Vicipaedia lawiki https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicipaedia:Pagina_prima MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.24 first-letter Media Specialis Disputatio Usor Disputatio Usoris Vicipaedia Disputatio Vicipaediae Fasciculus Disputatio Fasciculi MediaWiki Disputatio MediaWiki Formula Disputatio Formulae Auxilium Disputatio Auxilii Categoria Disputatio Categoriae Porta Disputatio Portae Adumbratio Disputatio Adumbrationis TimedText TimedText talk Modulus Disputatio Moduli Event Event talk 0 9 3996285 3763085 2026-10-23T09:00:26Z Grufo 64423 /* Systema taxinomicum regni animalium */ +{{[[Formula:Index arborescens|Index arborescens]]}} 3996285 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | color = {{taxobox colour|[[animalia]]}} | fossil_range = {{Scala fossilis|665|0|r=[[Cryogenium]] > [[Recens]]}} | name = Animalia | image = Animal diversity.png | domain = [[Eukaryota]] | regnum = Animalia | regnum_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[Systema Naturae|1758]] | subdivision_ranks = Subregna | subdivision = [[Parazoa]]<br /> [[Eumetazoa]] | synonyms = * Metazoa <small>[[Haeckel]], 1874</small> }} '''Animalia'''<ref>[http://laanimalopedia.blogspot.com.es/ Quoddam blog].</ref> ({{pns|ium|n|animal}}, ab ''[[anima]]''), seu '''Metazoa''' ({{pns|orum|n|Metazoon}}, a [[Lingua Graeca antiqua|Gr.]] μέτα + ζῷᾰ), in [[biologia]] hodie appellantur illa copia rerum [[vita|viventium]] quae simul sunt [[eukaryota|eukaryoticae]], [[heterotropha|heterotrophicae]], et [[multicellularis|multicellulares]], et quae motiles aliquando in [[circulus vitae|circulo vitae]] [[embryo]]nice per [[blastula]]s evoluta sunt. Animalia cuncta quoque [[paries cellularis|parietibus cellularibus]] duris et [[chloroplastum|chloroplastis]] omnino carent. [[Scientia (ratio)|Scientia]] quae animalia investigat [[zoologia]] appellatur. [[Regnum (taxinomia)|Regnum Animalium]] sive [[fauna]] hodie ponitur [[unus|unum]] ex [[sex]] [[regnum (taxinomia)|regnorum]] rerum viventium. Animalis definitio, quae rei interest, se per aetates evolvens hodie ab animalibus excludit [[protozoa]], quae potius in regno [[protista|Protistorum]] cum [[protophyla|protophylis]] et aliis [[organismus|organsimis]] unicellularibus locatur. In ''[[Historia naturae]]'' a [[Carolus Linnaeus|Carolo Linnaeo]] scripta, animalia partiebantur in paucas [[classis biologica|classes]]: [[Vermes]], [[Insecta]], [[Piscis|Pisces]], [[Amphibia]], [[Reptilia]], [[Aves]], [[Mammalia]]; hodie autem regnum in multis [[phylum|phylis]] consistit, unumquodque plures [[classis (taxinomia)|classes]] continens. == Systema taxinomicum regni animalium == {{Index arborescens| * Supraimperium: [[Biota]] ** Imperium: [[Eukaryota]] (quae [[nucleus cellulae|nucleum]] in [[cellula]] habent) *** Regnum: '''Animalia''' seu '''Metazoa''' (quae plures cellulas habent<ref>Confer [[Protozoa]] quae unam cellulam habent et hodie classificatur in [[Protista|Protistorum]] regnum.</ref>) **** Subregnum: [[Parazoa]] (quae vera [[textum (biologia)|textura]] cellulari carent) ***** Phylum: [[Porifera]] ([[demospongiae]]) **** Subregnum: [[Eumetazoa]] (quae veras texturas cellulares habent) ***** Infraregum: [[Radiata]] (quorum corpora embrionica [[symmetria]]m radialem habent) ****** Phylum: [[Placozoa]] ****** Phylum: [[Ctenophora]] ******* Classis: [[Tentaculata]] ******* Classis: [[Nuda]] ****** Phylum: [[Cnidaria]] ******* Classis: [[Hydrozoa]] ([[hydra (genus)|hydra]]) ******* Classis: [[Scyphozoa]] ([[medusa]]) ******* Classis: [[Anthozoa]] ([[corallium]], [[anemona]]) ***** Infraregnum: [[Bilateria]] (quorum corpora embryonica symmetriam bilateram habent) ***** Cladus: [[Protostomia]] (quae os primum ex grastulae sacco formant ante anum) ****** Superphylum: [[Platyzoa]] ******* Phylum: [[Platyhelminthes]] ******* Phylum: [[Rotifera]][[Fasciculus:Rana aurora.jpg|thumb|''[[Rana draytonii]]'']] ****** Superphylum: [[Lophotrochozoa]] ******* Phylum: [[Brachiopoda]] ******* Phylum: [[Annelida]] ******** Classis: [[Sipunculida]] ******** Classis: [[Polychaeta]] ([[vermis]] marinus) ******** Classis: [[Oligochaeta]] ********* Familia: [[Lumbricidae]] ([[lumbricus]]) ******** Classis: [[Hirudinea]] ********* Familia: [[Hirudinidae]] ([[hirudo]]) ******* Phylum: [[Mollusca]] ******** Classis: [[Gastropoda]] ([[cochlea (animal)|cochlea]] et [[limax]]) ******** Classis: [[Cephalopoda]] ([[sepia]] et [[octopus]]) ****** Superphylum: [[Ecdysozoa]] (quae [[cutis|cuticula]] organica dura formant quae ut [[sceletus|sceletos]] aut repla fungunt ) *******Phylum: [[Cephalorhyncha]] ******* Phylum: [[Onychophora]] ******* Phylum: [[Nematoda]] ******* Phylum: [[Arthropoda]] ******** Subphylum: [[Trilobitomorpha]] ********* Classis: [[Trilobita]] ******** Subphylum: [[Chelicerata]] ********* Classis: [[Arachnida]] ([[aranea]]) ********** Ordo: [[Scorpionida]] ([[scorpio]]) ********* Classis: [[Merostomata]] / [[Palaeostraca]] ********** Ordo: [[Xiphosura]] (?) ******** Subphylum: [[Myriapoda]] ********* Classis: [[Centipoda]] ([[centipes]] et [[scolopendra]]) ********* Classis: [[Diplopoda]] ******** Subphylum: [[Crustacea]] ********* Classis: [[Malacostraca]][[Fasciculus:Kangaroo111.jpg|thumb|''[[Macropus giganteus]].'']] ********** Ordo: [[Decapoda]] *********** Subordo: [[Macrura]] ([[cammarus]], [[locusta marina]]) *********** Subordo: [[Brachyura]] ([[cancer]]) ******** Subphylum: [[Hexapoda]] ********* Classis: [[Insecta]] ********** Ordo: [[Blattodea]] ([[blatta]]) ********** Ordo: [[Odonata]] ([[libella]] et [[libellula (genus)|libellula]]) ********** Ordo: [[Isoptera]] ([[termes]]) ********** Ordo: [[Orthoptera]] ([[locusta]] et [[gryllus]]) ********** Ordo: [[Homoptera]] ([[cicada]] et [[aphis]]) ********** Ordo: [[Hemiptera]] ([[cimex]]) ********** Ordo: [[Coleoptera]] ([[scarabaeus]]) ********** Ordo: [[Hymenoptera]] ([[apis (genus)|apis]] et [[formica]]) ********** Ordo: [[Diptera]] ([[musca]]) ********** Ordo: [[Siphanoptera]] ([[pulex]]) ********** Ordo: [[Lepidoptera]] ([[papilio]]) ***** Cladus: [[Deuterostomia]] (quae os solum post [[anus (anatomia)|anum]] ex [[grastula]]e sacco formant) ******Phylum: [[Xenoturbellida]] ****** Phylum: [[Vetulicolia]] ****** Phylum: [[Echinodermata]] ******* Classis: [[Asteroidea]] (?) ****** Phylum: [[Hemicordata]] ****** Phylum: [[Chordata]] ******* Subphylum [[Cephalochordata]] ******* Subphylum [[Urochordata]] ******* Subphylum: [[Vertebrata]] ******** Classis: [[Piscis|Pisces]] ([[piscis]]) ********* Ordo: [[Clupeiformes]] (clupea?) ********* Ordo: [[Cypriniformes]] ([[cyprinus]]) ********* Ordo: [[Siluriformes]] ([[silurus]]) ********* Ordo: [[Perciformes]] ([[perca]]) ******** Classis: [[Amphibia]] ********* Ordo: [[Salienta]] ([[rana]] et [[bufo]]) ********* Ordo: [[Caudata]] ([[salamandrae|salamandra]]) ******** Classis: [[Reptilia]][[Fasciculus:Trillium Poncho cat dog.jpg|thumb|200px|''[[Felis catus]]'' et ''[[Canis lupus]],'' carnivora [[domitus|domata]].]] ********* Ordo: [[Testudinata]] ([[testudo]]) ********* Ordo: [[Squamata]] ([[lacerta]]) ********* Ordo: [[Ophidia]] ([[serpens]]) ********* Ordo: [[Crocodylia]] ([[crocodylus]]) ******** Classis: [[Aves]] ********* Ordo: [[Struthioniformes]] ([[struthio]]) ********* Ordo: [[Ciconiformes]] ([[ciconia (avis)|ciconia]]) ********* Ordo: [[Anseriformes]] ([[anas (avis)|anas]], [[anser]], [[olor]] (cygnus)) ********* Ordo: [[Falconiformes]] ([[falco]]) ********** Familia: [[Accipitridae]] ([[aquila]], [[vultur]]) ********* Ordo: [[Galliformes]] ([[phasianus]], [[pavo (genus)|pavo]]) ********* Ordo: [[Passeriformes]] ********** Familia: [[Passeridae]] ([[passer]]) ********** Familia: [[Hirundinidae]] ([[hirundo]]) **********Familia: [[Sturnidae]] ([[sturnus]]) ********** Familia: [[Corvidae]] ([[cornix]], [[pica]]) ********** Familia: [[Fringillidae]] ([[fringilla]]) ******** Classis: [[Mammalia]] ********* Ordo: [[Artiodactyla]] ********** Familia: [[Suidae]] ([[sus]]) ********** Familia: [[Camelidae]] ([[camelus]]) ********** Familia: [[Cervidae]] ([[cervus]]) ********** Familia: [[Bovidae]] ([[bos]]) ********* Ordo: [[Perissodactyla]] ([[equus]] etc.) ********* Ordo: [[Proboscidea]] ([[elephas]]) ********* Ordo: [[Cetacea]] ([[balaena]], [[orca]] et [[delphinus]]) ********* Ordo: [[Rodentia]] ([[sciurus]] et [[mus]]) ********* Ordo: [[Lagomorpha]] ([[lepus]]) ********* Ordo: [[Chiroptera]] ([[vespertilio]]) ********* Ordo: [[Primates]] ([[simia]] et [[macaca]]) ********* Ordo: [[Carnivora]] ********** Familia: [[Canidae]] ([[lupus]], [[canis]], [[vulpes (genus)|vulpes]]) ********** Familia: [[Felidae]] ([[felis]], [[tigris]], [[leo]], [[panthera]] etc.) ********** Familia: [[Ursidae]] ([[ursus]]) }} {{NexInt}} {{div col|3}} * [[Animalia cosmopolita]] * [[Animalia paradoxa]] * [[Animalium soni]] * [[Ethologia]] * [[Iura animalium]] * [[Medicina veterinaria]] * [[Planta]] * ''[[Salinella]]'' * [[Zoologia]] {{div col end}} == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == * Baguñà, J., et M. Riutort. [[2004]]. "Molecular Phylogeny of the Platyhelminthes." ''Canadian Journal of Zoology'' 82: 168–93. * Brusca, Richard C., et Gary J. Brusca. [[1990]]. ''Invertebrates.'' Sinauer. * Dunn, C. W., A. Hejnol, D. Q. Matus, K. Pang, W. E. Browne, S. A. Smith, E. Seaver, G. W. Rouse, M. Obst, G. D. Edgecombe, M. V. Sørensen, S. H. D. Haddock, A. Schmidt-Rhaesa, A. Okusu, R. Møbjerg Kristensen, W. C. Wheeler, M. Q. Martindale, et G. Giribet. [[2008]]. "Broad Phylogenomic Sampling Improves Resolution of the Animal Tree of Life." ''Nature'' 452: 745–49. * Gaidos E., T. Dubuc, M. Dunford, P. Mcandrew, J. Padilla-Gamino, B. Studer, K. Weersing, et S. Stanley. [[2007]]. "The Precambrian Emergence of Animal Life: A Geobiological Perspective." ''Geobiology'' 5: 351–73. * Nielsen, Klaus. [[2001]]. ''Animal Evolution: Interrelationships of the Living Phyla.'' Ed. secunda. Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. * Philippe, H., R. Derelle, P. Lopez, K. Pick, C. Borchiellini, N. Boury-Esnault, J. Vacelet, E. Renard, E. Houliston, E. Quéinnec, C. Da Silva, P. Wincker, H. Le Guyader, S. Leys, D. J. Jackson, F. Schreiber, D. Erpenbeck, Wörheide G. Morgenstern, et M. Manuel. [[2009]]. "Phylogenomics Revives Traditional Views on Deep Animal Relationships." ''Current Biology'' 19. * Schmidt-Nielsen, Knut. [[1997]]. ''Animal Physiology: Adaptation and Environment.'' Ed. quinta. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. * Shalchian-Tabrizi, K., M. A. Minge, M. Espelund, R. Orr, T. Ruden, K. S. Jakobsen, et T. Cavalier-Smith. [[2008]]. "Multigene Phylogeny of Choanozoa and the Origin of Animals." ''PLoS ONE'' 3:e2098. * Steenkamp, E. T., J. Wright, et S. L. Baldauf. [[2006]]. "The Protistan Origins of Animals and Fungi." ''Molecular Biology and Evolution'' 23: 93–106. == Nexus externi == {{Fontes biologici}} {{CommuniaCat}} {{Vicispecies}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071027123330/http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=11166 Animalia apud Systema Natura.] * [http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/phyla/phyla.html Animalia apud Universitatem Californiensem (Berkelkiae).] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20030402055812/http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/animalia.html Animalia apud Animaldiversityweb.] {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Biologia}} [[Categoria:Animalia| ]] [[Categoria:Taxa Linnaei]] [[Categoria:Taxa 1758]] [[Categoria:Regna (taxinomia Linnaeana)]] c9jkdhe14g5gx6aixyaded2d0doyhw7 0 826 3996286 3978723 2026-10-23T09:02:02Z Grufo 64423 /* Systema regni plantarum */ +{{[[Formula:Index arborescens|Index arborescens]]}} 3996286 wikitext text/x-wiki {{latinitas|-1}} {{Taxobox | fossil_range = a [[Cambrium|Cambrio]] ineunte ad aevum recens | image = | domain = [[Eukaryota]] | regnum = Plantae | regnum_authority = [[Ernstus Haeckel|Haeckel]], 1866<ref>{{cite book | author = Haeckel, E. | year = [[1866]] | title = Generale Morphologie der Organismen | url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_-5k5AAAAcAAJ | publisher = Verlag von Georg Reimer | location = Berlin | pages = vol.1: i–xxxii, 1–574, pls I–II; vol. 2: i–clx, 1–462, pls I–VIII}}.</ref> | subdivision_ranks = Divisiones | subdivision = * [[Pteridophyta]] * [[Spermatophyta]] * [[Anthocerotophyta]] * [[Bryophyta]] }} [[Fasciculus:Dandelion Blackwell 0136.jpg|thumb|''[[Taraxacum]],'' in [[liber|libro]] ''Collectio stirpium: Quae in pharmacopoliis ad medicum asservantur, quarum descriptio et vires'' (Herbarium Blackwellianum emendato et aucto).]] '''Plantae''' {{victio|planta|arum|f}}, etiam '''Viridiplantae''' appellatae (iam "Vegetabilia" et "Gignentia" appellatae), pura Latinitate '''res quae gignuntur e terra''',<ref>cf. Ciceronis De Finibus 4.5.13, sed hac locutione [[fungi|fungos]] etiam forsitan appellaverint Romani.</ref> in [[biologia]] hodierna sunt [[multicellularis|multicellulares]] [[organismus|organismi]] [[vita|vivi]] qui ad [[regnum (taxinomia)|regnum]] Plantarum pertinent, in greges [[Angiospermae|Angiospermarum]], [[Pinophyta|Pinophytorum]], [[Bryophyta|Bryophytorum]], et [[Pteridophyta|Pteridophytorum]] digesti, ac secundum varias definitiones in greges [[Chlorophyta|Chlorophytorum]] et [[Charophyta|Charophytorum]], plantis [[mare|marinis]] (sicut [[Rhodophyta]] et [[Phaeophyceae]]) atque [[Fungi]]s [[Bacteria|Bacteriisque]] exceptis. Viridiplantis sunt parietes [[cellula]]rum cum [[cellulosa]], et plerumque plurimum suae [[energia]]e ex [[radiatio electromagnetica|luce]] per [[photosynthesis|photosynthesin]] capiunt, [[chlorophyllum|chlorophyllo]] in [[chloroplastum|chloroplastis]] contentis utendo, quod eis [[color]]em [[viridis|viridem]] dat. Nonnullae plantae sunt [[plantae parasiticae|parasiticae]], quae minimas chlorophylli summas vel photosynthesin efficere possunt. Aliae corporeae plantarum [[proprietas (physica)|proprietates]] sunt [[reproductio sexualis]], auctus [[morphologia plantarum|modularis]] et [[auctus incertus|incertus]], et [[alternatio generationum]], quamquam [[reproductio asexualis]] est communis, et nonnullae plantae [[semelparitas et iteroparitas|solum semel florent]], cum aliae solum [[unus|unam]] [[inflorescentia]]m ferant. [[Numerus]] plantarum haud accurate scitur, sed ad usque annum [[2010]], a 300&thinsp;000 ad 315&thinsp;000 [[species (taxinomia)|specierum]] plantarum aestimatae sunt, quarum plurimae, fere 260&thinsp;000 ad 290&thinsp;000, sunt [[Spermatophyta]].<ref name="IUCNdata">[http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/summarystatistics/2010_1RL_Stats_Table_1.pdf IUCN redlist.]</ref> Viridiplantae praebent plurimum mundi [[oxygenium|oxygeni]] liberi et sunt fons plurimi [[oecologia]]rum [[Tellus|Telluris]], praecipue in terra. Plantae descriptae ut [[Poaceae|gramineae]], [[fructus]], et [[holus|holera]] sunt principalis [[homo|hominum]] [[victus]], et [[millennium|millennia]] mansuefactae sunt. Plantae [[vita]]m humanam ut [[flos|flores]] et [[ornamentum|ornamenta]] exornant. Ad usque praesens et in magna varietate, eae fuerunt fons plurimorum nostrorum [[medicina]]rum et [[medicamentum|medicamentorum]]. Earum studium [[scientia (ratio)|scientificum]] [[botanica]] appellatur. Per aetates res quae plantae habentur se aliquanto [[evolutio|evolverunt]]. Primitus [[Carolus Linnaeus]] anno [[1735]] sola [[duo]] regna viva definivit: [[Animalia]] et Vegetabilia. [[Ernestus Haeckel]] tunc plantas ab [[protistum|protistis]] distinxit, sed usque annum [[1938]], [[biologia|biologi]] putabant plantas [[fungi|fungos]], [[lichen]]es, [[alga]]s, et alia comprehendere. Post autem annum [[1969]], descriptio [[Robertus Whittaker|Roberti Whittaker]] plerumque recipitur, ubi fungi algique excluduntur. Secundum consuetudinem hodiernam, comprehensi in regno plantarum sunt soli [[organismus|organismi]] qui simul sunt [[multicellularis|multicellulares]]: [[eukaryota|eukaryotici]], et [[autotrophia|autotropici]], per [[chloroplastum|chloroplasta]] [[lux|lucem]] capientes. Excluduntur organismi unicellulares qui ad regna [[Protistum|Protistorum]], [[Bacterium|Bacteriorum]], vel [[Archaeum|Archeorum]] pertinent, et organismi [[hetertrophia|heterotrophici]], qui ad regna [[Animalia|Animalium]] vel [[Fungi|Fungorum]] pertinent. == Cellulae vegetabiles == Plantarum [[cellula]]e ab [[animal]]ium cellulis differunt propter proprietates sequentes: * [[paries cellularis]] praesens<!--propter pariem--> * [[plastidium|plastidia]] praesentia * [[vacuola]]e praesentes * [[dictyosoma]]ta plurima praesentia (in vice unius [[Complexus Golgianus|complexus Golgiani]] [[Animalia|Animalium]]) * [[lysosoma]]ta absentia (quorum munere vacuola funguntur) * [[centriolum|centriola]] absentia == Principalia [[taxinomia|taxinomica]] Plantarum taxa == [[Fasciculus:Texas invasive Musk Thistle 1.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|''[[Carduus nutans]]'' est [[species invasiva]] in [[Texia]].]] * [[Regnum (taxinomia)|regnum]]: Plantae * [[Divisio (taxinomia)|divisio]] * [[Classis (taxinomia)|classis]] et [[classis (taxinomia)|subclassis]] * [[Ordo (taxinomia)|ordo]] * [[Familia (taxinomia)|familia]] * [[Genus (taxinomia)|genus]] * [[Species (taxinomia)|species]] == Systema regni plantarum == {{Index arborescens| * Regnum Plantae<ref>Damien Aubert, ''Classer le vivant: Les perspectives de la systématique évolutionniste moderne'' (Ellipses, 2017)</ref>: ** subregnum [[Biliphyta]] *** infraregnum [[Glaucophyta]] **** phylum [[Glaucophyta]] *** infraregnum [[Rhodophyta]] **** phylum [[Rhodophyta]] ** subregnum [[Viridiplantae]] *** infraregnum [[Chlorophyta]] **** phylum [[Chlorophyta]] *** infraregnum [[Cormophyta]] **** phylum [[Bryophyta]] ***** subphylum [[Hepaticae]] ***** subphylum [[Musci]] ***** subphylum [[Anthocerotae]] **** phylum [[Tracheophyta]] ***** subphylum [[Pteridophytina]] ***** subphylum [[Spermatophytina]], id est plantae quae semina gerunt ****** infraphylum [[Gymnospermae]] ****** infraphylum [[Angiospermae]] }} ==Pinacotheca== <gallery> Fasciculus:Borassus flabellifer.jpg|''[[Borassus flabellifer]].'' Fasciculus:Chestnut in Guntur.jpg|Fructus ''[[Borassus flabellifer|Borassi flabelliferi]]'' (in loco Thaati Munjelu appellati) in foro in Guntur [[India]]e vendundati. Fasciculus:Turmericroot.jpg|''[[Curcuma longa]]e'' [[rhizoma]]. Fasciculus:Starr 050407-6233 Ipomoea batatas.jpg|''[[Ipomoea batatas]]'' in [[Hortus Botanicus Maui Nui|Horto Botanico Maui Nui.]] Fasciculus:Pandan wangi.JPG|''[[Pandanus amaryllifolius]].'' Fasciculus:California Papaya ID.jpg|''[[Carica papaya|Caricae papayae]]'' cultivarietatis 'Californiae' [[fructus]]. Fasciculus:Papaya sunset.jpg|''[[Carica papaya]],'' cultivarietas 'Sunset'. Fasciculus:Prepared lemon grass.JPG|''[[Cymbopogon citratus]].'' Fasciculus:Bangkuang 070612-056 stgd.jpg|''[[Pachyrhizus erosus|Pachyrhizi erosi]]'' [[cormus]]. Situgede, Bogor, [[Iava Occidentalis]], [[Indonesia]]e. Fasciculus:KIKU brak-ontree.JPG|''[[Malus]],'' cultivarietas 'Fuji'. Fasciculus:SauropusAndrogynus.jpg|Surculi ''[[Sauropus androgynus|Sauropus androgyni]].'' Fasciculus:Ilaneer.jpg|''[[Cocos nucifera]].'' </gallery> == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == [[Fasciculus:Venus_Flytrap_showing_trigger_hairs.jpg|thumb|''[[Dionaea muscipula]],'' species [[planta carnivora|plantae carnivorae]].]] [[Fasciculus:Urueña almendro2 lou.jpg|thumb|[[Flos|Flores]] ''[[Prunus dulcis|Pruni dulcis]].'']] ; Generalia * Evans, L. T. [[1998]]. ''Feeding the Ten Billion: Plants and Population Growth.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-64685-5. * Greuter, W., et al. [[2000]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20021212031259/http://www.bgbm.fu-berlin.de/iapt/nomenclature/code/SaintLouis/0000St.Luistitle.htm aquí] ''International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (St. Louis Code).'' Gantner/Koeltz. * Judd, W. S., C. S. Campbell, E. A. Kellogg, P. F. Stevens, et M. J. Donoghue. [[2002]]. An Overview of Green Plant Phylogeny. In ''Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach.'' Ed. secunda. Sinauer Assoc. * Kenrick, Paul, et Peter R. Crane. [[1997]]. ''The Origin and Early Diversification of Land Plants: A Cladistic Study.'' Vasingtoniae: Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN 1-56098-730-8. * Raven, Peter H., Ray F. Evert, et Susan E. Eichhorn. [[2005]]. ''Biology of Plants.'' Ed. septima. Novi Eboraci: W. H. Freeman and Company. ISBN 0-7167-1007-2. * Simpson, M. J. [[2005]]. ''Plant Systematics: An overview.'' Elsevier Academic Press. * Sitte, Peter, Elmar Weiler, Joachim W. Kadereit, [[Andreas Bresinsky]], er Christian Körner. [[2002]]. ''Lehrbuch der Botanik für Hochschulen,'' 35a,<!--?--> Eduard Strasburger. Heidelberg: Spektrum Akademischer Verlag. ISBN 3-8274-1010-X. * Taylor, Thomas N., et Edith L. Taylor. [[1993]]. ''The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants.'' Englewood Cliffs, Novae Caesareae: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-651589-4. * Trewavas, A. [[2003]]. [http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/92/1/1 Aspects of Plant Intelligence,] ''Annals of Botany'' 92: 1–20. ; Aestimationes et numeri specierum * International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) Species Survival Commission [[2004]]. [[IUCN Red List]] [http://www.iucnredlist.org/]. * Prance, G. T. [[2001]]. Discovering the Plant World. ''Taxon'' 50: 345. {{NexInt}} {{div col|2}} * [[Biota]] * [[Cellula plantarum]] * [[Herbicida]] * [[Morphologia plantarum]] * [[Transpiratio]] {{div col end}} == Nexus externi == {{fontes biologici}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090827054314/http://www.arboretum.ufm.edu/plantas/familias.asp Arboretum, Plantae,] www.arboretum.ufm.edu (Universidad Francisco Marroquín) * [http://books.google.com/books?id=w0hZvTFJUioC&printsec=frontcover&dq=botanical+latin#PPA74,M1 ''Botanical Latin,'' a Gulielmo Thoma Stearn scripto, apud Google Books] * [http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/TaxonTree.aspx?id=1005399 ''Taxonomicon''] [[Categoria:Plantae|!]] [[Categoria:Taxinomia plantarum|!]] [[Categoria:Taxa Haeckel]] [[Categoria:Taxa 1866]] [[Categoria:Regna (taxinomia Linnaeana)]] {{1000 paginae}}{{Myrias|Biologia}} aqgiws9dsl6hkn8bngl7osi56c7a3sc 0 905 3996239 3933719 2026-10-22T22:35:58Z ~2026-56545-41 216652 /* Gradus militares */ 3996239 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L|-3}} {{FA stella}} {{videhom|De re militari}} {{Bellum et res militaris}} '''Res militaris''' [[miles|milites]] complectitur nec non omnia vehicula, [[arma]], tela, et cetera, quae praesertim ad [[bellum]] gerendum necessaria sunt. [[Fasciculus:Battle of Gibraltar 1607.jpg|thumb|left|[[Trafalgaris Pugna]] die [[21 Octobris]] [[1805]] facta, in qua [[Britanniarum Regnum|classis Britannica]] classem Franco-Hispanicam [[Napoleo]]nis vicit.]] [[Carolus de Clausewitz]] in libro ''Vom Kriege'' ('De bello') inscripto inclute "bellum" ait "non est nisi capessendae rei publicae continuatio alia ratione innixa."<ref>"Der Krieg ist eine bloße Fortsetzung der Politik unter Einbeziehung anderer Mittel." Clausewitz, Carl von (1832) ''Vom Kriege'', I.2.4. Berlin: Ferdinand Dümmler.</ref> Modus belli quidem est mutua inter [[civitas|civitates]] vel [[regimen|regimina]] violentia. Quia vis invicem inter civitates adlata legibus civitatum dirigitur, bellum magnopere a [[caedes|caede]], [[tromocratia]], [[genocidium|genocidio]] differt. Necesse est copias militares legibus civitatis parentes [[disciplina militaris|summa disciplina]] bellum gerere. Primum belli propositum est hostes interficiendo bellum quam primum desinere, ut [[casus belli]] decernatur et [[pax]] iterum habeatur. Sicut imperator [[Georgius Smith Patton Iunior]] dixit: "militis officium non est pro sua civitate cadere, sed facere ut alii nothi [hostes] pro sua cadant."<ref>"The object of war is not to die for your country, but to make the other bastard die for his."</ref> In proeli campo, igitur, milites complures hostes summa violentia occidunt. Proelii violentia tumultusque tam vehemens summam disciplinam, virtutem, fortitudinem, animum, et oboedientiam ab militibus requirit. Itaque disciplina militaris milites docuit insigne [[gradus militaris|gradus militares]] gerere, et summa disciplina iussa praefectorum eorum parere. [[Fasciculus:SBD-3 Dauntless bombers of VS-8 over the burning Japanese cruiser Mikuma on 6 June 1942.jpg|thumb|left|[[Aëroplanum bellicum|Aëroplana bellica]] conspicuas partes in proeliis secundi belli mundani egerunt.]] [[Fasciculus:USS Hammann alongside USS Yorktown-both torpedoed.jpg|thumb|Quamobrem post [[secundum bellum mundanum]] [[navis aëroplanigera|naves aëroplanigerae]] partem magnam in [[classis ordinaria|classes militares]] figurant. Hac in imagine navis aëroplanigera U.S.S. Yorktown et [[batallaria venatoria]] U.S.S. Hamman [[torpedo|torpedinis]] ictum accipiunt magna displosione.]] Telorum armorumque evolutio efficit, ut per aetates belli gerendi rationes mutentur. Maximum effectum fuit ob [[Pulvis pyrius|pulveris pyrii]] reppertum [[Sinae (regio)|Sinae]] saeculis 13–14, quo [[arma ignifera]] sicut [[sclopetum|sclopeta]] efficiuntur. Haec arma ignifera, de quo usu milites facile docuntur, mox notissimas partes figuraverunt in omnibus bellis, sicut [[rerum libertationis bella]], [[res novae|rerum eversionis bella]], [[Napoleo Bonaparte|bella Napoleonica]], [[primum bellum mundanum|primum]] et [[secundum bellum mundanum]], et cetera. Tandem, [[saeculum 20|saeculo vicensimo]] reperta [[bomba atomica|telorum nuclearum]], [[telum chemicum|chemicorum]], [[telum biologicum|biologicorumque]] effecerunt omnes expectare omnia bella sisti. Homines enim ubique agnoverunt talia [[destructionis massivae tela]] in bello numquam posse adhiberi ne se ad ruinam universam exponant. Talia tela forsitan [[mundi humani terminus|totum mundum humanum omnino sistere]] possunt. Talibus telis igitur numquam hodie utebantur, eis contra [[humanitarium belli ius|ius belli]] esse putatis. Verumtamen bella hodie demissa scala nos afflictant, et saepe pro civitatis defensa copiae militares necesse putantur. == Copiae militares == [[Fasciculus:Defense.gov News Photo 041027-F-2034C-010.jpg|thumb|[[Autocurrus armatus]] M1A1 Abrams Americanus in [[Bellum Iracense Alterum|bello Iracensi altero]] die [[27 Octobris]] [[2004]].]] [[Fasciculus:FA22 Raptors Oct2005 yfb edit.jpg|thumb|[[F-22|F-22 Raptor]], pugnator aërius.]] Bellum in terra, mari, et aëre geruntur; quam ob rem copiae militares sunt trium generum: * [[exercitus]] ad bellum terrestre addictus :[[peditatus]], [[copiae deciduae]], [[copiae cataphractae]] seu [[equitatus|equestres]], [[auxilia tormentaria]], [[auxilia aëria]] * [[copiae navales]] ad bellum maritimum addictae :[[classis militaris|classes]] [[classis ordinaria|ordinariae]] et [[classis subaqueana|subaqueanae]], [[Peditatus marinus|peditatus marini]], [[custos litoralis|custodes litorales]], [[copiae onerariae]] * [[copiae aëriae]] ad bellum in aëre et spatio cosmico addictae :[[classis aëria obstructora]], [[copiae pyroballistariae]], [[copiae cosmicae]] Saepe copiae militares quoque hodie [[copiae clandestinae|copias clandestinas]] includunt, et [[militia]]s, quae perpetui exercitus partes non formant, in multis civitatibus [[copiae irregulares]] vel [[custos nationalis|custodes nationales]] appellatae. == Arma, vehicula, et machina bellica == * [[Aëroplanum bellicum]] (sicut [[aëroplanum pyroballistarium]], [[helicopterum bellicum]], [[pugnator aërius]]) * [[Arma ignifera]] (sicut [[sclopetum]], [[canno]]) * [[Batalaria]] (sicut [[navis aëroplanigera]], [[batalaria cataphracta]], [[batalaria venatoria]], [[batalaria subaqueana]]) * [[Gladius]] * [[Pyrobolum]] (e.g. [[mina]], [[pyrobolus manualis]], [[torpedo]], [[bomba atomica]]) * [[Tegumen militare]] (e.g., [[cassis]], [[kevlar]], [[galea]], [[thorax (tegumen)|thorax]]) * [[Tormentum]] (confer [[missile]], [[telum]]) * [[Vehiculum cataphractum]] (e.g. [[autocurrus armatus]], [[armatus militum advector]]) == Musica militaris == Traditum est antiquis iam temporibus musicam adhibitam esse, ut milites aeque eadem celeritate progrederentur. E. g. in historiis [[Thucydides|Thucydidis]] legimus in pugna ad [[Mantinea]]m pugnata exercitum [[Lacedaemon]]iorum processisse [[tibiae|tibicinibus]] multis ludentibus non in honorem deorum, sed ut milites passibus pares irent.<ref>Thucydides, [[De bello Peloponnesiaco]] 5,70: ὁμαλῶς μετὰ ῥυθμοῦ βαίνοντες.</ref> == Gradus militares == [[Fasciculus:US Army Green Berets DF-SD-02-02957.JPEG|thumb|[[Salutatio militaris|Dextra salutant]] milites, cuius vestimenta militaria varios [[gradus militaris|gradus militares]] monstant.]] In tumultu violentiaque, oportet milites semper iussis praefectorum continuo oboedire. Saepe est sola illa disciplina, quae sinit milites pugnam supervivere. Saepe nonnulli perire debent, ut alii victoria vivant. At, ut oboedire possint, necesse est actutum decernere{{dubsig}} militum gradus in campo belli; quamobrem milites insignia graduum suorum clara gerunt. Gradus militares et eorum nomina aliquanto variant inter divisiones armatas et inter civitates. Tabula infra Latine gradus dat, secundum varios locos Latinos hodiernos, iuxta ''similes gradus'' quibus Anglice Foederatae Americae Civitates, Italice Italia, et Germanice Germania utuntur. Similaritas inter gradus decernitur per gradus [[Consociatio ex pacto Atlantico Septentrionali|Consociationis ex pacto Atlantico Septentrionali]] exhibitos. Hi gradus hodierni, ob mutatas exercitus compositiones, aliquanto discrepant a [[Exercitus Romanus|gradibus exercitus Romani antiqui]] in tabula quoque datis. {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="4" | '''''Gradus in exercitibus hodiernis adhibiti''''' ! colspan="1" | '''''Gradus Romani ca. annum [[50]]''''' ! colspan="1" | '''''Gradus Romani ca. annum [[400]]''''' |- ! colspan="1" | '''Latine''' ! colspan="1" | '''Anglice''' ! colspan="1" | '''Italice''' ! colspan="1" | '''Gemanice''' ! colspan="2" | '''Latine''' |- | Generalis, Summus Praefectus<ref name="Gen">Morgan dat LRL dare tantum: "general (of army) / summus (v. generalis) praefectus (militiae) (LRL)". Confer: {{PONS-Egger}}, {{Morgan}}</ref> || General || Generale || General || Dux, Imperator<ref>Imperator praecipue dicitur ille dux qui magnam victoriam meruit.</ref>||Imperator |- | Vice-Generalis, Corporis Generalis, Corporis Praefectus<ref name = "directa">Translatio directa, non sic re vera attesta; ecce exemplum Morgan qui dat LRL dare tantum: "general (of army) / summus (v. generalis) praefectus (militiae) (LRL)".</ref> || Lieut. General || Generale di corpo d'armata || Generalleutnant || Legatus<ref>Sic dat Loeb in "Caesar's Gallic War". </ref>||Magister Militum |- | Generalis Maior, Divisionis Generalis, Divisionis Praefectus<ref name = "directa"/> || Major General || Generale di divisione || Generalmajor || || [[Dux]] |- | Generalis Legionarius, Legionis Generalis, Legionis Praefectus<ref>Translatio directa, ecce etiam "Cohortium Praefectus" {{PONS-Egger}}</ref> || Brigadier General || Generale di brigata || Brigadegeneral || || Legionis Praefectus<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=iklePELtR6QC&pg=PA643&lpg=PA643&dq=legionis+praefectus&source=bl&ots=OgW-GxwN0m&sig=_3Sl43etiS3q4VucD-fuY0tslLQ&hl=en&ei=Tq5qStiIHI6wtgehqozHBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3 Encyclopedic dictionary of Roman Law]: "The commander of a legion, of equestrian rank (eques). In the development of the Roman army, he was the successor of the LEGATUS"</ref> |- | Chiliarchus<ref> Chiliarchus aut Tribunus Militum </ref> || Colonel || Colonnello || Oberst || Tribunus Maior || Cohortis Praefectus |- |colspan="1"| Chiliarchus Vicarius <ref>Chilarchus Vicarius vel Tribunus Militum Vicarius </ref> |colspan="1"| Lieut. Colonel |colspan="1"| Tenente Colonnello |colspan="1"| Oberstleutnant |colspan="1"| Tribunus minor |colspan="1"| Centurio prior |- |colspan="1"| Centurio Maior |colspan="1"| Major |colspan="1"| Maggiore |colspan="1"| Major |colspan="2"| Centurio Primipili<ref name="Greek">[http://books.google.com/books?id=PKQPAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA506&lpg=PA506&dq=legionarius+greek+and+roman+antiquities&source=web&ots=1kH3O4QVDw&sig=efuFChyQV9UNe4ky3GnjWLQ4eZU&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result#PPA505,M1 A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antituiquities], Google Books.</ref> |- |colspan="1"| [[Centurio]], Capitaneus |colspan="1"| Captain |colspan="1"| Capitano |colspan="1"| Hauptmann |colspan="2"| Centurio |- |colspan="1"| Succenturio Maior |colspan="1"| Lieutenant |colspan="1"| Tenente |colspan="1"| Oberleutnant |colspan="2"| Centurionis Optio |- |colspan="1"| Succenturio Minor |colspan="1"| Second Lieut. |colspan="1"| Sottotenente |colspan="1"| Leutnant |colspan="2"| Succenturio Minor |- |colspan="1"| Decurio Maior |colspan="1"| Sergeant Major |colspan="1"| Sergente maggiore |colspan="1"| Oberstabsfeldwebel |colspan="2"| Decurio Maior |- |colspan="1"| Decurio |colspan="1"| Sergeant |colspan="1"| Sergente |colspan="1"| Feldwebel |colspan="2"| Decurio/Decanus<ref name="decurio">Centurio 80 peditibus praeerat, Decurio 32 equitibus, [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/vegetius2.html De Re Militari, Liber II], Flavius Vegetius Renatus; et confer [http://books.google.com/books?id=PKQPAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA506&lpg=PA506&dq=legionarius+greek+and+roman+antiquities&source=web&ots=1kH3O4QVDw&sig=efuFChyQV9UNe4ky3GnjWLQ4eZU&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result#PPA501,M1 A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antituiquities], Google Books.</ref> |- |colspan="1"| [[Optio]] |colspan="1"| Corporal |colspan="1"| Caporale |colspan="1"| Unteroffizier |colspan="2"| Decurionis Optio |- |colspan="1"| Legionarius |colspan="1"| Private (First Class)<ref>Usus nominis ''Private First Class'' variat inter Classicos et Exercitus CFA.</ref> |colspan="1"| Appuntato |colspan="1"| Gefreiter |colspan="2"| Legionarius |- |colspan="1"| [[Miles]] gregarius |colspan="1"| Private |colspan="1"| Soldato |colspan="1"| Soldat |colspan="2"| Miles gregarius |- |} Tabula quae sequitur dat gradus in copiis navalibus hodiernis adhibitos Latine, Anglice, Italice et Germanice. {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="4" | '''''Gradus in copiis navalibus hodiernis adhibiti''''' |- ! colspan="1" | '''Latine''' ! colspan="1" | '''Anglice''' ! colspan="1" | '''Italice''' ! colspan="1" | '''Gemanice'''<ref>[http://niehorster.orbat.com/011_germany/_ranks_okm.htm World War II Armed Forces – Orders of Battle and Organizations], Situs interretialis; [https://web.archive.org/web/20080617172943/http://www.die-marine.de/english/ranks.html Order of German Naval Ranks], situs interretialis {{Ling|Anglice}}</ref> |- |Classis Admiralis, Summus Admiralis, Summus Classis Praefectus<ref name="admiral">Etiam Summus Classis Praefectus, sed re vera non sic attestatum, sed vide exemplum exercitus et nomen ''Classis Praefectus'' datum a {{PONS-Egger}} </ref> || Fleet Admiral || Ammiraglio di Flotta<ref> ''Ammiraglio di Flotta'' non sic attestatum est, sed exemplum nominis ''Ammiraglio di Squadra'', etc. sequitur</ref> || Großadmiral |- |Admiralis<ref name="admiral2">http://www.wenner.net/?artikelid=G23268</ref>, Classis Praefectus<ref name="obs">Etiam Classis Praefectus,[http://books.google.com/books?id=iklePELtR6QC&pg=PA720&dq=subpraefectus&sig=ACfU3U1AGdsXiCCYVyEozqKhSMPb24Tphw Encyclopedic dictionary of Roman law]</ref> || Admiral || Ammiraglio || Admiral |- |Vice-Admiralis<ref name="admiral2"/>, Classis Subpraefectus<ref> Classis Subpraefectus,[http://books.google.com/books?id=iklePELtR6QC&pg=PA720&dq=subpraefectus&sig=ACfU3U1AGdsXiCCYVyEozqKhSMPb24Tphw Encyclopedic dictionary of Roman law]- Page 720 by Adolf Berger</ref> || Vice Admiral || Ammiraglio di Squadra || Vizeadmiral |- |Contraadmiralis<ref name="admiralis0">Etiam Navarchorum Praefectus, [https://web.archive.org/web/20080510122457/http://mudrac.ffzg.hr/~njovanov/barxml.html Statistica Europae 1792.]:"...Potentia navali opus habent gentes quorum territoria maribus aluuntur, aut qui magnum commercium exercent in mari; haec potentia longe pretiosior est quam campestris; naves bellicae diversae sunt, ad sex classes referuntur pro varietate magnitudinis, nempe pro multitudine illocatae militiae et tormentorum; ad primas quattuor classes pertinent lineales, quae frontem et aciem exercitus formant, hae sunt maximae; generatim omnes naves lineales debent habere 50 tormenta, sed habent cum 80, 90, 100, ad summum 120 tormentorum; maior ad haec tempora non comparuit in mari. A 50 usque 24 tormenta capaces naves dicuntur fregatae, hae secundum locum tenent in acie, defenduntque proprie lineales naves. 3--o) sunt cutter; hae sunt minimae naves bellicae a 24 tormentis deorsum usque 10-8. <3> Linealis quaevis navis habet aliquot cutter et fugatorias naves (Jagdschiff) quae excubias agunt hostibus, fugientes intercipiunt, explorant. <4> Si numerus linealium navium sit 10 et supra, dicetur tota collectio flotte, si sit infra 10 flotille. <5> Cuivis classi, seu flotti praeest archi-calassus, seu admiralis, viceadmiralis, et contraadmiralis."</ref><ref name="admiral"/>|| Rear Admiral || Ammiraglio di Divisione || Konteradmiral |- | Navarchus Princeps,<ref name="Imp">Secundum [http://books.google.com/books?id=r2hBqYtZWNEC&pg=PA40&lpg=PA40&dq=navarchus+princeps&source=web&ots=iGvQrL6eng&sig=u8UJ8rHYBm6wmQX7o4lvc4B_v_s&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=7&ct=result#PPA40,M1 The Imperial Roman Army] By Yann Le Bohec, Raphael Bate (Google Books)</ref> Capitaneus<ref>{{Morgan}}, op. cit. ''Lexicon Auxiliare'', Helfer</ref>|| Captain || Capitano di Vascello || Kapitän-zur-See |- | Navarchus<ref name="Imp"/> || Commander || Capitano di Fregata || Fregattenkapitän |- | Trierarchus<ref name="Imp"/> || Lt. Commander || Capitano di Corvetta || Korvettenkapitän |- | Archigubernus<ref>Primum archiguberni officium est navem gubernare dum narvarchus dormit aut aliquid agit.</ref> || Lieutenant || Tenente di Vascello || Kapitän-Leutnant |- | Nauclerius<ref>Nauclerius est praefectus qui nautas imperat pro Navarcho, vid. [http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camena/pexen/books/pexenfelderapparatus_7.html Artes itinerum; primum pedestris]. At incertum est si idem vocatur qui milites navales imperat.</ref> || Lieut. Junior Grade || Sottotenente di Vascello || Oberleutnant-zur-See |- | Tiro Nauclerius<ref>Tiro Nauclerius saepe est iuvenis qui navigare discit in nave.</ref>|| Ensign || Guardiamarina || Leutnant-zur-See |- | Subpraefectus<ref>''Subpraefectus'' est terminus Latinus qui tarde apparuit, designans eum qui praefectum inprimis servit.{{Morgan}}</ref> || Warrant Officer || Maresciallo || Bootsmann |- | Decurio Maior || Master Petty Officer || Sottocapo di Prima Classe || Obermaat |- | [[Optio]] || Petty Officer || Sottocapo di terza classe || Maat |- | Miles<ref>Nautas militares Romani appellabant ''milites'' loco ''nautas''.</ref> || First Rating || Sottocapo || Gefreiter |- | [[Tiro]] || Sailor recruit || Comune di Seconda Classe || Matrose |- |} == Hierarchia militaris == === Exercitus === [[Fasciculus:Marines Euphrates.jpg|thumb|left|[[Manus]] classiariorum litore fluminis [[Euphrates|Euphratei]] appellunt.]] [[Fasciculus:EFV disembark.jpg|thumb|[[Decuria]] militum classiariorum ex [[armatus militum advector|armato militum advectori]] egrediuntur.]] Saepe traditur milites in proelio pro conmilitonibus suis pugnare, nec revera pro sua civitate: sic est amicitia inter milites; sic est tumultus proelii. Militum unitas, quae congregatio militum quaedam dicitur, igitur est maximi momenti pro copiis armatiis. Hierarchia militaris et unitates militares hodiernae fundamenta habent in hierarchia exercitus Romani, quae aliquanto per aetates mutavit. Contubernium est minima unitas militaris, quam circiter decem milites, quoddam [[tabernaculum]] seu [[tentorium]] [[castra|castrense]] cohabitantes, componunt. Praefectus contuberio dici potest ''decanus'' vel ''decurio.''<ref name="decurio"/> Unitates peditum superiores diende sunt decuria, turma, centuria, manipulus, cohors et legio. [[Decuria]] dicitur circum decem sclopetarii quae decurio praest. Turma dicitur duae aut plures decuriae, cui centurionis [[optio]] praeest. [[Fasciculus:Centurion 2 Boulogne Luc Viatour.jpg|thumb|left|[[Centurio]] Romanus antiquus cum crista transversa a milite Francico hodie simulatus.]] [[Centuria]] olim centum homines, aut decem decurias, habebat, sed hodie inter 70 et 250 tantum habet. [[Centurio]] centuriae praeest. Duae centuriae [[manipulus|manipulum]] component. Ex bellis punicis, duo centuriones cuiusque manipuli dicuntur prior et posterior. Quandoque prior cadit, posterior manipulum dirigit. [[Chiliarchus vicarius]] potest quoque manipulum dirigere. Duo vel plures manipuli [[cohors|cohortem]] formant, cui [[chiliarchus]] praeest. Olim chiliarchus dicitur [[tribunus militum]] vel [[cohortis praefectus]]. [[Fasciculus:P6060065 (RLH-DWR-3YR).JPG|thumb|Primus [[manipulus]], Ducis [[Wellington]] [[cohors|cohortis]].]] Tamen sunt multae unitates speciales, sicut centuria tormentaria, equitum turma, et ala cataphracta. Decurio turmae equitum praeest, centurio centuriae praest. Sicut duae vel plures centuriae deinde manipulum componunt, duae vel plures equitum turmae equitum alam component, et duae vel plures alae cataphractae cohortem cataphractam. [[Legio]] unitas exercitus principalis est, quam duae vel plures cohortes component, cuique [[Generalis Legionarius]] praeest (olim Legatus aut Legionis Praefectus). Olim legioni praeerat vel [[legionis legatus]] vel [[legionis praefectus]]. Romani [[Senatus]] legatum legioni proponebat, legionis praefectus dicitur praefectus quem dux militaris sine senatus consultu legioni proponebat. [[Fasciculus:21e GA.jpg|thumb|Hierarchia militaris copiae secundi belli mundani confoederatae quae Germaniam ab occidente oppugnabat. Monstrata sola est hierarchia exercitus Britannici.]] Tempora republicana, circum [[150 a.C.n.]], [[legio]]num duces erant [[consul]]es rei publicae, qui cum exercitum imperabant dicebantur [[praetor]]es. Tandem [[proconsul]]es sicut [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Iulius Caesar]] legionibus provinciarum praefecti erant, et legati qui Senatus et consul assignabant cuique legioni. Dux igitur dicitur vel proconsul vel praeses qui provinciae exercitumque ibi praeerat. Cum dux quidam victoriam magnam meruit, legionarii ducem declarare [[imperator]]em poterant; deindeque ille imperator, senatus iussu, [[triumphus|triumphans]] in [[Roma|Urbem]] inibat. Post autem regnum Augusti annis [[27 a.C.n.]]–[[14|14 p.C.n.]], soli principes Romani titulum ''imperator'' habere poterant, qui tandem dicebant Caesar aut Augustus. Dux postea dicebatur qui imperatoris iussu legatis legionibusque praeerant. Commutatio magna deinde [[saeculum 4|saeculo quarto]] post [[Diocletianus|Diocletiani]] [[Constantinus I|Constantinique]] reformas accidit. Plerumque [[legionis praefectus|legionis praefecti]] et [[cohortis praefectus|cohortis praefecti]] ex equitum ordine legatos ex senatus ordine substituerunt, et novus praefectus ''[[magister militum]]'' creatus est, qui inter ducem et imperator serviebat. Tabula infra unitates militares in exercitibus dat secundum contextum [[APP-6A]] a [[Consociatio ex pacto Atlantico Septentrionali|Consociatione ex pacto Atlantico Septentrionali]] provisum.<ref>Vide [[:en:Military organization]] [[:en:List of comparative military ranks]].</ref> Notandum est quod nomina praefecti praecipue datur secundum unitates, nec secundum nomina historia quae per aetates et inter civitates discrepaverunt. Exercitus maximi in secundo bello mundano habuerunt, et multi gradus tabula monstrati iam non existunt. {| border=1 cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 align=center style="border-collapse:collapse; border:0 none; vertical-align:top;" frame=void rules=rows |- valign=bottom style="border-bottom:3px double #999;" ! align=left | [[APP-6A]] Symbolum ! align=left | Nomen ! align=left | No. hominum ! align=left | No. unitatum subordinatarum ! align=left | Unitatis praefectus |- |- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;" | align=center | XXXXXX | Regio, theatrum, frons | 1 000 000+ | 4+ exercituum greges | summus exercituum praefectus vel theatri praefectus | |- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;" | align=center | XXXXX | exercituum grex | 250 000+ | 2+ exercitus | exercituum praefectus (vel marescallus militum) | |- |- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;" | align=center | XXXX | exercitus | 60&nbsp;000–100&nbsp;000+ | 2–4 corpora militaria | exercitus praefectus (vel summus praefectus) |- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;" | align=center | XXX | corpus militare | 30 000–50 000+ | 2+ divisiones | corporis praefectus (=magister militum) |- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;" | align=center | XX | divisio | 10 000–20 000 | 2–4 legiones vel cohortes | divisionis praefectus (=legionum praefectus vel dux ) |- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;" | align=center | X | legio | 3000–5000 | 2+ cohortes vel 3–6 manipuli | legionis praefectus (=cohortum praefectus vel legatus) vel chiliarchus |- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;" | align=center | III | cohors | 2000–3000 | 2+ manipuli aut equitum alae | chiliarchus (=cohortis praefectus vel tribunus maior) |- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;" | align=center | II | manipulus (pediti), equitum ala, aut cohors cataphracta | 300–1000 | 2–6 centuriae, centuriae tormentariae, vel equitum turmae vel alae cataphractae | chiliarchus vicarius (=tribunus minor vel manipuli praefectus) |- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;" | align=center | I | centuria (pediti), centuria tormentaria, equitum turma, vel ala cataphracta | 70–250 | 2–8 turmae | centurio (=capitaneus), subpraefectus vel chiliarchus |- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;" | align=center | ••• | turma | 25–60 | 2+ decuriae maiores, decuriae aut vehicula | centurionis optio vel subpraefectus |- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;" | align=center | •• | decuria maior | 8–12 | 2+ manus sclopetaria + sclopeta automataria | decurio vel decurionis optio |- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;" | align=center | • | decuria | 8–16 | 2+ manus sclopetariae | decurio vel decurionis optio |- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;" | align=center | Ø | manus sclopetaria | 4–5 | n/a | decurionis optio |- valign=top style="border-bottom:3px double #999;" | align=center | Ø | sclopetarii par | 2 | n/a | legionarius |} === Copiae navales === [[Fasciculus:Victory Portsmouth um 1900.jpg|thumb|[[Navis bellica capitalis]] ''Victory,'' in qua [[classis praefectus]] [[Horatius Nelson]] anno [[1805]] Franciam et Hispaniam vicit. [[Navis praetoria]] illa dicitur a qua classis praefectus [[classis|classem]] dirigit.]] [[Fasciculus:Abraham-Lincoln-battlegroup.jpg|thumb|left|Grex bellatorus circum [[navis aëroplanigera|navem aëroplanigeram]] U.S.S. Abraham Lincoln instructus.]] Olim hierarchia navalis erat rigentiora quam hodie. Naves in divisiones colligebant, quae invicem in alas numeratas, quae classem numeratam componebant. Permissus in charta scriptus necesse erat antequam navigium quoddam ab una unitate ad alteram motum est. Ordinationes autem strictas hodie copiae navales saepe non sequuntur ad classiculae gradum et supra, quod naves reordinatae sunt, in greges maiores vel inferiores sicut accidentes et eventus requirant. Hoc igitur multum cum statica exercitus ordinatione discrepat, ubi unitates et apparatus eorum multum tempus non mutant. Copiae navales plerumque ordinatae sunt in greges ad propositum speciale, saepe strategicum, et ii greges saepissime apparent et disparent, secundum conditiones et demandas copiis navalibus impositas. Copiae exempli gratia navales hodiernae [[CFA|Civitatum Foederatarum Americae]] ordinantur in aliquantos navigii greges, qui dicuntur [[Grex Aëroplangericus Offensivusque]] (Anglice:Carrier Strike Group) et [[Grex Expeditionarius Offensivusque]] (Anglice:Expeditionary Strike Group). Quamquam unitatum ordinatio late variat, tabula infra dat terminologiam quandam, universaliter acceptam, qua quota et qualia naves in unitate quadam sunt communicentur.<ref>[[:en:Military organization]]</ref> {| border=1 cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 align=center style="border-collapse:collapse; border:0 none; vertical-align:top;" frame=void rules=rows |- valign=bottom style="border-bottom:3px double #999;" ! align=left | Unitatis nomen ! align=left | Navium genera ! align=left | No. navium ! align=left | Praefectus |- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;" | sedes copiarum navalium | omnes naves bellicae | 2+ classes | summus classis praefectus |- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;" | classis | omnes naves in oceano vel in regione generali | 2+ classes bellatoriae vel copiae vexillariae | classis praefectus |- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;" | classis bellatora vel copiae vexillariae | multa naves omnium generum | 2+ greges vexillaria | classis subpraefectus |- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;" | grex vexillarius | copia navium complementariarum | 2+ vexillationes vel alae | navarchorum praefectus maior |- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;" | ala navalis vel vexillatio | saepe naves primi ordinis vel capitales | paucae naves | navarchorum praefectus minor vel classiculae praefectus |- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;" | classicula vel vexilliatio | saepe naves inferiorum ordinum | paucae naves, saepe eiusdem generis | navarchorum praefectus minor vel classiculae praefectus |- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;" | elementum copiarum navalium | singula navis | n/a | [[navarchus]] |- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;" | elementum minus | navigium auxiliare | n/a | [[trierarchus]] vel [[archigubernus]] vel [[nauclerius]] |} [[Fasciculus:SNLE-NG noir.gif|thumb|left|Exceptaculum animatum [[Batalaria subaquanea|batalariae subaqueanae]] operationem monstrans.]] Naves tela magna praebentes coriis crassis armatae [[navis capitalis|capitales]] vocantur. Diu a saeculo duodevicensimo, tales naves in theatro bellico carrissimae copiis navalibus sunt. Per aetates definitio aliquanto mutavit. Olim Romani forsitan [[quinqueremis|quinqueremes]] putabant capitales. Saeculo vicesimo incipiente, recenter, capitales dicebantur [[batalaria cataphracta|batalariae cataphractae]] et ''non'' [[navis aëroplanigera|naves aëroplanigerae]].<ref>Post chalybum classum adventum navis capitalis notio aliquanto fixa est per tria foedera arma limitandi annis [[1920]]–[[1940]] facta: [[Foedus Washingtonii Navale]], [[Foedus Londinii Navale]], et [[Alterum Foedus Londinii Navale]]. Vide [http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/pre-war/1922/nav_lim.html Textus Foederis Washingtonii Navalis completus]: "A capital ship, in the case of ships hereafter built, is defined as a vessel of war, not an aircraft carrier, whose displacement exceeds 10,000 tons (10,160 metric tons) standard displacement, or which carries a gun with a calibre exceeding 8 inches (203 millimetres)."{{Ling|Anglice}}. Haec foedera navem capitalem vocaverunt eam quae pondere 10 000 tonnas excedit et cannonem 203 mm diametri excedentem praebet. Hodie autem definitio navis capitalis limite de cannonibus caret.</ref> E contrario capitales hodie ''solae'' [[navis aëroplanigera|naves aëroplanigerae]] putantur!<ref>[[:en:Capital ship|Capital ship]]{{Ling|Anglice}}</ref> Naves alteri ordinis sunt [[quadriremis|quadriremes]] (olim), [[navis helicopterigera|naves helicopterigerae]], et [[navis impetum amphibium facens|naves impetum amphibium facentes]], [[batalaria venatoria|batalariae venatoriae]], [[batalaria circumvectans|batalariae circumvectantes]], et [[batalaria subaqueana|batalariae subaqueanae]]. [[Ballista subaqueana|Ballistae subaqueanae]], hoc est [[batalaria subaqueana|batalariae subaqueanae]] [[tellum nucleare intercontinentale|tela nuclearia intercontinentalia]] praebentes, quamquam gravissimae et maximi momenti putatae, quoque sola tela strategica considerantur et non naves capitales. Navigia auxiliaria deinde includunt: [[triremis|triremes]] (olim), [[celox|celoces]], [[navicula cannonaria|naviculae cannonariae]], [[navis limitanea|naves limitaneae]], [[navis oneraria|naves onerariae]], [[navicula torpedinaria|naviculae torpedinariae]], [[navigium minas everrens|navigia minas everrentia]], [[navigium subtum oppugnans|navigia subtum oppugnantia]], [[navis assectatans|naves assectantes]], et [[navigium adiuvans|navigia adiuvantia]]. Quam maius est navigium, maior est eius praefectus. At, sicut in hierarchia supra descripta, multum dependet a accidentibus et eventibus qui adsunt. Exempli gratia navarchi principes, quae saepe quoque dicuntur centuriones vel capitanei, praesunt aut [[navis capitalis|navibus capitalibus]] aut nonnullis navibus magnis sicut [[ballista suaqueana|ballistis subaqueanis]], [[navis helicopterigeris|navibus helicopterigeris]], et [[navis impetum amphibium facens|navibus impetum amphibium facentibus]]. Navarchi navibus praesunt quadriremium ordinis, cui saepe nonnulla navigia auxiliaria adsunt, trierachi navigiis auxiliaribus, sicut [[navis assectatans|navibus assectantibus]] et [[navigium subtum oppugnans|naviculis subtum oppugnantibus]], et saepe archiguberni [[navicula cannonaria|navigiis cannonariis]] et [[navicula torpedinaria|torpedinariis]]. Tandem et nauclerii tirones quoque interdum [[navis limitanea|navibus limitaneis]] praesunt. Ordinatio navalis et apud singulam navem continuat, ubi cohors dividuntur in quattuor aut quinque facultates ad varia [[munus|munera]] dicatas. Sunt facultates siphonaria, [[valetudinarium|valetudinaria]], nautica, fabricans, [[aeronautica]]; et in quaque facultate sunt gradus minores et maiores. {{NexInt}} {{div col|2}} *[[Arma]] *''[[Ars belli (Suncius)|Arts belli]]'' *[[Conscriptio]] *[[Custos]] *[[Dissimulatio]] *[[Humanitarium belli ius]] *[[Ingeniaria militaris]] *[[Legio Hispanica]] *[[Legio Romana]] *[[Lex militaris]] *[[Materia displosiva]] *[[Propugnaculum]] *[[Strategia]] *[[Tertius (exercitus)]] *[[Tromocratia]] {{div col end}} == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * Dupuy, T. N. [[1992]]. ''Understanding War: History and Theory of Combat.'' Londinii: Leo Cooper. * Public Information Advisor, International Military Staff, NATO. [[1982]]. ''Women in the Allied Forces.'' Brussels: NATO. * Tucker, T. G. [[1985]]. ''Etymological Dictionary of Latin.'' Sicagi: Ares Publishers. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Military|rem militarem}} * [http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost04/Vegetius/veg_epi0.html Flavius Vegetius Renatus: Epitoma rei militaris] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050311225212/http://culturitalia.uibk.ac.at/atlante/atlante/Autori/Giamboni/vegezio/indice.htm Bono Giamboni - Volgarizzamento dell’Epitoma rei militaris di Publio Flavio Vegezio Renato] {{Societas humana}} [[Categoria:Res militares|!]] 25u0gnt121scrazi7ckld735vxkbyv0 3996241 3996239 2026-10-22T22:42:07Z ~2026-56545-41 216652 /* Gradus militares */ 3996241 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L|-3}} {{FA stella}} {{videhom|De re militari}} {{Bellum et res militaris}} '''Res militaris''' [[miles|milites]] complectitur nec non omnia vehicula, [[arma]], tela, et cetera, quae praesertim ad [[bellum]] gerendum necessaria sunt. [[Fasciculus:Battle of Gibraltar 1607.jpg|thumb|left|[[Trafalgaris Pugna]] die [[21 Octobris]] [[1805]] facta, in qua [[Britanniarum Regnum|classis Britannica]] classem Franco-Hispanicam [[Napoleo]]nis vicit.]] [[Carolus de Clausewitz]] in libro ''Vom Kriege'' ('De bello') inscripto inclute "bellum" ait "non est nisi capessendae rei publicae continuatio alia ratione innixa."<ref>"Der Krieg ist eine bloße Fortsetzung der Politik unter Einbeziehung anderer Mittel." Clausewitz, Carl von (1832) ''Vom Kriege'', I.2.4. Berlin: Ferdinand Dümmler.</ref> Modus belli quidem est mutua inter [[civitas|civitates]] vel [[regimen|regimina]] violentia. Quia vis invicem inter civitates adlata legibus civitatum dirigitur, bellum magnopere a [[caedes|caede]], [[tromocratia]], [[genocidium|genocidio]] differt. Necesse est copias militares legibus civitatis parentes [[disciplina militaris|summa disciplina]] bellum gerere. Primum belli propositum est hostes interficiendo bellum quam primum desinere, ut [[casus belli]] decernatur et [[pax]] iterum habeatur. Sicut imperator [[Georgius Smith Patton Iunior]] dixit: "militis officium non est pro sua civitate cadere, sed facere ut alii nothi [hostes] pro sua cadant."<ref>"The object of war is not to die for your country, but to make the other bastard die for his."</ref> In proeli campo, igitur, milites complures hostes summa violentia occidunt. Proelii violentia tumultusque tam vehemens summam disciplinam, virtutem, fortitudinem, animum, et oboedientiam ab militibus requirit. Itaque disciplina militaris milites docuit insigne [[gradus militaris|gradus militares]] gerere, et summa disciplina iussa praefectorum eorum parere. [[Fasciculus:SBD-3 Dauntless bombers of VS-8 over the burning Japanese cruiser Mikuma on 6 June 1942.jpg|thumb|left|[[Aëroplanum bellicum|Aëroplana bellica]] conspicuas partes in proeliis secundi belli mundani egerunt.]] [[Fasciculus:USS Hammann alongside USS Yorktown-both torpedoed.jpg|thumb|Quamobrem post [[secundum bellum mundanum]] [[navis aëroplanigera|naves aëroplanigerae]] partem magnam in [[classis ordinaria|classes militares]] figurant. Hac in imagine navis aëroplanigera U.S.S. Yorktown et [[batallaria venatoria]] U.S.S. Hamman [[torpedo|torpedinis]] ictum accipiunt magna displosione.]] Telorum armorumque evolutio efficit, ut per aetates belli gerendi rationes mutentur. Maximum effectum fuit ob [[Pulvis pyrius|pulveris pyrii]] reppertum [[Sinae (regio)|Sinae]] saeculis 13–14, quo [[arma ignifera]] sicut [[sclopetum|sclopeta]] efficiuntur. Haec arma ignifera, de quo usu milites facile docuntur, mox notissimas partes figuraverunt in omnibus bellis, sicut [[rerum libertationis bella]], [[res novae|rerum eversionis bella]], [[Napoleo Bonaparte|bella Napoleonica]], [[primum bellum mundanum|primum]] et [[secundum bellum mundanum]], et cetera. Tandem, [[saeculum 20|saeculo vicensimo]] reperta [[bomba atomica|telorum nuclearum]], [[telum chemicum|chemicorum]], [[telum biologicum|biologicorumque]] effecerunt omnes expectare omnia bella sisti. Homines enim ubique agnoverunt talia [[destructionis massivae tela]] in bello numquam posse adhiberi ne se ad ruinam universam exponant. Talia tela forsitan [[mundi humani terminus|totum mundum humanum omnino sistere]] possunt. Talibus telis igitur numquam hodie utebantur, eis contra [[humanitarium belli ius|ius belli]] esse putatis. Verumtamen bella hodie demissa scala nos afflictant, et saepe pro civitatis defensa copiae militares necesse putantur. == Copiae militares == [[Fasciculus:Defense.gov News Photo 041027-F-2034C-010.jpg|thumb|[[Autocurrus armatus]] M1A1 Abrams Americanus in [[Bellum Iracense Alterum|bello Iracensi altero]] die [[27 Octobris]] [[2004]].]] [[Fasciculus:FA22 Raptors Oct2005 yfb edit.jpg|thumb|[[F-22|F-22 Raptor]], pugnator aërius.]] Bellum in terra, mari, et aëre geruntur; quam ob rem copiae militares sunt trium generum: * [[exercitus]] ad bellum terrestre addictus :[[peditatus]], [[copiae deciduae]], [[copiae cataphractae]] seu [[equitatus|equestres]], [[auxilia tormentaria]], [[auxilia aëria]] * [[copiae navales]] ad bellum maritimum addictae :[[classis militaris|classes]] [[classis ordinaria|ordinariae]] et [[classis subaqueana|subaqueanae]], [[Peditatus marinus|peditatus marini]], [[custos litoralis|custodes litorales]], [[copiae onerariae]] * [[copiae aëriae]] ad bellum in aëre et spatio cosmico addictae :[[classis aëria obstructora]], [[copiae pyroballistariae]], [[copiae cosmicae]] Saepe copiae militares quoque hodie [[copiae clandestinae|copias clandestinas]] includunt, et [[militia]]s, quae perpetui exercitus partes non formant, in multis civitatibus [[copiae irregulares]] vel [[custos nationalis|custodes nationales]] appellatae. == Arma, vehicula, et machina bellica == * [[Aëroplanum bellicum]] (sicut [[aëroplanum pyroballistarium]], [[helicopterum bellicum]], [[pugnator aërius]]) * [[Arma ignifera]] (sicut [[sclopetum]], [[canno]]) * [[Batalaria]] (sicut [[navis aëroplanigera]], [[batalaria cataphracta]], [[batalaria venatoria]], [[batalaria subaqueana]]) * [[Gladius]] * [[Pyrobolum]] (e.g. [[mina]], [[pyrobolus manualis]], [[torpedo]], [[bomba atomica]]) * [[Tegumen militare]] (e.g., [[cassis]], [[kevlar]], [[galea]], [[thorax (tegumen)|thorax]]) * [[Tormentum]] (confer [[missile]], [[telum]]) * [[Vehiculum cataphractum]] (e.g. [[autocurrus armatus]], [[armatus militum advector]]) == Musica militaris == Traditum est antiquis iam temporibus musicam adhibitam esse, ut milites aeque eadem celeritate progrederentur. E. g. in historiis [[Thucydides|Thucydidis]] legimus in pugna ad [[Mantinea]]m pugnata exercitum [[Lacedaemon]]iorum processisse [[tibiae|tibicinibus]] multis ludentibus non in honorem deorum, sed ut milites passibus pares irent.<ref>Thucydides, [[De bello Peloponnesiaco]] 5,70: ὁμαλῶς μετὰ ῥυθμοῦ βαίνοντες.</ref> == Gradus militares == [[Fasciculus:US Army Green Berets DF-SD-02-02957.JPEG|thumb|[[Salutatio militaris|Dextra salutant]] milites, cuius vestimenta militaria varios [[gradus militaris|gradus militares]] monstant.]] In tumultu violentiaque, oportet milites semper iussis praefectorum continuo oboedire. Saepe est sola illa disciplina, quae sinit milites pugnam supervivere. Saepe nonnulli perire debent, ut alii victoria vivant. At, ut oboedire possint, necesse est actutum decernere{{dubsig}} militum gradus in campo belli; quamobrem milites insignia graduum suorum clara gerunt. Gradus militares et eorum nomina aliquanto variant inter divisiones armatas et inter civitates. Tabula infra Latine gradus dat, secundum varios locos Latinos hodiernos, iuxta ''similes gradus'' quibus Anglice Foederatae Americae Civitates, Italice Italia, et Germanice Germania utuntur. Similaritas inter gradus decernitur per gradus [[Consociatio ex pacto Atlantico Septentrionali|Consociationis ex pacto Atlantico Septentrionali]] exhibitos. Hi gradus hodierni, ob mutatas exercitus compositiones, aliquanto discrepant a [[Exercitus Romanus|gradibus exercitus Romani antiqui]] in tabula quoque datis. {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="4" | '''''Gradus in exercitibus hodiernis adhibiti''''' ! colspan="1" | '''''Gradus Romani ca. annum [[50]]''''' ! colspan="1" | '''''Gradus Romani ca. annum [[400]]''''' |- ! colspan="1" | '''Latine''' ! colspan="1" | '''Anglice''' ! colspan="1" | '''Italice''' ! colspan="1" | '''Gemanice''' ! colspan="2" | '''Latine''' |- | Generalis, Summus Praefectus<ref name="Gen">Morgan dat LRL dare tantum: "general (of army) / summus (v. generalis) praefectus (militiae) (LRL)". Confer: {{PONS-Egger}}, {{Morgan}}</ref> || General || Generale || General || Dux, Imperator<ref>Imperator praecipue dicitur ille dux qui magnam victoriam meruit.</ref>||Imperator |- | Vice-Generalis, Corporis Generalis, Corporis Praefectus<ref name = "directa">Translatio directa, non sic re vera attesta; ecce exemplum Morgan qui dat LRL dare tantum: "general (of army) / summus (v. generalis) praefectus (militiae) (LRL)".</ref> || Lieut. General || Generale di corpo d'armata || Generalleutnant || Legatus<ref>Sic dat Loeb in "Caesar's Gallic War". </ref>||Magister Militum |- | Generalis Maior, Divisionis Generalis, Divisionis Praefectus<ref name = "directa"/> || Major General || Generale di divisione || Generalmajor || || [[Dux]] |- | Generalis Legionarius, Legionis Generalis, Legionis Praefectus<ref>Translatio directa, ecce etiam "Cohortium Praefectus" {{PONS-Egger}}</ref> || Brigadier General || Generale di brigata || Brigadegeneral || || Legionis Praefectus<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=iklePELtR6QC&pg=PA643&lpg=PA643&dq=legionis+praefectus&source=bl&ots=OgW-GxwN0m&sig=_3Sl43etiS3q4VucD-fuY0tslLQ&hl=en&ei=Tq5qStiIHI6wtgehqozHBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3 Encyclopedic dictionary of Roman Law]: "The commander of a legion, of equestrian rank (eques). In the development of the Roman army, he was the successor of the LEGATUS"</ref> |- | Chiliarchus<ref> Chiliarchus aut Tribunus Militum </ref> || Colonel || Colonnello || Oberst || Tribunus Maior || Cohortis Praefectus |- |colspan="1"| Chiliarchus Vicarius <ref>Chilarchus Vicarius vel Tribunus Militum Vicarius </ref> |colspan="1"| Lieut. Colonel |colspan="1"| Tenente Colonnello |colspan="1"| Oberstleutnant |colspan="1"| Tribunus minor |colspan="1"| Centurio prior |- |colspan="1"| Centurio Maior |colspan="1"| Major |colspan="1"| Maggiore |colspan="1"| Major |colspan="2"| Centurio Primipili<ref name="Greek">[http://books.google.com/books?id=PKQPAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA506&lpg=PA506&dq=legionarius+greek+and+roman+antiquities&source=web&ots=1kH3O4QVDw&sig=efuFChyQV9UNe4ky3GnjWLQ4eZU&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result#PPA505,M1 A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antituiquities], Google Books.</ref> |- |colspan="1"| [[Centurio]], Capitaneus |colspan="1"| Captain |colspan="1"| Capitano |colspan="1"| Hauptmann |colspan="2"| Centurio |- |colspan="1"| Succenturio Maior |colspan="1"| Lieutenant |colspan="1"| Tenente |colspan="1"| Oberleutnant |colspan="2"| Centurionis Optio |- |colspan="1"| Succenturio Minor |colspan="1"| Second Lieut. |colspan="1"| Sottotenente |colspan="1"| Leutnant |colspan="2"| Succenturio Minor |- |colspan="1"| Decurio Maior |colspan="1"| Sergeant Major |colspan="1"| Sergente maggiore |colspan="1"| Oberstabsfeldwebel |colspan="2"| Decurio Maior |- |colspan="1"| Decurio |colspan="1"| Sergeant |colspan="1"| Sergente |colspan="1"| Feldwebel |colspan="2"| Decurio/Decanus<ref name="decurio">Centurio 80 peditibus praeerat, Decurio 32 equitibus, [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/vegetius2.html De Re Militari, Liber II], Flavius Vegetius Renatus; et confer [http://books.google.com/books?id=PKQPAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA506&lpg=PA506&dq=legionarius+greek+and+roman+antiquities&source=web&ots=1kH3O4QVDw&sig=efuFChyQV9UNe4ky3GnjWLQ4eZU&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result#PPA501,M1 A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antituiquities], Google Books.</ref> |- |colspan="1"| [[Optio]] |colspan="1"| Corporal |colspan="1"| Caporale |colspan="1"| Unteroffizier |colspan="2"| Decurionis Optio |- |colspan="1"| Legionarius |colspan="1"| Private (First Class)<ref>Usus nominis ''Private First Class'' variat inter Classicos et Exercitus CFA.</ref> |colspan="1"| Appuntato |colspan="1"| Gefreiter |colspan="2"| Legionarius |- |colspan="1"| [[Miles]] gregarius |colspan="1"| Private |colspan="1"| Soldato |colspan="1"| Soldat |colspan="2"| Miles gregarius |- |} Tabula quae sequitur dat gradus in copiis navalibus hodiernis adhibitos Latine, Anglice, Italice et Germanice. {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="4" | '''''Gradus in copiis navalibus hodiernis adhibiti''''' |- ! colspan="1" | '''Latine''' ! colspan="1" | '''Anglice''' ! colspan="1" | '''Italice''' ! colspan="1" | '''Gemanice'''<ref>[http://niehorster.orbat.com/011_germany/_ranks_okm.htm World War II Armed Forces – Orders of Battle and Organizations], Situs interretialis; [https://web.archive.org/web/20080617172943/http://www.die-marine.de/english/ranks.html Order of German Naval Ranks], situs interretialis {{Ling|Anglice}}</ref> |- |Classis Admiralis, Summus Admiralis, Summus Classis Praefectus<ref name="admiral">Etiam Summus Classis Praefectus, sed re vera non sic attestatum, sed vide exemplum exercitus et nomen ''Classis Praefectus'' datum a {{PONS-Egger}} </ref> || Fleet Admiral || Ammiraglio di Flotta<ref> ''Ammiraglio di Flotta'' non sic attestatum est, sed exemplum nominis ''Ammiraglio di Squadra'', etc. sequitur</ref> || Großadmiral |- |Admiralis<ref name="admiral2">http://www.wenner.net/?artikelid=G23268</ref>, Classis Praefectus<ref name="obs">Etiam Classis Praefectus,[http://books.google.com/books?id=iklePELtR6QC&pg=PA720&dq=subpraefectus&sig=ACfU3U1AGdsXiCCYVyEozqKhSMPb24Tphw Encyclopedic dictionary of Roman law]</ref> || Admiral || Ammiraglio || Admiral |- |Vice-Admiralis<ref name="admiral2"/>, Classis Subpraefectus<ref> Classis Subpraefectus,[http://books.google.com/books?id=iklePELtR6QC&pg=PA720&dq=subpraefectus&sig=ACfU3U1AGdsXiCCYVyEozqKhSMPb24Tphw Encyclopedic dictionary of Roman law]- Page 720 by Adolf Berger</ref> || Vice Admiral || Ammiraglio di Squadra || Vizeadmiral |- |Contraadmiralis<ref name="admiralis0">Etiam Navarchorum Praefectus, [https://web.archive.org/web/20080510122457/http://mudrac.ffzg.hr/~njovanov/barxml.html Statistica Europae 1792.]:"...Potentia navali opus habent gentes quorum territoria maribus aluuntur, aut qui magnum commercium exercent in mari; haec potentia longe pretiosior est quam campestris; naves bellicae diversae sunt, ad sex classes referuntur pro varietate magnitudinis, nempe pro multitudine illocatae militiae et tormentorum; ad primas quattuor classes pertinent lineales, quae frontem et aciem exercitus formant, hae sunt maximae; generatim omnes naves lineales debent habere 50 tormenta, sed habent cum 80, 90, 100, ad summum 120 tormentorum; maior ad haec tempora non comparuit in mari. A 50 usque 24 tormenta capaces naves dicuntur fregatae, hae secundum locum tenent in acie, defenduntque proprie lineales naves. 3--o) sunt cutter; hae sunt minimae naves bellicae a 24 tormentis deorsum usque 10-8. <3> Linealis quaevis navis habet aliquot cutter et fugatorias naves (Jagdschiff) quae excubias agunt hostibus, fugientes intercipiunt, explorant. <4> Si numerus linealium navium sit 10 et supra, dicetur tota collectio flotte, si sit infra 10 flotille. <5> Cuivis classi, seu flotti praeest archi-calassus, seu admiralis, viceadmiralis, et contraadmiralis."</ref><ref name="admiral"/>|| Rear Admiral || Ammiraglio di Divisione || Konteradmiral |- | Navarchus Princeps,<ref name="Imp">Secundum [http://books.google.com/books?id=r2hBqYtZWNEC&pg=PA40&lpg=PA40&dq=navarchus+princeps&source=web&ots=iGvQrL6eng&sig=u8UJ8rHYBm6wmQX7o4lvc4B_v_s&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=7&ct=result#PPA40,M1 The Imperial Roman Army] By Yann Le Bohec, Raphael Bate (Google Books)</ref> Capitaneus<ref>{{Morgan}}, op. cit. ''Lexicon Auxiliare'', Helfer</ref>|| Captain || Capitano di Vascello || Kapitän-zur-See |- | Navarchus<ref name="Imp"/> || Commander || Capitano di Fregata || Fregattenkapitän |- | Trierarchus<ref name="Imp"/> || Lt. Commander || Capitano di Corvetta || Korvettenkapitän |- | Archigubernus<ref>Primum archiguberni officium est navem gubernare dum narvarchus dormit aut aliquid agit.</ref> || Lieutenant || Tenente di Vascello || Kapitän-Leutnant |- | Nauclerius<ref>Nauclerius est praefectus qui nautas imperat pro Navarcho, vid. [http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camena/pexen/books/pexenfelderapparatus_7.html Artes itinerum; primum pedestris]. At incertum est an idem vocatur qui milites navales imperat.</ref>|| Lieut. Junior Grade || Sottotenente di Vascello || Oberleutnant-zur-See |- | Tiro Nauclerius<ref>Tiro Nauclerius saepe est iuvenis qui navigare discit in nave.</ref>|| Ensign || Guardiamarina || Leutnant-zur-See |- | Subpraefectus<ref>''Subpraefectus'' est terminus Latinus qui tarde apparuit, designans eum qui praefectum inprimis servit.{{Morgan}}</ref> || Warrant Officer || Maresciallo || Bootsmann |- | Decurio Maior || Master Petty Officer || Sottocapo di Prima Classe || Obermaat |- | [[Optio]] || Petty Officer || Sottocapo di terza classe || Maat |- | Miles<ref>Nautas militares Romani appellabant ''milites'' loco ''nautas''.</ref> || First Rating || Sottocapo || Gefreiter |- | [[Tiro]] || Sailor recruit || Comune di Seconda Classe || Matrose |- |} == Hierarchia militaris == === Exercitus === [[Fasciculus:Marines Euphrates.jpg|thumb|left|[[Manus]] classiariorum litore fluminis [[Euphrates|Euphratei]] appellunt.]] [[Fasciculus:EFV disembark.jpg|thumb|[[Decuria]] militum classiariorum ex [[armatus militum advector|armato militum advectori]] egrediuntur.]] Saepe traditur milites in proelio pro conmilitonibus suis pugnare, nec revera pro sua civitate: sic est amicitia inter milites; sic est tumultus proelii. Militum unitas, quae congregatio militum quaedam dicitur, igitur est maximi momenti pro copiis armatiis. Hierarchia militaris et unitates militares hodiernae fundamenta habent in hierarchia exercitus Romani, quae aliquanto per aetates mutavit. Contubernium est minima unitas militaris, quam circiter decem milites, quoddam [[tabernaculum]] seu [[tentorium]] [[castra|castrense]] cohabitantes, componunt. Praefectus contuberio dici potest ''decanus'' vel ''decurio.''<ref name="decurio"/> Unitates peditum superiores diende sunt decuria, turma, centuria, manipulus, cohors et legio. [[Decuria]] dicitur circum decem sclopetarii quae decurio praest. Turma dicitur duae aut plures decuriae, cui centurionis [[optio]] praeest. [[Fasciculus:Centurion 2 Boulogne Luc Viatour.jpg|thumb|left|[[Centurio]] Romanus antiquus cum crista transversa a milite Francico hodie simulatus.]] [[Centuria]] olim centum homines, aut decem decurias, habebat, sed hodie inter 70 et 250 tantum habet. [[Centurio]] centuriae praeest. Duae centuriae [[manipulus|manipulum]] component. Ex bellis punicis, duo centuriones cuiusque manipuli dicuntur prior et posterior. Quandoque prior cadit, posterior manipulum dirigit. [[Chiliarchus vicarius]] potest quoque manipulum dirigere. Duo vel plures manipuli [[cohors|cohortem]] formant, cui [[chiliarchus]] praeest. Olim chiliarchus dicitur [[tribunus militum]] vel [[cohortis praefectus]]. [[Fasciculus:P6060065 (RLH-DWR-3YR).JPG|thumb|Primus [[manipulus]], Ducis [[Wellington]] [[cohors|cohortis]].]] Tamen sunt multae unitates speciales, sicut centuria tormentaria, equitum turma, et ala cataphracta. Decurio turmae equitum praeest, centurio centuriae praest. Sicut duae vel plures centuriae deinde manipulum componunt, duae vel plures equitum turmae equitum alam component, et duae vel plures alae cataphractae cohortem cataphractam. [[Legio]] unitas exercitus principalis est, quam duae vel plures cohortes component, cuique [[Generalis Legionarius]] praeest (olim Legatus aut Legionis Praefectus). Olim legioni praeerat vel [[legionis legatus]] vel [[legionis praefectus]]. Romani [[Senatus]] legatum legioni proponebat, legionis praefectus dicitur praefectus quem dux militaris sine senatus consultu legioni proponebat. [[Fasciculus:21e GA.jpg|thumb|Hierarchia militaris copiae secundi belli mundani confoederatae quae Germaniam ab occidente oppugnabat. Monstrata sola est hierarchia exercitus Britannici.]] Tempora republicana, circum [[150 a.C.n.]], [[legio]]num duces erant [[consul]]es rei publicae, qui cum exercitum imperabant dicebantur [[praetor]]es. Tandem [[proconsul]]es sicut [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Iulius Caesar]] legionibus provinciarum praefecti erant, et legati qui Senatus et consul assignabant cuique legioni. Dux igitur dicitur vel proconsul vel praeses qui provinciae exercitumque ibi praeerat. Cum dux quidam victoriam magnam meruit, legionarii ducem declarare [[imperator]]em poterant; deindeque ille imperator, senatus iussu, [[triumphus|triumphans]] in [[Roma|Urbem]] inibat. Post autem regnum Augusti annis [[27 a.C.n.]]–[[14|14 p.C.n.]], soli principes Romani titulum ''imperator'' habere poterant, qui tandem dicebant Caesar aut Augustus. Dux postea dicebatur qui imperatoris iussu legatis legionibusque praeerant. Commutatio magna deinde [[saeculum 4|saeculo quarto]] post [[Diocletianus|Diocletiani]] [[Constantinus I|Constantinique]] reformas accidit. Plerumque [[legionis praefectus|legionis praefecti]] et [[cohortis praefectus|cohortis praefecti]] ex equitum ordine legatos ex senatus ordine substituerunt, et novus praefectus ''[[magister militum]]'' creatus est, qui inter ducem et imperator serviebat. Tabula infra unitates militares in exercitibus dat secundum contextum [[APP-6A]] a [[Consociatio ex pacto Atlantico Septentrionali|Consociatione ex pacto Atlantico Septentrionali]] provisum.<ref>Vide [[:en:Military organization]] [[:en:List of comparative military ranks]].</ref> Notandum est quod nomina praefecti praecipue datur secundum unitates, nec secundum nomina historia quae per aetates et inter civitates discrepaverunt. Exercitus maximi in secundo bello mundano habuerunt, et multi gradus tabula monstrati iam non existunt. {| border=1 cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 align=center style="border-collapse:collapse; border:0 none; vertical-align:top;" frame=void rules=rows |- valign=bottom style="border-bottom:3px double #999;" ! align=left | [[APP-6A]] Symbolum ! align=left | Nomen ! align=left | No. hominum ! align=left | No. unitatum subordinatarum ! align=left | Unitatis praefectus |- |- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;" | align=center | XXXXXX | Regio, theatrum, frons | 1 000 000+ | 4+ exercituum greges | summus exercituum praefectus vel theatri praefectus | |- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;" | align=center | XXXXX | exercituum grex | 250 000+ | 2+ exercitus | exercituum praefectus (vel marescallus militum) | |- |- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;" | align=center | XXXX | exercitus | 60&nbsp;000–100&nbsp;000+ | 2–4 corpora militaria | exercitus praefectus (vel summus praefectus) |- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;" | align=center | XXX | corpus militare | 30 000–50 000+ | 2+ divisiones | corporis praefectus (=magister militum) |- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;" | align=center | XX | divisio | 10 000–20 000 | 2–4 legiones vel cohortes | divisionis praefectus (=legionum praefectus vel dux ) |- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;" | align=center | X | legio | 3000–5000 | 2+ cohortes vel 3–6 manipuli | legionis praefectus (=cohortum praefectus vel legatus) vel chiliarchus |- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;" | align=center | III | cohors | 2000–3000 | 2+ manipuli aut equitum alae | chiliarchus (=cohortis praefectus vel tribunus maior) |- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;" | align=center | II | manipulus (pediti), equitum ala, aut cohors cataphracta | 300–1000 | 2–6 centuriae, centuriae tormentariae, vel equitum turmae vel alae cataphractae | chiliarchus vicarius (=tribunus minor vel manipuli praefectus) |- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;" | align=center | I | centuria (pediti), centuria tormentaria, equitum turma, vel ala cataphracta | 70–250 | 2–8 turmae | centurio (=capitaneus), subpraefectus vel chiliarchus |- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;" | align=center | ••• | turma | 25–60 | 2+ decuriae maiores, decuriae aut vehicula | centurionis optio vel subpraefectus |- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;" | align=center | •• | decuria maior | 8–12 | 2+ manus sclopetaria + sclopeta automataria | decurio vel decurionis optio |- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;" | align=center | • | decuria | 8–16 | 2+ manus sclopetariae | decurio vel decurionis optio |- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;" | align=center | Ø | manus sclopetaria | 4–5 | n/a | decurionis optio |- valign=top style="border-bottom:3px double #999;" | align=center | Ø | sclopetarii par | 2 | n/a | legionarius |} === Copiae navales === [[Fasciculus:Victory Portsmouth um 1900.jpg|thumb|[[Navis bellica capitalis]] ''Victory,'' in qua [[classis praefectus]] [[Horatius Nelson]] anno [[1805]] Franciam et Hispaniam vicit. [[Navis praetoria]] illa dicitur a qua classis praefectus [[classis|classem]] dirigit.]] [[Fasciculus:Abraham-Lincoln-battlegroup.jpg|thumb|left|Grex bellatorus circum [[navis aëroplanigera|navem aëroplanigeram]] U.S.S. Abraham Lincoln instructus.]] Olim hierarchia navalis erat rigentiora quam hodie. Naves in divisiones colligebant, quae invicem in alas numeratas, quae classem numeratam componebant. Permissus in charta scriptus necesse erat antequam navigium quoddam ab una unitate ad alteram motum est. Ordinationes autem strictas hodie copiae navales saepe non sequuntur ad classiculae gradum et supra, quod naves reordinatae sunt, in greges maiores vel inferiores sicut accidentes et eventus requirant. Hoc igitur multum cum statica exercitus ordinatione discrepat, ubi unitates et apparatus eorum multum tempus non mutant. Copiae navales plerumque ordinatae sunt in greges ad propositum speciale, saepe strategicum, et ii greges saepissime apparent et disparent, secundum conditiones et demandas copiis navalibus impositas. Copiae exempli gratia navales hodiernae [[CFA|Civitatum Foederatarum Americae]] ordinantur in aliquantos navigii greges, qui dicuntur [[Grex Aëroplangericus Offensivusque]] (Anglice:Carrier Strike Group) et [[Grex Expeditionarius Offensivusque]] (Anglice:Expeditionary Strike Group). Quamquam unitatum ordinatio late variat, tabula infra dat terminologiam quandam, universaliter acceptam, qua quota et qualia naves in unitate quadam sunt communicentur.<ref>[[:en:Military organization]]</ref> {| border=1 cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 align=center style="border-collapse:collapse; border:0 none; vertical-align:top;" frame=void rules=rows |- valign=bottom style="border-bottom:3px double #999;" ! align=left | Unitatis nomen ! align=left | Navium genera ! align=left | No. navium ! align=left | Praefectus |- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;" | sedes copiarum navalium | omnes naves bellicae | 2+ classes | summus classis praefectus |- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;" | classis | omnes naves in oceano vel in regione generali | 2+ classes bellatoriae vel copiae vexillariae | classis praefectus |- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;" | classis bellatora vel copiae vexillariae | multa naves omnium generum | 2+ greges vexillaria | classis subpraefectus |- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;" | grex vexillarius | copia navium complementariarum | 2+ vexillationes vel alae | navarchorum praefectus maior |- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;" | ala navalis vel vexillatio | saepe naves primi ordinis vel capitales | paucae naves | navarchorum praefectus minor vel classiculae praefectus |- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;" | classicula vel vexilliatio | saepe naves inferiorum ordinum | paucae naves, saepe eiusdem generis | navarchorum praefectus minor vel classiculae praefectus |- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;" | elementum copiarum navalium | singula navis | n/a | [[navarchus]] |- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;" | elementum minus | navigium auxiliare | n/a | [[trierarchus]] vel [[archigubernus]] vel [[nauclerius]] |} [[Fasciculus:SNLE-NG noir.gif|thumb|left|Exceptaculum animatum [[Batalaria subaquanea|batalariae subaqueanae]] operationem monstrans.]] Naves tela magna praebentes coriis crassis armatae [[navis capitalis|capitales]] vocantur. Diu a saeculo duodevicensimo, tales naves in theatro bellico carrissimae copiis navalibus sunt. Per aetates definitio aliquanto mutavit. Olim Romani forsitan [[quinqueremis|quinqueremes]] putabant capitales. Saeculo vicesimo incipiente, recenter, capitales dicebantur [[batalaria cataphracta|batalariae cataphractae]] et ''non'' [[navis aëroplanigera|naves aëroplanigerae]].<ref>Post chalybum classum adventum navis capitalis notio aliquanto fixa est per tria foedera arma limitandi annis [[1920]]–[[1940]] facta: [[Foedus Washingtonii Navale]], [[Foedus Londinii Navale]], et [[Alterum Foedus Londinii Navale]]. Vide [http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/pre-war/1922/nav_lim.html Textus Foederis Washingtonii Navalis completus]: "A capital ship, in the case of ships hereafter built, is defined as a vessel of war, not an aircraft carrier, whose displacement exceeds 10,000 tons (10,160 metric tons) standard displacement, or which carries a gun with a calibre exceeding 8 inches (203 millimetres)."{{Ling|Anglice}}. Haec foedera navem capitalem vocaverunt eam quae pondere 10 000 tonnas excedit et cannonem 203 mm diametri excedentem praebet. Hodie autem definitio navis capitalis limite de cannonibus caret.</ref> E contrario capitales hodie ''solae'' [[navis aëroplanigera|naves aëroplanigerae]] putantur!<ref>[[:en:Capital ship|Capital ship]]{{Ling|Anglice}}</ref> Naves alteri ordinis sunt [[quadriremis|quadriremes]] (olim), [[navis helicopterigera|naves helicopterigerae]], et [[navis impetum amphibium facens|naves impetum amphibium facentes]], [[batalaria venatoria|batalariae venatoriae]], [[batalaria circumvectans|batalariae circumvectantes]], et [[batalaria subaqueana|batalariae subaqueanae]]. [[Ballista subaqueana|Ballistae subaqueanae]], hoc est [[batalaria subaqueana|batalariae subaqueanae]] [[tellum nucleare intercontinentale|tela nuclearia intercontinentalia]] praebentes, quamquam gravissimae et maximi momenti putatae, quoque sola tela strategica considerantur et non naves capitales. Navigia auxiliaria deinde includunt: [[triremis|triremes]] (olim), [[celox|celoces]], [[navicula cannonaria|naviculae cannonariae]], [[navis limitanea|naves limitaneae]], [[navis oneraria|naves onerariae]], [[navicula torpedinaria|naviculae torpedinariae]], [[navigium minas everrens|navigia minas everrentia]], [[navigium subtum oppugnans|navigia subtum oppugnantia]], [[navis assectatans|naves assectantes]], et [[navigium adiuvans|navigia adiuvantia]]. Quam maius est navigium, maior est eius praefectus. At, sicut in hierarchia supra descripta, multum dependet a accidentibus et eventibus qui adsunt. Exempli gratia navarchi principes, quae saepe quoque dicuntur centuriones vel capitanei, praesunt aut [[navis capitalis|navibus capitalibus]] aut nonnullis navibus magnis sicut [[ballista suaqueana|ballistis subaqueanis]], [[navis helicopterigeris|navibus helicopterigeris]], et [[navis impetum amphibium facens|navibus impetum amphibium facentibus]]. Navarchi navibus praesunt quadriremium ordinis, cui saepe nonnulla navigia auxiliaria adsunt, trierachi navigiis auxiliaribus, sicut [[navis assectatans|navibus assectantibus]] et [[navigium subtum oppugnans|naviculis subtum oppugnantibus]], et saepe archiguberni [[navicula cannonaria|navigiis cannonariis]] et [[navicula torpedinaria|torpedinariis]]. Tandem et nauclerii tirones quoque interdum [[navis limitanea|navibus limitaneis]] praesunt. Ordinatio navalis et apud singulam navem continuat, ubi cohors dividuntur in quattuor aut quinque facultates ad varia [[munus|munera]] dicatas. Sunt facultates siphonaria, [[valetudinarium|valetudinaria]], nautica, fabricans, [[aeronautica]]; et in quaque facultate sunt gradus minores et maiores. {{NexInt}} {{div col|2}} *[[Arma]] *''[[Ars belli (Suncius)|Arts belli]]'' *[[Conscriptio]] *[[Custos]] *[[Dissimulatio]] *[[Humanitarium belli ius]] *[[Ingeniaria militaris]] *[[Legio Hispanica]] *[[Legio Romana]] *[[Lex militaris]] *[[Materia displosiva]] *[[Propugnaculum]] *[[Strategia]] *[[Tertius (exercitus)]] *[[Tromocratia]] {{div col end}} == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * Dupuy, T. N. [[1992]]. ''Understanding War: History and Theory of Combat.'' Londinii: Leo Cooper. * Public Information Advisor, International Military Staff, NATO. [[1982]]. ''Women in the Allied Forces.'' Brussels: NATO. * Tucker, T. G. [[1985]]. ''Etymological Dictionary of Latin.'' Sicagi: Ares Publishers. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Military|rem militarem}} * [http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost04/Vegetius/veg_epi0.html Flavius Vegetius Renatus: Epitoma rei militaris] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050311225212/http://culturitalia.uibk.ac.at/atlante/atlante/Autori/Giamboni/vegezio/indice.htm Bono Giamboni - Volgarizzamento dell’Epitoma rei militaris di Publio Flavio Vegezio Renato] {{Societas humana}} [[Categoria:Res militares|!]] 6mk5y6ynmqlb2c5cafsul098i2xmng9 3996244 3996241 2026-10-22T23:29:49Z Grufo 64423 3996244 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L|-3}} {{FA stella}} {{videhom|De re militari}} {{Bellum et res militaris}} '''Res militaris''' [[miles|milites]] complectitur nec non omnia vehicula, [[arma]], tela, et cetera, quae praesertim ad [[bellum]] gerendum necessaria sunt. [[Fasciculus:Battle of Gibraltar 1607.jpg|thumb|left|[[Trafalgaris Pugna]] die [[21 Octobris]] [[1805]] facta, in qua [[Britanniarum Regnum|classis Britannica]] classem Franco-Hispanicam [[Napoleo]]nis vicit.]] [[Carolus de Clausewitz]] in libro ''Vom Kriege'' ('De bello') inscripto inclute "bellum" ait "non est nisi capessendae rei publicae continuatio alia ratione innixa."<ref>"Der Krieg ist eine bloße Fortsetzung der Politik unter Einbeziehung anderer Mittel." Clausewitz, Carl von (1832) ''Vom Kriege'', I.2.4. Berlin: Ferdinand Dümmler.</ref> Modus belli quidem est mutua inter [[civitas|civitates]] vel [[regimen|regimina]] violentia. Quia vis invicem inter civitates adlata legibus civitatum dirigitur, bellum magnopere a [[caedes|caede]], [[tromocratia]], [[genocidium|genocidio]] differt. Necesse est copias militares legibus civitatis parentes [[disciplina militaris|summa disciplina]] bellum gerere. Primum belli propositum est hostes interficiendo bellum quam primum desinere, ut [[casus belli]] decernatur et [[pax]] iterum habeatur. Sicut imperator [[Georgius Smith Patton Iunior]] dixit: "militis officium non est pro sua civitate cadere, sed facere ut alii nothi [hostes] pro sua cadant."<ref>"The object of war is not to die for your country, but to make the other bastard die for his."</ref> In proeli campo, igitur, milites complures hostes summa violentia occidunt. Proelii violentia tumultusque tam vehemens summam disciplinam, virtutem, fortitudinem, animum, et oboedientiam ab militibus requirit. Itaque disciplina militaris milites docuit insigne [[gradus militaris|gradus militares]] gerere, et summa disciplina iussa praefectorum eorum parere. [[Fasciculus:SBD-3 Dauntless bombers of VS-8 over the burning Japanese cruiser Mikuma on 6 June 1942.jpg|thumb|left|[[Aëroplanum bellicum|Aëroplana bellica]] conspicuas partes in proeliis secundi belli mundani egerunt.]] [[Fasciculus:USS Hammann alongside USS Yorktown-both torpedoed.jpg|thumb|Quamobrem post [[secundum bellum mundanum]] [[navis aëroplanigera|naves aëroplanigerae]] partem magnam in [[classis ordinaria|classes militares]] figurant. Hac in imagine navis aëroplanigera U.S.S. Yorktown et [[batallaria venatoria]] U.S.S. Hamman [[torpedo|torpedinis]] ictum accipiunt magna displosione.]] Telorum armorumque evolutio efficit, ut per aetates belli gerendi rationes mutentur. Maximum effectum fuit ob [[Pulvis pyrius|pulveris pyrii]] reppertum [[Sinae (regio)|Sinae]] saeculis 13–14, quo [[arma ignifera]] sicut [[sclopetum|sclopeta]] efficiuntur. Haec arma ignifera, de quo usu milites facile docuntur, mox notissimas partes figuraverunt in omnibus bellis, sicut [[rerum libertationis bella]], [[res novae|rerum eversionis bella]], [[Napoleo Bonaparte|bella Napoleonica]], [[primum bellum mundanum|primum]] et [[secundum bellum mundanum]], et cetera. Tandem, [[saeculum 20|saeculo vicensimo]] reperta [[bomba atomica|telorum nuclearum]], [[telum chemicum|chemicorum]], [[telum biologicum|biologicorumque]] effecerunt omnes expectare omnia bella sisti. Homines enim ubique agnoverunt talia [[destructionis massivae tela]] in bello numquam posse adhiberi ne se ad ruinam universam exponant. Talia tela forsitan [[mundi humani terminus|totum mundum humanum omnino sistere]] possunt. Talibus telis igitur numquam hodie utebantur, eis contra [[humanitarium belli ius|ius belli]] esse putatis. Verumtamen bella hodie demissa scala nos afflictant, et saepe pro civitatis defensa copiae militares necesse putantur. == Copiae militares == [[Fasciculus:Defense.gov News Photo 041027-F-2034C-010.jpg|thumb|[[Autocurrus armatus]] M1A1 Abrams Americanus in [[Bellum Iracense Alterum|bello Iracensi altero]] die [[27 Octobris]] [[2004]].]] [[Fasciculus:FA22 Raptors Oct2005 yfb edit.jpg|thumb|[[F-22|F-22 Raptor]], pugnator aërius.]] Bellum in terra, mari, et aëre geruntur; quam ob rem copiae militares sunt trium generum: * [[exercitus]] ad bellum terrestre addictus :[[peditatus]], [[copiae deciduae]], [[copiae cataphractae]] seu [[equitatus|equestres]], [[auxilia tormentaria]], [[auxilia aëria]] * [[copiae navales]] ad bellum maritimum addictae :[[classis militaris|classes]] [[classis ordinaria|ordinariae]] et [[classis subaqueana|subaqueanae]], [[Peditatus marinus|peditatus marini]], [[custos litoralis|custodes litorales]], [[copiae onerariae]] * [[copiae aëriae]] ad bellum in aëre et spatio cosmico addictae :[[classis aëria obstructora]], [[copiae pyroballistariae]], [[copiae cosmicae]] Saepe copiae militares quoque hodie [[copiae clandestinae|copias clandestinas]] includunt, et [[militia]]s, quae perpetui exercitus partes non formant, in multis civitatibus [[copiae irregulares]] vel [[custos nationalis|custodes nationales]] appellatae. == Arma, vehicula, et machina bellica == * [[Aëroplanum bellicum]] (sicut [[aëroplanum pyroballistarium]], [[helicopterum bellicum]], [[pugnator aërius]]) * [[Arma ignifera]] (sicut [[sclopetum]], [[canno]]) * [[Batalaria]] (sicut [[navis aëroplanigera]], [[batalaria cataphracta]], [[batalaria venatoria]], [[batalaria subaqueana]]) * [[Gladius]] * [[Pyrobolum]] (e.g. [[mina]], [[pyrobolus manualis]], [[torpedo]], [[bomba atomica]]) * [[Tegumen militare]] (e.g., [[cassis]], [[kevlar]], [[galea]], [[thorax (tegumen)|thorax]]) * [[Tormentum]] (confer [[missile]], [[telum]]) * [[Vehiculum cataphractum]] (e.g. [[autocurrus armatus]], [[armatus militum advector]]) == Musica militaris == Traditum est antiquis iam temporibus musicam adhibitam esse, ut milites aeque eadem celeritate progrederentur. E. g. in historiis [[Thucydides|Thucydidis]] legimus in pugna ad [[Mantinea]]m pugnata exercitum [[Lacedaemon]]iorum processisse [[tibiae|tibicinibus]] multis ludentibus non in honorem deorum, sed ut milites passibus pares irent.<ref>Thucydides, [[De bello Peloponnesiaco]] 5,70: ὁμαλῶς μετὰ ῥυθμοῦ βαίνοντες.</ref> == Gradus militares == [[Fasciculus:US Army Green Berets DF-SD-02-02957.JPEG|thumb|[[Salutatio militaris|Dextra salutant]] milites, cuius vestimenta militaria varios [[gradus militaris|gradus militares]] monstant.]] In tumultu violentiaque, oportet milites semper iussis praefectorum continuo oboedire. Saepe est sola illa disciplina, quae sinit milites pugnam supervivere. Saepe nonnulli perire debent, ut alii victoria vivant. At, ut oboedire possint, necesse est actutum decernere{{dubsig}} militum gradus in campo belli; quamobrem milites insignia graduum suorum clara gerunt. Gradus militares et eorum nomina aliquanto variant inter divisiones armatas et inter civitates. Tabula infra Latine gradus dat, secundum varios locos Latinos hodiernos, iuxta ''similes gradus'' quibus Anglice Foederatae Americae Civitates, Italice Italia, et Germanice Germania utuntur. Similaritas inter gradus decernitur per gradus [[Consociatio ex pacto Atlantico Septentrionali|Consociationis ex pacto Atlantico Septentrionali]] exhibitos. Hi gradus hodierni, ob mutatas exercitus compositiones, aliquanto discrepant a [[Exercitus Romanus|gradibus exercitus Romani antiqui]] in tabula quoque datis. {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="4" | '''''Gradus in exercitibus hodiernis adhibiti''''' ! colspan="1" | '''''Gradus Romani ca. annum [[50]]''''' ! colspan="1" | '''''Gradus Romani ca. annum [[400]]''''' |- ! colspan="1" | '''Latine''' ! colspan="1" | '''Anglice''' ! colspan="1" | '''Italice''' ! colspan="1" | '''Gemanice''' ! colspan="2" | '''Latine''' |- | Generalis, Summus Praefectus<ref name="Gen">Morgan dat LRL dare tantum: "general (of army) / summus (v. generalis) praefectus (militiae) (LRL)". Confer: {{PONS-Egger}}, {{Morgan}}</ref> || General || Generale || General || Dux, Imperator<ref>Imperator praecipue dicitur ille dux qui magnam victoriam meruit.</ref>||Imperator |- | Vice-Generalis, Corporis Generalis, Corporis Praefectus<ref name = "directa">Translatio directa, non sic re vera attesta; ecce exemplum Morgan qui dat LRL dare tantum: "general (of army) / summus (v. generalis) praefectus (militiae) (LRL)".</ref> || Lieut. General || Generale di corpo d'armata || Generalleutnant || Legatus<ref>Sic dat Loeb in "Caesar's Gallic War". </ref>||Magister Militum |- | Generalis Maior, Divisionis Generalis, Divisionis Praefectus<ref name = "directa"/> || Major General || Generale di divisione || Generalmajor || || [[Dux]] |- | Generalis Legionarius, Legionis Generalis, Legionis Praefectus<ref>Translatio directa, ecce etiam "Cohortium Praefectus" {{PONS-Egger}}</ref> || Brigadier General || Generale di brigata || Brigadegeneral || || Legionis Praefectus<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=iklePELtR6QC&pg=PA643&lpg=PA643&dq=legionis+praefectus&source=bl&ots=OgW-GxwN0m&sig=_3Sl43etiS3q4VucD-fuY0tslLQ&hl=en&ei=Tq5qStiIHI6wtgehqozHBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3 Encyclopedic dictionary of Roman Law]: "The commander of a legion, of equestrian rank (eques). In the development of the Roman army, he was the successor of the LEGATUS"</ref> |- | Chiliarchus<ref> Chiliarchus aut Tribunus Militum </ref> || Colonel || Colonnello || Oberst || Tribunus Maior || Cohortis Praefectus |- |colspan="1"| Chiliarchus Vicarius <ref>Chilarchus Vicarius vel Tribunus Militum Vicarius </ref> |colspan="1"| Lieut. Colonel |colspan="1"| Tenente Colonnello |colspan="1"| Oberstleutnant |colspan="1"| Tribunus minor |colspan="1"| Centurio prior |- |colspan="1"| Centurio Maior |colspan="1"| Major |colspan="1"| Maggiore |colspan="1"| Major |colspan="2"| Centurio Primipili<ref name="Greek">[http://books.google.com/books?id=PKQPAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA506&lpg=PA506&dq=legionarius+greek+and+roman+antiquities&source=web&ots=1kH3O4QVDw&sig=efuFChyQV9UNe4ky3GnjWLQ4eZU&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result#PPA505,M1 A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antituiquities], Google Books.</ref> |- |colspan="1"| [[Centurio]], Capitaneus |colspan="1"| Captain |colspan="1"| Capitano |colspan="1"| Hauptmann |colspan="2"| Centurio |- |colspan="1"| Succenturio Maior |colspan="1"| Lieutenant |colspan="1"| Tenente |colspan="1"| Oberleutnant |colspan="2"| Centurionis Optio |- |colspan="1"| Succenturio Minor |colspan="1"| Second Lieut. |colspan="1"| Sottotenente |colspan="1"| Leutnant |colspan="2"| Succenturio Minor |- |colspan="1"| Decurio Maior |colspan="1"| Sergeant Major |colspan="1"| Sergente maggiore |colspan="1"| Oberstabsfeldwebel |colspan="2"| Decurio Maior |- |colspan="1"| Decurio |colspan="1"| Sergeant |colspan="1"| Sergente |colspan="1"| Feldwebel |colspan="2"| Decurio/Decanus<ref name="decurio">Centurio 80 peditibus praeerat, Decurio 32 equitibus, [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/vegetius2.html De Re Militari, Liber II], Flavius Vegetius Renatus; et confer [http://books.google.com/books?id=PKQPAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA506&lpg=PA506&dq=legionarius+greek+and+roman+antiquities&source=web&ots=1kH3O4QVDw&sig=efuFChyQV9UNe4ky3GnjWLQ4eZU&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result#PPA501,M1 A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antituiquities], Google Books.</ref> |- |colspan="1"| [[Optio]] |colspan="1"| Corporal |colspan="1"| Caporale |colspan="1"| Unteroffizier |colspan="2"| Decurionis Optio |- |colspan="1"| Legionarius |colspan="1"| Private (First Class)<ref>Usus nominis ''Private First Class'' variat inter Classicos et Exercitus CFA.</ref> |colspan="1"| Appuntato |colspan="1"| Gefreiter |colspan="2"| Legionarius |- |colspan="1"| [[Miles]] gregarius |colspan="1"| Private |colspan="1"| Soldato |colspan="1"| Soldat |colspan="2"| Miles gregarius |- |} Tabula quae sequitur dat gradus in copiis navalibus hodiernis adhibitos Latine, Anglice, Italice et Germanice. {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="4" | '''''Gradus in copiis navalibus hodiernis adhibiti''''' |- ! colspan="1" | '''Latine''' ! colspan="1" | '''Anglice''' ! colspan="1" | '''Italice''' ! colspan="1" | '''Gemanice'''<ref>[http://niehorster.orbat.com/011_germany/_ranks_okm.htm World War II Armed Forces – Orders of Battle and Organizations], Situs interretialis; [https://web.archive.org/web/20080617172943/http://www.die-marine.de/english/ranks.html Order of German Naval Ranks], situs interretialis {{Ling|Anglice}}</ref> |- |Classis Admiralis, Summus Admiralis, Summus Classis Praefectus<ref name="admiral">Etiam Summus Classis Praefectus, sed re vera non sic attestatum, sed vide exemplum exercitus et nomen ''Classis Praefectus'' datum a {{PONS-Egger}} </ref> || Fleet Admiral || Ammiraglio di Flotta<ref> ''Ammiraglio di Flotta'' non sic attestatum est, sed exemplum nominis ''Ammiraglio di Squadra'', etc. sequitur</ref> || Großadmiral |- |Admiralis<ref name="admiral2">http://www.wenner.net/?artikelid=G23268</ref>, Classis Praefectus<ref name="obs">Etiam Classis Praefectus,[http://books.google.com/books?id=iklePELtR6QC&pg=PA720&dq=subpraefectus&sig=ACfU3U1AGdsXiCCYVyEozqKhSMPb24Tphw Encyclopedic dictionary of Roman law]</ref> || Admiral || Ammiraglio || Admiral |- |Vice-Admiralis<ref name="admiral2"/>, Classis Subpraefectus<ref> Classis Subpraefectus,[http://books.google.com/books?id=iklePELtR6QC&pg=PA720&dq=subpraefectus&sig=ACfU3U1AGdsXiCCYVyEozqKhSMPb24Tphw Encyclopedic dictionary of Roman law]- Page 720 by Adolf Berger</ref> || Vice Admiral || Ammiraglio di Squadra || Vizeadmiral |- |Contraadmiralis<ref name="admiralis0">Etiam Navarchorum Praefectus, [https://web.archive.org/web/20080510122457/http://mudrac.ffzg.hr/~njovanov/barxml.html Statistica Europae 1792.]:"...Potentia navali opus habent gentes quorum territoria maribus aluuntur, aut qui magnum commercium exercent in mari; haec potentia longe pretiosior est quam campestris; naves bellicae diversae sunt, ad sex classes referuntur pro varietate magnitudinis, nempe pro multitudine illocatae militiae et tormentorum; ad primas quattuor classes pertinent lineales, quae frontem et aciem exercitus formant, hae sunt maximae; generatim omnes naves lineales debent habere 50 tormenta, sed habent cum 80, 90, 100, ad summum 120 tormentorum; maior ad haec tempora non comparuit in mari. A 50 usque 24 tormenta capaces naves dicuntur fregatae, hae secundum locum tenent in acie, defenduntque proprie lineales naves. 3--o) sunt cutter; hae sunt minimae naves bellicae a 24 tormentis deorsum usque 10-8. <3> Linealis quaevis navis habet aliquot cutter et fugatorias naves (Jagdschiff) quae excubias agunt hostibus, fugientes intercipiunt, explorant. <4> Si numerus linealium navium sit 10 et supra, dicetur tota collectio flotte, si sit infra 10 flotille. <5> Cuivis classi, seu flotti praeest archi-calassus, seu admiralis, viceadmiralis, et contraadmiralis."</ref><ref name="admiral"/>|| Rear Admiral || Ammiraglio di Divisione || Konteradmiral |- | Navarchus Princeps,<ref name="Imp">Secundum [http://books.google.com/books?id=r2hBqYtZWNEC&pg=PA40&lpg=PA40&dq=navarchus+princeps&source=web&ots=iGvQrL6eng&sig=u8UJ8rHYBm6wmQX7o4lvc4B_v_s&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=7&ct=result#PPA40,M1 The Imperial Roman Army] By Yann Le Bohec, Raphael Bate (Google Books)</ref> Capitaneus<ref>{{Morgan}}, op. cit. ''Lexicon Auxiliare'', Helfer</ref>|| Captain || Capitano di Vascello || Kapitän-zur-See |- | Navarchus<ref name="Imp"/> || Commander || Capitano di Fregata || Fregattenkapitän |- | Trierarchus<ref name="Imp"/> || Lt. Commander || Capitano di Corvetta || Korvettenkapitän |- | Archigubernus<ref>Primum archiguberni officium est navem gubernare dum narvarchus dormit aut aliquid agit.</ref> || Lieutenant || Tenente di Vascello || Kapitän-Leutnant |- | Nauclerius<ref>Nauclerius est praefectus qui nautas imperat pro Navarcho, vid. [http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camena/pexen/books/pexenfelderapparatus_7.html Artes itinerum; primum pedestris]. At incertum est idemne vocatur qui milites navales imperat.</ref>|| Lieut. Junior Grade || Sottotenente di Vascello || Oberleutnant-zur-See |- | Tiro Nauclerius<ref>Tiro Nauclerius saepe est iuvenis qui navigare discit in nave.</ref>|| Ensign || Guardiamarina || Leutnant-zur-See |- | Subpraefectus<ref>''Subpraefectus'' est terminus Latinus qui tarde apparuit, designans eum qui praefectum inprimis servit.{{Morgan}}</ref> || Warrant Officer || Maresciallo || Bootsmann |- | Decurio Maior || Master Petty Officer || Sottocapo di Prima Classe || Obermaat |- | [[Optio]] || Petty Officer || Sottocapo di terza classe || Maat |- | Miles<ref>Nautas militares Romani appellabant ''milites'' loco ''nautas''.</ref> || First Rating || Sottocapo || Gefreiter |- | [[Tiro]] || Sailor recruit || Comune di Seconda Classe || Matrose |- |} == Hierarchia militaris == === Exercitus === [[Fasciculus:Marines Euphrates.jpg|thumb|left|[[Manus]] classiariorum litore fluminis [[Euphrates|Euphratei]] appellunt.]] [[Fasciculus:EFV disembark.jpg|thumb|[[Decuria]] militum classiariorum ex [[armatus militum advector|armato militum advectori]] egrediuntur.]] Saepe traditur milites in proelio pro conmilitonibus suis pugnare, nec revera pro sua civitate: sic est amicitia inter milites; sic est tumultus proelii. Militum unitas, quae congregatio militum quaedam dicitur, igitur est maximi momenti pro copiis armatiis. Hierarchia militaris et unitates militares hodiernae fundamenta habent in hierarchia exercitus Romani, quae aliquanto per aetates mutavit. Contubernium est minima unitas militaris, quam circiter decem milites, quoddam [[tabernaculum]] seu [[tentorium]] [[castra|castrense]] cohabitantes, componunt. Praefectus contuberio dici potest ''decanus'' vel ''decurio.''<ref name="decurio"/> Unitates peditum superiores diende sunt decuria, turma, centuria, manipulus, cohors et legio. [[Decuria]] dicitur circum decem sclopetarii quae decurio praest. Turma dicitur duae aut plures decuriae, cui centurionis [[optio]] praeest. [[Fasciculus:Centurion 2 Boulogne Luc Viatour.jpg|thumb|left|[[Centurio]] Romanus antiquus cum crista transversa a milite Francico hodie simulatus.]] [[Centuria]] olim centum homines, aut decem decurias, habebat, sed hodie inter 70 et 250 tantum habet. [[Centurio]] centuriae praeest. Duae centuriae [[manipulus|manipulum]] component. Ex bellis punicis, duo centuriones cuiusque manipuli dicuntur prior et posterior. Quandoque prior cadit, posterior manipulum dirigit. [[Chiliarchus vicarius]] potest quoque manipulum dirigere. Duo vel plures manipuli [[cohors|cohortem]] formant, cui [[chiliarchus]] praeest. Olim chiliarchus dicitur [[tribunus militum]] vel [[cohortis praefectus]]. [[Fasciculus:P6060065 (RLH-DWR-3YR).JPG|thumb|Primus [[manipulus]], Ducis [[Wellington]] [[cohors|cohortis]].]] Tamen sunt multae unitates speciales, sicut centuria tormentaria, equitum turma, et ala cataphracta. Decurio turmae equitum praeest, centurio centuriae praest. Sicut duae vel plures centuriae deinde manipulum componunt, duae vel plures equitum turmae equitum alam component, et duae vel plures alae cataphractae cohortem cataphractam. [[Legio]] unitas exercitus principalis est, quam duae vel plures cohortes component, cuique [[Generalis Legionarius]] praeest (olim Legatus aut Legionis Praefectus). Olim legioni praeerat vel [[legionis legatus]] vel [[legionis praefectus]]. Romani [[Senatus]] legatum legioni proponebat, legionis praefectus dicitur praefectus quem dux militaris sine senatus consultu legioni proponebat. [[Fasciculus:21e GA.jpg|thumb|Hierarchia militaris copiae secundi belli mundani confoederatae quae Germaniam ab occidente oppugnabat. Monstrata sola est hierarchia exercitus Britannici.]] Tempora republicana, circum [[150 a.C.n.]], [[legio]]num duces erant [[consul]]es rei publicae, qui cum exercitum imperabant dicebantur [[praetor]]es. Tandem [[proconsul]]es sicut [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Iulius Caesar]] legionibus provinciarum praefecti erant, et legati qui Senatus et consul assignabant cuique legioni. Dux igitur dicitur vel proconsul vel praeses qui provinciae exercitumque ibi praeerat. Cum dux quidam victoriam magnam meruit, legionarii ducem declarare [[imperator]]em poterant; deindeque ille imperator, senatus iussu, [[triumphus|triumphans]] in [[Roma|Urbem]] inibat. Post autem regnum Augusti annis [[27 a.C.n.]]–[[14|14 p.C.n.]], soli principes Romani titulum ''imperator'' habere poterant, qui tandem dicebant Caesar aut Augustus. Dux postea dicebatur qui imperatoris iussu legatis legionibusque praeerant. Commutatio magna deinde [[saeculum 4|saeculo quarto]] post [[Diocletianus|Diocletiani]] [[Constantinus I|Constantinique]] reformas accidit. Plerumque [[legionis praefectus|legionis praefecti]] et [[cohortis praefectus|cohortis praefecti]] ex equitum ordine legatos ex senatus ordine substituerunt, et novus praefectus ''[[magister militum]]'' creatus est, qui inter ducem et imperator serviebat. Tabula infra unitates militares in exercitibus dat secundum contextum [[APP-6A]] a [[Consociatio ex pacto Atlantico Septentrionali|Consociatione ex pacto Atlantico Septentrionali]] provisum.<ref>Vide [[:en:Military organization]] [[:en:List of comparative military ranks]].</ref> Notandum est quod nomina praefecti praecipue datur secundum unitates, nec secundum nomina historia quae per aetates et inter civitates discrepaverunt. Exercitus maximi in secundo bello mundano habuerunt, et multi gradus tabula monstrati iam non existunt. {| border=1 cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 align=center style="border-collapse:collapse; border:0 none; vertical-align:top;" frame=void rules=rows |- valign=bottom style="border-bottom:3px double #999;" ! align=left | [[APP-6A]] Symbolum ! align=left | Nomen ! align=left | No. hominum ! align=left | No. unitatum subordinatarum ! align=left | Unitatis praefectus |- |- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;" | align=center | XXXXXX | Regio, theatrum, frons | 1 000 000+ | 4+ exercituum greges | summus exercituum praefectus vel theatri praefectus | |- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;" | align=center | XXXXX | exercituum grex | 250 000+ | 2+ exercitus | exercituum praefectus (vel marescallus militum) | |- |- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;" | align=center | XXXX | exercitus | 60&nbsp;000–100&nbsp;000+ | 2–4 corpora militaria | exercitus praefectus (vel summus praefectus) |- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;" | align=center | XXX | corpus militare | 30 000–50 000+ | 2+ divisiones | corporis praefectus (=magister militum) |- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;" | align=center | XX | divisio | 10 000–20 000 | 2–4 legiones vel cohortes | divisionis praefectus (=legionum praefectus vel dux ) |- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;" | align=center | X | legio | 3000–5000 | 2+ cohortes vel 3–6 manipuli | legionis praefectus (=cohortum praefectus vel legatus) vel chiliarchus |- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;" | align=center | III | cohors | 2000–3000 | 2+ manipuli aut equitum alae | chiliarchus (=cohortis praefectus vel tribunus maior) |- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;" | align=center | II | manipulus (pediti), equitum ala, aut cohors cataphracta | 300–1000 | 2–6 centuriae, centuriae tormentariae, vel equitum turmae vel alae cataphractae | chiliarchus vicarius (=tribunus minor vel manipuli praefectus) |- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;" | align=center | I | centuria (pediti), centuria tormentaria, equitum turma, vel ala cataphracta | 70–250 | 2–8 turmae | centurio (=capitaneus), subpraefectus vel chiliarchus |- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;" | align=center | ••• | turma | 25–60 | 2+ decuriae maiores, decuriae aut vehicula | centurionis optio vel subpraefectus |- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;" | align=center | •• | decuria maior | 8–12 | 2+ manus sclopetaria + sclopeta automataria | decurio vel decurionis optio |- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;" | align=center | • | decuria | 8–16 | 2+ manus sclopetariae | decurio vel decurionis optio |- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;" | align=center | Ø | manus sclopetaria | 4–5 | n/a | decurionis optio |- valign=top style="border-bottom:3px double #999;" | align=center | Ø | sclopetarii par | 2 | n/a | legionarius |} === Copiae navales === [[Fasciculus:Victory Portsmouth um 1900.jpg|thumb|[[Navis bellica capitalis]] ''Victory,'' in qua [[classis praefectus]] [[Horatius Nelson]] anno [[1805]] Franciam et Hispaniam vicit. [[Navis praetoria]] illa dicitur a qua classis praefectus [[classis|classem]] dirigit.]] [[Fasciculus:Abraham-Lincoln-battlegroup.jpg|thumb|left|Grex bellatorus circum [[navis aëroplanigera|navem aëroplanigeram]] U.S.S. Abraham Lincoln instructus.]] Olim hierarchia navalis erat rigentiora quam hodie. Naves in divisiones colligebant, quae invicem in alas numeratas, quae classem numeratam componebant. Permissus in charta scriptus necesse erat antequam navigium quoddam ab una unitate ad alteram motum est. Ordinationes autem strictas hodie copiae navales saepe non sequuntur ad classiculae gradum et supra, quod naves reordinatae sunt, in greges maiores vel inferiores sicut accidentes et eventus requirant. Hoc igitur multum cum statica exercitus ordinatione discrepat, ubi unitates et apparatus eorum multum tempus non mutant. Copiae navales plerumque ordinatae sunt in greges ad propositum speciale, saepe strategicum, et ii greges saepissime apparent et disparent, secundum conditiones et demandas copiis navalibus impositas. Copiae exempli gratia navales hodiernae [[CFA|Civitatum Foederatarum Americae]] ordinantur in aliquantos navigii greges, qui dicuntur [[Grex Aëroplangericus Offensivusque]] (Anglice:Carrier Strike Group) et [[Grex Expeditionarius Offensivusque]] (Anglice:Expeditionary Strike Group). Quamquam unitatum ordinatio late variat, tabula infra dat terminologiam quandam, universaliter acceptam, qua quota et qualia naves in unitate quadam sunt communicentur.<ref>[[:en:Military organization]]</ref> {| border=1 cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 align=center style="border-collapse:collapse; border:0 none; vertical-align:top;" frame=void rules=rows |- valign=bottom style="border-bottom:3px double #999;" ! align=left | Unitatis nomen ! align=left | Navium genera ! align=left | No. navium ! align=left | Praefectus |- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;" | sedes copiarum navalium | omnes naves bellicae | 2+ classes | summus classis praefectus |- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;" | classis | omnes naves in oceano vel in regione generali | 2+ classes bellatoriae vel copiae vexillariae | classis praefectus |- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;" | classis bellatora vel copiae vexillariae | multa naves omnium generum | 2+ greges vexillaria | classis subpraefectus |- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;" | grex vexillarius | copia navium complementariarum | 2+ vexillationes vel alae | navarchorum praefectus maior |- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;" | ala navalis vel vexillatio | saepe naves primi ordinis vel capitales | paucae naves | navarchorum praefectus minor vel classiculae praefectus |- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;" | classicula vel vexilliatio | saepe naves inferiorum ordinum | paucae naves, saepe eiusdem generis | navarchorum praefectus minor vel classiculae praefectus |- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;" | elementum copiarum navalium | singula navis | n/a | [[navarchus]] |- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;" | elementum minus | navigium auxiliare | n/a | [[trierarchus]] vel [[archigubernus]] vel [[nauclerius]] |} [[Fasciculus:SNLE-NG noir.gif|thumb|left|Exceptaculum animatum [[Batalaria subaquanea|batalariae subaqueanae]] operationem monstrans.]] Naves tela magna praebentes coriis crassis armatae [[navis capitalis|capitales]] vocantur. Diu a saeculo duodevicensimo, tales naves in theatro bellico carrissimae copiis navalibus sunt. Per aetates definitio aliquanto mutavit. Olim Romani forsitan [[quinqueremis|quinqueremes]] putabant capitales. Saeculo vicesimo incipiente, recenter, capitales dicebantur [[batalaria cataphracta|batalariae cataphractae]] et ''non'' [[navis aëroplanigera|naves aëroplanigerae]].<ref>Post chalybum classum adventum navis capitalis notio aliquanto fixa est per tria foedera arma limitandi annis [[1920]]–[[1940]] facta: [[Foedus Washingtonii Navale]], [[Foedus Londinii Navale]], et [[Alterum Foedus Londinii Navale]]. Vide [http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/pre-war/1922/nav_lim.html Textus Foederis Washingtonii Navalis completus]: "A capital ship, in the case of ships hereafter built, is defined as a vessel of war, not an aircraft carrier, whose displacement exceeds 10,000 tons (10,160 metric tons) standard displacement, or which carries a gun with a calibre exceeding 8 inches (203 millimetres)."{{Ling|Anglice}}. Haec foedera navem capitalem vocaverunt eam quae pondere 10 000 tonnas excedit et cannonem 203 mm diametri excedentem praebet. Hodie autem definitio navis capitalis limite de cannonibus caret.</ref> E contrario capitales hodie ''solae'' [[navis aëroplanigera|naves aëroplanigerae]] putantur!<ref>[[:en:Capital ship|Capital ship]]{{Ling|Anglice}}</ref> Naves alteri ordinis sunt [[quadriremis|quadriremes]] (olim), [[navis helicopterigera|naves helicopterigerae]], et [[navis impetum amphibium facens|naves impetum amphibium facentes]], [[batalaria venatoria|batalariae venatoriae]], [[batalaria circumvectans|batalariae circumvectantes]], et [[batalaria subaqueana|batalariae subaqueanae]]. [[Ballista subaqueana|Ballistae subaqueanae]], hoc est [[batalaria subaqueana|batalariae subaqueanae]] [[tellum nucleare intercontinentale|tela nuclearia intercontinentalia]] praebentes, quamquam gravissimae et maximi momenti putatae, quoque sola tela strategica considerantur et non naves capitales. Navigia auxiliaria deinde includunt: [[triremis|triremes]] (olim), [[celox|celoces]], [[navicula cannonaria|naviculae cannonariae]], [[navis limitanea|naves limitaneae]], [[navis oneraria|naves onerariae]], [[navicula torpedinaria|naviculae torpedinariae]], [[navigium minas everrens|navigia minas everrentia]], [[navigium subtum oppugnans|navigia subtum oppugnantia]], [[navis assectatans|naves assectantes]], et [[navigium adiuvans|navigia adiuvantia]]. Quam maius est navigium, maior est eius praefectus. At, sicut in hierarchia supra descripta, multum dependet a accidentibus et eventibus qui adsunt. Exempli gratia navarchi principes, quae saepe quoque dicuntur centuriones vel capitanei, praesunt aut [[navis capitalis|navibus capitalibus]] aut nonnullis navibus magnis sicut [[ballista suaqueana|ballistis subaqueanis]], [[navis helicopterigeris|navibus helicopterigeris]], et [[navis impetum amphibium facens|navibus impetum amphibium facentibus]]. Navarchi navibus praesunt quadriremium ordinis, cui saepe nonnulla navigia auxiliaria adsunt, trierachi navigiis auxiliaribus, sicut [[navis assectatans|navibus assectantibus]] et [[navigium subtum oppugnans|naviculis subtum oppugnantibus]], et saepe archiguberni [[navicula cannonaria|navigiis cannonariis]] et [[navicula torpedinaria|torpedinariis]]. Tandem et nauclerii tirones quoque interdum [[navis limitanea|navibus limitaneis]] praesunt. Ordinatio navalis et apud singulam navem continuat, ubi cohors dividuntur in quattuor aut quinque facultates ad varia [[munus|munera]] dicatas. Sunt facultates siphonaria, [[valetudinarium|valetudinaria]], nautica, fabricans, [[aeronautica]]; et in quaque facultate sunt gradus minores et maiores. {{NexInt}} {{div col|2}} *[[Arma]] *''[[Ars belli (Suncius)|Arts belli]]'' *[[Conscriptio]] *[[Custos]] *[[Dissimulatio]] *[[Humanitarium belli ius]] *[[Ingeniaria militaris]] *[[Legio Hispanica]] *[[Legio Romana]] *[[Lex militaris]] *[[Materia displosiva]] *[[Propugnaculum]] *[[Strategia]] *[[Tertius (exercitus)]] *[[Tromocratia]] {{div col end}} == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * Dupuy, T. N. [[1992]]. ''Understanding War: History and Theory of Combat.'' Londinii: Leo Cooper. * Public Information Advisor, International Military Staff, NATO. [[1982]]. ''Women in the Allied Forces.'' Brussels: NATO. * Tucker, T. G. [[1985]]. ''Etymological Dictionary of Latin.'' Sicagi: Ares Publishers. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Military|rem militarem}} * [http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost04/Vegetius/veg_epi0.html Flavius Vegetius Renatus: Epitoma rei militaris] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050311225212/http://culturitalia.uibk.ac.at/atlante/atlante/Autori/Giamboni/vegezio/indice.htm Bono Giamboni - Volgarizzamento dell’Epitoma rei militaris di Publio Flavio Vegezio Renato] {{Societas humana}} [[Categoria:Res militares|!]] n1omy9qlobkwd5p3eofktshuu144e41 3996245 3996244 2026-10-22T23:30:11Z Grufo 64423 3996245 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L|-3}} {{FA stella}} {{videhom|De re militari}} {{Bellum et res militaris}} '''Res militaris''' [[miles|milites]] complectitur nec non omnia vehicula, [[arma]], tela, et cetera, quae praesertim ad [[bellum]] gerendum necessaria sunt. [[Fasciculus:Battle of Gibraltar 1607.jpg|thumb|left|[[Trafalgaris Pugna]] die [[21 Octobris]] [[1805]] facta, in qua [[Britanniarum Regnum|classis Britannica]] classem Franco-Hispanicam [[Napoleo]]nis vicit.]] [[Carolus de Clausewitz]] in libro ''Vom Kriege'' ('De bello') inscripto inclute "bellum" ait "non est nisi capessendae rei publicae continuatio alia ratione innixa."<ref>"Der Krieg ist eine bloße Fortsetzung der Politik unter Einbeziehung anderer Mittel." Clausewitz, Carl von (1832) ''Vom Kriege'', I.2.4. Berlin: Ferdinand Dümmler.</ref> Modus belli quidem est mutua inter [[civitas|civitates]] vel [[regimen|regimina]] violentia. Quia vis invicem inter civitates adlata legibus civitatum dirigitur, bellum magnopere a [[caedes|caede]], [[tromocratia]], [[genocidium|genocidio]] differt. Necesse est copias militares legibus civitatis parentes [[disciplina militaris|summa disciplina]] bellum gerere. Primum belli propositum est hostes interficiendo bellum quam primum desinere, ut [[casus belli]] decernatur et [[pax]] iterum habeatur. Sicut imperator [[Georgius Smith Patton Iunior]] dixit: "militis officium non est pro sua civitate cadere, sed facere ut alii nothi [hostes] pro sua cadant."<ref>"The object of war is not to die for your country, but to make the other bastard die for his."</ref> In proeli campo, igitur, milites complures hostes summa violentia occidunt. Proelii violentia tumultusque tam vehemens summam disciplinam, virtutem, fortitudinem, animum, et oboedientiam ab militibus requirit. Itaque disciplina militaris milites docuit insigne [[gradus militaris|gradus militares]] gerere, et summa disciplina iussa praefectorum eorum parere. [[Fasciculus:SBD-3 Dauntless bombers of VS-8 over the burning Japanese cruiser Mikuma on 6 June 1942.jpg|thumb|left|[[Aëroplanum bellicum|Aëroplana bellica]] conspicuas partes in proeliis secundi belli mundani egerunt.]] [[Fasciculus:USS Hammann alongside USS Yorktown-both torpedoed.jpg|thumb|Quamobrem post [[secundum bellum mundanum]] [[navis aëroplanigera|naves aëroplanigerae]] partem magnam in [[classis ordinaria|classes militares]] figurant. Hac in imagine navis aëroplanigera U.S.S. Yorktown et [[batallaria venatoria]] U.S.S. Hamman [[torpedo|torpedinis]] ictum accipiunt magna displosione.]] Telorum armorumque evolutio efficit, ut per aetates belli gerendi rationes mutentur. Maximum effectum fuit ob [[Pulvis pyrius|pulveris pyrii]] reppertum [[Sinae (regio)|Sinae]] saeculis 13–14, quo [[arma ignifera]] sicut [[sclopetum|sclopeta]] efficiuntur. Haec arma ignifera, de quo usu milites facile docuntur, mox notissimas partes figuraverunt in omnibus bellis, sicut [[rerum libertationis bella]], [[res novae|rerum eversionis bella]], [[Napoleo Bonaparte|bella Napoleonica]], [[primum bellum mundanum|primum]] et [[secundum bellum mundanum]], et cetera. Tandem, [[saeculum 20|saeculo vicensimo]] reperta [[bomba atomica|telorum nuclearum]], [[telum chemicum|chemicorum]], [[telum biologicum|biologicorumque]] effecerunt omnes expectare omnia bella sisti. Homines enim ubique agnoverunt talia [[destructionis massivae tela]] in bello numquam posse adhiberi ne se ad ruinam universam exponant. Talia tela forsitan [[mundi humani terminus|totum mundum humanum omnino sistere]] possunt. Talibus telis igitur numquam hodie utebantur, eis contra [[humanitarium belli ius|ius belli]] esse putatis. Verumtamen bella hodie demissa scala nos afflictant, et saepe pro civitatis defensa copiae militares necesse putantur. == Copiae militares == [[Fasciculus:Defense.gov News Photo 041027-F-2034C-010.jpg|thumb|[[Autocurrus armatus]] M1A1 Abrams Americanus in [[Bellum Iracense Alterum|bello Iracensi altero]] die [[27 Octobris]] [[2004]].]] [[Fasciculus:FA22 Raptors Oct2005 yfb edit.jpg|thumb|[[F-22|F-22 Raptor]], pugnator aërius.]] Bellum in terra, mari, et aëre geruntur; quam ob rem copiae militares sunt trium generum: * [[exercitus]] ad bellum terrestre addictus :[[peditatus]], [[copiae deciduae]], [[copiae cataphractae]] seu [[equitatus|equestres]], [[auxilia tormentaria]], [[auxilia aëria]] * [[copiae navales]] ad bellum maritimum addictae :[[classis militaris|classes]] [[classis ordinaria|ordinariae]] et [[classis subaqueana|subaqueanae]], [[Peditatus marinus|peditatus marini]], [[custos litoralis|custodes litorales]], [[copiae onerariae]] * [[copiae aëriae]] ad bellum in aëre et spatio cosmico addictae :[[classis aëria obstructora]], [[copiae pyroballistariae]], [[copiae cosmicae]] Saepe copiae militares quoque hodie [[copiae clandestinae|copias clandestinas]] includunt, et [[militia]]s, quae perpetui exercitus partes non formant, in multis civitatibus [[copiae irregulares]] vel [[custos nationalis|custodes nationales]] appellatae. == Arma, vehicula, et machina bellica == * [[Aëroplanum bellicum]] (sicut [[aëroplanum pyroballistarium]], [[helicopterum bellicum]], [[pugnator aërius]]) * [[Arma ignifera]] (sicut [[sclopetum]], [[canno]]) * [[Batalaria]] (sicut [[navis aëroplanigera]], [[batalaria cataphracta]], [[batalaria venatoria]], [[batalaria subaqueana]]) * [[Gladius]] * [[Pyrobolum]] (e.g. [[mina]], [[pyrobolus manualis]], [[torpedo]], [[bomba atomica]]) * [[Tegumen militare]] (e.g., [[cassis]], [[kevlar]], [[galea]], [[thorax (tegumen)|thorax]]) * [[Tormentum]] (confer [[missile]], [[telum]]) * [[Vehiculum cataphractum]] (e.g. [[autocurrus armatus]], [[armatus militum advector]]) == Musica militaris == Traditum est antiquis iam temporibus musicam adhibitam esse, ut milites aeque eadem celeritate progrederentur. E. g. in historiis [[Thucydides|Thucydidis]] legimus in pugna ad [[Mantinea]]m pugnata exercitum [[Lacedaemon]]iorum processisse [[tibiae|tibicinibus]] multis ludentibus non in honorem deorum, sed ut milites passibus pares irent.<ref>Thucydides, [[De bello Peloponnesiaco]] 5,70: ὁμαλῶς μετὰ ῥυθμοῦ βαίνοντες.</ref> == Gradus militares == [[Fasciculus:US Army Green Berets DF-SD-02-02957.JPEG|thumb|[[Salutatio militaris|Dextra salutant]] milites, cuius vestimenta militaria varios [[gradus militaris|gradus militares]] monstant.]] In tumultu violentiaque, oportet milites semper iussis praefectorum continuo oboedire. Saepe est sola illa disciplina, quae sinit milites pugnam supervivere. Saepe nonnulli perire debent, ut alii victoria vivant. At, ut oboedire possint, necesse est actutum decernere{{dubsig}} militum gradus in campo belli; quamobrem milites insignia graduum suorum clara gerunt. Gradus militares et eorum nomina aliquanto variant inter divisiones armatas et inter civitates. Tabula infra Latine gradus dat, secundum varios locos Latinos hodiernos, iuxta ''similes gradus'' quibus Anglice Foederatae Americae Civitates, Italice Italia, et Germanice Germania utuntur. Similaritas inter gradus decernitur per gradus [[Consociatio ex pacto Atlantico Septentrionali|Consociationis ex pacto Atlantico Septentrionali]] exhibitos. Hi gradus hodierni, ob mutatas exercitus compositiones, aliquanto discrepant a [[Exercitus Romanus|gradibus exercitus Romani antiqui]] in tabula quoque datis. {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="4" | '''''Gradus in exercitibus hodiernis adhibiti''''' ! colspan="1" | '''''Gradus Romani ca. annum [[50]]''''' ! colspan="1" | '''''Gradus Romani ca. annum [[400]]''''' |- ! colspan="1" | '''Latine''' ! colspan="1" | '''Anglice''' ! colspan="1" | '''Italice''' ! colspan="1" | '''Gemanice''' ! colspan="2" | '''Latine''' |- | Generalis, Summus Praefectus<ref name="Gen">Morgan dat LRL dare tantum: "general (of army) / summus (v. generalis) praefectus (militiae) (LRL)". Confer: {{PONS-Egger}}, {{Morgan}}</ref> || General || Generale || General || Dux, Imperator<ref>Imperator praecipue dicitur ille dux qui magnam victoriam meruit.</ref>||Imperator |- | Vice-Generalis, Corporis Generalis, Corporis Praefectus<ref name = "directa">Translatio directa, non sic re vera attesta; ecce exemplum Morgan qui dat LRL dare tantum: "general (of army) / summus (v. generalis) praefectus (militiae) (LRL)".