc|...}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;, once you save the page, will eventually turn into,
:::: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|directio|directionem|en|qid=Q2151613}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
::: where {{para|qid|Q2151613}} contains the Wikidata entity. Once the template has the Wikidata entity, it no longer matters under which name a new page gets created, it will find it. Moreover, when that happens, [[:Categoria:Paginae quae recensionem vacuam exspectant|this category]] will list the pages that now ask for the creation of pages that have already been created, and an empty edit (!) will be enough to remove the template from the page. For instance, on the top-right corner of the “[[Situs interretialis]]” page there is currently the icon of a blinking zero with a pencil; if you click on it and then click on “Mutationes ostendere”, everything should be more clear. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 19:31, 2 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::I did begin to write &quot;subst:creanda&quot; instead of &quot;creanda&quot;. What happened was that immediately on saving my work it changed to the next step, with a much longer template name &quot;safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve&quot; and rearranged elements. This made it harder to continue editing the page. So, to stop that immediate change happening, I've gone back to writing &quot;creanda&quot;. I take it the whole series of changes, from &quot;creanda&quot; to &quot;subst:creanda&quot;, and on, can be done automatically at some later stage? [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:23, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::: @[[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew]]: I just created {{Fsn|creanda/m}}. Now if you write
::::::: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{subst:creanda/m|en|Julie Gayet|fr|Julie Gayet|Iulia Gayet}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
:::::: when you save the page it gets replaced with
::::::: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{safesubst:creanda|en|Julie Gayet|fr|Julie Gayet|Iulia Gayet}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
:::::: When you save the page one time more it gets replaced with
::::::: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Iulia Gayet||fr|en|qid=Q435925}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
:::::: Is that what you were looking for? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:07, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::::::: P.S. I can also create it with a timer (e.g. it doesn't get replaced before one day passes), but I'll need a bit longer to create that. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:29, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::::::::Grufo, you never cease to amaze me! You can do anything! I don't want to be awkward -- after all, if I were efficient, I could save all my potential improvements for one edit, and then do it, and it wouldn't be a problem. However, there may be some value, to others as well as to me, if it works after a fixed delay (a day, as you suggest). Others, not only me, re-read and revise their edits immediately after saving the essential part. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 15:58, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::::::::: Thank you, Andrew. Consider it done :) P.S. The long name “Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve” could be temporary: one day, when all transclusions of {{Fn|Creanda}} will be gone (I think they are about 2000 at the moment), we can rename {{Fn|Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve}} to {{Fn|Creanda}}. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:21, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::: @[[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew]]: I added a timer of one day to {{Fsn|creanda/m}} (you will have to tolerate a {{para|t}} parameter that gets automatically added to save the starting time). What do you think? You would use {{Fsn|creanda/m}} exacly like you would use {{Fn|creanda}}. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 21:15, 15 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::::Fine, thanks! I'll use {{Fsn|creanda/m}} from now on. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 08:31, 16 Iunii 2026 (UTC)

== Citation style ==

Hi, Grufo. Thanks for working on &quot;[[Dis-moi ce que tu manges: je te dirai ce que tu es]]&quot;. I have just one question about the citation style. Is it really a good idea to aim to put months as well as years in the parenthetic date that follows the author's name? My impression is that English Wikipedians sometimes do this, and that Google Books sometimes inserts days and months (totally unreliably) alongside years of publication, but that people writing bibliographies in the real world don't do it. It would be quite a matter of chance whether the information is available or not. What do you think about that? [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:10, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
: Hi [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew]]. I think that with books definitely the year alone should be enough. The month maybe can be useful with journals (it is true though that volume and issue numbers should be enough). Maybe a general exception is when an author publishes two or more works in the same year: in that case the month might be the only way to write the Chicago-style short citation (e.g. &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{qc|Einstein, Mai. 2021}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; and &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{qc|Einstein, Iul. 2021}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;). Long story short: feel free to remove {{para|mensis}} and {{para|tempus ostentum}} from Melvin's article and {{para|mensis}} from Nemeroff's article! P.S. If you have any suggestions on how to improve the {{[[Formula:Opus|Opus]]}} template, please don't hesitate. When I wrote it I tried to find a compromise between English (and other languages') citation standards and the peculiarities of Latin tradition (for instance, I avoided using non-nominative forms like “Alberto Einstein auctore” or “Alberti Einstein ''Lorem Ipsum''”). --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 14:48, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::In general your template works very well. I'll give it some thought. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 16:05, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC)

== De involuntaria invocatione ==
@[[Usor:Amahoney|Amahoney]], @[[Usor:Andreas Raether|Andreas Raether]], @[[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]], @[[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]], @[[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]], @[[Usor:Frontfrog|Frontfrog]], @[[Usor:Giorno2|Giorno2]], @[[Usor:Ioshus Rocchio|Ioshus Rocchio]] et [[Usor:Lesgles|Lesgles]]: Amici, ignoscite mihi, quaeso, si antea invocationem involuntariam a me acceperatis; exemplum tantum novae formulae {{[[Formula:Usores in colloquio#&amp;#123;&amp;#123;subst:Usores in colloquio&amp;#125;&amp;#125;|subst:Usores in colloquio]]}} ostendere volui. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:55, 18 Iunii 2026 (UTC)

== Castellum Poseidon ==

Non video quid huic articulo deficiat. Existimo eum perfecte exigit Wikipediae. Si consentis, potesne tollere observationem negativam? Gratias antehac.[[Usor:Andries Van den Abeele|Andries Van den Abeele]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andries Van den Abeele|disputatio]]) 16:39, 30 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
: Salve [[Usor:Andries Van den Abeele|Andries Van den Abeele]]. Bibliographia est Francogallice scripta. Scriptiones quales “Iulio MMXXV” non solemus adhibere, sed potius “Iulio 2025”. Formula {{Fn|Nobr}} non habemus. Formula {{Fn|Sfn}} apud nos appellatur {{Fn|Qc}} et alia syntaxi nititur. Sunt etiam multae aliae res Vicificandae. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:55, 30 Iunii 2026 (UTC)

== Meiko Nakahara Autotranslata Correctio ==

Apud dignatione, cur paginam autotranslatam esse figurabam. Totam paginam transferre a me scio, et Ego volo quod non lingua Anglica sic sit, sed literale et totale volo. Autem tota pagina vere translatio 'by hand' in Anglicā, et sī tu Meiko Nakahara paginam Anglicam apud Vicipaediā translatore transferas, scribitio mea non sic totale est. Sī pagina problema habet, acceptibilius est, et velim corrigere [[Usor:PeterBJohnLemon|PeterBJohnLemon]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:PeterBJohnLemon|disputatio]]) 18:48, 4 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
: Salve, PeterBJohnLemon. Capsam addidi quia pagina [[Meiko Nakahara]] ''videtur'' e translatione machinaria orta esse, quamquam certus esse nequeo. Forma enim currens mihi videtur nimis mendosa ut in Vicipaedia maneat (velut: “scita pro musica sua in Urbe Populariā genā musicā est”, “Postquam cantantem cursum suam”, “Tributus grex clamatus Lotos ea formatus erat in 2010 et activus jam dum 2019”, atque multa alia exempla). Si haec translatio re vera manu facta est, eo magis emendationibus eget. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 20:34, 4 Iulii 2026 (UTC)

== [https://latin-words.com/word/latin/doctoratu  doctoratu] ==
The Latin supine is a verbal noun derived from a verb, not from an ordinary noun. It is formed from the verbal stem associated with the fourth principal part.The word doctoratus (&quot;doctorate&quot;) is a noun, not a verb. A supine must come from a verb such as:[doceo, docere, docui, doctus]. We can thus use [doctum,doctū].  As a fellow lover of Latin &quot;word archaeology,&quot; I'd say your instinct is good! :) However, let us stick as much as possible to original latin. eg this is Neolatin. Your contributions, by the way, are highly appreciated! --[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) [[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) 10:34, 17 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
: Hi [[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]]. Almost correct, except that the suffix ''{{swikten|-atus|-atus}}'' (gen. ''-atūs'') can skip the “coming from a verb” part, and so you have nouns like ''senatus'', ''triumviratus'', ''tribunatus'', etc. ''Doctoratus'' (gen. -ūs) is not a new word. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 12:25, 17 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
::''Doctoratu'' looks to me like a fourth-declension noun in the ablative, as seen in ''acu punctum'' 'stuck with a needle' and similar constructions; however, if possible, an encyclopedia might want to specify the field: was it a doctorate of philosophy ([[Ph.D.]])? or a doctorate of something else? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 13:08, 17 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
::: Yes, Iacobus (I also agree that specifying the field would be nice). The suffix ''-atus'' and the supine share the same historical origin. The supine ultimately denotes the action expressed by the verb, and the corresponding fourth-declension noun is often synonymous with a noun in ''-io'', ''-ionis'' (e.g. ''positus'', ''-ūs'' and ''positio'', ''-onis'' are synonyms). When we say ''facile dictu'', we are ultimately saying “easy with respect to the act of saying.” I know some grammarians treat the supine and the corresponding fourth-declension noun as distinct; i.e. ''exitu'' as a supine would be different from ''exitu'', the ablative of ''exitus'', except… it isn't (other than the fact that sometimes the supine can govern an object). The suffix ''-atus'' is particularly interesting because it can bypass the corresponding verb. Following the scheme above, ''doctoratus'' would be similar to ''*doctoratio'', and both would derive from ''*doctorare''—except that ''*doctorare'' does not actually need to exist. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:30, 17 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
Hi Grufo. Your Latin is awesome! Unfortunately people always focus on the exceptions and will think Neolatin is ok. For future similar situations some thing like doctoratione or doctorato wouldn't hurt, would it? You know very well the supines need to be handled carefully.  Also , both all words capitalized titles exists as well not not all capitalized titles. I would prefer the all capitalized word titles but am not insisting.---[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]])</text>
      <sha1>tjcvrs1qla9e6jzmmgvqr5n0muk3jnt</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3973022</id>
      <parentid>3973021</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-20T08:04:05Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>/*  doctoratu */</comment>
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      <text bytes="38732" sha1="o7ut8ug7j3iyfevj4dfqkfwgseft7no" xml:space="preserve">{{Hic sunt tabularia disputationum}}

Disputationes veteres:
{{Specialis:Praefixa/Disputatio Usoris:Grufo/Tabularium}}

== Translation request ==

Hello, Grufo.

Can you create an article about the American Democratic Vice Presidential candidate [[:en:Tim Walz]] ([[Timotheus Iacobus Walz]]) in Latin Wikipedia, just like for the Republican Vice Presidential candidate [[Iacobus David Vance]]?

Yours sincerely, [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 12:48, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)

: Hi. I did not create the [[Iacobus David Vance]] page, I only [[Specialis:Diff/3848980/3849044|corrected a few things]], mostly of typographical nature. Of course a [[Timotheus Iacobus Walz]] page would be a nice thing to have. But asking users to do something for us usually rarely works. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:01, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::I understand. Thank you for the reply. I also posted the same question to the original uploader. Though I think he or she is a &quot;one timer&quot; and might not upload or edit again. [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 13:22, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::: I do not know why the original author created Vance's page, but it is not to be excluded that they did it as a consequence of political affiliation (nothing is wrong with that, as long their contribution is encyclopedic), and if that is the case asking the same person to create the page of their political adversary will likely not work. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:27, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::::That also later crossed my mind. I personally did not request a translation due to political reasons. I just thought that the other Vice Presidential candidate should also have an article in Latin Wikipedia. Never mind. [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 13:34, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::::: No problem. Let's see how the original author reacts. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:41, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::::::To my surprise, the original author uploaded the second article as well. I have thanked him or her and I thank you as well. [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 15:59, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::::::: I am happy they did! :) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:01, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)

== Nomination ==
Hi, Grufo. I just proposed you at [[Vicipaedia:Petitio magistratus/Grufo]]. When you have a spare moment, please go there and indicate your willingness -- thank you! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 08:23, 7 Septembris 2024 (UTC)
: Thank you, Andrew! :-) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 08:46, 7 Septembris 2024 (UTC)
::As you may have noticed, you are elected nemine contradicente. An excellent result! I will now attempt to give you the appropriate permissions. I'm sorry I have been absent rather often on real world concerns, and this may continue for a while. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 19:23, 15 Septembris 2024 (UTC)
:::Done, I think. Next time you log in, verify if you have some unaccustomed powers. Notably, you should be able to delete a page (which should be helpful to you and to others who may need to have a page deleted), and protect a page from some groups of editors, and you should be able to block a user, named or anonymous. Tell me if I can help with anything. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 19:36, 15 Septembris 2024 (UTC)
:::: Hooray! :-) You have absolutely nothing to apologize for, Andrew. I am very grateful for your sponsorship. I hope your real world concerns will soon calm down. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 21:19, 15 Septembris 2024 (UTC)

== Candidatus ad magistratum propositus ==

Gratias tibi ago, Grufo optime! Me maxime honorasti me ad electionem in circulum magistratuum proponens. Praeter doctrinam meam debiliorem imprimis inopia temporis liberi me monet, ne hoc munus acciperem. Per septuaginta horas cuiusque hebdomadae munere medici occupatus sum. Ideo non prius quam circa mediam noctem ad Vicipaediam nostram accedere soleo. [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bis-Taurinus|disputatio]]) 20:47, 11 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
: Gratias tibi ago, Bis-Taurine, quia mihi scripsisti. Paucum tempus non est magnum incommodum, multi sunt magistratus apud nos qui inter se laborem distribuunt (nihilominus a magistratu haud maior labor, sed sapientia tantum requiritur). Nisi tibi displacet “magistratus mediae noctis” fieri, tuam petitionem proponere adhuc cupio. Attamen importunē insistere nolo! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:46, 11 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
:: @[[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]]: Demetrium Talpam et Marcum Terentium Bibliophilum [[Vicipaedia:Taberna#Magistratus: novae nominationes|nuper proposui]]; et te, volentem, proponere cupio. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 08:44, 15 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
::: Bis-Taurinus Grufoni salutem! Si paucum tempus et peritia mea exigua non impediunt, me canditatum proponas! [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bis-Taurinus|disputatio]]) 05:29, 16 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
:::: Euax! :-) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 11:47, 16 Octobris 2024 (UTC)

== Request ==

As mentioned in [[Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 30#Disney cartoon articles]], there are some semi-protected pages that have been protected for 15 years now. Do you think it'd be OK to remove protection from them? I'm asking you because I see you've handled protections before. I also think that there should be some improvement to these pages, as they are generally stubs that have been short for 15 years. Should I start a new discussion at [[Vicipaedia:Taberna]] to get someone to add more content to the pages? [[Specialis:Conlationes/2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB|2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB]] 16:56, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
: Hi. It seems that the discussion you linked was not really in favour of removing the protection. It is true that four years have passed, however these pages are only semi-protected, all you need to edit them is an account. Have you considered creating one? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:01, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
:: Some of the pages were unprotected, and those haven't been vandalized since. I actually thought that the discussion was in favor by the end of it. Just a note, I'd have to wait four days to edit after creating an account. However, I was wondering if anyone could add more content to these pages. I saw [[Babe: Pig in the City]] was deleted, but could a new page be written to replace it? Also, I see the tag at [[Rugrats]], should that page be deleted? If I create an account, I'll let you know. [[Specialis:Conlationes/2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB|2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB]] 17:06, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
::: Account created. [[Usor:Shopping metaphor|Shopping metaphor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Shopping metaphor|disputatio]]) 17:10, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
:::: That is great! Happy editing! :-)

== Petitio de Formula:AE ==
Salve Grufo! Potesne Formulam:AE in nostra Vicipaedia ratam facere ut exempli gratia in Vicipaedia Anglica. Nam nexum ad inscriptiones Latinas et Graecas praebet quae in ''[[L'Année épigraphique]]'' publicatae sunt. Vide exempli gratia [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindia_gens Mindia gens] apud Anglicos (AE|2018|325). Etenim epigraphia Latinitati fons non negligendus aestimanda est. Ante aliquot annos Andreas Dalby hoc idem ad Formulam [[CIL]] effecerat. Te amabo si temptabis. --[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 15:17, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC)

Tibi gratias ago. Non difficile fortasse erat sed talium rerum non peritus sum.--[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 15:28, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC)

: Noli timere, magnopere quidem fuit facile factu. :-) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:33, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC)

:: {{Tpe|Postilla}} [[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marce]], formulam {{Fn|AE ref}} quoque nunc habemus. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:54, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC)

== Capsa mendosa? ==

Hi! I’ve just noticed your [[Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 33#Capsa mendosa?|your ping from over a year ago]], but the problem seems to still persist, so better late than never. ☺ It’s probably because the same coats of arms are listed both [[d:Q81162#P154|as logos]] and [[d:Q81162#P94|as actual coats of arms]], so the solution is removing the logos from the Wikidata items. —[[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Tacsipacsi|disputatio]]) 11:39, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
: Hi [[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]], thank you for reaching out. How about [[Specialis:Diff/3850542/3861571|this solution]]? To be really unbreakable it should be extended to the other image properties as well – because, for example, [[Collegium Sanctae Catharinae (Oxonia)|here]] the problem still persists. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:48, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
:: {{tpe|Nova}} Maybe [[Specialis:Diff/3850542/3861576|this other solution]] solves everything once and for all. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:59, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
:::I think it’s more of a workaround than a solution: Wikidata data is simply wrong (these images are coats of arms, not logos), so that should be fixed instead of changing the Wikipedia infobox. [https://www.wikidata.org/w/index.php?title=Property_talk:P94&amp;diff=2273008387 I’ve added a complex constraint on Wikidata that lists exact duplicates] (it won’t catch St Catherine’s College, but it will catch the others). —[[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Tacsipacsi|disputatio]]) 22:15, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
:::: It makes sense. What our template does is simply a check for duplicate images (which under no circumstances need to be shown twice). Feel free to restore the check-free version if you want. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:28, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
:::::I &lt;em&gt;think&lt;/em&gt; the checks shouldn’t be there, but I don’t &lt;em&gt;want&lt;/em&gt; to remove them, because I don’t consider myself part of the Latin Wikipedia community and thus want to leave the decision up to the community. (I’m not angry or something like that; it’s perfectly fine for me that you do whatever you want.) —[[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Tacsipacsi|disputatio]]) 23:15, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
:::::: No problem, [[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]]. [[Specialis:Diff/3861576/3861607|I removed the checks]]. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 23:35, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)

== Create a page for Peshkopi - Penestae in Latin ==
@[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] Hi dear Grufo! I am from Albania and I have a request. I want to ask you please can you create a page for Peshkopi: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshkopi  (Penestae in Latin) on Latin Wiki. I have asked Andrew Dalby to create it and he didn't created it. So I would be very grateful to you if you will create it yourself. Thanks [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:NevaleLevane|disputatio]]) 13:28, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
: Hi, [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]]. You have already sent me an email three days ago, to which I already replied. Please stop spamming. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:46, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
::@[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] Hi Grufo! Now I see the email as I didn't checked it. When you will have time, you will create it? The title for Peshkopi in Latin is Penestae: https://www.loquis.com/en/loquis/2174022/Peshkopi https://latin_latin.en-academic.com/45532/PENESTAE https://www.wikiwand.com/en/articles/Penestae_(tribe) Thanks [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:NevaleLevane|disputatio]]) 17:14, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
::: @[[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]]: As I already wrote you via email, it is not my intention to create the page you are requesting, for at least the following reasons:
:::* The subject is not among my priorities
:::* Based on what I know '''and your own sources''' ([https://latin_latin.en-academic.com/45532/PENESTAE #1], [https://www.wikiwand.com/en/articles/Penestae_(tribe) #2]), the ''Penestae'' were a tribe, not a place, and I don't know reliable sources that state otherwise (I will be happy to be contradicted) – actually, the Latin name of Peshkopi seems to be [[Episcopia (discretiva)|Episcopia]] (again, I am happy to be contradicted), whereas the locality where the ''Penestae'' lived was called ''Penestia'', as it seems
:::* If I ever had any intention to create such page, your fixation on a proper name without sources made any intention vanish (you started insisting on it already [[Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 34#Create articles for Korçë (Coryza - in Latin), Kukës (unknown name in Latin) and Peshkopi (Penestae - in Latin)|five months ago]]) – Btw, we can attempt to propose our translations of common names (see {{Fn|Convertimus}}), but doing the same with proper names is definitely out of question (it's like if I insisted – without sources – that your name is “Donald”)
::: --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:04, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)

== De quadam difficultate ==
Salve Grufo, scisne, cur &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Titulus italicus}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; non valeat textum italicum reddere in commentatione [[Fabian oder Der Gang vor die Hunde (pellicula 2021)]]? [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 17:10, 25 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
: Salve Neander! Credo titulum nimis longum esse causam (formula {{Fn|Titulus italicus}} non est sine defectibus). [[Specialis:Diff/3887061/3887066|Haec excogitatio]] similia incommoda solvere potest. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:31, 25 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
:: Rectum igitur hominem adii auxilium petens. Gratias ago quam maximas! [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 18:13, 25 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)

== De voce [[Disportus in Italia]] ==
Ciao, Grufo. Avrei voluto scriverti in latino, ma presumendo che tu sia italiano ti parlerò nella nostra lingua. Scusami tanto se ti disturbo, ma volevo chiederti: come mai hai cancellato la voce [[Disportus in Italia]], creata da me nella giornata di ieri? Sarebbe stato un approfondimento importante sullo sport italiano (argomento di cui mi sto occupando molto), presente anche in molte altre edizioni di Wikipedia. È vero che quando hai cancellato la pagina essa consisteva in un mero elenco di sport con link rossi indirizzanti a sottopagine, ma avrei avuto l'intenzione di scriverla, ampliarla, correggerla, magari in giorni futuri: quindi non l'avrei lasciata in sospeso, abbandonando una voce appena creata, anzi, avrei anche scritto le pagine con i dettagli per ogni disciplina e magari creato una voce simile per altri paesi del mondo. Perciò volevo chiederti soltanto se la voce potrà essere riammessa o potrò comunque ricrearla (anche non adesso, lavorandoci magari prima sulla mia [[Usor:Davide2025/Harenarium|sandbox]]). Puoi rispondermi sulla mia [[Usor:Davide2025/Disputatio|talk]] ed eventualmente continuare a darmi suggerimenti per il futuro. A presto e ''magnas gratias tibi, mi Grufo''! [[Usor:Davide2025|Davide2025]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Davide2025|disputatio]]) 14:07, 21 Octobris 2025 (UTC)
: Ciao [[Usor:Davide2025|Davide]]. Il problema è che non si accettano pagine non finite nello spazio enciclopedico. Ci possono essere dei lavori in corso, ma allora si aggiunge {{Fn|In usu}} in cima alla pagina, altrimenti altri utenti assumeranno che la pagina è stata lasciata così (e infatti un altro utente ha chiesto la cancellazione immediata della pagina in quanto incompleta). Ho ripristinato la pagina in [[Usor:Davide2025/Harenarium/Disportus in Italia]]. Ti consiglio di svilupparla ulteriormente prima di metterla nello spazio enciclopedico. Buon lavoro. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 14:25, 21 Octobris 2025 (UTC)

== Transylvania et dies 11 Ianuarii ==

Salve Grufo!
Tibi [[Disputatio:11 Ianuarii|hic]] respondi. [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bis-Taurinus|disputatio]]) 22:10, 5 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
: Gratias tibi ago, [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurine]]. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:41, 5 Februarii 2026 (UTC)

== Tiro sum ==

Salve Grufo! Tiro hic sum, et magis scire volo de Vikipedia Latina. Nunc disco grammaticam Latinan libro Arnoldiis qui vocatur est “A practical introduction to Latin prose”, et libros Ciceronis lego. Estne fas hic scribere ut linguam Latinam discam? -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 17:37, 11 Martii 2026 (UTC)
: Salve, [[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]]. Utilissimum est Latine scribere ad Latinum discendum! Tua peritia linguae mihi videtur esse satis bona. Suadeo ut incipias paginas iam exstantes emendando. Si autem novas paginas scribere cupis, tibi licet sive eas statim creare sive nostro novo “[[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio|systemate adumbrationum]]” uti. Tibi faustas emendationes auguror! Vale. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 21:11, 11 Martii 2026 (UTC)
::Gratias tibi ago! -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 10:53, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC)

== Adumbratorne ego? ==
Salve Grufo, demiror, qua de causa pagina [[Der fliegende Holländer (melodrama)]] a me incepta Adumbrationis titulo dignata sit. Melius hoc intellegerem, si fere omnes aliae paginae &quot;Adumbrationes&quot; essent. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 18:13, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC)
: Salve [[Usor:Neander|Neander]]! Hoc evēnit quia [[Usor:Bartholomite]] putavit [[Special:PermanentLink/3948086|hanc versionem paginae]] esse nimis brevem, idcirco in spatium adumbrationum [[Special:Diff/3948160/3948161|movit]]. Puto motionem rectam fuisse, sed nunc pagina est satis longa. Nihilominus [[Disputatio Usoris:Bartholomite#De paginis ad spatium adumbrationum motis|ei scripsi]] te monendum fore quotienscumque paginam a te creatam moveret. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 19:47, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC)

== [[UEFA Nations League]] ==

Salve Grufo, potesne paginae huius nomen ex Anglico in Latinum mutare? Vale, -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 14:39, 30 Martii 2026 (UTC)
: Salve [[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]]. Credo istam mutationem in [[Disputatio:UEFA Nations League|pagina disputationis illius commentationis]] melius petendam esse. Vale. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:10, 30 Martii 2026 (UTC)
::Petivi. Vale. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 15:20, 30 Martii 2026 (UTC)

== Quae sunt &quot;negativa lineamenta&quot;? ==

Dixisti quod differt motus &quot;caterva&quot; et &quot;grex&quot; inquantum caterva est grex negativis cum lineamentis. Cur? Caterva ergo annon extat ut motus pro structura abstracta-algebraica in Neo-Latinitate? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 04:11, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
: Salve, [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]. “Caterva” est sicut “turba”, “multitudo sine ordine” (cf. “caterva verborum”), at “grex” est tantummodo aggregatio quaedam. Romani “catervam” saepe excercitūs aliarum gentium appellabant, raro suos. Vide {{Lewshort|caterva|catervam}} et {{L&amp;S|grex|gregem}}. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 05:06, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::Oh, ergo in sensibus communibus differt, non in sensibus ut termata artis. (Sed &quot;grex&quot; erat terma ab Evaristo Galois confectum, ut pagina dicit.) Gratias ago! -- [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 05:14, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::: @[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]: Ita. Ultro, quod ad nomen ab Evaristo Galois confectum attinet, mihi videtur ipse nullum nomen Latinum, sed tantummodo vocabulum Francogallicum ''groupe'' adhibuisse. Erravine? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 05:25, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::::Sic videtur. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 05:40, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

== You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election ==

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== Formulae ==

Hi, Grufo. I am happy to be back among Vicipaedians, and also happy that Vicipaedia has been getting better and better in my absence. I am very glad that you have been able to work so hard on it at a time when I could not. I notice, in creating new pages, that I should be using formulae &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Res}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; for article names, &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Ores}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; for names that are titles of works, and &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Anni vitae}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; instead of &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Lifetime}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Correct? I'm sure there are other new formulae, and no doubt I will gradually pick them up, but if there are any more that you think I will need often, feel free to tell me! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 13:53, 31 Maii 2026 (UTC)
: Hi Andrew! I am very glad you are back! Yes, {{Fn|ores}} stands for “res de opere”. It must not be confused with {{Fn|ires}}: both show the lemma in italic, but only {{Fn|ores}} adds the &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;&lt;cite&gt;...&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; tag under the hood, which in turn instructs search engines that the page is about a work. As for {{Fn|anni vitae}}/{{Fn|lifetime}}, the second is simply a redirect to the first, so you are free to choose—although we should prefer Latin in our pages. Among the other things that have changed when you were not here, as far as I can recall, there is that the two old templates {{Fn|nexus desiderati}} and {{Fn|nexus absunt}} have been merged into one single template, and that {{Fn|creanda}} is now transitioning towards {{Fsn|pcc}} (the latter's title might change in the future); long story short, from now on, if you can, please write &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{subst:creanda|...}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; instead of &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{creanda|...}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;. The advantage is that when eventually the missing page gets created, the new template is able to recognize it even if it got created under a different name. I don't know if there have been other big changes. If yes, probably you will notice! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:39, 31 Maii 2026 (UTC)
::That's good. I could not quite follow the developments with &quot;creanda&quot;. Your explanation makes it clear, and I will use &quot;subst:creanda&quot;. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 18:48, 2 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::: @[[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]]: Writing &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{subst:creanda|...}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; is transitory in this phase to facilitate the usage of the new template. You can also directly write &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{subst:pcc|...}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;, although this uses a slightly different syntax. Compare:
:::: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{subst:pcc|en=Direction (geometry)|directio|directionem}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
::: and
:::: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{subst:creanda|en|Direction (geometry)|directio|directionem}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
::: [[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|The documentation]] should explain everything in detail. The point is that the new template is able to get the Wikidata entity of the linked page, and so both &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{subst:creanda|...}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; and &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{subst:pcc|...}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;, once you save the page, will eventually turn into,
:::: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|directio|directionem|en|qid=Q2151613}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
::: where {{para|qid|Q2151613}} contains the Wikidata entity. Once the template has the Wikidata entity, it no longer matters under which name a new page gets created, it will find it. Moreover, when that happens, [[:Categoria:Paginae quae recensionem vacuam exspectant|this category]] will list the pages that now ask for the creation of pages that have already been created, and an empty edit (!) will be enough to remove the template from the page. For instance, on the top-right corner of the “[[Situs interretialis]]” page there is currently the icon of a blinking zero with a pencil; if you click on it and then click on “Mutationes ostendere”, everything should be more clear. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 19:31, 2 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::I did begin to write &quot;subst:creanda&quot; instead of &quot;creanda&quot;. What happened was that immediately on saving my work it changed to the next step, with a much longer template name &quot;safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve&quot; and rearranged elements. This made it harder to continue editing the page. So, to stop that immediate change happening, I've gone back to writing &quot;creanda&quot;. I take it the whole series of changes, from &quot;creanda&quot; to &quot;subst:creanda&quot;, and on, can be done automatically at some later stage? [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:23, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::: @[[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew]]: I just created {{Fsn|creanda/m}}. Now if you write
::::::: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{subst:creanda/m|en|Julie Gayet|fr|Julie Gayet|Iulia Gayet}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
:::::: when you save the page it gets replaced with
::::::: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{safesubst:creanda|en|Julie Gayet|fr|Julie Gayet|Iulia Gayet}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
:::::: When you save the page one time more it gets replaced with
::::::: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Iulia Gayet||fr|en|qid=Q435925}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
:::::: Is that what you were looking for? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:07, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::::::: P.S. I can also create it with a timer (e.g. it doesn't get replaced before one day passes), but I'll need a bit longer to create that. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:29, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::::::::Grufo, you never cease to amaze me! You can do anything! I don't want to be awkward -- after all, if I were efficient, I could save all my potential improvements for one edit, and then do it, and it wouldn't be a problem. However, there may be some value, to others as well as to me, if it works after a fixed delay (a day, as you suggest). Others, not only me, re-read and revise their edits immediately after saving the essential part. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 15:58, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::::::::: Thank you, Andrew. Consider it done :) P.S. The long name “Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve” could be temporary: one day, when all transclusions of {{Fn|Creanda}} will be gone (I think they are about 2000 at the moment), we can rename {{Fn|Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve}} to {{Fn|Creanda}}. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:21, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::: @[[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew]]: I added a timer of one day to {{Fsn|creanda/m}} (you will have to tolerate a {{para|t}} parameter that gets automatically added to save the starting time). What do you think? You would use {{Fsn|creanda/m}} exacly like you would use {{Fn|creanda}}. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 21:15, 15 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::::Fine, thanks! I'll use {{Fsn|creanda/m}} from now on. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 08:31, 16 Iunii 2026 (UTC)

== Citation style ==

Hi, Grufo. Thanks for working on &quot;[[Dis-moi ce que tu manges: je te dirai ce que tu es]]&quot;. I have just one question about the citation style. Is it really a good idea to aim to put months as well as years in the parenthetic date that follows the author's name? My impression is that English Wikipedians sometimes do this, and that Google Books sometimes inserts days and months (totally unreliably) alongside years of publication, but that people writing bibliographies in the real world don't do it. It would be quite a matter of chance whether the information is available or not. What do you think about that? [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:10, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
: Hi [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew]]. I think that with books definitely the year alone should be enough. The month maybe can be useful with journals (it is true though that volume and issue numbers should be enough). Maybe a general exception is when an author publishes two or more works in the same year: in that case the month might be the only way to write the Chicago-style short citation (e.g. &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{qc|Einstein, Mai. 2021}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; and &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{qc|Einstein, Iul. 2021}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;). Long story short: feel free to remove {{para|mensis}} and {{para|tempus ostentum}} from Melvin's article and {{para|mensis}} from Nemeroff's article! P.S. If you have any suggestions on how to improve the {{[[Formula:Opus|Opus]]}} template, please don't hesitate. When I wrote it I tried to find a compromise between English (and other languages') citation standards and the peculiarities of Latin tradition (for instance, I avoided using non-nominative forms like “Alberto Einstein auctore” or “Alberti Einstein ''Lorem Ipsum''”). --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 14:48, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::In general your template works very well. I'll give it some thought. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 16:05, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC)

== De involuntaria invocatione ==
@[[Usor:Amahoney|Amahoney]], @[[Usor:Andreas Raether|Andreas Raether]], @[[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]], @[[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]], @[[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]], @[[Usor:Frontfrog|Frontfrog]], @[[Usor:Giorno2|Giorno2]], @[[Usor:Ioshus Rocchio|Ioshus Rocchio]] et [[Usor:Lesgles|Lesgles]]: Amici, ignoscite mihi, quaeso, si antea invocationem involuntariam a me acceperatis; exemplum tantum novae formulae {{[[Formula:Usores in colloquio#&amp;#123;&amp;#123;subst:Usores in colloquio&amp;#125;&amp;#125;|subst:Usores in colloquio]]}} ostendere volui. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:55, 18 Iunii 2026 (UTC)

== Castellum Poseidon ==

Non video quid huic articulo deficiat. Existimo eum perfecte exigit Wikipediae. Si consentis, potesne tollere observationem negativam? Gratias antehac.[[Usor:Andries Van den Abeele|Andries Van den Abeele]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andries Van den Abeele|disputatio]]) 16:39, 30 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
: Salve [[Usor:Andries Van den Abeele|Andries Van den Abeele]]. Bibliographia est Francogallice scripta. Scriptiones quales “Iulio MMXXV” non solemus adhibere, sed potius “Iulio 2025”. Formula {{Fn|Nobr}} non habemus. Formula {{Fn|Sfn}} apud nos appellatur {{Fn|Qc}} et alia syntaxi nititur. Sunt etiam multae aliae res Vicificandae. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:55, 30 Iunii 2026 (UTC)

== Meiko Nakahara Autotranslata Correctio ==

Apud dignatione, cur paginam autotranslatam esse figurabam. Totam paginam transferre a me scio, et Ego volo quod non lingua Anglica sic sit, sed literale et totale volo. Autem tota pagina vere translatio 'by hand' in Anglicā, et sī tu Meiko Nakahara paginam Anglicam apud Vicipaediā translatore transferas, scribitio mea non sic totale est. Sī pagina problema habet, acceptibilius est, et velim corrigere [[Usor:PeterBJohnLemon|PeterBJohnLemon]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:PeterBJohnLemon|disputatio]]) 18:48, 4 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
: Salve, PeterBJohnLemon. Capsam addidi quia pagina [[Meiko Nakahara]] ''videtur'' e translatione machinaria orta esse, quamquam certus esse nequeo. Forma enim currens mihi videtur nimis mendosa ut in Vicipaedia maneat (velut: “scita pro musica sua in Urbe Populariā genā musicā est”, “Postquam cantantem cursum suam”, “Tributus grex clamatus Lotos ea formatus erat in 2010 et activus jam dum 2019”, atque multa alia exempla). Si haec translatio re vera manu facta est, eo magis emendationibus eget. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 20:34, 4 Iulii 2026 (UTC)

== [https://latin-words.com/word/latin/doctoratu  doctoratu] ==
The Latin supine is a verbal noun derived from a verb, not from an ordinary noun. It is formed from the verbal stem associated with the fourth principal part.The word doctoratus (&quot;doctorate&quot;) is a noun, not a verb. A supine must come from a verb such as:[doceo, docere, docui, doctus]. We can thus use [doctum,doctū].  As a fellow lover of Latin &quot;word archaeology,&quot; I'd say your instinct is good! :) However, let us stick as much as possible to original latin. eg this is Neolatin. Your contributions, by the way, are highly appreciated! --[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) [[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) 10:34, 17 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
: Hi [[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]]. Almost correct, except that the suffix ''{{swikten|-atus|-atus}}'' (gen. ''-atūs'') can skip the “coming from a verb” part, and so you have nouns like ''senatus'', ''triumviratus'', ''tribunatus'', etc. ''Doctoratus'' (gen. -ūs) is not a new word. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 12:25, 17 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
::''Doctoratu'' looks to me like a fourth-declension noun in the ablative, as seen in ''acu punctum'' 'stuck with a needle' and similar constructions; however, if possible, an encyclopedia might want to specify the field: was it a doctorate of philosophy ([[Ph.D.]])? or a doctorate of something else? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 13:08, 17 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
::: Yes, Iacobus (I also agree that specifying the field would be nice). The suffix ''-atus'' and the supine share the same historical origin. The supine ultimately denotes the action expressed by the verb, and the corresponding fourth-declension noun is often synonymous with a noun in ''-io'', ''-ionis'' (e.g. ''positus'', ''-ūs'' and ''positio'', ''-onis'' are synonyms). When we say ''facile dictu'', we are ultimately saying “easy with respect to the act of saying.” I know some grammarians treat the supine and the corresponding fourth-declension noun as distinct; i.e. ''exitu'' as a supine would be different from ''exitu'', the ablative of ''exitus'', except… it isn't (other than the fact that sometimes the supine can govern an object). The suffix ''-atus'' is particularly interesting because it can bypass the corresponding verb. Following the scheme above, ''doctoratus'' would be similar to ''*doctoratio'', and both would derive from ''*doctorare''—except that ''*doctorare'' does not actually need to exist. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:30, 17 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
Hi Grufo. Your Latin is awesome! Unfortunately people always focus on the exceptions and will think Neolatin is ok. For future similar situations some thing like doctoratione or doctorato wouldn't hurt, would it? You know very well the supines(  fourth-declension noun in the ablative, etc) need to be handled carefully.  Also , both all words capitalized titles exists as well not not all capitalized titles. I would prefer the all capitalized word titles but am not insisting.---[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]])</text>
      <sha1>o7ut8ug7j3iyfevj4dfqkfwgseft7no</sha1>
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      <text bytes="39357" sha1="fz62uzyskg3qlx3gapw3r84hf9j6kpy" xml:space="preserve">{{Hic sunt tabularia disputationum}}

Disputationes veteres:
{{Specialis:Praefixa/Disputatio Usoris:Grufo/Tabularium}}

== Translation request ==

Hello, Grufo.