</ref> || Lieut. General || Generale di corpo d'armata || Generalleutnant || Legatus<ref>Sic dat Loeb in "Caesar's Gallic War". </ref>||Magister Militum |- | Generalis Maior, Divisionis Generalis, Divisionis Praefectus<ref name = "directa"/> || Major General || Generale di divisione || Generalmajor || || [[Dux]] |- | Generalis Legionarius, Legionis Generalis, Legionis Praefectus<ref>Translatio directa, ecce etiam "Cohortium Praefectus" {{PONS-Egger}}</ref> || Brigadier General || Generale di brigata || Brigadegeneral || || Legionis Praefectus<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=iklePELtR6QC&pg=PA643&lpg=PA643&dq=legionis+praefectus&source=bl&ots=OgW-GxwN0m&sig=_3Sl43etiS3q4VucD-fuY0tslLQ&hl=en&ei=Tq5qStiIHI6wtgehqozHBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3 Encyclopedic dictionary of Roman Law]: "The commander of a legion, of equestrian rank (eques). In the development of the Roman army, he was the successor of the LEGATUS"</ref> |- | Chiliarchus<ref> Chiliarchus aut Tribunus Militum </ref> || Colonel || Colonnello || Oberst || Tribunus Maior || Cohortis Praefectus |- |colspan="1"| Chiliarchus Vicarius <ref>Chilarchus Vicarius vel Tribunus Militum Vicarius </ref> |colspan="1"| Lieut. Colonel |colspan="1"| Tenente Colonnello |colspan="1"| Oberstleutnant |colspan="1"| Tribunus minor |colspan="1"| Centurio prior |- |colspan="1"| Centurio Maior |colspan="1"| Major |colspan="1"| Maggiore |colspan="1"| Major |colspan="2"| Centurio Primipili<ref name="Greek">[http://books.google.com/books?id=PKQPAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA506&lpg=PA506&dq=legionarius+greek+and+roman+antiquities&source=web&ots=1kH3O4QVDw&sig=efuFChyQV9UNe4ky3GnjWLQ4eZU&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result#PPA505,M1 A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antituiquities], Google Books.</ref> |- |colspan="1"| [[Centurio]], Capitaneus |colspan="1"| Captain |colspan="1"| Capitano |colspan="1"| Hauptmann |colspan="2"| Centurio |- |colspan="1"| Succenturio Maior |colspan="1"| Lieutenant |colspan="1"| Tenente |colspan="1"| Oberleutnant |colspan="2"| Centurionis Optio |- |colspan="1"| Succenturio Minor |colspan="1"| Second Lieut. |colspan="1"| Sottotenente |colspan="1"| Leutnant |colspan="2"| Succenturio Minor |- |colspan="1"| Decurio Maior |colspan="1"| Sergeant Major |colspan="1"| Sergente maggiore |colspan="1"| Oberstabsfeldwebel |colspan="2"| Decurio Maior |- |colspan="1"| Decurio |colspan="1"| Sergeant |colspan="1"| Sergente |colspan="1"| Feldwebel |colspan="2"| Decurio/Decanus<ref name="decurio">Centurio 80 peditibus praeerat, Decurio 32 equitibus, [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/vegetius2.html De Re Militari, Liber II], Flavius Vegetius Renatus; et confer [http://books.google.com/books?id=PKQPAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA506&lpg=PA506&dq=legionarius+greek+and+roman+antiquities&source=web&ots=1kH3O4QVDw&sig=efuFChyQV9UNe4ky3GnjWLQ4eZU&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result#PPA501,M1 A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antituiquities], Google Books.</ref> |- |colspan="1"| [[Optio]] |colspan="1"| Corporal |colspan="1"| Caporale |colspan="1"| Unteroffizier |colspan="2"| Decurionis Optio |- |colspan="1"| Legionarius |colspan="1"| Private (First Class)<ref>Usus nominis ''Private First Class'' variat inter Classicos et Exercitus CFA.</ref> |colspan="1"| Appuntato |colspan="1"| Gefreiter |colspan="2"| Legionarius |- |colspan="1"| [[Miles]] gregarius |colspan="1"| Private |colspan="1"| Soldato |colspan="1"| Soldat |colspan="2"| Miles gregarius |- |} Tabula quae sequitur dat gradus in copiis navalibus hodiernis adhibitos Latine, Anglice, Italice et Germanice. {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="4" | '''''Gradus in copiis navalibus hodiernis adhibiti''''' |- ! colspan="1" | '''Latine''' ! colspan="1" | '''Anglice''' ! colspan="1" | '''Italice''' ! colspan="1" | '''Gemanice'''<ref>[http://niehorster.orbat.com/011_germany/_ranks_okm.htm World War II Armed Forces – Orders of Battle and Organizations], Situs interretialis; [https://web.archive.org/web/20080617172943/http://www.die-marine.de/english/ranks.html Order of German Naval Ranks], situs interretialis {{Ling|Anglice}}</ref> |- |Classis Admiralis, Summus Admiralis, Summus Classis Praefectus<ref name="admiral">Etiam Summus Classis Praefectus, sed re vera non sic attestatum, sed vide exemplum exercitus et nomen ''Classis Praefectus'' datum a {{PONS-Egger}} </ref> || Fleet Admiral || Ammiraglio di Flotta<ref> ''Ammiraglio di Flotta'' non sic attestatum est, sed exemplum nominis ''Ammiraglio di Squadra'', etc. sequitur</ref> || Großadmiral |- |Admiralis<ref name="admiral2">http://www.wenner.net/?artikelid=G23268</ref>, Classis Praefectus<ref name="obs">Etiam Classis Praefectus,[http://books.google.com/books?id=iklePELtR6QC&pg=PA720&dq=subpraefectus&sig=ACfU3U1AGdsXiCCYVyEozqKhSMPb24Tphw Encyclopedic dictionary of Roman law]</ref> || Admiral || Ammiraglio || Admiral |- |Vice-Admiralis<ref name="admiral2"/>, Classis Subpraefectus<ref> Classis Subpraefectus,[http://books.google.com/books?id=iklePELtR6QC&pg=PA720&dq=subpraefectus&sig=ACfU3U1AGdsXiCCYVyEozqKhSMPb24Tphw Encyclopedic dictionary of Roman law]- Page 720 by Adolf Berger</ref> || Vice Admiral || Ammiraglio di Squadra || Vizeadmiral |- |Contraadmiralis<ref name="admiralis0">Etiam Navarchorum Praefectus, [https://web.archive.org/web/20080510122457/http://mudrac.ffzg.hr/~njovanov/barxml.html Statistica Europae 1792.]:"...Potentia navali opus habent gentes quorum territoria maribus aluuntur, aut qui magnum commercium exercent in mari; haec potentia longe pretiosior est quam campestris; naves bellicae diversae sunt, ad sex classes referuntur pro varietate magnitudinis, nempe pro multitudine illocatae militiae et tormentorum; ad primas quattuor classes pertinent lineales, quae frontem et aciem exercitus formant, hae sunt maximae; generatim omnes naves lineales debent habere 50 tormenta, sed habent cum 80, 90, 100, ad summum 120 tormentorum; maior ad haec tempora non comparuit in mari. A 50 usque 24 tormenta capaces naves dicuntur fregatae, hae secundum locum tenent in acie, defenduntque proprie lineales naves. 3--o) sunt cutter; hae sunt minimae naves bellicae a 24 tormentis deorsum usque 10-8. <3> Linealis quaevis navis habet aliquot cutter et fugatorias naves (Jagdschiff) quae excubias agunt hostibus, fugientes intercipiunt, explorant. <4> Si numerus linealium navium sit 10 et supra, dicetur tota collectio flotte, si sit infra 10 flotille. <5> Cuivis classi, seu flotti praeest archi-calassus, seu admiralis, viceadmiralis, et contraadmiralis."</ref><ref name="admiral"/>|| Rear Admiral || Ammiraglio di Divisione || Konteradmiral |- | Navarchus Princeps,<ref name="Imp">Secundum [http://books.google.com/books?id=r2hBqYtZWNEC&pg=PA40&lpg=PA40&dq=navarchus+princeps&source=web&ots=iGvQrL6eng&sig=u8UJ8rHYBm6wmQX7o4lvc4B_v_s&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=7&ct=result#PPA40,M1 The Imperial Roman Army] By Yann Le Bohec, Raphael Bate (Google Books)</ref> Capitaneus<ref>{{Morgan}}, op. cit. ''Lexicon Auxiliare'', Helfer</ref>|| Captain || Capitano di Vascello || Kapitän-zur-See |- | Navarchus<ref name="Imp"/> || Commander || Capitano di Fregata || Fregattenkapitän |- | Trierarchus<ref name="Imp"/> || Lt. Commander || Capitano di Corvetta || Korvettenkapitän |- | Archigubernus<ref>Primum archiguberni officium est navem gubernare dum narvarchus dormit aut aliquid agit.</ref> || Lieutenant || Tenente di Vascello || Kapitän-Leutnant |- | Nauclerius<ref>Nauclerius est praefectus qui nautas imperat pro Navarcho, vid. [http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camena/pexen/books/pexenfelderapparatus_7.html Artes itinerum; primum pedestris]. At incertum est idemne vocetur qui milites navales imperat.</ref>|| Lieut. Junior Grade || Sottotenente di Vascello || Oberleutnant-zur-See |- | Tiro Nauclerius<ref>Tiro Nauclerius saepe est iuvenis qui navigare discit in nave.</ref>|| Ensign || Guardiamarina || Leutnant-zur-See |- | Subpraefectus<ref>''Subpraefectus'' est terminus Latinus qui tarde apparuit, designans eum qui praefectum inprimis servit.{{Morgan}}</ref> || Warrant Officer || Maresciallo || Bootsmann |- | Decurio Maior || Master Petty Officer || Sottocapo di Prima Classe || Obermaat |- | [[Optio]] || Petty Officer || Sottocapo di terza classe || Maat |- | Miles<ref>Nautas militares Romani appellabant ''milites'' loco ''nautas''.</ref> || First Rating || Sottocapo || Gefreiter |- | [[Tiro]] || Sailor recruit || Comune di Seconda Classe || Matrose |- |} == Hierarchia militaris == === Exercitus === [[Fasciculus:Marines Euphrates.jpg|thumb|left|[[Manus]] classiariorum litore fluminis [[Euphrates|Euphratei]] appellunt.]] [[Fasciculus:EFV disembark.jpg|thumb|[[Decuria]] militum classiariorum ex [[armatus militum advector|armato militum advectori]] egrediuntur.]] Saepe traditur milites in proelio pro conmilitonibus suis pugnare, nec revera pro sua civitate: sic est amicitia inter milites; sic est tumultus proelii. Militum unitas, quae congregatio militum quaedam dicitur, igitur est maximi momenti pro copiis armatiis. Hierarchia militaris et unitates militares hodiernae fundamenta habent in hierarchia exercitus Romani, quae aliquanto per aetates mutavit. Contubernium est minima unitas militaris, quam circiter decem milites, quoddam [[tabernaculum]] seu [[tentorium]] [[castra|castrense]] cohabitantes, componunt. Praefectus contuberio dici potest ''decanus'' vel ''decurio.''<ref name="decurio"/> Unitates peditum superiores diende sunt decuria, turma, centuria, manipulus, cohors et legio. [[Decuria]] dicitur circum decem sclopetarii quae decurio praest. Turma dicitur duae aut plures decuriae, cui centurionis [[optio]] praeest. [[Fasciculus:Centurion 2 Boulogne Luc Viatour.jpg|thumb|left|[[Centurio]] Romanus antiquus cum crista transversa a milite Francico hodie simulatus.]] [[Centuria]] olim centum homines, aut decem decurias, habebat, sed hodie inter 70 et 250 tantum habet. [[Centurio]] centuriae praeest. Duae centuriae [[manipulus|manipulum]] component. Ex bellis punicis, duo centuriones cuiusque manipuli dicuntur prior et posterior. Quandoque prior cadit, posterior manipulum dirigit. [[Chiliarchus vicarius]] potest quoque manipulum dirigere. Duo vel plures manipuli [[cohors|cohortem]] formant, cui [[chiliarchus]] praeest. Olim chiliarchus dicitur [[tribunus militum]] vel [[cohortis praefectus]]. [[Fasciculus:P6060065 (RLH-DWR-3YR).JPG|thumb|Primus [[manipulus]], Ducis [[Wellington]] [[cohors|cohortis]].]] Tamen sunt multae unitates speciales, sicut centuria tormentaria, equitum turma, et ala cataphracta. Decurio turmae equitum praeest, centurio centuriae praest. Sicut duae vel plures centuriae deinde manipulum componunt, duae vel plures equitum turmae equitum alam component, et duae vel plures alae cataphractae cohortem cataphractam. [[Legio]] unitas exercitus principalis est, quam duae vel plures cohortes component, cuique [[Generalis Legionarius]] praeest (olim Legatus aut Legionis Praefectus). Olim legioni praeerat vel [[legionis legatus]] vel [[legionis praefectus]]. Romani [[Senatus]] legatum legioni proponebat, legionis praefectus dicitur praefectus quem dux militaris sine senatus consultu legioni proponebat. [[Fasciculus:21e GA.jpg|thumb|Hierarchia militaris copiae secundi belli mundani confoederatae quae Germaniam ab occidente oppugnabat. Monstrata sola est hierarchia exercitus Britannici.]] Tempora republicana, circum [[150 a.C.n.]], [[legio]]num duces erant [[consul]]es rei publicae, qui cum exercitum imperabant dicebantur [[praetor]]es. Tandem [[proconsul]]es sicut [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Iulius Caesar]] legionibus provinciarum praefecti erant, et legati qui Senatus et consul assignabant cuique legioni. Dux igitur dicitur vel proconsul vel praeses qui provinciae exercitumque ibi praeerat. Cum dux quidam victoriam magnam meruit, legionarii ducem declarare [[imperator]]em poterant; deindeque ille imperator, senatus iussu, [[triumphus|triumphans]] in [[Roma|Urbem]] inibat. Post autem regnum Augusti annis [[27 a.C.n.]]–[[14|14 p.C.n.]], soli principes Romani titulum ''imperator'' habere poterant, qui tandem dicebant Caesar aut Augustus. Dux postea dicebatur qui imperatoris iussu legatis legionibusque praeerant. Commutatio magna deinde [[saeculum 4|saeculo quarto]] post [[Diocletianus|Diocletiani]] [[Constantinus I|Constantinique]] reformas accidit. Plerumque [[legionis praefectus|legionis praefecti]] et [[cohortis praefectus|cohortis praefecti]] ex equitum ordine legatos ex senatus ordine substituerunt, et novus praefectus ''[[magister militum]]'' creatus est, qui inter ducem et imperator serviebat. Tabula infra unitates militares in exercitibus dat secundum contextum [[APP-6A]] a [[Consociatio ex pacto Atlantico Septentrionali|Consociatione ex pacto Atlantico Septentrionali]] provisum.<ref>Vide [[:en:Military organization]] [[:en:List of comparative military ranks]].</ref> Notandum est quod nomina praefecti praecipue datur secundum unitates, nec secundum nomina historia quae per aetates et inter civitates discrepaverunt. Exercitus maximi in secundo bello mundano habuerunt, et multi gradus tabula monstrati iam non existunt. {| border=1 cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 align=center style="border-collapse:collapse; border:0 none; vertical-align:top;" frame=void rules=rows |- valign=bottom style="border-bottom:3px double #999;" ! align=left | [[APP-6A]] Symbolum ! align=left | Nomen ! align=left | No. hominum ! align=left | No. unitatum subordinatarum ! align=left | Unitatis praefectus |- |- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;" | align=center | XXXXXX | Regio, theatrum, frons | 1 000 000+ | 4+ exercituum greges | summus exercituum praefectus vel theatri praefectus | |- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;" | align=center | XXXXX | exercituum grex | 250 000+ | 2+ exercitus | exercituum praefectus (vel marescallus militum) | |- |- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;" | align=center | XXXX | exercitus | 60&nbsp;000–100&nbsp;000+ | 2–4 corpora militaria | exercitus praefectus (vel summus praefectus) |- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;" | align=center | XXX | corpus militare | 30 000–50 000+ | 2+ divisiones | corporis praefectus (=magister militum) |- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;" | align=center | XX | divisio | 10 000–20 000 | 2–4 legiones vel cohortes | divisionis praefectus (=legionum praefectus vel dux ) |- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;" | align=center | X | legio | 3000–5000 | 2+ cohortes vel 3–6 manipuli | legionis praefectus (=cohortum praefectus vel legatus) vel chiliarchus |- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;" | align=center | III | cohors | 2000–3000 | 2+ manipuli aut equitum alae | chiliarchus (=cohortis praefectus vel tribunus maior) |- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;" | align=center | II | manipulus (pediti), equitum ala, aut cohors cataphracta | 300–1000 | 2–6 centuriae, centuriae tormentariae, vel equitum turmae vel alae cataphractae | chiliarchus vicarius (=tribunus minor vel manipuli praefectus) |- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;" | align=center | I | centuria (pediti), centuria tormentaria, equitum turma, vel ala cataphracta | 70–250 | 2–8 turmae | centurio (=capitaneus), subpraefectus vel chiliarchus |- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;" | align=center | ••• | turma | 25–60 | 2+ decuriae maiores, decuriae aut vehicula | centurionis optio vel subpraefectus |- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;" | align=center | •• | decuria maior | 8–12 | 2+ manus sclopetaria + sclopeta automataria | decurio vel decurionis optio |- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;" | align=center | • | decuria | 8–16 | 2+ manus sclopetariae | decurio vel decurionis optio |- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;" | align=center | Ø | manus sclopetaria | 4–5 | n/a | decurionis optio |- valign=top style="border-bottom:3px double #999;" | align=center | Ø | sclopetarii par | 2 | n/a | legionarius |} === Copiae navales === [[Fasciculus:Victory Portsmouth um 1900.jpg|thumb|[[Navis bellica capitalis]] ''Victory,'' in qua [[classis praefectus]] [[Horatius Nelson]] anno [[1805]] Franciam et Hispaniam vicit. [[Navis praetoria]] illa dicitur a qua classis praefectus [[classis|classem]] dirigit.]] [[Fasciculus:Abraham-Lincoln-battlegroup.jpg|thumb|left|Grex bellatorus circum [[navis aëroplanigera|navem aëroplanigeram]] U.S.S. Abraham Lincoln instructus.]] Olim hierarchia navalis erat rigentiora quam hodie. Naves in divisiones colligebant, quae invicem in alas numeratas, quae classem numeratam componebant. Permissus in charta scriptus necesse erat antequam navigium quoddam ab una unitate ad alteram motum est. Ordinationes autem strictas hodie copiae navales saepe non sequuntur ad classiculae gradum et supra, quod naves reordinatae sunt, in greges maiores vel inferiores sicut accidentes et eventus requirant. Hoc igitur multum cum statica exercitus ordinatione discrepat, ubi unitates et apparatus eorum multum tempus non mutant. Copiae navales plerumque ordinatae sunt in greges ad propositum speciale, saepe strategicum, et ii greges saepissime apparent et disparent, secundum conditiones et demandas copiis navalibus impositas. Copiae exempli gratia navales hodiernae [[CFA|Civitatum Foederatarum Americae]] ordinantur in aliquantos navigii greges, qui dicuntur [[Grex Aëroplangericus Offensivusque]] (Anglice:Carrier Strike Group) et [[Grex Expeditionarius Offensivusque]] (Anglice:Expeditionary Strike Group). Quamquam unitatum ordinatio late variat, tabula infra dat terminologiam quandam, universaliter acceptam, qua quota et qualia naves in unitate quadam sunt communicentur.<ref>[[:en:Military organization]]</ref> {| border=1 cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 align=center style="border-collapse:collapse; border:0 none; vertical-align:top;" frame=void rules=rows |- valign=bottom style="border-bottom:3px double #999;" ! align=left | Unitatis nomen ! align=left | Navium genera ! align=left | No. navium ! align=left | Praefectus |- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;" | sedes copiarum navalium | omnes naves bellicae | 2+ classes | summus classis praefectus |- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;" | classis | omnes naves in oceano vel in regione generali | 2+ classes bellatoriae vel copiae vexillariae | classis praefectus |- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;" | classis bellatora vel copiae vexillariae | multa naves omnium generum | 2+ greges vexillaria | classis subpraefectus |- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;" | grex vexillarius | copia navium complementariarum | 2+ vexillationes vel alae | navarchorum praefectus maior |- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;" | ala navalis vel vexillatio | saepe naves primi ordinis vel capitales | paucae naves | navarchorum praefectus minor vel classiculae praefectus |- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;" | classicula vel vexilliatio | saepe naves inferiorum ordinum | paucae naves, saepe eiusdem generis | navarchorum praefectus minor vel classiculae praefectus |- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;" | elementum copiarum navalium | singula navis | n/a | [[navarchus]] |- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;" | elementum minus | navigium auxiliare | n/a | [[trierarchus]] vel [[archigubernus]] vel [[nauclerius]] |} [[Fasciculus:SNLE-NG noir.gif|thumb|left|Exceptaculum animatum [[Batalaria subaquanea|batalariae subaqueanae]] operationem monstrans.]] Naves tela magna praebentes coriis crassis armatae [[navis capitalis|capitales]] vocantur. Diu a saeculo duodevicensimo, tales naves in theatro bellico carrissimae copiis navalibus sunt. Per aetates definitio aliquanto mutavit. Olim Romani forsitan [[quinqueremis|quinqueremes]] putabant capitales. Saeculo vicesimo incipiente, recenter, capitales dicebantur [[batalaria cataphracta|batalariae cataphractae]] et ''non'' [[navis aëroplanigera|naves aëroplanigerae]].<ref>Post chalybum classum adventum navis capitalis notio aliquanto fixa est per tria foedera arma limitandi annis [[1920]]–[[1940]] facta: [[Foedus Washingtonii Navale]], [[Foedus Londinii Navale]], et [[Alterum Foedus Londinii Navale]]. Vide [http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/pre-war/1922/nav_lim.html Textus Foederis Washingtonii Navalis completus]: "A capital ship, in the case of ships hereafter built, is defined as a vessel of war, not an aircraft carrier, whose displacement exceeds 10,000 tons (10,160 metric tons) standard displacement, or which carries a gun with a calibre exceeding 8 inches (203 millimetres)."{{Ling|Anglice}}. Haec foedera navem capitalem vocaverunt eam quae pondere 10 000 tonnas excedit et cannonem 203 mm diametri excedentem praebet. Hodie autem definitio navis capitalis limite de cannonibus caret.</ref> E contrario capitales hodie ''solae'' [[navis aëroplanigera|naves aëroplanigerae]] putantur!<ref>[[:en:Capital ship|Capital ship]]{{Ling|Anglice}}</ref> Naves alteri ordinis sunt [[quadriremis|quadriremes]] (olim), [[navis helicopterigera|naves helicopterigerae]], et [[navis impetum amphibium facens|naves impetum amphibium facentes]], [[batalaria venatoria|batalariae venatoriae]], [[batalaria circumvectans|batalariae circumvectantes]], et [[batalaria subaqueana|batalariae subaqueanae]]. [[Ballista subaqueana|Ballistae subaqueanae]], hoc est [[batalaria subaqueana|batalariae subaqueanae]] [[tellum nucleare intercontinentale|tela nuclearia intercontinentalia]] praebentes, quamquam gravissimae et maximi momenti putatae, quoque sola tela strategica considerantur et non naves capitales. Navigia auxiliaria deinde includunt: [[triremis|triremes]] (olim), [[celox|celoces]], [[navicula cannonaria|naviculae cannonariae]], [[navis limitanea|naves limitaneae]], [[navis oneraria|naves onerariae]], [[navicula torpedinaria|naviculae torpedinariae]], [[navigium minas everrens|navigia minas everrentia]], [[navigium subtum oppugnans|navigia subtum oppugnantia]], [[navis assectatans|naves assectantes]], et [[navigium adiuvans|navigia adiuvantia]]. Quam maius est navigium, maior est eius praefectus. At, sicut in hierarchia supra descripta, multum dependet a accidentibus et eventibus qui adsunt. Exempli gratia navarchi principes, quae saepe quoque dicuntur centuriones vel capitanei, praesunt aut [[navis capitalis|navibus capitalibus]] aut nonnullis navibus magnis sicut [[ballista suaqueana|ballistis subaqueanis]], [[navis helicopterigeris|navibus helicopterigeris]], et [[navis impetum amphibium facens|navibus impetum amphibium facentibus]]. Navarchi navibus praesunt quadriremium ordinis, cui saepe nonnulla navigia auxiliaria adsunt, trierachi navigiis auxiliaribus, sicut [[navis assectatans|navibus assectantibus]] et [[navigium subtum oppugnans|naviculis subtum oppugnantibus]], et saepe archiguberni [[navicula cannonaria|navigiis cannonariis]] et [[navicula torpedinaria|torpedinariis]]. Tandem et nauclerii tirones quoque interdum [[navis limitanea|navibus limitaneis]] praesunt. Ordinatio navalis et apud singulam navem continuat, ubi cohors dividuntur in quattuor aut quinque facultates ad varia [[munus|munera]] dicatas. Sunt facultates siphonaria, [[valetudinarium|valetudinaria]], nautica, fabricans, [[aeronautica]]; et in quaque facultate sunt gradus minores et maiores. {{NexInt}} {{div col|2}} *[[Arma]] *''[[Ars belli (Suncius)|Arts belli]]'' *[[Conscriptio]] *[[Custos]] *[[Dissimulatio]] *[[Humanitarium belli ius]] *[[Ingeniaria militaris]] *[[Legio Hispanica]] *[[Legio Romana]] *[[Lex militaris]] *[[Materia displosiva]] *[[Propugnaculum]] *[[Strategia]] *[[Tertius (exercitus)]] *[[Tromocratia]] {{div col end}} == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * Dupuy, T. N. [[1992]]. ''Understanding War: History and Theory of Combat.'' Londinii: Leo Cooper. * Public Information Advisor, International Military Staff, NATO. [[1982]]. ''Women in the Allied Forces.'' Brussels: NATO. * Tucker, T. G. [[1985]]. ''Etymological Dictionary of Latin.'' Sicagi: Ares Publishers. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Military|rem militarem}} * [http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost04/Vegetius/veg_epi0.html Flavius Vegetius Renatus: Epitoma rei militaris] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050311225212/http://culturitalia.uibk.ac.at/atlante/atlante/Autori/Giamboni/vegezio/indice.htm Bono Giamboni - Volgarizzamento dell’Epitoma rei militaris di Publio Flavio Vegezio Renato] {{Societas humana}} [[Categoria:Res militares|!]] 17n19xndiqkcbetbnu3qe9xp7kpa6un 0 1919 3996248 3973228 2026-10-23T01:52:44Z Bartholomite 116968 /* Nati */ 3996248 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Decennium|201|MMIV}} == Eventa == === Mense Ianuario === * [[4 Ianuarii]] - [[Michael Saakashvili]] victor e comitiis praesidentialium in republica [[Georgia]] exiit. * [[8 Februarii]] - [[Constantinus Simites]] ([[PASOK]]) praeses ministrorum [[Graecia]]e se a magistrau recessit. === Mense Martio === *[[4 Martii]] - [[Constantinus A. Caramanles]] factionis [[Nova Democratia (factio Graeca)|ND]] novus primus minister [[Graecia]]e nominatus est. *[[29 Martii]] - [[Estonia]] sodalis [[Consociatio ex pacto Atlantico Septentrionali|NATO]] facta est. === Mense Maio === * [[1 Maii]] - [[Unio Europaea]] amplificatur. [[Estonia]], [[Lettonia]], [[Lituania]], [[Polonia]], [[Bohemia|Tzechia (Bohemia)]], [[Slovachia]], [[Slovenia]], [[Hungaria]] atque pars Cypri Graeca, et [[Melitta]] ad Unionem Europaeam adiunguntur. * [[24 Maii]] - [[Bingu wa Mutharika]] praeses [[Malavium|Malavii]] factus est. Successor est [[Bakili Muluzi]] praesidis. === Mense Iunio === * [[5 Iunii]] et [[6 Iunii]] - [[Papa]] [[Ioannes Paulus II]] [[Helvetia]]m visitabat. * [[6 Iunii]] - Primus cancellarius Theodiscus [[Gerhardus Schröder]] ad solemnitates, quibus "D Dies" celebratur, invitatus est. * [[21 Iunii]] - In [[CFA]] prima societas privata [[Astronavis|Astronavem]] nomine ''SpaceShipOne'' in spatium cosmicum misit. === Mense Novembri === * [[2 Novembris]] - [[Comitia]] in [[CFA|Civitatibus Foederatis Americae]] habentur. * [[3 Novembris]] - [[Iohannes Kerry|Iohanne Kerry]] concedente, [[Georgius W. Bush]] manet et [[CFA|Americanis]] praesidet. === Mense Decembri === * [[10 Decembris|10]] - [[Finnia|Finni]] primum locum in [[PISA]], programma internationale [[discipulus|discipulos]] aestimandi, occupat. * [[21 Decembris|21]] - [[Hadrianus Năstase]], [[Primi ministri Romaniae|primus minister]] [[Romania]]e, a magistratu se abdicavit. Successor eius pro tempore [[Eugenius Bejinariu]]fuit. * [[26 Decembris|26]] - Undae ingentissimae [[terrae motus|terrae motu]] in [[Oceanus Indicus|Oceano Indico]] inductae necant milia hominum in [[India]], [[Thailandia]], [[Indonesia]] et aliis civitatibus. * [[28 Decembris|28]] - [[Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu]] novus [[Primi ministri Romaniae|primus minister]] [[Romania]]e electus est. === Incertis diebus === * [[Mars]]: Sunt duo vehicula ad martem planetem, [[NASA]] et [[ESA]] auctoritate. * [[Eurasia (periodicus)|Eurasia]] periodicum [[Italia|Italicum]] constitutum est. == Nati == * [[10 Ianuarii]] - [[Catharina Ashleia Maher]], cantrix et actrix [[CFA|Americana]]. * [[21 Ianuarii]] - [[Ingrida Alexandra]], principissa [[Norvegia]]e. * [[25 Iunii]] - [[Michael Shaidorov]], [[patinaticum|patinator]] artisticus [[Kazachstania|Cosachicus]]. * [[5 Augusti]] - [[Gavi (pedilusor)|Gavi]], pedilusor [[Hispania|Hispanicus]]. * [[9 Augusti]] - [[Georgius Arutyunyan]], pedilusor [[Russia|Russo]]-[[Armenia|Armenicus]]. * [[3 Octobris]] - [[Noë Schnapp]], actor Americanus. == Mortui == === Mense Ianuario === *[[4 Ianuarii]] - [[Ioannes Toland (scriptor)|Ioannes Toland]], scriptor rerum gestarum [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1912]]. *[[15 Ianuarii]] - [[Stoico Breskovski]], [[palaeontologia|palaeontologus]] Bulgaricus; natus est anno [[1934]]. *[[29 Ianuarii]] - [[Maria Margarita Kaye]], scriptrix [[Anglia|Anglica]] === Mense Martio === * [[20 Martii]] - [[Iuliana (regina Nederlandiae)|Iuliana]] regina [[Nederlandia]]e; nata est anno [[1909]]. === Mense Iunio === * [[5 Iunii]] - [[Ronaldus Reagan]], quadragesimus [[praesidens]] [[CFA|Civitatum Foederatarum Americae]] domi suae in [[California]]; natus est anno [[1911]]. * [[11 Iunii]] - [[Xenophon Zolotas]], oeconomiae peritus, argentarius atque vir publicus [[Graecia|Graecus]]; natus est anno [[1904]]. === Mense Iulio === * [[16 Iulii]] - [[Aloisius Niederalt]], vir publicus [[Bavaria]]e et sodalis [[Christiana Socialis Unio in Bavaria|Christianae Socialis Unionis in Bavaria]]; natus est anno [[1911]]. === Mense Septembri === * [[24 Septembris]] [[Francisca Sagan]] clarissima mythistoriarum scriptrix [[Francogallia|Francogallica]] ; nata est anno [[1935]]. === Mense Octobri === * [[6 Octobris]] - [[Veríssimo Correia Seabra]], miles et breviter praeses [[Guinea Bissaviensis|Guineae Bissaviensis]] a militibus seditiosis necatus est; natus est anno [[1947]]. === Mense Novembri === * [[2 Novembris|2]] - [[Theodorus van Gogh]], [[moderator cinematographicus]] et [[diurnarius]] [[Nederlandia|Nederlandicus]] necatus est; natus anno [[1957]]. * [[3 Novembris|3]] - [[Maria Popescu]], [[Romania|Dacoromana]], illustris victima iurisdictionis [[Helvetia|Helveticae]]; nata anno [[1919]]. * [[11 Novembris|11]] - [[Jasser Arafat]] [[praesidens]] Palaestinensium, [[Lutetia]]e; natus anno [[1929]]. * [[18 Novembris|18]] - [[Anscharius Schönbrunner]], [[res militaris|miles]] [[Germania|Germanicus]] qui [[Vilna]]e [[secundum bellum mundanum|secundo bello mundano]] [[Iudaei]]s a [[NSDAP|Nazistis]] vexatis auxilium dedit; natus anno [[1908]]. === Mense Decembri === * [[29 Decembris]] - [[Eugenius Garin]], [[philosophia]]e et [[Renascentia litterarum|Renascentiae litterarum]] studiosus [[Italicus]]; natus est anno [[1909]]. == Cultura popularis == === Libri === * [[Generation Kill]] (Evan Wright) === Musica === * [[Battlecry]] grex musicus [[CFA|Americanus]] generis [[Grave metallum|metalli gravis]] conditus est. *[[RBD]] grex musicus [[Mexicum|Mexicanus]] conditus est. === Pelliculae === * [[Les Invasions barbares]] ([[Canada]]) * [[13 Going on 30]] ([[CFA]]) === Series televisificae === * [[Desperate Housewives]] ([[CFA]], ad annum [[2012]]) * [[Father of the Pride]] (CFA) * [[House, M.D.]] (CFA) * [[Love My Way]] ([[Australia]], ad annum [[2007]]) d9k037anl3n46fsx1uyrwm4i49dslu7 0 3571 3996288 3648311 2026-10-23T09:08:39Z Grufo 64423 /* Subdivisiones */ +{{[[Formula:Index arborescens|Index arborescens]]}} 3996288 wikitext text/x-wiki {{videdis|Ordo (discretiva)}} [[Fasciculus:Categoriae taxonomicae la.png|thumb|upright=0.5|Categoriae taxinomicae]] '''Ordo''' {{victio|Ordo|inis|m}} in [[Systema taxinomicum Linnaeanum|systemate taxinomico Linnaeano]] est gradus [[Biologia|biologicus]] inter [[Classis (taxinomia)|classem]] et [[Familia (taxinomia)|familiam]] posita. ==Subdivisiones== Inter classem et ordinem, pariter atque inter ordinem et familiam, varii gradus medii in usu sunt, prout opus est subtiliore [[organismus|organismorum]] in subclasses distributione. Usitatissimi gradus sunt hi: {{Index arborescens| * '''CLASSIS''' ** '''Magnordo''' *** '''Superordo''' **** '''Grandordo''' ***** '''Mirordo''' ****** '''ORDO''' ******* '''Subordo''' ******** '''Infraordo''' ********* '''Parvordo''' ********** '''FAMILIA''' }} Ordines sunt, exempli gratia: *[[Insecta|Insectis]]: [[Diptera]] et [[Odonata]] *[[Plantae|Plantis]]: [[Fabales]] et [[Liliales]] *[[Reptilia|Reptilibus]]: [[Squamata]] et [[Testudines]] {{NexInt}} *[[Cladistica]] *[[Classificatio biologica]] *[[Classificatio virorum]] *[[Hierarchia]] *[[Taxinomia]] == Nexus externi == * ''[https://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants]'' (2018) * ''[https://www.iczn.org/the-code/the-international-code-of-zoological-nomenclature/the-code-online/ International Code of Zoological Nomenclature]'' (1999/2012) {{Gradus taxinomici}} [[Categoria:Ordines (taxinomia)|!]] {{Myrias|Biologia}} cgabzj7qk1ecfzy63ohpll5l3szqqcn 0 4794 3996238 3996153 2026-10-22T22:35:35Z IacobusAmor 1163 ~ (10K) 3996238 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Latinitas|-2}} [[Fasciculus:National Park Service 9-11 Statue of Liberty and WTC fire.jpg|thumb|[[Statua Libertatis]] et turres geminae post aggressionem tromocraticam flagrantes.]] [[Fasciculus:North face south tower after plane strike 9-11.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Turris meridiana collabitur.]] Die '''[[11 Septembris]] [[2001]]''' [[Tromocratia|tromocratae]] [[Religio Islamica|Islamici]] [[19 (numerus)|undeviginti]] (quorum [[15 (numerus)|quindecim]] in [[Arabia Saudiana]] nati erant) [[quattuor]] [[aeroplanum|aeroplana]] rapuerunt Di{{dubsig}} Al-Qaeda. Aeroplana duo ita [[navigatio|navigaverunt]], ut se impellerent in [[World Trade Center (Novum Eboracum)|Emporium Mundanum]] [[Urbs Novum Eboracum|Urbis Novi Eboraci]], quod etiam [[Turres Geminae]] vocabantur. Turribus impulsis atque prorsum corrutis, circa tria milia hominum perierunt. Tertium [[aeroplanum]] in [[Pentagonum]], Ministerium Defensionis [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitatum Foederatarum Americae]], impulsum est. Quartum autem raptum in [[ager|agrum]] in [[Pennsilvania]] cecidit, non destinato pervento. {{NexInt}} * [[11 Septembris]] * [[Al-Qāʿida]] * [[Islamophobia]] * [[Taliban]] * [[Theoria conspirationis]] == Nexus externi == * [http://www.911memorial.org/ National September 11 Memorial & Museum] (Monumentum et museum nationale 11 Septembris) * [http://www.9-11commission.gov/ National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States] (Mandatum nationale de impetibus tromocraticis in Civitates Foederatas factis) {{hist-stipula}} [[Categoria:2001]] [[Categoria:Gesta tromocratica]] [[Categoria:Impetus 11 Septembris| ]] [[Categoria:Urbs Novum Eboracum]] {{Myrias|Historia}} b6bs5asblyju9p4gwvdkmwkpr6x3exu 0 5006 3996194 3960143 2026-10-22T13:41:53Z Ziv 172423 → File has been renamed on Commons ([[:c:GR]]) 3996194 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Caspar Netscher - Christiaan Huygens, the astronomer, 1671.jpg|thumb|Christianus Hugenius]] '''Christianus Hugenius''' (natus ''[[:nl:Christiaan Huygens|Christiaan Huygens]]'' [[Haga]]e die [[14 Aprilis]] [[1629]], [[Constantinus Hugenius|Constantino Hugenio]] patre; mortuus ibidem die [[8 Iulii]] [[1695]]), fuit [[physica|physicus]], [[mathematicus]], [[astronomus]], et [[inventor]] [[Batavia|Batavus]], qui unus e maximis [[scientia (ratio)|scientiae peritis]] maiorque homo in [[revolutio scientifica|revolutione scientifica]] late aestimatur. Alma mater sua [[Academia Lugduno-Batava]] deinde [[Universitas Andegavensis]] fuit. In rebus physicis, fundamenta [[disciplina]]rum [[optica]]e [[mechanica]]eque iecit, cum astronomus plerumque studiis [[anuli Saturni|anulorum Saturni]] [[Titan (satelles)|Titanisque]] eius [[luna]]e repertae innotesceret. Inventor designationem [[telescopium|telescopii]] meliorem fecit, [[lens ocularis|lente oculari]] Hugeniano ficto. Eius autem [[inventio]] maximi momenti est horologium [[Pendulum|pendulare]], anno [[1656]] excogitatum, [[horologium]] paene trecentos annos accuratissimum. Quia primus formulas mathematicas ad [[leges physicae]] describendas adhibuit, appellatus est primus [[physica theoretica|physicus theoreticus]] et conditor [[physica mathematica|physicae mathematicae]].<ref>Dijksterhuis 1950.</ref><ref>Andriesse 2005: 6.</ref> [[Lumen]] ex [[unda|undis]] consistere proposuit. Propagationem undarum per undulis sphaericalibus docuit in suo [[principium Hugenianum|principio Hugeniano]]. Anno [[1665]] [[Saturnus (planeta)|Saturni]] anulos et [[Titan (satelles)|Titanem]] [[satelles|satellitem]] invenit, quorum illos anno [[1656|insequenti]] didicit ex lapidibus compositos esse. Hortato [[Blasius Pascalis|Blasio Pascale]], Hugenius librum de theoria [[probabilitas|probabilitatis]] scripsit, annoque [[1657]] in lucem dedit. Anno [[1658]] librum nomine ''Horologium'' in usum [[navigatio|navigatorum]] [[pendulum|penduli]] protulit. Anno [[1663]] electus est sodalis [[Regalis Societas Londini|Regalis Societatis]]. Item anno [[1666]] locum apud [[Academia Scientiarum Francica|Regiam Academiam Parisinam]] adeptus est. == Opera == [[Fasciculus:Huygens - Horologium oscillatorium, sive De motu pendulorum ad horologia aptato demonstrationes geometricae, 1673 - 869780.jpeg|thumb|upright|''Horologium oscillatorium sive de motu pendulorum'', 1673]] * 1656, ''De Saturni luna observatio nova'' ([http://www.phys.uu.nl/~huygens/saturni_luna_en.htm versio anglica]) * 1658, ''Horologium oscillatorium'' ([https://web.archive.org/web/20070324072021/http://posner.library.cmu.edu/Posner/books/book.cgi?call=531.1_H98H_1673 textus]) * 1659, ''Systema Saturnium'' ([http://www.sil.si.edu/DigitalCollections/HST/Huygens/huygens.htm textus]) * 1698, ''Cosmotheoros, sive De Terris Coelestibus, earumque ornatu coniecturae'' ([http://www.phys.uu.nl/~huygens/cosmotheoros_en.htm versio anglica]) ==Notae== <references/> ==Bibliographia== *Andriesse, Cornelis Dirk. [[2005]]. ''Huygens: The Man Behind the Principle.'' In Anglicum a Sally Miederna conversus. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. *Bell, A. E. [[1947]]. ''Christian Huygens and the Development of Science in the Seventeenth Century.'' Londinii: Edward Arnold & Co. ISBN 0521850908. *Boyer, C. B. [[1968]]. ''A History of Mathematics.'' Novi Eboraci. *D'Elia, Alfonsina. [[1985]]. ''Christiaan Huygens: una biografia intellettuale.'' Mediolani: F. Angeli. *Dijksterhuis E. J. [[1950]]. ''De mechanisering van het wereldbeeld.'' Amstelodami: Meulenhoff. *Garber, Daniel. [[2003]]. ''The Cambridge History of Seventeenth-century Philosophy.'' 2 vol. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-53720-9. *Hooijmaijers, H. [[2005]]. ''Telling time: Devices for time measurement in Museum Boerhaave: A Descriptive Catalogue.'' Lugduni Batavorum: Museum Boerhaave. *Shapiro, Alan E. [[1973]]. Kinematic Optics: A Study of the Wave Theory of Light in the Seventeenth Century. ''Archive for History of Exact Sciences'' 11(2/3): 134–266. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/41133375 Textus apud JSTOR.] *Struik, D. J. [[1948]]. ''A Concise History of Mathematics.'' *Van den Ende, H., et al. [[2004]]. ''Huygens's Legacy: The golden age of the pendulum clock.'' Castle Town, Isle of Man: Fromenteel Ltd. *Wiep van Bunge, et al., eds. [[2003]]. Huygens, Christiaan. In ''The Dictionary of Seventeenth and Eighteenth-Century Dutch Philosophers.'' 468–77. Thoemmes Press. *Yoder, J. G. [[2005]]. Book on the pendulum clock. In ''Landmark Writings in Western Mathematics,'' ed. Ivor Grattan-Guinness, 33–45. Elsevier. {{NexInt}} *[[Historia physicae]] *[[Principium Hugenianum]] *[[2801 Huygens]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Christiaan Huygens|Christianus Hugenius}} * [http://www.phys.uu.nl/~huygens/hug_biblio1_en.htm ''Bibliography - Published works'' apud www.phys.uu.nl] * [http://www.phys.uu.nl/~huygens/science_en.htm ''Scientific work of Christiaan Huygens'' apud www.phys.uu.nl] {{Lifetime|1629|1695|Hugenius, Christianus}} [[Categoria:Socii Regalis Societatis Londiniensis]] [[Categoria:Socii Academiae Scientiarum Francicae]] [[Categoria:Astronomi Nederlandiae]] [[Categoria:Mathematici Nederlandiae]] [[Categoria:Physici Nederlandiae]] [[Categoria:Auctores Latini recentiores]] {{Myrias|Homines}} 41wo93k3fxmfjib7abp56p211bobb1t 0 5255 3996235 3959230 2026-10-22T21:31:22Z JayCubby 191679 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[File:Herzl-balcony.jpg]] → [[File:Herzl on a balcony full.jpg]] full portrait, better quality 3996235 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Latinitas|-2}} {{videdis|Israël (discretiva)}} {{Capsa civitatis Vicidata}} '''Civitas Israël'''<ref>{{citation |url=http://ephemeris.alcuinus.net/archi2005/nuntii/eph61/index.php |title=De Colonis Hebraeis e Gaza Expulsis |work=Ephemeris (Fasc. 61) |publisher=Ephemeris |year=[[2005]] |accessdate=[[11 Novembris]] [[2015]]}}.</ref> ([[Hebraice]] ''מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל'' ''Medīnat Yisrā'el'' ; [[Arabice]] دَوْلَة إِسْرَائِيل ''Dawlat Isrāʼīl''), breviter '''Israël,'''<ref>"Israël -is, ''m.''": {{Egger DL|35}}.</ref> est [[respublica parlamentaria]] in [[Medius Oriens|Medio Oriente]] sub [[Mare Mediterraneum|Maris Mediterranei]] [[litus|litore]] sita, diversarum intra parvam suam [[area (geometria)|aream]] [[geographia|geographicarum]] proprietatum. A [[septentrio]]nibus [[Libanus|Libanum]] et [[Syria|Syriam]] attingit, ab [[oriens|oriente]] [[Iordania|Iordaniam]] et [[Ripa Occidentalis|Ripam Occidentalem]], a meridie [[Aegyptus|Aegyptum]] et [[Sector Gazensis|Sectorem Gazensem]]. est.<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/is.html |title=Israël |work=CIA Factbook |publisher=CIA |accessdate=[[13 Aprilis]] [[2010]]}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Skolnik|2007|pp=132–232}}.</ref> Suis [[lex|legibus]] definitus "[[Civitas Iudaica et Democratica]]", Israël est sola in [[tellus|orbe terrarum]] civitas ubi [[Iudaeus|Iudaei]] aliis [[gens|gentibus]] praevalent.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=363&year=2007&country=7199 |work=Country Report |title=Israël |publisher=[[Freedom House]] |year=[[2007]] |accessdate=[[15 Iulii]] [[2007]]}}.</ref> == Linguae == Solum [[lingua Hebraica]] est [[lingua publica]]; [[incola]]e autem Hebraica, [[lingua Arabica|Arabica]], aliisque [[lingua|linguis]] late utuntur. Non pauci inter sese [[Lingua Russica|Russice]], nonnulli etiam [[lingua Iudaeogermanica]] loquuntur, et [[puer]]i [[puella]]eque [[lingua Anglica|linguam Anglicam]] in [[schola|scholis]] discunt. == Religiones == * Ex Iudaeis consistit 76%; * Ex [[Musulmanus|Musulmanis]] ([[Druzi]]s inclusis) 18%; * Ex [[Christiani|Christianis]] 2%. ==Fabula in Bibliis Sacris == Iudaei eam terram, quam nunc Israel appellant, sibi ab [[deus|deo]] suo datam esse (Liber Iosue 1, 1-5) arbitrantur. Est enim in [[Biblia Sacra|Bibliis Sacris]]: <blockquote>Et factum est, ut post mortem Moysi servi Domini loqueretur Dominus ad Iosue filium Nun ministrum Moysi et diceret ei: "Moyses servus meus mortuus est; nunc igitur surge et transi Iordanem istum, tu et omnis populus iste, in terram, quam ego dabo filiis Israël. Omnem locum, quem calcaverit vestigium pedis vestri, vobis tradidi, sicut locutus sum Moysi. A deserto et Libano isto usque ad fluvium magnum [[Euphrates|Euphraten]], omnis terra Hetthaeorum usque ad mare Magnum contra solis occasum erit terminus vester."</blockquote> == Historia == === Antiquitus === [[Fasciculus:Bat Zion I want your Old New Land join Jewish regiment.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Stella David]]is, [[signum]] Iudaismi post [[Medium Aevum]].]] [[Fasciculus:Herzl on a balcony full.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Theodorus Herzl]], [[Sionismus|Sionismi]] fautor maximus (anno 1901).]] [[Fasciculus:UN Partition Plan For Palestine 1947.png|thumb|upright=0.8|Divisio [[Palaestina]]e a [[Consociatio Nationum|Consociatione Nationum]] anno [[1947]] proposita.]] Anno [[586 a.C.n.]], cum [[Nabuchodonosor II]] rex [[Babylon|Babylonis]], terram Iudaeam expugnavisset et [[Templum Salomonicum]] evertisset, Babylonii septuaginta annos in eam terram regnaverunt, sed cum anno [[533 a.C.n.]] [[Cyrus II (rex Persarum)|Cyrus II]] cum [[exercitus|exercitu]] superavisset, Persae ab anno [[533 a.C.n.]] ad [[332 a.C.n.]] regnaverunt. Anno [[332 a.C.n.]], [[Alexander Magnus]] [[regio]]nem superavit.<!-- eam partem rescribere decet --> Duobus bellis cum [[Imperium Romanum|Romanis]] (annis [[70]] et [[135]]) gestis et praecipue [[templum|templo]] [[Hierosolyma|Hierosolymorum]] ab imperatore [[Titus (imperator)|Tito]] (anno 70) diruto, magna Iudaeorum pars ex Israël fugit. Anno [[135]], post secundum excidium, Romani Hierosolyma restituerunt, novoque nomine appellaverunt [[Aelia Capitolina|Aeliam Capitolinam]]. === Recentioribus temporibus === Iam anno [[1917]], [[Arthurus Balfour]] [[Scotia|Scoticus]] suasit, ut Iudaei in [[Palaestina]]m redirent et quamprimum [[primum bellum mundanum|priori bello mundano]] fini imposito [[Imperium Ottomanicum]], quod antea [[Palaestina]]m tenuerat, ruissent. Post [[secundum bellum mundanum]] et Iudaeorum in Europa [[Soa|persecutionem]], [[1947]] anno [[29 Novembris|29 die Novembris]], [[Consociatio Nationum]] Palaestinam proposuerunt inter Iudaeos et [[Arabi|Arabes]] distribuendam. Die [[14 Maii]] [[1948]], civitas Israël rite condita est. Quamquam iuxta resolutionem, qua civitas creata erat, urbs Hierosolyma nec ab Iudeis nec Arabis, sed [[Britanniarum Regnum|Britanniarum Regno]] regenda esset, tamen [[1950]] anno, Israël [[caput (urbs)|caput]] suum Hierosolyma declaravit. Principio civitati [[superficies]] 14 000 km² erat. 1948 et [[1967]] vero annis, ager 8000 km² ulterius expugnatus est et usquedum retinetur. Quam enim terram colonis adductis Israël sibi vindicare molitur. Anno [[1967]], Israël [[Bellum Sex Dierum|Bello Sex Dierum]] [[Ripa Occidentalis|ripam occidentalem]] [[Iordanes|Iordanis]] occupans intra Palaestinorum fines [[colonia]]s condidit. Quo ex bello [[contentio Arabo-Israëlitica]], scilicet dissensio inter Israël, Palaestinenses, Arabes, orta est. Anno [[1973]], [[Dies Expiationis|expiationis die]], quae Iudaeis sanctissima est, et Aegyptus et Syria Israële oppugnato, a terra propulsati sunt. Qua victoria Aegyptus coacta est, ut Israëlem civitatem iure agnoscerent. == Urbes principales == {{div col|2}} * [[Accho]] (sive ''Ace, Ptolemais Phoeniciae'') *[[Ascalon]] * [[Berosaba]]<ref>[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0064:entry=beersheba-geo Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854)].</ref> (sive ''Bersabee''<ref>In [[Vulgata]].</ref>, sive ''Bersabea''<ref>[https://books.google.be/books?redir_esc=y&hl=de&id=Xv83AQAAMAAJ&q=Bersabeam#v=snippet&q=Bersabeam&f=false Scripturae Sacrae cursus completus].</ref>) * [[Hadera]] * [[Hepha]] (sive ''Sycaminus'') * [[Hierosolyma]] (sive Ierusalem) * [[Ioppa]] * [[Lydia]] (sive ''Lod'') * [[Nazareth]] * [[Petah Tiqwa]] * [[Ramatgan]] * [[Ramla]] * [[Rison Lezion]] * [[Rooboth]]<ref>Urbs Idumaeae antiqua. v. [[Hieronymus|S. Hieronymi]] [https://www.google.ru/books/edition/Oeuvres_complètes_de_S_Jérôme/EQEjga23aG8C?hl=ru&gbpv=1&dq=Rooboth&pg=PA490&printsec=frontcover De situ et nominibus locorum Hebraicorum].</ref> * [[Sephath]]<ref>Iud. 1.17.</ref> * [[Telavivum]] (sive Vernicollis; confer ''Acervus novarum frugum'') * [[Tiberias]] {{div col end}} {{NexInt}} {{div col|2}} * "[[A flumine ad mare]]" * [[Ascalon (urbs antiqua)]] * [[Hatikvah]], [[hymnus nationalis]] * [[Hermon]], [[mons]] altissimus * [[Historia Israelis et Iudae, regnorum antiquorum]] * [[Iesus]] Nazarenus * [[Index urbium Israëliticarum]] * [[Iudaea (regio)]] * [[Netafim]], negotium rusticum * [[Ohalo II]], situs archaeologicus * [[Paradoxum Israeliticum]] * [[Territorialismus Iudaeus]] * [[Titus (imperator)|Titus]], [[imperator Romanus]] {{div col end}} == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == * {{citation|title=Israël's Quest for Recognition and Acceptance in Asia: Garrison State Diplomacy|last=Abadi|first=Jacob|isbn=0-7146-5576-7|publisher=Routledge|year=2004}} * {{citation|title=The Book of Jewish Knowledge|last=Ausubel|first=Natan|publisher=Crown Publishers|location=Novi Eboraci|year=1964|isbn=0-517-09746-X}} * {{citation|title=The Original Story: God, Israël and the World|last=Barton|first=John|last2=Bowden|first2=Julie |isbn=0-8028-2900-7|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company|year=2004}} * {{citation|title=Wars, Internal Conflicts, and Political Order: A Jewish Democracy in the Middle East|last=Barzilai|first=Gad|isbn=0-7914-2943-1|publisher=State University of New York Press|year=1996}} * {{citation|title=The Attorney General and the State Prosecutor-Is Institutional Separation Warrented?|last=Barzilai|first=Gad|publisher=The Israël Democracy Institute|year=2010}} * {{Citation |title=A History of the Jewish People |last=Ben-Sasson |first=Hayim |year=1985 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-39731-6}} * {{citation|title=International History of the Twentieth Century|last=Best|first=Anthony|isbn=0-415-20739-8|year=2003|publisher=Routledge}} * {{citation|title=A History of Israël|last=Bregman|first=Ahron|isbn=0-333-67631-9|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2002}} * {{citation|title=World Music: The Rough Guide|last=Broughton|first=Simon|last2=Ellingham|first2=Mark|last3=Trillo|first3=Richard|isbn=1-85828-635-2|publisher=Rough Guides|year=1999}} * {{citation|title=Holocaust City: The Making of a Jewish Ghetto|last=Cole|first=Tim|isbn=0-415-92968-7|year=[[2003]]|publisher=Routledge}} * {{citation|title=The Enemy Within: A History of Espionage|last=Crowdy|first=Terry|isbn=1-84176-933-9|publisher=Osprey Publishing|year=[[2006]]}} * {{citation|title=Patterns of Political Leadership: Egypt, Israël, Lebanon|last=Dekmejian|first=R. Hrair|publisher=State University of New York Press|year=1975|isbn=0-87395-291-X}} * {{citation|title=To Rule Jerusalem|last=Friedland|first=Roger|last2=Hecht|first2=Richard|publisher=University of California Press|year=2000|isbn=0-520-22092-7}} * {{citation|title=The Israël-Palestine Conflict: One Hundred Years of War|last=Gelvin|first=James L.|authorlink=James L. Gelvin|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2005|isbn=0-521-85289-7}} * {{citation|title=The Routledge Atlas Of The Arab–Israël conflict|last=Gilbert|first=Martin|isbn=0-415-35900-7|year=2005|publisher=Routledge|edition=8th}} * {{citation|title=The Climate of Israël: Observation, Research and Application|last=Goldreich|first=Yair|isbn=0-306-47445-X|year=2003|publisher=Springer}} * {{citation|title=The Book of Genesis|last=Hamilton|first=Victor P.|year=1995|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company|edition=2a retractata|isbn=0-8028-2309-2}} * {{citation|title=Warfare and the Third World|last=Harkavy|first=Robert E.|last2=Neuman|first2=Stephanie G.|year=2001|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=0-312-24012-0}} * {{citation|title=Brassey's International Intelligence Yearbook|edition=2003|last=Henderson|first=Robert D'A.|publisher=Brassey's Inc.|year=2003|isbn=1-57488-550-2}} * {{citation|title=The Jewish State|last=Herzl|first=Theodor|authorlink=Theodor Herzl|publisher=American Zionist Emergency Council|year=1946|isbn=0-486-25849-1}} * {{citation|last=Howe|first=Kathleen Stewart|title=Revealing the Holy Land: the photographic exploration of Palestine|publisher=University of California Press|year=1997|isbn=978-0-89951-095-8|page=144|url=http://books.google.com/?id=w0mml-378QQC&printsec=frontcover&q=}} * {{citation|title=Israël and the Palestinian Territories: The Rough Guide|last=Jacobs|first=Daniel|publisher=Rough Guides|edition=2a retractata|year=1988|isbn=1-85828-248-9}} * {{citation|title=Society and Settlement: Jewish Land of Israël in the Twentieth Century|last=Kellerman|first=Aharon|year=1993|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=0-7914-1295-4}} * {{citation|title=Theodor Herzl: From Assimilation to Zionism|last=Kornberg|first=Jacques|isbn=0-253-33203-6|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=1993}} * {{citation|title=Britain's Naval and Political Reaction to the Illegal Immigration of Jews to Palestine, 1945–1948|last=Liebreich|first=Fritz|isbn=0-7146-5637-2|year=2005|publisher=Routledge}} * {{citation|title=For the Land and the Lord: Jewish Fundamentalism in Israël|last=Lustick|first=Ian|isbn=0-87609-036-6|publisher=Council on Foreign Relations Press|year=1988}} * {{citation|title=Israel's Higher Law: Religion and Liberal Democracy in the Jewish State|last=Mazie|first=Steven|publisher=Lexington Books|year=2006|isbn=0-7391-1485-9}} * {{citation|title=Handbook of Decision Making|last=Morçöl|first=Göktuğ|isbn=1-57444-548-0|publisher=CRC Press|year=2006}} * {{citation|title=Triumph of the File: The Media's War in the Persian Gulf&nbsp;— A Global Perspective|last=Mowlana|first=Hamid|last2=Gerbner|first2=George|last3=Schiller|first3=Herbert I.|year=1992|publisher=Westview Press|isbn=0-8133-1610-3}} * {{Citation|last=Roberts|first=Adam|author-link=Adam Roberts (scholar)|title=Prolonged Military Occupation: The Israëli-Occupied Territories Since 1967|journal=The American Journal of International Law|volume=84|issue=1|year=1990|pages= 44–103|publisher=American Society of International Law|ref=CITEREFRoberts1990|doi=10.2307/2203016|jstor=2203016}} * {{citation|title=A Historical Atlas of Israel|last=Romano|first=Amy|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|year=2003|isbn=0-8239-3978-2}} * {{citation|title=Flashpoints in the War on Terrorism|last=Reveron|first=Derek S.|last2=Murer|first2=Jeffrey Stevenson|publisher=Routledge|year=2006|isbn=0-415-95490-8}} * {{citation|title=The Economic Consequences of Zionism|last=Rosenzweig|first=Rafael|year=1997|publisher=T Brill Academic Publishers|isbn=90-04-09147-5}} * {{citation|title=Power Kills: Democracy As a Method of Nonviolence|last=Rummel|first=Rudolph J.|year=1997|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=0-7658-0523-5}} * {{citation|last=Sampter|first=Jessie|editor-first=Jessie|editor-last=Sampter|title=Modern Palestine – A Symposium|publisher=READ BOOKS|year=2007|isbn=978-1-4067-3834-6|page=444|origyear=1933|chapter=Jewish Colonization Before 1917|chapter-url=http://books.google.com/books?id=3QZ8wqJUfgEC&pg=PA93&dq=%22four+holy+cities%22+1800&lr=&hl=pt-PT&cd=7#v=onepage&q=%22four%20holy%20cities%22%201800&f=false|url=http://books.google.com/?id=3QZ8wqJUfgEC&printsec=frontcover&q=}} * {{citation|title=Understanding Jewish History|last=Scharfstein|first=Sol|isbn=0-88125-545-9|year=1996|publisher=KTAV Publishing House}} * {{citation|title=The Land Beyond Promise: Israël, Likud and the Zionist Dream|last=Shindler|first=Colin |isbn=1-86064-774-X|year=2002|publisher=I.B.Tauris Publishers}} * {{citation|title=Encyclopedia Judaica|last=Skolnik|first=Fred|isbn=0-02-865928-7|publisher=Macmillian|year=2007|volume=9|edition=2a}} * {{citation|title=Deterring America: Rogue States and the Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction|isbn=0-521-86465-8|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2006|last=Smith|first=Derek}} * {{citation|title=The Hope Fulfilled: The Rise of Modern Israël|last=Stein|first=Leslie|year=2003|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=0-275-97141-4}} * {{citation|title=The Arabs in Israel|last=Stendel|first=Ori|isbn=1-898723-23-0|year=1997|publisher=Sussex Academic Press}} * {{citation|title=Critical Essays on Israëli Social Issues and Scholarship|last=Stone|first=Russell A.|last2=Zenner|first2=Walter P.|isbn=0-7914-1959-2|publisher=SUNY Press|year=1994}} * {{citation|title=Culture and Customs of Israël|last=Torstrick|first=Rebecca L.|isbn=0-313-32091-8|year=2004|publisher=Greenwood Press}} * {{citation|title=Word Biblical Commentary|last=Wenham|first=Gordon J.|series=2|isbn=0-8499-0201-0|volume=(Genesis 16–50)|year=1994|publisher=Word Books|location=Dallasiae Texiae}} == Nexus externi == * [http://www.gov.il/firstgov/english Porta Administrationis Israëlicae] (cum nexibus ad commentarios Arabicum et Hebraicum) {{Coord|31|35|type:country|display=title}} {{Asia}} {{Capsae collectae|Israël|politica|{{Praesides Israelis}}{{Primi ministri Israëlis}}{{Ministri rerum externarum Israelis}}}} {{Capsae collectae|Israël|geographica|{{Provinciae Israëlis}}}} [[Categoria:Civitates sui iuris]] [[Categoria:Condita 1948]] [[Categoria:Israel|!]] [[Categoria:Respublicae]] [[Categoria:Verba Hebraica]] {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Geographia}} 432rq6s646rdgqes6v3x7jme1ack6sa 3996242 3996235 2026-10-22T22:43:21Z IacobusAmor 1163 ~ (1K) 3996242 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Latinitas|-2}} {{videdis|Israël (discretiva)}} {{Capsa civitatis Vicidata}} '''Civitas Israël'''<ref>{{citation |url=http://ephemeris.alcuinus.net/archi2005/nuntii/eph61/index.php |title=De Colonis Hebraeis e Gaza Expulsis |work=Ephemeris (Fasc. 61) |publisher=Ephemeris |year=[[2005]] |accessdate=[[11 Novembris]] [[2015]]}}.</ref> ([[Hebraice]] ''מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל'' ''Medīnat Yisrā'el'' ; [[Arabice]] دَوْلَة إِسْرَائِيل ''Dawlat Isrāʼīl''), breviter '''Israël,'''<ref>"Israël -is, ''m.''": {{Egger DL|35}}.</ref> est [[respublica parlamentaria]] in [[Medius Oriens|Medio Oriente]] sub [[Mare Mediterraneum|Maris Mediterranei]] [[litus|litore]] sita, diversarum intra parvam suam [[area (geometria)|aream]] [[geographia|geographicarum]] proprietatum. A [[septentrio]]nibus [[Libanus|Libanum]] et [[Syria|Syriam]], ab [[oriens|oriente]] [[Iordania|Iordaniam]] et [[Ripa Occidentalis|Ripam Occidentalem]], a [[meridies|meridie]] [[Aegyptus|Aegyptum]] et [[Sector Gazensis|Sectorem Gazensem]] attingit.<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/is.html |title=Israël |work=CIA Factbook |publisher=CIA |accessdate=[[13 Aprilis]] [[2010]]}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Skolnik|2007|pp=132–232}}.</ref> Suis [[lex|legibus]] definitus "[[Civitas Iudaica et Democratica]]", Israël est sola in [[tellus|orbe terrarum]] civitas ubi [[Iudaeus|Iudaei]] aliis [[gens|gentibus]] praevalent.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=363&year=2007&country=7199 |work=Country Report |title=Israël |publisher=[[Freedom House]] |year=[[2007]] |accessdate=[[15 Iulii]] [[2007]]}}.</ref> == Linguae == Solum [[lingua Hebraica]] est [[lingua publica]]; [[incola]]e autem Hebraica, [[lingua Arabica|Arabica]], aliisque [[lingua|linguis]] late utuntur. Non pauci inter sese [[Lingua Russica|Russice]], nonnulli etiam [[lingua Iudaeogermanica]] loquuntur, et [[puer]]i [[puella]]eque [[lingua Anglica|linguam Anglicam]] in [[schola|scholis]] discunt. == Religiones == * Ex Iudaeis consistit 76 ventesimae, * Ex [[Musulmanus|Musulmanis]] ([[Druzi]]s inclusis) 18 centesimae, * Ex [[Christiani|Christianis]] 2 centesimae ==Fabula in Bibliis Sacris == Iudaei eam terram, quam nunc Israel appellant, sibi ab [[deus|deo]] suo datam esse (Liber Iosue 1, 1-5) arbitrantur. Est enim in [[Biblia Sacra|Bibliis Sacris]]: <blockquote>Et factum est, ut post mortem Moysi servi Domini loqueretur Dominus ad Iosue filium Nun ministrum Moysi et diceret ei: "Moyses servus meus mortuus est; nunc igitur surge et transi Iordanem istum, tu et omnis populus iste, in terram, quam ego dabo filiis Israël. Omnem locum, quem calcaverit [[vestigium]] pedis vestri, vobis tradidi, sicut locutus sum Moysi. A [[deserta|deserto]] et Libano isto usque ad [[fluvius|fluvium]] magnum [[Euphrates|Euphraten]], omnis terra Hetthaeorum usque ad mare Magnum contra [[solis occasus|solis occasum]] erit terminus vester."</blockquote> == Historia == === Antiquitus === [[Fasciculus:Bat Zion I want your Old New Land join Jewish regiment.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|[[Stella David]]is, [[signum]] Iudaismi post [[Medium Aevum]].]] [[Fasciculus:Herzl on a balcony full.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Theodorus Herzl]], [[Sionismus|Sionismi]] fautor maximus (anno 1901).]] [[Fasciculus:UN Partition Plan For Palestine 1947.png|thumb|upright=0.8|Divisio [[Palaestina]]e a [[Consociatio Nationum|Consociatione Nationum]] anno [[1947]] proposita.]] Anno [[586 a.C.n.]], cum [[Nabuchodonosor II]] rex [[Babylon|Babylonis]], terram Iudaeam expugnavisset et [[Templum Salomonicum]] evertisset, Babylonii septuaginta annos in eam terram regnaverunt, sed cum anno [[533 a.C.n.]] [[Cyrus II (rex Persarum)|Cyrus II]] cum [[exercitus|exercitu]] superavisset, [[Persae]] ab anno [[533 a.C.n.]] ad [[332 a.C.n.]] regnaverunt. Anno [[332 a.C.n.]], [[Alexander Magnus]] [[regio]]nem superavit.<!-- eam partem rescribere decet --> Duobus [[bellum|bellis]] cum [[Imperium Romanum|Romanis]] (annis [[70]] et [[135]]) gestis et praecipue [[templum|templo]] [[Hierosolyma|Hierosolymorum]] ab imperatore [[Titus (imperator)|Tito]] (anno 70) diruto, magna Iudaeorum pars ex [[regio]]ne effugit. Anno [[135]], post secundum excidium, Romani [[Hierosolyma]] restituerunt, novoque nomine appellaverunt [[Aelia Capitolina|Aeliam Capitolinam]]. === Recentioribus temporibus === Iam anno [[1917]], [[Arthurus Balfour]] [[Scotia|Scoticus]] suasit, ut Iudaei in [[Palaestina]]m redirent et quamprimum [[primum bellum mundanum|priori bello mundano]] fini imposito [[Imperium Ottomanicum]], quod antea [[Palaestina]]m tenuerat, ruissent. Post [[secundum bellum mundanum]] et Iudaeorum in Europa [[Soa|persecutionem]], [[1947]] anno [[29 Novembris|29 die Novembris]], [[Consociatio Nationum]] Palaestinam proposuerunt inter Iudaeos et [[Arabi|Arabes]] distribuendam. Die [[14 Maii]] [[1948]], civitas Israël rite condita est. Quamquam iuxta resolutionem, qua civitas creata erat, urbs Hierosolyma nec ab Iudeis nec Arabis, sed [[Britanniarum Regnum|Britanniarum Regno]] regenda esset, tamen [[1950]] anno, Israël [[caput (urbs)|caput]] suum Hierosolyma declaravit. Principio civitati [[superficies]] 14 000 km² erat. 1948 et [[1967]] vero annis, ager 8000 km² ulterius expugnatus est et usquedum retinetur. Quam enim terram colonis adductis Israël sibi vindicare molitur. Anno [[1967]], Israël [[Bellum Sex Dierum|Bello Sex Dierum]] [[Ripa Occidentalis|ripam occidentalem]] [[Iordanes|Iordanis]] occupans intra Palaestinorum fines [[colonia]]s condidit. Quo ex bello [[contentio Arabo-Israëlitica]], scilicet dissensio inter Israël, Palaestinenses, Arabes, orta est. Anno [[1973]], [[Dies Expiationis|expiationis die]], quae Iudaeis sanctissima est, et Aegyptus et Syria Israële oppugnato, a terra propulsati sunt. Qua victoria Aegyptus coacta est, ut Israëlem civitatem iure agnoscerent. == Urbes principales == {{div col|2}} * [[Accho]] (sive ''Ace, Ptolemais Phoeniciae'') *[[Ascalon]] * [[Berosaba]]<ref>[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0064:entry=beersheba-geo Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854)].</ref> (sive ''Bersabee''<ref>In [[Vulgata]].</ref>, sive ''Bersabea''<ref>[https://books.google.be/books?redir_esc=y&hl=de&id=Xv83AQAAMAAJ&q=Bersabeam#v=snippet&q=Bersabeam&f=false Scripturae Sacrae cursus completus].</ref>) * [[Hadera]] * [[Hepha]] (sive ''Sycaminus'') * [[Hierosolyma]] (sive Ierusalem) * [[Ioppa]] * [[Lydia]] (sive ''Lod'') * [[Nazareth]] * [[Petah Tiqwa]] * [[Ramatgan]] * [[Ramla]] * [[Rison Lezion]] * [[Rooboth]]<ref>Urbs Idumaeae antiqua. v. [[Hieronymus|S. Hieronymi]] [https://www.google.ru/books/edition/Oeuvres_complètes_de_S_Jérôme/EQEjga23aG8C?hl=ru&gbpv=1&dq=Rooboth&pg=PA490&printsec=frontcover De situ et nominibus locorum Hebraicorum].</ref> * [[Sephath]]<ref>Iud. 1.17.</ref> * [[Telavivum]] (sive Vernicollis; confer ''Acervus novarum frugum'') * [[Tiberias]] {{div col end}} {{NexInt}} {{div col|2}} * "[[A flumine ad mare]]" * [[Ascalon (urbs antiqua)]] * [[Hatikvah]], [[hymnus nationalis]] * [[Hermon]], [[mons]] altissimus * [[Historia Israelis et Iudae, regnorum antiquorum]] * [[Iesus]] Nazarenus * [[Index urbium Israëliticarum]] * [[Iudaea (regio)]] * [[Netafim]], negotium rusticum * [[Ohalo II]], situs archaeologicus * [[Paradoxum Israeliticum]] * [[Territorialismus Iudaeus]] * [[Titus (imperator)|Titus]], [[imperator Romanus]] {{div col end}} == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == * {{citation|title=Israël's Quest for Recognition and Acceptance in Asia: Garrison State Diplomacy|last=Abadi|first=Jacob|isbn=0-7146-5576-7|publisher=Routledge|year=2004}} * {{citation|title=The Book of Jewish Knowledge|last=Ausubel|first=Natan|publisher=Crown Publishers|location=Novi Eboraci|year=1964|isbn=0-517-09746-X}} * {{citation|title=The Original Story: God, Israël and the World|last=Barton|first=John|last2=Bowden|first2=Julie |isbn=0-8028-2900-7|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company|year=2004}} * {{citation|title=Wars, Internal Conflicts, and Political Order: A Jewish Democracy in the Middle East|last=Barzilai|first=Gad|isbn=0-7914-2943-1|publisher=State University of New York Press|year=1996}} * {{citation|title=The Attorney General and the State Prosecutor-Is Institutional Separation Warrented?|last=Barzilai|first=Gad|publisher=The Israël Democracy Institute|year=2010}} * {{Citation |title=A History of the Jewish People |last=Ben-Sasson |first=Hayim |year=1985 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-39731-6}} * {{citation|title=International History of the Twentieth Century|last=Best|first=Anthony|isbn=0-415-20739-8|year=2003|publisher=Routledge}} * {{citation|title=A History of Israël|last=Bregman|first=Ahron|isbn=0-333-67631-9|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2002}} * {{citation|title=World Music: The Rough Guide|last=Broughton|first=Simon|last2=Ellingham|first2=Mark|last3=Trillo|first3=Richard|isbn=1-85828-635-2|publisher=Rough Guides|year=1999}} * {{citation|title=Holocaust City: The Making of a Jewish Ghetto|last=Cole|first=Tim|isbn=0-415-92968-7|year=[[2003]]|publisher=Routledge}} * {{citation|title=The Enemy Within: A History of Espionage|last=Crowdy|first=Terry|isbn=1-84176-933-9|publisher=Osprey Publishing|year=[[2006]]}} * {{citation|title=Patterns of Political Leadership: Egypt, Israël, Lebanon|last=Dekmejian|first=R. Hrair|publisher=State University of New York Press|year=1975|isbn=0-87395-291-X}} * {{citation|title=To Rule Jerusalem|last=Friedland|first=Roger|last2=Hecht|first2=Richard|publisher=University of California Press|year=2000|isbn=0-520-22092-7}} * {{citation|title=The Israël-Palestine Conflict: One Hundred Years of War|last=Gelvin|first=James L.|authorlink=James L. Gelvin|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2005|isbn=0-521-85289-7}} * {{citation|title=The Routledge Atlas Of The Arab–Israël conflict|last=Gilbert|first=Martin|isbn=0-415-35900-7|year=2005|publisher=Routledge|edition=8th}} * {{citation|title=The Climate of Israël: Observation, Research and Application|last=Goldreich|first=Yair|isbn=0-306-47445-X|year=2003|publisher=Springer}} * {{citation|title=The Book of Genesis|last=Hamilton|first=Victor P.|year=1995|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company|edition=2a retractata|isbn=0-8028-2309-2}} * {{citation|title=Warfare and the Third World|last=Harkavy|first=Robert E.|last2=Neuman|first2=Stephanie G.|year=2001|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=0-312-24012-0}} * {{citation|title=Brassey's International Intelligence Yearbook|edition=2003|last=Henderson|first=Robert D'A.|publisher=Brassey's Inc.|year=2003|isbn=1-57488-550-2}} * {{citation|title=The Jewish State|last=Herzl|first=Theodor|authorlink=Theodor Herzl|publisher=American Zionist Emergency Council|year=1946|isbn=0-486-25849-1}} * {{citation|last=Howe|first=Kathleen Stewart|title=Revealing the Holy Land: the photographic exploration of Palestine|publisher=University of California Press|year=1997|isbn=978-0-89951-095-8|page=144|url=http://books.google.com/?id=w0mml-378QQC&printsec=frontcover&q=}} * {{citation|title=Israël and the Palestinian Territories: The Rough Guide|last=Jacobs|first=Daniel|publisher=Rough Guides|edition=2a retractata|year=1988|isbn=1-85828-248-9}} * {{citation|title=Society and Settlement: Jewish Land of Israël in the Twentieth Century|last=Kellerman|first=Aharon|year=1993|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=0-7914-1295-4}} * {{citation|title=Theodor Herzl: From Assimilation to Zionism|last=Kornberg|first=Jacques|isbn=0-253-33203-6|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=1993}} * {{citation|title=Britain's Naval and Political Reaction to the Illegal Immigration of Jews to Palestine, 1945–1948|last=Liebreich|first=Fritz|isbn=0-7146-5637-2|year=2005|publisher=Routledge}} * {{citation|title=For the Land and the Lord: Jewish Fundamentalism in Israël|last=Lustick|first=Ian|isbn=0-87609-036-6|publisher=Council on Foreign Relations Press|year=1988}} * {{citation|title=Israel's Higher Law: Religion and Liberal Democracy in the Jewish State|last=Mazie|first=Steven|publisher=Lexington Books|year=2006|isbn=0-7391-1485-9}} * {{citation|title=Handbook of Decision Making|last=Morçöl|first=Göktuğ|isbn=1-57444-548-0|publisher=CRC Press|year=2006}} * {{citation|title=Triumph of the File: The Media's War in the Persian Gulf&nbsp;— A Global Perspective|last=Mowlana|first=Hamid|last2=Gerbner|first2=George|last3=Schiller|first3=Herbert I.|year=1992|publisher=Westview Press|isbn=0-8133-1610-3}} * {{Citation|last=Roberts|first=Adam|author-link=Adam Roberts (scholar)|title=Prolonged Military Occupation: The Israëli-Occupied Territories Since 1967|journal=The American Journal of International Law|volume=84|issue=1|year=1990|pages= 44–103|publisher=American Society of International Law|ref=CITEREFRoberts1990|doi=10.2307/2203016|jstor=2203016}} * {{citation|title=A Historical Atlas of Israel|last=Romano|first=Amy|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|year=2003|isbn=0-8239-3978-2}} * {{citation|title=Flashpoints in the War on Terrorism|last=Reveron|first=Derek S.|last2=Murer|first2=Jeffrey Stevenson|publisher=Routledge|year=2006|isbn=0-415-95490-8}} * {{citation|title=The Economic Consequences of Zionism|last=Rosenzweig|first=Rafael|year=1997|publisher=T Brill Academic Publishers|isbn=90-04-09147-5}} * {{citation|title=Power Kills: Democracy As a Method of Nonviolence|last=Rummel|first=Rudolph J.|year=1997|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=0-7658-0523-5}} * {{citation|last=Sampter|first=Jessie|editor-first=Jessie|editor-last=Sampter|title=Modern Palestine – A Symposium|publisher=READ BOOKS|year=2007|isbn=978-1-4067-3834-6|page=444|origyear=1933|chapter=Jewish Colonization Before 1917|chapter-url=http://books.google.com/books?id=3QZ8wqJUfgEC&pg=PA93&dq=%22four+holy+cities%22+1800&lr=&hl=pt-PT&cd=7#v=onepage&q=%22four%20holy%20cities%22%201800&f=false|url=http://books.google.com/?id=3QZ8wqJUfgEC&printsec=frontcover&q=}} * {{citation|title=Understanding Jewish History|last=Scharfstein|first=Sol|isbn=0-88125-545-9|year=1996|publisher=KTAV Publishing House}} * {{citation|title=The Land Beyond Promise: Israël, Likud and the Zionist Dream|last=Shindler|first=Colin |isbn=1-86064-774-X|year=2002|publisher=I.B.Tauris Publishers}} * {{citation|title=Encyclopedia Judaica|last=Skolnik|first=Fred|isbn=0-02-865928-7|publisher=Macmillian|year=2007|volume=9|edition=2a}} * {{citation|title=Deterring America: Rogue States and the Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction|isbn=0-521-86465-8|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2006|last=Smith|first=Derek}} * {{citation|title=The Hope Fulfilled: The Rise of Modern Israël|last=Stein|first=Leslie|year=2003|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=0-275-97141-4}} * {{citation|title=The Arabs in Israel|last=Stendel|first=Ori|isbn=1-898723-23-0|year=1997|publisher=Sussex Academic Press}} * {{citation|title=Critical Essays on Israëli Social Issues and Scholarship|last=Stone|first=Russell A.|last2=Zenner|first2=Walter P.|isbn=0-7914-1959-2|publisher=SUNY Press|year=1994}} * {{citation|title=Culture and Customs of Israël|last=Torstrick|first=Rebecca L.|isbn=0-313-32091-8|year=2004|publisher=Greenwood Press}} * {{citation|title=Word Biblical Commentary|last=Wenham|first=Gordon J.|series=2|isbn=0-8499-0201-0|volume=(Genesis 16–50)|year=1994|publisher=Word Books|location=Dallasiae Texiae}} == Nexus externi == * [http://www.gov.il/firstgov/english Porta Administrationis Israëlicae] (cum nexibus ad commentarios Arabicum et Hebraicum) {{Coord|31|35|type:country|display=title}} {{Asia}} {{Capsae collectae|Israël|politica|{{Praesides Israelis}}{{Primi ministri Israëlis}}{{Ministri rerum externarum Israelis}}}} {{Capsae collectae|Israël|geographica|{{Provinciae Israëlis}}}} [[Categoria:Civitates sui iuris]] [[Categoria:Condita 1948]] [[Categoria:Israel|!]] [[Categoria:Respublicae]] [[Categoria:Verba Hebraica]] {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Geographia}} gdm3ph33dwu0yihdg6lca4s6vhjrz9a 3996243 3996242 2026-10-22T22:45:08Z IacobusAmor 1163 ~ (1K) 3996243 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Latinitas|-2}} {{videdis|Israël (discretiva)}} {{Capsa civitatis Vicidata}} '''Civitas Israël'''<ref>{{citation |url=http://ephemeris.alcuinus.net/archi2005/nuntii/eph61/index.php |title=De Colonis Hebraeis e Gaza Expulsis |work=Ephemeris (Fasc. 61) |publisher=Ephemeris |year=[[2005]] |accessdate=[[11 Novembris]] [[2015]]}}.</ref> ([[Hebraice]] ''מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל'' ''Medīnat Yisrā'el'' ; [[Arabice]] دَوْلَة إِسْرَائِيل ''Dawlat Isrāʼīl''), breviter '''Israël,'''<ref>"Israël -is, ''m.''": {{Egger DL|35}}.</ref> est [[respublica parlamentaria]] in [[Medius Oriens|Medio Oriente]] sub [[Mare Mediterraneum|Maris Mediterranei]] [[litus|litore]] sita, diversarum intra parvam suam [[area (geometria)|aream]] [[geographia|geographicarum]] proprietatum. A [[septentrio]]nibus [[Libanus|Libanum]] et [[Syria|Syriam]], ab [[oriens|oriente]] [[Iordania|Iordaniam]] et [[Ripa Occidentalis|Ripam Occidentalem]], a [[meridies|meridie]] [[Aegyptus|Aegyptum]] et [[Gaza]]m attingit.<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/is.html |title=Israël |work=CIA Factbook |publisher=CIA |accessdate=[[13 Aprilis]] [[2010]]}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Skolnik|2007|pp=132–232}}.</ref> Suis [[lex|legibus]] definitus "[[Civitas Iudaica et Democratica]]", Israël est sola in [[tellus|orbe terrarum]] civitas ubi [[Iudaeus|Iudaei]] aliis [[gens|gentibus]] praevalent.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=363&year=2007&country=7199 |work=Country Report |title=Israël |publisher=[[Freedom House]] |year=[[2007]] |accessdate=[[15 Iulii]] [[2007]]}}.</ref> == Linguae == Solum [[lingua Hebraica]] est [[lingua publica]]; [[incola]]e autem Hebraica, [[lingua Arabica|Arabica]], aliisque [[lingua|linguis]] late utuntur. Non pauci inter sese [[Lingua Russica|Russice]], nonnulli etiam [[lingua Iudaeogermanica]] loquuntur, et [[puer]]i [[puella]]eque [[lingua Anglica|linguam Anglicam]] in [[schola|scholis]] discunt. == Religiones == * Ex Iudaeis consistit 76 ventesimae, * Ex [[Musulmanus|Musulmanis]] ([[Druzi]]s inclusis) 18 centesimae, * Ex [[Christiani|Christianis]] 2 centesimae ==Fabula in Bibliis Sacris == Iudaei eam terram, quam nunc Israel appellant, sibi ab [[deus|deo]] suo datam esse (Liber Iosue 1, 1-5) arbitrantur. Est enim in [[Biblia Sacra|Bibliis Sacris]]: <blockquote>Et factum est, ut post mortem Moysi servi Domini loqueretur Dominus ad Iosue filium Nun ministrum Moysi et diceret ei: "Moyses servus meus mortuus est; nunc igitur surge et transi Iordanem istum, tu et omnis populus iste, in terram, quam ego dabo filiis Israël. Omnem locum, quem calcaverit [[vestigium]] pedis vestri, vobis tradidi, sicut locutus sum Moysi. A [[deserta|deserto]] et Libano isto usque ad [[fluvius|fluvium]] magnum [[Euphrates|Euphraten]], omnis terra Hetthaeorum usque ad mare Magnum contra [[solis occasus|solis occasum]] erit terminus vester."</blockquote> == Historia == === Antiquitus === [[Fasciculus:Bat Zion I want your Old New Land join Jewish regiment.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|[[Stella David]]is, [[signum]] Iudaismi post [[Medium Aevum]].]] [[Fasciculus:Herzl on a balcony full.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Theodorus Herzl]], [[Sionismus|Sionismi]] fautor maximus (anno 1901).]] [[Fasciculus:UN Partition Plan For Palestine 1947.png|thumb|upright=0.8|Divisio [[Palaestina]]e a [[Consociatio Nationum|Consociatione Nationum]] anno [[1947]] proposita.]] Anno [[586 a.C.n.]], cum [[Nabuchodonosor II]] rex [[Babylon|Babylonis]], terram Iudaeam expugnavisset et [[Templum Salomonicum]] evertisset, Babylonii septuaginta annos in eam terram regnaverunt, sed cum anno [[533 a.C.n.]] [[Cyrus II (rex Persarum)|Cyrus II]] cum [[exercitus|exercitu]] superavisset, [[Persae]] ab anno [[533 a.C.n.]] ad [[332 a.C.n.]] regnaverunt. Anno [[332 a.C.n.]], [[Alexander Magnus]] [[regio]]nem superavit.<!-- eam partem rescribere decet --> Duobus [[bellum|bellis]] cum [[Imperium Romanum|Romanis]] (annis [[70]] et [[135]]) gestis et praecipue [[templum|templo]] [[Hierosolyma|Hierosolymorum]] ab imperatore [[Titus (imperator)|Tito]] (anno 70) diruto, magna Iudaeorum pars ex [[regio]]ne effugit. Anno [[135]], post secundum excidium, Romani [[Hierosolyma]] restituerunt, novoque nomine appellaverunt [[Aelia Capitolina|Aeliam Capitolinam]]. === Recentioribus temporibus === Iam anno [[1917]], [[Arthurus Balfour]] [[Scotia|Scoticus]] suasit, ut Iudaei in [[Palaestina]]m redirent et quamprimum [[primum bellum mundanum|priori bello mundano]] fini imposito [[Imperium Ottomanicum]], quod antea [[Palaestina]]m tenuerat, ruissent. Post [[secundum bellum mundanum]] et Iudaeorum in Europa [[Soa|persecutionem]], [[1947]] anno [[29 Novembris|29 die Novembris]], [[Consociatio Nationum]] Palaestinam proposuerunt inter Iudaeos et [[Arabi|Arabes]] distribuendam. Die [[14 Maii]] [[1948]], civitas Israël rite condita est. Quamquam iuxta resolutionem, qua civitas creata erat, urbs Hierosolyma nec ab Iudeis nec Arabis, sed [[Britanniarum Regnum|Britanniarum Regno]] regenda esset, tamen [[1950]] anno, Israël [[caput (urbs)|caput]] suum Hierosolyma declaravit. Principio civitati [[superficies]] 14 000 km² erat. 1948 et [[1967]] vero annis, ager 8000 km² ulterius expugnatus est et usquedum retinetur. Quam enim terram colonis adductis Israël sibi vindicare molitur. Anno [[1967]], Israël [[Bellum Sex Dierum|Bello Sex Dierum]] [[Ripa Occidentalis|ripam occidentalem]] [[Iordanes|Iordanis]] occupans intra Palaestinorum fines [[colonia]]s condidit. Quo ex bello [[contentio Arabo-Israëlitica]], scilicet dissensio inter Israël, Palaestinenses, Arabes, orta est. Anno [[1973]], [[Dies Expiationis|expiationis die]], quae Iudaeis sanctissima est, et Aegyptus et Syria Israële oppugnato, a terra propulsati sunt. Qua victoria Aegyptus coacta est, ut Israëlem civitatem iure agnoscerent. == Urbes principales == {{div col|2}} * [[Accho]] (sive ''Ace, Ptolemais Phoeniciae'') *[[Ascalon]] * [[Berosaba]]<ref>[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0064:entry=beersheba-geo Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854)].</ref> (sive ''Bersabee''<ref>In [[Vulgata]].</ref>, sive ''Bersabea''<ref>[https://books.google.be/books?redir_esc=y&hl=de&id=Xv83AQAAMAAJ&q=Bersabeam#v=snippet&q=Bersabeam&f=false Scripturae Sacrae cursus completus].</ref>) * [[Hadera]] * [[Hepha]] (sive ''Sycaminus'') * [[Hierosolyma]] (sive Ierusalem) * [[Ioppa]] * [[Lydia]] (sive ''Lod'') * [[Nazareth]] * [[Petah Tiqwa]] * [[Ramatgan]] * [[Ramla]] * [[Rison Lezion]] * [[Rooboth]]<ref>Urbs Idumaeae antiqua. v. [[Hieronymus|S. Hieronymi]] [https://www.google.ru/books/edition/Oeuvres_complètes_de_S_Jérôme/EQEjga23aG8C?hl=ru&gbpv=1&dq=Rooboth&pg=PA490&printsec=frontcover De situ et nominibus locorum Hebraicorum].</ref> * [[Sephath]]<ref>Iud. 1.17.</ref> * [[Telavivum]] (sive Vernicollis; confer ''Acervus novarum frugum'') * [[Tiberias]] {{div col end}} {{NexInt}} {{div col|2}} * "[[A flumine ad mare]]" * [[Ascalon (urbs antiqua)]] * [[Hatikvah]], [[hymnus nationalis]] * [[Hermon]], [[mons]] altissimus * [[Historia Israelis et Iudae, regnorum antiquorum]] * [[Iesus]] Nazarenus * [[Index urbium Israëliticarum]] * [[Iudaea (regio)]] * [[Netafim]], negotium rusticum * [[Ohalo II]], situs archaeologicus * [[Paradoxum Israeliticum]] * [[Territorialismus Iudaeus]] * [[Titus (imperator)|Titus]], [[imperator Romanus]] {{div col end}} == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == * {{citation|title=Israël's Quest for Recognition and Acceptance in Asia: Garrison State Diplomacy|last=Abadi|first=Jacob|isbn=0-7146-5576-7|publisher=Routledge|year=2004}} * {{citation|title=The Book of Jewish Knowledge|last=Ausubel|first=Natan|publisher=Crown Publishers|location=Novi Eboraci|year=1964|isbn=0-517-09746-X}} * {{citation|title=The Original Story: God, Israël and the World|last=Barton|first=John|last2=Bowden|first2=Julie |isbn=0-8028-2900-7|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company|year=2004}} * {{citation|title=Wars, Internal Conflicts, and Political Order: A Jewish Democracy in the Middle East|last=Barzilai|first=Gad|isbn=0-7914-2943-1|publisher=State University of New York Press|year=1996}} * {{citation|title=The Attorney General and the State Prosecutor-Is Institutional Separation Warrented?|last=Barzilai|first=Gad|publisher=The Israël Democracy Institute|year=2010}} * {{Citation |title=A History of the Jewish People |last=Ben-Sasson |first=Hayim |year=1985 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-39731-6}} * {{citation|title=International History of the Twentieth Century|last=Best|first=Anthony|isbn=0-415-20739-8|year=2003|publisher=Routledge}} * {{citation|title=A History of Israël|last=Bregman|first=Ahron|isbn=0-333-67631-9|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2002}} * {{citation|title=World Music: The Rough Guide|last=Broughton|first=Simon|last2=Ellingham|first2=Mark|last3=Trillo|first3=Richard|isbn=1-85828-635-2|publisher=Rough Guides|year=1999}} * {{citation|title=Holocaust City: The Making of a Jewish Ghetto|last=Cole|first=Tim|isbn=0-415-92968-7|year=[[2003]]|publisher=Routledge}} * {{citation|title=The Enemy Within: A History of Espionage|last=Crowdy|first=Terry|isbn=1-84176-933-9|publisher=Osprey Publishing|year=[[2006]]}} * {{citation|title=Patterns of Political Leadership: Egypt, Israël, Lebanon|last=Dekmejian|first=R. Hrair|publisher=State University of New York Press|year=1975|isbn=0-87395-291-X}} * {{citation|title=To Rule Jerusalem|last=Friedland|first=Roger|last2=Hecht|first2=Richard|publisher=University of California Press|year=2000|isbn=0-520-22092-7}} * {{citation|title=The Israël-Palestine Conflict: One Hundred Years of War|last=Gelvin|first=James L.|authorlink=James L. Gelvin|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2005|isbn=0-521-85289-7}} * {{citation|title=The Routledge Atlas Of The Arab–Israël conflict|last=Gilbert|first=Martin|isbn=0-415-35900-7|year=2005|publisher=Routledge|edition=8th}} * {{citation|title=The Climate of Israël: Observation, Research and Application|last=Goldreich|first=Yair|isbn=0-306-47445-X|year=2003|publisher=Springer}} * {{citation|title=The Book of Genesis|last=Hamilton|first=Victor P.|year=1995|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company|edition=2a retractata|isbn=0-8028-2309-2}} * {{citation|title=Warfare and the Third World|last=Harkavy|first=Robert E.|last2=Neuman|first2=Stephanie G.|year=2001|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=0-312-24012-0}} * {{citation|title=Brassey's International Intelligence Yearbook|edition=2003|last=Henderson|first=Robert D'A.|publisher=Brassey's Inc.|year=2003|isbn=1-57488-550-2}} * {{citation|title=The Jewish State|last=Herzl|first=Theodor|authorlink=Theodor Herzl|publisher=American Zionist Emergency Council|year=1946|isbn=0-486-25849-1}} * {{citation|last=Howe|first=Kathleen Stewart|title=Revealing the Holy Land: the photographic exploration of Palestine|publisher=University of California Press|year=1997|isbn=978-0-89951-095-8|page=144|url=http://books.google.com/?id=w0mml-378QQC&printsec=frontcover&q=}} * {{citation|title=Israël and the Palestinian Territories: The Rough Guide|last=Jacobs|first=Daniel|publisher=Rough Guides|edition=2a retractata|year=1988|isbn=1-85828-248-9}} * {{citation|title=Society and Settlement: Jewish Land of Israël in the Twentieth Century|last=Kellerman|first=Aharon|year=1993|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=0-7914-1295-4}} * {{citation|title=Theodor Herzl: From Assimilation to Zionism|last=Kornberg|first=Jacques|isbn=0-253-33203-6|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=1993}} * {{citation|title=Britain's Naval and Political Reaction to the Illegal Immigration of Jews to Palestine, 1945–1948|last=Liebreich|first=Fritz|isbn=0-7146-5637-2|year=2005|publisher=Routledge}} * {{citation|title=For the Land and the Lord: Jewish Fundamentalism in Israël|last=Lustick|first=Ian|isbn=0-87609-036-6|publisher=Council on Foreign Relations Press|year=1988}} * {{citation|title=Israel's Higher Law: Religion and Liberal Democracy in the Jewish State|last=Mazie|first=Steven|publisher=Lexington Books|year=2006|isbn=0-7391-1485-9}} * {{citation|title=Handbook of Decision 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hominis Vicidata}} {{videdis|Pompeius (nomen)}} [[Fasciculus:Hw-pompey.jpg|thumb|Effigies Pompeii [[Holmia]]e ostentata.]] '''Gnaeus Pompeius,''' appellatus '''Magnus,''' fuit ductor exercitus [[Roma Antiqua|Romanus antiquus]], ter [[consul]] et ter [[Triumphus|triumphator]]. In discordiis civilibus pro [[Sylla]] et adversus [[Quintus Sertorius|Sertorium]] pugnavit antequam rivalis exercitui [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Gai Iulii Caesaris]] ipse succumberet. == De familiaribus necessitudinibus == Gnaeus Pompeius e nobili familia [[Picenum|Picena]] ortus erat, filius consulis anni [[89 a.C.n.]], [[Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo|Gnaei Pompei Strabonis]], viri Romanis ob avaritiam et latrocinia [[Bellum sociale|Bello Sociali]] commissa invisi<ref>[[Velleius Paterculus]] II.21.4. [[Iulius Obsequens]] 56. [[Plutarchus]], ''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 1.</ref>. Post eius mortem (87 a.C.n.) furti accusatus Pompeius coram iudicibus se purgare debuit. Quinque uxores habuit Pompeius Magnus. Primo Antistiam, filiam [[praetor|praetoris]] qui iudicio de bonis Pompei praeerat, circa [[86 a.C.n.|86]] uxorem duxit<ref>''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 4.4-6.</ref>. Post paucos annos eam repudiavit cogente [[Dictatura|dictatore]] [[Lucius Cornelius Sulla|Sylla]], qui ut Pompeium artius sibi constringeret [[Privigna|privignam]] suam Aemiliam, filiam uxoris [[Caecilia Metella Dalmatica|Metellae]] et [[Marcus Aemilius Scaurus (senior)|Aemilii Scauri]] prioris mariti eius consulis anni [[115 a.C.n.]], apud eum collocare voluit quamvis praegnantem e marito Manio Acilio Glabrione. Quae post paucos menses in [[puerperium|puerperio]] obiit<ref>''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 9.1-4.</ref>. Deinde Muciam Tertiam uxorem habuit, filiam [[Quintus Mucius Scaevola (consul 95 a.C.n.)|Quinti Mucii Scaevolae]], quae ei tres liberos peperit: Gnaeum, [[Sextus Pompeius|Sextum]] Pompeiamque quae [[Faustus Cornelius Sulla (mortuus 46 a.C.n.)|Fausto Syllae]], [[Dictatura|dictatoris]] filio nupsit. At cum diu in Asia bellaret Muciam solam Romae relictam palam seduxit Gaius Iulius Caesar. Quocirca cum illa quoque divortium fecit redux Pompeius<ref>''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 42.12-13. [[Suetonius]], ''Divus Iulius'' 10.1. [[Cicero]], ''[[Epistulae ad Atticum|Ad Atticum]]'' I.12.3</ref>. Quartam velut [[triumviratus|primi triumviratus]] pignus habuit [[Iulia (uxor Pompeii Magni)|Iuliam]], filiam Gai Iulii Caesaris antea Servilio Caepioni sponsam<ref>''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 47.10.</ref> , quae maritum multum adamasse dicitur<ref>Ibidem 48.8 et 49.4 et 53.1-4. [[Valerius Maximus]] IV.6.4. [[Cassius Dio|Dio Cassius]] XXXIX.32.2.</ref>. At et illa in puerperio periit nec infans superfuit (mense septembri [[54 a.C.n.]]). Eius funus fuit triumviratus funus et societatis inter Pompeium et Caesarem interitus. Postremam duxit Corneliam Metellam, viduam [[Publius Licinius Crassus|Publii Licinii Crassi]]<ref>''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 74.6.</ref> eandemque filiam [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio Nasica|Quinti Metelli Scipionis]]<ref>''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 55 qui hanc feminam litteratam laudabat.</ref>, quem anno [[52 a.C.n.|52]] collegam in consulatu sibi ipse elegit et qui generum in bello civili comitabatur atque Pompeio mortuo reliquas copias in Africa collegit ubi ad [[Pugna ad Thapsum|Thapsum]] a Caesare victus est. == De triumphis == Ter [[triumphus|triumphavit]] Pompeius. Triumphus primus "ex Africa" die [[12 Martii]] [[79 a.C.n.]] celebratus est: revera non Afros vicit sed [[Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus (Cinnae gener)|Gnaeum Domitium Ahenobarbum]], [[Lucius Cornelius Cinna|Cinnae]] generum, aliosque [[Gaius Marius|Marianarum]] partium profugos qui in hanc provinciam salutem quaerebant<ref>''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 10-12</ref>. Redux statim triumphare voluit sed [[Dictatura|dictator]] [[Lucius Cornelius Sulla|Sylla]] diu recusavit praecipue quia nec consul nec praetor exercitum duxerat<ref>Magistratum cum imperio non gerebat. Cf Titus Livius XXXI.20: ''exemplum a maioribus non accepisse ut qui neque dictator neque consul neque praetor res gessisset triumpharet''.</ref>, antequam manus postremo daret<ref>''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 14</ref>. Tum Pompeius [[Quadrigae|quadrigis]] elephantorum Urbem intrare voluit sed quia porta angustior erat equis albis contentus fuit<ref>''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 14.6. {{Pnh}} VIII.4.</ref>. Et milites obstrepentes quia non satis praemiorum acceperant repulisse narratur dicens triumpho se renuntiare malle quam eos adulari<ref>''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 14.7.</ref>. Ita non erubuit de Romanis triumphare. Triumphus alter "ex Hispania" pridie [[Kalendae|Kalendas]] Ianuarias [[71 a.C.n.]] celebratus est et postero die Kalendis Ianuariis [[70 a.C.n.]] primum consulatum Pompeius inibat<ref>''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 22.</ref>. Iterum [[Bellum Sertorianum|de Romanis triumphabat]]: etsi enim nonnullae gentes Ibericae cum [[Quintus Sertorius|Sertorio]] societatem fecerant revera Sertorium et successorem Perpennam vicerat reliquiasque Marianarum partium quae Sullanam civitatem recusabant. [[Fasciculus:Faustus Cornelius Sulla, AR denarius, 56 BC, RRC 426-4a.jpg|thumb|Denarius in honorem Pompei a genero [[Faustus Cornelius Sulla (mortuus 46 a.C.n.)|Fausto Sylla]] anno 56 a.C.n. signatus. Nam tres laureae ad tres triumphos alludunt et spica frumenti ad praefecturam annonae nuper Pompeio mandatam. Quae emissio specialiter ad frumentum emendum percussa est. Corona gemmata super globum ad 'triumphatorem mundi' referenda est<ref>Babelon, [https://archive.org/details/descriptionhisto01babe/page/422/mode/2up Cornelia 61]. Crawford 426/4. [https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/C_R-8752 Nummus in Museo Britannico].</ref>.]] Tertius triumphus ita magnificus et sumptuosus fuit ut per duos dies digeri debuerit (28/9 septembris 61) nec tamen omnia quae praeparata erant populo ostendi tempore deficiente potuerunt. Quattuordecim gentes victas enumerabat: praeter [[Pirata|piratas]] fuerunt Pontus, Armenia, Syria, Iudaea, Arabia etc. Finis praeterea fuit [[Bella Mithridatica|belli Mithridatici]] quo Romani per triginta annos multa damna acceperant. Et in tabellis in pompa prolatis pecunia ingens in [[aerarium]] deposita et novae urbes (circiter 39) ab illo conditae legebantur<ref>''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 45. {{Pnh}} VII.98-99 necnon XXXVII.13. [[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]], ''Mithridatica'' 116-117. Velleius Paterculus II.40.3.</ref>. Quod tamen maxime animadverterunt aequales nec umquam ante Pompeium cuiquam acciderat hoc fuit quod tribus triumphis Pompeius de tribus mundi partibus (Africa, Europa, Asia) tunc notis triumphasset atque velut orbem terrarum Romanis subegisset<ref>[[Cicero]], ''Pro Balbo'' 4.9 et VI.16. ''Pro Sestio'' 129. [[Dio Cassius]] XXXVII.21. Quod idem in denariis suis celebrabat [[Faustus Cornelius Sulla (mortuus 46 a.C.n.)|Faustus Stylla]], Pompei gener.</ref>. Posteris vero res postea gestas cogitantibus visum est tunc mori Pompeium optimum fuisse ne "magni nominis umbra"<ref>[[Lucanus]], ''Pharsalia'' I.135. D. C. Feeney, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/638958 Stat magni nominis umbra.' Lucan on the Greatness of Pompeius Magnus]", ''The Classical Quarterly'', 1986: 239-243</ref> fieret. Reliqua vita eius non tantum foeda sed etiam reipublicae Romanae perniciosa fuit postquam primum [[Triumviratus|triumviratum]] cum Caesare et Crasso sociavit<ref>''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 46.</ref>. De quo vide etiam [[Triumphi Gnaei Pompei Magni]]. == Curriculum vitae == === De bello civili === Pater Strabo filio velut hereditatem exercitum legavit quem in [[Bellum sociale|bello Sociali]] ducendum acceperat et post consulatum anni 89 retinuit successore per milites interfecto. Praeterea ipse dilectus in regione natali [[Picenum|Picentina]] habebat. Bello civili primo cum pater tum postea filius ambigue egerunt usque ad Syllae in Italiam reditum. Tum Pompeius et ipse et tres legiones quibus imperabat Syllae praesto fuit, vix tres et viginti annos natus. Quod gratum illi fuit et Pompeius in Siciliam et Africam adversus [[Gaius Marius|Marianos]] ab eo missus Perpenam fugavit, Carbonem et Domitium Ahenobarbum vicit et interfecit<ref>''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 10-12. [[Valerius Maximus]] VI.2.8.</ref>. Redux a Sylla [[imperator]] appellatur et [[cognomen]] Magnus ei confirmatur. Anno 79 de Africa triumphare Pompeio licuit quamquam nondum magistratum ullum [[cursus honorum]] gesserat. Sylla mortuo adversus consulem [[Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (consul 78 a.C.n.)|Lepidum]] rerum potiri conantem pugnavit et eius legatum Marcum Iunium Brutum in [[Gallia Cisalpina]] victum et in fidem suam deditum perfide interfici iussit<ref>[[Titus Livius]], ''Periocha'' 90. [[Orosius]] V.22.17. ''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 16.</ref>. Deinde cum exercitum retineret nec dimittere vellet proconsulari potestate (quamvis privatus tunc erat<ref>Cicero, ''[[De imperio Cn. Pompei|De imperio Gnaei Pompei]]'' 62</ref>) in Hispaniam adversus [[Quintus Sertorius|Sertorium]] anno [[77 a.C.n.]] missus est, adiutor et collega [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius|Quinti Metelli Pii]] qui saepe contra ultimum popularium ducem male pugnaverat. Pompeius et ipse saepe cum Sertorio infeliciter pugnavit qui semper ex improviso apparebat: tandem tamen Sertorio a [[Marcus Perperna Veiento|Perperna]] fraude occiso bellum confecit atque victor Romam rediit ([[71 a.C.n.]])<ref>Plutarchus, ''Vita Sertorii'' et ''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 17-20. [[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]], ''Bella civilia'' I.108-115.</ref> ubi triumphavit et consulatum sibi paravit. === De consulatu, piratis, Mithridate === Anno [[70 a.C.n.]] consul fuit cum [[Marcus Licinius Crassus (triumvir)|Marco Licinio Crasso]], quocum simultates acerbas exercebat adhuc asperiores factas cum in itinere Pompeius reliquos servos fugitivos qui [[Spartacus|Spartacum]] secuti erant profligavit, ita partem gloriae suae et victoriae Crasso subripiens. Odium mutuum consulum tum apud Romanos metum graviorum turbarum suscitavit. Certe legem pertulerunt de [[Tribunus plebis|tribunicia potestate]] in pristinam vim restituenda quae plebis votis data est. Praeterea [[Lex Aurelia iudiciaria|legem iudiciariam]] [[Lucius Aurelius Cotta (cos. 65 a.C.n.)|Aurelii Cottae]] probavit quae iudicia [[Eques Romanus|equitibus]] reddebat. His duabus legibus Pompeius popularis favoris cupidine illa quam Cicero eius ''popularem levitatem''<ref>''[[Ad Atticum]]'' II.1.6.</ref> appellabat rempublicam a dictatore Sylla ordinatam aboleverat<ref>''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 21-23</ref>. Post consulatum exercitum dimisit et paulisper a re publica secessit. Mox tamen anno [[67 a.C.n.|67]] quia [[Pirata|piratae]] maria infestabant atque plebs Romana iam famem timebat si commeatus interciperetur [[tribunus plebis]] [[Aulus Gabinius]] [[Lex Gabinia|rogationem]] promulgavit quae duci unico imperium maius extraordinarium adversus piratas daret: legatos praetorios viginti quinque sibi adiungere, militum dilectus quot vellet et navium aedificationes êcuniaeque erogationem ad libitum iubere, imperium ceteris magistratibus maius non tantum in mari sed etiam in omnibus litoribus in triennium. Ita sine nomine dictatura quaedam instituebatur: nam omnes sciebant rem ad Pompeium spectare. Optimates illi novae rei frustra adversabantur, plebs Pompeio nimis favebat quam ut obstare liceret. Itaque lex perlata est. Pompeius regionem aliquam maris unicuique legatorum suorum adsignavit<ref>[[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]], ''Mithridatica'' 195.</ref> et paucis mrnsibus mare praedonibus liberavit. Reliquos eorum in [[Cilicia]] interiore longe a mari collocavit agris datis ut vitam agricultura in posterum quaererent<ref>''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 24-29. [[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]], ''Mithridatica'' 91-6. [[Cicero]], ''[[De imperio Cn. Pompei|de Imperio Cn. Pompei]]'' 31-35.</ref>. == Vita == Gnaeus Pompeius stirpis senatoriae adolescens, in bello civili se et patrem consilio servavit. [[Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo|Pompeii pater]] suo [[Exercitus|exercitui]] ob avaritiam erat invisus; itaque facta est in eum conspiratio. Terentius quidam, Gnaei Pompeii contubernalis, eum occidendum susceperat, dum alii tabernaculum patris incenderent. Quae res iuveni Pompeio cenanti nuntiata est. Ipse nihil periculo motus, solito hilarius bibit, et cum Terentio eadem, qua antea, comitate usus est. Deinde cubiculum ingressus, clam subduxit se tentorio, et firmam patri circumposuit custodiam. Terentius tum districtu ense, ad lectum Pompeii accessit, multisque ictibus stragula percussit. Orta mox seditione, Pompeius se in media coniecit agmina, militesque tumultuantes precibus et lacrimis placavit, ac suo duci reconciliavit. Pompeii consul sine collega a senatu nominatus, Caesari aemulus erat. Pompeius eodem bello civili partes [[Sulla|Sullae]] secutus, ita egit ut ab eo maxime diligeretur. Annos tres et viginti natus, ut Sullae auxilio veniret, paterni exercitus reliquias collegit, statimque dux peritus exstitit. Illius magnus apud militem amor, magna apud omnes admiratio fuit; nullus ei labor taedio, nulla defatigatio molestiae erat. Cibi vinique temperans, somni parcus, inter milites corpus exercebat. Cum alacribus saltu, cum velocibus cursu, cum validis lucta certabat. Tum ad Sullam iter intendit, non per loca devia, sed palam incedens, tres hostium exercitus aut fudit, aut sibi adiunxit. Quem ubi Sulla ad se accedere audivit, egregiamque sub signis iuventutem aspexit, desiliit ex equo, Pompeiumque salutavit imperatorem: deinceps ei venienti solebat assurgere de sella et caput aperire; quem honorem nemini nisi Pompeio tribuebat. Postea Pompeius in [[Sicilia|Siciliam]] profectus est, ut eam a Carbone Sullae inimico occupatam reciperet. Carbo comprehensus, et ad Pompeium ductus est. Quem Pompeius, postquam acerbe in eum invectus fuisset, ad supplicium duci iussit. Tunc ille, qui ter consul fuerat, demisse ac muliebriter mortem extimuit: voce flebili petiit ut sibi alvum levare liceret, sicque brevem miserrimae vitae usuram rapuit, donec miles morae impatiens caput in sordido loco sedentis amputavit. Longe moderatior fuit Pompeius erga Sthenium Siculae cuiusdam civitatis principem. Cum enim in eam civitatem animadvertere decrevisset qua sibi adversata fuerat, exclamavit Sthenius, eum inique facturum si ob culpam unius omnes plecteret. Interroganti Pompeio quisnam ille unus esset, "Ego, inquit Sthenius, qui meos cives ad id induxi." Tam libera voce delectatus Pompeius, omnibus et Sthenio ipsi pepercit. Transgressus inde in [[Africa|Africam]] Pompeius, Iarbam [[Numidia|Numidiae]] regem, qui [[Marius|Marii]] partibus favebat, bello persecutus est. Intra dies quadraginta hostem oppressit, et Africam subegit adolescens quattuor et viginti annorum. Tum ei litterae a Sulla redditae sunt, quibus iubebatur exercitum dimittere, et cum una tantum legione successorem exspectare. Id aegre tulit Pompeius paruit: tamen, et Romam reversus est. Revertenti incredibilis multitudo obviam ivit. Sulla quoque eum laetus excepit, et Magni cognomine appellavit: nihilominus Pompeio triumphum petenti restitit; neque ea re a proposito deterritus est Pompeius; aususque est dicere plures solem orientem adorare, quam occidentem: quo dicto innuebat Sullae potentiam minui, suam vero crescere. Ea voce audita, Sulla iuvenis constantiam admiratus, exclamavit: "Triumphet, triumphet." A Pompeio militari triumpho perfecto, titulum Magnum accipit. Metello iam seni et bellum in [[Hispania]] segnius gerenti collega datus est Pompeius, ibique adversus Sertorium vario eventu dimicavit. In quodam proelio maximum subiit periculum: cum enim in eum vir vasta corporis magnitudine impetum fecisset, Pompeius manum hostis amputavit, sed multis in eum concurrentibus, vulnus in femore accepit, et a suis fugientibus desertus in hostium potestate erat. At praeter spem evasit: illi scilicet equum Pompeii auro phalerisque eximiis instructum ceperant. Dum vero praedam inter se altercantes partiuntur, Pompeius illorum manus effugit. Altero proelio, cum [[Metellus]] Pompeio laboranti auxilio venisset, fususque esset Sertorii exercitus, is dixisse fertur: "Nisi ista anus supervenisset, ego hunc puerum verberibus castigatum Romam dimisissem." Metellum anum appellabat, quia is iam senex ad mollem et effeminatam vitam deflexerat. Tandem Sortorio interfecto, Pompeius Hispaniam recepit. Cum [[Pirata|piratae]] maria omnia infestarent, et quasdam etiam Italiae urbes diripuissent, ad eos opprimendos, cum imperio extraordinario missus est Pompeius. Nimiae viri potentiae obsistebant quidam ex optimatibus, et imprimis Quintus Catulus; qui cum in contione dixisset esse quidem praeclarum virum Gnaeum Pompeium, sed non esse uni omnia tribuenda, adiecissetque: "Si quid ei acciderit, ecquemnam in eius locum substituetis?" Acclamavit universa contio: "Te ipsum, Quinte Catule." Tam honorifico civium testimonio victus Catulus e contione discessit. Pompeius, disposito per omnes maris recessus navium praesidio, brevi terrarum orbem illa peste liberavit; praedones multis locis victos fudit; eosdem in deditionem acceptos in urbibus et agris procul a mari collocavit. Nihil hac victoria celerius; nam intra quadragesimum diem piratas toto mari expulit. Confecto bello piratico, Gnaeus Pompeius contra [[Mithridates VI (rex Ponti)|Mithridatem]] profectus est, et in Asiam magna celeritate contendit. Proelium cum rege conserere cupiebat, neque opportuna dabatur pugnandi facultas, quia Mithridates interdiu castris se continebat, noctu vero haud tutum orat congredi cum hoste in locis ignotis. Quadam tamen noctu Mithridatem Pompeius aggressus est. Luna magno fuit Romanis adiumento: nam cum eam Romani a tergo haberent, umbrae corporum longius proiectae ad primos usque hostium ordines pertinebant; unde decepti regii milites, in umbras tanquam in propinquum hostem tela mittebant. Victus Mithridates in Pontum profugit. Adversus eum filius Pharnaces rebellavit, quia, occisis a patre fratribus, vitae suae ipse timebat. Mithridates a filio obsessus venenum sumpsit, quod cum tardius subiret, quia adversus venena multis antea medicaminibus corpus firmaverat, a milite Gallo volens interfectus est. Pompeius deinde Tigranem [[Armenia|Armeniae]] regem, qui Mithridatis partes secutus fuerat, ad deditionem compulit; quem tamen ad genua procumbentem erexit, benignis verbis recreavit, et in regnum restituit, aeque pulchrum esse iudicans et vincere reges et facere. Tandem rebus Asiae compositis in Italiam rediit. Ad urbem venit, non, ut plerique timuerant, armatus, sed demisso exercitu, et tertium triumphum biduo duxit. Insignis fuit multis novis inusitatisque ornamentis hic triumphus; sed nihil illustrius visum, quam quod tribus triumphis tres orbis partes devictae causam praebuerunt Pompeius enim, quod antea contigerat nemini, primo ex Africa, iterum ex Europa, tertio ex Asia triumphavit, felix opinione hominum futurus, si quem gloriae, eumdem vitae finem habuisset, neque adversam fortunam esset expertus iam senex. Pompeius effecit ut et magnitudinem et potentiam Senatus augeret. A [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Caesare]] anno [[48 a.C.n.]] apud [[Pugna apud Pharsalum|Pharsalum]] victus in [[Aegyptus|Aeqyptum]] fugit, atque die [[28 Septembris]] eiusdem anni, [[Pelusium|Pelusii]] appulsus, necatus est. Inter interfectores et [[Lucius Septimius]] fuit. == Notae == <references /> == Fontes praecipui == [[Fasciculus:RSC 0017.jpg|thumb|Caput Pompei in [[Denarius|denario]] a filio Sexto signato.]] * [[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]], ''Bella civilia'' I-II et ''Mithridatica'' *[[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Caesar]], ''De bello civili'' * [[Cicero]], Epistulae et orationes passim et imprimis oratio ''[[De imperio Cn. Pompei]]'' *[[Dio Cassius]], ''[[Historia Romana (Dio)|Historia Romana]]'' *[[Lucanus]], ''[[Pharsalia]]'' *[[Plutarchus]], ''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' *[[Sallustius]], ''Historiae'' *[[Titus Livius]], ''Periochae'' *[[Velleius Paterculus]], ''[[Historiae (Velleius)|Historiae]]'' == Plura legere si cupis == *Ernestus Baltrusch, ''Caesar und Pompeius'', [[Darmstadium|Darmstadii]], 2004 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_2007_num_85_1_6137_t1_0185_0000_4 Recensio critica] *Henricus Antonius Cornelius Chais Van Buren, ''Dissertatio historico-juridica inauguralis de Cn. Pompeio Magno, et de legibus ab eo latis''..., Lugduni Batavorum, 1823 * Karl Christ, ''Pompeius : der Feldherr Roms ; eine Biographie'', C.H. Beck, 2004 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=IN-8tQcnJiEC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] * Matthias Dingmann, ''Pompeius Magnus : Machtgrundlagen eines spätrepublikanischen Politikers'', M. Leidorf, 2007 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2010_num_79_1_4002_t21_0656_0000_2 Recensio critica] [https://www.academia.edu/165291002/Matthias_Dingmann_Pompeius_Magnus_Machtgrundlagen_eines_sp%C3%A4trepublikanischen_Politikers Altera recensio critica] * Mathias Gelzer, ''Pompeius. Lebensbild eines Römers'', Stuttgart, Steiner, 2005 (prima editio 1948) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_2007_num_109_1_6738_t1_0400_0000_3 Recensio critica] *Charles-Alban Horvais, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/vita_0042-7306_2017_num_195_1_1841 Pompée, les Italiens et le Sénat (de 62 à 49 av. J.-C.)]", ''Vita Latina'', 2017: 5-21 *John Leach, ''Pompey the Great'', Routledge, 1978 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=ASYiAwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] * Alessandro Moretti, ''Crescere nella discordia : la vita di Pompeo'', Bononiae, 2022 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=DRAEEQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] *Nicole Schemmel, ''Rhōmaiōn kratistos : die Rezeption des Pompeius in der römischen Kaiserzeit'', Wellem Verlag, 2015 *Francesco Paolo Rizzo S. J., ''Le Fonti per la Storia della Conquista Pompeiana della Siria'', Banca di Sicilia, 1963 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1964_num_33_2_1428_t1_0551_0000_2 Recensio critica] [https://www.persee.fr/doc/reg_0035-2039_1964_num_77_364_3778_t1_0308_0000_1 Altera recensio critica] *Georg-Philipp Schietinger (curator), ''Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus : Ausnahmekarrierist, Netzwerker und Machtstratege : Beiträge zur Heidelberger Pompeius-Tagung am 24. September 2014'', Marie Leidorf, 2019 *J. Van Ooteghem, ''Pompée le Grand, bâtisseur d'Empire'', Bruxellis, 1954 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_1955_num_33_4_1970_t1_0952_0000_1 Recensio critica] *Donata Villani, « [https://journals.openedition.org/pallas/1061#article-1061 Entre imitatio Alexandri et imitatio Herculis : Pompée et l’universalisme romain] », ''Pallas'', 2013: 335-350. == Nexus externi == {{Vicicitatio|Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus}} {{CommuniaCat|Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Gnaeum Pompeium Magnum }} {{Viri Illustres}} * "[http://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/moa/acl3129.0003.001/485?page=root;rgn=full+text;size=100;view=image;q1=pompeius C. Pompeius Magnus]" in {{Smith-bio}} vol. 3 pp. 477-488 {{Fontes biographici}} {{Index consulum rei publicae| praedecessores= [[Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus]] et [[Lucius Marcius Philippus (consul 56 a.C.n.)|Lucius Marcius Philippus]]| annus= 55 a.C.n.<br />cum<br />[[Marcus Licinius Crassus (triumvir)|Marco Licinio Crasso]] II| successores= [[Appius Claudius Pulcher (consul 54 a.C.n.)|Appius Claudius Pulcher]] et [[Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 54 a.C.n.)|L. Domitius Ahenobarbus]]}} {{Index consulum rei publicae| praedecessores=[[Marcus Valerius Messalla Rufus]] et [[Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus]]| annus= 52 a.C.n.<br />cum<br />[[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio Nasica|Quinto Caecilio Metello Pio Scipione Nasica]]| successores=[[Marcus Claudius Marcellus (consul 51 a.C.n.)|M. Claudius Marcellus]] et [[Servius Sulpicius Rufus]]}} {{Lifetime|106 a.C.n.|48 a.C.n.|Pompeius Magnus, Gnaeus}} [[Categoria:Consules]] [[Categoria:Gens Pompeia|Magnus, Gnaeus]] [[Categoria:Necati]] [[Categoria:Participes bellorum Mithridaticorum]] [[Categoria:Participes Belli Civilis (49-45 a.C.n.)]] [[Categoria:Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|!]] [[Categoria:Victimae Belli Civilis (49-45 a.C.n.)]] {{Myrias|Homines}} 3ij0mncb3jug23xq47kgofivgnx2wrl 3996226 3996225 2026-10-22T20:33:16Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De consulatu, piratis, Mithridate */ 3996226 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} {{videdis|Pompeius (nomen)}} [[Fasciculus:Hw-pompey.jpg|thumb|Effigies Pompeii [[Holmia]]e ostentata.]] '''Gnaeus Pompeius,''' appellatus '''Magnus,''' fuit ductor exercitus [[Roma Antiqua|Romanus antiquus]], ter [[consul]] et ter [[Triumphus|triumphator]]. In discordiis civilibus pro [[Sylla]] et adversus [[Quintus Sertorius|Sertorium]] pugnavit antequam rivalis exercitui [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Gai Iulii Caesaris]] ipse succumberet. == De familiaribus necessitudinibus == Gnaeus Pompeius e nobili familia [[Picenum|Picena]] ortus erat, filius consulis anni [[89 a.C.n.]], [[Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo|Gnaei Pompei Strabonis]], viri Romanis ob avaritiam et latrocinia [[Bellum sociale|Bello Sociali]] commissa invisi<ref>[[Velleius Paterculus]] II.21.4. [[Iulius Obsequens]] 56. [[Plutarchus]], ''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 1.</ref>. Post eius mortem (87 a.C.n.) furti accusatus Pompeius coram iudicibus se purgare debuit. Quinque uxores habuit Pompeius Magnus. Primo Antistiam, filiam [[praetor|praetoris]] qui iudicio de bonis Pompei praeerat, circa [[86 a.C.n.|86]] uxorem duxit<ref>''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 4.4-6.</ref>. Post paucos annos eam repudiavit cogente [[Dictatura|dictatore]] [[Lucius Cornelius Sulla|Sylla]], qui ut Pompeium artius sibi constringeret [[Privigna|privignam]] suam Aemiliam, filiam uxoris [[Caecilia Metella Dalmatica|Metellae]] et [[Marcus Aemilius Scaurus (senior)|Aemilii Scauri]] prioris mariti eius consulis anni [[115 a.C.n.]], apud eum collocare voluit quamvis praegnantem e marito Manio Acilio Glabrione. Quae post paucos menses in [[puerperium|puerperio]] obiit<ref>''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 9.1-4.</ref>. Deinde Muciam Tertiam uxorem habuit, filiam [[Quintus Mucius Scaevola (consul 95 a.C.n.)|Quinti Mucii Scaevolae]], quae ei tres liberos peperit: Gnaeum, [[Sextus Pompeius|Sextum]] Pompeiamque quae [[Faustus Cornelius Sulla (mortuus 46 a.C.n.)|Fausto Syllae]], [[Dictatura|dictatoris]] filio nupsit. At cum diu in Asia bellaret Muciam solam Romae relictam palam seduxit Gaius Iulius Caesar. Quocirca cum illa quoque divortium fecit redux Pompeius<ref>''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 42.12-13. [[Suetonius]], ''Divus Iulius'' 10.1. [[Cicero]], ''[[Epistulae ad Atticum|Ad Atticum]]'' I.12.3</ref>. Quartam velut [[triumviratus|primi triumviratus]] pignus habuit [[Iulia (uxor Pompeii Magni)|Iuliam]], filiam Gai Iulii Caesaris antea Servilio Caepioni sponsam<ref>''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 47.10.</ref> , quae maritum multum adamasse dicitur<ref>Ibidem 48.8 et 49.4 et 53.1-4. [[Valerius Maximus]] IV.6.4. [[Cassius Dio|Dio Cassius]] XXXIX.32.2.</ref>. At et illa in puerperio periit nec infans superfuit (mense septembri [[54 a.C.n.]]). Eius funus fuit triumviratus funus et societatis inter Pompeium et Caesarem interitus. Postremam duxit Corneliam Metellam, viduam [[Publius Licinius Crassus|Publii Licinii Crassi]]<ref>''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 74.6.</ref> eandemque filiam [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio Nasica|Quinti Metelli Scipionis]]<ref>''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 55 qui hanc feminam litteratam laudabat.</ref>, quem anno [[52 a.C.n.|52]] collegam in consulatu sibi ipse elegit et qui generum in bello civili comitabatur atque Pompeio mortuo reliquas copias in Africa collegit ubi ad [[Pugna ad Thapsum|Thapsum]] a Caesare victus est. == De triumphis == Ter [[triumphus|triumphavit]] Pompeius. Triumphus primus "ex Africa" die [[12 Martii]] [[79 a.C.n.]] celebratus est: revera non Afros vicit sed [[Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus (Cinnae gener)|Gnaeum Domitium Ahenobarbum]], [[Lucius Cornelius Cinna|Cinnae]] generum, aliosque [[Gaius Marius|Marianarum]] partium profugos qui in hanc provinciam salutem quaerebant<ref>''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 10-12</ref>. Redux statim triumphare voluit sed [[Dictatura|dictator]] [[Lucius Cornelius Sulla|Sylla]] diu recusavit praecipue quia nec consul nec praetor exercitum duxerat<ref>Magistratum cum imperio non gerebat. Cf Titus Livius XXXI.20: ''exemplum a maioribus non accepisse ut qui neque dictator neque consul neque praetor res gessisset triumpharet''.</ref>, antequam manus postremo daret<ref>''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 14</ref>. Tum Pompeius [[Quadrigae|quadrigis]] elephantorum Urbem intrare voluit sed quia porta angustior erat equis albis contentus fuit<ref>''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 14.6. {{Pnh}} VIII.4.</ref>. Et milites obstrepentes quia non satis praemiorum acceperant repulisse narratur dicens triumpho se renuntiare malle quam eos adulari<ref>''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 14.7.</ref>. Ita non erubuit de Romanis triumphare. Triumphus alter "ex Hispania" pridie [[Kalendae|Kalendas]] Ianuarias [[71 a.C.n.]] celebratus est et postero die Kalendis Ianuariis [[70 a.C.n.]] primum consulatum Pompeius inibat<ref>''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 22.</ref>. Iterum [[Bellum Sertorianum|de Romanis triumphabat]]: etsi enim nonnullae gentes Ibericae cum [[Quintus Sertorius|Sertorio]] societatem fecerant revera Sertorium et successorem Perpennam vicerat reliquiasque Marianarum partium quae Sullanam civitatem recusabant. [[Fasciculus:Faustus Cornelius Sulla, AR denarius, 56 BC, RRC 426-4a.jpg|thumb|Denarius in honorem Pompei a genero [[Faustus Cornelius Sulla (mortuus 46 a.C.n.)|Fausto Sylla]] anno 56 a.C.n. signatus. Nam tres laureae ad tres triumphos alludunt et spica frumenti ad praefecturam annonae nuper Pompeio mandatam. Quae emissio specialiter ad frumentum emendum percussa est. Corona gemmata super globum ad 'triumphatorem mundi' referenda est<ref>Babelon, [https://archive.org/details/descriptionhisto01babe/page/422/mode/2up Cornelia 61]. Crawford 426/4. [https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/C_R-8752 Nummus in Museo Britannico].</ref>.]] Tertius triumphus ita magnificus et sumptuosus fuit ut per duos dies digeri debuerit (28/9 septembris 61) nec tamen omnia quae praeparata erant populo ostendi tempore deficiente potuerunt. Quattuordecim gentes victas enumerabat: praeter [[Pirata|piratas]] fuerunt Pontus, Armenia, Syria, Iudaea, Arabia etc. Finis praeterea fuit [[Bella Mithridatica|belli Mithridatici]] quo Romani per triginta annos multa damna acceperant. Et in tabellis in pompa prolatis pecunia ingens in [[aerarium]] deposita et novae urbes (circiter 39) ab illo conditae legebantur<ref>''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 45. {{Pnh}} VII.98-99 necnon XXXVII.13. [[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]], ''Mithridatica'' 116-117. Velleius Paterculus II.40.3.</ref>. Quod tamen maxime animadverterunt aequales nec umquam ante Pompeium cuiquam acciderat hoc fuit quod tribus triumphis Pompeius de tribus mundi partibus (Africa, Europa, Asia) tunc notis triumphasset atque velut orbem terrarum Romanis subegisset<ref>[[Cicero]], ''Pro Balbo'' 4.9 et VI.16. ''Pro Sestio'' 129. [[Dio Cassius]] XXXVII.21. Quod idem in denariis suis celebrabat [[Faustus Cornelius Sulla (mortuus 46 a.C.n.)|Faustus Stylla]], Pompei gener.</ref>. Posteris vero res postea gestas cogitantibus visum est tunc mori Pompeium optimum fuisse ne "magni nominis umbra"<ref>[[Lucanus]], ''Pharsalia'' I.135. D. C. Feeney, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/638958 Stat magni nominis umbra.' Lucan on the Greatness of Pompeius Magnus]", ''The Classical Quarterly'', 1986: 239-243</ref> fieret. Reliqua vita eius non tantum foeda sed etiam reipublicae Romanae perniciosa fuit postquam primum [[Triumviratus|triumviratum]] cum Caesare et Crasso sociavit<ref>''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 46.</ref>. De quo vide etiam [[Triumphi Gnaei Pompei Magni]]. == Curriculum vitae == === De bello civili === Pater Strabo filio velut hereditatem exercitum legavit quem in [[Bellum sociale|bello Sociali]] ducendum acceperat et post consulatum anni 89 retinuit successore per milites interfecto. Praeterea ipse dilectus in regione natali [[Picenum|Picentina]] habebat. Bello civili primo cum pater tum postea filius ambigue egerunt usque ad Syllae in Italiam reditum. Tum Pompeius et ipse et tres legiones quibus imperabat Syllae praesto fuit, vix tres et viginti annos natus. Quod gratum illi fuit et Pompeius in Siciliam et Africam adversus [[Gaius Marius|Marianos]] ab eo missus Perpenam fugavit, Carbonem et Domitium Ahenobarbum vicit et interfecit<ref>''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 10-12. [[Valerius Maximus]] VI.2.8.</ref>. Redux a Sylla [[imperator]] appellatur et [[cognomen]] Magnus ei confirmatur. Anno 79 de Africa triumphare Pompeio licuit quamquam nondum magistratum ullum [[cursus honorum]] gesserat. Sylla mortuo adversus consulem [[Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (consul 78 a.C.n.)|Lepidum]] rerum potiri conantem pugnavit et eius legatum Marcum Iunium Brutum in [[Gallia Cisalpina]] victum et in fidem suam deditum perfide interfici iussit<ref>[[Titus Livius]], ''Periocha'' 90. [[Orosius]] V.22.17. ''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 16.</ref>. Deinde cum exercitum retineret nec dimittere vellet proconsulari potestate (quamvis privatus tunc erat<ref>Cicero, ''[[De imperio Cn. Pompei|De imperio Gnaei Pompei]]'' 62</ref>) in Hispaniam adversus [[Quintus Sertorius|Sertorium]] anno [[77 a.C.n.]] missus est, adiutor et collega [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius|Quinti Metelli Pii]] qui saepe contra ultimum popularium ducem male pugnaverat. Pompeius et ipse saepe cum Sertorio infeliciter pugnavit qui semper ex improviso apparebat: tandem tamen Sertorio a [[Marcus Perperna Veiento|Perperna]] fraude occiso bellum confecit atque victor Romam rediit ([[71 a.C.n.]])<ref>Plutarchus, ''Vita Sertorii'' et ''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 17-20. [[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]], ''Bella civilia'' I.108-115.</ref> ubi triumphavit et consulatum sibi paravit. === De consulatu, piratis, Mithridate === Anno [[70 a.C.n.]] consul fuit cum [[Marcus Licinius Crassus (triumvir)|Marco Licinio Crasso]], quocum simultates acerbas exercebat adhuc asperiores factas cum in itinere Pompeius reliquos servos fugitivos qui [[Spartacus|Spartacum]] secuti erant profligavit, ita partem gloriae suae et victoriae Crasso subripiens. Odium mutuum consulum tum apud Romanos metum graviorum turbarum suscitavit. Certe legem pertulerunt de [[Tribunus plebis|tribunicia potestate]] in pristinam vim restituenda quae plebis votis data est. Praeterea [[Lex Aurelia iudiciaria|legem iudiciariam]] [[Lucius Aurelius Cotta (cos. 65 a.C.n.)|Aurelii Cottae]] probavit quae iudicia [[Eques Romanus|equitibus]] reddebat. His duabus legibus Pompeius popularis favoris cupidine illa quam Cicero eius ''popularem levitatem''<ref>''[[Ad Atticum]]'' II.1.6.</ref> appellabat rempublicam a dictatore Sylla ordinatam aboleverat<ref>''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 21-23</ref>. Post consulatum exercitum dimisit et paulisper a re publica secessit. Mox tamen anno [[67 a.C.n.|67]] quia [[Pirata|piratae]] maria infestabant atque plebs Romana iam famem timebat si commeatus interciperetur [[tribunus plebis]] [[Aulus Gabinius]] [[Lex Gabinia|rogationem]] promulgavit quae duci unico imperium maius extraordinarium adversus piratas daret: legatos praetorios viginti quinque sibi adiungere, militum dilectus quot vellet et navium aedificationes êcuniaeque erogationem ad libitum iubere, imperium ceteris magistratibus maius non tantum in mari sed etiam in omnibus litoribus in triennium. Ita sine nomine dictatura quaedam instituebatur: nam omnes sciebant rem ad Pompeium spectare. Optimates illi novae rei frustra adversabantur, plebs Pompeio nimis favebat quam ut obstare liceret. Itaque lex perlata est. Pompeius regionem aliquam maris unicuique legatorum suorum adsignavit<ref>[[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]], ''Mithridatica'' 195.</ref> et paucis mrnsibus mare praedonibus liberavit. Reliquos eorum in [[Cilicia]] interiore longe a mari collocavit agris datis ut vitam agricultura in posterum quaererent<ref>''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 24-29. [[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]], ''Mithridatica'' 91-6. [[Cicero]], ''[[De imperio Cn. Pompei|de Imperio Cn. Pompei]]'' 31-35. [[Cassius Dio|Dio Cassius]] XXXVI.18-35.</ref>. == Vita == Gnaeus Pompeius stirpis senatoriae adolescens, in bello civili se et patrem consilio servavit. [[Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo|Pompeii pater]] suo [[Exercitus|exercitui]] ob avaritiam erat invisus; itaque facta est in eum conspiratio. Terentius quidam, Gnaei Pompeii contubernalis, eum occidendum susceperat, dum alii tabernaculum patris incenderent. Quae res iuveni Pompeio cenanti nuntiata est. Ipse nihil periculo motus, solito hilarius bibit, et cum Terentio eadem, qua antea, comitate usus est. Deinde cubiculum ingressus, clam subduxit se tentorio, et firmam patri circumposuit custodiam. Terentius tum districtu ense, ad lectum Pompeii accessit, multisque ictibus stragula percussit. Orta mox seditione, Pompeius se in media coniecit agmina, militesque tumultuantes precibus et lacrimis placavit, ac suo duci reconciliavit. Pompeii consul sine collega a senatu nominatus, Caesari aemulus erat. Pompeius eodem bello civili partes [[Sulla|Sullae]] secutus, ita egit ut ab eo maxime diligeretur. Annos tres et viginti natus, ut Sullae auxilio veniret, paterni exercitus reliquias collegit, statimque dux peritus exstitit. Illius magnus apud militem amor, magna apud omnes admiratio fuit; nullus ei labor taedio, nulla defatigatio molestiae erat. Cibi vinique temperans, somni parcus, inter milites corpus exercebat. Cum alacribus saltu, cum velocibus cursu, cum validis lucta certabat. Tum ad Sullam iter intendit, non per loca devia, sed palam incedens, tres hostium exercitus aut fudit, aut sibi adiunxit. Quem ubi Sulla ad se accedere audivit, egregiamque sub signis iuventutem aspexit, desiliit ex equo, Pompeiumque salutavit imperatorem: deinceps ei venienti solebat assurgere de sella et caput aperire; quem honorem nemini nisi Pompeio tribuebat. Postea Pompeius in [[Sicilia|Siciliam]] profectus est, ut eam a Carbone Sullae inimico occupatam reciperet. Carbo comprehensus, et ad Pompeium ductus est. Quem Pompeius, postquam acerbe in eum invectus fuisset, ad supplicium duci iussit. Tunc ille, qui ter consul fuerat, demisse ac muliebriter mortem extimuit: voce flebili petiit ut sibi alvum levare liceret, sicque brevem miserrimae vitae usuram rapuit, donec miles morae impatiens caput in sordido loco sedentis amputavit. Longe moderatior fuit Pompeius erga Sthenium Siculae cuiusdam civitatis principem. Cum enim in eam civitatem animadvertere decrevisset qua sibi adversata fuerat, exclamavit Sthenius, eum inique facturum si ob culpam unius omnes plecteret. Interroganti Pompeio quisnam ille unus esset, "Ego, inquit Sthenius, qui meos cives ad id induxi." Tam libera voce delectatus Pompeius, omnibus et Sthenio ipsi pepercit. Transgressus inde in [[Africa|Africam]] Pompeius, Iarbam [[Numidia|Numidiae]] regem, qui [[Marius|Marii]] partibus favebat, bello persecutus est. Intra dies quadraginta hostem oppressit, et Africam subegit adolescens quattuor et viginti annorum. Tum ei litterae a Sulla redditae sunt, quibus iubebatur exercitum dimittere, et cum una tantum legione successorem exspectare. Id aegre tulit Pompeius paruit: tamen, et Romam reversus est. Revertenti incredibilis multitudo obviam ivit. Sulla quoque eum laetus excepit, et Magni cognomine appellavit: nihilominus Pompeio triumphum petenti restitit; neque ea re a proposito deterritus est Pompeius; aususque est dicere plures solem orientem adorare, quam occidentem: quo dicto innuebat Sullae potentiam minui, suam vero crescere. Ea voce audita, Sulla iuvenis constantiam admiratus, exclamavit: "Triumphet, triumphet." A Pompeio militari triumpho perfecto, titulum Magnum accipit. Metello iam seni et bellum in [[Hispania]] segnius gerenti collega datus est Pompeius, ibique adversus Sertorium vario eventu dimicavit. In quodam proelio maximum subiit periculum: cum enim in eum vir vasta corporis magnitudine impetum fecisset, Pompeius manum hostis amputavit, sed multis in eum concurrentibus, vulnus in femore accepit, et a suis fugientibus desertus in hostium potestate erat. At praeter spem evasit: illi scilicet equum Pompeii auro phalerisque eximiis instructum ceperant. Dum vero praedam inter se altercantes partiuntur, Pompeius illorum manus effugit. Altero proelio, cum [[Metellus]] Pompeio laboranti auxilio venisset, fususque esset Sertorii exercitus, is dixisse fertur: "Nisi ista anus supervenisset, ego hunc puerum verberibus castigatum Romam dimisissem." Metellum anum appellabat, quia is iam senex ad mollem et effeminatam vitam deflexerat. Tandem Sortorio interfecto, Pompeius Hispaniam recepit. Cum [[Pirata|piratae]] maria omnia infestarent, et quasdam etiam Italiae urbes diripuissent, ad eos opprimendos, cum imperio extraordinario missus est Pompeius. Nimiae viri potentiae obsistebant quidam ex optimatibus, et imprimis Quintus Catulus; qui cum in contione dixisset esse quidem praeclarum virum Gnaeum Pompeium, sed non esse uni omnia tribuenda, adiecissetque: "Si quid ei acciderit, ecquemnam in eius locum substituetis?" Acclamavit universa contio: "Te ipsum, Quinte Catule." Tam honorifico civium testimonio victus Catulus e contione discessit. Pompeius, disposito per omnes maris recessus navium praesidio, brevi terrarum orbem illa peste liberavit; praedones multis locis victos fudit; eosdem in deditionem acceptos in urbibus et agris procul a mari collocavit. Nihil hac victoria celerius; nam intra quadragesimum diem piratas toto mari expulit. Confecto bello piratico, Gnaeus Pompeius contra [[Mithridates VI (rex Ponti)|Mithridatem]] profectus est, et in Asiam magna celeritate contendit. Proelium cum rege conserere cupiebat, neque opportuna dabatur pugnandi facultas, quia Mithridates interdiu castris se continebat, noctu vero haud tutum orat congredi cum hoste in locis ignotis. Quadam tamen noctu Mithridatem Pompeius aggressus est. Luna magno fuit Romanis adiumento: nam cum eam Romani a tergo haberent, umbrae corporum longius proiectae ad primos usque hostium ordines pertinebant; unde decepti regii milites, in umbras tanquam in propinquum hostem tela mittebant. Victus Mithridates in Pontum profugit. Adversus eum filius Pharnaces rebellavit, quia, occisis a patre fratribus, vitae suae ipse timebat. Mithridates a filio obsessus venenum sumpsit, quod cum tardius subiret, quia adversus venena multis antea medicaminibus corpus firmaverat, a milite Gallo volens interfectus est. Pompeius deinde Tigranem [[Armenia|Armeniae]] regem, qui Mithridatis partes secutus fuerat, ad deditionem compulit; quem tamen ad genua procumbentem erexit, benignis verbis recreavit, et in regnum restituit, aeque pulchrum esse iudicans et vincere reges et facere. Tandem rebus Asiae compositis in Italiam rediit. Ad urbem venit, non, ut plerique timuerant, armatus, sed demisso exercitu, et tertium triumphum biduo duxit. Insignis fuit multis novis inusitatisque ornamentis hic triumphus; sed nihil illustrius visum, quam quod tribus triumphis tres orbis partes devictae causam praebuerunt Pompeius enim, quod antea contigerat nemini, primo ex Africa, iterum ex Europa, tertio ex Asia triumphavit, felix opinione hominum futurus, si quem gloriae, eumdem vitae finem habuisset, neque adversam fortunam esset expertus iam senex. Pompeius effecit ut et magnitudinem et potentiam Senatus augeret. A [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Caesare]] anno [[48 a.C.n.]] apud [[Pugna apud Pharsalum|Pharsalum]] victus in [[Aegyptus|Aeqyptum]] fugit, atque die [[28 Septembris]] eiusdem anni, [[Pelusium|Pelusii]] appulsus, necatus est. Inter interfectores et [[Lucius Septimius]] fuit. == Notae == <references /> == Fontes praecipui == [[Fasciculus:RSC 0017.jpg|thumb|Caput Pompei in [[Denarius|denario]] a filio Sexto signato.]] * [[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]], ''Bella civilia'' I-II et ''Mithridatica'' *[[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Caesar]], ''De bello civili'' * [[Cicero]], Epistulae et orationes passim et imprimis oratio ''[[De imperio Cn. Pompei]]'' *[[Dio Cassius]], ''[[Historia Romana (Dio)|Historia Romana]]'' *[[Lucanus]], ''[[Pharsalia]]'' *[[Plutarchus]], ''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' *[[Sallustius]], ''Historiae'' *[[Titus Livius]], ''Periochae'' *[[Velleius Paterculus]], ''[[Historiae (Velleius)|Historiae]]'' == Plura legere si cupis == *Ernestus Baltrusch, ''Caesar und Pompeius'', [[Darmstadium|Darmstadii]], 2004 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_2007_num_85_1_6137_t1_0185_0000_4 Recensio critica] *Henricus Antonius Cornelius Chais Van Buren, ''Dissertatio historico-juridica inauguralis de Cn. Pompeio Magno, et de legibus ab eo latis''..., Lugduni Batavorum, 1823 * Karl Christ, ''Pompeius : der Feldherr Roms ; eine Biographie'', C.H. Beck, 2004 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=IN-8tQcnJiEC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] * Matthias Dingmann, ''Pompeius Magnus : Machtgrundlagen eines spätrepublikanischen Politikers'', M. Leidorf, 2007 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2010_num_79_1_4002_t21_0656_0000_2 Recensio critica] [https://www.academia.edu/165291002/Matthias_Dingmann_Pompeius_Magnus_Machtgrundlagen_eines_sp%C3%A4trepublikanischen_Politikers Altera recensio critica] * Mathias Gelzer, ''Pompeius. Lebensbild eines Römers'', Stuttgart, Steiner, 2005 (prima editio 1948) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_2007_num_109_1_6738_t1_0400_0000_3 Recensio critica] *Charles-Alban Horvais, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/vita_0042-7306_2017_num_195_1_1841 Pompée, les Italiens et le Sénat (de 62 à 49 av. J.