Can you create an article about the American Democratic Vice Presidential candidate [[:en:Tim Walz]] ([[Timotheus Iacobus Walz]]) in Latin Wikipedia, just like for the Republican Vice Presidential candidate [[Iacobus David Vance]]?

Yours sincerely, [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 12:48, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)

: Hi. I did not create the [[Iacobus David Vance]] page, I only [[Specialis:Diff/3848980/3849044|corrected a few things]], mostly of typographical nature. Of course a [[Timotheus Iacobus Walz]] page would be a nice thing to have. But asking users to do something for us usually rarely works. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:01, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::I understand. Thank you for the reply. I also posted the same question to the original uploader. Though I think he or she is a &quot;one timer&quot; and might not upload or edit again. [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 13:22, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::: I do not know why the original author created Vance's page, but it is not to be excluded that they did it as a consequence of political affiliation (nothing is wrong with that, as long their contribution is encyclopedic), and if that is the case asking the same person to create the page of their political adversary will likely not work. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:27, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::::That also later crossed my mind. I personally did not request a translation due to political reasons. I just thought that the other Vice Presidential candidate should also have an article in Latin Wikipedia. Never mind. [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 13:34, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::::: No problem. Let's see how the original author reacts. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:41, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::::::To my surprise, the original author uploaded the second article as well. I have thanked him or her and I thank you as well. [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 15:59, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::::::: I am happy they did! :) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:01, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)

== Nomination ==
Hi, Grufo. I just proposed you at [[Vicipaedia:Petitio magistratus/Grufo]]. When you have a spare moment, please go there and indicate your willingness -- thank you! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 08:23, 7 Septembris 2024 (UTC)
: Thank you, Andrew! :-) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 08:46, 7 Septembris 2024 (UTC)
::As you may have noticed, you are elected nemine contradicente. An excellent result! I will now attempt to give you the appropriate permissions. I'm sorry I have been absent rather often on real world concerns, and this may continue for a while. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 19:23, 15 Septembris 2024 (UTC)
:::Done, I think. Next time you log in, verify if you have some unaccustomed powers. Notably, you should be able to delete a page (which should be helpful to you and to others who may need to have a page deleted), and protect a page from some groups of editors, and you should be able to block a user, named or anonymous. Tell me if I can help with anything. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 19:36, 15 Septembris 2024 (UTC)
:::: Hooray! :-) You have absolutely nothing to apologize for, Andrew. I am very grateful for your sponsorship. I hope your real world concerns will soon calm down. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 21:19, 15 Septembris 2024 (UTC)

== Candidatus ad magistratum propositus ==

Gratias tibi ago, Grufo optime! Me maxime honorasti me ad electionem in circulum magistratuum proponens. Praeter doctrinam meam debiliorem imprimis inopia temporis liberi me monet, ne hoc munus acciperem. Per septuaginta horas cuiusque hebdomadae munere medici occupatus sum. Ideo non prius quam circa mediam noctem ad Vicipaediam nostram accedere soleo. [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bis-Taurinus|disputatio]]) 20:47, 11 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
: Gratias tibi ago, Bis-Taurine, quia mihi scripsisti. Paucum tempus non est magnum incommodum, multi sunt magistratus apud nos qui inter se laborem distribuunt (nihilominus a magistratu haud maior labor, sed sapientia tantum requiritur). Nisi tibi displacet “magistratus mediae noctis” fieri, tuam petitionem proponere adhuc cupio. Attamen importunē insistere nolo! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:46, 11 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
:: @[[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]]: Demetrium Talpam et Marcum Terentium Bibliophilum [[Vicipaedia:Taberna#Magistratus: novae nominationes|nuper proposui]]; et te, volentem, proponere cupio. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 08:44, 15 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
::: Bis-Taurinus Grufoni salutem! Si paucum tempus et peritia mea exigua non impediunt, me canditatum proponas! [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bis-Taurinus|disputatio]]) 05:29, 16 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
:::: Euax! :-) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 11:47, 16 Octobris 2024 (UTC)

== Request ==

As mentioned in [[Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 30#Disney cartoon articles]], there are some semi-protected pages that have been protected for 15 years now. Do you think it'd be OK to remove protection from them? I'm asking you because I see you've handled protections before. I also think that there should be some improvement to these pages, as they are generally stubs that have been short for 15 years. Should I start a new discussion at [[Vicipaedia:Taberna]] to get someone to add more content to the pages? [[Specialis:Conlationes/2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB|2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB]] 16:56, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
: Hi. It seems that the discussion you linked was not really in favour of removing the protection. It is true that four years have passed, however these pages are only semi-protected, all you need to edit them is an account. Have you considered creating one? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:01, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
:: Some of the pages were unprotected, and those haven't been vandalized since. I actually thought that the discussion was in favor by the end of it. Just a note, I'd have to wait four days to edit after creating an account. However, I was wondering if anyone could add more content to these pages. I saw [[Babe: Pig in the City]] was deleted, but could a new page be written to replace it? Also, I see the tag at [[Rugrats]], should that page be deleted? If I create an account, I'll let you know. [[Specialis:Conlationes/2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB|2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB]] 17:06, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
::: Account created. [[Usor:Shopping metaphor|Shopping metaphor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Shopping metaphor|disputatio]]) 17:10, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
:::: That is great! Happy editing! :-)

== Petitio de Formula:AE ==
Salve Grufo! Potesne Formulam:AE in nostra Vicipaedia ratam facere ut exempli gratia in Vicipaedia Anglica. Nam nexum ad inscriptiones Latinas et Graecas praebet quae in ''[[L'Année épigraphique]]'' publicatae sunt. Vide exempli gratia [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindia_gens Mindia gens] apud Anglicos (AE|2018|325). Etenim epigraphia Latinitati fons non negligendus aestimanda est. Ante aliquot annos Andreas Dalby hoc idem ad Formulam [[CIL]] effecerat. Te amabo si temptabis. --[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 15:17, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC)

Tibi gratias ago. Non difficile fortasse erat sed talium rerum non peritus sum.--[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 15:28, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC)

: Noli timere, magnopere quidem fuit facile factu. :-) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:33, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC)

:: {{Tpe|Postilla}} [[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marce]], formulam {{Fn|AE ref}} quoque nunc habemus. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:54, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC)

== Capsa mendosa? ==

Hi! I’ve just noticed your [[Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 33#Capsa mendosa?|your ping from over a year ago]], but the problem seems to still persist, so better late than never. ☺ It’s probably because the same coats of arms are listed both [[d:Q81162#P154|as logos]] and [[d:Q81162#P94|as actual coats of arms]], so the solution is removing the logos from the Wikidata items. —[[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Tacsipacsi|disputatio]]) 11:39, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
: Hi [[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]], thank you for reaching out. How about [[Specialis:Diff/3850542/3861571|this solution]]? To be really unbreakable it should be extended to the other image properties as well – because, for example, [[Collegium Sanctae Catharinae (Oxonia)|here]] the problem still persists. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:48, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
:: {{tpe|Nova}} Maybe [[Specialis:Diff/3850542/3861576|this other solution]] solves everything once and for all. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:59, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
:::I think it’s more of a workaround than a solution: Wikidata data is simply wrong (these images are coats of arms, not logos), so that should be fixed instead of changing the Wikipedia infobox. [https://www.wikidata.org/w/index.php?title=Property_talk:P94&amp;diff=2273008387 I’ve added a complex constraint on Wikidata that lists exact duplicates] (it won’t catch St Catherine’s College, but it will catch the others). —[[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Tacsipacsi|disputatio]]) 22:15, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
:::: It makes sense. What our template does is simply a check for duplicate images (which under no circumstances need to be shown twice). Feel free to restore the check-free version if you want. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:28, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
:::::I &lt;em&gt;think&lt;/em&gt; the checks shouldn’t be there, but I don’t &lt;em&gt;want&lt;/em&gt; to remove them, because I don’t consider myself part of the Latin Wikipedia community and thus want to leave the decision up to the community. (I’m not angry or something like that; it’s perfectly fine for me that you do whatever you want.) —[[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Tacsipacsi|disputatio]]) 23:15, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
:::::: No problem, [[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]]. [[Specialis:Diff/3861576/3861607|I removed the checks]]. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 23:35, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)

== Create a page for Peshkopi - Penestae in Latin ==
@[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] Hi dear Grufo! I am from Albania and I have a request. I want to ask you please can you create a page for Peshkopi: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshkopi  (Penestae in Latin) on Latin Wiki. I have asked Andrew Dalby to create it and he didn't created it. So I would be very grateful to you if you will create it yourself. Thanks [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:NevaleLevane|disputatio]]) 13:28, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
: Hi, [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]]. You have already sent me an email three days ago, to which I already replied. Please stop spamming. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:46, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
::@[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] Hi Grufo! Now I see the email as I didn't checked it. When you will have time, you will create it? The title for Peshkopi in Latin is Penestae: https://www.loquis.com/en/loquis/2174022/Peshkopi https://latin_latin.en-academic.com/45532/PENESTAE https://www.wikiwand.com/en/articles/Penestae_(tribe) Thanks [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:NevaleLevane|disputatio]]) 17:14, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
::: @[[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]]: As I already wrote you via email, it is not my intention to create the page you are requesting, for at least the following reasons:
:::* The subject is not among my priorities
:::* Based on what I know '''and your own sources''' ([https://latin_latin.en-academic.com/45532/PENESTAE #1], [https://www.wikiwand.com/en/articles/Penestae_(tribe) #2]), the ''Penestae'' were a tribe, not a place, and I don't know reliable sources that state otherwise (I will be happy to be contradicted) – actually, the Latin name of Peshkopi seems to be [[Episcopia (discretiva)|Episcopia]] (again, I am happy to be contradicted), whereas the locality where the ''Penestae'' lived was called ''Penestia'', as it seems
:::* If I ever had any intention to create such page, your fixation on a proper name without sources made any intention vanish (you started insisting on it already [[Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 34#Create articles for Korçë (Coryza - in Latin), Kukës (unknown name in Latin) and Peshkopi (Penestae - in Latin)|five months ago]]) – Btw, we can attempt to propose our translations of common names (see {{Fn|Convertimus}}), but doing the same with proper names is definitely out of question (it's like if I insisted – without sources – that your name is “Donald”)
::: --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:04, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)

== De quadam difficultate ==
Salve Grufo, scisne, cur &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Titulus italicus}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; non valeat textum italicum reddere in commentatione [[Fabian oder Der Gang vor die Hunde (pellicula 2021)]]? [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 17:10, 25 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
: Salve Neander! Credo titulum nimis longum esse causam (formula {{Fn|Titulus italicus}} non est sine defectibus). [[Specialis:Diff/3887061/3887066|Haec excogitatio]] similia incommoda solvere potest. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:31, 25 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
:: Rectum igitur hominem adii auxilium petens. Gratias ago quam maximas! [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 18:13, 25 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)

== De voce [[Disportus in Italia]] ==
Ciao, Grufo. Avrei voluto scriverti in latino, ma presumendo che tu sia italiano ti parlerò nella nostra lingua. Scusami tanto se ti disturbo, ma volevo chiederti: come mai hai cancellato la voce [[Disportus in Italia]], creata da me nella giornata di ieri? Sarebbe stato un approfondimento importante sullo sport italiano (argomento di cui mi sto occupando molto), presente anche in molte altre edizioni di Wikipedia. È vero che quando hai cancellato la pagina essa consisteva in un mero elenco di sport con link rossi indirizzanti a sottopagine, ma avrei avuto l'intenzione di scriverla, ampliarla, correggerla, magari in giorni futuri: quindi non l'avrei lasciata in sospeso, abbandonando una voce appena creata, anzi, avrei anche scritto le pagine con i dettagli per ogni disciplina e magari creato una voce simile per altri paesi del mondo. Perciò volevo chiederti soltanto se la voce potrà essere riammessa o potrò comunque ricrearla (anche non adesso, lavorandoci magari prima sulla mia [[Usor:Davide2025/Harenarium|sandbox]]). Puoi rispondermi sulla mia [[Usor:Davide2025/Disputatio|talk]] ed eventualmente continuare a darmi suggerimenti per il futuro. A presto e ''magnas gratias tibi, mi Grufo''! [[Usor:Davide2025|Davide2025]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Davide2025|disputatio]]) 14:07, 21 Octobris 2025 (UTC)
: Ciao [[Usor:Davide2025|Davide]]. Il problema è che non si accettano pagine non finite nello spazio enciclopedico. Ci possono essere dei lavori in corso, ma allora si aggiunge {{Fn|In usu}} in cima alla pagina, altrimenti altri utenti assumeranno che la pagina è stata lasciata così (e infatti un altro utente ha chiesto la cancellazione immediata della pagina in quanto incompleta). Ho ripristinato la pagina in [[Usor:Davide2025/Harenarium/Disportus in Italia]]. Ti consiglio di svilupparla ulteriormente prima di metterla nello spazio enciclopedico. Buon lavoro. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 14:25, 21 Octobris 2025 (UTC)

== Transylvania et dies 11 Ianuarii ==

Salve Grufo!
Tibi [[Disputatio:11 Ianuarii|hic]] respondi. [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bis-Taurinus|disputatio]]) 22:10, 5 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
: Gratias tibi ago, [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurine]]. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:41, 5 Februarii 2026 (UTC)

== Tiro sum ==

Salve Grufo! Tiro hic sum, et magis scire volo de Vikipedia Latina. Nunc disco grammaticam Latinan libro Arnoldiis qui vocatur est “A practical introduction to Latin prose”, et libros Ciceronis lego. Estne fas hic scribere ut linguam Latinam discam? -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 17:37, 11 Martii 2026 (UTC)
: Salve, [[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]]. Utilissimum est Latine scribere ad Latinum discendum! Tua peritia linguae mihi videtur esse satis bona. Suadeo ut incipias paginas iam exstantes emendando. Si autem novas paginas scribere cupis, tibi licet sive eas statim creare sive nostro novo “[[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio|systemate adumbrationum]]” uti. Tibi faustas emendationes auguror! Vale. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 21:11, 11 Martii 2026 (UTC)
::Gratias tibi ago! -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 10:53, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC)

== Adumbratorne ego? ==
Salve Grufo, demiror, qua de causa pagina [[Der fliegende Holländer (melodrama)]] a me incepta Adumbrationis titulo dignata sit. Melius hoc intellegerem, si fere omnes aliae paginae &quot;Adumbrationes&quot; essent. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 18:13, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC)
: Salve [[Usor:Neander|Neander]]! Hoc evēnit quia [[Usor:Bartholomite]] putavit [[Special:PermanentLink/3948086|hanc versionem paginae]] esse nimis brevem, idcirco in spatium adumbrationum [[Special:Diff/3948160/3948161|movit]]. Puto motionem rectam fuisse, sed nunc pagina est satis longa. Nihilominus [[Disputatio Usoris:Bartholomite#De paginis ad spatium adumbrationum motis|ei scripsi]] te monendum fore quotienscumque paginam a te creatam moveret. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 19:47, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC)

== [[UEFA Nations League]] ==

Salve Grufo, potesne paginae huius nomen ex Anglico in Latinum mutare? Vale, -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 14:39, 30 Martii 2026 (UTC)
: Salve [[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]]. Credo istam mutationem in [[Disputatio:UEFA Nations League|pagina disputationis illius commentationis]] melius petendam esse. Vale. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:10, 30 Martii 2026 (UTC)
::Petivi. Vale. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 15:20, 30 Martii 2026 (UTC)

== Quae sunt &quot;negativa lineamenta&quot;? ==

Dixisti quod differt motus &quot;caterva&quot; et &quot;grex&quot; inquantum caterva est grex negativis cum lineamentis. Cur? Caterva ergo annon extat ut motus pro structura abstracta-algebraica in Neo-Latinitate? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 04:11, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
: Salve, [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]. “Caterva” est sicut “turba”, “multitudo sine ordine” (cf. “caterva verborum”), at “grex” est tantummodo aggregatio quaedam. Romani “catervam” saepe excercitūs aliarum gentium appellabant, raro suos. Vide {{Lewshort|caterva|catervam}} et {{L&amp;S|grex|gregem}}. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 05:06, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::Oh, ergo in sensibus communibus differt, non in sensibus ut termata artis. (Sed &quot;grex&quot; erat terma ab Evaristo Galois confectum, ut pagina dicit.) Gratias ago! -- [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 05:14, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::: @[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]: Ita. Ultro, quod ad nomen ab Evaristo Galois confectum attinet, mihi videtur ipse nullum nomen Latinum, sed tantummodo vocabulum Francogallicum ''groupe'' adhibuisse. Erravine? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 05:25, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::::Sic videtur. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 05:40, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

== You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election ==

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Greetings,

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years.

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== Formulae ==

Hi, Grufo. I am happy to be back among Vicipaedians, and also happy that Vicipaedia has been getting better and better in my absence. I am very glad that you have been able to work so hard on it at a time when I could not. I notice, in creating new pages, that I should be using formulae &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Res}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; for article names, &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Ores}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; for names that are titles of works, and &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Anni vitae}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; instead of &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Lifetime}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Correct? I'm sure there are other new formulae, and no doubt I will gradually pick them up, but if there are any more that you think I will need often, feel free to tell me! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 13:53, 31 Maii 2026 (UTC)
: Hi Andrew! I am very glad you are back! Yes, {{Fn|ores}} stands for “res de opere”. It must not be confused with {{Fn|ires}}: both show the lemma in italic, but only {{Fn|ores}} adds the &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;&lt;cite&gt;...&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; tag under the hood, which in turn instructs search engines that the page is about a work. As for {{Fn|anni vitae}}/{{Fn|lifetime}}, the second is simply a redirect to the first, so you are free to choose—although we should prefer Latin in our pages. Among the other things that have changed when you were not here, as far as I can recall, there is that the two old templates {{Fn|nexus desiderati}} and {{Fn|nexus absunt}} have been merged into one single template, and that {{Fn|creanda}} is now transitioning towards {{Fsn|pcc}} (the latter's title might change in the future); long story short, from now on, if you can, please write &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{subst:creanda|...}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; instead of &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{creanda|...}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;. The advantage is that when eventually the missing page gets created, the new template is able to recognize it even if it got created under a different name. I don't know if there have been other big changes. If yes, probably you will notice! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:39, 31 Maii 2026 (UTC)
::That's good. I could not quite follow the developments with &quot;creanda&quot;. Your explanation makes it clear, and I will use &quot;subst:creanda&quot;. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 18:48, 2 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::: @[[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]]: Writing &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{subst:creanda|...}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; is transitory in this phase to facilitate the usage of the new template. You can also directly write &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{subst:pcc|...}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;, although this uses a slightly different syntax. Compare:
:::: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{subst:pcc|en=Direction (geometry)|directio|directionem}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
::: and
:::: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{subst:creanda|en|Direction (geometry)|directio|directionem}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
::: [[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|The documentation]] should explain everything in detail. The point is that the new template is able to get the Wikidata entity of the linked page, and so both &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{subst:creanda|...}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; and &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{subst:pcc|...}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;, once you save the page, will eventually turn into,
:::: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|directio|directionem|en|qid=Q2151613}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
::: where {{para|qid|Q2151613}} contains the Wikidata entity. Once the template has the Wikidata entity, it no longer matters under which name a new page gets created, it will find it. Moreover, when that happens, [[:Categoria:Paginae quae recensionem vacuam exspectant|this category]] will list the pages that now ask for the creation of pages that have already been created, and an empty edit (!) will be enough to remove the template from the page. For instance, on the top-right corner of the “[[Situs interretialis]]” page there is currently the icon of a blinking zero with a pencil; if you click on it and then click on “Mutationes ostendere”, everything should be more clear. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 19:31, 2 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::I did begin to write &quot;subst:creanda&quot; instead of &quot;creanda&quot;. What happened was that immediately on saving my work it changed to the next step, with a much longer template name &quot;safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve&quot; and rearranged elements. This made it harder to continue editing the page. So, to stop that immediate change happening, I've gone back to writing &quot;creanda&quot;. I take it the whole series of changes, from &quot;creanda&quot; to &quot;subst:creanda&quot;, and on, can be done automatically at some later stage? [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:23, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::: @[[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew]]: I just created {{Fsn|creanda/m}}. Now if you write
::::::: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{subst:creanda/m|en|Julie Gayet|fr|Julie Gayet|Iulia Gayet}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
:::::: when you save the page it gets replaced with
::::::: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{safesubst:creanda|en|Julie Gayet|fr|Julie Gayet|Iulia Gayet}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
:::::: When you save the page one time more it gets replaced with
::::::: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Iulia Gayet||fr|en|qid=Q435925}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
:::::: Is that what you were looking for? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:07, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::::::: P.S. I can also create it with a timer (e.g. it doesn't get replaced before one day passes), but I'll need a bit longer to create that. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:29, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::::::::Grufo, you never cease to amaze me! You can do anything! I don't want to be awkward -- after all, if I were efficient, I could save all my potential improvements for one edit, and then do it, and it wouldn't be a problem. However, there may be some value, to others as well as to me, if it works after a fixed delay (a day, as you suggest). Others, not only me, re-read and revise their edits immediately after saving the essential part. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 15:58, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::::::::: Thank you, Andrew. Consider it done :) P.S. The long name “Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve” could be temporary: one day, when all transclusions of {{Fn|Creanda}} will be gone (I think they are about 2000 at the moment), we can rename {{Fn|Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve}} to {{Fn|Creanda}}. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:21, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::: @[[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew]]: I added a timer of one day to {{Fsn|creanda/m}} (you will have to tolerate a {{para|t}} parameter that gets automatically added to save the starting time). What do you think? You would use {{Fsn|creanda/m}} exacly like you would use {{Fn|creanda}}. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 21:15, 15 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::::Fine, thanks! I'll use {{Fsn|creanda/m}} from now on. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 08:31, 16 Iunii 2026 (UTC)

== Citation style ==

Hi, Grufo. Thanks for working on &quot;[[Dis-moi ce que tu manges: je te dirai ce que tu es]]&quot;. I have just one question about the citation style. Is it really a good idea to aim to put months as well as years in the parenthetic date that follows the author's name? My impression is that English Wikipedians sometimes do this, and that Google Books sometimes inserts days and months (totally unreliably) alongside years of publication, but that people writing bibliographies in the real world don't do it. It would be quite a matter of chance whether the information is available or not. What do you think about that? [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:10, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
: Hi [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew]]. I think that with books definitely the year alone should be enough. The month maybe can be useful with journals (it is true though that volume and issue numbers should be enough). Maybe a general exception is when an author publishes two or more works in the same year: in that case the month might be the only way to write the Chicago-style short citation (e.g. &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{qc|Einstein, Mai. 2021}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; and &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{qc|Einstein, Iul. 2021}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;). Long story short: feel free to remove {{para|mensis}} and {{para|tempus ostentum}} from Melvin's article and {{para|mensis}} from Nemeroff's article! P.S. If you have any suggestions on how to improve the {{[[Formula:Opus|Opus]]}} template, please don't hesitate. When I wrote it I tried to find a compromise between English (and other languages') citation standards and the peculiarities of Latin tradition (for instance, I avoided using non-nominative forms like “Alberto Einstein auctore” or “Alberti Einstein ''Lorem Ipsum''”). --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 14:48, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::In general your template works very well. I'll give it some thought. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 16:05, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC)

== De involuntaria invocatione ==
@[[Usor:Amahoney|Amahoney]], @[[Usor:Andreas Raether|Andreas Raether]], @[[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]], @[[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]], @[[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]], @[[Usor:Frontfrog|Frontfrog]], @[[Usor:Giorno2|Giorno2]], @[[Usor:Ioshus Rocchio|Ioshus Rocchio]] et [[Usor:Lesgles|Lesgles]]: Amici, ignoscite mihi, quaeso, si antea invocationem involuntariam a me acceperatis; exemplum tantum novae formulae {{[[Formula:Usores in colloquio#&amp;#123;&amp;#123;subst:Usores in colloquio&amp;#125;&amp;#125;|subst:Usores in colloquio]]}} ostendere volui. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:55, 18 Iunii 2026 (UTC)

== Castellum Poseidon ==

Non video quid huic articulo deficiat. Existimo eum perfecte exigit Wikipediae. Si consentis, potesne tollere observationem negativam? Gratias antehac.[[Usor:Andries Van den Abeele|Andries Van den Abeele]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andries Van den Abeele|disputatio]]) 16:39, 30 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
: Salve [[Usor:Andries Van den Abeele|Andries Van den Abeele]]. Bibliographia est Francogallice scripta. Scriptiones quales “Iulio MMXXV” non solemus adhibere, sed potius “Iulio 2025”. Formula {{Fn|Nobr}} non habemus. Formula {{Fn|Sfn}} apud nos appellatur {{Fn|Qc}} et alia syntaxi nititur. Sunt etiam multae aliae res Vicificandae. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:55, 30 Iunii 2026 (UTC)

== Meiko Nakahara Autotranslata Correctio ==

Apud dignatione, cur paginam autotranslatam esse figurabam. Totam paginam transferre a me scio, et Ego volo quod non lingua Anglica sic sit, sed literale et totale volo. Autem tota pagina vere translatio 'by hand' in Anglicā, et sī tu Meiko Nakahara paginam Anglicam apud Vicipaediā translatore transferas, scribitio mea non sic totale est. Sī pagina problema habet, acceptibilius est, et velim corrigere [[Usor:PeterBJohnLemon|PeterBJohnLemon]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:PeterBJohnLemon|disputatio]]) 18:48, 4 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
: Salve, PeterBJohnLemon. Capsam addidi quia pagina [[Meiko Nakahara]] ''videtur'' e translatione machinaria orta esse, quamquam certus esse nequeo. Forma enim currens mihi videtur nimis mendosa ut in Vicipaedia maneat (velut: “scita pro musica sua in Urbe Populariā genā musicā est”, “Postquam cantantem cursum suam”, “Tributus grex clamatus Lotos ea formatus erat in 2010 et activus jam dum 2019”, atque multa alia exempla). Si haec translatio re vera manu facta est, eo magis emendationibus eget. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 20:34, 4 Iulii 2026 (UTC)