-C.)]", ''Vita Latina'', 2017: 5-21 *John Leach, ''Pompey the Great'', Routledge, 1978 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=ASYiAwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] * Alessandro Moretti, ''Crescere nella discordia : la vita di Pompeo'', Bononiae, 2022 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=DRAEEQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] *Nicole Schemmel, ''Rhōmaiōn kratistos : die Rezeption des Pompeius in der römischen Kaiserzeit'', Wellem Verlag, 2015 *Francesco Paolo Rizzo S. J., ''Le Fonti per la Storia della Conquista Pompeiana della Siria'', Banca di Sicilia, 1963 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1964_num_33_2_1428_t1_0551_0000_2 Recensio critica] [https://www.persee.fr/doc/reg_0035-2039_1964_num_77_364_3778_t1_0308_0000_1 Altera recensio critica] *Georg-Philipp Schietinger (curator), ''Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus : Ausnahmekarrierist, Netzwerker und Machtstratege : Beiträge zur Heidelberger Pompeius-Tagung am 24. September 2014'', Marie Leidorf, 2019 *J. Van Ooteghem, ''Pompée le Grand, bâtisseur d'Empire'', Bruxellis, 1954 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_1955_num_33_4_1970_t1_0952_0000_1 Recensio critica] *Donata Villani, « [https://journals.openedition.org/pallas/1061#article-1061 Entre imitatio Alexandri et imitatio Herculis : Pompée et l’universalisme romain] », ''Pallas'', 2013: 335-350. == Nexus externi == {{Vicicitatio|Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus}} {{CommuniaCat|Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Gnaeum Pompeium Magnum }} {{Viri Illustres}} * "[http://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/moa/acl3129.0003.001/485?page=root;rgn=full+text;size=100;view=image;q1=pompeius C. Pompeius Magnus]" in {{Smith-bio}} vol. 3 pp. 477-488 {{Fontes biographici}} {{Index consulum rei publicae| praedecessores= [[Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus]] et [[Lucius Marcius Philippus (consul 56 a.C.n.)|Lucius Marcius Philippus]]| annus= 55 a.C.n.<br />cum<br />[[Marcus Licinius Crassus (triumvir)|Marco Licinio Crasso]] II| successores= [[Appius Claudius Pulcher (consul 54 a.C.n.)|Appius Claudius Pulcher]] et [[Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 54 a.C.n.)|L. Domitius Ahenobarbus]]}} {{Index consulum rei publicae| praedecessores=[[Marcus Valerius Messalla Rufus]] et [[Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus]]| annus= 52 a.C.n.<br />cum<br />[[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio Nasica|Quinto Caecilio Metello Pio Scipione Nasica]]| successores=[[Marcus Claudius Marcellus (consul 51 a.C.n.)|M. Claudius Marcellus]] et [[Servius Sulpicius Rufus]]}} {{Lifetime|106 a.C.n.|48 a.C.n.|Pompeius Magnus, Gnaeus}} [[Categoria:Consules]] [[Categoria:Gens Pompeia|Magnus, Gnaeus]] [[Categoria:Necati]] [[Categoria:Participes bellorum Mithridaticorum]] [[Categoria:Participes Belli Civilis (49-45 a.C.n.)]] [[Categoria:Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|!]] [[Categoria:Victimae Belli Civilis (49-45 a.C.n.)]] {{Myrias|Homines}} ouq92oz9vh4qu2xffolo1777b28lcuq 3996227 3996226 2026-10-22T20:37:20Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De consulatu, piratis, Mithridate */ 3996227 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} {{videdis|Pompeius (nomen)}} [[Fasciculus:Hw-pompey.jpg|thumb|Effigies Pompeii [[Holmia]]e ostentata.]] '''Gnaeus Pompeius,''' appellatus '''Magnus,''' fuit ductor exercitus [[Roma Antiqua|Romanus antiquus]], ter [[consul]] et ter [[Triumphus|triumphator]]. In discordiis civilibus pro [[Sylla]] et adversus [[Quintus Sertorius|Sertorium]] pugnavit antequam rivalis exercitui [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Gai Iulii Caesaris]] ipse succumberet. == De familiaribus necessitudinibus == Gnaeus Pompeius e nobili familia [[Picenum|Picena]] ortus erat, filius consulis anni [[89 a.C.n.]], [[Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo|Gnaei Pompei Strabonis]], viri Romanis ob avaritiam et latrocinia [[Bellum sociale|Bello Sociali]] commissa invisi<ref>[[Velleius Paterculus]] II.21.4. [[Iulius Obsequens]] 56. [[Plutarchus]], ''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 1.</ref>. Post eius mortem (87 a.C.n.) furti accusatus Pompeius coram iudicibus se purgare debuit. Quinque uxores habuit Pompeius Magnus. Primo Antistiam, filiam [[praetor|praetoris]] qui iudicio de bonis Pompei praeerat, circa [[86 a.C.n.|86]] uxorem duxit<ref>''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 4.4-6.</ref>. Post paucos annos eam repudiavit cogente [[Dictatura|dictatore]] [[Lucius Cornelius Sulla|Sylla]], qui ut Pompeium artius sibi constringeret [[Privigna|privignam]] suam Aemiliam, filiam uxoris [[Caecilia Metella Dalmatica|Metellae]] et [[Marcus Aemilius Scaurus (senior)|Aemilii Scauri]] prioris mariti eius consulis anni [[115 a.C.n.]], apud eum collocare voluit quamvis praegnantem e marito Manio Acilio Glabrione. Quae post paucos menses in [[puerperium|puerperio]] obiit<ref>''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 9.1-4.</ref>. Deinde Muciam Tertiam uxorem habuit, filiam [[Quintus Mucius Scaevola (consul 95 a.C.n.)|Quinti Mucii Scaevolae]], quae ei tres liberos peperit: Gnaeum, [[Sextus Pompeius|Sextum]] Pompeiamque quae [[Faustus Cornelius Sulla (mortuus 46 a.C.n.)|Fausto Syllae]], [[Dictatura|dictatoris]] filio nupsit. At cum diu in Asia bellaret Muciam solam Romae relictam palam seduxit Gaius Iulius Caesar. Quocirca cum illa quoque divortium fecit redux Pompeius<ref>''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 42.12-13. [[Suetonius]], ''Divus Iulius'' 10.1. [[Cicero]], ''[[Epistulae ad Atticum|Ad Atticum]]'' I.12.3</ref>. Quartam velut [[triumviratus|primi triumviratus]] pignus habuit [[Iulia (uxor Pompeii Magni)|Iuliam]], filiam Gai Iulii Caesaris antea Servilio Caepioni sponsam<ref>''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 47.10.</ref> , quae maritum multum adamasse dicitur<ref>Ibidem 48.8 et 49.4 et 53.1-4. [[Valerius Maximus]] IV.6.4. [[Cassius Dio|Dio Cassius]] XXXIX.32.2.</ref>. At et illa in puerperio periit nec infans superfuit (mense septembri [[54 a.C.n.]]). Eius funus fuit triumviratus funus et societatis inter Pompeium et Caesarem interitus. Postremam duxit Corneliam Metellam, viduam [[Publius Licinius Crassus|Publii Licinii Crassi]]<ref>''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 74.6.</ref> eandemque filiam [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio Nasica|Quinti Metelli Scipionis]]<ref>''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 55 qui hanc feminam litteratam laudabat.</ref>, quem anno [[52 a.C.n.|52]] collegam in consulatu sibi ipse elegit et qui generum in bello civili comitabatur atque Pompeio mortuo reliquas copias in Africa collegit ubi ad [[Pugna ad Thapsum|Thapsum]] a Caesare victus est. == De triumphis == Ter [[triumphus|triumphavit]] Pompeius. Triumphus primus "ex Africa" die [[12 Martii]] [[79 a.C.n.]] celebratus est: revera non Afros vicit sed [[Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus (Cinnae gener)|Gnaeum Domitium Ahenobarbum]], [[Lucius Cornelius Cinna|Cinnae]] generum, aliosque [[Gaius Marius|Marianarum]] partium profugos qui in hanc provinciam salutem quaerebant<ref>''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 10-12</ref>. Redux statim triumphare voluit sed [[Dictatura|dictator]] [[Lucius Cornelius Sulla|Sylla]] diu recusavit praecipue quia nec consul nec praetor exercitum duxerat<ref>Magistratum cum imperio non gerebat. Cf Titus Livius XXXI.20: ''exemplum a maioribus non accepisse ut qui neque dictator neque consul neque praetor res gessisset triumpharet''.</ref>, antequam manus postremo daret<ref>''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 14</ref>. Tum Pompeius [[Quadrigae|quadrigis]] elephantorum Urbem intrare voluit sed quia porta angustior erat equis albis contentus fuit<ref>''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 14.6. {{Pnh}} VIII.4.</ref>. Et milites obstrepentes quia non satis praemiorum acceperant repulisse narratur dicens triumpho se renuntiare malle quam eos adulari<ref>''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 14.7.</ref>. Ita non erubuit de Romanis triumphare. Triumphus alter "ex Hispania" pridie [[Kalendae|Kalendas]] Ianuarias [[71 a.C.n.]] celebratus est et postero die Kalendis Ianuariis [[70 a.C.n.]] primum consulatum Pompeius inibat<ref>''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 22.</ref>. Iterum [[Bellum Sertorianum|de Romanis triumphabat]]: etsi enim nonnullae gentes Ibericae cum [[Quintus Sertorius|Sertorio]] societatem fecerant revera Sertorium et successorem Perpennam vicerat reliquiasque Marianarum partium quae Sullanam civitatem recusabant. [[Fasciculus:Faustus Cornelius Sulla, AR denarius, 56 BC, RRC 426-4a.jpg|thumb|Denarius in honorem Pompei a genero [[Faustus Cornelius Sulla (mortuus 46 a.C.n.)|Fausto Sylla]] anno 56 a.C.n. signatus. Nam tres laureae ad tres triumphos alludunt et spica frumenti ad praefecturam annonae nuper Pompeio mandatam. Quae emissio specialiter ad frumentum emendum percussa est. Corona gemmata super globum ad 'triumphatorem mundi' referenda est<ref>Babelon, [https://archive.org/details/descriptionhisto01babe/page/422/mode/2up Cornelia 61]. Crawford 426/4. [https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/C_R-8752 Nummus in Museo Britannico].</ref>.]] Tertius triumphus ita magnificus et sumptuosus fuit ut per duos dies digeri debuerit (28/9 septembris 61) nec tamen omnia quae praeparata erant populo ostendi tempore deficiente potuerunt. Quattuordecim gentes victas enumerabat: praeter [[Pirata|piratas]] fuerunt Pontus, Armenia, Syria, Iudaea, Arabia etc. Finis praeterea fuit [[Bella Mithridatica|belli Mithridatici]] quo Romani per triginta annos multa damna acceperant. Et in tabellis in pompa prolatis pecunia ingens in [[aerarium]] deposita et novae urbes (circiter 39) ab illo conditae legebantur<ref>''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 45. {{Pnh}} VII.98-99 necnon XXXVII.13. [[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]], ''Mithridatica'' 116-117. Velleius Paterculus II.40.3.</ref>. Quod tamen maxime animadverterunt aequales nec umquam ante Pompeium cuiquam acciderat hoc fuit quod tribus triumphis Pompeius de tribus mundi partibus (Africa, Europa, Asia) tunc notis triumphasset atque velut orbem terrarum Romanis subegisset<ref>[[Cicero]], ''Pro Balbo'' 4.9 et VI.16. ''Pro Sestio'' 129. [[Dio Cassius]] XXXVII.21. Quod idem in denariis suis celebrabat [[Faustus Cornelius Sulla (mortuus 46 a.C.n.)|Faustus Stylla]], Pompei gener.</ref>. Posteris vero res postea gestas cogitantibus visum est tunc mori Pompeium optimum fuisse ne "magni nominis umbra"<ref>[[Lucanus]], ''Pharsalia'' I.135. D. C. Feeney, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/638958 Stat magni nominis umbra.' Lucan on the Greatness of Pompeius Magnus]", ''The Classical Quarterly'', 1986: 239-243</ref> fieret. Reliqua vita eius non tantum foeda sed etiam reipublicae Romanae perniciosa fuit postquam primum [[Triumviratus|triumviratum]] cum Caesare et Crasso sociavit<ref>''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 46.</ref>. De quo vide etiam [[Triumphi Gnaei Pompei Magni]]. == Curriculum vitae == === De bello civili === Pater Strabo filio velut hereditatem exercitum legavit quem in [[Bellum sociale|bello Sociali]] ducendum acceperat et post consulatum anni 89 retinuit successore per milites interfecto. Praeterea ipse dilectus in regione natali [[Picenum|Picentina]] habebat. Bello civili primo cum pater tum postea filius ambigue egerunt usque ad Syllae in Italiam reditum. Tum Pompeius et ipse et tres legiones quibus imperabat Syllae praesto fuit, vix tres et viginti annos natus. Quod gratum illi fuit et Pompeius in Siciliam et Africam adversus [[Gaius Marius|Marianos]] ab eo missus Perpenam fugavit, Carbonem et Domitium Ahenobarbum vicit et interfecit<ref>''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 10-12. [[Valerius Maximus]] VI.2.8.</ref>. Redux a Sylla [[imperator]] appellatur et [[cognomen]] Magnus ei confirmatur. Anno 79 de Africa triumphare Pompeio licuit quamquam nondum magistratum ullum [[cursus honorum]] gesserat. Sylla mortuo adversus consulem [[Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (consul 78 a.C.n.)|Lepidum]] rerum potiri conantem pugnavit et eius legatum Marcum Iunium Brutum in [[Gallia Cisalpina]] victum et in fidem suam deditum perfide interfici iussit<ref>[[Titus Livius]], ''Periocha'' 90. [[Orosius]] V.22.17. ''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 16.</ref>. Deinde cum exercitum retineret nec dimittere vellet proconsulari potestate (quamvis privatus tunc erat<ref>Cicero, ''[[De imperio Cn. Pompei|De imperio Gnaei Pompei]]'' 62</ref>) in Hispaniam adversus [[Quintus Sertorius|Sertorium]] anno [[77 a.C.n.]] missus est, adiutor et collega [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius|Quinti Metelli Pii]] qui saepe contra ultimum popularium ducem male pugnaverat. Pompeius et ipse saepe cum Sertorio infeliciter pugnavit qui semper ex improviso apparebat: tandem tamen Sertorio a [[Marcus Perperna Veiento|Perperna]] fraude occiso bellum confecit atque victor Romam rediit ([[71 a.C.n.]])<ref>Plutarchus, ''Vita Sertorii'' et ''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 17-20. [[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]], ''Bella civilia'' I.108-115.</ref> ubi triumphavit et consulatum sibi paravit. === De consulatu, piratis, Mithridate === Anno [[70 a.C.n.]] consul fuit cum [[Marcus Licinius Crassus (triumvir)|Marco Licinio Crasso]], quocum simultates acerbas exercebat adhuc asperiores factas cum in itinere Pompeius reliquos servos fugitivos qui [[Spartacus|Spartacum]] secuti erant profligavit, ita partem gloriae suae et victoriae Crasso subripiens. Odium mutuum consulum tum apud Romanos metum graviorum turbarum suscitavit. Certe legem pertulerunt de [[Tribunus plebis|tribunicia potestate]] in pristinam vim restituenda quae plebis votis data est. Praeterea [[Lex Aurelia iudiciaria|legem iudiciariam]] [[Lucius Aurelius Cotta (cos. 65 a.C.n.)|Aurelii Cottae]] probavit quae iudicia [[Eques Romanus|equitibus]] reddebat. His duabus legibus Pompeius popularis favoris cupidine illa quam Cicero eius ''popularem levitatem''<ref>''[[Ad Atticum]]'' II.1.6.</ref> appellabat rempublicam a dictatore Sylla ordinatam aboleverat<ref>''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 21-23</ref>. Post consulatum exercitum dimisit et paulisper a re publica secessit. Mox tamen anno [[67 a.C.n.|67]] quia [[Pirata|piratae]] maria infestabant atque plebs Romana iam famem timebat si commeatus interciperetur [[tribunus plebis]] [[Aulus Gabinius]] [[Lex Gabinia|rogationem]] promulgavit quae duci unico imperium maius extraordinarium adversus piratas daret: legatos praetorios viginti quinque sibi adiungere, militum dilectus quot vellet et navium aedificationes êcuniaeque erogationem ad libitum iubere, imperium ceteris magistratibus maius non tantum in mari sed etiam in omnibus litoribus in triennium. Ita sine nomine dictatura quaedam instituebatur: nam omnes sciebant rem ad Pompeium spectare. Optimates illi novae rei frustra adversabantur, plebs Pompeio nimis favebat quam ut obstare liceret<ref>[[Dio Cassius]] XXXVI.21-34</ref>. Itaque lex perlata est. Pompeius regionem aliquam maris unicuique legatorum suorum adsignavit<ref>[[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]], ''Mithridatica'' 195.</ref> et paucis mensibus mare praedonibus liberavit. Reliquos eorum in [[Cilicia]] interiore longe a mari collocavit agris datis ut vitam agricultura in posterum quaererent<ref>''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 24-29. [[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]], ''Mithridatica'' 91-6. [[Cicero]], ''[[De imperio Cn. Pompei|de Imperio Cn. Pompei]]'' 31-35. [[Cassius Dio|Dio Cassius]] XXXVI.18-35.</ref>. == Vita == Gnaeus Pompeius stirpis senatoriae adolescens, in bello civili se et patrem consilio servavit. [[Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo|Pompeii pater]] suo [[Exercitus|exercitui]] ob avaritiam erat invisus; itaque facta est in eum conspiratio. Terentius quidam, Gnaei Pompeii contubernalis, eum occidendum susceperat, dum alii tabernaculum patris incenderent. Quae res iuveni Pompeio cenanti nuntiata est. Ipse nihil periculo motus, solito hilarius bibit, et cum Terentio eadem, qua antea, comitate usus est. Deinde cubiculum ingressus, clam subduxit se tentorio, et firmam patri circumposuit custodiam. Terentius tum districtu ense, ad lectum Pompeii accessit, multisque ictibus stragula percussit. Orta mox seditione, Pompeius se in media coniecit agmina, militesque tumultuantes precibus et lacrimis placavit, ac suo duci reconciliavit. Pompeii consul sine collega a senatu nominatus, Caesari aemulus erat. Pompeius eodem bello civili partes [[Sulla|Sullae]] secutus, ita egit ut ab eo maxime diligeretur. Annos tres et viginti natus, ut Sullae auxilio veniret, paterni exercitus reliquias collegit, statimque dux peritus exstitit. Illius magnus apud militem amor, magna apud omnes admiratio fuit; nullus ei labor taedio, nulla defatigatio molestiae erat. Cibi vinique temperans, somni parcus, inter milites corpus exercebat. Cum alacribus saltu, cum velocibus cursu, cum validis lucta certabat. Tum ad Sullam iter intendit, non per loca devia, sed palam incedens, tres hostium exercitus aut fudit, aut sibi adiunxit. Quem ubi Sulla ad se accedere audivit, egregiamque sub signis iuventutem aspexit, desiliit ex equo, Pompeiumque salutavit imperatorem: deinceps ei venienti solebat assurgere de sella et caput aperire; quem honorem nemini nisi Pompeio tribuebat. Postea Pompeius in [[Sicilia|Siciliam]] profectus est, ut eam a Carbone Sullae inimico occupatam reciperet. Carbo comprehensus, et ad Pompeium ductus est. Quem Pompeius, postquam acerbe in eum invectus fuisset, ad supplicium duci iussit. Tunc ille, qui ter consul fuerat, demisse ac muliebriter mortem extimuit: voce flebili petiit ut sibi alvum levare liceret, sicque brevem miserrimae vitae usuram rapuit, donec miles morae impatiens caput in sordido loco sedentis amputavit. Longe moderatior fuit Pompeius erga Sthenium Siculae cuiusdam civitatis principem. Cum enim in eam civitatem animadvertere decrevisset qua sibi adversata fuerat, exclamavit Sthenius, eum inique facturum si ob culpam unius omnes plecteret. Interroganti Pompeio quisnam ille unus esset, "Ego, inquit Sthenius, qui meos cives ad id induxi." Tam libera voce delectatus Pompeius, omnibus et Sthenio ipsi pepercit. Transgressus inde in [[Africa|Africam]] Pompeius, Iarbam [[Numidia|Numidiae]] regem, qui [[Marius|Marii]] partibus favebat, bello persecutus est. Intra dies quadraginta hostem oppressit, et Africam subegit adolescens quattuor et viginti annorum. Tum ei litterae a Sulla redditae sunt, quibus iubebatur exercitum dimittere, et cum una tantum legione successorem exspectare. Id aegre tulit Pompeius paruit: tamen, et Romam reversus est. Revertenti incredibilis multitudo obviam ivit. Sulla quoque eum laetus excepit, et Magni cognomine appellavit: nihilominus Pompeio triumphum petenti restitit; neque ea re a proposito deterritus est Pompeius; aususque est dicere plures solem orientem adorare, quam occidentem: quo dicto innuebat Sullae potentiam minui, suam vero crescere. Ea voce audita, Sulla iuvenis constantiam admiratus, exclamavit: "Triumphet, triumphet." A Pompeio militari triumpho perfecto, titulum Magnum accipit. Metello iam seni et bellum in [[Hispania]] segnius gerenti collega datus est Pompeius, ibique adversus Sertorium vario eventu dimicavit. In quodam proelio maximum subiit periculum: cum enim in eum vir vasta corporis magnitudine impetum fecisset, Pompeius manum hostis amputavit, sed multis in eum concurrentibus, vulnus in femore accepit, et a suis fugientibus desertus in hostium potestate erat. At praeter spem evasit: illi scilicet equum Pompeii auro phalerisque eximiis instructum ceperant. Dum vero praedam inter se altercantes partiuntur, Pompeius illorum manus effugit. Altero proelio, cum [[Metellus]] Pompeio laboranti auxilio venisset, fususque esset Sertorii exercitus, is dixisse fertur: "Nisi ista anus supervenisset, ego hunc puerum verberibus castigatum Romam dimisissem." Metellum anum appellabat, quia is iam senex ad mollem et effeminatam vitam deflexerat. Tandem Sortorio interfecto, Pompeius Hispaniam recepit. Cum [[Pirata|piratae]] maria omnia infestarent, et quasdam etiam Italiae urbes diripuissent, ad eos opprimendos, cum imperio extraordinario missus est Pompeius. Nimiae viri potentiae obsistebant quidam ex optimatibus, et imprimis Quintus Catulus; qui cum in contione dixisset esse quidem praeclarum virum Gnaeum Pompeium, sed non esse uni omnia tribuenda, adiecissetque: "Si quid ei acciderit, ecquemnam in eius locum substituetis?" Acclamavit universa contio: "Te ipsum, Quinte Catule." Tam honorifico civium testimonio victus Catulus e contione discessit. Pompeius, disposito per omnes maris recessus navium praesidio, brevi terrarum orbem illa peste liberavit; praedones multis locis victos fudit; eosdem in deditionem acceptos in urbibus et agris procul a mari collocavit. Nihil hac victoria celerius; nam intra quadragesimum diem piratas toto mari expulit. Confecto bello piratico, Gnaeus Pompeius contra [[Mithridates VI (rex Ponti)|Mithridatem]] profectus est, et in Asiam magna celeritate contendit. Proelium cum rege conserere cupiebat, neque opportuna dabatur pugnandi facultas, quia Mithridates interdiu castris se continebat, noctu vero haud tutum orat congredi cum hoste in locis ignotis. Quadam tamen noctu Mithridatem Pompeius aggressus est. Luna magno fuit Romanis adiumento: nam cum eam Romani a tergo haberent, umbrae corporum longius proiectae ad primos usque hostium ordines pertinebant; unde decepti regii milites, in umbras tanquam in propinquum hostem tela mittebant. Victus Mithridates in Pontum profugit. Adversus eum filius Pharnaces rebellavit, quia, occisis a patre fratribus, vitae suae ipse timebat. Mithridates a filio obsessus venenum sumpsit, quod cum tardius subiret, quia adversus venena multis antea medicaminibus corpus firmaverat, a milite Gallo volens interfectus est. Pompeius deinde Tigranem [[Armenia|Armeniae]] regem, qui Mithridatis partes secutus fuerat, ad deditionem compulit; quem tamen ad genua procumbentem erexit, benignis verbis recreavit, et in regnum restituit, aeque pulchrum esse iudicans et vincere reges et facere. Tandem rebus Asiae compositis in Italiam rediit. Ad urbem venit, non, ut plerique timuerant, armatus, sed demisso exercitu, et tertium triumphum biduo duxit. Insignis fuit multis novis inusitatisque ornamentis hic triumphus; sed nihil illustrius visum, quam quod tribus triumphis tres orbis partes devictae causam praebuerunt Pompeius enim, quod antea contigerat nemini, primo ex Africa, iterum ex Europa, tertio ex Asia triumphavit, felix opinione hominum futurus, si quem gloriae, eumdem vitae finem habuisset, neque adversam fortunam esset expertus iam senex. Pompeius effecit ut et magnitudinem et potentiam Senatus augeret. A [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Caesare]] anno [[48 a.C.n.]] apud [[Pugna apud Pharsalum|Pharsalum]] victus in [[Aegyptus|Aeqyptum]] fugit, atque die [[28 Septembris]] eiusdem anni, [[Pelusium|Pelusii]] appulsus, necatus est. Inter interfectores et [[Lucius Septimius]] fuit. == Notae == <references /> == Fontes praecipui == [[Fasciculus:RSC 0017.jpg|thumb|Caput Pompei in [[Denarius|denario]] a filio Sexto signato.]] * [[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]], ''Bella civilia'' I-II et ''Mithridatica'' *[[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Caesar]], ''De bello civili'' * [[Cicero]], Epistulae et orationes passim et imprimis oratio ''[[De imperio Cn. Pompei]]'' *[[Dio Cassius]], ''[[Historia Romana (Dio)|Historia Romana]]'' *[[Lucanus]], ''[[Pharsalia]]'' *[[Plutarchus]], ''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' *[[Sallustius]], ''Historiae'' *[[Titus Livius]], ''Periochae'' *[[Velleius Paterculus]], ''[[Historiae (Velleius)|Historiae]]'' == Plura legere si cupis == *Ernestus Baltrusch, ''Caesar und Pompeius'', [[Darmstadium|Darmstadii]], 2004 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_2007_num_85_1_6137_t1_0185_0000_4 Recensio critica] *Henricus Antonius Cornelius Chais Van Buren, ''Dissertatio historico-juridica inauguralis de Cn. Pompeio Magno, et de legibus ab eo latis''..., Lugduni Batavorum, 1823 * Karl Christ, ''Pompeius : der Feldherr Roms ; eine Biographie'', C.H. Beck, 2004 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=IN-8tQcnJiEC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] * Matthias Dingmann, ''Pompeius Magnus : Machtgrundlagen eines spätrepublikanischen Politikers'', M. Leidorf, 2007 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2010_num_79_1_4002_t21_0656_0000_2 Recensio critica] [https://www.academia.edu/165291002/Matthias_Dingmann_Pompeius_Magnus_Machtgrundlagen_eines_sp%C3%A4trepublikanischen_Politikers Altera recensio critica] * Mathias Gelzer, ''Pompeius. Lebensbild eines Römers'', Stuttgart, Steiner, 2005 (prima editio 1948) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_2007_num_109_1_6738_t1_0400_0000_3 Recensio critica] *Charles-Alban Horvais, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/vita_0042-7306_2017_num_195_1_1841 Pompée, les Italiens et le Sénat (de 62 à 49 av. J.-C.)]", ''Vita Latina'', 2017: 5-21 *John Leach, ''Pompey the Great'', Routledge, 1978 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=ASYiAwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] * Alessandro Moretti, ''Crescere nella discordia : la vita di Pompeo'', Bononiae, 2022 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=DRAEEQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] *Nicole Schemmel, ''Rhōmaiōn kratistos : die Rezeption des Pompeius in der römischen Kaiserzeit'', Wellem Verlag, 2015 *Francesco Paolo Rizzo S. J., ''Le Fonti per la Storia della Conquista Pompeiana della Siria'', Banca di Sicilia, 1963 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1964_num_33_2_1428_t1_0551_0000_2 Recensio critica] [https://www.persee.fr/doc/reg_0035-2039_1964_num_77_364_3778_t1_0308_0000_1 Altera recensio critica] *Georg-Philipp Schietinger (curator), ''Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus : Ausnahmekarrierist, Netzwerker und Machtstratege : Beiträge zur Heidelberger Pompeius-Tagung am 24. September 2014'', Marie Leidorf, 2019 *J. Van Ooteghem, ''Pompée le Grand, bâtisseur d'Empire'', Bruxellis, 1954 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_1955_num_33_4_1970_t1_0952_0000_1 Recensio critica] *Donata Villani, « [https://journals.openedition.org/pallas/1061#article-1061 Entre imitatio Alexandri et imitatio Herculis : Pompée et l’universalisme romain] », ''Pallas'', 2013: 335-350. == Nexus externi == {{Vicicitatio|Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus}} {{CommuniaCat|Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Gnaeum Pompeium Magnum }} {{Viri Illustres}} * "[http://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/moa/acl3129.0003.001/485?page=root;rgn=full+text;size=100;view=image;q1=pompeius C. Pompeius Magnus]" in {{Smith-bio}} vol. 3 pp. 477-488 {{Fontes biographici}} {{Index consulum rei publicae| praedecessores= [[Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus]] et [[Lucius Marcius Philippus (consul 56 a.C.n.)|Lucius Marcius Philippus]]| annus= 55 a.C.n.<br />cum<br />[[Marcus Licinius Crassus (triumvir)|Marco Licinio Crasso]] II| successores= [[Appius Claudius Pulcher (consul 54 a.C.n.)|Appius Claudius Pulcher]] et [[Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 54 a.C.n.)|L. Domitius Ahenobarbus]]}} {{Index consulum rei publicae| praedecessores=[[Marcus Valerius Messalla Rufus]] et [[Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus]]| annus= 52 a.C.n.<br />cum<br />[[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio Nasica|Quinto Caecilio Metello Pio Scipione Nasica]]| successores=[[Marcus Claudius Marcellus (consul 51 a.C.n.)|M. Claudius Marcellus]] et [[Servius Sulpicius Rufus]]}} {{Lifetime|106 a.C.n.|48 a.C.n.|Pompeius Magnus, Gnaeus}} [[Categoria:Consules]] [[Categoria:Gens Pompeia|Magnus, Gnaeus]] [[Categoria:Necati]] [[Categoria:Participes bellorum Mithridaticorum]] [[Categoria:Participes Belli Civilis (49-45 a.C.n.)]] [[Categoria:Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|!]] [[Categoria:Victimae Belli Civilis (49-45 a.C.n.)]] {{Myrias|Homines}} q7alsusmchmmhbc5oo0oi3yam8d8ggr 0 12017 3996292 3421397 2026-10-23T09:19:25Z Grufo 64423 +{{[[Formula:Index arborescens dissaeptus|Index arborescens dissaeptus]]}} 3996292 wikitext text/x-wiki :''Si linguam Veneticam praelatinam quaeris, vide ''[[Lingua Venetica|Linguam Veneticam]]. {{L}} {{Capsa linguae | nomen latine = Lingua Veneta | nomen = Łéngua vèneta | pronuntiatus = | color familiae = lawngreen | familia = {{Index arborescens dissaeptus | [[Linguae Indoeuropaeae]] | * [[Linguae Italicae]] | ** [[Linguae Latino-Faliscae]] | *** [[Lingua Latina|Linguae Latinae]] | **** [[Sermo vulgaris Latinus|Linguae Latinae Vulgares]] | ***** [[Linguae Romanicae]] }}{{recessus|****}}{{Index arborescens dissaeptus | [[Linguae Romanicae|Linguae Romanicae Continenteles]] | * [[Linguae Romanicae|Linguae Romanicae Italico-Occidentales]] | ** [[Linguae Romanicae|Linguae Romanicae Occidentales]] | *** [[Linguae Romanicae|Linguae Gallaico-Lusitanae]] | **** [[Linguae Romanicae|Linguae Gallo-Romanicae]] | ***** [[Gallo-Italicae dialecti|Linguae Gallo-Italicae]] | ****** '''Lingua Veneta''' }} | fabulantes = {{Num|2 200 000}} | fabulantes2 = | civitas = {{Index arborescens dissaeptus | [[Fasciculus:Flag of Italy.svg|20px|Vexillum Italiae]] [[Res Publica Italica]] | * [[Venetia (regio)|Regio Venetiae]] | * [[Tridentinum et Tirolis Athesina|Regio Tridentini et Tirolis Athesinae]] | ** [[Fasciculus:Trentino CoA.svg|20px|Vexillum Provinciae Tridentinae]] [[Libera Provincia Tridentina]] | * [[Forum Iulii-Venetia Iulia|Regio Fori Iulii et Venetiae Iuliae]] | [[Fasciculus:Flag of Croatia.svg|20px|Vexillum Croatiae]] [[Croatia|Res Publica Croatiae]] | * [[Histriana (regio Croatiae)|Comitatus Histrianus]] }} | scriptura = [[Scriptura Latina]] | tabula = [[Fasciculus:Human Language Families (wikicolors).png|center|200px|Familiae linguisticae coloribus Vicipaedicis pictae]] | syllabus = [[Linguae mundi|Familiae linguisticae coloribus Vicipaedicis pictae]] | tabula2 = [[Fasciculus:Italy - Forms of Dialect.jpg|200px|Tabula linguarum Italiae]] | syllabus2 = [[Lingua Italiana|Dialecti Italici]] ([[Gilvus|gilvo]] [[Gallo-Italicae dialecti]] sunt, ergo etiam [[Lingua Ligustica]]) | iso1 = | iso2 = | iso3 = vec }} '''Lingua Veneta''' [[Linguae Romanicae|Romanica]] [[lingua]] est. [[Fasciculus:Targa dialetto veneto.JPG|thumb|Libellus: ''Qua se parla anca in Veneto'', quod [[Latine]] sonat ''Ibi homines etiam Lingua Veneta loquuntur.'']] In regione [[Venetia (regio)|Venetia]] [[Italia]]e homines plurimum loquuntur. Quamquam Italianae linguae [[dialectos|dialectum]] saepe dicitur, etiam ab locutoribus, tamen lingua vera est. Haec lingua [[lexicon]], [[grammatica]]m, atque ipsa [[dialectos]] habet. Dialectus, qua [[Venetia|Venetiis]] loquitur, ''Venessian'' a locutoribus, ''Veneziano'' autem Italiane appellatur. Lingua Veneta non est confundenda cum exstincta [[lingua Venetica]], qua homines a [[Saeculum 5 a.C.n.|saeculo quinto a.C.n.]] ad [[Saeculum 1|saeculum primum]] loquebantur. Lingua Veneta a [[Sermo vulgaris Latinus|Latino vulgari]] descendit, fortasse Venetico substrato adfecta, atque linguis Germanicarum gentium, quae [[Saeculum 5|saeculo quinto]] [[Italia]]m [[septentrio]]nalem invaserunt. [[Scriptura]]e, quae "Venetae" dignoscuntur, [[saeculum 13|saeculo tertio decimo]] initium habuerunt. Lingua gravi auctoritate fructa est in diebus [[Res publica Veneta|rei publicae Venetae]], cum statum linguae francae in [[Mare Mediterraneum|mari Mediterraneo]] adsecuta est. Memorandi Venetae linguae scriptores sunt [[Ruzante]] ([[1502]]–[[1542]]) et [[Carolus Goldoni]] ([[1707]]–[[1793]]). Cum Ruzante tum Goldoni antiquam traditionem [[Comoedia artis|Comoediae artis]] sequentes Venetam linguam pro sermone vulgari usi sunt. Inter primos italicos auctores scaenicos aliquando censebantur, atque ludi a Goldoni scripti adhuc hodie aguntur. Alia memoranda opera sunt versiones [[Ilias|Iliadis]] a [[Iacobus Casanova|Iacobo Casanova]] ([[1725]]–[[1798]]) et [[Franciscus Boaretti|Franciscus Boaretti]] confectae, atque [[poema]]ta [[Biagius Marin|Biagii Marin]] ([[1891]]–[[1985]]). Memoranda quoque est scriptura, cuius titulus ''Diverbium de nova stella'' est et quae [[Galilaeus Galilaei|Galilaeo Galilaei]] ([[1564]]–[[1642]]) adscribitur<ref>Fons desideratus</ref>. ==Nexus externi== {{InterWiki|code=vec}} {{ling-stipula}} {{Linguae Romanicae}} [[Categoria:Linguae Romanicae|Veneta]] [[Categoria:Gallo-Italicae dialecti|Veneta]] 1iym6tncdrr70ubtaaws2b3uwr39125 3996293 3996292 2026-10-23T09:23:56Z Grufo 64423 Minora 3996293 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L}} {{De hoc||linguam Veneticam praelatinam|Lingua Venetica|Linguam Veneticam}} {{Capsa linguae | nomen latine = Lingua Veneta | nomen = Łéngua vèneta | pronuntiatus = | color familiae = lawngreen | familia = {{Folium flexibile | corpus = {{Index arborescens dissaeptus | [[Linguae Indoeuropaeae]] | * [[Linguae Italicae]] | ** [[Linguae Latino-Faliscae]] | *** [[Lingua Latina|Linguae Latinae]] | **** [[Sermo vulgaris Latinus|Linguae Latinae Vulgares]] | ***** [[Linguae Romanicae]] }}{{recessus|****}}{{Index arborescens dissaeptus | [[Linguae Romanicae|Linguae Romanicae Continenteles]] | * [[Linguae Romanicae|Linguae Romanicae Italico-Occidentales]] | ** [[Linguae Romanicae|Linguae Romanicae Occidentales]] | *** [[Linguae Romanicae|Linguae Gallaico-Lusitanae]] | **** [[Linguae Romanicae|Linguae Gallo-Romanicae]] | ***** [[Gallo-Italicae dialecti|Linguae Gallo-Italicae]] | ****** '''Lingua Veneta''' }} }} | fabulantes = {{Num|2 200 000}} | fabulantes2 = | civitas = {{Index arborescens dissaeptus | [[Fasciculus:Flag of Italy.svg|20px|Vexillum Italiae]] [[Res Publica Italica]] | * [[Venetia (regio)|Regio Venetiae]] | * [[Tridentinum et Tirolis Athesina|Regio Tridentini et Tirolis Athesinae]] | ** [[Fasciculus:Trentino CoA.svg|20px|Vexillum Provinciae Tridentinae]] [[Libera Provincia Tridentina]] | * [[Forum Iulii-Venetia Iulia|Regio Fori Iulii et Venetiae Iuliae]] | [[Fasciculus:Flag of Croatia.svg|20px|Vexillum Croatiae]] [[Croatia|Res Publica Croatiae]] | * [[Histriana (regio Croatiae)|Comitatus Histrianus]] }} | scriptura = [[Scriptura Latina]] | tabula = [[Fasciculus:Human Language Families (wikicolors).png|center|200px|Familiae linguisticae coloribus Vicipaedicis pictae]] | syllabus = [[Linguae mundi|Familiae linguisticae coloribus Vicipaedicis pictae]] | tabula2 = [[Fasciculus:Italy - Forms of Dialect.jpg|200px|Tabula linguarum Italiae]] | syllabus2 = [[Lingua Italiana|Dialecti Italici]] ([[Gilvus|gilvo]] [[Gallo-Italicae dialecti]] sunt, ergo etiam [[Lingua Ligustica]]) | iso1 = | iso2 = | iso3 = vec }} [[Fasciculus:Targa dialetto veneto.JPG|thumb|Libellus: ''Qua se parla anca in Veneto'', quod [[Latine]] sonat ''Ibi homines etiam Lingua Veneta loquuntur.'']] {{res|Lingua Veneta}} est [[Linguae Romanicae|Romanica]] [[lingua]]. In regione [[Venetia (regio)|Venetia]] [[Italia]]e homines plurimum loquuntur. Quamquam Italianae linguae [[dialectos|dialectum]] saepe dicitur, etiam ab locutoribus, tamen lingua vera est. Haec lingua [[lexicon]], [[grammatica]]m, atque ipsa [[dialectos]] habet. Dialectus, qua [[Venetia|Venetiis]] loquitur, ''Venessian'' a locutoribus, ''Veneziano'' autem Italiane appellatur. Lingua Veneta non est confundenda cum exstincta [[lingua Venetica]], qua homines a [[Saeculum 5 a.C.n.|saeculo quinto a.C.n.]] ad [[Saeculum 1|saeculum primum]] loquebantur. Lingua Veneta a [[Sermo vulgaris Latinus|Latino vulgari]] descendit, fortasse Venetico substrato adfecta, atque linguis Germanicarum gentium, quae [[Saeculum 5|saeculo quinto]] [[Italia]]m [[septentrio]]nalem invaserunt. [[Scriptura]]e, quae "Venetae" dignoscuntur, [[saeculum 13|saeculo tertio decimo]] initium habuerunt. Lingua gravi auctoritate fructa est in diebus [[Res publica Veneta|rei publicae Venetae]], cum statum linguae francae in [[Mare Mediterraneum|mari Mediterraneo]] adsecuta est. Memorandi Venetae linguae scriptores sunt [[Ruzante]] ([[1502]]–[[1542]]) et [[Carolus Goldoni]] ([[1707]]–[[1793]]). Cum Ruzante tum Goldoni antiquam traditionem [[Comoedia artis|Comoediae artis]] sequentes Venetam linguam pro sermone vulgari usi sunt. Inter primos italicos auctores scaenicos aliquando censebantur, atque ludi a Goldoni scripti adhuc hodie aguntur. Alia memoranda opera sunt versiones [[Ilias|Iliadis]] a [[Iacobus Casanova|Iacobo Casanova]] ([[1725]]–[[1798]]) et [[Franciscus Boaretti|Franciscus Boaretti]] confectae, atque [[poema]]ta [[Biagius Marin|Biagii Marin]] ([[1891]]–[[1985]]). Memoranda quoque est scriptura, cuius titulus ''Diverbium de nova stella'' est et quae [[Galilaeus Galilaei|Galilaeo Galilaei]] ([[1564]]–[[1642]]) adscribitur<ref>Fons desideratus</ref>. == Notae == <references /> == Nexus externi == {{InterWiki|code=vec}} {{ling-stipula}} {{Linguae Romanicae}} [[Categoria:Linguae Romanicae|Veneta]] [[Categoria:Gallo-Italicae dialecti|Veneta]] tpurzjz8o4u862l65bxhnyv36qpendw 0 18038 3996223 3950636 2026-10-22T19:21:33Z LilyKitty 18316 de periculo cybersecuritatis die 21 Octobris 2026 3996223 wikitext text/x-wiki {{latinitas|-1}} [[Fasciculus:PHP-logo.svg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Logotypus]] PHP.]] '''PHP''' est [[lingua]] ad [[scriptum (programma)|scripta]] [[lingua programmationis|programmanda]] [[situs interretialis|sitibus interretialibus]] apta, [[syntaxis|syntaxi]] linguarum [[C (lingua programmationis)|C]] et [[C++]] similis, quae a [[Rasmus Lerdorf|Rasmo Lerdorf]] [[programmator]]e [[Dania|Danico]]-[[Canada|Canadensi]] anno [[1994]] excogitata, et anno [[1995]] edita est.<ref name="History of PHP">{{cite web|title=History of PHP|url=https://php.net/manual/en/history.php.php|website=php.net}}.</ref> [[Instructio exemplaris]] PHP nunc a PHP Group efficitur.<ref name="about PHP">{{cite web|access-date=[[2008]]-02-25|url=https://www.php.net/history|title=History of PHP and related projects |publisher=The PHP Group}}.</ref> Nomen PHP olim [[acronymum]] fuit ''personal home page'' ([[Anglice]]; "pagina principalis personae");<ref name="History of PHP"/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Olsson |first=Mikael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ahBAAAAQBAJ |title=PHP Quick Scripting Reference |date=[[2013]]-09-04 |publisher=Apress |isbn=978-1-4302-6284-8 |language=en}}.</ref> nunc autem [[acronymum recursivum]] factum est verborum ''PHP: hypertext reprocessor'' ("PHP: praeparator hypertextuum").<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150309232820/http://php.net/manual/en/preface.php ''PHP Manual: Preface],'' www.php.net.]</ref> Programma PHP in [[moderatrum interretiale|moderatro interretiali]] legere solet [[interpres (programma)|interpres]] forma [[additrum (informatica)|additri]], [[daemon (informatica)|daemonis]] aut exsecutabilis [[interfacies portae communis|interfaciei portae communis]] (CGI) instructus. In moderatro interretiale, programma PHP interpretatum exsecutumque responsum [[protocollum translationis hypertextuum|HTTP]] aut huius partem edit, quod ex omnimodis datis, ut sunt e.g. [[HTML]] generatum vel data pictoria [[systema numericum binarium|binaria]], exsistere potest. Sunt plura [[systema formularium interretiale|systemata formularia interretialia]], [[systema ad res tractandas|systemata ad res tractandas]], et [[compages interretialis|compages interretiales]], quibus responsum ordinatur aut adiuvetur. Extra quoque interrete ad [[GUI|rem graphicam]] solam tractandam,<ref>{{cite web | url = https://php.net/manual/en/intro-whatcando.php | work = PHP Manual | title = Introduction: What can PHP do? | access-date = 2009-03-05}}.</ref> [[teleplanum]] regendum,<ref>{{Citation|title=helicopter: Port of node-ar-drone which allows user to control a Parrot AR Drone over PHP: jolicode/php-ar-drone|date=[[2019]]-01-11|url=https://github.com/jolicode/php-ar-drone|publisher=JoliCode|access-date=2019-02-23}}.</ref> et ad multas alias res programmandas PHP utilis est. Etiam facultas est programma PHP directe ex [[interfacies per iussa|iusso]] exsequi. Programmatis PHP interpres solitus est [[programmatura libera]] edita sub [[Licentia PHP]], quae ab [[Ingenium Zend|Ingenio Zendiano]] movetur. PHP passim portatur et in plerisque moderatris interretialibus, variis [[systema internum|systematibus internis]] et [[suggestus informaticus|suggestibus]] explicari potest.<ref name="O'Reilly-2001" /> Lingua PHP evoluta est sine norma aut [[designatio|designatione formali]], instructione prima munere normae [[de facto]] functa, quam aliae instructiones sequi nisae sunt. W3Techs rettulit die [[23 Maii]] [[2024]] (sex mensibus post PHP 8.3 editam) ea 76.2 centesimas omnium situum interretialium uti, quorum lingua cognosci potuit. Horum 55.1 centesimae PHP 7 utebantur, quam obsoletam et insecuram esse constat.<ref name="www.php.net">{{Cite web|url=https://www.php.net/eol.php|title=PHP: Unsupported Branches|website=www.php.net}}.</ref><ref name="W3Techs – World Wide Web Technology Surveys"/> Die [[21 Octobris]] [[2026]], vulnerabilitates severas de [[cybersecuritas|cybersecuritate]] societas PHP publicavit, quod [[rectio]]nes et [[collegium (ius)|collegii]] influentiam subiecti sunt.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/technology/websites-taken-offline-over-php-risks-2026-10-21/ Govenments, companies take websites offline over PHP flaws]</ref> ==Historia== {{multiple image | align = right | width = 105 | image1 = Rasmus Lerdorf cropped.jpg | image2 = Andi Gutmans 1.jpg | image3 = Zeev Suraski 2005 cropped.jpg | footer = [[Rasmus Lerdorf]], creator PHP; [[Andreas Gutmans]] et [[Zeev Suraski]], creatores [[Ingenium Zend|Ingenii Zendiani]] }} ===Historia prisca=== Principium PHP anno [[1993]] factum est,<ref name="Krill-2013">{{Cite web |last=Krill |first=Paul |date=2013-11-18 |title=Believe the hype: PHP founder backs Facebook's HipHop technology |url=https://www.infoworld.com/article/2609877/believe-the-hype--php-founder-backs-facebook-s-hiphop-technology.html |access-date=2022-10-13 |website=InfoWorld |language=en}}</ref> cum [[Rasmus Lerdorf]] lingua [[C (lingua programmandi)|C]] aliquot programmata ad [[Interfacies Portae Communis|Interfaciem Portae Communis]] (CGI) scriberet,<ref name="Lerdorf-2012">{{cite web | url = https://twitter.com/rasmus/status/226405807305138176 | title = I wonder why people keep writing that PHP was ever written in Perl. It never was. #php | last = Lerdorf | first = Rasmus | publisher = Twitter | date = [[2012]]-07-20 | access-date = 2014-09-04}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://itc.conversationsnetwork.org/shows/detail3298.html | title = PHP on Hormones | format = mp3 | last = Lerdorf | first = Rasmus | publisher = The Conversations Network | date = [[2007]]-04-26 | access-date = 2009-06-22 | archive-date = 2019-01-06 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190106230504/http://web.archive.org/web/20130729204354id_/http://itc.conversationsnetwork.org/shows/detail3298.html | url-status = dead }}.</ref> quibus [[situs interretialis personalis|situm personalem]] suum sustineret. Haec deinde auxit ut cum [[formula interretialis|formulis interretialibus]] ageret et cum [[datorum repositorium|repositoriis datorum]] communicaret, quam instructionem ''Personal Home Page / Forms Interpreter'' ("Pagina Principalis Personae / Interpres Formularum") vel PHP/FI appellavit. Hoc est exemplum [[syntaxis (informatica)|syntaxis]] veteris PHP:<ref>{{cite web|last=Lerdorf|first=Rasmus|year=[[2007]]|title=Slide 3|url=http://talks.php.net/show/mysql07key/3|access-date=2009-06-22|work=slides for 'PHP on Hormones' talk|publisher=The PHP Group}}.</ref> <syntaxhighlight lang="html"> <!--include /text/header.html--> <!--getenv HTTP_USER_AGENT--> <!--if substr $exec_result Mozilla--> Ohe, Netscape uteris!<p> <!--endif--> <!--sql database select * from table where user='$username'--> <!--ifless $numentries 1--> Miseremur, ea mentio non exstat<p> <!--endif exit--> Bene advenisti <!--$user-->!<p> Tibi <!--$index:0--> credita in computo manent.<p> <!--include /text/footer.html--> </syntaxhighlight> PHP/FI erat utilis ad [[pagina interretialis mobilis|paginas mobiles]] et simplices struendas. Ut [[mendum (informatica|menda]] celerius indicarentur programmaque melius fieret, Lerdorf primum PHP/FI editam esse die [[8 Iunii]] [[1995]] in collocutione [[Usenet]] ''comp.infosystems.www.authoring.cgi'' nuntiavit sub nomine ''Personal Home Page Tools (PHP Tools) version 1.0'' "Instrumenta Paginis Principalibus Personarum (Instrumenta PHP), forma 1.0".<ref name="Lerdorf-1995">{{cite web|url= https://groups.google.com/group/comp.infosystems.www.authoring.cgi/msg/cc7d43454d64d133?pli=1 |title=Announce: Personal Home Page Tools (PHP Tools)|last=Lerdorf|first=Rasmus|date=[[8 Iunii]] [[1995]]|access-date=7 Iunii 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Announce: Personal Home Page Tools (PHP Tools) | author = Lerdorf, Rasmus | date = [[1995]]-06-08 | website = comp.infosystems.www.authoring.cgi | url = https://groups.google.com/group/comp.infosystems.www.authoring.cgi/msg/cc7d43454d64d133 | access-date = 2006-09-17}}.</ref> Quae editio facultates communes, ut [[variabile locale|variabilia modi Perl]], formulas tractare, et [[HTML]] continere, habebat. [[Syntaxis]] PHP iam sic mutata erat ut similis esset [[Perl]]; erat quidem simplicior, minus potens, minusque constans.<ref name="php.net-3">{{cite web |title=History of PHP |url=https://php.net/manual/en/history.php.php |website=php.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Olsson |first=Mikael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ahBAAAAQBAJ |title=PHP Quick Scripting Reference |date=2013-09-04 |publisher=Apress |isbn=978-1-4302-6284-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="The PHP Group">{{cite web|access-date=2008-02-25|url=https://www.php.net/history|title=History of PHP and related projects |publisher=The PHP Group}}</ref> PHP primo tempore haud ad [[theoria linguarum programmandi|linguae programmandi munus]] destinabatur; potius per se crescebat. Lerdorf postea haec memoravit: "Eam sistere nescio [. . .] numquam fuit consilium linguam programmandi scribere [. . .] Linguam programmandi scribere minime scirem. [. . .] Modo gradum ratione proximum addere pergebam."<ref name="Rasmus Lerdorf-2003">{{cite web|title = Rasmus Lerdorf, Senior Technical Yahoo: PHP, Behind the Mic|date = 2003-11-19|url =http://itc.conversationsnetwork.org/shows/detail58.html|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130728125152/http://itc.conversationsnetwork.org/shows/detail58.html|archive-date = 2013-07-28}}</ref> Sodalitas molientium formari coepit, et postquam per plures menses laboratum est [[stadium beta|stadiumque beta]] tentatum, PHP/FI 2 rite edita est mense Novembri 1997.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Alshetwi |first1=A.B. |last2=Rahmat |first2=R. A. A. O. |last3=Borhan |first3=M. N. |last4=Ismael |first4=S. |last5=Ali |first5=A. |last6=Irtema |first6=H. I. M. |last7=Alfakhria |first7=A. Y. |date=[[2018]] |title=Web-Based Expert System for Optimizing of Traffic Road in Developing Countries |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326727672 |access-date=13 Feb 2024}}.</ref> Eo, quod PHP non ab origine excogitata est sed per se crevit, nomina functionum et ordo illarum [[parametrum|parametrorum]] sunt inconstantia.<ref>{{cite web|title=Problems with PHP|url=http://toykeeper.net/soapbox/php_problems/|access-date=20 Decembris 2010}}</ref> Quaedam nomina functionum bibliothecis inferioribus, quas PHP "volvebat", adaequata sunt,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.php.net/php.internals/70950 |title=php.internals: Re: Function name consistency |website=news.php.net |date=[[2013]]-12-28 |access-date=2014-02-09}}.</ref> et in quibusdam formis veterrimis linguae, cum longitudo nominis interne ut [[functio hash|functio ''hash'']] usurparetur, nomina ita fingebantur ut numeri ''hash'' optime distribuerentur.<ref name="Rasmus Lerdorf-2013">{{cite web |title=Re: Flexible function naming |author=[[Rasmus Lerdorf]] |date=[[16 Decembris]] [[2013]] |website=php.internals |url=http://news.php.net/php.internals/70691 |access-date=26 Decembris, 2013}}.</ref> === PHP 3 et 4 === [[Fasciculus:Custom-software-developement-php-net.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|Ecce exemplum programmatis ad [[WordPress]], [[systema ad res tractandas]].]] [[Zeev Suraski]] et [[Andreas Gutmans]] anno [[1997]] [[partitor]]em retractarunt fundamentumque PHP&nbsp;3 fecerunt, nomen linguae mutantes in [[acronymum recursivum]] ''PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor'' ("PHP: Praeparator Hypertextuum").<ref name="The PHP Group" /><ref>{{cite web|title=PHP{{snd}} Acronym Meaning Vote |url=http://il.php.net/vote_listing.php3 |website=PHP.net |archive-date=15 Augusti 2000 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000815063125/http://il.php.net/vote_listing.php3}}</ref> Tunc palam tentari PHP&nbsp;3 coepit et Iunio [[1998]] rite edita est. Postea Suraski et Gutmans funditus [[retractatio (informatica)|retractare]] nucleum PHP inceperunt, quo [[Ingenium Zend]]ianum anno 1999 protulerunt.<ref>{{cite web | title = Zend Engine version 2.0: Feature Overview and Design | publisher = [[Zend]] Technologies Ltd. | url = http://www.zend.com/zend/zend-engine-summary.php | access-date = 2006-09-17 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060719204721/http://www.zend.com/zend/zend-engine-summary.php | archive-date = 2006-07-19 | url-status = dead}}.</ref> Idem [[Zend Technologies]] in [[Ramatgan]] civitatis [[Israël]] condiderunt.<ref name="The PHP Group" /> Die [[22 Maii]] [[2000]] edita est PHP 4, quam Ingenium Zend 1.0 movebat.<ref name="The PHP Group" /> Haec ante mensem Augustum 2008 ad formam 4.4.9 progressa est.<ref name="The PHP Group-2007a">{{cite web|title=php.net 2007 news archive|url=https://www.php.net/archive/2007.php|publisher=The PHP Group|access-date=2008-02-22|date=[[2007]]-07-13}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=2018-12-16 |url=https://www.internetnews.com/developer/php-4-is-dead%ef%bf%bdlong-live-php-5/|title=PHP&nbsp;4 is Dead—Long Live PHP&nbsp;5 |publisher=InternetNews |date=[[2008]]-02-01 |last=Kerner |first=Sean Michael |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806115411/http://www.internetnews.com/dev-news/article.php/3725291 |archive-date=2018-08-06}}/</ref> === PHP 5 === Die [[1 Iulii]] [[2004]] edita est PHP 5, quam movebat novum Ingenium Zend II.<ref name="The PHP Group" /> Haec virtutes novas ferebat, ut [[programmatura ad res directa|programmaturam ad res directam]], additrum ''PHP Data Objects'' (''PDO'', "Res Data PHP") appellatum (quod levem et constantem interfaciem, qua repositoria datorum adeantur, definit), multaque alia, quibus opera emendarentur.<ref>{{cite web|title=Why PHP&nbsp;5 Rocks!|url=http://www.onlamp.com/pub/a/php/2004/07/15/UpgradePHP5.html|publisher=O'Reilly|access-date=2008-02-22|date=2004-07-15|author=Trachtenberg, Adam|archive-date=2016-03-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331232050/http://www.onlamp.com/pub/a/php/2004/07/15/UpgradePHP5.html|url-status=dead}}.</ref> Post annum [[2008]], sola haec forma evolvebatur. [[Annexus stabilis serus]], qui formis prioribus defuerat, PHP 5.3 additus est.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.digitalsandwich.com/archives/53-Late-Static-Binding-in-PHP.html|access-date=2008-03-25|title=Late Static Binding in PHP|date=[[2006]]-02-23|publisher=Digital Sandwich}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=2008-03-25|url=https://www.php.net/language.oop5.static|title=Static Keyword|publisher=The PHP Group}}.</ref> Multa clara incepta fontibus apertis linguae PHP&nbsp;4 in programmate novo a die [[5 Februarii]] [[2008]] subsidium omiserunt, consociatione GoPHP5<ref name="GoPHP5">{{cite web | url=http://www.gophp5.org/projects|title=GoPHP5 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717133313/http://gophp5.org/projects | archive-date=2011-07-17}}.</ref> ab evolutoribus PHP constituta et a PHP&nbsp;4 ad PHP&nbsp;5 transire suadente.<ref name="GoPHP5 Press Release">{{cite web |url=http://gophp5.org/sites/gophp5.org/files/press_release.pdf |title=PHP projects join forces to Go PHP&nbsp;5 |access-date=2008-02-23 |work=GoPHP5 Press Release | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804012720/http://gophp5.org/sites/gophp5.org/files/press_release.pdf | archive-date=2019-08-04}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://gophp5.org/|title=GoPHP5|publisher=GoPHP5|access-date=[[2008]]-02-22 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427101913/http://www.gophp5.org/ | archive-date=2011-04-27}}.</ref> [[Interpres|Interpretes]] linguae PHP plerisque systematibus internis [[architectura 32 bitorum|32]] et [[architectura 64 bitorum|64 bitorum]] praebebantur, sive ex programmate fontano structi erant sive binaria praestructa usurpata erant.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.php.net/manual/en/install.php | title = PHP Installation and Configuration | access-date = 2013-10-29 | website = php.net }}</ref> Formis PHP 5.3 et 5.4 in [[Microsoft Windows]] solae distributiones binariae praebitae sunt 32 bitorum machinae [[IA-32]],<ref>{{cite web | url = https://windows.php.net/download/#php-5.3 | title = PHP for Windows: Binaries and sources releases (5.3) | access-date = 2013-10-29 | website = php.net }}.</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://windows.php.net/download/#php-5.4 | title = PHP for Windows: Binaries and sources releases (5.4) | access-date = 2013-10-29 | website = php.net }}</ref> quae modum consociabilem postulabant dum [[Internet Information Services]] (IIS) in suggestu Windows 64 bitorum agitur. Forma PHP 5.5 machinae 64 bitorum [[x86-64]] praeberi in Microsoft Windows potuerunt.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://windows.php.net/download/#php-5.5 | title = PHP for Windows: Binaries and sources releases (5.5) | access-date = 2013-10-29 | website = php.net }}.</ref> Securitati formae PHP 5.6 subsidium omissum est die [[31 Decembris]] [[2018]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://php.net/supported-versions.php |title = PHP: Supported Versions}}</ref> === PHP 6 === Fama PHP vitiabatur quia [[Unicodex|Unicodicem]] sub nucleo linguistico ope sua non sustinebat.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://php.net/manual/en/language.types.string.php | title = Types: Strings (PHP Manual) | access-date = 2013-09-22 | website = PHP.net }}.</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.php.net/manual/en/language.types.string.php#language.types.string.details | title = Details of the String Type (PHP Manual) | access-date = 2021-09-22 | website = PHP.net }}.</ref> Anno [[2005]] Andrea Zmievski duce propositum est ut facultas [[Unicodex|Unicodicis]] per totam PHP inferretur imponenda bibliotheca [[Elementa Unicodicis Omnium Gentium|Elementorum Unicodicis Omnium Gentium]] (ICU) lineisque textus interne per [[UTF-16]] exprimendis.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://marc.info/?l=php-internals&m=112365908921757&w=1|title=PHP Unicode support design document|date=[[2005]]-08-10|access-date=2014-02-09|author=Andrei Zmievski}}.</ref> Haec, cum et interna linguae et programma usorum magnopere mutatura essent, mens erat in linguae forma 6.0 edere cum aliis magnis virtutibus quae tunc evolvebantur.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.php.net/php.internals/17668|title=PHP&nbsp;5.5 or 6.0|access-date=[[2014]]-02-09}}.</ref> Tamen, paucis evolutoribus mutanda intellegentibus operibusque programmatis impeditis convertendo in UTF-16 aut ex UTF-16, quo in rebus interretialibus homines uti non solent, proposita tardabantur.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly: What Happened to Unicode and PHP&nbsp;6|url=http://www.slideshare.net/andreizm/the-good-the-bad-and-the-ugly-what-happened-to-unicode-and-php-6|access-date=2014-02-09|author=Andrei Zmievski|date=[[2011]]-04-22}}.</ref> Itaque forma PHP&nbsp;5.3 creata est anno [[2009]], multis virtutibus (Unicodice excepto) de PHP&nbsp;6 retroportatis. Inter has gravia sunt spatia nominalia. Martio [[2010]] inceptum rite destitutum est, et forma PHP&nbsp;5.4 parata est, qua pleraeque ceterae virtutes PHP&nbsp;6 comprehenderentur, inter alia qualitates et renexio clausurarum.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.php.net/php.internals/47120|title=PHP&nbsp;6|access-date=2014-02-07|date=[[2010]]-03-11|author=Rasmus Lerdorf}}.</ref> Nova consilia de Unicodice accipiendo sperabantur sed ante annum [[2014]] non capta erant. === PHP 7 === Per annos [[2014]] et [[2015]] effecta est nova PHP forma, et appellata PHP&nbsp;7; qui numerus controversiae fuit inter molitores internos.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://philsturgeon.uk/php/2014/07/23/neverending-muppet-debate-of-php-6-v-php-7/|title=The Neverending Muppet Debate of PHP&nbsp;6 v PHP&nbsp;7|access-date=[[2015]]-11-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119132438/https://philsturgeon.uk/php/2014/07/23/neverending-muppet-debate-of-php-6-v-php-7/|archive-date=2015-11-19|url-status=dead}}.</ref> Cum tentamina de Unicodice sub nomine PHP&nbsp;6 numquam edita essent, tamen nonnulli articulorum et librorum tituli hoc [[vocabulum|vocabulo]] usi erant, quod res turbaturum esse videbatur si novo edito idem nomen daretur.<ref>{{cite web |title=RFC: Name of Next Release of PHP |url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/php6 |date=[[2014]]-07-07 |access-date=2014-07-15 |website=php.net}}.</ref> Latis suffragiis, nomen PHP&nbsp;7 est lectum.<ref>{{cite web|title=Re: [PHP-DEV] [VOTE] [RFC] Name of Next Release of PHP (again) |url=https://www.mail-archive.com/internals@lists.php.net/msg68598.html |date=[[2014]]-07-30 |access-date=2014-07-30}}.</ref> PHP&nbsp;7 fundamentum est [[ramus (informatica)|ramus]] linguae, quae primum ''PHP next generation'' seu ''phpng'' (PHP aevi proximi) dicebatur. Huic [[auctor]]es fuerunt Demetrius Stogov, Xinchen Hui, et Nicetas Popov,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.php.net/php.internals/73888|title=phpng: Refactored PHP Engine with Big Performance Improvement|website=news.php.net}}.</ref> et consilium fuit reformare Ingenium Zendianum ut opera linguae levarentur, sed consociabilitatem linguae paene integram servare.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/phpng |title=PHP: rfc:phpng |access-date=[[16 Decembris]] [[2014]] |website=php.net}}.</ref> Iam ante diem [[14 Iulii]] [[2014]], mensurae per [[WordPress]] (quae mensurae praecipuae propositi phpng semper fuerunt) opera paene centum centesimis meliora indicabant. Mutata in phpng sic facta sunt ut opera formarum futurarum meliora reddere facilius fieret, cum structurae datorum magis compactae et alia mutata aptiora viderentur esse si consilium foret migrare ad [[compilatrum in praesens]].<ref name="php.net-7">{{cite web|url=https://wiki.php.net/phpng |title=PHP: phpng |website=php.net |access-date=[[2014]]-07-15}}.</ref> Ob mutata non parva, Ingenio Zendiano refecto numerus "Ingenium Zend 3" inditus est, cum post Ingenium Zend 2, quo in PHP 5 usi erant, sequeretur.<ref name="github.com-2014">{{cite web |url=https://github.com/php/php-src/commit/150dc69d6eee35738f505e925ee664c02060196d |website=github.com |date=[[2014]]-12-05 |access-date=2014-12-05 |title=Merge branch 'ZendEngine3'}}.</ref> Propter magna mutata interna in phpng, necesse erat ut inderetur numerus [[forma programmatis|formae maioris]], non editi minoris numeri PHP&nbsp;5, secundum consilium PHP de edendo.<ref name="PHP-2011" /> Cum formis maioribus PHP rumpere consociabilitatem retrorsus programmatis liceret, PHP&nbsp;7 occasionem faciebat aliorum quoque profectuum, qui consociabilitatem rumpebant, e quibus hos memorare dignamur: * Multis traditis modis erroris, seu fatalibus seu sanabilibus, [[Exceptio (informatica)|exceptiones]] sunt suppositae, quae moderna consuetudine ad res diriguntur.<ref name="php.net" /> * Syntaxis, qua relatio variabilis omittebatur, ita refecta est ut operatra <code>-></code>, <code>[]</code>, <code>()</code>,<code>{}</code>, et <code>::</code> cum quibuslibet litteris sinistro latere adhiberi possent.<ref name="php.net-2014b">{{cite web |url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/uniform_variable_syntax |title=PHP RFC: Uniform Variable Syntax |date=2014-05-31 |access-date=2014-07-30 |website=php.net}}</ref> * Subsidium modis traditis construendi, qualia in PHP&nbsp;4 exstabant, omissum est.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://3v4l.org/udRhX|title=Online PHP editor &#124; output for udRhX|website=3v4l.org}}</ref> * Opera [[foreach|affirmationis <code>foreach</code>]] sic moderata sunt ut facilius providerentur.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/php7_foreach|title=PHP RFC: Fix "foreach" behavior|access-date=2015-05-21|website=php.net}}</ref> * Constructrices earum paucarum classium in PHP, quae in nullum redibant post defectum, mutati sunt ut exceptionem iacerent, constantiae gratia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/internal_constructor_behaviour|title=PHP RFC: Constructor behaviour of internal classes|access-date=2015-05-21|website=php.net}}</ref> * Quaedam [[SAPI]] et additra amota sunt de nucleo PHP, praecipue additrum traditum <code>mysql</code>.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/removal_of_dead_sapis_and_exts|title=PHP RFC: Removal of dead or not yet PHP7 ported SAPIs and extensions|access-date=2015-05-21|website=php.net}}</ref> * Operibus operatri <code>list()</code> mutatis, subsidium seriebus omissum est.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/fix_list_behavior_inconsistency|title=PHP RFC: Fix list() behavior inconsistency|access-date=2015-05-21|website=php.net}}</ref> * Subsidium limitibus traditis consuetudine ASP <code>&lt;%</code>, <code>%&gt;</code>, et <code>&lt;script language="php"&gt; ... &lt;/script&gt;</code> omissum est.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/remove_alternative_php_tags|title=PHP RFC: Remove alternative PHP tags|access-date=2015-05-21|website=php.net}}</ref> * Incuriae, qua [[switch|affirmatio switch]] plures voces <code>default</code> habere poterat, subventum est.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/switch.default.multiple|title=PHP RFC: Make defining multiple default cases in a switch a syntax error|access-date=2015-05-21|website=php.net}}</ref> * Subsidium numeris sedecimalibus in quibusdam conversionibus ex seriebus in genera numeralia omissum est.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/remove_hex_support_in_numeric_strings|title=PHP RFC: Remove hex support in numeric strings|access-date=2015-05-21|website=php.net}}</ref> * [[Translatio bitorum|Operatra translationum dextrorsum et sinistrorsum]] mutata sunt ut similius in variis suggestibus operarentur.<ref name="php.net-5" /> * Conversiones inter numeros cum puncto mobili et integros mutatae (e.g. infinitum ut in zerum converteretur) et constantius per varios suggestus instructae sunt.<ref name="php.net-5">{{cite web|url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/integer_semantics|title=PHP RFC: Integer Semantics|access-date=2015-05-21|quote=Making NaN and Infinity always become zero when cast to integer means more cross-platform consistency, and is also less surprising than what is currently produces|website=php.net}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/zpp_fail_on_overflow|title=PHP RFC: ZPP Failure on Overflow|access-date=2015-05-21|website=php.net}}</ref> Lingua PHP&nbsp;7 etiam novas virtutes habebat. Insignissima sunt ad functiones pronuntiatio generum reditus illata<ref name="php.net-2015a">{{cite web |url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/return_types |title=RFC: Return Types |date=2015-01-27 |access-date=2015-01-28 |website=php.net}}</ref> - quod est complementum pronuntiationi generum parametrorum, quae iam extabat - et subsidium generibus [[Variabile (informatica)|scalaribus]] (integris, mobilibus, serialibus, et booleanis) in pronuntiatione generum parametrorum et reditus datum.<ref name="php.net-2015b">{{cite web|url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/scalar_type_hints_v5|title=RFC: Scalar Type Declarations |date=2015-03-16 |access-date=2015-03-17 |website=php.net}}</ref> === PHP 8 === PHP&nbsp;8 edita est die 26 Novembris 2020, et nunc est secunda maxime usitata forma PHP. Quia est forma maior, mutata rumpentia de formis prioribus habet.<ref name="Brent">{{cite web |author=Brent |title=What's new in PHP 8 |url=https://stitcher.io/blog/new-in-php-8 |website=Stitcher |access-date=22 Septembris 2020}}</ref><ref name="PHP">{{cite web |title=PHP 8 Released|url=https://www.php.net/releases/8.0/en.php |website=PHP |access-date=27 Novembris 2020}}</ref> Inter nova et insignia sunt haec: ==== Compilatrum in praesens ==== [[Compilatrum in praesens|Compilatro in praesens]] subsidium datur.<ref name="wiki.php.net-2" /> Quod opera valde levare potest in quibusdam usibus,<ref name="Brent-2">{{cite web |author=Brent |title=PHP 8: JIT performance in real-life web applications |url=https://stitcher.io/blog/jit-in-real-life-web-applications |website=Stitcher.io |access-date=4 Octobris 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Rethams |first1=Derick |title=PHP 8: A Quick Look at JIT |url=https://derickrethans.nl/a-quick-look-at-jit.html}}</ref> sed dixit molitor (tunc pro PHP) Nicetas Popov plerisque sitibus interretialibus minus levaturum opera quam levavit ascensus ex PHP&nbsp;5 in PHP&nbsp;7.<ref name="Popov-2020" /> Opinio est compilatrum valde levaturum potius opera mathematica quam usus communes interretiales.<ref name="Popov-2020">{{cite web |last1=Popov |first1=Nikita |title="What's new in PHP 8.0?" Nikita Popov |date=13 Iulii 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NbBRXwu1Md8 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/NbBRXwu1Md8| archive-date=2021-12-11 |url-status=live|publisher=PHP fwdays |access-date=4 Octobris 2020}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Hoc compilatrum facultatem facit aliquantum programmatis ex C in PHP traicere ob opera in quibusdam usibus levata.<ref name="Daniele-2020">{{cite web |last1=Daniele |first1=Carlo |title=What's New in PHP 8 (Features, Improvements, and the JIT Compiler) |url=https://kinsta.com/blog/php-8/ |website=Kinsta |date=25 Maii 2020 |access-date=24 Decembris 2020}}</ref> ==== Vox ''match'' ==== In PHP 8 vox {{code|match}} illata est.<ref name="Redmond-2020">{{cite web |last1=Redmond |first1=Paul |title=Match Expression is Coming to PHP 8 |url=https://laravel-news.com/match-expression-php-8 |website=Laravel News |date=15 July 2020 |access-date=4 October 2020}}</ref> Haec rationem vocis {{code|switch}} similem habet et brevior est in nonnullis usibus.<ref name="PHP Watch">{{cite web |title=PHP 8.0: Match Expressions |url=https://php.watch/versions/8.0/match-expression |website=PHP Watch |access-date=4 Octobris 2020}}</ref> Eo quod {{code|match}} est vox, exitus eius variabili necti vel a functione reddi potest.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Barnes |first1=Eric |title=PHP 8 is now Released! |url=https://laravel-news.com/php-8 |website=Laravel News |date=27 Novembris 2020 |access-date=24 Decembris 2020 |ref=laravel-news-php-8-released}}</ref> ==== Genera mutata et addita ==== PHP 8 genera unitiva, novum genus reditus {{code|static}} et novum genus {{code|mixed}} intulit.<ref name="Brent" /> "Attributa", quae in aliis linguis programmandi "annotationes" saepe appellantur, addita sunt in PHP&nbsp;8, quo metadata classibus addi possunt.<ref name="Brent" /> {{code|throw}} ex affirmatione in vocem mutata est,<ref name="wiki.php.net-4" /> quo exceptiones iaci possunt in locis, ubi prius non poterant.<ref name="Brent" /> ==== Syntaxis mutata aut addita ==== Quaedam in PHP&nbsp;8 mutata sunt ut alia, brevior, aut magis constans syntaxis in rebus diversis sineretur. Exempli gratia, operatrum ''nullsafe'' est similis operatri ''[[null coalescing]]'' {{code|??}}, sed ad methodum vocandum usurpatur.<ref name="wiki.php.net" /> Hoc programma errorem non iaciet si {{code|getBirthday()}} nullum reddat: <syntaxhighlight lang="php"> $human_readable_date = $user->getBirthday()?->diffForHumans(); </syntaxhighlight> In "[[saccharum syntacticum]]" addita est promotio proprietatum, id est ut proprietates classis sponte figerentur cum parametra in [[Constructrix (programmatura ad res directa)|constructricem]] classis traderentur,<ref name="Brent" /> quominus necesse esset [[programma commune]] scribere.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Roose |first1=Brent |title=PHP 8: Constructor property promotion |url=https://stitcher.io/blog/constructor-promotion-in-php-8 |access-date=30 Aprilis 2024}}</ref> Alia mutata minora sunt subsidium datum ut {{code|::class}} obiectis adhibeatur tamquam {{code|get_class()}};<ref name="Brent" /> captiones non concipientes in molibus "tempta-cape"; syntaxis paulum immutata ut magis secum constaret; subsidium argumentis nominatis; subsidium commatibus finalibus in catenis parametrorum, quod magis concors est cum subsidio commatibus finalibus in ordinibus et in aliis contextibus.<ref name="PHP" /> ==== Bibliotheca normalis mutata et aucta ==== * Chartae infirmae {{code|WeakMap}} additae sunt, quae relationes ad obiecta continent, tamen non obstant quominus [[Ablatio quisquiliarum (informatica)|tamquam quisquilias auferantur]].<ref name="wiki.php.net-3" /> Quod opera levare potest, si data [[Acervus (informatica)|acervantur]]; hoc est aptissimum [[connexio rerum et relationum|connexioni rerum et relationum]].<ref name="Brent" /> * Interfacies diverse accommodatae sunt, ut subsidium obiectis {{code|DateTime}} ex interfaciebus creandis datum, et addita interfacies {{code|Stringable}} ad genera summonenda utilis.<ref name="Brent" /> * Diversae functiones novae, e.g. {{code|lang=php|str_contains()}}, {{code|lang=php|str_starts_with()}}, et {{code|lang=php|str_ends_with()}};<ref name="Merchant-2020">{{cite web |last1=Merchant |first1=Amit |title=These new string functions are coming in PHP 8 |url=https://www.amitmerchant.com/new-string-functions-php8/ |website=Amit Merchant |date=13 Iunii 2020 |access-date=4 Octobris 2020}}</ref> {{code|lang=php|fdiv()}}; {{code|lang=php|get_debug_type()}}; et {{code|lang=php|get_resource_id()}}<ref name="Brent" /> * Instructum est {{code|lang=php|token_get_all()}} tamquam obiectum.<ref name="Brent" /> ==== Alia mutata ==== * Annotationes generum in ipso programmate fontano PHP, lingua C scripto, additae sunt, quibus functiones methodique interni "scientiam integram generum in reflectione" haberent.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Popov |first1=Nikita |title=Call for participation: Annotating internal function argument and return types |url=https://externals.io/message/106522 |website=Externals |access-date=19 November 2020}}</ref> * Hereditas in methodis privatis<ref name="Brent" /> * Methodi abstracti licent in emendatione characterorum.<ref name="Brent" /> ==== PHP 8.1 ==== PHP 8.1 edita est die 25 Novembris, 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.php.net/ChangeLog-8.php#8.1.0 |title=PHP 8 ChangeLog |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=PHP.net}}</ref> Subsidium datum est ut [[genus enumeratum|genera enumerarentur]], proprietates <code>readonly</code> esse nuntiarentur (quod mutare proprietatem post initum impedit), et ordines clavibus serialibus expedirentur. Novo [[genus infimum|genere ''never'']] significari potest functionem non reddere.<ref>{{Cite web|title=PHP: PHP 8.1.0 Release Announcement |url=https://www.php.net/releases/8.1/en.php |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=PHP.net}}</ref> ==== PHP 8.2 ==== PHP 8.2 edita est die 8 Decembris, 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.php.net/ChangeLog-8.php#8.2.0 |title=PHP 8 ChangeLog |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=PHP.net}}</ref> Novae sunt classes <code>readonly</code> (quarum exemplorum proprietates sunt tacite ''readonly''), genera in [[forma normalis disiunctiva|forma normali disiunctiva]], et auctum <code>random</code>, [[generatrum numerorum pseudofortuitorum]] cum [[API]] ad res directa,<ref>{{Cite web|title=PHP: PHP 8.2.0 Release Announcement |url=https://www.php.net/releases/8.2/en.php |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=PHP.net}}</ref> facultas parametrorum impatientum abolendorum, permultaeque aliae virtutes. === Tabula historica === {| class="wikitable |- ! Forma ! style="min-width: 10em;" | Editionis dies ! style="min-width: 10em;" | Subsidium usque ad<ref name="eol">{{cite web|url=https://php.net/eol.php |title=Unsupported Branches |website=php.net |access-date=2019-07-31}}</ref> ! Notae |- | <nowiki>1.0</nowiki> | 8 Iunii 1995 | | Nominata ''Personal Home Page Tools (PHP Tools)''. Usus primus nominis '"PHP".<ref name="The PHP Group" /> |- | <nowiki>2.0</nowiki> | 1 Novembris 1997 | | Nominata ''PHP/FI 2.0''. Haec prima est forma digna nomine PHP, lingua sui iuris, cuius virtutum multae adhuc manent. |- | <nowiki>3.0</nowiki> | 6 Iunii 1998 | 20 Octobris 2000 | Labor evolvendi ab uno homine ad multos translatus. Basin refecerunt Zeev Suraski et Andreas Gutmans.<ref name="The PHP Group" /> |- | <nowiki>4.0</nowiki> | 22 Maii 2000<ref>{{cite web |title=PHP 4.0.0 Released |url=https://news-web.php.net/php.announce/22 |access-date=25 Octobris 2020}}</ref> | 23 Iunii 2001 | Additum melius systema ad ligulas tractandas, quod primum partiretur tantum, deinde exsequeretur, et appellatum Ingenium Zendianum.<ref name="The PHP Group-2008">{{cite web|title=PHP: PHP&nbsp;4 ChangeLog|url=https://www.php.net/ChangeLog-4.php|publisher=The PHP Group|access-date=2008-02-22|date=2008-01-03}}</ref> |- | <nowiki>4.1</nowiki> | 10 Decembris 2001<ref>{{cite web |title=PHP 4.1.0 Release Announcement |url=https://www.php.net/releases/4_1_0.php |access-date=25 Octobris 2020}}</ref> | 12 Martii 2002 | Illata "superglobalia" ({{code|lang=php|$_GET}}, {{code|lang=php|$_POST}}, {{code|lang=php|$_SESSION}}, etc.)<ref name="The PHP Group-2008" /> |- | <nowiki>4.2</nowiki> | 22 Aprilis 2002<ref>{{cite web |title=PHP 4.2.0 Release Announcement |url=https://www.php.net/releases/4_2_0.php |access-date=25 Octobris 2020}}</ref> | 6 Septembris 2003 | Debilitatum <code>register_globals</code> nisi requisitum esset, ne data per rete recepta directe in spatium nominale [[variabile globale|globale]] insererentur. Sic rimae in securitate applicationum clausae.<ref name="The PHP Group-2008" /> |- | <nowiki>4.3</nowiki> | 27 Decembris 2002<ref>{{cite web |title=PHP 4.3.0 Release Announcement |url=https://www.php.net/releases/4_3_0.php |access-date=25 Octobris 2020}}</ref> | 31 Martii 2005 | Illata [[interfacies per iussa]] in supplementum CGI.<ref name="The PHP Group-2008" /><ref name="PHP Manual-2">{{cite web|title= Using PHP from the command line | work = PHP Manual|url=https://php.net/manual/en/features.commandline.php|publisher=The PHP Group|access-date=2009-09-11}}</ref> |- | <nowiki>4.4</nowiki> | 11 Iulii 2004<ref>{{cite web |title=PHP 4.4.0 Release Announcement |url=https://www.php.net/releases/4_4_0.php |access-date=25 Octobris 2020}}</ref> | 5 Septembris 2005 | Subventum mendo, quod memoriam corrumpebat. Ad hoc necesse fuit consociabilitatem binariam cum auctis compilatis contra PHP 4.3.x.<ref>{{cite web|title=PHP&nbsp;4.4.0 Release Announcement|work=PHP Manual|url=https://php.net/releases/4_4_0.php|publisher=The PHP Group|access-date=2013-11-24}}</ref> |- | <nowiki>5.0</nowiki> | 13 Iulii 2004<ref>{{cite web |title=PHP 5.0.0 Released! |url=https://news-web.php.net/php.announce/50 |access-date=25 Octobris 2020}}</ref> | 7 Augusti 2008 | Ingenium Zendianum II cum nova ratione rerum.<ref name="The PHP Group-2007">{{cite web|title=PHP: PHP&nbsp;5 ChangeLog|url=https://www.php.net/ChangeLog-5.php|publisher=The PHP Group|access-date=2008-02-22|date=2007-11-08}}</ref> |- | <nowiki>5.1</nowiki> | 24 Novembris 2005<ref>{{cite web |title=PHP 5.1.0 Release Announcement |url=https://www.php.net/releases/5_1_0.php |access-date=25 Octobris 2020}}</ref> | 24 Augusti 2006 | Levata opera variabilibus compilatriis illatis in Ingenium Zendianum reformatum.<ref name="The PHP Group-2007" /> Addita interfacies constans ''PHP Data Objects'' (''PDO'') qua repositoria datorum adirentur.<ref name="The PHP Group-2011">{{cite web|title=PHP manual: PDO|url=https://php.net/manual/en/intro.pdo.php|publisher=The PHP Group|access-date=2011-11-15|date=2011-11-15}}</ref> |- | <nowiki>5.2</nowiki> | 2 Novembris 2006<ref>{{cite web |title=PHP 5.2.0 Release Announcement |url=https://www.php.net/releases/5_2_0.php |access-date=25 Octobris 2020}}</ref> | 6 Ianuarii 2011 | Habilitatum auctum coli nisi deprecatum esset. Subsidium proprium [[JSON]].<ref name="The PHP Group-2007" /> |- | <nowiki>5.3</nowiki> | 30 Iunii 2009<ref>{{cite web |title=PHP 5.3.0 Release Announcement |url=https://www.php.net/releases/5_3_0.php |access-date=25 Octobris 2020}}</ref> | 4 Augusti 2014 | Subsidium [[spatium nominale|spatiis nominalibus]]; [[Annexus nominis|annexus stabilis serus]]; ''jump label'' (''[[goto]]'' intra fines); [[functio anonyma|functiones anonymae]]; [[clausura (informatica)|clausurae]],; ''PHP archives'' (phar); [[ablatio quisquiliarum (informatica)|ablatio quisquiliarum]] relationibus circularibus; subsidium [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]]; ''sqlite3''; ''mysqlnd'' in locum libmysql suppositum ut esset bibliotheca substructa auctis, quae [[MySQL]] utuntur; ''fileinfo'' in locum ''mime_magic'' suppositum ut plus subsidii [[MIME]] haberet; auctum ad gentes; et omissum auctum ''ereg''. |- | <nowiki>5.4</nowiki> | 1 Martii 2012<ref>{{cite web |title=PHP 5.4.0 Release Announcement |url=https://www.php.net/releases/5_4_0.php |access-date=25 Octobris 2020}}</ref> | 3 Septembris 2015 | Subsidium [[character (informatica)|characteribus]], subsidium syntaxi ordinum brevium. Amota: <code>register_globals</code>, <code>safe_mode</code>, <code>allow_call_time_pass_reference</code>, {{code|lang=php|session_register()}}, {{code|lang=php|session_unregister()}} et {{code|lang=php|session_is_registered()}}. Moderatrum interretiale inaedificatum.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://php.net/manual/en/features.commandline.webserver.php |title=Built-in web server |access-date=26 Martii 2012}}</ref> Aliquot priores virtutes emendatae, opera levata, minus memoriae requirebatur. |- | <nowiki>5.5</nowiki> | 20 Iunii 2013<ref>{{cite web |title=PHP 5.5.0 Release Announcement |url=https://www.php.net/releases/5_5_0.php |access-date=25 Octobris 2020}}</ref> | 10 Iulii 2016 | Subsidium [[generatrum (informatica)|generatris]], moles <code>finally</code> ad exceptiones tractandas, ''OpCache'' (in ''Zend Optimizer+'' fundatum) colligatum cum distributione publica.<ref name="php.net-9">{{cite web|title=PHP&nbsp;5.5.0 changes|url=https://php.net/manual/en/migration55.new-features.php|access-date=2015-03-03|website=php.net}}</ref> |- | <nowiki>5.6</nowiki> | 28 Augusti 2014<ref>{{cite web |title=PHP 5.6.0 Release Announcement |url=https://www.php.net/releases/5_6_0.php |access-date=25 Octobris 2020}}</ref> | 10 Iulii 2018 | Voces scalares constantes, [[functio variadica|functiones variadicae]], expeditio argumentorum, novum operatrum exponendi, aucta affirmatio <code>use</code> ad functiones et constantia, novum emendatrum <code>phpdbg</code> forma moduli SAPI, alia minora emendata.<ref name="php.net-10">{{cite web |title=Migrating from PHP&nbsp;5.5.x to PHP&nbsp;5.6.x |url=https://www.php.net/manual/en/migration56.new-features.php |access-date=2014-03-24 |website=php.net}}</ref> |- | <nowiki>6.x</nowiki> | Non edita | - | Forma derelicta linguae PHP qua subsidium Unicodici addendum erat.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lwn.net/Articles/379909/|title=Resetting PHP&nbsp;6}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.infoworld.com/article/2841561/php/php-7-moves-full-speed-ahead.html|title=PHP&nbsp;7 moves full speed ahead|date=2014-10-31}}</ref> |- | <nowiki>7.0</nowiki> | 3 Decembris 2015<ref name="php.net-2018">{{cite web |url=https://php.net/archive/2018.php#id2018-07-19-2|title=News Archive&nbsp;– 2018: PHP&nbsp;7.2.9 Released |date=2018-08-16 |access-date=2018-08-16 |website=php.net}}</ref> | 10 Ianuarii 2019 | Ingenium Zendianum 3 (levata opera<ref name="php.net-7" /> et subsidium integris 64-bitorum in Windows<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/size_t_and_int64_next|title=PHP: rfc:size_t_and_int64_next|website=php.net|access-date=16 Decembris 2014}}</ref>), syntaxis variabilium uniformis,<ref name="php.net-2014b" /> compilatrum [[Arbor syntactica abstracta|arboribus syntacticis abstractis]] operans,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/abstract_syntax_tree|title=PHP: rfc:abstract_syntax_tree|website=php.net|access-date=16 Decembris 2014}}</ref> additum {{code|lang=php|Closure::call()}},<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/closure_apply|title=PHP: rfc:closure_apply|website=php.net|access-date=16 Decembris 2014}}</ref> translatio bitorum constans per suggestus,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/integer_semantics|title=PHP: rfc:integer_semantics|website=php.net|access-date=16 Decembris 2014}}</ref> operatrum {{code|lang=php|??}} ([[operatrum coalescens si nullum|''null coalesce'']]),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/isset_ternary|title=PHP: rfc:isset_ternary|website=php.net|access-date=16 Decembris 2014}}</ref> [[Series litteralis|syntaxis fugarum]] in punctis [[Unicodex|Unicodicis]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/unicode_escape|title=RFC: Unicode Codepoint Escape Syntax|date=2014-11-24|access-date=2014-12-19}}</ref> pronuntiatio generum reditus, <ref name="php.net-2015a" /> pronuntiatio generum scalarium (integrorum, mobilium, serialium et booleanorum),<ref name="php.net-2015b" /> operatrum <code>&lt;=&gt;</code> (''spaceship'') [[comparatio ternaria|comparationis ternariae]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/combined-comparison-operator|title=Combined Comparison (Spaceship) Operator|website=php.net|access-date=2015-05-21}}</ref> delegatio [[Generatrum (informatica)|generatrorum]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/generator-delegation|title=PHP RFC: Generator Delegation|access-date=2015-05-21|website=php.net}}</ref> [[classis anonyma|classes anonymae]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/anonymous_classes|title=PHP RFC: Anonymous Classes|access-date=2015-05-21|website=php.net}}</ref> API [[Generatrum numerorum fortuitorum cryptographice securum|generatri numerorum fortuitorum cryptographice securi]] simplicior et constantius praesens,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/easy_userland_csprng|title=PHP RFC: Easy User-land CSPRNG|access-date=2015-05-21|website=php.net}}</ref> multis remanentibus "erroribus" internis linguae [[Exceptio (informatica)|exceptiones]] suppositae,<ref name="php.net">{{cite web|url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/engine_exceptions_for_php7|title=PHP RFC: Exceptions in the engine (for PHP&nbsp;7)|access-date=2015-05-21|website=php.net}}</ref> syntaxis abbreviata qua plura nomina ex spatio nominali simul importarentur.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/group_use_declarations|title=PHP RFC: Group Use Declarations|access-date=2015-05-21|website=php.net}}</ref> |- | <nowiki>7.1</nowiki> | 1 Decembris 2016 | 1 Decembris 2019 | Genus {{code|lang=php|iterable}},<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/iterable|title=PHP: rfc:iterable|website=php.net|date=2016-06-10|access-date=2023-06-30}}</ref> genera nullabilia,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/nullable_types|title=PHP: rfc:nullable_types|website=php.net|date=2014-04-10|access-date=2023-06-30}}</ref> [[genus vacuum|genus reditus {{code|lang=php|void}}]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wiki.php.net/rfc/void_return_type|title=PHP: rfc:void_return_type|website=php.net|date=2015-11-09|access-date=2015-11-14}}</ref> [[occultatio (informatica)|moderamina visibilitatis]] constantia per classes,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/class_const_visibility|title=PHP: rfc:class_constant_visibility|website=php.net|date=2015-10-27|access-date=2015-12-08}}</ref> syntaxis catenarum brevium,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/short_list_syntax|title=PHP: rfc:short_list_syntax|website=php.net|date=2016-04-07|access-date=2023-06-30}}</ref> ''multi-catch''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/multiple-catch|title=PHP: rfc:multiple-catch|website=php.net|date=2016-03-06|access-date=2023-06-30}}</ref> |- | <nowiki>7.2</nowiki> | 30 Novembris 2017 | 30 Novembris 2020 | Pronuntiatio parametrorum rerum et generum reditus,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/object-typehint|title=PHP: rfc:object-typehint|website=wiki.php.net}}</ref> auctum ''libsodium'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/libsodium|title=PHP: rfc:libsodium|website=wiki.php.net}}</ref> praepositio abstracta methodorum,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/allow-abstract-function-override|title=PHP: rfc:allow-abstract-function-override|website=wiki.php.net}}</ref> prolatio generum parametrorum.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/parameter-no-type-variance|title=PHP: rfc:parameter-no-type-variance|website=wiki.php.net}}</ref> |- | <nowiki>7.3</nowiki> | 6 Decembris 2018<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wiki.php.net/todo/php73|title=PHP: todo:php73|website=wiki.php.net}}</ref> | 6 Decembris 2021 | Syntaxis mutabilis ad ''[[Here document#PHP|Heredoc]]'' et ''Nowdoc'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/flexible_heredoc_nowdoc_syntaxes|title=PHP: rfc:flexible_heredoc_nowdoc_syntaxes|website=wiki.php.net}}</ref> subsidium nexui relationum et destructioni ordinum per {{code|lang=php|list()}},<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/list_reference_assignment|title=PHP: rfc:list_reference_assignment|website=wiki.php.net}}</ref> subsidium ''PCRE2'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/pcre2-migration|title=PHP: rfc:pcre2-migration|website=wiki.php.net}}</ref> functio {{code|lang=php|hrtime}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://php.net/manual/en/function.hrtime.php|title=PHP: hrtime{{snd}} Manual|website=php.net}}</ref> |- | <nowiki>7.4</nowiki> | 28 Novembris 2019<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.php.net/archive/2019.php#2019-11-28-1|title=PHP 7.4.0 Released!|website=php.net|access-date=2019-11-28}}</ref> | 28 Novembris 2022 | Characteres generici 2.0,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/typed_properties_v2|title=PHP: rfc:typed_properties_v2|website=wiki.php.net|access-date=2019-04-04}}</ref> praeoneratio,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/preload|title=PHP: rfc:preload|website=wiki.php.net|access-date=2019-04-04}}</ref> operatrum nexuum ''null-coalescing'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/null_coalesce_equal_operator|title=PHP: rfc:null_coalesce_equal_operator|website=wiki.php.net|access-date=2019-04-04}}</ref> emendatum {{code|lang=php|openssl_random_pseudo_bytes}},<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/improve-openssl-random-pseudo-bytes|title=PHP: rfc:improve-openssl-random-pseudo-bytes|website=wiki.php.net|access-date=2019-04-04}}</ref> relationes infirmae,<ref name="wiki.php.net-3">{{Cite web|url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/weakrefs|title=PHP: rfc:weakrefs|website=wiki.php.net|access-date=2019-04-05}}</ref> [[interfacies ad functiones alienas]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/ffi|title=PHP: rfc:ffi|website=wiki.php.net|access-date=2019-04-05}}</ref> auctum ''hash'' semper praesto,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/permanent_hash_ext|title=PHP: rfc:permanent_hash_ext|website=wiki.php.net|access-date=2019-04-05}}</ref> regestrum ''hash'' tesserarum,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/password_registry|title=PHP: rfc:password_registry|website=wiki.php.net|access-date=2019-04-05}}</ref> dispertitio serierum multis octetis,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/mb_str_split|title=PHP: rfc:mb_str_split|website=wiki.php.net|access-date=2019-04-05}}</ref> repercussus relationum,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/reference_reflection|title=PHP: rfc:reference_reflection|website=wiki.php.net|access-date=2019-04-05}}</ref> resolutum ''ext/wddx'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/deprecate-and-remove-ext-wddx|title=PHP: rfc:deprecate-and-remove-ext-wddx|website=wiki.php.net|access-date=2019-04-05}}</ref> nova ratio rerum ad voluntatem serie numerandarum.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/custom_object_serialization|title=PHP: rfc:custom_object_serialization|website=wiki.php.net|access-date=2019-04-05}}</ref> |- | <nowiki>8.0</nowiki> | 26 Novembris 2020<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.php.net/supported-versions.php|title=PHP: Supported Versions|website=php.net|access-date=2023-11-26}}</ref> | 26 Novembris 2023 | [[Compilatrum in praesens]],<ref name="wiki.php.net-2">{{Cite web|url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/jit|title=PHP: rfc:jit|website=wiki.php.net|access-date=2019-04-05}}</ref> ordines ab indice negativo ordinati,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/negative_array_index|title=PHP: rfc:negative_array_index|website=wiki.php.net|access-date=2019-04-05}}</ref> semantica strictior saniorque (validatio methodorum characterum abstractorum)<ref>{{cite web |title=PHP RFC: Validation for abstract trait methods |url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/abstract_trait_method_validation |website=wiki.php.net |access-date=14 Augusti 2020}}</ref> sanior serierum cum numeris comparatio,<ref>{{cite web |title=PHP RFC: Saner string to number comparisons |url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/string_to_number_comparison |website=wiki.php.net |access-date=14 Augusti 2020}}</ref> saniores series numerales,<ref>{{cite web |title=PHP RFC: Saner numeric strings |url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/saner-numeric-strings |website=wiki.php.net |access-date=14 Augusti 2020}}</ref> {{code|lang=php|TypeError}} in vitiosis operatris arithmeticis seu per bitos,<ref>{{cite web |title=PHP RFC: Stricter type checks for arithmetic/bitwise operators |url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/arithmetic_operator_type_checks |website=wiki.php.net |access-date=14 Augusti 2020}}</ref> in novas classes transpositi quidam errores ingenii,<ref>{{cite web |title=PHP RFC: Reclassifying engine warnings |url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/engine_warnings |website=wiki.php.net |access-date=14 Augusti 2020}}</ref> errores de generibus constantes in functionibus internis,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/consistent_type_errors|title=PHP: rfc:consistent_type_errors|website=wiki.php.net|access-date=2019-04-05}}</ref> error fatalis si subscriptiones methodorum sunt discordes,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/lsp_errors|title=PHP: rfc:lsp_errors|website=wiki.php.net|access-date=2019-05-26}}</ref> conversio mobilium in series locis soluta,<ref>{{cite web |title=PHP RFC: Locale-independent float to string cast |url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/locale_independent_float_to_string |website=wiki.php.net |access-date=14 Augusti 2020}}</ref> mutata minora in syntaxi,<ref>{{cite web |title=PHP RFC: Variable Syntax Tweaks |url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/variable_syntax_tweaks|website=wiki.php.net |access-date=14 Augusti 2020}}</ref> attributa,<ref>{{cite web |title=PHP RFC: Attributes V2 |url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/attributes_v2 |website=wiki.php.net |access-date=14 Augusti 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=PHP RFC: Attribute Amendments|url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/attribute_amendments |website=wiki.php.net |access-date=14 Augusti 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=PHP RFC: Shorter Attribute Syntax|url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/shorter_attribute_syntax|access-date=2020-06-20|website=wiki.php.net}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=PHP RFC: Shorter Attribute Syntax Change |url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/shorter_attribute_syntax_change |website=wiki.php.net |access-date=14 Augusti 2020}}</ref> argumenta nominata,<ref>{{cite web |title=PHP RFC: Named Arguments |url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/named_params |website=wiki.php.net |access-date=14 Augusti 2020}}</ref> vox ''match'',<ref>{{cite web |title=PHP RFC: Match expression v2 |url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/match_expression_v2 |website=wiki.php.net |access-date=14 Augusti 2020}}</ref> promotio proprietatum in constructricibus,<ref>{{cite web |title=PHP RFC: Constructor Property Promotion |url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/constructor_promotion |website=wiki.php.net |access-date=14 Augusti 2020}}</ref> genera coniunctiva,<ref>{{cite web |title=PHP RFC: Union Types 2.0 |url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/union_types_v2 |website=wiki.php.net |access-date=14 Augusti 2020}}</ref> genus {{code|lang=php|mixed}},<ref>{{cite web |title=PHP RFC: Mixed Type v2 |url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/mixed_type_v2 |website=wiki.php.net |access-date=14 Augusti 2020}}</ref> genus ''static return'',<ref>{{cite web |title=PHP RFC: Static return type |url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/static_return_type |website=wiki.php.net |access-date=14 Augusti 2020}}</ref> operatrum ''nullsafe'',<ref name="wiki.php.net">{{cite web |title=PHP RFC: Nullsafe operator |url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/nullsafe_operator |website=wiki.php.net |access-date=14 Augusti 2020}}</ref> captiones non concipientes,<ref>{{cite web |title=PHP RFC: non-capturing catches |url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/non-capturing_catches |website=wiki.php.net |access-date=14 Augusti 2020}}</ref> vox {{code|lang=php|throw}},<ref name="wiki.php.net-4">{{cite web |title=PHP RFC: throw expression |url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/throw_expression |website=wiki.php.net |access-date=14 Augusti 2020}}</ref> auctum ''JSON'' semper praesto.<ref name="Andre">{{cite web |last1=Andre |first1=Tyson |title=PHP RFC: Always available JSON extension |url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/always_enable_json |website=PHP |access-date=25 Octobris 2020}}</ref> |- | <nowiki>8.1</nowiki> | 25 Novembris 2021<ref>{{Cite web |title=PHP: todo:php81 |url=https://wiki.php.net/todo/php81 |access-date=2022-06-16 |website=wiki.php.net}}</ref> | 31 Decembris 2025 | Scriptio litteralis explicata integrorum octalium,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/explicit_octal_notation|title=PHP RFC: Explicit octal integer literal notation|website=wiki.php.net|access-date=2020-11-25}}</ref> enumerationes,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/enumerations|title=PHP RFC: Enumerations|website=wiki.php.net|access-date=2021-03-25}}</ref> proprietates immutabiles,<ref>{{Cite web|title=PHP: rfc:readonly_properties_v2|url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/readonly_properties_v2|access-date=2021-11-26|website=wiki.php.net}}</ref> syntaxis vocabilis primae classis,<ref>{{Cite web|title=PHP: rfc:first_class_callable_syntax|url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/first_class_callable_syntax|access-date=2021-11-26|website=wiki.php.net}}</ref> {{code|lang=php|new}} in initiatris,<ref>{{Cite web|title=PHP: rfc:new_in_initializers|url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/new_in_initializers|access-date=2021-11-26|website=wiki.php.net}}</ref> genera intersectiva pura,<ref>{{Cite web|title=PHP: rfc:pure-intersection-types|url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/pure-intersection-types|access-date=2021-11-26|website=wiki.php.net}}</ref> genus reditus {{code|lang=php|never}},<ref>{{Cite web|title=PHP: rfc:noreturn_type|url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/noreturn_type|access-date=2021-11-26|website=wiki.php.net}}</ref> coercitiones classium {{code|lang=php|final}},<ref>{{Cite web|title=PHP: rfc:final_class_const|url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/final_class_const|access-date=2021-11-26|website=wiki.php.net}}</ref> fibrae.<ref>{{Cite web|title=PHP: rfc:fibers|url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/fibers|access-date=2021-11-26|website=wiki.php.net}}</ref> |- | <nowiki>8.2</nowiki> | 8 Decembris 2022<ref>{{Cite web |title=PHP: todo:php82 |url=https://wiki.php.net/todo/php82 |access-date=2022-06-16 |website=wiki.php.net}}</ref> | 31 Decembris 2026 | Classes immutabiles,<ref>{{Cite web |title=PHP: rfc:readonly_classes |url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/readonly_classes |access-date=2022-06-16 |website=wiki.php.net}}</ref> genera {{code|lang=php|null}}, {{code|lang=php|false}}, {{code|lang=php|true}} sui iuris facti,<ref>{{Cite web |title=PHP: rfc:null-false-standalone-types |url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/null-false-standalone-types |access-date=2022-06-16 |website=wiki.php.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PHP: rfc:true-type |url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/true-type |access-date=2022-06-16 |website=wiki.php.net}}</ref> conversio notarum litterarum locis soluta,<ref>{{Cite web |title=PHP: rfc:strtolower-ascii |url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/strtolower-ascii |access-date=2022-06-16 |website=wiki.php.net}}</ref> genera formalia normalia disiunctiva,<ref>{{Cite web |title=PHP: rfc:dnf_types |url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/dnf_types |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=wiki.php.net}}</ref> constantia in characteribus.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PHP: rfc:constants_in_traits |url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/constants_in_traits |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=wiki.php.net}}</ref> |- | <nowiki>8.3</nowiki> | 23 Novembris 2023<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 Novembris 2023 |title=PHP 8.3.0 Released! |url=https://www.php.net/archive/2023.php#2023-11-23-2 |access-date=24 Novembris 2023 |website=php.net}}</ref> | 31 Decembris 2027 | Constantia classium generica,<ref>{{Cite web |title=PHP: rfc:typed_class_constants |url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/typed_class_constants |access-date=2023-12-17 |website=wiki.php.net}}</ref> allatio dynamica constantium classium,<ref>{{Cite web |title=PHP: rfc:dynamic_class_constant_fetch |url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/dynamic_class_constant_fetch |access-date=2023-12-17 |website=wiki.php.net}}</ref> attributum {{code|lang=php|#[\Override]}},<ref>{{Cite web |title=PHP: rfc:marking_overriden_methods |url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/marking_overriden_methods |access-date=2023-12-17 |website=wiki.php.net}}</ref> duplicatio profunda proprietatum immutabilium,<ref>{{Cite web |title=PHP: rfc:readonly_amendments |url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/readonly_amendments |access-date=2023-12-17 |website=wiki.php.net}}</ref> nova functio {{code|lang=php|json_validate}},<ref>{{Cite web |title=PHP: rfc:json_validate |url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/json_validate |access-date=2023-12-17 |website=wiki.php.net}}</ref> addita rationi fortuitorum,<ref>{{Cite web |title=PHP: rfc:randomizer_additions |url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/randomizer_additions |access-date=2023-12-17 |website=wiki.php.net}}</ref> detersor ad iussa subsidium fasciculis multiplicibus praebet. |- | <nowiki>8.4</nowiki> | 21 Novembris 2024<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 March 2024 |title=PHP: todo: php84|url=https://wiki.php.net/todo/php84 |access-date=26 Martii 2024 |website=php.net}}</ref> | 31 Decembris 2028 | |} Adhibuit Sodalitas Molientium PHP a die 28 Iunii 2011 regulam temporibus novarum formarum linguae PHP edendarum.<ref name="PHP-2011">{{cite web|title=PHP: Release Process|url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/releaseprocess|access-date=2013-10-06|date=2011-06-20}}</ref> In hoc systemate forma una, aut plures, omni mense edenda est; omni anno uni formae minori novas virtutes inducere licet. Omni formae subsidium per duos annos de mendis et de securitate, per unum aut plures de securitate tantum; ergo summa processus omnis formae minoris tres annos consumit, in quibus nulla virtus nova nisi minima et se ipsa contenta induci debet. == Tutelator == [[File:Webysther 20160423 - Elephpant.svg|thumb|200px|ElePHPant, animal tutelare linguae PHP]] Animal tutelare rerum linguae PHP est ''elePHPant'' (per iocum ab ''elephant'' "elephas"), [[elephantus|elephas]] caeruleus in latere signum PHP ferens. Illum excogitavit Vincens Pontier<ref>{{cite web|title=PHP: ElePHPant|url=https://php.net/elephpant.php|date=4 Oct 2014|access-date=4 Oct 2014}}</ref> anno 1998.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wwphp-fb.github.io/faq/community/elephpant/|title=Redirecting…|website=wwphp-fb.github.io}}</ref> "Litterae (scilicet PHP) formam elephanti, si a latere aspicerentur, efficiebant."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://7php.com/elephpant/|title=The PHP Mascot's Birth – Creator Of The elePHPant Vincent Pontier Reveals The True Story!|website=7php.com|date=2014-01-06}}</ref> Color quandoque alius est in [[bestiola mollis|bestiolis mollibus]] ad imaginem ''elePHPant'' factis.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ElePHPant |url=https://docs.php.earth/php/community/elephpant/ |access-date=2024-02-13 |website=PHP.earth |language=en}}</ref> Multae et variae formae huius animalis per annos factae sunt. Eas solas sodalitas ut sinceras accipit, quae ad descriptionem originalem Vincentis Pontier factae sint.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.php.net/elephpant.php|title=PHP: ElePHPant|website=www.php.net}}</ref> Hae sunt collectiles, et quaedam sunt rarissimae.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://afieldguidetoelephpants.net/|title=A Field Guide to Elephpants|website=afieldguidetoelephpants.net}}</ref> == Syntaxis == [[File:"Hello World" Application in PHP.png|thumb|Applicatio "Salve, Munde" in lingua PHP 7.4, in moderatro evolutorio proprio operans]] Hoc [[programma ad mundi salutationem]] lingua PHP scriptum et documento [[HTML]] contentum est: <syntaxhighlight lang="html+php" highlight="7-9"> <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>Salutatio mundi in PHP</title> </head> <body> <p><?= 'Salve, Munde!' ?></p> </body> </html> </syntaxhighlight> Tamen, quia nihil necesse est programma PHP in HTML contineri, simplicior salutatio mundi sic scribi potest, omissa ligula terminativa <syntaxhighlight lang="PHP" inline="">?></syntaxhighlight> ut mos est in fasciculis quorum programma est mera PHP.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.php.net/manual/en/language.basic-syntax.phptags.php |title=tags{{snd}} Manual |website=php.net |access-date=2014-02-17}}</ref> <syntaxhighlight lang="php5"> <?php echo 'Salve, Munde!'; </syntaxhighlight> Interpres PHP ea sola exsequitur, quae intra [[limitatio (informatica)|limitationes]] sint. Extra limitationes seponuntur quae non lingua PHP scripta sint, ut programma [[JavaScript]] vel annotatio HTML,<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2008-02-25|url=https://www.php.net/manual/en/tutorial.firstpage.php|title=Your first PHP-enabled page |publisher=The PHP Group}}</ref> ne ea PHP tractet. Etiam hic textus est subiectus [[structura rectrix|structuris rectricibus]] programmate PHP descriptis. Limitationes usitatissimae sunt <syntaxhighlight lang="PHP" inline=""><?php</syntaxhighlight> ad partes in PHP inducendas et <syntaxhighlight lang="PHP" inline="">?></syntaxhighlight> ad terminandas. Brevior quoque exstat scriptio <syntaxhighlight lang="PHP" inline=""><?</syntaxhighlight>; obstat quidem quominus fasciculi scriptorum portentur, cum subsidium debilitari in constitutione singulari linguae possit, ideoque dissuadetur.<ref name="php.net-2008" /><ref name="The PHP Group-3">{{cite web|title=PHP: Basic syntax|url=https://www.php.net/manual/en/language.basic-syntax.php|publisher=The PHP Group|access-date=2008-02-22}}</ref> Contra autem ligulam ''echo'' breviorem <syntaxhighlight lang="PHP" inline=""><?=</syntaxhighlight> nulla sententia est data.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2016-01-03|url=https://github.com/php-fig/fig-standards/blob/master/accepted/PSR-1-basic-coding-standard.md|title=Basic Coding Standard|publisher=PHP Framework Interoperability Group}}</ref> Haec syntaxis usque ad PHP&nbsp;5.4.0 valebat solum si constitutio <code>short_open_tag</code> habilitata erat, sed a forma PHP&nbsp;5.4.0 praesto semper est.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.php.net/echo |title=echo{{snd}} Manual |website=php.net |access-date=2014-02-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.php.net/manual/en/ini.core.php#ini.short-open-tag |title=Description of core php.ini directives{{snd}} Manual |website=php.net |date=2002-03-17 |access-date=2014-02-17}}</ref><ref name="php.net-2008">{{cite web |url=http://wiki.php.net/rfc/shortags |title=PHP: rfc:shortags |website=php.net |date=2008-04-03 |access-date=2014-05-08 }}</ref> Igitur simplicissimum [[programma ad mundi salutationem]] lingua PHP scribitur: <syntaxhighlight lang="html+php"> <?='Salve, Munde!'; </syntaxhighlight> Prima vero forma limitationis, scilicet <syntaxhighlight lang="PHP" inline><?php</syntaxhighlight> et <syntaxhighlight lang="PHP" inline>?></syntaxhighlight>, si in fasciculo [[XHTML]] aut aliorum generum [[XML]] adhibetur, mandatum recte scriptum in XML format.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.w3.org/TR/2008/REC-xml-20081126/#sec-pi | title = Processing Instructions | work = Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0 (Fifth Edition) | publisher = W3C | date = 26 Novembris 2008 | last = Bray | first = Tim | access-date = 2009-06-18|display-authors=etal}}</ref> Ergo ipsum programma commixtum e PHP aliisque annotationibus in fasciculo, quem moderatrum possidet, est XML recte scriptum. Variabilibus praefigitur [[sigillum (informatica)|sigillum]] [[$]], nec praescribendus est [[genus primitivum (informatica)|genus]]. PHP&nbsp;5 induxit ''pronuntiationem generum'', qua functio parametra sua certae classis obiecta, ordines, interfacies, aut [[functio revocabilis|functiones revocabiles]] esse cogeret. Tamen ante PHP&nbsp;7 genera scalaria, e.g. integros vel series, pronuntiare non licebat.<ref name="php.net-2015b" /> In exemplo infra scripto demonstratur quomodo variabilia in PHP pronuntientur ineantque. <syntaxhighlight lang="php"> <?php $nomen = 'Aemilius'; // variabile genere series pronuntiatur initque $anni = 18; // variabile genere integer pronuntiatur initque $altitudo = 5.3; // variabile genere duplex pronuntiatur initque echo $nomen . ' est ' . $altitudo . "m altus\n"; // variabilia cum serie conseruntur echo "$nomen $anni annos natus est."; // series variabilibus interpolatur ?> </syntaxhighlight> Notam litterarum non sentiunt nomina functionum et classium, sentiunt tamen nomina variabilium. Series ''[[heredoc]]'' aut virgulis duplis inclusae ("") valore variabilis interpolari possunt.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2008-03-16|url=https://www.php.net/manual/en/language.variables.php|title=Variables |publisher=The PHP Group}}</ref> [[Versus novus|Versus novi]] in modum [[littera vacua|litterarum vacuarum]] tractantur, sicut in aliae [[lingua formae liberae|linguae formae liberae]]. Affirmationes virgula punctata separantur.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2008-03-16|url=https://www.php.net/basic-syntax.instruction-separation|title=Instruction separation |publisher=The PHP Group}}</ref> In syntaxi sunt tres formae [[comparatio linguarum programmandi#Animadversio|animadversionis]]: <syntaxhighlight lang="PHP" inline>/* */</syntaxhighlight> animadversiones includunt, quae aut molem efficiunt aut versui iniciuntur; <syntaxhighlight lang="PHP" inline>//</syntaxhighlight> aut <syntaxhighlight lang="PHP" inline>#</syntaxhighlight> animadversionibus unum versum explentibus adhibentur.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2008-03-16|url=https://www.php.net/manual/en/language.basic-syntax.comments.php|title=Comments |publisher=The PHP Group}}</ref> Affirmatio <code>echo</code> est una ex pluribus facultatibus quibus lingua PHP textum reddere quit. Verbis cardinalibus formaque syntaxis PHP est lingua similis C. Condiciones <syntaxhighlight lang="PHP" inline>if</syntaxhighlight>, laquei reditusque functionum <syntaxhighlight lang="PHP" inline>for</syntaxhighlight> et <syntaxhighlight lang="PHP" inline>while</syntaxhighlight> sunt similes ac in C, C++, C#, Java et Perl. === Genera datorum === Linguae PHP [[Genera firma et infirma|genera infirma]] sunt. [[Integer (informatica)|Integri]] [[notatio computatralis numerorum signatorum|signati]] in aliis suggestibus aliis tractibus tenentur forma 32, 64, vel 128 bitorum, itidem ut in [[Genera datorum in C|genere longo linguae C]]. In certis rebus integri non signati signum accipiunt, quod est multis aliis linguis computatralibus alienum.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.mysqlperformanceblog.com/2007/03/27/integers-in-php-running-with-scissors-and-portability/ | title = Integers in PHP, running with scissors, and portability | date = 27 Martii 2007 | publisher = MySQL Performance Blog | access-date = 2007-03-28}}</ref> Variabilia integra in nectendo notis decimalibus (seu positiva seu negativa), [[systema numericum octale|octalibus]], [[systema numericum sedecimale|sedecimalibus]], aut [[codex binarius|binariis]] scribere licet. Etiam [[punctus mobilis|numeris puncto mobili scriptis]] tractus secundum suggestum variat. Hi notantur aut recte cum puncto mobili aut duobus modis [[notatio scientifica|notationis scientificae]].<ref name="The PHP Group-2">{{cite web|access-date=2008-03-16|url=https://www.php.net/manual/en/language.types.php|title=Types |publisher=The PHP Group}}</ref> PHP genus [[genus datorum Booleanum|Booleanum]] habet proprium et simile generibus Booleanis, quae sunt propria [[Java (lingua programmandi)|Java]] et [[C++]]. Regula in genere Booleano convertendo est zerum falsum, omnia alia verum significare, sicut in [[Perl]] et C++.<ref name="The PHP Group-2" /> Genus datorum, quod nullum dicitur, variabile notat, cui nullus valor est; nullum valorem esse significant litterae <code>NULL</code>.<ref name="The PHP Group-2" /> Variabilia, quae genere "opes" appellantur, ad opes externas referunt. Hae solent a functionibus alicuius additri creari, et solum ab eiusdem additri functionibus tractari posse; exempla opum sunt fasciculi, imagines, et repositoria datorum.<ref name="The PHP Group-2" /> Ordines elementa omnis generis in lingua PHP tractabilis continere possunt, e.g. opes, obiecta, necnon alios ordines. Consecutio elementorum in catenis valorum et in ''[[tabula hash|hash]]'', quae et claves et valores continent, servatur; hi etiam commisceri possunt.<ref name="The PHP Group-2" /> [[Series (informatica)|Series]] quoque subsidium habent, et cum virgulis simplicibus aut duplis, ''nowdoc'' aut ''[[heredoc]]'' adhiberi possunt.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2008-03-21|url=https://www.php.net/manual/en/language.types.string.php|title=Strings |publisher=The PHP Group}}</ref> '''Bibliotheca PHP Normalis''' quaestiones communes solvere nititur classesque et interfacies ad data faciles praestat.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.php.net/spl | title = SPL&nbsp;– StandardPHPLibrary | date = 16 Martii 2009 | website = PHP.net | access-date = 2009-03-16}}</ref> === Functiones === Functiones multiplices nucleo linguae PHP definiuntur, multaeque in variis additris assunt. Hae omnes in interreti bene conscriptae sunt.<ref>[https://www.php.net/docs.php Documenta de PHP]</ref><ref name="php.net-2014a" /> Bibliotheca autem inaedificata valde diversas rationes functionum nominandarum aliaque inconstantia connexa habet, ut sectio de [[#Historia|historia]] supra dicit. Evolutori ipsi functiones novas fingere licet: <syntaxhighlight lang="php"> function annosNatus(int $natusAnno): string { // Annos vitae computa anno nativitatis de anno, qui nunc est, subtrahendo. $annosNatus = date('Y') - $natusAnno; // Redde annos vitae in serie descriptiva. return $annosNatus . ($annosNatus == 1 ? ' annum' : ' annos'); } echo 'Nunc ' . annosNatus(1995) . ' natus sum.'; </syntaxhighlight> Anno {{CURRENTYEAR}} programma, quod supra in exemplum adhibetur, reddit sententiam "Nunc {{#expr: {{CURRENTYEAR}} - 1995}} annos natus sum." Ad functionem in PHP referre potest series eius nomen continens, vice [[indicator functionis|indicatoris functionis]]. Ita functiones vulgares linguae munere [[functio revocabilis|revocabilium]] fungi aut intra [[tabula functionum|tabulam functionum]] poni possunt.<ref name="php.net-2014c" /> Functionem definire sine ullo [[prototypus functionis|prototypo]] semper usori licet.<ref name="php.net-2014a">{{cite web | url = https://www.php.net/manual/en/functions.user-defined.php | title = User-defined functions (PHP manual) | date = 2014-07-04 | access-date = 2014-07-07 | website = php.net }}</ref><ref name="php.net-2014c">{{cite web | url = https://www.php.net/manual/en/functions.variable-functions.php | title = Variable functions (PHP manual) | date = 2014-07-04 | access-date = 2014-07-07 | website = php.net }}</ref> Etiam intra molem programmatis definiri potest, ut [[dimissio mobilis|in operando cernatur]] an definienda sit. Est quoque quaedam functio <code>function_exists</code>, quae cernit an ulla functio cum nomine quolibet definita sit. Vocationem functionis per parentheses fieri necesse est, exceptis functionibus [[constructrix (informatica)|constructricibus]], quae nullum argumentum habeant et operatro PHP proprio <code>new</code> vocentur; ad has optio est an parentheses scribantur. A PHP&nbsp;4.0.1 <code>create_function()</code>, leve tegimen circum <code>eval()</code>, functiones vulgares PHP in exsecutione programmatis creare sinebat, sed destitutum est in PHP&nbsp;7.2 et ablatum in PHP&nbsp;8.0<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.php.net/manual/en/function.create-function.php | title = create_function() (PHP manual) | date = 2022-04-06 | access-date = 2022-05-04 | website = php.net }}</ref> ut inferretur syntaxis ad [[functio sine nomine|functiones sine nomine]] aut "[[Clausura (informatica)|clausuras]]",<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.php.net/manual/en/functions.anonymous.php | title = Anonymous functions (PHP manual) | date = 2014-07-04 | access-date = 2014-07-07 | website = php.net }}</ref> quae variabilia concipere ex spatio circumdato possunt; haec additae sunt in PHP&nbsp;5.3. Scriptio brevis sagittarum addita est in PHP&nbsp;7.4:<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.php.net/manual/en/functions.arrow.php | title = Arrow Functions (PHP manual) | access-date = 2021-01-25 | website = php.net }}</ref> <syntaxhighlight lang="php"> function getAdder($x) { return fn($y) => $x + $y; } $adder = getAdder(8); echo $adder(2); // "10" scribit </syntaxhighlight> In exemplo supra scripto, functio <code>getAdder()</code> argumento tradito {{code|lang=php|$x}} utitur ut clausuram faciat, quae alterum argumentum {{code|lang=php|$y}} accipit, redditque vocatori clausuram factam. Talis functio cum obiectum primae classis sit, in variabili deponi, tradi ut alterius functionis [[parametrum (informatica)|parametrum]] sit, etc. potest.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wiki.php.net/rfc/closures | title = Request for Comments: Lambda functions and closures | date = 2008-07-01 | access-date = 2014-07-07 | author1 = Christian Seiler | author2 = Dmitry Stogov | website = php.net }}</ref> In PHP subsidium datur ut genera in parametris functionum pronuntientur, quod in linguis generum mobilium fieri non solet. Hoc subsidium in classibus et interfaciebus a PHP&nbsp;5.0, in ordinibus a PHP&nbsp;5.1, in "vocabilibus" a PHP&nbsp;5.4, et in generibus scalaribus (numeris integris, numeris mobilibus, seriebus et booleanis) a PHP&nbsp;7.0 datum est.<ref name="php.net-2015b" /> Datum quoque est in PHP&nbsp;7.0 ut genera reditus functionis pronuntientur; quod fit nomine generis post catenam parametrorum posito et ab eo per bipunctum discreto.<ref name="php.net-2015a" /> Exempli gratia, functio <code>getAdder</code> prioris exempli generibus sic annotari in PHP&nbsp;7 potest: <syntaxhighlight lang="php"> function getAdder(int $x): Closure { return fn(int $y): int => $x + $y; } $adder = getAdder(8); echo $adder(2); // "10" scribit echo $adder(null); // Exceptionem iacit quia genus mendosum traditum est $adder = getAdder([]); // Hoc quoque exceptionem iaceret </syntaxhighlight> Pronuntiatio generum scalarium, nisi aliud postulatur, more generum debilium fit. Si igitur genus parametri sit <code>int</code>, PHP non solum integros sed etiam series convertibiles, numeros mobiles, aut Booleana ad functionem tradere sinet et convertet.<ref name="php.net-2015b" /> Tamen PHP&nbsp;7 alterum modum habet, qui "genera stricta" appellatur, et si usurpatus est, tales conversiones in vocatione functionum et reditibus intra fasciculum vetat.<ref name="php.net-2015b" /> === Obiecta === [[Programmatura ad res directa|Programmaturae ad res directae]] rudimenta in PHP&nbsp;3 addita et PHP&nbsp;4 exculta sunt;<ref name="The PHP Group" /> quod abstractiorem fieri linguam sivit evolutoribusque, qui nova creare temptarent, favit. In PHP&nbsp;5 modus obiectorum tractandorum funditus renovatus est ut numerus virtutum augeretur et programma melius operaretur.<ref name="mjtsai.com" /> Nam in formis prioribus linguae PHP, obiecta ita tractabantur ut [[genus valorum|genera valorum]].<ref name="mjtsai.com">{{cite web|access-date=2008-03-16|url=http://mjtsai.com/blog/2004/07/15/php-5-object-references/|title=PHP&nbsp;5 Object References |website=mjtsai.com}}</ref> Incommoda vero fuit necessitudo ut variabilia "referentia" linguae PHP crebro adhiberentur, si non transcribendum sed immutandum erat obiectum ad programma traditum. In methodo novo ad obiectum [[ansa (informatica)|ansa]], non valor, refert. In PHP&nbsp;5 illata sunt [[variabilia allegata]] et methodi privata et protecta, [[genus abstractum|classesque abstractae]], [[genus finale|classes finales]], [[methodus abstractus|methodi abstracti]], et [[methodi finales]]. Illata quoque est norma [[Constructrix (informatica)|constructricum]] et [[Destructor (informatica)|destructorum]] pronuntiandorum, similis normarum quas aliae linguae ad res directae, e.g. [[C++]], habent, et norma [[exceptio (informatica)|exceptionum]] tractandarum. Illatae etiam [[Interfacies (informatica)|interfacies]] et situm est, ut plures instruerentur. Per quasdam interfacies speciales obiecta cum systemate opera fungente agunt. [[obiectum (informatica)|Obiecta]] in quibus ArrayAccess instructum sit in syntaxi [[genus ordinale|ordinum]], et obiecta in quibus [[Iteratrum|Iterator]] aut [[IteratorAggregate]] instructum sit, in [[constructum linguisticum|constructo linguistico]] <code>foreach</code> poni possunt. Ingenium quidem [[tabula virtualis|tabula virtuali]] caret; igitur [[variabile stativum|variabilia stativa]] nomine, non relatione, in compilando annectuntur.<ref name="The PHP Group-4">{{cite web|access-date=2008-03-16|url=http://www.php.net/zend-engine-2.php|title=Classes and Objects (PHP&nbsp;5) |publisher=The PHP Group}}</ref> Si evolutor obiectum verbo reservato <code>clone</code> transcripserit, Ingenium Zendianum inspiciet an definitus sit methodus <code>__clone()</code>. Si non definitus est, ingenium methodum <code>__clone()</code> praestitutum, qui proprietates obiecti transcribat, vocabit; si autem definitus est <code>__clone()</code>, hic proprietates obiecto creando imponere debebit. Commoditatis gratia, ingenium functionem praebebit, quae proprietates obiecti traditi transferat, ut evolutori praestet effigiem proprietatum obiecti traditi, cui eas solas rescindat quae mutandae sint.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2008-03-16|url=https://www.php.net/language.oop5.cloning|title=Object cloning |publisher=The PHP Group}}</ref> [[Occultatio (informatica)|Visibilitatem]] proprietatum et methodorum definiunt [[verbum cardinale (informatica)|verba cardinalia]] <code>public</code> ("publicum"), <code>private</code> ("privatum"), et <code>protected</code> ("protectum"). Si nihil aliud nisi [[variabile (informatica)|var]] scriptum est, omnia sunt publica, cum <code>var</code> sit synonymum <code>public</code>. Ad omnia quae publica definiantur, accessus ubique datur. Ad protecta accessus licet solum in [[classis hereditaria|classibus hereditariis]] (et in classe, quae rem definit). Privata inspicere nihil potest nisi ex classe, quae rem definit.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://theserverpages.com/php/manual/en/language.oop5.visibility.php |title=Visibility (PHP Manual) |website=theserverpages.com |date=2005-05-19 |access-date=2010-08-26 |archive-date=2010-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100924033414/http://theserverpages.com/php/manual/en/language.oop5.visibility.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> Obiecta eiusdem generis alterum ad alterius allegata accedere possunt, etsi non sunt idem exemplum. ==== Exemplum ==== Hoc est exemplum rude [[programmatura ad res directa|programmaturae ad res directae]] in PHP&nbsp;8: <syntaxhighlight lang="php" line> <?php abstract class User { protected string $nomen; public function __construct(string $nomen) { // Fac primam litteram maiusculam ceterasque minusculas $this->nomen = ucfirst(strtolower($nomen)); } public function saluta(): string { return "Salve! Nomen mihi est " . $this->nomen; } abstract public function negotium(): string; } class Discipulus extends User { public function __construct(string $nomen, private string $cursus) { parent::__construct($nomen); } public function negotium(): string { return $this->cursus. "disco "; } } class Magister extends User { public function __construct(string $nomen, private array $cursumDoceo) { parent::__construct($nomen); } public function negotium(): string { return implode(", ", $this->cursumDoceo) . "doceo "; } } $discipuli = [ new Discipulus("Aemilia", "artem computatralem"), new Discipulus("Brutus", "artem computatralem"), new Discipulus("Claudius", "negotia"), ]; $magistri = [ new Magister("Domitius", ["artem computatralem", "securitatem informaticam"]), new Magister("Epistropha", ["artem computatralem", "programmaturam graphicam in tribus dimensionibus"]), new Magister("Festa", ["mercaturam interretialem", "negotia", "commercium electronicum"]), ]; foreach ([$discipuli, $magistri] as $users) { echo $users[0]::class . "s:\n"; array_walk($users, function (User $user) { echo "{$user->saluta()}, {$user->negotium()}\n"; }); } </syntaxhighlight> Id programma haec reddit: <pre> Discipuli: Salve! Nomen mihi est Aemilia, artem computatralem disco Salve! Nomen mihi est Brutus, artem computatralem disco Salve! Nomen mihi est Claudius, negotia disco Magistri: Salve! Nomen mihi est Domitius, artem computatralem, securitatem informaticam doceo Salve! Nomen mihi est Epistropha, artem computatralem, programmaturam graphicam in tribus dimensionibus doceo Salve! Nomen mihi est Festa, mercaturam interretialem, negotia, commercium electronicum doceo </pre> <!-- Hoc exemplum male operari in formis recentioribus PHP dicitur: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:PHP/Archive_8. Fortasse ego quoque menda immisi. Si emendaveris, quaeso haec verba deleas. --> == Mandata == Solum et usitatissimum linguae PHP mandatum integrum est primum mandatum, nec ullum nomen nisi simpliciter PHP habet. Tamen, cum ab [[Ingenium Zendianum|Ingenio Zendiano]] moveatur, quandoque vulgariter PHP Zendiana appellatur. Ingenium hoc [[programma fontanum]] in lingua PHP [[compilatrum|compilat]] ratione interna quam exsequi possit, [[Interpres (informatica)|interpretis]] opera fungens.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2009-11-04|url=http://www.linux-tutorial.info/modules.php?name=Howto&pagename=Unix-and-Internet-Fundamentals-HOWTO/languages.html|title=How do computer languages work?|archive-date=[[2011]]-07-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716214917/http://www.linux-tutorial.info/modules.php?name=Howto&pagename=Unix-and-Internet-Fundamentals-HOWTO/languages.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Beginning PHP and MySQL 5: From Novice to Professional |author=Gilmore, W. Jason |page=[https://archive.org/details/beginningphpmysq0000gilm/page/43 43] |date=[[2006]]-01-23 |publisher=Apress |isbn=1-59059-552-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/beginningphpmysq0000gilm/page/43 }}</ref> Cum PHP nullam designationem formalem habeat, PHP Zendiana est "mandatum referendum," cuius [[semantica]] totius linguae semanticam definit. Quam cum multiplicem et subtilissimam illud Ingenium reddat, difficile est, ut aemula mandata penitus consociabilia fiant. Inhabile est, quod PHP rogatibus singulis scripta exsequitur et interpretis officio fungitur, itaque plures res excogitatae sunt quae iuvent. Ut programma fontanum celerius exsequatur, nec toties compilare debeat, quoties quis ad paginam interretialem accesserit, scripta PHP in lingua interna ingenii explicari possunt [[acervus (informatica)|acervo]] [[numerus operationis|numerorum operationum]], ubi acervatur forma compilata scripti PHP (quae ex numeris operationum constat) in [[memoria communis |memoria communi]] ne prodige ingenium [[partitio grammatica|partiri]] et [[compilatrum|compilare]] debeat, quoties scriptum operetur. Acervus numerorum operationum, [[Zend Opcache]], in PHP a forma 5.5 inaedificatus est.<ref>{{cite web | title = [VOTE] Integrating Zend Optimizer+ into the PHP distribution | url = http://news.php.net/php.internals/66531 | access-date = 2013-03-08 | website = news.php.net }}</ref> Alius acervus numerorum operationum, qui passim usurpatur, est ''[[Alternative PHP Cache]]'' (APC), qui sub forma additri [[PHP Extension Community Library|PECL]] praebetur.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.php.net/manual/en/book.apc.php | title = Alternative PHP Cache | access-date = 2013-09-21 | website = PHP.net | archive-date = 2013-11-15 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131115071936/http://php.net/manual/en/book.apc.php | url-status = dead }}</ref> Quamquam PHP Zendiana maxime usitatur, nonnulla alia mandata evoluta sunt. Quaedam sunt [[compilatrum|compilatra]] aut [[compilatrum in praesens|compilatro in praesens]] subsidium dant, quo levius operantur quam PHP Zendiana sed non quidem omnino consociabilia sunt linguae PHP. Haec sunt mandata praeter Zendianum: * [[HHVM]] (HipHop Virtual Machine)&nbsp;– in Facebook evoluta et in fontem apertam exposita; programma PHP convertebat in notas octetales superiores (vulgariter dicitur [[lingua media]]), quem tum [[compilatrum in praesens]] in programma mechanicum x86-64 mobiliter in operando vertebat. Sic opera sexies melius fieri poterant.