== [https://latin-words.com/word/latin/doctoratu  doctoratu] ==
The Latin supine is a verbal noun derived from a verb, not from an ordinary noun. It is formed from the verbal stem associated with the fourth principal part.The word doctoratus (&quot;doctorate&quot;) is a noun, not a verb. A supine must come from a verb such as:[doceo, docere, docui, doctus]. We can thus use [doctum,doctū].  As a fellow lover of Latin &quot;word archaeology,&quot; I'd say your instinct is good! :) However, let us stick as much as possible to original latin. eg this is Neolatin. Your contributions, by the way, are highly appreciated! --[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) [[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) 10:34, 17 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
: Hi [[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]]. Almost correct, except that the suffix ''{{swikten|-atus|-atus}}'' (gen. ''-atūs'') can skip the “coming from a verb” part, and so you have nouns like ''senatus'', ''triumviratus'', ''tribunatus'', etc. ''Doctoratus'' (gen. -ūs) is not a new word. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 12:25, 17 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
::''Doctoratu'' looks to me like a fourth-declension noun in the ablative, as seen in ''acu punctum'' 'stuck with a needle' and similar constructions; however, if possible, an encyclopedia might want to specify the field: was it a doctorate of philosophy ([[Ph.D.]])? or a doctorate of something else? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 13:08, 17 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
::: Yes, Iacobus (I also agree that specifying the field would be nice). The suffix ''-atus'' and the supine share the same historical origin. The supine ultimately denotes the action expressed by the verb, and the corresponding fourth-declension noun is often synonymous with a noun in ''-io'', ''-ionis'' (e.g. ''positus'', ''-ūs'' and ''positio'', ''-onis'' are synonyms). When we say ''facile dictu'', we are ultimately saying “easy with respect to the act of saying.” I know some grammarians treat the supine and the corresponding fourth-declension noun as distinct; i.e. ''exitu'' as a supine would be different from ''exitu'', the ablative of ''exitus'', except… it isn't (other than the fact that sometimes the supine can govern an object). The suffix ''-atus'' is particularly interesting because it can bypass the corresponding verb. Following the scheme above, ''doctoratus'' would be similar to ''*doctoratio'', and both would derive from ''*doctorare''—except that ''*doctorare'' does not actually need to exist. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:30, 17 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
Hi Grufo. Your Latin is awesome! Unfortunately people always focus on the exceptions and will think Neolatin is ok. For future similar situations some thing like doctoratione or doctorato wouldn't hurt, would it? You know very well the supines(  fourth-declension noun in the ablative, etc) need to be handled carefully.  Also , both all words capitalized titles exists as well not not all capitalized titles. I would prefer the all capitalized word titles but am not insisting.---[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]])
: @[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]]: Gratias tibi ago. Leaving aside the question of the origin of the supine, the point is simply that ''doctoratus, -ūs'' is an ordinary fourth-declension noun, as Iacobus noted, and—most importantly—we are not inventing it (see the attested phrase “pro gradu doctoratūs” [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog/8611961 here]). Consequently, the ablative is ''doctoratu'', just as the ablative of ''senatus'' is ''senatu'', not *''senato''. For the same reason, *''doctorato'' would not be correct. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 08:14, 20 Iulii 2026 (UTC)</text>
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			|^cognomen_interpretis%d*$|or
			|^commentatio_de_interprete%d*$|or
			|^interpres_ostenta%d*$|or
			|^interpres_ostentus%d*$|or
			|^nomen_ostentum_interpretis%d*$|or
			|^cognomen_ostentum_interpretis%d*$|
		detaching_substack|
		grouping_by_calling|Opus/interpres|let|nomenclatura|{{{nomenclatura|}}}|
		imposing|officium|interpres|
		pulling|interpretes_dumtaxat|
		renaming_by_replacing|interpretes_dumtaxat|dumtaxat|strict|
		combining_by_calling|Opus/enumeratio|index_interpretum|
	leaving_substack|
	snapshotting|entering_substack|
		with_name_matching|^url_forma_[A-Za-z0-9]+$|or|^url_.-_forma_[A-Za-z0-9]+$|
		detaching_substack|
		snapshotting|entering_substack|
			with_name_matching|^url_forma_[A-Za-z0-9]+$|
			detaching_substack|
			renaming_by_replacing|^url_forma_([A-Za-z0-9]+)$|%1|1|
			renaming_to_uppercase|
			mapping_by_mixing|[$@ $#]|
			combining_values|url_aliis_formis|naturally|i|; |
		leaving_substack|
		snapshotting|entering_substack|
			with_name_matching|^url_latine_forma_[A-Za-z0-9]+$|
			detaching_substack|
			renaming_by_replacing|^url_latine_forma_([A-Za-z0-9]+)$|%1|1|
			renaming_to_uppercase|
			mapping_by_mixing|[$@ $#]|
			combining_values|url_latine_aliis_formis|naturally|i|; |
		leaving_substack|
		snapshotting|entering_substack|
			with_name_matching|^url_contextus_forma_[A-Za-z0-9]+$|
			detaching_substack|
			renaming_by_replacing|^url_contextus_forma_([A-Za-z0-9]+)$|%1|1|
			renaming_to_uppercase|
			mapping_by_mixing|[$@ $#]|
			combining_values|url_contextus_aliis_formis|naturally|i|; |
		leaving_substack|
		snapshotting|entering_substack|
			with_name_matching|^url_contextus_latine_forma_[A-Za-z0-9]+$|
			detaching_substack|
			renaming_by_replacing|^url_contextus_latine_forma_([A-Za-z0-9]+)$|%1|1|
			renaming_to_uppercase|
			mapping_by_mixing|[$@ $#]|
			combining_values|url_contextus_latine_aliis_formis|naturally|i|; |
		leaving_substack|
		snapshotting|entering_substack|
			with_name_matching|^url_seriei_forma_[A-Za-z0-9]+$|
			detaching_substack|
			renaming_by_replacing|^url_seriei_forma_([A-Za-z0-9]+)$|%1|1|
			renaming_to_uppercase|
			mapping_by_mixing|[$@ $#]|
			combining_values|url_seriei_aliis_formis|naturally|i|; |
		leaving_substack|
		snapshotting|entering_substack|
			with_name_matching|^url_seriei_latine_forma_[A-Za-z0-9]+$|
			detaching_substack|
			renaming_by_replacing|^url_seriei_latine_forma_([A-Za-z0-9]+)$|%1|1|
			renaming_to_uppercase|
			mapping_by_mixing|[$@ $#]|
			combining_values|url_seriei_latine_aliis_formis|naturally|i|; |
		leaving_substack|
		snapshotting|entering_substack|
			with_name_matching|^url_paginarum_forma_[A-Za-z0-9]+$|
			detaching_substack|
			renaming_by_replacing|^url_paginarum_forma_([A-Za-z0-9]+)$|%1|1|
			renaming_to_uppercase|
			mapping_by_mixing|[$@ $#]|
			combining_values|url_paginarum_aliis_formis|naturally|i|; |
		leaving_substack|
		snapshotting|entering_substack|
			with_name_matching|^url_paginae_forma_[A-Za-z0-9]+$|
			detaching_substack|
			renaming_by_replacing|^url_paginae_forma_([A-Za-z0-9]+)$|%1|1|
			renaming_to_uppercase|
			mapping_by_mixing|[$@ $#]|
			combining_values|url_paginae_aliis_formis|naturally|i|; |
		merging_substack|
		flushing|
		flushing|
		flushing|
		flushing|
		flushing|
		flushing|
	merging_substack|
	flushing|
	flushing|
	flushing|
	flushing|
	flushing|
	entering_substack|new|
		pulling|editio|
		with_value_matching|^%d+$|
		renaming_by_mixing|numerus_editionis|
	merging_substack|
	entering_substack|new|
		pulling|lingua|
		pulling|lingua_contextus|
		detaching_substack|
		mapping_to_lowercase|
		mapping_by_calling|Tessera linguae secundum ISO 639 inspecta|2|ABEST||
		snapshotting|entering_substack|
			with_value_matching|ABEST|
			detaching_substack|
			renaming_by_mixing|error_linguae|
		merging_substack|
	merging_substack|
	concat_and_call|Opus/collectio
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentatio}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>aifzi3ymfrebtlonc67xq5o5bwa6sfd</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3972994</id>
      <parentid>3972909</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-20T06:38:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Experimentum</comment>
      <origin>3972994</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6520" sha1="kqeghqxnf77udpfwk2muektwjovkqd3" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#invoke:params|
	with_name_not_matching|%-%d+$|
	with_name_not_matching|%D0+$|
	with_value_not_matching|^%s*$|
	renaming_by_replacing|%s+(%d+)$|%1|
	renaming_by_replacing|_+|/|
	renaming_by_replacing|%s+|_|
	entering_substack|
		with_name_matching|^commentatio_de_|
		with_value_matching|{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;FULLPAGENAME}}|
		detaching_substack|
	dropping_substack|
	snapshotting|entering_substack|
		with_name_matching
			|^auctrix%d*$|or
			|^auctor%d*$|or
			|^nomen%d*$|or
			|^nomen_auctricis%d*$|or
			|^nomen_auctoris%d*$|or
			|^cognomen%d*$|or
			|^cognomen_auctricis%d*$|or
			|^cognomen_auctoris%d*$|or
			|^commentatio_de_auctrice%d*$|or
			|^commentatio_de_auctore%d*$|or
			|^auctrix_ostenta%d*$|or
			|^auctor_ostentus%d*$|or
			|^nomen_ostentum%d*$|or
			|^nomen_ostentum_auctricis%d*$|or
			|^nomen_ostentum_auctoris%d*$|or
			|^cognomen_ostentum%d*$|or
			|^cognomen_ostentum_auctricis%d*$|or
			|^cognomen_ostentum_auctoris%d*$|
		detaching_substack|
		grouping_by_calling|Opus/auctor|let|nomenclatura|{{{nomenclatura|}}}|
		imposing|officium|auctor|
		pulling|auctores_dumtaxat|
		renaming_by_replacing|auctores_dumtaxat|dumtaxat|strict|
		combining_by_calling|Opus/enumeratio|index_auctorum|
	leaving_substack|
	snapshotting|entering_substack|
		with_name_matching
			|^redactrix%d*$|or
			|^redactor%d*$|or
			|^nomen_redactricis%d*$|or
			|^nomen_redactoris%d*$|or
			|^cognomen_redactricis%d*$|or
			|^cognomen_redactoris%d*$|or
			|^commentatio_de_redactrice%d*$|or
			|^commentatio_de_redactore%d*$|or
			|^redactrix_ostenta%d*$|or
			|^redactor_ostentus%d*$|or
			|^nomen_ostentum_redactricis%d*$|or
			|^nomen_ostentum_redactoris%d*$|or
			|^cognomen_ostentum_redactricis%d*$|or
			|^cognomen_ostentum_redactoris%d*$|
		detaching_substack|
		grouping_by_calling|Opus/redactor|let|nomenclatura|{{{nomenclatura|}}}|
		imposing|officium|redactor|
		pulling|redactores_dumtaxat|
		renaming_by_replacing|redactores_dumtaxat|dumtaxat|strict|
		combining_by_calling|Opus/enumeratio|index_redactorum|
	leaving_substack|
	snapshotting|entering_substack|
		with_name_matching
			|^pictrix%d*$|or
			|^pictor%d*$|or
			|^nomen_pictricis%d*$|or
			|^nomen_pictoris%d*$|or
			|^cognomen_pictricis%d*$|or
			|^cognomen_pictoris%d*$|or
			|^commentatio_de_pictrice%d*$|or
			|^commentatio_de_pictore%d*$|or
			|^pictrix_ostenta%d*$|or
			|^pictor_ostentus%d*$|or
			|^nomen_ostentum_pictricis%d*$|or
			|^nomen_ostentum_pictoris%d*$|or
			|^cognomen_ostentum_pictricis%d*$|or
			|^cognomen_ostentum_pictoris%d*$|
		detaching_substack|
		grouping_by_calling|Opus/pictor|let|nomenclatura|{{{nomenclatura|}}}|
		imposing|officium|pictor|
		pulling|pictores_dumtaxat|
		renaming_by_replacing|pictores_dumtaxat|dumtaxat|strict|
		combining_by_calling|Opus/enumeratio|index_pictorum|
	leaving_substack|
	snapshotting|entering_substack|
		with_name_matching
			|^interpres%d*$|or
			|^nomen_interpretis%d*$|or
			|^cognomen_interpretis%d*$|or
			|^commentatio_de_interprete%d*$|or
			|^interpres_ostenta%d*$|or
			|^interpres_ostentus%d*$|or
			|^nomen_ostentum_interpretis%d*$|or
			|^cognomen_ostentum_interpretis%d*$|
		detaching_substack|
		grouping_by_calling|Opus/interpres|let|nomenclatura|{{{nomenclatura|}}}|
		imposing|officium|interpres|
		pulling|interpretes_dumtaxat|
		renaming_by_replacing|interpretes_dumtaxat|dumtaxat|strict|
		combining_by_calling|Opus/enumeratio|index_interpretum|
	leaving_substack|
	snapshotting|entering_substack|
		with_name_matching|^url_forma_[A-Za-z0-9]+$|or|^url_.-_forma_[A-Za-z0-9]+$|
		detaching_substack|
		snapshotting|entering_substack|
			with_name_matching|^url_forma_[A-Za-z0-9]+$|
			detaching_substack|
			renaming_by_replacing|^url_forma_([A-Za-z0-9]+)$|%1|1|
			renaming_to_uppercase|
			mapping_by_mixing|[$@ $#]|
			combining_values|url_aliis_formis|naturally|i|; |
		leaving_substack|
		snapshotting|entering_substack|
			with_name_matching|^url_latine_forma_[A-Za-z0-9]+$|
			detaching_substack|
			renaming_by_replacing|^url_latine_forma_([A-Za-z0-9]+)$|%1|1|
			renaming_to_uppercase|
			mapping_by_mixing|[$@ $#]|
			combining_values|url_latine_aliis_formis|naturally|i|; |
		leaving_substack|
		snapshotting|entering_substack|
			with_name_matching|^url_contextus_forma_[A-Za-z0-9]+$|
			detaching_substack|
			renaming_by_replacing|^url_contextus_forma_([A-Za-z0-9]+)$|%1|1|
			renaming_to_uppercase|
			mapping_by_mixing|[$@ $#]|
			combining_values|url_contextus_aliis_formis|naturally|i|; |
		leaving_substack|
		snapshotting|entering_substack|
			with_name_matching|^url_contextus_latine_forma_[A-Za-z0-9]+$|
			detaching_substack|
			renaming_by_replacing|^url_contextus_latine_forma_([A-Za-z0-9]+)$|%1|1|
			renaming_to_uppercase|
			mapping_by_mixing|[$@ $#]|
			combining_values|url_contextus_latine_aliis_formis|naturally|i|; |
		leaving_substack|
		snapshotting|entering_substack|
			with_name_matching|^url_seriei_forma_[A-Za-z0-9]+$|
			detaching_substack|
			renaming_by_replacing|^url_seriei_forma_([A-Za-z0-9]+)$|%1|1|
			renaming_to_uppercase|
			mapping_by_mixing|[$@ $#]|
			combining_values|url_seriei_aliis_formis|naturally|i|; |
		leaving_substack|
		snapshotting|entering_substack|
			with_name_matching|^url_seriei_latine_forma_[A-Za-z0-9]+$|
			detaching_substack|
			renaming_by_replacing|^url_seriei_latine_forma_([A-Za-z0-9]+)$|%1|1|
			renaming_to_uppercase|
			mapping_by_mixing|[$@ $#]|
			combining_values|url_seriei_latine_aliis_formis|naturally|i|; |
		leaving_substack|
		snapshotting|entering_substack|
			with_name_matching|^url_paginarum_forma_[A-Za-z0-9]+$|
			detaching_substack|
			renaming_by_replacing|^url_paginarum_forma_([A-Za-z0-9]+)$|%1|1|
			renaming_to_uppercase|
			mapping_by_mixing|[$@ $#]|
			combining_values|url_paginarum_aliis_formis|naturally|i|; |
		leaving_substack|
		snapshotting|entering_substack|
			with_name_matching|^url_paginae_forma_[A-Za-z0-9]+$|
			detaching_substack|
			renaming_by_replacing|^url_paginae_forma_([A-Za-z0-9]+)$|%1|1|
			renaming_to_uppercase|
			mapping_by_mixing|[$@ $#]|
			combining_values|url_paginae_aliis_formis|naturally|i|; |
		merging_substack|
		flushing|
		flushing|
		flushing|
		flushing|
		flushing|
		flushing|
	merging_substack|
	flushing|
	flushing|
	flushing|
	flushing|
	flushing|
	entering_substack|new|
		pulling|editio|
		with_value_matching|^%d+$|
		renaming_by_mixing|numerus_editionis|
	merging_substack|
	concat_and_call|Opus/collectio
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentatio}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>kqeghqxnf77udpfwk2muektwjovkqd3</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3972995</id>
      <parentid>3972994</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-20T06:41:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Experimentum finivi</comment>
      <origin>3972995</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6872" sha1="aifzi3ymfrebtlonc67xq5o5bwa6sfd" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#invoke:params|
	with_name_not_matching|%-%d+$|
	with_name_not_matching|%D0+$|
	with_value_not_matching|^%s*$|
	renaming_by_replacing|%s+(%d+)$|%1|
	renaming_by_replacing|_+|/|
	renaming_by_replacing|%s+|_|
	entering_substack|
		with_name_matching|^commentatio_de_|
		with_value_matching|{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;FULLPAGENAME}}|
		detaching_substack|
	dropping_substack|
	snapshotting|entering_substack|
		with_name_matching
			|^auctrix%d*$|or
			|^auctor%d*$|or
			|^nomen%d*$|or
			|^nomen_auctricis%d*$|or
			|^nomen_auctoris%d*$|or
			|^cognomen%d*$|or
			|^cognomen_auctricis%d*$|or
			|^cognomen_auctoris%d*$|or
			|^commentatio_de_auctrice%d*$|or
			|^commentatio_de_auctore%d*$|or
			|^auctrix_ostenta%d*$|or
			|^auctor_ostentus%d*$|or
			|^nomen_ostentum%d*$|or
			|^nomen_ostentum_auctricis%d*$|or
			|^nomen_ostentum_auctoris%d*$|or
			|^cognomen_ostentum%d*$|or
			|^cognomen_ostentum_auctricis%d*$|or
			|^cognomen_ostentum_auctoris%d*$|
		detaching_substack|
		grouping_by_calling|Opus/auctor|let|nomenclatura|{{{nomenclatura|}}}|
		imposing|officium|auctor|
		pulling|auctores_dumtaxat|
		renaming_by_replacing|auctores_dumtaxat|dumtaxat|strict|
		combining_by_calling|Opus/enumeratio|index_auctorum|
	leaving_substack|
	snapshotting|entering_substack|
		with_name_matching
			|^redactrix%d*$|or
			|^redactor%d*$|or
			|^nomen_redactricis%d*$|or
			|^nomen_redactoris%d*$|or
			|^cognomen_redactricis%d*$|or
			|^cognomen_redactoris%d*$|or
			|^commentatio_de_redactrice%d*$|or
			|^commentatio_de_redactore%d*$|or
			|^redactrix_ostenta%d*$|or
			|^redactor_ostentus%d*$|or
			|^nomen_ostentum_redactricis%d*$|or
			|^nomen_ostentum_redactoris%d*$|or
			|^cognomen_ostentum_redactricis%d*$|or
			|^cognomen_ostentum_redactoris%d*$|
		detaching_substack|
		grouping_by_calling|Opus/redactor|let|nomenclatura|{{{nomenclatura|}}}|
		imposing|officium|redactor|
		pulling|redactores_dumtaxat|
		renaming_by_replacing|redactores_dumtaxat|dumtaxat|strict|
		combining_by_calling|Opus/enumeratio|index_redactorum|
	leaving_substack|
	snapshotting|entering_substack|
		with_name_matching
			|^pictrix%d*$|or
			|^pictor%d*$|or
			|^nomen_pictricis%d*$|or
			|^nomen_pictoris%d*$|or
			|^cognomen_pictricis%d*$|or
			|^cognomen_pictoris%d*$|or
			|^commentatio_de_pictrice%d*$|or
			|^commentatio_de_pictore%d*$|or
			|^pictrix_ostenta%d*$|or
			|^pictor_ostentus%d*$|or
			|^nomen_ostentum_pictricis%d*$|or
			|^nomen_ostentum_pictoris%d*$|or
			|^cognomen_ostentum_pictricis%d*$|or
			|^cognomen_ostentum_pictoris%d*$|
		detaching_substack|
		grouping_by_calling|Opus/pictor|let|nomenclatura|{{{nomenclatura|}}}|
		imposing|officium|pictor|
		pulling|pictores_dumtaxat|
		renaming_by_replacing|pictores_dumtaxat|dumtaxat|strict|
		combining_by_calling|Opus/enumeratio|index_pictorum|
	leaving_substack|
	snapshotting|entering_substack|
		with_name_matching
			|^interpres%d*$|or
			|^nomen_interpretis%d*$|or
			|^cognomen_interpretis%d*$|or
			|^commentatio_de_interprete%d*$|or
			|^interpres_ostenta%d*$|or
			|^interpres_ostentus%d*$|or
			|^nomen_ostentum_interpretis%d*$|or
			|^cognomen_ostentum_interpretis%d*$|
		detaching_substack|
		grouping_by_calling|Opus/interpres|let|nomenclatura|{{{nomenclatura|}}}|
		imposing|officium|interpres|
		pulling|interpretes_dumtaxat|
		renaming_by_replacing|interpretes_dumtaxat|dumtaxat|strict|
		combining_by_calling|Opus/enumeratio|index_interpretum|
	leaving_substack|
	snapshotting|entering_substack|
		with_name_matching|^url_forma_[A-Za-z0-9]+$|or|^url_.-_forma_[A-Za-z0-9]+$|
		detaching_substack|
		snapshotting|entering_substack|
			with_name_matching|^url_forma_[A-Za-z0-9]+$|
			detaching_substack|
			renaming_by_replacing|^url_forma_([A-Za-z0-9]+)$|%1|1|
			renaming_to_uppercase|
			mapping_by_mixing|[$@ $#]|
			combining_values|url_aliis_formis|naturally|i|; |
		leaving_substack|
		snapshotting|entering_substack|
			with_name_matching|^url_latine_forma_[A-Za-z0-9]+$|
			detaching_substack|
			renaming_by_replacing|^url_latine_forma_([A-Za-z0-9]+)$|%1|1|
			renaming_to_uppercase|
			mapping_by_mixing|[$@ $#]|
			combining_values|url_latine_aliis_formis|naturally|i|; |
		leaving_substack|
		snapshotting|entering_substack|
			with_name_matching|^url_contextus_forma_[A-Za-z0-9]+$|
			detaching_substack|
			renaming_by_replacing|^url_contextus_forma_([A-Za-z0-9]+)$|%1|1|
			renaming_to_uppercase|
			mapping_by_mixing|[$@ $#]|
			combining_values|url_contextus_aliis_formis|naturally|i|; |
		leaving_substack|
		snapshotting|entering_substack|
			with_name_matching|^url_contextus_latine_forma_[A-Za-z0-9]+$|
			detaching_substack|
			renaming_by_replacing|^url_contextus_latine_forma_([A-Za-z0-9]+)$|%1|1|
			renaming_to_uppercase|
			mapping_by_mixing|[$@ $#]|
			combining_values|url_contextus_latine_aliis_formis|naturally|i|; |
		leaving_substack|
		snapshotting|entering_substack|
			with_name_matching|^url_seriei_forma_[A-Za-z0-9]+$|
			detaching_substack|
			renaming_by_replacing|^url_seriei_forma_([A-Za-z0-9]+)$|%1|1|
			renaming_to_uppercase|
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    <title>Die Frau vom Checkpoint Charlie</title>
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{{Titulus italicus}}
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{{Capsa pelliculae}}

'''Die Frau vom Checkpoint Charlie''' (Anglice ''The Woman of Checkpoint Charlie'') est pellicula in duabus partibus de femina quae effugere ad occidentem ex Re Publica Democratica Germanica (Germania Orientali) potuit, sed a filiis suis separata est. Sex annos egit conando ut regimen Germanicum Orientale permisisset filias suas sibi in Foederatam Rem Publicam Germanicam (Germania Occidentali) coniungere. Fundatur in vera historia. Prima vice in televisorio Franco-Germanico ARTE die 28 Septembris 2007 ostensa est.

Nomen mulieris erat Jutta Fleck. In pellicula appellatur Sara Bender. Agitur ab actrice Veronica Ferres. Filiae eius vocabantur Claudia et Beate. In pellicula nominantur Silvia et Sabine (vel “Bine” – pronuntiatur “BEE-ne”{{dubsig}} – brevius).

'''Fabula'''

'''Pars 1'''

Anno 1982, Sara Bender cum duabus filiabus Silvia (11) et Sabine (9) in Erfurt in GDR (Germania Orientali) habitat. Mater eorum aliquid dixit quae gubernationem patriae suae reprehenderent. In civitate communistica ut GDR, malum erat esse criticum erga gubernationem. Propter quod mater eorum dixit, filiae male tractatae sunt in schola.

Sara vult nubere Petro Koch, quem in opere novit. Nuptiae ordinantur. Pater Sarae [[Helmstadium|Helmstadii]] in Germania Occidentali habitat. It ad nuptias filiae suae, sed in via accidit et graviter vulneratur. Nuptiae postponuntur. Sara vult visitare patrem suum in nosocomio in Germania Occidentali, sed regimen GDR non permittit eam ire propter res criticam quas dixit. Pater eius moritur. Sara adhuc rogat licentiam ut patriam suam relinquat, sed non permittitur, et res difficilius fiunt ei in opere.

Conatur effugere ex GDR cum duabus filiabus. Ad Romania pervenerunt, et volunt ire in Iugoslavia, sed a vigilibus secretis GDR (Stasi) capiuntur. Stasi sciebat eos conari effugere quia in domo Sarae machinas occultas posuerant ut omnia quae dicebantur audirent. Sara et filiae rediguntur ad Berolinum Orientale. In aeriportu filiae a matre separantur. Ad domum puerorum in Dresda ducuntur. Sara in cella custodum incarceratur. Amicus eius Peter, quem nubere voluerat, vertitur esse partium Stasi. Operatur contra eam. Sara damnata est ad tres annos in vinculis.

'''Pars 2'''

Post biennium in carcere, Sara dimittitur, gratias agens regimen Germanicum Occidentale, quod pecuniam dedit GDR ut eam liberaret et ad Occidentem venire sineret. Filias suas videre tamen non permittitur, quae ad familias nutritias missae erant, quae ad regimen communisticum fidem servabant. Sara decipitur ut subscribat documenta quae significabant se nullas iura ad filias suas videre.

Sara non potest ferre esse in Occidente sine filiis suis. Statim incipit precari GDR ut filiae eius se sequi sinant, sed nihil fit. Etiam regimen Germanicum Occidentale non adiuvat eam, quia, ob causas politicas, nolunt relationes malas cum GDR in Berolino Orientali facere.

Sara putat solam viam ad alios animadvertendos esse publicitatem obtinere. Auxilium a diurnario et phografaro Richardo Panter accipit. Stat ad Checkpoint Charlie, locum in media urbe Berolino ubi peregrini transire poterant ab una parte urbis divisae ad aliam. Portat tabellam grandem quae dicit: &quot;Redite filias meas mihi!&quot;. Richardus photographias capit et diurna totius mundi eas imprimunt. Regimen GDR hoc omnino non amat. Legatos mittunt ad eam minando. Ipsa etiam vi percussa et vulnerata est in via, diciturque si iterum id agat, interficietur. Etiam FRG (Germania Occidentalis) eam rogat ut desinat cum campania, quia haec mala est pro relationibus internationalibus.

Tamen, Sara non desinit. Filias suas per litteras et nuntios in cassettis occultando contingit. Puellae vere laetatae sunt et putaverunt se mox matri suae in Occidente coniungere posse. Sed nulla licentia data est.

Sara ad conventum Helsinkiam pergit ubi cum Hans-Dietrich Genscher, ministro Germaniae Occidentalis de rebus externis, loqui vult (pellicula hic paulum differet ab vero eventu). A viris qui dicunt se eam ad Genscher ferre, vehitur, sed sunt agentes Stasi qui eam in silvam ducunt ut eam interficant, sed illa effugit.

Filiae eius dicuntur matrem suam in accidente autocinetico interfectam esse, sed hoc mendacium est. Puellae forte vident matrem suam demonstrare in relatione nuntiorum televisificorum. Intellegunt eam adhuc vivere. Familia nutritiva earum invenit cassettam in qua puellae GDR regimen reprehenderant. Severe puniuntur.

Denique mater nutritiva earum misericordiam habet erga eas et adiuvat persuadere regimen GDR ut filiae dimittantur. Reconduntur cum matre sua in Berolino Occidentali.

Sed Sara non vult sine liberis suis in Republica foederata vivere. Ab initio pugnavit ut ambo pariter patriam relinquere liceret. Sed hoc non obsistit ab auctoritatibus GDR, qui exemplum Sarae facere volunt. Destituta, intellegit se nullum verum subsidium ab imperio foederato exspectare vel quia non vult periclitari sensitivas relationes cum Orientali Berolinensi.
[[Categoria:Pelliculae Germanicae]]
[[Categoria:Pelliculae 2007]]</text>
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    <title>Ioanninus Castiglionius</title>
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[[Fasciculus:Emilio Sommariva (1883 - 1956) Ritratto dello scultore Giannino Castiglioni (1884-1971).jpg|thumb|Ioanninus Castiglionius.]]

{{res|Ioanninus Castiglionius}}{{FD ref}} (natus ''Gioannino Castiglione'' [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]] die [[4 Maii]] [[1884]]; [[Liernia]]e mortuus die [[27 Augusti]] [[1971]]) fuit [[sculptor]] [[Italia|Italicus]], inter maximos [[saeculum 20|saeculi vicensimi]] habitus. Innotuit operibus monumentalibus quae disciplinam classicam cum nova arte coniunxerunt, ac pater fuit Achillis, Petri Iacobi, et Livi Castiglioniorum, clarorum [[artifex|artificum]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Designatioi|designandi|en|qid=Q82604}} Italici.

Giannino{{dubsig}} Castiglioni{{dubsig}}, proto-designator{{dubsig}} et habitus conditor [[Design italian|design Italici]]{{dubsig}}, fuit magister filiorum suorum [[Achille Castiglioni]]{{dubsig}}, [[Pier Giacomo Castiglioni]]{{dubsig}}, et [[Livio Castiglioni]]{{dubsig}}, qui facti sunt praecipui [[Design industriale|design industrialis Italici]]{{dubsig}}.

Per eorum novam [[Metodo Castiglioni|Methodum Castiglioni]]{{dubsig}}, in{{dubsig}} Lierna ad [[Lacus Comensis|lacum Comensem]]{{dubsig}} conceptam, adiuverunt{{dubsig}} ad definiendum [[Made in Italy]]{{dubsig}}, per orbem notum et celebratum. Eorum opera hodie exhibentur in [[Museum of Modern Art|MoMA Novi Eboraci]]{{dubsig}}.

== Vita ==
Ioanninus Castiglionius Mediolani natus est die 4 Maii 1884. Studuit apud [[Academia Brera|Academiam Brerensem]] in urbe patria, ubi [[ars plastica|artes plasticas]] et [[sculptura]]s didicit. Primum in Italia, deinde in aliis [[regio]]nibus, operibus monumentalibus se dedicavit, praesertim [[sacellum|sacellis]], [[sacrarium|sacrariis]], et [[monumentum|monumentis]] militaribus.

Ioannes Castiglioni investigationem artisticam suam evolvit per peculiarem attentionem ad phaenomena naturalia, inter quae motus et cursus aquae, quae argumentum frequens in fontibus suis atque operibus monumentalibus facta sunt. Hoc studium interdum in contextu traditionis Renascentiae de natura investiganda interpretatur, praesertim ratione habita observationum [[Leonardus da Vinci|Leonardi da Vinci]] de fluxibus et motibus aquae, quos tamquam systemata dynamica et vitalia concepit.&lt;ref&gt;E. Guglielmi, ''L'Arte del fare. Giannino Castiglioni scultore'', Skira, 2015, ISBN 9788857228358.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ob facultatem coniungendi investigationem plasticam, conceptionem spatii atque creationem elementorum utilium, Castiglioni in quibusdam interpretationibus habetur figura praecedens consilii Italici atque &quot;protodesignator&quot;. Eius opera non ad sculpturam tantum limitata sunt, sed etiam interventus architectonicos, supellectilem et res cotidianae usus comprehendebant, in quibus materia, forma et functio arcte inter se coniunctae erant.&lt;ref&gt;Sergio Polano, ''Achille Castiglioni: tutte le opere, 1938-2000'', Electa, 2001.&lt;/ref&gt;

In [[Lierna]], ad [[Lacus Larius|Lacum Larium]], ubi officinam suam habebat, Castiglioni multa opera fecit quae ad relationem inter artem, prospectum naturalem et spatium publicum pertinebant, inter quae fontes, opera monumentalia et ordinationes urbanas. Inter haec memorantur gradus plateae Liernae ad lacum ducentes, quasi imago cataractae interpretati, fons aquae Val Onedo atque fons aquae ranarum apud Villam Pini, ubi thema aquae locum centralem in compositione spatiali obtinet.

Haec ratio, observatione realitatis, experimentis materiae et investigatione essentialis fundata, postea cum dicto [[Metodo Castiglioni|Methodo Castiglioni]] coniuncta est. Ea per visionem artisticam quam Ioannes Castiglioni filiis suis [[Achille Castiglioni]], [[Pier Giacomo Castiglioni]] et [[Livio Castiglioni]] tradidit evoluta est atque ad culturam consilii Italici saeculi XX contulit. Haec conceptio etiam in operibus sicut [[Lierna (sedia)|sella Lierna]], ab Achille et Pier Giacomo Castiglioni designata, apparet.&lt;ref&gt;Fondazione Achille Castiglioni, ''Bibliografie'', https://workshop.fondazioneachillecastiglioni.it/bibliografie/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Analysis critica ==
Giannino{{dubsig}} Castiglioni{{dubsig}} hodie universaliter agnoscitur non solum ut praecipuus [[sculptura|sculptor]] Europae [[Saeculum XX]], sed etiam ut figura determinans in [[Sculptura Mundi|sculptura mundi]] saeculi vicesimi. Opera eius profundum dialogum inter [[Ars Classica|traditionem classicam]] et [[Ars Moderna|modernitatem]]{{dubsig}} repraesentat, valores universales ut [[Spiritualitas|spiritualitatem]], [[Memoria Collectiva|memoriam collectivam]]{{dubsig}} et [[Identitas Culturalis|identitatem culturalem]] coniungens, atque significanter afficit [[Design Industrialis]]{{dubsig}} hodiernus per [[Methodus Castiglioni]]{{dubsig}}, ut{{dubsig}} proto-designatio Italica recognita&lt;ref&gt;Franco Russoli, ''La scultura italiana del Novecento'', Milano, Electa, 1968.&lt;/ref&gt;. Creatio eius spatia urbana et sacra in loci aestheticae experientiae et meditationis philosophicae transformat, faciens [[Lierna]]{{dubsig}} circa [[Lacus Comensis|Lacum Comensem]]{{dubsig}} punctum inter gentes pro [[Turismus Culturalis|artibus peregrinantibus]],{{dubsig}} [[Critici Artis|criticis]]{{dubsig}} et [[Collectores Artis|collectoribus]]{{dubsig}}.&lt;ref&gt;Giovanni Agosti, ''Maestri lombardi del Novecento'', Milano, Skira, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

Contra contemporaneos ut [[Marino Marini]]{{dubsig}} vel [[Giacomo Manzù]],{{dubsig}} qui ad introspectivas et personales experimenta{{dubsig}} inclinati sunt, Castiglioni{{dubsig}} &quot;[[Realismus Monumentalis|realismum monumentalem]]&quot;{{dubsig}} evolvit, ubi claritas figurativa et densitas symbolica cum complexitate{{dubsig}} conceptuali confluunt, dialogum cum traditione et modernitate constituentes&lt;ref&gt;Paolo Biscottini, ''Arte sacra a Milano nel XX secolo'', Milano, Vita e Pensiero, 2004.&lt;/ref&gt;. [[Portae Sancti Ambrosii (Cathedrale Mediolanensis)|Portae]] [[Duomo Mediolanensis]],{{dubsig}} [[Relief|anaglyptha]]{{dubsig}} sacra, cycli sculpturales [[Universitas Catholica Sacri Cordis (Mediolanum)|Universitatis Catholicae Sacri Cordis]] et magni [[monumentum|monumenta]] in toto orbe corpus constituunt, ubi omnis opus est &quot;[[Locus Memoriae|locus memoriae]]&quot;, condensans historiam, spiritualitatem, et reflectionem{{dubsig}} [[ethica|ethicam]] et [[cultura|culturalem]] saeculi XX.&lt;ref&gt;Andrea Spiriti, ''Scultura sacra e memoria civile nel Novecento lombardo'', Como, NodoLibri, 2011.&lt;!-- + pagina? --&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Peritia eius in [[Aes|aere]] et [[Relief|anaglyphis]], una cum rara narratione visibili{{dubsig}} etiam in [[Pictura|picturis]], demonstrat unicam facultatem ad memoriam collectivam et problemata philosophico-existentialia in imagines evocativas transferendi&lt;ref&gt;Franco Russoli, op. cit.&lt;/ref&gt;. Castiglioni{{dubsig}} conceptum [[Monumentalitas|artis monumentalis modernae]] redefinit{{dubsig}} ut{{dubsig}} synthesis [[Spiritus|spiritualitatis]], testimonii historici et valoris aesthetici absoluti, creando opera quae directum dialogum cum publico globali et critica internationali instaurant&lt;ref&gt;Paolo Biscottini, op. cit.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Recuperatio [[Sketch|schematum]] et [[Modellus Praeparatorius|modellorum praeparatoriorum]]{{dubsig}} in{{dubsig}} annis recentibus plenam creativam autonomiam operum eius confirmavit, ostendens energiam compositivam, tensionem formalem et elegantiam methodologicam&lt;ref&gt;Giovanni Agosti, op. cit.&lt;/ref&gt;. Hoc unicum patrimonium Castiglioni{{dubsig}} consolidat ut{{dubsig}} figura indispensabilis pro [[Collectores Artis|collectoribus]] et [[Musea|museis internationalibus]], adiuvans [[Lierna]] ut{{dubsig}} nexus itinerariorum artisticorum et culturalium circa [[Lacus Comensis|Lacum Comensem]].{{dubsig}}

Per Castiglioni, [[sculptura Italica]] plene in circuitu [[Ars Mundi|artis mundi]] inseritur: capacitas eius ad coniungendum [[Monumentalitas|monumentalitatem]], [[Ars Sacra|sacralitatem]] et [[Ars Moderna|innovationem]] eum non solum nationalem referentiam facit, sed magistrum universalem, cuius pondus conceptuale et potentia expressiva aequat [[Auguste Rodin]]{{dubsig}}, [[Aristide Maillol]]{{dubsig}}, vel [[Henry Moore]]{{dubsig}}&lt;ref&gt;Andrea Spiriti, op. cit.&lt;/ref&gt;. Omnis opus fit intensa et meditativa experientia aesthetica, capax attrahendi visitatores, studiosos et amatores artis ex toto orbe.

== Opera selecta ==
* Sculpturae pro [[Duomo Mediolanense|Cathedrali Mediolanensi]] (porta principalis).
* Monumenta militum in [[Monte Grappa]] et [[Redipuglia]]{{dubsig}} (Sacrarium Militare).  
* ''Templum Ossarium Timavi'' in Carnia.{{dubsig}}
* Monumentum in honorem Papae Pii XI in [[Desio]]{{dubsig}}.
* Sculpturae pro ''Palatio Legislativo'' [[Montevideo]] in [[Uraquaria]].

== Hereditas ==
Castiglionius unus ex praestantissimis sculptoribus Italicis saeculi vicensimi habetur. Multa eius opera in Italia et extra patriam visuntur. Per filios suos Achillem, Petrum Iacobum, et Livium, notos artifices designandi, etiam fundamenta posuit quod pater designandi Italici appellatur.  

Eius [[ars]] cum [[Lierna]], vico in ripa [[Lacus Comensis|Lacus Comensis]], coniungitur, ubi diu vixit et complura opera effinxit; ita vicus ipse tamquam [[museum]] sub divo describitur.

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Giannino Castiglioni|Ioanninum Castiglionium}}
* [http://www.fondazionecastiglioni.it/ Situs interretialis Operis Fundati Castiglioniani.]{{Nexus deficit|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}  
* [https://www.duomomilano.it/ Situs interretialis Cathedralis Mediolanensis.]

{{Lifetime|1884|1971|Castiglionius, Ioanninus}}
[[Categoria:Mediolanenses]]
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[[Fasciculus:Emilio Sommariva (1883 - 1956) Ritratto dello scultore Giannino Castiglioni (1884-1971).jpg|thumb|Ioanninus Castiglionius.]]

{{res|Ioanninus Castiglionius}}{{FD ref}} (natus ''Gioannino Castiglione'' [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]] die [[4 Maii]] [[1884]]; [[Liernia]]e mortuus die [[27 Augusti]] [[1971]]) fuit [[sculptor]] [[Italia|Italicus]], inter maximos [[saeculum 20|saeculi vicensimi]] habitus. Innotuit operibus monumentalibus quae disciplinam classicam cum nova arte coniunxerunt, ac pater fuit Achillis, Petri Iacobi, et Livi Castiglioniorum, clarorum [[artifex|artificum]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Designatioi|designandi|en|qid=Q82604}} Italici.

Giannino{{dubsig}} Castiglioni{{dubsig}}, proto-designator{{dubsig}} et habitus conditor [[Design italian|design Italici]]{{dubsig}}, fuit magister filiorum suorum [[Achille Castiglioni]]{{dubsig}}, [[Pier Giacomo Castiglioni]]{{dubsig}}, et [[Livio Castiglioni]]{{dubsig}}, qui facti sunt praecipui [[Design industriale|design industrialis Italici]]{{dubsig}}.

Per eorum novam [[Methodus Castiglionius]], in{{dubsig}} Lierna ad [[Lacus Comensis|lacum Comensem]]{{dubsig}} conceptam, adiuverunt{{dubsig}} ad definiendum [[Made in Italy]]{{dubsig}}, per orbem notum et celebratum. Eorum opera hodie exhibentur in [[Museum of Modern Art|MoMA Novi Eboraci]]{{dubsig}}.

== Vita ==
Ioanninus Castiglionius Mediolani natus est die 4 Maii 1884. Studuit apud [[Academia Brera|Academiam Brerensem]] in urbe patria, ubi [[ars plastica|artes plasticas]] et [[sculptura]]s didicit. Primum in Italia, deinde in aliis [[regio]]nibus, operibus monumentalibus se dedicavit, praesertim [[sacellum|sacellis]], [[sacrarium|sacrariis]], et [[monumentum|monumentis]] militaribus.

Ioannes Castiglioni investigationem artisticam suam evolvit per peculiarem attentionem ad phaenomena naturalia, inter quae motus et cursus aquae, quae argumentum frequens in fontibus suis atque operibus monumentalibus facta sunt. Hoc studium interdum in contextu traditionis Renascentiae de natura investiganda interpretatur, praesertim ratione habita observationum [[Leonardus da Vinci|Leonardi da Vinci]] de fluxibus et motibus aquae, quos tamquam systemata dynamica et vitalia concepit.&lt;ref&gt;E. Guglielmi, ''L'Arte del fare. Giannino Castiglioni scultore'', Skira, 2015, ISBN 9788857228358.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ob facultatem coniungendi investigationem plasticam, conceptionem spatii atque creationem elementorum utilium, Castiglioni in quibusdam interpretationibus habetur figura praecedens consilii Italici atque &quot;protodesignator&quot;. Eius opera non ad sculpturam tantum limitata sunt, sed etiam interventus architectonicos, supellectilem et res cotidianae usus comprehendebant, in quibus materia, forma et functio arcte inter se coniunctae erant.&lt;ref&gt;Sergio Polano, ''Achille Castiglioni: tutte le opere, 1938-2000'', Electa, 2001.&lt;/ref&gt;

In [[Lierna]], ad [[Lacus Larius|Lacum Larium]], ubi officinam suam habebat, Castiglioni multa opera fecit quae ad relationem inter artem, prospectum naturalem et spatium publicum pertinebant, inter quae fontes, opera monumentalia et ordinationes urbanas. Inter haec memorantur gradus plateae Liernae ad lacum ducentes, quasi imago cataractae interpretati, fons aquae Val Onedo atque fons aquae ranarum apud Villam Pini, ubi thema aquae locum centralem in compositione spatiali obtinet.

Haec ratio, observatione realitatis, experimentis materiae et investigatione essentialis fundata, postea cum dicto [[Metodo Castiglioni|Methodo Castiglioni]] coniuncta est. Ea per visionem artisticam quam Ioannes Castiglioni filiis suis [[Achille Castiglioni]], [[Pier Giacomo Castiglioni]] et [[Livio Castiglioni]] tradidit evoluta est atque ad culturam consilii Italici saeculi XX contulit. Haec conceptio etiam in operibus sicut [[Lierna (sedia)|sella Lierna]], ab Achille et Pier Giacomo Castiglioni designata, apparet.&lt;ref&gt;Fondazione Achille Castiglioni, ''Bibliografie'', https://workshop.fondazioneachillecastiglioni.it/bibliografie/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Analysis critica ==
Giannino{{dubsig}} Castiglioni{{dubsig}} hodie universaliter agnoscitur non solum ut praecipuus [[sculptura|sculptor]] Europae [[Saeculum XX]], sed etiam ut figura determinans in [[Sculptura Mundi|sculptura mundi]] saeculi vicesimi. Opera eius profundum dialogum inter [[Ars Classica|traditionem classicam]] et [[Ars Moderna|modernitatem]]{{dubsig}} repraesentat, valores universales ut [[Spiritualitas|spiritualitatem]], [[Memoria Collectiva|memoriam collectivam]]{{dubsig}} et [[Identitas Culturalis|identitatem culturalem]] coniungens, atque significanter afficit [[Design Industrialis]]{{dubsig}} hodiernus per [[Methodus Castiglioni]]{{dubsig}}, ut{{dubsig}} proto-designatio Italica recognita&lt;ref&gt;Franco Russoli, ''La scultura italiana del Novecento'', Milano, Electa, 1968.&lt;/ref&gt;. Creatio eius spatia urbana et sacra in loci aestheticae experientiae et meditationis philosophicae transformat, faciens [[Lierna]]{{dubsig}} circa [[Lacus Comensis|Lacum Comensem]]{{dubsig}} punctum inter gentes pro [[Turismus Culturalis|artibus peregrinantibus]],{{dubsig}} [[Critici Artis|criticis]]{{dubsig}} et [[Collectores Artis|collectoribus]]{{dubsig}}.&lt;ref&gt;Giovanni Agosti, ''Maestri lombardi del Novecento'', Milano, Skira, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

Contra contemporaneos ut [[Marino Marini]]{{dubsig}} vel [[Giacomo Manzù]],{{dubsig}} qui ad introspectivas et personales experimenta{{dubsig}} inclinati sunt, Castiglioni{{dubsig}} &quot;[[Realismus Monumentalis|realismum monumentalem]]&quot;{{dubsig}} evolvit, ubi claritas figurativa et densitas symbolica cum complexitate{{dubsig}} conceptuali confluunt, dialogum cum traditione et modernitate constituentes&lt;ref&gt;Paolo Biscottini, ''Arte sacra a Milano nel XX secolo'', Milano, Vita e Pensiero, 2004.&lt;/ref&gt;. [[Portae Sancti Ambrosii (Cathedrale Mediolanensis)|Portae]] [[Duomo Mediolanensis]],{{dubsig}} [[Relief|anaglyptha]]{{dubsig}} sacra, cycli sculpturales [[Universitas Catholica Sacri Cordis (Mediolanum)|Universitatis Catholicae Sacri Cordis]] et magni [[monumentum|monumenta]] in toto orbe corpus constituunt, ubi omnis opus est &quot;[[Locus Memoriae|locus memoriae]]&quot;, condensans historiam, spiritualitatem, et reflectionem{{dubsig}} [[ethica|ethicam]] et [[cultura|culturalem]] saeculi XX.&lt;ref&gt;Andrea Spiriti, ''Scultura sacra e memoria civile nel Novecento lombardo'', Como, NodoLibri, 2011.&lt;!-- + pagina? --&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Peritia eius in [[Aes|aere]] et [[Relief|anaglyphis]], una cum rara narratione visibili{{dubsig}} etiam in [[Pictura|picturis]], demonstrat unicam facultatem ad memoriam collectivam et problemata philosophico-existentialia in imagines evocativas transferendi&lt;ref&gt;Franco Russoli, op. cit.&lt;/ref&gt;. Castiglioni{{dubsig}} conceptum [[Monumentalitas|artis monumentalis modernae]] redefinit{{dubsig}} ut{{dubsig}} synthesis [[Spiritus|spiritualitatis]], testimonii historici et valoris aesthetici absoluti, creando opera quae directum dialogum cum publico globali et critica internationali instaurant&lt;ref&gt;Paolo Biscottini, op. cit.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Recuperatio [[Sketch|schematum]] et [[Modellus Praeparatorius|modellorum praeparatoriorum]]{{dubsig}} in{{dubsig}} annis recentibus plenam creativam autonomiam operum eius confirmavit, ostendens energiam compositivam, tensionem formalem et elegantiam methodologicam&lt;ref&gt;Giovanni Agosti, op. cit.&lt;/ref&gt;. Hoc unicum patrimonium Castiglioni{{dubsig}} consolidat ut{{dubsig}} figura indispensabilis pro [[Collectores Artis|collectoribus]] et [[Musea|museis internationalibus]], adiuvans [[Lierna]] ut{{dubsig}} nexus itinerariorum artisticorum et culturalium circa [[Lacus Comensis|Lacum Comensem]].{{dubsig}}

Per Castiglioni, [[sculptura Italica]] plene in circuitu [[Ars Mundi|artis mundi]] inseritur: capacitas eius ad coniungendum [[Monumentalitas|monumentalitatem]], [[Ars Sacra|sacralitatem]] et [[Ars Moderna|innovationem]] eum non solum nationalem referentiam facit, sed magistrum universalem, cuius pondus conceptuale et potentia expressiva aequat [[Auguste Rodin]]{{dubsig}}, [[Aristide Maillol]]{{dubsig}}, vel [[Henry Moore]]{{dubsig}}&lt;ref&gt;Andrea Spiriti, op. cit.&lt;/ref&gt;. Omnis opus fit intensa et meditativa experientia aesthetica, capax attrahendi visitatores, studiosos et amatores artis ex toto orbe.

== Opera selecta ==
* Sculpturae pro [[Duomo Mediolanense|Cathedrali Mediolanensi]] (porta principalis).
* Monumenta militum in [[Monte Grappa]] et [[Redipuglia]]{{dubsig}} (Sacrarium Militare).  
* ''Templum Ossarium Timavi'' in Carnia.{{dubsig}}
* Monumentum in honorem Papae Pii XI in [[Desio]]{{dubsig}}.
* Sculpturae pro ''Palatio Legislativo'' [[Montevideo]] in [[Uraquaria]].

== Hereditas ==
Castiglionius unus ex praestantissimis sculptoribus Italicis saeculi vicensimi habetur. Multa eius opera in Italia et extra patriam visuntur. Per filios suos Achillem, Petrum Iacobum, et Livium, notos artifices designandi, etiam fundamenta posuit quod pater designandi Italici appellatur.  

Eius [[ars]] cum [[Lierna]], vico in ripa [[Lacus Comensis|Lacus Comensis]], coniungitur, ubi diu vixit et complura opera effinxit; ita vicus ipse tamquam [[museum]] sub divo describitur.

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Giannino Castiglioni|Ioanninum Castiglionium}}
* [http://www.fondazionecastiglioni.it/ Situs interretialis Operis Fundati Castiglioniani.]{{Nexus deficit|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}  
* [https://www.duomomilano.it/ Situs interretialis Cathedralis Mediolanensis.]

{{Lifetime|1884|1971|Castiglionius, Ioanninus}}
[[Categoria:Mediolanenses]]
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[[Fasciculus:Emilio Sommariva (1883 - 1956) Ritratto dello scultore Giannino Castiglioni (1884-1971).jpg|thumb|Ioanninus Castiglionius.]]

{{res|Ioanninus Castiglionius}}{{FD ref}} (natus ''Gioannino Castiglione'' [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]] die [[4 Maii]] [[1884]]; [[Liernia]]e mortuus die [[27 Augusti]] [[1971]]) fuit [[sculptor]] [[Italia|Italicus]], inter maximos [[saeculum 20|saeculi vicensimi]] habitus. Innotuit operibus monumentalibus quae disciplinam classicam cum nova arte coniunxerunt, ac pater fuit Achillis, Petri Iacobi, et Livi Castiglioniorum, clarorum [[artifex|artificum]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Designatioi|designandi|en|qid=Q82604}} Italici.

Giannino{{dubsig}} Castiglioni{{dubsig}}, proto-designator{{dubsig}} et habitus conditor [[Design italian|design Italici]]{{dubsig}}, fuit magister filiorum suorum [[Achille Castiglioni]]{{dubsig}}, [[Pier Giacomo Castiglioni]]{{dubsig}}, et [[Livio Castiglioni]]{{dubsig}}, qui facti sunt praecipui [[Design industriale|design industrialis Italici]]{{dubsig}}.

Per eorum novam [[Methodus Castiglionius]], in{{dubsig}} Lierna ad [[Lacus Comensis|lacum Comensem]]{{dubsig}} conceptam, adiuverunt{{dubsig}} ad definiendum [[Made in Italy]]{{dubsig}}, per orbem notum et celebratum. Eorum opera hodie exhibentur in [[Museum of Modern Art|MoMA Novi Eboraci]]{{dubsig}}.

== Vita ==
Ioanninus Castiglionius Mediolani natus est die 4 Maii 1884. Studuit apud [[Academia Brera|Academiam Brerensem]] in urbe patria, ubi [[ars plastica|artes plasticas]] et [[sculptura]]s didicit. Primum in Italia, deinde in aliis [[regio]]nibus, operibus monumentalibus se dedicavit, praesertim [[sacellum|sacellis]], [[sacrarium|sacrariis]], et [[monumentum|monumentis]] militaribus.

Ioannes Castiglioni investigationem artisticam suam evolvit per peculiarem attentionem ad phaenomena naturalia, inter quae motus et cursus aquae, quae argumentum frequens in fontibus suis atque operibus monumentalibus facta sunt. Hoc studium interdum in contextu traditionis Renascentiae de natura investiganda interpretatur, praesertim ratione habita observationum [[Leonardus da Vinci|Leonardi da Vinci]] de fluxibus et motibus aquae, quos tamquam systemata dynamica et vitalia concepit.&lt;ref&gt;E. Guglielmi, ''L'Arte del fare. Giannino Castiglioni scultore'', Skira, 2015, ISBN 9788857228358.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ob facultatem coniungendi investigationem plasticam, conceptionem spatii atque creationem elementorum utilium, Castiglioni in quibusdam interpretationibus habetur figura praecedens consilii Italici atque &quot;protodesignator&quot;. Eius opera non ad sculpturam tantum limitata sunt, sed etiam interventus architectonicos, supellectilem et res cotidianae usus comprehendebant, in quibus materia, forma et functio arcte inter se coniunctae erant.&lt;ref&gt;Sergio Polano, ''Achille Castiglioni: tutte le opere, 1938-2000'', Electa, 2001.&lt;/ref&gt;

In [[Lierna]], ad [[Lacus Larius|Lacum Larium]], ubi officinam suam habebat, Castiglioni multa opera fecit quae ad relationem inter artem, prospectum naturalem et spatium publicum pertinebant, inter quae fontes, opera monumentalia et ordinationes urbanas. Inter haec memorantur gradus plateae Liernae ad lacum ducentes, quasi imago cataractae interpretati, fons aquae Val Onedo atque fons aquae ranarum apud Villam Pini, ubi thema aquae locum centralem in compositione spatiali obtinet.

Haec ratio, observatione realitatis, experimentis materiae et investigatione essentialis fundata, postea cum dicto [[Metodo Castiglioni|Methodo Castiglioni]] coniuncta est. Ea per visionem artisticam quam Ioannes Castiglioni filiis suis [[Achille Castiglioni]], [[Pier Giacomo Castiglioni]] et [[Livio Castiglioni]] tradidit evoluta est atque ad culturam consilii Italici saeculi XX contulit. Haec conceptio etiam in operibus sicut [[Lierna (sedia)|sella Lierna]], ab Achille et Pier Giacomo Castiglioni designata, apparet.&lt;ref&gt;Fondazione Achille Castiglioni, ''Bibliografie'', https://workshop.fondazioneachillecastiglioni.it/bibliografie/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Analysis critica ==
Giannino{{dubsig}} Castiglioni{{dubsig}} hodie universaliter agnoscitur non solum ut praecipuus [[sculptura|sculptor]] Europae [[Saeculum XX]], sed etiam ut figura determinans in [[Sculptura Mundi|sculptura mundi]] saeculi vicesimi. Opera eius profundum dialogum inter [[Ars Classica|traditionem classicam]] et [[Ars Moderna|modernitatem]]{{dubsig}} repraesentat, valores universales ut [[Spiritualitas|spiritualitatem]], [[Memoria Collectiva|memoriam collectivam]]{{dubsig}} et [[Identitas Culturalis|identitatem culturalem]] coniungens, atque significanter afficit [[Design Industrialis]]{{dubsig}} hodiernus per [[Methodus Castiglioni]]{{dubsig}}, ut{{dubsig}} proto-designatio Italica recognita&lt;ref&gt;Franco Russoli, ''La scultura italiana del Novecento'', Milano, Electa, 1968.&lt;/ref&gt;. Creatio eius spatia urbana et sacra in loci aestheticae experientiae et meditationis philosophicae transformat, faciens [[Lierna]]{{dubsig}} circa [[Lacus Comensis|Lacum Comensem]]{{dubsig}} punctum inter gentes pro [[Turismus Culturalis|artibus peregrinantibus]],{{dubsig}} [[Critici Artis|criticis]]{{dubsig}} et [[Collectores Artis|collectoribus]]{{dubsig}}.&lt;ref&gt;Giovanni Agosti, ''Maestri lombardi del Novecento'', Milano, Skira, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

Contra contemporaneos ut [[Marino Marini]]{{dubsig}} vel [[Giacomo Manzù]],{{dubsig}} qui ad introspectivas et personales experimenta{{dubsig}} inclinati sunt, Castiglioni{{dubsig}} &quot;[[Realismus Monumentalis|realismum monumentalem]]&quot;{{dubsig}} evolvit, ubi claritas figurativa et densitas symbolica cum complexitate{{dubsig}} conceptuali confluunt, dialogum cum traditione et modernitate constituentes&lt;ref&gt;Paolo Biscottini, ''Arte sacra a Milano nel XX secolo'', Milano, Vita e Pensiero, 2004.&lt;/ref&gt;. [[Portae Sancti Ambrosii (Cathedrale Mediolanensis)|Portae]] [[Duomo Mediolanensis]],{{dubsig}} [[Relief|anaglyptha]]{{dubsig}} sacra, cycli sculpturales [[Universitas Catholica Sacri Cordis (Mediolanum)|Universitatis Catholicae Sacri Cordis]] et magni [[monumentum|monumenta]] in toto orbe corpus constituunt, ubi omnis opus est &quot;[[Locus Memoriae|locus memoriae]]&quot;, condensans historiam, spiritualitatem, et reflectionem{{dubsig}} [[ethica|ethicam]] et [[cultura|culturalem]] saeculi XX.&lt;ref&gt;Andrea Spiriti, ''Scultura sacra e memoria civile nel Novecento lombardo'', Como, NodoLibri, 2011.&lt;!-- + pagina? --&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Peritia eius in [[Aes|aere]] et [[Relief|anaglyphis]], una cum rara narratione visibili{{dubsig}} etiam in [[Pictura|picturis]], demonstrat unicam facultatem ad memoriam collectivam et problemata philosophico-existentialia in imagines evocativas transferendi&lt;ref&gt;Franco Russoli, op. cit.&lt;/ref&gt;. Castiglioni{{dubsig}} conceptum [[Monumentalitas|artis monumentalis modernae]] redefinit{{dubsig}} ut{{dubsig}} synthesis [[Spiritus|spiritualitatis]], testimonii historici et valoris aesthetici absoluti, creando opera quae directum dialogum cum publico globali et critica internationali instaurant&lt;ref&gt;Paolo Biscottini, op. cit.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Recuperatio [[Sketch|schematum]] et [[Modellus Praeparatorius|modellorum praeparatoriorum]]{{dubsig}} in{{dubsig}} annis recentibus plenam creativam autonomiam operum eius confirmavit, ostendens energiam compositivam, tensionem formalem et elegantiam methodologicam&lt;ref&gt;Giovanni Agosti, op. cit.&lt;/ref&gt;. Hoc unicum patrimonium Castiglioni{{dubsig}} consolidat ut{{dubsig}} figura indispensabilis pro [[Collectores Artis|collectoribus]] et [[Musea|museis internationalibus]], adiuvans [[Lierna]] ut{{dubsig}} nexus itinerariorum artisticorum et culturalium circa [[Lacus Comensis|Lacum Comensem]].{{dubsig}}

Per Castiglioni, [[sculptura Italica]] plene in circuitu [[Ars Mundi|artis mundi]] inseritur: capacitas eius ad coniungendum [[Monumentalitas|monumentalitatem]], [[Ars Sacra|sacralitatem]] et [[Ars Moderna|innovationem]] eum non solum nationalem referentiam facit, sed magistrum universalem, cuius pondus conceptuale et potentia expressiva aequat [[Auguste Rodin]]{{dubsig}}, [[Aristide Maillol]]{{dubsig}}, vel [[Henry Moore]]{{dubsig}}&lt;ref&gt;Andrea Spiriti, op. cit.&lt;/ref&gt;. Omnis opus fit intensa et meditativa experientia aesthetica, capax attrahendi visitatores, studiosos et amatores artis ex toto orbe.

== Opera selecta ==
* Sculpturae pro [[Duomo Mediolanense|Cathedrali Mediolanensi]] (porta principalis).
* Monumenta militum in [[Monte Grappa]] et [[Redipuglia]]{{dubsig}} (Sacrarium Militare).  
* ''Templum Ossarium Timavi'' in Carnia.{{dubsig}}
* Monumentum in honorem Papae Pii XI in [[Desio]]{{dubsig}}.
* Sculpturae pro ''Palatio Legislativo'' [[Montevideo]] in [[Uraquaria]].

== Hereditas ==
Castiglionius unus ex praestantissimis sculptoribus Italicis saeculi vicensimi habetur. Multa eius opera in Italia et extra patriam visuntur. Per filios suos Achillem, Petrum Iacobum, et Livium, notos artifices designandi, etiam fundamenta posuit quod pater designandi Italici appellatur.  

Eius [[ars]] cum [[Lierna]], vico in ripa [[Lacus Comensis|Lacus Comensis]], coniungitur, ubi diu vixit et complura opera effinxit; ita vicus ipse tamquam [[museum]] sub divo describitur.

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Giannino Castiglioni|Ioanninum Castiglionium}}
* [http://www.fondazionecastiglioni.it/ Situs interretialis Operis Fundati Castiglioniani.]{{Nexus deficit|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}  
* [https://www.duomomilano.it/ Situs interretialis Cathedralis Mediolanensis.]

{{Lifetime|1884|1971|Castiglionius, Ioanninus}}
[[Categoria:Mediolanenses]]
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[[Fasciculus:Emilio Sommariva (1883 - 1956) Ritratto dello scultore Giannino Castiglioni (1884-1971).jpg|thumb|Ioanninus Castiglionius.]]

{{res|Ioanninus Castiglionius}}{{FD ref}} (natus ''Gioannino Castiglione'' [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]] die [[4 Maii]] [[1884]]; [[Liernia]]e mortuus die [[27 Augusti]] [[1971]]) fuit [[sculptor]] [[Italia|Italicus]], inter maximos [[saeculum 20|saeculi vicensimi]] habitus. Innotuit operibus monumentalibus quae disciplinam classicam cum nova arte coniunxerunt, ac pater fuit Achillis, Petri Iacobi, et Livi Castiglioniorum, clarorum [[artifex|artificum]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Designatioi|designandi|en|qid=Q82604}} Italici.

Giannino{{dubsig}} Castiglioni{{dubsig}}, proto-designator{{dubsig}} et habitus conditor [[Design italian|design Italici]]{{dubsig}}, fuit magister filiorum suorum [[Achille Castiglioni]]{{dubsig}}, [[Pier Giacomo Castiglioni]]{{dubsig}}, et [[Livio Castiglioni]]{{dubsig}}, qui facti sunt praecipui [[Design industriale|design industrialis Italici]]{{dubsig}}.

Per eorum novam [[Methodus Castiglionius]], in{{dubsig}} Lierna ad [[Lacus Comensis|lacum Comensem]]{{dubsig}} conceptam, adiuverunt{{dubsig}} ad definiendum [[Made in Italy]]{{dubsig}}, per orbem notum et celebratum. Eorum opera hodie exhibentur in [[Museum of Modern Art|MoMA Novi Eboraci]]{{dubsig}}.

== Vita ==
Ioanninus Castiglionius Mediolani natus est die 4 Maii 1884. Studuit apud [[Academia Brera|Academiam Brerensem]] in urbe patria, ubi [[ars plastica|artes plasticas]] et [[sculptura]]s didicit. Primum in Italia, deinde in aliis [[regio]]nibus, operibus monumentalibus se dedicavit, praesertim [[sacellum|sacellis]], [[sacrarium|sacrariis]], et [[monumentum|monumentis]] militaribus.

Ioannes Castiglioni investigationem artisticam suam evolvit per peculiarem attentionem ad phaenomena naturalia, inter quae motus et cursus aquae, quae argumentum frequens in fontibus suis atque operibus monumentalibus facta sunt. Hoc studium interdum in contextu traditionis Renascentiae de natura investiganda interpretatur, praesertim ratione habita observationum [[Leonardus da Vinci|Leonardi da Vinci]] de fluxibus et motibus aquae, quos tamquam systemata dynamica et vitalia concepit.&lt;ref&gt;E. Guglielmi, ''L'Arte del fare. Giannino Castiglioni scultore'', Skira, 2015, ISBN 9788857228358.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ob facultatem coniungendi investigationem plasticam, conceptionem spatii atque creationem elementorum utilium, Castiglioni in quibusdam interpretationibus habetur figura praecedens consilii Italici atque &quot;protodesignator&quot;. Eius opera non ad sculpturam tantum limitata sunt, sed etiam interventus architectonicos, supellectilem et res cotidianae usus comprehendebant, in quibus materia, forma et functio arcte inter se coniunctae erant.&lt;ref&gt;Sergio Polano, ''Achille Castiglioni: tutte le opere, 1938-2000'', Electa, 2001.&lt;/ref&gt;

In [[Lierna]], ad [[Lacus Larius|Lacum Larium]], ubi officinam suam habebat, Castiglioni multa opera fecit quae ad relationem inter artem, prospectum naturalem et spatium publicum pertinebant, inter quae fontes, opera monumentalia et ordinationes urbanas. Inter haec memorantur gradus plateae Liernae ad lacum ducentes, quasi imago cataractae interpretati, fons aquae Val Onedo atque fons aquae ranarum apud Villam Pini, ubi thema aquae locum centralem in compositione spatiali obtinet.

Haec ratio, observatione realitatis, experimentis materiae et investigatione essentialis fundata, postea cum dicto [[Metodo Castiglioni|Methodo Castiglioni]] coniuncta est. Ea per visionem artisticam quam Ioannes Castiglioni filiis suis [[Achille Castiglioni]], [[Pier Giacomo Castiglioni]] et [[Livio Castiglioni]] tradidit evoluta est atque ad culturam consilii Italici saeculi XX contulit. Haec conceptio etiam in operibus sicut [[Lierna (sedia)|sella Lierna]], ab Achille et Pier Giacomo Castiglioni designata, apparet.&lt;ref&gt;Fondazione Achille Castiglioni, ''Bibliografie'', https://workshop.fondazioneachillecastiglioni.it/bibliografie/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Analysis critica ==
Giannino{{dubsig}} Castiglioni{{dubsig}} hodie universaliter agnoscitur non solum ut praecipuus [[sculptura|sculptor]] Europae [[Saeculum XX]], sed etiam ut figura determinans in [[Sculptura Mundi|sculptura mundi]] saeculi vicesimi. Opera eius profundum dialogum inter [[Ars Classica|traditionem classicam]] et [[Ars Moderna|modernitatem]]{{dubsig}} repraesentat, valores universales ut [[Spiritualitas|spiritualitatem]], [[Memoria Collectiva|memoriam collectivam]]{{dubsig}} et [[Identitas Culturalis|identitatem culturalem]] coniungens, atque significanter afficit [[Design Industrialis]]{{dubsig}} hodiernus per [[Methodus Castiglioni]]{{dubsig}}, ut{{dubsig}} proto-designatio Italica recognita&lt;ref&gt;Franco Russoli, ''La scultura italiana del Novecento'', Milano, Electa, 1968.&lt;/ref&gt;. Creatio eius spatia urbana et sacra in loci aestheticae experientiae et meditationis philosophicae transformat, faciens [[Lierna]]{{dubsig}} circa [[Lacus Comensis|Lacum Comensem]]{{dubsig}} punctum inter gentes pro [[Turismus Culturalis|artibus peregrinantibus]],{{dubsig}} [[Critici Artis|criticis]]{{dubsig}} et [[Collectores Artis|collectoribus]]{{dubsig}}.&lt;ref&gt;Giovanni Agosti, ''Maestri lombardi del Novecento'', Milano, Skira, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

Contra contemporaneos ut [[Marino Marini]]{{dubsig}} vel [[Giacomo Manzù]],{{dubsig}} qui ad introspectivas et personales experimenta{{dubsig}} inclinati sunt, Castiglioni{{dubsig}} &quot;[[Realismus Monumentalis|realismum monumentalem]]&quot;{{dubsig}} evolvit, ubi claritas figurativa et densitas symbolica cum complexitate{{dubsig}} conceptuali confluunt, dialogum cum traditione et modernitate constituentes&lt;ref&gt;Paolo Biscottini, ''Arte sacra a Milano nel XX secolo'', Milano, Vita e Pensiero, 2004.&lt;/ref&gt;. [[Portae Sancti Ambrosii (Cathedrale Mediolanensis)|Portae]] [[Duomo Mediolanensis]],{{dubsig}} [[Relief|anaglyptha]]{{dubsig}} sacra, cycli sculpturales [[Universitas Catholica Sacri Cordis (Mediolanum)|Universitatis Catholicae Sacri Cordis]] et magni [[monumentum|monumenta]] in toto orbe corpus constituunt, ubi omnis opus est &quot;[[Locus Memoriae|locus memoriae]]&quot;, condensans historiam, spiritualitatem, et reflectionem{{dubsig}} [[ethica|ethicam]] et [[cultura|culturalem]] saeculi XX.&lt;ref&gt;Andrea Spiriti, ''Scultura sacra e memoria civile nel Novecento lombardo'', Como, NodoLibri, 2011.&lt;!-- + pagina? --&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Peritia eius in [[Aes|aere]] et [[Relief|anaglyphis]], una cum rara narratione visibili{{dubsig}} etiam in [[Pictura|picturis]], demonstrat unicam facultatem ad memoriam collectivam et problemata philosophico-existentialia in imagines evocativas transferendi&lt;ref&gt;Franco Russoli, op. cit.&lt;/ref&gt;. Castiglioni{{dubsig}} conceptum [[Monumentalitas|artis monumentalis modernae]] redefinit{{dubsig}} ut{{dubsig}} synthesis [[Spiritus|spiritualitatis]], testimonii historici et valoris aesthetici absoluti, creando opera quae directum dialogum cum publico globali et critica internationali instaurant&lt;ref&gt;Paolo Biscottini, op. cit.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Recuperatio [[Sketch|schematum]] et [[Modellus Praeparatorius|modellorum praeparatoriorum]]{{dubsig}} in{{dubsig}} annis recentibus plenam creativam autonomiam operum eius confirmavit, ostendens energiam compositivam, tensionem formalem et elegantiam methodologicam&lt;ref&gt;Giovanni Agosti, op. cit.&lt;/ref&gt;. Hoc unicum patrimonium Castiglioni{{dubsig}} consolidat ut{{dubsig}} figura indispensabilis pro [[Collectores Artis|collectoribus]] et [[Musea|museis internationalibus]], adiuvans [[Lierna]] ut{{dubsig}} nexus itinerariorum artisticorum et culturalium circa [[Lacus Comensis|Lacum Comensem]].{{dubsig}}

Per Castiglioni, [[sculptura Italica]] plene in circuitu [[Ars Mundi|artis mundi]] inseritur: capacitas eius ad coniungendum [[Monumentalitas|monumentalitatem]], [[Ars Sacra|sacralitatem]] et [[Ars Moderna|innovationem]] eum non solum nationalem referentiam facit, sed magistrum universalem, cuius pondus conceptuale et potentia expressiva aequat [[Auguste Rodin]]{{dubsig}}, [[Aristide Maillol]]{{dubsig}}, vel [[Henry Moore]]{{dubsig}}&lt;ref&gt;Andrea Spiriti, op. cit.&lt;/ref&gt;. Omnis opus fit intensa et meditativa experientia aesthetica, capax attrahendi visitatores, studiosos et amatores artis ex toto orbe.

== Opera selecta ==
* Sculpturae pro [[Duomo Mediolanense|Cathedrali Mediolanensi]] (porta principalis).
* Monumenta militum in [[Monte Grappa]] et [[Redipuglia]]{{dubsig}} (Sacrarium Militare).  
* ''Templum Ossarium Timavi'' in Carnia.{{dubsig}}
* Monumentum in honorem Papae Pii XI in [[Desio]]{{dubsig}}.
* Sculpturae pro ''Palatio Legislativo'' [[Montevideo]] in [[Uraquaria]].

== Hereditas ==
Castiglionius unus ex praestantissimis sculptoribus Italicis saeculi vicensimi habetur. Multa eius opera in Italia et extra patriam visuntur. Per filios suos Achillem, Petrum Iacobum, et Livium, notos artifices designandi, etiam fundamenta posuit quod pater designandi Italici appellatur.  

Eius [[ars]] cum [[Lierna]], vico in ripa [[Lacus Comensis|Lacus Comensis]], coniungitur, ubi diu vixit et complura opera effinxit; ita vicus ipse tamquam [[museum]] sub divo describitur.

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Giannino Castiglioni|Ioanninum Castiglionium}}
* [http://www.fondazionecastiglioni.it/ Situs interretialis Operis Fundati Castiglioniani.]{{Nexus deficit|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}  
* [https://www.duomomilano.it/ Situs interretialis Cathedralis Mediolanensis.]

{{Lifetime|1884|1971|Castiglionius, Ioanninus}}
[[Categoria:Mediolanenses]]
[[Categoria:Sculptores Italici]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Vicipaedia:Vexatissimae paginae</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>322394</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3972916</id>
      <parentid>3948646</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-19T18:12:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Paginae quae infeste denuo creantur */ +[[Methodus Castiglionius]]; +[[Porta Castiglionius]]</comment>
      <origin>3972916</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1349" sha1="1o37w514igkup7vta6g0b6e8enudb8p" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:LCV.svg|thumb|Legio Contra Vandalismum]]
{{Compendia paginae|VP:VEX}}

Hic nonnullae commentationes numerantur [[#Paginae saepe vexatae|quae saepe vexantur]] aut [[#Paginae quae infeste denuo creantur|infeste denuo creantur]]. Si novas commentationes invenis, quaesumus, adde huic indici. Haec pagina {{Tempus|{{REVISIONTIMESTAMP}}|forma = \d\i\e [[j xg]] [[Y]], \h\o\r\ā H:i:s}} novissime recensa est.