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hhvm.com/blog/2813/we-are-the-98-5-and-the-16 |title=We are the 98.5% (and the 16%) « HipHop Virtual Machine |website=hhvm.com |date=December 2013 |access-date=2014-02-23}}</ref> Tamen Zendiana a forma 7.2 superavit HHVM,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kinsta.com/blog/php-benchmarks/|title=The Definitive PHP 5.6, 7.0, 7.1, 7.2 & 7.3 Benchmarks (2019)|date=2019-01-14 |access-date=2019-04-19}}</ref> et ultima forma HHVM, quae subsidium PHP rite praebuit, erat HHVM&nbsp;3.24.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infoworld.com/article/3226489/web-development/forget-php-facebooks-hhvm-engine-switches-to-hack-instead.html|title=Forget PHP! Facebook's HHVM engine switches to Hack instead|last=Krill|first=Paul|date=2017-09-20|website=InfoWorld |access-date=2019-02-06}}</ref> ** [[HipHop for PHP|HipHop]]&nbsp;– in Facebook evoluta et in fontem apertam exposita. Scripta PHP in programma [[C++]] vertebat et deinde compilabat, quod onus moderatri 50 centesimis levare poterat. Ineunte anno 2013 Facebook eam destituit et HHVM instituit ob causas multas, inter alia quia difficilius explicabatur nec PHP toti subsidium praebebat; deficiebant enim constructa <code>create_function()</code> et <code>eval()</code> et alia.<ref>{{cite web|title=Announcement on GitHub removing HPHPc support|website=[[GitHub]]|url=https://github.com/facebook/hiphop-php/commit/fc5b95110ff75110ad55bb97f7c93a8c4eb68e3b|access-date=2013-05-24}}</ref> * [[Parrot virtual machine|Parrot]]&nbsp;– machina virtualis ita structa ut linguis mobilibus habiliter operaretur; internuntius, nomine Pipp, programma PHP in [[scriptio media Parrot|scriptionem mediam Parrot]] vertit, quam tum in notas octetales Parrot vertit et exsequitur machina virtualis. * [[PeachPie]] – compilatrum aevi secundi in notas octetales [[Lingua Media Communis|Linguae Mediae Communis]] .[[Microsoft .NET|NET]], in suggestu [[Roslyn (compiler)|Roslyn]] structum; successor Phalangeri, quocum nonnullas partes communes habet * [[Phalanger (compilatrum)|Phalanger]]&nbsp;– PHP in codicem octetalem Linguae Mediae Communis .Net; antecessor PeachPie * [[Quercus (programma)|Quercus]]&nbsp;– PHP in [[notae octetales Java|notas octetales Java]] compilat. == Licentia == PHP est [[programmatura libera]] edita per [[Licentia PHP|Licentiam PHP]], quae sic stipulatur:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.php.net/license/3_01.txt |title=The PHP License, version 3.01|access-date=2010-05-20}}</ref> {{blockquote | Producta, quae ab hac programmatura derivata sint, appellare "PHP" non licebit, nec "PHP" in eorum nomine esse, nisi venia scripta prior accepta sit a group@php.net. Programmaturam cum PHP operari significabis dicendo "[[Foo]] ad PHP", nec "Foo PHP" nec "phpfoo". }} Illa lege de vocabulo "PHP" Licentia PHP est contraria [[Licentia Publica Universa GNU|Licentiae Publicae Universae]] (GPL). Contraria quoque est Licentia Zendiana ob legem de praeconiis primae [[Licentia BSD|Licentiae BSD]] similem.<ref>{{cite web | title = GPL-Incompatible, Free Software Licenses | url = https://www.gnu.org/licenses/license-list.html#GPLIncompatibleLicenses | work = Various Licenses and Comments about Them | publisher = Free Software Foundation|access-date=2011-01-03}}</ref> == Evolutio et socii == PHP varias [[index bibliothecarum PHP|bibliothecas liberas aut apertas]] in fonte edit aut in structis binariis quae inde fiunt. PHP est talis lingua, quae funditus [[Interrete]] sentiat, instructis modulis qui moderatra ''[[File Transfer Protocol]]'' (FTP) et multa moderatra repositoria, inter alia [[PostgreSQL]], [[MySQL]], [[Microsoft SQL Server]] et [[SQLite]] (quod continetur), moderatra [[Lightweight Directory Access Protocol|LDAP]], et alia adeant. Permultae functiones quae in structis vulgaribus PHP praebentur, ut familia [[stdio.h|stdio]], notae sunt programmatoribus linguae C.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2015-01-14|url=https://php.net/manual/en/indexes.functions.php|title=PHP: Function and Method listing{{snd}} Manual |publisher=The PHP Group}}</ref> Evolutores [[additrum (informatica)|additris]] in [[C (lingua programmandi)|C]] potestates linguae PHP addere sinuntur, quae aut stabiliter compilari in notas PHP aut mobiliter in operando ammoveri possunt. Multa additra scripta sunt in subsidium [[Windows API]], tractationis rerum in [[systema internum|systematibus internis]] [[Unici similis|Unici similes]], serierum octetorum ([[Unicodex|Unicodicis]]), [[cURL]], et quarundam usitatarum [[fasciculus tabularius|formarum compressarum]]. Aliae potestates per additra praebitae sunt compositio cum ''[[Internet Relay Chat]]'' (IRC), generatio mobilis imaginum et rerum in [[Adobe Flash]], "Obiecta Data PHP" (''PHP Data Objects, PDO'', quod est stratum abstractum quo programma repositoria datorum adeat),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.php.net/manual/en/intro.pdo.php |title=Introduction{{snd}} Manual |website=php.net |date=2013-06-07 |access-date=2013-06-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.onlamp.com/pub/a/php/2004/08/05/dataobjects.html|title=Simplify Business Logic with PHP DataObjects&nbsp;— O'Reilly Media|author=Darryl Patterson|date=5 Augusti 2004|website=ibm.com|access-date=16 Decembris 2014|archive-date=16 Decembris 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216140653/http://www.onlamp.com/pub/a/php/2004/08/05/dataobjects.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-128.ibm.com/developerworks/db2/library/techarticle/dm-0612xia/|title=IBM&nbsp;— United States|access-date=16 Decembris 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-128.ibm.com/developerworks/library/os-php-dbmistake/index.html |title=Five common PHP database problems |website=ibm.com |date=2006-08-01 |access-date=2013-06-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/abstracts/sg247218.html|title=IBM Redbooks&nbsp;— Developing PHP Applications for IBM Data Servers|website=redbooks.ibm.com|access-date=16 Decembris 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.phparch.com/issue.php?mid=65|title=php[architect] Magazine – The Journal for PHP Programmers|website=www.phparch.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.infoworld.com/article/05/10/19/HNphpshow_1.html|title=PHP catching on at enterprises, vying with Java|last=Krill|first=Paul|date=19 Octobris 2005|journal=InfoWorld|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713004345/http://www.infoworld.com/d/developer-world/php-catching-enterprises-vying-java-708|archive-date=13 Iulii 2014}}</ref> etiam [[vox facticia]]. Nonnullae potestates propriae linguae PHP - ut eae, quae series et ordines tractant - per additra quoque dantur.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lxr.php.net/xref/PHP_5_4/ext/standard/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316010914/http://lxr.php.net/xref/PHP_5_4/ext/standard/|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 Martii 2012|title=Cross Reference: /PHP_5_4/ext/standard/|website=php.net|access-date=16 Decembris 2014}}</ref> [[Bibliotheca Socialis Additrorum PHP]] (''PHP Extension Community Library, PECL'') est repositorium additrorum linguae PHP.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2008-02-25|url=http://www.devnewz.com/090902b.html|title=Developing Custom PHP Extensions |website=devnewz.com |date=2002-09-09 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080218045752/http://www.devnewz.com/090902b.html |archive-date = 2008-02-18}}</ref> Sunt incepta, e.g. ''Zephir'', quibus additra PHP lingua superiore conscribi, deinde in additra propria PHP compilari possint. Sic additra simplicius evolvuntur et minore tempore scribuntur et tentantur quam si recte in C scriberentur.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://docs.zephir-lang.com/en/latest/motivation.html | title = Why Zephir? | date = 2015-10-20 | access-date = 2015-12-14 | website = zephir-lang.com }}</ref> Decembri 2018 PHP Group ex decem hominibus constabat: [[Thies C. Arntzen]], [[Stig Bakken]], [[Shane Caraveo]], [[Andreas Gutmans]], [[Rasmus Lerdorf]], [[Sam Ruby]], [[Sascha Schumann]], [[Zeev Suraski]], [[Jim Winstead]], et [[Andreas Zmievski]].<ref>{{cite web|title=PHP Credits|url=https://php.net/credits|access-date=2018-12-16}}</ref> [[Zend Technologies]] evolutorum [[Ingeniarus a Zend agnotus|peritiam de PHP agnoscit]], candidatis exploratis de PHP&nbsp;8.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Learn PHP Via PHP Training and PHP Certification|url=https://www.zend.com/training/php|access-date=2020-11-16|website=www.zend.com}}</ref> === The PHP Foundation === [[Fasciculus:The_PHP_Foundation_Logo.svg|thumb|[[Logotypus]] [[organizatio]]nis ''The PHP Foundation''.]] Die 26 Novembris 2021, diarium [[JetBrains]] The PHP Foundation, quae res PHP gestura esset, creatam nuntiavit.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The New Life of PHP – The PHP Foundation {{!}} The PhpStorm Blog |url=https://blog.jetbrains.com/phpstorm/2021/11/the-php-foundation/ |access-date=2022-06-16 |website=The JetBrains Blog |date=22 Novembris 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Annus ![[Commissio (programmatura)|Commissiones]] ![[Censio programmatis|Censiones]] ![[Rogatio (programmatura)|Rogationes]] |- !2022<ref>{{Cite web |title=The PHP Foundation: Impact and Transparency Report 2022 |url=https://thephp.foundation/blog/2022/11/22/transparency-and-impact-report-2022/ |access-date=2023-11-27 |website=thephp.foundation |language=en}}</ref> |683 |283 |8 |- !2023<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pronskiy |first=Roman |date=2024-02-26 |title=The PHP Foundation: Impact and Transparency Report 2023 |url=https://thephp.foundation/blog/2024/02/26/transparency-and-impact-report-2023/ |access-date=2024-04-01 |website=The PHP Foundation}}</ref> |784 |702 |17 |} The PHP Foundation "Molitores nucleares" conducit, qui in repositorio nucleari linguae laborent. Romanus Pronskiy, unus e rectoribus, molitoribus "mercedem in mercatu solitam" eos destinare velle dicit.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Tim |title=PHP Foundation formed to fund core developers |url=https://www.theregister.com/2021/11/23/php_foundation_formed_to_fund/ |access-date=2023-12-05 |website=www.theregister.com |language=en}}</ref> Pleraeque sententiae de The PHP Foundation bonae fuerunt: melius subsidium linguae praebere, gratiae publicae cadenti subvenisse.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Programming languages: This old favourite is gaining popularity again |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/programming-languages-this-old-favourite-is-gaining-popularity-again/ |access-date=2023-12-05 |website=ZDNET |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PHP 8.1 Released With Enums, Read-Only Properties and Fibers |url=https://www.i-programmer.info/news/98-languages/15050-php-81-released.html |access-date=2023-12-05 |website=www.i-programmer.info}}</ref> Reprehensa est eo, quod in formis minoribus mutationes rumpentes fecit, ut in PHP&nbsp;8.2, si membra classis cum spatio prisco inibant, menda in depretiatione exstabant;<ref>{{Cite web |title=It's time for the PHP Foundation to #StopBreakingPHP |url=https://trongate.io/news/display/TWN4GR/its-time-for-the-php-foundation-to-stopbreakingphp |access-date=2023-11-27 |website=trongate.io}}</ref> talia [[WordPress]] et alia incepta fontium apertarum affecerunt. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-16 |title=WordPress 6.4 PHP Compatibility |url=https://make.wordpress.org/hosting/2023/11/16/wordpress-6-4-php-compatibility/ |access-date=2023-11-27 |website=Make WordPress Hosting |language=en-US}}</ref> ''[[Sovereign Tech Fund]]'' Germanum plus 200,000 ''euro'' ad PHP Foundation contulit.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PHP |url=https://www.sovereigntechfund.de/tech/php |access-date=2024-05-26 |website=Sovereign Tech Fund |language=en}}</ref> == Constitutio == [[File:PHP 7.1 - Example phpinfo() Screen.png|thumb|Examplar exitus functionis ''phpinfo()'' in PHP&nbsp;7.1]] Duobus modis in moderatro interretiali subsidium linguae PHP addi potest: aut modulo proprio moderatri aut exsecutabili CGI. PHP interfaciem rectam per modulum habet, cui nomen est ''server application programming interface'' ([[SAPI]]) cuique subsidium multis moderatris, e.g. [[Apache HTTP Server]], [[Internet Information Services|Microsoft IIS]] et [[Oracle iPlanet Web Server|iPlanet Web Server]], datur. Alia moderatra, e.g. OmniHTTPd, subsidium ''Internet Server Application Programming Interface'' ([[ISAPI]]), id est interfaciei moderatrorum societatis [[Microsoft]], praebent. Si autem moduli subsidium in moderatro deest, PHP semper operam [[Interfacies Portae Communis|Interfaciei Portae Communis]] (CGI) aut [[FastCGI]] parare potest; si hoc fit, moderatrum ita constituitur ut omnes petitiones fasciculorum PHP per illius exsecutabile CGI tractet.<ref name="php.net-4">{{cite web | url = http://www.php.net/manual/en/install.general.php | title = General Installation Considerations | access-date = 2013-09-22 | website = php.net }}</ref> PHP-FPM (''FastCGI Process Manager'') est alterum mandatum, quod cum distributione publica ipsius linguae a forma 5.3.3 colligatur.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.php.net/archive/2010.php#id2010-07-22-2 | title = News Archive: PHP&nbsp;5.3.3 Released! | date = 2010-07-22 | website = php.net}}</ref> Virtutes aliquot habet praeter prius mandatum FastCGI, praecipue moderatris onustioribus utiles.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.php.net/manual/en/install.fpm.php | title = FastCGI Process Manager (FPM) | access-date = 2013-09-22 | website = php.net }}</ref> Ubi PHP ex iusso scripta programmantur, necesse est exsecutabile ad [[interfacies per iussa|interfaciem per iussa]] (CLI) adhibere. PHP subsidium [[SAPI]] ad CLI a PHP&nbsp;4.3.0 habet.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.php.net/manual/en/features.commandline.introduction.php | title = Command line usage: Introduction | access-date = 2013-09-22 | website = php.net }}</ref> Haec SAPI praecipue ad applicationes [[interfacies per iussa|per crustam]] spectat. Multa similia sed haud pauca dissimilia sunt inter SAPI ad CLI et alias SAPI.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.php.net/manual/en/features.commandline.differences.php | title = Command line usage: Differences to other SAPIs | access-date = 2013-09-22 | website = php.net }}</ref> PHP etiam ad applicationem scribendam per interfaciem ad usorem graphicam ([[GUI]]) usurpari potest per {{cite web | url = https://github.com/cztomczak/phpdesktop | title = PHP Desktop | website = [[GitHub]] }} aut additrum iam destitutum [[PHP-GTK]]. Si PHP in [[Computatio in nube datorum|nube datorum]] constituta est, [[impedimenta evolutionis programmaturae]] (SDK) cum virtutibus nubi adaptatis praebentur. Ita: * [[Amazon Web Services]] AWS SDK ad PHP praebet.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aws.amazon.com/sdkforphp/ |title=AWS SDK for PHP |website=aws.amazon.com |access-date=2014-03-06}}</ref> * In [[Microsoft Azure]], Windows Azure SDK ad PHP est utile.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.interoperabilitybridges.com/projects/php-sdk-for-windows-azure.aspx |title=Windows Azure SDK for PHP&nbsp;— Interoperability Bridges and Labs Center |website=interoperabilitybridges.com |access-date=2014-03-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320152702/http://www.interoperabilitybridges.com/projects/php-sdk-for-windows-azure.aspx |archive-date=2014-03-20 }}</ref> Multi modi constituendi subsidium habent, qui et nucleum linguae et additra immutant.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.php.net/manual/en/configuration.php | title = Runtime configuration: Table of contents | access-date = 2013-09-22 | website = php.net }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.php.net/manual/en/ini.list.php | title = php.ini directives: List of php.ini directives | access-date = 2013-09-22 | website = php.net }}</ref> Fasciculus constitutivus <code>php.ini</code> in locis diversis secundum usum quaeritur,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.php.net/manual/en/configuration.file.php | title = Runtime configuration: The configuration file | access-date = 2013-09-22 | publisher = PHP.net }}</ref> et in partes scinditur.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.php.net/manual/en/ini.sections.php | title = php.ini directives: List of php.ini sections | access-date = 2013-09-22 | publisher = PHP.net }}</ref> Quaedam etiam una cum moderatro constitui possunt.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.php.net/manual/en/configuration.changes.modes.php | title = Runtime configuration: Where a configuration setting may be set | access-date = 2013-09-22 | publisher = PHP.net }}</ref> == Usus == [[File:LAMP software bundle.svg|thumb|upright=2|Conspectus aggeris programmaturarum LAMP, hic una cum [[Squid (software)|Squid]] ostensi]] PHP est lingua communis ad scripta programmanda [[situs interretialis|sitibus interretialibus]], quae aptissime in [[moderatrum interretiale|moderatro interretiali]] operatur. Si fasciculo petito inest programma PHP, id lingua PHP in operando [[exsecutio (informatica)|exsequitur]], plerumque ut [[pagina interretialis mobilis|paginam interretialem mobilem]] instruat aut imaginem mobilem sive in interrete sive alicubi demonstret.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://php.net/manual/en/book.image.php |title=PHP Manual Image Processing and GD; |publisher= php.net |access-date=2011-04-09}}</ref> Utilis est quoque in scriptis [[interfacies per iussa|e iusso]] et rebus [[GUI|graphicis]] [[cliens (computatralis)|cliente]] gestis. Explicari potest in plerisque moderatris interretialibus, multis [[systema internum|systematibus internis]] et [[suggestus informaticus|suggestibus informaticis]], et operari potest cum multis [[systema gestivum repositorii relationalis|systematibus gestivis repositoriorum relationalium]] (RDBM). [[Hospes interretialis|Hospites interretiales]] subsidium dant PHP ad usum clientium. PHP sine mercede praebetur, et The PHP Group programma fontanum integrum tradit ut usores construant, adaptent, et addant utilitatis sibi causa.<ref name="O'Reilly-2001">{{cite web|access-date=2008-02-25|url=http://www.onlamp.com/pub/a/php/2001/05/03/php_foundations.html|title=Embedding PHP in HTML|publisher=O'Reilly|date=2001-05-03|archive-date=2008-02-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080219180226/http://www.onlamp.com/pub/a/php/2001/05/03/php_foundations.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:Scheme dynamic page en.svg|thumb|upright=2|Pagina interretialis mobilis, exemplum [[scriptum in moderatro|scriptorum in moderatro]], linguis PHP et MySQL effectum]] Cum primo tempore creata sit [[pagina interretialis|paginarum interretialium]] mobilium causa, nunc PHP maxime [[scriptum in moderatro|scriptis in moderatro]] destinatur.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://webmaster.iu.edu/PHPlanguage/index.shtml|title=PHP Server-Side Scripting Language|publisher=[[Indiana University]]|access-date=2008-02-25|date=2007-04-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121223739/http://webmaster.iu.edu/tools-and-guides/programming-languages/php.phtml|archive-date=2016-01-21}}</ref> Similis est aliarum linguarum scriptis in moderatro destinatarum, quae res mobiles a moderatro [[cliens (computatralis)|clienti]] tradent, e.g. [[Python (lingua programmandi)|Pythonis]], [[ASP.NET]] societatis [[Microsoft]], [[Jakarta Server Pages]] societatis [[Sun Microsystems]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://java.sun.com/products/jsp/jspservlet.html|title=JavaServer Pages Technology&nbsp;— JavaServer Pages Comparing Methods for Server-Side Dynamic Content White Paper|publisher=Sun Microsystems|access-date=2008-02-25}}</ref> et <code>[[mod_perl]]</code><!-- Ne lineam in mod_perl tollas. Haec linea est propria nominis. -->. Multos quoque movit ad [[compages informatica]]s evolvendas, quae partes et formam [[applicatio rapide evolvenda|applicationibus rapide evolvendis]] (RAD) suppeditent. Inter has sunt [[PRADO (compages)|PRADO]], [[CakePHP]], [[Symfony]], [[CodeIgniter]], [[Laravel]], [[Yii Framework]], [[Phalcon (compages)|Phalcon]] et [[Laminas]], quae virtutibus similibus ac aliae [[compages interretialis|compages interretiales]] fruuntur. [[LAMP (agger programmaturarum)|Structura LAMP]] insuevit in re interretiali applicationum explicandarum gratia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/library/os-5waystunelamp/index.html|title=Five simple ways to tune your LAMP application| website=[[IBM]] |date=2011-01-25}}</ref> PHP litteram ''P'' in eo nomine solet agere, ceteras [[Linux|Linuce]], [[Apache HTTP Server|Apache]] et [[MySQL]] ferentibus, quamquam ''P'' potest quoque [[Python (lingua programmandi)|Pythonem]], [[Perl]], compositionem duarum aut omnes tres significare. Aliae sarcinae [[WAMP (software bundle)|WAMP]] et [[MAMP]] ad [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]] et [[macOS]] aptatae sunt, quae litterae W et M significant. Cum et PHP et Apache in infima constitutione macOS includantur, sarcinarum usores faciliorem modum constituendi et renovandi volunt. Certis usibus, in quibus scientia magis provecta opus est, PHP praebet modum bene definitum atque conscriptum quo additra propria in [[C (lingua programmandi)|C]] aut [[C++]] scribantur.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.php.net/manual/en/internals2.structure.php | title = PHP at the core: Extension structure | access-date = 2013-09-22 | website = PHP.net | archive-date = 2013-09-26 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130926082102/http://www.php.net/manual/en/internals2.structure.php | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.php.net/manual/en/internals2.counter.php | title = PHP at the core: The "counter" Extension&nbsp;– A Continuing Example | access-date = 2013-09-22 | website = PHP.net | archive-date = 2013-09-26 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130926082106/http://www.php.net/manual/en/internals2.counter.php | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://devzone.zend.com/303/extension-writing-part-i-introduction-to-php-and-zend/ | title = Extension Writing Part I: Introduction to PHP and Zend | date = 2005-03-01 | access-date = 2013-09-22 | publisher = [[Zend Technologies]] | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130924233638/http://devzone.zend.com/303/extension-writing-part-i-introduction-to-php-and-zend/ | archive-date = 2013-09-24 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://devzone.zend.com/317/extension-writing-part-ii-parameters-arrays-and-zvals/ | title = Extension Writing Part II: Parameters, Arrays, and ZVALs | date = 2005-06-06 | access-date = 2013-09-22 | publisher = [[Zend Technologies]] | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130926091658/http://devzone.zend.com/317/extension-writing-part-ii-parameters-arrays-and-zvals/ | archive-date = 2013-09-26 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://devzone.zend.com/318/extension-writing-part-ii-parameters-arrays-and-zvals-continued/ | title = Extension Writing Part II: Parameters, Arrays, and ZVALs (continued) | date = 2005-06-06 | access-date = 2013-09-22 | publisher = [[Zend Technologies]] | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130926091655/http://devzone.zend.com/318/extension-writing-part-ii-parameters-arrays-and-zvals-continued/ | archive-date = 2013-09-26 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://devzone.zend.com/446/extension-writing-part-iii-resources/ | title = Extension Writing Part III: Resources | date = 2006-05-12 | access-date = 2013-09-22 | publisher = [[Zend Technologies]] | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130926091645/http://devzone.zend.com/446/extension-writing-part-iii-resources/ | archive-date = 2013-09-26 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://devzone.zend.com/1435/wrapping-c-classes-in-a-php-extension/ | title = Wrapping C++ Classes in a PHP Extension | date = 2009-04-22 | access-date = 2013-09-22 | publisher = [[Zend Technologies]] | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130920011549/http://devzone.zend.com/1435/wrapping-c-classes-in-a-php-extension/ | archive-date = 2013-09-20 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Additra et linguae ipsi [[bibliotheca (informatica)|bibliothecas]] addunt et velocitatem exsequendi augent, si hoc est magni momenti et [[lingua compilata|lingua vere compilata]] usui erit.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://stackoverflow.com/q/1110682 | title = Extending PHP with C++? | access-date = 2013-09-22 | publisher = [[Stack Overflow]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://stackoverflow.com/q/1502244 | title = How can I use C++ code to interact with PHP? | access-date = 2013-09-22 | publisher = [[Stack Overflow]] }}</ref> Item PHP modos bene definitos praestat, quibus in aliis programmaturis contineatur. Sic altera programmatura lingua PHP [[scriptum (programma)|scripta]] intra se efficere potest, et interfaciem cum sua [[structura datorum]] solidam habebit.<ref>{{cite book | title = Extending and Embedding PHP | first = Sara | last = Golemon | year = 2006 | publisher = Sams | isbn = 978-0-672-32704-9 }}</ref> Sunt quibus displiceat nucleum PHP subsidio [[fila multiplicia (informatica)|filis multiplicibus]] carere,<ref>{{cite web | url = https://bugs.php.net/bug.php?id=46919 | title = Request #46919: Multithreading | access-date = 2013-09-22 | website = PHP.net }}</ref> quamquam additro "pthreads" in [[Bibliotheca Socialis Additrorum|PECL]] adhiberi possunt.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.php.net/manual/en/intro.pthreads.php | title = pthreads: Introduction (PHP Manual) | access-date = 2013-09-22 | website = PHP.net }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://pecl.php.net/package/pthreads |title=PECL :: Package :: pthreads |website=pecl.php.net |access-date=2014-02-09}}</ref> Interfacies per iussa, ''php-cli'', et duo ingenia scriptoria in [[ActiveX]] [[Windows Script Host]] creata sunt. === Gratia === [[Systema gestiva rerum interretialium|Systemata gestiva rerum interretialium]] solent PHP uti, e.g. [[MediaVici]],<ref>{{cite web|date=2010-01-25|title=Manual:Installation requirements#PHP|url=http://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?title=Manual:Installation_requirements&oldid=299556#PHP|access-date=2010-02-26|publisher=MediaWiki}}</ref> [[WordPress]],<ref>{{cite web|title=About WordPress|url=http://wordpress.org/about/|access-date=2010-02-26}}</ref> [[Joomla]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Kempkens|first=Alex|title=Joomla!&nbsp;— Content Management System to build websites & apps|url=http://www.joomla.org/about-joomla.html}}</ref> [[Drupal]],<ref>{{cite web|title=PHP and Drupal|date=16 Septembris 2007|url=http://drupal.org/node/176052|access-date=2010-06-13|publisher=Drupal.org|archive-date=2010-02-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100208205523/http://drupal.org/node/176052|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Moodle]],<ref>{{cite web|title=About|url=http://docs.moodle.org/en/About_Moodle|access-date=2009-12-20|publisher=Moodle.org|archive-date=2010-01-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111055644/http://docs.moodle.org/en/About_Moodle|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[eZ Publish]], [[eZ Platform]], et [[SilverStripe]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Server requirements of SilverStripe|url=http://doc.silverstripe.org/framework/en/installation/server-requirements|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141128063118/http://doc.silverstripe.org/framework/en/installation/server-requirements|archive-date=28 Novembris 2014|access-date=13 Octobris 2014|quote=SilverStripe requires PHP&nbsp;5.3.2+}}</ref> Anno 2013, plus 240&nbsp;milies mille [[situs interretialis|situs interretiales]] (39 centesimae censorum) PHP utebantur, et in 2.1&nbsp;milies mille [[moderatrum interretiale|moderatris interretialibus]] constituta erat.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://news.netcraft.com/archives/2013/01/31/php-just-grows-grows.html | title=PHP just grows & grows | date=2013-01-31 | access-date=2013-04-01 | author=Ide, Andy}}</ref> Die 21 Novembris 2024, cum PHP&nbsp;8.4 edita esset, in 75.4 centesimis situum, cuius linga decerni potuit, lingua programmandi in moderatro erat; forma PHP&nbsp;7 maxime usurpabatur, cum 49.1 centesimae situum, qui PHP utebantur, eam haberent, 37.9 centesimae PHP&nbsp;8, 12.9% centesimae PHP 5, et 0.1 centesimae PHP 4.<ref name="W3Techs – World Wide Web Technology Surveys">{{cite web |title=Usage statistics of PHP for websites |url=https://w3techs.com/technologies/details/pl-php |website=W3Techs – World Wide Web Technology Surveys |publisher=W3Techs |access-date=21 Novembris 2024}}</ref> {{Bar box |bars= {{bar percent|PHP&nbsp;8<br />37.9%|#66FF66|37.9}} {{bar percent|PHP&nbsp;7<br />49.1%|#dc2626|49.1}} {{bar percent|PHP&nbsp;5<br />12.9%|#075985|12.9}} {{bar percent|PHP&nbsp;4<br />0.1%|#FF7800|0.1}} }} == Securitas == Anno 2019, 11 centesimae omnium occasionum incurrendi, quae in [[Repositorium Gentile Occasionum Incurrendi|Repositorio Gentili Occasionum Incurrendi]] conscribebantur, in PHP pendebantur;<ref name="National Vulnerability Database">{{cite web | url=https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/search/statistics?form_type=Basic&results_type=statistics&query=PHP&queryType=phrase&search_type=all | title=National Vulnerability Database (NVD) Search Vulnerabilities Statistics | access-date=2019-11-22}}</ref> circa 30 centesimae occasionum ab anno 1996 in illo repositorio conscriptarum in PHP pependerunt. Vitia artis, quae securitatem afficiant, in lingua ipsa et in bibliothecis intimis raro eveniunt (22 anno 2009, circa 1 centesimam summae, cum PHP circa 20 centesimae programmatum conscriptorum uterentur).<ref name="PHP-2012">{{cite web | url=http://www.coelho.net/php_cve.html | title=PHP-related vulnerabilities on the National Vulnerability Database | date=2012-07-05 | access-date=2013-04-01 | archive-date=2009-06-28 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628173101/http://www.coelho.net/php_cve.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> Quaedam linguae, quia errare est proprium evolutorum, [[dispunctio vitiorum|dispunctionem vitiorum]] includunt, quae sponte [[probatio datorum|initus non probatos]], qui multa mala inducunt, deprendant. Et in PHP tales virtutes proponebantur, sed postea haec consilia reiecta aut relicta sunt.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://derickrethans.nl/files/meeting-notes.html#sand-boxing-or-taint-mode | title=Developer Meeting Notes, Nov. 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://devzone.zend.com/article/2798-Zend-Weekly-Summaries-Issue-368#Heading1 |title = Taint mode decision, November 2007 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090226124957/http://devzone.zend.com/article/2798-Zend-Weekly-Summaries-Issue-368#Heading1 |archive-date = 2009-02-26 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/taint|title=PHP: rfc:taint|website=wiki.php.net}}</ref> [[Suhosin]]<ref>{{cite web | title=Hardened-PHP Project | url=http://www.hardened-php.net | date=2008-08-15 | access-date=2019-08-22 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190224012812/http://www.hardened-php.net/ | archive-date=2019-02-24 | url-status=dead }}</ref> et Snuffleupagus<ref>{{cite web|title=Snuffleupagus Documentation|url=https://snuffleupagus.readthedocs.io/}}</ref>, incepta externorum, tollere aut mutare optabant quaecumque periculosa in lingua inveniebantur. Formae veteres PHP parametra constitutionis et horum valores praestitutos habebat, quae securitati quarundam applicationum inutilia fuerunt. Quorum notissima fuerunt constitutiones <code>[[magic quotes|magic_quotes_gpc]]</code> et <code>register_globals</code><ref name="PHP Manual-3">{{cite web | url = https://php.net/manual/en/security.globals.php | title = Security: Using Register Globals | work = PHP Manual | access-date = 2013-09-22 | publisher = PHP.net | archive-date = 2013-09-27 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130927161000/http://php.net/manual/en/security.globals.php | url-status = dead }}</ref>; haec omnia parametra URL in variabilia PHP transformabatur, quod hosti facultatem cuilibet variabili universali, quod non inisset, valoris figendi et exsecutionis scripti turbandae faciebat. Subsidium quidem istarum constitutionum destitutum est in PHP&nbsp;5.3.0, et sublatum in PHP&nbsp;5.4.0.<ref name="PHP Manual">{{cite web | url = http://www.php.net/manual/en/security.magicquotes.php | title = Magic Quotes | work = PHP Manual | access-date = 2014-01-17 | publisher = PHP.net | archive-date = 2014-02-08 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140208000607/http://www.php.net/manual/en/security.magicquotes.php | url-status = dead }}</ref> Alia occasio incursionis in constitionibus operariis apparet, si exsecutio PHP non debilitata est (e.g. regula constitutiva <code>engine</code>)<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.php.net/manual/en/apache.configuration.php#ini.engine | title = 'engine' configuration directive | work = PHP: Runtime Configuration | access-date = 2014-02-13 | publisher = PHP.net }}</ref> in indice, ubi fasciculi remissi sunt. Habilitata enim potest programma malevolum in fasciculis remissis contentum exsequi.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://devzone.zend.com/1008/php-security-exploit-with-gif-images/ | title = PHP Security Exploit With GIF Images | date = 2007-06-22 | access-date = 2013-09-22 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130927162421/http://devzone.zend.com/1008/php-security-exploit-with-gif-images/ | archive-date = 2013-09-27 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.phpclasses.org/blog/post/67-PHP-security-exploit-with-GIF-images.html | title = PHP security exploit with GIF images | date = 2007-06-20 | access-date = 2013-09-22 | publisher = PHP Classes blog }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://ha.ckers.org/blog/20070604/passing-malicious-php-through-getimagesize/ |title = Passing Malicious PHP Through getimagesize() |date = 2007-06-04 |access-date = 2013-09-22 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130921222424/http://ha.ckers.org/blog/20070604/passing-malicious-php-through-getimagesize |archive-date = 2013-09-21 }}</ref> Optimum est igitur, si index imaginum aut extra radicem documenti, qui moderatro praestatur, situs est, et per scriptum medium moderatur, aut exsecutio PHP debilitatur indici, qui fasciculos remissos tenet. Lectio quoque mobilis additrorum PHP (per regulam constitutivam <code>enable_dl</code>)<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.php.net/manual/en/info.configuration.php#ini.enable-dl | title = 'enable_dl' configuration directive | work = PHP: Runtime Configuration | access-date = 2014-02-13 | publisher = PHP.net }}</ref> in moderatro [[hospes particeps (interrete)|communi]] securitati inutilis videtur.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://php.net/manual/en/function.dl.php | title = PHP function reference: dl() | access-date = 2013-09-22 | publisher = PHP.net }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.webhostingtalk.com/showthread.php?t=514779 | title = My host won't fix their Trojan | access-date = 2013-09-22 | publisher = WebHosting Talk }}</ref> Item [[conversio generum]] implicita, quae valores inaequales aequat, quandoque invito evolutore, mala trahere potest. Exempli gratia, comparatio {{nowrap|1=<code>'0e1234' == '0'</code>}} exitum <code>true</code> ("vera") reddit, quod series, quae ut numeri legi possunt, in numeros convertuntur; hoc igitur casu, valor prior comparationis tractatur ut [[notatio scientifica]] valens ({{val|0|e=1234}}), id est nullum. Tales errores occasiones scelerum per confirmationem dolosam in [[Simple Machines Forum]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://raz0r.name/vulnerabilities/simple-machines-forum/|title= Simple Machines Forum <= 2.0.3 Admin Password Reset|author=Raz0r|date = 25 Ianuarii 2013}}</ref> [[Typo3]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.nibblesec.org/2010/12/typo3-sa-2010-020-typo3-sa-2010-022.html|title=TYPO3-SA-2010-020, TYPO3-SA-2010-022 EXPLAINED|author=Nibble Security}}</ref> et [[phpBB]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ahack.ru/articles/cryptographic-security-and-php-applications.htm |title=Криптостойкость и небезопасное сравнение |website=ahack.ru |language=ru |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704214011/https://ahack.ru/articles/cryptographic-security-and-php-applications.htm |archive-date=4 Iulii 2017 }}</ref> faciebant, cum [[hash tesserae]] [[MD5]] compararentur. Consilium probatum est <code>[https://secure.php.net/hash_equals hash_equals()]</code> (contra [[cyberias temporalis|incursiones temporales]]), <code>[[strcmp]]</code> aut operatro identitatis (<code>===</code>) - nam {{nowrap|1=<code>'0e1234' === '0'</code>}} reddit <code>false</code> ("falsa") - uti.{{Citation needed|date=April 2024}} Anno 2013, in ratione 170,000 [[deformatio interretialis|deformationum situum]] a [[Zone-H]] edita, usitatissima incursio (53%) erat [[incursio per fasciculum inclusum]], plerumque propter usum insecurum horum constructorum linguae PHP: <code>include</code>, <code>require</code>, et <code>allow_url_fopen</code>.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://ipsec.pl/web-application-security/most-common-attacks-web-applications.html | title=Most common attacks on web applications | publisher=IPSec.pl | date=2013 | access-date=2015-04-15 | first=Pawel |last=Krawczyk | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415150236/https://ipsec.pl/web-application-security/most-common-attacks-web-applications.html | archive-date=2015-04-15 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://ipsec.pl/application-security/2013/so-what-are-most-critical-application-flaws-new-owasp-top-10.html | title=So what are the "most critical" application flaws? On new OWASP Top 10 | publisher=IPSec.pl | date=2013 | access-date=2015-04-15 |first=Pawel |last=Krawczyk }}</ref> === Securitas cryptographica === PHP continet functiones <code>rand()</code><ref>{{cite web |title=PHP: Rand – Manual |url=https://php.net/rand}}</ref> et <code>mt_rand()<ref>,{{cite web |title=PHP: Mt_rand - Manual |url=https://php.net/mt_rand}}</ref></code> qui [[generatrum numerorum pseudo-fortuitorum]] utuntur et cryptographice insecurae sunt. In forma 8.1 contenta est functio <code>random_int()</code>, quae fonte fortis cryptographice securo a systemate allato utitur.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://php.net/random_int | title=PHP: Random_int – Manual }}</ref> === Subsidium longum === Collegium evolutorum linguae PHP rite menda corrigit per duos annos postquam formam minorem edidit, deinde per duos annos securitatem tantum corrigit.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://wiki.php.net/rfc/release_cycle_update | title=PHP: RFC:release_cycle_update }}.</ref> Postero temppre, editum [[vita programmatis|vita defunctum]] habetur, nec subsidium rite obtinet. Subsidium Extensum praeter illam finem [[Zend (societas)|Zend]] et aliae societates mercatoriae praestant<ref>{{Cite web |title=PHP Support for PHP 7.2 – 8.0 {{!}} PHP LTS {{!}} Zend by Perforce |url=https://www.zend.com/services/php-long-term-support |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2024-05-23}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pagely PHP Long Term Support Page |url=https://pagely.com/solutions/php-long-term-support/ |access-date=2024-09-14 |website=Pagely |language=en-US}}.</ref> {{NexInt}} * [[Hypertextus]] * [[MediaVici]] == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * Ford, Paul. [[2015]]. "What's the Absolute Minimum I Must Know About PHP?" What is Code? ''Bloomberg Businessweek,'' 11 Iunii 2015. [https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2015-paul-ford-what-is-code/ Editio interretialis.] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|PHP|PHP}} * [http://www.php.net/ Situs interretialis PHP proprius,] apud www.php.net. * [http://www.apachefriends.org/ XAMPP: Collectio] [[Apache|Apachis]], ex [[MySQL]], PHP. [[Categoria:Abbreviationes]] [[Categoria:Linguae programmationis]] {{Myrias|Technologia}} {{Appendicula de hac pagina| {{PagMens|04|2025}} }} 3d1uego8joqpmn4158qe0wth37kq1dt 0 19682 3996214 3975630 2026-10-22T17:17:37Z LilyKitty 18316 de fibra alemetaria 3996214 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L}} [[Fasciculus:Foods.jpg|thumb|Alimenta ex fontibus [[planta]]rum.]] [[Fasciculus:Frans Snyders 003.jpg|thumb|''Großes Stilleben mit einer Dame und Papagei'' ('Magna [[natura mortua]] cum [[mulier]]e et [[psittacus|psittaco]]'), [[pictura]] a [[Franciscus Snyder|Francisco Snyder]] picta, varia [[saeculum 17|saeculi septimi decimi]] alimenta pingit.]] '''Cibus''' est quaelibet res<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/212568/food Definitio] ex [[Encyclopaedia Britannica]].</ref> ad praebendum [[nutrimentum|nutritionale]] [[corpus (physica)|corporis]] [[animal]]is adiumentum consumpta, quae plerumque in [[planta|plantis]] vel [[animal]]ibus oritur, et nutrimenta necessaria continet, sicut [[carbohydratum|carbohydrata]], [[adeps|adipes]], [[proteinum|proteina]], [[vitaminum|vitamina]], et [[minerale|mineralia]]. Res ab [[organismus|organismo]] ingeritur atque ab organismi [[cellula|cellulis]] concoquitur ut [[energia]]m efficiat, [[vita]]m sustineat, vel auctum excitet. Homines plerumque cibum cum [[potio]]ne edunt. Omnem per [[historia]]m, homines alimentum rationibus [[duo|duabus]] comprehenderunt: [[venator et collector|venatione et collectione]] atque [[agricultura]]. Hodie, plurimum [[energia alimentarius|energiae alimentariae]]<!--food energy--> quam [[numerus incolarum]] mundi<!--world population--> consumit ab [[industria alimentaria]]<!--food industry--> et [[biotechnologia]] suppeditatur. Pars [[Homo|hominis]] [[cultura]]e locos foris ad edere habere est, [[popina]]s nomine, et habere possunt varias culturas cibi e variis partibus [[Tellus (planeta)|mundi]]. == De vocabulis == Vocabula significatione cibo similia sunt ''esca'', ''[[victus]]'', ''[[alimentum]]'' (a verbo ''alere''), ac ''pabulum''. == Fontes cibi == Maior cibi humani pars in [[plantae|plantis]] oritur. Praeter ipsas plantas quas homines edunt, etiam [[animalia]] ab hominibus esa plantis aluntur. Multis victus cottidianus est [[frumentum]], quod plus [[energia]]e cibariae per [[orbis terrarum|orbem terrarum]] quam ulla alia planta culta praebet. Inter frumenta [[maizium]], [[triticum (alimentum)|triticum]], [[oryza (victus)|oryzaque]] 87 centesimas partes totius frumenti cultivationis constituunt.<ref name="prodstat">{{cite web |url=http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/DesktopDefault.aspx |title=ProdSTAT |work=FAOSTAT |accessdate=2008}}.</ref> Maxima frumenti pars per orbem terrarum culti [[pecus|pecori]] datur. Inter alimenta neque ex animalibus neque ex plantis facta sunt [[fungi]] esculenta, ut [[boletus|boleti]]. Fungi et [[bacteria]] adhibentur in cibis [[fermentatio|fermentatis]] et [[salsura|salsis]] ut [[panis|pane]] fermentato, [[temetum|temetis]], [[caseus|caseo]], [[cucumis|cucumeribus]] salsis, [[kombucha]], ac [[iogurtum|iogurto]]. Nonnulla [[Cyanobacterium|cyanobacteria]] ut [[spirulina]] supplementa cibaria eduntur.<ref>McGee 2004, 333–34.</ref> Substantiae inorganicae ut [[sal]], [[sodium bicarbonatum]], ac [[tartarum]] ad cibos servandos et mutantos adhibentur. ==Genera cibi== {{div col|3}} * [[Cibus celer]] * [[Cibus consolationis]] * [[Cibus integer]] * [[Cibus naturalis]] * [[Cibus nimis machinatus]] * [[Cibus organicus]] * [[Cibus quisquiliarum]] * [[Cibus tardus]] * [[Cibus marinus]] * [[Cibus promptus]] * [[Cibus romanus]] * [[Diaeta]] * [[Fibra alimentaria]] * [[Fructus]] * [[Fruges]] * [[Frumentum]] * [[Tragemata]] {{div col end}} ==Notae== <references/> == Bibliographia == [[Fasciculus:Refractometer.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Refractometer]] [[manus|manualis]] ad [[index Brixianus|indicem Brixianum]] [[frustus|fructuum]] metiendum adhibetur.]] * Aguilera, Jose Miguel, et David W. Stanley. [[1999]]. ''Microstructural Principles of Food Processing and Engineering''. Springer. ISBN 0-8342-1256-0. * Campbell, Bernard Grant. [[1998]]. ''Human Evolution: An Introduction to Man's Adaptations.'' Aldine Transaction. ISBN 0-202-02042-8. * Carpenter, Ruth Ann. et Carrie E. Finley. [[2005]]. ''Healthy Eating Every Day.'' Human Kinetics. ISBN 0-7360-5186-4. * Collingham, E. M. [[2011]]. ''The Taste of War: World War Two and the Battle for Food.'' * Davidson, Alan. [[2006]]. ''The Oxford Companion to Food.'' Ed. secunda. Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. * Chris Gosden, Jon G. Hather, edd., ''The Prehistory of Food: Appetites for Change''. Londinii: Routledge, 2004 {{Google Books|gWaP9F-SZsoC|Paginae selectae}} * Howe, P., et S. Devereux. [[2004]]. ''Famine Intensity and Magnitude Scales: A Proposal for an Instrumental Definition of Famine.'' * Humphery, Kim. [[1998]]. ''Shelf Life: Supermarkets and the Changing Cultures of Consumption.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-62630-7. * Jango-Cohen, Judith. [[2005]] ''The History Of Food.'' Twenty-First Century Books. ISBN 0-8225-2484-8. * Jurgens, Marshall H. [[2001]]. ''Animal Feeding and Nutrition.'' Kendall Hunt. ISBN 0-7872-7839-4. * Katz, Solomon. [[2003]]. ''The Encyclopedia of Food and Culture.'' Scribner. * Kripke, Gawain. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20060714133231/http://www.oxfam.org/en/policy/briefingpapers/bp71_food_aid_240305 Food aid or hidden dumping?]''. Oxfam International, Martii 2005 * Lawrie, Stephen, et R. A. Lawrie. [[1998]]. ''Lawrie's Meat Science.'' Woodhead Publishing. ISBN 1-85573-395-1. * Magdoff, Fred, John Bellamy Foster, et Frederick H. Buttel. [[2000]]. ''Hungry for Profit: The Agribusiness Threat to Farmers, Food, and the Environment.'' ISBN 1-58367-016-5. * Mason, John. [[2003]]. ''Sustainable Agriculture.'' Landlinks Press. ISBN 0-643-06876-7. * Merson, Michael H., Robert E. Black, et Anne J. Mills. [[2005]]. ''International Public Health: Disease, Programs, Systems, and Policies.'' Jones and Bartlett Publishers. * McGee, Harold. [[2004]]. ''On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen.'' Novi Eboraci: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0-684-80001-2. * Mead, Margaret. [[1997]]. The Changing Significance of Food. In ''Food and Culture: A Reader,'' edd. Carole Counihan et Penny Van Esterik. Londinii: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-91710-7. * Messer, Ellen, Laurie Fields Derose, et Sara Millman. [[1998]]. ''Who's Hungry? and How Do We Know?: Food Shortage, Poverty, and Deprivation.'' United Nations University Press. ISBN 92-808-0985-7. * National Institute of Health. [[2006]]. "Food poisoning." ''MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia,'' 11 Maii 2006. Ex http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/pdf/foodallergy.pdf die 2006-09-29 accesso. * Nestle, Marion. [[2007]]. ''Food Politics: How the Food Industry Influences Nutrition and Health.'' Ed. retractata et aucta. Berkeleiae: University Presses of California. ISBN 0-520-25403-1. * Nicklas, Barbara J. [[2002]]. ''Endurance Exercise and Adipose Tissue.'' Boca Raton Floridae: CRC Press ISBN 0-8493-0460-1. * Parekh, Sarad R. [[2004]]. ''The Gmo Handbook: Genetically Modified Animals, Microbes, and Plants in Biotechnology.'' Humana Press. ISBN 1-58829-307-6. * Regmi, Anita, ed. [[2001]]. ''Changing Structure of Global Food Consumption and Trade.'' Market and Trade Economics Division, Economic Research Service, USDA. * Schor, Juliet, et Betsy Taylor, eds. [[2003]]. ''Sustainable Planet: Roadmaps for the Twenty-First Century.'' Beacon Press. ISBN 0-8070-0455-3. * Shah, Anup. ''Food Dumping (Aid) Maintains Poverty: Causes of Poverty''. Ex http://www.globalissues.org/TradeRelated/Poverty/FoodDumping.asp die 2006-09-29 accesso. * [[Fridericus Simoons|Simoons, Frederick J.]] 1961. ''Eat Not This Flesh: Food Avoidances from Prehistory to the Present.'' ISBN 0-299-14250-7. * Smith, Andrew, ed. [[2007]]. "Food Marketing." ''Oxford Encyclopedia of American Food and Drink.'' Novi Eboraci: Oxford University Press. * Van den Bossche, Peter. [[2005]]. ''The Law and Policy of the bosanac Trade Organization: Text, Cases and Materials.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-82290-4. ==Nexus interni== {{div col|3}} * [[Agricultura]] * [[Anthropophagia]] * [[Ars coquinaria]] * [[Ars coquinaria mediaevalis]] * [[Cibus nimis machinatus]] * [[Conditio nutrimentorum prava]] * [[Crustulum Fortunae]] * [[Diaeta]] * [[Dies mundialis alimenti]] * [[Fames]] * [[Ferculum (Ars coquinaria)|Ferculum]] * [[Fertilitas]] * [[Grimod de la Reynière]] * [[Gustatus]] * [[Ingeniaria cibaria]] * [[Instrumenta escaria]] * [[Ioannes Anthelmus Brillat-Savarin]] * [[Ius alimentum utendi]] * [[Libri de re culinaria antiqui]] * [[Libri de re culinaria aevo litterarum renatarum scripti]] * [[Obesitas]] * [[Politica cibaria]] * [[Piscicultura]] * [[Securitas cibaria]] * [[Scientia solorum]] * [[Vegetatio]] {{div col end}} ==Nexus externi== {{Communia|Food|alimentum}} * [http://www.foodtimeline.org/ Annales alimentorum] * [http://wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook ''Wikibooks Cookbook''] * Food and Agriculture Organization. [https://web.archive.org/web/20100524003917/http://www.fao.org/ag/ags/subjects/en/agmarket/food.html Commercium alimentorum] * Food and Agriculture Organization. ''[http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/a0200e/a0200e00.htm The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2005]'' * Hannaford, Steve. ''[http://www.oligopolywatch.com/2005/10/06.html Oligopoly Watch: Top 20 world food companies]'' * United Kingdom Office of Public Sector Information. ''[http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1990/Ukpga_19900016_en_2.htm#mdiv1 Food Safety Act 1990 (c. 16)]''. * United States Department of Agriculture, USDA Economic Research Service. ''[http://www.ers.usda.gov/briefing/CP The Economics of Food, Farming, Natural Resources, and Rural America.]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}'' * United States Department of Agriculture, USDA Economic Research Service. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20090927215528/http://www.ers.usda.gov/Briefing/ Global Food Markets: Briefing Rooms]''. * US Food and Drug Administration. ''[http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?CFRPart=582&showFR=1 Animal drugs, feeds, and related products: substances generally recognized as safe]'' * World Food Programme. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20060928075506/http://www.wfp.org/food_aid/introduction/index.asp?section=12&sub_section=1 Breaking out of the Poverty Trap: How We Use Food Aid]''. * World Health Organization. ''[http://www.who.int/nutgrowthdb/en/ WHO Global Database on Child Growth and Malnutrition]'' * World Trade Organization. ''[http://www.wto.org/trade_resources/history/wto/urug_round.htm The Uruguay Round]'' [[Categoria:Alimenta|!]] [[Categoria:Ars coquinaria]] {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Anthropologia}} ksw5t0x0udyvf90rlm1e1htgm8p4wha 0 26290 3996287 3979904 2026-10-23T09:07:50Z Grufo 64423 /* Taxa selecta */ +{{[[Formula:Index arborescens|Index arborescens]]}} 3996287 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Insecta | fossil_range = {{fossil range|396|0|r=[[Devonium]] inferius > [[Recens]]<ref name="EngelGrim">{{cite journal | url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v427/n6975/full/nature02291.html | last=Engel | first=Michael S. | coauthors=David A. Grimaldi | year=[[2004]] | title=New light shed on the oldest insect | journal=Nature | volume=427 | pages=627–30 | doi=10.1038/nature02291 | pmid=14961119 | issue=6975}}.</ref>}} | image = Insect collage.png | image_caption = Horologice ex summa laeva: ''[[Empis livida]], [[Rhinotia hemistictus]], [[Gryllotalpa brachyptera]], [[Vespula germanica]], [[Opodiphthera eucalypti]], [[Harpactorinae]]'' | image_width = 300px | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Arthropoda]] | subphylum = [[Mandibulata]] | superclassis = [[Hexapoda]] | classis = '''Insecta''' | classis_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[Systema Naturae|1758]] | subdivision_ranks = [[Classis (taxinomia)|Subclasses]] | subdivision = * [[Monocondylia]] ([[Archaeognatha]]) * [[Dicondylia]] *: [[Apterygota]] *: [[Pterygota]] }} {{res|Insecta}} ({{pns|orum|n|Insectum}}; ab ''insecto'', {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|calque||en|qid=Q204826}} a [[lingua Graeca|Graeco]] ἔντομον ‘in partes sectum’) sunt [[animalia]] [[corpus|corpore]] [[exosceletus|exosceleto]] e [[chitina|chitino]] constituto operta, tripartito (in [[caput]], [[thorax]], et [[abdomen]] diviso), tres pares extremitatum articulationibus praeditarum in thorace, [[oculus|oculos]] compositos, et binas {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|antenna (zoologia)|antennas|en|qid=Q204664}} habentia. In {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|taxinomia biologica||en|qid=Q8269924}} sunt [[classis (taxinomia)|classis]] [[phylum (taxinomia)|phyli]] [[Arthropoda|Arthropodorum]]. Insecta sunt diversissima [[animalia|animalium]] grex, plus quam 1 000 000 [[species (taxinomia)|specierum]] descriptas comprehendentes, et sunt pro plus quam dimidio omnium [[orbis terrarum]] [[organismus|organismorum]] vivorum.<ref name="Chapman">{{cite book |author=Chapman, A. D. |year=[[2006]] |title=Numbers of living species in Australia and the World |pages=60pp |publisher=[[Canberra]]e: Australian Biological Resources Study |isbn=978-0-642-56850-2 |url=http://www.deh.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs/publications/other/species-numbers/index.html.}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange2/current/lectures/biodiversity/biodiversity.html|title=Threats to Global Diversity|last=Wilson|first=E. O. |accessdate=2009-05-17.}}</ref> == Introductio == Numerus specierum [[taxon exstans|exstantium]] inter sexies et decies centena milia aestimatur,<ref name="Chapman" /><ref>{{cite journal |author=Vojtech Novotny, Yves Basset, Scott E. Miller, George D. Weiblen, Birgitta Bremer, Lukas Cizek & Pavel Drozd |year=[[2002]] |title=Low host specificity of herbivorous insects in a tropical forest |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2002-04-25_416_6883/page/841 |journal=Nature |pmid=11976681 |volume=416 |issue=6883 |pages=841–844 |doi=10.1038/416841a.}}</ref><ref name="number">{{cite book|author=Erwin, Terry L. |year=[[1997]] |title=Biodiversity at its utmost: Tropical Forest Beetles |pages=27–40}} In: {{cite book |author=Reaka-Kudla, M. L., D. E. Wilson, et E. O. Wilson (eds.) |title=Biodiversity II |year=1997 |url=https://archive.org/details/biodiversityiiun00reak |publisher=Vasingtoniae: Joseph Henry Press}}.</ref> et fortasse sunt pro plus quam 90 centesimis [[metazoa|metazoorum]] variantium orbis terrarum vitae formarum.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Erwin|first=Terry L.|year=[[1982]]|title=Tropical forests: their richness in Coleoptera and other arthropod species|journal=Coleopt. Bull.|volume=36|pages=74–75.}}</ref> Insecta in paene omnibus [[circumiecta naturalia|circumiectis naturalibus]] inveniuntur, sed solum paucae species sunt in [[oceanus|oceanis]] [[endemismus|endemicae]], [[habitatio]]ne cui alius arthropodorum grex, [[crustacea]], dominantur. Circuli vitae insectorum variant, sed plurima ex [[ovum|ovis]] excluduntur. Auctu ab [[exosceletus|exosceleti]] rigore coacto, eorum progressus series [[commutatio exosceleti|commutationum exosceleti]] exigit. Gradus immaturi structurá, consuetudine, et habitatione ab adultis discrepare possunt. Greges qui [[metamorphosis absoluta|metamorphosim absolutam]] (transformationem) patiuntur gradum passivum appellatum [[pupa (biologia)|pupa]]m complecti possunt; greges qui [[hemimetabolismus|metamorphosim imperfectam]] patiuntur gradu [[pupa (biologia)|pupa]]e carent, et adulti per series graduum [[Nympha (biologia)|nympharum]] crescunt.<ref name="mcgraw-hill">"insect physiology" McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, ch. 9, pp. 233, 2007.</ref> Summae [[hexapoda|hexapodorum]] coniunctiones taxinomicas sunt incertae. Fossilizata{{dubsig}} magnitudinis ingentis insecta ex [[Palaeozoicum|Aevo Palaeozoico]] inventa sunt, quorum immania [[anisoptera]] [[ala]]s 55 ad 70 cm latas habuerunt. Diversissimi insectorum greges cum [[planta|plantis]] florentibus [[coevolutio|coevolvisse]] videntur. Insecta ambulatione, [[volatus|volatu]], vel aliquando simul submersione et [[natatio]]ne<!--??? (sic ait en:)--> usitate moventur. Ut motum rapidum sed stabilem faciant, multa incessu tripedario utuntur, quo cruribus in [[triangulum|triangulis]] alternantibus solum tangentibus ambulant. Insecta sunt sola [[invertebrata]] quae volatum evolverunt. Multa insecta aliquam eorum vitae partem in [[aqua]] degunt, cum adaptationibus [[Larva (zoologia)|larvalibus]] quae [[branchiae|branchias]] comprehendunt; nonnulla adulta sunt aquatica, adaptationibus [[natatio]]nis praedita. Aliquae genera, sicut ''[[Gerridae]],'' in superficie aquae ambulare possunt. Insecta plerumque sunt solitaria, sed nonnulla, sicut certa [[anthophila]], [[formicidae]], et [[isoptera]], sunt sociales et in magnis coloniis bene ordinatis vivunt. Nonnulla insecta, sicut [[dermaptera]], curam maternam monstrant, [[ovum|ova]] et iuvenes custodientes. Insecta singularia inter se variis modis communicare possunt. [[Heterocera]] mares [[pheromonum|pheromona]] heterocerorum femineorum trans spatia multorum chiliometrorum sentire possunt. Alia genera sonis communicant: [[gryllidae]] [[Stridulatio|stridulant]] vel [[ala]]s conterunt ut coniugem attrahant aliosque mares repellant. [[Lampyridae]], ordinis [[Coleoptera|coleopterorum]], [[luc]]e communicant. == Signa et anatomia == [[Fasciculus:Insect anatomy diagram.svg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Anatomia]] insectorum (si descriptionem videre vis, vide [[:Image:Robal.png|paginam descriptionis fasciculi]]. Ibi multis in linguis descriptum est.]] Corpus insectorum, ut nomen dicit, insectum est et in tres partes partitur. Partes sunt ''[[caput]], [[thorax]],'' et ''[[abdomen]]''. Praeterea, quae partes nonnulla in segmenta partitur. Sicut omnia [[hexapoda]], sex [[pes|pedes]] habent. Ceterum habent [[exosceletum]], quod ex [[chitina|chitino]] constat. ===Nervi=== Insecta [[nervus|nervorum]] habent systema in nonnullis [[ganglion|gangliis]] consistens, quorum unum, magnum et in [[caput|capite]] versatus, est [[cerebrum]]. Cerebrum cum rebus ab antennis oculisque sensibus fungitur. Sub cerebro, in capite sed [[thorax|thorace]] propinquum, secundum ganglion situm est; quod dirigit [[os (oris)|os]] cenandi causa. In thorace tria ganglia sita sunt, volandi cedendique causa et nonnulla, in varia multitudine, in [[abdomen|abdomine]] ut organa regere. Systema nervorum peripherica cerebrum et cetera ganglia movendi causa [[musculus|musculis]] coniungit, ut organa regere ganglia organis systema nervarum vegetativa coniuncti sunt. === Caput === [[Fasciculus:Drosophilidae_compound_eye.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|left|Oculus compositus, ab individuum familiae insectorum cuius nominatur ''[[Drosophilidae]].'']] Conspicui in capite insectorum sunt ''[[Oculus compositus|oculi compositi]],'' quos insecta non semper, sed saepissime habent, et [[antenna]]e. [[Fasciculus:Insect antennae.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Antenna]]e in variis insectorum [[species|speciebus]].]] Oculi compositi sunt duo oculi magni, qui multis ex oculis minoribus consistunt. Nonnumquam alii, non compositi oculi, ocelli dicti (saepe tres) habentur praeter oculos compositos. [[Antenna]]s habent ut tangere et nonnumquam ut [[olfactio|olfacere]]. Os varium est. In initio ut mordere, ''labrum, labium, mandibulae,'' et ''maxillae'' interdum in [[Evolutio|evolutione]] mutaverunt, nunc sunt varii cibi causa nonnumquam ascoperae. Itaque ''[[Lepidoptera]]'' [[nectar]] sorbillare possunt. Praeterea in capite [[cerebrum]] situm est et secundum [[ganglion]]. Si de hac re legere vis, vide in parte [[Insecta#Nervi|Nerv]]<nowiki/>i. === Thorax === [[Fasciculus:Insect leg scheme.svg|thumb|upright=0.6|left|Pes insecti.]] Thorax habet tria segmenta: ''[[prothorax]], [[mesothorax]],'' et ''[[metathorax]]'', tres pares pedum, tres ganglia et nonnumquam duo pares alarum. ''Protonum'', quod est tergus ''prothoracis,'' [[ala]]s non habet. * A:Coxa * B:Trochanter * C:Femur * D:Tibia * E:Tarsus ** e1:Metatarsus (primus tarsomerus) ** e2:secundus tarsomerus ** e3:tertius tarsomerus ** e4:quartus tarsomerus ** e5:Praetarsus (quintus tarsomerus) Identificationis{{dubsig}} causa partes pedum nomen praecipuum habent. Igitur coxae pedum ''Prothoracis'' exempli gratia ''Procoxae'' nominantur, coxae pedum ''mesothoracis, mesocoxae,'' et coxae pedum ''metathoracis, metacoxae,'' etc. === Abdomen === [[Abdomen|Abdomine]] multa vitalia et [[organum (corpus)|organa]] feturae insunt. === Systema digestivum === [[Fasciculus:Grasshopper defecating collage 01 (MK).jpg|thumb|800px|center|[[Caelifera|Caeliferum]] defaecat.]] == Taxa selecta == {{Index arborescens| * '''Subclassis: [[Archaeognatha]]''' ** Ordo: [[Archaeognatha]] * '''Subclassis: [[Dicondylia]]''' ** Infraclassis: [[Thysanura]] *** Ordo: [[Monura]] † *** Ordo: [[Thysanura]] ** Infraclassis: [[Pterygota]] *** Legio: [[Ephemeroptera]] **** Ordo: [[Ephemeroptera]] *** Legio: [[Odonata]] **** Ordo: [[Protodonata]] **** Ordo: [[Odonata]] *** Legio: [[Neoptera]] **** Ordo: [[Protoperlaria]] **** Ordo: [[Paraplecoptera]] **** Ordo: [[Protorthoptera]] **** Ordo: [[Protelytroptera]] **** Ordo: [[Plecoptera]] **** Ordo: [[Grylloblattodea]] **** Ordo: [[Dermaptera]] **** Ordo: [[Mantophasmatodea]] **** Ordo: [[Embioptera]] **** Ordo: [[Zoraptera]] **** Sublegio: [[Orthoptera]] ***** Ordo: [[Dictyoptera]] ***** Ordo: [[Blattodea]] ***** Ordo: [[Isoptera]] ***** Ordo: [[Mantodea]] **** Sublegio: [[Paraneoptera]] ***** Ordo: [[Heteroptera]] ***** Ordo: [[Hemiptera]] ***** Ordo: [[Homoptera]] ***** Ordo: [[Thysanoptera]] ***** Ordo: [[Psocoptera]] ***** Ordo: [[Anoplura]] ***** Ordo: [[Mallophaga]] ***** Ordo: [[Zoraptera]] **** Sublegio: [[Endopterygota]] ***** Ordo: [[Strepsiptera]] ***** Ordo: [[Coleoptera]] ***** Ordo: [[Mioptera]] ***** Cohors: [[Neuropterida]] ****** Ordo: [[Megaloptera]] ****** Ordo: [[Neuroptera]] ****** Ordo: [[Raphidioptera]] ***** Cohort: [[Mecopterida]] ****** Superordo: [[Antliophora]] ******* Ordo: [[Paramecoptera]] ******* Ordo: [[Siphonaptera]] ******* Ordo: [[Mecoptera]] ******* Ordo: [[Diptera]] ****** Superordo: [[Amphiesmenoptera]] ******* Ordo: [[Trichoptera]] ******* Ordo: [[Lepidoptera]] ******* Ordo: [[Hymenoptera]] }} {{NexInt}} [[Fasciculus:Philanthus triangulum.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|''[[Philanthus triangulum]].'']] {{div col|2}} * [[Animalia volantes et labientes]] * [[Animalium soni]] * ''[[Dryococelus australis]]'' * [[Elytra]] * [[Entomologia]] * [[Imago (biologia)]] * [[Insecta praehistorica]] * [[Insecticidium]] * [[Oecologia insectoru+m]] * [[Oecologicum apium momentum]] * [[Pulvilli]] * [[Rete papilionum]] * [[Telomerum (morphologia insectorum)]]<!--part of "genital clasper" in certain orders; should be worked into text--> {{div col end}} == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == *Bellmann, Heiko. [[2005]]. ''Welches Insekt ist das?'' Stutgardiae: Franckh-Kosmos. ISBN 3-440-09874-5. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat}} {{Fontes biologici}} {{Vicispecies}} * [http://www.insektenbox.de/ Insektenbox ('Cista Insectorum'), situs interretialis de insectis, Theodisce scriptus.] [[Categoria:Arthropoda]] [[Categoria:Classes animalium]] [[Categoria:Entomologia]] [[Categoria:Insecta|*]] [[Categoria:Taxa Linnaei]] [[Categoria:Taxa 1758]] {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Biologia}} t1f0rmcw6indiqd6w7s6otogvzcj6b9 0 27153 3996204 3991680 2026-10-22T14:41:29Z Ziv 172423 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[File:Coulomb.jpg]] → [[File:Charles Augustin de Coulomb.jpg]] [[c:COM:FR#FR2|Criterion 2]] · More precise and not just a meaningless one word name 3996204 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L1}} {{FA stella}} [[Fasciculus:Ferrofluid poles.jpg|thumb|[[Ferrofluidus]] qui se congregat apud polos magnis potentis.]] [[Fasciculus:Lightning3.jpg|thumb|[[Fulmen|Fulmina]] quae magnae sunt fluxiones electricae.]] '''Physica electromagnetica''' de [[campus physicus|campo]] [[electromagnetismus|electromagnetico]] et effectu suo in particulas [[onus electricum]] habentes tractat. [[Aequationes Maxwellianae|Theoria Maxwelliana]] [[vis|vim]] [[electricitas|electricam]] et vim [[magnetismus|magneticam]] in formam [[relativitas specialis|theoriae relativitatis speciali]] congruentem unit. [[Aequationes Maxwellianae]] per se describunt campum electricum et campum magneticum et eorum causam imperfectam in particulis onus habentibus. [[Aequatio Lorentziana]] vim in particulas onus habentes a campis electricis magneticisque effectam describit. [[Aequationes Maxwellianae|Aequationes Maxwellianae in vacuo]] sunt basis [[doctrina]]e [[lux|lucis]] electromagneticae in quo [[celeritas lucis]] :::<math> c=2.99792458 \times 10^8 m/s </math> in [[vacuum|vacuo]] esse praecinitur. == Notiones fundamentales physicae electromagneticae == [[Fasciculus:Camposcargas.PNG|thumb|[[Campus physicus|Campus electricus]] lineis camporum repraesentatus a duobus particulis onus habentibus creatus.]] * [[Aether (physica)|Aether physicus]] * [[Campus physicus]] * [[Celeritas luminis|Celeritas lucis]] * [[Fluxus magneticus]] * [[Fluxus oneris electrici]] * [[Onus electricum]] * [[Relativitas specialis|Principium relativitatis]] * [[Productum interius]] * [[Productum vectoriale]] * [[Radiatio electromagnetica]] * [[Systema coordinatarum]] * [[Tensio electrica]] * [[Vis physica|Vix motrix]] == Historia == Theoria electromagnetica [[historia]]m longam ab antiquitate usque ad hodiernam diem habet. Ex perantiquitate totus [[tellus|mundus]] de [[fulmen|fulminibus]] scivit. [[Res Publica Populi Sinae|Seres]] antiqui circum [[400 a.C.n.]] de magnetismo in [[liber|libro]] ''Liber magistris vallis diaboli'' (鬼谷子) aiunt: "Magnes facit ferrum venire vel ferrum attrahit."<ref>Li Shu-hua, “Origine de la Boussole 11. Aimant et Boussole,” ''Isis'', Vol. 45, No. 2. (Iul., 1954), p. 175.</ref> Et circum annum [[1200]] notatur Seres [[pyxis nautica|pyxibus magneticis]] ad [[navigatio|navigandum]] uti.<ref>Ex pagina [[:en:Compass]] abstracta: Zhu Yu, ''Pingzhou Table Talks'' (Pingzhou Ke Tan) anno [[1117]] [[Anglice]] edita: "The navigator knows the geography, he watches the stars at night, watches the sun at day; when it is dark and cloudy, he watches the compass."</ref> === Opera Guilielmi Gilbert et Beniaminis Franklin === [[Fasciculus:William Gilbert.jpg|thumb|[[Gulielmus Gilbert]].]] [[Gulielmus Gilbert]] anno [[1600]] in magna opera, ''De Magnete, Magneticisque Corporibus, et de Magno Magnete Tellure,''<ref>Vide etiam situm Anglice [[:en:De Magnete|"De Magnete"]] appellatum et paginam [http://www.phy6.org/earthmag/demagint.htm "400 Years of "De Magnete": Commemorating the 400th anniversary of "De Magnete" by William Gilbert of Colchester,"] a David P. Stern scriptam.</ref> imprimis fortiter disputabat magnetismum ab electricitate dissimile esse. Pro evidentia, Gilbertus monstrabat, cum temperatura augmentetur, quasdam attractiones electricas evanescere donec alias magneticas manere. Sua distinctio inter electricitatem et magnetismum 250 [[annus|annos]] progressus [[scientia (ratio)|scientiae]] maxime ingreditur. Gilbertus in eadem opera proposuit [[tellus (planeta)|tellurem]] propium esse magnem ingentem, quod efficit [[pyxis nautica|pyxes nauticas]] ad [[septentriones|borealem]] indicare. Antea vel [[stella]] [[Polaris]] vel [[insula]] magnetica boreale sita putabantur pyxes attrahere. Ipse quoque primitus verbum ''[[electricitas]]'' introduxit a [[vocabulum|verbo]] [[Graece|Graeco]] ''ήλεκτρον'' (''[[electron]]''), quae 'glaesum' (sive [[succinum]]) significat, materiem quod proprietates significativas electrostaticas habet.<ref>Verbum ''electricitas'' et sua origo in verbo Graeco '[[electron]]' pervestigata sunt in paginis 31–33 commentarii ''"Notes on the De Magnete of D. William Gilbert,"'' a Silvano P. Thompson et aliis scripti, Londoninii [[1901]] editi, et in ''"On the Magnet by William Gilbert,"' a Derek J. Price scripto (Novi Eboraci: Basic Books, 1958) iterum prolati.</ref> [[Beniaminus Franklin]] circum annum [[1750]] [[ele4ctricitas statica|elecricitatem staticam]] investigavit.<ref>"Experiments and Observations on Electricity made at Philadelphia in America by Benjamin Franklin, L. L. D. and F. R. S.", F. Newbery, London, M.DCC.LXXIV"; vide etiam commentarium [https://web.archive.org/web/20060110052254/http://www.physicstoday.org/vol-59/iss-1/p42.html "400 Years of "Benjamin Franklin and Lightning Rods,"] a E. Philip Krider scriptum.</ref> Sua experimenta milvis fulmina investigantia notitiam alteri physici attraxerunt. Franklin doctrinam proposuit notam in quo electricitas constat in fluido simplice qui est in materia aut in superfluo ''+,'' aut in carentia ''–''. Hi typi sunt origo hodierni usus signorum ''+'' et ''–'' ad onera electrica designanda.<ref>"Hence have arisen some new terms among us: we say B,(and bodies like circumstanced) is electrified ''positively''; A, ''negatively.'' Or rather, B. is electrified ''plus''; A, ''minus''." Beniaminus Franklin in alteris litteris ad Petro Collinson missis, ''Letter II from Benjamin Franklin, Esq.; in Philadelphia to Peter Collinson, Esq.; F. R. S. London, 1747.''</ref> === Opera Caroli Coulomb et Caroli Gauss === [[Fasciculus:Charles Augustin de Coulomb.jpg|thumb|175px|left|[[Carolus Coulomb]].]] [[Fasciculus:Carl Friedrich Gauss.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Carolus Fridericus Gauss]].]] Anno [[1785]], [[Carolus Coulomb]] suas tres operas experimentales de electricitate magnetismoque provulgavit,<ref>C.-A. Coulomb, "Premier Mémoire sur l’Electricité et le Magnétisme," Histoire de l’Académie Royale des Sciences, 569–577, 1785; "Sécond Mémoire sur l’Electricité et le Magnétisme," Histoire de l’Académie Royale des Sciences, 578–611, 1785; "Troisième Mémoire sur l’Electricité et le Magnétisme," Histoire de l’Académie Royale des Sciences, 612–638, 1785. Vide etiam [http://cnum.cnam.fr/CGI/redir.cgi?8CA121-1 "Collection de mémoires relatifs à la physique, . . . Tome I. Mémoires de Coulomb,"] p. 146, ubi Coulomb recapitulavit: "Que l'action, soit répulsive, soit attractive de deux globes électrisés et, par conséquent, de deux molécules électriques, est en raison composée des densités du fluide électrique des deux molécules électrisées et inverse du carré des distances."</ref> in quibus nuntiavit invenire vim electricam inter duas particulas onus electricum habentes esse vi gravitatis simile, reciproce ut quadrata distantiae inter particulas, proportionale quantitatibus eorum onerum electricorum in coniunctim, et directam secundum lineam inter particulas. Forma vectorali unitatibus [[Systema Internationale|MKSA]] scripta, [[lex Coulombiana]] est: :::<math>\vec \mathbf{F}_{12} = q_1 \vec \mathbf{E}_{2} = \frac {1} {4 \pi \epsilon_0} {q_1 q_2 \over r^2} \, \mathbf{\hat{r}}_{21}</math> ubi :<math>\vec \mathbf F_{12}</math> est vis electrica in particula 1 ob particulam 2, :<math> \vec \mathbf E_{2}</math> est campus electricus in particulae 1 loco ob particulam 2, :''q''₁ et ''q''₂ sunt onera electrica particularum 1 et 2, :<math> r =|\vec \mathbf r_1 - \vec \mathbf r_2| </math> est distantia inter particulas 1 et 2, :<math> \mathbf{\hat{r}}_{21} \ \stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}\ \frac{\vec \mathbf{r}_1 - \vec \mathbf{r}_2}{\vert \vec \mathbf{r}_1 - \vec \mathbf{r}_2\vert} </math> est directio ad particulam 1 a particula 2, et :<math> \frac {1}{4 \pi \epsilon_o} = 8.988 \times 10^{9} \frac {N m^2}{C^2}</math> est constans electricus. [[Carolus Fridericus Gauss|Ioannes Carolus Fridericus Gauss]], [[mathematica|mathematicus]] et scientiarum doctus, anno [[1813]] [[theorema]] de campis [[lex quadratica inversa|legem quadraticam inversam]] habentibus formulavit,<ref>[[Carolus Fridericus Gauss]], "Theoria attractionis corporum sphaeroidicorum ellipticorum homogeneorum, Martii 1813, in "Werke Sammlung Mathematische Physik, ABHANDLUNGEN Band Bd. 5, paginis 3-24 apud [http://dz1.gdz-cms.de/index.php?id=toc&no_cache=1&IDDOC=38910 Universitaetsbibliothek Goettingen - Digitalisierungszentrum] </ref> quae est casus proprii theorematis hodierni post [[Theorema Stokesianum|Georgium Stokes]] nominatae.<ref>"Theorema Stokes" dicitur vere a [[Gulielmus Thomson, baro Kelvin|Gulielmo Thomson]] repertus esse; vide etiam paginam [[lingua Anglica|Anglicam]] [[:en:Stokes' theorem]].</ref> Applicantes [[theorema Gauss]] ad legem Coulombianam, legem obtinemus Gaussianam electrostaticam forma differentiale hodierna: :::<math>\nabla \cdot \vec \mathbf{E} = \rho/\epsilon_o</math> ubi <math> \rho </math> est densitas oneris electrici ob varias particulas onus habentes complexas, et <math>\vec \mathbf E</math> est campus electricus universus ex illis particulis. === Opera Iohannis Oersted, Iohannis Baptiste Biot, Felicis Savart, Andreae Ampere === [[Fasciculus:Jean baptiste biot.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Ioannes Baptista Biot]].]] [[Fasciculus:Ampere1.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Andreas Maria Ampère|Andreas Ampere]].]] Circum annum [[1820]] [[Ioannes Christianus Ørsted|Ioannes Christianus Oersted]], [[Ioannes Baptista Biot]], [[Felix Savart]] et [[Andreas Maria Ampère|Andreas Marie Ampere]], vim magneticam in filis [[Fluxio electrica|fluxiones electricas]] habentibus ob fluxiones electricas in filis complexis investigantes, confirmaverunt legem magneticam legi Coulomb similem.<ref>Quamquam Biot, Savart, et Ampere omnes participaverunt ad hanc legem magneticam formulandam haec forma legis solum post Biot et Savart nominatus est; vide etiam nota 10 infra; et [https://web.archive.org/web/20070517220448/http://www.ampere.cnrs.fr/oeuvresimp.php?lang=fr "Oeuvres imprimées d'AmpèreAndré-Marie Ampère," @.ampère et l'histoire de l'électricité]; et L. Pearce Williams, "Ampère, André-Marie", ''Dictionary of Scientific Biography'' 1:139-147 (Novi Eboraci: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1970); et paginam Anglicam [[:en:André-Marie Ampère]].</ref> Secundum hanc legem, forma vectorali unitatibus [[Systema Internationale|MKSA]] scriptam, vis magnetica <math> d \vec \mathbf F_{12} </math> in segmento fili 1 differentiale ob fluxiones in segmento fili 2 differentiale est: :::<math> d\vec \mathbf F_{12} = I_1 d\vec \mathbf L_1 \times \vec \mathbf B_2 = I_1 d\vec \mathbf L_1 \times \frac{\mu_0}{4\pi} \frac{I_2 d\vec \mathbf L_2 \times \mathbf{\hat r_{21}}}{r^2} </math> ubi :<math> d \vec \mathbf L_{1} = \hat I_1 dL_1 </math> est vector quod longitudinem segmenti fili 1 differentialem <math> dL_1 </math> et directionem fluxionis ipsius <math>\hat I_1</math> coniunctim dat, :<math> \vec \mathbf B_{2}</math> est campus magneticus in segmenti 1 loco ob fluxionem electricum in segmento 2, :<math>I_1</math> et <math>I_2</math> sunt fluxiones electricae in quoque duorum segmentorum filorum, :<math> r =|\vec \mathbf r_1 - \vec \mathbf r_2| </math> est distantia inter segmenta differentialia 1 et 2, :<math> \mathbf{\hat{r}}_{21} \ \stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}\ \frac{\vec \mathbf{r}_1 - \vec \mathbf{r}_2}{\vert \vec \mathbf{r}_1 - \vec \mathbf{r}_2\vert} </math> est directio ad segmenti 1 positionem a segmenti 2 positione, :<math> \times </math> est [[productum vectoriale]] sive productum crucis, et :<math> \frac {\mu_o}{4 \pi} = 10^{-7} \frac {N}{A^2}</math> est constans magneticus. Circum annum [[1850]] ob labores [[Georgius Stokes|Georgii Stokes]] [[Gulielmus Thomson, baro Kelvin|Guilielmique Thomson]] [[theorema Stokesianum]] inventa fuit,<ref>Vide nota [9] supra.</ref> quae nos sinit transformare legem Biot-Savart ad legem formam differentialem hodiernam post [[Andreas Maria Ampère|Andream Ampere]] nominatam<ref>Haec aequatio legi Biot-Savart aequivalens nominata est post Andream Ampere. Sicut lex Biot-Savart lex Ampere exacta est solum quando fluxiones complexas sunt constantes. Posterius Iacobus Maxwell legem Ampere correxit pro casu fluxionibus variabilibus, ut videat infra.</ref>: :::<math>\nabla \times \vec \mathbf B = \mu_o \vec \mathbf J</math> ubi<math>\vec \mathbf J</math> est [[Fluxio electrica#Fluxionis electricae densitas|densitas fluxionis]] ob filos fluxionem habentes complexos et <math>\vec \mathbf B</math> est campus magneticus universus ex illis fluxionibus. === Opera Michaelis Faraday === [[Fasciculus:M Faraday Th Phillips oil 1842.jpg|thumb|175px|left|[[Michael Faraday]].]] [[Fasciculus:M Faraday Lab H Moore.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Michael Faraday]] in suo laboratorio.]] Quamquam ad leges Coulomb et Biot-Savart ascribendas campos magneticos electricosque utimur, [[campus physicus|notio camporum]] per se primitus concepta est a [[Michael Faraday|Michaelo Faraday]], Professore Chemiae in Fulleriano Instituto Regali Britanniarum, qui annos [[1820]]-[[1873]] magnopere physicam electromagneticam chemiamque aggreditur.<ref>Historia Michaelis Faraday a L. Pearce Williams scripta est ''Michael Faraday: A Biography'' (Da Capo Press, 1987, ISBN 0-306-80299-6).</ref> Antea, vires electricas magneticasque putabantur esse [[actio trans distantiam|actiones trans distantias]] virium gravitatis Newtonianarum similes, sed Faraday theoriam protulit omnes vires esse ob campos qui spatium complent. Ad illos campos describendos, Faraday notionem ''lineae camporum'' comminiscit et postea demonstravit lineas magneticas, quae legi Amperi parent et fontes carent, solum per [[spatium]] circulare.<ref>Re vera Faraday ipse dicebat ''lineas viris'' quando exempli gratia de campo magnetico cogitabat. In suo opere "De natura lineae virium" ([[Anglice]]: [http://books.google.com/books?id=Q7sKAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA407&lpg=PA407&dq=on+the+physical+character+of+the+lines+of+force&source=web&ots=bk7DipWnwe&sig=mnAX-svCMRD3UKrYnx_XsWdhxpg#PPA414,M1|"On the physical character of the lines of force"]) nos certiores facit anno [[1852]]: "I cannot conceive curved lines of force without the conditions of ''a physical existence'' in that intermediate space" [emphasis additur].</ref> Applicantes igitur theorema Gauss ad campos magneticos fontes carentes obtinemus legem Gauss magneticam<ref>Vide notam [8] supra.</ref>: :::<math>\nabla \cdot \vec \mathbf{B} = 0</math> Faraday quoque theoriam protulit omnem campum esse idos uni campi universali. Ad hoc hypothesim arguendum quaesivit igitur quomodo transformare inter vires camposque gravitatis, electricitatis, et magnetismi. Et demum Faraday repperit quomodo vim magneticam ad electricam transformare. Campus magneticus commutatus campum electricum creat secundum legem Faraday, quae in forma vectorali-differentiali et in unitatibus [[Systema Internationale|MKSA]] est: :::<math>\nabla \times \vec \mathbf{E} = -\frac{\partial\vec \mathbf{B}} {\partial t}</math> ubi <math>\vec \mathbf E</math> est portio campi electrici a campo magnetico commutante creata.<ref>In commentario laboratoriali, Faraday, die Augusti [[1831]] scripsit: "Have had an iron ring made (soft iron), iron round and 7/8 inches thick and ring 6 inches in external diameter. Wound many coils of copper wire round one half, the coils being separated by twine and calico. . . . Will call this side of the ring A . . . on the other side but separated by an interval was wound wire in two pieces together amounting to about 60 feet in length, the direction being as with the former coils; this side call B . . . continued the contact of A side [primary] with battery but broke and closed alternately contact of B side [secondary] with flat helix. No effect at such times on the needle [of a galvanometer connected to B side]—depends on the change at battery side. Hence is no permanent or peculiar state of wire from B but effect due to a wave of electricity caused at moments of breaking and completing contact at A side. Tried to perceive a spark with charcoal at flat helix junction B side but could find none. Wave apparently very short and sudden." (Qui scriptus adsumptus est ex fonte [13] supra, pag. 182.)</ref> Hoc [[inductantia electromagnetica|inductantiae electromagneticae]] principium utile est basis pro omnibus [[generatrum electricum|generatris]] et [[motrum electricum|motris electricis]]. === Theoria Iacobi Maxwell et opera Henrici Hertz === [[Fasciculus:James-clerk-maxwell 1.jpg|thumb|175px|left|[[Iacobus Maxwell]].]] [[Iacobus Maxwell]], qui Michaelem Faraday maxime miratus est,<ref>Maxwell Michaeli Faraday anno [[1857]] scripsit: "you are the first person in whom the idea of bodies acting at a distance by throwing the surrounding medium into a state of constraint has arisen, as a principle to be actually believed in . . . nothing is clearer than your description of all sources of force keeping up a state of energy in all that surrounds them."</ref> varias camporum electromagneticorum aequationes in systemate rationale postea ''[[aequationes Maxwellianae|aequationes Maxwellianas]]'' appellato ordinavit.<ref>J. C. Maxwell, "A Dynamical Theory Of The Electromagnetic Field", 1865, [http://www.zpenergy.com/downloads/Maxwell_1864_1.pdf Pars 1], [http://www.zpenergy.com/downloads/Maxwell_1864_2.pdf Pars 2], [http://www.zpenergy.com/downloads/Maxwell_1864_3.pdf Pars 3], [http://www.zpenergy.com/downloads/Maxwell_1864_4.pdf Pars 4], [http://www.zpenergy.com/downloads/Maxwell_1864_5.pdf Pars 5], [http://www.zpenergy.com/downloads/Maxwell_1864_6.pdf Pars 6]; Vide etiam analysim modernam ab [http://www.zpenergy.com/modules.php?name=Downloads&d_op=getit&lid=60 Andre Waser, "On the Notation of Maxwell's Field Equations, 2000], et paginas Anglicas [http://www.victorianweb.org/science/maxwell/maxwell1.html Victorian Web: James Clerk Maxwell] et [[:en:James Clerk Maxwell]].</ref> In [[symmetria]]{{dubsig}} cum Faraday, Maxwell proposuit correctionem ad legem Amperianam necesse esse, in quo campus magneticus commutans campum electricum creat. Forma vectorali unitatibus [[Systemate Internationale|MKSA]] modo scripta, lex Amperiana a Maxwell correcta igitur est: :::<math>\nabla \times \vec\mathbf{B} = \mu_0 \varepsilon_0 \frac{\partial \vec \mathbf{E}} {\partial t} +\mu_0 \vec \mathbf{J} </math> Statim anno [[1861]], Maxwell agnovit hanc correctionem in aliarum aequationum electromagneticarum contextu [[unda electromagnetica|undas electromagneticas]] significare.<ref>Vide pagina 22 in parte III scriptarum suarum anni [[1861]] '[http://vacuum-physics.com/Maxwell/maxwell_oplf.pdf J. C. Maxwell, "On Physical Lines of Force",The London, Edinburg and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, Ser. 4, March, April, and May 1861]'.</ref> Quia ex [[Aequationes Maxwellianae|aequationibus Maxwellianis]] in vacuo lucis velocitas variaeque proprietates lucis undis similes praecinitur, Maxwell putabat undas electromagneticas ipsas esse lucem. Demum anno [[1887]], [[Heinrich Rudolf Hertz|Henricus Hertz]] per experimenta ingeniosa electromagneticam lucis naturam confirmavit.<ref>[http://historical.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/cul.cdl/docviewer?did=cdl334&view=50&frames=0&seq=5 "Electric waves: being researches on the propagation of electric action with finite velocity through space"] Heinrico Rudolph Hertz autore; obtimemus quoque opia per [http://www.amazon.com/dp/1429740361/ Cornell University Library Digital Collections].</ref> === Opera Iosephi Thomson et Hendrici Lorentz === [[Fasciculus:Hendrik Antoon Lorentz.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Hendricus Lorentz]].]] Quamquam [[fulmen|fulminae]] et fluxiones prius investigatae erant, [[natura]] earum aliquanto in dubio manebat. Eratne electricitas fluidus vel particulae vel fluxio ex [[aether (physica)|aethere]]? Per experimenta radios cathodicos investigantes cum lagoenis evacuatis [[Iosephus Ioannes Thomson]] anno [[1897]] tandem indentificavit radios cathodicos et electricitatem compositos esse ex particulis minimis [[onus electricum|onus]] negativum [[massa]]mque habentibus quas hodie appellamus [[electron]]es,<ref>Vide [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1906/thomson-bio.html Lectura Praemii Nobeliani Iosephi Thomson] ubi describit suam identificationem existentiae electronis.</ref> nomen anno [[1881]] a Georgio Johnstone Stoney propositum pro minima onus electrici quantitate.<ref>G. Stoney, "On The Physical Units of Nature," Phil.Mag. 11, 381-391, 1881.</ref> Ad argumentum Iosephi Thomson confirmandum, [[Robertus A. Millikan]] anno [[1909]] onus electricum electronis diligenter metitur et determinavit:<ref>Vide [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1923/millikan-bio.html Lectura Praemii Nobeliani Roberti Millikin] ubi describit quomodo onus elecronis meditur.</ref> :::<math>q_{electron} = -e = -1.6 \times 10 ^{-19} C</math>. Antea, omnes leges physicae interpretatae erant ex perspectiva virium inter corpora tangibilia vel inter [[corpus|corpora]] et [[aether (physica)|aetherem]], sed annos [[1890]]-[[1905]] physici conantur leges interpretare ex perspectiva virium inter particulas ''elementarias'' vel ''subatomicas'' sicut electrones quae materiam tangibilem constituent. Eos annos [[Hendricus Lorentz]] hypothesim facit omnes fluxiones electricas esse ob particularum onus habentium motum et proposuit [[Aequatio Lorentziana|legem Lorentzianam]] vim electromagneticam dare in eas particulas elementarias.<ref>Vide [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1902/lorentz-bio.html Lectura Praemii Nobeliani Hendrici Lorentz].</ref> In unitatibus [[Systema Internationale|MKSA]], sua lex est: :::<math>\vec \mathbf{F} = q (\vec \mathbf{E} + \vec \mathbf{v} \times \vec \mathbf{B})</math> ubi <math>\vec \mathbf v</math> est particulae elementariae onus ''q'' habentis [[velocitas]] momentanea relativa [[aether (physica|aetheri]] immobili. Sua theoria electronica multas materiae proprietates fideliter praecinit inclusas eas ''relativisticas,'' e.g., inter alia, [[contractionem Fitzgerald-Lorentz]].<ref>G. F. Fitzgerald, "The ether and the earth's atmosphere," Science 13, 390, 1889; H. A. Lorentz, [http://www.historyofscience.nl/search/detail.cfm?pubid=615&view=image&startrow=1 "Electromagnetic phenomena in a system moving with any velocity smaller than that of light"], 6, 1903-1904, pp. 809-831, 1904.</ref> === Theoria relativitatis, effectum photoelectricum et opera Alberti Einstein === [[Fasciculus:Einstein1921 by F Schmutzer 2.jpg|thumb|[[Albertus Einstein]].]] Hendricus Lorentz in sua theoria electromagnetica postulabat [[systema coordinatorum]] existere [[aether (physica)|aetheri immobili]] affixa, sed anno [[1903]] Lorentz invenit omnes [[transformationes Lorentzianae|transformationes coordinatorum]] inter [[systema coordinatorum|systemata inertialia]] asservare totas aequationes Maxwellianas sine quaquam commutatione. <ref>Vide notae [24] et [25] supra.</ref> Sua theoria deprehensionem aetheris absolute vetabat. [[Celeritas luminis|Celeritas lucis]], exempli gratia, videtur identica{{dubsig}} in omnibus systematibus coordinatorum inertialibus. Tandem anno [[1905]] [[Albertus Einstein]] comperit sola duo axiomata satis et necesse esse ad transformationes Lorentz derivandas<ref>[http://www.fourmilab.ch/etexts/einstein/specrel/www/ A. Einstein, "Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper", Annalen der Physik 17, 891-921, 1905.]</ref>: [[principium relativitatis]] a [[Galilaeus Galilaei|Galilaeo Galilaei]] primitus formulatum<ref>Galilaeus Galilei, "Discorsi e dimostrazioni matematiche intorno a due nuove scienze attenenti alla meccanica," Nederlandia, 1638; vide etiam paginam Anglice [[:en:Galileo's Ship.]]</ref> et constantia celeritatis lucis in omnibus systematibus coordinatorum inertialibus ab [[Experimentum Michelson-Morley|Alberto Michelson et Eduardo Morlei]] anno [[1887]] rescita.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150715063415/https://www.aip.org/history/gap/PDF/michelson.pdf A. A. Michelson and E.W. Morley, Philos. Mag. S.5, 24 (151), 449-463, 1887].</ref> Demum Einstein statuit [[relativitas specialis|theoriam relativitatis specialis]] demonstrando transformationes Lorentz fundamentaliores esse quam aequationes Maxwellianae et monstrando varias emendationes [[mechanica Newtoniana|mechanicae Newtonianae]] necesse esse.<ref> [http://www.fourmilab.ch/etexts/einstein/E_mc2/www/ A. Einstein, "Ist die Trägheit eines Körpers von seinem Energiegehalt abhängig?", Annalen der Physik 18, 639-641, 1905]; Et vide [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1921/einstein-bio.html Lectura Praemii Nobeliani Alberti Einstein, "Fundamental Ideas and Problems of the Theory of Relativity."]</ref> Ex illa perspectiva relativistica campus magneticus ex campo electrico naturaliter oritur ob systematis coordinatorum motum. Quia Lorentz monstraverat nemo aetherem deprehendere posse, Einstein abnuit postulare aetherem existire et potius demonstavit lucem compositum esse ex [[photon]]ibus quae particulae pro motu suo aetherem non requirunt.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080423195339/http://dbserv.ihep.su/~elan/src/einstein05/eng.pdf A. Einstein, "Über einen die Erzeugung und Verwandlung des Lichtes betreffenden heuristischen Gesichtspunkt", Annalen der Physik 17, 132–148, 1905.]</ref> Secundum [[theoria photonica Einstein-Planck|theoriam Einstein photonicam]] [[energia]] ''E'' photonis est: :::<math>E = h f</math> ubi ''f'' est [[frequentia]] undae electromagneticae associatae et constans [[Maximilianus Planck|Planckis]] <math>h = 6.626 \times 10^{-34} Js</math>. Notio [[photon]]ium multas res explicabat, effectum photoelectricum ab [[Heinrich Rudolf Hertz|Hendrice Hertz]] et [[Philippus Lenard|Phillippe Lenard]] repertum inclusum.<ref>P. E. A. Lenard, Ann. Pkysik, 8, 149, 1902; vide etiam [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1905/lenard-bio.html lectura Praemii Nobeliani Phillippi Lenard].</ref> === Theoria camporum quantica === [[Fasciculus:Paul Dirac, 1933, head and shoulders portrait, bw.jpg|thumb|175px|left|[[Paulus Dirac]].]] Imprimis Einstein negabat aetherem existire, sed mox circum annum [[1920]] Einstein ipse invenit ideam aetheris necesse esse pro una [[relativitas generalis|theoria relativitatis generalis]] satisfactoria cum interactionibus localibus et sine [[actiones trans distantias|actionibus trans distantias]]. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070419024649/http://www.tu-harburg.de/rzt/rzt/it/Ether.html A. Einstein, "Aether and the theory of Relativity" University of Leyden, Germany, 1920].</ref> Einsteini aether simpliciter erat sedes campi electromagnetici gravitatisque et compositum erat nec ex materia nec ex partibus positionem distinctam habentibus. Mox quoque post experimentum Geiger-Marsden,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080102232956/http://dbhs.wvusd.k12.ca.us/webdocs/Chem-History/GM-1909.html H. Geiger and E. Marsden "On a Diffuse Reflection of the α-Particles," Proceedings of the Royal Society, Series A 82, 495–500, 1909.]</ref> physicus [[Ernestus Rutherford]] invenit theoriam Maxwellianam Lorentzianamque insatis esse ad electrones in atomos discribendam quia cum sola ea theoria electrones in [[nucleus atomi|nucleum]] cadendum sunt.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080114190208/http://dbhs.wvusd.k12.ca.us/webdocs/Chem-History/Rutherford-1911/Rutherford-1911.html E. Rutherford, "The Scattering of α and β Particles by Matter and the Structure of the Atom," Philosophical Magazine, Series 6 21: 669–688, 1911.]</ref> Ergo [[mechanica quantica]] nascitur ut nova principia reperiantur.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060201234749/http://dbhs.wvusd.k12.ca.us/webdocs/Chem-History/Bohr/Bohr-1913a.html N. Bohr, "On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules," Philosophical Magazine, Series 6, Bol. 26. pg. 1-25, 1913]; Vide etiam [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1933/schrodinger-bio.html Lectura Praemii Nobeliani Ervinis Schrodinger].</ref> [[Paulus Dirac]], cuius magnum opus ''Principia Mechanicae Quanticae'' ([[Anglice]] ''The Principles of Quantum Mechanics'') anno [[1930]] divulgatum est,<ref>P. A. M. Dirac, "The Principles of Quantum Mechanics," Oxford University Press, 1st edition 1930; quarta edition 1982. ISBN 0-19-852011-5; confer etiam theoriam photonicam Einsteinis citata in nota 31 supra.</ref> primam theoriam [[electrodynamica quantica|electrodynamicae quanticae]] creavit in quo photones repraesentant minimas quantitates energiae quas campus electromagneticus dat et capit. Qui, photonicam Einsteinis notionem per suam doctrinam explicans, comperit energias possibiles{{dubsig}} in campo electromagnetico esse: :::<math>E_n = h f \left( n+\frac {1} {2} \right) </math> ubi ''n'' est numerus integrus photonium in campo electromagnetico. Postmodo [[Ricardus Feynman|Richardus Feynman]], [[Freeman Dyson]], [[Julianus Schwinger]], et [[Sin-Itiro Tomonaga]] theoriam [[electrodynamica quantica|electrodynamicae quanticae]] annos [[1940]] magnopere promoverunt creando primam theoriam adusque satisfactoriam in quo [[electron]]es, [[positron]]es, et [[photon]]es ex [[aether (physica)|aethere]] (sive campo quantico) creantur et delentur.<ref>[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1965/ Lecturae Praemii Nobeliani Ricardi Feynman, Julianique Schwinger et Sin-Intiri Tomonagae.]</ref> Itaque physici inveniunt particulis opus esse et campi et aetheri ut eorum vires fiantur. Differentia inter suam aetherem et Lorentzianam in status motus non potendo constabat. Dirac habetur conditor electrodynamicae quanticae, primus qui id vocabulo usus est. Notionem polarizationis vacui [[decennium 194|decennio 194]] ineunte introduxit.<!-- Suus [[liber]] ''Principles of Quantum Mechanics,'' ('Principia Mechanicae Quanticae'), anno 1930 editum, est lapis<!- -landmark- -> in [[historia scientiae]].<!- - It quickly became one of the standard textbooks on the subject and is still used today.- -> Anno 1931, Dirac probavit existentiam singuli monopoli magnetici in [[universum|universo]] satis esse ad explicandam observatam oneris electrici quantizationem.<!- -This proposal received much attention, but there is to date no convincing evidence for the existence of magnetic monopoles.- -> [[Fasciculus:Niels Bohr.jpg|thumb|[[Nicolaus Bohr]].]]--> == Unitates in aequationibus electromagneticis == Omnes [[mensura metrica|systemata mensurae metrica]] basim habent in unitatibus [[metrum|metri]], [[chiliogramma]]tis et [[secundum|secundi]], qui sunt usitati. Differentes autem systemata fieri possunt, in cuius definitione aequationes electromagneticae pars maior habent. === Systema Unitatium Hodiernum MKSA === [[Systema Internationale|Systema metricum Internationale]] (sive SI sive MKSA) circum annum [[1960]] creata<ref>[http://www.bipm.org/en/si/ Bureau International des Poids et Mesures]; </ref> habet unitates cuius magnitudines pro mensura laboratoriale sunt utiles. Inter suas unitates principales sunt: [[metrum]] (m), [[chiliogramma]] (kg), [[secundum]] (s), et [[Amperium]] (A).<ref>Aliae unitates primarias sunt [[Kelvin]] (K), [[Moles (unitas)|Moles]] (mol), et [[Candela]] (cd). Unitates secundarias sunt, exempli gratia, de superficie metrum quadratum (m²), de volumine metrum cubicum (m³) de vire Newtonium (N = kg m/s²), et de tensio electrico Voltium (V = N m/A s).</ref> Fluxionis electricae unitas [[Amperium]] definitur postulando constantem magneticum in legem Biot-Savart esse accurate :::<math> \frac {\mu_o}{4 \pi} = 10^{-7} \; \frac {kg \; m}{A^2 \; s^2}</math>. Oneris electrici unitas [[Coulomb (unitas)|Coulombium]] tunc ex fluxionis unitate Amperio definitur sicut quantum oneris electrici in unum secundum movet si fluxio electrica est unum Amperium, e. g. <math> C = A \cdot s </math>. Unitas campi magnetici ''Tesla'' (T) quoque definitur ut :::<math>Tesla = \frac{N}{A \; m} = \frac{kg}{A \; s^2} </math> et ut vis Lorentz scripta sit :::<math>\vec \mathbf{F} = q (\vec \mathbf{E} + \vec \mathbf{v} \times \vec \mathbf{B})</math>. === Systema Unitatium Antiguum Gaussianum CGSF === [[Systema metricum Gaussianum]] (sive Gaussianum sive CGSF) est antiguum [[systema]] circum annum [[1874]] creatum.<ref>[http://www.bipm.org/en/si/history-si/ De historia Systematis Internationalis] </ref> Multi physici etiam hodie systema Gaussianum malunt quia id habet unitates identicas{{dubsig}} pro campis magneticis et campis electris, quod est magis utile ad theoriam electromagneticam relativisticamque describendam. [[Systema metricum Gaussianum|Systema Gaussianum CGSF]] [[sex]] unitates primarias habet; <ref>Aliae primariae sunt [[Kelvin]] (K) et [[Moles (unitas)|Moles]] (mol). Unitates secundarias sunt, per exemplos, de superficie centimetrum quadratus (cm²), de volumine centimetrum cubicum (cm³), de vire [[dynium]] (dyn = gcm/s²), et de tensio electrico statvoltium (statV = dyn cm/Fr).</ref> inter principales earum sunt: [[centimetrum]] (cm), [[gramma]] (g), [[secundum]] (s), et [[Franklin]] (Fr). Oneris electrici unitas [[Franklin]] (appellata quoque ''esu'' pro "electrostatica unitate") definitur postulando constantem electricam in legem Coulomb esse accurate :::<math> \frac {1}{4 \pi \epsilon_o} = 1 \; \frac {dyn \; cm^2}{Fr^2} = 1 \; \frac {g \; cm^3}{Fr^2 \; s^2}</math> et unitas fluxionis est igitur ''Fr/s.'' Etiam unitas campi magnetici ''Gauss'' (G) :::<math>Gauss = \frac{dyn}{Fr} = \frac{g \; cm}{Fr \; s^2}</math> definitur ut campus electricus commensurabilis cum campo magnetico sit, et vis Lorentziana scripta sit :::<math>\vec \mathbf{F} = q (\vec \mathbf{E} + \vec \frac {\mathbf{v}}{c} \times \vec \mathbf{B})</math> ubi ''c'' est [[celeritas lucis]]. Ob eam definitionem, [[aequationes Maxwellianae]] in formam simpliorem tranformantur atque lex Ampere a Maxwell correcta simpliciter fit: :::<math>\nabla \times \vec\mathbf{B} = \frac {1}{c} \frac{\partial \vec \mathbf{E}} {\partial t} + \frac {4 \pi} {c} \vec \mathbf{J} </math> == Notae == <references /> == Fontes == * Gillispie, Charles C., ed. [[1970]]-[[1980]]. ''Dictionary of Scientific Biography.'' 16 vol. Novi Eboraci: Charles Scribner and Sons. ISBN 0-684-10114-9. + Supplement II, ed. Frederic Lawrence Holmes, 2 vols., 1990. ISBN 0-684-16962-2. * Griffiths, David J. [[1998]]. ''Introduction to Electrodynamics.'' Ed. 3a. Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-805326-X. * Jackson, John David. [[1975]] ''Classical Electrodynamics.'' Editio 2a. Novi Eboraci: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-43132-X. * Mottelay, Paul FLeury. [[1922]]. ''Bibiographical History of Electricity and Magnetism.'' Richard Clay & Sons, Ltd. ISBN 1-888262-54-0. * Purcell, Edward M. [[1985]]. ''Electricity and Magnetism.'' Berkeley Physics Course Volume 2, Second Edition. Bostoniae: McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-07-004908-4. == Nexus externi == * Paginae Anglice [[:en:Maxwell's Equations|"Maxwell's Equations"]] et [[:en:Electromagnetism|"Electromagnetism"]] {{CommuniaCat|Electromagnetism|physicam electromagneticam}} [[Categoria:Paginae mensis]] [[Categoria:Physica]] 0zynulwe0m1wmp8i0nm1xk75kutw6zq 3996207 3996204 2026-10-22T14:44:23Z Grufo 64423 +{{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}} 3996207 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L1}} {{FA stella}} [[Fasciculus:Ferrofluid poles.jpg|thumb|[[Ferrofluidus]] qui se congregat apud polos magnis potentis.]] [[Fasciculus:Lightning3.jpg|thumb|[[Fulmen|Fulmina]] quae magnae sunt fluxiones electricae.]] '''Physica electromagnetica''' de [[campus physicus|campo]] [[electromagnetismus|electromagnetico]] et effectu suo in particulas [[onus electricum]] habentes tractat. [[Aequationes Maxwellianae|Theoria Maxwelliana]] [[vis|vim]] [[electricitas|electricam]] et vim [[magnetismus|magneticam]] in formam [[relativitas specialis|theoriae relativitatis speciali]] congruentem unit. [[Aequationes Maxwellianae]] per se describunt campum electricum et campum magneticum et eorum causam imperfectam in particulis onus habentibus. [[Aequatio Lorentziana]] vim in particulas onus habentes a campis electricis magneticisque effectam describit. [[Aequationes Maxwellianae|Aequationes Maxwellianae in vacuo]] sunt basis [[doctrina]]e [[lux|lucis]] electromagneticae in quo [[celeritas lucis]] :::<math> c=2.99792458 \times 10^8 m/s </math> in [[vacuum|vacuo]] esse praecinitur. == Notiones fundamentales physicae electromagneticae == [[Fasciculus:Camposcargas.PNG|thumb|[[Campus physicus|Campus electricus]] lineis camporum repraesentatus a duobus particulis onus habentibus creatus.]] * [[Aether (physica)|Aether physicus]] * [[Campus physicus]] * [[Celeritas luminis|Celeritas lucis]] * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Fluxus magneticus||en|qid=Q177831}} * [[Fluxus oneris electrici]] * [[Onus electricum]] * [[Relativitas specialis|Principium relativitatis]] * [[Productum interius]] * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Productum vectoriale||en|qid=Q178192}} * [[Radiatio electromagnetica]] * [[Systema coordinatarum]] * [[Tensio electrica]] * [[Vis physica|Vix motrix]] == Historia == Theoria electromagnetica [[historia]]m longam ab antiquitate usque ad hodiernam diem habet. Ex perantiquitate totus [[tellus|mundus]] de [[fulmen|fulminibus]] scivit. [[Res Publica Populi Sinae|Seres]] antiqui circum [[400 a.C.n.]] de magnetismo in [[liber|libro]] ''Liber magistris vallis diaboli'' (鬼谷子) aiunt: "Magnes facit ferrum venire vel ferrum attrahit."<ref>Li Shu-hua, “Origine de la Boussole 11. Aimant et Boussole,” ''Isis'', Vol. 45, No. 2. (Iul., 1954), p. 175.</ref> Et circum annum [[1200]] notatur Seres [[pyxis nautica|pyxibus magneticis]] ad [[navigatio|navigandum]] uti.<ref>Ex pagina [[:en:Compass]] abstracta: Zhu Yu, ''Pingzhou Table Talks'' (Pingzhou Ke Tan) anno [[1117]] [[Anglice]] edita: "The navigator knows the geography, he watches the stars at night, watches the sun at day; when it is dark and cloudy, he watches the compass."</ref> === Opera Guilielmi Gilbert et Beniaminis Franklin === [[Fasciculus:William Gilbert.jpg|thumb|[[Gulielmus Gilbert]].]] [[Gulielmus Gilbert]] anno [[1600]] in magna opera, ''De Magnete, Magneticisque Corporibus, et de Magno Magnete Tellure,''<ref>Vide etiam situm Anglice [[:en:De Magnete|"De Magnete"]] appellatum et paginam [http://www.phy6.org/earthmag/demagint.htm "400 Years of "De Magnete": Commemorating the 400th anniversary of "De Magnete" by William Gilbert of Colchester,"] a David P. Stern scriptam.</ref> imprimis fortiter disputabat magnetismum ab electricitate dissimile esse. Pro evidentia, Gilbertus monstrabat, cum temperatura augmentetur, quasdam attractiones electricas evanescere donec alias magneticas manere. Sua distinctio inter electricitatem et magnetismum 250 [[annus|annos]] progressus [[scientia (ratio)|scientiae]] maxime ingreditur. Gilbertus in eadem opera proposuit [[tellus (planeta)|tellurem]] propium esse magnem ingentem, quod efficit [[pyxis nautica|pyxes nauticas]] ad [[septentriones|borealem]] indicare. Antea vel [[stella]] [[Polaris]] vel [[insula]] magnetica boreale sita putabantur pyxes attrahere. Ipse quoque primitus verbum ''[[electricitas]]'' introduxit a [[vocabulum|verbo]] [[Graece|Graeco]] ''ήλεκτρον'' (''[[electron]]''), quae 'glaesum' (sive [[succinum]]) significat, materiem quod proprietates significativas electrostaticas habet.<ref>Verbum ''electricitas'' et sua origo in verbo Graeco '[[electron]]' pervestigata sunt in paginis 31–33 commentarii ''"Notes on the De Magnete of D. William Gilbert,"'' a Silvano P. Thompson et aliis scripti, Londoninii [[1901]] editi, et in ''"On the Magnet by William Gilbert,"' a Derek J. Price scripto (Novi Eboraci: Basic Books, 1958) iterum prolati.</ref> [[Beniaminus Franklin]] circum annum [[1750]] [[ele4ctricitas statica|elecricitatem staticam]] investigavit.<ref>"Experiments and Observations on Electricity made at Philadelphia in America by Benjamin Franklin, L. L. D. and F. R. S.", F. Newbery, London, M.DCC.LXXIV"; vide etiam commentarium [https://web.archive.org/web/20060110052254/http://www.physicstoday.org/vol-59/iss-1/p42.html "400 Years of "Benjamin Franklin and Lightning Rods,"] a E. Philip Krider scriptum.</ref> Sua experimenta milvis fulmina investigantia notitiam alteri physici attraxerunt. Franklin doctrinam proposuit notam in quo electricitas constat in fluido simplice qui est in materia aut in superfluo ''+,'' aut in carentia ''–''. Hi typi sunt origo hodierni usus signorum ''+'' et ''–'' ad onera electrica designanda.<ref>"Hence have arisen some new terms among us: we say B,(and bodies like circumstanced) is electrified ''positively''; A, ''negatively.'' Or rather, B. is electrified ''plus''; A, ''minus''." Beniaminus Franklin in alteris litteris ad Petro Collinson missis, ''Letter II from Benjamin Franklin, Esq.; in Philadelphia to Peter Collinson, Esq.; F. R. S. London, 1747.''</ref> === Opera Caroli Coulomb et Caroli Gauss === [[Fasciculus:Charles Augustin de Coulomb.jpg|thumb|175px|left|[[Carolus Coulomb]].]] [[Fasciculus:Carl Friedrich Gauss.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Carolus Fridericus Gauss]].]] Anno [[1785]], [[Carolus Coulomb]] suas tres operas experimentales de electricitate magnetismoque provulgavit,<ref>C.-A. Coulomb, "Premier Mémoire sur l’Electricité et le Magnétisme," Histoire de l’Académie Royale des Sciences, 569–577, 1785; "Sécond Mémoire sur l’Electricité et le Magnétisme," Histoire de l’Académie Royale des Sciences, 578–611, 1785; "Troisième Mémoire sur l’Electricité et le Magnétisme," Histoire de l’Académie Royale des Sciences, 612–638, 1785. Vide etiam [http://cnum.cnam.fr/CGI/redir.cgi?8CA121-1 "Collection de mémoires relatifs à la physique, . . . Tome I. Mémoires de Coulomb,"] p. 146, ubi Coulomb recapitulavit: "Que l'action, soit répulsive, soit attractive de deux globes électrisés et, par conséquent, de deux molécules électriques, est en raison composée des densités du fluide électrique des deux molécules électrisées et inverse du carré des distances."</ref> in quibus nuntiavit invenire vim electricam inter duas particulas onus electricum habentes esse vi gravitatis simile, reciproce ut quadrata distantiae inter particulas, proportionale quantitatibus eorum onerum electricorum in coniunctim, et directam secundum lineam inter particulas. Forma vectorali unitatibus [[Systema Internationale|MKSA]] scripta, [[lex Coulombiana]] est: :::<math>\vec \mathbf{F}_{12} = q_1 \vec \mathbf{E}_{2} = \frac {1} {4 \pi \epsilon_0} {q_1 q_2 \over r^2} \, \mathbf{\hat{r}}_{21}</math> ubi :<math>\vec \mathbf F_{12}</math> est vis electrica in particula 1 ob particulam 2, :<math> \vec \mathbf E_{2}</math> est campus electricus in particulae 1 loco ob particulam 2, :''q''₁ et ''q''₂ sunt onera electrica particularum 1 et 2, :<math> r =|\vec \mathbf r_1 - \vec \mathbf r_2| </math> est distantia inter particulas 1 et 2, :<math> \mathbf{\hat{r}}_{21} \ \stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}\ \frac{\vec \mathbf{r}_1 - \vec \mathbf{r}_2}{\vert \vec \mathbf{r}_1 - \vec \mathbf{r}_2\vert} </math> est directio ad particulam 1 a particula 2, et :<math> \frac {1}{4 \pi \epsilon_o} = 8.988 \times 10^{9} \frac {N m^2}{C^2}</math> est constans electricus. [[Carolus Fridericus Gauss|Ioannes Carolus Fridericus Gauss]], [[mathematica|mathematicus]] et scientiarum doctus, anno [[1813]] [[theorema]] de campis [[lex quadratica inversa|legem quadraticam inversam]] habentibus formulavit,<ref>[[Carolus Fridericus Gauss]], "Theoria attractionis corporum sphaeroidicorum ellipticorum homogeneorum, Martii 1813, in "Werke Sammlung Mathematische Physik, ABHANDLUNGEN Band Bd. 5, paginis 3-24 apud [http://dz1.gdz-cms.de/index.php?id=toc&no_cache=1&IDDOC=38910 Universitaetsbibliothek Goettingen - Digitalisierungszentrum] </ref> quae est casus proprii theorematis hodierni post [[Theorema Stokesianum|Georgium Stokes]] nominatae.<ref>"Theorema Stokes" dicitur vere a [[Gulielmus Thomson, baro Kelvin|Gulielmo Thomson]] repertus esse; vide etiam paginam [[lingua Anglica|Anglicam]] [[:en:Stokes' theorem]].</ref> Applicantes [[theorema Gauss]] ad legem Coulombianam, legem obtinemus Gaussianam electrostaticam forma differentiale hodierna: :::<math>\nabla \cdot \vec \mathbf{E} = \rho/\epsilon_o</math> ubi <math> \rho </math> est densitas oneris electrici ob varias particulas onus habentes complexas, et <math>\vec \mathbf E</math> est campus electricus universus ex illis particulis. === Opera Iohannis Oersted, Iohannis Baptiste Biot, Felicis Savart, Andreae Ampere === [[Fasciculus:Jean baptiste biot.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Ioannes Baptista Biot]].]] [[Fasciculus:Ampere1.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Andreas Maria Ampère|Andreas Ampere]].]] Circum annum [[1820]] [[Ioannes Christianus Ørsted|Ioannes Christianus Oersted]], [[Ioannes Baptista Biot]], [[Felix Savart]] et [[Andreas Maria Ampère|Andreas Marie Ampere]], vim magneticam in filis [[Fluxio electrica|fluxiones electricas]] habentibus ob fluxiones electricas in filis complexis investigantes, confirmaverunt legem magneticam legi Coulomb similem.<ref>Quamquam Biot, Savart, et Ampere omnes participaverunt ad hanc legem magneticam formulandam haec forma legis solum post Biot et Savart nominatus est; vide etiam nota 10 infra; et [https://web.archive.org/web/20070517220448/http://www.ampere.cnrs.fr/oeuvresimp.php?lang=fr "Oeuvres imprimées d'AmpèreAndré-Marie Ampère," @.ampère et l'histoire de l'électricité]; et L. Pearce Williams, "Ampère, André-Marie", ''Dictionary of Scientific Biography'' 1:139-147 (Novi Eboraci: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1970); et paginam Anglicam [[:en:André-Marie Ampère]].</ref> Secundum hanc legem, forma vectorali unitatibus [[Systema Internationale|MKSA]] scriptam, vis magnetica <math> d \vec \mathbf F_{12} </math> in segmento fili 1 differentiale ob fluxiones in segmento fili 2 differentiale est: :::<math> d\vec \mathbf F_{12} = I_1 d\vec \mathbf L_1 \times \vec \mathbf B_2 = I_1 d\vec \mathbf L_1 \times \frac{\mu_0}{4\pi} \frac{I_2 d\vec \mathbf L_2 \times \mathbf{\hat r_{21}}}{r^2} </math> ubi :<math> d \vec \mathbf L_{1} = \hat I_1 dL_1 </math> est vector quod longitudinem segmenti fili 1 differentialem <math> dL_1 </math> et directionem fluxionis ipsius <math>\hat I_1</math> coniunctim dat, :<math> \vec \mathbf B_{2}</math> est campus magneticus in segmenti 1 loco ob fluxionem electricum in segmento 2, :<math>I_1</math> et <math>I_2</math> sunt fluxiones electricae in quoque duorum segmentorum filorum, :<math> r =|\vec \mathbf r_1 - \vec \mathbf r_2| </math> est distantia inter segmenta differentialia 1 et 2, :<math> \mathbf{\hat{r}}_{21} \ \stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}\ \frac{\vec \mathbf{r}_1 - \vec \mathbf{r}_2}{\vert \vec \mathbf{r}_1 - \vec \mathbf{r}_2\vert} </math> est directio ad segmenti 1 positionem a segmenti 2 positione, :<math> \times </math> est [[productum vectoriale]] sive productum crucis, et :<math> \frac {\mu_o}{4 \pi} = 10^{-7} \frac {N}{A^2}</math> est constans magneticus. Circum annum [[1850]] ob labores [[Georgius Stokes|Georgii Stokes]] [[Gulielmus Thomson, baro Kelvin|Guilielmique Thomson]] [[theorema Stokesianum]] inventa fuit,<ref>Vide nota [9] supra.</ref> quae nos sinit transformare legem Biot-Savart ad legem formam differentialem hodiernam post [[Andreas Maria Ampère|Andream Ampere]] nominatam<ref>Haec aequatio legi Biot-Savart aequivalens nominata est post Andream Ampere. Sicut lex Biot-Savart lex Ampere exacta est solum quando fluxiones complexas sunt constantes. Posterius Iacobus Maxwell legem Ampere correxit pro casu fluxionibus variabilibus, ut videat infra.</ref>: :::<math>\nabla \times \vec \mathbf B = \mu_o \vec \mathbf J</math> ubi<math>\vec \mathbf J</math> est [[Fluxio electrica#Fluxionis electricae densitas|densitas fluxionis]] ob filos fluxionem habentes complexos et <math>\vec \mathbf B</math> est campus magneticus universus ex illis fluxionibus. === Opera Michaelis Faraday === [[Fasciculus:M Faraday Th Phillips oil 1842.jpg|thumb|175px|left|[[Michael Faraday]].]] [[Fasciculus:M Faraday Lab H Moore.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Michael Faraday]] in suo laboratorio.]] Quamquam ad leges Coulomb et Biot-Savart ascribendas campos magneticos electricosque utimur, [[campus physicus|notio camporum]] per se primitus concepta est a [[Michael Faraday|Michaelo Faraday]], Professore Chemiae in Fulleriano Instituto Regali Britanniarum, qui annos [[1820]]-[[1873]] magnopere physicam electromagneticam chemiamque aggreditur.<ref>Historia Michaelis Faraday a L. Pearce Williams scripta est ''Michael Faraday: A Biography'' (Da Capo Press, 1987, ISBN 0-306-80299-6).</ref> Antea, vires electricas magneticasque putabantur esse [[actio trans distantiam|actiones trans distantias]] virium gravitatis Newtonianarum similes, sed Faraday theoriam protulit omnes vires esse ob campos qui spatium complent. Ad illos campos describendos, Faraday notionem ''lineae camporum'' comminiscit et postea demonstravit lineas magneticas, quae legi Amperi parent et fontes carent, solum per [[spatium]] circulare.<ref>Re vera Faraday ipse dicebat ''lineas viris'' quando exempli gratia de campo magnetico cogitabat. In suo opere "De natura lineae virium" ([[Anglice]]: [http://books.google.com/books?id=Q7sKAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA407&lpg=PA407&dq=on+the+physical+character+of+the+lines+of+force&source=web&ots=bk7DipWnwe&sig=mnAX-svCMRD3UKrYnx_XsWdhxpg#PPA414,M1|"On the physical character of the lines of force"]) nos certiores facit anno [[1852]]: "I cannot conceive curved lines of force without the conditions of ''a physical existence'' in that intermediate space" [emphasis additur].</ref> Applicantes igitur theorema Gauss ad campos magneticos fontes carentes obtinemus legem Gauss magneticam<ref>Vide notam [8] supra.</ref>: :::<math>\nabla \cdot \vec \mathbf{B} = 0</math> Faraday quoque theoriam protulit omnem campum esse idos uni campi universali. Ad hoc hypothesim arguendum quaesivit igitur quomodo transformare inter vires camposque gravitatis, electricitatis, et magnetismi. Et demum Faraday repperit quomodo vim magneticam ad electricam transformare. Campus magneticus commutatus campum electricum creat secundum legem Faraday, quae in forma vectorali-differentiali et in unitatibus [[Systema Internationale|MKSA]] est: :::<math>\nabla \times \vec \mathbf{E} = -\frac{\partial\vec \mathbf{B}} {\partial t}</math> ubi <math>\vec \mathbf E</math> est portio campi electrici a campo magnetico commutante creata.<ref>In commentario laboratoriali, Faraday, die Augusti [[1831]] scripsit: "Have had an iron ring made (soft iron), iron round and 7/8 inches thick and ring 6 inches in external diameter. Wound many coils of copper wire round one half, the coils being separated by twine and calico. . . . Will call this side of the ring A . . . on the other side but separated by an interval was wound wire in two pieces together amounting to about 60 feet in length, the direction being as with the former coils; this side call B . . . continued the contact of A side [primary] with battery but broke and closed alternately contact of B side [secondary] with flat helix. No effect at such times on the needle [of a galvanometer connected to B side]—depends on the change at battery side. Hence is no permanent or peculiar state of wire from B but effect due to a wave of electricity caused at moments of breaking and completing contact at A side. Tried to perceive a spark with charcoal at flat helix junction B side but could find none. Wave apparently very short and sudden." (Qui scriptus adsumptus est ex fonte [13] supra, pag. 182.)</ref> Hoc [[inductantia electromagnetica|inductantiae electromagneticae]] principium utile est basis pro omnibus [[generatrum electricum|generatris]] et [[motrum electricum|motris electricis]]. === Theoria Iacobi Maxwell et opera Henrici Hertz === [[Fasciculus:James-clerk-maxwell 1.jpg|thumb|175px|left|[[Iacobus Maxwell]].]] [[Iacobus Maxwell]], qui Michaelem Faraday maxime miratus est,<ref>Maxwell Michaeli Faraday anno [[1857]] scripsit: "you are the first person in whom the idea of bodies acting at a distance by throwing the surrounding medium into a state of constraint has arisen, as a principle to be actually believed in . . . nothing is clearer than your description of all sources of force keeping up a state of energy in all that surrounds them."</ref> varias camporum electromagneticorum aequationes in systemate rationale postea ''[[aequationes Maxwellianae|aequationes Maxwellianas]]'' appellato ordinavit.<ref>J. C. Maxwell, "A Dynamical Theory Of The Electromagnetic Field", 1865, [http://www.zpenergy.com/downloads/Maxwell_1864_1.pdf Pars 1], [http://www.zpenergy.com/downloads/Maxwell_1864_2.pdf Pars 2], [http://www.zpenergy.com/downloads/Maxwell_1864_3.pdf Pars 3], [http://www.zpenergy.com/downloads/Maxwell_1864_4.pdf Pars 4], [http://www.zpenergy.com/downloads/Maxwell_1864_5.pdf Pars 5], [http://www.zpenergy.com/downloads/Maxwell_1864_6.pdf Pars 6]; Vide etiam analysim modernam ab [http://www.zpenergy.com/modules.php?name=Downloads&d_op=getit&lid=60 Andre Waser, "On the Notation of Maxwell's Field Equations, 2000], et paginas Anglicas [http://www.victorianweb.org/science/maxwell/maxwell1.html Victorian Web: James Clerk Maxwell] et [[:en:James Clerk Maxwell]].</ref> In [[symmetria]]{{dubsig}} cum Faraday, Maxwell proposuit correctionem ad legem Amperianam necesse esse, in quo campus magneticus commutans campum electricum creat. Forma vectorali unitatibus [[Systemate Internationale|MKSA]] modo scripta, lex Amperiana a Maxwell correcta igitur est: :::<math>\nabla \times \vec\mathbf{B} = \mu_0 \varepsilon_0 \frac{\partial \vec \mathbf{E}} {\partial t} +\mu_0 \vec \mathbf{J} </math> Statim anno [[1861]], Maxwell agnovit hanc correctionem in aliarum aequationum electromagneticarum contextu [[unda electromagnetica|undas electromagneticas]] significare.<ref>Vide pagina 22 in parte III scriptarum suarum anni [[1861]] '[http://vacuum-physics.com/Maxwell/maxwell_oplf.pdf J. C. Maxwell, "On Physical Lines of Force",The London, Edinburg and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, Ser. 4, March, April, and May 1861]'.</ref> Quia ex [[Aequationes Maxwellianae|aequationibus Maxwellianis]] in vacuo lucis velocitas variaeque proprietates lucis undis similes praecinitur, Maxwell putabat undas electromagneticas ipsas esse lucem. Demum anno [[1887]], [[Heinrich Rudolf Hertz|Henricus Hertz]] per experimenta ingeniosa electromagneticam lucis naturam confirmavit.<ref>[http://historical.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/cul.cdl/docviewer?did=cdl334&view=50&frames=0&seq=5 "Electric waves: being researches on the propagation of electric action with finite velocity through space"] Heinrico Rudolph Hertz autore; obtimemus quoque opia per [http://www.amazon.com/dp/1429740361/ Cornell University Library Digital Collections].</ref> === Opera Iosephi Thomson et Hendrici Lorentz === [[Fasciculus:Hendrik Antoon Lorentz.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Hendricus Lorentz]].]] Quamquam [[fulmen|fulminae]] et fluxiones prius investigatae erant, [[natura]] earum aliquanto in dubio manebat. Eratne electricitas fluidus vel particulae vel fluxio ex [[aether (physica)|aethere]]? Per experimenta radios cathodicos investigantes cum lagoenis evacuatis [[Iosephus Ioannes Thomson]] anno [[1897]] tandem indentificavit radios cathodicos et electricitatem compositos esse ex particulis minimis [[onus electricum|onus]] negativum [[massa]]mque habentibus quas hodie appellamus [[electron]]es,<ref>Vide [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1906/thomson-bio.html Lectura Praemii Nobeliani Iosephi Thomson] ubi describit suam identificationem existentiae electronis.</ref> nomen anno [[1881]] a Georgio Johnstone Stoney propositum pro minima onus electrici quantitate.<ref>G. Stoney, "On The Physical Units of Nature," Phil.Mag. 11, 381-391, 1881.</ref> Ad argumentum Iosephi Thomson confirmandum, [[Robertus A. Millikan]] anno [[1909]] onus electricum electronis diligenter metitur et determinavit:<ref>Vide [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1923/millikan-bio.html Lectura Praemii Nobeliani Roberti Millikin] ubi describit quomodo onus elecronis meditur.</ref> :::<math>q_{electron} = -e = -1.6 \times 10 ^{-19} C</math>. Antea, omnes leges physicae interpretatae erant ex perspectiva virium inter corpora tangibilia vel inter [[corpus|corpora]] et [[aether (physica)|aetherem]], sed annos [[1890]]-[[1905]] physici conantur leges interpretare ex perspectiva virium inter particulas ''elementarias'' vel ''subatomicas'' sicut electrones quae materiam tangibilem constituent. Eos annos [[Hendricus Lorentz]] hypothesim facit omnes fluxiones electricas esse ob particularum onus habentium motum et proposuit [[Aequatio Lorentziana|legem Lorentzianam]] vim electromagneticam dare in eas particulas elementarias.<ref>Vide [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1902/lorentz-bio.html Lectura Praemii Nobeliani Hendrici Lorentz].</ref> In unitatibus [[Systema Internationale|MKSA]], sua lex est: :::<math>\vec \mathbf{F} = q (\vec \mathbf{E} + \vec \mathbf{v} \times \vec \mathbf{B})</math> ubi <math>\vec \mathbf v</math> est particulae elementariae onus ''q'' habentis [[velocitas]] momentanea relativa [[aether (physica|aetheri]] immobili. Sua theoria electronica multas materiae proprietates fideliter praecinit inclusas eas ''relativisticas,'' e.g., inter alia, [[contractionem Fitzgerald-Lorentz]].<ref>G. F. Fitzgerald, "The ether and the earth's atmosphere," Science 13, 390, 1889; H. A. Lorentz, [http://www.historyofscience.nl/search/detail.cfm?pubid=615&view=image&startrow=1 "Electromagnetic phenomena in a system moving with any velocity smaller than that of light"], 6, 1903-1904, pp. 809-831, 1904.</ref> === Theoria relativitatis, effectum photoelectricum et opera Alberti Einstein === [[Fasciculus:Einstein1921 by F Schmutzer 2.jpg|thumb|[[Albertus Einstein]].]] Hendricus Lorentz in sua theoria electromagnetica postulabat [[systema coordinatorum]] existere [[aether (physica)|aetheri immobili]] affixa, sed anno [[1903]] Lorentz invenit omnes [[transformationes Lorentzianae|transformationes coordinatorum]] inter [[systema coordinatorum|systemata inertialia]] asservare totas aequationes Maxwellianas sine quaquam commutatione. <ref>Vide notae [24] et [25] supra.</ref> Sua theoria deprehensionem aetheris absolute vetabat. [[Celeritas luminis|Celeritas lucis]], exempli gratia, videtur identica{{dubsig}} in omnibus systematibus coordinatorum inertialibus. Tandem anno [[1905]] [[Albertus Einstein]] comperit sola duo axiomata satis et necesse esse ad transformationes Lorentz derivandas<ref>[http://www.fourmilab.ch/etexts/einstein/specrel/www/ A. Einstein, "Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper", Annalen der Physik 17, 891-921, 1905.]</ref>: [[principium relativitatis]] a [[Galilaeus Galilaei|Galilaeo Galilaei]] primitus formulatum<ref>Galilaeus Galilei, "Discorsi e dimostrazioni matematiche intorno a due nuove scienze attenenti alla meccanica," Nederlandia, 1638; vide etiam paginam Anglice [[:en:Galileo's Ship.]]</ref> et constantia celeritatis lucis in omnibus systematibus coordinatorum inertialibus ab [[Experimentum Michelson-Morley|Alberto Michelson et Eduardo Morlei]] anno [[1887]] rescita.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150715063415/https://www.aip.org/history/gap/PDF/michelson.pdf A. A. Michelson and E.W. Morley, Philos. Mag. S.5, 24 (151), 449-463, 1887].</ref> Demum Einstein statuit [[relativitas specialis|theoriam relativitatis specialis]] demonstrando transformationes Lorentz fundamentaliores esse quam aequationes Maxwellianae et monstrando varias emendationes [[mechanica Newtoniana|mechanicae Newtonianae]] necesse esse.<ref> [http://www.fourmilab.ch/etexts/einstein/E_mc2/www/ A. Einstein, "Ist die Trägheit eines Körpers von seinem Energiegehalt abhängig?", Annalen der Physik 18, 639-641, 1905]; Et vide [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1921/einstein-bio.html Lectura Praemii Nobeliani Alberti Einstein, "Fundamental Ideas and Problems of the Theory of Relativity."]</ref> Ex illa perspectiva relativistica campus magneticus ex campo electrico naturaliter oritur ob systematis coordinatorum motum. Quia Lorentz monstraverat nemo aetherem deprehendere posse, Einstein abnuit postulare aetherem existire et potius demonstavit lucem compositum esse ex [[photon]]ibus quae particulae pro motu suo aetherem non requirunt.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080423195339/http://dbserv.ihep.su/~elan/src/einstein05/eng.pdf A. Einstein, "Über einen die Erzeugung und Verwandlung des Lichtes betreffenden heuristischen Gesichtspunkt", Annalen der Physik 17, 132–148, 1905.]</ref> Secundum [[theoria photonica Einstein-Planck|theoriam Einstein photonicam]] [[energia]] ''E'' photonis est: :::<math>E = h f</math> ubi ''f'' est [[frequentia]] undae electromagneticae associatae et constans [[Maximilianus Planck|Planckis]] <math>h = 6.626 \times 10^{-34} Js</math>. Notio [[photon]]ium multas res explicabat, effectum photoelectricum ab [[Heinrich Rudolf Hertz|Hendrice Hertz]] et [[Philippus Lenard|Phillippe Lenard]] repertum inclusum.<ref>P. E. A. Lenard, Ann. Pkysik, 8, 149, 1902; vide etiam [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1905/lenard-bio.html lectura Praemii Nobeliani Phillippi Lenard].</ref> === Theoria camporum quantica === [[Fasciculus:Paul Dirac, 1933, head and shoulders portrait, bw.jpg|thumb|175px|left|[[Paulus Dirac]].]] Imprimis Einstein negabat aetherem existire, sed mox circum annum [[1920]] Einstein ipse invenit ideam aetheris necesse esse pro una [[relativitas generalis|theoria relativitatis generalis]] satisfactoria cum interactionibus localibus et sine [[actiones trans distantias|actionibus trans distantias]]. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070419024649/http://www.tu-harburg.de/rzt/rzt/it/Ether.html A. Einstein, "Aether and the theory of Relativity" University of Leyden, Germany, 1920].</ref> Einsteini aether simpliciter erat sedes campi electromagnetici gravitatisque et compositum erat nec ex materia nec ex partibus positionem distinctam habentibus. Mox quoque post experimentum Geiger-Marsden,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080102232956/http://dbhs.wvusd.k12.ca.us/webdocs/Chem-History/GM-1909.html H. Geiger and E. Marsden "On a Diffuse Reflection of the α-Particles," Proceedings of the Royal Society, Series A 82, 495–500, 1909.]</ref> physicus [[Ernestus Rutherford]] invenit theoriam Maxwellianam Lorentzianamque insatis esse ad electrones in atomos discribendam quia cum sola ea theoria electrones in [[nucleus atomi|nucleum]] cadendum sunt.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080114190208/http://dbhs.wvusd.k12.ca.us/webdocs/Chem-History/Rutherford-1911/Rutherford-1911.html E. Rutherford, "The Scattering of α and β Particles by Matter and the Structure of the Atom," Philosophical Magazine, Series 6 21: 669–688, 1911.]</ref> Ergo [[mechanica quantica]] nascitur ut nova principia reperiantur.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060201234749/http://dbhs.wvusd.k12.ca.us/webdocs/Chem-History/Bohr/Bohr-1913a.html N. Bohr, "On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules," Philosophical Magazine, Series 6, Bol. 26. pg. 1-25, 1913]; Vide etiam [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1933/schrodinger-bio.html Lectura Praemii Nobeliani Ervinis Schrodinger].</ref> [[Paulus Dirac]], cuius magnum opus ''Principia Mechanicae Quanticae'' ([[Anglice]] ''The Principles of Quantum Mechanics'') anno [[1930]] divulgatum est,<ref>P. A. M. Dirac, "The Principles of Quantum Mechanics," Oxford University Press, 1st edition 1930; quarta edition 1982. ISBN 0-19-852011-5; confer etiam theoriam photonicam Einsteinis citata in nota 31 supra.</ref> primam theoriam [[electrodynamica quantica|electrodynamicae quanticae]] creavit in quo photones repraesentant minimas quantitates energiae quas campus electromagneticus dat et capit. Qui, photonicam Einsteinis notionem per suam doctrinam explicans, comperit energias possibiles{{dubsig}} in campo electromagnetico esse: :::<math>E_n = h f \left( n+\frac {1} {2} \right) </math> ubi ''n'' est numerus integrus photonium in campo electromagnetico. Postmodo [[Ricardus Feynman|Richardus Feynman]], [[Freeman Dyson]], [[Julianus Schwinger]], et [[Sin-Itiro Tomonaga]] theoriam [[electrodynamica quantica|electrodynamicae quanticae]] annos [[1940]] magnopere promoverunt creando primam theoriam adusque satisfactoriam in quo [[electron]]es, [[positron]]es, et [[photon]]es ex [[aether (physica)|aethere]] (sive campo quantico) creantur et delentur.<ref>[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1965/ Lecturae Praemii Nobeliani Ricardi Feynman, Julianique Schwinger et Sin-Intiri Tomonagae.]