== Paginae saepe vexatae ==
Hae paginae saepe vexantur ([[Special:Purge/{{FULLPAGENAME}}|renovare]]):

{{Index paginarum observatarum
	| Fraxinetum
	| Larius lacus
	| Liernia
}}

== Paginae quae infeste denuo creantur ==
His nexibus color ruber est ostendendus, quia infeste iterum iterumque creantur:
* [[Familia Nantolio]]—etiam [[Nantolio]], [[Amadeus de Natolio]], [[Natoli (familia)]]
* [[J-Pimp]]—etiam [[J-Pimp (rapianus)]], [[J-Pimp (rapper)]], [[Joel Filsaime]]
* [[Acuculae Geronis]]—etiam [[Gugliae Geronis]]
* [[Cataractae Vallis Malborensis]]
* [[Methodus Castiglionius]], [[Porta Castiglionius]]

{{NexInt}}
* [[Vicipaedia:Malefactor]]
* [[Vicipaedia:Tutela]]
* [[:Categoria:Disputationes paginarum cum usoribus conexis]]
* {{Fn|Pagina vandalica}}
* {{Fn|Pagina infeste propagata}}
* {{Fn|Auctores conexi}}
* {{Fn|Disputationes orbae}}

{{Vicitextus mutabilis}}
[[Categoria:Vicipaedia]]
[[Categoria:Corrigenda]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Certamen Mundanum Pedilusorium (2026)</title>
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    <id>323833</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-20T04:22:28Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Bartholomite</username>
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      <text bytes="8814" sha1="ib35vna2v4v4pox0ohp4hk2pbqssskf" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:2026 FIFA World Cup emblem darkmode.svg|thumb|upright=0.5|[[Logotypus]] certaminis.]] 

{{res|Certamen Mundanum Pediludicum}} anni [[2026]] in [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitatibus Foederatis Americae]], [[Mexicum|Mexico]], et [[Canada]] a turmis athleticis [[Pediludium|pediludicis]] virilibus a die [[11 Iunii|11]] [[Iunius|Iunii]] 2026 usque ad diem [[19 Iulii|19]] [[Iulius|Iulii]] 2026 celebratum erit. [[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Hispanica]] vincit die [[17 Iulii]]. [[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Argentina|Argentina]] secunda et [[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Anglica|Anglia]] tertia sunt.

== Participes certaminis civitates ==

[[Fasciculus:2026_world_cup_qualification_map.svg|thumb|[[Caeruleus]]: civitates ludentes; [[Azureus]]: civitates in qualificationes; [[Flavus]]: civitates non ludentes; [[Niger (color)|Niger]]: civitates exclusae.]] 

{{div col incipitur|5}} 

* [[Fasciculus:Flag of Canada.svg|20x20px]] [[Canada]]
* [[Fasciculus:Flag of USA.svg|20x20px]] [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] 
* [[Fasciculus:Flag of Mexico.svg|20x20px]] [[Mexicum]]
* [[Fasciculus:Flag of Ecuador.svg|20x20px]] [[Aequatoria]]
* [[Fasciculus:Flag of Egypt.svg|20x20px]] [[Aegyptus]]
* [[Fasciculus:Flag of South Africa.svg|20x20px]] [[Africa Australis]]
* [[Fasciculus:Flag of Algeria.svg|20x20px]] [[Algerium]]
* [[Fasciculus:Flag of England.svg|20x20px]] [[Anglia]]
* [[Fasciculus:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg|20x20px]] [[Arabia Saudita]]
* [[Fasciculus:Flag of Argentina.svg|20x20px]] [[Argentina]]
* [[Fasciculus:Flag of Australia.svg|20x20px]] [[Australia]]
* [[Fasciculus:Flag of Austria.svg|20x20px]] [[Austria]]
* [[Fasciculus:Flag of Belgium.svg|20x20px]] [[Belgica]]
* [[Fasciculus:Flag of Brazil.svg|20x20px]] [[Brasilia]]
* [[Fasciculus:Flag of Cape Verde.svg|20x20px]] [[Res publica Capitis Viridis|Caput Viride]]
* [[Fasciculus:Flag of Colombia.svg|20x20px]] [[Columbia]]
* [[Fasciculus:Flag of South Korea.svg|20x20px]] [[Res publica Coreana]]
* [[Fasciculus:Flag of Croatia.svg|20x20px]] [[Croatia]]
* [[Fasciculus:Flag of Curaçao.svg|20x20px]] [[Curassavia]]
* [[Fasciculus:Flag of France.svg|20x20px]] [[Francogallia]]
* [[Fasciculus:Flag of Germany.svg|20x20px]] [[Germania]]
* [[Fasciculus:Flag of Ghana.svg|20x20px]] [[Gana]]
* [[Fasciculus:Flag of Haiti.svg|20x20px]] [[Haitia]]
* [[Fasciculus:Flag of Switzerland.svg|20x20px]] [[Helvetia]]
* [[Fasciculus:Flag of Spain.svg|20x20px]] '''[[Hispania]]'''
* [[Fasciculus:Flag of Japan.svg|20x20px]] [[Iaponia]]
* [[Fasciculus:Flag of Jordan.svg|20x20px]] [[Iordania]]
* [[Fasciculus:Flag of Ivory Coast.svg|20x20px]] [[Litus Eburneum]]
* [[Fasciculus:Flag of Morocco.svg|20x20px]] [[Marocum]]
* [[Fasciculus:Flag of Netherlands.svg|20x20px]] [[Nederlandia]]
* [[Fasciculus:Flag of New Zealand.svg|20x20px]] [[Nova Zelandia]]
* [[Fasciculus:Flag of Norway.svg|20x20px]] [[Norvegia]]
* [[Fasciculus:Flag of Panama.svg|20x20px]] [[Panama]]
* [[Fasciculus:Flag of Paraguay.svg|20x20px]] [[Paraquaria]]
* [[Fasciculus:Flag of Portugal.svg|20x20px]] [[Portugallia]]
* [[Fasciculus:Flag of Qatar.svg|20x20px]] [[Quataria]]
* [[Fasciculus:Flag of Scotland.svg|20x20px]] [[Scotia]]
* [[Fasciculus:Flag of Senegal.svg|20x20px]] [[Senegalia]]
* [[Fasciculus:Flag of Tunisia.svg|20x20px]] [[Tunesia]]
* [[Fasciculus:Flag of Uruguay.svg|20x20px]] [[Uruquaria]]
* [[Fasciculus:Flag of Uzbekistan.svg|20x20px]] [[Uzbecia]]

{{div col finitur}}

== Loci ludorum ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+ Index locorum ludorum
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Urbs
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Stadium
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Capacitas
! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Imago
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;Dallasium&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Flag of USA.svg|20x20px]] [[Dallasium]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[Arlintonia (Texia)|Arlintonia in Texia]])&lt;/small&gt;
| [[Stadium AT&amp;T]]&lt;br /&gt;'''{{small|(Stadium Dallasiensis)}}'''
| '''94,000'''
| [[Fasciculus:Cowboys stadium inside view 4.JPG|frameless]]
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;Mexicopolis&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Flag of Mexico.svg|20x20px]] [[Mexicopolis]]
| [[Stadium Azteca]]&lt;br /&gt;'''{{small|(Stadium Mexicopoliensis)}}'''
| '''83,000'''
| [[Fasciculus:Soccer game at the Azteca Stadium.JPG|frameless]]
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;Novum Eboracum&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Flag of USA.svg|20x20px]] [[Novum Eboracum]]/[[Nova Caesarea]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[Rutherfordia Orientalis]] in [[Nova Caesarea]])&lt;/small&gt;
| [[Stadium MetLife]]&lt;br /&gt;'''{{small|(Stadium Neo-Eboracensis/Neo-Caesariensis)}}'''
| '''82,500'''
| [[Fasciculus:Copa America game between Columbia vs Peru at the MetLife Stadium.jpg|frameless]]
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;Atlanta&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Flag of USA.svg|20x20px]] [[Atlanta]]
| [[Stadium Mercedes-Benz]]&lt;br /&gt;'''{{small|(Stadium Atlantensis)}}'''
| '''75,000'''
| [[Fasciculus:2017 Orlando City at Atlanta United MLS Game.jpg|frameless]]
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;Kansanopolis&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Flag of USA.svg|20x20px]] [[Kansanopolis (Missuria)|Kansanopolis]] in [[Missuria]]
| [[Stadium Arrowhead]]&lt;br /&gt;'''{{small|(Stadium Kansanopoliensis)}}'''
| '''73,000'''
| [[Fasciculus:25 July 2010 Kansas City Wizards vs Manchester United friendly.jpg|frameless]]
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;Hustonia&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Flag of USA.svg|20x20px]] [[Hustonia]]
| [[Stadium NRG]]&lt;br /&gt;'''{{small|(Stadium Hustoniensis)}}'''
| '''72,000'''
| [[Fasciculus:NRG Stadium, LEAGUES CUP 2024 TIGRES INTER MIAMI.jnp.jpg|frameless]]
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;Franciscopolis&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Flag of USA.svg|20x20px]] [[Regio Sinuosa Franciscopolis]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[Santa Clara Comitatus]])&lt;/small&gt;
| [[Stadium Levii]]&lt;br /&gt;'''{{small|(Stadium Franciscopoliensis)}}'''
| '''71,000'''
| [[Fasciculus:Entering Levi's Stadium.JPG|frameless]]
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;Angelopolis&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Flag of USA.svg|20x20px]] [[Angelopolis]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[Inglewood]])&lt;/small&gt;
| [[Stadium SoFi]]&lt;br /&gt;'''{{small|(Stadium Angelopoliensis)}}'''
| '''70,000'''
| [[Fasciculus:SoFi Stadium 23rd March 2025.jpg|frameless]]
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;Philadelphia&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Flag of USA.svg|20x20px]] [[Philadelphia]]
| [[Stadium Lincoln Financial]]&lt;br /&gt;'''{{small|(Stadium Philadelphiensis)}}'''
| '''69,000'''
| [[Fasciculus:United States v Paraguay, Copa América Centenario (cropped).jpg|frameless]]
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;Seattlum&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Flag of USA.svg|20x20px]] [[Seattlum]]
| [[Stadium Lumen]]&lt;br /&gt;'''{{small|(Stadium Seattlensis)}}'''
| '''69,000'''
| [[Fasciculus:2025 FIFA Club World Cup - Seattle Sounders FC vs. Botafogo - 03.jpg|frameless]]
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;Bostonia&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Flag of USA.svg|20x20px]] [[Bostonia]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[Foxborough (Massachusetta)|Foxborough]] in [[Massachusetta]])&lt;/small&gt;
| [[Stadium Gillette]]&lt;br /&gt;'''{{small|(Stadium Bostoniensis)}}'''
| '''65,000'''
| [[Fasciculus:New England Revolution vs Liga Deportivo Alajuense 2024-03-06 53571677017.jpg|frameless|Gillette Stadium]]
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;Miamia&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Flag of USA.svg|20x20px]] [[Miamia]]
| [[Stadium Hard Rock]]&lt;br /&gt;'''{{small|(Stadium Miamiensis)}}'''
| '''65,000'''
| [[Fasciculus:Hard Rock Stadium Club World Cup.jpg|frameless]]
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;Vancuverium&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Flag of Canada.svg|20x20px]] [[Vancuverium]]
| [[Stadium BC Place]]&lt;br /&gt;'''{{small|(Stadium BC Place Vancuveriensis)}}'''
| '''54,000'''
| [[Fasciculus:BC Place 2015 Women's FIFA World Cup.jpg|frameless]]
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;Monterrey&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Flag of Mexico.svg|20x20px]] [[Monterrey]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[Guadalupia (Nova Legio)|Guadalupia]] in [[Nova Legio]])&lt;/small&gt;
| [[Stadium BBVA]]&lt;br /&gt;'''{{small|(Stadium Monterreiensis)}}'''
| '''53,500'''
| [[Fasciculus:Estadio BBVA Bancomer - Diciembre 2017.jpg|frameless]]
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;Guadalaxara&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Flag of Mexico.svg|20x20px]] [[Guadalaxara (Mexicum)|Guadalaxara]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[Zapopan]])&lt;/small&gt;
| [[Stadium Akron]]&lt;br /&gt;'''{{small|(Stadium Guadalaxarensis)}}'''
| '''48,000'''
| [[Fasciculus:Estadio Akron 02-07-2022 cabecera sur lado derecho (3).jpg|frameless]]
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;Torontum&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Flag of Canada.svg|20x20px]] [[Torontum]]
| [[Stadium BMO]]&lt;br /&gt;'''{{small|(Stadium Torontensis)}}'''
| '''45,000'''
| [[Fasciculus:Bmo Field 2016 East Stand.jpg|frameless]]
|}

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|2026 FIFA World Cup|Certamine Mundanum Pediludicum anni 2026}}
* [https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/fifaworldcup2026/ Situs interretialis]

[[Categoria:Certamen Mundanum Pedilusorium]]
[[Categoria:2026]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Formula:Formula delegata</title>
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      <comment>Minora</comment>
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      <text bytes="2457" sha1="43us9458mbtwripf6gazu35g5ej4zxc" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#if:{{{1|}}}
	| {{Capsa notionis
		| color = #fc3
		| imago = Symbolum formularum.svg
		| 1 =

'''Haec est formula delegata formulae {{Fn|1={{{1}}}}}'''

{{#ifeq:{{{superstitia|+}}}|{{{superstitia|-}}}
	| {{#invoke:params|new|
		recalling|superstitia|
		reinterpreting|superstitia|trim_all|splitter_string|{{{discrimen|//}}}|setter_string||
		with_value_not_matching||strict|
		mixing_names_and_values|$@|&lt;code style{{=}}&quot;white-space: preserve nowrap; word-break: keep-all;&quot;&gt;&amp;#124;&lt;span style{{=}}&quot;color: #767600;&quot;&gt;$@&lt;/span&gt;&amp;#61;&lt;/code&gt;|
		setting|h/i/l/s/n|Licet sequentia argumenta formulae {{Fn|1={{{1}}}}} hic adhibere: |, | et |, et |Quum omnia exhausta sint, non licet argumenta formulae {{Fn|1={{{1}}}}} hic adhibere|
		all_sorted|
		list_values|
	}}
	| Licet {{#if:{{{procurata|}}}{{{omissa|}}}|a|omnia a}}rgumenta formulae {{Fn|1={{{1}}}}} hic adhibere
}}{{#invoke:params|new|
	recalling|procurata|
	reinterpreting|procurata|trim_all|splitter_string|{{{discrimen|//}}}|setter_string|{{{attributio|-&gt;}}}|
	snapshotting|entering_substack|
		with_value_matching||strict|
		detaching_substack|
		mapping_by_mixing|''(stringa vacua)''|
	leaving_substack|
	mapping_by_magic|#tag|values_only_as|2|let|1|syntaxhighlight|let|lang|wikitext|let|inline|true|
	flushing|
	mapping_by_mixing|&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code style{{=}}&quot;white-space: preserve nowrap; word-break: keep-all;&quot;&gt;&amp;#124;&lt;span style{{=}}&quot;color: #767600;&quot;&gt;$#&lt;/span&gt;&amp;#61;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;$@&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;|
	entering_substack|new|
		recalling|omissa|
		reinterpreting|omissa|trim_all|splitter_string|{{{discrimen|//}}}|setter_string||
		mixing_names_and_values|$@|&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code style{{=}}&quot;white-space: preserve nowrap; word-break: keep-all;&quot;&gt;&lt;s&gt;&amp;#124;&lt;span style{{=}}&quot;color: #767600;&quot;&gt;$@&lt;/span&gt;&amp;#61;&lt;/s&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;''(argumentum omissum)''&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;|
	merging_substack|
	setting|h/f|{{#ifeq:{{{superstitia|+}}}|{{{superstitia|-}}}
		| . {{#if:{{{superstitia|}}}|Alia a|A}}rgumenta sic usurpantur
		| , praeter
	}}:&lt;tabl{{#if:{{{classis-tabellae|/}}}
		| e class{{=}}&quot;{{{classis-tabellae|wikitable}}}&quot;
		| e
	}} style{{=}}&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th&gt;Argumentum formulae {{Fn|1={{{1}}}}}&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th&gt;Quomodo usurpetur&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;|&lt;/table&gt;|
	all_sorted|
	list_values
}}.

	}}{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||{{in harenario aut alibi||[[Categoria:Formulae delegatae|{{PAGENAME}}]]}}}}
	| {{Error|Error: Nomen formulae abest.}}
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentatio}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>43us9458mbtwripf6gazu35g5ej4zxc</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Formula:Formula delegata/doc</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>324012</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3972881</id>
      <parentid>3964447</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-19T15:47:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Documentationem redintegravi</comment>
      <origin>3972881</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5145" sha1="9qhbc34vh1bi9hmkntowcq7z0alea42" xml:space="preserve">{{Subpagina documentationis}}
{{Formula numquam substituenda|...}}
{{Lua|Modulus:Params}}
{{Videatur etiam|Formula:Formula delegata moduli}}

Adde hanc capsam '''documentationi''' cuiusvis formulae ad usores monendos ipsam esse formulam delegatam.

Formulae quae hanc capsam ostendunt in [[:Categoria:Formulae delegatae]] numerantur.

{{Nota bene}} Non necesse est hanc capsam ostendere in formulis quae [[:Categoria:Metaformulae|metaformulis]] nituntur—{{*eg}} non necesse est indicare formulam {{Fn|Musica-stipula}} esse delegatam formulae {{Fn|Metastipula}}.

== De usu ==

'''Vicitextus (videatur formula {{Fn|Textus in columnas divisus}}):'''

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;{{Formula delegata|Textus in columnas divisus incipitur
	| procurata =
		content -&gt; &lt;nowiki&gt;{{{1}}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; //
		colwidth -&gt; &lt;nowiki&gt;{{{colwidth|30em}}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

'''Effectus:'''

{{Formula delegata|propositum=exhibitio|Textus in columnas divisus incipitur
	| procurata =
		content -&gt; &lt;nowiki&gt;{{{1}}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; //
		colwidth -&gt; &lt;nowiki&gt;{{{colwidth|30em}}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
}}

{{Ast}}

'''Vicitextus (videatur formula {{Fn|Pagella fugax}}):'''

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;{{Formula delegata|Folium fugax
	| procurata =
		style -&gt; background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, .05); border-radius: .357em; box-shadow: .1em .1em .5em rgba(0, 0, 0, .2);
	| superstitia = 1 // ancora // lingua
	| omissa = class
}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

'''Effectus:'''

{{Formula delegata|propositum=exhibitio|Folium fugax
	| procurata =
		style -&gt; background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, .05); border-radius: .357em; box-shadow: .1em .1em .5em rgba(0, 0, 0, .2);
	| superstitia = 1 // ancora // lingua
	| omissa = class
}}

{{Ast}}

'''Vicitextus:'''

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;{{Formula delegata|Debug
	| discrimen = ;
	| attributio = :
	| superstitia = lorem; ipsum
	| procurata = -1: est omnis; 0: divisa; in:; partes:; tres:; quarum una; incolunt Belgae
	| omissa = -2; aliam; tertiam
}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

'''Effectus:'''

{{Formula delegata|propositum=exhibitio|Debug
	| discrimen = ;
	| attributio = :
	| superstitia = lorem; ipsum
	| procurata = -1: est omnis; 0: divisa; in:; partes:; tres:; quarum una; incolunt Belgae
	| omissa = -2; aliam; tertiam
}}

{{Ast}}

'''Vicitextus:'''

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;{{Formula delegata|Debug}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

'''Effectus:'''

{{Formula delegata|propositum=exhibitio|Debug}}

== De argumentis ==

&lt;templatedata&gt;{
	&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Adde hanc capsam documentationi cuiusvis formulae ad usores monendos ipsam esse formulam delegatam.&quot;,
	&quot;params&quot;: {
		&quot;1&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Formula&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Nomen formulae quae hanc formulam delegavit&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: true,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;Nuntium de pagina facta adumbratione&quot;
		},
		&quot;procurata&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Argumenta procurata&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Argumenta hāc formulā procurata; scribe ‘//’ ad argumenta separanda et ‘-&gt;’ ad valores argumentis assignandos—vide ‘|discrimen=’ et ‘|attributio=’ si alia signa praefers&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;-2 -&gt; Gallia // -1 -&gt; est omnis // 0 -&gt; divisa // in -&gt; // partes -&gt; // tres -&gt; // quarum una // incolunt Belgae // aliam -&gt; Aquitani // tertiam -&gt; qui ipsorum lingua Celtae, nostra Galli appellantur&quot;
		},
		&quot;omissa&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Argumenta omissa&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Nomina argumentorum hāc formulā relictorum indefinitorum; scribe ‘//’ ad nomina separanda—vide ‘|discrimen=’ si alia signa praefers&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;-2 // aliam // tertiam&quot;
		},
		&quot;superstitia&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Argumenta superstitia&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Nomina argumentorum superstitium; scribe ‘//’ ad nomina separanda—vide ‘|discrimen=’ si alia signa praefers&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;-2 // aliam // tertiam&quot;
		},
		&quot;discrimen&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Discrimen&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Discrimen inter argumenta procurata&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;default&quot;: &quot;//&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;;&quot;
		},
		&quot;attributio&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Attributio&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Signum attributionis argumentorum procuratorum&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;default&quot;: &quot;-&gt;&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;:&quot;
		},
		&quot;classis-tabellae&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Classis tabellae&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Attributio HTML ‘class=’ quae tabellae assignatur&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;default&quot;: &quot;wikitable&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
		}
	}
}&lt;/templatedata&gt;

== Ulteriora si cupis ==
{{Categoriae vestigatoriae formulae|Formulae delegatae}}
* [[:Categoria:Formulae documentationis]]
* {{Fn|Formula delegata moduli}}
* {{interfn|Wrapper|mw}}

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{in harenario aut alibi||
&lt;!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --&gt;
[[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae quae seorsos versus creant|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae documentationis|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae monituum nuntiorumque|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae administrationis Vicipaediae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>9qhbc34vh1bi9hmkntowcq7z0alea42</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3972883</id>
      <parentid>3972881</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-19T15:51:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>3972883</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5119" sha1="cchdr2fv6d38q72mz6e2xulqoh3zs6o" xml:space="preserve">{{Subpagina documentationis}}
{{Formula numquam substituenda|...}}
{{Lua|Modulus:Params}}
{{Videatur etiam|Formula:Formula delegata moduli}}

Adde hanc capsam '''documentationi''' cuiusvis formulae ad usores monendos ipsam esse formulam delegatam.

Formulae quae hanc capsam ostendunt in [[:Categoria:Formulae delegatae]] numerantur.

{{Nota bene}} Non necesse est hanc capsam ostendere in formulis quae [[:Categoria:Metaformulae|metaformulis]] nituntur—{{*eg}} non necesse est indicare formulam {{Fn|Musica-stipula}} esse delegatam formulae {{Fn|Metastipula}}.

== De usu ==

'''Vicitextus (videatur formula {{Fn|Textus in columnas divisus}}):'''

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;{{Formula delegata|Textus in columnas divisus incipitur
	| procurata =
		content -&gt; &lt;nowiki&gt;{{{1}}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; //
		colwidth -&gt; &lt;nowiki&gt;{{{colwidth|30em}}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

'''Effectus:'''

{{Formula delegata|propositum=exhibitio|Textus in columnas divisus incipitur
	| procurata =
		content -&gt; &lt;nowiki&gt;{{{1}}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; //
		colwidth -&gt; &lt;nowiki&gt;{{{colwidth|30em}}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
}}

{{Ast}}

'''Vicitextus (videatur formula {{Fn|Pagella fugax}}):'''

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;{{Formula delegata|Folium fugax
	| procurata =
		style -&gt; background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, .05); border-radius: .357em; box-shadow: .1em .1em .5em rgba(0, 0, 0, .2);
	| superstitia = 1 // ancora // lingua
	| omissa = class
}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

'''Effectus:'''

{{Formula delegata|propositum=exhibitio|Folium fugax
	| procurata =
		style -&gt; background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, .05); border-radius: .357em; box-shadow: .1em .1em .5em rgba(0, 0, 0, .2);
	| superstitia = 1 // ancora // lingua
	| omissa = class
}}

{{Ast}}

'''Vicitextus:'''

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;{{Formula delegata|Debug
	| discrimen = ;
	| attributio = :
	| superstitia =
	| procurata = -1: est omnis; 0: divisa; in:; partes:; tres:; quarum una; incolunt Belgae
	| omissa = -2; aliam; tertiam
}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

'''Effectus:'''

{{Formula delegata|propositum=exhibitio|Debug
	| discrimen = ;
	| attributio = :
	| superstitia =
	| procurata = -1: est omnis; 0: divisa; in:; partes:; tres:; quarum una; incolunt Belgae
	| omissa = -2; aliam; tertiam
}}

{{Ast}}

'''Vicitextus:'''

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;{{Formula delegata|Debug}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

'''Effectus:'''

{{Formula delegata|propositum=exhibitio|Debug}}

== De argumentis ==

&lt;templatedata&gt;{
	&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Adde hanc capsam documentationi cuiusvis formulae ad usores monendos ipsam esse formulam delegatam.&quot;,
	&quot;params&quot;: {
		&quot;1&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Formula&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Nomen formulae quae hanc formulam delegavit&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: true,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;Nuntium de pagina facta adumbratione&quot;
		},
		&quot;procurata&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Argumenta procurata&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Argumenta hāc formulā procurata; scribe ‘//’ ad argumenta separanda et ‘-&gt;’ ad valores argumentis assignandos—vide ‘|discrimen=’ et ‘|attributio=’ si alia signa praefers&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;-2 -&gt; Gallia // -1 -&gt; est omnis // 0 -&gt; divisa // in -&gt; // partes -&gt; // tres -&gt; // quarum una // incolunt Belgae // aliam -&gt; Aquitani // tertiam -&gt; qui ipsorum lingua Celtae, nostra Galli appellantur&quot;
		},
		&quot;omissa&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Argumenta omissa&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Nomina argumentorum hāc formulā relictorum indefinitorum; scribe ‘//’ ad nomina separanda—vide ‘|discrimen=’ si alia signa praefers&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;-2 // aliam // tertiam&quot;
		},
		&quot;superstitia&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Argumenta superstitia&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Nomina argumentorum superstitium; scribe ‘//’ ad nomina separanda—vide ‘|discrimen=’ si alia signa praefers&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;-2 // aliam // tertiam&quot;
		},
		&quot;discrimen&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Discrimen&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Discrimen inter argumenta procurata&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;default&quot;: &quot;//&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;;&quot;
		},
		&quot;attributio&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Attributio&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Signum attributionis argumentorum procuratorum&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;default&quot;: &quot;-&gt;&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;:&quot;
		},
		&quot;classis-tabellae&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Classis tabellae&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Attributio HTML ‘class=’ quae tabellae assignatur&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;default&quot;: &quot;wikitable&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
		}
	}
}&lt;/templatedata&gt;

== Ulteriora si cupis ==
{{Categoriae vestigatoriae formulae|Formulae delegatae}}
* [[:Categoria:Formulae documentationis]]
* {{Fn|Formula delegata moduli}}
* {{interfn|Wrapper|mw}}

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{in harenario aut alibi||
&lt;!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --&gt;
[[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae quae seorsos versus creant|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae documentationis|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae monituum nuntiorumque|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae administrationis Vicipaediae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>cchdr2fv6d38q72mz6e2xulqoh3zs6o</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Formula:Formula delegata moduli</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>324053</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3972879</id>
      <parentid>3964895</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-19T15:42:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Minora</comment>
      <origin>3972879</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2858" sha1="mdbxlzhnlnzurp7hn24hhq5os8s98jl" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#if:{{{1|}}}
	| {{Capsa notionis
		| color = #fc3
		| imago = Lua-Logo.svg
		| 1 =

'''Haec est formula delegata {{#if:{{{2|}}}
	| functionis {{Nexus ad modulum|1={{{1}}}|2={{{2}}}}}
	| moduli {{Nexus ad modulum|1={{{1}}}}}
}}'''

{{#ifeq:{{{superstitia|+}}}|{{{superstitia|-}}}
	| {{#invoke:params|new|
		recalling|superstitia|
		reinterpreting|superstitia|trim_all|splitter_string|{{{discrimen|//}}}|setter_string||
		with_value_not_matching||strict|
		mixing_names_and_values|$@|&lt;code style{{=}}&quot;white-space: preserve nowrap; word-break: keep-all;&quot;&gt;&amp;#124;&lt;span style{{=}}&quot;color: #767600;&quot;&gt;$@&lt;/span&gt;&amp;#61;&lt;/code&gt;|
		setting|h/i/l/s/n|Licet sequentia argumenta {{#if:{{{2|}}}
			| functionis {{Nexus ad modulum|1={{{1}}}|2={{{2}}}}}
			| moduli {{Nexus ad modulum|1={{{1}}}}}
		}} hic adhibere: |, | et |, et |Quum omnia exhausta sint, non licet argumenta {{#if:{{{2|}}}
			| functionis {{Nexus ad modulum|1={{{1}}}|2={{{2}}}}}
			| moduli {{Nexus ad modulum|1={{{1}}}}}
		}} hic adhibere|
		all_sorted|
		list_values|
	}}
	| Licet {{#if:{{{procurata|}}}{{{omissa|}}}|a|omnia a}}rgumenta {{#if:{{{2|}}}
		| functionis {{Nexus ad modulum|1={{{1}}}|2={{{2}}}}}
		| moduli {{Nexus ad modulum|1={{{1}}}}}
	}} hic adhibere
}}{{#invoke:params|new|
	recalling|procurata|
	reinterpreting|procurata|trim_all|splitter_string|{{{discrimen|//}}}|setter_string|{{{attributio|-&gt;}}}|
	snapshotting|entering_substack|
		with_value_matching||strict|
		detaching_substack|
		mapping_by_mixing|''(stringa vacua)''|
	leaving_substack|
	mapping_by_magic|#tag|values_only_as|2|let|1|syntaxhighlight|let|lang|wikitext|let|inline|true|
	flushing|
	mapping_by_mixing|&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code style{{=}}&quot;white-space: preserve nowrap; word-break: keep-all;&quot;&gt;&amp;#124;&lt;span style{{=}}&quot;color: #767600;&quot;&gt;$#&lt;/span&gt;&amp;#61;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;$@&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;|
	entering_substack|new|
		recalling|omissa|
		reinterpreting|omissa|trim_all|splitter_string|{{{discrimen|//}}}|setter_string||
		mixing_names_and_values|$@|&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code style{{=}}&quot;white-space: preserve nowrap; word-break: keep-all;&quot;&gt;&lt;s&gt;&amp;#124;&lt;span style{{=}}&quot;color: #767600;&quot;&gt;$@&lt;/span&gt;&amp;#61;&lt;/s&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;''(argumentum omissum)''&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;|
	merging_substack|
	setting|h/f|{{#ifeq:{{{superstitia|+}}}|{{{superstitia|-}}}|. Argumenta sic usurpantur|, praeter}}:&lt;tabl{{#if:{{{classis-tabellae|/}}}
		| e class{{=}}&quot;{{{classis-tabellae|wikitable}}}&quot;
		| e
	}} style{{=}}&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th&gt;Argumentum {{#if:{{{2|}}}
		| functionis {{Nexus ad modulum|1={{{1}}}|2={{{2}}}}}
		| moduli {{Nexus ad modulum|1={{{1}}}}}
	}}&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th&gt;Quomodo usurpetur&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;|&lt;/table&gt;|
	all_sorted|
	list_values
}}.

	}}{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||{{in harenario aut alibi||[[Categoria:Formulae delegatae|{{PAGENAME}}]]}}}}
	| {{Error|Error: Nomen moduli abest.}}
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentatio}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cum vadis ad altare</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>324392</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3972935</id>
      <parentid>3972785</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-19T19:34:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Descriptio */</comment>
      <origin>3972935</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2575" sha1="erc6gjqk3u0hguxhopmhqkz74w3kzul" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus ad litteram}}
{{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}}
{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum
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	| categoria =
	| numerus =
	| auctor =
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}}

{{lres|Cum vadis ad altare}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Goliardia|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero XXXIXb reperitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-ammonitione-prelatorum-33-45&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = De ammonitione prelatorum 33-45
	| url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo4.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Textus ==
{{Versus numerati|
Cum vadis ad altare
missam celebrare,
te debes preparare,
vetus expurgare
de corde fermentum;
sic offer sacramentum:
invoca Christum,
psalmum dicas istum:
«Iudica»,
teque ipsum preiudica,
israel et Iuda
cordis mala denuda.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-ammonitione-prelatorum-33-45&quot; /&gt;
}}

== Descriptio ==
Hoc carmen breve, in sectione carminum [[Moralitas|moralium]] et [[Satura|satiricorum]] insertum, formam {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|protrepsis et paraenesis|paraenesis|en|qid=Q2113832}} seu admonitionis [[Liturgia|liturgicae]] praebet, qua [[Clerus|clerici]] ante celebrationem [[Eucharistia|Eucharistiae]] incitantur. Auctor [[Metaphora|metaphoram]] biblicam “fermenti veteris” sic adhibet ut purificationem [[cor]]dis necessariam demonstret antequam quis ad [[altare]] accedat.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-ammonitione-prelatorum-33-45&quot; /&gt;

In hoc contextu, celebrans ad invocationem Christi et recitationem [[Psalmi]] XLII (secundum numerationem Vulgatae) hortatur, cuius initium est “Iudica me, Deus”. Carmen momentum [[poenitentia]]e interioris extollit, ubi “denudatio” malorum cordis et sui ipsius iudicium tamquam fundamenta verae praeparationis [[Spiritualitas|spiritualis]] proponuntur.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-ammonitione-prelatorum-33-45&quot; /&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Lehtonen, 1995
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen = Lehtonen
		| nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel
		| nomenclatura = compendiaria
		| titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy
		| annus = 1995
		| lingua = en
		| locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]]
		| domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]]
		| isbn = 978-951-717-846-4
	}}
}}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]</text>
      <sha1>erc6gjqk3u0hguxhopmhqkz74w3kzul</sha1>
    </revision>
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    <title>Formula:Usores in colloquio</title>
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      <id>3973003</id>
      <parentid>3965704</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-20T07:19:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Minora</comment>
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			| {{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Substitutio signata
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			| {{Error|Error: Nomen capituli abest.}}
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}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentatio|Formula:Usor/doc}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Novus ordo missae</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>326684</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3972988</id>
      <parentid>3972366</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-20T05:57:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>De usu censorio nominis—videatur [[Disputatio:Novus Ordo Missae#Titulus incertus|pagina disputationis]]</comment>
      <origin>3972988</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1190" sha1="ogsmdfs0m8l2rrqk6gm7pxbonjvdzl4" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Pope_Francis_Apostolic_Journey_to_Mexico_-_24915976171.jpg|thumb|[[Franciscus (papa)|Papa Franciscus]] Novum Ordinem Missae in [[Mexicum|Mexico]] celebrat.]]

{{res|Novus Ordo Missae}} seu {{res|Missa Pauli VI}} est locutio qua praesertim detractores reformationis [[ritus Romanus|ritūs Romani]], [[Concilium Vaticanum II|Concilio Vaticano II]] inductae, novam formam celebrationis [[missa]]e a priore, “[[Missale Romanum|Tridentinā]]” ab ipsis dictā, distinguunt.

Reformatio missae [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Catholicae]] a [[Paulus VI|Paulo Papa VI]] anno [[1969]] promulgata est, cuius libri liturgici anno [[1970]] editi sunt; deinde hi libri anno [[1975]] refecti sunt, iterum a [[Ioannes Paulus II|Papa Ioanne Paulo II]] anno [[2000]], et tertia emendatio anno [[2002]] edita est. Recentissima autem editio prioris “Missae Tridentinae” anno [[1962]] instituta erat.

== Nexus interni ==
* [[Sacrosanctum Concilium]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://www.vatican.va/content/paul-vi/la/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_p-vi_apc_19690403_missale-romanum.html Constitutio apostolica ''Missale Romanum'']

{{RC-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Missa]]
[[Categoria:Paulus VI]]</text>
      <sha1>ogsmdfs0m8l2rrqk6gm7pxbonjvdzl4</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3972996</id>
      <parentid>3972988</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-20T06:44:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>3972996</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1190" sha1="np3u5gx0xb1d3l4otm6bg93jgagw5dp" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Pope_Francis_Apostolic_Journey_to_Mexico_-_24915976171.jpg|thumb|[[Franciscus (papa)|Papa Franciscus]] Novum Ordinem Missae in [[Mexicum|Mexico]] celebrat.]]

{{res|Novus Ordo Missae}} seu {{res|Missa Pauli VI}} est locutio qua praesertim detractores reformationis [[ritus Romanus|ritūs Romani]], [[Concilium Vaticanum II|Concilio Vaticano II]] promotae, novam formam celebrationis [[missa]]e a priore, “[[Missale Romanum|Tridentinā]]” ab ipsis dictā, distinguunt.

Reformatio missae [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Catholicae]] a [[Paulus VI|Paulo Papa VI]] anno [[1969]] promulgata est, cuius libri liturgici anno [[1970]] editi sunt; deinde hi libri anno [[1975]] refecti sunt, iterum a [[Ioannes Paulus II|Papa Ioanne Paulo II]] anno [[2000]], et tertia emendatio anno [[2002]] edita est. Recentissima autem editio prioris “Missae Tridentinae” anno [[1962]] instituta erat.

== Nexus interni ==
* [[Sacrosanctum Concilium]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://www.vatican.va/content/paul-vi/la/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_p-vi_apc_19690403_missale-romanum.html Constitutio apostolica ''Missale Romanum'']

{{RC-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Missa]]
[[Categoria:Paulus VI]]</text>
      <sha1>np3u5gx0xb1d3l4otm6bg93jgagw5dp</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3972997</id>
      <parentid>3972996</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-20T06:46:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Grufo movit paginam [[Novus Ordo Missae]] ad [[Novus ordo missae]]: Cur litteris capitaneis?</comment>
      <origin>3972996</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1190" sha1="np3u5gx0xb1d3l4otm6bg93jgagw5dp" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Pope_Francis_Apostolic_Journey_to_Mexico_-_24915976171.jpg|thumb|[[Franciscus (papa)|Papa Franciscus]] Novum Ordinem Missae in [[Mexicum|Mexico]] celebrat.]]

{{res|Novus Ordo Missae}} seu {{res|Missa Pauli VI}} est locutio qua praesertim detractores reformationis [[ritus Romanus|ritūs Romani]], [[Concilium Vaticanum II|Concilio Vaticano II]] promotae, novam formam celebrationis [[missa]]e a priore, “[[Missale Romanum|Tridentinā]]” ab ipsis dictā, distinguunt.

Reformatio missae [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Catholicae]] a [[Paulus VI|Paulo Papa VI]] anno [[1969]] promulgata est, cuius libri liturgici anno [[1970]] editi sunt; deinde hi libri anno [[1975]] refecti sunt, iterum a [[Ioannes Paulus II|Papa Ioanne Paulo II]] anno [[2000]], et tertia emendatio anno [[2002]] edita est. Recentissima autem editio prioris “Missae Tridentinae” anno [[1962]] instituta erat.

== Nexus interni ==
* [[Sacrosanctum Concilium]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://www.vatican.va/content/paul-vi/la/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_p-vi_apc_19690403_missale-romanum.html Constitutio apostolica ''Missale Romanum'']

{{RC-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Missa]]
[[Categoria:Paulus VI]]</text>
      <sha1>np3u5gx0xb1d3l4otm6bg93jgagw5dp</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3973002</id>
      <parentid>3972997</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-20T06:47:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Paginam redintegravi</comment>
      <origin>3973002</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1190" sha1="kuyehwl1ib02zigy9pk0bzmbtagfmjp" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Pope_Francis_Apostolic_Journey_to_Mexico_-_24915976171.jpg|thumb|[[Franciscus (papa)|Papa Franciscus]] Novum Ordinem Missae in [[Mexicum|Mexico]] celebrat.]]

{{res|Novus ordo missae}} seu {{res|missa Pauli VI}} est locutio qua praesertim detractores reformationis [[ritus Romanus|ritūs Romani]], [[Concilium Vaticanum II|Concilio Vaticano II]] promotae, novam formam celebrationis [[missa]]e a priore, “[[Missale Romanum|Tridentinā]]” ab ipsis dictā, distinguunt.

Reformatio missae [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Catholicae]] a [[Paulus VI|Paulo Papa VI]] anno [[1969]] promulgata est, cuius libri liturgici anno [[1970]] editi sunt; deinde hi libri anno [[1975]] refecti sunt, iterum a [[Ioannes Paulus II|Papa Ioanne Paulo II]] anno [[2000]], et tertia emendatio anno [[2002]] edita est. Recentissima autem editio prioris “missae Tridentinae” anno [[1962]] instituta erat.

== Nexus interni ==
* [[Sacrosanctum Concilium]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://www.vatican.va/content/paul-vi/la/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_p-vi_apc_19690403_missale-romanum.html Constitutio apostolica ''Missale Romanum'']

{{RC-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Missa]]
[[Categoria:Paulus VI]]</text>
      <sha1>kuyehwl1ib02zigy9pk0bzmbtagfmjp</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3973005</id>
      <parentid>3973002</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-20T07:25:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jondel</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3973005</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1190" sha1="8jx5i4mubwpm864iletovqgfnajoesd" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Pope_Francis_Apostolic_Journey_to_Mexico_-_24915976171.jpg|thumb|[[Franciscus (papa)|Papa Franciscus]] Novum Ordinem Missae in [[Mexicum|Mexico]] celebrat.]]

{{res|Novus Ordo Missae}} seu {{res|missa Pauli VI}} est locutio qua praesertim detractores reformationis [[ritus Romanus|ritūs Romani]], [[Concilium Vaticanum II|Concilio Vaticano II]] promotae, novam formam celebrationis [[missa]]e a priore, “[[Missale Romanum|Tridentinā]]” ab ipsis dictā, distinguunt.

Reformatio missae [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Catholicae]] a [[Paulus VI|Paulo Papa VI]] anno [[1969]] promulgata est, cuius libri liturgici anno [[1970]] editi sunt; deinde hi libri anno [[1975]] refecti sunt, iterum a [[Ioannes Paulus II|Papa Ioanne Paulo II]] anno [[2000]], et tertia emendatio anno [[2002]] edita est. Recentissima autem editio prioris “missae Tridentinae” anno [[1962]] instituta erat.

== Nexus interni ==
* [[Sacrosanctum Concilium]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://www.vatican.va/content/paul-vi/la/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_p-vi_apc_19690403_missale-romanum.html Constitutio apostolica ''Missale Romanum'']

{{RC-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Missa]]
[[Categoria:Paulus VI]]</text>
      <sha1>8jx5i4mubwpm864iletovqgfnajoesd</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3973006</id>
      <parentid>3973005</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-20T07:30:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jondel</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Jondel movit paginam [[Novus ordo missae]] ad [[Novus Ordo Missae]] praeter redirectionem: Mos qualis  titulus maiusculis sit.</comment>
      <origin>3973005</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1190" sha1="8jx5i4mubwpm864iletovqgfnajoesd" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Pope_Francis_Apostolic_Journey_to_Mexico_-_24915976171.jpg|thumb|[[Franciscus (papa)|Papa Franciscus]] Novum Ordinem Missae in [[Mexicum|Mexico]] celebrat.]]

{{res|Novus Ordo Missae}} seu {{res|missa Pauli VI}} est locutio qua praesertim detractores reformationis [[ritus Romanus|ritūs Romani]], [[Concilium Vaticanum II|Concilio Vaticano II]] promotae, novam formam celebrationis [[missa]]e a priore, “[[Missale Romanum|Tridentinā]]” ab ipsis dictā, distinguunt.

Reformatio missae [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Catholicae]] a [[Paulus VI|Paulo Papa VI]] anno [[1969]] promulgata est, cuius libri liturgici anno [[1970]] editi sunt; deinde hi libri anno [[1975]] refecti sunt, iterum a [[Ioannes Paulus II|Papa Ioanne Paulo II]] anno [[2000]], et tertia emendatio anno [[2002]] edita est. Recentissima autem editio prioris “missae Tridentinae” anno [[1962]] instituta erat.

== Nexus interni ==
* [[Sacrosanctum Concilium]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://www.vatican.va/content/paul-vi/la/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_p-vi_apc_19690403_missale-romanum.html Constitutio apostolica ''Missale Romanum'']

{{RC-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Missa]]
[[Categoria:Paulus VI]]</text>
      <sha1>8jx5i4mubwpm864iletovqgfnajoesd</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3973010</id>
      <parentid>3973006</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-20T07:30:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jondel</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3973010</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1190" sha1="4459vaq0khweyybh810gqm4wv3tso5g" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Pope_Francis_Apostolic_Journey_to_Mexico_-_24915976171.jpg|thumb|[[Franciscus (papa)|Papa Franciscus]] Novum Ordinem Missae in [[Mexicum|Mexico]] celebrat.]]

{{res|Novus Ordo Missae}} seu {{res|Missa Pauli VI}} est locutio qua praesertim detractores reformationis [[ritus Romanus|ritūs Romani]], [[Concilium Vaticanum II|Concilio Vaticano II]] promotae, novam formam celebrationis [[missa]]e a priore, “[[Missale Romanum|Tridentinā]]” ab ipsis dictā, distinguunt.

Reformatio missae [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Catholicae]] a [[Paulus VI|Paulo Papa VI]] anno [[1969]] promulgata est, cuius libri liturgici anno [[1970]] editi sunt; deinde hi libri anno [[1975]] refecti sunt, iterum a [[Ioannes Paulus II|Papa Ioanne Paulo II]] anno [[2000]], et tertia emendatio anno [[2002]] edita est. Recentissima autem editio prioris “missae Tridentinae” anno [[1962]] instituta erat.

== Nexus interni ==
* [[Sacrosanctum Concilium]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://www.vatican.va/content/paul-vi/la/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_p-vi_apc_19690403_missale-romanum.html Constitutio apostolica ''Missale Romanum'']

{{RC-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Missa]]
[[Categoria:Paulus VI]]</text>
      <sha1>4459vaq0khweyybh810gqm4wv3tso5g</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3973011</id>
      <parentid>3973010</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-20T07:43:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jondel</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3973011</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1190" sha1="kuyehwl1ib02zigy9pk0bzmbtagfmjp" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Pope_Francis_Apostolic_Journey_to_Mexico_-_24915976171.jpg|thumb|[[Franciscus (papa)|Papa Franciscus]] Novum Ordinem Missae in [[Mexicum|Mexico]] celebrat.]]

{{res|Novus ordo missae}} seu {{res|missa Pauli VI}} est locutio qua praesertim detractores reformationis [[ritus Romanus|ritūs Romani]], [[Concilium Vaticanum II|Concilio Vaticano II]] promotae, novam formam celebrationis [[missa]]e a priore, “[[Missale Romanum|Tridentinā]]” ab ipsis dictā, distinguunt.

Reformatio missae [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Catholicae]] a [[Paulus VI|Paulo Papa VI]] anno [[1969]] promulgata est, cuius libri liturgici anno [[1970]] editi sunt; deinde hi libri anno [[1975]] refecti sunt, iterum a [[Ioannes Paulus II|Papa Ioanne Paulo II]] anno [[2000]], et tertia emendatio anno [[2002]] edita est. Recentissima autem editio prioris “missae Tridentinae” anno [[1962]] instituta erat.

== Nexus interni ==
* [[Sacrosanctum Concilium]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://www.vatican.va/content/paul-vi/la/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_p-vi_apc_19690403_missale-romanum.html Constitutio apostolica ''Missale Romanum'']

{{RC-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Missa]]
[[Categoria:Paulus VI]]</text>
      <sha1>kuyehwl1ib02zigy9pk0bzmbtagfmjp</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3973012</id>
      <parentid>3973011</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-20T07:44:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jondel</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Jondel movit paginam [[Novus Ordo Missae]] ad [[Novus ordo missae]] praeter redirectionem: Perhaps I am wrong :)</comment>
      <origin>3973011</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1190" sha1="kuyehwl1ib02zigy9pk0bzmbtagfmjp" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Pope_Francis_Apostolic_Journey_to_Mexico_-_24915976171.jpg|thumb|[[Franciscus (papa)|Papa Franciscus]] Novum Ordinem Missae in [[Mexicum|Mexico]] celebrat.]]

{{res|Novus ordo missae}} seu {{res|missa Pauli VI}} est locutio qua praesertim detractores reformationis [[ritus Romanus|ritūs Romani]], [[Concilium Vaticanum II|Concilio Vaticano II]] promotae, novam formam celebrationis [[missa]]e a priore, “[[Missale Romanum|Tridentinā]]” ab ipsis dictā, distinguunt.

Reformatio missae [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Catholicae]] a [[Paulus VI|Paulo Papa VI]] anno [[1969]] promulgata est, cuius libri liturgici anno [[1970]] editi sunt; deinde hi libri anno [[1975]] refecti sunt, iterum a [[Ioannes Paulus II|Papa Ioanne Paulo II]] anno [[2000]], et tertia emendatio anno [[2002]] edita est. Recentissima autem editio prioris “missae Tridentinae” anno [[1962]] instituta erat.

== Nexus interni ==
* [[Sacrosanctum Concilium]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://www.vatican.va/content/paul-vi/la/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_p-vi_apc_19690403_missale-romanum.html Constitutio apostolica ''Missale Romanum'']

{{RC-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Missa]]
[[Categoria:Paulus VI]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nova unda Francica</title>
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      <text bytes="4070" sha1="qbniz1jo801th9iqddcdmr1sxzawanp" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Kinema-Junpo-1967-March-late-2.jpg|thumb|Scaena pelliculae Godardianae {{Op|Pierrot le fou}} ([[1967]])]]

{{ires|Nova unda Francica}} ([[Francogallice]] ‘la Nouvelle vague’) fuit genus cinematographicum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|cinematographia Francica|pellicularum Francicarum|fr|qid=Q242080}}, quod fere ad [[anni 1960|annos 1960]] pertinuit. Sed origo motūs ponenda est in anno [[1959]], quo duae pelliculae exemplares — {{Op|{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Les quatre cents coups (pellicula 1959)|Les quatre cents coups|fr|qid=Q162331}}}} a [[Franciscus Truffaut|Francisco Truffaut]] diposita, et {{Op|{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Hiroshima, mon amour (pellicula 1959)|Hiroshima, mon amour|fr|qid=Q283036}}}} ab [[Alanus Resnais|Alano Resnais]] facta — in lucem editae sunt. Praeterea addenda est ''[[À bout de souffle (pellicula 1960)|À bout de souffle]]'' a [[Ioannes Lucas Godard|Ioanne Luca Godard]] anno [[1960]] disposita. Illi tres dispositores auctores Novae undae habentur. Aliae auctores insignes sunt [[Claudius Chabrol]], [[Iacobus Rivette]], [[Ericus Rohmer]], [[Ludovicus Malle]], [[Agnes Varda]].

== De cinematographandi ratione ==
Pelliculae novas exprimendi rationes induerunt, inter quas cinematographandi diuturnitatem aliquot minutorum (sicut nota illa viae constipatio in pellicula Godardiana ''[[Week-end (pellicula 1967)|Week-end]]''). Pelliculae etiam themata [[exsistentialismus|exsistentialistica]] habuerunt, quae hominem singularem in conspectum adducebant et absurditatem existentiae humanae adprobabant. Non solum themata et expressiones magni momenti erant, sed etiam cinematographandi modus. Dispositores Novae undae Francicae saepe in urbe pelliculas imprimebant et se a consilio pellicularum in [[officina cinematographica]] faciendarum distabant. Maximeque levitate machinarum et luminum et sonorum usi sunt. Plures Novae undae pelliculae profluentia motuum agnoscuntur, saepe in scaenis, ubi cinematographus personas pelliculae Parisiis per vias ambulantes sequitur.

Pelliculae Novae undae opibus parvis cinematographari solebant, et quidem saepe in aedibus amicorum dispositoris. Et grex cinematographorum et catervae histrionum saepe ex eodem circulo amicorum orti sunt. Dispositores apparatus ex tempore usu recipiebant, sicut [[currus mercatorius|currum mercatorium]], quo suggestu mobili machinae cinematographicae utebantur. Sumptus etiam difficultates adferebant, et parsimoniae conatus pellicularum in nova genera cinematographica consecuti sunt, ​​sicut nonnullae scaenae in pellicula Godardiana ''À bout de souffle'' &quot;sectiones saltatorias&quot; (''jump cuts'') tenorem narrationis interrumpentes habent, quia uno longo [[captus (cinematographia)|captu]] cinematographatae sunt et partes ad narrationem non pertinentes simpliciter excisae sunt.

== Influxio Novae undae in cinematographiam internationalem ==
Nova unda magnopere in cinematographiam [[CFA|Americanam]] influxit. Post [[Arthurus Penn|Arthurii Penn]] pelliculam ''[[Bonnie and Clyde (pellicula 1967)|Bonnie et Clyde]]'' ([[1967]]),&lt;ref&gt;Pountain 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; dispositores sicut [[Robertus Altman]], [[Franciscus Ford Coppola]], [[Brianus De Palma]], [[Martinus Scorsese]] pelliculas praesertim Nova unda Francica inspiratas exeuntibus annis 1960 et aliquanto post facere coeperunt.&lt;ref&gt;Hoskins 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Hoskins, James (2026) The French New Wave, New Hollywood, and the role of Post Modernism. ''Academia'', 23 Februarii.
* {{Opus
	| cognomen auctoris = Marie
	| nomen auctoris = Marcel
	| titulus = La Nouvelle Vague: Une école artistique
	| annus = 1997
	| domus editoria = Nathan
	| locus = [[Lutetia]]e
	| url = https://archive.org/details/lanouvellevagueu0000mari
	| accessus ad url = socii
	| isbn = 2-09-190690-5
}}
* Pountain, David (2017) [https://lwlies.com/in-praise-of/bonnie-and-clyde-french-new-wave-hollywood How Bonnie and Clyde brought the French New Wave to Hollywood]. ''Little White Lies'', 8 Iulii.</text>
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    <title>Receptorium acetylcholini nicotinicum</title>
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[[Fasciculus:Nicotine.svg|thumb|Structura chemica nicotini, agonistae acetylcholini.]]
'''Receptorium acetylcholini nicotinicum''' (nota nAChR) est [[Receptorium neurotransmissoris|receptorium ionotropum]] in [[Membrana cellulae|membrana]] [[Synapsis chemica|postsynaptica]] [[Neuron|neurocyti]] aut [[Myocytus|myocyti]] insitum  quod [[Ligandus (biochemia)|ligando]] [[Neurotransmissor|neurotransmissore]] [[Canalis ionticus|canalem ionticum]] aperit [[Cation|cationta]] intra [[Cellula|cellulam]] admittentem tam [[sodium|sodii]] quam [[Kalium|potassii]]. Ita [[Fluxus electricus|fluxum electricum]] intrantem et excitantem gignit qui potentia postsynaptica excitans (PPSE) dicitur. Nam in eodem complexu [[Proteina|proteinico]] et canalis et pars [[acetylcholinum]] ligans insunt unde appellatio receptorium-canalis saepe adhibita.

Non tantum acetycholinum sed etiam alias similis structurae [[Molecula|moleculas]] ligare potest hoc receptorium sive [[Agonista (biochemia)|agonistas]] acetylcholini (ut [[nicotinum]] unde nomen et [[addictio]]) sive [[Antagonista|antagonistas]] (ut α-bungarotoxinum quod in veneno serpentis reperitur). Agonista circiter eadem efficit atque acetylcholinum, antagonista vero contraria, hoc est excitationem postsynapticam inhibet.

[[Myasthenia gravis|Myasthenia]] est [[morbus]] [[Systema immunitarium|systematis immunitarii]] qui iunctionem inter neurones et musculos adficit: tum enim [[Anticorpus|anticorpora]] contra sui organismi receptoria nicotinica generat quibus delentur ([[Morbus autoimmunitatis|morbus autoimmunis]]).

== De structura receptorii ==
Receptorium nicotinicum est [[polymerum|pentamerum]] e duabus partibus α (quarum utraque situm ligationis acetylcholino praebet) atque insuper singulis partibus β, γ (vel ε in [[Embryo|embryone]]), δ  in musculis constans. In neuronibus vero pentamerum quoque invenimus sed e tribus α et duobus β compositum et quod bungari toxini immune est.

== Plura legere si cupis ==
[[Fasciculus:NAChR.png|thumb|Receptorium primo desuper cum porta canalis ac deinde ex latere spectabile (structura quaternaria proteinae). Quinque partes coloribus aliis distinguntur.]]
*[[Henricus Dale|H H. Dale]], W Feldberg, M Vogt. &quot;[https://www.sfn.org/-/media/SfN/Documents/ClassicPapers/SynapticFunction/dale.ashx?la=en&amp;hash=4B29FF08FC3ED44F34C57663E531E6ACDB04EB63 Release of acetylcholine at voluntary motor nerve endings]&quot;, ''Journal of physiologyy'' 1936 86(4) :353–380
* Philippe Faure et Alexandre Mourot, &quot;[https://stm.cairn.info/traite-d-addictologie--9782257206503-page-566?lang=fr Les récepteurs nicotiniques]&quot; in ''Traité d'addictologie'', Lavoisier, 2016: 566-573
*Shaweta Gupta, Srirupa Chakraborty, Ridhima Vij, Anthony Auerbach. &quot;[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5217088/ A mechanism for acetylcholine receptor gating based on structure, coupling, phi, and flip]&quot;, ''Journal of general Physiology'', 2017: 85–103.
*Sarah Mondoloni, ''[https://theses.hal.science/tel-03862201 Rôle des récepteurs nicotiniques des circuits de l'addiction à la nicotine : une manipulation originale des récepteurs grâce à la lumière]'', Sorbonne Université, 2020 (Dissertatio academica)
*Atsuo Miyazawa, Yoshinori Fujiyoshi &amp; Nigel Unwin. &quot;[https://www.nature.com/articles/nature01748 Structure and gating mechanism of the acetylcholine receptor pore]&quot;, ''Nature'', 2003(423): 949–955
*Nigel Unwin, &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022283604016018 Refined Structure of the Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor at 4 Å Resolution]&quot;, ''Journal of molecular biology'', 2005(346): 967-989 [https://www2.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/groups/nu/pdf/jmb05.pdf Praepublicatio]

== Nexus externi ==
*[https://www.aquaportail.com/dictionnaire/definition/16739/recepteur-nicotinique Aquaportail]

[[Categoria:Receptoria neurotransmissoria]]
[[Categoria:Receptoria ionotropica]]</text>
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[[Fasciculus:Nicotine.svg|thumb|Structura chemica nicotini, agonistae acetylcholini.]]
'''Receptorium acetylcholini nicotinicum''' (nota nAChR) est [[Receptorium neurotransmissoris|receptorium ionotropum]] in [[Membrana cellulae|membrana]] [[Synapsis chemica|postsynaptica]] [[Neuron|neurocyti]] aut [[Myocytus|myocyti]] insitum  quod [[Ligandus (biochemia)|ligando]] [[Neurotransmissor|neurotransmissore]] [[Canalis ionticus|canalem ionticum]] aperit [[Cation|cationta]] intra [[Cellula|cellulam]] admittentem tam [[sodium|sodii]] quam [[Kalium|potassii]]. Ita [[Fluxus electricus|fluxum electricum]] intrantem et excitantem gignit qui potentia postsynaptica excitans (PPSE) dicitur. Nam in eodem complexu [[Proteina|proteinico]] et canalis et pars [[acetylcholinum]] ligans insunt unde appellatio receptorium-canalis saepe adhibita.

Non tantum acetycholinum sed etiam alias similis structurae [[Molecula|moleculas]] ligare potest hoc receptorium sive [[Agonista (biochemia)|agonistas]] acetylcholini (ut [[nicotinum]] unde nomen et [[addictio]]) sive [[Antagonista|antagonistas]] (ut α-bungarotoxinum quod in veneno serpentis reperitur). Agonista circiter eadem efficit atque acetylcholinum, antagonista vero contraria, hoc est excitationem postsynapticam inhibet.

[[Myasthenia gravis|Myasthenia]] est [[morbus]] [[Systema immunitarium|systematis immunitarii]] qui iunctionem inter neurones et musculos adficit: tum enim [[Anticorpus|anticorpora]] contra sui organismi receptoria nicotinica generat quibus delentur ([[Morbus autoimmunitatis|morbus autoimmunis]]).

== De structura receptorii ==
Receptorium nicotinicum est [[polymerum|pentamerum]] e duabus partibus α (quarum utraque situm ligationis acetylcholino praebet) atque insuper singulis partibus β, γ (vel ε in [[Embryo|embryone]]), δ  in musculis constans. In neuronibus vero pentamerum quoque invenimus sed e tribus α et duobus β compositum et quod bungari toxini immune est. Omnes illae quinque partes habent regionem extracellularem et quattuor regiones transmembraneas quae parietes canalis formant et parvam regionem [[Cytoplasma|cytoplasmaticam]]. Porus latior est quam apud receptoria e [[Tensio electrica|tensione electrica]] pendentia atque ideo omnia cationta transmeant cum aperitur. Hoc receptorii genus stimulo celeriter respondet quia canalis et ligationis situs inter se cohaerent.

== Plura legere si cupis ==
[[Fasciculus:NAChR.png|thumb|Receptorium primo desuper cum porta canalis ac deinde ex latere spectabile (structura quaternaria proteinae). Quinque partes coloribus aliis distinguntur.]]
*[[Henricus Dale|H H. Dale]], W Feldberg, M Vogt. &quot;[https://www.sfn.org/-/media/SfN/Documents/ClassicPapers/SynapticFunction/dale.ashx?la=en&amp;hash=4B29FF08FC3ED44F34C57663E531E6ACDB04EB63 Release of acetylcholine at voluntary motor nerve endings]&quot;, ''Journal of physiologyy'' 1936 86(4) :353–380
* Philippe Faure et Alexandre Mourot, &quot;[https://stm.cairn.info/traite-d-addictologie--9782257206503-page-566?lang=fr Les récepteurs nicotiniques]&quot; in ''Traité d'addictologie'', Lavoisier, 2016: 566-573
*Shaweta Gupta, Srirupa Chakraborty, Ridhima Vij, Anthony Auerbach. &quot;[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5217088/ A mechanism for acetylcholine receptor gating based on structure, coupling, phi, and flip]&quot;, ''Journal of general Physiology'', 2017: 85–103.
*Sarah Mondoloni, ''[https://theses.hal.science/tel-03862201 Rôle des récepteurs nicotiniques des circuits de l'addiction à la nicotine : une manipulation originale des récepteurs grâce à la lumière]'', Sorbonne Université, 2020 (Dissertatio academica)
*Atsuo Miyazawa, Yoshinori Fujiyoshi &amp; Nigel Unwin. &quot;[https://www.nature.com/articles/nature01748 Structure and gating mechanism of the acetylcholine receptor pore]&quot;, ''Nature'', 2003(423): 949–955
*Nigel Unwin, &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022283604016018 Refined Structure of the Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor at 4 Å Resolution]&quot;, ''Journal of molecular biology'', 2005(346): 967-989 [https://www2.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/groups/nu/pdf/jmb05.pdf Praepublicatio]

== Nexus externi ==
*[https://www.aquaportail.com/dictionnaire/definition/16739/recepteur-nicotinique Aquaportail]

[[Categoria:Receptoria neurotransmissoria]]
[[Categoria:Receptoria ionotropica]]</text>
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[[Fasciculus:Nicotine.svg|thumb|Structura chemica nicotini, agonistae acetylcholini.]]
'''Receptorium acetylcholini nicotinicum''' (nota nAChR) est [[Receptorium neurotransmissoris|receptorium ionotropum]] in [[Membrana cellulae|membrana]] [[Synapsis chemica|postsynaptica]] [[Neuron|neurocyti]] aut [[Myocytus|myocyti]] insitum  quod [[Ligandus (biochemia)|ligando]] [[Neurotransmissor|neurotransmissore]] [[Canalis ionticus|canalem ionticum]] aperit [[Cation|cationta]] intra [[Cellula|cellulam]] admittentem tam [[sodium|sodii]] quam [[Kalium|potassii]]. Ita [[Fluxus electricus|fluxum electricum]] intrantem et excitantem gignit qui potentia postsynaptica excitans (PPSE) dicitur. Nam in eodem complexu [[Proteina|proteinico]] et canalis et pars [[acetylcholinum]] ligans insunt unde appellatio receptorium-canalis saepe adhibita.

Non tantum acetycholinum sed etiam alias similis structurae [[Molecula|moleculas]] ligare potest hoc receptorium sive [[Agonista (biochemia)|agonistas]] acetylcholini (ut [[nicotinum]] unde nomen et [[addictio]]) sive [[Antagonista|antagonistas]] (ut α-bungarotoxinum quod in veneno serpentis reperitur). Agonista circiter eadem efficit atque acetylcholinum, antagonista vero contraria, hoc est excitationem postsynapticam inhibet.

[[Myasthenia gravis|Myasthenia]] est [[morbus]] [[Systema immunitarium|systematis immunitarii]] qui iunctionem inter neurones et musculos adficit: tum enim [[Anticorpus|anticorpora]] contra sui organismi receptoria nicotinica generat quibus delentur ([[Morbus autoimmunitatis|morbus autoimmunis]]).

== De structura receptorii ==
Receptorium nicotinicum est [[polymerum|pentamerum]] e duabus partibus α (quarum utraque situm ligationis acetylcholino praebet) atque insuper singulis partibus β, γ (vel ε in [[Embryo|embryone]]), δ  in musculis constans. In neuronibus vero pentamerum quoque invenimus sed e tribus α et duobus β compositum et quod bungari toxini immune est. Omnes illae quinque partes habent regionem extracellularem et quattuor regiones transmembraneas quae parietes canalis formant, et parvam regionem [[Cytoplasma|cytoplasmaticam]]. Porus latior est quam apud receptoria e [[Tensio electrica|tensione electrica]] pendentia atque ideo omnia cationta transmeant cum aperitur. Hoc receptorii genus stimulo celeriter respondet quia canalis et ligationis situs inter se cohaerent.

== Plura legere si cupis ==
[[Fasciculus:NAChR.png|thumb|Receptorium primo desuper cum porta canalis ac deinde ex latere spectabile (structura quaternaria proteinae). Quinque partes coloribus aliis distinguntur.]]
*[[Henricus Dale|H H. Dale]], W Feldberg, M Vogt. &quot;[https://www.sfn.org/-/media/SfN/Documents/ClassicPapers/SynapticFunction/dale.ashx?la=en&amp;hash=4B29FF08FC3ED44F34C57663E531E6ACDB04EB63 Release of acetylcholine at voluntary motor nerve endings]&quot;, ''Journal of physiologyy'' 1936 86(4) :353–380
* Philippe Faure et Alexandre Mourot, &quot;[https://stm.cairn.info/traite-d-addictologie--9782257206503-page-566?lang=fr Les récepteurs nicotiniques]&quot; in ''Traité d'addictologie'', Lavoisier, 2016: 566-573
*Shaweta Gupta, Srirupa Chakraborty, Ridhima Vij, Anthony Auerbach. &quot;[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5217088/ A mechanism for acetylcholine receptor gating based on structure, coupling, phi, and flip]&quot;, ''Journal of general Physiology'', 2017: 85–103.
*Sarah Mondoloni, ''[https://theses.hal.science/tel-03862201 Rôle des récepteurs nicotiniques des circuits de l'addiction à la nicotine : une manipulation originale des récepteurs grâce à la lumière]'', Sorbonne Université, 2020 (Dissertatio academica)
*Atsuo Miyazawa, Yoshinori Fujiyoshi &amp; Nigel Unwin. &quot;[https://www.nature.com/articles/nature01748 Structure and gating mechanism of the acetylcholine receptor pore]&quot;, ''Nature'', 2003(423): 949–955
*Nigel Unwin, &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022283604016018 Refined Structure of the Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor at 4 Å Resolution]&quot;, ''Journal of molecular biology'', 2005(346): 967-989 [https://www2.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/groups/nu/pdf/jmb05.pdf Praepublicatio]

== Nexus externi ==
*[https://www.aquaportail.com/dictionnaire/definition/16739/recepteur-nicotinique Aquaportail]

[[Categoria:Receptoria neurotransmissoria]]
[[Categoria:Receptoria ionotropica]]</text>
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[[Fasciculus:Nicotine.svg|thumb|Structura chemica nicotini, agonistae acetylcholini.]]
'''Receptorium acetylcholini nicotinicum''' (nota nAChR) est [[Receptorium neurotransmissoris|receptorium ionotropum]] in [[Membrana cellulae|membrana]] [[Synapsis chemica|postsynaptica]] [[Neuron|neurocyti]] aut [[Myocytus|myocyti]] insitum  quod [[Ligandus (biochemia)|ligando]] [[Neurotransmissor|neurotransmissore]] [[Canalis ionticus|canalem ionticum]] aperit [[Cation|cationta]] intra [[Cellula|cellulam]] admittentem tam [[sodium|sodii]] quam [[Kalium|potassii]]. Ita [[Fluxus electricus|fluxum electricum]] intrantem et excitantem gignit qui potentia postsynaptica excitans (PPSE) dicitur. Nam in eodem complexu [[Proteina|proteinico]] et canalis et pars [[acetylcholinum]] ligans insunt unde appellatio receptorium-canalis saepe adhibita.

Non tantum acetycholinum sed etiam alias similis structurae [[Molecula|moleculas]] ligare potest hoc receptorium sive [[Agonista (biochemia)|agonistas]] acetylcholini (ut [[nicotinum]] unde nomen et [[addictio]]) sive [[Antagonista|antagonistas]] (ut α-bungarotoxinum quod in veneno serpentis reperitur). Agonista circiter eadem efficit atque acetylcholinum, antagonista vero contraria, hoc est excitationem postsynapticam inhibet.

[[Myasthenia gravis|Myasthenia]] est [[morbus]] [[Systema immunitarium|systematis immunitarii]] qui iunctionem inter neurones et musculos adficit: tum enim [[Anticorpus|anticorpora]] contra sui organismi receptoria nicotinica generat quibus delentur ([[Morbus autoimmunitatis|morbus autoimmunis]]).

== De structura receptorii ==
Receptorium nicotinicum est [[polymerum|pentamerum]] e duabus partibus α (quarum utraque situm ligationis acetylcholino praebet) atque insuper singulis partibus β, γ (vel ε in [[Embryo|embryone]]), δ  in musculis constans. In neuronibus vero pentamerum quoque invenimus sed e tribus α et duobus β compositum et quod bungari toxini immune est. Omnes illae quinque partes habent regionem extracellularem et quattuor regiones transmembraneas quae parietes canalis formant, et parvam regionem [[Cytoplasma|cytoplasmaticam]]. Porus latior est quam apud receptoria e [[Tensio electrica|tensione electrica]] pendentia atque ideo omnia cationta transmeant cum aperitur. Hoc receptorii genus stimulo celeriter respondet quia canalis et ligationis situs inter se cohaerent.