</ref> Itaque physici inveniunt particulis opus esse et campi et aetheri ut eorum vires fiantur. Differentia inter suam aetherem et Lorentzianam in status motus non potendo constabat. Dirac habetur conditor electrodynamicae quanticae, primus qui id vocabulo usus est. Notionem polarizationis vacui [[decennium 194|decennio 194]] ineunte introduxit.<!-- Suus [[liber]] ''Principles of Quantum Mechanics,'' ('Principia Mechanicae Quanticae'), anno 1930 editum, est lapis<!- -landmark- -> in [[historia scientiae]].<!- - It quickly became one of the standard textbooks on the subject and is still used today.- -> Anno 1931, Dirac probavit existentiam singuli monopoli magnetici in [[universum|universo]] satis esse ad explicandam observatam oneris electrici quantizationem.<!- -This proposal received much attention, but there is to date no convincing evidence for the existence of magnetic monopoles.- -> [[Fasciculus:Niels Bohr.jpg|thumb|[[Nicolaus Bohr]].]]--> == Unitates in aequationibus electromagneticis == Omnes [[mensura metrica|systemata mensurae metrica]] basim habent in unitatibus [[metrum|metri]], [[chiliogramma]]tis et [[secundum|secundi]], qui sunt usitati. Differentes autem systemata fieri possunt, in cuius definitione aequationes electromagneticae pars maior habent. === Systema Unitatium Hodiernum MKSA === [[Systema Internationale|Systema metricum Internationale]] (sive SI sive MKSA) circum annum [[1960]] creata<ref>[http://www.bipm.org/en/si/ Bureau International des Poids et Mesures]; </ref> habet unitates cuius magnitudines pro mensura laboratoriale sunt utiles. Inter suas unitates principales sunt: [[metrum]] (m), [[chiliogramma]] (kg), [[secundum]] (s), et [[Amperium]] (A).<ref>Aliae unitates primarias sunt [[Kelvin]] (K), [[Moles (unitas)|Moles]] (mol), et [[Candela]] (cd). Unitates secundarias sunt, exempli gratia, de superficie metrum quadratum (m²), de volumine metrum cubicum (m³) de vire Newtonium (N = kg m/s²), et de tensio electrico Voltium (V = N m/A s).</ref> Fluxionis electricae unitas [[Amperium]] definitur postulando constantem magneticum in legem Biot-Savart esse accurate :::<math> \frac {\mu_o}{4 \pi} = 10^{-7} \; \frac {kg \; m}{A^2 \; s^2}</math>. Oneris electrici unitas [[Coulomb (unitas)|Coulombium]] tunc ex fluxionis unitate Amperio definitur sicut quantum oneris electrici in unum secundum movet si fluxio electrica est unum Amperium, e. g. <math> C = A \cdot s </math>. Unitas campi magnetici ''Tesla'' (T) quoque definitur ut :::<math>Tesla = \frac{N}{A \; m} = \frac{kg}{A \; s^2} </math> et ut vis Lorentz scripta sit :::<math>\vec \mathbf{F} = q (\vec \mathbf{E} + \vec \mathbf{v} \times \vec \mathbf{B})</math>. === Systema Unitatium Antiguum Gaussianum CGSF === [[Systema metricum Gaussianum]] (sive Gaussianum sive CGSF) est antiguum [[systema]] circum annum [[1874]] creatum.<ref>[http://www.bipm.org/en/si/history-si/ De historia Systematis Internationalis] </ref> Multi physici etiam hodie systema Gaussianum malunt quia id habet unitates identicas{{dubsig}} pro campis magneticis et campis electris, quod est magis utile ad theoriam electromagneticam relativisticamque describendam. [[Systema metricum Gaussianum|Systema Gaussianum CGSF]] [[sex]] unitates primarias habet; <ref>Aliae primariae sunt [[Kelvin]] (K) et [[Moles (unitas)|Moles]] (mol). Unitates secundarias sunt, per exemplos, de superficie centimetrum quadratus (cm²), de volumine centimetrum cubicum (cm³), de vire [[dynium]] (dyn = gcm/s²), et de tensio electrico statvoltium (statV = dyn cm/Fr).</ref> inter principales earum sunt: [[centimetrum]] (cm), [[gramma]] (g), [[secundum]] (s), et [[Franklin]] (Fr). Oneris electrici unitas [[Franklin]] (appellata quoque ''esu'' pro "electrostatica unitate") definitur postulando constantem electricam in legem Coulomb esse accurate :::<math> \frac {1}{4 \pi \epsilon_o} = 1 \; \frac {dyn \; cm^2}{Fr^2} = 1 \; \frac {g \; cm^3}{Fr^2 \; s^2}</math> et unitas fluxionis est igitur ''Fr/s.'' Etiam unitas campi magnetici ''Gauss'' (G) :::<math>Gauss = \frac{dyn}{Fr} = \frac{g \; cm}{Fr \; s^2}</math> definitur ut campus electricus commensurabilis cum campo magnetico sit, et vis Lorentziana scripta sit :::<math>\vec \mathbf{F} = q (\vec \mathbf{E} + \vec \frac {\mathbf{v}}{c} \times \vec \mathbf{B})</math> ubi ''c'' est [[celeritas lucis]]. Ob eam definitionem, [[aequationes Maxwellianae]] in formam simpliorem tranformantur atque lex Ampere a Maxwell correcta simpliciter fit: :::<math>\nabla \times \vec\mathbf{B} = \frac {1}{c} \frac{\partial \vec \mathbf{E}} {\partial t} + \frac {4 \pi} {c} \vec \mathbf{J} </math> == Notae == <references /> == Fontes == * Gillispie, Charles C., ed. [[1970]]-[[1980]]. ''Dictionary of Scientific Biography.'' 16 vol. Novi Eboraci: Charles Scribner and Sons. ISBN 0-684-10114-9. + Supplement II, ed. Frederic Lawrence Holmes, 2 vols., 1990. ISBN 0-684-16962-2. * Griffiths, David J. [[1998]]. ''Introduction to Electrodynamics.'' Ed. 3a. Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-805326-X. * Jackson, John David. [[1975]] ''Classical Electrodynamics.'' Editio 2a. Novi Eboraci: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-43132-X. * Mottelay, Paul FLeury. [[1922]]. ''Bibiographical History of Electricity and Magnetism.'' Richard Clay & Sons, Ltd. ISBN 1-888262-54-0. * Purcell, Edward M. [[1985]]. ''Electricity and Magnetism.'' Berkeley Physics Course Volume 2, Second Edition. Bostoniae: McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-07-004908-4. == Nexus externi == * Paginae Anglice [[:en:Maxwell's Equations|"Maxwell's Equations"]] et [[:en:Electromagnetism|"Electromagnetism"]] {{CommuniaCat|Electromagnetism|physicam electromagneticam}} [[Categoria:Paginae mensis]] [[Categoria:Physica]] ae7zggld1sk64ra0mytqg3efcgngbqc 0 35633 3996216 3721858 2026-10-22T17:55:24Z PastelKos 110819 3996216 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Ligurian Sea map.png|thumb|right|300px|Tabula in qua Mare Ligusticum (''Ligurian Sea'') aspici potest]] [[Fasciculus:Mar Ligure.svg|thumb|300px|Tabula finium Maris Ligustici]] '''Mare Ligusticum'''<ref>[http://jvpoll.home.xs4all.nl/maps/NItalie.pdf Tabula geographica]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}; [http://books.google.fi/books?id=gYsSAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA845&lpg=PA845&dq=%22mare+ligusticum%22&source=bl&ots=C7fR1IlavF&sig=zJYi3sM108XuU--rzbQIEyjPQdc&hl=fi&sa=X&ei=IDUPT8WAIKKP4gTc0_n6Aw&ved=0CEkQ6AEwBjhG#v=onepage&q=%22mare%20ligusticum%22&f=false Pierre Charles Berthelin, ''Abrégé du Dictionnaire universel françois et latin'' (1762)]; [http://books.google.fi/books?id=cUuUbaahCNwC&pg=PA631&lpg=PA631&dq=%22mare+ligusticum%22&source=bl&ots=STQcIofHXa&sig=XBs6IA-RWhRwHFfBjcNc9NbofRU&hl=fi&sa=X&ei=EkwPT7iKBK3c4QSY8vT6Aw&ved=0CCQQ6AEwAThQ#v=onepage&q=%22mare%20ligusticum%22&f=false ''Dictionarium Aelii Antonii Nebrissensis'' (1792)]; [https://books.google.it/books?hl=it&id=wcopFhsx18sC&dq=%22Sinus+Tergestinus%22&q=Crater#v=onepage&q=Mare%20ligusticum&f=false Attilio Zuccagni-Orlandini - Corografia fisica, storica e statistica dell'Italia e delle sue isole, corredata di un atlante, di mappe geografiche e topografiche, e di altre tavole illustrative: Introduzione, ossia notizie generali fisiche e storiche sull'Italia e prospetti topografici dei diversi suoi stati. 1 presso gli editori, 1845 - 184 pagine]</ref> seu '''sinus Ligusticus'''<ref>"Mare Ligusticum, Sinus Ligustiocus": {{Graesse}}</ref> seu '''Ligusticum pelagus'''<ref>{{Blondus II|1|20|http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/bsb00088318/image_311|295}}</ref> pars est [[Mare Mediterraneum|Mediterranei]] maris, quae ante regionem [[Italia]]e [[Liguria]]m usque ad [[insula]]m [[Corsica]]m sita est. ==Geographia== * [[Corsica]] * [[Fretum Plumbini]] * [[Insulae Etruscae]] * [[Insulae Spedienses]] * [[Sinus Spediensis]] seu [[Sinus Ericis]] * [[Sinus Ligusticus]] (alia nomina: [[Sinus Genuensis]], [[Sinus Ianuensis]]) {{NexInt}} * [[Mare Mediterraneum]] ** [[Mare Corsum]] ** [[Mare Hespericum]] ** [[Mare Tyrrhenum]] == Alia coepta Vici == {{CommuniaCat|Ligurian Sea|Mare Ligusticum}} == Nota == <div class="references-small"><references/></div> {{geo-stipula}} [[Categoria:Mare Ligusticum|!]] {{Myrias|Geographia}} owwdc3rabdox3mny4ioiqd36fhk3c67 0 36451 3996240 3703214 2026-10-22T22:36:35Z Joaquim Link 38028 3996240 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L}} [[Fasciculus:Reconquista4.jpg|thumb|[[Miles|Milites]] Hispanici proelium contra [[Mauri|Mauros]] pugnant.]] '''Medium Aevum Hispanicum''' est [[spatium]] in [[historia Hispanica|historiam Hispanicam]], quod ab [[historicus|historicis]] divisum est in partes tris: [[Hispania Visigothica|aevum Visigothorum]], [[Andalusia|aevum Maurorum]], et regna Christiana. Si aevum Visigothorum inter partes [[antiquitas|aevi classici]] numerare possumus, aestimandum sit Medium Aevum Hispaniae coepisse anno [[507]] in [[proelium apud campum Vogladense|proelio Vogladense]] et desiisse anno [[1492]], cum [[Granata]] a [[reges Catholici Hispaniae|Regibus Catholicis]] capta esset. Tunc coepit aevum novum sub [[Monarchia Hispanica|Imperio Habsburgorum]]. ==Priscum Aevum Medium vel [[Antiquitas Posterior]]== {{vide-etiam|Hispania Visigothica|Provincia Spaniae}} [[Fasciculus:Hispania 700 AD.PNG|thumb|Regnum Gothorum anno [[700]].]] Hispania Visigothica [[proelium|proeliis]] coepit et desivit: anno [[507]] [[Franci]] [[Visigothi|Visigothos]] ex [[Gallia]] expulsaverunt post [[proelium apud campum Vogladense]], annoque [[711]] Hispania [[proelium apud Transductos Promontorios|proelio apud Transductos Promontorios]] [[Mauri]]s amissa est. Hoc in aevo, Visigothi Hispaniam pro Romanis et Gothis regebant: [[lex|leges]] duplas habebant usque ad [[Reccesvinthus|Reccesvinthum]] [[Liber Iudiciorum|Legem Visigothorum]] compulsit. Hispania Visigothica non omnia [[Iberia]] erat simul Hispania Romana: [[Vascones]], rebelles, [[Imperium Romanum Orientale|Byzantini]] et [[Suevi]] Iberiam incoluerunt. Reges strenui ut [[Liuvigildus]], [[Reccaredus]], et [[Suinthila]] imperium Gothorum in his terris imposuerunt: anno [[621]] ultimos praesidios Byzantinorum capti sunt. Nihilominus, usurpatores saepe contra imperium regum bellum gesserunt. [[Rex Visigothorum|Reges Visigothorum]] regnum ducebant per [[administratio regni Visigothorum|magistratus]], qui regi consilium dabant vel provincias gubernabant. [[Monarchia]] Gothorum electiva erat, et [[Aula Regia]] reges elegebat. [[Maiores Visigothici]] potestates ceperunt cum magistratus regesque sub legibus posuerunt. [[Ecclesia Visigothica]] in Hispania fuit ambigua ([[Arianismus|Ariana]] et [[Ecclesia Catholica|Trinitaria]]) usque ad [[Concilium Toletanum III|conversionem Reccaredi]] anno [[589]]. [[Liturgia Hispanica]] praecipua regni Visigothorum erat, et ob [[Concilia Toletana]] et episcopos ut [[Isidorus|Isidoro Hispalense]] circa schisma cum Roma et papa fuit. Ultimi reges multos rebelles pugnaverunt, sed finem regni pervenit cum [[Mauri]]s: usurpatores auxilium Mauris peterunt contra [[Rodericus (rex Visigothorum)|Rodericum regem]]. Anno [[711]] Rodericus in [[proelium apud Transductos Promontorios|singulo proelio]] [[regnum]] [[vita]]mque amisit. ==Hispania Islamica== {{vide-etiam|Andalusia}} [[Fasciculus:Al-Andalus-de-910.jpg|thumb|Caliphatus Ummaiadus Cordubae]] [[Tariqus]] cum suis in Hispaniam ingressus est anno [[711]] et anno [[720]] Hispaniam sub imperium Maurorum posuit. Mauri religionem Machometanam duxerunt. Mauri regnum Visigothorum ceperunt cum obsidionibus et foederis ([[regnum Theodomiri|foedus]] [[Theodomirus|Theodomiri]]). Tunc, Muza cum copiis ingressi est Hispaniam et emiratum dependentem creavit, sub imperio [[calipha]]e [[Damascus|Damasci]]. Hic [[emiratus]] impetus fecit contra regna Francorum, sed victi sunt anno [[732]] apud [[Pictavium]]. Simul, anno [[722]] [[Pelagius (dux Asturum)]] in [[mons Cantabricus|Montibus Cantabricis]] rebellavit contra emires et deinde condidit [[regnum Asturiarum]]. Ob has causas, Mauri fines emirati apud [[Durius|Durium]] et [[Pyrenaei|Pyrenaeos]] posuerunt. Tunc, anno [[756]], [[Abderama I]] in fuga ex Damasco pervenit in Hispaniam, ubi emiratus exentus creavit. Anno [[929]], sucessor [[Abderama III]] se [[calipha]] clamavit et [[Caliphatus Cordubae|Caliphatum Cordubae]] creavit. Nihilominus, [[Almansor]] caliphatum accepit pro filio anno [[1009]], et vero [[imperium]] anno [[1031]] post [[bellum civile]] dissolvit. Anno [[1031]], plurimi regni a regulis ducti creati sunt, Taifae appellati, qui caliphatu debiliores erant, et regna Christiana eas ceperunt inter annos [[1085]] et [[1250]]; ad annum [[1084]] reges Christiani solum tributos petebant. Annis [[1086]] et [[1170]], reguli Taifarum in concilio auxilium peterunt gentibus [[Africa Septentrionalis|Africae Septentrionalis]] ([[Almoravides]] et [[Almohades]] contra Christianos; quae gentes [[Mosarabes|ultimos Christianos]] expulsaverunt ex Andalusia. Anno [[1250]], ultimum regnum Taifa ([[regnum Granatae]]) manebat, sed usque ad annum [[1492]] Christiani eum non ceperunt. ==Regna Christiana== {{vide-etiam|Recuperatio Hispanica}} Hispania amissa, regnum Gothorum desinavit. Nonnulli [[maiores Visigothici|optimates]] ad septentrionem fugerunt e Mauris, et in [[mons|montibus]] nova creaverunt regna. ===[[Regnum Asturiarum|Asturiae]], [[Regnum Legionis|Legio]], [[Regnum Castellae|Castella]]=== Primo, [[Regnum Asturiarum]] surrexit in [[mons Cantabricus|montibus Cantabricis]], in [[Asturiae|Asturiis]] anno [[722]]. Duces Asturum in vallibus Mauros vicerunt in [[Proelium apud montem Ausevae|proelio apud Ausevam]]. Pro regno ceperunt territoria qua Mauri nolebant, ut [[Vasconia]], [[Gallaecia (provincia Romana)|Gallaecia]] et [[Cantabria]] et tunc ad vallem [[Durius|Durii]] profecti sunt. Ibi Regnum Asturiarum fuit [[Regnum Legionis]] [[saeculum 9|saeculo nono]] ob magnam urbem [[Legio (urbs)|Legionem]]. Reges Legionis in finibus orientalibus comitatum creaverunt, quod multos castros et castella habebat et deinde [[Castella]] vocatur. Vallis [[Durius|Durii]] a Mauris vastatus est tum reges et comites terras incolaverunt cum colonis Asturiarum et Cantabriae: leges ([[forum (lex)|fora]] appellata) dederunt incolis. [[saeculum 11|Saeculo undecimo]] [[regnum Castellae|Castella surgit ut regno]] et anno [[1085]] [[Toletum]] cepit. Toletum fuisset caput [[Hispania Visigothica|regni Visigothorum]] ita Castella heredes regni Gothorum iam fuit. Castella et Legio [[saeculum 12|saeculo duodecimo]] terras inter [[Tagus|Tagum]] et [[Anas (flumen)|Anatem]] ceperunt ad annum [[1230]], cum [[Ferdinandus III (rex Castellae)|Ferdinando III]] regna in singula corona creavit: [[Corona Castellae]]. Tunc urbes in [[Vandalitia]] cepit ([[Hispalis]], [[Corduba]], [[Aurgi]]) sed [[Regnum Granatae]] non accepit. Recuperatio Castellae finuit anno [[1492]] cum [[Reges Catholici Hispaniae|Reges Catholici]] [[Granata]]m ceperunt. ===[[Regnum Navarrae|Navarra]]=== [[Fasciculus:Navarre Arms.svg|100px|right|Insigne regis Navarrae]] In finibus [[Vascones|Vasconum]], [[Eneco Arista]] creavit [[Regnum Navarrae]], quod cum [[Sanctius III Garciae filius (rex Pampilonensium)|Sanctio III Magno]] (rexit [[1000]]-[[1035]]) maximum regnum Hispaniae fuit; Sanctius cepit multas urbes Maurorum itaque comitatum Castellae et comitatum Aragoniae. Sanctio defuncto, regnum divisit inter filios. Navarra tunc regnum minor Iberiae fuit, saepe inter [[Castella]] et [[Aragonia]] disputatum. Regnum vidit permulta bella civilia ad annum [[1512]] cum Castella regnum cepit. ===[[regnum Aragoniae|Aragonia]] et [[Comitatus Catalaunici|Catalaunia]]=== [[Fasciculus:Cort general del Principat de Catalunya.jpg|thumb|Generalem Curiam Catalauniae Principati]] Aragonia surrexit ut comitatus [[Franci|Francorum]] apud [[Pyrenaei|Pyrenaeos]], sed reges Navarrae comitatum in regnum suum saepe ducerunt. Tunc [[saeculum 11|saeculo undecimo]] Aragonia regnum a [[Ranimirus I (rex Aragoniae)|Ranimiro I]] creatum est. Aragonia continenter pugnabat contra Mauros [[Caesaraugusta]]e ad annum [[1118]], cum [[Alphonsus I (rex Aragoniae)|Alphonsus rex]] urbem caperet. [[Regnum Aragoniae]] tunc cum Castella foedus signavit ut [[Iberia|paeninsulam]] inter se dividere. Catalaunia divisa est in multos parvos vilesque comitatus, qui sub manu militare comitum [[Barcino]]nis in singulo comitatu iuncti sunt. Aragonia et Catalaunia iunctae sunt in [[Corona Aragoniae]], quae orientale Iberiae [[litus]] cepit. ===[[Portugallia]]=== [[Portugallia]] vel Lusitania fuit comitatus [[regnum Castellae|regni Castellae]], qui [[libertas|libertatem]] [[saeculum 12|saeculo duodecimo]] accepit. Lusitania quoque contra Mauros pugnavit et recuperationem anno [[1248]] confecit. {{NexInt}} *[[Concilium Mixtae]] *[[Merindas]] *[[Militia Sancti Iacobi]] *[[Mosarabes]] *[[Paeninsula Iberica]] *[[Rodericus Didaci]] *[[Rodericus Ximenius]] ==Bibliographia== * [[Museum Artium Metropolitanum|Metropolitan Museum of Art]]. [[1993]]. ''The Art of medieval Spain, A.D. 500–1200.'' Novi Eboraci: Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 0870996851. * Linehan, Peter. [[1993]]. ''History and the Historians of Medieval Spain.'' Oxoniae: Clarendon Press. ISBN 9780198219453. * O'Callaghan, Joseph F. [[1975]]. ''A History of Medieval Spain.'' Ithacae Novi Eboraci: Cornell University Press. ISBN 9780801492648. ==Tabula== {{arca initii}} {{arca successionis unus| ante=[[Hispania Romana]] | titulus=[[Historia Hispanica]] | anni=507–1492 | postquam=[[Monarchia Hispanica]] }} {{ arca finis}} {{regna Iberica}} [[Categoria:Medium Aevum Hispanicum|!]] l7tvcvkrfpi127khk1tavaac18dh929 3996246 3996240 2026-10-22T23:33:22Z Grufo 64423 “Generalem Curiam Catalauniae Principati” nihil significat 3996246 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L}} [[Fasciculus:Reconquista4.jpg|thumb|[[Miles|Milites]] Hispanici proelium contra [[Mauri|Mauros]] pugnant.]] {{res|Medium Aevum Hispanicum}} est [[spatium]] in [[historia Hispanica|historiam Hispanicam]], quod ab [[historicus|historicis]] divisum est in partes tris: [[Hispania Visigothica|aevum Visigothorum]], [[Andalusia|aevum Maurorum]], et regna Christiana. Si aevum Visigothorum inter partes [[antiquitas|aevi classici]] numerare possumus, aestimandum sit Medium Aevum Hispaniae coepisse anno [[507]] in [[proelium apud campum Vogladense|proelio Vogladense]] et desiisse anno [[1492]], cum [[Granata]] a [[reges Catholici Hispaniae|Regibus Catholicis]] capta esset. Tunc coepit aevum novum sub [[Monarchia Hispanica|Imperio Habsburgorum]]. ==Priscum Aevum Medium vel [[Antiquitas Posterior]]== {{vide-etiam|Hispania Visigothica|Provincia Spaniae}} [[Fasciculus:Hispania 700 AD.PNG|thumb|Regnum Gothorum anno [[700]].]] Hispania Visigothica [[proelium|proeliis]] coepit et desivit: anno [[507]] [[Franci]] [[Visigothi|Visigothos]] ex [[Gallia]] expulsaverunt post [[proelium apud campum Vogladense]], annoque [[711]] Hispania [[proelium apud Transductos Promontorios|proelio apud Transductos Promontorios]] [[Mauri]]s amissa est. Hoc in aevo, Visigothi Hispaniam pro Romanis et Gothis regebant: [[lex|leges]] duplas habebant usque ad [[Reccesvinthus|Reccesvinthum]] [[Liber Iudiciorum|Legem Visigothorum]] compulsit. Hispania Visigothica non omnia [[Iberia]] erat simul Hispania Romana: [[Vascones]], rebelles, [[Imperium Romanum Orientale|Byzantini]] et [[Suevi]] Iberiam incoluerunt. Reges strenui ut [[Liuvigildus]], [[Reccaredus]], et [[Suinthila]] imperium Gothorum in his terris imposuerunt: anno [[621]] ultimos praesidios Byzantinorum capti sunt. Nihilominus, usurpatores saepe contra imperium regum bellum gesserunt. [[Rex Visigothorum|Reges Visigothorum]] regnum ducebant per [[administratio regni Visigothorum|magistratus]], qui regi consilium dabant vel provincias gubernabant. [[Monarchia]] Gothorum electiva erat, et [[Aula Regia]] reges elegebat. [[Maiores Visigothici]] potestates ceperunt cum magistratus regesque sub legibus posuerunt. [[Ecclesia Visigothica]] in Hispania fuit ambigua ([[Arianismus|Ariana]] et [[Ecclesia Catholica|Trinitaria]]) usque ad [[Concilium Toletanum III|conversionem Reccaredi]] anno [[589]]. [[Liturgia Hispanica]] praecipua regni Visigothorum erat, et ob [[Concilia Toletana]] et episcopos ut [[Isidorus|Isidoro Hispalense]] circa schisma cum Roma et papa fuit. Ultimi reges multos rebelles pugnaverunt, sed finem regni pervenit cum [[Mauri]]s: usurpatores auxilium Mauris peterunt contra [[Rodericus (rex Visigothorum)|Rodericum regem]]. Anno [[711]] Rodericus in [[proelium apud Transductos Promontorios|singulo proelio]] [[regnum]] [[vita]]mque amisit. ==Hispania Islamica== {{vide-etiam|Andalusia}} [[Fasciculus:Al-Andalus-de-910.jpg|thumb|Caliphatus Ummaiadus Cordubae]] [[Tariqus]] cum suis in Hispaniam ingressus est anno [[711]] et anno [[720]] Hispaniam sub imperium Maurorum posuit. Mauri religionem Machometanam duxerunt. Mauri regnum Visigothorum ceperunt cum obsidionibus et foederis ([[regnum Theodomiri|foedus]] [[Theodomirus|Theodomiri]]). Tunc, Muza cum copiis ingressi est Hispaniam et emiratum dependentem creavit, sub imperio [[calipha]]e [[Damascus|Damasci]]. Hic [[emiratus]] impetus fecit contra regna Francorum, sed victi sunt anno [[732]] apud [[Pictavium]]. Simul, anno [[722]] [[Pelagius (dux Asturum)]] in [[mons Cantabricus|Montibus Cantabricis]] rebellavit contra emires et deinde condidit [[regnum Asturiarum]]. Ob has causas, Mauri fines emirati apud [[Durius|Durium]] et [[Pyrenaei|Pyrenaeos]] posuerunt. Tunc, anno [[756]], [[Abderama I]] in fuga ex Damasco pervenit in Hispaniam, ubi emiratus exentus creavit. Anno [[929]], sucessor [[Abderama III]] se [[calipha]] clamavit et [[Caliphatus Cordubae|Caliphatum Cordubae]] creavit. Nihilominus, [[Almansor]] caliphatum accepit pro filio anno [[1009]], et vero [[imperium]] anno [[1031]] post [[bellum civile]] dissolvit. Anno [[1031]], plurimi regni a regulis ducti creati sunt, Taifae appellati, qui caliphatu debiliores erant, et regna Christiana eas ceperunt inter annos [[1085]] et [[1250]]; ad annum [[1084]] reges Christiani solum tributos petebant. Annis [[1086]] et [[1170]], reguli Taifarum in concilio auxilium peterunt gentibus [[Africa Septentrionalis|Africae Septentrionalis]] ([[Almoravides]] et [[Almohades]] contra Christianos; quae gentes [[Mosarabes|ultimos Christianos]] expulsaverunt ex Andalusia. Anno [[1250]], ultimum regnum Taifa ([[regnum Granatae]]) manebat, sed usque ad annum [[1492]] Christiani eum non ceperunt. ==Regna Christiana== {{vide-etiam|Recuperatio Hispanica}} Hispania amissa, regnum Gothorum desinavit. Nonnulli [[maiores Visigothici|optimates]] ad septentrionem fugerunt e Mauris, et in [[mons|montibus]] nova creaverunt regna. ===[[Regnum Asturiarum|Asturiae]], [[Regnum Legionis|Legio]], [[Regnum Castellae|Castella]]=== Primo, [[Regnum Asturiarum]] surrexit in [[mons Cantabricus|montibus Cantabricis]], in [[Asturiae|Asturiis]] anno [[722]]. Duces Asturum in vallibus Mauros vicerunt in [[Proelium apud montem Ausevae|proelio apud Ausevam]]. Pro regno ceperunt territoria qua Mauri nolebant, ut [[Vasconia]], [[Gallaecia (provincia Romana)|Gallaecia]] et [[Cantabria]] et tunc ad vallem [[Durius|Durii]] profecti sunt. Ibi Regnum Asturiarum fuit [[Regnum Legionis]] [[saeculum 9|saeculo nono]] ob magnam urbem [[Legio (urbs)|Legionem]]. Reges Legionis in finibus orientalibus comitatum creaverunt, quod multos castros et castella habebat et deinde [[Castella]] vocatur. Vallis [[Durius|Durii]] a Mauris vastatus est tum reges et comites terras incolaverunt cum colonis Asturiarum et Cantabriae: leges ([[forum (lex)|fora]] appellata) dederunt incolis. [[saeculum 11|Saeculo undecimo]] [[regnum Castellae|Castella surgit ut regno]] et anno [[1085]] [[Toletum]] cepit. Toletum fuisset caput [[Hispania Visigothica|regni Visigothorum]] ita Castella heredes regni Gothorum iam fuit. Castella et Legio [[saeculum 12|saeculo duodecimo]] terras inter [[Tagus|Tagum]] et [[Anas (flumen)|Anatem]] ceperunt ad annum [[1230]], cum [[Ferdinandus III (rex Castellae)|Ferdinando III]] regna in singula corona creavit: [[Corona Castellae]]. Tunc urbes in [[Vandalitia]] cepit ([[Hispalis]], [[Corduba]], [[Aurgi]]) sed [[Regnum Granatae]] non accepit. Recuperatio Castellae finuit anno [[1492]] cum [[Reges Catholici Hispaniae|Reges Catholici]] [[Granata]]m ceperunt. ===[[Regnum Navarrae|Navarra]]=== [[Fasciculus:Navarre Arms.svg|100px|right|Insigne regis Navarrae]] In finibus [[Vascones|Vasconum]], [[Eneco Arista]] creavit [[Regnum Navarrae]], quod cum [[Sanctius III Garciae filius (rex Pampilonensium)|Sanctio III Magno]] (rexit [[1000]]-[[1035]]) maximum regnum Hispaniae fuit; Sanctius cepit multas urbes Maurorum itaque comitatum Castellae et comitatum Aragoniae. Sanctio defuncto, regnum divisit inter filios. Navarra tunc regnum minor Iberiae fuit, saepe inter [[Castella]] et [[Aragonia]] disputatum. Regnum vidit permulta bella civilia ad annum [[1512]] cum Castella regnum cepit. ===[[regnum Aragoniae|Aragonia]] et [[Comitatus Catalaunici|Catalaunia]]=== [[Fasciculus:Cort general del Principat de Catalunya.jpg|thumb|Concilium Catalauniae]] Aragonia surrexit ut comitatus [[Franci|Francorum]] apud [[Pyrenaei|Pyrenaeos]], sed reges Navarrae comitatum in regnum suum saepe ducerunt. Tunc [[saeculum 11|saeculo undecimo]] Aragonia regnum a [[Ranimirus I (rex Aragoniae)|Ranimiro I]] creatum est. Aragonia continenter pugnabat contra Mauros [[Caesaraugusta]]e ad annum [[1118]], cum [[Alphonsus I (rex Aragoniae)|Alphonsus rex]] urbem caperet. [[Regnum Aragoniae]] tunc cum Castella foedus signavit ut [[Iberia|paeninsulam]] inter se dividere. Catalaunia divisa est in multos parvos vilesque comitatus, qui sub manu militare comitum [[Barcino]]nis in singulo comitatu iuncti sunt. Aragonia et Catalaunia iunctae sunt in [[Corona Aragoniae]], quae orientale Iberiae [[litus]] cepit. ===[[Portugallia]]=== [[Portugallia]] vel Lusitania fuit comitatus [[regnum Castellae|regni Castellae]], qui [[libertas|libertatem]] [[saeculum 12|saeculo duodecimo]] accepit. Lusitania quoque contra Mauros pugnavit et recuperationem anno [[1248]] confecit. {{NexInt}} *[[Concilium Mixtae]] *[[Merindas]] *[[Militia Sancti Iacobi]] *[[Mosarabes]] *[[Paeninsula Iberica]] *[[Rodericus Didaci]] *[[Rodericus Ximenius]] ==Bibliographia== * [[Museum Artium Metropolitanum|Metropolitan Museum of Art]]. [[1993]]. ''The Art of medieval Spain, A.D. 500–1200.'' Novi Eboraci: Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 0870996851. * Linehan, Peter. [[1993]]. ''History and the Historians of Medieval Spain.'' Oxoniae: Clarendon Press. ISBN 9780198219453. * O'Callaghan, Joseph F. [[1975]]. ''A History of Medieval Spain.'' Ithacae Novi Eboraci: Cornell University Press. ISBN 9780801492648. ==Tabula== {{arca initii}} {{arca successionis unus| ante=[[Hispania Romana]] | titulus=[[Historia Hispanica]] | anni=507–1492 | postquam=[[Monarchia Hispanica]] }} {{ arca finis}} {{regna Iberica}} [[Categoria:Medium Aevum Hispanicum|!]] j85lugr6avbrv58i743sp7oupucfi78 0 38858 3996298 2610922 2026-10-23T09:29:31Z Grufo 64423 /* Systema taxinomicum */ +{{[[Formula:Index arborescens|Index arborescens]]}} 3996298 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Amniota''' (nomen ab [[Ernestus Haeckel|Ernesto Haeckel]] anno [[1866]] factum) est infraclassis [[Tetrapoda|tetrapodorum]]. ==Systema taxinomicum== {{Index arborescens| * Imperium: [[Eukaryota]] ** Regnum: [[Animalia]] *** Gradus: [[Metazoa]] **** Subgradus: [[Eumetazoa]] ***** Subregnum: [[Bilateria]] ****** Infraregnum: [[Eucoelomata]] ******* Supraphylum: [[Deuterostomia]] ******** Infraphylum: [[Chordonia]] ********* Phylum: [[Chordata]] ********** Cladus: [[Craniata]] *********** Subphylum: [[Vertebrata]] ************ Infraphylum: [[Gnathostomata]] ************* Supraclassis: [[Tetrapoda]] ************** Infraclassis: '''Amniota''' ([[Ernestus Haeckel|Haeckel]], 1866) *************** Classis: [[Sauropsida]] (olim ''Reptilia'' et ''Aves'') *************** Classis: [[Synapsida]] (in qua sunt [[Mammaliaformes]]) }} Arbor “cladistica” quae dicitur hoc fere modo sit: {{clade| style=font-size:100%;line-height:80% |label1='''Amniota''' |1={{clade |1=[[Synapsida]] |label2=[[Sauropsida]] |2={{clade |1=[[Mesosauridae]] |label2=[[Reptilia]] |2={{clade |label1=[[Parareptilia]] |1={{clade |1=[[Millerettid]]ae |label2=<span style="color:white;">unnamed</span> |2={{clade |1=[[Pareiasaur]]ia |label2=<span style="color:white;">unnamed</span> |2={{clade |1=[[Procolophonoidea]] |2=[[Testudines]]* }} }} }} |label2=[[Eureptilia]] |2={{clade |1=[[Captorhinidae]] |label2=[[Romeriida]] |2={{clade |1=[[Protorothyrididae]] |2=[[Diapsida]] ([[lacerta]]e, [[serpens|serpentes]], [[crocodilia]], [[avis|aves]], eqs.) }} }} }} }} }} }} * Vtrum testudines in numero [[Parareptilia|parareptilium]] habeantur necne, incertum est. Studia molecularia recentia dant vestigia testudines potius in numero [[Diapsida|diapsidum]] esse. ==Nexus externi== * [http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/TaxonTree.aspx?id=646605 Tetrapoda apud Systema Natura] * [http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/classification/Tetrapoda.html#Tetrapoda Tetrapoda apud Animaldiversityweb] * [http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Bones/Gill_Arches/Meckelian.html The Gill Arches: Meckel's Cartilage] {{Vicispecies|Tetrapoda}} {{CommuniaCat|Tetrapoda}} {{zoologia-stipula}} [[Categoria:Taxa Haeckel]] [[Categoria:Taxa 1866]] [[Categoria:Vertebrata]] gam8pvt35ckogvnyerce0ry75xjwlz6 0 38859 3996300 2969654 2026-10-23T09:39:38Z Grufo 64423 /* Systema taxinomicum Animalis */ +{{[[Formula:Index arborescens|Index arborescens]]}} 3996300 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L}} '''Mammaliaformes''' (nomen a [[Rowe]] anno [[1988]] inventum) sive '''Mammalia sensu lato''' sunt [[cladus]] ad classificandum omnia [[tetrapoda]] fossilia cum catena ossea in [[auris media|aure media]] prius habita pro [[mammalia|mammalibus]]. == Systema taxinomicum Animalis == {{Index arborescens| * Imperium: [[Eukaryota]] ** Regnum: [[Animalia]] *** Gradus: [[Metazoa]] **** Subgradus: [[Eumetazoa]] ***** Subregnum: [[Bilateria]] ****** Infraregnum: [[Eucoelomata]] ******* Supraphylum: [[Deuterostomia]] ******** Infraphylum: [[Chordonia]] ********* Phylum: [[Chordata]] ********** Subphylum: [[Vertebrata]] *********** Infraphylum: [[Gnathostomata]] ************ Supraclassis: [[Tetrapoda]] ************* Infraclassis: [[Amniota]] ************** Classis: '''Mammaliaformes''' ([[Rowe]], 1988) ************** Subclassis: [[Mammalia]] }} Secundum Παλαιόν<ref>http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/mammaliformes/index.html Paleos - Mammaliaformes (pagina citata 25 Octobris 2015)</ref> mammaliaformia sunt extra cladum [[mammalia|mammalium]]: {{Index arborescens| * '''Mammaliaformes''' ** [[Allotheria]] *** [[Haramiyida]] *** [[Multituberculata]] **** [[Paulchoffatiidae]] ***** [[Gondwanatheria]] ***** [[Cimolodonta]] ****** [[Morganucodontidae]] ***** [[Docodonta]] ***** [[Megazostrodontidae]] ***** [[Docodontidae]] ***** ''[[Hadrocodium]]'' ***** [[Symmetrodonta]] ****** [[Kuehneotheriidae]] ***** [[Mammalia|MAMMALIA]] }} Alii autores<ref>[http://www.helsinki.fi/~mhaaramo/metazoa/deuterostoma/chordata/synapsida/basal_mammalia/mammaliaformes_2.html Home Mikko's Phylogeny Archive]</ref> offerunt systema divergens, quod [[allotheria]] in mammalia includit: {{Index arborescens| * '''Mammaliaformes''' ** ''[[Adelobasileus]]'' *** [[Sinoconodontidae]] **** ^†''[[Tricuspes]]'' **** [[Repenomamidae]] ***** [[Morganucodonta]] ****** ^†''[[Hallautherium]]'' ****** ^†[[Morganucodontidae]] ****** ^†[[Megazostrodontidae]] ******* ^†[[Docodonta]] ******** ^†''[[Hadrocodium]]'' ********* ^†[[Kuehneotheriidae]] ********* '''[[Mammalia]] sensu stricto''' ********** [[Yinotheria]] *********** ^†[[Shuotheriidae]] *********** [[Australophenida]] (incl. [[Monotremata]] y [[Ausktribosphenida]]) *********** ^†''[[Fruitafossor]]'' *********** ^†[[Volaticotheria]] *********** [[Theriimorpha]] ************ ^†[[Eutriconodonta]] ************ [[Theriiformes]] ************* ^†[[Allotheria]] ************* [[Haramiyida]] ************* [[Multituberculata]] ************* [[Gondwanatheria]] ************ [[Holotheria]] ([[Theria]] sensu lato) }} ==Notae== * McKenna, M. C. & Bell, S. K. [[1997]]. ''Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level.'' Novi Eboraci: Columbia University Press. ==Nexus externi== * [http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/TaxonTree.aspx?id=59574 Mammaliaformes at Systema Natura] {{zoologia-stipula}} [[Categoria:Vertebrata]] [[Categoria:Taxa Rowe]] [[Categoria:Taxa 1988]] [[de:Säugetiere#Säugetiere im weiteren Sinn]] kxgrb3as4a3cm9p95zvivf8viqnyqqo 3996339 3996300 2026-10-23T11:25:13Z Grufo 64423 Grufo movit paginam [[Mammaliaformes]] ad [[Mammaliformes]]: Latinitas—plures vocales in verbis compositis fiunt singula littera “i” 3996300 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L}} '''Mammaliaformes''' (nomen a [[Rowe]] anno [[1988]] inventum) sive '''Mammalia sensu lato''' sunt [[cladus]] ad classificandum omnia [[tetrapoda]] fossilia cum catena ossea in [[auris media|aure media]] prius habita pro [[mammalia|mammalibus]]. == Systema taxinomicum Animalis == {{Index arborescens| * Imperium: [[Eukaryota]] ** Regnum: [[Animalia]] *** Gradus: [[Metazoa]] **** Subgradus: [[Eumetazoa]] ***** Subregnum: [[Bilateria]] ****** Infraregnum: [[Eucoelomata]] ******* Supraphylum: [[Deuterostomia]] ******** Infraphylum: [[Chordonia]] ********* Phylum: [[Chordata]] ********** Subphylum: [[Vertebrata]] *********** Infraphylum: [[Gnathostomata]] ************ Supraclassis: [[Tetrapoda]] ************* Infraclassis: [[Amniota]] ************** Classis: '''Mammaliaformes''' ([[Rowe]], 1988) ************** Subclassis: [[Mammalia]] }} Secundum Παλαιόν<ref>http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/mammaliformes/index.html Paleos - Mammaliaformes (pagina citata 25 Octobris 2015)</ref> mammaliaformia sunt extra cladum [[mammalia|mammalium]]: {{Index arborescens| * '''Mammaliaformes''' ** [[Allotheria]] *** [[Haramiyida]] *** [[Multituberculata]] **** [[Paulchoffatiidae]] ***** [[Gondwanatheria]] ***** [[Cimolodonta]] ****** [[Morganucodontidae]] ***** [[Docodonta]] ***** [[Megazostrodontidae]] ***** [[Docodontidae]] ***** ''[[Hadrocodium]]'' ***** [[Symmetrodonta]] ****** [[Kuehneotheriidae]] ***** [[Mammalia|MAMMALIA]] }} Alii autores<ref>[http://www.helsinki.fi/~mhaaramo/metazoa/deuterostoma/chordata/synapsida/basal_mammalia/mammaliaformes_2.html Home Mikko's Phylogeny Archive]</ref> offerunt systema divergens, quod [[allotheria]] in mammalia includit: {{Index arborescens| * '''Mammaliaformes''' ** ''[[Adelobasileus]]'' *** [[Sinoconodontidae]] **** ^†''[[Tricuspes]]'' **** [[Repenomamidae]] ***** [[Morganucodonta]] ****** ^†''[[Hallautherium]]'' ****** ^†[[Morganucodontidae]] ****** ^†[[Megazostrodontidae]] ******* ^†[[Docodonta]] ******** ^†''[[Hadrocodium]]'' ********* ^†[[Kuehneotheriidae]] ********* '''[[Mammalia]] sensu stricto''' ********** [[Yinotheria]] *********** ^†[[Shuotheriidae]] *********** [[Australophenida]] (incl. [[Monotremata]] y [[Ausktribosphenida]]) *********** ^†''[[Fruitafossor]]'' *********** ^†[[Volaticotheria]] *********** [[Theriimorpha]] ************ ^†[[Eutriconodonta]] ************ [[Theriiformes]] ************* ^†[[Allotheria]] ************* [[Haramiyida]] ************* [[Multituberculata]] ************* [[Gondwanatheria]] ************ [[Holotheria]] ([[Theria]] sensu lato) }} ==Notae== * McKenna, M. C. & Bell, S. K. [[1997]]. ''Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level.'' Novi Eboraci: Columbia University Press. ==Nexus externi== * [http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/TaxonTree.aspx?id=59574 Mammaliaformes at Systema Natura] {{zoologia-stipula}} [[Categoria:Vertebrata]] [[Categoria:Taxa Rowe]] [[Categoria:Taxa 1988]] [[de:Säugetiere#Säugetiere im weiteren Sinn]] kxgrb3as4a3cm9p95zvivf8viqnyqqo 3996341 3996339 2026-10-23T11:29:25Z Grufo 64423 Paginam redintegravi 3996341 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L}} {{res|Mammaliformes}}<ref name="paleos-mammaliformes">[http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/mammaliformes/index.html Mammaliformes]. Paleos.</ref> seu peiore Latinitate {{res|mammaliaformes}} (nomen a [[Rowe]] anno [[1988]] inventum) seu {{res|mammalia sensu lato}} sunt [[cladus]] ad classificandum omnia [[tetrapoda]] fossilia cum catena ossea in [[auris media|aure media]] prius habita pro [[mammalia|mammalibus]]. == Systema taxinomicum Animalis == {{Index arborescens| * Imperium: [[Eukaryota]] ** Regnum: [[Animalia]] *** Gradus: [[Metazoa]] **** Subgradus: [[Eumetazoa]] ***** Subregnum: [[Bilateria]] ****** Infraregnum: [[Eucoelomata]] ******* Supraphylum: [[Deuterostomia]] ******** Infraphylum: [[Chordonia]] ********* Phylum: [[Chordata]] ********** Subphylum: [[Vertebrata]] *********** Infraphylum: [[Gnathostomata]] ************ Supraclassis: [[Tetrapoda]] ************* Infraclassis: [[Amniota]] ************** Classis: '''Mammaliformes''' ([[Rowe]], 1988) ************** Subclassis: [[Mammalia]] }} Secundum Παλαιόν<ref name="paleos-mammaliformes" /> mammaliformia sunt extra cladum [[mammalia|mammalium]]: {{Index arborescens| * '''Mammaliformes''' ** [[Allotheria]] *** [[Haramiyida]] *** [[Multituberculata]] **** [[Paulchoffatiidae]] ***** [[Gondwanatheria]] ***** [[Cimolodonta]] ****** [[Morganucodontidae]] ***** [[Docodonta]] ***** [[Megazostrodontidae]] ***** [[Docodontidae]] ***** ''[[Hadrocodium]]'' ***** [[Symmetrodonta]] ****** [[Kuehneotheriidae]] ***** [[Mammalia|MAMMALIA]] }} Alii autores<ref>[http://www.helsinki.fi/~mhaaramo/metazoa/deuterostoma/chordata/synapsida/basal_mammalia/mammaliaformes_2.html Home Mikko's Phylogeny Archive]</ref> offerunt systema divergens, quod [[allotheria]] in mammalia includit: {{Index arborescens| * '''Mammaliformes''' ** ''[[Adelobasileus]]'' *** [[Sinoconodontidae]] **** ^†''[[Tricuspes]]'' **** [[Repenomamidae]] ***** [[Morganucodonta]] ****** ^†''[[Hallautherium]]'' ****** ^†[[Morganucodontidae]] ****** ^†[[Megazostrodontidae]] ******* ^†[[Docodonta]] ******** ^†''[[Hadrocodium]]'' ********* ^†[[Kuehneotheriidae]] ********* '''[[Mammalia]] sensu stricto''' ********** [[Yinotheria]] *********** ^†[[Shuotheriidae]] *********** [[Australophenida]] (incl. [[Monotremata]] y [[Ausktribosphenida]]) *********** ^†''[[Fruitafossor]]'' *********** ^†[[Volaticotheria]] *********** [[Theriimorpha]] ************ ^†[[Eutriconodonta]] ************ [[Theriiformes]] ************* ^†[[Allotheria]] ************* [[Haramiyida]] ************* [[Multituberculata]] ************* [[Gondwanatheria]] ************ [[Holotheria]] ([[Theria]] sensu lato) }} == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * McKenna, M. C. & Bell, S. K. [[1997]]. ''Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level.'' Novi Eboraci: Columbia University Press. == Nexus externi == * [http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/TaxonTree.aspx?id=59574 Mammaliformes at Systema Natura] {{zoologia-stipula}} [[Categoria:Vertebrata]] [[Categoria:Taxa Rowe]] [[Categoria:Taxa 1988]] 6ufy0spuf6vvcil421ptizdn5ph5wr5 10 40831 3996291 3994972 2026-10-23T09:15:56Z Grufo 64423 3996291 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{Metacapsa tabellaria | pigmentulum = {{{color familiae|}}} | caput 1 = {{{nomen latine|{{PAGENAME}}}}}<br /><small>{{{nomen|}}}</small> | si 2 = {{{pronuntiatus|{{{pronunciation|}}}}}} | caput 2 = [[Alphabetum Phoneticum Internationale|IPA]] | res 2 = '''['''&nbsp;{{{pronuntiatus|{{{pronunciation|}}}}}}&nbsp;''']''' | caput 3 = [[Taxinomia linguistica|Taxinomia]] | res 3 = {{{familia|—}}} | caput 4 = Locutores | res 4 = {{#if:{{{fabulantes|}}} |{{{fabulantes|—}}} <div style="font-size: smaller;">{{{fabulantes2|}}}</div> |{{{speakers|—}}} <div style="font-size: smaller;">{{{speakers2|}}}</div> }} | caput 5 = Sigla | res 5 = [[ISO 639-1|1]] {{{iso1|—}}}, [[ISO 639-2|2]] {{{iso2|—}}}, [[ISO 639-3|3]] {{{iso3|—}}} | caput 6 = Status publicus | caput 7 = [[Linguarum officialium catalogus|Officialis]] | res 7 = {{{nationes|—}}} | caput 8 = Privata | res 8 = {{{civitas|—}}} | caput 9 = Litterae | res 9 = {{{litteratura|—}}} | caput 10 = Scriptura | res 10 = {{{scriptura|—}}} | caput 11 = Procuratio | res 11 = {{{procuratio|—}}} | si 12 = {{{tabula|}}}{{{tabula2|}}} | res 12 = {{#if:{{{tabula|}}} | {{{tabula}}}{{#if:{{{syllabus|}}}|<br /><small>{{{syllabus}}}</small>}} }}{{#if: {{{tabula2|}}} | {{{tabula2}}}{{#if:{{{syllabus2|}}}|<br /><small>{{{syllabus2}}}</small>}} }} }}</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentatio}}</noinclude> 91un9ywzrv223quxx3677d1ixgvxeiz 0 44626 3996208 3919032 2026-10-22T14:44:28Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 3996208 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Vaenius - Alexander Farnese.png|thumb|Alexander Farnese]] '''Alexander Farnesius''' ([[Hispanice]] ''Alejandro Farnesio''; [[Italice]] ''Alessandro Farnese''; natus [[Roma]]e die [[27 Augusti]] [[1545]]; mortuus [[Nemetacum|Nemetaci]] die [[3 Decembris]] [[1592]]), filius [[Octavius Farnese|Octavii Farnese]] et [[Margarita de Parma|Margaritae de Parma]], fuit notus vir militaros, gubernator [[Batavia]]e ([[1578]]–1592), tertius [[Ducatus Parmae et Placentiae|Dux]] Parmae et Placentiae et [[Ducatus Castri|Castri]] ab anno [[1586]] usque ad [[mors|mortem]]. Contra [[Franciscus Drakus|Drakum]] ducem [[Elizabetha I (regina Angliae)|Elizabethae]] pugnavit. {{NexInt}} *[[Domus Farnesia]] ==Nexus externi== {{fontes biographici}} {{bio-stipula}} {{Lifetime|1545|1592|Farnese, Alexander}} [[Categoria:Duces Castri]] [[Categoria:Dux Parmae et Placentiae]] [[Categoria:Milites Italiae]] ht2lyyws4fvquvf57p42scepdlhk2yh 0 47869 3996195 3820463 2026-10-22T14:09:38Z Ziv 172423 → File has been renamed on Commons ([[:c:GR]]) 3996195 wikitext text/x-wiki {{disnomen}} {{disambig2|nomine|religionem|Christianus}}{{Nomen|genus=Masculinum|origo=Latina|significatio="christianus"|imago=Schönbein.jpg|capitulum=[[Christianus Fridericus Schönbein]]}} '''Christianus''' est [[praenomen]] masculinum, cuius forma muliebris '''[[Christiana]]''' est. == Homines == {{div col|2}} *{{Creanda|de|Christian Wilhelm Allers|Christianus Gulielmus Allers}} *[[Christianus Benítez]] *[[Christianus Leopoldus de Buch]] *[[Christianus Coloniensis]] *[[Christianus Courtois]] *[[Christianus De Sica]] *[[Christianus Dior]] *[[Christianus Doppler]] *[[Christianus Ghinea]] *[[Christianus Gryphius]] *[[Christianus Fredericus Hansen]] *[[Christianus Hugenius]] *[[Christianus Ionescu]] *[[Christianus Lüscher]] *[[Christianus Mentzelius]] * {{Creanda|it|Christian Meyer|Christianus Meyer}} *[[Christianus Petrescu]] *[[Christianus Ronaldus]] *{{Creanda|de|Christian Friedrich Schönbein|Christianus Fridericus Schönbein}} *[[Christianus Wolffius]] *[[Christianus Wulff]] {{div col end}} <gallery> Fasciculus:Allers 1894 Selbstportrait.jpg|[[Christianus Gulielmus Allers]] Fasciculus:Cdoppler.jpg|[[Christianus Doppler]] Fasciculus:C.F. Hansen dansk arkitekt.jpg|[[Christianus Fredericus Hansen]] Fasciculus:Caspar Netscher - Christiaan Huygens, the astronomer, 1671.jpg|[[Christianus Hugenius]] </gallery> [[Categoria:Praenomina]] [[Categoria:Praenomina masculina]] 4kl2kjz1s0ez5918diy90arj56qbo9n 3996199 3996195 2026-10-22T14:29:51Z Grufo 64423 {{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}}; minuta 3996199 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Pagina discretiva nominis}} {{De hoc|nomine|religionem|Christianus}} {{Nomen | genus = Masculinum | origo = Latina | significatio = “christianus” | imago = Schönbein.jpg | capitulum = [[Christianus Fridericus Schönbein]] }} {{res|Christianus}} est [[praenomen]] masculinum, cuius forma muliebris {{res|[[Christiana]]}} est. == Homines == {{div col|2}} *{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Christianus Gulielmus Allers|<>|de|qid=Q704689}} *[[Christianus Benítez]] *[[Christianus Leopoldus de Buch]] *[[Christianus Coloniensis]] *[[Christianus Courtois]] *[[Christianus De Sica]] *[[Christianus Dior]] *[[Christianus Doppler]] *[[Christianus Ghinea]] *[[Christianus Gryphius]] *[[Christianus Fredericus Hansen]] *[[Christianus Hugenius]] *[[Christianus Ionescu]] *[[Christianus Lüscher]] *[[Christianus Mentzelius]] * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Christianus Meyer|<>|it|qid=Q690172}} *[[Christianus Petrescu]] *[[Christianus Ronaldus]] *{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Christianus Fridericus Schönbein|<>|de|qid=Q61319}} *[[Christianus Wolffius]] *[[Christianus Wulff]] {{div col end}} == Pinacotheca == <gallery> Fasciculus:Allers 1894 Selbstportrait.jpg|[[Christianus Gulielmus Allers]] Fasciculus:Cdoppler.jpg|[[Christianus Doppler]] Fasciculus:C.F. Hansen dansk arkitekt.jpg|[[Christianus Fredericus Hansen]] Fasciculus:Caspar Netscher - Christiaan Huygens, the astronomer, 1671.jpg|[[Christianus Hugenius]] </gallery> [[Categoria:Praenomina]] [[Categoria:Praenomina masculina]] ci5fuh6dmqlo4b86gpts0a7uk3tr4v0 3996200 3996199 2026-10-22T14:30:25Z Grufo 64423 3996200 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Pagina discretiva nominis}} {{De hoc|nomine|religionem|Christianus}} {{Nomen | genus = Masculinum | origo = Latina | significatio = “christianus” | imago = Schönbein.jpg | capitulum = *{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Christianus Fridericus Schönbein|<>|de|qid=Q61319}} }} {{res|Christianus}} est [[praenomen]] masculinum, cuius forma muliebris {{res|[[Christiana]]}} est. == Homines == {{div col|2}} *{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Christianus Gulielmus Allers|<>|de|qid=Q704689}} *[[Christianus Benítez]] *[[Christianus Leopoldus de Buch]] *[[Christianus Coloniensis]] *[[Christianus Courtois]] *[[Christianus De Sica]] *[[Christianus Dior]] *[[Christianus Doppler]] *[[Christianus Ghinea]] *[[Christianus Gryphius]] *[[Christianus Fredericus Hansen]] *[[Christianus Hugenius]] *[[Christianus Ionescu]] *[[Christianus Lüscher]] *[[Christianus Mentzelius]] * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Christianus Meyer|<>|it|qid=Q690172}} *[[Christianus Petrescu]] *[[Christianus Ronaldus]] *{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Christianus Fridericus Schönbein|<>|de|qid=Q61319}} *[[Christianus Wolffius]] *[[Christianus Wulff]] {{div col end}} == Pinacotheca == <gallery> Fasciculus:Allers 1894 Selbstportrait.jpg|[[Christianus Gulielmus Allers]] Fasciculus:Cdoppler.jpg|[[Christianus Doppler]] Fasciculus:C.F. Hansen dansk arkitekt.jpg|[[Christianus Fredericus Hansen]] Fasciculus:Caspar Netscher - Christiaan Huygens, the astronomer, 1671.jpg|[[Christianus Hugenius]] </gallery> [[Categoria:Praenomina]] [[Categoria:Praenomina masculina]] 0uqzi3hb4ojo3frvvhd3ux106p0c5f7 0 51040 3996296 3975255 2026-10-23T09:26:07Z Pippobuono 54500 capsa, anni vitae 3996296 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} [[Fasciculus:Archbishop.maillard.JPG|thumb|Armandus Maillard anno [[2005]].]] ''' Armandus Maillard''' (natus die [[18 Iunii]] [[1943]] in [[Offroicourt]] in [[Francia]]) est archiepiscopus Francicus, qui fuit a die [[11 Septembris]] [[2007]] usque ad [[25 Iulii]] [[2018]] [[Archidioecesis Bituricensis|Bituricensis]] [[archiepiscopus]]. Antea, ab anno [[1996]], [[Vallis Guidonis|Laval]] (Dioecesis Valleguidonensis) [[episcopus]] fuerat. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Armand Maillard|Armandum Maillard}} {{Fontes biographici}} * {{CathHierBishop|maillard}} * [http://www.cef.fr/catho/personnalites/maillard.php Biographia] in pagina [[Conferentia Episcopalis Francica]] {{bio-stipula}} {{Episcopi Valleguidonenses}} {{Anni vitae|1943||Maillard, Armandus}} [[Categoria:Archiepiscopi Bituricenses]] [[Categoria:Archiepiscopi Ecclesiae Catholicae]] [[Categoria:Episcopi Valleguidonenses]] ki6stoqz25pyj6flwb6bw4rspk95f11 0 52665 3996272 3700698 2026-10-23T07:08:59Z JackyM59 202366 /* Pinacotheca */ Photographia addita 3996272 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Jean-Baptiste Greuze - Self-Portrait.jpg|thumb|200 px|Ioannes Baptista Greuze a se pictus]] ''' Ioannes Baptista Greuze''' (natus die [[21 Augusti]] [[1725]] in '' [[Tournus]] '' in praesenti praefectura [[Arar et Liger]]; [[Lutetia]]e mortuus die [[21 Martii]] [[1805]]) fuit pictor [[Francia|Francicus]]. == Pinacotheca == <gallery> Fasciculus:Jean-Baptiste Greuze 003.jpg|Iuvenis agricola Fasciculus:Jean-Baptiste Greuze 004.jpg|Puella Fasciculus:Mozart painted by Greuze 1763-64.jpg|[[Wolfgangus Amadeus Mozart]], 1763-64 Fasciculus:Billaud-Varenne.jpg|[[Iacobus Nicolaus Billaud-Varenne]] Fasciculus:Jeune fille à la colombe par Jean-Baptiste Greuze.jpg|Iuvencula cum columba, circa 1780, Musée de la Chartreuse de Douai . </gallery> == Lege etiam == * Emma Barker: ''Greuze and the painting of sentiment'', University Press, Cantabrigiae 2005, ISBN 0-521-55508-6 * [[Friedrich Sieburg]]: ''Greuze und Diderot'', Manesse-Verlag, Turici 1989, ISBN 3-7175-8148-1 * James Thompson: ''Jean Baptiste Greuze'', MOMA, Urbe Novo Eboraco 1990 == Nexus externus == {{CommuniaCat|Jean-Baptiste Greuze| Ioannem Baptistam Greuze }} {{bio-stipula}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Greuze, Ioannes Baptista }} [[Categoria:Incolae Franciae]] [[Categoria:Pictores Franciae]] [[Categoria:Francomurarii]] [[Categoria:Nati 1725]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1805]] [[Categoria:Les Neuf Sœurs]] h77z1vz5qow2p9q367wzag37fm9qs8k 0 62946 3996299 3708171 2026-10-23T09:39:11Z Pippobuono 54500 complementa et novissima 3996299 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Theodoricus Maria Scherrer''' (natus die [[22 Ianuarii]] [[1959]] [[Versaliae]] in [[Francia]]), a die [[21 Maii]] [[2008]] [[episcopus]] [[Vallis Guidonis|Laval]] (Dioecesis Valleguidonensis), episcopus [[Dioecesis Elnensis|Elnensis]] die [[11 Aprilis]] [[2023]] nominatus est. == Biographia == Breve tempore [[Medicina|medicinae]] studebat, sed die [[26 Iunii]] [[1988]] [[presbyter]] ordinatus est. [[Roma]]e, cappellanus in ecclesia ''Sancti Aloysii Francicorum'' fuit. Episcopus [[Vallis Guidonis|Vallis Guidonensis]] die [[6 Iulii]] [[2008]] ab [[Archiepiscopus|Archiepiscopo]] [[Petrus d'Ornellas|Petro d'Ornellas]] consacratus est. == Pinacotheca == <gallery> Fasciculus:BISHOP-scherrer.jpg|Episcopus Scherrer, die consacratione eius, in ecclesia Nostrae Dominae apud [[Pons Menii|Pontis Menii]]. </gallery> == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Thierry Scherrer|Theodoricum Mariam Scherrer}} {{Fontes biographici}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080916094846/http://diocese-laval.cef.fr/ Pagina officialis Dioeceseos Vallis Guidonensis tempore Theodorici Scherrer] * {{CathHierBishop|scherrer|Theodoricus Maria Scherrer}} {{bio-stipula}} {{Episcopi Valleguidonenses}} {{Anni vitae|1959||Scherrer, Theodoricus Maria}} [[Categoria:Incolae Franciae]] [[Categoria:Episcopi Ecclesiae Catholicae]] [[Categoria:Episcopi Valleguidonenses]] [[Categoria:Epsicopi Elnenses]] 39vw6as6uqy8jdrwj1y0w85gkld9b38 0 69779 3996336 3980116 2026-10-23T11:09:27Z Grufo 64423 /* Evolutio */ +{{[[Formula:Cladus|Cladus]]}} → {{[[Formula:Index ramiformis|Index ramiformis]]}} 3996336 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Chilopoda | fossil_range = {{Fossil range|418|0|r=[[Silurium]] > [[Recens]]}} | image = Lithobius forficatus.jpg | image_caption = ''[[Lithobius forficatus]]'' | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Arthropoda]] | subphylum = [[Myriapoda]] | authority = [[Petrus Andreas Latreille|Latreille]], [[1817]] | subdivision_ranks = [[Ordo (taxinomia)|Ordines]] et [[familia (taxinomia)|familiae]] | subdivision = ; [[Scutigeromorpha]] *[[Pselliodidae]] *[[Scutigeridae]] *[[Scutigerinidae]] ; [[Lithobiomorpha]] *[[Henicopidae]] *[[Lithobiidae]] ; [[Craterostigmomorpha]] *[[Craterostigmidae]] ; [[Scolopendromorpha]] *[[Cryptopidae]] *[[Scolopendridae]] *[[Scolopocryptopidae]] ; [[Geophilomorpha]] *[[Himantariidae]] *[[Mecistocephalidae]] *[[Neogeophilidae]] *[[Geophilidae]] *[[Oryidae]] *[[Linotaeniidae]] }} '''Chilopoda''' sunt [[arthropoda]] [[subphylum|subphyli]] [[Myriapoda|Myriopodum]], gregis cui etiam [[diplopoda]] et alia [[animalia]] multicrura sunt. Chilopoda sunt elongata animalia [[metamerismus (biologia)|metamerica]] quibus unum par [[crus|crurum]] per segmentum [[corpus|corporeum]] est. Chilopoda sunt [[venenum|venenosissima]], quae saepe venenum [[paralysis|paralyzans]] iniciunt. [[Fasciculus:Scolopendra fg02.JPG|thumb|upright=0.6|left|Forcipulae videntur in inferiori ''[[Scolopendra cingulata|Scolopendrae cingulatae]]'' parte.]] Contra nomen, Chilopoda crura a triginta ad 354 habent, quae semper [[paritas (mathematica)|numerus impar]] sunt.<ref>{{cite book |last=Lloyd |first=John |year=[[2006]] |title=The Book of General Ignorance |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uCgRY6llQpYC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |location=London |publisher=Bloomsbury House |page=119 |isbn=978-0571273782 |accessdate=10 Iunii 2014}}.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Arthur |first=W. |year=[[2002]] |title=The interaction between developmental bias and natural selection from centipede segmentation to a general hypothesis |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_heredity_2002-10_89_4/page/n6 |journal=Heredity |volume=89 |issue=4 |pages=239–46 |pmid=12242638 |doi=10.1038/sj.hdy.6800139}}.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Arthur |first1=Wallace |last2=Chapman |first2=Ariel D. |year=[[2005]] |title=The centipede ''Strigamia maritima'': what it can tell us about development and evolution of segmentation |journal=BioEssays |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=653–60 |pmid=15892117 |doi=10.1002/bies.20234}}.</ref> Ergo, contra nomen in variis [[lingua|linguis]], Chilopodis [[crus|crura]] subtiliter [[centum]] non sunt. Proprietas quae insigniter hunc gregem congregat est par [[forcipula]]rum [[venenum|venenosarum]], quae e prima [[appendix|appendice]] oriuntur. Chilopoda plerumque sunt [[carnivoria|carnivora]].<ref name="Biology">{{cite book |last=Lewis |first=J. G. E. |title=The Biology of Centipedes |year=[[2007]] |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-03411-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AEp22u6tJgsC}}.</ref> Sunt circiter octo milia specierum,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Adis |first1=Joachim |last2=Harvey |first2=Mark S. |year=[[2000]] |title=How many Arachnida and Myriapoda are there worldwide and in Amazonia? |journal=Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=139–41 |doi=10.1076/0165-0521(200008)35:2;1-9;FT139}}.</ref> quarum tria milia [[taxinomia|descriptae sunt]]. Chilopodibus est lata [[distributio geographica]], ubi etiam praeter [[Circulus Arcticus|Circulum Arcticum]] extenduntur.<ref name="Biology"/> In magnopere variis [[habitatio]]nibus terrestribus inveniuntur, [[silva pluvialis|silvis pluvialibus]] [[zona tropica|tropicis]] et [[desertum|desertis]] non exclusis, sed intra has habitationes, microhabitationis umidae egent, quia [[cera|cereo]] [[insecta|insectorum]] [[arachnida|arachnidorumque]] [[cuticulum arthropodorum|cuticulo]] carent, unde [[aqua]]m rapide amittunt. Proinde in [[humus|humo]] et [[detritus foliorum|detritu foliorum]], infra [[saxum|saxa]] et [[lignum]] tabescens, et intra stipites inveniuntur. Chilopoda inter maximos [[invertebrata|invertebratorum]] [[praedator]]es terrestres numerantur, quae saepe praedatoriam invertebratorum [[biomassa]]m in [[oecosystema]]tibus terrestribus insigniter amplificant. == Pinacotheca == <gallery> Fasciculus:Scutigera coleoptrata.JPG|''[[Scutigera coleoptrata]]'' (Scutigeromorpha: Scutigeridae) Fasciculus:Steinläufer (Lithobius forficatus) 1.jpg|''[[Lithobius forficatus]]'' (Lithobiomorpha: Lithobiidae) Fasciculus:Geophilus flavus.jpg|''[[Geophilus flavus]]'' (Geophilomorpha: Geophilidae) Fasciculus:Scolopendra cataracta from Zookeys.jpg|''[[Scolopendra cataracta]]'' (Scolopendromorpha: Scolopendridae) </gallery> == Evolutio == Phylogenia Chilopodorum sic patescit: {{Index ramiformis| * [[Scutigeromorpha]] * [[Pleurostigmophora]] ** [[Lithobiomorpha]] ** [[Phylactometria]] *** [[Craterostigmomorpha]] *** [[Epimorpha]] **** [[Scolopendromorpha]] **** [[Geophilomorpha]] }} == Species selectae == [[Fasciculus:Centipede, Trinidad.jpg|thumb|upright|Dr. Ted Hill ''[[Scolopendra gigantea|Scolopendram giganteam]]'' tenet. [[Insula Trinitatis]], [[1961]].]] [[Binomen]] * ''[[Alipes grandidieri]]'' * ''[[Ethmostigmus trigonopodus]]'' * ''[[Lithobius forficatus]]'' * ''[[Pachymerium ferrugineum]]'' * ''[[Scolopendra galapagoensis]]'' * ''[[Scolopendra cataracta]]'' * ''[[Scutigera coleoptrata]]'' * ''[[Scolopendra gigantea]]'' * ''[[Scolopendra heros]]'' * ''[[Scolopendra morsitans]]'' * ''[[Scolopendra polymorpha]]'' * ''[[Scolopendra subspinipes]]'' == Notae == <references/> == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Chilopoda}} {{fontes biologici}} *''Encyclopaedia Britannica'' 1911. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110423203659/http://chilobase.bio.unipd.it/ Chilobase.] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20090416065704/http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Chilopoda&contgroup=Arthropoda Chilopoda]. [[Propositum Arboris Vitae]]. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20140105113506/http://nadiplochilo.com/centi.html Chilopoda Americae Septentrionalis.] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20190817202751/http://www.ento.csiro.au/biology/centipedes/centipedeKey.html Chilopoda Australiae.] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030922/http://www.polydesmida.info/tasmanianmultipedes/centi-key.html Chilopoda Tasmaniae.] *[http://atshq.org/articles/centipedes.html De nonnullis mythis chilopodorum.] American Tarantula Society. *[http://www.cut-the-knot.org/language/centipede.shtml "What do you call a centipede?"] {{Myrias|Biologia}} [[Categoria:Chilopoda| ]] [[Categoria:Silurium]] [[Categoria:Taxa Latreille]] [[Categoria:Taxa 1817]] du9l4whz26vel3lijuzxu7jtv4mdmw1 0 71072 3996229 3984907 2026-10-22T21:10:47Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Plura legere si cupis */ 3996229 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Beatus Rhenanus ''' (verum nomen Beat Bild) - natus [[Selestadium|Selestadii]] 22 Augusti [[1485]], mortuus [[Argentoratum|Argentorati]] 20 Iulii [[1547]]- fuit [[humanista]], [[philologus]], historicus et [[liber|librorum]] collector [[Germania|Germanicus]]. Duobus studiis vitam dicavit, veteribus scriptoribus Latinis edendis ex una parte, rebus gestis Germanicis divulgandis ex altera ː patriam enim extollere cupiebat. Unus e circulo humanistarum [[Basilea|Basilensium]] fuit, amicus [[Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus|Desiderii Erasmi]] cuius vitam composuit<ref>Quam novem voluminibus ''Operum omnium'' praeposuit.</ref> et [[Typographia|typographorum]] huius urbis, in primis [[Iohannes Frobenius|Frobeniorum]] quorum [[Prelum typographicum|praelo]] pleraque opera sua mandavit. Bibliothecam suam (circiter 670 volumina) patriae legavit quae hodieque paene integra Selestadii servata [[Bibliotheca humanistica Selestadiensis]] nuncupatur et viatores ad eam visendam adlicit quia rarissimum est bibliothecam humanistae in statu quo sedecimo saeculo fuerat inspicere posse. == De iuventute == [[Fasciculus:Bibliothèque humaniste de Sélestat 21 janvier 2014-124.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Quaderni quibus utebatur Beatus Rhenanus in Schola Latina Selestadiensi, eius manu inscripti.]] Filius erat divitis [[Macellarius|macellarii]], Antonii Bild, qui et ipse [[Rhinau|Rhinavo]] oriundus erat, unde humanista cognomen "Rhenanus" duxit<ref>[http://cdn2_3.reseaudesvilles.fr/cities/179/documents/9u82npsdpcg7xai.pdf]</ref>, quod ad flumen quoque referri potest. Matrem nascens amisit. Optimam scholam Latinam Selestadii adiit, quae [[paedagogia]]m [[Canonici Regulares Sancti Augustini Fratrum a Vita Communi|Fratrum a vita communi]] sequebatur. Inde [[Lutetia|Lutetiam]] ad [[Universitas Parisiensis|Universitatem]] studiorum absolvendorum causa anno 1503 transiit. Ubi cum moraretur, quamvis adhuc adulescens, [[Iacobus Faber Stapulensis|Iacobo Fabro Stapulensi]] familiariter utebatur atque in edendis [[Aristoteles|Aristotelis]] et [[Nicolaus Cusanus|Nicolai Cusani]] operibus conquirendisque [[Manuscriptum|manuscriptis]] ei auxiliabatur ; simul pecuniam aliquam ut mereret corrector in typographia Henrici Stephani aliquamdiu fuit. Anno 1507 ''magister artium'' renuntiatus est et statim domum rediit (fautor enim erat imperatoris [[Maximilianus I (imperator)|Maximiliani]] et Germanicarum rerum amator) ubi apud typographum Argentoratensem Matthiam Schürer aliquam operam dedit ac primos textus suos praelo mandavit. Anno 1511 tandem Basileam venit linguam Graecam ad ediscendam apud magistrum Cunonem, [[Ordo Praedicatorum|praedicatorum ordinis]] virum. Quo mortuo<ref>Cuno bibliothecam Rhenano legavit.</ref> ab anno 1514 ob studia communia artissimam amicitiam cum Desiderio Erasmo contraxit, cuius ''[[Adagia (Erasmus)|Adagiorum]]'' editionis Argentorati particeps fuerat. Abhinc praecipuis inceptis typographicis Iohannis Frobenii eiusque successorum sive auctor sive particeps interfuit ː innumeri sunt libri in quibus nomen Beati Rhenani legitur. == De classicis edendis == Nonnullas [[Editio princeps|editiones principes]] Beato Rhenano debemus ː ita anno [[1520]] [[Velleius Paterculus]], qui pugnam [[Arminius|Armini]] contra [[Publius Quinctilius Varus|Quintilium Varum]] primus narraverat, primum apud Iohannem Frobenium in lucem typographicam prodiit<ref>[https://books.google.fr/books?id=PSZUAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Vellei+Paterculi+Historiae+romanae+duo+volumina++beatus+rhenanus&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjt9oHC5LznAhUcA2MBHRm6C2gQ6AEIMTAB#v=onepage&q=Vellei%20Paterculi%20Historiae%20romanae%20duo%20volumina%20%20beatus%20rhenanus&f=false ''P. Vellei Paterculi historiae Romanae duo volumina...''] </ref> postquam manuscriptum librum in [[Abbatia Murbacensis|Murbacensi abbatia]] oblitum invenit. Item sequenti anno apud eundem typographum opera [[Tertullianus|Tertulliani]]<ref>Petrus Petitmengin, "[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k9752477f/f107.image A propos du "Tertullien" de Beatus Rhenanus]", ''Annuaire de la Société des amis de la Bibliothèque de Sélestat'', 1980 ː 93-106.</ref>, quamquam indoles timida et prudens Rhenani a vehementissimo et bellatorio genere dicendi [[Apologeta|apologetae]] Carthaginiensis multum distare videtur, sed typographi Basilienses velut suum munus in orbe typographico tum susceperant antiquissimos authores Christianos Latinos et Graecos edendos ː nonne circa idem tempus Iohannes Frobenius opera [[Sanctus Hieronymus|Divi Hieronymi]] et [[Novum Testamentum]] Graecum, ambo ab Erasmo curata, publicabat ?{{dubsig}} Ac iam antea multis voluminibus [[Ioannes Amorbachius|Ioannes Amerbach]] opera [[Sanctus Augustinus|Divi Augustini]] et [[Sanctus Ambrosius|Divi Ambrosii]] ediderat ?{{dubsig}} Item ''de Aedificiis'' [[Procopius Caesarensis|Procopi Caesarensis]], sexti saeculi scriptoris, Rhenanum primum editorem habuit (1531). Etenim Rhenanus Graece quoque didicerat. Optime tamen de historico [[Tacitus|Tacito]] meruit<ref>Walter Allen, "Beatus Rhenanus, Editor of Tacitus and Livy", ''Speculum'' 1937 ː 382sqq.</ref> cui per totam vitam operam dedit. Inter 1519 et 1544<ref>In Italia partim anno 1470 partim anno 1515 primum in lucem prodierat.</ref> non tantum textum emendavit sed glossarium vocabulorum et locutionum ab illo authore usitatarum elucubravit, eius genus dicendi disquisivit et ''[[Germania (Tacitus)|Germaniam]]'' amplo commentario instruxit<ref>Iacobus Hirstein, ''Tacitus' Germania and Beatus Rhenanus (1485-1547): a study of the editorial and exegetical contribution of a sixteenth century scholar'', P. Lang, 1995.</ref>. Simul et ipse Germanorum quandam historiam composuit et anno 1531 publicavit<ref>''Beati Rhenani Selestadiensis Rerum Germanicarum libri tres...'', Basileae : In officina Frobeniana, 1531. [https://books.google.fr/books?id=y8mjJFqU2MIC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Ibi habes editionem anni 1551]. [https://books.google.fr/books?hl=fr&lr=&id=F5mzOWUnANYC&oi=fnd&pg=PR1&dq=beatus+rhenanus&ots=lChxdHa07U&sig=A38rCiUDrC-GFUkHCUVDyjVWRDI#v=onepage&q=beatus%20rhenanus&f=false Reeditio 2008 apud Guglum librorum] </ref> in qua veteres inscriptiones Latinas in Helvetia repertas referebat. Eodem anno et collectaneum historicum scriptorum "mediorum temporum" ad bella Gothorum spectans edendum curavit<ref>''Procopii Caesariensis de rebus Gothorum, Persarum ac Vandalorum libri VII una cum aliis mediorum temporum historicis'' ..., Basileae : Ex officina Joannis Hervagii, 1531.</ref>. [[Titus Livius|Titum Livium]]<ref>Michael Reeve, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rht_0373-6075_1995_num_25_1995_1428?pageid=t2_218 Beatus Rhenanus and the lost Vormaciensis of Livy]", ''Revue d'Histoire des Textes'' 1995 ː 217-254 </ref> quoque edidit nec dubitabat monumenta quaedam vetustissimae linguae Germanicae servatae scriptis nonnumquam inserere<ref>Ita versus poetae Otfridi, noni saeculi auctoris, memorabat. Cf. Sigrid von der Gönna, "Beatus Rhenanus und Otfrid von Weissenburg. Zur Otfrid-Überlieferung im 16. Jahrhundert", ''Zeitschrift für deutsches Altertum und deutsche Literatur'' 1978 ː 248-257.</ref>. Multis insuper aliis inceptis typographicis cum Erasmo ceterisque humanistis Basiliensibus interfuit... == Rhenanus, Erasmus, Lutherus == [[Fasciculus:Bibliothèque humaniste de Sélestat 21 janvier 2014-100.jpg|thumb|Pone figuram Rhenani in quodam numismate expressam eius libri conspicui sunt quorum nonnlli pellem sedecimi saeculi recentiore tegumento mutaverunt.]] Ut qui iam a pueritia per fratres a vita communi [[Devotio moderna|devotione moderna]] imbutus erat ac postea Fabro Stapulensi et Erasmo familiariter usus erat Beatus Rhenanus aliquam Ecclesiae reformationem necessariam existimabat quae e primis Christianismi temporibus quaerenda esset. Itaque primum (1518-1519) [[Martinus Lutherus|Lutheri]] placitis studiose adsentiebatur adeo ut Erasmo peregre morante Frobenio persuaserit ut scripta [[Martinus Lutherus|Martini Lutheri]] a [[Wolfgangus Capito|Wolfgango Capitone]] in unum collecta [[Prelum typographicum|prelo]] mandaret (perfacile enim tum per omnem Germaniam venum dabantur). Mox tamen dissensionibus religiosis bella intestina minitantibus deterritus Beatus qui nihil aeque atque pacem et otium amabat moderationem amici Erasmi imitatus fidem Ecclesiae Catholicae Romanae servavit. Anno 1523 litteras nobilitatis a [[Carolus V (imperator)|Carolo Quinto]] accepit qui ita scriptoris et eruditi fidem sibi constringere cupiebat. Iam anno 1528 in patriam, terram catholicam, sese recepit paulo antequam civitas Basilensis religionem reformatam sibi eligeret ( mense Februario 1529) atque artificum corpora, episcopo infesta, imagines sculptas aut pictas in ecclesiis et conventibus delere coepissent. Nova opera sua tamen typographis Basilensibus mittere non desiit. Forte Argentorati, in civitate libera et reformata, obiit sed corpus eius secundum ultimam voluntatem Selestadii, in terra catholica, humatum est. Ne ita quidem caveri potuit ne [[Concilium Tridentinum|concilii Tridentini]] tempore catholici commentarium Beati ad tertiam editionem Tertulliani (1539) [[Index librorum prohibitorum|Indici librorum prohibitorum]] addiderint (Tertullianus et ipse olim ab Ecclesia hereticus iudicatus erat). Epistulae exstant quibus Rhenanus [[Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus|Erasmum]] per Europam, ut semper, peregrinantem Basileam revocare conabatur ut ''Novum Testamentum'' Graecum apud Frobenium perpoliret. Tanta familiaritate amico utebatur, cui velut "alter ego" esse videbatur, ut non dubitarit textum manuscriptum quod in eius manus venerat et ab Erasmo adulescente Parisius scriptum erat ac postea neglectum, ''Familiarium Colloquiorum formulae'' inscriptum, sine permissu authoris sed cum praefatione qua originem textus explicabat, per Frobenium anno 1518 typographice divulgare. Illa colloquia primo nihil erant aliud nisi exempla purae Latinitatis tironibus destinata. Erasmus aegre ferens quod opusculum famae suae tam impar nomen suum praeferret non tantum textum correxit sed usque adeo amplificavit ut unum e maioribus operibus Roterodamensis humanistae facta sint. Mox Rhenano ignovit et innumerae editiones istorum ''[[Colloquia familiaria|Colloquiorum familiarium]]'' fuere quia homines illius temporis delectabant simul et docebant. Inter discipulos eius fuit et [[iohannes Oporinus|Oporinus]] typographus. Ut ipse Beatus Rhenanus vitam Erasmi, sic [[Iohannes Sturm]], paedagogus reformatus Argentoratensis, nobis vitam Beati Rhenani reliquit<ref> "Vie de Beatus Rhenanus par Jean Sturm ; traduction de Charles Munier ; notes de Hubert Meyer", in ''Spécial 500e anniversaire de la naissance de Beatus Rhenanus. Les Amis de la Bibliothèque humaniste de Sélestat'', 1985 ː 7-18.</ref>. == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == [[Fasciculus:F16-0039-2 (32528546593).jpg|thumb|Editio princeps Vellei Paterculi a Beato Rhenano curata (pagina tituli). In parte superiore delineata est pugna inter Quinctilium Varum et heroem Germanicum, [[Cherusci|Cheruscum]] Arminium]] *Paulus Adam, ''L'humanisme à Sélestat: l'école, les humanistes, la bibliothèque'', Alsatia, 1978 *''Antiquité tardive et humanisme: de Tertullien à Beatus Rhenanus: Mélanges offerts à François Heim à l'occasion de son 70e anniversaire'' curantibus Y. Lehmann, G. Freyburger, et J. Hirstein. Turnhout, Brepols, 2005. (Studia Humanitatis Rhenana, 2) *''Beatus Rhenanus (1485-1547) : son activité de lecteur, d'éditeur et d'écrivain : [exposition], 18 septembre - 18 novembre 1998'', Ministère de la culture-Direction du livre et de la lecture, 1998 *''Beatus Rhenanus (1485-1547) et une réforme de l’Eglise : engagement et changement'' ːActes du colloque international tenu à Strasbourg et à Sélestat les 5 et 6 juin 2015, Brepols, 2018 ISBN: 978-2-503-57919-1 [http://www.brepols.net/Pages/ShowProduct.aspx?prod_id=IS-9782503579191-1 Summarium] *Alfred Berchtold, ''Bâle et l'Europe : une histoire culturelle'', Lausanne, Payot, 1990, 344-350 ː Beatus Rhenaus l'inspirateur 1485-1547. *''Briefwechsel des Beatus Rhenanus gesammelt und herausgegeben von Adalbert Horawitz und Karl Hartfelder'', [[Hildesia]]e, Georg Olms Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1966 *Iohannes d'Amico, "Beatus Rhenanus, Tertullian and the Reformation: A Humanist’s Critique of Scholasticism", ''Reformationsgeschichte - Archive for Reformation History'' 1980 ː 37-63. *Isabelle Diu, "Du modèle idéal de la bibliothèque humaniste à sa réalisation effective : Érasme et Beatus Rhenanus", ''Littératures classiques'' 2008/2(66) ː 39-52 *''Erasme, l'Alsace et son temps : catalogue de l'exposition réalisée à la Bibliothèque nationale et universitaire de Strasbourg'', Strasbourg, Palais de l'Université, 1971 *Petrus Fraenkel, "Mélanchton, Beatus Rhenanus et Tertullien", ''Bibliothèque d'Humanisme et Renaissance'', 1982 ː 357-360. ** "Beatus Rhenanus, Oecolampade, Theodore de Beze et quelques-unes de leurs sources anciennes", ''ibidem'', 1979 ː 63-81 *Gustav Knod, ''[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Knod_Aus_der_Bibliothek_des_Beatus_Rhenanus.pdf Aus der Bibliothek des Beatus Rhenanus]'', Schlettstadt, 1889. *I. Hirstein (cur.), ''Beatus Rhenanus (1485-1547) et une réforme de l’Eglise : engagement et changement'', Turnhout, Brepols, 2018. [https://journals.openedition.org/alsace/2850 Recensio critica] ** "Beatus Rhenanus et les « Avis au lecteur » signés « Jean Froben » sur l'Histoire d'Ammien Marcellin et sur l'Histoire Auguste dans l'édition bâloise de juin 1518", ''Annuaire 1989, Les Amis de la bibliothèque humaniste de Sélestat''ː 27-50 *Adalbertus Horawitz, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?hl=fr&lr=&id=XeJgAAAAcAAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA3&dq=beatus+rhenanus&ots=OyMM_26-SO&sig=Pdx74XfrQAQ3NZ7V5YBVQ_R04AM&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=beatus%20rhenanus&f=false Die Bibliothek und Correspondenz des Beatus Rhenanus zu Schlettstadt]'', Viennae, 1872. ** ''[https://books.google.fr/books?hl=fr&lr=&id=zgiy1qi2FRcC&oi=fnd&pg=PA5&dq=beatus+rhenanus&ots=YKVSIH-hyK&sig=A9OlaZdIDjHOFyBVPSk0DdIkFsA#v=onepage&q=beatus%20rhenanus&f=false Beatus Rhenanus ː eine biographie]'', Wien, 1872 *Micol Muttini, "[https://dionysusexmachina.it/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/4.Muttini.pdf The Clouds in Basel: Beatus Rhenanus as a translator of Aristophanes]" in ''Dionysus ex machina'' XVI, 2025: 237-263 *Petrus Petitmengin, "La terminologie philologique de Beatus Rhenanus" in ''Beatus Rhenanus (1485-1547), lecteur et éditeur des textes anciens: Actes du Colloque International tenu à Strasbourg et à Sélestat du 13 au 15 novembre 1998'' ː 195-222. *Franciscus Rapp, "[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k9752597j/f19.image Beatus Rhenanus le modèle du savant moderne...]", ''Annuaire de la Société des amis de la Bibliothèque de Sélestat'', 1984 ː 7-18. * J. Rathgeber, "[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k9631985m/f396.item Béatus Rhénanus]", ''Revue d'Alsace'', nouv. sér., t. I, 1872, p. 384-397 *Robertus Walter, ''Trois profils de Beatus Rhenanus'', Argentorati, 1997. **''Beatus Rhenanus : citoyen de Sélestat, ami d'Erasme (1485-1547) : un grand humaniste alsacien et son époque : anthologie de sa correspondance : choix de textes établis, traduits et commentés'', Oberlin, 1986. **[https://web.archive.org/web/20231105190640/https://www.selestat.fr/fileadmin/user_upload/patrimoine/documents/pdf/Articles_annuaires_ABH/Eglise_Sainte_Foy/Annuaire_ABH_1994_Beatus_Rhenanus_et_Sainte_Foy.pdf Beatus Rhenanus et Sainte-Foy]", ''Annuaire des Amis de la Bibliothèque Humaniste'', 1994ː 61-66 == Nexus externi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20200206082653/https://www.arsea.fr/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/arsea_lhumanisme_alsacien_gabriel_brauener.pdf L'humanisme alsacien] *[https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/ADB:Beatus_Rhenanus Allgemeine deutsche Biographie] * {{PND|118960563}} * {{BBKL|r/rhenanus_b|auctor=Johannes Köhler|commentatio=RHENANUS, Beatus|tomus=8|columnae=137-142}} {{Lifetime|1485|1547|Rhenanus, Beatus}} [[Categoria:Auctores Latini Renascentiae]] [[Categoria:Historici Germaniae]] [[Categoria:Humanistae]] [[Categoria:Incolae Alsatiae]] [[Categoria:Philologi Germaniae]] [[Categoria:Selestadium]] 4ejudrt8i6h3j0ltf7kd3icen1r3bu1 3996230 3996229 2026-10-22T21:14:50Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Plura legere si cupis */ 3996230 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Beatus Rhenanus ''' (verum nomen Beat Bild) - natus [[Selestadium|Selestadii]] 22 Augusti [[1485]], mortuus [[Argentoratum|Argentorati]] 20 Iulii [[1547]]- fuit [[humanista]], [[philologus]], historicus et [[liber|librorum]] collector [[Germania|Germanicus]]. Duobus studiis vitam dicavit, veteribus scriptoribus Latinis edendis ex una parte, rebus gestis Germanicis divulgandis ex altera ː patriam enim extollere cupiebat. Unus e circulo humanistarum [[Basilea|Basilensium]] fuit, amicus [[Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus|Desiderii Erasmi]] cuius vitam composuit<ref>Quam novem voluminibus ''Operum omnium'' praeposuit.</ref> et [[Typographia|typographorum]] huius urbis, in primis [[Iohannes Frobenius|Frobeniorum]] quorum [[Prelum typographicum|praelo]] pleraque opera sua mandavit. Bibliothecam suam (circiter 670 volumina) patriae legavit quae hodieque paene integra Selestadii servata [[Bibliotheca humanistica Selestadiensis]] nuncupatur et viatores ad eam visendam adlicit quia rarissimum est bibliothecam humanistae in statu quo sedecimo saeculo fuerat inspicere posse. == De iuventute == [[Fasciculus:Bibliothèque humaniste de Sélestat 21 janvier 2014-124.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Quaderni quibus utebatur Beatus Rhenanus in Schola Latina Selestadiensi, eius manu inscripti.]] Filius erat divitis [[Macellarius|macellarii]], Antonii Bild, qui et ipse [[Rhinau|Rhinavo]] oriundus erat, unde humanista cognomen "Rhenanus" duxit<ref>[http://cdn2_3.reseaudesvilles.fr/cities/179/documents/9u82npsdpcg7xai.pdf]</ref>, quod ad flumen quoque referri potest. Matrem nascens amisit. Optimam scholam Latinam Selestadii adiit, quae [[paedagogia]]m [[Canonici Regulares Sancti Augustini Fratrum a Vita Communi|Fratrum a vita communi]] sequebatur. Inde [[Lutetia|Lutetiam]] ad [[Universitas Parisiensis|Universitatem]] studiorum absolvendorum causa anno 1503 transiit. Ubi cum moraretur, quamvis adhuc adulescens, [[Iacobus Faber Stapulensis|Iacobo Fabro Stapulensi]] familiariter utebatur atque in edendis [[Aristoteles|Aristotelis]] et [[Nicolaus Cusanus|Nicolai Cusani]] operibus conquirendisque [[Manuscriptum|manuscriptis]] ei auxiliabatur ; simul pecuniam aliquam ut mereret corrector in typographia Henrici Stephani aliquamdiu fuit. Anno 1507 ''magister artium'' renuntiatus est et statim domum rediit (fautor enim erat imperatoris [[Maximilianus I (imperator)|Maximiliani]] et Germanicarum rerum amator) ubi apud typographum Argentoratensem Matthiam Schürer aliquam operam dedit ac primos textus suos praelo mandavit. Anno 1511 tandem Basileam venit linguam Graecam ad ediscendam apud magistrum Cunonem, [[Ordo Praedicatorum|praedicatorum ordinis]] virum. Quo mortuo<ref>Cuno bibliothecam Rhenano legavit.</ref> ab anno 1514 ob studia communia artissimam amicitiam cum Desiderio Erasmo contraxit, cuius ''[[Adagia (Erasmus)|Adagiorum]]'' editionis Argentorati particeps fuerat. Abhinc praecipuis inceptis typographicis Iohannis Frobenii eiusque successorum sive auctor sive particeps interfuit ː innumeri sunt libri in quibus nomen Beati Rhenani legitur. == De classicis edendis == Nonnullas [[Editio princeps|editiones principes]] Beato Rhenano debemus ː ita anno [[1520]] [[Velleius Paterculus]], qui pugnam [[Arminius|Armini]] contra [[Publius Quinctilius Varus|Quintilium Varum]] primus narraverat, primum apud Iohannem Frobenium in lucem typographicam prodiit<ref>[https://books.google.fr/books?id=PSZUAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Vellei+Paterculi+Historiae+romanae+duo+volumina++beatus+rhenanus&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjt9oHC5LznAhUcA2MBHRm6C2gQ6AEIMTAB#v=onepage&q=Vellei%20Paterculi%20Historiae%20romanae%20duo%20volumina%20%20beatus%20rhenanus&f=false ''P. Vellei Paterculi historiae Romanae duo volumina...''] </ref> postquam manuscriptum librum in [[Abbatia Murbacensis|Murbacensi abbatia]] oblitum invenit. Item sequenti anno apud eundem typographum opera [[Tertullianus|Tertulliani]]<ref>Petrus Petitmengin, "[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k9752477f/f107.image A propos du "Tertullien" de Beatus Rhenanus]", ''Annuaire de la Société des amis de la Bibliothèque de Sélestat'', 1980 ː 93-106.</ref>, quamquam indoles timida et prudens Rhenani a vehementissimo et bellatorio genere dicendi [[Apologeta|apologetae]] Carthaginiensis multum distare videtur, sed typographi Basilienses velut suum munus in orbe typographico tum susceperant antiquissimos authores Christianos Latinos et Graecos edendos ː nonne circa idem tempus Iohannes Frobenius opera [[Sanctus Hieronymus|Divi Hieronymi]] et [[Novum Testamentum]] Graecum, ambo ab Erasmo curata, publicabat ?{{dubsig}} Ac iam antea multis voluminibus [[Ioannes Amorbachius|Ioannes Amerbach]] opera [[Sanctus Augustinus|Divi Augustini]] et [[Sanctus Ambrosius|Divi Ambrosii]] ediderat ?{{dubsig}} Item ''de Aedificiis'' [[Procopius Caesarensis|Procopi Caesarensis]], sexti saeculi scriptoris, Rhenanum primum editorem habuit (1531). Etenim Rhenanus Graece quoque didicerat. Optime tamen de historico [[Tacitus|Tacito]] meruit<ref>Walter Allen, "Beatus Rhenanus, Editor of Tacitus and Livy", ''Speculum'' 1937 ː 382sqq.</ref> cui per totam vitam operam dedit. Inter 1519 et 1544<ref>In Italia partim anno 1470 partim anno 1515 primum in lucem prodierat.</ref> non tantum textum emendavit sed glossarium vocabulorum et locutionum ab illo authore usitatarum elucubravit, eius genus dicendi disquisivit et ''[[Germania (Tacitus)|Germaniam]]'' amplo commentario instruxit<ref>Iacobus Hirstein, ''Tacitus' Germania and Beatus Rhenanus (1485-1547): a study of the editorial and exegetical contribution of a sixteenth century scholar'', P. Lang, 1995.</ref>. Simul et ipse Germanorum quandam historiam composuit et anno 1531 publicavit<ref>''Beati Rhenani Selestadiensis Rerum Germanicarum libri tres...'', Basileae : In officina Frobeniana, 1531. [https://books.google.fr/books?id=y8mjJFqU2MIC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Ibi habes editionem anni 1551]. [https://books.google.fr/books?hl=fr&lr=&id=F5mzOWUnANYC&oi=fnd&pg=PR1&dq=beatus+rhenanus&ots=lChxdHa07U&sig=A38rCiUDrC-GFUkHCUVDyjVWRDI#v=onepage&q=beatus%20rhenanus&f=false Reeditio 2008 apud Guglum librorum] </ref> in qua veteres inscriptiones Latinas in Helvetia repertas referebat. Eodem anno et collectaneum historicum scriptorum "mediorum temporum" ad bella Gothorum spectans edendum curavit<ref>''Procopii Caesariensis de rebus Gothorum, Persarum ac Vandalorum libri VII una cum aliis mediorum temporum historicis'' ..., Basileae : Ex officina Joannis Hervagii, 1531.</ref>. [[Titus Livius|Titum Livium]]<ref>Michael Reeve, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rht_0373-6075_1995_num_25_1995_1428?pageid=t2_218 Beatus Rhenanus and the lost Vormaciensis of Livy]", ''Revue d'Histoire des Textes'' 1995 ː 217-254 </ref> quoque edidit nec dubitabat monumenta quaedam vetustissimae linguae Germanicae servatae scriptis nonnumquam inserere<ref>Ita versus poetae Otfridi, noni saeculi auctoris, memorabat. Cf. Sigrid von der Gönna, "Beatus Rhenanus und Otfrid von Weissenburg. Zur Otfrid-Überlieferung im 16. Jahrhundert", ''Zeitschrift für deutsches Altertum und deutsche Literatur'' 1978 ː 248-257.</ref>. Multis insuper aliis inceptis typographicis cum Erasmo ceterisque humanistis Basiliensibus interfuit... == Rhenanus, Erasmus, Lutherus == [[Fasciculus:Bibliothèque humaniste de Sélestat 21 janvier 2014-100.jpg|thumb|Pone figuram Rhenani in quodam numismate expressam eius libri conspicui sunt quorum nonnlli pellem sedecimi saeculi recentiore tegumento mutaverunt.]] Ut qui iam a pueritia per fratres a vita communi [[Devotio moderna|devotione moderna]] imbutus erat ac postea Fabro Stapulensi et Erasmo familiariter usus erat Beatus Rhenanus aliquam Ecclesiae reformationem necessariam existimabat quae e primis Christianismi temporibus quaerenda esset. Itaque primum (1518-1519) [[Martinus Lutherus|Lutheri]] placitis studiose adsentiebatur adeo ut Erasmo peregre morante Frobenio persuaserit ut scripta [[Martinus Lutherus|Martini Lutheri]] a [[Wolfgangus Capito|Wolfgango Capitone]] in unum collecta [[Prelum typographicum|prelo]] mandaret (perfacile enim tum per omnem Germaniam venum dabantur). Mox tamen dissensionibus religiosis bella intestina minitantibus deterritus Beatus qui nihil aeque atque pacem et otium amabat moderationem amici Erasmi imitatus fidem Ecclesiae Catholicae Romanae servavit. Anno 1523 litteras nobilitatis a [[Carolus V (imperator)|Carolo Quinto]] accepit qui ita scriptoris et eruditi fidem sibi constringere cupiebat. Iam anno 1528 in patriam, terram catholicam, sese recepit paulo antequam civitas Basilensis religionem reformatam sibi eligeret ( mense Februario 1529) atque artificum corpora, episcopo infesta, imagines sculptas aut pictas in ecclesiis et conventibus delere coepissent. Nova opera sua tamen typographis Basilensibus mittere non desiit. Forte Argentorati, in civitate libera et reformata, obiit sed corpus eius secundum ultimam voluntatem Selestadii, in terra catholica, humatum est. Ne ita quidem caveri potuit ne [[Concilium Tridentinum|concilii Tridentini]] tempore catholici commentarium Beati ad tertiam editionem Tertulliani (1539) [[Index librorum prohibitorum|Indici librorum prohibitorum]] addiderint (Tertullianus et ipse olim ab Ecclesia hereticus iudicatus erat). Epistulae exstant quibus Rhenanus [[Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus|Erasmum]] per Europam, ut semper, peregrinantem Basileam revocare conabatur ut ''Novum Testamentum'' Graecum apud Frobenium perpoliret. Tanta familiaritate amico utebatur, cui velut "alter ego" esse videbatur, ut non dubitarit textum manuscriptum quod in eius manus venerat et ab Erasmo adulescente Parisius scriptum erat ac postea neglectum, ''Familiarium Colloquiorum formulae'' inscriptum, sine permissu authoris sed cum praefatione qua originem textus explicabat, per Frobenium anno 1518 typographice divulgare. Illa colloquia primo nihil erant aliud nisi exempla purae Latinitatis tironibus destinata. Erasmus aegre ferens quod opusculum famae suae tam impar nomen suum praeferret non tantum textum correxit sed usque adeo amplificavit ut unum e maioribus operibus Roterodamensis humanistae facta sint. Mox Rhenano ignovit et innumerae editiones istorum ''[[Colloquia familiaria|Colloquiorum familiarium]]'' fuere quia homines illius temporis delectabant simul et docebant. Inter discipulos eius fuit et [[iohannes Oporinus|Oporinus]] typographus. Ut ipse Beatus Rhenanus vitam Erasmi, sic [[Iohannes Sturm]], paedagogus reformatus Argentoratensis, nobis vitam Beati Rhenani reliquit<ref> "Vie de Beatus Rhenanus par Jean Sturm ; traduction de Charles Munier ; notes de Hubert Meyer", in ''Spécial 500e anniversaire de la naissance de Beatus Rhenanus. Les Amis de la Bibliothèque humaniste de Sélestat'', 1985 ː 7-18.</ref>. == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == [[Fasciculus:F16-0039-2 (32528546593).jpg|thumb|Editio princeps Vellei Paterculi a Beato Rhenano curata (pagina tituli). In parte superiore delineata est pugna inter Quinctilium Varum et heroem Germanicum, [[Cherusci|Cheruscum]] Arminium]] *Paulus Adam, ''L'humanisme à Sélestat: l'école, les humanistes, la bibliothèque'', Alsatia, 1978 *''Antiquité tardive et humanisme: de Tertullien à Beatus Rhenanus: Mélanges offerts à François Heim à l'occasion de son 70e anniversaire'' curantibus Y. Lehmann, G. Freyburger, et J. Hirstein. Turnhout, Brepols, 2005. (Studia Humanitatis Rhenana, 2) *''Beatus Rhenanus (1485-1547) : son activité de lecteur, d'éditeur et d'écrivain : [exposition], 18 septembre - 18 novembre 1998'', Ministère de la culture-Direction du livre et de la lecture, 1998 *''Beatus Rhenanus (1485-1547) et une réforme de l’Eglise : engagement et changement'' ːActes du colloque international tenu à Strasbourg et à Sélestat les 5 et 6 juin 2015, Brepols, 2018 ISBN: 978-2-503-57919-1 [http://www.brepols.net/Pages/ShowProduct.aspx?prod_id=IS-9782503579191-1 Summarium] *Alfred Berchtold, ''Bâle et l'Europe : une histoire culturelle'', Lausanne, Payot, 1990, 344-350 ː Beatus Rhenaus l'inspirateur 1485-1547. *''Briefwechsel des Beatus Rhenanus gesammelt und herausgegeben von Adalbert Horawitz und Karl Hartfelder'', [[Hildesia]]e, Georg Olms Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1966 *Iohannes d'Amico, "Beatus Rhenanus, Tertullian and the Reformation: A Humanist’s Critique of Scholasticism", ''Reformationsgeschichte - Archive for Reformation History'' 1980 ː 37-63. *Isabelle Diu, "Du modèle idéal de la bibliothèque humaniste à sa réalisation effective : Érasme et Beatus Rhenanus", ''Littératures classiques'' 2008/2(66) ː 39-52 *''Erasme, l'Alsace et son temps : catalogue de l'exposition réalisée à la Bibliothèque nationale et universitaire de Strasbourg'', Strasbourg, Palais de l'Université, 1971 *Petrus Fraenkel, "Mélanchton, Beatus Rhenanus et Tertullien", ''Bibliothèque d'Humanisme et Renaissance'', 1982 ː 357-360. ** "Beatus Rhenanus, Oecolampade, Theodore de Beze et quelques-unes de leurs sources anciennes", ''ibidem'', 1979 ː 63-81 *Gustav Knod, ''[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Knod_Aus_der_Bibliothek_des_Beatus_Rhenanus.pdf Aus der Bibliothek des Beatus Rhenanus]'', Schlettstadt, 1889. *I. Hirstein (cur.), ''Beatus Rhenanus (1485-1547) et une réforme de l’Eglise : engagement et changement'', Turnhout, Brepols, 2018. [https://journals.openedition.org/alsace/2850 Recensio critica] ** "Beatus Rhenanus et les « Avis au lecteur » signés « Jean Froben » sur l'Histoire d'Ammien Marcellin et sur l'Histoire Auguste dans l'édition bâloise de juin 1518", ''Annuaire 1989, Les Amis de la bibliothèque humaniste de Sélestat''ː 27-50 *Adalbertus Horawitz, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?hl=fr&lr=&id=XeJgAAAAcAAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA3&dq=beatus+rhenanus&ots=OyMM_26-SO&sig=Pdx74XfrQAQ3NZ7V5YBVQ_R04AM&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=beatus%20rhenanus&f=false Die Bibliothek und Correspondenz des Beatus Rhenanus zu Schlettstadt]'', Viennae, 1872. ** ''[https://books.google.fr/books?hl=fr&lr=&id=zgiy1qi2FRcC&oi=fnd&pg=PA5&dq=beatus+rhenanus&ots=YKVSIH-hyK&sig=A9OlaZdIDjHOFyBVPSk0DdIkFsA#v=onepage&q=beatus%20rhenanus&f=false Beatus Rhenanus ː eine biographie]'', Wien, 1872 *Micol Muttini, "[https://dionysusexmachina.it/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/4.Muttini.pdf The Clouds in Basel: Beatus Rhenanus as a translator of Aristophanes]" in ''Dionysus ex machina'' XVI, 2025: 237-263 *Petrus Petitmengin, "La terminologie philologique de Beatus Rhenanus" in ''Beatus Rhenanus (1485-1547), lecteur et éditeur des textes anciens: Actes du Colloque International tenu à Strasbourg et à Sélestat du 13 au 15 novembre 1998'' ː 195-222. *Franciscus Rapp, "[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k9752597j/f19.image Beatus Rhenanus le modèle du savant moderne...]", ''Annuaire de la Société des amis de la Bibliothèque de Sélestat'', 1984 ː 7-18. * J. Rathgeber, "[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k9631985m/f396.item Béatus Rhénanus]", ''Revue d'Alsace'', nouv. sér., t. I, 1872, p. 384-397 *Robertus Walter, ''Trois profils de Beatus Rhenanus'', Argentorati, 1997. **''Beatus Rhenanus : citoyen de Sélestat, ami d'Erasme (1485-1547) : un grand humaniste alsacien et son époque : anthologie de sa correspondance : choix de textes établis, traduits et commentés'', Oberlin, 1986. **[https://web.archive.org/web/20231105190640/https://www.selestat.fr/fileadmin/user_upload/patrimoine/documents/pdf/Articles_annuaires_ABH/Eglise_Sainte_Foy/Annuaire_ABH_1994_Beatus_Rhenanus_et_Sainte_Foy.pdf Beatus Rhenanus et Sainte-Foy]", ''Annuaire des Amis de la Bibliothèque Humaniste'', 1994ː 61-66 *Bernard Stenuit, "Beatus Rhenanus traduit en latin Ploutos d'Aristophane (Sélestat, BHS, ms. 336,2)", ''Latomus'', 2025: 817-836 [https://poj.peeters-leuven.be/content.php?url=article.php&id=3295512&journal_code=LAT] == Nexus externi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20200206082653/https://www.arsea.fr/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/arsea_lhumanisme_alsacien_gabriel_brauener.pdf L'humanisme alsacien] *[https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/ADB:Beatus_Rhenanus Allgemeine deutsche Biographie] * {{PND|118960563}} * {{BBKL|r/rhenanus_b|auctor=Johannes Köhler|commentatio=RHENANUS, Beatus|tomus=8|columnae=137-142}} {{Lifetime|1485|1547|Rhenanus, Beatus}} [[Categoria:Auctores Latini Renascentiae]] [[Categoria:Historici Germaniae]] [[Categoria:Humanistae]] [[Categoria:Incolae Alsatiae]] [[Categoria:Philologi Germaniae]] [[Categoria:Selestadium]] ismq56u8zvfi7rfmp36endysw029frx 3996232 3996230 2026-10-22T21:18:43Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Plura legere si cupis */ 3996232 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Beatus Rhenanus ''' (verum nomen Beat Bild) - natus [[Selestadium|Selestadii]] 22 Augusti [[1485]], mortuus [[Argentoratum|Argentorati]] 20 Iulii [[1547]]- fuit [[humanista]], [[philologus]], historicus et [[liber|librorum]] collector [[Germania|Germanicus]]. Duobus studiis vitam dicavit, veteribus scriptoribus Latinis edendis ex una parte, rebus gestis Germanicis divulgandis ex altera ː patriam enim extollere cupiebat. Unus e circulo humanistarum [[Basilea|Basilensium]] fuit, amicus [[Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus|Desiderii Erasmi]] cuius vitam composuit<ref>Quam novem voluminibus ''Operum omnium'' praeposuit.</ref> et [[Typographia|typographorum]] huius urbis, in primis [[Iohannes Frobenius|Frobeniorum]] quorum [[Prelum typographicum|praelo]] pleraque opera sua mandavit. Bibliothecam suam (circiter 670 volumina) patriae legavit quae hodieque paene integra Selestadii servata [[Bibliotheca humanistica Selestadiensis]] nuncupatur et viatores ad eam visendam adlicit quia rarissimum est bibliothecam humanistae in statu quo sedecimo saeculo fuerat inspicere posse. == De iuventute == [[Fasciculus:Bibliothèque humaniste de Sélestat 21 janvier 2014-124.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Quaderni quibus utebatur Beatus Rhenanus in Schola Latina Selestadiensi, eius manu inscripti.]] Filius erat divitis [[Macellarius|macellarii]], Antonii Bild, qui et ipse [[Rhinau|Rhinavo]] oriundus erat, unde humanista cognomen "Rhenanus" duxit<ref>[http://cdn2_3.reseaudesvilles.fr/cities/179/documents/9u82npsdpcg7xai.pdf]</ref>, quod ad flumen quoque referri potest. Matrem nascens amisit. Optimam scholam Latinam Selestadii adiit, quae [[paedagogia]]m [[Canonici Regulares Sancti Augustini Fratrum a Vita Communi|Fratrum a vita communi]] sequebatur. Inde [[Lutetia|Lutetiam]] ad [[Universitas Parisiensis|Universitatem]] studiorum absolvendorum causa anno 1503 transiit. Ubi cum moraretur, quamvis adhuc adulescens, [[Iacobus Faber Stapulensis|Iacobo Fabro Stapulensi]] familiariter utebatur atque in edendis [[Aristoteles|Aristotelis]] et [[Nicolaus Cusanus|Nicolai Cusani]] operibus conquirendisque [[Manuscriptum|manuscriptis]] ei auxiliabatur ; simul pecuniam aliquam ut mereret corrector in typographia Henrici Stephani aliquamdiu fuit. Anno 1507 ''magister artium'' renuntiatus est et statim domum rediit (fautor enim erat imperatoris [[Maximilianus I (imperator)|Maximiliani]] et Germanicarum rerum amator) ubi apud typographum Argentoratensem Matthiam Schürer aliquam operam dedit ac primos textus suos praelo mandavit. Anno 1511 tandem Basileam venit linguam Graecam ad ediscendam apud magistrum Cunonem, [[Ordo Praedicatorum|praedicatorum ordinis]] virum. Quo mortuo<ref>Cuno bibliothecam Rhenano legavit.</ref> ab anno 1514 ob studia communia artissimam amicitiam cum Desiderio Erasmo contraxit, cuius ''[[Adagia (Erasmus)|Adagiorum]]'' editionis Argentorati particeps fuerat. Abhinc praecipuis inceptis typographicis Iohannis Frobenii eiusque successorum sive auctor sive particeps interfuit ː innumeri sunt libri in quibus nomen Beati Rhenani legitur. == De classicis edendis == Nonnullas [[Editio princeps|editiones principes]] Beato Rhenano debemus ː ita anno [[1520]] [[Velleius Paterculus]], qui pugnam [[Arminius|Armini]] contra [[Publius Quinctilius Varus|Quintilium Varum]] primus narraverat, primum apud Iohannem Frobenium in lucem typographicam prodiit<ref>[https://books.google.fr/books?id=PSZUAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Vellei+Paterculi+Historiae+romanae+duo+volumina++beatus+rhenanus&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjt9oHC5LznAhUcA2MBHRm6C2gQ6AEIMTAB#v=onepage&q=Vellei%20Paterculi%20Historiae%20romanae%20duo%20volumina%20%20beatus%20rhenanus&f=false ''P. Vellei Paterculi historiae Romanae duo volumina...''] </ref> postquam manuscriptum librum in [[Abbatia Murbacensis|Murbacensi abbatia]] oblitum invenit. Item sequenti anno apud eundem typographum opera [[Tertullianus|Tertulliani]]<ref>Petrus Petitmengin, "[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k9752477f/f107.image A propos du "Tertullien" de Beatus Rhenanus]", ''Annuaire de la Société des amis de la Bibliothèque de Sélestat'', 1980 ː 93-106.</ref>, quamquam indoles timida et prudens Rhenani a vehementissimo et bellatorio genere dicendi [[Apologeta|apologetae]] Carthaginiensis multum distare videtur, sed typographi Basilienses velut suum munus in orbe typographico tum susceperant antiquissimos authores Christianos Latinos et Graecos edendos ː nonne circa idem tempus Iohannes Frobenius opera [[Sanctus Hieronymus|Divi Hieronymi]] et [[Novum Testamentum]] Graecum, ambo ab Erasmo curata, publicabat ?{{dubsig}} Ac iam antea multis voluminibus [[Ioannes Amorbachius|Ioannes Amerbach]] opera [[Sanctus Augustinus|Divi Augustini]] et [[Sanctus Ambrosius|Divi Ambrosii]] ediderat ?{{dubsig}} Item ''de Aedificiis'' [[Procopius Caesarensis|Procopi Caesarensis]], sexti saeculi scriptoris, Rhenanum primum editorem habuit (1531). Etenim Rhenanus Graece quoque didicerat. Optime tamen de historico [[Tacitus|Tacito]] meruit<ref>Walter Allen, "Beatus Rhenanus, Editor of Tacitus and Livy", ''Speculum'' 1937 ː 382sqq.</ref> cui per totam vitam operam dedit. Inter 1519 et 1544<ref>In Italia partim anno 1470 partim anno 1515 primum in lucem prodierat.</ref> non tantum textum emendavit sed glossarium vocabulorum et locutionum ab illo authore usitatarum elucubravit, eius genus dicendi disquisivit et ''[[Germania (Tacitus)|Germaniam]]'' amplo commentario instruxit<ref>Iacobus Hirstein, ''Tacitus' Germania and Beatus Rhenanus (1485-1547): a study of the editorial and exegetical contribution of a sixteenth century scholar'', P. Lang, 1995.</ref>. Simul et ipse Germanorum quandam historiam composuit et anno 1531 publicavit<ref>''Beati Rhenani Selestadiensis Rerum Germanicarum libri tres...'', Basileae : In officina Frobeniana, 1531. [https://books.google.fr/books?id=y8mjJFqU2MIC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Ibi habes editionem anni 1551]. [https://books.google.fr/books?hl=fr&lr=&id=F5mzOWUnANYC&oi=fnd&pg=PR1&dq=beatus+rhenanus&ots=lChxdHa07U&sig=A38rCiUDrC-GFUkHCUVDyjVWRDI#v=onepage&q=beatus%20rhenanus&f=false Reeditio 2008 apud Guglum librorum] </ref> in qua veteres inscriptiones Latinas in Helvetia repertas referebat. Eodem anno et collectaneum historicum scriptorum "mediorum temporum" ad bella Gothorum spectans edendum curavit<ref>''Procopii Caesariensis de rebus Gothorum, Persarum ac Vandalorum libri VII una cum aliis mediorum temporum historicis'' ..., Basileae : Ex officina Joannis Hervagii, 1531.</ref>. [[Titus Livius|Titum Livium]]<ref>Michael Reeve, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rht_0373-6075_1995_num_25_1995_1428?pageid=t2_218 Beatus Rhenanus and the lost Vormaciensis of Livy]", ''Revue d'Histoire des Textes'' 1995 ː 217-254 </ref> quoque edidit nec dubitabat monumenta quaedam vetustissimae linguae Germanicae servatae scriptis nonnumquam inserere<ref>Ita versus poetae Otfridi, noni saeculi auctoris, memorabat. Cf. Sigrid von der Gönna, "Beatus Rhenanus und Otfrid von Weissenburg. Zur Otfrid-Überlieferung im 16. Jahrhundert", ''Zeitschrift für deutsches Altertum und deutsche Literatur'' 1978 ː 248-257.</ref>. Multis insuper aliis inceptis typographicis cum Erasmo ceterisque humanistis Basiliensibus interfuit... == Rhenanus, Erasmus, Lutherus == [[Fasciculus:Bibliothèque humaniste de Sélestat 21 janvier 2014-100.jpg|thumb|Pone figuram Rhenani in quodam numismate expressam eius libri conspicui sunt quorum nonnlli pellem sedecimi saeculi recentiore tegumento mutaverunt.]] Ut qui iam a pueritia per fratres a vita communi [[Devotio moderna|devotione moderna]] imbutus erat ac postea Fabro Stapulensi et Erasmo familiariter usus erat Beatus Rhenanus aliquam Ecclesiae reformationem necessariam existimabat quae e primis Christianismi temporibus quaerenda esset. Itaque primum (1518-1519) [[Martinus Lutherus|Lutheri]] placitis studiose adsentiebatur adeo ut Erasmo peregre morante Frobenio persuaserit ut scripta [[Martinus Lutherus|Martini Lutheri]] a [[Wolfgangus Capito|Wolfgango Capitone]] in unum collecta [[Prelum typographicum|prelo]] mandaret (perfacile enim tum per omnem Germaniam venum dabantur). Mox tamen dissensionibus religiosis bella intestina minitantibus deterritus Beatus qui nihil aeque atque pacem et otium amabat moderationem amici Erasmi imitatus fidem Ecclesiae Catholicae Romanae servavit. Anno 1523 litteras nobilitatis a [[Carolus V (imperator)|Carolo Quinto]] accepit qui ita scriptoris et eruditi fidem sibi constringere cupiebat. Iam anno 1528 in patriam, terram catholicam, sese recepit paulo antequam civitas Basilensis religionem reformatam sibi eligeret ( mense Februario 1529) atque artificum corpora, episcopo infesta, imagines sculptas aut pictas in ecclesiis et conventibus delere coepissent. Nova opera sua tamen typographis Basilensibus mittere non desiit. Forte Argentorati, in civitate libera et reformata, obiit sed corpus eius secundum ultimam voluntatem Selestadii, in terra catholica, humatum est. Ne ita quidem caveri potuit ne [[Concilium Tridentinum|concilii Tridentini]] tempore catholici commentarium Beati ad tertiam editionem Tertulliani (1539) [[Index librorum prohibitorum|Indici librorum prohibitorum]] addiderint (Tertullianus et ipse olim ab Ecclesia hereticus iudicatus erat). Epistulae exstant quibus Rhenanus [[Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus|Erasmum]] per Europam, ut semper, peregrinantem Basileam revocare conabatur ut ''Novum Testamentum'' Graecum apud Frobenium perpoliret. Tanta familiaritate amico utebatur, cui velut "alter ego" esse videbatur, ut non dubitarit textum manuscriptum quod in eius manus venerat et ab Erasmo adulescente Parisius scriptum erat ac postea neglectum, ''Familiarium Colloquiorum formulae'' inscriptum, sine permissu authoris sed cum praefatione qua originem textus explicabat, per Frobenium anno 1518 typographice divulgare. Illa colloquia primo nihil erant aliud nisi exempla purae Latinitatis tironibus destinata. Erasmus aegre ferens quod opusculum famae suae tam impar nomen suum praeferret non tantum textum correxit sed usque adeo amplificavit ut unum e maioribus operibus Roterodamensis humanistae facta sint. Mox Rhenano ignovit et innumerae editiones istorum ''[[Colloquia familiaria|Colloquiorum familiarium]]'' fuere quia homines illius temporis delectabant simul et docebant. Inter discipulos eius fuit et [[iohannes Oporinus|Oporinus]] typographus. Ut ipse Beatus Rhenanus vitam Erasmi, sic [[Iohannes Sturm]], paedagogus reformatus Argentoratensis, nobis vitam Beati Rhenani reliquit<ref> "Vie de Beatus Rhenanus par Jean Sturm ; traduction de Charles Munier ; notes de Hubert Meyer", in ''Spécial 500e anniversaire de la naissance de Beatus Rhenanus. Les Amis de la Bibliothèque humaniste de Sélestat'', 1985 ː 7-18.</ref>. == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == [[Fasciculus:F16-0039-2 (32528546593).jpg|thumb|Editio princeps Vellei Paterculi a Beato Rhenano curata (pagina tituli). In parte superiore delineata est pugna inter Quinctilium Varum et heroem Germanicum, [[Cherusci|Cheruscum]] Arminium]] *Paulus Adam, ''L'humanisme à Sélestat: l'école, les humanistes, la bibliothèque'', Alsatia, 1978 *''Antiquité tardive et humanisme: de Tertullien à Beatus Rhenanus: Mélanges offerts à François Heim à l'occasion de son 70e anniversaire'' curantibus Y. Lehmann, G. Freyburger, et J. Hirstein. Turnhout, Brepols, 2005. (Studia Humanitatis Rhenana, 2) *''Beatus Rhenanus (1485-1547) : son activité de lecteur, d'éditeur et d'écrivain : [exposition], 18 septembre - 18 novembre 1998'', Ministère de la culture-Direction du livre et de la lecture, 1998 *''Beatus Rhenanus (1485-1547) et une réforme de l’Eglise : engagement et changement'' ːActes du colloque international tenu à Strasbourg et à Sélestat les 5 et 6 juin 2015, Brepols, 2018 ISBN: 978-2-503-57919-1 [http://www.brepols.net/Pages/ShowProduct.aspx?prod_id=IS-9782503579191-1 Summarium] *Alfred Berchtold, ''Bâle et l'Europe : une histoire culturelle'', Lausanne, Payot, 1990, 344-350 ː Beatus Rhenaus l'inspirateur 1485-1547. *''Briefwechsel des Beatus Rhenanus gesammelt und herausgegeben von Adalbert Horawitz und Karl Hartfelder'', [[Hildesia]]e, Georg Olms Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1966 *Iohannes d'Amico, "Beatus Rhenanus, Tertullian and the Reformation: A Humanist’s Critique of Scholasticism", ''Reformationsgeschichte - Archive for Reformation History'' 1980 ː 37-63. *Isabelle Diu, "Du modèle idéal de la bibliothèque humaniste à sa réalisation effective : Érasme et Beatus Rhenanus", ''Littératures classiques'' 2008/2(66) ː 39-52 *''Erasme, l'Alsace et son temps : catalogue de l'exposition réalisée à la Bibliothèque nationale et universitaire de Strasbourg'', Strasbourg, Palais de l'Université, 1971 *Petrus Fraenkel, "Mélanchton, Beatus Rhenanus et Tertullien", ''Bibliothèque d'Humanisme et Renaissance'', 1982 ː 357-360. ** "Beatus Rhenanus, Oecolampade, Theodore de Beze et quelques-unes de leurs sources anciennes", ''ibidem'', 1979 ː 63-81 *Gustav Knod, ''[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Knod_Aus_der_Bibliothek_des_Beatus_Rhenanus.pdf Aus der Bibliothek des Beatus Rhenanus]'', Schlettstadt, 1889. *I. Hirstein (cur.), ''Beatus Rhenanus (1485-1547) et une réforme de l’Eglise : engagement et changement'', Turnhout, Brepols, 2018. [https://journals.openedition.org/alsace/2850 Recensio critica] ** "Beatus Rhenanus et les « Avis au lecteur » signés « Jean Froben » sur l'Histoire d'Ammien Marcellin et sur l'Histoire Auguste dans l'édition bâloise de juin 1518", ''Annuaire 1989, Les Amis de la bibliothèque humaniste de Sélestat''ː 27-50 ** "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/27121167 Beatus Rhenanus (1485-1547) commentateur de la Germanie de Tacite: Litteris et Patriae ?]", ''Revue Française d'Histoire des Idées Politiques'', 2020: 61-136 *Adalbertus Horawitz, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?hl=fr&lr=&id=XeJgAAAAcAAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA3&dq=beatus+rhenanus&ots=OyMM_26-SO&sig=Pdx74XfrQAQ3NZ7V5YBVQ_R04AM&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=beatus%20rhenanus&f=false Die Bibliothek und Correspondenz des Beatus Rhenanus zu Schlettstadt]'', Viennae, 1872. ** ''[https://books.google.fr/books?hl=fr&lr=&id=zgiy1qi2FRcC&oi=fnd&pg=PA5&dq=beatus+rhenanus&ots=YKVSIH-hyK&sig=A9OlaZdIDjHOFyBVPSk0DdIkFsA#v=onepage&q=beatus%20rhenanus&f=false Beatus Rhenanus ː eine biographie]'', Wien, 1872 *Micol Muttini, "[https://dionysusexmachina.it/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/4.Muttini.pdf The Clouds in Basel: Beatus Rhenanus as a translator of Aristophanes]" in ''Dionysus ex machina'' XVI, 2025: 237-263 *Petrus Petitmengin, "La terminologie philologique de Beatus Rhenanus" in ''Beatus Rhenanus (1485-1547), lecteur et éditeur des textes anciens: Actes du Colloque International tenu à Strasbourg et à Sélestat du 13 au 15 novembre 1998'' ː 195-222. *Franciscus Rapp, "[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k9752597j/f19.image Beatus Rhenanus le modèle du savant moderne...]", ''Annuaire de la Société des amis de la Bibliothèque de Sélestat'', 1984 ː 7-18. * J. Rathgeber, "[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k9631985m/f396.item Béatus Rhénanus]", ''Revue d'Alsace'', nouv. sér., t. I, 1872, p. 384-397 *Robertus Walter, ''Trois profils de Beatus Rhenanus'', Argentorati, 1997. **''Beatus Rhenanus : citoyen de Sélestat, ami d'Erasme (1485-1547) : un grand humaniste alsacien et son époque : anthologie de sa correspondance : choix de textes établis, traduits et commentés'', Oberlin, 1986. **[https://web.archive.org/web/20231105190640/https://www.selestat.fr/fileadmin/user_upload/patrimoine/documents/pdf/Articles_annuaires_ABH/Eglise_Sainte_Foy/Annuaire_ABH_1994_Beatus_Rhenanus_et_Sainte_Foy.pdf Beatus Rhenanus et Sainte-Foy]", ''Annuaire des Amis de la Bibliothèque Humaniste'', 1994ː 61-66 *Bernard Stenuit, "Beatus Rhenanus traduit en latin Ploutos d'Aristophane (Sélestat, BHS, ms. 336,2)", ''Latomus'', 2025: 817-836 [https://poj.peeters-leuven.be/content.php?url=article.php&id=3295512&journal_code=LAT] == Nexus externi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20200206082653/https://www.arsea.fr/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/arsea_lhumanisme_alsacien_gabriel_brauener.pdf L'humanisme alsacien] *[https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/ADB:Beatus_Rhenanus Allgemeine deutsche Biographie] * {{PND|118960563}} * {{BBKL|r/rhenanus_b|auctor=Johannes Köhler|commentatio=RHENANUS, Beatus|tomus=8|columnae=137-142}} {{Lifetime|1485|1547|Rhenanus, Beatus}} [[Categoria:Auctores Latini Renascentiae]] [[Categoria:Historici Germaniae]] [[Categoria:Humanistae]] [[Categoria:Incolae Alsatiae]] [[Categoria:Philologi Germaniae]] [[Categoria:Selestadium]] fxmk5a0xpwj0djh87itjm738d9ms6ze 0 78373 3996290 3929598 2026-10-23T09:13:27Z Pippobuono 54500 /* Nexus externus */ 3996290 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cardinalis Ecclesiae Catholicae | |nomen=Ludovicus Maria Billé | |titulus= Sanctissima Trinitas ni Monte Piciano | |munus= [[cardinalis]] Archiepiscopus [[Lugdunum|Lugduni]] | |imago=Mgr Louis-Marie Billé.jpg | |descriptio= Cardinalis Billé | |latitudo imaginis=180 px |natus= [[18 Februarii]] [[1938]]| |ordinatus= [[25 Martii]] [[1962]]| |episcopus= [[10 Martii]] [[1984]] | |consacratus= [[19 Maii]] [[1984]] | |promulgatus= [[21 Februarii]] [[2001]]| |a papa=[[Ioannes Paulus II|Ioanne Paulo II]]| |mortuus= [[Burdigala]]e, [[12 Martii]] [[2002]]| |vexillum= Coat of arms of Louis-Marie Billé.svg| |va= |ch=bille |cr= }} '''Ludovicus Maria Billé ''' (natus ''[[Fleury-les-Aubrais]]'' die [[18 Februarii]] [[1938]]; [[Burdigala]]e propter [[Cancer (morbus)|cancrum]] mortuus die [[12 Martii]] [[2002]]) fuit [[cardinalis]] [[Ecclesia Catholica|Ecclesiae Catholicae]], [[Archiepiscopus]] [[Lugdunum|Lugduni]] et [[Primas]] [[Francia]]e. == Nexus externus == * {{CathHierBishop|bille}} {{bio-stipula}} {{Archiepiscopi Lugdunenses}} {{Episcopi Valleguidonenses}} {{Lifetime|1938|2002|Bille, Ludovicus Maria}} [[Categoria:Incolae Franciae]] [[Categoria:Cardinales]] [[Categoria:Archiepiscopi Lugdunenses]] [[Categoria:Archidioecesis Aquensis in Gallia]] [[Categoria:Episcopi Valleguidonenses]] kqni2i68fsl9vr0deab0p389uf15bcp 10 79277 3996309 958597 2026-10-23T10:18:43Z Grufo 64423 Grufo movit paginam [[Formula:Clade]] ad [[Formula:Cladus]]: Nomen Latinum 958597 wikitext text/x-wiki {| cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 border=0 style="{{{style|}}}" | style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:{{{thickness|1}}}px solid black;" valign=bottom align=center | {{#if:{{{label1|}}}|{{{label1}}}|<br/>}} || rowspan=2 | {{{1}}} |- {{#if:{{{2|}}}| {{!}} style="border-left:{{{thickness|1}}}px solid black;" valign=top {{!}} <br/> {{!}}- {{!}} style="border-left:{{{thickness|1}}}px solid black; 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border-bottom:{{{thickness|1}}}px solid black;" valign=bottom align=center {{!}} {{#if:{{{label13|}}}|{{{label13}}}|<br/>}} {{!}}{{!}} rowspan=2 {{!}} {{{13}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{14|}}}| {{!}} style="border-left:{{{thickness|1}}}px solid black;" valign=top {{!}} <br/> {{!}}- {{!}} style="border-left:{{{thickness|1}}}px solid black; border-bottom:{{{thickness|1}}}px solid black;" valign=bottom align=center {{!}} {{#if:{{{label14|}}}|{{{label14}}}|<br/>}} {{!}}{{!}} rowspan=2 {{!}} {{{14}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{15|}}}| {{!}} style="border-left:{{{thickness|1}}}px solid black;" valign=top {{!}} <br/> {{!}}- {{!}} style="border-left:{{{thickness|1}}}px solid black; border-bottom:{{{thickness|1}}}px solid black;" valign=bottom align=center {{!}} {{#if:{{{label15|}}}|{{{label15}}}|<br/>}} {{!}}{{!}} rowspan=2 {{!}} {{{15}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{16|}}}| {{!}} style="border-left:{{{thickness|1}}}px solid black;" valign=top {{!}} <br/> {{!}}- {{!}} style="border-left:{{{thickness|1}}}px solid black; border-bottom:{{{thickness|1}}}px solid black;" valign=bottom align=center {{!}} {{#if:{{{label16|}}}|{{{label16}}}|<br/>}} {{!}}{{!}} rowspan=2 {{!}} {{{16}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{17|}}}| {{!}} style="border-left:{{{thickness|1}}}px solid black;" valign=top {{!}} <br/> {{!}}- {{!}} style="border-left:{{{thickness|1}}}px solid black; border-bottom:{{{thickness|1}}}px solid black;" valign=bottom align=center {{!}} {{#if:{{{label17|}}}|{{{label17}}}|<br/>}} {{!}}{{!}} rowspan=2 {{!}} {{{17}}} {{!}}- }} | valign=top | <br/> |}</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentatio}}</noinclude> 9ipv059ffcusp2dwkpsgt0bcclzunw2 0 84236 3996265 3545364 2026-10-23T04:22:30Z Bartholomite 116968 non latine 3996265 wikitext text/x-wiki {{non latine}} Hic est index [[Florida]]e gubernatorum. == Gubernator militaris == {| class="wikitable" |- bgcolor="#DCE5E5" ! Nomen ! Mandatum |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Andreas Jackson]] | align="left" | 1821 |} == Floridae Territorium == {| class="wikitable" |- bgcolor="#DCE5E5" ! Nomen ! Mandatum ! Factio |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[William Pope Duval]] | align="left" | 1822–1834 | align="left" | |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[John Henry Eaton]] | align="left" | 1834–1836 | align="left" | [[Factio Democratica (CFA)|Democratica]] |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | align="left" | [[Richard Keith Call]] | align="left" | 1836–1839 | align="left" | |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Robert Raymond Reid]] | align="left" | 1839–1841 | align="left" | |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | align="left" | Richard Keith Call | align="left" | 1841–1844 | align="left" | |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | align="left" | [[John Branch]] | align="left" | 1841–1844 | align="left" | [[Factio Whig (CFA)|Whig]] |} == [[Florida|Florida civitas foederalis]] == <div style="float:left;text-align:left;padding-right:15px"> {| style="border-style:solid;border-width:1px;border-color:#808080;background-color:#DCE5E5" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" width="500px" |- bgcolor="#DCE5E5" ! Nomen ! Mandatum ! Factio |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[William Moseley (Gouverneur)|William Dunn Moseley]] | align="left" | 1845–1849 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | align="left" | [[Thomas Brown (Gouverneur)|Thomas Brown]] | align="left" | 1849–1853 | align="left" | Whig |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[James Broome|James Emilius Broome]] | align="left" | 1853–1857 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Madison Perry|Madison Starke Perry]] | align="left" | 1857–1861 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[John Milton (Politiker)|John Milton]] | align="left" | 1861–1865 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Abraham Allison|Abraham Kurkindolle Allison]] | align="left" | 1865–1865 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | align="left" | [[William Marvin]] | align="left" | 1865–1865 | align="left" | |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[David Walker (Gouverneur)|David Shelby Walker]] | align="left" | 1865–1868 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Harrison Reed]] | align="left" | 1868–1873 | align="left" | [[Factio Republicana (CFA)|Republicana]] |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Ossian Hart|Ossian Bingley Hart]] | align="left" | 1873–1874 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Marcellus Stearns|Marcellus Lovejoy Stearns]] | align="left" | 1874–1877 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[George Drew|George Franklin Drew]] | align="left" | 1877–1881 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[William Bloxham|William Dunnington Bloxham]] | align="left" | 1881–1885 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Edward Perry|Edward Aylesworth Perry]] | align="left" | 1885–1889 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Francis P. Fleming|Francis Philip Fleming]] | align="left" | 1889–1893 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Henry Mitchell|Henry Laurens Mitchell]] | align="left" | 1893–1897 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | William Dunnington Bloxham | align="left" | 1897–1901 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[William Jennings|William Sherman Jennings]] | align="left" | 1901–1905 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Napoleon Broward|Napoleon Bonaparte Broward]] | align="left" | 1905–1909 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Albert Gilchrist|Albert Waller Gilchrist]] | align="left" | 1909–1913 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Park Trammell]] | align="left" | 1913–1917 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFA0FF" | align="left" | [[Sidney Catts|Sidney Johnston Catts]] | align="left" | 1917–1921 | align="left" | [[Factio Prohibitionis]] |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Cary Hardee|Cary Augustus Hardee]] | align="left" | 1921–1925 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[John Martin (Florida)|John Wellborn Martin]] | align="left" | 1925–1929 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Doyle Carlton|Doyle Elam Carlton]] | align="left" | 1929–1933 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[David Sholtz]] | align="left" | 1933–1937 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Fred Cone|Frederick Preston Cone]] | align="left" | 1937–1941 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Spessard Holland|Spessard Lindsey Holland]] | align="left" | 1941–1945 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Millard Caldwell|Millard Fillmore Caldwell]] | align="left" | 1945–1949 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Fuller Warren]] | align="left" | 1949–1953 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Daniel McCarty|Daniel Thomas McCarty]] | align="left" | 1953–1953 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Charley Johns|Charley Eugene Johns]] | align="left" | 1953–1955 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[LeRoy Collins|Thomas LeRoy Collins]] | align="left" | 1955–1961 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Cecil Farris Bryant]] | align="left" | 1961–1965 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Gulielmus Haydon Burns]] | align="left" | 1965–1967 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Claude Kirk junior|Claude Roy Kirk]] | align="left" | 1967–1971 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Reubin Askew|Reubin O’Donovan Askew]] | align="left" | 1971–1979 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Daniel Robert Graham]] | align="left" | 1979–1987 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Wayne Mixson|John Wayne Mixson]] | align="left" | 1987–1987 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Robert Martinez]] | align="left" | 1987–1991 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Lawton Chiles|Lawton Mainor Chiles]] | align="left" | 1991–1998 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Kenneth MacKay|Kenneth Hood MacKay]] | align="left" | 1998–1999 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Jeb Bush|John Ellis Bush]] | align="left" | 1999–2007 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Charlie Crist|Charles Joseph Crist]] | align="left" | 2007–2011 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Ricardus Scott|Ricardus Lynn Scott]] | align="left" | 2011-2019 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Ron DeSantis]] | align="left" | ab anno 2019 | align="left" | Republicana |} {{Indices Gubernatorum Civitatum Foederatarum Americae}} [[Categoria:Gubernatores Floridae|!]] hnv0p1av5u4xowyk7frjpru3kt05q16 0 84322 3996268 3256728 2026-10-23T04:24:15Z Bartholomite 116968 non latine 3996268 wikitext text/x-wiki {{non latine}} Hic est index [[Indiana]]e gubernatorum. == Territorium == {| class="wikitable" |- bgcolor="#DCE5E5" ! Nomen ! Mandatum ! Factio |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | align="left" | [[William H. Harrison|William Henry Harrison]] | align="left" | 1800–1822 | align="left" | Miles |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | align="left" | [[John Gibson (Gouverneur)|John Gibson]] | align="left" | 1812–1813 | align="left" | |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | align="left" | [[Thomas Posey]] | align="left" | 1813–1816 | align="left" | |} == [[Indiana|Indiana civitas foederalis]] == {| class="wikitable" |- bgcolor="#DCE5E5" ! Nomen ! Mandatum ! Factio |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | align="left" | [[Jonathan Jennings]] | align="left" | 1816–1822 | align="left" | [[Factio Democratica Republicana]] |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | align="left" | [[Ratliff Boon]] | align="left" | 1822–1822 | align="left" | Factio Democratica Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | align="left" | [[William Hendricks]] | align="left" | 1822–1825 | align="left" | Factio Democratica Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | align="left" | [[James Ray|James Brown Ray]] | align="left" | 1825–1831 | align="left" | sine Factione |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFF8DC" | align="left" | [[Noah Noble]] | align="left" | 1831–1837 | align="left" | [[Factio Nationalis Republicana|Nationalis Republicana]] <small>ab anno 1834 Factio Whig </small> |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | align="left" | [[David Wallace (Politiker)|David Wallace]] | align="left" | 1837–1840 | align="left" | [[Factio Whig (CFA)|Whig]] |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | align="left" | [[Samuel Bigger]] | align="left" | 1840–1843 | align="left" | Whig |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[James Whitcomb (Politiker)|James Whitcomb]] | align="left" | 1843–1848 | align="left" | [[Factio Democratica (CFA)|Democratica]] |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Paris Dunning|Paris Chipman Dunning]] | align="left" | 1848–1849 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Joseph Wright (Gouverneur)|Joseph Albert Wright]] | align="left" | 1849–1857 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Ashbel Willard|Ashbel Parsons Willard]] | align="left" | 1857–1860 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Abram Hammond|Abram Adams Hammond]] | align="left" | 1860–1861 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Henry Smith Lane]] | align="left" | 1861 | align="left" | [[Factio Republicana (CFA)|Republicana]] |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Oliver Hazard Perry Throck Morton]] | align="left" | 1861–1867 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Conrad Baker]] | align="left" | 1867–1873 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Thomas A. Hendricks|Thomas Andrews Hendricks]] | align="left" | 1873–1877 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[James Williams (Gouverneur)|James Douglas Williams]] | align="left" | 1877–1880 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Isaac Gray|Isaac Pusey Gray]] | align="left" | 1880–1881 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Albert Porter|Albert Gallatin Porter]] | align="left" | 1881–1885 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | Isaac Pusey Gray | align="left" | 1885–1889 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Alvin Hovey|Alvin Peterson Hovey]] | align="left" | 1889–1891 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Ira Chase|Ira Joy Chase]] | align="left" | 1891–1893 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Claude Matthews]] | align="left" | 1893–1897 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[James Mount|James Atwell Mount]] | align="left" | 1897–1901 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Winfield Durbin|Winfield Taylor Durbin]] | align="left" | 1901–1905 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[James Frank Hanly|James Franklin Hanly]] | align="left" | 1905–1909 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Thomas Riley Marshall]] | align="left" | 1909–1913 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Samuel Ralston|Samuel Moffett Ralston]] | align="left" | 1913–1917 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[James Goodrich|James Putnam Goodrich]] | align="left" | 1917–1921 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Warren McCray|Warren Terry McCray]] | align="left" | 1921–1924 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Emmett Branch|Emmett Forrest Branch]] | align="left" | 1924–1925 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Edward Jackson|Edward L. Jackson]] | align="left" | 1925–1929 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Harry Leslie|Harry Guyer Leslie]] | align="left" | 1929–1933 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Paul McNutt|Paul Vories McNutt]] | align="left" | 1933–1937 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Maurice C. Townsend|Maurice Clifford Townsend]] | align="left" | 1937–1941 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Henry Schricker|Henry Frederick Schricker]] | align="left" | 1941–1945 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Ralph Gates|Ralph Fesler Gates]] | align="left" | 1945–1949 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | Henry Frederick Schricker | align="left" | 1949–1953 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[George Craig|George North Craig]] | align="left" | 1953–1957 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Harold Handley|Harold Willis Handley]] | align="left" | 1957–1961 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Matthew E. Welsh|Matthew Empson Welsh]] | align="left" | 1961–1965 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Roger Branigin|Roger Douglas Branigin]] | align="left" | 1965–1969 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Edgar Whitcomb|Edgar Doud Whitcomb]] | align="left" | 1969–1973 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Otis Bowen|Otis Ray Bowen]] | align="left" | 1973–1981 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Robert Dunkerson Orr]] | align="left" | 1981–1989 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Evan Bayh|Birch Evans Bayh]] | align="left" | 1989–1997 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Frank O’Bannon|Frank Lewis O’Bannon]] | align="left" | 1997–2003 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Joe Kernan|Joseph Eugene Kernan]] | align="left" | 2003–2005 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Mitchell Daniels|Mitchell Elias Daniels]] | align="left" | 2005–2013 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Mike Pence|Michael Richard Pence]] | align="left" | 2013–2017 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Eric Holcomb|Eric Joseph Holcomb]] | align="left" | 2017- | align="left" | Republicana |} {{Indices Gubernatorum Civitatum Foederatarum Americae}} [[Categoria:Gubernatores Indianae|!]] 4ssafcwkji0qvgope9of03gbqyo7yic 0 84456 3996266 3354932 2026-10-23T04:23:08Z Bartholomite 116968 non latine 3996266 wikitext text/x-wiki {{non latine}} Hic est index [[Georgia]]e gubernatorum. == Gubernatores [[Rei Publicae Georgianae]] == {| style="border-style:solid;border-width:1px;border-color:#808080;background-color:#DCE5E5" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" width="600px" |- bgcolor="#DCE5E5" ! Nomen ! Mandatum |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | align="left" | [[Georgius Walton]] | align="left" | 1775–1776 |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | align="left" | [[Archibald Bulloch]] | align="left" | 1776–1777 |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | align="left" | [[Button Gwinnett]] | align="left" | 1777 |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | align="left" | [[John Treutlen]] | align="left" | 1777–1778 |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | align="left" | [[John Houstoun]] | align="left" | 1778–1779 |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | align="left" | [[John Wereat]] | align="left" | 1779–1780 |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | align="left" | Georgius Walton | align="left" | 1779–1780 |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | align="left" | [[Richard Howly]] | align="left" | 1780–1780 |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | align="left" | [[Stephen Heard]] | align="left" | 1780–1780 |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | align="left" | [[Myrick Davies]] | align="left" | 1780–1781 |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | align="left" | [[Nathan Brownson]] | align="left" | 1781–1782 |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | align="left" | [[John Martin (Georgia)|John Martin]] | align="left" | 1782–1783 |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | align="left" | [[Lyman Hall]] | align="left" | 1783–1784 |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | align="left" | John Houstoun | align="left" | 1784–1785 |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | align="left" | [[Samuel Elbert]] | align="left" | 1785–1786 |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | align="left" | [[Edward Telfair]] | align="left" | 1786–1787 |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | align="left" | [[George Mathews]] | align="left" | 1787–1788 |} == Gubernatores Georgiae == <div style="float:left;text-align:left;padding-right:15px"> {| style="border-style:solid;border-width:1px;border-color:#808080;background-color:#DCE5E5" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" width="600px" |- bgcolor="#DCE5E5" ! Nomen ! Mandatum ! Factio |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | align="left" | [[Georgius Handley]] | align="left" | 1788–1789 | align="left" | sine factione |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | align="left" | Georgius Walton | align="left" | 1789–1790 | align="left" | [[Factio Democratica Republicana|Democratica Republicana]] |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | align="left" | Edward Telfair | align="left" | 1790–1793 | align="left" | Democratica Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | align="left" | George Mathews | align="left" | 1793–1796 | align="left" | Democratica Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | align="left" | [[Jared Irwin]] | align="left" | 1796–1798 | align="left" | Democratica Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | align="left" | [[James Jackson (Politiker)|James Jackson]] | align="left" | 1798–1801 | align="left" | Democratica Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | align="left" | [[David Emanuel (Politiker)|David Emanuel]] | align="left" | 1801–1801 | align="left" | Democratica Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | align="left" | [[Josiah Tattnall senior|Josiah Tattnall]] | align="left" | 1801–1802 | align="left" | Democratica Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | align="left" | [[John Milledge]] | align="left" | 1802–1806 | align="left" | Democratica Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | align="left" | Jared Irwin | align="left" | 1806–1809 | align="left" | Democratica Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | align="left" | [[David Brydie Mitchell]] | align="left" | 1809–1813 | align="left" | Democratica Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | align="left" | [[Peter Early]] | align="left" | 1813–1815 | align="left" | Democratica Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | align="left" | David Brydie Mitchell | align="left" | 1815–1817 | align="left" | Democratica Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | align="left" | [[William Rabun]] | align="left" | 1817–1819 | align="left" | Democratica Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | align="left" | [[Matthew Talbot]] | align="left" | 1819–1819 | align="left" | Democratica Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | align="left" | [[John Clark (Politiker)|John Clark]] | align="left" | 1819–1823 | align="left" | Democratica Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | align="left" | [[George Troup|George Michael Troup]] | align="left" | 1823–1827 | align="left" | Democratica Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | align="left" | [[John Forsyth]] | align="left" | 1827–1829 | align="left" | Democratica Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | align="left" | [[George Gilmer|George Rockingham Gilmer]] | align="left" | 1829–1831 | align="left" | [[Factio Whig (CFA)|Whig]] |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Wilson Lumpkin]] | align="left" | 1831–1835 | align="left" | [[Factio Democratica (CFA)|Democratica]] |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[William Schley]] | align="left" | 1835–1837 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | align="left" | George Rockingham Gilmer | align="left" | 1837–1839 | align="left" | Whig |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Charles McDonald|Charles James McDonald]] | align="left" | 1839–1843 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | align="left" | [[George Walker Crawford]] | align="left" | 1843–1847 | align="left" | Whig |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[George Towns|George Washington Bonaparte Towns]] | align="left" | 1847–1851 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Howell Cobb]] | align="left" | 1851–1853 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Herschel Johnson|Herschel Vespasian Johnson]] | align="left" | 1853–1857 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Joseph E. Brown|Joseph Emerson Brown]] | align="left" | 1857–1865 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[James Johnson (Politiker)|James Johnson]] | align="left" | 1865–1865 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Charles Jenkins (Gouverneur)|Charles Jones Jenkins]] | align="left" | 1865–1868 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | align="left" | [[Thomas Ruger|Thomas Howard Ruger]] | align="left" | 1868–1868 | align="left" | |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Rufus Bullock|Rufus Brown Bullock]] | align="left" | 1868–1871 | align="left" | [[Factio Republicana (CFA)|Republicana]] |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Beniaminus Conley]] | align="left" | 1871–1872 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[James Milton Smith]] | align="left" | 1872–1877 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Alfred Holt Colquitt]] | align="left" | 1877–1882 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Alexander Hamilton Stephens]] | align="left" | 1882–1883 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[James Boynton]] | align="left" | 1883 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Henry McDaniel|Henry Dickerson McDaniel]] | align="left" | 1883–1886 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[John B. Gordon|John Brown Gordon]] | align="left" | 1886–1890 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[William Northen|William Jonathan Northen]] | align="left" | 1890–1894 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[William Atkinson|William Yates Atkinson]] | align="left" | 1894–1898 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Allen Candler|Allen Daniel Candler]] | align="left" | 1898–1902 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Joseph Terrell|Joseph Meriwether Terrell]] | align="left" | 1902–1907 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Michael Hoke Smith]] | align="left" | 1907–1909 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Joseph M. Brown|Joseph Mackey Brown]] | align="left" | 1909–1911 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | Michael Hoke Smith | align="left" | 1911–1911 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[John Slaton|John Marshall Slaton]] | align="left" | 1911–1912 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | Joseph Mackey Brown | align="left" | 1912–1913 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | John Marshall Slaton | align="left" | 1913–1915 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Nathaniel Harris|Nathaniel Edwin Harris]] | align="left" | 1915–1917 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Hugh Dorsey|Hugh Manson Dorsey]] | align="left" | 1917–1921 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Thomas W. Hardwick|Thomas William Hardwick]] | align="left" | 1921–1923 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Clifford Walker|Clifford Mitchell Walker]] | align="left" | 1923–1927 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Lamartine Hardman|Lamartine Griffin Hardman]] | align="left" | 1927–1931 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Richard B. Russell|Richard Brevard Russell]] | align="left" | 1931–1933 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Eugene Talmadge]] | align="left" | 1933–1937 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Eurith Rivers|Eurith Dickenson Rivers]] | align="left" | 1937–1941 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | Eugene Talmadge | align="left" | 1941–1943 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Ellis Arnall]] | align="left" | 1943–1947 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Melvin Thompson|Melvin Ernest Thompson]] | align="left" | 1947–1948 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Herman Talmadge|Herman Eugene Talmadge]] | align="left" | 1948–1955 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Marvin Griffin]] | align="left" | 1955–1959 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Ernest Vandiver|Samuel Ernest Vandiver]] | align="left" | 1959–1963 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Carl Sanders|Carl Edward Sanders]] | align="left" | 1963–1967 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Lester Maddox|Lester Garfield Maddox]] | align="left" | 1967–1971 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Iacobus Earl Carter]] | align="left" | 1971–1975 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[George Busbee]] | align="left" | 1975–1983 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Joe Frank Harris]] | align="left" | 1983–1991 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Zell Miller|Zell Bryan Miller]] | align="left" | 1991–1999 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Roy Barnes]] | align="left" | 1999–2003 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Sonny Perdue|George Ervin Perdue]] | align="left" | 2003–2011 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Nathan Deal|Ioannes Nathan Deal]] | align="left" | 2011– | align="left" | Republicana |} {{Indices Gubernatorum Civitatum Foederatarum Americae}} [[Categoria:Gubernatores Georgiae|!]] [[Categoria:Indices gubernatorum]] qdxv5dtjy0q9xpnhzxx2qy8e1p8alrp 0 84460 3996256 3354933 2026-10-23T04:15:50Z Bartholomite 116968 non latine 3996256 wikitext text/x-wiki {{non latine}} Hic est index [[Carolina Septentrionalis|Carolinae Septentrionalis]] gubernatorum. == Gubernatores Carolinae Septentrionalis == {| style="border-style:solid;border-width:1px;border-color:#808080;background-color:#DCE5E5" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" width="600px" |- bgcolor="#DCE5E5" ! Nomen ! Mandatum ! Factio |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | align="left" | [[Richard Caswell]] | align="left" | 1776–1780 | align="left" | |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | align="left" | [[Abner Nash]] | align="left" | 1780–1781 | align="left" | |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | align="left" | [[Thomas Burke (Politiker)|Thomas Burke]] | align="left" | 1781–1782 | align="left" | |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | align="left" | [[Alexander Martin]] | align="left" | 1782–1784 | align="left" | |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | align="left" | Richard Caswell | align="left" | 1784–1787 | align="left" | |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | align="left" | [[Samuel Johnston]] | align="left" | 1787–1789 | align="left" | |} == Gubernatores Carolinae Septemtrionalis civitatis foederalis == <div style="float:left;text-align:left;padding-right:15px"> {| style="border-style:solid;border-width:1px;border-color:#808080;background-color:#DCE5E5" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" width="600px" |- bgcolor="#DCE5E5" ! Nomen ! Mandatum ! Factio |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | align="left" | Alexander Martin | align="left" | 1789–1792 | align="left" | [[Demokratisch-Republicana|Democratica Republicana]] |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | align="left" | [[Ricardus Dobbs Spaight]] | align="left" | 1792–1795 | align="left" | Democratica Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | align="left" | [[Samuel Ashe]] | align="left" | 1795–1798 | align="left" | Democratica Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#E6E6AA" | align="left" | [[Gulielmus Richardson Davie]] | align="left" | 1798–1799 | align="left" | [[Factio Foederalis|Foederalis]] |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | align="left" | [[Benjamin Williams]] | align="left" | 1799–1802 | align="left" | Democratica Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | align="left" | [[James Turner]] | align="left" | 1802–1805 | align="left" | Democratica Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | align="left" | [[Nathaniel Alexander]] | align="left" | 1805–1807 | align="left" | Democratica Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | align="left" | Benjamin Williams | align="left" | 1807–1808 | align="left" | Democratica Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | align="left" | [[David Stone]] | align="left" | 1808–1810 | align="left" | Democratica Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | align="left" | [[Benjamin Smith]] | align="left" | 1810–1811 | align="left" | Democratica Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | align="left" | [[William Hawkins (Politiker)|William Hawkins]] | align="left" | 1811–1814 | align="left" | Democratica Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | align="left" | [[William Miller (Gouverneur)|William Miller]] | align="left" | 1814–1817 | align="left" | Democratica Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | align="left" | [[John Branch]] | align="left" | 1817–1820 | align="left" | Democratica Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | align="left" | [[Jesse Franklin]] | align="left" | 1820–1821 | align="left" | Democratica Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | align="left" | [[Gabriel Holmes]] | align="left" | 1821–1824 | align="left" | Democratica Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | align="left" | [[Hutchins Burton|Hutchins Gordon Burton]] | align="left" | 1824–1827 | align="left" | Democratica Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | align="left" | [[James Iredell]] | align="left" | 1827–1828 | align="left" | Democratica Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[John Owen (Politiker)|John Owen]] | align="left" | 1828–1830 | align="left" | [[Factio Democratica (CFA)|Democratica]] |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Montfort Stokes]] | align="left" | 1830–1832 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[David Swain|David Lowry Swain]] | align="left" | 1832–1835 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Richard Spaight junior|Richard Dobbs Spaight Jr.]] | align="left" | 1835–1836 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | align="left" | [[Edward Dudley|Edward Bishop Dudley]] | align="left" | 1836–1841 | align="left" | [[Factio Whig (CFA)|Whig]] |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | align="left" | [[John Morehead (North Carolina)|John Motley Morehead]] | align="left" | 1841–1845 | align="left" | Whig |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | align="left" | [[William Alexander Graham]] | align="left" | 1845–1849 | align="left" | Whig |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | align="left" | [[Charles Manly]] | align="left" | 1849–1851 | align="left" | Whig |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[David Settle Reid]] | align="left" | 1851–1854 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Warren Winslow]] | align="left" | 1854–1855 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Thomas Bragg]] | align="left" | 1855–1859 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[John Willis Ellis]] | align="left" | 1859–1861 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | align="left" | [[Henry Clark|Henry Toole Clark]] | align="left" | 1861–1862 | align="left" | Whig Party |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | align="left" | [[Zebulon Vance|Zebulon Baird Vance]] | align="left" | 1862–1865 | align="left" | Whig Party |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | align="left" | [[Gulielmus Woods Holden]] | align="left" | 1865–1865 | align="left" | |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | align="left" | [[Jonathan Worth]] | align="left" | 1865–1868 | align="left" | [[Factio Conservativa (CFA)|Conservativa]] |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | Gulielmus Woods Holden | align="left" | 1868–1871 | align="left" | [[Factio Republicana (CFA)|Republicana]] |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Tod Robinson Caldwell]] | align="left" | 1871–1874 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Curtis Brogden|Curtis Hooks Brogden]] | align="left" | 1874–1877 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | Zebulon Baird Vance | align="left" | 1877–1879 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Thomas Jarvis|Thomas Jordan Jarvis]] | align="left" | 1879–1885 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Alfred Scales|Alfred Moore Scales]] | align="left" | 1885–1889 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Daniel Fowle|Daniel Gould Fowle]] | align="left" | 1889–1891 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Thomas Holt|Thomas Michael Holt]] | align="left" | 1891–1893 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Elias Carr]] | align="left" | 1893–1897 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Daniel Russell|Daniel Lindsay Russell]] | align="left" | 1897–1901 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Charles Aycock|Charles Brantley Aycock]] | align="left" | 1901–1905 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Robert Glenn|Robert Broadnax Glenn]] | align="left" | 1905–1909 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[William Kitchin|William Walton Kitchin]] | align="left" | 1909–1913 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Locke Craig]] | align="left" | 1913–1917 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Thomas Bickett|Thomas Walter Bickett]] | align="left" | 1917–1921 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Cameron Morrison|Cameron A. Morrison]] | align="left" | 1921–1925 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Angus McLean|Angus Wilton McLean]] | align="left" | 1925–1929 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Oliver Gardner|Oliver Max Gardner]] | align="left" | 1929–1933 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[John Ehringhaus|John Christoph Blucher Ehringhaus]] | align="left" | 1933–1937 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Clyde Hoey|Clyde Roark Hoey]] | align="left" | 1937–1941 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[J. Melville Broughton|Joseph Melville Broughton]] | align="left" | 1941–1945 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[R. Gregg Cherry|Robert Gregg Cherry]] | align="left" | 1945–1949 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[William Kerr Scott]] | align="left" | 1949–1953 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[William Umstead|William Bradley Umstead]] | align="left" | 1953–1954 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Luther Hodges|Luther Hartwell Hodges]] | align="left" | 1954–1961 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Terry Sanford|James Terry Sanford]] | align="left" | 1961–1965 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Dan Moore|Daniel Killian Moore]] | align="left" | 1965–1969 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Robert Scott (Politiker)|Robert Walter Scott]] | align="left" | 1969–1973 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[James Holshouser|James Eubert Holshouser]] | align="left" | 1973–1977 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[James Hunt (Politiker)|James Baxter Hunt]] | align="left" | 1977–1985 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[James Martin|James Grubbs Martin]] | align="left" | 1985–1993 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | James Baxter Hunt | align="left" | 1993–2001 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Michael Easley|Michael Francis Easley]] | align="left" | 2001–2009 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Beverly Perdue|Beverly Eaves Perdue]] | align="left" | 2009–2013 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Pat McCroy]] | align="left" | 2013–2017 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Roy Cooper]] | align="left" | 2017- | align="left" | Democratica |} {{Indices Gubernatorum Civitatum Foederatarum Americae}} [[Categoria:Gubernatores Carolinae Septentrionalis|!]] [[Categoria:Indices gubernatorum]] pc50b3yx5ratfg8fff7g30iu807t5xy 0 84465 3996255 3354934 2026-10-23T04:15:19Z Bartholomite 116968 3996255 wikitext text/x-wiki {{non latine}} Hic est index [[Carolina Meridionalis|Carolinae Meridionalis]] gubernatorum. == Gubernatores [[Carolina Meridionalis|Carolinae Meridionalis]] == {| style="border-style:solid;border-width:1px;border-color:#808080;background-color:#DCE5E5" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" width="600px" |- bgcolor="#DCE5E5" ! Nomen ! Mandatum ! Factio |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | align="left" | [[Ioannes Rutledge]] (ut Praeses) | align="left" | 1776–1778 | align="left" | |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | align="left" | [[Rawlins Lowndes]] (ut Praeses) | align="left" | 1778–1779 | align="left" | |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | align="left" | Ioannes Rutledge | align="left" | 1779–1782 | align="left" | sine factione |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | align="left" | [[John Mathews]] | align="left" | 1782–1783 | align="left" | sine factione |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | align="left" | [[Benjamin Guerard]] | align="left" | 1783–1785 | align="left" | sine factione |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | align="left" | [[William Moultrie]] | align="left" | 1785–1787 | align="left" | sine factione |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#E6E6AA" | align="left" | [[Thomas Pinckney]] | align="left" | 1787–1788 | align="left" | [[Factio Foederalis]] |} == Gubernatores Carolinae Meridionalis civitatis foederalis == <div style="float:left;text-align:left;padding-right:15px"> {| style="border-style:solid;border-width:1px;border-color:#808080;background-color:#DCE5E5" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" width="600px" |- bgcolor="#DCE5E5" ! Nomen ! Mandatum ! Factio |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#E6E6AA" | align="left" | Thomas Pinckney | align="left" | 1788–1789 | align="left" | Foederalis |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#E6E6AA" | align="left" | [[Carolus Pinckney (gubernator)|Carolus Pinckney]] | align="left" | 1789–1792 | align="left" | Foederalis |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | align="left" | William Moultrie | align="left" | 1792–1794 | align="left" | sine factione |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#E6E6AA" | align="left" | [[Arnoldus Vanderhorst]] | align="left" | 1794–1796 | align="left" | Foederalis |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#E6E6AA" | align="left" | Carolus Pinckney | align="left" | 1796–1798 | align="left" | Foederalis |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#E6E6AA" | align="left" | [[Eduardus Rutledge]] | align="left" | 1798–1800 | align="left" | Foederalis |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | align="left" | [[John Drayton]] | align="left" | 1800–1802 | align="left" | sine factione |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | align="left" | [[James Burchill Richardson]] | align="left" | 1802–1804 | align="left" | sine factione |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | align="left" | [[Paul Hamilton]] | align="left" | 1804–1806 | align="left" | [[Factio Democratica Republicana|Democratica Republicana]] |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | align="left" | Charles Pinckney | align="left" | 1806–1808 | align="left" | Democratica Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | align="left" | John Drayton | align="left" | 1808–1810 | align="left" | Democratica Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | align="left" | [[Henry Middleton (Gouverneur)|Henry Middleton]] | align="left" | 1810–1812 | align="left" | Democratica Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | align="left" | [[Joseph Alston]] | align="left" | 1812–1814 | align="left" | Democratica Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | align="left" | [[David Rogerson Williams]] | align="left" | 1814–1816 | align="left" | Democratica Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | align="left" | [[Andrew Pickens junior|Andrew Pickens]] | align="left" | 1816–1818 | align="left" | Democratica Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | align="left" | [[John Geddes]] | align="left" | 1818–1820 | align="left" | Democratica Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | align="left" | [[Thomas Bennett (Politiker)|Thomas Bennett]] | align="left" | 1820–1822 | align="left" | Democratica Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | align="left" | [[John Lyde Wilson]] | align="left" | 1822–1824 | align="left" | Democratica Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | align="left" | [[Richard Irvine Manning]] | align="left" | 1824–1826 | align="left" | Democratica Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | align="left" | [[John Taylor (Gouverneur)|John Taylor]] | align="left" | 1826–1828 | align="left" | Democratica Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Stephen Decatur Miller]] | align="left" | 1828–1830 | align="left" | [[Factio Democratica (CFA)|Democratica]] |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[James Hamilton junior|James Hamilton Jr.]] | align="left" | 1830–1832 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Robert Young Hayne]] | align="left" | 1832–1834 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[George McDuffie]] | align="left" | 1834–1836 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Pierce Mason Butler]] | align="left" | 1836–1838 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Patrick Noble]] | align="left" | 1838–1840 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Barnabas Kelet Henagan]] | align="left" | 1840–1840 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[John Peter Richardson senior|John Peter Richardson sr.]] | align="left" | 1840–1842 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[James Henry Hammond]] | align="left" | 1842–1844 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[William Aiken]] | align="left" | 1844–1846 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[David Johnson (Politiker)|David Johnson]] | align="left" | 1846–1848 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Whitemarsh Benjamin Seabrook]] | align="left" | 1848–1850 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[John Hugh Means]] | align="left" | 1850–1852 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[John Lawrence Manning]] | align="left" | 1852–1854 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[James Hopkins Adams]] | align="left" | 1854–1856 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Robert Francis Withers Allston]] | align="left" | 1856–1858 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[William Henry Gist]] | align="left" | 1858–1860 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Francis Wilkinson Pickens]] | align="left" | 1860–1862 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Milledge Luke Bonham]] | align="left" | 1862–1864 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Andrew Gordon Magrath]] | align="left" | 1864–1865 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | align="left" | [[Benjamin Franklin Perry]] | align="left" | 1865–1865 | align="left" | |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | align="left" | [[James Lawrence Orr]] | align="left" | 1865–1868 | align="left" | Conservative Party |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Robertus Kingston Scott]] | align="left" | 1868–1872 | align="left" | [[Factio Republicana (CFA)|Republicana]] |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Franklin Moses|Franklin Israel Moses]] | align="left" | 1872–1874 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Daniel Henry Chamberlain]] | align="left" | 1874–1877 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Wade Hampton III.]] | align="left" | 1877–1879 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[William Dunlap Simpson]] | align="left" | 1879–1880 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Thomas Bothwell Jeter]] | align="left" | 1880–1880 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Johnson Hagood]] | align="left" | 1880–1882 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Hugh Smith Thompson]] | align="left" | 1882–1886 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[John Calhoun Sheppard]] | align="left" | 1886–1886 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[John Peter Richardson junior|John Peter Richardson jr.]] | align="left" | 1886–1890 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Benjamin Ryan Tillman]] | align="left" | 1890–1894 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[John Gary Evans]] | align="left" | 1894–1897 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[William Haselden Ellerbe]] | align="left" | 1897–1899 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Miles Benjamin McSweeney]] | align="left" | 1899–1903 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Duncan Clinch Heyward]] | align="left" | 1903–1907 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Martin F. Ansel|Martin Frederick Ansel]] | align="left" | 1907–1911 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Coleman Livingston Blease]] | align="left" | 1911–1915 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Charles Aurelius Smith]] | align="left" | 1915–1915 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Richard Irvine Manning III]] | align="left" | 1915–1919 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Robert Archer Cooper]] | align="left" | 1919–1922 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Wilson Godfrey Harvey]] | align="left" | 1922–1923 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Thomas Gordon McLeod]] | align="left" | 1923–1927 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[John Gardiner Richards]] | align="left" | 1927–1931 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Ibra Charles Blackwood]] | align="left" | 1931–1935 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Olin DeWitt Talmadge Johnston]] | align="left" | 1935–1939 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Burnet R. Maybank|Burnet Rhett Maybank]] | align="left" | 1939–1941 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Joseph Emile Harley]] | align="left" | 1941–1942 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Richard Manning Jefferies]] | align="left" | 1942–1943 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | Olin DeWitt Talmadge Johnston | align="left" | 1943–1945 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Ransome Judson Williams]] | align="left" | 1945–1947 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Strom Thurmond|James Strom Thurmond]] | align="left" | 1947–1951 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[James F. Byrnes|James Francis Byrnes]] | align="left" | 1951–1955 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[George Bell Timmerman]] | align="left" | 1955–1959 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Fritz Hollings|Ernest Frederick Hollings]] | align="left" | 1959–1963 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Donald Stuart Russell]] | align="left" | 1963–1965 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Robert Evander McNair]] | align="left" | 1965–1971 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[John Carl West]] | align="left" | 1971–1975 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[James Burrows Edwards]] | align="left" | 1975–1979 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Richard Wilson Riley]] | align="left" | 1979–1987 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Carroll Ashmore Campbell junior]] | align="left" | 1987–1995 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[David Muldrow Beasley]] | align="left" | 1995–1999 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[James Hovis Hodges]] | align="left" | 1999–2003 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Marcus Sanford]] | align="left" | 2003–2011 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Nimrata Randhawa Haley]] | align="left" | 2011– | align="left" | Republicana |} {{Indices Gubernatorum Civitatum Foederatarum Americae}} [[Categoria:Gubernatores Carolinae Meridionalis|!]] [[Categoria:Indices gubernatorum]] csl9zda4r3nc9i4dqo7crtj5vjsa7kj 0 84533 3996264 3354936 2026-10-23T04:22:02Z Bartholomite 116968 non latine 3996264 wikitext text/x-wiki {{non latine}} Hic est index [[Delevaria|Delevariae]] gubernatorum. == Gubernatores Delevariae == {| style="border-style:solid;border-width:1px;border-color:#808080;background-color:#DCE5E5" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" width="600px" |- bgcolor="#DCE5E5" ! Nomen ! Mandatum ! Factio |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | align="left" | [[Ioannes McKinly]] * | align="left" | 1776–1777 | align="left" | |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | align="left" | [[Thomas McKean]] * | align="left" | 1777 | align="left" | |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | align="left" | [[Georgius Read]] * | align="left" | 1777–1778 | align="left" | |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | align="left" | [[Caesar Rodney]] * | align="left" | 1778–1781 | align="left" | |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | align="left" | [[Ioannes Dickinson (politicorum peritus)|Ioannes Dickinson]] * | align="left" | 1781–1783 | align="left" | |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | align="left" | [[Ioannes Cook (gubernator)|John Cook]] * | align="left" | 1783 | align="left" | |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | align="left" | [[Nicolaus Van Dyke senior|Nicholas Van Dyke]] * | align="left" | 1783–1786 | align="left" | |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | align="left" | [[Thomas Collins (gubernator)|Thomas Collins]] * | align="left" | 1786–1787 | align="left" | |} == Gubernatores [[Delevaria|Delevariae civitatis foederalis]]== <div style="float:left;text-align:left;padding-right:15px"> {| style="border-style:solid;border-width:1px;border-color:#808080;background-color:#DCE5E5" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" width="600px" |- bgcolor="#DCE5E5" ! Nomen ! Mandatum ! Factio |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | align="left" | Thomas Collins * | align="left" | 1787–1789 | align="left" | |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | align="left" | [[Jehu Davis]] * | align="left" | 1789 | align="left" | |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#E6E6AA" | align="left" | [[Ioshua Clayton]] * | align="left" | 1789–1796 | align="left" | [[Foederalis Factio]] |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#E6E6AA" | align="left" | [[Gunning Bedford]] | align="left" | 1796–1797 | align="left" | Foederalis |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#E6E6AA" | align="left" | [[Daniel Rogers]] | align="left" | 1797–1799 | align="left" | Foederalis |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#E6E6AA" | align="left" | [[Ricardus Bassett]] | align="left" | 1799–1801 | align="left" | Foederalis |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#E6E6AA" | align="left" | [[James Sykes]] | align="left" | 1801–1802 | align="left" | Foederalis |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | align="left" | [[David Hall (Delaware)|David Hall]] | align="left" | 1802–1805 | align="left" | [[Factio Democratica Republicana |Democratica Republicana]] |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#E6E6AA" | align="left" | [[Nathaniel Mitchell]] | align="left" | 1805–1808 | align="left" | Foederalis |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#E6E6AA" | align="left" | [[George Truitt]] | align="left" | 1808–1811 | align="left" | Foederalis |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | align="left" | [[Joseph Haslet]] | align="left" | 1811–1814 | align="left" | Democratica Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#E6E6AA" | align="left" | [[Daniel Rodney]] | align="left" | 1814–1817 | align="left" | Foederalis |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#E6E6AA" | align="left" | [[John Clark (Gouverneur)|John Clark]] | align="left" | 1817–1820 | align="left" | Foederalis |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#E6E6AA" | align="left" | [[Jacob Stout]] | align="left" | 1820–1821 | align="left" | Foederalis |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | align="left" | [[John Collins (Delaware)|John Collins]] | align="left" | 1821–1822 | align="left" | Democratica Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#E6E6AA" | align="left" | [[Caleb Rodney]] | align="left" | 1822–1823 | align="left" | Foederalis |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | align="left" | Joseph Haslet | align="left" | 1823 | align="left" | Democratica Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | align="left" | [[Charles Thomas]] | align="left" | 1823–1824 | align="left" | Democratica Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#E6E6AA" | align="left" | [[Samuel Paynter]] | align="left" | 1824–1827 | align="left" | Foederalis |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#E6E6AA" | align="left" | [[Charles Polk]] | align="left" | 1827–1830 | align="left" | Foederalis |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFF8DC" | align="left" | [[David Hazzard]] | align="left" | 1830–1833 | align="left" | [[Factio Nationalis Republicana]] |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | align="left" | [[Caleb P. Bennett|Caleb Prew Bennett]] | align="left" | 1833–1836 | align="left" | Democratica Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | align="left" | Charles Polk | align="left" | 1836–1837 | align="left" | [[Factio Whig (CFA) |Whig ]] |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | align="left" | [[Cornelius P. Comegys|Cornelius Parsons Comegys]] | align="left" | 1837–1841 | align="left" | Whig |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | align="left" | [[William B. Cooper|William Barkley Cooper]] | align="left" | 1841–1845 | align="left" | Whig |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | align="left" | [[Thomas Stockton]] | align="left" | 1845–1846 | align="left" | Whig |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | align="left" | [[Joseph Maull]] | align="left" | 1846–1846 | align="left" | Whig |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | align="left" | [[William Temple (Gouverneur)|William Temple]] | align="left" | 1846–1847 | align="left" | Whig |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[William Tharp]] | align="left" | 1847–1851 | align="left" | [[Factio Democratica (CFA)| Factio Democratica]] |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[William H. H. Ross|William Henry Harrison Ross]] | align="left" | 1851–1855 | align="left" | Democratica Factio |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | align="left" | [[Peter F. Causey|Peter Foster Causey]] | align="left" | 1855–1859 | align="left" | [[Factio Nulla Scio ]] |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[William Burton]] | align="left" | 1859–1863 | align="left" | Democratica Factio |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFA500" | align="left" | [[William Cannon]] | align="left" | 1863–1865 | align="left" | Unionista |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Gove Saulsbury]] | align="left" | 1865–1871 | align="left" | Democratica Factio |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[James Ponder]] | align="left" | 1871–1875 | align="left" | Democratica Factio |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[John P. Cochran|John Price Cochran]] | align="left" | 1875–1879 | align="left" | Democratica Factio |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[John W. Hall|John Wood Hall]] | align="left" | 1879–1883 | align="left" | Democratica Factio |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Charles C. Stockley|Charles Clark Stockley]] | align="left" | 1883–1887 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Benjamin T. Biggs|Benjamin Thomas Biggs]] | align="left" | 1887–1891 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Robert J. Reynolds|Robert John Reynolds]] | align="left" | 1891–1895 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Joshua H. Marvil|Joshua Hopkins Marvil]] | align="left" | 1895 | align="left" | [[Factio Republicana (CFA)| Republicana]] |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[William T. Watson|William Tharp Watson]] | align="left" | 1895–1897 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Ebe W. Tunnell|Ebe Walter Tunnell]] | align="left" | 1897–1901 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[John Hunn]] | align="left" | 1901–1905 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Preston Lea]] | align="left" | 1905–1909 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Simeon S. Pennewill|Simeon Selby Pennewill]] | align="left" | 1909–1913 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Charles R. Miller|Charles Robert Miller]] | align="left" | 1913–1917 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[John G. Townsend|John Gillis Townsend]] | align="left" | 1917–1921 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[William Denney|William duHamel Denney]] | align="left" | 1921–1925 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Robert P. Robinson|Robert Pyle Robinson]] | align="left" | 1925–1929 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[C. Douglass Buck|Clayton Douglass Buck]] | align="left" | 1929–1937 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Richard C. McMullen|Richard Cann McMullen]] | align="left" | 1937–1941 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Walter W. Bacon|Walter Wolfkiel Bacon]] | align="left" | 1941–1949 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Elbert N. Carvel|Elbert Nostrand Carvel]] | align="left" | 1949–1953 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Cale Boggs|James Caleb Boggs]] | align="left" | 1953–1960 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[David P. Buckson|David Penrose Buckson]] | align="left" | 1960–1961 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | Elbert Nostrand Carvel | align="left" | 1961–1965 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Charles L. Terry|Charles Layman Terry]] | align="left" | 1965–1969 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Russell W. Peterson|Russell Wilbur Peterson]] | align="left" | 1969–1973 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Sherman W. Tribbitt|Sherman Willard Tribbitt]] | align="left" | 1973–1977 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Pierre du Pont IV.|Pierre Samuel du Pont]] | align="left" | 1977–1985 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Michael Castle|Michael Newbold Castle]] | align="left" | 1985–1992 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Dale E. Wolf|Dale Edward Wolf]] | align="left" | 1992–1993 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Thomas R. Carper|Thomas Richard Carper]] | align="left" | 1993–2001 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Ruth Ann Minner]] | align="left" | 2001–2009 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Jack A. Markell]] | align="left" | 2009–2017 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[John C. Carney Jr.]] | align="left" | 2017– | align="left" | Democratica |} {{Indices Gubernatorum Civitatum Foederatarum Americae}} [[Categoria:Gubernatores Delevariae|!]] [[Categoria:Indices gubernatorum]] pu54puck0ibb5j5i78fs7ro9g00ryr5 0 84537 3996261 3396507 2026-10-23T04:20:19Z Bartholomite 116968 non latine 3996261 wikitext text/x-wiki {{non latine}} Hic est index [[Connecticuta]]e gubernatorum. == Gubernatores Connecticutae == {| style="border-style:solid;border-width:1px;border-color:#808080;background-color:#DCE5E5" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" width="600px" |- bgcolor="#DCE5E5" ! Nomen ! Mandatum ! Factio |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | align="left" | Jonathan Trumbull | align="left" | 1776–1784 | align="left" | |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#E6E6AA" | align="left" | [[Matthew Griswold (Gouverneur)|Matthew Griswold]] | align="left" | 1784–1786 | align="left" | [[Factio Foederalis]] |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#E6E6AA" | align="left" | [[Samuel Huntington (Connecticuta)|Samuel Huntington]] | align="left" | 1786–1788 | align="left" | Foederalis |} == Gubernatores [[Connecticuta|Connecticutae civitatis foederalis]]== [[File:Seal of the Governor of Connecticut.svg|thumb|Sigillum gubernatoris Connecticutae]] <div style="float:left;text-align:left;padding-right:15px"> {| style="border-style:solid;border-width:1px;border-color:#808080;background-color:#DCE5E5" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" width="600px" |- bgcolor="#DCE5E5" ! Nomen ! Mandatum ! Factio |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#E6E6AA" | align="left" | Samuel Huntington | align="left" | 1788–1796 | align="left" | Foederalis |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#E6E6AA" | align="left" | [[Oliverius Wolcott]] | align="left" | 1796–1797 | align="left" | Foederalis |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#E6E6AA" | align="left" | [[Jonathan Trumbull junior|Jonathan Trumbull Jr.]] | align="left" | 1797–1809 | align="left" | Foederalis |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#E6E6AA" | align="left" | [[John Treadwell]] | align="left" | 1809–1811 | align="left" | Foederalis |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#E6E6AA" | align="left" | [[Roger Griswold]] | align="left" | 1811–1812 | align="left" | Foederalis |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#E6E6AA" | align="left" | [[John Cotton Smith]] | align="left" | 1812–1817 | align="left" | Foederalis |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | align="left" | [[Oliver Wolcott junior|Oliver Wolcott Jr.]] | align="left" | 1817–1827 | align="left" | Toleration Party |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | align="left" | [[Gideon Tomlinson]] | align="left" | 1827–1831 | align="left" | [[Factio Democratica Republicana|Democratica Republicana]] |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFF8DC" | align="left" | [[John S. Peters|John Samuel Peters]] | align="left" | 1831–1833 | align="left" | [[Factio Nationalis Republicana]] |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Henry W. Edwards|Henry Waggaman Edwards]] | align="left" | 1833–1834 | align="left" | [[Factio Democratica (CFA)|Democratica]] |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | align="left" | [[Samuel Foot|Samuel Augustus Foot]] | align="left" | 1834–1835 | align="left" | [[Factio Whig (CFA)|Whig]] |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | Henry Waggaman Edwards | align="left" | 1835–1838 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | align="left" | [[William W. Ellsworth|William Wolcott Ellsworth]] | align="left" | 1838–1842 | align="left" | Whig |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Chauncey F. Cleveland|Chauncey Fitch Cleveland]] | align="left" | 1842–1844 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | align="left" | [[Roger Sherman Baldwin]] | align="left" | 1844–1846 | align="left" | Whig |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Isaac Toucey]] | align="left" | 1846–1847 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | align="left" | [[Clark Bissell]] | align="left" | 1847–1849 | align="left" | Whig |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | align="left" | [[Joseph Trumbull]] | align="left" | 1849–1850 | align="left" | Whig |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Thomas H. Seymour]] | align="left" | 1850–1853 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Charles H. Pond|Charles Hobby Pond]] | align="left" | 1853–1854 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | align="left" | [[Henry Dutton]] | align="left" | 1854–1855 | align="left" | Whig |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#D99FE8" | align="left" | [[William T. Minor|William Thomas Minor]] | align="left" | 1855–1857 | align="left" | [[Factio Nulla Scio]] |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | align="left" | [[Alexander Holley|Alexander Hamilton Holley]] | align="left" | 1857–1858 | align="left" | Whig |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[William Alfred Buckingham]] | align="left" | 1858–1866 | align="left" | [[Factio republicana (CFA)|Republicana]] |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Joseph R. Hawley|Joseph Roswell Hawley]] | align="left" | 1866–1867 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[James English|James Edward English]] | align="left" | 1867–1869 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Marshall Jewell]] | align="left" | 1869–1870 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | James Edward English | align="left" | 1870–1871 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | Marshall Jewell | align="left" | 1871–1872 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Charles R. Ingersoll|Charles Robert Ingersoll]] | align="left" | 1873–1877 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Richard D. Hubbard|Richard Dudley Hubbard]] | align="left" | 1877–1879 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Charles B. Andrews|Charles Bartlett Andrews]] | align="left" | 1879–1881 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Hobart B. Bigelow|Hobart Baldwin Bigelow]] | align="left" | 1881–1883 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Thomas M. Waller|Thomas MacDonald Waller]] | align="left" | 1883–1885 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Henry B. Harrison|Henry Baldwin Harrison]] | align="left" | 1885–1887 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Phineas C. Lounsbury|Phineas Chapman Lounsbury]] | align="left" | 1887–1889 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Morgan G. Bulkeley|Morgan Gardner Bulkeley]] | align="left" | 1889–1893 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Luzon B. Morris|Luzon Burritt Morris]] | align="left" | 1893–1895 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Owen Vincent Coffin]] | align="left" | 1895–1897 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Lorrin A. Cooke|Lorrin Alamson Cooke]] | align="left" | 1897–1899 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[George E. Lounsbury|George Edward Lounsbury]] | align="left" | 1899–1901 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[George P. McLean|George Payne McLean]] | align="left" | 1901–1903 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Abiram Chamberlain]] | align="left" | 1903–1905 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Henry Roberts]] | align="left" | 1905–1907 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Rollin S. Woodruff|Rollin Simmons Woodruff]] | align="left" | 1907–1909 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[George L. Lilley|George Leavens Lilley]] | align="left" | 1909 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Frank B. Weeks|Frank Bentley Weeks]] | align="left" | 1909–1911 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Simeon Eben Baldwin]] | align="left" | 1911–1915 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Marcus Holcomb|Marcus Hensey Holcomb]] | align="left" | 1915–1921 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Everett J. Lake|Everett John Lake]] | align="left" | 1921–1923 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Charles A. Templeton|Charles Augustus Templeton]] | align="left" | 1923–1925 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Hiram Bingham]] | align="left" | 1925 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[John H. Trumbull|John Harper Trumbull]] | align="left" | 1925–1931 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Wilbur L. Cross|Wilbur Lucius Cross]] | align="left" | 1931–1939 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Raymond Earl Baldwin]] | align="left" | 1939–1941 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Robert A. Hurley|Robert Augustine Hurley]] | align="left" | 1941–1942 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | Raymond Earl Baldwin | align="left" | 1943–1946 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Charles W. Snow|Charles Wilbert Snow]] | align="left" | 1946–1947 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[James L. McConaughy|James Lukens McConaughy]] | align="left" | 1947–1948 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[James Shannon|James Coughlin Shannon]] | align="left" | 1948–1949 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Chester B. Bowles|Chester Bliss Bowles]] | align="left" | 1949–1951 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[John Davis Lodge]] | align="left" | 1951–1955 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Abraham A. Ribicoff|Abraham Alexander Ribicoff]] | align="left" | 1955–1961 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[John Noel Dempsey]] | align="left" | 1961–1971 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Thomas J. Meskill|Thomas Joseph Meskill]] | align="left" | 1971–1975 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Ella T. Grasso|Ella Tambussi Grasso]] | align="left" | 1975–1980 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[William A. O’Neill|William Atchison O’Neill]] | align="left" | 1980–1991 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#999990" | align="left" | [[Lowell P. Weicker, Jr.|Lowell Palmer Weicker]] | align="left" | 1991–1995 | align="left" | sine factione |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[John G. Rowland|John Grosvenor Rowland]] | align="left" | 1995–2004 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Maria Jodi Rell]] | align="left" | 2004–2011 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Dan Malloy|Dannel Patrick Malloy]] | align="left" | 2011–2019 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Ned Lamont]] | align="left" | ab anno 2019 | align="left" | Democratica |} {{Indices Gubernatorum Civitatum Foederatarum Americae}} [[Categoria:Gubernatores Connecticutae|!]] [[Categoria:Indices gubernatorum]] 3plmox773cykg4iot1uiukdsgx8l85t 0 84668 3996254 2812044 2026-10-23T04:14:50Z Bartholomite 116968 non latine 3996254 wikitext text/x-wiki {{non latine}} Hic est index [[Arizona]]e gubernatorum. == Territorium Arizonae == {| class="wikitable" |- style="background:#e0e0e0" ! Nomen !! Mandatum !! Factio |- | [[John Goodwin|John Noble Goodwin]] | 1863–1866 | [[Factio Republicana (CFA)|Republicana]] |- | [[Richard C. McCormick|Richard Cunningham McCormick]] | 1866–1868 | Republicana |- | [[James P. T. Carter|James Patton Taylor Carter]] | 1868–1869 | Republicana |- | [[Anson Safford|Anson Pacely Killen Safford]] | 1869–1877 | Republicana |- | [[John Philo Hoyt]] | 1877–1878 | Republicana |- | [[John Charles Frémont]] | 1878–1881 | Republicana |- | [[John Gosper|John Jay Gosper]] | 1881–1882 | Republicana |- | [[Frederick Augustus Tritle]] | 1882–1885 | Republicana |- | [[Conrad Zulick|Conrad Meyer Zulick]] | 1885–1889 | [[Factio Democratica (CFA)|Democratica]] |- | [[Lewis Wolfley]] | 1889–1890 | Republicana |- | [[John Irwin|John Nichol Irwin]] | 1890–1892 | Republicana |- | [[Nathan Murphy|Nathan Oakes Murphy]] | 1892–1893 | Republicana |- | [[L. C. Hughes|Louis Cameron Hughes]] | 1893–1896 | Democratica |- | [[Charles Morelle Bruce]] | 1896 | Democratica |- | [[Benjamin Joseph Franklin]] | 1896–1897 | Democratica |- | [[Myron McCord|Myron Hawley McCord]] | 1897–1898 | Republicana |- | Nathan Oakes Murphy | 1898–1902 | Republicana |- | [[Alexander Brodie|Alexander Oswald Brodie]] | 1902–1905 | Republicana |- | [[William Nichols|William Francis Nichols]] | 1905 | Republicana |- | [[Joseph Kibbey|Joseph Henry Kibbey]] | 1905–1909 | Republicana |- | [[Richard Sloan|Richard Elihu Sloan]] | 1909–1911 | Republicana |- | [[George W. P. Hunt|George Wylley Paul Hunt]] | 1911–1912 | Democratica |} == Gubernatores Arizonae civitatis foederalis== {| class="wikitable" |- style="background:#e0e0e0" ! Nomen !! Mandatum !! Factio |- | George Wylley Paul Hunt | 1912–1917 | Democratica |- | [[Thomas Edward Campbell]] | 1917 | Republicana |- | George Wylley Paul Hunt | 1917–1919 | Democratica |- | Thomas Edward Campbell | 1919–1923 | Republicana |- | George Wylley Paul Hunt | 1923–1929 | Democratica |- | [[John Calhoun Phillips]] | 1929–1931 | Republicana |- | George Wylley Paul Hunt | 1931–1933 | Democratica |- | [[Benjamin Moeur|Benjamin Baker Moeur]] | 1933–1937 | Democratica |- | [[Rawghlie Stanford|Rawghlie Clement Stanford]] | 1937–1939 | Democratica |- | [[Robert Taylor Jones]] | 1939–1941 | Democratica |- | [[Sidney Preston Osborn]] | 1941–1948 | Democratica |- | [[Dan Garvey|Daniel Edward Garvey]] | 1948–1951 | Democratica |- | [[John Pyle|John Howard Pyle]] | 1951–1955 | Republicana |- | [[Ernest McFarland|Ernest William McFarland]] | 1955–1959 | Democratica |- | [[Paul Jones Fannin]] | 1959–1965 | Republicana |- | [[Samuel Pearson Goddard junior|Samuel Pearson Goddard Jr.]] | 1965–1967 | Democratica |- | [[John Richard Williams]] | 1967–1975 | Republicana |- | [[Raul Hector Castro]] | 1975–1977 | Democratica |- | [[Wesley Bolin|Harvey Wesley Bolin]] | 1977–1978 | Democratica |- | [[Bruce Babbitt|Bruce Edward Babbitt]] | 1978–1987 | Democratica |- | [[Evan Mecham]] | 1987–1988 | Republicana |- | [[Rose Mofford|Rose Perica Mofford]] | 1988–1991 | Democratica |- | [[Fife Symington|John Fife Symington]] | 1991–1997 | Republicana |- | [[Jane Hull|Jane Dee Hull]] | 1997–2003 | Republicana |- | [[Janet Napolitano|Janet Ann Napolitano]] | 2003–2009 | Democratica |- | [[Jan Brewer|Janice Kay Brewer]] | 2009– | Republicana |} {{Indices Gubernatorum Civitatum Foederatarum Americae}} [[Categoria:Gubernatores Arizonae|!]] ceh6efu2lyrpihe6zvly01t2rkmi34b 0 84670 3996252 2812046 2026-10-23T04:13:33Z Bartholomite 116968 non latine 3996252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{non latine}} Hic est index [[Uta]]e gubernatorum. == Territorium Utae == {| class="wikitable" |- bgcolor="#DCE5E5" ! Nomen ! Mandatum ! Factio |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | align="left" | [[Brigham Young]] | align="left" | 1849–1858 | align="left" | |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Alfred Cumming (Gouverneur)|Alfred Cumming]] | align="left" | 1858–1861 | align="left" | [[Factio Democratica (CFA)|Democratica]] |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | align="left" | [[Francis Hall Wooten]] | align="left" | 1861 | align="left" | |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[John W. Dawson]] | align="left" | 1861 | align="left" | [[Factio Republicana (CFA)|Republicana]] |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | align="left" | [[Frank Fuller]] | align="left" | 1861–1862 | align="left" | |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#BFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Stephen S. Harding|Stephen Selwyn Harding]] | align="left" | 1862–1863 | align="left" | [[Factio Liberalis (Utah)|Liberalis]] |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[James Duane Doty]] | align="left" | 1863–1865 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | align="left" | [[Amos Reed]] | align="left" | 1865 | align="left" | |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Charles Durkee]] | align="left" | 1865–1869 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | align="left" | [[Edwin Higgins]] | align="left" | 1869–1870 | align="left" | |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | align="left" | [[Stephen A. Mann]] | align="left" | 1870 | align="left" | |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[John Shaffer|John Wilson Shaffer]] | align="left" | 1870 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Vernon H. Vaughan]] | align="left" | 1870–1871 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | align="left" | [[George A. Black]] | align="left" | 1871 | align="left" | |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[George Lemuel Woods]] | align="left" | 1871–1874 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Samuel Beach Axtell]] | align="left" | 1874–1875 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[George W. Emery]] | align="left" | 1875–1880 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Eli Houston Murray]] | align="left" | 1880–1886 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Caleb Walton West]] | align="left" | 1886–1889 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Arthur Lloyd Thomas]] | align="left" | 1889–1893 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | Caleb Walton West | align="left" | 1893–1896 | align="left" | Democratica |} == Gubernatores Utae civitatis foederalis== [[Fasciculus:Seal of the Governor of Utah.svg|thumb|Insigne gubernatoris Utae]] {| class="wikitable" |- bgcolor="#DCE5E5" ! Nomen ! Mandatum ! Factio |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Heber Manning Wells]] | align="left" | 1896–1905 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[John Christopher Cutler]] | align="left" | 1905–1909 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[William Spry]] | align="left" | 1909–1917 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Simon Bamberger]] | align="left" | 1917–1921 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Charles R. Mabey|Charles Rendell Mabey]] | align="left" | 1921–1925 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[George Henry Dern]] | align="left" | 1925–1933 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Henry H. Blood|Henry Hooper Blood]] | align="left" | 1933–1941 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Herbert B. Maw|Herbert Brown Maw]] | align="left" | 1941–1949 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[J. Bracken Lee|Joseph Bracken Lee]] | align="left" | 1949–1957 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[George Dewey Clyde]] | align="left" | 1957–1965 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Calvin L. Rampton|Calvin Lewellyn Rampton]] | align="left" | 1965–1977 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Scott M. Matheson|Scott Milne Matheson]] | align="left" | 1977–1985 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Norman H. Bangerter|Norman Howard Bangerter]] | align="left" | 1985–1993 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Michael Leavitt|Michael Okerlund Leavitt]] | align="left" | 1993–2003 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Olene S. Walker|Olene Smith Walker]] | align="left" | 2003–2005 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Jon Huntsman junior|Jon Meade Huntsman Jr.]] | align="left" | 2005–2009 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Gary R. Herbert|Gary Richard Herbert]] | align="left" | 2009– | align="left" | Republicana |} {{Indices Gubernatorum Civitatum Foederatarum Americae}} [[Categoria:Gubernatores Utae|!]] gayaeeqzmfnrzx1xn9arzcat6jg2uzr 0 84999 3996253 3354930 2026-10-23T04:14:26Z Bartholomite 116968 non latine 3996253 wikitext text/x-wiki {{non latine}} Hic est index [[Arcansia]]e gubernatorum. == Territorium Arcansiae == {| class="wikitable" |- style="background:#e0e0e0" ! Nomen !! Mandatum !! Factio |- | [[James Miller (Politiker)|James Miller]] | 1819–1825 | |- | [[George Izard]] | 1825–1828 | |- | [[Robert Crittenden]] | 1828–1829 | |- | [[John Pope (Gouverneur)|John Pope]] | 1829–1835 | [[Factio Democratica (CFA)|Democratica]] |- | [[William Savin Fulton]] | 1835–1836 | Democratica |} == [[Arcansia|Arcansia civitas foederalis]] == {| class="wikitable" |- style="background:#e0e0e0" ! Nomen !! Mandatum !! Factio |- | [[James Sevier Conway]] | 1836–1840 | Democratica |- | [[Archibald Yell]] | 1840–1844 | Democratica |- | [[Samuel Adams (Gouverneur)|Samuel Adams]] | 1844 | Democratica |- | [[Thomas Drew|Thomas Stevenson Drew]] | 1844–1849 | Democratica |- | [[Richard C. Byrd]] | 1849 | Democratica |- | [[John Roane|John Selden Roane]] | 1849–1852 | Democratica |- | [[Elias Conway|Elias Nelson Conway]] | 1852–1860 | Democratica |- | [[Henry Rector|Henry Massey Rector]] | 1860–1862 | Democratica |- | [[Harris Flanagin]] | 1862–1864 | Democratica |- | [[Isaac Murphy]] | 1864–1868 | Unionista |- | [[Powell Clayton]] | 1868–1871 | [[Factio Republicana (CFA)|Republicana]] |- | [[Ozra Hadley|Ozra Amander Hadley]] | 1871–1873 | Republicana |- | [[Elisha Baxter]] | 1873–1874 | Republicana |- | [[Augustus Hill Garland]] | 1874–1877 | Democratica |- | [[William Read Miller]] | 1877–1881 | Democratica |- | [[Thomas James Churchill]] | 1881–1883 | Democratica |- | [[James Berry|James Henderson Berry]] | 1883–1885 | Democratica |- | [[Simon Hughes|Simon Pollard Hughes Jr.]] | 1885–1889 | Democratica |- | [[James Eagle|James Philip Eagle]] | 1889–1893 | Democratica |- | [[William Fishback|William Meade Fishback]] | 1893–1895 | Democratica |- | [[James Paul Clarke]] | 1895–1897 | Democratica |- | [[Daniel Webster Jones]] | 1897–1901 | Democratica |- | [[Jefferson Davis (Politiker)|Jefferson Davis]] | 1901–1907 | Democratica |- | [[John Little|John Sebastian Little]] | 1907 | Democratica |- | [[John Isaac Moore]] | 1907 | Democratica |- | [[Xenophon Pindall|Xenophon Overton Pindall]] | 1907–1909 | Democratica |- | [[Jesse Martin (Politiker)|Jesse M. Martin]] | 1909 | Democratica |- | [[George Donaghey|George Washington Donaghey]] | 1909–1913 | Democratica |- | [[Joseph Robinson|Joseph Taylor Robinson]] | 1913 | Democratica |- | [[William Oldham|William Kavanaugh Oldham]] | 1913 | Democratica |- | [[Junius Futrell|Junius Marion Futrell]] | 1913 | Democratica |- | [[George Hays|George Washington Hays]] | 1913–1917 | Democratica |- | [[Charles Brough|Charles Hillman Brough]] | 1917–1921 | Democratica |- | [[Thomas McRae|Thomas Chipman McRae]] | 1921–1925 | Democratica |- | [[Tom Terral|Thomas Jefferson Terral]] | 1925–1927 | Democratica |- | [[John Martineau|John Ellis Martineau]] | 1927–1928 | Democratica |- | [[Harvey Parnell]] | 1928–1933 | Democratica |- | Junius Marion Futrell | 1933–1937 | Democratica |- | [[Carl Bailey|Carl Edward Bailey]] | 1937–1941 | Democratica |- | [[Homer Adkins|Homer Martin Adkins]] | 1941–1945 | Democratica |- | [[Benjamin Laney|Benjamin Travis Laney]] | 1945–1949 | Democratica |- | [[Sidney McMath|Sidney Sanders McMath]] | 1949–1953 | Democratica |- | [[Francis Cherry|Francis Adams Cherry]] | 1953–1955 | Democratica |- | [[Orval Faubus|Orval Eugene Faubus]] | 1955–1967 | Democratica |- | [[Winthrop Rockefeller]] | 1967–1971 | Republicana |- | [[Dale Bumpers|Dale Leon Bumbers]] | 1971–1975 | Democratica |- | [[Bob Cowley Riley]] | 1975 | Democratica |- | [[David Pryor|David Hampton Pryor]] | 1975–1979 | Democratica |- | [[Joe Purcell]] | 1979 | Democratica |- | [[Gulielmus Clinton|Gulielmus Jefferson Clinton]] | 1979–1981 | Democratica |- | [[Frank D. White|Frank Durward White]] | 1981–1983 | Republicana |- | Gulielmus Jefferson Clinton | 1983–1992 | Democratica |- | [[Jim Tucker|James Guy Tucker]] | 1992–1996 | Democratica |- | [[Mike Huckabee|Michael Dale Huckabee]] | 1996–2007 | Republicana |- | [[Mike Beebe|Michael Dale Beebe]] | 2007– | Democratica |} {{Indices Gubernatorum Civitatum Foederatarum Americae}} [[Categoria:Gubernatores Arcansiae|!]] [[Categoria:Indices gubernatorum]] p6r1hl3jouqbjyy1uy16vt9qav7gbnn 0 85175 3996260 2812050 2026-10-23T04:19:41Z Bartholomite 116968 non latine 3996260 wikitext text/x-wiki {{non latine}} Hic est index [[Coloratum|Colorati]] gubernatorum. == Territorium Colorati == {| class="wikitable" |- style="background:#e0e0e0" ! Nomen !! Mandatum !! Factio |- | [[William Gilpin]] | 1861–1862 | [[Factio Republicana (CFA)|Republicana]] |- | [[John Evans (Politiker)|John Evans]] | 1862–1865 | Republicana |- | [[Alexander Cummings (Politiker)|Alexander Cummings]] | 1865–1867 | Republicana |- | [[Alexander Cameron Hunt]] | 1867–1869 | Republicana |- | [[Edward Moody McCook]] | 1869–1873 | Republicana |- | [[Samuel Hitt Elbert]] | 1873–1874 | Republicana |- | Edward Moody McCook | 1874–1875 | Republicana |- | [[John Routt|John Long Routt]] | 1875–1876 | Republicana |} == [[Coloratum|Coloratum civitas foederalis]] == {| class="wikitable" |- style="background:#e0e0e0" ! Nomen !! Mandatum !! Factio |- | John Long Routt | 1876–1879 | Republicana |- | [[Frederick Walker Pitkin]] | 1879–1883 | Republicana |- | [[James Grant|James Benton Grant]] | 1883–1885 | [[Factio Democratica (CFA)|Democratica]] |- | [[Benjamin Eaton|Benjamin Harrison Eaton]] | 1885–1887 | Republicana |- | [[Alva Adams]] | 1887–1889 | Democratica |- | [[Job Cooper|Job Adams Cooper]] | 1889–1891 | Republicana |- | John Long Routt | 1891–1893 | Republicana |- | [[Davis Waite|Davis Hanson Waite]] | 1893–1895 | [[Populist Party]] |- | [[Albert McIntire|Albert Washington McIntire]] | 1895–1897 | Republicana |- | Alva Adams | 1897–1899 | Democratica |- | [[Charles Spalding Thomas]] | 1899–1901 | Democratica |- | [[James Orman|James Bradley Orman]] | 1901–1903 | Democratica |- | [[James Peabody|James Hamilton Peabody]] | 1903–1905 | Republicana |- | Alva Adams | 1905–1905 | Democratica |- | [[Jesse McDonald|Jesse Fuller McDonald]] | 1905–1907 | Republicana |- | [[Henry Buchtel|Henry Augustus Buchtel]] | 1907–1909 | Republicana |- | [[John F. Shafroth|John Franklin Shafroth]] | 1909–1913 | Democratica |- | [[Elias M. Ammons|Elias Milton Ammons]] | 1913–1915 | Democratica |- | [[George Carlson|George Alfred Carlson]] | 1915–1917 | Republicana |- | [[Julius Gunter|Julius Caldeen Gunter]] | 1917–1919 | Democratica |- | [[Oliver Shoup|Oliver Henry Shoup]] | 1919–1923 | Republicana |- | [[William Sweet|William Ellery Sweet]] | 1923–1925 | Democratica |- | [[Clarence Morley|Clarence Joseph Morley]] | 1925–1927 | Republicana |- | [[William Adams (Gouverneur)|William Herbert Adams]] | 1927–1933 | Democratica |- | [[Edwin Johnson (Gouverneur)|Edwin Carl Johnson]] | 1933–1937 | Democratica |- | [[Ray Talbot|Ray Herbert Talbot]] | 1937–1937 | Democratica |- | [[Teller Ammons]] | 1937–1939 | Democratica |- | [[Ralph Carr|Ralph Lawrence Carr]] | 1939–1943 | Republicana |- | [[John Vivian|John Charles Vivian]] | 1943–1947 | Republicana |- | [[William Knous|William Lee Knous]] | 1947–1950 | Democratica |- | [[Walter Walford Johnson]] | 1950–1951 | Democratica |- | [[Dan Thornton|Daniel Isaac Thornton]] | 1951–1955 | Republicana |- | Edwin Carl Johnson | 1955–1957 | Democratica |- | [[Stephen McNichols|Stephen Lucid Robert McNichols]] | 1957–1963 | Democratica |- | [[John Arthur Love]] | 1963–1973 | Republicana |- | [[John Vanderhoof|John David Vanderhoof]] | 1973–1975 | Republicana |- | [[Richard Lamm|Richard Douglas Lamm]] | 1975–1987 | Democratica |- | [[Roy Romer|Roy R. Romer]] | 1987–1999 | Democratica |- | [[Bill Owens|William F. Owens]] | 1999–2007 | Republicana |- | [[Bill Ritter|August William Ritter]] | 2007–2011 | Democratica |- | [[Ioannes Hickenlooper|Ioannes Wright Hickenlooper]] | ab anno 2011 | Democratica |} {{Indices Gubernatorum Civitatum Foederatarum Americae}} [[Categoria:Gubernatores Colorati|!]] cvv46w24sk0ng5gnjilcicefnogr3ni 0 85181 3996267 3955788 2026-10-23T04:23:39Z Bartholomite 116968 non latine 3996267 wikitext text/x-wiki {{non latine}} Hic est index [[Idahum|Idahi]] gubernatorum. == Territorium Idahi == <div style="float:left;text-align:left;padding-right:15px"> {| style="border-style:solid;border-width:1px;border-color:#808080;background-color:#DCE5E5" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" width="600px" |- bgcolor="#DCE5E5" ! Nomen ! Mandatum ! Factio |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[William Henson Wallace]] | align="left" | 1863–1864 | align="left" | [[Factio Republicana (CFA)|Republicana]] |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Caleb Lyon]] | align="left" | 1864–1865 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | align="left" | [[C. de Witt Smith]] | align="left" | 1865 | align="left" | |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | align="left" | [[Horace C. Gilson]] | align="left" | 1866 | align="left" | |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[David W. Ballard]] | align="left" | 1866–1870 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Edward J. Curtis]] | align="left" | 1870–1871 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Thomas Mead Bowen]] | align="left" | 1871 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | Edward J. Curtis | align="left" | 1871 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Thomas Warren Bennett]] | align="left" | 1871–1875 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | Edward J. Curtis | align="left" | 1875 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[David P. Thompson|David Preston Thompson]] | align="left" | 1875–1876 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Mason Brayman]] | align="left" | 1876–1878 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[John Baldwin Neil]] | align="left" | 1880–1883 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[John Irwin|John Nichol Irwin]] | align="left" | 1883–1884 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[William M. Bunn|William Malcolm Bunn]] | align="left" | 1884–1885 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | align="left" | [[David P. B. Pride]] | align="left" | 1885 | align="left" | |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Edward A. Stevenson]] | align="left" | 1885–1889 | align="left" | [[Factio Democratica (CFA)|Democratica]] |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[George Laird Shoup]] | align="left" | 1889–1890 | align="left" | Republicana |} == [[Idahum|Idahum civitas foederalis]] == <div style="float:left;text-align:left;padding-right:15px"> {| style="border-style:solid;border-width:1px;border-color:#808080;background-color:#DCE5E5" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" width="600px" |- bgcolor="#DCE5E5" ! Nomen ! Mandatum ! Factio |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | Georgius Laird Shoup | align="left" | 1890–1891 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Norman Bushnell Willey|N. B. Willey]] | align="left" | 1891–1893 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[William J. McConnell|William John McConnell]] | align="left" | 1893–1897 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Frank Steunenberg]] | align="left" | 1897–1901 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Frank W. Hunt|Frank Williams Hunt]] | align="left" | 1901–1903 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[John T. Morrison|John Tracy Morrison]] | align="left" | 1903–1905 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Frank Gooding|Frank Robert Gooding]] | align="left" | 1905–1909 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[James H. Brady|James Henry Brady]] | align="left" | 1909–1911 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[James H. Hawley|James Henry Hawley]] | align="left" | 1911–1913 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[John M. Haines|John Michiner Haines]] | align="left" | 1913–1915 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Moses Alexander]] | align="left" | 1915–1919 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[D. W. Davis|David William Davis]] | align="left" | 1919–1923 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Charles C. Moore|Charles Calvin Moore]] | align="left" | 1923–1927 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[H. C. Baldridge|H. Clarence Baldridge]] | align="left" | 1927–1931 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[C. Ben Ross|Charles Benjamin Ross]] | align="left" | 1931–1937 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Barzilla W. Clark|Barzilla Worth Clark]] | align="left" | 1937–1939 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[C. A. Bottolfsen|Clarence Alfred Bottolfsen]] | align="left" | 1939–1941 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Chase A. Clark|Chase Addison Clark]] | align="left" | 1941–1943 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | Clarence Alfred Bottolfsen | align="left" | 1943–1945 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Charles Gossett|Charles Clinton Gossett]] | align="left" | 1945–1945 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Arnoldus Williams]] | align="left" | 1945–1947 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Charles A. Robins|Charles Armington Robins]] | align="left" | 1947–1951 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Leonard B. Jordan|Leonard Beck Jordan]] | align="left" | 1951–1955 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Robert E. Smylie|Robert Eben Smylie]] | align="left" | 1955–1967 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Don Samuelson|Donald William Samuelson]] | align="left" | 1967–1971 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Caecilius D. Andrus|Cecil Dale Andrus]] | align="left" | 1971–1977 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[John Victor Evans]] | align="left" | 1977–1987 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | Caecilius Dale Andrus | align="left" | 1987–1995 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Phil Batt|Philip Eugene Batt]] | align="left" | 1995–1999 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Dirk Kempthorne|Dirk Arthur Kempthorne]] | align="left" | 1999–2006 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Iacobus Risch|Iacobus Elroy Risch]] | align="left" | 2006–2007 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Clemens Leroy Otter]] | align="left" | 2007–2019 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Bradlius Little]] | align="left" | 2019– | align="left" | Republicana |} {{Indices Gubernatorum Civitatum Foederatarum Americae}} [[Categoria:Gubernatores Idahi|!]] 2askvjdpwzk38cnhs8dw4ltxb4n8kbm 0 85223 3996269 3272573 2026-10-23T04:24:41Z Bartholomite 116968 non latine 3996269 wikitext text/x-wiki {{non latine}} Hic est index [[Iova]]e gubernatorum. == Territorium Iovae == {| class="wikitable" |- bgcolor="#DCE5E5" ! Nomen ! Mandatum ! Factio |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Robert Lucas (Gouverneur)|Robert Lucas]] | align="left" | 1838–1841 | align="left" | [[Factio Democratica (CFA)|Democratica]] |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | align="left" | [[John Chambers (Politiker)|John Chambers]] | align="left" | 1841–1845 | align="left" | [[Factio Whig (CFA)|Whig]] |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | align="left" | [[James Clarke (Iowa)|James Clarke]] | align="left" | 1845–1846 | align="left" | |} == [[Iova|Iova civitas foederalis]] == {| class="wikitable" |- bgcolor="#DCE5E5" ! Nomen ! Mandatum ! Factio |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Ansel Briggs]] | align="left" | 1846–1850 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Stephen Hempstead|Stephen P. Hempstead]] | align="left" | 1850–1854 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | align="left" | [[James W. Grimes|James Wilson Grimes]] | align="left" | 1854–1858 | align="left" | Whig |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Ralph Lowe|Ralph Phillips Lowe]] | align="left" | 1858–1860 | align="left" | [[Factio Republicana (CFA)|Republicana]] |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Samuel Jordan Kirkwood]] | align="left" | 1860–1864 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[William M. Stone|William Milo Stone]] | align="left" | 1864–1868 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Samuel Merrill]] | align="left" | 1868–1872 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Cyrus Carpenter|Cyrus Clay Carpenter]] | align="left" | 1872–1876 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | Samuel Jordan Kirkwood | align="left" | 1876–1877 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Joshua Newbold|Joshua G. Newbold]] | align="left" | 1877–1878 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[John Gear|John Henry Gear]] | align="left" | 1878–1882 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Buren Sherman|Buren Robinson Sherman]] | align="left" | 1882–1886 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[William Larrabee]] | align="left" | 1886–1890 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Horace Boies]] | align="left" | 1890–1894 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Frank D. Jackson|Frank Darr Jackson]] | align="left" | 1894–1896 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Francis M. Drake|Francis Marion Drake]] | align="left" | 1896–1898 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[L. M. Shaw|Leslie Mortier Shaw]] | align="left" | 1898–1902 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Albert B. Cummins|Albert Baird Cummins]] | align="left" | 1902–1908 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Warren Garst]] | align="left" | 1908–1909 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Beryl Carroll|Beryl Franklin Carroll]] | align="left" | 1909–1913 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[George W. Clarke|George Washington Clarke]] | align="left" | 1913–1917 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[William L. Harding|William Lloyd Harding]] | align="left" | 1917–1921 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Nathan Edward Kendall]] | align="left" | 1921–1925 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[John Hammill]] | align="left" | 1925–1931 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Daniel Turner|Daniel Webster Turner]] | align="left" | 1931–1933 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Clyde L. Herring|Clyde Laverne Herring]] | align="left" | 1933–1937 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Nelson Kraschel|Nelson George Kraschel]] | align="left" | 1937–1939 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[George A. Wilson|George Allison Wilson]] | align="left" | 1939–1943 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Bourke Blakemore Hickenlooper]] | align="left" | 1943–1945 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Robert Blue|Robert Donald Blue]] | align="left" | 1945–1949 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[William S. Beardsley|William Shane Beardsley]] | align="left" | 1949–1954 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Leo Elthon]] | align="left" | 1954–1955 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Leo Hoegh|Leo Arthur Hoegh]] | align="left" | 1955–1957 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Herschel Loveless|Herschel Celiel Loveless]] | align="left" | 1957–1961 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Norman Erbe|Norman Arthur Erbe]] | align="left" | 1961–1963 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Harold Hughes|Harold Everett Hughes]] | align="left" | 1963–1969 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Robert D. Fulton|Robert David Fulton]] | align="left" | 1969–1969 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Robert Ray|Robert Dolph Ray]] | align="left" | 1969–1983 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Terry Branstad|Terry Edward Branstad]] | align="left" | 1983–1999 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Tom Vilsack|Thomas James Vilsack]] | align="left" | 1999–2007 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Chester Culver|Chester John Culver]] | align="left" | 2007–2011 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Terry Edward Branstad]] | align="left" | 2011-2017 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Kimberly Kay Reynolds]] | align="left" | ab anno 2017 | align="left" | Republicana |} {{Indices Gubernatorum Civitatum Foederatarum Americae}} [[Categoria:Gubernatores Iovae|!]] 9fjop2vh1nw6gadd0x6vidpr57l11wy 0 85232 3996270 3354939 2026-10-23T04:25:01Z Bartholomite 116968 3996270 wikitext text/x-wiki {{non latine}} Hic est index [[Kansia]]e gubernatorum. == Territorium Kansiae == {| style="border-style:solid;border-width:1px;border-color:#808080;background-color:#DCE5E5" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" width="600px" |- bgcolor="#DCE5E5" ! Nomen ! Mandatum ! Factio |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Andrew Horatio Reeder]] | align="left" | 1854–1855 | align="left" | [[Factio Democratica (CFA)|Democratica]] |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Daniel Woodson]] | align="left" | 1855 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Wilson Shannon]] | align="left" | 1855–1856 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | Daniel Woodson | align="left" | 1856 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[John White Geary]] | align="left" | 1856–1857 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | Daniel Woodson | align="left" | 1857 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Frederick Perry Stanton]] | align="left" | 1857 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Robert J. Walker|Robert James Walker]] | align="left" | 1857 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | Frederick Perry Stanton | align="left" | 1857 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[James William Denver]] | align="left" | 1857–1858 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Hugh Sleight Walsh]] | align="left" | 1858 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Samuel Medary]] | align="left" | 1858–1860 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[George Monroe Beebe]] | align="left" | 1860–1861 | align="left" | Democratica |} == [[Kansia|Kansia civitas foederalis]] == <div style="float:left;text-align:left;padding-right:15px"> {| style="border-style:solid;border-width:1px;border-color:#808080;background-color:#DCE5E5" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" width="600px" |- bgcolor="#DCE5E5" ! Nomen ! Mandatum ! Factio |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Charles Robinson|Charles Lawrence Robinson]] | align="left" | 1861–1863 | align="left" | [[Factio Republicana (CFA)|Republicana]] |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Thomas Carney]] | align="left" | 1863–1865 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Samuel Crawford|Samuel Johnson Crawford]] | align="left" | 1865–1868 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Nehemiah Green]] | align="left" | 1868–1869 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[James Madison Harvey]] | align="left" | 1869–1873 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Thomas Osborn|Thomas Andrew Osborn]] | align="left" | 1873–1877 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[George Anthony|George Tobey Anthony]] | align="left" | 1877–1879 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[John St. John|John Pierce St. John]] | align="left" | 1879–1883 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[George Glick|George Washington Glick]] | align="left" | 1883–1885 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[John Martin (Kansas)|John Alexander Martin]] | align="left" | 1885–1889 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Lyman Humphrey|Lyman Underwood Humphrey]] | align="left" | 1889–1893 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Lorenzo Lewelling|Lorenzo Dow Lewelling]] | align="left" | 1893–1895 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Edmund Morrill|Edmund Needham Morrill]] | align="left" | 1895–1897 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[John Leedy|John Whitnah Leedy]] | align="left" | 1897–1899 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[William Eugene Stanley]] | align="left" | 1899–1903 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Willis Bailey|Willis Joshua Bailey]] | align="left" | 1903–1905 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Edward W. Hoch|Edward Wallis Hoch]] | align="left" | 1905–1909 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Walter Stubbs|Walter Roscoe Stubbs]] | align="left" | 1909–1913 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[George Hodges|George Hartshorn Hodges]] | align="left" | 1913–1915 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Arthur Capper]] | align="left" | 1915–1919 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Henry Justin Allen]] | align="left" | 1919–1923 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Jonathan Davis (Politiker)|Jonathan McMillan Davis]] | align="left" | 1923–1925 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Ben Paulen|Benjamin Sanford Paulen]] | align="left" | 1925–1929 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Clyde Reed|Clyde Martin Reed]] | align="left" | 1929–1931 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Harry Hines Woodring]] | align="left" | 1931–1933 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Alf Landon|Alfred Mossman Landon]] | align="left" | 1933–1937 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Walter Huxman|Walter Augustus Huxman]] | align="left" | 1937–1939 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Payne Ratner|Payne Harry Ratner]] | align="left" | 1939–1943 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Andrew Schoeppel|Andrew Frank Schoeppel]] | align="left" | 1943–1947 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Frank Carlson]] | align="left" | 1947–1950 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Frank Hagaman|Frank Leslie Hagaman]] | align="left" | 1950–1951 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Edward Arn|Edward Ferdinand Arn]] | align="left" | 1951–1955 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Fred Hall (Politiker)|Frederick Lee Hall]] | align="left" | 1955–1957 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[John McCuish|John Berridge McCuish]] | align="left" | 1957–1957 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[George Docking]] | align="left" | 1957–1961 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[John Anderson (Kansas)|John Anderson]] | align="left" | 1961–1965 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[William H. Avery|William Henry Avery]] | align="left" | 1965–1967 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Robert Docking|Robert Blackwell Docking]] | align="left" | 1967–1975 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Robert Bennett|Robert Frederick Bennett]] | align="left" | 1975–1979 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[John W. Carlin|John William Carlin]] | align="left" | 1979–1987 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Mike Hayden|John Michael Hayden]] | align="left" | 1987–1991 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Joan Finney]] | align="left" | 1991–1995 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Bill Graves|William Preston Graves]] | align="left" | 1995–2003 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Kathleen Sebelius|Kathleen Gilligan Sebelius]] | align="left" | 2003–2009 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Mark Parkinson|Mark V. Parkinson]] | align="left" | 2009–2011 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Samuel Brownback|Samuel Dale Brownback]] | align="left" | 2011-2018 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Jeff Colyer|Jeffrey William Colyer]] | align="left" | ab anno 2018 | align="left" | Republicana |} {{Indices Gubernatorum Civitatum Foederatarum Americae}} [[Categoria:Gubernatores Kansiae|!]] [[Categoria:Indices gubernatorum]] h2hvo6ndts7qbonnih1wilbc8d8o17b 0 85235 3996271 3520538 2026-10-23T04:30:26Z Bartholomite 116968 3996271 wikitext text/x-wiki Hic est index [[Kentukia]]e gubernatorum. == [[Kentukia|Kentukia civitas foederalis]] ab anno [[1792]] == <div style="float:left;text-align:left;padding-right:15px"> {| style="border-style:solid;border-width:1px;border-color:#808080;background-color:#DCE5E5" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" width="600px" |- bgcolor="#DCE5E5" ! Nomen ! Mandatum ! Factio |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | align="left" | [[Isaac Shelby]] | align="left" | 1792–1796 | align="left" | [[Factio Democratica Republicana|Democratica Republicana]] |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | align="left" | [[Iacobus Garrard]] | align="left" | 1796–1804 | align="left" | Democratica Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | align="left" | [[Christophorus Greenup]] | align="left" | 1804–1808 | align="left" | Democratica Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | align="left" | [[Carolus Scott (gubernator)|Carolus Scott]] | align="left" | 1808–1812 | align="left" | Democratica Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | align="left" | Isaac Shelby | align="left" | 1812–1816 | align="left" | Democratica Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | align="left" | [[Georgius Madison]] | align="left" | 1816–1816 | align="left" | Democratica Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | align="left" | [[Gabriel Slaughter]] | align="left" | 1816–1820 | align="left" | Democratica Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | align="left" | [[Ioannes Adair]] | align="left" | 1820–1824 | align="left" | Democratica Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | align="left" | [[Iosephus Desha]] | align="left" | 1824–1828 | align="left" | Democratica Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFF8DC" | align="left" | [[Thomas Metcalfe (Kentukia)|Thomas Metcalfe]] | align="left" | 1828–1832 | align="left" | [[Factio Nationalis Republicana|Nationalis Republicana]] |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Ioannes Breathitt]] | align="left" | 1832–1834 | align="left" | [[Factio Democratica (CFA)|Democratica]] |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFF8DC" | align="left" | [[Iacobus Morehead|Iacobus Turner Morehead]] | align="left" | 1834–1836 | align="left" | Nationalis Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | align="left" | [[Iacobus Clark (gubernator)|Iacobus Clark]] | align="left" | 1836–1839 | align="left" | [[Factio Whig (CFA)|Whig]] |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | align="left" | [[Carolus Wickliffe|Carolus Anderson Wickliffe]] | align="left" | 1839–1840 | align="left" | Whig |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | align="left" | [[Robertus Letcher|Robertus Perkins Letcher]] | align="left" | 1840–1844 | align="left" | Whig |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | align="left" | [[Gulielmus Owsley]] | align="left" | 1844–1848 | align="left" | Whig |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | align="left" | [[Ioannes Iordanus Crittenden]] | align="left" | 1848–1850 | align="left" | Whig |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | align="left" | [[Ioannes Helm|Ioannes Larue Helm]] | align="left" | 1850–1851 | align="left" | Whig |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Lazarus Powell|Lazarus Whitehead Powell]] | align="left" | 1851–1855 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#D99FE8" | align="left" | [[Carolus Morehead|Carolus Slaughter Morehead]] | align="left" | 1855–1859 | align="left" | [[Factio Nulla Scio]] |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Beriah Magoffin]] | align="left" | 1859–1862 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFA500" | align="left" | [[Iacobus Fisher Robinson]] | align="left" | 1862–1863 | align="left" | Unionista |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFA500" | align="left" | [[Thomas Bramlette|Thomas Elliott Bramlette]] | align="left" | 1863–1867 | align="left" | Unionista |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | Ioannes Larue Helm | align="left" | 1867–1867 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Ioannes Stevenson]] | align="left" | 1867–1871 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Preston Leslie|Preston Hopkins Leslie]] | align="left" | 1871–1875 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Iacobus McCreary|Iacobus Bennett McCreary]] | align="left" | 1875–1879 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Lucas Blackburn|Lucas Pryor Blackburn]] | align="left" | 1879–1883 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Iacobus Proctor Knott]] | align="left" | 1883–1887 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Simon Bolivar Buckner]] | align="left" | 1887–1891 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Ioannes Young Brown]] | align="left" | 1891–1895 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Gulielmus Bradley|Gulielmus O’Connell Bradley]] | align="left" | 1895–1899 | align="left" | [[Factio Republicana (CFA)|Republicana]] |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Gulielmus Taylor (gubernator)|Gulielmus Sylvester Taylor]] | align="left" | 1899–1900 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Gulielmus Goebel]] | align="left" | 1900–1900 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Ioannes Crepps Wickliffe Beckham]] | align="left" | 1900–1907 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Augustus Everett Willson]] | align="left" | 1907–1911 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Iacobus McCreary|Iacobus Bennett McCreary]] | align="left" | 1911–1915 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Augustus Stanley|Augustus Owsley Stanley]] | align="left" | 1915–1919 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Iacobus Black (gubernator)|Iacobus Dixon Black]] | align="left" | 1919 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Edvinus Morrow|Edvinus Porch Morrow]] | align="left" | 1919–1923 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Gulielmus Fields|Gulielmus Jason Fields]] | align="left" | 1923–1927 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Flem Sampson|Flem Davis Sampson]] | align="left" | 1927–1931 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Ruby Laffoon]] | align="left" | 1931–1935 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Albertus Chandler|Albertus Beniaminus Chandler]] | align="left" | 1935–1939 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Keen Johnson]] | align="left" | 1939–1943 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Simeon Willis|Simeon Slavens Willis]] | align="left" | 1943–1947 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Earle Clements|Earle Chester Clements]] | align="left" | 1947–1950 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Laurentius Wetherby]] | align="left" | 1950–1955 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | Albertus Beniaminus Chandler | align="left" | 1955–1959 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Bert Combs|Bertram Thomas Combs]] | align="left" | 1959–1963 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Eduardus Breathitt|Eduardus Thompson Breathitt]] | align="left" | 1963–1967 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Louie Nunn|Ludovicus Broady Nunn]] | align="left" | 1967–1971 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Wendell Ford|Wendell Hampton Ford]] | align="left" | 1971–1974 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Iulianus Carroll|Iulianus Morton Carroll]] | align="left" | 1974–1979 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Ioannes Brown minor]] | align="left" | 1979–1983 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Martha Collins|Martha Layne Collins]] | align="left" | 1983–1987 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Wallace Wilkinson|Wallace Glenn Wilkinson]] | align="left" | 1987–1991 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Brereton Jones|Brereton Chandler Jones]] | align="left" | 1991–1995 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Paulus Patton|Paulus E. Patton]] | align="left" | 1995–2003 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Ernestus Lee Fletcher]] | align="left" | 2003–2007 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Stephanus Beshear|Stephanus L. Beshear]] | align="left" | 2007–2015 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Matthaeus Bevin|Matthaeus G. Bevin]] | align="left" | 2015–2019 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Andreas Beshear]] | align="left" | 2019– | align="left" | Democratica |} [[Categoria:Gubernatores Kentukiae|!]] [[Categoria:Indices gubernatorum]] {{Indices Gubernatorum Civitatum Foederatarum Americae}} 8djrlx0expp1duvivi9sirs7jzcjadh 0 85254 3996263 2852666 2026-10-23T04:21:32Z Bartholomite 116968 non latine 3996263 wikitext text/x-wiki {{non latine}} Hic est index [[Dacota Septentrionalis|Dacotae Septentrionalis]] gubernatorum. == Territorium Dacotae Septentrionalis == {| style="border-style:solid;border-width:1px;border-color:#808080;background-color:#DCE5E5" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" width="600px" |- bgcolor="#DCE5E5" ! Nomen ! Mandatum ! Factio |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | align="left" | [[William Jayne|William A. Jayne]] | align="left" | 1861–1863 | align="left" | |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | align="left" | [[Newton Edmunds]] | align="left" | 1863–1866 | align="left" | |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | align="left" | [[Andrew Jackson Faulk]] | align="left" | 1866–1869 | align="left" | |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | align="left" | [[John A. Burbank]] | align="left" | 1869–1873 | align="left" | |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | align="left" | [[John L. Pennington]] | align="left" | 1874–1878 | align="left" | |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | align="left" | [[William Alanson Howard]] | align="left" | 1878–1880 | align="left" | |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | align="left" | [[Nehemiah G. Ordway|Nehemiah George Ordway]] | align="left" | 1880–1884 | align="left" | |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | align="left" | [[Gilbert A. Pierce|Gilbert Ashville Pierce]] | align="left" | 1884–1886 | align="left" | |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | align="left" | [[Louis K. Church|Louis Kossuth Church]] | align="left" | 1887–1889 | align="left" | |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | align="left" | [[Arthur C. Mellette|Arthur Calvin Mellette]] | align="left" | 1889 | align="left" | |} == [[Dacota Septentrionalis|Dacota Septentrionalis civitas foederalis]] == <div style="float:left;text-align:left;padding-right:15px"> {| style="border-style:solid;border-width:1px;border-color:#808080;background-color:#DCE5E5" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" width="600px" |- bgcolor="#DCE5E5" ! Nomen ! Mandatum ! Factio |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[John Miller (Gouverneur)|John Miller]] | align="left" | 1889–1891 | align="left" | [[Factio Republicana (CFA)|Republicana]] |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Andrew Burke|Andrew Horce Burke]] | align="left" | 1891–1893 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | align="left" | [[Eli Shortridge|Eli C.D. Shortridge]] | align="left" | 1893–1895 | align="left" | [[Factio Popularis]] |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Roger Allin]] | align="left" | 1895–1897 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Frank Briggs|Frank Arlington Briggs]] | align="left" | 1897–1898 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Joseph Devine|Joseph McMurray Devine]] | align="left" | 1898–1899 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Frederick Fancher|Frederick Bartlett Fancher]] | align="left" | 1899–1901 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Frank White (Gouverneur)|Frank White]] | align="left" | 1901–1905 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Elmore Yocum Sarles]] | align="left" | 1905–1907 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[John Burke (Gouverneur)|John Burke]] | align="left" | 1907–1913 | align="left" | [[Factio Democratica (CFA)|Democratica]] |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Louis Benjamin Hanna]] | align="left" | 1913–1917 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#87CEEB" | align="left" | [[Lynn Frazier|Lynn Joseph Frazier]] | align="left" | 1917–1921 | align="left" | [[Foedus Non Sectatorum]] |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#F0FFF0" | align="left" | [[Ragnvald A. Nestos|Ragnvald Anderson Nestos]] | align="left" | 1921–1925 | align="left" | Foedus Liberorum Civium |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Arthur Gustav Sorlie]] | align="left" | 1925–1928 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#87CEEB" | align="left" | [[Walter Maddock|Walter J. Maddock]] | align="left" | 1928–1929 | align="left" | Foedus Non Sectatorum |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#F0FFF0" | align="left" | [[George Shafer|George Frederick Shafer]] | align="left" | 1929–1933 | align="left" | Foedus Liberorum Civium |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[William Langer]] | align="left" | 1933–1934 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Ole Olson|Ole H. Olson]] | align="left" | 1934–1935 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Thomas Moodie|Thomas H. Moodie]] | align="left" | 1935 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Walter Welford]] | align="left" | 1935–1937 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | William Langer | align="left" | 1937–1939 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[John Moses]] | align="left" | 1939–1945 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Fred George Aandahl]] | align="left" | 1945–1951 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Norman Brunsdale|Clarence Norman Brunsdale]] | align="left" | 1951–1957 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[John E. Davis]] | align="left" | 1957–1961 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[William Guy (Politiker)|William Lewis Guy]] | align="left" | 1961–1973 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Arthur Link|Arthur Albert Link]] | align="left" | 1973–1981 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Allen Olson|Allen Ingvar Olson]] | align="left" | 1981–1984 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[George Sinner|George Albert Sinner]] | align="left" | 1985–1992 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Ed Schafer|Edward Schafer]] | align="left" | 1992–2000 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[John Hoeven|John Henry Hoeven]] | align="left" | 2000–2010 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Iacobus Dalrymple]] | align="left" | ab anno 2010 | align="left" | Republicana |} [[Categoria:Gubernatores Dacotae Septentrionalis|!]] {{Indices Gubernatorum Civitatum Foederatarum Americae}} t06ftyqkxrkriom0lpac49qxzmmxshe 0 85258 3996262 2812271 2026-10-23T04:21:05Z Bartholomite 116968 non latine 3996262 wikitext text/x-wiki {{non latine}} Hic est index [[Dacota Meridionalis|Dacotae Meridionalis]] gubernatorum. == Territorium Dacotae Meridionalis == {| style="border-style:solid;border-width:1px;border-color:#808080;background-color:#DCE5E5" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" width="600px" |- bgcolor="#DCE5E5" ! Nomen ! Mandatum ! Factio |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | align="left" | [[William Jayne|William A. Jayne]] | align="left" | 1861–1863 | align="left" | |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | align="left" | [[Newton Edmunds]] | align="left" | 1863–1866 | align="left" | |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | align="left" | [[Andrew Jackson Faulk]] | align="left" | 1866–1869 | align="left" | |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | align="left" | [[John A. Burbank]] | align="left" | 1869–1873 | align="left" | |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | align="left" | [[John L. Pennington]] | align="left" | 1874–1878 | align="left" | |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | align="left" | [[William Alanson Howard]] | align="left" | 1878–1880 | align="left" | |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | align="left" | [[Nehemiah G. Ordway|Nehemiah George Ordway]] | align="left" | 1880–1884 | align="left" | |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | align="left" | [[Gilbert A. Pierce|Gilbert Ashville Pierce]] | align="left" | 1884–1886 | align="left" | |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | align="left" | [[Louis K. Church|Louis Kossuth Church]] | align="left" | 1887–1889 | align="left" | |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | align="left" | [[Arthur C. Mellette|Arthur Calvin Mellette]] | align="left" | 1889 | align="left" | |} == [[Dacota Meridionalis|Dacota Meridionalis civitas foederalis]] == <div style="float:left;text-align:left;padding-right:15px"> {| style="border-style:solid;border-width:1px;border-color:#808080;background-color:#DCE5E5" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" width="600px" |- bgcolor="#DCE5E5" ! Nomen ! Mandatum ! Factio |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | Arthur Calvin Mellette | align="left" | 1889–1893 | align="left" | [[Factio Republicana (CFA)|Republicana]] |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Charles H. Sheldon|Charles Henry Sheldon]] | align="left" | 1893–1897 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#BAFFFF" | align="left" | [[Andrew E. Lee|Andrew Ericson Lee]] | align="left" | 1897–1901 | align="left" | [[Factio Popularis]] |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Charles N. Herreid|Charles Nelson Herreid]] | align="left" | 1901–1905 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Samuel H. Elrod|Samuel Harrison Elrod]] | align="left" | 1905–1907 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Coe I. Crawford|Coe Isaac Crawford]] | align="left" | 1907–1909 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Robert S. Vessey|Robert Scadden Vessey]] | align="left" | 1909–1913 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Frank M. Byrne]] | align="left" | 1913–1917 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Peter Norbeck]] | align="left" | 1917–1921 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[William McMaster|William Henry McMaster]] | align="left" | 1921–1925 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Carl Gunderson]] | align="left" | 1925–1927 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[William John Bulow]] | align="left" | 1927–1931 | align="left" | [[Factio Democratica (CFA)|Democratica]] |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Warren Green|Warren Everett Green]] | align="left" | 1931–1933 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Thomas Berry (Politiker)|Thomas Matthew Berry]] | align="left" | 1933–1937 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Leslie Jensen]] | align="left" | 1937–1939 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Harlan John Bushfield]] | align="left" | 1939–1943 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Merrill Sharpe|Merrill Quentin Sharpe]] | align="left" | 1943–1947 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[George Theodore Mickelson]] | align="left" | 1947–1951 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Sigurd Anderson]] | align="left" | 1951–1955 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Joe Foss|Joseph Jacob Foss]] | align="left" | 1955–1959 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Ralph Herseth|Ralph E. Herseth]] | align="left" | 1959–1961 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Archie Gubbrud|Archie M. Gubbrud]] | align="left" | 1961–1965 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Nils Boe|Nils Andreas Boe]] | align="left" | 1965–1969 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Frank L. Farrar|Frank Leroy Farrar]] | align="left" | 1969–1971 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Richard F. Kneip|Richard Francis Kneip]] | align="left" | 1971–1978 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | align="left" | [[Harvey L. Wollman]] | align="left" | 1978–1979 | align="left" | Democratica |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Gulielmus Ioannes Janklow|Gulielmus Ioannes Janklow]] | align="left" | 1979–1987 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[George S. Mickelson|George Speaker Mickelson]] | align="left" | 1987–1993 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Walter Dale Miller]] | align="left" | 1993–1995 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | Gulielmus Ioannes Janklow | align="left" | 1995–2003 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Mike Rounds|Marion Michael Rounds]] | align="left" | 2003–2011 | align="left" | Republicana |- align="center" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | align="left" | [[Dennis Daugaard]] | align="left" | 2011– | align="left" | Republicana |} [[Categoria:Gubernatores Dacotae Meridionalis|!]] {{Indices Gubernatorum Civitatum Foederatarum Americae}} am7d3ju5y9v1edprfyoa2y00brzdf90 0 90914 3996224 3923008 2026-10-22T19:51:03Z LilyKitty 18316 de radiatione ultraviolacea 3996224 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Adaptive-Evolution-of-Eel-Fluorescent-Proteins-from-Fatty-Acid-Binding-Proteins-Produces-Bright-pone.0140972.g001.jpg|thumb|[[Organismus|Organismi]] marini fluorescentes.]] '''Fluorescentia''' ([[vocabulum]] a ''fluorspar'' '[[fluorita]]' deductum) est [[emissio]] [[lux|lucis]] a [[materia]] quae lucem vel aliam [[radiatio electromagnetica|radiationem electromagneticam]] absorbet; itaque est forma [[luminescentia]]e. Saepe lux emissa longiorem [[longitudo undae|undae longitudinem]] et [[energia]]m minus quam [[radiatio]] absorpta habet. ==Bibliographia== *Lakowicz, Joseph R. [[1999]]. ''Principles of Fluorescence Spectroscopy.'' Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers. ISBN 9780387312781. {{NexInt}} *[[Chemia analytica]] *[[Organum photophorum]] *[[Lumen fluorescens]] *[[Radiatio ultraviolacea]] == Nexus externi == * [https://www.thermofisher.com/ru/ru/home/references/molecular-probes-the-handbook/introduction-to-fluorescence-techniques.html De fluorescentia] apud ThermoFisher Scientific. [[Categoria:Biologia molecularis]] [[Categoria:Chemia]] {{Myrias|Physica}} diddlhf1r3m603j5cav34ewolctx3wt 0 90971 3996236 3329068 2026-10-22T22:30:31Z Juppi lantteineen 216513 3996236 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:George Galloway 2007-02-24.jpg |thumb|Georgius Galloway (2007)]] ''' Georgius Galloway ''' (natus [[Taodunum|Taoduni]] [[Fifensis]] die [[16 Augusti]] [[1954]]) est rerum politicarum peritus [[regnum Unitum|Britannicus]] factionis [[Factio Laboris|Laboris]] et, postquam e factione Laboris anno [[2003]] expulsus est, factionis ''[[Respect]]'' qui a die [[11 Iunii]] [[1987]] usque ad diem [[6 Maii]] [[2010]] legatus apud [[Parlamentum Britannicum]] fuit. == Nexus externi == * [http://www.georgegalloway.com/ Georgii Galloway pagina interretialis] {{bio-stipula}} {{Lifetime|1954||Galloway, Georgius }} [[Categoria:Legati Parlamento Britannico]] [[Categoria:Politici Scotiae]] [[Categoria:Politici Angliae]] 22kueq7xbsjje5it1yhvrxqkiyh1bex 0 98837 3996257 3720215 2026-10-23T04:16:35Z Bartholomite 116968 Bartholomite movit paginam [[Kenneth Curtis]] ad [[Kennethus Curtis]]: latine 3720215 wikitext text/x-wiki ''' Kenneth Curtis''' (natus in [[Leeds (Cenomannica)|Leeds]] Cenomannicae accurate in ''[[Curtis Corner]]'' die [[8 Februarii]] [[1931]]), [[causidicus]], est rerum politicarum peritus [[CFA| Americanus]] factionis [[Factio Democratica (CFA)|Democraticae]], qui inter alia ab anno [[1967]] usque ab anno [[1975]] [[Cenomannica]]e gubernator fuit. ==Nexus externi== * [http://www.nga.org/portal/site/nga/menuitem.29fab9fb4add37305ddcbeeb501010a0/?vgnextoid=0ca8224971c81010VgnVCM1000001a01010aRCRD&vgnextchannel=e449a0ca9e3f1010VgnVCM1000001a01010aRCRD Brevis biographia apud Societatem Nationalem Gubernatorum] (''National Governors Association'') * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060515083738/http://www.curtisthaxter.com/attorney.php?i=48 Biographia] {{bio-stipula}} {{Gubernatores Cenomannicae}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Curtis, Kenneth}} [[Categoria:Gubernatores Cenomannicae]] [[Categoria:Nati 1931]] [[Categoria:Homines vivi]] [[Categoria:Causidici]] ju2bajr6dbdjo2m4g7xv3as8dh4g497 3996259 3996257 2026-10-23T04:19:10Z Bartholomite 116968 3996259 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} {{res|Kennethus Curtis}} (natus in [[Leeds (Cenomannica)|Leeds]] Cenomannicae accurate in ''[[Curtis Corner]]'' die [[8 Februarii]] [[1931]]), [[causidicus]], est rerum politicarum peritus [[CFA| Americanus]] factionis [[Factio Democratica (CFA)|Democraticae]], qui inter alia ab anno [[1967]] usque ab anno [[1975]] [[Cenomannica]]e gubernator fuit. ==Nexus externi== * [http://www.nga.org/portal/site/nga/menuitem.29fab9fb4add37305ddcbeeb501010a0/?vgnextoid=0ca8224971c81010VgnVCM1000001a01010aRCRD&vgnextchannel=e449a0ca9e3f1010VgnVCM1000001a01010aRCRD Brevis biographia apud Societatem Nationalem Gubernatorum] (''National Governors Association'') * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060515083738/http://www.curtisthaxter.com/attorney.php?i=48 Biographia] {{bio-stipula}} {{Gubernatores Cenomannicae}} {{Anni vitae|1931||Curtis, Kennethus}} [[Categoria:Gubernatores Cenomannicae]] [[Categoria:Causidici]] 0az4ovnfrhzdd6x5vckd62nmngqwbxv 0 117871 3996215 3823819 2026-10-22T17:43:41Z LilyKitty 18316 de technologia adiuvante 3996215 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Accessibilitas''' est modus opera, vehicula, machinas, ministrationes, et systemata instruendi ut ab omnibus, praesertim qui [[debilitas|debilitate]] quadam afficiuntur, facile adhiberi possint. Notio accessibilitatis praesertim spectat ad accessum debilibus, sed progressus et melioratio accessibilitatis beneficia omnibus, qualescumque sint, afferre possunt. Notio accessibilitatis e [[informationis technologia]] oritur et a [[Pactio de iuribus hominum invalidorum|Conventione de Iuribus Hominum Invalidorum]] adhibetur. [[Scriptura Braille]], [[linguae gesticulatoriae]], [[informationis technologia]], et accessus ad [[interrete]] etiam media accessibilitatis considerantur. == Bibliographia == * "[https://web.archive.org/web/20190119142215/http://www.washington.edu/accessit/print.html?ID=1109 What is assistive technology?]" apud ''Knowledge Base'' {{NexInt}} *[[Assistentiae technologia]] *[[Conceptum universum]] *[[Communicatio augmentans et alternativa]] *[[Discrimen digitale]] *[[Ius domicilii]] *[[Pactio de iuribus hominum invalidorum]] *[[Sella rotalis]] *[[Technologia adiuvans]] [[Categoria:Iura humana]] [[Categoria:Technologia]] 2bdwt2n5tu7fzm9hosmvtzd0syhijf8 0 130025 3996281 3963299 2026-10-23T07:58:41Z Pippobuono 54500 capsa et rectificationes categoriarum 3996281 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}} [[Fasciculus:Luçon (85) Hôtel-de-Ville 1.jpg |thumb|upright|left|Luciona: [[vici conciliabulum]].]] '''Luciona'''<ref>{{Hofmannus}}</ref> ([[Francogallice]] ''Luçon'') est [[urbs]] {{formatnum:9417}} incolarum (anno [[2023]]) praefecturae [[Vendea (praefectura Franciae)|Vendeae]] in regione [[Francia|Francica]] [[Pagi Ligeris|Pagis Ligeris]]. == Ecclesia Catholica Romana == Luciona est sedes [[episcopus|episcopalis]] [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Ecclesiae Catholicae Romanae]], et praesens episcopus est [[Rinaldus de Dinechin]]. {{NexInt}} * [[Index communium praefecturae Vendeae|Indicem communium praefecturae Vendeae]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Luçon (Vendée)|Lucionam}} {{INSEE commune|85128|de=Luciona}} * {{opus|url=https://www.lucon.fr/|titulus=Lucionae pagina interretialis}} == Notae == <references /> {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Vendeae]] [[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Vendeae]] [[Categoria:Sedes episcopales Franciae]] 7ppwz7ru9n9y96iimamgjb7zva5rn89 0 166232 3996219 3855941 2026-10-22T18:38:58Z LilyKitty 18316 de syndromate 3996219 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Fibromyalgia'''<ref name="Pinkhof2012">Everdingen, J.J.E. van, Eerenbeemt, A.M.M. van den (2012). ''Pinkhof Geneeskundig woordenboek'' (12de druk). Houten: Bohn Stafleu Van Loghum.</ref> sive '''inomyalgia''' dicitur [[syndroma]], quae [[dolor]]em facit, sed [[inflammatio]]nem non movet. Tria sunt verba, quibus fibromyalgiae verbum componitur: fibra, quae [[nervus|nervos]] indicat; myon, qui Graece significat [[musculus|musculum]]; et algos, qui Graece significat dolorem. ==Signa== Ad [[nervus|nervos]] et [[musculus|musculos]] quod attinet, fibromyalgia aegro affert praesertim per totum corpus dolorem. Syndroma tamen videtur vere adesse, si dolores supra trium mensium spatium protrahuntur. Praeter totius corporis dolorem fibromyalgia alias secumfert notas: # [[fatigatio (symptoma)|Defatigationem]]; # [[Insomnia]]m vel dormiendi difficultatem; # Matutinum [[membrum|membrorum]] rigorem; # Formicationem vel stuporem extremorum digitorum; # Difficultatem [[cogitatio|cogitandi]] vel lapsus [[memoria]]e; # Sensum [[tumor]]is. ==Curatio== Cognitis causis, morbus, qualiscumque est, potest efficacioribus tractari curationibus. Sed medicinae periti adhuc inter se dissentiunt de fibromyalgiae causis. Tria tamen praecipua curationum genera infra describenda sunt, secundum id quod periti putant esse morbi causam: # Quidam dicunt fibromyalgiam esse radicis psychicae. Quam ob rem, putant hi, morbi effectus curandi sunt [[medicamentum pharmaceuticum|medicamentis]] [[psychiatria|psychiatricis]]. # Aliis fibromyalgiae causa videtur esse inordinata mitocondriorum actio. Aeger ergo de more curatur naturalibus medicinis, quae corporis cellulas educent, exempli gratia, isotonicis potionibus vel vitaminis quibusdam. Aeger etiam curatur exercitationibus membrorum. Aliquando dolores aut medicamentis aut exercitationibus omnino tolluntur. # Dudum, investigatores, conferendo sanos et aegrotos, animadverterunt eos, qui fibromyalgia laborant, habere plures nervorum fibras in extremis manuum venis quam ceteros homines; et illos plurimos nervorum exitus esse dolorum causam. Si res ita fuerit, novum cruationis genus poterit perfici, quod non tantum curet fibromyalgiam verum etiam sanet. == Notae == <references/> {{NexInt}} * [[Dolor neuropathicus]] {{Commonscat|Fibromyalgia}} [[Categoria:Morbi]] 3kdytb1zd59rmdostgcv87by6ac0x6g 0 169097 3996233 3682062 2026-10-22T21:24:02Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 abest in myriade 3996233 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Latinitas|-2}} [[Fasciculus:CakeAssortmentsChineseMarch08.jpg|thumb|[[Gastellus|Gastelli]] in taberna dulciaria [[Londinium|Londiniensi]] monstrantur]] [[Fasciculus:Muffins 02.jpg|thumb|Hodierna scriblita (Anglice ''muffin'').]] {{res|Scriblita}}<ref>Cato, R. R. 78; Plaut. Poen. prol. 43; Petr. 35.4; Mart. 3, 17, 1 (vide ''[https://logeion.uchicago.edu/scriblita Logeion]''</ref><ref name=":0">[[Iohannes Traupman|Traupman, Ioannes]]. [2003]. ''Conversational Latin for Oral Proficiency,'' ed. tertia (2003), 348.</ref> fuit [[ferculum dulce]] quod in [[ars coquinaria Romana|arte coquinaria Romana]] ad [[mensae secundae|secundas mensas]] inferri solebat. In [[novendial a Scissa datum|novendiale a Scissa dato]], secundum [[narratio]]nem ab [[Habinnas|Habinna]] factam in episodio "[[Cena Trimalchionis]]" [[mythistoria]]e ''[[Satyricon]]'' a [[Petronius Arbiter|Petronio Arbitro]] compositae, proposita est "scriblita frigida et super [[mel]] caldum infusum excellente Hispanum."<ref>[[Petronius Arbiter|Petronius]], ''[[Satyricon]],'' 66.3.</ref> [[Gastellus|Gastelli]] in recentiore [[Europa]]e arte coquinaria scriblitis adsimilantur. Hodie ''scriblita'' denominatione etiam ad [[crustulum]] quod [[Anglice]] ''muffin'' appellatur utuntur.<ref name=":0" /> ==Notae== <references/> ==Nexus interni== * [[Gastellus]] [[Categoria:Ars coquinaria Romana]] [[Categoria:Liba]] [[Categoria:Pasticiaria]] l2bj2bqxxtogy1wl89y7abjgxv77gh6 0 180933 3996193 3996164 2026-10-22T13:36:36Z Grufo 64423 Ubi potui correxi; +{{[[Formula:Pagina neglecta|Pagina neglecta]]}} 3996193 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Pagina neglecta}} [[Fasciculus:Homenet.svg|thumbnail|Dispositio bivium portae]] {{res|Gateway}} (‘porta’, ‘aditus’) est artificium inter quodlibet rete informaticum et aliud rete vel [[computatrum|machinam]] positum quod sinit fascicula [[data|datorum]] ([[Anglice]] {{barbarice|lingua=en|data packet}}) interfluere. Fere eodem loco cum [[murus incendiarius|muro incendiario]] sedet et saepe cum eo facile confunditur. {{NexInt}} * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Cribrum subretis|<>|it|qid=Q1245638}} ([[Anglice]] {{barbarice|lingua=en|subnet mask}}). {{Info-stipula}} [[Categoria:Informatica]] 3kk8ejnfv8j9issl5dbszz7p8obatzu 0 189399 3996211 3715280 2026-10-22T17:05:06Z Alexsandroclaudino92 189252 3996211 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dioecesis Italica |Nomen_lat = Dioecesis Bugellensis |Nomen_ital = Diocesi di Biella |Ecclesia = Ecclesia Latina |Charta_Bistum = Facciata del duomo di Biella, con il pronao di Felice Marandono del 1824-26 -FG2.jpg |Regio_ecclesiastica = [[Regio ecclesiastica Pedemontii|Pedemontana]] |Provincia_ecclesiastica = [[Archidioecesis Vercellensis|Vercellensis]] |Charta_Kirchenprovinz = Roman Catholic Diocese of Biella in Italy.svg |Charta2_Kirchenprovinz = Mappa diocesi Biella.png |Nom_episcopus = [[Roberto Farinella]] |Auxiliarius = |Nom_emeritus = [[Gabriel Mana]] |Nom_vic = |Nom_officialis = |Num_decanatuum = |Num_paroec =114 |Area =900 |Num_incol =176.500 |Temp_incol =2016 |Num_cath =164.000 |Temp_cath =2016 |Portio =92,9 |Erectio =[[1 Iunii]] [[1772]] |Ritus =[[Ritus Romanus|Romanus]] |Ecclesia_cathedralis =S. Stephani Protomartyris |Ecclesia_cumcathedralis = |Patroni =[[Stephanus (primus martyr)|S. Stephanus]] |Inscriptio_curs =Via Vescovado 10, <br>13900 Biella, <br>Italia |Pagina_interret =http://www.diocesi.biella.it/ www.diocesi.biella.it/ }} '''Dioecesis Bugellensis'''<ref name="CathHier">Cf. {{CathHierDiocese|biei|Dioecesis Bugellensis}}</ref> ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Diocesi di Biella|Diocesi di Biella]]'') est [[sedes episcopalis|sedes episcopalis]] [[Italia|Italiae]] [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Ecclesiae Catholicae Romanae]], in [[Regio ecclesiastica Pedemontii|Regione ecclesiastica Pedemontana]] sita, suffraganaea [[Archidioecesis Vercellensis|Archidioecesis Vercellensis]], cuius caput est [[Bugella]]. Dioecesi 114 [[paroecia]]e sunt. ==Episcopus== Dioecesis a S.E. [[Episcopus|episcopo]] [[Gabriel Mana|Gabriele Mana]] regitur. ==Historia== Dioecesis Bugellensis die [[1 Iunii]] [[1772]] a [[papa]] [[Clemens XIV|Clemente XIV]] [[bulla]] ''Praecipua demandati'' erecta est. ==Ecclesia cathedralis == * Ecclesia cathedralis S. Stephani Protomartyris. {{NexInt}} * [[Pedemontium]] (''regionem''), * [[Bugella]]m (''urbem''), * [[Archidioecesis Vercellensis|Archidioecesem Vercellensem]], * [[Dioeceses Italicae Ecclesiae Catholicae|Dioeceses Italicas Ecclesiae Catholicae]], * [[Regio ecclesiastica Pedemontii|Regionem ecclesiasticam Pedemontanam]]. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Roman Catholic Diocese of Biella|Dioecesem Bugellensem}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140604081805/http://diocesi.biella.it//Index.aspx Pagina dioeceseos] == Pinacotheca == <gallery> Fasciculus:Coat of arms of Gabriele Mana.svg|Insigne Episcopi Gabrielis. Fasciculus:Ecclesiastical province of Vercelli in Italy.svg|Provincia ecclesiastica Vercellensis . Fasciculus:Ecclesiastical region Piedmont in Italy.svg|Regio ecclesiastica Pedemontii. </gallery> == Notae == <div class="references-small"><references/></div> {{RC-stipula}} [[Categoria:Dioecesis Bugellensis|!]] 7gon6aiertuaupoa5a6z7ffrw7wqurj 0 207075 3996196 3675141 2026-10-22T14:19:45Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 /* Nexus externi */ 3996196 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Paridis Judicium 1694 94.jpg|thumb|''Fama manet Facti,'' [[insigne]] in libro emblematico cui titulus ''Paridis Judicium'' (Salsburgi, 1694) est.]] '''Liber emblematicus''' est quoddam [[liber|librorum]] [[litterae|litterarumque]] genus quod a [[saeculum|saeculo]] [[saeculum 16|sedecimo]] usque ad [[saeculum 18|saeculum duodevicensimum]] vergens floruit. Sunt libri [[icon]]ibus ornati qui [[poesis|poesin]], [[pictura]]m, et [[sapientia]]m misceant; insunt enim emblemata quae sunt brevia [[carmen|carmina]] sive sententiae titulis et delineationibus acu incisis ornatae, quae [[moralitas|moralem]] significationem illustrant. Tale genus librorum res magni momenti per tria saecula in [[res publica litteraria|republica litterarum]] habita est. [[Andreas Alciatus]] primus huius generis librorum [[auctor]] fuisse videtur. ==Bibliographia== * Alison Adams, ''Webs of allusion : French protestant emblem books of the sixteenth century''. Genavae : Droz, 2003. ISBN 2-600-00874-8 *Alison Adams, Stephanus Rawles, Alison Saunders, ''A Bibliography of French emblem books of the sixteenth and seventeenth centurie''s. Genavae : Droz, 1999-2002. 