Receptorium nicotinicum acetylcholini, primum e neurotransmissoris receptoriis inventum, plus quam cetera ab investigatoribus inspectum et descriptum est.

== Plura legere si cupis ==
[[Fasciculus:NAChR.png|thumb|Receptorium primo desuper cum porta canalis ac deinde ex latere spectabile (structura quaternaria proteinae). Quinque partes coloribus aliis distinguntur.]]
*[[Henricus Dale|H H. Dale]], W Feldberg, M Vogt. &quot;[https://www.sfn.org/-/media/SfN/Documents/ClassicPapers/SynapticFunction/dale.ashx?la=en&amp;hash=4B29FF08FC3ED44F34C57663E531E6ACDB04EB63 Release of acetylcholine at voluntary motor nerve endings]&quot;, ''Journal of physiologyy'' 1936 86(4) :353–380
* Philippe Faure et Alexandre Mourot, &quot;[https://stm.cairn.info/traite-d-addictologie--9782257206503-page-566?lang=fr Les récepteurs nicotiniques]&quot; in ''Traité d'addictologie'', Lavoisier, 2016: 566-573
*Shaweta Gupta, Srirupa Chakraborty, Ridhima Vij, Anthony Auerbach. &quot;[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5217088/ A mechanism for acetylcholine receptor gating based on structure, coupling, phi, and flip]&quot;, ''Journal of general Physiology'', 2017: 85–103.
*Sarah Mondoloni, ''[https://theses.hal.science/tel-03862201 Rôle des récepteurs nicotiniques des circuits de l'addiction à la nicotine : une manipulation originale des récepteurs grâce à la lumière]'', Sorbonne Université, 2020 (Dissertatio academica)
*Atsuo Miyazawa, Yoshinori Fujiyoshi &amp; Nigel Unwin. &quot;[https://www.nature.com/articles/nature01748 Structure and gating mechanism of the acetylcholine receptor pore]&quot;, ''Nature'', 2003(423): 949–955
*Nigel Unwin, &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022283604016018 Refined Structure of the Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor at 4 Å Resolution]&quot;, ''Journal of molecular biology'', 2005(346): 967-989 [https://www2.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/groups/nu/pdf/jmb05.pdf Praepublicatio]

== Nexus externi ==
*[https://www.aquaportail.com/dictionnaire/definition/16739/recepteur-nicotinique Aquaportail]

[[Categoria:Receptoria neurotransmissoria]]
[[Categoria:Receptoria ionotropica]]</text>
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        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
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      <comment>/* De structura receptorii */</comment>
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      <text bytes="4554" sha1="7ioomb7c7ssu65nereyq3lkwc3vbplw" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Acetylcholine.svg|thumb|Structura chemica acetylcholini.]]
[[Fasciculus:Nicotine.svg|thumb|Structura chemica nicotini, agonistae acetylcholini.]]
'''Receptorium acetylcholini nicotinicum''' (nota nAChR) est [[Receptorium neurotransmissoris|receptorium ionotropum]] in [[Membrana cellulae|membrana]] [[Synapsis chemica|postsynaptica]] [[Neuron|neurocyti]] aut [[Myocytus|myocyti]] insitum  quod [[Ligandus (biochemia)|ligando]] [[Neurotransmissor|neurotransmissore]] [[Canalis ionticus|canalem ionticum]] aperit [[Cation|cationta]] intra [[Cellula|cellulam]] admittentem tam [[sodium|sodii]] quam [[Kalium|potassii]]. Ita [[Fluxus electricus|fluxum electricum]] intrantem et excitantem gignit qui potentia postsynaptica excitans (PPSE) dicitur. Nam in eodem complexu [[Proteina|proteinico]] et canalis et pars [[acetylcholinum]] ligans insunt unde appellatio receptorium-canalis saepe adhibita.

Non tantum acetycholinum sed etiam alias similis structurae [[Molecula|moleculas]] ligare potest hoc receptorium sive [[Agonista (biochemia)|agonistas]] acetylcholini (ut [[nicotinum]] unde nomen et [[addictio]]) sive [[Antagonista|antagonistas]] (ut α-bungarotoxinum quod in veneno serpentis reperitur). Agonista circiter eadem efficit atque acetylcholinum, antagonista vero contraria, hoc est excitationem postsynapticam inhibet.

[[Myasthenia gravis|Myasthenia]] est [[morbus]] [[Systema immunitarium|systematis immunitarii]] qui iunctionem inter neurones et musculos adficit: tum enim [[Anticorpus|anticorpora]] contra sui organismi receptoria nicotinica generat quibus delentur ([[Morbus autoimmunitatis|morbus autoimmunis]]).

== De structura receptorii ==
Receptorium nicotinicum est [[polymerum|pentamerum]] e duabus partibus α (quarum utraque situm ligationis acetylcholino praebet) atque insuper singulis partibus β, γ (vel ε in [[Embryo|embryone]]), δ  in musculis constans. In neuronibus vero pentamerum quoque invenimus sed e tribus α et duobus β compositum et quod bungari toxini immune est. Omnes illae quinque partes habent regionem extracellularem et quattuor regiones transmembraneas quae parietes canalis formant, et parvam regionem [[Cytoplasma|cytoplasmaticam]]. Porus latior est quam apud receptoria e [[Tensio electrica|tensione electrica]] pendentia atque ideo omnia cationta transmeant cum aperitur. Hoc receptorii genus stimulo celeriter respondet quia canalis et ligationis situs inter se cohaerent.

Receptorium nicotinicum acetylcholini, primum e neurotransmissoris receptoriis inventum, plus quam cetera ab investigatoribus inspectum et descriptum est&lt;ref&gt;Unwin (2005).&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Plura legere si cupis ==
[[Fasciculus:NAChR.png|thumb|Receptorium primo desuper cum porta canalis ac deinde ex latere spectabile (structura quaternaria proteinae). Quinque partes coloribus aliis distinguntur.]]
*[[Henricus Dale|H H. Dale]], W Feldberg, M Vogt. &quot;[https://www.sfn.org/-/media/SfN/Documents/ClassicPapers/SynapticFunction/dale.ashx?la=en&amp;hash=4B29FF08FC3ED44F34C57663E531E6ACDB04EB63 Release of acetylcholine at voluntary motor nerve endings]&quot;, ''Journal of physiologyy'' 1936 86(4) :353–380
* Philippe Faure et Alexandre Mourot, &quot;[https://stm.cairn.info/traite-d-addictologie--9782257206503-page-566?lang=fr Les récepteurs nicotiniques]&quot; in ''Traité d'addictologie'', Lavoisier, 2016: 566-573
*Shaweta Gupta, Srirupa Chakraborty, Ridhima Vij, Anthony Auerbach. &quot;[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5217088/ A mechanism for acetylcholine receptor gating based on structure, coupling, phi, and flip]&quot;, ''Journal of general Physiology'', 2017: 85–103.
*Sarah Mondoloni, ''[https://theses.hal.science/tel-03862201 Rôle des récepteurs nicotiniques des circuits de l'addiction à la nicotine : une manipulation originale des récepteurs grâce à la lumière]'', Sorbonne Université, 2020 (Dissertatio academica)
*Atsuo Miyazawa, Yoshinori Fujiyoshi &amp; Nigel Unwin. &quot;[https://www.nature.com/articles/nature01748 Structure and gating mechanism of the acetylcholine receptor pore]&quot;, ''Nature'', 2003(423): 949–955
*Nigel Unwin, &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022283604016018 Refined Structure of the Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor at 4 Å Resolution]&quot;, ''Journal of molecular biology'', 2005(346): 967-989 [https://www2.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/groups/nu/pdf/jmb05.pdf Praepublicatio]

== Nexus externi ==
*[https://www.aquaportail.com/dictionnaire/definition/16739/recepteur-nicotinique Aquaportail]

[[Categoria:Receptoria neurotransmissoria]]
[[Categoria:Receptoria ionotropica]]</text>
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        <id>2059</id>
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[[Fasciculus:Nicotine.svg|thumb|Structura chemica nicotini, agonistae acetylcholini.]]
'''Receptorium acetylcholini nicotinicum''' (nota nAChR) est [[Receptorium neurotransmissoris|receptorium ionotropum]] in [[Membrana cellulae|membrana]] [[Synapsis chemica|postsynaptica]] [[Neuron|neurocyti]] aut [[Myocytus|myocyti]] insitum  quod [[Ligandus (biochemia)|ligando]] [[Neurotransmissor|neurotransmissore]] [[Canalis ionticus|canalem ionticum]] aperit [[Cation|cationta]] intra [[Cellula|cellulam]] admittentem tam [[sodium|sodii]] quam [[Kalium|potassii]]. Ita [[Fluxus electricus|fluxum electricum]] intrantem et excitantem gignit qui potentia postsynaptica excitans (PPSE) dicitur. Nam in eodem complexu [[Proteina|proteinico]] et canalis et pars [[acetylcholinum]] ligans insunt unde appellatio receptorium-canalis saepe adhibita.

Non tantum acetycholinum sed etiam alias similis structurae [[Molecula|moleculas]] ligare potest hoc receptorium sive [[Agonista (biochemia)|agonistas]] acetylcholini (ut [[nicotinum]] unde nomen et [[addictio]]) sive [[Antagonista|antagonistas]] (ut α-bungarotoxinum quod in veneno serpentis reperitur). Agonista circiter eadem efficit atque acetylcholinum, antagonista vero contraria, hoc est excitationem postsynapticam inhibet.

[[Myasthenia gravis|Myasthenia]] est [[morbus]] [[Systema immunitarium|systematis immunitarii]] qui iunctionem inter neurones et musculos adficit: tum enim [[Anticorpus|anticorpora]] contra sui organismi receptoria nicotinica generat quibus delentur ([[Morbus autoimmunitatis|morbus autoimmunis]]).

== De structura receptorii ==
Receptorium nicotinicum est [[polymerum|pentamerum]] e duabus partibus α (quarum utraque situm ligationis acetylcholino praebet) atque insuper singulis partibus β, γ (vel ε in [[Embryo|embryone]]), δ  in musculis constans. In neuronibus vero pentamerum quoque invenimus sed e tribus α et duobus β compositum et quod bungari toxini immune est. Omnes illae quinque partes habent regionem extracellularem et quattuor regiones transmembraneas quae parietes canalis formant, et parvam regionem [[Cytoplasma|cytoplasmaticam]]. Porus latior est quam apud receptoria e [[Tensio electrica|tensione electrica]] pendentia atque ideo omnia cationta transmeant cum aperitur. Hoc receptorii genus stimulo celeriter respondet quia canalis et ligationis situs inter se cohaerent.

Receptorium nicotinicum acetylcholini, primum e neurotransmissoris receptoriis inventum, plus quam cetera ab investigatoribus inspectum et descriptum est&lt;ref&gt;Unwin (2005).&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Plura legere si cupis ==
[[Fasciculus:NAChR.png|thumb|Receptorium primo desuper cum porta canalis ac deinde ex latere spectabile (structura quaternaria proteinae). Quinque partes coloribus aliis distinguntur.]]
*[[Henricus Dale|H H. Dale]], W Feldberg, M Vogt. &quot;[https://www.sfn.org/-/media/SfN/Documents/ClassicPapers/SynapticFunction/dale.ashx?la=en&amp;hash=4B29FF08FC3ED44F34C57663E531E6ACDB04EB63 Release of acetylcholine at voluntary motor nerve endings]&quot;, ''Journal of physiologyy'' 1936 86(4) :353–380
* Philippe Faure et Alexandre Mourot, &quot;[https://stm.cairn.info/traite-d-addictologie--9782257206503-page-566?lang=fr Les récepteurs nicotiniques]&quot; in ''Traité d'addictologie'', Lavoisier, 2016: 566-573
*Shaweta Gupta, Srirupa Chakraborty, Ridhima Vij, Anthony Auerbach. &quot;[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5217088/ A mechanism for acetylcholine receptor gating based on structure, coupling, phi, and flip]&quot;, ''Journal of general Physiology'', 2017: 85–103.
*Sarah Mondoloni, ''[https://theses.hal.science/tel-03862201 Rôle des récepteurs nicotiniques des circuits de l'addiction à la nicotine : une manipulation originale des récepteurs grâce à la lumière]'', Sorbonne Université, 2020 (Dissertatio academica)
*Atsuo Miyazawa, Yoshinori Fujiyoshi &amp; Nigel Unwin. &quot;[https://www.nature.com/articles/nature01748 Structure and gating mechanism of the acetylcholine receptor pore]&quot;, ''Nature'', 2003(423): 949–955
*Nigel Unwin, &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022283604016018 Refined Structure of the Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor at 4 Å Resolution]&quot;, ''Journal of molecular biology'', 2005(346): 967-989 [https://www2.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/groups/nu/pdf/jmb05.pdf Praepublicatio]

== Nexus externi ==
*[https://www.aquaportail.com/dictionnaire/definition/16739/recepteur-nicotinique Aquaportail]

[[Categoria:Receptoria neurotransmissoria]]
[[Categoria:Receptoria ionotropica]]</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-19T13:24:00Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
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      <text bytes="4611" sha1="mwi7rfo8a9432zrvcsxo59f3x9kcjit" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Acetylcholine.svg|thumb|Structura chemica acetylcholini.]]
[[Fasciculus:Nicotine.svg|thumb|Structura chemica nicotini, agonistae acetylcholini.]]
'''Receptorium acetylcholini nicotinicum''' (nota nAChR) est [[Receptorium neurotransmissoris|receptorium ionotropum]] in [[Membrana cellulae|membrana]] [[Synapsis chemica|postsynaptica]] [[Neuron|neurocyti]] aut [[Myocytus|myocyti]] insitum  quod [[Ligandus (biochemia)|ligando]] [[Neurotransmissor|neurotransmissore]] [[Canalis ionticus|canalem ionticum]] aperit [[Cation|cationta]] intra [[Cellula|cellulam]] admittentem tam [[sodium|sodii]] quam [[Kalium|potassii]]. Ita [[Fluxus electricus|fluxum electricum]] intrantem et excitantem gignit qui potentia postsynaptica excitans (PPSE) dicitur. Nam in eodem complexu [[Proteina|proteinico]] et canalis et pars [[acetylcholinum]] ligans insunt unde appellatio receptorium-canalis saepe adhibita.

Non tantum acetycholinum sed etiam alias similis structurae [[Molecula|moleculas]] ligare potest hoc receptorium sive [[Agonista (biochemia)|agonistas]] acetylcholini (ut [[nicotinum]] unde nomen et [[addictio]]) sive [[Antagonista|antagonistas]] (ut α-bungarotoxinum quod in veneno serpentis reperitur). Agonista circiter eadem efficit atque acetylcholinum, antagonista vero contraria, hoc est excitationem postsynapticam inhibet.

[[Myasthenia gravis|Myasthenia]] est [[morbus]] [[Systema immunitarium|systematis immunitarii]] qui iunctionem inter neurones et musculos adficit: tum enim [[Anticorpus|anticorpora]] contra sui organismi receptoria nicotinica generat quibus delentur ([[Morbus autoimmunitatis|morbus autoimmunis]]).

== De structura receptorii ==
Receptorium nicotinicum est [[polymerum|pentamerum]] e duabus partibus α (quarum utraque situm ligationis acetylcholino praebet) atque insuper singulis partibus β, γ (vel ε in [[Embryo|embryone]]), δ  in musculis constans. In neuronibus vero pentamerum quoque invenimus sed e tribus α et duobus β compositum et quod bungari toxini immune est. Omnes illae quinque partes habent regionem extracellularem et quattuor regiones transmembraneas quae parietes canalis formant, et parvam regionem [[Cytoplasma|cytoplasmaticam]]. Porus latior est quam apud receptoria e [[Tensio electrica|tensione electrica]] pendentia atque ideo omnia cationta transmeant cum aperitur. Hoc receptorii genus stimulo celeriter respondet quia canalis et ligationis situs inter se cohaerent.

Receptorium nicotinicum acetylcholini, primum e neurotransmissoris receptoriis inventum, plus quam cetera ab investigatoribus inspectum et descriptum est&lt;ref&gt;Unwin (2005).&lt;/ref&gt;. Itaque satis bene notum est.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Plura legere si cupis ==
[[Fasciculus:NAChR.png|thumb|Receptorium primo desuper cum porta canalis ac deinde ex latere spectabile (structura quaternaria proteinae). Quinque partes coloribus aliis distinguntur.]]
*[[Henricus Dale|H H. Dale]], W Feldberg, M Vogt. &quot;[https://www.sfn.org/-/media/SfN/Documents/ClassicPapers/SynapticFunction/dale.ashx?la=en&amp;hash=4B29FF08FC3ED44F34C57663E531E6ACDB04EB63 Release of acetylcholine at voluntary motor nerve endings]&quot;, ''Journal of physiologyy'' 1936 86(4) :353–380
* Philippe Faure et Alexandre Mourot, &quot;[https://stm.cairn.info/traite-d-addictologie--9782257206503-page-566?lang=fr Les récepteurs nicotiniques]&quot; in ''Traité d'addictologie'', Lavoisier, 2016: 566-573
*Shaweta Gupta, Srirupa Chakraborty, Ridhima Vij, Anthony Auerbach. &quot;[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5217088/ A mechanism for acetylcholine receptor gating based on structure, coupling, phi, and flip]&quot;, ''Journal of general Physiology'', 2017: 85–103.
*Sarah Mondoloni, ''[https://theses.hal.science/tel-03862201 Rôle des récepteurs nicotiniques des circuits de l'addiction à la nicotine : une manipulation originale des récepteurs grâce à la lumière]'', Sorbonne Université, 2020 (Dissertatio academica)
*Atsuo Miyazawa, Yoshinori Fujiyoshi &amp; Nigel Unwin. &quot;[https://www.nature.com/articles/nature01748 Structure and gating mechanism of the acetylcholine receptor pore]&quot;, ''Nature'', 2003(423): 949–955
*Nigel Unwin, &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022283604016018 Refined Structure of the Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor at 4 Å Resolution]&quot;, ''Journal of molecular biology'', 2005(346): 967-989 [https://www2.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/groups/nu/pdf/jmb05.pdf Praepublicatio]

== Nexus externi ==
*[https://www.aquaportail.com/dictionnaire/definition/16739/recepteur-nicotinique Aquaportail]

[[Categoria:Receptoria neurotransmissoria]]
[[Categoria:Receptoria ionotropica]]</text>
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    <title>Formula:High-use</title>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-19T12:30:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
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      <comment>Grufo movit paginam [[Formula:High-use]] ad [[Formula:Formula in multis paginis adhibita]]: Nomen Latinum</comment>
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      <text bytes="56" sha1="ef7gm4ukj1gbf21vgqrb343e6oyaz31" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Formula:Formula in multis paginis adhibita]]</text>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-19T12:31:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
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      <comment>Redirectionem creavi</comment>
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      <text bytes="56" sha1="ef7gm4ukj1gbf21vgqrb343e6oyaz31" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Formula:Formula in multis paginis adhibita]]</text>
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    <title>Collegium Medium et Superius Shibuyaense</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <id>3972871</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-19T14:03:21Z</timestamp>
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        <username>SolaseedAir</username>
        <id>212316</id>
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      <comment>Paginam instituit, scribens '{{Coord|35|39|50.1|N|139|42|10.9|E|display=title}} [[File:Shibuya Junior &amp; Senior High School.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Shibuya Junior and Senior High School in Shibuya, Tokyo|Collegium Medium et Superius Shibuyaense in regione Shibuya urbis Tokii]]  '''Collegium Medium et Superius Shibuyaense''' (Iaponice: 渋谷教育学園渋谷中学高等学校, Shibuya Kyōiku Gakuen Shibuya Chūgaku Kōtōgakkō) est [[educatio secundaria|scholae secundariae]] privatum Iapon...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="1643" sha1="rlcr5fmqpfrfzhbixfwjnosh46adop8" xml:space="preserve">{{Coord|35|39|50.1|N|139|42|10.9|E|display=title}}
[[File:Shibuya Junior &amp; Senior High School.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Shibuya Junior and Senior High School in Shibuya, Tokyo|Collegium Medium et Superius Shibuyaense in regione Shibuya urbis Tokii]]

'''Collegium Medium et Superius Shibuyaense''' (Iaponice: 渋谷教育学園渋谷中学高等学校, Shibuya Kyōiku Gakuen Shibuya Chūgaku Kōtōgakkō) est [[educatio secundaria|scholae secundariae]] privatum [[Iaponia|Iaponicum]] in regione [[Shibuya]] urbis [[Tokium|Tokii]] situm, quod institutionem secundariam sex annorum continenter praebet. Collegium vulgo ''Shibu-shibu'' (渋渋) appellatur. Est schola secundaria sex annorum, quae discipulos tantum initio cursus recipit neque novos discipulos in partem superiorem directe admittit. Collegium eandem philosophiam educationis cum collegio sororio Makuhariensi communicat.

Philosophia educationis huius collegii sententia Iaponica {{lang|ja|自調自考}} (jichō jikō) exprimitur, quae Latine reddi potest: '''«Per se ipsum quaerere atque cogitare.»'''

== Historia ==
Collegium originem ducit a '''Schola Puellarum Centralis''' (中央女学校), anno [[1924]] condita.

Praesens autem collegium anno [[1996]] institutum est, postquam schola reformata est ut rationes institutionis, quae iam in collegio sororio Makuhariensi adhibebantur, in regione Shibuya introducerentur.

== Vide etiam ==
* [[Collegium Medium et Superius Makuhariense]]
* [[Tokium]]
* [[Shibuya]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://www.shibushibu.jp/ Situs interretialis officialis]

[[Categoria:Tokium]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1924]]</text>
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      <comment>/* Vide etiam */</comment>
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      <text bytes="1637" sha1="ou1uj76gaq4my4263mm070ugvyyt1q3" xml:space="preserve">{{Coord|35|39|50.1|N|139|42|10.9|E|display=title}}
[[File:Shibuya Junior &amp; Senior High School.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Shibuya Junior and Senior High School in Shibuya, Tokyo|Collegium Medium et Superius Shibuyaense in regione Shibuya urbis Tokii]]

'''Collegium Medium et Superius Shibuyaense''' (Iaponice: 渋谷教育学園渋谷中学高等学校, Shibuya Kyōiku Gakuen Shibuya Chūgaku Kōtōgakkō) est [[educatio secundaria|scholae secundariae]] privatum [[Iaponia|Iaponicum]] in regione [[Shibuya]] urbis [[Tokium|Tokii]] situm, quod institutionem secundariam sex annorum continenter praebet. Collegium vulgo ''Shibu-shibu'' (渋渋) appellatur. Est schola secundaria sex annorum, quae discipulos tantum initio cursus recipit neque novos discipulos in partem superiorem directe admittit. Collegium eandem philosophiam educationis cum collegio sororio Makuhariensi communicat.

Philosophia educationis huius collegii sententia Iaponica {{lang|ja|自調自考}} (jichō jikō) exprimitur, quae Latine reddi potest: '''«Per se ipsum quaerere atque cogitare.»'''

== Historia ==
Collegium originem ducit a '''Schola Puellarum Centralis''' (中央女学校), anno [[1924]] condita.

Praesens autem collegium anno [[1996]] institutum est, postquam schola reformata est ut rationes institutionis, quae iam in collegio sororio Makuhariensi adhibebantur, in regione Shibuya introducerentur.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Collegium Medium et Superius Makuhariense]]
* [[Tokium]]
* [[Shibuya]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://www.shibushibu.jp/ Situs interretialis officialis]

[[Categoria:Tokium]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1924]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>3972907</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-19T17:28:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Andrew Dalby</username>
        <id>1084</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>[[Project:HotCat|HotCat]]: +[[Categoria:Scholae]]</comment>
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[[File:Shibuya Junior &amp; Senior High School.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Shibuya Junior and Senior High School in Shibuya, Tokyo|Collegium Medium et Superius Shibuyaense in regione Shibuya urbis Tokii]]

'''Collegium Medium et Superius Shibuyaense''' (Iaponice: 渋谷教育学園渋谷中学高等学校, Shibuya Kyōiku Gakuen Shibuya Chūgaku Kōtōgakkō) est [[educatio secundaria|scholae secundariae]] privatum [[Iaponia|Iaponicum]] in regione [[Shibuya]] urbis [[Tokium|Tokii]] situm, quod institutionem secundariam sex annorum continenter praebet. Collegium vulgo ''Shibu-shibu'' (渋渋) appellatur. Est schola secundaria sex annorum, quae discipulos tantum initio cursus recipit neque novos discipulos in partem superiorem directe admittit. Collegium eandem philosophiam educationis cum collegio sororio Makuhariensi communicat.

Philosophia educationis huius collegii sententia Iaponica {{lang|ja|自調自考}} (jichō jikō) exprimitur, quae Latine reddi potest: '''«Per se ipsum quaerere atque cogitare.»'''

== Historia ==
Collegium originem ducit a '''Schola Puellarum Centralis''' (中央女学校), anno [[1924]] condita.

Praesens autem collegium anno [[1996]] institutum est, postquam schola reformata est ut rationes institutionis, quae iam in collegio sororio Makuhariensi adhibebantur, in regione Shibuya introducerentur.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Collegium Medium et Superius Makuhariense]]
* [[Tokium]]
* [[Shibuya]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://www.shibushibu.jp/ Situs interretialis officialis]

[[Categoria:Tokium]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1924]]
[[Categoria:Scholae]]</text>
      <sha1>m6ec7s6mtq4x06off7oe1pzs44fps31</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3972908</id>
      <parentid>3972907</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-19T17:29:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Andrew Dalby</username>
        <id>1084</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>nexus supererogatorii</comment>
      <origin>3972908</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="1572" sha1="iia0020bxfzm5h3888cm863m8uuiw1i" xml:space="preserve">{{Coord|35|39|50.1|N|139|42|10.9|E|display=title}}
[[File:Shibuya Junior &amp; Senior High School.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Shibuya Junior and Senior High School in Shibuya, Tokyo|Collegium Medium et Superius Shibuyaense in regione Shibuya urbis Tokii]]

'''Collegium Medium et Superius Shibuyaense''' (Iaponice: 渋谷教育学園渋谷中学高等学校, Shibuya Kyōiku Gakuen Shibuya Chūgaku Kōtōgakkō) est [[educatio secundaria|scholae secundariae]] privatum [[Iaponia|Iaponicum]] in regione [[Shibuya]] urbis [[Tokium|Tokii]] situm, quod institutionem secundariam sex annorum continenter praebet. Collegium vulgo ''Shibu-shibu'' (渋渋) appellatur. Est schola secundaria sex annorum, quae discipulos tantum initio cursus recipit neque novos discipulos in partem superiorem directe admittit. Collegium eandem philosophiam educationis cum collegio sororio Makuhariensi communicat.

Philosophia educationis huius collegii sententia Iaponica {{lang|ja|自調自考}} (jichō jikō) exprimitur, quae Latine reddi potest: '''«Per se ipsum quaerere atque cogitare.»'''

== Historia ==
Collegium originem ducit a '''Schola Puellarum Centralis''' (中央女学校), anno [[1924]] condita.

Praesens autem collegium anno [[1996]] institutum est, postquam schola reformata est ut rationes institutionis, quae iam in collegio sororio Makuhariensi adhibebantur, in regione Shibuya introducerentur.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://www.shibushibu.jp/ Situs interretialis officialis]

[[Categoria:Tokium]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1924]]
[[Categoria:Scholae]]</text>
      <sha1>iia0020bxfzm5h3888cm863m8uuiw1i</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Winchcombe</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>326751</id>
    <redirect title="Wincelcumba" />
    <revision>
      <id>3972914</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-19T18:10:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Andrew Dalby</username>
        <id>1084</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Andrew Dalby movit paginam [[Winchcombe]] ad [[Wincelcumba]]: nomen Latinum</comment>
      <origin>3972914</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="25" sha1="8nblnunjmavreg4vdhru0dydtpbt9df" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wincelcumba]]</text>
      <sha1>8nblnunjmavreg4vdhru0dydtpbt9df</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Disputatio:Ioanninus Castiglionius</title>
    <ns>1</ns>
    <id>326752</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3972918</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-19T18:19:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>+{{[[Formula:Auctores conexi|Auctores conexi]]|usor=[[:meta:Special:CentralAuth/Alec Smithson|Alec Smithson]]}}</comment>
      <origin>3972918</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="119" sha1="k8qk44g4y74wputf24nk45v8c23rjvp" xml:space="preserve">{{Auctores conexi
	| usor = Alec Smithson
	| interdictio = globalis
	| tempus = 20260719181916
	| recensio = 3972900
}}</text>
      <sha1>k8qk44g4y74wputf24nk45v8c23rjvp</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3972919</id>
      <parentid>3972918</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-19T18:21:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3972919</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="140" sha1="cst4psxdwmvy1sjxnaujwivjwiccn5d" xml:space="preserve">{{Auctores conexi
	| usor = Alec Smithson
	| interdictio = globalis
	| recensuit = nihil
	| tempus = 20260719181916
	| recensio = 3972900
}}</text>
      <sha1>cst4psxdwmvy1sjxnaujwivjwiccn5d</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3972921</id>
      <parentid>3972919</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-19T18:29:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Die 19 Iulii 2026 — Estne haec pagina delenda? */ nova pars</comment>
      <origin>3972921</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="558" sha1="1gbby7xc6gg39yr3mvgpcgr2vaab7tv" xml:space="preserve">{{Auctores conexi
	| usor = Alec Smithson
	| interdictio = globalis
	| recensuit = nihil
	| tempus = 20260719181916
	| recensio = 3972900
}}

== Die 19 Iulii 2026 — Estne haec pagina delenda? ==

&lt;!--
Noli haec verba removere si formula die 19 Iulii 2026 hora 18:27:38 petita nondum forma finali patescit.
--&gt;{{Disputatio petitoria Vicipaediae|Delenda|20260719182738}}
Etiamsi pictor vero exsistit, pagina mihi videtur esse spammifera, ab Alec Smithson scripta. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:29, 19 Iulii 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>1gbby7xc6gg39yr3mvgpcgr2vaab7tv</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Christophorus Merrett</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>326753</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3972924</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-19T18:59:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Andrew Dalby</username>
        <id>1084</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>initium</comment>
      <origin>3972924</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1997" sha1="r0v7ooj9hhz755j5fglaq0no4eqv2za" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
{{Res|Christophorus Merret}}, vulgo ''Christopher'' ([[Wincelcumba]]e [[comitatus Glocestriensis]] die [[16 Februarii]] [[1615]] natus; [[Londinium|Londinii]] mortuus die [[19 Augusti]] [[1695]]) fuit eruditus rerum scientificarum [[Anglia|Anglus]]. [[methodus Campanicum|Methodum]] vinorum bullantium condendiendorum, quae hodie Campanicum appellatur, observavit et primus omnium descripsit. Descriptio die [[17 Decembris]] [[1662]] apud [[Regalis Societas Londini|Regalem Societatem Londiniensem]] lecta eoque fere die in tribus exemplaribus exscripta est; anno [[1669]] (neque antea) e prelo provenit, titulo &quot;''Some observations concerning the ordering of wines''&quot;, ad finem opusculi a [[Gualterus Charleton|Gualtero Charleton]] editi inclusa.

== Scripta ==
* 1669 : &quot;[https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_two-discourses-i-conce_charleton-walter_1669/page/200/mode/2up Some observations concerning the ordering of wines]&quot; in Walter Charleton, ''Two discourses: I, Concerning the different wits of men; II, Of the mysterie of vintners'' (Londinii: William Whitwood) pp. 201-230; [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_two-discourses-i-conce_charleton-walter_1669/page/n1/mode/2up Textus]; [https://archive.org/details/b30328767/page/206/mode/2up editio 1675]; 

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes biographici}}
* Tom Stevenson, &quot;[https://wine-pages.com/columnist-articles/no-merret-in-digby-taking-issue-with-an-eminence-grise/ No Merreet in Digby: taking issue with an eminence grise]&quot;
* &quot;[https://history.rcp.ac.uk/blog/christopher-merrett-and-beginnings-champagne Christopher Merrett and the beginnings of champagne]&quot; apud ''Royal College of Physicians''
* &quot;[https://maisons-champagne.com/fr/encyclopedies/la-grande-histoire-des-maisons-de-champagne/chapitre-i/article/aux-origines-du-champagne-le-negoce Aux origines du champagne]&quot; apud ''Union des maisons de champagne''

{{Anni vitae|1615|1695|Merret, Christophorus}}</text>
      <sha1>r0v7ooj9hhz755j5fglaq0no4eqv2za</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3972926</id>
      <parentid>3972924</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-19T19:06:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Andrew Dalby</username>
        <id>1084</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>3972926</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2561" sha1="8n46uc8ozjx6bchs4s6uq7fveckkkvs" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
{{Res|Christophorus Merret}}, vulgo ''Christopher'' ([[Wincelcumba]]e [[comitatus Glocestriensis]] die [[16 Februarii]] [[1615]] natus; [[Londinium|Londinii]] mortuus die [[19 Augusti]] [[1695]]) fuit medicus et eruditus rerum scientificarum [[Anglia|Anglus]]. Socius fuit [[Regalis Societas Londini|Regalis Societatis Londiniensis]]. [[methodus Campanicum|Methodum]] vinorum bullantium condendiendorum, quae hodie Campanicum appellatur, observavit et primus omnium descripsit. Descriptio die [[17 Decembris]] [[1662]] apud Regalem Societatem lecta eoque fere die in tribus exemplaribus exscripta est; anno [[1669]] (neque antea) e prelo provenit, titulo &quot;''Some observations concerning the ordering of wines''&quot;, ad finem opusculi a [[Gualterus Charleton|Gualtero Charleton]] editi inclusa.

== Scripta ==
* 1669 : &quot;[https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_two-discourses-i-conce_charleton-walter_1669/page/200/mode/2up Some observations concerning the ordering of wines]&quot; in Walter Charleton, ''Two discourses: I, Concerning the different wits of men; II, Of the mysterie of vintners'' (Londinii: William Whitwood) pp. 201-230; [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_two-discourses-i-conce_charleton-walter_1669/page/n1/mode/2up Textus]; [https://archive.org/details/b30328767/page/206/mode/2up editio 1675]
** [https://makingscience.royalsociety.org/items/ms_215_11/some-observations-concerning-the-ordering-of-wines-presented-to-the-royal-society-by-dr-merret?page=1 manuscriptum anni 1662]; [https://makingscience.royalsociety.org/items/rbo_2ii_14/some-observations-concerning-the-ordering-of-wynes-wines-presented-to-the-royall-society-by-christopher-merrett?page=1 aliud]; [https://makingscience.royalsociety.org/items/clp_10iii_2/paper-some-observations-concerning-the-ordering-of-wines-by-christopher-merrett?page=1 aliud] 

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes biographici}}
* Tom Stevenson, &quot;[https://wine-pages.com/columnist-articles/no-merret-in-digby-taking-issue-with-an-eminence-grise/ No Merreet in Digby: taking issue with an eminence grise]&quot;
* &quot;[https://history.rcp.ac.uk/blog/christopher-merrett-and-beginnings-champagne Christopher Merrett and the beginnings of champagne]&quot; apud ''Royal College of Physicians''
* &quot;[https://maisons-champagne.com/fr/encyclopedies/la-grande-histoire-des-maisons-de-champagne/chapitre-i/article/aux-origines-du-champagne-le-negoce Aux origines du champagne]&quot; apud ''Union des maisons de champagne''

{{Anni vitae|1615|1695|Merret, Christophorus}}</text>
      <sha1>8n46uc8ozjx6bchs4s6uq7fveckkkvs</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3972927</id>
      <parentid>3972926</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-19T19:06:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Andrew Dalby</username>
        <id>1084</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>[[Project:HotCat|HotCat]]: +[[Categoria:Scriptores de vino]]</comment>
      <origin>3972927</origin>
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      <text bytes="2595" sha1="k923c38irpptic6i6kiymxas7anqdyc" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
{{Res|Christophorus Merret}}, vulgo ''Christopher'' ([[Wincelcumba]]e [[comitatus Glocestriensis]] die [[16 Februarii]] [[1615]] natus; [[Londinium|Londinii]] mortuus die [[19 Augusti]] [[1695]]) fuit medicus et eruditus rerum scientificarum [[Anglia|Anglus]]. Socius fuit [[Regalis Societas Londini|Regalis Societatis Londiniensis]]. [[methodus Campanicum|Methodum]] vinorum bullantium condendiendorum, quae hodie Campanicum appellatur, observavit et primus omnium descripsit. Descriptio die [[17 Decembris]] [[1662]] apud Regalem Societatem lecta eoque fere die in tribus exemplaribus exscripta est; anno [[1669]] (neque antea) e prelo provenit, titulo &quot;''Some observations concerning the ordering of wines''&quot;, ad finem opusculi a [[Gualterus Charleton|Gualtero Charleton]] editi inclusa.

== Scripta ==
* 1669 : &quot;[https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_two-discourses-i-conce_charleton-walter_1669/page/200/mode/2up Some observations concerning the ordering of wines]&quot; in Walter Charleton, ''Two discourses: I, Concerning the different wits of men; II, Of the mysterie of vintners'' (Londinii: William Whitwood) pp. 201-230; [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_two-discourses-i-conce_charleton-walter_1669/page/n1/mode/2up Textus]; [https://archive.org/details/b30328767/page/206/mode/2up editio 1675]
** [https://makingscience.royalsociety.org/items/ms_215_11/some-observations-concerning-the-ordering-of-wines-presented-to-the-royal-society-by-dr-merret?page=1 manuscriptum anni 1662]; [https://makingscience.royalsociety.org/items/rbo_2ii_14/some-observations-concerning-the-ordering-of-wynes-wines-presented-to-the-royall-society-by-christopher-merrett?page=1 aliud]; [https://makingscience.royalsociety.org/items/clp_10iii_2/paper-some-observations-concerning-the-ordering-of-wines-by-christopher-merrett?page=1 aliud] 

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes biographici}}
* Tom Stevenson, &quot;[https://wine-pages.com/columnist-articles/no-merret-in-digby-taking-issue-with-an-eminence-grise/ No Merreet in Digby: taking issue with an eminence grise]&quot;
* &quot;[https://history.rcp.ac.uk/blog/christopher-merrett-and-beginnings-champagne Christopher Merrett and the beginnings of champagne]&quot; apud ''Royal College of Physicians''
* &quot;[https://maisons-champagne.com/fr/encyclopedies/la-grande-histoire-des-maisons-de-champagne/chapitre-i/article/aux-origines-du-champagne-le-negoce Aux origines du champagne]&quot; apud ''Union des maisons de champagne''

{{Anni vitae|1615|1695|Merret, Christophorus}}

[[Categoria:Scriptores de vino]]</text>
      <sha1>k923c38irpptic6i6kiymxas7anqdyc</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>3972928</id>
      <parentid>3972927</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-19T19:06:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Andrew Dalby</username>
        <id>1084</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>[[Project:HotCat|HotCat]]: +[[Categoria:Eruditi Angliae]]</comment>
      <origin>3972928</origin>
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      <text bytes="2625" sha1="eh4mxnqs57ttoyln6c2n6yswvivyhzk" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
{{Res|Christophorus Merret}}, vulgo ''Christopher'' ([[Wincelcumba]]e [[comitatus Glocestriensis]] die [[16 Februarii]] [[1615]] natus; [[Londinium|Londinii]] mortuus die [[19 Augusti]] [[1695]]) fuit medicus et eruditus rerum scientificarum [[Anglia|Anglus]]. Socius fuit [[Regalis Societas Londini|Regalis Societatis Londiniensis]]. [[methodus Campanicum|Methodum]] vinorum bullantium condendiendorum, quae hodie Campanicum appellatur, observavit et primus omnium descripsit. Descriptio die [[17 Decembris]] [[1662]] apud Regalem Societatem lecta eoque fere die in tribus exemplaribus exscripta est; anno [[1669]] (neque antea) e prelo provenit, titulo &quot;''Some observations concerning the ordering of wines''&quot;, ad finem opusculi a [[Gualterus Charleton|Gualtero Charleton]] editi inclusa.

== Scripta ==
* 1669 : &quot;[https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_two-discourses-i-conce_charleton-walter_1669/page/200/mode/2up Some observations concerning the ordering of wines]&quot; in Walter Charleton, ''Two discourses: I, Concerning the different wits of men; II, Of the mysterie of vintners'' (Londinii: William Whitwood) pp. 201-230; [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_two-discourses-i-conce_charleton-walter_1669/page/n1/mode/2up Textus]; [https://archive.org/details/b30328767/page/206/mode/2up editio 1675]
** [https://makingscience.royalsociety.org/items/ms_215_11/some-observations-concerning-the-ordering-of-wines-presented-to-the-royal-society-by-dr-merret?page=1 manuscriptum anni 1662]; [https://makingscience.royalsociety.org/items/rbo_2ii_14/some-observations-concerning-the-ordering-of-wynes-wines-presented-to-the-royall-society-by-christopher-merrett?page=1 aliud]; [https://makingscience.royalsociety.org/items/clp_10iii_2/paper-some-observations-concerning-the-ordering-of-wines-by-christopher-merrett?page=1 aliud] 

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes biographici}}
* Tom Stevenson, &quot;[https://wine-pages.com/columnist-articles/no-merret-in-digby-taking-issue-with-an-eminence-grise/ No Merreet in Digby: taking issue with an eminence grise]&quot;
* &quot;[https://history.rcp.ac.uk/blog/christopher-merrett-and-beginnings-champagne Christopher Merrett and the beginnings of champagne]&quot; apud ''Royal College of Physicians''
* &quot;[https://maisons-champagne.com/fr/encyclopedies/la-grande-histoire-des-maisons-de-champagne/chapitre-i/article/aux-origines-du-champagne-le-negoce Aux origines du champagne]&quot; apud ''Union des maisons de champagne''

{{Anni vitae|1615|1695|Merret, Christophorus}}

[[Categoria:Scriptores de vino]]
[[Categoria:Eruditi Angliae]]</text>
      <sha1>eh4mxnqs57ttoyln6c2n6yswvivyhzk</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3972929</id>
      <parentid>3972928</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-19T19:07:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Andrew Dalby</username>
        <id>1084</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>[[Project:HotCat|HotCat]]: +[[Categoria:Socii Regalis Societatis Londiniensis]]</comment>
      <origin>3972929</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2677" sha1="4md1qvh5jwe50i29cm7cujpatidr61u" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
{{Res|Christophorus Merret}}, vulgo ''Christopher'' ([[Wincelcumba]]e [[comitatus Glocestriensis]] die [[16 Februarii]] [[1615]] natus; [[Londinium|Londinii]] mortuus die [[19 Augusti]] [[1695]]) fuit medicus et eruditus rerum scientificarum [[Anglia|Anglus]]. Socius fuit [[Regalis Societas Londini|Regalis Societatis Londiniensis]]. [[methodus Campanicum|Methodum]] vinorum bullantium condendiendorum, quae hodie Campanicum appellatur, observavit et primus omnium descripsit. Descriptio die [[17 Decembris]] [[1662]] apud Regalem Societatem lecta eoque fere die in tribus exemplaribus exscripta est; anno [[1669]] (neque antea) e prelo provenit, titulo &quot;''Some observations concerning the ordering of wines''&quot;, ad finem opusculi a [[Gualterus Charleton|Gualtero Charleton]] editi inclusa.

== Scripta ==
* 1669 : &quot;[https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_two-discourses-i-conce_charleton-walter_1669/page/200/mode/2up Some observations concerning the ordering of wines]&quot; in Walter Charleton, ''Two discourses: I, Concerning the different wits of men; II, Of the mysterie of vintners'' (Londinii: William Whitwood) pp. 201-230; [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_two-discourses-i-conce_charleton-walter_1669/page/n1/mode/2up Textus]; [https://archive.org/details/b30328767/page/206/mode/2up editio 1675]
** [https://makingscience.royalsociety.org/items/ms_215_11/some-observations-concerning-the-ordering-of-wines-presented-to-the-royal-society-by-dr-merret?page=1 manuscriptum anni 1662]; [https://makingscience.royalsociety.org/items/rbo_2ii_14/some-observations-concerning-the-ordering-of-wynes-wines-presented-to-the-royall-society-by-christopher-merrett?page=1 aliud]; [https://makingscience.royalsociety.org/items/clp_10iii_2/paper-some-observations-concerning-the-ordering-of-wines-by-christopher-merrett?page=1 aliud] 

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes biographici}}
* Tom Stevenson, &quot;[https://wine-pages.com/columnist-articles/no-merret-in-digby-taking-issue-with-an-eminence-grise/ No Merreet in Digby: taking issue with an eminence grise]&quot;
* &quot;[https://history.rcp.ac.uk/blog/christopher-merrett-and-beginnings-champagne Christopher Merrett and the beginnings of champagne]&quot; apud ''Royal College of Physicians''
* &quot;[https://maisons-champagne.com/fr/encyclopedies/la-grande-histoire-des-maisons-de-champagne/chapitre-i/article/aux-origines-du-champagne-le-negoce Aux origines du champagne]&quot; apud ''Union des maisons de champagne''

{{Anni vitae|1615|1695|Merret, Christophorus}}

[[Categoria:Scriptores de vino]]
[[Categoria:Eruditi Angliae]]
[[Categoria:Socii Regalis Societatis Londiniensis]]</text>
      <sha1>4md1qvh5jwe50i29cm7cujpatidr61u</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3973035</id>
      <parentid>3972929</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-20T09:06:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Andrew Dalby</username>
        <id>1084</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Scripta */</comment>
      <origin>3973035</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5279" sha1="4b6t0mjoyq7zu2qkngct9lf4kvpg7o8" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
{{Res|Christophorus Merret}}, vulgo ''Christopher'' ([[Wincelcumba]]e [[comitatus Glocestriensis]] die [[16 Februarii]] [[1615]] natus; [[Londinium|Londinii]] mortuus die [[19 Augusti]] [[1695]]) fuit medicus et eruditus rerum scientificarum [[Anglia|Anglus]]. Socius fuit [[Regalis Societas Londini|Regalis Societatis Londiniensis]]. [[methodus Campanicum|Methodum]] vinorum bullantium condendiendorum, quae hodie Campanicum appellatur, observavit et primus omnium descripsit. Descriptio die [[17 Decembris]] [[1662]] apud Regalem Societatem lecta eoque fere die in tribus exemplaribus exscripta est; anno [[1669]] (neque antea) e prelo provenit, titulo &quot;''Some observations concerning the ordering of wines''&quot;, ad finem opusculi a [[Gualterus Charleton|Gualtero Charleton]] editi inclusa.

== Scripta ==
* 1660 : ''Catalogus librorum, instrumentorum chirugicorum, rerum curiosarum exoticarumque Coll. Med. Lond. quae habenytur in Musaeo Harveano''. Londinii; [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_catalogus-librorum-instr_merret-christopher_1660/page/n1/mode/2up Textus]
* 1660 : ''A collection of acts of Parliament, charters, trials at law, and judges opinions, concerning those grants to the Colledge of Physicians London ...''; [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_a-collection-of-acts-of-_merret-christopher_1660/mode/2up Textus]
* 1662 (auctore [[Antonius Neri|Antonio Neri]]; interprete C. M.) : ''The art of glass''. Londinii: Octavian Pulleyn; [https://archive.org/details/TheArtOfGlassWhereinAreShownTheWayesToMakeAndColourGlass/neri-a-art-1662-RTL014704/page/n9/mode/2up Textus]
* 1666 : ''Pinax rerum naturalium Britannicarum''. Londinii: Cave Palleyn; [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_pinax-rerum-naturalium-_merret-christopher_1666 textus]. -- [https://archive.org/details/b30341085_0001/page/n13/mode/2up 2a ed., 1667]
* 1669 : &quot;[https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_two-discourses-i-conce_charleton-walter_1669/page/200/mode/2up Some observations concerning the ordering of wines]&quot; in Walter Charleton, ''Two discourses: I, Concerning the different wits of men; II, Of the mysterie of vintners'' (Londinii: William Whitwood) pp. 201-230; [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_two-discourses-i-conce_charleton-walter_1669/page/n1/mode/2up Textus]. -- [https://archive.org/details/b30328767/page/206/mode/2up editio 1675]
** [https://makingscience.royalsociety.org/items/ms_215_11/some-observations-concerning-the-ordering-of-wines-presented-to-the-royal-society-by-dr-merret?page=1 manuscriptum anni 1662]; [https://makingscience.royalsociety.org/items/rbo_2ii_14/some-observations-concerning-the-ordering-of-wynes-wines-presented-to-the-royall-society-by-christopher-merrett?page=1 aliud]; [https://makingscience.royalsociety.org/items/clp_10iii_2/paper-some-observations-concerning-the-ordering-of-wines-by-christopher-merrett?page=1 aliud]
* 1669 : ''A short view of the frauds and abuses committed by apothecaries''. Londinii: James Allestry; [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_a-short-view-of-the-frau_merret-christopher_1669/page/n1/mode/2up Textus]. -- [https://archive.org/details/b3032998x_0001/page/n9/mode/2up 2a ed., 1670]
* 1670 : ''The accomplisht physician, the honest apothecary, and the skilful chyrurgeon, detecting their necessary connexion and dependance on each other; withall a discovery of the frauds of the quacking empirick, the praescribing surgeon, and the practicing apothecary; whereunto is added the physicians circuit, the history of physick, and a lash for 'Lex talionis'.'' Londinii; [https://archive.org/details/b30336193/page/n11/mode/2up Textus] 
* 1670 : ''Self-conviction; or an enumeration of the absurdities, railings against the College, and physicians in general ... and also an answer to the rest of 'Lex talionis'.'' Londonii: James Allestry; [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_self-conviction-or-an-e_merret-christopher_1670 Textus]
* 1670 : ''A short reply to the postscript, &amp;c., of H. S.'' Londinii: James Allestry; [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_a-short-reply-to-the-pos_merret-christopher_1670 Textus]
* 1695 : nuntius, qui his verbis incipit: &quot;[https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_dr-merrett-aged-81-and-_merret-christopher_1695 Dr. Merrett aged 81 and upwards ...]&quot;

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes biographici}}
* Tom Stevenson, &quot;[https://wine-pages.com/columnist-articles/no-merret-in-digby-taking-issue-with-an-eminence-grise/ No Merreet in Digby: taking issue with an eminence grise]&quot;
* &quot;[https://history.rcp.ac.uk/blog/christopher-merrett-and-beginnings-champagne Christopher Merrett and the beginnings of champagne]&quot; apud ''Royal College of Physicians''
* &quot;[https://maisons-champagne.com/fr/encyclopedies/la-grande-histoire-des-maisons-de-champagne/chapitre-i/article/aux-origines-du-champagne-le-negoce Aux origines du champagne]&quot; apud ''Union des maisons de champagne''

{{Anni vitae|1615|1695|Merret, Christophorus}}

[[Categoria:Scriptores de vino]]
[[Categoria:Eruditi Angliae]]
[[Categoria:Socii Regalis Societatis Londiniensis]]</text>
      <sha1>4b6t0mjoyq7zu2qkngct9lf4kvpg7o8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Disputatio:Novus ordo missae</title>
    <ns>1</ns>
    <id>326754</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3972925</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-19T19:01:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bis-Taurinus</username>
        <id>70496</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Titulus incertus */ nova pars</comment>
      <origin>3972925</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="401" sha1="g01c1n8l06mlgjl0tthfqnw7h50sf2a" xml:space="preserve">== Titulus incertus ==

Tituli &quot;Novus Ordo Missae&quot; ac &quot;Missa Pauli Sexti&quot; saepe ab his catholicis adhibentur, qui hunc ordinem recusant ordinemque praecedentem (missam dictam Tridentinam) praeferunt. In libris liturgicis semper &quot;Ordo Missae&quot; solum scribitur, quia forma nova veteri succedit. [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bis-Taurinus|disputatio]]) 19:01, 19 Iulii 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>g01c1n8l06mlgjl0tthfqnw7h50sf2a</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3972989</id>
      <parentid>3972925</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-20T06:00:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Titulus incertus */</comment>
      <origin>3972989</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="608" sha1="pmqn11ov5gtx3rwfptolqzx658nn7wy" xml:space="preserve">== Titulus incertus ==

Tituli &quot;Novus Ordo Missae&quot; ac &quot;Missa Pauli Sexti&quot; saepe ab his catholicis adhibentur, qui hunc ordinem recusant ordinemque praecedentem (missam dictam Tridentinam) praeferunt. In libris liturgicis semper &quot;Ordo Missae&quot; solum scribitur, quia forma nova veteri succedit. [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bis-Taurinus|disputatio]]) 19:01, 19 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
: Sic videtur. Paginam [[Specialis:Diff/3972366/3972988|ita emendavi]] ut contextus appellationis clarius patescat. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 06:00, 20 Iulii 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>pmqn11ov5gtx3rwfptolqzx658nn7wy</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3972990</id>
      <parentid>3972989</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-20T06:21:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Titulus incertus */</comment>
      <origin>3972990</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="610" sha1="08b7k6wj4d0va6hs66zxsf0sfwsbkr5" xml:space="preserve">== Titulus incertus ==

Tituli &quot;Novus Ordo Missae&quot; ac &quot;Missa Pauli Sexti&quot; saepe ab his catholicis adhibentur, qui hunc ordinem recusant ordinemque praecedentem (missam dictam Tridentinam) praeferunt. In libris liturgicis semper &quot;Ordo Missae&quot; solum scribitur, quia forma nova veteri succedit. [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bis-Taurinus|disputatio]]) 19:01, 19 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
: Sic videtur. Paginam [[Specialis:Diff/3972366/3972988|ita emendavi]] ut contextus appellationis clarius patesceret. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 06:00, 20 Iulii 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>08b7k6wj4d0va6hs66zxsf0sfwsbkr5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3972999</id>
      <parentid>3972990</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-20T06:46:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Grufo movit paginam [[Disputatio:Novus Ordo Missae]] ad [[Disputatio:Novus ordo missae]]: Cur litteris capitaneis?</comment>
      <origin>3972990</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="610" sha1="08b7k6wj4d0va6hs66zxsf0sfwsbkr5" xml:space="preserve">== Titulus incertus ==

Tituli &quot;Novus Ordo Missae&quot; ac &quot;Missa Pauli Sexti&quot; saepe ab his catholicis adhibentur, qui hunc ordinem recusant ordinemque praecedentem (missam dictam Tridentinam) praeferunt. In libris liturgicis semper &quot;Ordo Missae&quot; solum scribitur, quia forma nova veteri succedit. [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bis-Taurinus|disputatio]]) 19:01, 19 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
: Sic videtur. Paginam [[Specialis:Diff/3972366/3972988|ita emendavi]] ut contextus appellationis clarius patesceret. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 06:00, 20 Iulii 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>08b7k6wj4d0va6hs66zxsf0sfwsbkr5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3973004</id>
      <parentid>3972999</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-20T07:22:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jondel</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Titulus */ nova pars</comment>
      <origin>3973004</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="782" sha1="0h8ntbbpor25lycv41nnrmz4c553krn" xml:space="preserve">== Titulus incertus ==

Tituli &quot;Novus Ordo Missae&quot; ac &quot;Missa Pauli Sexti&quot; saepe ab his catholicis adhibentur, qui hunc ordinem recusant ordinemque praecedentem (missam dictam Tridentinam) praeferunt. In libris liturgicis semper &quot;Ordo Missae&quot; solum scribitur, quia forma nova veteri succedit. [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bis-Taurinus|disputatio]]) 19:01, 19 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
: Sic videtur. Paginam [[Specialis:Diff/3972366/3972988|ita emendavi]] ut contextus appellationis clarius patesceret. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 06:00, 20 Iulii 2026 (UTC)

== Titulus ==

Quid agis, Grufo? Mos est titulum litteris maiusculis scribere. [[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) 07:22, 20 Iulii 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>0h8ntbbpor25lycv41nnrmz4c553krn</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3973008</id>
      <parentid>3973004</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-20T07:30:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jondel</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Jondel movit paginam [[Disputatio:Novus ordo missae]] ad [[Disputatio:Novus Ordo Missae]] praeter redirectionem: Mos qualis  titulus maiusculis sit.</comment>
      <origin>3973004</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="782" sha1="0h8ntbbpor25lycv41nnrmz4c553krn" xml:space="preserve">== Titulus incertus ==

Tituli &quot;Novus Ordo Missae&quot; ac &quot;Missa Pauli Sexti&quot; saepe ab his catholicis adhibentur, qui hunc ordinem recusant ordinemque praecedentem (missam dictam Tridentinam) praeferunt. In libris liturgicis semper &quot;Ordo Missae&quot; solum scribitur, quia forma nova veteri succedit. [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bis-Taurinus|disputatio]]) 19:01, 19 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
: Sic videtur. Paginam [[Specialis:Diff/3972366/3972988|ita emendavi]] ut contextus appellationis clarius patesceret. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 06:00, 20 Iulii 2026 (UTC)

== Titulus ==

Quid agis, Grufo? Mos est titulum litteris maiusculis scribere. [[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) 07:22, 20 Iulii 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>0h8ntbbpor25lycv41nnrmz4c553krn</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3973014</id>
      <parentid>3973008</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-20T07:44:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jondel</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Jondel movit paginam [[Disputatio:Novus Ordo Missae]] ad [[Disputatio:Novus ordo missae]] praeter redirectionem: Perhaps I am wrong :)</comment>
      <origin>3973004</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="782" sha1="0h8ntbbpor25lycv41nnrmz4c553krn" xml:space="preserve">== Titulus incertus ==

Tituli &quot;Novus Ordo Missae&quot; ac &quot;Missa Pauli Sexti&quot; saepe ab his catholicis adhibentur, qui hunc ordinem recusant ordinemque praecedentem (missam dictam Tridentinam) praeferunt. In libris liturgicis semper &quot;Ordo Missae&quot; solum scribitur, quia forma nova veteri succedit. [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bis-Taurinus|disputatio]]) 19:01, 19 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
: Sic videtur. Paginam [[Specialis:Diff/3972366/3972988|ita emendavi]] ut contextus appellationis clarius patesceret. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 06:00, 20 Iulii 2026 (UTC)

== Titulus ==

Quid agis, Grufo? Mos est titulum litteris maiusculis scribere. [[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) 07:22, 20 Iulii 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>0h8ntbbpor25lycv41nnrmz4c553krn</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3973016</id>
      <parentid>3973014</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-20T07:44:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jondel</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Titulus */</comment>
      <origin>3973016</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="610" sha1="08b7k6wj4d0va6hs66zxsf0sfwsbkr5" xml:space="preserve">== Titulus incertus ==

Tituli &quot;Novus Ordo Missae&quot; ac &quot;Missa Pauli Sexti&quot; saepe ab his catholicis adhibentur, qui hunc ordinem recusant ordinemque praecedentem (missam dictam Tridentinam) praeferunt. In libris liturgicis semper &quot;Ordo Missae&quot; solum scribitur, quia forma nova veteri succedit. [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bis-Taurinus|disputatio]]) 19:01, 19 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
: Sic videtur. Paginam [[Specialis:Diff/3972366/3972988|ita emendavi]] ut contextus appellationis clarius patesceret. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 06:00, 20 Iulii 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>08b7k6wj4d0va6hs66zxsf0sfwsbkr5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Aquae Benthemiae</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>326755</id>
    <redirect title="Binethemum" />
    <revision>
      <id>3972940</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-19T21:40:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Aquae Benthemiae]] ad [[Binethemum]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam</comment>
      <origin>3972940</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="24" sha1="8iiqjv1rflf43nk3gfy6cgxzeidz2ms" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Binethemum]]</text>
      <sha1>8iiqjv1rflf43nk3gfy6cgxzeidz2ms</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Circulus Osterholz</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>326756</id>
    <redirect title="Circulus terrae Astanholteremarki" />
    <revision>
      <id>3972948</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-19T22:21:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Circulus Osterholz]] ad [[Circulus terrae Astanholteremarki]] praeter redirectionem: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam</comment>
      <origin>3972948</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="47" sha1="bty8hho59ncvhakatgga0wns40gx1l2" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Circulus terrae Astanholteremarki]]</text>
      <sha1>bty8hho59ncvhakatgga0wns40gx1l2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Circulus Diepholz</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>326757</id>
    <redirect title="Circulus terrae Diepholtia" />
    <revision>
      <id>3972963</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-19T23:29:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Circulus Diepholz]] ad [[Circulus terrae Diepholtia]] praeter redirectionem: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam</comment>
      <origin>3972963</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="40" sha1="od4lhd529tfwt285giuqbpn81rivsnt" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Circulus terrae Diepholtia]]</text>
      <sha1>od4lhd529tfwt285giuqbpn81rivsnt</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gifhorn</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>326758</id>
    <redirect title="Gifhorna" />
    <revision>
      <id>3972973</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-19T23:57:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Gifhorn]] ad [[Gifhorna]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam</comment>
      <origin>3972973</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="22" sha1="0287872fulpborwjszehdq5558gqob3" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Gifhorna]]</text>
      <sha1>0287872fulpborwjszehdq5558gqob3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Asia Australis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>326761</id>
    <redirect title="Asia austro-orientalis" />
    <revision>
      <id>3973001</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-20T06:47:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jondel</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirigens ad [[Asia austro-orientalis]]</comment>
      <origin>3973001</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="36" sha1="76spn6uiyy6hqoujon48wx8o1o560ix" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Asia austro-orientalis]]</text>
      <sha1>76spn6uiyy6hqoujon48wx8o1o560ix</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Novus Ordo Missae</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>326764</id>
    <redirect title="Novus ordo missae" />
    <revision>
      <id>3973013</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-20T07:44:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jondel</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Jondel movit paginam [[Novus Ordo Missae]] ad [[Novus ordo missae]] praeter redirectionem: Perhaps I am wrong :)</comment>
      <origin>3973013</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="31" sha1="eq6ey0f9wz96kobkowf2y15tsjfpphb" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Novus ordo missae]]</text>
      <sha1>eq6ey0f9wz96kobkowf2y15tsjfpphb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Disputatio:Novus Ordo Missae</title>
    <ns>1</ns>
    <id>326765</id>
    <redirect title="Disputatio:Novus ordo missae" />
    <revision>
      <id>3973015</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-20T07:44:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jondel</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Jondel movit paginam [[Disputatio:Novus Ordo Missae]] ad [[Disputatio:Novus ordo missae]] praeter redirectionem: Perhaps I am wrong :)</comment>
      <origin>3973015</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="42" sha1="li9zcwo8btejxsxlkay9lkdrn7nh0nf" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Disputatio:Novus ordo missae]]</text>
      <sha1>li9zcwo8btejxsxlkay9lkdrn7nh0nf</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Formula:Aperte citer</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>326766</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3973018</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-20T07:59:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Prima adumbratio</comment>
      <origin>3973018</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="556" sha1="oov7w0h9toarhnkac1wgbpbvdkm3ze6" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{Capsa usoris
	| imago = Notifications alert badge - 1 alert.svg
	| color-sinister = #f8f8f8
	| color-dexter = #dfeefb
	| color-marginum = #ffcc33
	| propositum = {{{propositum|}}}
	| norma = {{{norma|}}}
	| dispositio = {{{dispositio|}}}
	| 1 = {{#switch:{{{1|{{#ifeq:{{{propositum}}}|exhibitio|a|{{GENDER:{{ROOTPAGENAME}}|m|f|a}}}}}}}
		| M | m = Hic usor
		| F | f = Haec ustrix
		| #default = Haec ustrix usorve
	}} aperte citari mavult (&lt;code&gt;{{Fnp|voco|{{ROOTPAGENAME}}}}&lt;/code&gt;).
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentatio}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>oov7w0h9toarhnkac1wgbpbvdkm3ze6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3973024</id>
      <parentid>3973018</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-20T08:19:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>3973024</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="556" sha1="a158pz0nufo07vc4g5zm57x8r5q177v" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{Capsa usoris
	| imago = Notifications alert badge - 1 alert.svg
	| color-sinister = #f8f8f8
	| color-dexter = #dfeefb
	| color-marginum = #ffcc33
	| propositum = {{{propositum|}}}
	| norma = {{{norma|}}}
	| dispositio = {{{dispositio|}}}
	| 1 = {{#switch:{{{1|{{#ifeq:{{{propositum}}}|exhibitio|a|{{GENDER:{{ROOTPAGENAME}}|m|f|a}}}}}}}
		| M | m = Hic usor
		| F | f = Haec ustrix
		| #default = Haec ustrix usorve
	}} aperte citari mavult (&lt;code&gt;{{Fnp|Voco|{{ROOTPAGENAME}}}}&lt;/code&gt;).
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentatio}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>a158pz0nufo07vc4g5zm57x8r5q177v</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Formula:Aperte citer/doc</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>326767</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3973019</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-20T08:01:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Prima adumbratio</comment>
      <origin>3973019</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="820" sha1="mdrzcxleggz5a5czi2csnj375dojkl8" xml:space="preserve">{{Subpagina documentationis}}
{{Formula numquam substituenda|...}}

Hanc formulam tuo spatio nominali addere potes.

== De usu ==
'''Vicitextus:'''

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;{{Aperte citer}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

'''Effectus:'''

{|
|-
| {{Aperte citer|propositum=exhibitio}}
|}

== Ulteriora si cupis ==
* [[:Categoria:Capsae usoris]]

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{in harenario aut alibi||
&lt;!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --&gt;
[[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae quae seorsos versus creant|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae in spatio nominali usoris adhibendae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae marginales|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae monituum nuntiorumque|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae administrationis Vicipaediae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Capsae usoris|{{PAGENAME}}]]
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>mdrzcxleggz5a5czi2csnj375dojkl8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Disputatio Usoris:Marica Massaro</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>326768</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3973032</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-20T08:54:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>{{subst:salve}}</comment>
      <origin>3973032</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1978" sha1="dilxku3jl6mh9q9d5uh956eeur6on4y" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!-- Substitutio formulae {{Salve}} secundum recensionem 3960139 hic incipit --&gt;== Salve, Marica Massaro! ==
Grata in Vicipaediam Latinam acciperis! Ob [[Specialis:Conlationes/Marica Massaro|contributa tua]] gratias agimus speramusque te delectari posse et manere velle.

Cum nostra Vicipaedia parva humilisque sit, paucae et exiguae sunt paginae auxilii, a quibus hortamur te ut incipias:

* [[Vicipaedia:Praefatio|Ops nexusque usoribus novis]] ({{Nexus ad alias linguas de opibus nexibusque pro usoribus novis}})
* [[Vicipaedia:De orthographia|De orthographia]] ({{Nexus ad alias linguas de fontibus nominum Latinorum}})
* [[Usor:Iustinus/Translator's Guide|Enchiridion interpretis]] ([[Lingua Anglica|Anglice]] scriptum)
* [[Vicipaedia:Taberna|Taberna]]
* [[Lexica Neolatina]]
* [[Vicipaedia:Lexica Latina interretialia|Lexica Latina interretialia]]
* [[Vicipaedia:Fontes nominum Latinorum|Fontes nominum Latinorum]] ({{Nexus ad alias linguas de orthographia}})
* [[Vicipaedia:Fontes nominum locorum|Fontes nominum geographicorum]]
* [[Vicipaedia:Index formularum|Index formularum]]

Si plura de [[mos|moribus]] et institutis Vicipaedianis scire vis, tibi suademus, roges in nostra [[Vicipaedia:Taberna|Taberna]], vel roges unum ex [[Vicipaedia:Magistratus|magistratibus]] directe.

In paginis encyclopaedicis mos noster non est nomen dare, sed in paginis disputationis memento editis tuis nomen [[Vicipaedia:Subscriptio|subscribere]], litteris impressis &lt;code&gt;--~~&lt;nowiki /&gt;~~&lt;/code&gt;, quibus insertis nomen tuum et dies apparebit. Quamquam vero in paginis ipsis nisi lingua Latina uti non licet, in paginis disputationum qualibet lingua scribi solet. Quodsi quid interrogare velis, vel [[Vicipaedia:Taberna|Taberna]] vel [[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|pagina disputationis mea]] tibi patebit. Ave! Spero te “Vicipaedianam” fieri velle!&lt;!-- Substitutio formulae {{Salve}} hic finit --&gt; --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 08:54, 20 Iulii 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>dilxku3jl6mh9q9d5uh956eeur6on4y</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Usor:Indoctusbarbarus</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>326769</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3973037</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-20T09:55:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Indoctusbarbarus</username>
        <id>212359</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Salutatio in paginam usoris</comment>
      <origin>3973037</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="105" sha1="d6f2z8czgl95kf3frkrhcqeoglnalh2" xml:space="preserve">{{#babel:|la-3|fr-4|de-4|en-4}}

Salvete contubernales.

veni ut encyclopaedia iuvem - gratias vobis ago.</text>
      <sha1>d6f2z8czgl95kf3frkrhcqeoglnalh2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Index Communium Saxoniae Inferioris</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>326770</id>
    <redirect title="Index urbium, oppidorum et communium Saxoniae Inferioris" />
    <revision>
      <id>3973039</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-20T10:00:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Index Communium Saxoniae Inferioris]] ad [[Index urbium, oppidorum et communium Saxoniae Inferioris]]: nomen accuratius</comment>
      <origin>3973039</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="70" sha1="6z71toqnnof1up9gw9jg1hmqdfihnxg" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Index urbium, oppidorum et communium Saxoniae Inferioris]]</text>
      <sha1>6z71toqnnof1up9gw9jg1hmqdfihnxg</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Polabice</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>326771</id>
    <redirect title="Lingua Polabica" />
    <revision>
      <id>3973069</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-20T11:36:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirigens ad [[Lingua Polabica]]</comment>
      <origin>3973069</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="29" sha1="t89qrknlfxnvj62biyjs0tlj3ed1uj2" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Lingua Polabica]]</text>
      <sha1>t89qrknlfxnvj62biyjs0tlj3ed1uj2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lüchow (Saxonia Inferior)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>326772</id>
    <redirect title="Luchovia" />
    <revision>
      <id>3973071</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-20T11:38:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Lüchow (Saxonia Inferior)]] ad [[Luchovia]] praeter redirectionem: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam</comment>
      <origin>3973071</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="22" sha1="8glk2twagf7zksgo3djv2fqrpendxu2" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Luchovia]]</text>
      <sha1>8glk2twagf7zksgo3djv2fqrpendxu2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Leuphana Universität Lüneburg</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>326773</id>
    <redirect title="Leuphana Universitas Luneburgensis" />
    <revision>
      <id>3973075</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-20T11:49:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Leuphana Universität Lüneburg]] ad [[Leuphana Universitas Luneburgensis]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. </comment>
      <origin>3973075</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="48" sha1="l5stnm49f8iaafxd71kfhlzxmeflhc1" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Leuphana Universitas Luneburgensis]]</text>
      <sha1>l5stnm49f8iaafxd71kfhlzxmeflhc1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
</mediawiki>