2 vol. ISBN 2-600-00357-6 (vol. 1) ISBN 2-600-00676-1 (vol. 2) * Ioannes Marcus Chatelain, ''Livres d'emblèmes et de devises : une [[anthologia|anthologie]] : 1531-1735''. - Paris : Klincksieck, 1993. ISBN 2-252-02917-X *''L'Emblème à la Renaissance: actes de la 15ème Journée d'études du 10 mai 1980'', Parisiis : Sedes, 1982. ISBN 2-7181-0229-2 * ''Emblèmes et devises au temps de la Renaissance: actes du 1er colloque du 28-29 novembre 1980 et du 2ème colloque du 27-28 mars 1981, Paris'', Parisiis: Touzot, 1981. ISBN 2-86433-007-5 *Hans Martin von Erffa (cur.), ''Embleme und Emblembücher in den Niederlanden, 1560-1630 : eine Geschichte der Wandlungen ihres Illustrationsstils'', Ultraiecti : Haentjens Dekker & Gumbert, 1964. *Carolus Iosephus Höltgen, ''Aspects of the emblem : studies in the English emblem tradition and the European context'', Kassel, Reichenberger, 1986. ISBN 3-923593-35-X *Petrus Laurens et Florentia Vuilleumier, 'Cesare Ripa lecteur d'Alciat : emblématique et iconologie', ''[[Journal des sçavans|Journal des Savants]]'', 2016(I) : 53-70. *Carolus Moseley, ''A century of emblems : an introductory anthology'', Scolar Press, 1989. ISBN 0-85967-750-8 *Rotgerus Paultre, ''Les images du livre : emblèmes et devises''. Parisiis : Hermann, 1991. ISBN 2-7056-6182-4 *Alison Saunders, ''The Sixteenth-century french emblem book : a decorative and useful genre'', Genavae : Droz ; 1988. ** ''The seventeenth-century french emblem : a study in diversity'', Genavae : A. Droz, 2000. ISBN 2-600-00452-1 *Anna Spica, ''Symbolique humaniste et emblématique : l'évolution et les genres (1580-1700)'', Paris : H. Champion, 1996. ISBN 2-85203-495-6 *Giuseppina Zappella, ''Gli stemmi, le imprese, gli emblemi'', Manziana : Vecchiarelli, 2009. ISBN 978-88-8247-237-5 ==Nexus externi== *[[Andreas Alciatus|Andreae Alciati]] [http://www.emblems.arts.gla.ac.uk/alciato/books.php?id=A34b ''Emblematum libellus'' (1534)] *[[Barptolemaeus Anulus|Barptolemaei Anuli]] [http://www.emblems.arts.gla.ac.uk/french/books.php?id=FANa&o= ''Picta poesis'' (1552)] *[[Hadrianus Iunius|Hadriani Iunii]] [http://www.emblems.arts.gla.ac.uk/french/books.php?id=FJUb ''Emblemata'' (1565)] *[[Iohannes Sambucus|Iohannis Sambuci]] [http://www.emblems.arts.gla.ac.uk/french/books.php?id=FSAb ''Emblemata'' (1564)] *[[Gabriel Simeon|Gabrielis Simeonis]] [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k71366d ''Les Devises ou emblemes heroïques'' (1559)] *[[Otho Vaenius|Othonis Vaenii]] [https://archive.org/details/amorumemblemataf00veen ''Amorum emblemata'' (1608)] *[[Otho Vaenius|Othonis Vaenii]] [http://oloosson.com/vaenius/ ''Horatii emblemata''] *[http://emblems.let.uu.nl/ Emblemata amatoria Bataviae (XVII saec.)] *[[Nestor Ambodic|Nestoris Ambodic]] [https://www.prlib.ru/item/391435 ''Symbolorum et emblematum liber''] (Russice, Latine, Francogallice, Germanice, Anglice) {{DEFAULTSORT:Liber emblematicus}} [[Categoria:Collectanea]] [[Categoria:Libri picti]] [[Categoria:Symboli]] dv48r2b9lm5xy689dsfnfu8tyr9ji3x 3996197 3996196 2026-10-22T14:20:49Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 /* Nexus externi */ 3996197 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Paridis Judicium 1694 94.jpg|thumb|''Fama manet Facti,'' [[insigne]] in libro emblematico cui titulus ''Paridis Judicium'' (Salsburgi, 1694) est.]] '''Liber emblematicus''' est quoddam [[liber|librorum]] [[litterae|litterarumque]] genus quod a [[saeculum|saeculo]] [[saeculum 16|sedecimo]] usque ad [[saeculum 18|saeculum duodevicensimum]] vergens floruit. Sunt libri [[icon]]ibus ornati qui [[poesis|poesin]], [[pictura]]m, et [[sapientia]]m misceant; insunt enim emblemata quae sunt brevia [[carmen|carmina]] sive sententiae titulis et delineationibus acu incisis ornatae, quae [[moralitas|moralem]] significationem illustrant. Tale genus librorum res magni momenti per tria saecula in [[res publica litteraria|republica litterarum]] habita est. [[Andreas Alciatus]] primus huius generis librorum [[auctor]] fuisse videtur. ==Bibliographia== * Alison Adams, ''Webs of allusion : French protestant emblem books of the sixteenth century''. Genavae : Droz, 2003. ISBN 2-600-00874-8 *Alison Adams, Stephanus Rawles, Alison Saunders, ''A Bibliography of French emblem books of the sixteenth and seventeenth centurie''s. Genavae : Droz, 1999-2002. 2 vol. ISBN 2-600-00357-6 (vol. 1) ISBN 2-600-00676-1 (vol. 2) * Ioannes Marcus Chatelain, ''Livres d'emblèmes et de devises : une [[anthologia|anthologie]] : 1531-1735''. - Paris : Klincksieck, 1993. ISBN 2-252-02917-X *''L'Emblème à la Renaissance: actes de la 15ème Journée d'études du 10 mai 1980'', Parisiis : Sedes, 1982. ISBN 2-7181-0229-2 * ''Emblèmes et devises au temps de la Renaissance: actes du 1er colloque du 28-29 novembre 1980 et du 2ème colloque du 27-28 mars 1981, Paris'', Parisiis: Touzot, 1981. ISBN 2-86433-007-5 *Hans Martin von Erffa (cur.), ''Embleme und Emblembücher in den Niederlanden, 1560-1630 : eine Geschichte der Wandlungen ihres Illustrationsstils'', Ultraiecti : Haentjens Dekker & Gumbert, 1964. *Carolus Iosephus Höltgen, ''Aspects of the emblem : studies in the English emblem tradition and the European context'', Kassel, Reichenberger, 1986. ISBN 3-923593-35-X *Petrus Laurens et Florentia Vuilleumier, 'Cesare Ripa lecteur d'Alciat : emblématique et iconologie', ''[[Journal des sçavans|Journal des Savants]]'', 2016(I) : 53-70. *Carolus Moseley, ''A century of emblems : an introductory anthology'', Scolar Press, 1989. ISBN 0-85967-750-8 *Rotgerus Paultre, ''Les images du livre : emblèmes et devises''. Parisiis : Hermann, 1991. ISBN 2-7056-6182-4 *Alison Saunders, ''The Sixteenth-century french emblem book : a decorative and useful genre'', Genavae : Droz ; 1988. ** ''The seventeenth-century french emblem : a study in diversity'', Genavae : A. Droz, 2000. ISBN 2-600-00452-1 *Anna Spica, ''Symbolique humaniste et emblématique : l'évolution et les genres (1580-1700)'', Paris : H. Champion, 1996. ISBN 2-85203-495-6 *Giuseppina Zappella, ''Gli stemmi, le imprese, gli emblemi'', Manziana : Vecchiarelli, 2009. ISBN 978-88-8247-237-5 ==Nexus externi== *[[Andreas Alciatus|Andreae Alciati]] [http://www.emblems.arts.gla.ac.uk/alciato/books.php?id=A34b ''Emblematum libellus'' (1534)] *[[Barptolemaeus Anulus|Barptolemaei Anuli]] [http://www.emblems.arts.gla.ac.uk/french/books.php?id=FANa&o= ''Picta poesis'' (1552)] *[[Hadrianus Iunius|Hadriani Iunii]] [http://www.emblems.arts.gla.ac.uk/french/books.php?id=FJUb ''Emblemata'' (1565)] *[[Iohannes Sambucus|Iohannis Sambuci]] [http://www.emblems.arts.gla.ac.uk/french/books.php?id=FSAb ''Emblemata'' (1564)] *[[Gabriel Simeoni|Gabrielis Simeoni]] [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k71366d ''Les Devises ou emblemes heroïques'' (1559)] *[[Otho Vaenius|Othonis Vaenii]] [https://archive.org/details/amorumemblemataf00veen ''Amorum emblemata'' (1608)] *[[Otho Vaenius|Othonis Vaenii]] [http://oloosson.com/vaenius/ ''Horatii emblemata''] *[http://emblems.let.uu.nl/ Emblemata amatoria Bataviae (XVII saec.)] *[[Nestor Ambodic|Nestoris Ambodic]] [https://www.prlib.ru/item/391435 ''Symbolorum et emblematum liber''] (Russice, Latine, Francogallice, Germanice, Anglice) {{DEFAULTSORT:Liber emblematicus}} [[Categoria:Collectanea]] [[Categoria:Libri picti]] [[Categoria:Symboli]] r3jrao3vlzhupazhx9fxvdpfoln1pno 3996203 3996197 2026-10-22T14:39:04Z Grufo 64423 +{{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}} 3996203 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Paridis Judicium 1694 94.jpg|thumb|''Fama manet Facti,'' [[insigne]] in libro emblematico cui titulus ''Paridis Judicium'' (Salsburgi, 1694) est.]] '''Liber emblematicus''' est quoddam [[liber|librorum]] [[litterae|litterarumque]] genus quod a [[saeculum|saeculo]] [[saeculum 16|sedecimo]] usque ad [[saeculum 18|saeculum duodevicensimum]] vergens floruit. Sunt libri [[icon]]ibus ornati qui [[poesis|poesin]], [[pictura]]m, et [[sapientia]]m misceant; insunt enim emblemata quae sunt brevia [[carmen|carmina]] sive sententiae titulis et delineationibus acu incisis ornatae, quae [[moralitas|moralem]] significationem illustrant. Tale genus librorum res magni momenti per tria saecula in [[res publica litteraria|republica litterarum]] habita est. [[Andreas Alciatus]] primus huius generis librorum [[auctor]] fuisse videtur. ==Bibliographia== * Alison Adams, ''Webs of allusion : French protestant emblem books of the sixteenth century''. Genavae : Droz, 2003. ISBN 2-600-00874-8 *Alison Adams, Stephanus Rawles, Alison Saunders, ''A Bibliography of French emblem books of the sixteenth and seventeenth centurie''s. Genavae : Droz, 1999-2002. 2 vol. ISBN 2-600-00357-6 (vol. 1) ISBN 2-600-00676-1 (vol. 2) * Ioannes Marcus Chatelain, ''Livres d'emblèmes et de devises : une [[anthologia|anthologie]] : 1531-1735''. - Paris : Klincksieck, 1993. ISBN 2-252-02917-X *''L'Emblème à la Renaissance: actes de la 15ème Journée d'études du 10 mai 1980'', Parisiis : Sedes, 1982. ISBN 2-7181-0229-2 * ''Emblèmes et devises au temps de la Renaissance: actes du 1er colloque du 28-29 novembre 1980 et du 2ème colloque du 27-28 mars 1981, Paris'', Parisiis: Touzot, 1981. ISBN 2-86433-007-5 *Hans Martin von Erffa (cur.), ''Embleme und Emblembücher in den Niederlanden, 1560-1630 : eine Geschichte der Wandlungen ihres Illustrationsstils'', Ultraiecti : Haentjens Dekker & Gumbert, 1964. *Carolus Iosephus Höltgen, ''Aspects of the emblem : studies in the English emblem tradition and the European context'', Kassel, Reichenberger, 1986. ISBN 3-923593-35-X *Petrus Laurens et Florentia Vuilleumier, 'Cesare Ripa lecteur d'Alciat : emblématique et iconologie', ''[[Journal des sçavans|Journal des Savants]]'', 2016(I) : 53-70. *Carolus Moseley, ''A century of emblems : an introductory anthology'', Scolar Press, 1989. ISBN 0-85967-750-8 *Rotgerus Paultre, ''Les images du livre : emblèmes et devises''. Parisiis : Hermann, 1991. ISBN 2-7056-6182-4 *Alison Saunders, ''The Sixteenth-century french emblem book : a decorative and useful genre'', Genavae : Droz ; 1988. ** ''The seventeenth-century french emblem : a study in diversity'', Genavae : A. Droz, 2000. ISBN 2-600-00452-1 *Anna Spica, ''Symbolique humaniste et emblématique : l'évolution et les genres (1580-1700)'', Paris : H. Champion, 1996. ISBN 2-85203-495-6 *Giuseppina Zappella, ''Gli stemmi, le imprese, gli emblemi'', Manziana : Vecchiarelli, 2009. ISBN 978-88-8247-237-5 ==Nexus externi== * [[Andreas Alciatus|Andreae Alciati]] [http://www.emblems.arts.gla.ac.uk/alciato/books.php?id=A34b ''Emblematum libellus'' (1534)] * [[Barptolemaeus Anulus|Barptolemaei Anuli]] [http://www.emblems.arts.gla.ac.uk/french/books.php?id=FANa&o= ''Picta poesis'' (1552)] * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Hadrianus Iunius|Hadriani Iunii|en|qid=Q1567581}} [http://www.emblems.arts.gla.ac.uk/french/books.php?id=FJUb ''Emblemata'' (1565)] * [[Iohannes Sambucus|Iohannis Sambuci]] [http://www.emblems.arts.gla.ac.uk/french/books.php?id=FSAb ''Emblemata'' (1564)] * [[Gabriel Simeoni|Gabrielis Simeoni]] [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k71366d ''Les Devises ou emblemes heroïques'' (1559)] * [[Otho Vaenius|Othonis Vaenii]] [https://archive.org/details/amorumemblemataf00veen ''Amorum emblemata'' (1608)] * [[Otho Vaenius|Othonis Vaenii]] [http://oloosson.com/vaenius/ ''Horatii emblemata''] * [http://emblems.let.uu.nl/ Emblemata amatoria Bataviae (XVII saec.)] * [[Nestor Ambodic|Nestoris Ambodic]] [https://www.prlib.ru/item/391435 ''Symbolorum et emblematum liber''] (Russice, Latine, Francogallice, Germanice, Anglice) {{DEFAULTSORT:Liber emblematicus}} [[Categoria:Collectanea]] [[Categoria:Libri picti]] [[Categoria:Symboli]] atkhtqp0q2qhcd4an0wr78zj7oakm3l 0 223419 3996231 3944185 2026-10-22T21:15:37Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Plura legere si cupis */ 3996231 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italic title}} {{L}} [[Fasciculus:Inferno Canto 7 lines 8-9.jpg|thumb|Plutus, qui est deus apud Aristophanem, infernum habitat secundum [[Dantes Alagherius|Dantem]]]] '''''Plutus''''' ([[Graece]] Πλοῦτος), est ultima comoedia [[Aristophanes|Aristophanis]], cuius textus integer posteris servatus est. Duo scholia<ref>Ad versum 1093 ''[[Ranae (Aristophanes)|Ranarum]]'' et 173 ''Pluti'' secundi.</ref> et nonnulli [[grammaticus|grammaticorum]] loci alterum ''Plutum'' fuisse ab Aristophane viginti ante annos doctum testantur, de quo praeter nonnulla verba nihil reliqui est. Titulus ad [[Plutus (deus)|Plutum]], [[divitiae|divitiarum]] deum eundemque fabulae personam, spectat. Post hanc duae aliae comoediae Aristophani adsignantur, ''Cocalos'' et ''Aeolosicon'', quas sub nomine filii Ararotae divulgavit<ref>Argumentum III.</ref>. == De argumento == Haec comoedia iam [[Comoedia Vetus|comoediae veteris]] solitam speciem exuit et ad [[Comoedia Media|comoediam mediam]] tendit. Nam chori partes minimae sunt, qui saltat potius quam cantat. Porro [[Parabasis|parabasis]] omnino abest et res quae tum in Graecia gerebantur fere ignorantur. Poeta fabulam velut mythicam evolvere mavult. [[Allegoria|Allegorici]]s enim personis quaestionem aeternam retractat cur, si sint dei, homines iusti et pii qui operae toti sese dedunt et patriae consulunt pauperes sint dum homines impii et furaces nec patriam nec deos quicquam pensi habentes beati et divites vitam degunt. Huius rei rationem reddit per Pluti caecitatem. Secundum poetam viri boni sunt in primis agricolae et rustici [[Attica|Attici]] quos diligit et qui chorum formant. Homines improbi et nefarii sunt sycophantae, oratores, [[Demagogus|demagogi]] aliique omnes qui argentum publicum diripiunt. Quocirca in hac fabula Aristophanes fortunae errores corrigit et suum cuique reddit. Aetate Romana et Byzantina atque usque ad litteras renatas ex omnibus Aristophanis fabulis ''Plutus'' in scholis ob utilitatem ad moralem educationem prima legebatur et in operum editionibus prima ordine publicabatur<ref>O. Schneider, [https://archive.org/details/deveteruminaris00schngoog/page/42/mode/2up De veterum in Aristophanem scholiorum fontibus commentatio], Stralsundae, 1838 p.42</ref>. Nono decimo rursus saeculo et vicesimo non iam inter optimas poetae comoedias numerabatur. == Personae == * Chremylus, Atheniensis civis pauper * Cario, Chremyli servus * Blepsidemus, Chremyli vicinus * Plutus<ref>Filius [[Demeter|Demetris]] et Iasionis secundum ''[[Theogonia|Theogoniam]]'' 969-74</ref>, divitiarum deus * Penia, paupertatis dea * [[Chorus Graecus|Chorus]] agricolarum Atticorum * Chremyli uxor * Deus [[Hermes]] *[[Iuppiter|Iovis]] [[Sacerdos|sacerdos]] * Accedunt homo iustus, sycophantes, anus, iuvenis Spectatores viam ante Chremyli domum vident. == Summarium == *'''Prologusː''' Chremylus cum servo Carione in angiportu Athenis hominem veterem et caecum sequitur. Quis sit ille homo quem [[Delphi (urbs Graeciae)|Delphis]] adierunt Cario a domino quaerere non desinit donec ille post moram respondere dignatur Apollinis oraculum de filio unico se consuluisse utrum vitam honestam in futurum respuere debeatː ipsum enim semper iustitiam pietatemque coluisse nec quicquam ita egisse sed paupertatem quamquam industrie laborantem numquam evasisse. Deum autem sibi respondisse sequeretur primum hominem qui sibi exeunti occurreret atque in suam domum eum invitaret. Cario reluctantem hominem impellit ut fateatur se esse deum Plutum a Iove caecum factum ne bonos a malis distingueretː nam Iupiter hominibus invidere dicitur. Pluto si secum maneat Chremylus videndi facultatem reddi posse promittit. Cui Iovis iram reformidanti ostendit ne Iovem quidem sine divitiis (hoc est sine Pluto) potentem esse quia omnes pecuniam adorant. Deinde Carionem ad collegas agricolas mittit ut eos accerseret. *'''[[Parodos]]ː''' Cario chorum agricolarum iam seniorum adducit. Postquam cognoverunt ipsum Plutum apud Chremylum adesse gaudentes [[Polyphemus|Polyphemum]] inter Cyclopas atque dein [[Circe|Circen]] inter porcos saltationibus et amoebis cantibus imitantur. *'''Episodiumː''' Chremylus amicis agricolis salutem dicit. Mox vicinus Blepsidemus advenit quid in [[Tonstrina|tonstrina]] audierit miransː an re vera -inquit- Chremylus dives factus est? rei fidem habere nequit nisi fortasse ille furtum commiserit. Indignationem compescit Chremylus et cum amico consilium suum communicat. Plutum sanare vult ut apud bonos tantummodo postea veniat. Ambo amici in [[Aesculapius|Aesculapii]] templo deo Pluto incubandum esse aestimant. *'''Agonː''' duobus amicis repente obviam prodit femina horribili aspectu Furiae similis quae non alia est quam ipsa dea Paupertas. Ne se e tota Graecia expellere vellent persuadere eos conatur atque sese de medio tollere pollicetur nisi omnium bonorum generi humano genetricem se probarit. Egestatem enim omnium artium scientiarumque matrem esse constat. Quis enim dives factus duros labores adibit et divitias creabit? Quid prodest divitem esse nisi servos tibi parare potueris qui tibi serviant? Nam quis nisi necessitate impulsus in servitutem homines redigere periculo suae vitae volet? Quin etiam paupertas homines fortes et ingeniosos et industrios et iustos reddit, contra divitiae eos pigros, otiosos, ventri deditos, molles, superbos et adrogantes faciunt. Siquidem omnes Paupertatem fugiunt non aliter faciunt quam pueri cum magistrorum et parentium consilia aspernantur et meliores fieri recusant<ref>Versus 576-8ː ''ὅτι βελτίους αὐτοὺς ποιῶ. σκέψασθαι δ’ ἔστι μάλιστα / ἀπὸ τῶν παίδων: τοὺς γὰρ πατέρας φεύγουσι φρονοῦντας ἄριστα / αὐτοῖς. οὕτω διαγιγνώσκειν χαλεπὸν πρᾶγμ’ ἐστὶ δίκαιον''.</ref>. Quamquam tam validis argumentis aliquantulum labefactus Chremylus hominum miserias et dolores ei obiciens Paupertatem dimittit<ref>Versus 601ː ''οὐ γὰρ πείσεις, οὐδ’ ἢν πείσῃς''.</ref> et a proposito non desistit. Itaque Carioni servo imperat ut Plutum ad Aesculapeium ducat. *'''Chorus''' saltat. *'''Episodiumː''' Cario dominae narrat quomodo deus Aesculapius videndi facultatem Pluto in aula templi incubanti reddiderit, ne furta quidem sua et sacerdotis omittens. Quae scaena a religionis historicis saepe commentata est. *'''Chorus''' saltat. *'''Episodiumː''' redux Plutus et laetus in futurum contraria atque fecisset facturum nuntiatː pudet enim eum hominum quibuscum vivebat. Chremylus de novorum amicorum se opprimentium multitudine queritur. *'''Chorus''' saltat. *'''Episodia et exodosː''' nunc occurrunt homines quorum sors mutata est sive laetabundi sive questuriː primus incedit homo iustus qui ob recentem fortunam deo Pluto veteres vestes consecratum venit; deinde sycophantes (delator) aegre ferens quod reos non iam opprimere liceatː Carionis iussu spoliatur et dimittitur quamquam coniurationis adversus populum eos accusaturum minatur. Tertia incedit anus decrepita quae iuvenem pauperem nutriebat, blanditias et Venerem ab eo exigens. Plorat quod nunc amator dives factus eam contemnitː deridetur. Sequitur deus Hermes esuriens quod nemo nunc deis sacrificaturː conscientiam multorum furtorum Carioni commemorat ut sibi apud Chremylum manere liceat. Cario ad [[Culina|culinam]] eum mittit ubi famuli munera exercebit. Ultimus procedit Iovis sacerdos et ipse esuriens quia nemo deos veteres colit. Sacerdos Pluti fit et pompa ad Acropolim ducitur (= '''Exodos''') ubi deus Plutus in [[Athena|Athenae]] templi [[Aerarium|aerario]] erigetur. Chremylus anui utensilia portanti iuvenis reditum ad proximam noctem pollicetur. == Synopsis == Aristophanis opus ultimum cui etiam ipse praefuit significat initium dictae [[Comoedia Media|comoediae mediae]] cum non iam de rebus publicis agantur at potius fortunam singulorum hominum necnon mores consuetudinesque eorum illudit cum exempli gratia hoc in opere de iusta distributione divitiarum disceptetur. Narratur sors cuiusdam Chremyli (Latine: screatulus), qui cum vitam in egestate degat alios iniuste divitias comparare sinit. Itaque oraculum Delphicum consulere ratus est rogatum num filio quoque suo vitam virtutis renegare immineat, ut e condicione misera patris evaderet. Ab [[Apollo|Apolline]] instruitur, ut primum cui relicto templo occurat sequatur eumque in tabernam suam invitet. Nactus autem quendam senem caecum, re vera autem [[Plutus (deus)|Plutum]], deum divitiarum. Ille morbo laborans quam inique beneficia sua distribuat intellegere non valet. Ut hae insufficientiae medatur eum in aede [[Aesculapius|Aesculapii]] curari Chremylos curat quo facto opulentiae denuo distribuuntur. [[Penia]], dea paupertatis et inimica Pluti, civibus de fructu inopiarum persuadere non valet, immo eicitur. Plutus autem honoribus afficitur. Denique in eius honore ara in [[Parthenon|Parthenone]] consecratur. == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == *Francisco Barrenechea, ''Comedy and religion in classical Athens : narratives of religious experiences in Aristophanes' Wealth'', [[Cantabrigia|Cantabrigiae]], 2002 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=ychhDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] [https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2020/2020.04.34/ Recensio critica] *Gwendolyn Compton-Engle, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/24699757 The Blind Leading: Aristophanes' "Wealth" and "Oedipus at Colonus"]", ''The Classical World'', 2013ː 155-170 *Ephraim David, ''Aristophanes and Athenian society of the early fourth century B.C'', Lugduni Batavorum, Brill, 1984 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=KrU3AAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] [https://www.persee.fr/doc/reg_0035-2039_1985_num_98_467_1442_t2_0424_0000_3 Recensio critica] *Claudia .N. Fernandez, ''Plutos de Aristofanes : la riqueza de los sentidos'', Buenos Aires, 2002 [https://paperity.org/p/207323926/plutos-de-aristofanes-la-riqueza-de-los-sentidos Recensio critica] *Karl Holzinger, ''Kritisch-exegetischer Kommentar zu Aristophane's Plutos'', Wien, 1940 *David Konstan and Matthew Dillon, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/294325 The Ideology of Aristophanes' Wealth]", ''The American Journal of Philology'', 1981ː 371-394 *Edmond Lévy, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/ktema_0221-5896_1997_num_22_1_2194 Richesse et pauvreté dans le Ploutos]", ''Ktèma'', 1997ː 201-212 *James McGlew, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1562098 After Irony: Aristophanes' Wealth and Its Modern Interpreters]", ''The American Journal of Philology'', 1987ː 35-53 *S. Douglas Olson, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/311287 Economics and Ideology in Aristophanes' Wealth]", ''Harvard Studies in Classical Philology'', 1990ː223-242 *Annalisa Paradiso, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/metis_1105-2201_1987_num_2_2_895 Le rite de passage du Ploutos d'Aristophane]", ''Mètis. Anthropologie des mondes grecs anciens'', 1987ː 249-267 *Karen Rosenbecker, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/44157810 "Just desserts"ː reversals of Fortune, feces, flatus, and food in Aristophanes' "Wealth"]", ''Harvard Studies in Classical Philology'', 2015ː 77-102 *''Scholies anciennes aux "Grenouilles" et au "Ploutos" d'Aristophane'' (cur. Marcel Chantry), Les Belles Lettres, 2009 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/reg_0035-2039_2010_num_123_1_8012_t11_0465_0000_2 Recensio critica] *Pierre Sineux, "[https://books.openedition.org/editionsehess/3423 Une nuit à l’Asklépieion dans le Ploutos d’Aristophane : un récit dans le théâtre pour l’étude du rite de l’incubation]" in ''Avez-vous vu les Erinyes?'', Éditions de l’École des hautes études en sciences sociales, Daedalus, 2006ː 193-210 *A. H. Sommerstein, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/638291 Aristophanes and the Demon Poverty]", ''The Classical Quaterly'', 1984ː 314-333 *Bernard Stenuit, "Beatus Rhenanus traduit en latin Ploutos d'Aristophane (Sélestat, BHS, ms. 336,2)", ''Latomus'', 2025: 817-836 [https://poj.peeters-leuven.be/content.php?url=article.php&id=3295512&journal_code=LAT] *Robert L. Tordoff, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/23324453 Coins, Money, and Exchange in Aristophanes' "Wealth"]", ''Transactions of the American Philological Association'' 2012ː 257-293 *John Zumbrunnen, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/27644358 Fantasy, Irony, and Economic Justice in Aristophanes' Assemblywomen and Wealth]", ''The American Political Science Review'', 2006ː 319-333 == Nexus externi == * [https://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82 Textus Graecus apud Vicifontem] * [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0039%3Acard%3D1 Plutus] in collectione [[Perseus (situs interretialis)|Persei]] {{ling|Graece}}, {{ling|Anglice}} * [https://books.google.com/books?id=wVdhAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1 Plutus, cum interpretatione Latina Stephani Bergleri anni 1760] {{ling|Graece}}, {{ling|Latine}} * [https://www.greekmythology.com/Plays/Aristophanes/Wealth/wealth.html ''Wealth'' apud Greekmythology.com] {{Aristophanis fabulae}} [[Categoria:Aristophanes]] [[Categoria:Scripta 408 a.C.n.]] [[Categoria:Comoediae Graecae antiquae]] [[Categoria:Graeciae scripta]] [[Categoria:Scripta 388 a.C.n.]] o6e2bjm0qpnyzitd2v9vnjodg56bx92 0 248623 3996280 3268316 2026-10-23T07:51:23Z Pippobuono 54500 novissima 3996280 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Coat of arms of Renauld Dupont de Dinechin.svg|thumbnail]] '''Rinaldus de Dinechin''' ([[Insula (Francia)|Insulae]] natus die [[25 Martii]] [[1958]]) est [[episcopus]] [[Francia|Francicus]], qui auxiliaris [[Archidioecesis Parisiensis|Parisiensis]], [[Dioecesis Suessionensis (-Laudunensis-Sanquintinensis)|Dioecesis Suessionensis]] episcopus (2015-2025) et postea [[Dioecesis Lucionensis]] episcopus factus est. == Nexus externus == {{CommuniaCat|Renauld de Dinechin|Rinaldum de Dinechin}} * {{CathHierBishop|dine}} {{bio-stipula}} {{Lifetime|1958||de Dinechin, Rinaldus}} [[Categoria:Episcopi Ecclesiae Catholicae]] [[Categoria:Episcopi Suessionenses]] [[Categoria:Episcopi Lucionenses]] tat6lwtr5pa4w5gxoahwkdna59jcu4w 0 259821 3996217 3977502 2026-10-22T18:08:57Z Sonomelki100 201576 Abrogans recensionem 3977502 ab usore [[User:هزيا|هزيا]] ([[User talk:هزيا|Disputatio]] | [[Special:Contributions/هزيا|conlationes]]) Problems with sources: the user is making the same problematic additions across all Wikipedia projects 3996217 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Epiphanius-Kosovo.jpg|thumb|[[Icon]] Sancti Epiphanii Salaminis ([[Monasterium Gračanica]].]] '''Collyridianismus''' fuit [[haeresis|haeriticus]] [[prima Christianitas|primae Christianitatis]] motus cuius assectores ut videtur [[Maria Virgo|Mariam Virginem]], [[mater|matrem]] [[Iesus|Iesu]], ut [[dea]] colere solebant. Praecipuus rerum de eis fons est [[Epiphanius (episcopus Salaminis)|Epiphanius]], [[episcopus]] [[Salamis|Salaminis]], eorum maximus adversarius, qui de eis in [[liber|libro]] ''[[Panarion]]'' circa annum [[375]] scripsit. Apud quem,<ref>''[[Panarion]],'' Haer. 79.</ref> quaedam [[mulier]]es in [[Arabia]], [[regio]]ne plerumque [[paganismus|pagana]], [[fides]] vernaculares cum Maria veneranda [[syncretismus|syncretistice]] miscebant, parvasque [[scriblita]]s ([[Graece]] κολλυρις, [[vocabulum]] in [[Septuaginta]] inventum) ei offerebant. Epiphanius dicit Collyridianismum in [[Thracia]] et [[Scythia]] ortum esse, quamquam primum in [[Syria]] vel [[Asia Minor]]e fortasse natum est. Plus vix cognoscitur. ==Notae== <references/> ==Bibliographia== *Ashe, Geoffrey. [[2008]]. ''The Virgin: Mary's cult and the re-emergence of the Goddess.'' Stroud Gloucestershire: History Press. ISBN 9780750950640 (charta). *[[Averil Cameron|Cameron, Averil]]. [[2004]]. The Cult of the Virgin in Late Antiquity: Religious Development and Myth-Making. ''Studies in Church History'' 39:1–21. *Madrid, Patrick. [http://www.ewtn.com/library/HOMELIBR/COLLYRID.TXT "Collyridianism."] ewtn.com. [[Categoria:Haeresis]] [[Categoria:Maria (mater Iesu)]] [[Categoria:Theologia feministica]] auccvhb6atfbnjp0e833f2o3q2if0wk 3996228 3996217 2026-10-22T20:53:00Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 3996228 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Epiphanius-Kosovo.jpg|thumb|[[Icon]] Sancti Epiphanii Salaminis ([[Monasterium Gračanica]]).]] {{res|Collyridianismus}} fuit [[haeresis|haereticus]] [[prima Christianitas|primae Christianitatis]] motus cuius assectores ut videtur [[Maria Virgo|Mariam Virginem]], [[mater|matrem]] [[Iesus|Iesu]], ut [[dea]] colere solebant. Praecipuus rerum de eis fons est [[Epiphanius (episcopus Salaminis)|Epiphanius]], [[episcopus]] [[Salamis|Salaminis]], eorum maximus adversarius, qui de eis in [[liber|libro]] ''[[Panarion]]'' circa annum [[375]] scripsit. Apud quem,<ref>''[[Panarion]],'' Haer. 79.</ref> quaedam [[mulier]]es in [[Arabia]], [[regio]]ne plerumque [[paganismus|pagana]], [[fides]] vernaculares cum Maria veneranda [[syncretismus|syncretistice]] miscebant, parvasque [[scriblita]]s ([[Graece]] κολλυρίς, [[vocabulum]] in [[Septuaginta]] inventum) ei offerebant. Epiphanius dicit Collyridianismum in [[Thracia]] et [[Scythia]] ortum esse, quamquam primum in [[Syria]] vel [[Asia Minor]]e fortasse natum est. Plus vix cognoscitur. ==Notae== <references/> ==Bibliographia== *Ashe, Geoffrey. [[2008]]. ''The Virgin: Mary's cult and the re-emergence of the Goddess.'' Stroud Gloucestershire: History Press. ISBN 9780750950640 (charta). *[[Averil Cameron|Cameron, Averil]]. [[2004]]. The Cult of the Virgin in Late Antiquity: Religious Development and Myth-Making. ''Studies in Church History'' 39:1–21. *Madrid, Patrick. [http://www.ewtn.com/library/HOMELIBR/COLLYRID.TXT "Collyridianism."] ewtn.com. [[Categoria:Haeresis]] [[Categoria:Maria (mater Iesu)]] [[Categoria:Theologia feministica]] 4wvenbf4tlitb5v0j82keirfw8sx9i1 0 265828 3996306 3979292 2026-10-23T10:06:26Z Pippobuono 54500 categoria 3996306 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Bazougers la Cotellerie.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[ecclesia (aedificium)|Ecclesia]] Cotelleriae]] '''Prioratus Cotelleriae''',<ref>{{opus|url=http://www.ouest-france.fr/pays-de-la-loire/bazougers-53170/le-prieure-de-la-cotellerie-se-visite-tous-les-jours-2808155 |titulus=Le prieuré de la Cotellerie se visite tous les jours|domus editoria=ouest-france.fr|tempus=2014/9/6}} {{ling|Francogallice}}</ref> sanctae [[Maria (mater Iesu)|Mariae]] dicatus, est parvum [[monasterium]] iuxta [[Bazougers]] in [[Meduana (praefectura Franciae)|Meduana praefectura]] adiacens. Congregatio anno [[1971]] a matre Maria Crucis condita est, annoque [[1986]] a [[Ludovicus Maria Billé|Ludovico Maria Billé]] [[episcopus|episcopo]] approbata. Hodie, communitas viginta et unus [[Frater (religiosus)|fratres religiosos]] tenet, et regulae Augustianae subicitur.<ref>[http://lieux-de-retraite.croire.la-croix.com/lieu/157-prieure-sainte-marie.html Prieuré Sainte Marie - Bazougers (53170)].</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160923024838/http://www.sudmayenne.com/preparer/voir-faire/visiter/575874-prieure-de-la-cotellerie-a-bazougers Prieuré de la Cotellerie à Bazougers].</ref> == Nota == <references /> == Nexus externus == {{CommuniaCat|La Cotellerie|Cotelleria}} {{Fontes geographici}} * {{Opus|url=http://www.la-cotellerie.com/ |titulus=Situs proprius}} {{aedi-stipula}} {{reli-stipula}} [[Categoria:Abbatiae Franciae]] [[Categoria:Meduana (praefectura Franciae)]] [[Categoria:Dioecesis Valleguidonensis]] njqr8emdxm0sq890ei3r7y675j7pe40 3996307 3996306 2026-10-23T10:08:47Z Pippobuono 54500 typo 3996307 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Bazougers la Cotellerie.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[ecclesia (aedificium)|Ecclesia]] Cotelleriae]] '''Prioratus Cotelleriae''',<ref>{{opus|url=http://www.ouest-france.fr/pays-de-la-loire/bazougers-53170/le-prieure-de-la-cotellerie-se-visite-tous-les-jours-2808155 |titulus=Le prieuré de la Cotellerie se visite tous les jours|domus editoria=ouest-france.fr|tempus=2014/9/6}} {{ling|Francogallice}}</ref> sanctae [[Maria (mater Iesu)|Mariae]] dicatus, est parvum [[monasterium]] iuxta [[Bazougers]] in [[Meduana (praefectura Franciae)|Meduana praefectura]] adiacens. Congregatio anno [[1971]] a matre Maria Crucis condita est, annoque [[1986]] a [[Ludovicus Maria Billé|Ludovico Maria Billé]] [[episcopus|episcopo]] approbata. Hodie, communitas viginta et unus [[Frater (religiosus)|fratres religiosos]] tenet, et regulae Augustinianae subicitur.<ref>[http://lieux-de-retraite.croire.la-croix.com/lieu/157-prieure-sainte-marie.html Prieuré Sainte Marie - Bazougers (53170)].</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160923024838/http://www.sudmayenne.com/preparer/voir-faire/visiter/575874-prieure-de-la-cotellerie-a-bazougers Prieuré de la Cotellerie à Bazougers].</ref> == Nota == <references /> == Nexus externus == {{CommuniaCat|La Cotellerie|Cotelleria}} {{Fontes geographici}} * {{Opus|url=http://www.la-cotellerie.com/ |titulus=Situs proprius}} {{aedi-stipula}} {{reli-stipula}} [[Categoria:Abbatiae Franciae]] [[Categoria:Meduana (praefectura Franciae)]] [[Categoria:Dioecesis Valleguidonensis]] j3p0ccymeneyv9aafvt5jxm9l0x7jcr 0 266429 3996218 3875133 2026-10-22T18:37:24Z LilyKitty 18316 de invaliditate et senecto 3996218 wikitext text/x-wiki {{latinitas|-5}} '''Index Barthel''' sive '''Scala Barthel''' per decem partes facultates cotidianas hominis [[invaliditas|invaliditatis]] vel [[senectus|senectorum]] describit et aestimat. == Scala == {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Index Barthel ! Activitas ! Descriptio ! Valor |- |'''Edere''' | # Iners (omnino se alere non potest) # Auxilio eget ad cibum secandum, butyrum illinendum, aliaque paranda # Sine auxilio cibum manu sumere potest |0<br />5<br />10 |- |'''Transitus inter sedes et lectum''' | # Omnino iners; ne sedere quidem valet # Maximo auxilio eget (exempli gratia, 1–2 homines eum adiuvant) # Auxilii aliqua parte indiget # Sponte inter sellam et lectum transire valet |0<br />5<br />10<br />15 |- |'''Cura personalis''' | # Omnino eget auxilio in rebus personalibus # Per se faciem et manus lavare, dentes excolere, crines pectere atque ornare potest |0<br />5 |- |'''Usus [[Latrina|latrinae]]''' | # Omnino eget auxilio # Auxilium aliquod requirit, sed aliquid ipse/ipsa efficit # Intrare et exire, lavari et vestiri sine auxilio potest |0<br />5<br />10 |- |'''Lavari in balneo seu [[Balneum pluvium|pluvio]]''' | # Omnino eget auxilio # In balneo vel pluvio sine auxilio lavari potest |0<br />5 |- |'''Movere''' | # Motu caret (immobilis) # In [[Sella rotalis|sella rotali]] (ad 50m) se movere potest sine alieno auxilio # Eget auxilio [[nosocomus|nosocomae]] vel alterius # Plus quam 50m sine ulla ope perambulare aut pervehi potest |0<br />5<br />10<br />15 |- |'''Ascendere scalas et descendere''' | # Nequit ullo modo ascendere vel descendere # Eget auxilio physico vel institutione # Scalaria sine auxilio superare potest |0<br />5<br />10 |- |'''Induere et exuere''' | # Omnino eget auxilio in induendo et exuendo # Quodam auxilio eget # Sine auxilio se vestire atque exuere potest |0<br />5<br />10 |- |'''Gubernacium alvi''' | # Continens alvi non est (incontinentia) # Subinde incommodum habet (plus quam semel in hebdomada) # Sine auxilio faeces excludere atque continere valet |0<br />5<br />10 |- |'''Gubernacium [[urina]]e''' | # Incontinentia urinae vel inertia ad fascias (pannos) mutandas # Incommodum subinde fit (maxime semel in die) # Per septem dies continuos sine auxilio urinam continere et excernere potest |0<br />5<br />10 |} == Interpretatio == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Valor !! Classificatio |- | <20 || Dependentia totalis |- |20 – 35|| Dependentia gravis |- |40 – 55|| Dependentia moderata |- |60 – 95|| Dependentia levis |- | 100 || Sine indiciis dependentiae |} [[Categoria:Gerontologia]] [[Categoria:Invaliditas]] 8zttg1e21gybt0m0csd8dbrvzfi78jh 10 280615 3996311 3653350 2026-10-23T10:18:43Z Grufo 64423 Grufo movit paginam [[Formula:Clade/styles.css]] ad [[Formula:Cladus/styles.css]] sine redirectione: Nomen Latinum 3653350 sanitized-css text/css table.clade { border-spacing:0; margin:0; font-size:100%; line-height:100%; border-collapse:separate; width:auto; } table.clade table.clade { width:100%; } table.clade td { border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; } table.clade td.clade-label { /* the cell with the label */ width:0.8em; /* was only used for first leaf but shouldn't matter for others */ border:0; padding:0 0.2em; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center; } table.clade td.clade-slabel { /* the cell with the sublabel; only use if there is a label */ border:0; padding:0 0.2em; vertical-align:top; text-align:center; } table.clade td.clade-bar { /* the cell with the bar label or group label */ vertical-align:middle; text-align:left; padding:0 0.5em; } table.clade td.clade-leaf { /* the cell with the leaf content (rowspan=2) */ border:0; padding:0; text-align:left; vertical-align:middle; } table.clade td.clade-leafR { /* the cell with the leaf content (rowspan=2) */ border:0; padding:0; text-align:right; } gdkrcx9ncpi5du5531btpm3yhqvvh3n 10 280618 3996312 3785824 2026-10-23T10:24:32Z Grufo 64423 Grufo movit paginam [[Formula:Cladogramma/doc]] ad [[Formula:Cladus/doc]] sine redirectione: Haec est pagina documentationis formulae {{[[Formula:Cladus|Cladus]]}} 3785824 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Subpagina documentationis}} == De usu == '''Codex manuscriptus:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{cladus | label1 = Basis | 1 = Nodus }}</syntaxhighlight> '''Effectus:''' {{cladus | label1 = Basis | 1 = Nodus }} {{Ast}} '''Codex manuscriptus:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{cladus | 1 = {{cladus | label1 = [[Subtree1]] | 1 = Leaf1 | label2 = Subtree2 | 2 = [[Leaf2]] }} }}</syntaxhighlight> '''Effectus:''' {{cladus | 1 = {{cladus | label1 = [[Subtree1]] | 1 = Leaf1 | label2 = Subtree2 | 2 = [[Leaf2]] }} }} == Vide quoque == * [[:Categoria:Formulae biologicae]] <includeonly>{{in harenario aut alibi|| <!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --> [[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae biologicae|{{PAGENAME}}]] }}</includeonly> kws8y3s5xhnxv70nhyygb8fabz2jpeg 3996314 3996312 2026-10-23T10:25:52Z Grufo 64423 /* Ulteriora si cupis */ 3996314 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Subpagina documentationis}} == De usu == '''Codex manuscriptus:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{cladus | label1 = Basis | 1 = Nodus }}</syntaxhighlight> '''Effectus:''' {{cladus | label1 = Basis | 1 = Nodus }} {{Ast}} '''Codex manuscriptus:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{cladus | 1 = {{cladus | label1 = [[Subtree1]] | 1 = Leaf1 | label2 = Subtree2 | 2 = [[Leaf2]] }} }}</syntaxhighlight> '''Effectus:''' {{cladus | 1 = {{cladus | label1 = [[Subtree1]] | 1 = Leaf1 | label2 = Subtree2 | 2 = [[Leaf2]] }} }} == Ulteriora si cupis == * [[:Categoria:Formulae biologicae]] * {{Fn|Cladogramma}} <includeonly>{{in harenario aut alibi|| <!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --> [[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae biologicae|{{PAGENAME}}]] }}</includeonly> qbeby0plf8f1g0wx7tkhgbz6hk4v35i 3996322 3996314 2026-10-23T10:53:38Z Grufo 64423 /* Ulteriora si cupis */ 3996322 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Subpagina documentationis}} == De usu == '''Codex manuscriptus:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{cladus | label1 = Basis | 1 = Nodus }}</syntaxhighlight> '''Effectus:''' {{cladus | label1 = Basis | 1 = Nodus }} {{Ast}} '''Codex manuscriptus:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{cladus | 1 = {{cladus | label1 = [[Subtree1]] | 1 = Leaf1 | label2 = Subtree2 | 2 = [[Leaf2]] }} }}</syntaxhighlight> '''Effectus:''' {{cladus | 1 = {{cladus | label1 = [[Subtree1]] | 1 = Leaf1 | label2 = Subtree2 | 2 = [[Leaf2]] }} }} == Ulteriora si cupis == * [[:Categoria:Formulae biologicae]] * {{Fn|Cladogramma}} * {{Fn|Index ramiformis}} <includeonly>{{in harenario aut alibi|| <!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --> [[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae biologicae|{{PAGENAME}}]] }}</includeonly> cgeekvjfoc5k6teptnhs2tmzhsmv3p5 3996325 3996322 2026-10-23T10:59:58Z Grufo 64423 3996325 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Subpagina documentationis}} {{Formula numquam substituenda|...}} : ''Si formulam simpliciorem quaeris, vide formulam {{Fn|Index ramiformis}}.'' == De usu == '''Codex manuscriptus:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{cladus | label1 = Basis | 1 = Nodus }}</syntaxhighlight> '''Effectus:''' {{cladus | label1 = Basis | 1 = Nodus }} {{Ast}} '''Codex manuscriptus:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{cladus | 1 = {{cladus | label1 = [[Subtree1]] | 1 = Leaf1 | label2 = Subtree2 | 2 = [[Leaf2]] }} }}</syntaxhighlight> '''Effectus:''' {{cladus | 1 = {{cladus | label1 = [[Subtree1]] | 1 = Leaf1 | label2 = Subtree2 | 2 = [[Leaf2]] }} }} == Ulteriora si cupis == * [[:Categoria:Formulae biologicae]] * {{Fn|Cladogramma}} * {{Fn|Index ramiformis}} <includeonly>{{in harenario aut alibi|| <!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --> [[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae biologicae|{{PAGENAME}}]] }}</includeonly> btltxjjbffnycc82zpm9vwq89k2gkl4 3996327 3996325 2026-10-23T11:02:08Z Grufo 64423 +Cat 3996327 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Subpagina documentationis}} {{Formula numquam substituenda|...}} : ''Si formulam simpliciorem quaeris, vide formulam {{Fn|Index ramiformis}}.'' == De usu == '''Codex manuscriptus:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{cladus | label1 = Basis | 1 = Nodus }}</syntaxhighlight> '''Effectus:''' {{cladus | label1 = Basis | 1 = Nodus }} {{Ast}} '''Codex manuscriptus:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{cladus | 1 = {{cladus | label1 = [[Subtree1]] | 1 = Leaf1 | label2 = Subtree2 | 2 = [[Leaf2]] }} }}</syntaxhighlight> '''Effectus:''' {{cladus | 1 = {{cladus | label1 = [[Subtree1]] | 1 = Leaf1 | label2 = Subtree2 | 2 = [[Leaf2]] }} }} == Ulteriora si cupis == * [[:Categoria:Formulae biologicae]] * {{Fn|Cladogramma}} * {{Fn|Index ramiformis}} <includeonly>{{in harenario aut alibi|| <!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --> [[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae biologicae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae typographicae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae quae arbores creant|{{PAGENAME}}]] }}</includeonly> 26acqbj0nzj976vho51zhmxem0oehph 3996333 3996327 2026-10-23T11:06:33Z Grufo 64423 3996333 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Subpagina documentationis}} {{Formula numquam substituenda|...}} : ''Si formulam simpliciorem quaeris, vide formulam {{Fn|Index ramiformis}}.'' == De usu == '''Codex manuscriptus:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{cladus | label1 = Basis | 1 = Nodus }}</syntaxhighlight> '''Effectus:''' {{cladus | label1 = Basis | 1 = Nodus }} {{Ast}} '''Codex manuscriptus:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{cladus | 1 = {{cladus | label1 = [[Subtree1]] | 1 = Leaf1 | label2 = Subtree2 | 2 = [[Leaf2]] }} }}</syntaxhighlight> '''Effectus:''' {{cladus | 1 = {{cladus | label1 = [[Subtree1]] | 1 = Leaf1 | label2 = Subtree2 | 2 = [[Leaf2]] }} }} == Ulteriora si cupis == * [[:Categoria:Formulae biologicae]] * {{Fn|Cladogramma}} * {{Fn|Index ramiformis}} <includeonly>{{in harenario aut alibi|| <!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --> [[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae typographicae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae quae arbores creant|{{PAGENAME}}]] }}</includeonly> k9293ozd9aejpq57nn109sg6abcu7pv 3996337 3996333 2026-10-23T11:11:09Z Grufo 64423 +{{[[Formula:Formula obsoleta|Formula obsoleta]]}} 3996337 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Subpagina documentationis}} {{Formula obsoleta|Index ramiformis}} {{Formula numquam substituenda|...}} : ''Si formulam simpliciorem quaeris, vide formulam {{Fn|Index ramiformis}}.'' == De usu == '''Codex manuscriptus:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{cladus | label1 = Basis | 1 = Nodus }}</syntaxhighlight> '''Effectus:''' {{cladus | label1 = Basis | 1 = Nodus }} {{Ast}} '''Codex manuscriptus:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{cladus | 1 = {{cladus | label1 = [[Subtree1]] | 1 = Leaf1 | label2 = Subtree2 | 2 = [[Leaf2]] }} }}</syntaxhighlight> '''Effectus:''' {{cladus | 1 = {{cladus | label1 = [[Subtree1]] | 1 = Leaf1 | label2 = Subtree2 | 2 = [[Leaf2]] }} }} == Ulteriora si cupis == * [[:Categoria:Formulae biologicae]] * {{Fn|Cladogramma}} * {{Fn|Index ramiformis}} <includeonly>{{in harenario aut alibi|| <!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --> [[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae typographicae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae quae arbores creant|{{PAGENAME}}]] }}</includeonly> 1331dlxntp9ru8ov57lk7twke33gn8z 3996338 3996337 2026-10-23T11:11:30Z Grufo 64423 3996338 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Subpagina documentationis}} {{Formula obsoleta|Index ramiformis}} {{Formula numquam substituenda|...}} == De usu == '''Vicitextus:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{cladus | label1 = Basis | 1 = Nodus }}</syntaxhighlight> '''Effectus:''' {{cladus | label1 = Basis | 1 = Nodus }} {{Ast}} '''Vicitextus:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{cladus | 1 = {{cladus | label1 = [[Subtree1]] | 1 = Leaf1 | label2 = Subtree2 | 2 = [[Leaf2]] }} }}</syntaxhighlight> '''Effectus:''' {{cladus | 1 = {{cladus | label1 = [[Subtree1]] | 1 = Leaf1 | label2 = Subtree2 | 2 = [[Leaf2]] }} }} == Ulteriora si cupis == * [[:Categoria:Formulae biologicae]] * {{Fn|Cladogramma}} * {{Fn|Index ramiformis}} <includeonly>{{in harenario aut alibi|| <!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --> [[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae typographicae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae quae arbores creant|{{PAGENAME}}]] }}</includeonly> 498umjv5slll5xvwdq4xaa9q70cd9ki 0 297280 3996234 3929890 2026-10-22T21:24:57Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 adest in myriade 3996234 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:CakeAssortmentsChineseMarch08.jpg|thumb|[[Gastellus|Gastelli]] in taberna dulciaria [[Londinium|Londiniensi]] monstrantur]] {{res|Gastellus}} (vocabulum [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latinitatis mediaevalis]]),<ref>"[https://logeion.uchicago.edu/gastellus Gastellus]" et "[https://logeion.uchicago.edu/gastellus wastellus]" in {{DuCange}}; "wastellus" in ''[[DMLBS]]''; "[https://logeion.uchicago.edu/guastellus guastellus]" apud ambos</ref><ref>Hodierni nonnulli "[[scriblita]]", cf. "scriblita ex socolata": [[Ebbe Vilborg]] ''Norstedts svensk-latinska ordbok'', editio secunda (2009)</ref> [[Francogallice]] ''gâteau'', est [[panis]] delicatior, e butyro saccharoque coctus, qui in [[ars convivalis Europaea|arte convivali Europaea]] ad [[merenda]]m et in epulis commemorativis inter fercula dulcia inferri solet. Gastella Romana antiqua [[libum|liba]] saepius appellabantur, aut, si consecrata essent, "fertum" vel "arculatum". == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * Krystina Castella, ''A World of Cake: 150 Recipes for Sweet Traditions From Cultures Around the World''. 2010. ISBN 978-1-60342-576-6 * {{ec|id=Davidson (1999)|c="Cake; Cake-making" in Alan Davidson, ''The Oxford Companion to Food'' (Oxonii: Oxford University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-19-211579-0) pp. 122-124; Tom Jaine, ed., secunda ed. 2006; 3a ed. 2014 }} * "Nick Malgieri, "Cake"; Francine Kirsch, "Cake decorating"; Laura Shapiro, "Cake mix" in Darra Goldstein, ed., ''The Oxford Companion to Sugar and Sweets'' (Oxonii: Oxford University Press, 2015) pp. 91-99 * {{ec|id=Montagné (1938)|c="Gâteau; Gâteaux symboliques et rituels" in [[Prosper Montagné]], ''[[Larousse gastronomique]]'' (Lutetiae: Larousse, 1938) pp. 526-531}} == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Cakes|gastellos}} [[Categoria:Liba|!]] [[Categoria:Fercula dulcia]] {{Myrias|Anthropologia}} ku0bk6j4n8j8q4d1evcm53gzn9hcc3e 10 300030 3996190 3996033 2026-10-22T12:59:31Z Grufo 64423 ‘|res=’ → ‘|quaestio=’ 3996190 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{Capsa lateralis | 1 = <div style="max-width: 11em; text-align: center;"><div style="margin: 0 0 .25em 0;">Res apud [[phabricator:|Phabricatorem]] investigatur:</div><div>{{#invoke:params| excluding_non-numeric_names| entering_substack| with_value_not_matching|^%s*[Tt]?%d+%s*$| detaching_substack| mixing_names_and_values|z$#|Male scriptum: <code>$@</code>| mapping_by_calling|Error| leaving_substack| snapshotting|entering_substack| with_value_matching|^%s*%d+%s*$| detaching_substack| mapping_by_mixing|$@ + 2000| mapping_by_magic|#expr| leaving_substack| mapping_by_replacing|^%s*[Tt](%d+)%s*$|%1| flushing| mixing_names_and_values|$@|'''[[phabricator:T$@|Opus $@]]'''| flushing| setting|i/n|<br />|{{Error|Error: Saltem unus numerus operis scribendus est.}}| all_sorted| list_values }}</div>{{Sin secus | 1 = {{#switch:{{{quaestio|}}} | soluta | resolved | fixed = <span style="color: var(--color-success, #177860);">SOLUTA</span> | invalida | invalid = <span style="color: var(--color-error, #bf3c2c);">INVALIDA</span> | duplicata | duplicate = <span style="color: var(--color-disabled-emphasized, #a2a9b1);">DUPLICATA</span> | reiecta | declined | wontfix = <span style="color: var(--color-content-removed, #8b0000);">REIECTA</span> | retenta | stalled | later = <span style="color: var(--color-option-yellow, #886425);">RETENTA</span> | perlustratur | open = <span style="color: var(--color-notice, #404244);">PERLUSTRATUR</span> | = | #default = {{uc:{{{quaestio}}}}} }} | 2 = | 3 = <span style="display: block; border-top: 1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1); padding-top: .5em; margin-top: .5em; font-weight: bold;"> | 4 = </span> }}</div> }}</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentatio}}</noinclude> to8okejq4672mdnqlujyk28oa4pit8h 0 302557 3996304 3683560 2026-10-23T09:52:24Z Pippobuono 54500 particularia et categoria 3996304 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable floatright" |+ Oratorium Sancti Cerenici |- | colspan="2" | [[File:Saulges ermitage St Cénéré.jpg|280px|center|Parvum oratorium sancti Cerenici]] |- ! [[Ecclesia (aedificium)|Oratorium]] | [[Salica]] |- ! [[Dioecesis]] | [[Dioecesis Valleguidonensis|Valleguidonensis]] |- ! [[Oppidum]] | [[Salica]] |- ! [[Terra]] | [[Francia]] |- ! [[Civitas]] | [[Francia]] |- | colspan="2" | Anno 1933 |} '''Oratorium Sancti Cerenici''', sancto [[Cerenicus Spoletanus|Cerenico]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=San Cerenico (Cenerico, Cinereo) di Spoleto Diacono in Normandia |url=http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/52110 |publisher=santiebeati.it |language=it |accessdate=2022-05-01}}</ref><ref>{{opus|auctor=Petrus Bargellini|titulus=Mille santi del giorno|pagina=255|domus editoria=Vallecchi|locus=Firenze|annus= 1977}} {{ling|Italice}}.</ref> dicatum, est parva [[Ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] iuxta [[Salica]] in [[Meduana (praefectura Franciae)|Meduana praefectura]] adiacens. Aedicula saeculum VII condita est a sancto Cerenico, annoque [[1933]] aedificata parva ecclesia adiacens.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saulges, ermitage de St-Céneré, sentier de la chapelle conduisant aux grottes |url=https://picclick.fr/saulges-ermitage-de-st-c%C3%A9ner%C3%A9-sentier-de-la-chapelle-121604157538.html |publisher=picclick.fr |language=fr |accessdate=2022-05-01}}</ref> Oratorium dicatum est S. Céneré (vel Cerenico), monacho Benedictino Spoleti [[saeculum 7|VII saeculo]] nato, qui missus a [[Martinus I|papa Martino I]] ad praedicandum in Gallia Merovingiana cum fratre suo Serenides, et cum eo venit in [[Dioecesis Cenomanensis|dioecesi Cenomanensi]]. Spelunca fuit heremitagium monachorum. Oratorio adiacente, chilometrum ab oppido locatum, anno 1849 parva ecclesia aedificata est. <ref name="Grosse Dupéron">{{Cite book |last=Grosse Dupéron |first=Albert |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Deux_excursions_au_pays_de_Saulges/XYtvkQEACAAJ?hl=en |title=Deux Excursions au Pays de Saulges : Souvenirs d'un touriste |publisher=Poirier-Bealu |year=1901 |editor-last=Mayenne |language=fr}}</ref> == Gallery == <gallery> File:Saint Cenere little fountain.jpg|Fons aquae in oratorio sita File:Saint Céneré.JPG|Fons aquae in oratorio sita </gallery> == Nota == <references /> == Nexus externus == {{CommuniaCat|Oratoire de Saint-Céneré|Oratorium Sancti Cerenici}} {{Fontes geographici}} {{aedi-stipula}} {{reli-stipula}} [[Categoria:Ecclesiae Franciae]] [[Categoria:Meduana (praefectura Franciae)]] [[Categoria:Dioecesis Valleguidonensis]] l2fjcbf7cy960mp73rbl86nzh257ljx 10 306386 3996295 3762595 2026-10-23T09:25:56Z Grufo 64423 De themate fusco 3996295 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly><div class="formula-recessus" style="position:relative;left:0.1em;top:0;box-sizing:content-box;width:{{#expr:{{#switch:{{{1|10}}}|0=10|1|2|3|4|5|6|7|8|9|10|11|12|13|14|15|16|17|18|19|20|21|22|23|24|25,26|27|28|29|30|31|32|33|34|35|36|37|38|39|40|41|42|43|44|45|46|47|48|49|50|51|52|53|54|55|56|57|58|59|60|61|62|63|64|65|66|67|68|69|70|71|72|73|74|75|76|77|78|79|80|81|82|83|84|85|86|87|88|89|90|91|92|93|94|95|96|97|98|99={{{1|10}}}|{{#invoke:string|len|s={{{1}}}}}}}*1.6}}em;height:1em;"><span style="display:block;box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;height:0.55em;border-bottom:0.1em solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);border-right:0.1em solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);"></span><span style="display:block;box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;height:0.45em;border-left:0.1em solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);"></span></div></includeonly><noinclude>{{documentatio}}</noinclude> 7icuoa7jkbho3hx7xb4j4wrcj7k5f3j 0 308961 3996192 3996114 2026-10-22T13:03:55Z Grufo 64423 3996192 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Wikimedia-logo-meta-la.svg|thumb|[[Logotypus]]]] {{Res|MetaVici}}, vel {{Res|Meta-Vici}}, vel {{Res|Meta}} tantum, est [[situs interretialis]], formā [[vici]], ad acta institutaque [[Vicimedia|Vicimediorum]] coordinanda adhibitus (ipsā [[Vicipaedia|Vicipaediā]] Latinā inclusā). Primos annos a Vicipaedia condita disputationes de instituto et animo encyclopaediae (praesertim de ratione sequenda) saepe apud ipsam Vicipaediam eveniebant, tametsi tales “metadisputationes” natura encyclopaedica carerent. Insuper, nonnulli usores [[forum interretiale|forum]] cupiebant ubi non necesse esset indoli neutrali Vicipaediae se accommodare et ubi possent suas sententias de rebus in encyclopaedia tractandis libere profiteri. Propterea mense [[November|Novembris]] [[2001]] auctores Vicipaediae situm interretiale MetaVici creaverunt. Hodie MetaVici est unum e tribus maioribus foris discussionis quibus scriptores Vicipaediae utuntur, unā cum epistulis electronicis et paginis disputationis encyclopaediae (quae tamen ad dissertandum de commentationibus reservantur). MetaVici, primitus tantummodo intra versionem Anglicam Vicipaediae circumscriptum, animo Vicipaediae ad “phasem III” ingresso, ad forum disputationis pluribus linguis, ubi omnes communitates Vicimediorum de se ipsis disceptare possent, transmutatum est. {{NexInt}} * [[Vicipaedia]] et [[Vicipaedia Latina]] * [[Victionarium]] * [[Vicifons]] * [[Vicicitatio]] * [[Vicilibri]] * [[Vicinuntii]] * [[Vicimania]] * [[Vicimedia]] * [[Vicimedia Communia]] * [[Incubatrix Vicimediorum]] * [[MediaVici]] == Nexus externi == * [[:meta:Main Page|Pagina Prima MetaVici]] {{vsep|1.75}}{{Vicimedia}} [[Categoria:Vicimedia]] [[Categoria:Vicipaedia]] cid9g5frpkpiuybbvswdenlembvszlt 3996198 3996192 2026-10-22T14:21:29Z Grufo 64423 Sermo 3996198 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Wikimedia-logo-meta-la.svg|thumb|[[Logotypus]]]] {{Res|MetaVici}}, vel {{Res|Meta-Vici}}, vel simpliciter {{Res|Meta}}, est [[situs interretialis]], formā [[vici]] constitutus, quo res ad [[Vicimedia|Vicimedia]] pertinentia earumque administratio ordinantur atque de iis deliberatur; quo in numero etiam [[Vicipaedia|Vicipaedia Latina]] est. Primos annos a Vicipaedia condita, de instituto encyclopaediae, de eius indole atque de ratione qua administranda esset saepe apud ipsam Vicipaediam disceptabatur. Eiusmodi tamen disputationes, quamquam ad encyclopaediam ipsam pertinebant, a propria encyclopaediae natura alienae erant. Insuper, nonnulli usores locum desiderabant ubi, nullā neutralitatis lege—cui autem Vicipaediae obtemperandum est—impediti, liberius de rebus in encyclopaedia tractandis sententias suas proferre possent. Quam ob causam auctores Vicipaediae mense [[November|Novembri]] anni [[2001]] novum locum condiderunt quem MetaVici appellaverunt. Hodie MetaVici inter tria praecipua [[forum interretiale|fora]] numeratur quibus ii qui Vicipaediam scribunt ad deliberandum utuntur: praeter hunc locum, Vicipaediani etiam epistulis electronicis atque paginis disputationis uti solent. Hae tamen paginae ad ea tantum pertinent quae in singulis commentationibus tractantur. MetaVici primitus tantummodo intra versionem Anglicam Vicipaediae circumscriptum erat. Postea vero, quum Vicipaedia ad illam novam progressionis suae aetatem pervenisset quae “phasis III” appellabatur, ex illo usu angusto in commune deliberationis domicilium omnium Vicimedialium inceptorum conversum est, ubi diversarum linguarum communitates de rebus ad se ipsas pertinentibus inter se agere atque deliberare possent. {{NexInt}} * [[Vicipaedia]] et [[Vicipaedia Latina]] * [[Victionarium]] * [[Vicifons]] * [[Vicicitatio]] * [[Vicilibri]] * [[Vicinuntii]] * [[Vicimania]] * [[Vicimedia]] * [[Vicimedia Communia]] * [[Incubatrix Vicimediorum]] * [[MediaVici]] == Nexus externi == * [[:meta:Main Page|Pagina Prima MetaVici]] {{vsep|1.75}}{{Vicimedia}} [[Categoria:Vicimedia]] [[Categoria:Vicipaedia]] t8j64ae7bbzg98dum6voeb0dwzpxyoh 3996210 3996198 2026-10-22T16:54:05Z Grufo 64423 +[[:meta:Meta:Translation requests|Petitiones de situ MetaVici ad alias linguas vertendo]] 3996210 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Wikimedia-logo-meta-la.svg|thumb|[[Logotypus]]]] {{Res|MetaVici}}, vel {{Res|Meta-Vici}}, vel simpliciter {{Res|Meta}}, est [[situs interretialis]], formā [[vici]] constitutus, quo res ad [[Vicimedia|Vicimedia]] pertinentia earumque administratio ordinantur atque de iis deliberatur; quo in numero etiam [[Vicipaedia|Vicipaedia Latina]] est. Primos annos a Vicipaedia condita, de instituto encyclopaediae, de eius indole atque de ratione qua administranda esset saepe apud ipsam Vicipaediam disceptabatur. Eiusmodi tamen disputationes, quamquam ad encyclopaediam ipsam pertinebant, a propria encyclopaediae natura alienae erant. Insuper, nonnulli usores locum desiderabant ubi, nullā neutralitatis lege—cui autem Vicipaediae obtemperandum est—impediti, liberius de rebus in encyclopaedia tractandis sententias suas proferre possent. Quam ob causam auctores Vicipaediae mense [[November|Novembri]] anni [[2001]] novum locum condiderunt quem MetaVici appellaverunt. Hodie MetaVici inter tria praecipua [[forum interretiale|fora]] numeratur quibus ii qui Vicipaediam scribunt ad deliberandum utuntur. Praeter hunc locum, Vicipaediani etiam epistulis electronicis atque paginis disputationis uti solent. Hae tamen paginae ad ea tantum pertinent quae in singulis commentationibus tractantur. MetaVici primitus tantummodo intra versionem Anglicam Vicipaediae circumscriptum erat. Postea vero, quum Vicipaedia ad illam novam progressionis suae aetatem pervenisset quae “phasis III” appellabatur, ex illo usu angusto in commune deliberationis domicilium omnium Vicimedialium inceptorum conversum est, ubi diversarum linguarum communitates de rebus ad se ipsas pertinentibus inter se agere atque deliberare possent. {{NexInt}} * [[Vicipaedia]] et [[Vicipaedia Latina]] * [[Victionarium]] * [[Vicifons]] * [[Vicicitatio]] * [[Vicilibri]] * [[Vicinuntii]] * [[Vicimania]] * [[Vicimedia]] * [[Vicimedia Communia]] * [[Incubatrix Vicimediorum]] * [[MediaVici]] == Nexus externi == * [[:meta:Main Page|Pagina Prima MetaVici]] * [[:meta:Meta:Translation requests|Petitiones de situ MetaVici ad alias linguas (Latinam inclusam) vertendo]] {{vsep|1.75}} {{Vicimedia}} [[Categoria:Vicimedia]] [[Categoria:Vicipaedia]] 099qch12dhkzz2vgij0dwkm3164hdf1 12 312785 3996323 3995012 2026-10-23T10:54:31Z Grufo 64423 /* Notae HTML licitae */ +{{[[Formula:Index ramiformis|Index ramiformis]]}} 3996323 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa paginae|Paginas similes aliis linguis scriptas invenies '''[[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:HTML in wikitext|hic]]''' vel nexus interviciales sequendo. ''For other languages see '''[[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:HTML in wikitext|here]]''' or follow the interwiki links.''}} Programma computatrale ''[[MediaWiki]]'' sinit nonnullas notas HTML in vicitextu manu scribere. Ceterae notae HTML ostenduntur textus planus ({{*ie}} sine ullo effectu typographico neque manuscripto HTML celato). Vicipaedia Latina [[:Categoria:Formulae in locum notarum HTML substitutae|nonnullas formulas praebet]] ad scriptionem notarum HTML expediendam. Si formula peculiaris abest, iussus mediavicialis {{nim|#tag}} ad eius vicem adhiberi potest ({{*eg}} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{#tag:em|Lorem ipsum}}</syntaxhighlight> gignit {{vvt|{{#tag:em|Lorem ipsum}}}}, {{*ie}} {{#tag:em|Lorem ipsum}}). == Notae HTML licitae == {{Vide etiam|Categoria:Formulae in locum notarum HTML substitutae}} {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Notae HTML programmate ''MediaWiki'' concessae ! Nota HTML ! class="unsortable" | Significatio ! style="width:5ex" | Formula dedicata<ref name="formulae-dedicatae">Vide categoriam [[:Categoria:Formulae in locum notarum HTML substitutae|formularum in locum notarum HTML substitutarum]].</ref> ! class="unsortable" | Notae ! class="unsortable" | Aliae formuale<ref name="aliae-formulae">Hae formule notas HTML adhibent, sed non sinunt omnibus virtutibus talium notarum uti.</ref> |- | id="nota-html-abbr" | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline><abbr>...</abbr></syntaxhighlight> | Compendium | {{Fn|Compendium}} | | {{Fn|Compendiculum}}, videatur etiam [[:Categoria:Formulae compendiorum typographicorum]] |- | id="nota-html-b" | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline><b>...</b></syntaxhighlight> | Verba principalia | {{Fn|Lectio}} | '''Vicitextus:''' Tres virgulae singulae, {{*eg}}:<br /><syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>You enter a small room. Your '''sword''' glows brighter. A '''rat''' scurries past the corner wall.</syntaxhighlight> | |- | id="nota-html-bdi" | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline><bdi>...</bdi></syntaxhighlight> | Directionis textūs insulatio | | | |- | id="nota-html-bdo" | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline><bdo>...</bdo></syntaxhighlight> | Directionis textūs abrogatio | | | |- | id="nota-html-blockquote" | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline><blockquote>...</blockquote></syntaxhighlight> | Memoratio in seorso versu | {{Fn|Folium memoratum}} | | {{Fn|Ipse dixit}}, {{Fn|Citatio}} |- | id="nota-html-br" | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline><br /></syntaxhighlight> | Interruptio versūs | {{Fn|Interruptio versūs}} | | {{Fn|Series versibus dissaepta}} |- | id="nota-html-caption" | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline><caption>...</caption></syntaxhighlight> | Titulus tabellae | | '''Vicitextus:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>|+</syntaxhighlight> apud initium versūs infra tabellas ([[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Tables|auxilium]]) | |- | id="nota-html-cite" | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline><cite>...</cite></syntaxhighlight> | Titulus operis artis | {{Fn|Nomen operis}} | | {{Fn|Opus}} |- | id="nota-html-code" | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline><code>...</code></syntaxhighlight> | Verba machinaria | {{Fn|Verba machinaria}} | | |- | id="nota-html-data" | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline><data value="...">...</data></syntaxhighlight> | Textus cum [[data|datis computatralibus]] | {{Fn|Indicium tacitum}} | | {{Fn|Indicium ostentum}} |- | id="nota-html-dd" | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline><dd>...</dd></syntaxhighlight> | Descriptio intra indicem descriptionum | | '''Vicitextus:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>:</syntaxhighlight> apud initium versūs | |- | id="nota-html-del" | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline><del>...</del></syntaxhighlight> | Verba deleta vel delenda | {{Fn|Verba delenda}} | | |- | id="nota-html-dfn" | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline><dfn>...</dfn></syntaxhighlight> | Res in eodem paragrapho definita | {{Fn|Definienda}} | | {{Fn|Res}}, {{Fn|Res de opere}}, {{Fn|Res typis italicis}}, {{Fn|Res tacita}}, {{Fn|Subres}} |- | id="nota-html-div" | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline><div>...</div></syntaxhighlight> | Folium cui facies typographica peculiaris assignanda est | | | {{Fn|Norma sinistra}}, {{Fn|Norma media}}, {{Fn|Norma dextra}}, {{Fn|Norma dupla}}, {{Fn|Indentatio plana}}, {{Fn|Pagella}} |- | id="nota-html-dl" | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline><dl>...</dl></syntaxhighlight> | Index descriptionum | | '''Vicitextus:''' Nullus, tantummodo vide notas [[#nota-html-dt|&lt;dt&gt;]] et [[#nota-html-dd|&lt;dd&gt;]] | |- | id="nota-html-dt" | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline><dt>...</dt></syntaxhighlight> | Lemma intra indicem descriptionum | | '''Vicitextus:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>;</syntaxhighlight> apud initium versūs | |- | id="nota-html-em" | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline><em>...</em></syntaxhighlight> | Emphasis | {{Fn|Emphasis}} | | |- | id="nota-html-h1" | {{#tag:span||id=nota-h2}}{{#tag:span||id=nota-h3}}{{#tag:span||id=nota-h4}}{{#tag:span||id=nota-h5}}{{#tag:span||id=nota-h6}}<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline><h1>...</h1></syntaxhighlight> | Titulus – gradus ab 1 ad 6 | | '''Vicitextus:''' Par notarum aequalitatis ([[Auxilium:De recensendo#Sectio|auxilium]]) | {{Fn|Caput collapsum 2}} … {{Fn|Caput collapsum 6}}, {{Fn|Appendicula de hac pagina}} |- | id="nota-html-hr" | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline><hr /></syntaxhighlight> | Linea horizontalis | | '''Vicitextus:''' 4+ lineolae (<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>----</syntaxhighlight>) apud initium versūs | {{Fn|Tres asterisci}} |- | id="nota-html-i" | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline><i>...</i></syntaxhighlight> | Alia inclinatio animi vel alia vox vel locutio idiomatica | {{Fn|Idioma}} | '''Vicitextus:''' Duae virgulae singulae, {{*eg}} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>Nomen Francogallicum noctis est ''nuit''</syntaxhighlight> | |- | id="nota-html-ins" | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline><ins>...</ins></syntaxhighlight> | Verba inserta vel inserenda | {{Fn|Verba inserenda}} | | |- | id="nota-html-kbd" | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline><kbd>...</kbd></syntaxhighlight> | Res in [[programma computatrale]] indita (Anglice ''input'') | {{Fn|Indita}} | | |- | id="nota-html-li" | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline><li>...</li></syntaxhighlight> | Res in numeratione aut in indice numerata | | '''Vicitextus:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>*</syntaxhighlight> (index) vel <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>#</syntaxhighlight> (numeratio) apud initium versūs | |- | id="nota-html-link" | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline><link>...</link></syntaxhighlight> | Nexus ad virtutem exteram | | Attributionibus <code>itemprop</code> et <code>href</code> comitanda est<ref name="validate-tags">[[phab:source/mediawiki/browse/REL1_38/includes/parser/Sanitizer.php$488|Parser\Sanitizer::validateTag()]]</ref> | |- | id="nota-html-mark" | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline><mark>...</mark></syntaxhighlight> | Verba acclaranda | {{Fn|Acclaranda}} | | |- | id="nota-html-meta" | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline><meta>...</meta></syntaxhighlight> | Metadata | | Attributionibus <code>itemprop</code> et <code>href</code> comitanda est<ref name="validate-tags" /> | |- | id="nota-html-ol" | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline><ol>...</ol></syntaxhighlight> | Numeratio | {{Fn|Series versibus numeratis dissaepta}} | '''Vicitextus:''' Nullus, tantummodo vide notam [[#nota-html-li|&lt;li&gt;]] | {{Fn|Caput numerationis}}, {{Fn|Numeratio intra versum accommodata}} |- | id="nota-html-p" | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline><p>...</p></syntaxhighlight> | Paragraphus | | '''Vicitextus:''' Versus vacuus inter duos versus | |- | id="nota-html-pre" | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline><pre>...</pre></syntaxhighlight> | Textus typographice praeformatus | {{Fn|Folium dactylographicum}} | Interpretationi vicitextūs obstat, sicut nota Vicipaediana <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline><nowiki>...</nowiki></syntaxhighlight>. '''Vicitextus:''' Spatium apud initium versūs, i.e. <code>&nbsp;textus dactilographicus</code> | |- | id="nota-html-q" | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline><q>...</q></syntaxhighlight> | Memoratio intra versum accommodanda | {{Fn|Memoratio}} | | |- | id="nota-html-rp" | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline><rp>...</rp></syntaxhighlight> | Recessus celatus, ad notas parenthesis ponendas pro [[navigatrum|navigatris]] qui notulas “ruby” ostendere nequeunt (semper infra <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline><ruby>...</ruby></syntaxhighlight> scribenda) | rowspan="3" | {{Fn|Notula}}, {{Fn|Notulae}} | | |- | id="nota-html-rt" | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline><rt>...</rt></syntaxhighlight> | Notula “ruby” (semper infra <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline><ruby>...</ruby></syntaxhighlight> scribenda) | | |- | id="nota-html-ruby" | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline><ruby>...</ruby></syntaxhighlight> | Scriptio per notulas “ruby” adnotata | | |- | id="nota-html-s" | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline><s>...</s></syntaxhighlight> | Verba obsoleta | {{Fn|Verba obsoleta}} | | {{Fn|Verba expuncta}} |- | id="nota-html-samp" | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline><samp>...</samp></syntaxhighlight> | Res [[programma computatrale|programmate computatrali]] reddita (Anglice ''output'') | {{Fn|Reddita}} | | |- | id="nota-html-span" | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline><span>...</span></syntaxhighlight> | Verba intra versum accommodanda quibus facies typographica peculiaris assignanda est | {{Fn|Intra versum}} | | {{Fn|Typis}}, {{Fn|Subterlineanda}}, {{Fn|Subter subterlineanda}}, {{Fn|Bis subterlineanda}}, {{Fn|Typis monospatialibus}} |- | id="nota-html-strong" | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline><strong>...</strong></syntaxhighlight> | Verba magni momenti | {{Fn|Magni momenti}} | | |- | id="nota-html-sub" | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>_...</syntaxhighlight> | Verba subscripta | {{Fn|Sub}} | | rowspan=2 | {{Fn|Supsub}} |- | id="nota-html-sup" | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>^...</syntaxhighlight> | Verba superscripta | {{Fn|Sup}} | |- | id="nota-html-table" | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline><table>...</table></syntaxhighlight> | Tabella | | '''Vicitextus:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{|...|}</syntaxhighlight> ([[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Tables|auxilium]]) | {{Fn|Capsa tabellaria}} |- | id="nota-html-td" | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline><td>...</td></syntaxhighlight> | Cella tabellae (semper infra <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline><tr>...</tr></syntaxhighlight> scribenda) | | '''Vicitextus:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>|</syntaxhighlight> apud initium versūs infra tabellas ([[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Tables|auxilium]]) | |- | id="nota-html-th" | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline><th>...</th></syntaxhighlight> | Cella dux tabellae (semper infra <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline><tr>...</tr></syntaxhighlight> scribenda) | | '''Vicitextus:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>!</syntaxhighlight> apud initium versūs infra tabellas ([[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Tables|auxilium]]) | |- | id="nota-html-time" | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline><time>...</time></syntaxhighlight> | Tempus | {{Fn|Tempus}}, {{Fn|Dies}} | | |- | id="nota-html-tr" | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline><tr>...</tr></syntaxhighlight> | Series horizontalis cellarum tabellae (semper infra <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline><table>...</table></syntaxhighlight> scribenda) | | '''Vicitextus:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>|-</syntaxhighlight> apud initium versūs infra tabellas ([[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Tables|auxilium]]) | |- | id="nota-html-u" | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline><u>...</u></syntaxhighlight> | Tacita nota | {{Fn|Tacita nota}} | | |- | id="nota-html-ul" | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline><ul>...</ul></syntaxhighlight> | Index | {{Fn|Series versibus punctatis dissaepta}} | '''Vicitextus:''' Nullus, tantummodo vide notam [[#nota-html-li|&lt;li&gt;]] | {{Fn|Index arborescens}}, {{Fn|Index arborescens dissaeptus}}, {{Fn|Index ramiformis}} |- | id="nota-html-var" | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline><var>...</var></syntaxhighlight> | Quantitas vel notio sive [[Quantitas variabilis|variabilis]] sive [[Quantitas constans|constans]] | {{Fn|Var}} | | {{Fn|Mvar}}, {{Fn|Vect}} |- | id="nota-html-wbr" | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline><wbr /></syntaxhighlight> | Opportunitas interruptionis versūs | | |} === Notae HTML peculiares === {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Notae HTML programmate ''MediaWiki'' concessae ! Nota HTML ! class="unsortable" | Significatio ! style="width:5ex" | Formula dedicata<ref name="formulae-dedicatae" /> ! class="unsortable" | Notae ! class="unsortable" | Aliae formuale<ref name="aliae-formulae" /> |- | id="nota-html-murmur" | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline><!-- ... --></syntaxhighlight> | Monitus ad recensores (de quo lectrices lectoresque celabuntur) | {{Fsn|Murmur}} | | {{Fn|Substitutio signata}} |} === Notae HTML fortasse obsoleturae === {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Notae HTML programmate ''MediaWiki'' concessae, sed fortasse obsoleturae ! Nota HTML ! class="unsortable" | Significatio ! style="width:5ex" | Formula dedicata<ref name="formulae-dedicatae" /> ! class="unsortable" | Notae ! class="unsortable" | Aliae formuale<ref name="aliae-formulae" /> |- | id="nota-html-big" | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline><big>...</big></syntaxhighlight> | Textus faciendus maior | | [[WHATWG]] [https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/obsolete.html#big dissuadet] ne nota <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline><big>...</big></syntaxhighlight> adhibeatur, sed programma [[MediaVici]] eam admittit (vide [[phab:T154067|T154067]]) | |- | id="nota-html-small" | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline><small>...</small></syntaxhighlight> | Textus faciendus minor | | Nemo dissuadet ne nota <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline><small>...</small></syntaxhighlight> adhibeatur, sed vide notam [[#nota-html-big|&lt;big&gt;]] |} == Notae vicitextuales == Syntaxis vicitextualis, linguam HTML imitans, etiam suas notas peculiares praebet. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Notae vicitextuales ! Nota vicitextualis ! class="unsortable" | Significatio ! style="width:5ex" | Formula dedicata<ref name="formulae-dedicatae" /> ! class="unsortable" | Notae ! class="unsortable" | Aliae formuale<ref name="aliae-formulae" /> |- | id="nota-vicitextualis-poem" | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline><poem>...</poem></syntaxhighlight> | Versus poëtici | {{Fsn|Poëma}} | | |- | id="nota-vicitextualis-gallery" | {{Versus vicitextūs|<<nowiki />gallery>...<<nowiki />/gallery>}} | Exhibitio imaginum | | Vide [[:en:Help:Gallery tag|auxilium]] (Anglice) | {{Fn|Pinacotheca}} |- | id="nota-vicitextualis-ref" | {{Versus vicitextūs|<<nowiki />ref>...<<nowiki />/ref>}} | Referentiae | | Vide [[:mw:Help:Cite|auxilium]] (Anglice) | {{Fsn|Annotatio cum paginis creandis}}, {{Fn|Opus ref}} |- | id="nota-vicitextualis-references" | {{Versus vicitextūs|<<nowiki />references />}} | Annotationes | | Vide [[:mw:Help:Cite|auxilium]] (Anglice) | {{Fsn|Notae}} |- | id="nota-vicitextualis-syntaxhighlight" | {{Versus vicitextūs|<<nowiki />syntaxhighlight>...<<nowiki />/syntaxhighlight>}} | Exhibitio vicitextūs | | Vide [[:mw:Extension:SyntaxHighlight|auxilium]] (Anglice) | {{Fn|Exhibitio murmuris}}, {{Fn|Folium HTML}}, {{Fn|Folium vicitextūs}}, {{Fn|Versus HTML}}, {{Fn|Versus vicitextūs}} |} == Notae == <references /> {{NexInt}} * [[Auxilium:De recensendo]] * [[Vicipaedia:De orthographia]] * [[:Categoria:Formulae in locum notarum HTML substitutae]] * [[:Categoria:Formulae typographicae]] * {{Fn|Exhibitio notae HTML}} * {{Fn|Textus planus}} h23bf958vjfx76sahgoppgptcxo9n5t 10 314013 3996305 3892033 2026-10-23T09:53:23Z Grufo 64423 “Haec pagina est obsolescens” → “Haec est pagina obsolescens” 3996305 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{Capsa annuntiationis | color = #6478a0 | imago = Obsolescent blue.svg | 1 = '''{{#switch:{{NAMESPACENUMBER}} | 0 = Haec est commentatio | 1 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 11 | 13 | 15 | 101 | 119 | 711 | 829 = Haec est disputatio | 6 = Hic est fasciculus | 10 = Haec est formula | 828 = Hic est modulus | 14 = Haec est categoria | #default = Haec est pagina }} obsolescens''' Aliquando tandem fortasse {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACENUMBER}}|14|delebitur|fiet [[Formula:Antiqua_pagina|tabularium historicum]]}}, aut denuo in usum reveniet. Hoc tempore eius destinatio est ignota. Sodes, fer sententiam tuam in [[Vicipaedia:Taberna|nostra Taberna]]{{#if:{{{1|}}}|. Haec nota addita est: {{Vitta sententiae|color=#fff|{{{1}}}}}|.}} Usus mutatioque paginae '''non''' prohibentur. }}{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Paginae obsolescentes]]}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentatio}}</noinclude> lyddyk24j5vrflhfzzfbpf1fzzz4r7y 2 314218 3996188 3994339 2026-10-22T12:55:52Z Beko 34062 3996188 wikitext text/x-wiki # [[:en:Multistakeholder Model]] - [[:hy:Բազմաշահահռու մոդել]] # [[:en:Digital Governance]]- [[:hy:Է-Կառավարում]] բարելավում # [[:en:Alexander von Humboldt Institute for Internet and Society]] # [[:en:Internet Governance Ecosystem]] - [[:hy:Ինտերնետի կառավարման էկոհամակարգ]] # [[:en:Multistakeholder governance]] # [[:en:Collective intelligence]] - [[:hy:Կոլեկտիվ բանականություն]] բարելավել # [[:en:Global IGF ]] # [[:en:National IGF ]] # [[:en:Regional IGF ]] # [[:en:Sub-regional IGF]] # [[:en:Youth IGF ]] # [[:en:National and Regional Initiatives]] # [[:en:Multistakeholder Advisory Group]] # [[:en:IGF Secretariat ]] # [[:en:IGF Messages ]] # [[:en:IGF Best Practice Forums ]] # [[:en:Dynamic Coalitions ]] # [[:en:Intersessional Work ]] # [[:en:DNS]] բարելավում # [[:en:Root Server]] # [[:en:ccTLD]] # [[:en:new gTLD]] # [[:en:IDN ccTLD]] # [[:en:U-label]] # [[:en:A-label]] # [[:en:EPP]] # [[:en:Registry]] # [[:en:Registrar]] # [[:en:Registrant]] # [[:en:DNSSEC]] # [[:en:RDAP]] # [[:en:WHOIS]] # [[:en:.berlin]] # [[:en:.brussels]] # [[:en:.cern]] # [[:en:.dance]] # [[:en:.earth]] # [[:en:.gay]] # [[:en:.guru]] # [[:en:.hiv]] # [[:en:.inc]] # [[:en:.kaufen]] # [[:en:.kosher]] # [[:en:.pharmacy]] # [[:en:.rip]] # [[:en:.wien]] # [[:en:.zip (top-level domain)]] # [[:en:Proposed top-level domains]] # [[:en:Sponsored top-level domain]] === IP addresses === # [[:en:0.0.0.0]] # [[:en:CIDR notation]] # [[:en:Classful network]] # [[:en:Classless Inter-Domain Routing]] # [[:en:Gateway address]] # [[:en:IP address spoofing]] # [[:en:IPv4 address]] # [[:en:IPv4 shared address space]] # [[:en:IPv6 address]] # [[:en:List of reserved IP addresses]] # [[:en:Localhost]] # [[:en:Martian packet]] # [[:en:Private network]] # [[:en:Provider-aggregatable address space]] # [[:en:Provider-independent address space]] # [[:en:Public network]] # [[:en:Subnet]] # [[:en:USERIP]] # [[:en:Virtual IP address]] # [[:en:Wildcard mask]] # [[:en:X-Originating-IP]] # [[:en:ASN ]] # [[:en:BGP ]] # [[:en:RIR ]] պարզել # [[:en:LIR ]] === Internet architecture === # [[:en:6bone]] # [[:en:AS 7007 incident]] # [[:en:Adaptive quality of service multi-hop routing]] # [[:en:Address pool]] # [[:en:AiScaler]] # [[:en:Any-source multicast]] # [[:en:Application-Layer Protocol Negotiation]] # [[:en:Application-layer framing]] # [[:en:Authenticated Received Chain]] # [[:en:Autonomous system (Internet)]] # [[:en:Border Gateway Multicast Protocol]] # [[:en:Border Gateway Protocol]] # [[:en:Bufferbloat]] # [[:en:COinS]] # [[:en:Certificate server]] # [[:en:Circuit-level gateway]] # [[:en:Clean Slate Program]] # [[:en:Colocation centre]] # [[:en:Connection-oriented communication]] # [[:en:Connectionless communication]] # [[:en:Control plane]] # [[:en:Core router]] # [[:en:DIMES]] # [[:en:Data plane]] # [[:en:Default route]] # [[:en:Differentiated services]] # [[:en:DomainKeys Identified Mail]] # [[:en:Echo (communications protocol)]] # [[:en:EncroChat]] # [[:en:End system]] # [[:en:End-to-end principle]] # [[:en:EraMobile]] # [[:en:Fabric Connect]] # [[:en:Fate-sharing]] # [[:en:Future Internet Research and Experimentation]] # [[:en:Future Internet testbeds experimentation between BRazil and Europe]] # [[:en:Gateway (telecommunications)]] # [[:en:Global network positioning]] # [[:en:HERMES-A/MINOTAUR]] # [[:en:Herbert Van de Sompel]] # [[:en:Hot-potato routing]] # [[:en:IEEE 802.1aq]] # [[:en:IP aliasing]] # [[:en:IP over Avian Carriers]] # [[:en:IP traceback]] # [[:en:Identifier-Locator Network Protocol]] # [[:en:Integrated services]] # [[:en:Interconnect agreement]] # [[:en:Internet Architecture Board]] # [[:en:Internet Mapping Project]] # [[:en:Internet Mix]] # [[:en:Internet Protocol Options]] # [[:en:Internet Routing Registry]] # [[:en:Internet backbone]] # [[:en:Internet bottleneck]] # [[:en:Internet outage]] # [[:en:Internet rush hour]] # [[:en:Internet traffic engineering]] # [[:en:Internet transit]] # [[:en:Last mile (telecommunications)]] # [[:en:Locator/Identifier Separation Protocol]] # [[:en:Longest prefix match]] # [[:en:Loopback]] # [[:en:Luleå algorithm]] # [[:en:Management plane]] # [[:en:Matrix (app)]] # [[:en:Mbone]] # [[:en:Media type]] # [[:en:Meet-me room]] # [[:en:Middle mile]] # [[:en:Multicast]] # [[:en:Multicast routing]] # [[:en:Multihoming]] # [[:en:NJFX]] # [[:en:Network load balancing]] # [[:en:Network mapping]] # [[:en:OpenURL]] # [[:en:OpenURL knowledge base]] # [[:en:Opte Project]] # [[:en:Peering]] # [[:en:PeeringDB]] # [[:en:Per-hop behaviour]] # [[:en:PingER Project]] # [[:en:QPPB]] # [[:en:RFC 6329]] # [[:en:RSVP-TE]] # [[:en:Resource Public Key Infrastructure]] # [[:en:Resource Reservation Protocol]] # [[:en:RouteViews]] # [[:en:Router (computing)]] # [[:en:Routing]] # [[:en:Routing Assets Database]] # [[:en:Routing Policy Specification Language]] # [[:en:Routing table]] # [[:en:Semaphore Flag Signaling System]] # [[:en:Sender Policy Framework]] # [[:en:Shortest path bridging]] # [[:en:Site Multihoming by IPv6 Intermediation]] # [[:en:Sorcerer's Apprentice syndrome]] # [[:en:Supernetwork]] # [[:en:TelecityGroup]] # [[:en:Teredo tunneling]] # [[:en:Tier 1 network]] # [[:en:Tier 2 network]] # [[:en:Time to live]] # [[:en:Turn restriction routing]] # [[:en:Unicast]] # [[:en:Unicast flood]] # [[:en:Xcast]] === Internet access === # [[:en:10G]] # [[:en:2016 United States wireless spectrum auction]] # [[:en:Affordable Connectivity Program]] # [[:en:Alliance for Affordable Internet]] # [[:en:Cable Internet access]] # [[:en:Cable modem]] # [[:en:Cable modem termination system]] # [[:en:Captive Audience]] # [[:en:Com21]] # [[:en:Combating Online Infringement and Counterfeits Act]] # [[:en:Data discrimination]] # [[:en:Defense Data Network]] # [[:en:Dial-up Internet access]] # [[:en:Digital Divide Network]] # [[:en:Digital equity]] # [[:en:Digital rights in the Caribbean]] # [[:en:Digital subscriber line]] # [[:en:Dynamic/Dialup Users List]] # [[:en:EZproxy]] # [[:en:FRIACO]] # [[:en:Flat rate]] # [[:en:Get Online Week]] # [[:en:Google Free Zone]] # [[:en:HD-PLC]] # [[:en:Hosted service provider]] # [[:en:Hybrid Access Networks]] # [[:en:Internet Freedom Foundation]] # [[:en:Internet access]] # [[:en:List of members of the U.S. Congress who support or oppose SOPA/PIPA]] # [[:en:Multipurpose community telecenters]] # [[:en:Municipal wireless network]] # [[:en:NTCA - The Rural Broadband Association]] # [[:en:Net Neutrality Regulation 2015]] # [[:en:Net neutrality in the Netherlands]] # [[:en:Online Centres Network]] # [[:en:Online Protection and Enforcement of Digital Trade Act]] # [[:en:OpenWireless.org]] # [[:en:Platform for Internet Content Selection]] # [[:en:Power-line communication]] # [[:en:Protecting Children from Internet Pornographers Act of 2011]] # [[:en:RADIO-MSU Network]] # [[:en:Research Works Act]] # [[:en:Robb Topolski]] # [[:en:Rural Internet]] # [[:en:Satellite Internet access]] # [[:en:Series of tubes]] # [[:en:Sovereign Internet Law]] # [[:en:Sublink Network]] # [[:en:Twister Telecom]] # [[:en:White space Internet]] # [[:en:White spaces (radio)]] # [[:en:Yarovaya law]] === Cloud infrastructure === # [[:en:AWS App Runner]] # [[:en:Abiquo Enterprise Edition]] # [[:en:Alibaba Cloud]] # [[:en:Amazon Bedrock]] # [[:en:Amazon ElastiCache]] # [[:en:Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud]] # [[:en:Amazon Elastic File System]] # [[:en:Amazon Rekognition]] # [[:en:Amazon SageMaker]] # [[:en:Amazon Web Services]] # [[:en:Animoto]] # [[:en:Apache CloudStack]] # [[:en:Apache Drill]] # [[:en:Apache Hama]] # [[:en:Apache Mesos]] # [[:en:Apache Storm]] # [[:en:Aptum Technologies]] # [[:en:Azure Data Lake]] # [[:en:Azure Maps]] # [[:en:Azure Stream Analytics]] # [[:en:Bare-metal server]] # [[:en:Basho Technologies]] # [[:en:BigCouch]] # [[:en:Bitnami]] # [[:en:Bright Computing]] # [[:en:Bring your own encryption]] # [[:en:Cascading (software)]] # [[:en:Citrix Cloud]] # [[:en:Cloud Foundry]] # [[:en:Cloud computing]] # [[:en:Cloud-native network function]] # [[:en:CloudBees]] # [[:en:CloudBolt]] # [[:en:CloudKit]] # [[:en:CloudSim]] # [[:en:Cloudant]] # [[:en:Cloudera]] # [[:en:Cloudian]] # [[:en:Cloudways]] # [[:en:Ekco Cloud]] # [[:en:ElasticHosts]] # [[:en:Enomaly]] # [[:en:Enstratius]] # [[:en:Eucalyptus (software)]] # [[:en:FUJITSU Cloud IaaS Trusted Public S5]] # [[:en:FlexiScale]] # [[:en:Google Cloud Platform]] # [[:en:Google Compute Engine]] # [[:en:GreenButton]] # [[:en:GreenQloud]] # [[:en:HP Cloud]] # [[:en:Heroku]] # [[:en:Hybrid cloud storage]] # [[:en:IBM Blueworks Live]] # [[:en:IBM Cloud]] # [[:en:IEEE Cloud Computing]] # [[:en:Iland]] # [[:en:InfiniDB]] # [[:en:Jelastic]] # [[:en:Kaavo]] # [[:en:Key Management Interoperability Protocol]] # [[:en:Kubeflow]] # [[:en:Kubernetes]] # [[:en:LingCloud]] # [[:en:Linode]] # [[:en:Logicworks]] # [[:en:Lumen Technologies]] # [[:en:MLab]] # [[:en:MapR]] # [[:en:Media Temple]] # [[:en:Microsoft Azure]] # [[:en:MinIO]] # [[:en:MongoDB Inc.]] # [[:en:Music Kickup]] # [[:en:NATS Messaging]] # [[:en:Netlify]] # [[:en:Nimbula]] # [[:en:Nimbus (cloud computing)]] # [[:en:Nutanix]] # [[:en:On-premises hosting]] # [[:en:OnApp]] # [[:en:OpSource]] # [[:en:OpenQRM]] # [[:en:OpenSAF]] # [[:en:OpenStack]] # [[:en:OpenTofu]] # [[:en:Oracle Cloud]] # [[:en:Oracle Cloud Platform]] # [[:en:Oracle Database]] # [[:en:OrionVM]] # [[:en:Promo.com]] # [[:en:Qstack]] # [[:en:Rclone]] # [[:en:Riak]] # [[:en:RightScale]] # [[:en:SAP BTP]] # [[:en:SAP Cloud Infrastructure]] # [[:en:Scaleway]] # [[:en:Sector/Sphere]] # [[:en:Skytap]] # [[:en:Software-defined data center]] # [[:en:StackPath]] # [[:en:Stratoscale]] # [[:en:Sun Cloud]] # [[:en:Synnefo]] # [[:en:THG Ingenuity Cloud Services]] # [[:en:Tahoe-LAFS]] # [[:en:Terraform (software)]] # [[:en:Turbot (business)]] # [[:en:TurnKey Linux Virtual Appliance Library]] # [[:en:Vercel]] # [[:en:Virtustream]] # [[:en:Vultr]] # [[:en:Wakame-vdc]] # [[:en:Yandex Cloud]] === Internet Society people === # [[:en:Alan Levin (Internet governance)]] # [[:en:Barry Leiba]] # [[:en:Borka Jerman Blažič]] # [[:en:Brian Carpenter (engineer)]] # [[:en:Désirée Miloshevic]] # [[:en:Fred Baker (engineer)]] # [[:en:Geoff Huston (scientist)]] # [[:en:Howard Frank (network engineer)]] # [[:en:Infoveillance]] # [[:en:John Klensin]] # [[:en:Khaled Koubaa]] # [[:en:Nathaniel Borenstein]] # [[:en:Stephen Kent (network security)]] === Domain Name System === # [[:en:ARPA Host Name Server Protocol]] # [[:en:Amazon Route 53]] # [[:en:At-Large Advisory Committee]] # [[:en:Auth-Code]] # [[:en:Bitsquatting]] # [[:en:Blackhole server]] # [[:en:Bonjour Sleep Proxy]] # [[:en:British Telecommunications plc v One in a Million Ltd]] # [[:en:Certification Authority Authorization]] # [[:en:Chinese Domain Name Consortium]] # [[:en:Country code second-level domain]] # [[:en:Country code top-level domains with commercial licenses]] # [[:en:DDoS attacks on Dyn]] # [[:en:DNS Certification Authority Authorization]] # [[:en:DNS Long-Lived Queries]] # [[:en:DNS analytics]] # [[:en:DNS blocking]] # [[:en:DNS hosting service]] # [[:en:DNS over TLS]] # [[:en:DNS rebinding]] # [[:en:DNS sinkhole]] # [[:en:DNS spoofing]] # [[:en:DNS zone]] # [[:en:DNS zone transfer]] # [[:en:DNS-based Authentication of Named Entities]] # [[:en:DNSChanger]] # [[:en:DNSCrypt]] # [[:en:DNSCurve]] # [[:en:Dig (command)]] # [[:en:Directory service]] # [[:en:Distributed denial-of-service attacks on root nameservers]] # [[:en:Domain aftermarket]] # [[:en:Domain name auction]] # [[:en:Domain name drop list]] # [[:en:Domain registration]] # [[:en:Domains by Proxy]] # [[:en:Dynamic DNS]] # [[:en:Dynamic Delegation Discovery System]] # [[:en:Extensible Provisioning Protocol]] # [[:en:Extension Mechanisms for DNS]] # [[:en:Fast flux]] # [[:en:Forward-confirmed reverse DNS]] # [[:en:Fully qualified name]] # [[:en:Gauss Research Laboratory]] # [[:en:Geodomain]] # [[:en:Getaddrinfo]] # [[:en:Global Name Registry]] # [[:en:Hesiod (name service)]] # [[:en:Hosts (file)]] # [[:en:IAHC]] # [[:en:IDN.IDN]] # [[:en:IPv6 brokenness and DNS whitelisting]] # [[:en:ISP redirect page]] # [[:en:Internet Domain Name Index]] # [[:en:Internet Provider Security]] # [[:en:Landrush period]] # [[:en:Link-Local Multicast Name Resolution]] # [[:en:List of managed DNS providers]] # [[:en:Mcast.net]] # [[:en:Multicast DNS]] # [[:en:MysqlBind]] # [[:en:NIC handle]] # [[:en:Name server]] # [[:en:Nameprep]] # [[:en:Network domain]] # [[:en:Nsupdate]] # [[:en:OpenDNSSEC]] # [[:en:OpenNIC]] # [[:en:Patent and Trademark Office v. Booking.com B. V.]] # [[:en:Planned Parenthood Federation of America, Inc. v. Bucci]] # [[:en:Private sub-domain registry]] # [[:en:Public Suffix List]] # [[:en:Public recursive name server]] # [[:en:RACE encoding]] # [[:en:RadioDNS]] # [[:en:Register.com v. Verio]] # [[:en:Resolv.conf]] # [[:en:Resolvconf]] # [[:en:Reverse DNS lookup]] # [[:en:Reverse domain hijacking]] # [[:en:Reverse domain name notation]] # [[:en:Round-robin DNS]] # [[:en:Search domain]] # [[:en:Serial number arithmetic]] # [[:en:Single-letter second-level domain]] # [[:en:Site Finder]] # [[:en:Special-use domain name]] # [[:en:Split-horizon DNS]] # [[:en:Sunrise period]] # [[:en:TSIG]] # [[:en:Teledotcom]] # [[:en:Trojan.Win32.DNSChanger]] # [[:en:Unsponsored top-level domain]] # [[:en:Vanity domain]] # [[:en:Wait Listing Service]] # [[:en:Web Proxy Auto-Discovery Protocol]] # [[:en:Wildcard DNS record]] # [[:en:ZA Central Registry]] # [[:en:Zero-configuration networking]] # [[:en:Zone file]] === Domain name registries === # [[:en:Afilias]] # [[:en:Associação DNS.PT]] # [[:en:AusRegistry]] # [[:en:CZ.NIC]] # [[:en:Canadian Internet Registration Authority]] # [[:en:China Internet Network Information Center]] # [[:en:Coordination Center for TLD RU]] # [[:en:DENIC]] # [[:en:DNS Belgium]] # [[:en:DotCooperation]] # [[:en:GRS Domains]] # [[:en:NIC Argentina]] # [[:en:NIC México]] # [[:en:Nic.at]] # [[:en:NomiNation]] # [[:en:Norid]] # [[:en:Public Interest Registry]] # [[:en:Saudi Network Information Center]] # [[:en:Syrian Computer Society]] # [[:en:Technical Center of Internet]] # [[:en:Top Level Design]] === Content delivery networks === # [[:en:Amazon CloudFront]] # [[:en:CDNetworks]] # [[:en:CacheFly]] # [[:en:Cdnjs]] # [[:en:ChinaCache]] # [[:en:Content delivery network]] # [[:en:Content delivery network interconnection]] # [[:en:DDoS-Guard]] # [[:en:Edgecast]] # [[:en:Edgio]] # [[:en:Fastly]] # [[:en:GTT Communications]] # [[:en:Gcore]] # [[:en:Information-centric networking caching policies]] # [[:en:Instart]] # [[:en:JSDelivr]] # [[:en:Level 3 Communications]] # [[:en:MetaCDN]] # [[:en:Open Connect]] # [[:en:TW Telecom]] # [[:en:Wangsu Science & Technology]] # [[:en:Yottaa]] === Data protection === # [[:en:American Privacy Rights Act]] # [[:en:CTERA Networks]] # [[:en:California Privacy Rights Act]] # [[:en:Canary trap]] # [[:en:Cliqz]] # [[:en:Cloud storage gateway]] # [[:en:Commvault]] # [[:en:Confederation of European Data Protection Organisations]] # [[:en:Consent management]] # [[:en:Consent or pay]] # [[:en:DNS4EU]] # [[:en:Data (Use and Access) Act 2025]] # [[:en:Data Protection Act 1998]] # [[:en:Data Protection Act 2018]] # [[:en:Data Protection Act, 2012]] # [[:en:Data Security Law of the People's Republic of China]] # [[:en:Data anonymization]] # [[:en:Data cooperative]] # [[:en:Data embassy]] # [[:en:Data masking]] # [[:en:Data protection officer]] # [[:en:Datafly algorithm]] # [[:en:De-identification]] # [[:en:Delete Act]] # [[:en:Digital Personal Data Protection Rules, 2025]] # [[:en:EU Cloud Code of Conduct]] # [[:en:European Centre for Certification and Privacy]] # [[:en:Europrivacy]] # [[:en:Hard privacy technologies]] # [[:en:Indigenous data governance]] # [[:en:Information Technology Rules, 2021]] # [[:en:Information privacy]] # [[:en:Malabo Convention]] # [[:en:NOYB]] # [[:en:National Privacy Commission]] # [[:en:Personal Data Protection Act (Sri Lanka)]] # [[:en:Personal Data Protection Bill, 2019]] # [[:en:Personal Information Protection Law of the People's Republic of China]] # [[:en:Privacy impact assessment]] # [[:en:Privacy-enhancing technologies]] # [[:en:QNAP Systems]] # [[:en:Search engine privacy]] # [[:en:Soft privacy technologies]] # [[:en:The Clean Network]] # [[:en:Tiversa]] # [[:en:Transparent decryption]] === Internet Standards === # [[:en:ALTO (protocol)]] # [[:en:AS1 (networking)]] # [[:en:AS2]] # [[:en:Acct URI scheme]] # [[:en:Admission control]] # [[:en:Archie (search engine)]] # [[:en:Architecture for Control Networks]] # [[:en:Automatic switched-transport network]] # [[:en:Base62]] # [[:en:Base64]] # [[:en:Berkeley r-commands]] # [[:en:Bidirectional Forwarding Detection]] # [[:en:Bootstrap Protocol]] # [[:en:Bounce message]] # [[:en:CCSO Nameserver]] # [[:en:CE-HTML]] # [[:en:CRAM-MD5]] # [[:en:Certificate Management Protocol]] # [[:en:Certificate Management over CMS]] # [[:en:Clearinghouse for Networked Information Discovery and Retrieval]] # [[:en:Cryptographic Message Syntax]] # [[:en:DHCP snooping]] # [[:en:Data URI scheme]] # [[:en:Default-free zone]] # [[:en:Deterministic Networking]] # [[:en:Diameter (protocol)]] # [[:en:Diameter Credit-Control Application]] # [[:en:Directory information tree]] # [[:en:Endpoint Handlespace Redundancy Protocol]] # [[:en:Enriched text]] # [[:en:Enrollment over Secure Transport]] # [[:en:Ephemeral port]] # [[:en:External Data Representation]] # [[:en:FAST TCP]] # [[:en:FTPS]] # [[:en:Fast and Secure Protocol]] # [[:en:File URI scheme]] # [[:en:Finger (protocol)]] # [[:en:G.9963]] # [[:en:G.9970]] # [[:en:G.hn]] # [[:en:GPSoverIP]] # [[:en:Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching]] # [[:en:Generic Security Services Application Programming Interface]] # [[:en:Gopher (protocol)]] # [[:en:H.248]] # [[:en:HTTP cookie]] # [[:en:ICMP Router Discovery Protocol]] # [[:en:ICalendar]] # [[:en:IETF Administrative Support Activity]] # [[:en:IS-IS]] # [[:en:Internet Control Message Protocol]] # [[:en:Internet Draft]] # [[:en:Internet Experiment Note]] # [[:en:Internet Group Management Protocol]] # [[:en:Internet Society Nepal]] # [[:en:Internet Standard]] # [[:en:Internet resource locator]] # [[:en:JSON Web Encryption]] # [[:en:JSON Web Signature]] # [[:en:Jughead (search engine)]] # [[:en:LDAP Data Interchange Format]] # [[:en:LISTSERV]] # [[:en:Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol]] # [[:en:Lightweight Directory Access Protocol]] # [[:en:Link Control Protocol]] # [[:en:Link layer]] # [[:en:List of RFCs]] # [[:en:M3UA]] # [[:en:MAC-Forced Forwarding]] # [[:en:MIME Object Security Services]] # [[:en:MIMIC Simulator]] # [[:en:MPLS-TP]] # [[:en:Media gateway control protocol architecture]] # [[:en:Miracast]] # [[:en:Mobile web]] # [[:en:Multicast Listener Discovery]] # [[:en:Multiprotocol Encapsulation over ATM]] # [[:en:Multiprotocol Label Switching]] # [[:en:NETCONF]] # [[:en:National Internet registry]] # [[:en:Neighbor Discovery Protocol]] # [[:en:Nepal IGF]] # [[:en:Net-SNMP]] # [[:en:Network Access Identifier]] # [[:en:Network Data Representation]] # [[:en:Network News Transfer Protocol]] # [[:en:Network Security Services]] # [[:en:Network Time Protocol]] # [[:en:OCSP stapling]] # [[:en:OFTP]] # [[:en:Online Certificate Status Protocol]] # [[:en:Open Shortest Path First]] # [[:en:Percent-encoding]] # [[:en:Point-to-Point Protocol]] # [[:en:Poly1305]] # [[:en:Portmap]] # [[:en:Proxy ARP]] # [[:en:RADIUS]] # [[:en:Rdate]] # [[:en:Regional Internet registry]] # [[:en:Registration Data Access Protocol]] # [[:en:Reliable Event Logging Protocol]] # [[:en:Reverse Address Resolution Protocol]] # [[:en:Robust Header Compression]] # [[:en:Robustness principle]] # [[:en:Route poisoning]] # [[:en:Route server]] # [[:en:Router alert label]] # [[:en:Routing Information Protocol]] # [[:en:Rsyslog]] # [[:en:Rtelnet]] # [[:en:SCTP packet structure]] # [[:en:SCVP]] # [[:en:SDXF]] # [[:en:SSHFP record]] # [[:en:STD 8]] # [[:en:Salsa20]] # [[:en:Sensor Web Enablement]] # [[:en:Service Location Protocol]] # [[:en:Session Announcement Protocol]] # [[:en:Session Description Protocol]] # [[:en:Shared Whois Project]] # [[:en:Simple Authentication and Security Layer]] # [[:en:Simple Certificate Enrollment Protocol]] # [[:en:Split horizon route advertisement]] # [[:en:Stream Control Transmission Protocol]] # [[:en:Sun RPC]] # [[:en:Syslog]] # [[:en:Syslog-ng]] # [[:en:T-MPLS]] # [[:en:T.37]] # [[:en:T.38]] # [[:en:T/TCP]] # [[:en:TCP-Illinois]] # [[:en:TR-069]] # [[:en:Tag URI scheme]] # [[:en:Telnet]] # [[:en:Token Binding]] # [[:en:Type–length–value]] # [[:en:UDP Helper Address]] # [[:en:URI Template]] # [[:en:Universal 2nd Factor]] # [[:en:Usenet]] # [[:en:VCard]] # [[:en:VPIM]] # [[:en:Veronica (search engine)]] # [[:en:Virtual circuit multiplexing]] # [[:en:WHOIS]] # [[:en:WHOIS++]] # [[:en:Wide Area Information Server]] # [[:en:Wireless Transport Layer Security]] # [[:en:X.1035]] # [[:en:XMPP]] # [[:en:Xpress Transport Protocol]] ntee2gy1vz8nh24h94ke45nvmaafqs8 2 314478 3996187 3994110 2026-10-22T12:28:02Z Grufo 64423 3996187 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Notae caducae | titulus = Memoranda | pagina = /notae }} [[Specialis:Praefixa/{{FULLPAGENAME}}/|Subpaginae]]: * [[Usor:Grufo/Officina/Facienda|Facienda]] * [[Usor:Grufo/Officina/Experimenta|Experimenta]] * [[Usor:Grufo/Officina/Tabularium|Tabularium]] * [[Usor:Grufo/Officina/Lorem ipsum|Lorem ipsum]] * [[Usor:Grufo/Officina/Annotationes|Annotationes]] == Annotationes == * [[:Categoria:Categoriae exploratoriae]] * <code>[https://github.com/wikimedia/mediawiki-extensions-Scribunto/blob/6d93921797f12b82dea25f3a9ce40cd3008a66f0/includes/Engines/LuaCommon/lualib/mw.lua#L208-L511 newFrame]</code> * <code>[https://github.com/wikimedia/mediawiki-extensions-Scribunto/blob/703942affa454493cfcc240d41eeb81ac10c9c03/includes/Engines/LuaCommon/LuaEngine.php#L687-L689 newChildFrame]</code> * {{Nexus planus | 1 = //en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?search=intitle%3Acategory&title=Special%3ASearch&profile=advanced&fulltext=1&advancedSearch-current=%7B%22fields%22%3A%7B%22intitle%22%3A%22category%22%7D%7D&ns8=1 | 2 = Nomina categoriarum systematis Vicipaediae Anglicae }} * [https://doc.wikimedia.org/codex/latest/design-tokens/color.html Color _ Codex] * {{Nexus cum parametris | search = intitle:category | profile = advanced | fulltext = 1 | advancedSearch-current = {"fields":{"intitle":"category"}<nowiki />} | ns8 = 1 | 1 = Specialis:Quaerere | 2 = Nomina categoriarum systematis Vicipaediae Latinae }} * {{Nexus cum parametris | 1 = Specialis:Quaerere | 2 = Paginae documentationis quae &#123;&#123;Categoriae vestigatoriae formulae&#125;&#125; requirunt | search = insource:/\{{!}}\s*!\s*\]\]/i | limit = 500 | offset = 0 | ns10 = 1 | sort = last_edit_desc | searchToken = d52ms0m5mhbjrlausqohxllfv }} * {{Nexus ad quaerendum|insource:/\<ref[^>\/]*\>[^<]*\{\{safesubst:/i|Annotationes cui est <code>safesubst:</code>|intra=0,1,10,100,101,11,118,119,12,13,14,15,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,828,829,9|dumtaxat=500|ordo=secundum recensionem}} * {{Nexus ad quaerendum|insource:/\<ref[^>\/]*\>[^<]*\{\{subst:/i|Annotationes cui est <code>subst:</code>|intra=0,1,10,100,101,11,118,119,12,13,14,15,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,828,829,9|dumtaxat=500|ordo=secundum recensionem}} * {{Nexus ad quaerendum|insource:/invoke:params/i|Ubi modulus Params adhibeatur|intra=0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,100,101,118,119,710,711,829|dumtaxat=500|ordo=secundum recensionem}} * [[Formula:Thesaurus veterum formularum]] * [[:en:Category:Disambiguation pages not identified by Wikidata]] * [[:en:Category:Disambiguation pages with (qualified) titles]] * [[:en:Help:Reporting issues on other wikis]] * [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?limit=500&title=Special%3ASearch&profile=advanced&search=MediaWiki%3AEditcheck-&fulltext=1&ns0=1&ns1276=1&ns1284=1&ns1256=1&ns1214=1&ns1286=1&ns1272=1&ns1264=1&ns1242=1&ns1250=1&ns1236=1&ns1202=1&ns1218=1&ns1254=1&ns1266=1&ns1248=1&ns1228=1&ns1262=1&ns1240=1&ns1244=1&ns1268=1&ns1278=1&ns1210=1&ns1258=1&ns1280=1&ns8=1&ns1230=1&ns1246=1&ns1212=1&ns1260=1&ns1204=1&ns1220=1&ns1234=1&ns1216=1&ns1270=1&ns1222=1&ns1274=1&ns1288=1&ns1238=1&ns1226=1&ns1208=1&ns1252=1&ns1200=1&ns1232=1&ns1282=1&ns1206=1&ns1224=1&searchToken=9vmbetnzq0m2s2b1rfq3j8gfr MediaWiki:Editcheck-...] * [[:meta:Community Wishlist/Wishes]] == De novo spatio nominali adumbrationum == * [[phab:T418706|New “Draft” namespace for lawiki: “Adumbratio” – Phabricator]] * [[phab:T419100|Pass the target of the redirect as $1 to MediaWiki:Move-redirect-text – Phabricator]] * [[MediaWiki:Noarticletext]] * [[MediaWiki:Editnotice-0]] * [[Specialis:Nexus ad paginam/Alkinum]] * [[MediaWiki:Hf-nsheader-Adumbratio]] * [[MediaWiki:Top-notice-ns-118]] * [[MediaWiki:Draft header]] * [[MediaWiki:Namespacenotice-118]] == Alia == * [[Mw:Manual:Interface/Edit notice]] * [[Mw:Manual:Interface/Sitenotice]] * [[Mw:Extension:PageNotice]] * [[phab:T405104|Consider linting/deprecating blank template parameter names – Phabricator]] * [[phab:T430383|Introduce a parser function that allows editors to define a maximum cache validity interval for a page – Phabricator]] * [[phab:T431913|TemplateData's custom format does not support the tab character – Phabricator]] * [[phab:T431938|Add support for :focus-within when the content model is “sanitized-css” – Phabricator]] * [[phab:T431940|Allow TemplateData to specify the intended template invocation method – Phabricator]] * [[phab:T432542|Add a returnType field to TemplateData – Phabricator]] * [[phab:T434632|Allow CSS variables in counter() and counter-increment – Phabricator]] * [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Support#The_language_is_called_%E2%80%9CLatinum%E2%80%9D,_not_%E2%80%9CLatina%E2%80%9D translatewiki:Support § The language is called “Latinum”, not “Latina”] * [[phab:T439197|pairs(mw.title) does not enumerate all title properties – Phabricator]] * [[phab:T442027|Namespace aliases on Latin Wikipedia – Phabricator]] gk13aoxbo5oto5iioagj5xs19dkml4m 2 318636 3996273 3902228 2026-10-23T07:13:24Z Beko 34062 3996273 wikitext text/x-wiki # [[:en:Multistakeholder Model]] - [[:hy:Բազմաշահահռու մոդել]] # [[:en:E-governance|Digital Governance]]- [[:hy:Է-Կառավարում]] բարելավում # [[:en:Alexander von Humboldt Institute for Internet and Society]] # Internet Governance Ecosystem - [[:hy:Ինտերնետի կառավարման էկոհամակարգ]] # [[:en:Multistakeholder governance]] # [[:en:Collective intelligence]] - [[:hy:Կոլեկտիվ բանականություն]] բարելավել # [[:en:Global IGF ]] - աղբյուրի կարիք # [[:en:National IGF ]] - աղբյուրի կարիք # [[:en:Regional IGF ]] - աղբյուրի կարիք # [[:en:Sub-regional IGF ]] - աղբյուրի կարիք # [[:en:Youth IGF ]] # [[:en:National and Regional Initiatives ]] # [[:en:Multistakeholder Advisory Group ]] # [[:en:IGF Secretariat ]] # [[:en:IGF Messages ]] # [[:en:IGF Best Practice Forums ]] # [[:en:Dynamic Coalitions ]] # [[:en:Intersessional Work ]] # [[:en:DNS]] բարելավում # [[:en:Root Server]] # [[:en:ccTLD]] # [[:en:new gTLD]] # [[:en:IDN ccTLD]] # [[:en:U-label]] # [[:en:A-label]] # [[:en:EPP]] # [[:en:Registry]] # [[:en:Registrar]] # [[:en:Registrant]] # [[:en:DNSSEC]] # [[:en:RDAP]] # [[:en:WHOIS]] === Generic top-level domains === # [[:en:.berlin]] # [[:en:.brussels]] # [[:en:.cern]] # [[:en:.dance]] # [[:en:.earth]] # [[:en:.gay]] # [[:en:.guru]] # [[:en:.hiv]] # [[:en:.inc]] # [[:en:.kaufen]] # [[:en:.kosher]] # [[:en:.pharmacy]] # [[:en:.rip]] # [[:en:.wien]] # [[:en:.zip (top-level domain)]] # [[:en:Proposed top-level domains]] # [[:en:Sponsored top-level domain]] === IP addresses === # [[:en:0.0.0.0]] # [[:en:CIDR notation]] # [[:en:Classful network]] # [[:en:Classless Inter-Domain Routing]] # [[:en:Gateway address]] # [[:en:IP address spoofing]] # [[:en:IPv4 address]] # [[:en:IPv4 shared address space]] # [[:en:IPv6 address]] # [[:en:List of reserved IP addresses]] # [[:en:Localhost]] # [[:en:Martian packet]] # [[:en:Private network]] # [[:en:Provider-aggregatable address space]] # [[:en:Provider-independent address space]] # [[:en:Public network]] # [[:en:Subnet]] # [[:en:USERIP]] # [[:en:Virtual IP address]] # [[:en:Wildcard mask]] # [[:en:X-Originating-IP]] # [[:en:[[:en: ASN ]] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_system_(Internet)]] # [[:en:[[:en:BGP ]] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_Gateway_Protocol]] # [[:en:[[:en:RIR ]] պարզել]] # [[:en:[[:en: LIR ]] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Internet_registry#Local_Internet_registry]] === Internet architecture === # [[:en:6bone]] # [[:en:AS 7007 incident]] # [[:en:Adaptive quality of service multi-hop routing]] # [[:en:Address pool]] # [[:en:AiScaler]] # [[:en:Any-source multicast]] # [[:en:Application-Layer Protocol Negotiation]] # [[:en:Application-layer framing]] # [[:en:Authenticated Received Chain]] # [[:en:Autonomous system (Internet)]] # [[:en:Border Gateway Multicast Protocol]] # [[:en:Border Gateway Protocol]] # [[:en:Bufferbloat]] # [[:en:COinS]] # [[:en:Certificate server]] # [[:en:Circuit-level gateway]] # [[:en:Clean Slate Program]] # [[:en:Colocation centre]] # [[:en:Connection-oriented communication]] # [[:en:Connectionless communication]] # [[:en:Control plane]] # [[:en:Core router]] # [[:en:DIMES]] # [[:en:Data plane]] # [[:en:Default route]] # [[:en:Differentiated services]] # [[:en:DomainKeys Identified Mail]] # [[:en:Echo (communications protocol)]] # [[:en:EncroChat]] # [[:en:End system]] # [[:en:End-to-end principle]] # [[:en:EraMobile]] # [[:en:Fabric Connect]] # [[:en:Fate-sharing]] # [[:en:Future Internet Research and Experimentation]] # [[:en:Future Internet testbeds experimentation between BRazil and Europe]] # [[:en:Gateway (telecommunications)]] # [[:en:Global network positioning]] # [[:en:HERMES-A/MINOTAUR]] # [[:en:Herbert Van de Sompel]] # [[:en:Hot-potato routing]] # [[:en:IEEE 802.1aq]] # [[:en:IP aliasing]] # [[:en:IP over Avian Carriers]] # [[:en:IP traceback]] # [[:en:Identifier-Locator Network Protocol]] # [[:en:Integrated services]] # [[:en:Interconnect agreement]] # [[:en:Internet Architecture Board]] # [[:en:Internet Mapping Project]] # [[:en:Internet Mix]] # [[:en:Internet Protocol Options]] # [[:en:Internet Routing Registry]] # [[:en:Internet backbone]] # [[:en:Internet bottleneck]] # [[:en:Internet outage]] # [[:en:Internet rush hour]] # [[:en:Internet traffic engineering]] # [[:en:Internet transit]] # [[:en:Last mile (telecommunications)]] # [[:en:Locator/Identifier Separation Protocol]] # [[:en:Longest prefix match]] # [[:en:Loopback]] # [[:en:Luleå algorithm]] # [[:en:Management plane]] # [[:en:Matrix (app)]] # [[:en:Mbone]] # [[:en:Media type]] # [[:en:Meet-me room]] # [[:en:Middle mile]] # [[:en:Multicast]] # [[:en:Multicast routing]] # [[:en:Multihoming]] # [[:en:NJFX]] # [[:en:Network load balancing]] # [[:en:Network mapping]] # [[:en:OpenURL]] # [[:en:OpenURL knowledge base]] # [[:en:Opte Project]] # [[:en:Peering]] # [[:en:PeeringDB]] # [[:en:Per-hop behaviour]] # [[:en:PingER Project]] # [[:en:QPPB]] # [[:en:RFC 6329]] # [[:en:RSVP-TE]] # [[:en:Resource Public Key Infrastructure]] # [[:en:Resource Reservation Protocol]] # [[:en:RouteViews]] # [[:en:Router (computing)]] # [[:en:Routing]] # [[:en:Routing Assets Database]] # [[:en:Routing Policy Specification Language]] # [[:en:Routing table]] # [[:en:Semaphore Flag Signaling System]] # [[:en:Sender Policy Framework]] # [[:en:Shortest path bridging]] # [[:en:Site Multihoming by IPv6 Intermediation]] # [[:en:Sorcerer's Apprentice syndrome]] # [[:en:Supernetwork]] # [[:en:TelecityGroup]] # [[:en:Teredo tunneling]] # [[:en:Tier 1 network]] # [[:en:Tier 2 network]] # [[:en:Time to live]] # [[:en:Turn restriction routing]] # [[:en:Unicast]] # [[:en:Unicast flood]] # [[:en:Xcast]] === Internet access === # [[:en:10G]] # [[:en:2016 United States wireless spectrum auction]] # [[:en:Affordable Connectivity Program]] # [[:en:Alliance for Affordable Internet]] # [[:en:Cable Internet access]] # [[:en:Cable modem]] # [[:en:Cable modem termination system]] # [[:en:Captive Audience]] # [[:en:Com21]] # [[:en:Combating Online Infringement and Counterfeits Act]] # [[:en:Data discrimination]] # [[:en:Defense Data Network]] # [[:en:Dial-up Internet access]] # [[:en:Digital Divide Network]] # [[:en:Digital equity]] # [[:en:Digital rights in the Caribbean]] # [[:en:Digital subscriber line]] # [[:en:Dynamic/Dialup Users List]] # [[:en:EZproxy]] # [[:en:FRIACO]] # [[:en:Flat rate]] # [[:en:Get Online Week]] # [[:en:Google Free Zone]] # [[:en:HD-PLC]] # [[:en:Hosted service provider]] # [[:en:Hybrid Access Networks]] # [[:en:Internet Freedom Foundation]] # [[:en:Internet access]] # [[:en:List of members of the U.S. Congress who support or oppose SOPA/PIPA]] # [[:en:Multipurpose community telecenters]] # [[:en:Municipal wireless network]] # [[:en:NTCA - The Rural Broadband Association]] # [[:en:Net Neutrality Regulation 2015]] # [[:en:Net neutrality in the Netherlands]] # [[:en:Online Centres Network]] # [[:en:Online Protection and Enforcement of Digital Trade Act]] # [[:en:OpenWireless.org]] # [[:en:Platform for Internet Content Selection]] # [[:en:Power-line communication]] # [[:en:Protecting Children from Internet Pornographers Act of 2011]] # [[:en:RADIO-MSU Network]] # [[:en:Research Works Act]] # [[:en:Robb Topolski]] # [[:en:Rural Internet]] # [[:en:Satellite Internet access]] # [[:en:Series of tubes]] # [[:en:Sovereign Internet Law]] # [[:en:Sublink Network]] # [[:en:Twister Telecom]] # [[:en:White space Internet]] # [[:en:White spaces (radio)]] # [[:en:Yarovaya law]] # [[:en:AWS App Runner]] === Cloud infrastructure === # [[:en:Abiquo Enterprise Edition]] # [[:en:Alibaba Cloud]] # [[:en:Amazon Bedrock]] # [[:en:Amazon ElastiCache]] # [[:en:Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud]] # [[:en:Amazon Elastic File System]] # [[:en:Amazon Rekognition]] # [[:en:Amazon SageMaker]] # [[:en:Amazon Web Services]] # [[:en:Animoto]] # [[:en:Apache CloudStack]] # [[:en:Apache Drill]] # [[:en:Apache Hama]] # [[:en:Apache Mesos]] # [[:en:Apache Storm]] # [[:en:Aptum Technologies]] # [[:en:Azure Data Lake]] # [[:en:Azure Maps]] # [[:en:Azure Stream Analytics]] # [[:en:Bare-metal server]] # [[:en:Basho Technologies]] # [[:en:BigCouch]] # [[:en:Bitnami]] # [[:en:Bright Computing]] # [[:en:Bring your own encryption]] # [[:en:Cascading (software)]] # [[:en:Citrix Cloud]] # [[:en:Cloud Foundry]] # [[:en:Cloud computing]] # [[:en:Cloud-native network function]] # [[:en:CloudBees]] # [[:en:CloudBolt]] # [[:en:CloudKit]] # [[:en:CloudSim]] # [[:en:Cloudant]] # [[:en:Cloudera]] # [[:en:Cloudian]] # [[:en:Cloudways]] # [[:en:Ekco Cloud]] # [[:en:ElasticHosts]] # [[:en:Enomaly]] # [[:en:Enstratius]] # [[:en:Eucalyptus (software)]] # [[:en:FUJITSU Cloud IaaS Trusted Public S5]] # [[:en:FlexiScale]] # [[:en:Google Cloud Platform]] # [[:en:Google Compute Engine]] # [[:en:GreenButton]] # [[:en:GreenQloud]] # [[:en:HP Cloud]] # [[:en:Heroku]] # [[:en:Hybrid cloud storage]] # [[:en:IBM Blueworks Live]] # [[:en:IBM Cloud]] # [[:en:IEEE Cloud Computing]] # [[:en:Iland]] # [[:en:InfiniDB]] # [[:en:Jelastic]] # [[:en:Kaavo]] # [[:en:Key Management Interoperability Protocol]] # [[:en:Kubeflow]] # [[:en:Kubernetes]] # [[:en:LingCloud]] # [[:en:Linode]] # [[:en:Logicworks]] # [[:en:Lumen Technologies]] # [[:en:MLab]] # [[:en:MapR]] # [[:en:Media Temple]] # [[:en:Microsoft Azure]] # [[:en:MinIO]] # [[:en:MongoDB Inc.]] # [[:en:Music Kickup]] # [[:en:NATS Messaging]] # [[:en:Netlify]] # [[:en:Nimbula]] # [[:en:Nimbus (cloud computing)]] # [[:en:Nutanix]] # [[:en:On-premises hosting]] # [[:en:OnApp]] # [[:en:OpSource]] # [[:en:OpenQRM]] # [[:en:OpenSAF]] # [[:en:OpenStack]] # [[:en:OpenTofu]] # [[:en:Oracle Cloud]] # [[:en:Oracle Cloud Platform]] # [[:en:Oracle Database]] # [[:en:OrionVM]] # [[:en:Promo.com]] # [[:en:Qstack]] # [[:en:Rclone]] # [[:en:Riak]] # [[:en:RightScale]] # [[:en:SAP BTP]] # [[:en:SAP Cloud Infrastructure]] # [[:en:Scaleway]] # [[:en:Sector/Sphere]] # [[:en:Skytap]] # [[:en:Software-defined data center]] # [[:en:StackPath]] # [[:en:Stratoscale]] # [[:en:Sun Cloud]] # [[:en:Synnefo]] # [[:en:THG Ingenuity Cloud Services]] # [[:en:Tahoe-LAFS]] # [[:en:Terraform (software)]] # [[:en:Turbot (business)]] # [[:en:TurnKey Linux Virtual Appliance Library]] # [[:en:Vercel]] # [[:en:Virtustream]] # [[:en:Vultr]] # [[:en:Wakame-vdc]] # [[:en:Yandex Cloud]] === Internet Society people === # [[:en:Alan Levin (Internet governance)]] # [[:en:Barry Leiba]] # [[:en:Borka Jerman Blažič]] # [[:en:Brian Carpenter (engineer)]] # [[:en:Désirée Miloshevic]] # [[:en:Fred Baker (engineer)]] # [[:en:Geoff Huston (scientist)]] # [[:en:Howard Frank (network engineer)]] # [[:en:Infoveillance]] # [[:en:John Klensin]] # [[:en:Khaled Koubaa]] # [[:en:Nathaniel Borenstein]] # [[:en:Stephen Kent (network security)]] === Domain Name System === # [[:en:ARPA Host Name Server Protocol]] # [[:en:Amazon Route 53]] # [[:en:At-Large Advisory Committee]] # [[:en:Auth-Code]] # [[:en:Bitsquatting]] # [[:en:Blackhole server]] # [[:en:Bonjour Sleep Proxy]] # [[:en:British Telecommunications plc v One in a Million Ltd]] # [[:en:Certification Authority Authorization]] # [[:en:Chinese Domain Name Consortium]] # [[:en:Country code second-level domain]] # [[:en:Country code top-level domains with commercial licenses]] # [[:en:DDoS attacks on Dyn]] # [[:en:DNS Certification Authority Authorization]] # [[:en:DNS Long-Lived Queries]] # [[:en:DNS analytics]] # [[:en:DNS blocking]] # [[:en:DNS hosting service]] # [[:en:DNS over TLS]] # [[:en:DNS rebinding]] # [[:en:DNS sinkhole]] # [[:en:DNS spoofing]] # [[:en:DNS zone]] # [[:en:DNS zone transfer]] # [[:en:DNS-based Authentication of Named Entities]] # [[:en:DNSChanger]] # [[:en:DNSCrypt]] # [[:en:DNSCurve]] # [[:en:Dig (command)]] # [[:en:Directory service]] # [[:en:Distributed denial-of-service attacks on root nameservers]] # [[:en:Domain aftermarket]] # [[:en:Domain name auction]] # [[:en:Domain name drop list]] # [[:en:Domain registration]] # [[:en:Domains by Proxy]] # [[:en:Dynamic DNS]] # [[:en:Dynamic Delegation Discovery System]] # [[:en:Extensible Provisioning Protocol]] # [[:en:Extension Mechanisms for DNS]] # [[:en:Fast flux]] # [[:en:Forward-confirmed reverse DNS]] # [[:en:Fully qualified name]] # [[:en:Gauss Research Laboratory]] # [[:en:Geodomain]] # [[:en:Getaddrinfo]] # [[:en:Global Name Registry]] # [[:en:Hesiod (name service)]] # [[:en:Hosts (file)]] # [[:en:IAHC]] # [[:en:IDN.IDN]] # [[:en:IPv6 brokenness and DNS whitelisting]] # [[:en:ISP redirect page]] # [[:en:Internet Domain Name Index]] # [[:en:Internet Provider Security]] # [[:en:Landrush period]] # [[:en:Link-Local Multicast Name Resolution]] # [[:en:List of managed DNS providers]] # [[:en:Mcast.net]] # [[:en:Multicast DNS]] # [[:en:MysqlBind]] # [[:en:NIC handle]] # [[:en:Name server]] # [[:en:Nameprep]] # [[:en:Network domain]] # [[:en:Nsupdate]] # [[:en:OpenDNSSEC]] # [[:en:OpenNIC]] # [[:en:Patent and Trademark Office v. Booking.com B. V.]] # [[:en:Planned Parenthood Federation of America, Inc. v. Bucci]] # [[:en:Private sub-domain registry]] # [[:en:Public Suffix List]] # [[:en:Public recursive name server]] # [[:en:RACE encoding]] # [[:en:RadioDNS]] # [[:en:Register.com v. Verio]] # [[:en:Resolv.conf]] # [[:en:Resolvconf]] # [[:en:Reverse DNS lookup]] # [[:en:Reverse domain hijacking]] # [[:en:Reverse domain name notation]] # [[:en:Round-robin DNS]] # [[:en:Search domain]] # [[:en:Serial number arithmetic]] # [[:en:Single-letter second-level domain]] # [[:en:Site Finder]] # [[:en:Special-use domain name]] # [[:en:Split-horizon DNS]] # [[:en:Sunrise period]] # [[:en:TSIG]] # [[:en:Teledotcom]] # [[:en:Trojan.Win32.DNSChanger]] # [[:en:Unsponsored top-level domain]] # [[:en:Vanity domain]] # [[:en:Wait Listing Service]] # [[:en:Web Proxy Auto-Discovery Protocol]] # [[:en:Wildcard DNS record]] # [[:en:ZA Central Registry]] # [[:en:Zero-configuration networking]] # [[:en:Zone file]] === Domain name registries === # [[:en:Afilias]] # [[:en:Associação DNS.PT]] # [[:en:AusRegistry]] # [[:en:CZ.NIC]] # [[:en:Canadian Internet Registration Authority]] # [[:en:China Internet Network Information Center]] # [[:en:Coordination Center for TLD RU]] # [[:en:DENIC]] # [[:en:DNS Belgium]] # [[:en:DotCooperation]] # [[:en:GRS Domains]] # [[:en:NIC Argentina]] # [[:en:NIC México]] # [[:en:Nic.at]] # [[:en:NomiNation]] # [[:en:Norid]] # [[:en:Public Interest Registry]] # [[:en:Saudi Network Information Center]] # [[:en:Syrian Computer Society]] # [[:en:Technical Center of Internet]] # [[:en:Top Level Design]] === Content delivery networks === # [[:en:Amazon CloudFront]] # [[:en:CDNetworks]] # [[:en:CacheFly]] # [[:en:Cdnjs]] # [[:en:ChinaCache]] # [[:en:Content delivery network]] # [[:en:Content delivery network interconnection]] # [[:en:DDoS-Guard]] # [[:en:Edgecast]] # [[:en:Edgio]] # [[:en:Fastly]] # [[:en:GTT Communications]] # [[:en:Gcore]] # [[:en:Information-centric networking caching policies]] # [[:en:Instart]] # [[:en:JSDelivr]] # [[:en:Level 3 Communications]] # [[:en:MetaCDN]] # [[:en:Open Connect]] # [[:en:TW Telecom]] # [[:en:Wangsu Science & Technology]] # [[:en:Yottaa]] === Data protection === # [[:en:American Privacy Rights Act]] # [[:en:CTERA Networks]] # [[:en:California Privacy Rights Act]] # [[:en:Canary trap]] # [[:en:Cliqz]] # [[:en:Cloud storage gateway]] # [[:en:Commvault]] # [[:en:Confederation of European Data Protection Organisations]] # [[:en:Consent management]] # [[:en:Consent or pay]] # [[:en:DNS4EU]] # [[:en:Data (Use and Access) Act 2025]] # [[:en:Data Protection Act 1998]] # [[:en:Data Protection Act 2018]] # [[:en:Data Protection Act, 2012]] # [[:en:Data Security Law of the People's Republic of China]] # [[:en:Data anonymization]] # [[:en:Data cooperative]] # [[:en:Data embassy]] # [[:en:Data masking]] # [[:en:Data protection officer]] # [[:en:Datafly algorithm]] # [[:en:De-identification]] # [[:en:Delete Act]] # [[:en:Digital Personal Data Protection Rules, 2025]] # [[:en:EU Cloud Code of Conduct]] # [[:en:European Centre for Certification and Privacy]] # [[:en:Europrivacy]] # [[:en:Hard privacy technologies]] # [[:en:Indigenous data governance]] # [[:en:Information Technology Rules, 2021]] # [[:en:Information privacy]] # [[:en:Malabo Convention]] # [[:en:NOYB]] # [[:en:National Privacy Commission]] # [[:en:Personal Data Protection Act (Sri Lanka)]] # [[:en:Personal Data Protection Bill, 2019]] # [[:en:Personal Information Protection Law of the People's Republic of China]] # [[:en:Privacy impact assessment]] # [[:en:Privacy-enhancing technologies]] # [[:en:QNAP Systems]] # [[:en:Search engine privacy]] # [[:en:Soft privacy technologies]] # [[:en:The Clean Network]] # [[:en:Tiversa]] # [[:en:Transparent decryption]] === Internet Standards === # [[:en:ALTO (protocol)]] # [[:en:AS1 (networking)]] # [[:en:AS2]] # [[:en:Acct URI scheme]] # [[:en:Admission control]] # [[:en:Archie (search engine)]] # [[:en:Architecture for Control Networks]] # [[:en:Automatic switched-transport network]] # [[:en:Base62]] # [[:en:Base64]] # [[:en:Berkeley r-commands]] # [[:en:Bidirectional Forwarding Detection]] # [[:en:Bootstrap Protocol]] # [[:en:Bounce message]] # [[:en:CCSO Nameserver]] # [[:en:CE-HTML]] # [[:en:CRAM-MD5]] # [[:en:Certificate Management Protocol]] # [[:en:Certificate Management over CMS]] # [[:en:Clearinghouse for Networked Information Discovery and Retrieval]] # [[:en:Cryptographic Message Syntax]] # [[:en:DHCP snooping]] # [[:en:Data URI scheme]] # [[:en:Default-free zone]] # [[:en:Deterministic Networking]] # [[:en:Diameter (protocol)]] # [[:en:Diameter Credit-Control Application]] # [[:en:Directory information tree]] # [[:en:Endpoint Handlespace Redundancy Protocol]] # [[:en:Enriched text]] # [[:en:Enrollment over Secure Transport]] # [[:en:Ephemeral port]] # [[:en:External Data Representation]] # [[:en:FAST TCP]] # [[:en:FTPS]] # [[:en:Fast and Secure Protocol]] # [[:en:File URI scheme]] # [[:en:Finger (protocol)]] # [[:en:G.9963]] # [[:en:G.9970]] # [[:en:G.hn]] # [[:en:GPSoverIP]] # [[:en:Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching]] # [[:en:Generic Security Services Application Programming Interface]] # [[:en:Gopher (protocol)]] # [[:en:H.248]] # [[:en:HTTP cookie]] # [[:en:ICMP Router Discovery Protocol]] # [[:en:ICalendar]] # [[:en:IETF Administrative Support Activity]] # [[:en:IS-IS]] # [[:en:Internet Control Message Protocol]] # [[:en:Internet Draft]] # [[:en:Internet Experiment Note]] # [[:en:Internet Group Management Protocol]] # [[:en:Internet Society Nepal]] # [[:en:Internet Standard]] # [[:en:Internet resource locator]] # [[:en:JSON Web Encryption]] # [[:en:JSON Web Signature]] # [[:en:Jughead (search engine)]] # [[:en:LDAP Data Interchange Format]] # [[:en:LISTSERV]] # [[:en:Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol]] # [[:en:Lightweight Directory Access Protocol]] # [[:en:Link Control Protocol]] # [[:en:Link layer]] # [[:en:List of RFCs]] # [[:en:M3UA]] # [[:en:MAC-Forced Forwarding]] # [[:en:MIME Object Security Services]] # [[:en:MIMIC Simulator]] # [[:en:MPLS-TP]] # [[:en:Media gateway control protocol architecture]] # [[:en:Miracast]] # [[:en:Mobile web]] # [[:en:Multicast Listener Discovery]] # [[:en:Multiprotocol Encapsulation over ATM]] # [[:en:Multiprotocol Label Switching]] # [[:en:NETCONF]] # [[:en:National Internet registry]] # [[:en:Neighbor Discovery Protocol]] # [[:en:Nepal IGF]] # [[:en:Net-SNMP]] # [[:en:Network Access Identifier]] # [[:en:Network Data Representation]] # [[:en:Network News Transfer Protocol]] # [[:en:Network Security Services]] # [[:en:Network Time Protocol]] # [[:en:OCSP stapling]] # [[:en:OFTP]] # [[:en:Online Certificate Status Protocol]] # [[:en:Open Shortest Path First]] # [[:en:Percent-encoding]] # [[:en:Point-to-Point Protocol]] # [[:en:Poly1305]] # [[:en:Portmap]] # [[:en:Proxy ARP]] # [[:en:RADIUS]] # [[:en:Rdate]] # [[:en:Regional Internet registry]] # [[:en:Registration Data Access Protocol]] # [[:en:Reliable Event Logging Protocol]] # [[:en:Reverse Address Resolution Protocol]] # [[:en:Robust Header Compression]] # [[:en:Robustness principle]] # [[:en:Route poisoning]] # [[:en:Route server]] # [[:en:Router alert label]] # [[:en:Routing Information Protocol]] # [[:en:Rsyslog]] # [[:en:Rtelnet]] # [[:en:SCTP packet structure]] # [[:en:SCVP]] # [[:en:SDXF]] # [[:en:SSHFP record]] # [[:en:STD 8]] # [[:en:Salsa20]] # [[:en:Sensor Web Enablement]] # [[:en:Service Location Protocol]] # [[:en:Session Announcement Protocol]] # [[:en:Session Description Protocol]] # [[:en:Shared Whois Project]] # [[:en:Simple Authentication and Security Layer]] # [[:en:Simple Certificate Enrollment Protocol]] # [[:en:Split horizon route advertisement]] # [[:en:Stream Control Transmission Protocol]] # [[:en:Sun RPC]] # [[:en:Syslog]] # [[:en:Syslog-ng]] # [[:en:T-MPLS]] # [[:en:T.37]] # [[:en:T.38]] # [[:en:T/TCP]] # [[:en:TCP-Illinois]] # [[:en:TR-069]] # [[:en:Tag URI scheme]] # [[:en:Telnet]] # [[:en:Token Binding]] # [[:en:Type–length–value]] # [[:en:UDP Helper Address]] # [[:en:URI Template]] # [[:en:Universal 2nd Factor]] # [[:en:Usenet]] # [[:en:VCard]] # [[:en:VPIM]] # [[:en:Veronica (search engine)]] # [[:en:Virtual circuit multiplexing]] # [[:en:WHOIS]] # [[:en:WHOIS++]] # [[:en:Wide Area Information Server]] # [[:en:Wireless Transport Layer Security]] # [[:en:X.1035]] # [[:en:XMPP]] # [[:en:Xpress Transport Protocol]] === Internet governance organizations === # [[:en:.au Domain Administration]] # [[:en:Address Supporting Organization]] # [[:en:African Internet Governance Forum]] # [[:en:Association française pour le nommage Internet en coopération]] # [[:en:At-Large Advisory Committee]] # [[:en:Broadband Commission for Sustainable Development]] # [[:en:Bureau of Cyberspace and Digital Policy]] # [[:en:CERT Coordination Center]] # [[:en:Canadian Internet Registration Authority]] # [[:en:ESafety Commissioner]] # [[:en:Free Software Movement of India]] # [[:en:Global Alliance for Information and Communication Technologies and Development]] # [[:en:Global Commission on Internet Governance]] # [[:en:Global Commission on the Stability of Cyberspace]] # [[:en:ICANNWiki]] # [[:en:IE Domain Registry]] # [[:en:IETF Administrative Oversight Committee]] # [[:en:INOC-DBA]] # [[:en:INRegistry]] # [[:en:ISOC Luxembourg]] # [[:en:ISOC Morocco]] # [[:en:ITU-D]] # [[:en:InterNIC]] # [[:en:International Multilateral Partnership Against Cyber Threats]] # [[:en:Internet Architecture Board]] # [[:en:Internet Assigned Numbers Authority]] # [[:en:Internet Engineering Task Force]] # [[:en:Internet Governance Forum]] # [[:en:Internet Mail Consortium]] # [[:en:Internet Research Steering Group]] # [[:en:Internet Research Task Force]] # [[:en:Internet Society Nepal]] # [[:en:Internet Society – Bulgaria]] # [[:en:Internet Technical Committee]] # [[:en:Internet network operators' group]] # [[:en:InternetNZ]] # [[:en:Israel Internet Association]] # [[:en:List of ICANN meetings]] # [[:en:Mobile Alliance Against Child Sexual Abuse Content]] # [[:en:Nepal IGF]] # [[:en:Next Steps in Signaling]] # [[:en:Nigeria Data Protection Commission]] # [[:en:Ofcom]] # [[:en:PICISOC]] # [[:en:Packet Clearing House]] # [[:en:United Nations Information and Communication Technologies Task Force]] # [[:en:Working Group on Internet Governance]] # [[:en:.au Domain Administration]] # [[:en:Address Supporting Organization]] # [[:en:African Internet Governance Forum]] # [[:en:Association française pour le nommage Internet en coopération]] # [[:en:At-Large Advisory Committee]] # [[:en:Broadband Commission for Sustainable Development]] # [[:en:Bureau of Cyberspace and Digital Policy]] # [[:en:CERT Coordination Center]] # [[:en:Canadian Internet Registration Authority]] # [[:en:ESafety Commissioner]] # [[:en:Free Software Movement of India]] # [[:en:Global Alliance for Information and Communication Technologies and Development]] # [[:en:Global Commission on Internet Governance]] # [[:en:Global Commission on the Stability of Cyberspace]] # [[:en:ICANNWiki]] # [[:en:IE Domain Registry]] # [[:en:IETF Administrative Oversight Committee]] # [[:en:INOC-DBA]] # [[:en:INRegistry]] # [[:en:ISOC Luxembourg]] # [[:en:ISOC Morocco]] # [[:en:ITU-D]] # [[:en:InterNIC]] # [[:en:International Multilateral Partnership Against Cyber Threats]] # [[:en:Internet Architecture Board]] # [[:en:Internet Assigned Numbers Authority]] # [[:en:Internet Engineering Task Force]] # [[:en:Internet Governance Forum]] # [[:en:Internet Mail Consortium]] # [[:en:Internet Research Steering Group]] # [[:en:Internet Research Task Force]] # [[:en:Internet Society Nepal]] # [[:en:Internet Society – Bulgaria]] # [[:en:Internet Technical Committee]] # [[:en:Internet network operators' group]] # [[:en:InternetNZ]] # [[:en:Israel Internet Association]] # [[:en:List of ICANN meetings]] # [[:en:Mobile Alliance Against Child Sexual Abuse Content]] # [[:en:Nepal IGF]] # [[:en:Next Steps in Signaling]] # [[:en:Nigeria Data Protection Commission]] # [[:en:Ofcom]] # [[:en:PICISOC]] # [[:en:Packet Clearing House]] # [[:en:United Nations Information and Communication Technologies Task Force]] # [[:en:Working Group on Internet Governance]] # [[:en:.au Domain Administration]] # [[:en:Address Supporting Organization]] # [[:en:African Internet Governance Forum]] # [[:en:Association française pour le nommage Internet en coopération]] # [[:en:At-Large Advisory Committee]] # [[:en:Broadband Commission for Sustainable Development]] # [[:en:Bureau of Cyberspace and Digital Policy]] # [[:en:CERT Coordination Center]] # [[:en:Canadian Internet Registration Authority]] # [[:en:ESafety Commissioner]] # [[:en:Free Software Movement of India]] # [[:en:Global Alliance for Information and Communication Technologies and Development]] # [[:en:Global Commission on Internet Governance]] # [[:en:Global Commission on the Stability of Cyberspace]] # [[:en:ICANNWiki]] # [[:en:IE Domain Registry]] # [[:en:IETF Administrative Oversight Committee]] # [[:en:INOC-DBA]] # [[:en:INRegistry]] # [[:en:ISOC Luxembourg]] # [[:en:ISOC Morocco]] # [[:en:ITU-D]] # [[:en:InterNIC]] # [[:en:International Multilateral Partnership Against Cyber Threats]] # [[:en:Internet Architecture Board]] # [[:en:Internet Assigned Numbers Authority]] # [[:en:Internet Engineering Task Force]] # [[:en:Internet Governance Forum]] # [[:en:Internet Mail Consortium]] # [[:en:Internet Research Steering Group]] # [[:en:Internet Research Task Force]] # [[:en:Internet Society Nepal]] # [[:en:Internet Society – Bulgaria]] # [[:en:Internet Technical Committee]] # [[:en:Internet network operators' group]] # [[:en:InternetNZ]] # [[:en:Israel Internet Association]] # [[:en:List of ICANN meetings]] # [[:en:Mobile Alliance Against Child Sexual Abuse Content]] # [[:en:Nepal IGF]] # [[:en:Next Steps in Signaling]] # [[:en:Nigeria Data Protection Commission]] # [[:en:Ofcom]] # [[:en:PICISOC]] # [[:en:Packet Clearing House]] # [[:en:United Nations Information and Communication Technologies Task Force]] # [[:en:Working Group on Internet Governance]] # [[:en:.au Domain Administration]] # [[:en:Address Supporting Organization]] # [[:en:African Internet Governance Forum]] # [[:en:Association française pour le nommage Internet en coopération]] # [[:en:At-Large Advisory Committee]] # [[:en:Broadband Commission for Sustainable Development]] # [[:en:Bureau of Cyberspace and Digital Policy]] # [[:en:CERT Coordination Center]] # [[:en:Canadian Internet Registration Authority]] # [[:en:ESafety Commissioner]] # [[:en:Free Software Movement of India]] # [[:en:Global Alliance for Information and Communication Technologies and Development]] # [[:en:Global Commission on Internet Governance]] # [[:en:Global Commission on the Stability of Cyberspace]] # [[:en:ICANNWiki]] # [[:en:IE Domain Registry]] # [[:en:IETF Administrative Oversight Committee]] # [[:en:INOC-DBA]] # [[:en:INRegistry]] # [[:en:ISOC Luxembourg]] # [[:en:ISOC Morocco]] # [[:en:ITU-D]] # [[:en:InterNIC]] # [[:en:International Multilateral Partnership Against Cyber Threats]] # [[:en:Internet Architecture Board]] # [[:en:Internet Assigned Numbers Authority]] # [[:en:Internet Engineering Task Force]] # [[:en:Internet Governance Forum]] # [[:en:Internet Mail Consortium]] # [[:en:Internet Research Steering Group]] # [[:en:Internet Research Task Force]] # [[:en:Internet Society Nepal]] # [[:en:Internet Society – Bulgaria]] # [[:en:Internet Technical Committee]] # [[:en:Internet network operators' group]] # [[:en:InternetNZ]] # [[:en:Israel Internet Association]] # [[:en:List of ICANN meetings]] # [[:en:Mobile Alliance Against Child Sexual Abuse Content]] # [[:en:Nepal IGF]] # [[:en:Next Steps in Signaling]] # [[:en:Nigeria Data Protection Commission]] # [[:en:Ofcom]] # [[:en:PICISOC]] # [[:en:Packet Clearing House]] # [[:en:United Nations Information and Communication Technologies Task Force]] # [[:en:Working Group on Internet Governance]] # [[:en:.au Domain Administration]] # [[:en:Address Supporting Organization]] # [[:en:African Internet Governance Forum]] # [[:en:Association française pour le nommage Internet en coopération]] # [[:en:At-Large Advisory Committee]] # [[:en:Broadband Commission for Sustainable Development]] # [[:en:Bureau of Cyberspace and Digital Policy]] # [[:en:CERT Coordination Center]] # [[:en:Canadian Internet Registration Authority]] # [[:en:ESafety Commissioner]] # [[:en:Free Software Movement of India]] # [[:en:Global Alliance for Information and Communication Technologies and Development]] # [[:en:Global Commission on Internet Governance]] # [[:en:Global Commission on the Stability of Cyberspace]] # [[:en:ICANNWiki]] # [[:en:IE Domain Registry]] # [[:en:IETF Administrative Oversight Committee]] # [[:en:INOC-DBA]] # [[:en:INRegistry]] # [[:en:ISOC Luxembourg]] # [[:en:ISOC Morocco]] # [[:en:ITU-D]] # [[:en:InterNIC]] # [[:en:International Multilateral Partnership Against Cyber Threats]] # [[:en:Internet Architecture Board]] # [[:en:Internet Assigned Numbers Authority]] # [[:en:Internet Engineering Task Force]] # [[:en:Internet Governance Forum]] # [[:en:Internet Mail Consortium]] # [[:en:Internet Research Steering Group]] # [[:en:Internet Research Task Force]] # [[:en:Internet Society Nepal]] # [[:en:Internet Society – Bulgaria]] # [[:en:Internet Technical Committee]] # [[:en:Internet network operators' group]] # [[:en:InternetNZ]] # [[:en:Israel Internet Association]] # [[:en:List of ICANN meetings]] # [[:en:Mobile Alliance Against Child Sexual Abuse Content]] # [[:en:Nepal IGF]] # [[:en:Next Steps in Signaling]] # [[:en:Nigeria Data Protection Commission]] # [[:en:Ofcom]] # [[:en:PICISOC]] # [[:en:Packet Clearing House]] # [[:en:United Nations Information and Communication Technologies Task Force]] # [[:en:Working Group on Internet Governance]] exs86vrbgrfuqjmclostwlfeokr6ejo 3996274 3996273 2026-10-23T07:15:37Z Beko 34062 /* IP addresses */ 3996274 wikitext text/x-wiki # [[:en:Multistakeholder Model]] - [[:hy:Բազմաշահահռու մոդել]] # [[:en:E-governance|Digital Governance]]- [[:hy:Է-Կառավարում]] բարելավում # [[:en:Alexander von Humboldt Institute for Internet and Society]] # Internet Governance Ecosystem - [[:hy:Ինտերնետի կառավարման էկոհամակարգ]] # [[:en:Multistakeholder governance]] # [[:en:Collective intelligence]] - [[:hy:Կոլեկտիվ բանականություն]] բարելավել # [[:en:Global IGF ]] - աղբյուրի կարիք # [[:en:National IGF ]] - աղբյուրի կարիք # [[:en:Regional IGF ]] - աղբյուրի կարիք # [[:en:Sub-regional IGF ]] - աղբյուրի կարիք # [[:en:Youth IGF ]] # [[:en:National and Regional Initiatives ]] # [[:en:Multistakeholder Advisory Group ]] # [[:en:IGF Secretariat ]] # [[:en:IGF Messages ]] # [[:en:IGF Best Practice Forums ]] # [[:en:Dynamic Coalitions ]] # [[:en:Intersessional Work ]] # [[:en:DNS]] բարելավում # [[:en:Root Server]] # [[:en:ccTLD]] # [[:en:new gTLD]] # [[:en:IDN ccTLD]] # [[:en:U-label]] # [[:en:A-label]] # [[:en:EPP]] # [[:en:Registry]] # [[:en:Registrar]] # [[:en:Registrant]] # [[:en:DNSSEC]] # [[:en:RDAP]] # [[:en:WHOIS]] === Generic top-level domains === # [[:en:.berlin]] # [[:en:.brussels]] # [[:en:.cern]] # [[:en:.dance]] # [[:en:.earth]] # [[:en:.gay]] # [[:en:.guru]] # [[:en:.hiv]] # [[:en:.inc]] # [[:en:.kaufen]] # [[:en:.kosher]] # [[:en:.pharmacy]] # [[:en:.rip]] # [[:en:.wien]] # [[:en:.zip (top-level domain)]] # [[:en:Proposed top-level domains]] # [[:en:Sponsored top-level domain]] === IP addresses === # [[:en:0.0.0.0]] # [[:en:CIDR notation]] # [[:en:Classful network]] # [[:en:Classless Inter-Domain Routing]] # [[:en:Gateway address]] # [[:en:IP address spoofing]] # [[:en:IPv4 address]] # [[:en:IPv4 shared address space]] # [[:en:IPv6 address]] # [[:en:List of reserved IP addresses]] # [[:en:Localhost]] # [[:en:Martian packet]] # [[:en:Private network]] # [[:en:Provider-aggregatable address space]] # [[:en:Provider-independent address space]] # [[:en:Public network]] # [[:en:Subnet]] # [[:en:USERIP]] # [[:en:Virtual IP address]] # [[:en:Wildcard mask]] # [[:en:X-Originating-IP]] # [[:en:ASN ]] # [[:en:BGP ]] # [[:en:RIR ]] պարզել # [[:en:LIR ]] === Internet architecture === # [[:en:6bone]] # [[:en:AS 7007 incident]] # [[:en:Adaptive quality of service multi-hop routing]] # [[:en:Address pool]] # [[:en:AiScaler]] # [[:en:Any-source multicast]] # [[:en:Application-Layer Protocol Negotiation]] # [[:en:Application-layer framing]] # [[:en:Authenticated Received Chain]] # [[:en:Autonomous system (Internet)]] # [[:en:Border Gateway Multicast Protocol]] # [[:en:Border Gateway Protocol]] # [[:en:Bufferbloat]] # [[:en:COinS]] # [[:en:Certificate server]] # [[:en:Circuit-level gateway]] # [[:en:Clean Slate Program]] # [[:en:Colocation centre]] # [[:en:Connection-oriented communication]] # [[:en:Connectionless communication]] # [[:en:Control plane]] # [[:en:Core router]] # [[:en:DIMES]] # [[:en:Data plane]] # [[:en:Default route]] # [[:en:Differentiated services]] # [[:en:DomainKeys Identified Mail]] # [[:en:Echo (communications protocol)]] # [[:en:EncroChat]] # [[:en:End system]] # [[:en:End-to-end principle]] # [[:en:EraMobile]] # [[:en:Fabric Connect]] # [[:en:Fate-sharing]] # [[:en:Future Internet Research and Experimentation]] # [[:en:Future Internet testbeds experimentation between BRazil and Europe]] # [[:en:Gateway (telecommunications)]] # [[:en:Global network positioning]] # [[:en:HERMES-A/MINOTAUR]] # [[:en:Herbert Van de Sompel]] # [[:en:Hot-potato routing]] # [[:en:IEEE 802.1aq]] # [[:en:IP aliasing]] # [[:en:IP over Avian Carriers]] # [[:en:IP traceback]] # [[:en:Identifier-Locator Network Protocol]] # [[:en:Integrated services]] # [[:en:Interconnect agreement]] # [[:en:Internet Architecture Board]] # [[:en:Internet Mapping Project]] # [[:en:Internet Mix]] # [[:en:Internet Protocol Options]] # [[:en:Internet Routing Registry]] # [[:en:Internet backbone]] # [[:en:Internet bottleneck]] # [[:en:Internet outage]] # [[:en:Internet rush hour]] # [[:en:Internet traffic engineering]] # [[:en:Internet transit]] # [[:en:Last mile (telecommunications)]] # [[:en:Locator/Identifier Separation Protocol]] # [[:en:Longest prefix match]] # [[:en:Loopback]] # [[:en:Luleå algorithm]] # [[:en:Management plane]] # [[:en:Matrix (app)]] # [[:en:Mbone]] # [[:en:Media type]] # [[:en:Meet-me room]] # [[:en:Middle mile]] # [[:en:Multicast]] # [[:en:Multicast routing]] # [[:en:Multihoming]] # [[:en:NJFX]] # [[:en:Network load balancing]] # [[:en:Network mapping]] # [[:en:OpenURL]] # [[:en:OpenURL knowledge base]] # [[:en:Opte Project]] # [[:en:Peering]] # [[:en:PeeringDB]] # [[:en:Per-hop behaviour]] # [[:en:PingER Project]] # [[:en:QPPB]] # [[:en:RFC 6329]] # [[:en:RSVP-TE]] # [[:en:Resource Public Key Infrastructure]] # [[:en:Resource Reservation Protocol]] # [[:en:RouteViews]] # [[:en:Router (computing)]] # [[:en:Routing]] # [[:en:Routing Assets Database]] # [[:en:Routing Policy Specification Language]] # [[:en:Routing table]] # [[:en:Semaphore Flag Signaling System]] # [[:en:Sender Policy Framework]] # [[:en:Shortest path bridging]] # [[:en:Site Multihoming by IPv6 Intermediation]] # [[:en:Sorcerer's Apprentice syndrome]] # [[:en:Supernetwork]] # [[:en:TelecityGroup]] # [[:en:Teredo tunneling]] # [[:en:Tier 1 network]] # [[:en:Tier 2 network]] # [[:en:Time to live]] # [[:en:Turn restriction routing]] # [[:en:Unicast]] # [[:en:Unicast flood]] # [[:en:Xcast]] === Internet access === # [[:en:10G]] # [[:en:2016 United States wireless spectrum auction]] # [[:en:Affordable Connectivity Program]] # [[:en:Alliance for Affordable Internet]] # [[:en:Cable Internet access]] # [[:en:Cable modem]] # [[:en:Cable modem termination system]] # [[:en:Captive Audience]] # [[:en:Com21]] # [[:en:Combating Online Infringement and Counterfeits Act]] # [[:en:Data discrimination]] # [[:en:Defense Data Network]] # [[:en:Dial-up Internet access]] # [[:en:Digital Divide Network]] # [[:en:Digital equity]] # [[:en:Digital rights in the Caribbean]] # [[:en:Digital subscriber line]] # [[:en:Dynamic/Dialup Users List]] # [[:en:EZproxy]] # [[:en:FRIACO]] # [[:en:Flat rate]] # [[:en:Get Online Week]] # [[:en:Google Free Zone]] # [[:en:HD-PLC]] # [[:en:Hosted service provider]] # [[:en:Hybrid Access Networks]] # [[:en:Internet Freedom Foundation]] # [[:en:Internet access]] # [[:en:List of members of the U.S. Congress who support or oppose SOPA/PIPA]] # [[:en:Multipurpose community telecenters]] # [[:en:Municipal wireless network]] # [[:en:NTCA - The Rural Broadband Association]] # [[:en:Net Neutrality Regulation 2015]] # [[:en:Net neutrality in the Netherlands]] # [[:en:Online Centres Network]] # [[:en:Online Protection and Enforcement of Digital Trade Act]] # [[:en:OpenWireless.org]] # [[:en:Platform for Internet Content Selection]] # [[:en:Power-line communication]] # [[:en:Protecting Children from Internet Pornographers Act of 2011]] # [[:en:RADIO-MSU Network]] # [[:en:Research Works Act]] # [[:en:Robb Topolski]] # [[:en:Rural Internet]] # [[:en:Satellite Internet access]] # [[:en:Series of tubes]] # [[:en:Sovereign Internet Law]] # [[:en:Sublink Network]] # [[:en:Twister Telecom]] # [[:en:White space Internet]] # [[:en:White spaces (radio)]] # [[:en:Yarovaya law]] # [[:en:AWS App Runner]] === Cloud infrastructure === # [[:en:Abiquo Enterprise Edition]] # [[:en:Alibaba Cloud]] # [[:en:Amazon Bedrock]] # [[:en:Amazon ElastiCache]] # [[:en:Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud]] # [[:en:Amazon Elastic File System]] # [[:en:Amazon Rekognition]] # [[:en:Amazon SageMaker]] # [[:en:Amazon Web Services]] # [[:en:Animoto]] # [[:en:Apache CloudStack]] # [[:en:Apache Drill]] # [[:en:Apache Hama]] # [[:en:Apache Mesos]] # [[:en:Apache Storm]] # [[:en:Aptum Technologies]] # [[:en:Azure Data Lake]] # [[:en:Azure Maps]] # [[:en:Azure Stream Analytics]] # [[:en:Bare-metal server]] # [[:en:Basho Technologies]] # [[:en:BigCouch]] # [[:en:Bitnami]] # [[:en:Bright Computing]] # [[:en:Bring your own encryption]] # [[:en:Cascading (software)]] # [[:en:Citrix Cloud]] # [[:en:Cloud Foundry]] # [[:en:Cloud computing]] # [[:en:Cloud-native network function]] # [[:en:CloudBees]] # [[:en:CloudBolt]] # [[:en:CloudKit]] # [[:en:CloudSim]] # [[:en:Cloudant]] # [[:en:Cloudera]] # [[:en:Cloudian]] # [[:en:Cloudways]] # [[:en:Ekco Cloud]] # [[:en:ElasticHosts]] # [[:en:Enomaly]] # [[:en:Enstratius]] # [[:en:Eucalyptus (software)]] # [[:en:FUJITSU Cloud IaaS Trusted Public S5]] # [[:en:FlexiScale]] # [[:en:Google Cloud Platform]] # [[:en:Google Compute Engine]] # [[:en:GreenButton]] # [[:en:GreenQloud]] # [[:en:HP Cloud]] # [[:en:Heroku]] # [[:en:Hybrid cloud storage]] # [[:en:IBM Blueworks Live]] # [[:en:IBM Cloud]] # [[:en:IEEE Cloud Computing]] # [[:en:Iland]] # [[:en:InfiniDB]] # [[:en:Jelastic]] # [[:en:Kaavo]] # [[:en:Key Management Interoperability Protocol]] # [[:en:Kubeflow]] # [[:en:Kubernetes]] # [[:en:LingCloud]] # [[:en:Linode]] # [[:en:Logicworks]] # [[:en:Lumen Technologies]] # [[:en:MLab]] # [[:en:MapR]] # [[:en:Media Temple]] # [[:en:Microsoft Azure]] # [[:en:MinIO]] # [[:en:MongoDB Inc.]] # [[:en:Music Kickup]] # [[:en:NATS Messaging]] # [[:en:Netlify]] # [[:en:Nimbula]] # [[:en:Nimbus (cloud computing)]] # [[:en:Nutanix]] # [[:en:On-premises hosting]] # [[:en:OnApp]] # [[:en:OpSource]] # [[:en:OpenQRM]] # [[:en:OpenSAF]] # [[:en:OpenStack]] # [[:en:OpenTofu]] # [[:en:Oracle Cloud]] # [[:en:Oracle Cloud Platform]] # [[:en:Oracle Database]] # [[:en:OrionVM]] # [[:en:Promo.com]] # [[:en:Qstack]] # [[:en:Rclone]] # [[:en:Riak]] # [[:en:RightScale]] # [[:en:SAP BTP]] # [[:en:SAP Cloud Infrastructure]] # [[:en:Scaleway]] # [[:en:Sector/Sphere]] # [[:en:Skytap]] # [[:en:Software-defined data center]] # [[:en:StackPath]] # [[:en:Stratoscale]] # [[:en:Sun Cloud]] # [[:en:Synnefo]] # [[:en:THG Ingenuity Cloud Services]] # [[:en:Tahoe-LAFS]] # [[:en:Terraform (software)]] # [[:en:Turbot (business)]] # [[:en:TurnKey Linux Virtual Appliance Library]] # [[:en:Vercel]] # [[:en:Virtustream]] # [[:en:Vultr]] # [[:en:Wakame-vdc]] # [[:en:Yandex Cloud]] === Internet Society people === # [[:en:Alan Levin (Internet governance)]] # [[:en:Barry Leiba]] # [[:en:Borka Jerman Blažič]] # [[:en:Brian Carpenter (engineer)]] # [[:en:Désirée Miloshevic]] # [[:en:Fred Baker (engineer)]] # [[:en:Geoff Huston (scientist)]] # [[:en:Howard Frank (network engineer)]] # [[:en:Infoveillance]] # [[:en:John Klensin]] # [[:en:Khaled Koubaa]] # [[:en:Nathaniel Borenstein]] # [[:en:Stephen Kent (network security)]] === Domain Name System === # [[:en:ARPA Host Name Server Protocol]] # [[:en:Amazon Route 53]] # [[:en:At-Large Advisory Committee]] # [[:en:Auth-Code]] # [[:en:Bitsquatting]] # [[:en:Blackhole server]] # [[:en:Bonjour Sleep Proxy]] # [[:en:British Telecommunications plc v One in a Million Ltd]] # [[:en:Certification Authority Authorization]] # [[:en:Chinese Domain Name Consortium]] # [[:en:Country code second-level domain]] # [[:en:Country code top-level domains with commercial licenses]] # [[:en:DDoS attacks on Dyn]] # [[:en:DNS Certification Authority Authorization]] # [[:en:DNS Long-Lived Queries]] # [[:en:DNS analytics]] # [[:en:DNS blocking]] # [[:en:DNS hosting service]] # [[:en:DNS over TLS]] # [[:en:DNS rebinding]] # [[:en:DNS sinkhole]] # [[:en:DNS spoofing]] # [[:en:DNS zone]] # [[:en:DNS zone transfer]] # [[:en:DNS-based Authentication of Named Entities]] # [[:en:DNSChanger]] # [[:en:DNSCrypt]] # [[:en:DNSCurve]] # [[:en:Dig (command)]] # [[:en:Directory service]] # [[:en:Distributed denial-of-service attacks on root nameservers]] # [[:en:Domain aftermarket]] # [[:en:Domain name auction]] # [[:en:Domain name drop list]] # [[:en:Domain registration]] # [[:en:Domains by Proxy]] # [[:en:Dynamic DNS]] # [[:en:Dynamic Delegation Discovery System]] # [[:en:Extensible Provisioning Protocol]] # [[:en:Extension Mechanisms for DNS]] # [[:en:Fast flux]] # [[:en:Forward-confirmed reverse DNS]] # [[:en:Fully qualified name]] # [[:en:Gauss Research Laboratory]] # [[:en:Geodomain]] # [[:en:Getaddrinfo]] # [[:en:Global Name Registry]] # [[:en:Hesiod (name service)]] # [[:en:Hosts (file)]] # [[:en:IAHC]] # [[:en:IDN.IDN]] # [[:en:IPv6 brokenness and DNS whitelisting]] # [[:en:ISP redirect page]] # [[:en:Internet Domain Name Index]] # [[:en:Internet Provider Security]] # [[:en:Landrush period]] # [[:en:Link-Local Multicast Name Resolution]] # [[:en:List of managed DNS providers]] # [[:en:Mcast.net]] # [[:en:Multicast DNS]] # [[:en:MysqlBind]] # [[:en:NIC handle]] # [[:en:Name server]] # [[:en:Nameprep]] # [[:en:Network domain]] # [[:en:Nsupdate]] # [[:en:OpenDNSSEC]] # [[:en:OpenNIC]] # [[:en:Patent and Trademark Office v. Booking.com B. V.]] # [[:en:Planned Parenthood Federation of America, Inc. v. Bucci]] # [[:en:Private sub-domain registry]] # [[:en:Public Suffix List]] # [[:en:Public recursive name server]] # [[:en:RACE encoding]] # [[:en:RadioDNS]] # [[:en:Register.com v. Verio]] # [[:en:Resolv.conf]] # [[:en:Resolvconf]] # [[:en:Reverse DNS lookup]] # [[:en:Reverse domain hijacking]] # [[:en:Reverse domain name notation]] # [[:en:Round-robin DNS]] # [[:en:Search domain]] # [[:en:Serial number arithmetic]] # [[:en:Single-letter second-level domain]] # [[:en:Site Finder]] # [[:en:Special-use domain name]] # [[:en:Split-horizon DNS]] # [[:en:Sunrise period]] # [[:en:TSIG]] # [[:en:Teledotcom]] # [[:en:Trojan.Win32.DNSChanger]] # [[:en:Unsponsored top-level domain]] # [[:en:Vanity domain]] # [[:en:Wait Listing Service]] # [[:en:Web Proxy Auto-Discovery Protocol]] # [[:en:Wildcard DNS record]] # [[:en:ZA Central Registry]] # [[:en:Zero-configuration networking]] # [[:en:Zone file]] === Domain name registries === # [[:en:Afilias]] # [[:en:Associação DNS.PT]] # [[:en:AusRegistry]] # [[:en:CZ.NIC]] # [[:en:Canadian Internet Registration Authority]] # [[:en:China Internet Network Information Center]] # [[:en:Coordination Center for TLD RU]] # [[:en:DENIC]] # [[:en:DNS Belgium]] # [[:en:DotCooperation]] # [[:en:GRS Domains]] # [[:en:NIC Argentina]] # [[:en:NIC México]] # [[:en:Nic.at]] # [[:en:NomiNation]] # [[:en:Norid]] # [[:en:Public Interest Registry]] # [[:en:Saudi Network Information Center]] # [[:en:Syrian Computer Society]] # [[:en:Technical Center of Internet]] # [[:en:Top Level Design]] === Content delivery networks === # [[:en:Amazon CloudFront]] # [[:en:CDNetworks]] # [[:en:CacheFly]] # [[:en:Cdnjs]] # [[:en:ChinaCache]] # [[:en:Content delivery network]] # [[:en:Content delivery network interconnection]] # [[:en:DDoS-Guard]] # [[:en:Edgecast]] # [[:en:Edgio]] # [[:en:Fastly]] # [[:en:GTT Communications]] # [[:en:Gcore]] # [[:en:Information-centric networking caching policies]] # [[:en:Instart]] # [[:en:JSDelivr]] # [[:en:Level 3 Communications]] # [[:en:MetaCDN]] # [[:en:Open Connect]] # [[:en:TW Telecom]] # [[:en:Wangsu Science & Technology]] # [[:en:Yottaa]] === Data protection === # [[:en:American Privacy Rights Act]] # [[:en:CTERA Networks]] # [[:en:California Privacy Rights Act]] # [[:en:Canary trap]] # [[:en:Cliqz]] # [[:en:Cloud storage gateway]] # [[:en:Commvault]] # [[:en:Confederation of European Data Protection Organisations]] # [[:en:Consent management]] # [[:en:Consent or pay]] # [[:en:DNS4EU]] # [[:en:Data (Use and Access) Act 2025]] # [[:en:Data Protection Act 1998]] # [[:en:Data Protection Act 2018]] # [[:en:Data Protection Act, 2012]] # [[:en:Data Security Law of the People's Republic of China]] # [[:en:Data anonymization]] # [[:en:Data cooperative]] # [[:en:Data embassy]] # [[:en:Data masking]] # [[:en:Data protection officer]] # [[:en:Datafly algorithm]] # [[:en:De-identification]] # [[:en:Delete Act]] # [[:en:Digital Personal Data Protection Rules, 2025]] # [[:en:EU Cloud Code of Conduct]] # [[:en:European Centre for Certification and Privacy]] # [[:en:Europrivacy]] # [[:en:Hard privacy technologies]] # [[:en:Indigenous data governance]] # [[:en:Information Technology Rules, 2021]] # [[:en:Information privacy]] # [[:en:Malabo Convention]] # [[:en:NOYB]] # [[:en:National Privacy Commission]] # [[:en:Personal Data Protection Act (Sri Lanka)]] # [[:en:Personal Data Protection Bill, 2019]] # [[:en:Personal Information Protection Law of the People's Republic of China]] # [[:en:Privacy impact assessment]] # [[:en:Privacy-enhancing technologies]] # [[:en:QNAP Systems]] # [[:en:Search engine privacy]] # [[:en:Soft privacy technologies]] # [[:en:The Clean Network]] # [[:en:Tiversa]] # [[:en:Transparent decryption]] === Internet Standards === # [[:en:ALTO (protocol)]] # [[:en:AS1 (networking)]] # [[:en:AS2]] # [[:en:Acct URI scheme]] # [[:en:Admission control]] # [[:en:Archie (search engine)]] # [[:en:Architecture for Control Networks]] # [[:en:Automatic switched-transport network]] # [[:en:Base62]] # [[:en:Base64]] # [[:en:Berkeley r-commands]] # [[:en:Bidirectional Forwarding Detection]] # [[:en:Bootstrap Protocol]] # [[:en:Bounce message]] # [[:en:CCSO Nameserver]] # [[:en:CE-HTML]] # [[:en:CRAM-MD5]] # [[:en:Certificate Management Protocol]] # [[:en:Certificate Management over CMS]] # [[:en:Clearinghouse for Networked Information Discovery and Retrieval]] # [[:en:Cryptographic Message Syntax]] # [[:en:DHCP snooping]] # [[:en:Data URI scheme]] # [[:en:Default-free zone]] # [[:en:Deterministic Networking]] # [[:en:Diameter (protocol)]] # [[:en:Diameter Credit-Control Application]] # [[:en:Directory information tree]] # [[:en:Endpoint Handlespace Redundancy Protocol]] # [[:en:Enriched text]] # [[:en:Enrollment over Secure Transport]] # [[:en:Ephemeral port]] # [[:en:External Data Representation]] # [[:en:FAST TCP]] # [[:en:FTPS]] # [[:en:Fast and Secure Protocol]] # [[:en:File URI scheme]] # [[:en:Finger (protocol)]] # [[:en:G.9963]] # [[:en:G.9970]] # [[:en:G.hn]] # [[:en:GPSoverIP]] # [[:en:Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching]] # [[:en:Generic Security Services Application Programming Interface]] # [[:en:Gopher (protocol)]] # [[:en:H.248]] # [[:en:HTTP cookie]] # [[:en:ICMP Router Discovery Protocol]] # [[:en:ICalendar]] # [[:en:IETF Administrative Support Activity]] # [[:en:IS-IS]] # [[:en:Internet Control Message Protocol]] # [[:en:Internet Draft]] # [[:en:Internet Experiment Note]] # [[:en:Internet Group Management Protocol]] # [[:en:Internet Society Nepal]] # [[:en:Internet Standard]] # [[:en:Internet resource locator]] # [[:en:JSON Web Encryption]] # [[:en:JSON Web Signature]] # [[:en:Jughead (search engine)]] # [[:en:LDAP Data Interchange Format]] # [[:en:LISTSERV]] # [[:en:Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol]] # [[:en:Lightweight Directory Access Protocol]] # [[:en:Link Control Protocol]] # [[:en:Link layer]] # [[:en:List of RFCs]] # [[:en:M3UA]] # [[:en:MAC-Forced Forwarding]] # [[:en:MIME Object Security Services]] # [[:en:MIMIC Simulator]] # [[:en:MPLS-TP]] # [[:en:Media gateway control protocol architecture]] # [[:en:Miracast]] # [[:en:Mobile web]] # [[:en:Multicast Listener Discovery]] # [[:en:Multiprotocol Encapsulation over ATM]] # [[:en:Multiprotocol Label Switching]] # [[:en:NETCONF]] # [[:en:National Internet registry]] # [[:en:Neighbor Discovery Protocol]] # [[:en:Nepal IGF]] # [[:en:Net-SNMP]] # [[:en:Network Access Identifier]] # [[:en:Network Data Representation]] # [[:en:Network News Transfer Protocol]] # [[:en:Network Security Services]] # [[:en:Network Time Protocol]] # [[:en:OCSP stapling]] # [[:en:OFTP]] # [[:en:Online Certificate Status Protocol]] # [[:en:Open Shortest Path First]] # [[:en:Percent-encoding]] # [[:en:Point-to-Point Protocol]] # [[:en:Poly1305]] # [[:en:Portmap]] # [[:en:Proxy ARP]] # [[:en:RADIUS]] # [[:en:Rdate]] # [[:en:Regional Internet registry]] # [[:en:Registration Data Access Protocol]] # [[:en:Reliable Event Logging Protocol]] # [[:en:Reverse Address Resolution Protocol]] # [[:en:Robust Header Compression]] # [[:en:Robustness principle]] # [[:en:Route poisoning]] # [[:en:Route server]] # [[:en:Router alert label]] # [[:en:Routing Information Protocol]] # [[:en:Rsyslog]] # [[:en:Rtelnet]] # [[:en:SCTP packet structure]] # [[:en:SCVP]] # [[:en:SDXF]] # [[:en:SSHFP record]] # [[:en:STD 8]] # [[:en:Salsa20]] # [[:en:Sensor Web Enablement]] # [[:en:Service Location Protocol]] # [[:en:Session Announcement Protocol]] # [[:en:Session Description Protocol]] # [[:en:Shared Whois Project]] # [[:en:Simple Authentication and Security Layer]] # [[:en:Simple Certificate Enrollment Protocol]] # [[:en:Split horizon route advertisement]] # [[:en:Stream Control Transmission Protocol]] # [[:en:Sun RPC]] # [[:en:Syslog]] # [[:en:Syslog-ng]] # [[:en:T-MPLS]] # [[:en:T.37]] # [[:en:T.38]] # [[:en:T/TCP]] # [[:en:TCP-Illinois]] # [[:en:TR-069]] # [[:en:Tag URI scheme]] # [[:en:Telnet]] # [[:en:Token Binding]] # [[:en:Type–length–value]] # [[:en:UDP Helper Address]] # [[:en:URI Template]] # [[:en:Universal 2nd Factor]] # [[:en:Usenet]] # [[:en:VCard]] # [[:en:VPIM]] # [[:en:Veronica (search engine)]] # [[:en:Virtual circuit multiplexing]] # [[:en:WHOIS]] # [[:en:WHOIS++]] # [[:en:Wide Area Information Server]] # [[:en:Wireless Transport Layer Security]] # [[:en:X.1035]] # [[:en:XMPP]] # [[:en:Xpress Transport Protocol]] === Internet governance organizations === # [[:en:.au Domain Administration]] # [[:en:Address Supporting Organization]] # [[:en:African Internet Governance Forum]] # [[:en:Association française pour le nommage Internet en coopération]] # [[:en:At-Large Advisory Committee]] # [[:en:Broadband Commission for Sustainable Development]] # [[:en:Bureau of Cyberspace and Digital Policy]] # [[:en:CERT Coordination Center]] # [[:en:Canadian Internet Registration Authority]] # [[:en:ESafety Commissioner]] # [[:en:Free Software Movement of India]] # [[:en:Global Alliance for Information and Communication Technologies and Development]] # [[:en:Global Commission on Internet Governance]] # [[:en:Global Commission on the Stability of Cyberspace]] # [[:en:ICANNWiki]] # [[:en:IE Domain Registry]] # [[:en:IETF Administrative Oversight Committee]] # [[:en:INOC-DBA]] # [[:en:INRegistry]] # [[:en:ISOC Luxembourg]] # [[:en:ISOC Morocco]] # [[:en:ITU-D]] # [[:en:InterNIC]] # [[:en:International Multilateral Partnership Against Cyber Threats]] # [[:en:Internet Architecture Board]] # [[:en:Internet Assigned Numbers Authority]] # [[:en:Internet Engineering Task Force]] # [[:en:Internet Governance Forum]] # [[:en:Internet Mail Consortium]] # [[:en:Internet Research Steering Group]] # [[:en:Internet Research Task Force]] # [[:en:Internet Society Nepal]] # [[:en:Internet Society – Bulgaria]] # [[:en:Internet Technical Committee]] # [[:en:Internet network operators' group]] # [[:en:InternetNZ]] # [[:en:Israel Internet Association]] # [[:en:List of ICANN meetings]] # [[:en:Mobile Alliance Against Child Sexual Abuse Content]] # [[:en:Nepal IGF]] # [[:en:Next Steps in Signaling]] # [[:en:Nigeria Data Protection Commission]] # [[:en:Ofcom]] # [[:en:PICISOC]] # [[:en:Packet Clearing House]] # [[:en:United Nations Information and Communication Technologies Task Force]] # [[:en:Working Group on Internet Governance]] # [[:en:.au Domain Administration]] # [[:en:Address Supporting Organization]] # [[:en:African Internet Governance Forum]] # [[:en:Association française pour le nommage Internet en coopération]] # [[:en:At-Large Advisory Committee]] # [[:en:Broadband Commission for Sustainable Development]] # [[:en:Bureau of Cyberspace and Digital Policy]] # [[:en:CERT Coordination Center]] # [[:en:Canadian Internet Registration Authority]] # [[:en:ESafety Commissioner]] # [[:en:Free Software Movement of India]] # [[:en:Global Alliance for Information and Communication Technologies and Development]] # [[:en:Global Commission on Internet Governance]] # [[:en:Global Commission on the Stability of Cyberspace]] # [[:en:ICANNWiki]] # [[:en:IE Domain Registry]] # [[:en:IETF Administrative Oversight Committee]] # [[:en:INOC-DBA]] # [[:en:INRegistry]] # [[:en:ISOC Luxembourg]] # [[:en:ISOC Morocco]] # [[:en:ITU-D]] # [[:en:InterNIC]] # [[:en:International Multilateral Partnership Against Cyber Threats]] # [[:en:Internet Architecture Board]] # [[:en:Internet Assigned Numbers Authority]] # [[:en:Internet Engineering Task Force]] # [[:en:Internet Governance Forum]] # [[:en:Internet Mail Consortium]] # [[:en:Internet Research Steering Group]] # [[:en:Internet Research Task Force]] # [[:en:Internet Society Nepal]] # [[:en:Internet Society – Bulgaria]] # [[:en:Internet Technical Committee]] # [[:en:Internet network operators' group]] # [[:en:InternetNZ]] # [[:en:Israel Internet Association]] # [[:en:List of ICANN meetings]] # [[:en:Mobile Alliance Against Child Sexual Abuse Content]] # [[:en:Nepal IGF]] # [[:en:Next Steps in Signaling]] # [[:en:Nigeria Data Protection Commission]] # [[:en:Ofcom]] # [[:en:PICISOC]] # [[:en:Packet Clearing House]] # [[:en:United Nations Information and Communication Technologies Task Force]] # [[:en:Working Group on Internet Governance]] # [[:en:.au Domain Administration]] # [[:en:Address Supporting Organization]] # [[:en:African Internet Governance Forum]] # [[:en:Association française pour le nommage Internet en coopération]] # [[:en:At-Large Advisory Committee]] # [[:en:Broadband Commission for Sustainable Development]] # [[:en:Bureau of Cyberspace and Digital Policy]] # [[:en:CERT Coordination Center]] # [[:en:Canadian Internet Registration Authority]] # [[:en:ESafety Commissioner]] # [[:en:Free Software Movement of India]] # [[:en:Global Alliance for Information and Communication Technologies and Development]] # [[:en:Global Commission on Internet Governance]] # [[:en:Global Commission on the Stability of Cyberspace]] # [[:en:ICANNWiki]] # [[:en:IE Domain Registry]] # [[:en:IETF Administrative Oversight Committee]] # [[:en:INOC-DBA]] # [[:en:INRegistry]] # [[:en:ISOC Luxembourg]] # [[:en:ISOC Morocco]] # [[:en:ITU-D]] # [[:en:InterNIC]] # [[:en:International Multilateral Partnership Against Cyber Threats]] # [[:en:Internet Architecture Board]] # [[:en:Internet Assigned Numbers Authority]] # [[:en:Internet Engineering Task Force]] # [[:en:Internet Governance Forum]] # [[:en:Internet Mail Consortium]] # [[:en:Internet Research Steering Group]] # [[:en:Internet Research Task Force]] # [[:en:Internet Society Nepal]] # [[:en:Internet Society – Bulgaria]] # [[:en:Internet Technical Committee]] # [[:en:Internet network operators' group]] # [[:en:InternetNZ]] # [[:en:Israel Internet Association]] # [[:en:List of ICANN meetings]] # [[:en:Mobile Alliance Against Child Sexual Abuse Content]] # [[:en:Nepal IGF]] # [[:en:Next Steps in Signaling]] # [[:en:Nigeria Data Protection Commission]] # [[:en:Ofcom]] # [[:en:PICISOC]] # [[:en:Packet Clearing House]] # [[:en:United Nations Information and Communication Technologies Task Force]] # [[:en:Working Group on Internet Governance]] # [[:en:.au Domain Administration]] # [[:en:Address Supporting Organization]] # [[:en:African Internet Governance Forum]] # [[:en:Association française pour le nommage Internet en coopération]] # [[:en:At-Large Advisory Committee]] # [[:en:Broadband Commission for Sustainable Development]] # [[:en:Bureau of Cyberspace and Digital Policy]] # [[:en:CERT Coordination Center]] # [[:en:Canadian Internet Registration Authority]] # [[:en:ESafety Commissioner]] # [[:en:Free Software Movement of India]] # [[:en:Global Alliance for Information and Communication Technologies and Development]] # [[:en:Global Commission on Internet Governance]] # [[:en:Global Commission on the Stability of Cyberspace]] # [[:en:ICANNWiki]] # [[:en:IE Domain Registry]] # [[:en:IETF Administrative Oversight Committee]] # [[:en:INOC-DBA]] # [[:en:INRegistry]] # [[:en:ISOC Luxembourg]] # [[:en:ISOC Morocco]] # [[:en:ITU-D]] # [[:en:InterNIC]] # [[:en:International Multilateral Partnership Against Cyber Threats]] # [[:en:Internet Architecture Board]] # [[:en:Internet Assigned Numbers Authority]] # [[:en:Internet Engineering Task Force]] # [[:en:Internet Governance Forum]] # [[:en:Internet Mail Consortium]] # [[:en:Internet Research Steering Group]] # [[:en:Internet Research Task Force]] # [[:en:Internet Society Nepal]] # [[:en:Internet Society – Bulgaria]] # [[:en:Internet Technical Committee]] # [[:en:Internet network operators' group]] # [[:en:InternetNZ]] # [[:en:Israel Internet Association]] # [[:en:List of ICANN meetings]] # [[:en:Mobile Alliance Against Child Sexual Abuse Content]] # [[:en:Nepal IGF]] # [[:en:Next Steps in Signaling]] # [[:en:Nigeria Data Protection Commission]] # [[:en:Ofcom]] # [[:en:PICISOC]] # [[:en:Packet Clearing House]] # [[:en:United Nations Information and Communication Technologies Task Force]] # [[:en:Working Group on Internet Governance]] # [[:en:.au Domain Administration]] # [[:en:Address Supporting Organization]] # [[:en:African Internet Governance Forum]] # [[:en:Association française pour le nommage Internet en coopération]] # [[:en:At-Large Advisory Committee]] # [[:en:Broadband Commission for Sustainable Development]] # [[:en:Bureau of Cyberspace and Digital Policy]] # [[:en:CERT Coordination Center]] # [[:en:Canadian Internet Registration Authority]] # [[:en:ESafety Commissioner]] # [[:en:Free Software Movement of India]] # [[:en:Global Alliance for Information and Communication Technologies and Development]] # [[:en:Global Commission on Internet Governance]] # [[:en:Global Commission on the Stability of Cyberspace]] # [[:en:ICANNWiki]] # [[:en:IE Domain Registry]] # [[:en:IETF Administrative Oversight Committee]] # [[:en:INOC-DBA]] # [[:en:INRegistry]] # [[:en:ISOC Luxembourg]] # [[:en:ISOC Morocco]] # [[:en:ITU-D]] # [[:en:InterNIC]] # [[:en:International Multilateral Partnership Against Cyber Threats]] # [[:en:Internet Architecture Board]] # [[:en:Internet Assigned Numbers Authority]] # [[:en:Internet Engineering Task Force]] # [[:en:Internet Governance Forum]] # [[:en:Internet Mail Consortium]] # [[:en:Internet Research Steering Group]] # [[:en:Internet Research Task Force]] # [[:en:Internet Society Nepal]] # [[:en:Internet Society – Bulgaria]] # [[:en:Internet Technical Committee]] # [[:en:Internet network operators' group]] # [[:en:InternetNZ]] # [[:en:Israel Internet Association]] # [[:en:List of ICANN meetings]] # [[:en:Mobile Alliance Against Child Sexual Abuse Content]] # [[:en:Nepal IGF]] # [[:en:Next Steps in Signaling]] # [[:en:Nigeria Data Protection Commission]] # [[:en:Ofcom]] # [[:en:PICISOC]] # [[:en:Packet Clearing House]] # [[:en:United Nations Information and Communication Technologies Task Force]] # [[:en:Working Group on Internet Governance]] 8gzavhqfz8we4q3g7dn45m0qulat485 3996275 3996274 2026-10-23T07:24:00Z Beko 34062 3996275 wikitext text/x-wiki # [[:en:Multistakeholder Model]] - [[:hy:Բազմաշահահռու մոդել]] # [[:en:E-governance|Digital Governance]]- [[:hy:Է-Կառավարում]] բարելավում # [[:en:Alexander von Humboldt Institute for Internet and Society]] # Internet Governance Ecosystem - [[:hy:Ինտերնետի կառավարման էկոհամակարգ]] # [[:en:Multistakeholder governance]] # [[:en:Collective intelligence]] - [[:hy:Կոլեկտիվ բանականություն]] բարելավել # [[:en:Global IGF ]] - աղբյուրի կարիք # [[:en:National IGF ]] - աղբյուրի կարիք # [[:en:Regional IGF ]] - աղբյուրի կարիք # [[:en:Sub-regional IGF ]] - աղբյուրի կարիք # [[:en:Youth IGF ]] - աղբյուրի կարիք # [[:en:National and Regional Initiatives ]] - աղբյուրի կարիք # [[:en:Multistakeholder Advisory Group ]] - աղբյուրի կարիք # [[:en:IGF Secretariat ]] - աղբյուրի կարիք # [[:en:IGF Messages ]] - աղբյուրի կարիք # [[:en:IGF Best Practice Forums ]] - աղբյուրի կարիք # [[:en:Dynamic Coalitions ]] - աղբյուրի կարիք # [[:en:Intersessional Work ]] - աղբյուրի կարիք # [[:en:DNS]] բարելավում # [[:en:Root Server]] - աղբյուրի կարիք # [[:en:ccTLD]] # [[:en:new gTLD]] - աղբյուրի կարիք # [[:en:IDN ccTLD]] # [[:en:U-label]] - աղբյուրի կարիք # [[:en:A-label]] - աղբյուրի կարիք # [[:en:EPP]]- պարզել # [[:en:Registry]]- պարզել # [[:en:Registrar]]- պարզել # [[:en:Registrant]]- պարզել # [[:en:DNSSEC]] # [[:en:RDAP]] # [[:en:WHOIS]] === Generic top-level domains === # [[:en:.berlin]] # [[:en:.brussels]] # [[:en:.cern]] # [[:en:.dance]] # [[:en:.earth]] # [[:en:.gay]] # [[:en:.guru]] # [[:en:.hiv]] # [[:en:.inc]] # [[:en:.kaufen]] # [[:en:.kosher]] # [[:en:.pharmacy]] # [[:en:.rip]] # [[:en:.wien]] # [[:en:.zip (top-level domain)]] # [[:en:Proposed top-level domains]] # [[:en:Sponsored top-level domain]] === IP addresses === # [[:en:0.0.0.0]] # [[:en:CIDR notation]] # [[:en:Classful network]] # [[:en:Classless Inter-Domain Routing]] # [[:en:Gateway address]] # [[:en:IP address spoofing]] # [[:en:IPv4 address]] # [[:en:IPv4 shared address space]] # [[:en:IPv6 address]] # [[:en:List of reserved IP addresses]] # [[:en:Localhost]] # [[:en:Martian packet]] # [[:en:Private network]] # [[:en:Provider-aggregatable address space]] # [[:en:Provider-independent address space]] # [[:en:Public network]] # [[:en:Subnet]] # [[:en:USERIP]] # [[:en:Virtual IP address]] # [[:en:Wildcard mask]] # [[:en:X-Originating-IP]] # [[:en:ASN ]] # [[:en:BGP ]] # [[:en:RIR ]] պարզել # [[:en:LIR ]] === Internet architecture === # [[:en:6bone]] # [[:en:AS 7007 incident]] # [[:en:Adaptive quality of service multi-hop routing]] # [[:en:Address pool]] # [[:en:AiScaler]] # [[:en:Any-source multicast]] # [[:en:Application-Layer Protocol Negotiation]] # [[:en:Application-layer framing]] # [[:en:Authenticated Received Chain]] # [[:en:Autonomous system (Internet)]] # [[:en:Border Gateway Multicast Protocol]] # [[:en:Border Gateway Protocol]] # [[:en:Bufferbloat]] # [[:en:COinS]] # [[:en:Certificate server]] # [[:en:Circuit-level gateway]] # [[:en:Clean Slate Program]] # [[:en:Colocation centre]] # [[:en:Connection-oriented communication]] # [[:en:Connectionless communication]] # [[:en:Control plane]] # [[:en:Core router]] # [[:en:DIMES]] # [[:en:Data plane]] # [[:en:Default route]] # [[:en:Differentiated services]] # [[:en:DomainKeys Identified Mail]] # [[:en:Echo (communications protocol)]] # [[:en:EncroChat]] # [[:en:End system]] # [[:en:End-to-end principle]] # [[:en:EraMobile]] # [[:en:Fabric Connect]] # [[:en:Fate-sharing]] # [[:en:Future Internet Research and Experimentation]] # [[:en:Future Internet testbeds experimentation between BRazil and Europe]] # [[:en:Gateway (telecommunications)]] # [[:en:Global network positioning]] # [[:en:HERMES-A/MINOTAUR]] # [[:en:Herbert Van de Sompel]] # [[:en:Hot-potato routing]] # [[:en:IEEE 802.1aq]] # [[:en:IP aliasing]] # [[:en:IP over Avian Carriers]] # [[:en:IP traceback]] # [[:en:Identifier-Locator Network Protocol]] # [[:en:Integrated services]] # [[:en:Interconnect agreement]] # [[:en:Internet Architecture Board]] # [[:en:Internet Mapping Project]] # [[:en:Internet Mix]] # [[:en:Internet Protocol Options]] # [[:en:Internet Routing Registry]] # [[:en:Internet backbone]] # [[:en:Internet bottleneck]] # [[:en:Internet outage]] # [[:en:Internet rush hour]] # [[:en:Internet traffic engineering]] # [[:en:Internet transit]] # [[:en:Last mile (telecommunications)]] # [[:en:Locator/Identifier Separation Protocol]] # [[:en:Longest prefix match]] # [[:en:Loopback]] # [[:en:Luleå algorithm]] # [[:en:Management plane]] # [[:en:Matrix (app)]] # [[:en:Mbone]] # [[:en:Media type]] # [[:en:Meet-me room]] # [[:en:Middle mile]] # [[:en:Multicast]] # [[:en:Multicast routing]] # [[:en:Multihoming]] # [[:en:NJFX]] # [[:en:Network load balancing]] # [[:en:Network mapping]] # [[:en:OpenURL]] # [[:en:OpenURL knowledge base]] # [[:en:Opte Project]] # [[:en:Peering]] # [[:en:PeeringDB]] # [[:en:Per-hop behaviour]] # [[:en:PingER Project]] # [[:en:QPPB]] # [[:en:RFC 6329]] # [[:en:RSVP-TE]] # [[:en:Resource Public Key Infrastructure]] # [[:en:Resource Reservation Protocol]] # [[:en:RouteViews]] # [[:en:Router (computing)]] # [[:en:Routing]] # [[:en:Routing Assets Database]] # [[:en:Routing Policy Specification Language]] # [[:en:Routing table]] # [[:en:Semaphore Flag Signaling System]] # [[:en:Sender Policy Framework]] # [[:en:Shortest path bridging]] # [[:en:Site Multihoming by IPv6 Intermediation]] # [[:en:Sorcerer's Apprentice syndrome]] # [[:en:Supernetwork]] # [[:en:TelecityGroup]] # [[:en:Teredo tunneling]] # [[:en:Tier 1 network]] # [[:en:Tier 2 network]] # [[:en:Time to live]] # [[:en:Turn restriction routing]] # [[:en:Unicast]] # [[:en:Unicast flood]] # [[:en:Xcast]] === Internet access === # [[:en:10G]] # [[:en:2016 United States wireless spectrum auction]] # [[:en:Affordable Connectivity Program]] # [[:en:Alliance for Affordable Internet]] # [[:en:Cable Internet access]] # [[:en:Cable modem]] # [[:en:Cable modem termination system]] # [[:en:Captive Audience]] # [[:en:Com21]] # [[:en:Combating Online Infringement and Counterfeits Act]] # [[:en:Data discrimination]] # [[:en:Defense Data Network]] # [[:en:Dial-up Internet access]] # [[:en:Digital Divide Network]] # [[:en:Digital equity]] # [[:en:Digital rights in the Caribbean]] # [[:en:Digital subscriber line]] # [[:en:Dynamic/Dialup Users List]] # [[:en:EZproxy]] # [[:en:FRIACO]] # [[:en:Flat rate]] # [[:en:Get Online Week]] # [[:en:Google Free Zone]] # [[:en:HD-PLC]] # [[:en:Hosted service provider]] # [[:en:Hybrid Access Networks]] # [[:en:Internet Freedom Foundation]] # [[:en:Internet access]] # [[:en:List of members of the U.S. Congress who support or oppose SOPA/PIPA]] # [[:en:Multipurpose community telecenters]] # [[:en:Municipal wireless network]] # [[:en:NTCA - The Rural Broadband Association]] # [[:en:Net Neutrality Regulation 2015]] # [[:en:Net neutrality in the Netherlands]] # [[:en:Online Centres Network]] # [[:en:Online Protection and Enforcement of Digital Trade Act]] # [[:en:OpenWireless.org]] # [[:en:Platform for Internet Content Selection]] # [[:en:Power-line communication]] # [[:en:Protecting Children from Internet Pornographers Act of 2011]] # [[:en:RADIO-MSU Network]] # [[:en:Research Works Act]] # [[:en:Robb Topolski]] # [[:en:Rural Internet]] # [[:en:Satellite Internet access]] # [[:en:Series of tubes]] # [[:en:Sovereign Internet Law]] # [[:en:Sublink Network]] # [[:en:Twister Telecom]] # [[:en:White space Internet]] # [[:en:White spaces (radio)]] # [[:en:Yarovaya law]] # [[:en:AWS App Runner]] === Cloud infrastructure === # [[:en:Abiquo Enterprise Edition]] # [[:en:Alibaba Cloud]] # [[:en:Amazon Bedrock]] # [[:en:Amazon ElastiCache]] # [[:en:Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud]] # [[:en:Amazon Elastic File System]] # [[:en:Amazon Rekognition]] # [[:en:Amazon SageMaker]] # [[:en:Amazon Web Services]] # [[:en:Animoto]] # [[:en:Apache CloudStack]] # [[:en:Apache Drill]] # [[:en:Apache Hama]] # [[:en:Apache Mesos]] # [[:en:Apache Storm]] # [[:en:Aptum Technologies]] # [[:en:Azure Data Lake]] # [[:en:Azure Maps]] # [[:en:Azure Stream Analytics]] # [[:en:Bare-metal server]] # [[:en:Basho Technologies]] # [[:en:BigCouch]] # [[:en:Bitnami]] # [[:en:Bright Computing]] # [[:en:Bring your own encryption]] # [[:en:Cascading (software)]] # [[:en:Citrix Cloud]] # [[:en:Cloud Foundry]] # [[:en:Cloud computing]] # [[:en:Cloud-native network function]] # [[:en:CloudBees]] # [[:en:CloudBolt]] # [[:en:CloudKit]] # [[:en:CloudSim]] # [[:en:Cloudant]] # [[:en:Cloudera]] # [[:en:Cloudian]] # [[:en:Cloudways]] # [[:en:Ekco Cloud]] # [[:en:ElasticHosts]] # [[:en:Enomaly]] # [[:en:Enstratius]] # [[:en:Eucalyptus (software)]] # [[:en:FUJITSU Cloud IaaS Trusted Public S5]] # [[:en:FlexiScale]] # [[:en:Google Cloud Platform]] # [[:en:Google Compute Engine]] # [[:en:GreenButton]] # [[:en:GreenQloud]] # [[:en:HP Cloud]] # [[:en:Heroku]] # [[:en:Hybrid cloud storage]] # [[:en:IBM Blueworks Live]] # [[:en:IBM Cloud]] # [[:en:IEEE Cloud Computing]] # [[:en:Iland]] # [[:en:InfiniDB]] # [[:en:Jelastic]] # [[:en:Kaavo]] # [[:en:Key Management Interoperability Protocol]] # [[:en:Kubeflow]] # [[:en:Kubernetes]] # [[:en:LingCloud]] # [[:en:Linode]] # [[:en:Logicworks]] # [[:en:Lumen Technologies]] # [[:en:MLab]] # [[:en:MapR]] # [[:en:Media Temple]] # [[:en:Microsoft Azure]] # [[:en:MinIO]] # [[:en:MongoDB Inc.]] # [[:en:Music Kickup]] # [[:en:NATS Messaging]] # [[:en:Netlify]] # [[:en:Nimbula]] # [[:en:Nimbus (cloud computing)]] # [[:en:Nutanix]] # [[:en:On-premises hosting]] # [[:en:OnApp]] # [[:en:OpSource]] # [[:en:OpenQRM]] # [[:en:OpenSAF]] # [[:en:OpenStack]] # [[:en:OpenTofu]] # [[:en:Oracle Cloud]] # [[:en:Oracle Cloud Platform]] # [[:en:Oracle Database]] # [[:en:OrionVM]] # [[:en:Promo.com]] # [[:en:Qstack]] # [[:en:Rclone]] # [[:en:Riak]] # [[:en:RightScale]] # [[:en:SAP BTP]] # [[:en:SAP Cloud Infrastructure]] # [[:en:Scaleway]] # [[:en:Sector/Sphere]] # [[:en:Skytap]] # [[:en:Software-defined data center]] # [[:en:StackPath]] # [[:en:Stratoscale]] # [[:en:Sun Cloud]] # [[:en:Synnefo]] # [[:en:THG Ingenuity Cloud Services]] # [[:en:Tahoe-LAFS]] # [[:en:Terraform (software)]] # [[:en:Turbot (business)]] # [[:en:TurnKey Linux Virtual Appliance Library]] # [[:en:Vercel]] # [[:en:Virtustream]] # [[:en:Vultr]] # [[:en:Wakame-vdc]] # [[:en:Yandex Cloud]] === Internet Society people === # [[:en:Alan Levin (Internet governance)]] # [[:en:Barry Leiba]] # [[:en:Borka Jerman Blažič]] # [[:en:Brian Carpenter (engineer)]] # [[:en:Désirée Miloshevic]] # [[:en:Fred Baker (engineer)]] # [[:en:Geoff Huston (scientist)]] # [[:en:Howard Frank (network engineer)]] # [[:en:Infoveillance]] # [[:en:John Klensin]] # [[:en:Khaled Koubaa]] # [[:en:Nathaniel Borenstein]] # [[:en:Stephen Kent (network security)]] === Domain Name System === # [[:en:ARPA Host Name Server Protocol]] # [[:en:Amazon Route 53]] # [[:en:At-Large Advisory Committee]] # [[:en:Auth-Code]] # [[:en:Bitsquatting]] # [[:en:Blackhole server]] # [[:en:Bonjour Sleep Proxy]] # [[:en:British Telecommunications plc v One in a Million Ltd]] # [[:en:Certification Authority Authorization]] # [[:en:Chinese Domain Name Consortium]] # [[:en:Country code second-level domain]] # [[:en:Country code top-level domains with commercial licenses]] # [[:en:DDoS attacks on Dyn]] # [[:en:DNS Certification Authority Authorization]] # [[:en:DNS Long-Lived Queries]] # [[:en:DNS analytics]] # [[:en:DNS blocking]] # [[:en:DNS hosting service]] # [[:en:DNS over TLS]] # [[:en:DNS rebinding]] # [[:en:DNS sinkhole]] # [[:en:DNS spoofing]] # [[:en:DNS zone]] # [[:en:DNS zone transfer]] # [[:en:DNS-based Authentication of Named Entities]] # [[:en:DNSChanger]] # [[:en:DNSCrypt]] # [[:en:DNSCurve]] # [[:en:Dig (command)]] # [[:en:Directory service]] # [[:en:Distributed denial-of-service attacks on root nameservers]] # [[:en:Domain aftermarket]] # [[:en:Domain name auction]] # [[:en:Domain name drop list]] # [[:en:Domain registration]] # [[:en:Domains by Proxy]] # [[:en:Dynamic DNS]] # [[:en:Dynamic Delegation Discovery System]] # [[:en:Extensible Provisioning Protocol]] # [[:en:Extension Mechanisms for DNS]] # [[:en:Fast flux]] # [[:en:Forward-confirmed reverse DNS]] # [[:en:Fully qualified name]] # [[:en:Gauss Research Laboratory]] # [[:en:Geodomain]] # [[:en:Getaddrinfo]] # [[:en:Global Name Registry]] # [[:en:Hesiod (name service)]] # [[:en:Hosts (file)]] # [[:en:IAHC]] # [[:en:IDN.IDN]] # [[:en:IPv6 brokenness and DNS whitelisting]] # [[:en:ISP redirect page]] # [[:en:Internet Domain Name Index]] # [[:en:Internet Provider Security]] # [[:en:Landrush period]] # [[:en:Link-Local Multicast Name Resolution]] # [[:en:List of managed DNS providers]] # [[:en:Mcast.net]] # [[:en:Multicast DNS]] # [[:en:MysqlBind]] # [[:en:NIC handle]] # [[:en:Name server]] # [[:en:Nameprep]] # [[:en:Network domain]] # [[:en:Nsupdate]] # [[:en:OpenDNSSEC]] # [[:en:OpenNIC]] # [[:en:Patent and Trademark Office v. Booking.com B. V.]] # [[:en:Planned Parenthood Federation of America, Inc. v. Bucci]] # [[:en:Private sub-domain registry]] # [[:en:Public Suffix List]] # [[:en:Public recursive name server]] # [[:en:RACE encoding]] # [[:en:RadioDNS]] # [[:en:Register.com v. Verio]] # [[:en:Resolv.conf]] # [[:en:Resolvconf]] # [[:en:Reverse DNS lookup]] # [[:en:Reverse domain hijacking]] # [[:en:Reverse domain name notation]] # [[:en:Round-robin DNS]] # [[:en:Search domain]] # [[:en:Serial number arithmetic]] # [[:en:Single-letter second-level domain]] # [[:en:Site Finder]] # [[:en:Special-use domain name]] # [[:en:Split-horizon DNS]] # [[:en:Sunrise period]] # [[:en:TSIG]] # [[:en:Teledotcom]] # [[:en:Trojan.Win32.DNSChanger]] # [[:en:Unsponsored top-level domain]] # [[:en:Vanity domain]] # [[:en:Wait Listing Service]] # [[:en:Web Proxy Auto-Discovery Protocol]] # [[:en:Wildcard DNS record]] # [[:en:ZA Central Registry]] # [[:en:Zero-configuration networking]] # [[:en:Zone file]] === Domain name registries === # [[:en:Afilias]] # [[:en:Associação DNS.PT]] # [[:en:AusRegistry]] # [[:en:CZ.NIC]] # [[:en:Canadian Internet Registration Authority]] # [[:en:China Internet Network Information Center]] # [[:en:Coordination Center for TLD RU]] # [[:en:DENIC]] # [[:en:DNS Belgium]] # [[:en:DotCooperation]] # [[:en:GRS Domains]] # [[:en:NIC Argentina]] # [[:en:NIC México]] # [[:en:Nic.at]] # [[:en:NomiNation]] # [[:en:Norid]] # [[:en:Public Interest Registry]] # [[:en:Saudi Network Information Center]] # [[:en:Syrian Computer Society]] # [[:en:Technical Center of Internet]] # [[:en:Top Level Design]] === Content delivery networks === # [[:en:Amazon CloudFront]] # [[:en:CDNetworks]] # [[:en:CacheFly]] # [[:en:Cdnjs]] # [[:en:ChinaCache]] # [[:en:Content delivery network]] # [[:en:Content delivery network interconnection]] # [[:en:DDoS-Guard]] # [[:en:Edgecast]] # [[:en:Edgio]] # [[:en:Fastly]] # [[:en:GTT Communications]] # [[:en:Gcore]] # [[:en:Information-centric networking caching policies]] # [[:en:Instart]] # [[:en:JSDelivr]] # [[:en:Level 3 Communications]] # [[:en:MetaCDN]] # [[:en:Open Connect]] # [[:en:TW Telecom]] # [[:en:Wangsu Science & Technology]] # [[:en:Yottaa]] === Data protection === # [[:en:American Privacy Rights Act]] # [[:en:CTERA Networks]] # [[:en:California Privacy Rights Act]] # [[:en:Canary trap]] # [[:en:Cliqz]] # [[:en:Cloud storage gateway]] # [[:en:Commvault]] # [[:en:Confederation of European Data Protection Organisations]] # [[:en:Consent management]] # [[:en:Consent or pay]] # [[:en:DNS4EU]] # [[:en:Data (Use and Access) Act 2025]] # [[:en:Data Protection Act 1998]] # [[:en:Data Protection Act 2018]] # [[:en:Data Protection Act, 2012]] # [[:en:Data Security Law of the People's Republic of China]] # [[:en:Data anonymization]] # [[:en:Data cooperative]] # [[:en:Data embassy]] # [[:en:Data masking]] # [[:en:Data protection officer]] # [[:en:Datafly algorithm]] # [[:en:De-identification]] # [[:en:Delete Act]] # [[:en:Digital Personal Data Protection Rules, 2025]] # [[:en:EU Cloud Code of Conduct]] # [[:en:European Centre for Certification and Privacy]] # [[:en:Europrivacy]] # [[:en:Hard privacy technologies]] # [[:en:Indigenous data governance]] # [[:en:Information Technology Rules, 2021]] # [[:en:Information privacy]] # [[:en:Malabo Convention]] # [[:en:NOYB]] # [[:en:National Privacy Commission]] # [[:en:Personal Data Protection Act (Sri Lanka)]] # [[:en:Personal Data Protection Bill, 2019]] # [[:en:Personal Information Protection Law of the People's Republic of China]] # [[:en:Privacy impact assessment]] # [[:en:Privacy-enhancing technologies]] # [[:en:QNAP Systems]] # [[:en:Search engine privacy]] # [[:en:Soft privacy technologies]] # [[:en:The Clean Network]] # [[:en:Tiversa]] # [[:en:Transparent decryption]] === Internet Standards === # [[:en:ALTO (protocol)]] # [[:en:AS1 (networking)]] # [[:en:AS2]] # [[:en:Acct URI scheme]] # [[:en:Admission control]] # [[:en:Archie (search engine)]] # [[:en:Architecture for Control Networks]] # [[:en:Automatic switched-transport network]] # [[:en:Base62]] # [[:en:Base64]] # [[:en:Berkeley r-commands]] # [[:en:Bidirectional Forwarding Detection]] # [[:en:Bootstrap Protocol]] # [[:en:Bounce message]] # [[:en:CCSO Nameserver]] # [[:en:CE-HTML]] # [[:en:CRAM-MD5]] # [[:en:Certificate Management Protocol]] # [[:en:Certificate Management over CMS]] # [[:en:Clearinghouse for Networked Information Discovery and Retrieval]] # [[:en:Cryptographic Message Syntax]] # [[:en:DHCP snooping]] # [[:en:Data URI scheme]] # [[:en:Default-free zone]] # [[:en:Deterministic Networking]] # [[:en:Diameter (protocol)]] # [[:en:Diameter Credit-Control Application]] # [[:en:Directory information tree]] # [[:en:Endpoint Handlespace Redundancy Protocol]] # [[:en:Enriched text]] # [[:en:Enrollment over Secure Transport]] # [[:en:Ephemeral port]] # [[:en:External Data Representation]] # [[:en:FAST TCP]] # [[:en:FTPS]] # [[:en:Fast and Secure Protocol]] # [[:en:File URI scheme]] # [[:en:Finger (protocol)]] # [[:en:G.9963]] # [[:en:G.9970]] # [[:en:G.hn]] # [[:en:GPSoverIP]] # [[:en:Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching]] # [[:en:Generic Security Services Application Programming Interface]] # [[:en:Gopher (protocol)]] # [[:en:H.248]] # [[:en:HTTP cookie]] # [[:en:ICMP Router Discovery Protocol]] # [[:en:ICalendar]] # [[:en:IETF Administrative Support Activity]] # [[:en:IS-IS]] # [[:en:Internet Control Message Protocol]] # [[:en:Internet Draft]] # [[:en:Internet Experiment Note]] # [[:en:Internet Group Management Protocol]] # [[:en:Internet Society Nepal]] # [[:en:Internet Standard]] # [[:en:Internet resource locator]] # [[:en:JSON Web Encryption]] # [[:en:JSON Web Signature]] # [[:en:Jughead (search engine)]] # [[:en:LDAP Data Interchange Format]] # [[:en:LISTSERV]] # [[:en:Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol]] # [[:en:Lightweight Directory Access Protocol]] # [[:en:Link Control Protocol]] # [[:en:Link layer]] # [[:en:List of RFCs]] # [[:en:M3UA]] # [[:en:MAC-Forced Forwarding]] # [[:en:MIME Object Security Services]] # [[:en:MIMIC Simulator]] # [[:en:MPLS-TP]] # [[:en:Media gateway control protocol architecture]] # [[:en:Miracast]] # [[:en:Mobile web]] # [[:en:Multicast Listener Discovery]] # [[:en:Multiprotocol Encapsulation over ATM]] # [[:en:Multiprotocol Label Switching]] # [[:en:NETCONF]] # [[:en:National Internet registry]] # [[:en:Neighbor Discovery Protocol]] # [[:en:Nepal IGF]] # [[:en:Net-SNMP]] # [[:en:Network Access Identifier]] # [[:en:Network Data Representation]] # [[:en:Network News Transfer Protocol]] # [[:en:Network Security Services]] # [[:en:Network Time Protocol]] # [[:en:OCSP stapling]] # [[:en:OFTP]] # [[:en:Online Certificate Status Protocol]] # [[:en:Open Shortest Path First]] # [[:en:Percent-encoding]] # [[:en:Point-to-Point Protocol]] # [[:en:Poly1305]] # [[:en:Portmap]] # [[:en:Proxy ARP]] # [[:en:RADIUS]] # [[:en:Rdate]] # [[:en:Regional Internet registry]] # [[:en:Registration Data Access Protocol]] # [[:en:Reliable Event Logging Protocol]] # [[:en:Reverse Address Resolution Protocol]] # [[:en:Robust Header Compression]] # [[:en:Robustness principle]] # [[:en:Route poisoning]] # [[:en:Route server]] # [[:en:Router alert label]] # [[:en:Routing Information Protocol]] # [[:en:Rsyslog]] # [[:en:Rtelnet]] # [[:en:SCTP packet structure]] # [[:en:SCVP]] # [[:en:SDXF]] # [[:en:SSHFP record]] # [[:en:STD 8]] # [[:en:Salsa20]] # [[:en:Sensor Web Enablement]] # [[:en:Service Location Protocol]] # [[:en:Session Announcement Protocol]] # [[:en:Session Description Protocol]] # [[:en:Shared Whois Project]] # [[:en:Simple Authentication and Security Layer]] # [[:en:Simple Certificate Enrollment Protocol]] # [[:en:Split horizon route advertisement]] # [[:en:Stream Control Transmission Protocol]] # [[:en:Sun RPC]] # [[:en:Syslog]] # [[:en:Syslog-ng]] # [[:en:T-MPLS]] # [[:en:T.37]] # [[:en:T.38]] # [[:en:T/TCP]] # [[:en:TCP-Illinois]] # [[:en:TR-069]] # [[:en:Tag URI scheme]] # [[:en:Telnet]] # [[:en:Token Binding]] # [[:en:Type–length–value]] # [[:en:UDP Helper Address]] # [[:en:URI Template]] # [[:en:Universal 2nd Factor]] # [[:en:Usenet]] # [[:en:VCard]] # [[:en:VPIM]] # [[:en:Veronica (search engine)]] # [[:en:Virtual circuit multiplexing]] # [[:en:WHOIS]] # [[:en:WHOIS++]] # [[:en:Wide Area Information Server]] # [[:en:Wireless Transport Layer Security]] # [[:en:X.1035]] # [[:en:XMPP]] # [[:en:Xpress Transport Protocol]] === Internet governance organizations === # [[:en:.au Domain Administration]] # [[:en:Address Supporting Organization]] # [[:en:African Internet Governance Forum]] # [[:en:Association française pour le nommage Internet en coopération]] # [[:en:At-Large Advisory Committee]] # [[:en:Broadband Commission for Sustainable Development]] # [[:en:Bureau of Cyberspace and Digital Policy]] # [[:en:CERT Coordination Center]] # [[:en:Canadian Internet Registration Authority]] # [[:en:ESafety Commissioner]] # [[:en:Free Software Movement of India]] # [[:en:Global Alliance for Information and Communication Technologies and Development]] # [[:en:Global Commission on Internet Governance]] # [[:en:Global Commission on the Stability of Cyberspace]] # [[:en:ICANNWiki]] # [[:en:IE Domain Registry]] # [[:en:IETF Administrative Oversight Committee]] # [[:en:INOC-DBA]] # [[:en:INRegistry]] # [[:en:ISOC Luxembourg]] # [[:en:ISOC Morocco]] # [[:en:ITU-D]] # [[:en:InterNIC]] # [[:en:International Multilateral Partnership Against Cyber Threats]] # [[:en:Internet Architecture Board]] # [[:en:Internet Assigned Numbers Authority]] # [[:en:Internet Engineering Task Force]] # [[:en:Internet Governance Forum]] # [[:en:Internet Mail Consortium]] # [[:en:Internet Research Steering Group]] # [[:en:Internet Research Task Force]] # [[:en:Internet Society Nepal]] # [[:en:Internet Society – Bulgaria]] # [[:en:Internet Technical Committee]] # [[:en:Internet network operators' group]] # [[:en:InternetNZ]] # [[:en:Israel Internet Association]] # [[:en:List of ICANN meetings]] # [[:en:Mobile Alliance Against Child Sexual Abuse Content]] # [[:en:Nepal IGF]] # [[:en:Next Steps in Signaling]] # [[:en:Nigeria Data Protection Commission]] # [[:en:Ofcom]] # [[:en:PICISOC]] # [[:en:Packet Clearing House]] # [[:en:United Nations Information and Communication Technologies Task Force]] # [[:en:Working Group on Internet Governance]] # [[:en:.au Domain Administration]] # [[:en:Address Supporting Organization]] # [[:en:African Internet Governance Forum]] # [[:en:Association française pour le nommage Internet en coopération]] # [[:en:At-Large Advisory Committee]] # [[:en:Broadband Commission for Sustainable Development]] # [[:en:Bureau of Cyberspace and Digital Policy]] # [[:en:CERT Coordination Center]] # [[:en:Canadian Internet Registration Authority]] # [[:en:ESafety Commissioner]] # [[:en:Free Software Movement of India]] # [[:en:Global Alliance for Information and Communication Technologies and Development]] # [[:en:Global Commission on Internet Governance]] # [[:en:Global Commission on the Stability of Cyberspace]] # [[:en:ICANNWiki]] # [[:en:IE Domain Registry]] # [[:en:IETF Administrative Oversight Committee]] # [[:en:INOC-DBA]] # [[:en:INRegistry]] # [[:en:ISOC Luxembourg]] # [[:en:ISOC Morocco]] # [[:en:ITU-D]] # [[:en:InterNIC]] # [[:en:International Multilateral Partnership Against Cyber Threats]] # [[:en:Internet Architecture Board]] # [[:en:Internet Assigned Numbers Authority]] # [[:en:Internet Engineering Task Force]] # [[:en:Internet Governance Forum]] # [[:en:Internet Mail Consortium]] # [[:en:Internet Research Steering Group]] # [[:en:Internet Research Task Force]] # [[:en:Internet Society Nepal]] # [[:en:Internet Society – Bulgaria]] # [[:en:Internet Technical Committee]] # [[:en:Internet network operators' group]] # [[:en:InternetNZ]] # [[:en:Israel Internet Association]] # [[:en:List of ICANN meetings]] # [[:en:Mobile Alliance Against Child Sexual Abuse Content]] # [[:en:Nepal IGF]] # [[:en:Next Steps in Signaling]] # [[:en:Nigeria Data Protection Commission]] # [[:en:Ofcom]] # [[:en:PICISOC]] # [[:en:Packet Clearing House]] # [[:en:United Nations Information and Communication Technologies Task Force]] # [[:en:Working Group on Internet Governance]] # [[:en:.au Domain Administration]] # [[:en:Address Supporting Organization]] # [[:en:African Internet Governance Forum]] # [[:en:Association française pour le nommage Internet en coopération]] # [[:en:At-Large Advisory Committee]] # [[:en:Broadband Commission for Sustainable Development]] # [[:en:Bureau of Cyberspace and Digital Policy]] # [[:en:CERT Coordination Center]] # [[:en:Canadian Internet Registration Authority]] # [[:en:ESafety Commissioner]] # [[:en:Free Software Movement of India]] # [[:en:Global Alliance for Information and Communication Technologies and Development]] # [[:en:Global Commission on Internet Governance]] # [[:en:Global Commission on the Stability of Cyberspace]] # [[:en:ICANNWiki]] # [[:en:IE Domain Registry]] # [[:en:IETF Administrative Oversight Committee]] # [[:en:INOC-DBA]] # [[:en:INRegistry]] # [[:en:ISOC Luxembourg]] # [[:en:ISOC Morocco]] # [[:en:ITU-D]] # [[:en:InterNIC]] # [[:en:International Multilateral Partnership Against Cyber Threats]] # [[:en:Internet Architecture Board]] # [[:en:Internet Assigned Numbers Authority]] # [[:en:Internet Engineering Task Force]] # [[:en:Internet Governance Forum]] # [[:en:Internet Mail Consortium]] # [[:en:Internet Research Steering Group]] # [[:en:Internet Research Task Force]] # [[:en:Internet Society Nepal]] # [[:en:Internet Society – Bulgaria]] # [[:en:Internet Technical Committee]] # [[:en:Internet network operators' group]] # [[:en:InternetNZ]] # [[:en:Israel Internet Association]] # [[:en:List of ICANN meetings]] # [[:en:Mobile Alliance Against Child Sexual Abuse Content]] # [[:en:Nepal IGF]] # [[:en:Next Steps in Signaling]] # [[:en:Nigeria Data Protection Commission]] # [[:en:Ofcom]] # [[:en:PICISOC]] # [[:en:Packet Clearing House]] # [[:en:United Nations Information and Communication Technologies Task Force]] # [[:en:Working Group on Internet Governance]] # [[:en:.au Domain Administration]] # [[:en:Address Supporting Organization]] # [[:en:African Internet Governance Forum]] # [[:en:Association française pour le nommage Internet en coopération]] # [[:en:At-Large Advisory Committee]] # [[:en:Broadband Commission for Sustainable Development]] # [[:en:Bureau of Cyberspace and Digital Policy]] # [[:en:CERT Coordination Center]] # [[:en:Canadian Internet Registration Authority]] # [[:en:ESafety Commissioner]] # [[:en:Free Software Movement of India]] # [[:en:Global Alliance for Information and Communication Technologies and Development]] # [[:en:Global Commission on Internet Governance]] # [[:en:Global Commission on the Stability of Cyberspace]] # [[:en:ICANNWiki]] # [[:en:IE Domain Registry]] # [[:en:IETF Administrative Oversight Committee]] # [[:en:INOC-DBA]] # [[:en:INRegistry]] # [[:en:ISOC Luxembourg]] # [[:en:ISOC Morocco]] # [[:en:ITU-D]] # [[:en:InterNIC]] # [[:en:International Multilateral Partnership Against Cyber Threats]] # [[:en:Internet Architecture Board]] # [[:en:Internet Assigned Numbers Authority]] # [[:en:Internet Engineering Task Force]] # [[:en:Internet Governance Forum]] # [[:en:Internet Mail Consortium]] # [[:en:Internet Research Steering Group]] # [[:en:Internet Research Task Force]] # [[:en:Internet Society Nepal]] # [[:en:Internet Society – Bulgaria]] # [[:en:Internet Technical Committee]] # [[:en:Internet network operators' group]] # [[:en:InternetNZ]] # [[:en:Israel Internet Association]] # [[:en:List of ICANN meetings]] # [[:en:Mobile Alliance Against Child Sexual Abuse Content]] # [[:en:Nepal IGF]] # [[:en:Next Steps in Signaling]] # [[:en:Nigeria Data Protection Commission]] # [[:en:Ofcom]] # [[:en:PICISOC]] # [[:en:Packet Clearing House]] # [[:en:United Nations Information and Communication Technologies Task Force]] # [[:en:Working Group on Internet Governance]] # [[:en:.au Domain Administration]] # [[:en:Address Supporting Organization]] # [[:en:African Internet Governance Forum]] # [[:en:Association française pour le nommage Internet en coopération]] # [[:en:At-Large Advisory Committee]] # [[:en:Broadband Commission for Sustainable Development]] # [[:en:Bureau of Cyberspace and Digital Policy]] # [[:en:CERT Coordination Center]] # [[:en:Canadian Internet Registration Authority]] # [[:en:ESafety Commissioner]] # [[:en:Free Software Movement of India]] # [[:en:Global Alliance for Information and Communication Technologies and Development]] # [[:en:Global Commission on Internet Governance]] # [[:en:Global Commission on the Stability of Cyberspace]] # [[:en:ICANNWiki]] # [[:en:IE Domain Registry]] # [[:en:IETF Administrative Oversight Committee]] # [[:en:INOC-DBA]] # [[:en:INRegistry]] # [[:en:ISOC Luxembourg]] # [[:en:ISOC Morocco]] # [[:en:ITU-D]] # [[:en:InterNIC]] # [[:en:International Multilateral Partnership Against Cyber Threats]] # [[:en:Internet Architecture Board]] # [[:en:Internet Assigned Numbers Authority]] # [[:en:Internet Engineering Task Force]] # [[:en:Internet Governance Forum]] # [[:en:Internet Mail Consortium]] # [[:en:Internet Research Steering Group]] # [[:en:Internet Research Task Force]] # [[:en:Internet Society Nepal]] # [[:en:Internet Society – Bulgaria]] # [[:en:Internet Technical Committee]] # [[:en:Internet network operators' group]] # [[:en:InternetNZ]] # [[:en:Israel Internet Association]] # [[:en:List of ICANN meetings]] # [[:en:Mobile Alliance Against Child Sexual Abuse Content]] # [[:en:Nepal IGF]] # [[:en:Next Steps in Signaling]] # [[:en:Nigeria Data Protection Commission]] # [[:en:Ofcom]] # [[:en:PICISOC]] # [[:en:Packet Clearing House]] # [[:en:United Nations Information and Communication Technologies Task Force]] # [[:en:Working Group on Internet Governance]] 3v4jxv4l5ruyjgjrhw8yol9ibk6hhmy 3996276 3996275 2026-10-23T07:30:36Z Beko 34062 /* IP addresses */ 3996276 wikitext text/x-wiki # [[:en:Multistakeholder Model]] - [[:hy:Բազմաշահահռու մոդել]] # [[:en:E-governance|Digital Governance]]- [[:hy:Է-Կառավարում]] բարելավում # [[:en:Alexander von Humboldt Institute for Internet and Society]] # Internet Governance Ecosystem - [[:hy:Ինտերնետի կառավարման էկոհամակարգ]] # [[:en:Multistakeholder governance]] # [[:en:Collective intelligence]] - [[:hy:Կոլեկտիվ բանականություն]] բարելավել # [[:en:Global IGF ]] - աղբյուրի կարիք # [[:en:National IGF ]] - աղբյուրի կարիք # [[:en:Regional IGF ]] - աղբյուրի կարիք # [[:en:Sub-regional IGF ]] - աղբյուրի կարիք # [[:en:Youth IGF ]] - աղբյուրի կարիք # [[:en:National and Regional Initiatives ]] - աղբյուրի կարիք # [[:en:Multistakeholder Advisory Group ]] - աղբյուրի կարիք # [[:en:IGF Secretariat ]] - աղբյուրի կարիք # [[:en:IGF Messages ]] - աղբյուրի կարիք # [[:en:IGF Best Practice Forums ]] - աղբյուրի կարիք # [[:en:Dynamic Coalitions ]] - աղբյուրի կարիք # [[:en:Intersessional Work ]] - աղբյուրի կարիք # [[:en:DNS]] բարելավում # [[:en:Root Server]] - աղբյուրի կարիք # [[:en:ccTLD]] # [[:en:new gTLD]] - աղբյուրի կարիք # [[:en:IDN ccTLD]] # [[:en:U-label]] - աղբյուրի կարիք # [[:en:A-label]] - աղբյուրի կարիք # [[:en:EPP]]- պարզել # [[:en:Registry]]- պարզել # [[:en:Registrar]]- պարզել # [[:en:Registrant]]- պարզել # [[:en:DNSSEC]] # [[:en:RDAP]] # [[:en:WHOIS]] === Generic top-level domains === # [[:en:.berlin]] # [[:en:.brussels]] # [[:en:.cern]] # [[:en:.dance]] # [[:en:.earth]] # [[:en:.gay]] # [[:en:.guru]] # [[:en:.hiv]] # [[:en:.inc]] # [[:en:.kaufen]] # [[:en:.kosher]] # [[:en:.pharmacy]] # [[:en:.rip]] # [[:en:.wien]] # [[:en:.zip (top-level domain)]] # [[:en:Proposed top-level domains]] # [[:en:Sponsored top-level domain]] === IP addresses === # [[:en:0.0.0.0]] # [[:en:CIDR notation]] # [[:en:Classful network]] # [[:en:Classless Inter-Domain Routing]] # [[:en:Gateway address]] # [[:en:IP address spoofing]] # [[:en:IPv4 address]] # [[:en:IPv4 shared address space]] # [[:en:IPv6 address]] # [[:en:List of reserved IP addresses]] # [[:en:Localhost]] # [[:en:Martian packet]] # [[:en:Private network]] # [[:en:Provider-aggregatable address space]] # [[:en:Provider-independent address space]] # [[:en:Public network]] # [[:en:Subnet]] # [[:en:USERIP]] # [[:en:Virtual IP address]] # [[:en:Wildcard mask]] # [[:en:X-Originating-IP]] # [[:en:ASN ]] # [[:en:BGP ]] # [[:en:Regional Internet registry] # [[:en:LIR ]] === Internet architecture === # [[:en:6bone]] # [[:en:AS 7007 incident]] # [[:en:Adaptive quality of service multi-hop routing]] # [[:en:Address pool]] # [[:en:AiScaler]] # [[:en:Any-source multicast]] # [[:en:Application-Layer Protocol Negotiation]] # [[:en:Application-layer framing]] # [[:en:Authenticated Received Chain]] # [[:en:Autonomous system (Internet)]] # [[:en:Border Gateway Multicast Protocol]] # [[:en:Border Gateway Protocol]] # [[:en:Bufferbloat]] # [[:en:COinS]] # [[:en:Certificate server]] # [[:en:Circuit-level gateway]] # [[:en:Clean Slate Program]] # [[:en:Colocation centre]] # [[:en:Connection-oriented communication]] # [[:en:Connectionless communication]] # [[:en:Control plane]] # [[:en:Core router]] # [[:en:DIMES]] # [[:en:Data plane]] # [[:en:Default route]] # [[:en:Differentiated services]] # [[:en:DomainKeys Identified Mail]] # [[:en:Echo (communications protocol)]] # [[:en:EncroChat]] # [[:en:End system]] # [[:en:End-to-end principle]] # [[:en:EraMobile]] # [[:en:Fabric Connect]] # [[:en:Fate-sharing]] # [[:en:Future Internet Research and Experimentation]] # [[:en:Future Internet testbeds experimentation between BRazil and Europe]] # [[:en:Gateway (telecommunications)]] # [[:en:Global network positioning]] # [[:en:HERMES-A/MINOTAUR]] # [[:en:Herbert Van de Sompel]] # [[:en:Hot-potato routing]] # [[:en:IEEE 802.1aq]] # [[:en:IP aliasing]] # [[:en:IP over Avian Carriers]] # [[:en:IP traceback]] # [[:en:Identifier-Locator Network Protocol]] # [[:en:Integrated services]] # [[:en:Interconnect agreement]] # [[:en:Internet Architecture Board]] # [[:en:Internet Mapping Project]] # [[:en:Internet Mix]] # [[:en:Internet Protocol Options]] # [[:en:Internet Routing Registry]] # [[:en:Internet backbone]] # [[:en:Internet bottleneck]] # [[:en:Internet outage]] # [[:en:Internet rush hour]] # [[:en:Internet traffic engineering]] # [[:en:Internet transit]] # [[:en:Last mile (telecommunications)]] # [[:en:Locator/Identifier Separation Protocol]] # [[:en:Longest prefix match]] # [[:en:Loopback]] # [[:en:Luleå algorithm]] # [[:en:Management plane]] # [[:en:Matrix (app)]] # [[:en:Mbone]] # [[:en:Media type]] # [[:en:Meet-me room]] # [[:en:Middle mile]] # [[:en:Multicast]] # [[:en:Multicast routing]] # [[:en:Multihoming]] # [[:en:NJFX]] # [[:en:Network load balancing]] # [[:en:Network mapping]] # [[:en:OpenURL]] # [[:en:OpenURL knowledge base]] # [[:en:Opte Project]] # [[:en:Peering]] # [[:en:PeeringDB]] # [[:en:Per-hop behaviour]] # [[:en:PingER Project]] # [[:en:QPPB]] # [[:en:RFC 6329]] # [[:en:RSVP-TE]] # [[:en:Resource Public Key Infrastructure]] # [[:en:Resource Reservation Protocol]] # [[:en:RouteViews]] # [[:en:Router (computing)]] # [[:en:Routing]] # [[:en:Routing Assets Database]] # [[:en:Routing Policy Specification Language]] # [[:en:Routing table]] # [[:en:Semaphore Flag Signaling System]] # [[:en:Sender Policy Framework]] # [[:en:Shortest path bridging]] # [[:en:Site Multihoming by IPv6 Intermediation]] # [[:en:Sorcerer's Apprentice syndrome]] # [[:en:Supernetwork]] # [[:en:TelecityGroup]] # [[:en:Teredo tunneling]] # [[:en:Tier 1 network]] # [[:en:Tier 2 network]] # [[:en:Time to live]] # [[:en:Turn restriction routing]] # [[:en:Unicast]] # [[:en:Unicast flood]] # [[:en:Xcast]] === Internet access === # [[:en:10G]] # [[:en:2016 United States wireless spectrum auction]] # [[:en:Affordable Connectivity Program]] # [[:en:Alliance for Affordable Internet]] # [[:en:Cable Internet access]] # [[:en:Cable modem]] # [[:en:Cable modem termination system]] # [[:en:Captive Audience]] # [[:en:Com21]] # [[:en:Combating Online Infringement and Counterfeits Act]] # [[:en:Data discrimination]] # [[:en:Defense Data Network]] # [[:en:Dial-up Internet access]] # [[:en:Digital Divide Network]] # [[:en:Digital equity]] # [[:en:Digital rights in the Caribbean]] # [[:en:Digital subscriber line]] # [[:en:Dynamic/Dialup Users List]] # [[:en:EZproxy]] # [[:en:FRIACO]] # [[:en:Flat rate]] # [[:en:Get Online Week]] # [[:en:Google Free Zone]] # [[:en:HD-PLC]] # [[:en:Hosted service provider]] # [[:en:Hybrid Access Networks]] # [[:en:Internet Freedom Foundation]] # [[:en:Internet access]] # [[:en:List of members of the U.S. Congress who support or oppose SOPA/PIPA]] # [[:en:Multipurpose community telecenters]] # [[:en:Municipal wireless network]] # [[:en:NTCA - The Rural Broadband Association]] # [[:en:Net Neutrality Regulation 2015]] # [[:en:Net neutrality in the Netherlands]] # [[:en:Online Centres Network]] # [[:en:Online Protection and Enforcement of Digital Trade Act]] # [[:en:OpenWireless.org]] # [[:en:Platform for Internet Content Selection]] # [[:en:Power-line communication]] # [[:en:Protecting Children from Internet Pornographers Act of 2011]] # [[:en:RADIO-MSU Network]] # [[:en:Research Works Act]] # [[:en:Robb Topolski]] # [[:en:Rural Internet]] # [[:en:Satellite Internet access]] # [[:en:Series of tubes]] # [[:en:Sovereign Internet Law]] # [[:en:Sublink Network]] # [[:en:Twister Telecom]] # [[:en:White space Internet]] # [[:en:White spaces (radio)]] # [[:en:Yarovaya law]] # [[:en:AWS App Runner]] === Cloud infrastructure === # [[:en:Abiquo Enterprise Edition]] # [[:en:Alibaba Cloud]] # [[:en:Amazon Bedrock]] # [[:en:Amazon ElastiCache]] # [[:en:Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud]] # [[:en:Amazon Elastic File System]] # [[:en:Amazon Rekognition]] # [[:en:Amazon SageMaker]] # [[:en:Amazon Web Services]] # [[:en:Animoto]] # [[:en:Apache CloudStack]] # [[:en:Apache Drill]] # [[:en:Apache Hama]] # [[:en:Apache Mesos]] # [[:en:Apache Storm]] # [[:en:Aptum Technologies]] # [[:en:Azure Data Lake]] # [[:en:Azure Maps]] # [[:en:Azure Stream Analytics]] # [[:en:Bare-metal server]] # [[:en:Basho Technologies]] # [[:en:BigCouch]] # [[:en:Bitnami]] # [[:en:Bright Computing]] # [[:en:Bring your own encryption]] # [[:en:Cascading (software)]] # [[:en:Citrix Cloud]] # [[:en:Cloud Foundry]] # [[:en:Cloud computing]] # [[:en:Cloud-native network function]] # [[:en:CloudBees]] # [[:en:CloudBolt]] # [[:en:CloudKit]] # [[:en:CloudSim]] # [[:en:Cloudant]] # [[:en:Cloudera]] # [[:en:Cloudian]] # [[:en:Cloudways]] # [[:en:Ekco Cloud]] # [[:en:ElasticHosts]] # [[:en:Enomaly]] # [[:en:Enstratius]] # [[:en:Eucalyptus (software)]] # [[:en:FUJITSU Cloud IaaS Trusted Public S5]] # [[:en:FlexiScale]] # [[:en:Google Cloud Platform]] # [[:en:Google Compute Engine]] # [[:en:GreenButton]] # [[:en:GreenQloud]] # [[:en:HP Cloud]] # [[:en:Heroku]] # [[:en:Hybrid cloud storage]] # [[:en:IBM Blueworks Live]] # [[:en:IBM Cloud]] # [[:en:IEEE Cloud Computing]] # [[:en:Iland]] # [[:en:InfiniDB]] # [[:en:Jelastic]] # [[:en:Kaavo]] # [[:en:Key Management Interoperability Protocol]] # [[:en:Kubeflow]] # [[:en:Kubernetes]] # [[:en:LingCloud]] # [[:en:Linode]] # [[:en:Logicworks]] # [[:en:Lumen Technologies]] # [[:en:MLab]] # [[:en:MapR]] # [[:en:Media Temple]] # [[:en:Microsoft Azure]] # [[:en:MinIO]] # [[:en:MongoDB Inc.]] # [[:en:Music Kickup]] # [[:en:NATS Messaging]] # [[:en:Netlify]] # [[:en:Nimbula]] # [[:en:Nimbus (cloud computing)]] # [[:en:Nutanix]] # [[:en:On-premises hosting]] # [[:en:OnApp]] # [[:en:OpSource]] # [[:en:OpenQRM]] # [[:en:OpenSAF]] # [[:en:OpenStack]] # [[:en:OpenTofu]] # [[:en:Oracle Cloud]] # [[:en:Oracle Cloud Platform]] # [[:en:Oracle Database]] # [[:en:OrionVM]] # [[:en:Promo.com]] # [[:en:Qstack]] # [[:en:Rclone]] # [[:en:Riak]] # [[:en:RightScale]] # [[:en:SAP BTP]] # [[:en:SAP Cloud Infrastructure]] # [[:en:Scaleway]] # [[:en:Sector/Sphere]] # [[:en:Skytap]] # [[:en:Software-defined data center]] # [[:en:StackPath]] # [[:en:Stratoscale]] # [[:en:Sun Cloud]] # [[:en:Synnefo]] # [[:en:THG Ingenuity Cloud Services]] # [[:en:Tahoe-LAFS]] # [[:en:Terraform (software)]] # [[:en:Turbot (business)]] # [[:en:TurnKey Linux Virtual Appliance Library]] # [[:en:Vercel]] # [[:en:Virtustream]] # [[:en:Vultr]] # [[:en:Wakame-vdc]] # [[:en:Yandex Cloud]] === Internet Society people === # [[:en:Alan Levin (Internet governance)]] # [[:en:Barry Leiba]] # [[:en:Borka Jerman Blažič]] # [[:en:Brian Carpenter (engineer)]] # [[:en:Désirée Miloshevic]] # [[:en:Fred Baker (engineer)]] # [[:en:Geoff Huston (scientist)]] # [[:en:Howard Frank (network engineer)]] # [[:en:Infoveillance]] # [[:en:John Klensin]] # [[:en:Khaled Koubaa]] # [[:en:Nathaniel Borenstein]] # [[:en:Stephen Kent (network security)]] === Domain Name System === # [[:en:ARPA Host Name Server Protocol]] # [[:en:Amazon Route 53]] # [[:en:At-Large Advisory Committee]] # [[:en:Auth-Code]] # [[:en:Bitsquatting]] # [[:en:Blackhole server]] # [[:en:Bonjour Sleep Proxy]] # [[:en:British Telecommunications plc v One in a Million Ltd]] # [[:en:Certification Authority Authorization]] # [[:en:Chinese Domain Name Consortium]] # [[:en:Country code second-level domain]] # [[:en:Country code top-level domains with commercial licenses]] # [[:en:DDoS attacks on Dyn]] # [[:en:DNS Certification Authority Authorization]] # [[:en:DNS Long-Lived Queries]] # [[:en:DNS analytics]] # [[:en:DNS blocking]] # [[:en:DNS hosting service]] # [[:en:DNS over TLS]] # [[:en:DNS rebinding]] # [[:en:DNS sinkhole]] # [[:en:DNS spoofing]] # [[:en:DNS zone]] # [[:en:DNS zone transfer]] # [[:en:DNS-based Authentication of Named Entities]] # [[:en:DNSChanger]] # [[:en:DNSCrypt]] # [[:en:DNSCurve]] # [[:en:Dig (command)]] # [[:en:Directory service]] # [[:en:Distributed denial-of-service attacks on root nameservers]] # [[:en:Domain aftermarket]] # [[:en:Domain name auction]] # [[:en:Domain name drop list]] # [[:en:Domain registration]] # [[:en:Domains by Proxy]] # [[:en:Dynamic DNS]] # [[:en:Dynamic Delegation Discovery System]] # [[:en:Extensible Provisioning Protocol]] # [[:en:Extension Mechanisms for DNS]] # [[:en:Fast flux]] # [[:en:Forward-confirmed reverse DNS]] # [[:en:Fully qualified name]] # [[:en:Gauss Research Laboratory]] # [[:en:Geodomain]] # [[:en:Getaddrinfo]] # [[:en:Global Name Registry]] # [[:en:Hesiod (name service)]] # [[:en:Hosts (file)]] # [[:en:IAHC]] # [[:en:IDN.IDN]] # [[:en:IPv6 brokenness and DNS whitelisting]] # [[:en:ISP redirect page]] # [[:en:Internet Domain Name Index]] # [[:en:Internet Provider Security]] # [[:en:Landrush period]] # [[:en:Link-Local Multicast Name Resolution]] # [[:en:List of managed DNS providers]] # [[:en:Mcast.net]] # [[:en:Multicast DNS]] # [[:en:MysqlBind]] # [[:en:NIC handle]] # [[:en:Name server]] # [[:en:Nameprep]] # [[:en:Network domain]] # [[:en:Nsupdate]] # [[:en:OpenDNSSEC]] # [[:en:OpenNIC]] # [[:en:Patent and Trademark Office v. Booking.com B. V.]] # [[:en:Planned Parenthood Federation of America, Inc. v. Bucci]] # [[:en:Private sub-domain registry]] # [[:en:Public Suffix List]] # [[:en:Public recursive name server]] # [[:en:RACE encoding]] # [[:en:RadioDNS]] # [[:en:Register.com v. Verio]] # [[:en:Resolv.conf]] # [[:en:Resolvconf]] # [[:en:Reverse DNS lookup]] # [[:en:Reverse domain hijacking]] # [[:en:Reverse domain name notation]] # [[:en:Round-robin DNS]] # [[:en:Search domain]] # [[:en:Serial number arithmetic]] # [[:en:Single-letter second-level domain]] # [[:en:Site Finder]] # [[:en:Special-use domain name]] # [[:en:Split-horizon DNS]] # [[:en:Sunrise period]] # [[:en:TSIG]] # [[:en:Teledotcom]] # [[:en:Trojan.Win32.DNSChanger]] # [[:en:Unsponsored top-level domain]] # [[:en:Vanity domain]] # [[:en:Wait Listing Service]] # [[:en:Web Proxy Auto-Discovery Protocol]] # [[:en:Wildcard DNS record]] # [[:en:ZA Central Registry]] # [[:en:Zero-configuration networking]] # [[:en:Zone file]] === Domain name registries === # [[:en:Afilias]] # [[:en:Associação DNS.PT]] # [[:en:AusRegistry]] # [[:en:CZ.NIC]] # [[:en:Canadian Internet Registration Authority]] # [[:en:China Internet Network Information Center]] # [[:en:Coordination Center for TLD RU]] # [[:en:DENIC]] # [[:en:DNS Belgium]] # [[:en:DotCooperation]] # [[:en:GRS Domains]] # [[:en:NIC Argentina]] # [[:en:NIC México]] # [[:en:Nic.at]] # [[:en:NomiNation]] # [[:en:Norid]] # [[:en:Public Interest Registry]] # [[:en:Saudi Network Information Center]] # [[:en:Syrian Computer Society]] # [[:en:Technical Center of Internet]] # [[:en:Top Level Design]] === Content delivery networks === # [[:en:Amazon CloudFront]] # [[:en:CDNetworks]] # [[:en:CacheFly]] # [[:en:Cdnjs]] # [[:en:ChinaCache]] # [[:en:Content delivery network]] # [[:en:Content delivery network interconnection]] # [[:en:DDoS-Guard]] # [[:en:Edgecast]] # [[:en:Edgio]] # [[:en:Fastly]] # [[:en:GTT Communications]] # [[:en:Gcore]] # [[:en:Information-centric networking caching policies]] # [[:en:Instart]] # [[:en:JSDelivr]] # [[:en:Level 3 Communications]] # [[:en:MetaCDN]] # [[:en:Open Connect]] # [[:en:TW Telecom]] # [[:en:Wangsu Science & Technology]] # [[:en:Yottaa]] === Data protection === # [[:en:American Privacy Rights Act]] # [[:en:CTERA Networks]] # [[:en:California Privacy Rights Act]] # [[:en:Canary trap]] # [[:en:Cliqz]] # [[:en:Cloud storage gateway]] # [[:en:Commvault]] # [[:en:Confederation of European Data Protection Organisations]] # [[:en:Consent management]] # [[:en:Consent or pay]] # [[:en:DNS4EU]] # [[:en:Data (Use and Access) Act 2025]] # [[:en:Data Protection Act 1998]] # [[:en:Data Protection Act 2018]] # [[:en:Data Protection Act, 2012]] # [[:en:Data Security Law of the People's Republic of China]] # [[:en:Data anonymization]] # [[:en:Data cooperative]] # [[:en:Data embassy]] # [[:en:Data masking]] # [[:en:Data protection officer]] # [[:en:Datafly algorithm]] # [[:en:De-identification]] # [[:en:Delete Act]] # [[:en:Digital Personal Data Protection Rules, 2025]] # [[:en:EU Cloud Code of Conduct]] # [[:en:European Centre for Certification and Privacy]] # [[:en:Europrivacy]] # [[:en:Hard privacy technologies]] # [[:en:Indigenous data governance]] # [[:en:Information Technology Rules, 2021]] # [[:en:Information privacy]] # [[:en:Malabo Convention]] # [[:en:NOYB]] # [[:en:National Privacy Commission]] # [[:en:Personal Data Protection Act (Sri Lanka)]] # [[:en:Personal Data Protection Bill, 2019]] # [[:en:Personal Information Protection Law of the People's Republic of China]] # [[:en:Privacy impact assessment]] # [[:en:Privacy-enhancing technologies]] # [[:en:QNAP Systems]] # [[:en:Search engine privacy]] # [[:en:Soft privacy technologies]] # [[:en:The Clean Network]] # [[:en:Tiversa]] # [[:en:Transparent decryption]] === Internet Standards === # [[:en:ALTO (protocol)]] # [[:en:AS1 (networking)]] # [[:en:AS2]] # [[:en:Acct URI scheme]] # [[:en:Admission control]] # [[:en:Archie (search engine)]] # [[:en:Architecture for Control Networks]] # [[:en:Automatic switched-transport network]] # [[:en:Base62]] # [[:en:Base64]] # [[:en:Berkeley r-commands]] # [[:en:Bidirectional Forwarding Detection]] # [[:en:Bootstrap Protocol]] # [[:en:Bounce message]] # [[:en:CCSO Nameserver]] # [[:en:CE-HTML]] # [[:en:CRAM-MD5]] # [[:en:Certificate Management Protocol]] # [[:en:Certificate Management over CMS]] # [[:en:Clearinghouse for Networked Information Discovery and Retrieval]] # [[:en:Cryptographic Message Syntax]] # [[:en:DHCP snooping]] # [[:en:Data URI scheme]] # [[:en:Default-free zone]] # [[:en:Deterministic Networking]] # [[:en:Diameter (protocol)]] # [[:en:Diameter Credit-Control Application]] # [[:en:Directory information tree]] # [[:en:Endpoint Handlespace Redundancy Protocol]] # [[:en:Enriched text]] # [[:en:Enrollment over Secure Transport]] # [[:en:Ephemeral port]] # [[:en:External Data Representation]] # [[:en:FAST TCP]] # [[:en:FTPS]] # [[:en:Fast and Secure Protocol]] # [[:en:File URI scheme]] # [[:en:Finger (protocol)]] # [[:en:G.9963]] # [[:en:G.9970]] # [[:en:G.hn]] # [[:en:GPSoverIP]] # [[:en:Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching]] # [[:en:Generic Security Services Application Programming Interface]] # [[:en:Gopher (protocol)]] # [[:en:H.248]] # [[:en:HTTP cookie]] # [[:en:ICMP Router Discovery Protocol]] # [[:en:ICalendar]] # [[:en:IETF Administrative Support Activity]] # [[:en:IS-IS]] # [[:en:Internet Control Message Protocol]] # [[:en:Internet Draft]] # [[:en:Internet Experiment Note]] # [[:en:Internet Group Management Protocol]] # [[:en:Internet Society Nepal]] # [[:en:Internet Standard]] # [[:en:Internet resource locator]] # [[:en:JSON Web Encryption]] # [[:en:JSON Web Signature]] # [[:en:Jughead (search engine)]] # [[:en:LDAP Data Interchange Format]] # [[:en:LISTSERV]] # [[:en:Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol]] # [[:en:Lightweight Directory Access Protocol]] # [[:en:Link Control Protocol]] # [[:en:Link layer]] # [[:en:List of RFCs]] # [[:en:M3UA]] # [[:en:MAC-Forced Forwarding]] # [[:en:MIME Object Security Services]] # [[:en:MIMIC Simulator]] # [[:en:MPLS-TP]] # [[:en:Media gateway control protocol architecture]] # [[:en:Miracast]] # [[:en:Mobile web]] # [[:en:Multicast Listener Discovery]] # [[:en:Multiprotocol Encapsulation over ATM]] # [[:en:Multiprotocol Label Switching]] # [[:en:NETCONF]] # [[:en:National Internet registry]] # [[:en:Neighbor Discovery Protocol]] # [[:en:Nepal IGF]] # [[:en:Net-SNMP]] # [[:en:Network Access Identifier]] # [[:en:Network Data Representation]] # [[:en:Network News Transfer Protocol]] # [[:en:Network Security Services]] # [[:en:Network Time Protocol]] # [[:en:OCSP stapling]] # [[:en:OFTP]] # [[:en:Online Certificate Status Protocol]] # [[:en:Open Shortest Path First]] # [[:en:Percent-encoding]] # [[:en:Point-to-Point Protocol]] # [[:en:Poly1305]] # [[:en:Portmap]] # [[:en:Proxy ARP]] # [[:en:RADIUS]] # [[:en:Rdate]] # [[:en:Regional Internet registry]] # [[:en:Registration Data Access Protocol]] # [[:en:Reliable Event Logging Protocol]] # [[:en:Reverse Address Resolution Protocol]] # [[:en:Robust Header Compression]] # [[:en:Robustness principle]] # [[:en:Route poisoning]] # [[:en:Route server]] # [[:en:Router alert label]] # [[:en:Routing Information Protocol]] # [[:en:Rsyslog]] # [[:en:Rtelnet]] # [[:en:SCTP packet structure]] # [[:en:SCVP]] # [[:en:SDXF]] # [[:en:SSHFP record]] # [[:en:STD 8]] # [[:en:Salsa20]] # [[:en:Sensor Web Enablement]] # [[:en:Service Location Protocol]] # [[:en:Session Announcement Protocol]] # [[:en:Session Description Protocol]] # [[:en:Shared Whois Project]] # [[:en:Simple Authentication and Security Layer]] # [[:en:Simple Certificate Enrollment Protocol]] # [[:en:Split horizon route advertisement]] # [[:en:Stream Control Transmission Protocol]] # [[:en:Sun RPC]] # [[:en:Syslog]] # [[:en:Syslog-ng]] # [[:en:T-MPLS]] # [[:en:T.37]] # [[:en:T.38]] # [[:en:T/TCP]] # [[:en:TCP-Illinois]] # [[:en:TR-069]] # [[:en:Tag URI scheme]] # [[:en:Telnet]] # [[:en:Token Binding]] # [[:en:Type–length–value]] # [[:en:UDP Helper Address]] # [[:en:URI Template]] # [[:en:Universal 2nd Factor]] # [[:en:Usenet]] # [[:en:VCard]] # [[:en:VPIM]] # [[:en:Veronica (search engine)]] # [[:en:Virtual circuit multiplexing]] # [[:en:WHOIS]] # [[:en:WHOIS++]] # [[:en:Wide Area Information Server]] # [[:en:Wireless Transport Layer Security]] # [[:en:X.1035]] # [[:en:XMPP]] # [[:en:Xpress Transport Protocol]] === Internet governance organizations === # [[:en:.au Domain Administration]] # [[:en:Address Supporting Organization]] # [[:en:African Internet Governance Forum]] # [[:en:Association française pour le nommage Internet en coopération]] # [[:en:At-Large Advisory Committee]] # [[:en:Broadband Commission for Sustainable Development]] # [[:en:Bureau of Cyberspace and Digital Policy]] # [[:en:CERT Coordination Center]] # [[:en:Canadian Internet Registration Authority]] # [[:en:ESafety Commissioner]] # [[:en:Free Software Movement of India]] # [[:en:Global Alliance for Information and Communication Technologies and Development]] # [[:en:Global Commission on Internet Governance]] # [[:en:Global Commission on the Stability of Cyberspace]] # [[:en:ICANNWiki]] # [[:en:IE Domain Registry]] # [[:en:IETF Administrative Oversight Committee]] # [[:en:INOC-DBA]] # [[:en:INRegistry]] # [[:en:ISOC Luxembourg]] # [[:en:ISOC Morocco]] # [[:en:ITU-D]] # [[:en:InterNIC]] # [[:en:International Multilateral Partnership Against Cyber Threats]] # [[:en:Internet Architecture Board]] # [[:en:Internet Assigned Numbers Authority]] # [[:en:Internet Engineering Task Force]] # [[:en:Internet Governance Forum]] # [[:en:Internet Mail Consortium]] # [[:en:Internet Research Steering Group]] # [[:en:Internet Research Task Force]] # [[:en:Internet Society Nepal]] # [[:en:Internet Society – Bulgaria]] # [[:en:Internet Technical Committee]] # [[:en:Internet network operators' group]] # [[:en:InternetNZ]] # [[:en:Israel Internet Association]] # [[:en:List of ICANN meetings]] # [[:en:Mobile Alliance Against Child Sexual Abuse Content]] # [[:en:Nepal IGF]] # [[:en:Next Steps in Signaling]] # [[:en:Nigeria Data Protection Commission]] # [[:en:Ofcom]] # [[:en:PICISOC]] # [[:en:Packet Clearing House]] # [[:en:United Nations Information and Communication Technologies Task Force]] # [[:en:Working Group on Internet Governance]] # [[:en:.au Domain Administration]] # [[:en:Address Supporting Organization]] # [[:en:African Internet Governance Forum]] # [[:en:Association française pour le nommage Internet en coopération]] # [[:en:At-Large Advisory Committee]] # [[:en:Broadband Commission for Sustainable Development]] # [[:en:Bureau of Cyberspace and Digital Policy]] # [[:en:CERT Coordination Center]] # [[:en:Canadian Internet Registration Authority]] # [[:en:ESafety Commissioner]] # [[:en:Free Software Movement of India]] # [[:en:Global Alliance for Information and Communication Technologies and Development]] # [[:en:Global Commission on Internet Governance]] # [[:en:Global Commission on the Stability of Cyberspace]] # [[:en:ICANNWiki]] # [[:en:IE Domain Registry]] # [[:en:IETF Administrative Oversight Committee]] # [[:en:INOC-DBA]] # [[:en:INRegistry]] # [[:en:ISOC Luxembourg]] # [[:en:ISOC Morocco]] # [[:en:ITU-D]] # [[:en:InterNIC]] # [[:en:International Multilateral Partnership Against Cyber Threats]] # [[:en:Internet Architecture Board]] # [[:en:Internet Assigned Numbers Authority]] # [[:en:Internet Engineering Task Force]] # [[:en:Internet Governance Forum]] # [[:en:Internet Mail Consortium]] # [[:en:Internet Research Steering Group]] # [[:en:Internet Research Task Force]] # [[:en:Internet Society Nepal]] # [[:en:Internet Society – Bulgaria]] # [[:en:Internet Technical Committee]] # [[:en:Internet network operators' group]] # [[:en:InternetNZ]] # [[:en:Israel Internet Association]] # [[:en:List of ICANN meetings]] # [[:en:Mobile Alliance Against Child Sexual Abuse Content]] # [[:en:Nepal IGF]] # [[:en:Next Steps in Signaling]] # [[:en:Nigeria Data Protection Commission]] # [[:en:Ofcom]] # [[:en:PICISOC]] # [[:en:Packet Clearing House]] # [[:en:United Nations Information and Communication Technologies Task Force]] # [[:en:Working Group on Internet Governance]] # [[:en:.au Domain Administration]] # [[:en:Address Supporting Organization]] # [[:en:African Internet Governance Forum]] # [[:en:Association française pour le nommage Internet en coopération]] # [[:en:At-Large Advisory Committee]] # [[:en:Broadband Commission for Sustainable Development]] # [[:en:Bureau of Cyberspace and Digital Policy]] # [[:en:CERT Coordination Center]] # [[:en:Canadian Internet Registration Authority]] # [[:en:ESafety Commissioner]] # [[:en:Free Software Movement of India]] # [[:en:Global Alliance for Information and Communication Technologies and Development]] # [[:en:Global Commission on Internet Governance]] # [[:en:Global Commission on the Stability of Cyberspace]] # [[:en:ICANNWiki]] # [[:en:IE Domain Registry]] # [[:en:IETF Administrative Oversight Committee]] # [[:en:INOC-DBA]] # [[:en:INRegistry]] # [[:en:ISOC Luxembourg]] # [[:en:ISOC Morocco]] # [[:en:ITU-D]] # [[:en:InterNIC]] # [[:en:International Multilateral Partnership Against Cyber Threats]] # [[:en:Internet Architecture Board]] # [[:en:Internet Assigned Numbers Authority]] # [[:en:Internet Engineering Task Force]] # [[:en:Internet Governance Forum]] # [[:en:Internet Mail Consortium]] # [[:en:Internet Research Steering Group]] # [[:en:Internet Research Task Force]] # [[:en:Internet Society Nepal]] # [[:en:Internet Society – Bulgaria]] # [[:en:Internet Technical Committee]] # [[:en:Internet network operators' group]] # [[:en:InternetNZ]] # [[:en:Israel Internet Association]] # [[:en:List of ICANN meetings]] # [[:en:Mobile Alliance Against Child Sexual Abuse Content]] # [[:en:Nepal IGF]] # [[:en:Next Steps in Signaling]] # [[:en:Nigeria Data Protection Commission]] # [[:en:Ofcom]] # [[:en:PICISOC]] # [[:en:Packet Clearing House]] # [[:en:United Nations Information and Communication Technologies Task Force]] # [[:en:Working Group on Internet Governance]] # [[:en:.au Domain Administration]] # [[:en:Address Supporting Organization]] # [[:en:African Internet Governance Forum]] # [[:en:Association française pour le nommage Internet en coopération]] # [[:en:At-Large Advisory Committee]] # [[:en:Broadband Commission for Sustainable Development]] # [[:en:Bureau of Cyberspace and Digital Policy]] # [[:en:CERT Coordination Center]] # [[:en:Canadian Internet Registration Authority]] # [[:en:ESafety Commissioner]] # [[:en:Free Software Movement of India]] # [[:en:Global Alliance for Information and Communication Technologies and Development]] # [[:en:Global Commission on Internet Governance]] # [[:en:Global Commission on the Stability of Cyberspace]] # [[:en:ICANNWiki]] # [[:en:IE Domain Registry]] # [[:en:IETF Administrative Oversight Committee]] # [[:en:INOC-DBA]] # [[:en:INRegistry]] # [[:en:ISOC Luxembourg]] # [[:en:ISOC Morocco]] # [[:en:ITU-D]] # [[:en:InterNIC]] # [[:en:International Multilateral Partnership Against Cyber Threats]] # [[:en:Internet Architecture Board]] # [[:en:Internet Assigned Numbers Authority]] # [[:en:Internet Engineering Task Force]] # [[:en:Internet Governance Forum]] # [[:en:Internet Mail Consortium]] # [[:en:Internet Research Steering Group]] # [[:en:Internet Research Task Force]] # [[:en:Internet Society Nepal]] # [[:en:Internet Society – Bulgaria]] # [[:en:Internet Technical Committee]] # [[:en:Internet network operators' group]] # [[:en:InternetNZ]] # [[:en:Israel Internet Association]] # [[:en:List of ICANN meetings]] # [[:en:Mobile Alliance Against Child Sexual Abuse Content]] # [[:en:Nepal IGF]] # [[:en:Next Steps in Signaling]] # [[:en:Nigeria Data Protection Commission]] # [[:en:Ofcom]] # [[:en:PICISOC]] # [[:en:Packet Clearing House]] # [[:en:United Nations Information and Communication Technologies Task Force]] # [[:en:Working Group on Internet Governance]] # [[:en:.au Domain Administration]] # [[:en:Address Supporting Organization]] # [[:en:African Internet Governance Forum]] # [[:en:Association française pour le nommage Internet en coopération]] # [[:en:At-Large Advisory Committee]] # [[:en:Broadband Commission for Sustainable Development]] # [[:en:Bureau of Cyberspace and Digital Policy]] # [[:en:CERT Coordination Center]] # [[:en:Canadian Internet Registration Authority]] # [[:en:ESafety Commissioner]] # [[:en:Free Software Movement of India]] # [[:en:Global Alliance for Information and Communication Technologies and Development]] # [[:en:Global Commission on Internet Governance]] # [[:en:Global Commission on the Stability of Cyberspace]] # [[:en:ICANNWiki]] # [[:en:IE Domain Registry]] # [[:en:IETF Administrative Oversight Committee]] # [[:en:INOC-DBA]] # [[:en:INRegistry]] # [[:en:ISOC Luxembourg]] # [[:en:ISOC Morocco]] # [[:en:ITU-D]] # [[:en:InterNIC]] # [[:en:International Multilateral Partnership Against Cyber Threats]] # [[:en:Internet Architecture Board]] # [[:en:Internet Assigned Numbers Authority]] # [[:en:Internet Engineering Task Force]] # [[:en:Internet Governance Forum]] # [[:en:Internet Mail Consortium]] # [[:en:Internet Research Steering Group]] # [[:en:Internet Research Task Force]] # [[:en:Internet Society Nepal]] # [[:en:Internet Society – Bulgaria]] # [[:en:Internet Technical Committee]] # [[:en:Internet network operators' group]] # [[:en:InternetNZ]] # [[:en:Israel Internet Association]] # [[:en:List of ICANN meetings]] # [[:en:Mobile Alliance Against Child Sexual Abuse Content]] # [[:en:Nepal IGF]] # [[:en:Next Steps in Signaling]] # [[:en:Nigeria Data Protection Commission]] # [[:en:Ofcom]] # [[:en:PICISOC]] # [[:en:Packet Clearing House]] # [[:en:United Nations Information and Communication Technologies Task Force]] # [[:en:Working Group on Internet Governance]] dn5x0650xydv8jakvurke8fucaklrtk 3996277 3996276 2026-10-23T07:31:35Z Beko 34062 /* Internet governance organizations */ 3996277 wikitext text/x-wiki # [[:en:Multistakeholder Model]] - [[:hy:Բազմաշահահռու մոդել]] # [[:en:E-governance|Digital Governance]]- [[:hy:Է-Կառավարում]] բարելավում # [[:en:Alexander von Humboldt Institute for Internet and Society]] # Internet Governance Ecosystem - [[:hy:Ինտերնետի կառավարման էկոհամակարգ]] # [[:en:Multistakeholder governance]] # [[:en:Collective intelligence]] - [[:hy:Կոլեկտիվ բանականություն]] բարելավել # [[:en:Global IGF ]] - աղբյուրի կարիք # [[:en:National IGF ]] - աղբյուրի կարիք # [[:en:Regional IGF ]] - աղբյուրի կարիք # [[:en:Sub-regional IGF ]] - աղբյուրի կարիք # [[:en:Youth IGF ]] - աղբյուրի կարիք # [[:en:National and Regional Initiatives ]] - աղբյուրի կարիք # [[:en:Multistakeholder Advisory Group ]] - աղբյուրի կարիք # [[:en:IGF Secretariat ]] - աղբյուրի կարիք # [[:en:IGF Messages ]] - աղբյուրի կարիք # [[:en:IGF Best Practice Forums ]] - աղբյուրի կարիք # [[:en:Dynamic Coalitions ]] - աղբյուրի կարիք # [[:en:Intersessional Work ]] - աղբյուրի կարիք # [[:en:DNS]] բարելավում # [[:en:Root Server]] - աղբյուրի կարիք # [[:en:ccTLD]] # [[:en:new gTLD]] - աղբյուրի կարիք # [[:en:IDN ccTLD]] # [[:en:U-label]] - աղբյուրի կարիք # [[:en:A-label]] - աղբյուրի կարիք # [[:en:EPP]]- պարզել # [[:en:Registry]]- պարզել # [[:en:Registrar]]- պարզել # [[:en:Registrant]]- պարզել # [[:en:DNSSEC]] # [[:en:RDAP]] # [[:en:WHOIS]] === Generic top-level domains === # [[:en:.berlin]] # [[:en:.brussels]] # [[:en:.cern]] # [[:en:.dance]] # [[:en:.earth]] # [[:en:.gay]] # [[:en:.guru]] # [[:en:.hiv]] # [[:en:.inc]] # [[:en:.kaufen]] # [[:en:.kosher]] # [[:en:.pharmacy]] # [[:en:.rip]] # [[:en:.wien]] # [[:en:.zip (top-level domain)]] # [[:en:Proposed top-level domains]] # [[:en:Sponsored top-level domain]] === IP addresses === # [[:en:0.0.0.0]] # [[:en:CIDR notation]] # [[:en:Classful network]] # [[:en:Classless Inter-Domain Routing]] # [[:en:Gateway address]] # [[:en:IP address spoofing]] # [[:en:IPv4 address]] # [[:en:IPv4 shared address space]] # [[:en:IPv6 address]] # [[:en:List of reserved IP addresses]] # [[:en:Localhost]] # [[:en:Martian packet]] # [[:en:Private network]] # [[:en:Provider-aggregatable address space]] # [[:en:Provider-independent address space]] # [[:en:Public network]] # [[:en:Subnet]] # [[:en:USERIP]] # [[:en:Virtual IP address]] # [[:en:Wildcard mask]] # [[:en:X-Originating-IP]] # [[:en:ASN ]] # [[:en:BGP ]] # [[:en:Regional Internet registry] # [[:en:LIR ]] === Internet architecture === # [[:en:6bone]] # [[:en:AS 7007 incident]] # [[:en:Adaptive quality of service multi-hop routing]] # [[:en:Address pool]] # [[:en:AiScaler]] # [[:en:Any-source multicast]] # [[:en:Application-Layer Protocol Negotiation]] # [[:en:Application-layer framing]] # [[:en:Authenticated Received Chain]] # [[:en:Autonomous system (Internet)]] # [[:en:Border Gateway Multicast Protocol]] # [[:en:Border Gateway Protocol]] # [[:en:Bufferbloat]] # [[:en:COinS]] # [[:en:Certificate server]] # [[:en:Circuit-level gateway]] # [[:en:Clean Slate Program]] # [[:en:Colocation centre]] # [[:en:Connection-oriented communication]] # [[:en:Connectionless communication]] # [[:en:Control plane]] # [[:en:Core router]] # [[:en:DIMES]] # [[:en:Data plane]] # [[:en:Default route]] # [[:en:Differentiated services]] # [[:en:DomainKeys Identified Mail]] # [[:en:Echo (communications protocol)]] # [[:en:EncroChat]] # [[:en:End system]] # [[:en:End-to-end principle]] # [[:en:EraMobile]] # [[:en:Fabric Connect]] # [[:en:Fate-sharing]] # [[:en:Future Internet Research and Experimentation]] # [[:en:Future Internet testbeds experimentation between BRazil and Europe]] # [[:en:Gateway (telecommunications)]] # [[:en:Global network positioning]] # [[:en:HERMES-A/MINOTAUR]] # [[:en:Herbert Van de Sompel]] # [[:en:Hot-potato routing]] # [[:en:IEEE 802.1aq]] # [[:en:IP aliasing]] # [[:en:IP over Avian Carriers]] # [[:en:IP traceback]] # [[:en:Identifier-Locator Network Protocol]] # [[:en:Integrated services]] # [[:en:Interconnect agreement]] # [[:en:Internet Architecture Board]] # [[:en:Internet Mapping Project]] # [[:en:Internet Mix]] # [[:en:Internet Protocol Options]] # [[:en:Internet Routing Registry]] # [[:en:Internet backbone]] # [[:en:Internet bottleneck]] # [[:en:Internet outage]] # [[:en:Internet rush hour]] # [[:en:Internet traffic engineering]] # [[:en:Internet transit]] # [[:en:Last mile (telecommunications)]] # [[:en:Locator/Identifier Separation Protocol]] # [[:en:Longest prefix match]] # [[:en:Loopback]] # [[:en:Luleå algorithm]] # [[:en:Management plane]] # [[:en:Matrix (app)]] # [[:en:Mbone]] # [[:en:Media type]] # [[:en:Meet-me room]] # [[:en:Middle mile]] # [[:en:Multicast]] # [[:en:Multicast routing]] # [[:en:Multihoming]] # [[:en:NJFX]] # [[:en:Network load balancing]] # [[:en:Network mapping]] # [[:en:OpenURL]] # [[:en:OpenURL knowledge base]] # [[:en:Opte Project]] # [[:en:Peering]] # [[:en:PeeringDB]] # [[:en:Per-hop behaviour]] # [[:en:PingER Project]] # [[:en:QPPB]] # [[:en:RFC 6329]] # [[:en:RSVP-TE]] # [[:en:Resource Public Key Infrastructure]] # [[:en:Resource Reservation Protocol]] # [[:en:RouteViews]] # [[:en:Router (computing)]] # [[:en:Routing]] # [[:en:Routing Assets Database]] # [[:en:Routing Policy Specification Language]] # [[:en:Routing table]] # [[:en:Semaphore Flag Signaling System]] # [[:en:Sender Policy Framework]] # [[:en:Shortest path bridging]] # [[:en:Site Multihoming by IPv6 Intermediation]] # [[:en:Sorcerer's Apprentice syndrome]] # [[:en:Supernetwork]] # [[:en:TelecityGroup]] # [[:en:Teredo tunneling]] # [[:en:Tier 1 network]] # [[:en:Tier 2 network]] # [[:en:Time to live]] # [[:en:Turn restriction routing]] # [[:en:Unicast]] # [[:en:Unicast flood]] # [[:en:Xcast]] === Internet access === # [[:en:10G]] # [[:en:2016 United States wireless spectrum auction]] # [[:en:Affordable Connectivity Program]] # [[:en:Alliance for Affordable Internet]] # [[:en:Cable Internet access]] # [[:en:Cable modem]] # [[:en:Cable modem termination system]] # [[:en:Captive Audience]] # [[:en:Com21]] # [[:en:Combating Online Infringement and Counterfeits Act]] # [[:en:Data discrimination]] # [[:en:Defense Data Network]] # [[:en:Dial-up Internet access]] # [[:en:Digital Divide Network]] # [[:en:Digital equity]] # [[:en:Digital rights in the Caribbean]] # [[:en:Digital subscriber line]] # [[:en:Dynamic/Dialup Users List]] # [[:en:EZproxy]] # [[:en:FRIACO]] # [[:en:Flat rate]] # [[:en:Get Online Week]] # [[:en:Google Free Zone]] # [[:en:HD-PLC]] # [[:en:Hosted service provider]] # [[:en:Hybrid Access Networks]] # [[:en:Internet Freedom Foundation]] # [[:en:Internet access]] # [[:en:List of members of the U.S. Congress who support or oppose SOPA/PIPA]] # [[:en:Multipurpose community telecenters]] # [[:en:Municipal wireless network]] # [[:en:NTCA - The Rural Broadband Association]] # [[:en:Net Neutrality Regulation 2015]] # [[:en:Net neutrality in the Netherlands]] # [[:en:Online Centres Network]] # [[:en:Online Protection and Enforcement of Digital Trade Act]] # [[:en:OpenWireless.org]] # [[:en:Platform for Internet Content Selection]] # [[:en:Power-line communication]] # [[:en:Protecting Children from Internet Pornographers Act of 2011]] # [[:en:RADIO-MSU Network]] # [[:en:Research Works Act]] # [[:en:Robb Topolski]] # [[:en:Rural Internet]] # [[:en:Satellite Internet access]] # [[:en:Series of tubes]] # [[:en:Sovereign Internet Law]] # [[:en:Sublink Network]] # [[:en:Twister Telecom]] # [[:en:White space Internet]] # [[:en:White spaces (radio)]] # [[:en:Yarovaya law]] # [[:en:AWS App Runner]] === Cloud infrastructure === # [[:en:Abiquo Enterprise Edition]] # [[:en:Alibaba Cloud]] # [[:en:Amazon Bedrock]] # [[:en:Amazon ElastiCache]] # [[:en:Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud]] # [[:en:Amazon Elastic File System]] # [[:en:Amazon Rekognition]] # [[:en:Amazon SageMaker]] # [[:en:Amazon Web Services]] # [[:en:Animoto]] # [[:en:Apache CloudStack]] # [[:en:Apache Drill]] # [[:en:Apache Hama]] # [[:en:Apache Mesos]] # [[:en:Apache Storm]] # [[:en:Aptum Technologies]] # [[:en:Azure Data Lake]] # [[:en:Azure Maps]] # [[:en:Azure Stream Analytics]] # [[:en:Bare-metal server]] # [[:en:Basho Technologies]] # [[:en:BigCouch]] # [[:en:Bitnami]] # [[:en:Bright Computing]] # [[:en:Bring your own encryption]] # [[:en:Cascading (software)]] # [[:en:Citrix Cloud]] # [[:en:Cloud Foundry]] # [[:en:Cloud computing]] # [[:en:Cloud-native network function]] # [[:en:CloudBees]] # [[:en:CloudBolt]] # [[:en:CloudKit]] # [[:en:CloudSim]] # [[:en:Cloudant]] # [[:en:Cloudera]] # [[:en:Cloudian]] # [[:en:Cloudways]] # [[:en:Ekco Cloud]] # [[:en:ElasticHosts]] # [[:en:Enomaly]] # [[:en:Enstratius]] # [[:en:Eucalyptus (software)]] # [[:en:FUJITSU Cloud IaaS Trusted Public S5]] # [[:en:FlexiScale]] # [[:en:Google Cloud Platform]] # [[:en:Google Compute Engine]] # [[:en:GreenButton]] # [[:en:GreenQloud]] # [[:en:HP Cloud]] # [[:en:Heroku]] # [[:en:Hybrid cloud storage]] # [[:en:IBM Blueworks Live]] # [[:en:IBM Cloud]] # [[:en:IEEE Cloud Computing]] # [[:en:Iland]] # [[:en:InfiniDB]] # [[:en:Jelastic]] # [[:en:Kaavo]] # [[:en:Key Management Interoperability Protocol]] # [[:en:Kubeflow]] # [[:en:Kubernetes]] # [[:en:LingCloud]] # [[:en:Linode]] # [[:en:Logicworks]] # [[:en:Lumen Technologies]] # [[:en:MLab]] # [[:en:MapR]] # [[:en:Media Temple]] # [[:en:Microsoft Azure]] # [[:en:MinIO]] # [[:en:MongoDB Inc.]] # [[:en:Music Kickup]] # [[:en:NATS Messaging]] # [[:en:Netlify]] # [[:en:Nimbula]] # [[:en:Nimbus (cloud computing)]] # [[:en:Nutanix]] # [[:en:On-premises hosting]] # [[:en:OnApp]] # [[:en:OpSource]] # [[:en:OpenQRM]] # [[:en:OpenSAF]] # [[:en:OpenStack]] # [[:en:OpenTofu]] # [[:en:Oracle Cloud]] # [[:en:Oracle Cloud Platform]] # [[:en:Oracle Database]] # [[:en:OrionVM]] # [[:en:Promo.com]] # [[:en:Qstack]] # [[:en:Rclone]] # [[:en:Riak]] # [[:en:RightScale]] # [[:en:SAP BTP]] # [[:en:SAP Cloud Infrastructure]] # [[:en:Scaleway]] # [[:en:Sector/Sphere]] # [[:en:Skytap]] # [[:en:Software-defined data center]] # [[:en:StackPath]] # [[:en:Stratoscale]] # [[:en:Sun Cloud]] # [[:en:Synnefo]] # [[:en:THG Ingenuity Cloud Services]] # [[:en:Tahoe-LAFS]] # [[:en:Terraform (software)]] # [[:en:Turbot (business)]] # [[:en:TurnKey Linux Virtual Appliance Library]] # [[:en:Vercel]] # [[:en:Virtustream]] # [[:en:Vultr]] # [[:en:Wakame-vdc]] # [[:en:Yandex Cloud]] === Internet Society people === # [[:en:Alan Levin (Internet governance)]] # [[:en:Barry Leiba]] # [[:en:Borka Jerman Blažič]] # [[:en:Brian Carpenter (engineer)]] # [[:en:Désirée Miloshevic]] # [[:en:Fred Baker (engineer)]] # [[:en:Geoff Huston (scientist)]] # [[:en:Howard Frank (network engineer)]] # [[:en:Infoveillance]] # [[:en:John Klensin]] # [[:en:Khaled Koubaa]] # [[:en:Nathaniel Borenstein]] # [[:en:Stephen Kent (network security)]] === Domain Name System === # [[:en:ARPA Host Name Server Protocol]] # [[:en:Amazon Route 53]] # [[:en:At-Large Advisory Committee]] # [[:en:Auth-Code]] # [[:en:Bitsquatting]] # [[:en:Blackhole server]] # [[:en:Bonjour Sleep Proxy]] # [[:en:British Telecommunications plc v One in a Million Ltd]] # [[:en:Certification Authority Authorization]] # [[:en:Chinese Domain Name Consortium]] # [[:en:Country code second-level domain]] # [[:en:Country code top-level domains with commercial licenses]] # [[:en:DDoS attacks on Dyn]] # [[:en:DNS Certification Authority Authorization]] # [[:en:DNS Long-Lived Queries]] # [[:en:DNS analytics]] # [[:en:DNS blocking]] # [[:en:DNS hosting service]] # [[:en:DNS over TLS]] # [[:en:DNS rebinding]] # [[:en:DNS sinkhole]] # [[:en:DNS spoofing]] # [[:en:DNS zone]] # [[:en:DNS zone transfer]] # [[:en:DNS-based Authentication of Named Entities]] # [[:en:DNSChanger]] # [[:en:DNSCrypt]] # [[:en:DNSCurve]] # [[:en:Dig (command)]] # [[:en:Directory service]] # [[:en:Distributed denial-of-service attacks on root nameservers]] # [[:en:Domain aftermarket]] # [[:en:Domain name auction]] # [[:en:Domain name drop list]] # [[:en:Domain registration]] # [[:en:Domains by Proxy]] # [[:en:Dynamic DNS]] # [[:en:Dynamic Delegation Discovery System]] # [[:en:Extensible Provisioning Protocol]] # [[:en:Extension Mechanisms for DNS]] # [[:en:Fast flux]] # [[:en:Forward-confirmed reverse DNS]] # [[:en:Fully qualified name]] # [[:en:Gauss Research Laboratory]] # [[:en:Geodomain]] # [[:en:Getaddrinfo]] # [[:en:Global Name Registry]] # [[:en:Hesiod (name service)]] # [[:en:Hosts (file)]] # [[:en:IAHC]] # [[:en:IDN.IDN]] # [[:en:IPv6 brokenness and DNS whitelisting]] # [[:en:ISP redirect page]] # [[:en:Internet Domain Name Index]] # [[:en:Internet Provider Security]] # [[:en:Landrush period]] # [[:en:Link-Local Multicast Name Resolution]] # [[:en:List of managed DNS providers]] # [[:en:Mcast.net]] # [[:en:Multicast DNS]] # [[:en:MysqlBind]] # [[:en:NIC handle]] # [[:en:Name server]] # [[:en:Nameprep]] # [[:en:Network domain]] # [[:en:Nsupdate]] # [[:en:OpenDNSSEC]] # [[:en:OpenNIC]] # [[:en:Patent and Trademark Office v. Booking.com B. V.]] # [[:en:Planned Parenthood Federation of America, Inc. v. Bucci]] # [[:en:Private sub-domain registry]] # [[:en:Public Suffix List]] # [[:en:Public recursive name server]] # [[:en:RACE encoding]] # [[:en:RadioDNS]] # [[:en:Register.com v. Verio]] # [[:en:Resolv.conf]] # [[:en:Resolvconf]] # [[:en:Reverse DNS lookup]] # [[:en:Reverse domain hijacking]] # [[:en:Reverse domain name notation]] # [[:en:Round-robin DNS]] # [[:en:Search domain]] # [[:en:Serial number arithmetic]] # [[:en:Single-letter second-level domain]] # [[:en:Site Finder]] # [[:en:Special-use domain name]] # [[:en:Split-horizon DNS]] # [[:en:Sunrise period]] # [[:en:TSIG]] # [[:en:Teledotcom]] # [[:en:Trojan.Win32.DNSChanger]] # [[:en:Unsponsored top-level domain]] # [[:en:Vanity domain]] # [[:en:Wait Listing Service]] # [[:en:Web Proxy Auto-Discovery Protocol]] # [[:en:Wildcard DNS record]] # [[:en:ZA Central Registry]] # [[:en:Zero-configuration networking]] # [[:en:Zone file]] === Domain name registries === # [[:en:Afilias]] # [[:en:Associação DNS.PT]] # [[:en:AusRegistry]] # [[:en:CZ.NIC]] # [[:en:Canadian Internet Registration Authority]] # [[:en:China Internet Network Information Center]] # [[:en:Coordination Center for TLD RU]] # [[:en:DENIC]] # [[:en:DNS Belgium]] # [[:en:DotCooperation]] # [[:en:GRS Domains]] # [[:en:NIC Argentina]] # [[:en:NIC México]] # [[:en:Nic.at]] # [[:en:NomiNation]] # [[:en:Norid]] # [[:en:Public Interest Registry]] # [[:en:Saudi Network Information Center]] # [[:en:Syrian Computer Society]] # [[:en:Technical Center of Internet]] # [[:en:Top Level Design]] === Content delivery networks === # [[:en:Amazon CloudFront]] # [[:en:CDNetworks]] # [[:en:CacheFly]] # [[:en:Cdnjs]] # [[:en:ChinaCache]] # [[:en:Content delivery network]] # [[:en:Content delivery network interconnection]] # [[:en:DDoS-Guard]] # [[:en:Edgecast]] # [[:en:Edgio]] # [[:en:Fastly]] # [[:en:GTT Communications]] # [[:en:Gcore]] # [[:en:Information-centric networking caching policies]] # [[:en:Instart]] # [[:en:JSDelivr]] # [[:en:Level 3 Communications]] # [[:en:MetaCDN]] # [[:en:Open Connect]] # [[:en:TW Telecom]] # [[:en:Wangsu Science & Technology]] # [[:en:Yottaa]] === Data protection === # [[:en:American Privacy Rights Act]] # [[:en:CTERA Networks]] # [[:en:California Privacy Rights Act]] # [[:en:Canary trap]] # [[:en:Cliqz]] # [[:en:Cloud storage gateway]] # [[:en:Commvault]] # [[:en:Confederation of European Data Protection Organisations]] # [[:en:Consent management]] # [[:en:Consent or pay]] # [[:en:DNS4EU]] # [[:en:Data (Use and Access) Act 2025]] # [[:en:Data Protection Act 1998]] # [[:en:Data Protection Act 2018]] # [[:en:Data Protection Act, 2012]] # [[:en:Data Security Law of the People's Republic of China]] # [[:en:Data anonymization]] # [[:en:Data cooperative]] # [[:en:Data embassy]] # [[:en:Data masking]] # [[:en:Data protection officer]] # [[:en:Datafly algorithm]] # [[:en:De-identification]] # [[:en:Delete Act]] # [[:en:Digital Personal Data Protection Rules, 2025]] # [[:en:EU Cloud Code of Conduct]] # [[:en:European Centre for Certification and Privacy]] # [[:en:Europrivacy]] # [[:en:Hard privacy technologies]] # [[:en:Indigenous data governance]] # [[:en:Information Technology Rules, 2021]] # [[:en:Information privacy]] # [[:en:Malabo Convention]] # [[:en:NOYB]] # [[:en:National Privacy Commission]] # [[:en:Personal Data Protection Act (Sri Lanka)]] # [[:en:Personal Data Protection Bill, 2019]] # [[:en:Personal Information Protection Law of the People's Republic of China]] # [[:en:Privacy impact assessment]] # [[:en:Privacy-enhancing technologies]] # [[:en:QNAP Systems]] # [[:en:Search engine privacy]] # [[:en:Soft privacy technologies]] # [[:en:The Clean Network]] # [[:en:Tiversa]] # [[:en:Transparent decryption]] === Internet Standards === # [[:en:ALTO (protocol)]] # [[:en:AS1 (networking)]] # [[:en:AS2]] # [[:en:Acct URI scheme]] # [[:en:Admission control]] # [[:en:Archie (search engine)]] # [[:en:Architecture for Control Networks]] # [[:en:Automatic switched-transport network]] # [[:en:Base62]] # [[:en:Base64]] # [[:en:Berkeley r-commands]] # [[:en:Bidirectional Forwarding Detection]] # [[:en:Bootstrap Protocol]] # [[:en:Bounce message]] # [[:en:CCSO Nameserver]] # [[:en:CE-HTML]] # [[:en:CRAM-MD5]] # [[:en:Certificate Management Protocol]] # [[:en:Certificate Management over CMS]] # [[:en:Clearinghouse for Networked Information Discovery and Retrieval]] # [[:en:Cryptographic Message Syntax]] # [[:en:DHCP snooping]] # [[:en:Data URI scheme]] # [[:en:Default-free zone]] # [[:en:Deterministic Networking]] # [[:en:Diameter (protocol)]] # [[:en:Diameter Credit-Control Application]] # [[:en:Directory information tree]] # [[:en:Endpoint Handlespace Redundancy Protocol]] # [[:en:Enriched text]] # [[:en:Enrollment over Secure Transport]] # [[:en:Ephemeral port]] # [[:en:External Data Representation]] # [[:en:FAST TCP]] # [[:en:FTPS]] # [[:en:Fast and Secure Protocol]] # [[:en:File URI scheme]] # [[:en:Finger (protocol)]] # [[:en:G.9963]] # [[:en:G.9970]] # [[:en:G.hn]] # [[:en:GPSoverIP]] # [[:en:Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching]] # [[:en:Generic Security Services Application Programming Interface]] # [[:en:Gopher (protocol)]] # [[:en:H.248]] # [[:en:HTTP cookie]] # [[:en:ICMP Router Discovery Protocol]] # [[:en:ICalendar]] # [[:en:IETF Administrative Support Activity]] # [[:en:IS-IS]] # [[:en:Internet Control Message Protocol]] # [[:en:Internet Draft]] # [[:en:Internet Experiment Note]] # [[:en:Internet Group Management Protocol]] # [[:en:Internet Society Nepal]] # [[:en:Internet Standard]] # [[:en:Internet resource locator]] # [[:en:JSON Web Encryption]] # [[:en:JSON Web Signature]] # [[:en:Jughead (search engine)]] # [[:en:LDAP Data Interchange Format]] # [[:en:LISTSERV]] # [[:en:Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol]] # [[:en:Lightweight Directory Access Protocol]] # [[:en:Link Control Protocol]] # [[:en:Link layer]] # [[:en:List of RFCs]] # [[:en:M3UA]] # [[:en:MAC-Forced Forwarding]] # [[:en:MIME Object Security Services]] # [[:en:MIMIC Simulator]] # [[:en:MPLS-TP]] # [[:en:Media gateway control protocol architecture]] # [[:en:Miracast]] # [[:en:Mobile web]] # [[:en:Multicast Listener Discovery]] # [[:en:Multiprotocol Encapsulation over ATM]] # [[:en:Multiprotocol Label Switching]] # [[:en:NETCONF]] # [[:en:National Internet registry]] # [[:en:Neighbor Discovery Protocol]] # [[:en:Nepal IGF]] # [[:en:Net-SNMP]] # [[:en:Network Access Identifier]] # [[:en:Network Data Representation]] # [[:en:Network News Transfer Protocol]] # [[:en:Network Security Services]] # [[:en:Network Time Protocol]] # [[:en:OCSP stapling]] # [[:en:OFTP]] # [[:en:Online Certificate Status Protocol]] # [[:en:Open Shortest Path First]] # [[:en:Percent-encoding]] # [[:en:Point-to-Point Protocol]] # [[:en:Poly1305]] # [[:en:Portmap]] # [[:en:Proxy ARP]] # [[:en:RADIUS]] # [[:en:Rdate]] # [[:en:Regional Internet registry]] # [[:en:Registration Data Access Protocol]] # [[:en:Reliable Event Logging Protocol]] # [[:en:Reverse Address Resolution Protocol]] # [[:en:Robust Header Compression]] # [[:en:Robustness principle]] # [[:en:Route poisoning]] # [[:en:Route server]] # [[:en:Router alert label]] # [[:en:Routing Information Protocol]] # [[:en:Rsyslog]] # [[:en:Rtelnet]] # [[:en:SCTP packet structure]] # [[:en:SCVP]] # [[:en:SDXF]] # [[:en:SSHFP record]] # [[:en:STD 8]] # [[:en:Salsa20]] # [[:en:Sensor Web Enablement]] # [[:en:Service Location Protocol]] # [[:en:Session Announcement Protocol]] # [[:en:Session Description Protocol]] # [[:en:Shared Whois Project]] # [[:en:Simple Authentication and Security Layer]] # [[:en:Simple Certificate Enrollment Protocol]] # [[:en:Split horizon route advertisement]] # [[:en:Stream Control Transmission Protocol]] # [[:en:Sun RPC]] # [[:en:Syslog]] # [[:en:Syslog-ng]] # [[:en:T-MPLS]] # [[:en:T.37]] # [[:en:T.38]] # [[:en:T/TCP]] # [[:en:TCP-Illinois]] # [[:en:TR-069]] # [[:en:Tag URI scheme]] # [[:en:Telnet]] # [[:en:Token Binding]] # [[:en:Type–length–value]] # [[:en:UDP Helper Address]] # [[:en:URI Template]] # [[:en:Universal 2nd Factor]] # [[:en:Usenet]] # [[:en:VCard]] # [[:en:VPIM]] # [[:en:Veronica (search engine)]] # [[:en:Virtual circuit multiplexing]] # [[:en:WHOIS]] # [[:en:WHOIS++]] # [[:en:Wide Area Information Server]] # [[:en:Wireless Transport Layer Security]] # [[:en:X.1035]] # [[:en:XMPP]] # [[:en:Xpress Transport Protocol]] === Internet governance organizations === # [[:en:.au Domain Administration]] # [[:en:Address Supporting Organization]] # [[:en:African Internet Governance Forum]] # [[:en:Association française pour le nommage Internet en coopération]] # [[:en:At-Large Advisory Committee]] # [[:en:Broadband Commission for Sustainable Development]] # [[:en:Bureau of Cyberspace and Digital Policy]] # [[:en:CERT Coordination Center]] # [[:en:Canadian Internet Registration Authority]] # [[:en:ESafety Commissioner]] # [[:en:Free Software Movement of India]] # [[:en:Global Alliance for Information and Communication Technologies and Development]] # [[:en:Global Commission on Internet Governance]] # [[:en:Global Commission on the Stability of Cyberspace]] # [[:en:ICANNWiki]] # [[:en:IE Domain Registry]] # [[:en:IETF Administrative Oversight Committee]] # [[:en:INOC-DBA]] # [[:en:INRegistry]] # [[:en:ISOC Luxembourg]] # [[:en:ISOC Morocco]] # [[:en:ITU-D]] # [[:en:InterNIC]] # [[:en:International Multilateral Partnership Against Cyber Threats]] # [[:en:Internet Architecture Board]] # [[:en:Internet Assigned Numbers Authority]] # [[:en:Internet Engineering Task Force]] # [[:en:Internet Governance Forum]] # [[:en:Internet Mail Consortium]] # [[:en:Internet Research Steering Group]] # [[:en:Internet Research Task Force]] # [[:en:Internet Society Nepal]] # [[:en:Internet Society – Bulgaria]] # [[:en:Internet Technical Committee]] # [[:en:Internet network operators' group]] # [[:en:InternetNZ]] # [[:en:Israel Internet Association]] # [[:en:List of ICANN meetings]] # [[:en:Mobile Alliance Against Child Sexual Abuse Content]] # [[:en:Nepal IGF]] # [[:en:Next Steps in Signaling]] # [[:en:Nigeria Data Protection Commission]] # [[:en:Ofcom]] # [[:en:PICISOC]] # [[:en:Packet Clearing House]] # [[:en:United Nations Information and Communication Technologies Task Force]] # [[:en:Working Group on Internet Governance]] bmg2avj2fnn1souqjeka5nhzkso9w92 3996278 3996277 2026-10-23T07:37:18Z Beko 34062 3996278 wikitext text/x-wiki # [[:en:Multistakeholder Model]] - [[:hy:Բազմաշահահռու մոդել]] # [[:en:E-governance|Digital Governance]]- [[:hy:Է-Կառավարում]] բարելավում # [[:en:Alexander von Humboldt Institute for Internet and Society]] # Internet Governance Ecosystem - [[:hy:Ինտերնետի կառավարման էկոհամակարգ]] # [[:en:Multistakeholder governance]] # [[:en:Collective intelligence]] - [[:hy:Կոլեկտիվ բանականություն]] բարելավել # [[:en:Global IGF ]] - աղբյուրի կարիք # [[:en:National IGF ]] - աղբյուրի կարիք # [[:en:Regional IGF ]] - աղբյուրի կարիք # [[:en:Sub-regional IGF ]] - աղբյուրի կարիք # [[:en:Youth IGF ]] - աղբյուրի կարիք # [[:en:National and Regional Initiatives ]] - աղբյուրի կարիք # [[:en:Multistakeholder Advisory Group ]] - աղբյուրի կարիք # [[:en:IGF Secretariat ]] - աղբյուրի կարիք # [[:en:IGF Messages ]] - աղբյուրի կարիք # [[:en:IGF Best Practice Forums ]] - աղբյուրի կարիք # [[:en:Dynamic Coalitions ]] - աղբյուրի կարիք # [[:en:Intersessional Work ]] - աղբյուրի կարիք # [[:en:DNS]] բարելավում # [[:en:Root Server]] - աղբյուրի կարիք # [[:en:ccTLD]] # [[:en:new gTLD]] - աղբյուրի կարիք # [[:en:IDN ccTLD]] # [[:en:U-label]] - աղբյուրի կարիք # [[:en:A-label]] - աղբյուրի կարիք # [[:en:EPP]]- պարզել # [[:en:Registry]]- պարզել # [[:en:Registrar]]- պարզել # [[:en:Registrant]]- պարզել # [[:en:DNSSEC]] # [[:en:RDAP]] === Generic top-level domains === # [[:en:.berlin]] # [[:en:.brussels]] # [[:en:.cern]] # [[:en:.dance]] # [[:en:.earth]] # [[:en:.gay]] # [[:en:.guru]] # [[:en:.hiv]] # [[:en:.inc]] # [[:en:.kaufen]] # [[:en:.kosher]] # [[:en:.pharmacy]] # [[:en:.rip]] # [[:en:.wien]] # [[:en:.zip (top-level domain)]] # [[:en:Proposed top-level domains]] # [[:en:Sponsored top-level domain]] === IP addresses === # [[:en:0.0.0.0]] # [[:en:CIDR notation]] # [[:en:Classful network]] # [[:en:Classless Inter-Domain Routing]] # [[:en:Gateway address]] # [[:en:IP address spoofing]] # [[:en:IPv4 address]] # [[:en:IPv4 shared address space]] # [[:en:IPv6 address]] # [[:en:List of reserved IP addresses]] # [[:en:Localhost]] # [[:en:Martian packet]] # [[:en:Private network]] # [[:en:Provider-aggregatable address space]] # [[:en:Provider-independent address space]] # [[:en:Public network]] # [[:en:Subnet]] # [[:en:USERIP]] # [[:en:Virtual IP address]] # [[:en:Wildcard mask]] # [[:en:X-Originating-IP]] # [[:en:ASN ]] # [[:en:BGP ]] # [[:en:Regional Internet registry] # [[:en:LIR ]] === Internet architecture === # [[:en:6bone]] # [[:en:AS 7007 incident]] # [[:en:Adaptive quality of service multi-hop routing]] # [[:en:Address pool]] # [[:en:AiScaler]] # [[:en:Any-source multicast]] # [[:en:Application-Layer Protocol Negotiation]] # [[:en:Application-layer framing]] # [[:en:Authenticated Received Chain]] # [[:en:Autonomous system (Internet)]] # [[:en:Border Gateway Multicast Protocol]] # [[:en:Border Gateway Protocol]] # [[:en:Bufferbloat]] # [[:en:COinS]] # [[:en:Certificate server]] # [[:en:Circuit-level gateway]] # [[:en:Clean Slate Program]] # [[:en:Colocation centre]] # [[:en:Connection-oriented communication]] # [[:en:Connectionless communication]] # [[:en:Control plane]] # [[:en:Core router]] # [[:en:DIMES]] # [[:en:Data plane]] # [[:en:Default route]] # [[:en:Differentiated services]] # [[:en:DomainKeys Identified Mail]] # [[:en:Echo (communications protocol)]] # [[:en:EncroChat]] # [[:en:End system]] # [[:en:End-to-end principle]] # [[:en:EraMobile]] # [[:en:Fabric Connect]] # [[:en:Fate-sharing]] # [[:en:Future Internet Research and Experimentation]] # [[:en:Future Internet testbeds experimentation between BRazil and Europe]] # [[:en:Gateway (telecommunications)]] # [[:en:Global network positioning]] # [[:en:HERMES-A/MINOTAUR]] # [[:en:Herbert Van de Sompel]] # [[:en:Hot-potato routing]] # [[:en:IEEE 802.1aq]] # [[:en:IP aliasing]] # [[:en:IP over Avian Carriers]] # [[:en:IP traceback]] # [[:en:Identifier-Locator Network Protocol]] # [[:en:Integrated services]] # [[:en:Interconnect agreement]] # [[:en:Internet Architecture Board]] # [[:en:Internet Mapping Project]] # [[:en:Internet Mix]] # [[:en:Internet Protocol Options]] # [[:en:Internet Routing Registry]] # [[:en:Internet backbone]] # [[:en:Internet bottleneck]] # [[:en:Internet outage]] # [[:en:Internet rush hour]] # [[:en:Internet traffic engineering]] # [[:en:Internet transit]] # [[:en:Last mile (telecommunications)]] # [[:en:Locator/Identifier Separation Protocol]] # [[:en:Longest prefix match]] # [[:en:Loopback]] # [[:en:Luleå algorithm]] # [[:en:Management plane]] # [[:en:Matrix (app)]] # [[:en:Mbone]] # [[:en:Media type]] # [[:en:Meet-me room]] # [[:en:Middle mile]] # [[:en:Multicast]] # [[:en:Multicast routing]] # [[:en:Multihoming]] # [[:en:NJFX]] # [[:en:Network load balancing]] # [[:en:Network mapping]] # [[:en:OpenURL]] # [[:en:OpenURL knowledge base]] # [[:en:Opte Project]] # [[:en:Peering]] # [[:en:PeeringDB]] # [[:en:Per-hop behaviour]] # [[:en:PingER Project]] # [[:en:QPPB]] # [[:en:RFC 6329]] # [[:en:RSVP-TE]] # [[:en:Resource Public Key Infrastructure]] # [[:en:Resource Reservation Protocol]] # [[:en:RouteViews]] # [[:en:Router (computing)]] # [[:en:Routing]] # [[:en:Routing Assets Database]] # [[:en:Routing Policy Specification Language]] # [[:en:Routing table]] # [[:en:Semaphore Flag Signaling System]] # [[:en:Sender Policy Framework]] # [[:en:Shortest path bridging]] # [[:en:Site Multihoming by IPv6 Intermediation]] # [[:en:Sorcerer's Apprentice syndrome]] # [[:en:Supernetwork]] # [[:en:TelecityGroup]] # [[:en:Teredo tunneling]] # [[:en:Tier 1 network]] # [[:en:Tier 2 network]] # [[:en:Time to live]] # [[:en:Turn restriction routing]] # [[:en:Unicast]] # [[:en:Unicast flood]] # [[:en:Xcast]] === Internet access === # [[:en:10G]] # [[:en:2016 United States wireless spectrum auction]] # [[:en:Affordable Connectivity Program]] # [[:en:Alliance for Affordable Internet]] # [[:en:Cable Internet access]] # [[:en:Cable modem]] # [[:en:Cable modem termination system]] # [[:en:Captive Audience]] # [[:en:Com21]] # [[:en:Combating Online Infringement and Counterfeits Act]] # [[:en:Data discrimination]] # [[:en:Defense Data Network]] # [[:en:Dial-up Internet access]] # [[:en:Digital Divide Network]] # [[:en:Digital equity]] # [[:en:Digital rights in the Caribbean]] # [[:en:Digital subscriber line]] # [[:en:Dynamic/Dialup Users List]] # [[:en:EZproxy]] # [[:en:FRIACO]] # [[:en:Flat rate]] # [[:en:Get Online Week]] # [[:en:Google Free Zone]] # [[:en:HD-PLC]] # [[:en:Hosted service provider]] # [[:en:Hybrid Access Networks]] # [[:en:Internet Freedom Foundation]] # [[:en:Internet access]] # [[:en:List of members of the U.S. Congress who support or oppose SOPA/PIPA]] # [[:en:Multipurpose community telecenters]] # [[:en:Municipal wireless network]] # [[:en:NTCA - The Rural Broadband Association]] # [[:en:Net Neutrality Regulation 2015]] # [[:en:Net neutrality in the Netherlands]] # [[:en:Online Centres Network]] # [[:en:Online Protection and Enforcement of Digital Trade Act]] # [[:en:OpenWireless.org]] # [[:en:Platform for Internet Content Selection]] # [[:en:Power-line communication]] # [[:en:Protecting Children from Internet Pornographers Act of 2011]] # [[:en:RADIO-MSU Network]] # [[:en:Research Works Act]] # [[:en:Robb Topolski]] # [[:en:Rural Internet]] # [[:en:Satellite Internet access]] # [[:en:Series of tubes]] # [[:en:Sovereign Internet Law]] # [[:en:Sublink Network]] # [[:en:Twister Telecom]] # [[:en:White space Internet]] # [[:en:White spaces (radio)]] # [[:en:Yarovaya law]] # [[:en:AWS App Runner]] === Cloud infrastructure === # [[:en:Abiquo Enterprise Edition]] # [[:en:Alibaba Cloud]] # [[:en:Amazon Bedrock]] # [[:en:Amazon ElastiCache]] # [[:en:Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud]] # [[:en:Amazon Elastic File System]] # [[:en:Amazon Rekognition]] # [[:en:Amazon SageMaker]] # [[:en:Amazon Web Services]] # [[:en:Animoto]] # [[:en:Apache CloudStack]] # [[:en:Apache Drill]] # [[:en:Apache Hama]] # [[:en:Apache Mesos]] # [[:en:Apache Storm]] # [[:en:Aptum Technologies]] # [[:en:Azure Data Lake]] # [[:en:Azure Maps]] # [[:en:Azure Stream Analytics]] # [[:en:Bare-metal server]] # [[:en:Basho Technologies]] # [[:en:BigCouch]] # [[:en:Bitnami]] # [[:en:Bright Computing]] # [[:en:Bring your own encryption]] # [[:en:Cascading (software)]] # [[:en:Citrix Cloud]] # [[:en:Cloud Foundry]] # [[:en:Cloud computing]] # [[:en:Cloud-native network function]] # [[:en:CloudBees]] # [[:en:CloudBolt]] # [[:en:CloudKit]] # [[:en:CloudSim]] # [[:en:Cloudant]] # [[:en:Cloudera]] # [[:en:Cloudian]] # [[:en:Cloudways]] # [[:en:Ekco Cloud]] # [[:en:ElasticHosts]] # [[:en:Enomaly]] # [[:en:Enstratius]] # [[:en:Eucalyptus (software)]] # [[:en:FUJITSU Cloud IaaS Trusted Public S5]] # [[:en:FlexiScale]] # [[:en:Google Cloud Platform]] # [[:en:Google Compute Engine]] # [[:en:GreenButton]] # [[:en:GreenQloud]] # [[:en:HP Cloud]] # [[:en:Heroku]] # [[:en:Hybrid cloud storage]] # [[:en:IBM Blueworks Live]] # [[:en:IBM Cloud]] # [[:en:IEEE Cloud Computing]] # [[:en:Iland]] # [[:en:InfiniDB]] # [[:en:Jelastic]] # [[:en:Kaavo]] # [[:en:Key Management Interoperability Protocol]] # [[:en:Kubeflow]] # [[:en:Kubernetes]] # [[:en:LingCloud]] # [[:en:Linode]] # [[:en:Logicworks]] # [[:en:Lumen Technologies]] # [[:en:MLab]] # [[:en:MapR]] # [[:en:Media Temple]] # [[:en:Microsoft Azure]] # [[:en:MinIO]] # [[:en:MongoDB Inc.]] # [[:en:Music Kickup]] # [[:en:NATS Messaging]] # [[:en:Netlify]] # [[:en:Nimbula]] # [[:en:Nimbus (cloud computing)]] # [[:en:Nutanix]] # [[:en:On-premises hosting]] # [[:en:OnApp]] # [[:en:OpSource]] # [[:en:OpenQRM]] # [[:en:OpenSAF]] # [[:en:OpenStack]] # [[:en:OpenTofu]] # [[:en:Oracle Cloud]] # [[:en:Oracle Cloud Platform]] # [[:en:Oracle Database]] # [[:en:OrionVM]] # [[:en:Promo.com]] # [[:en:Qstack]] # [[:en:Rclone]] # [[:en:Riak]] # [[:en:RightScale]] # [[:en:SAP BTP]] # [[:en:SAP Cloud Infrastructure]] # [[:en:Scaleway]] # [[:en:Sector/Sphere]] # [[:en:Skytap]] # [[:en:Software-defined data center]] # [[:en:StackPath]] # [[:en:Stratoscale]] # [[:en:Sun Cloud]] # [[:en:Synnefo]] # [[:en:THG Ingenuity Cloud Services]] # [[:en:Tahoe-LAFS]] # [[:en:Terraform (software)]] # [[:en:Turbot (business)]] # [[:en:TurnKey Linux Virtual Appliance Library]] # [[:en:Vercel]] # [[:en:Virtustream]] # [[:en:Vultr]] # [[:en:Wakame-vdc]] # [[:en:Yandex Cloud]] === Internet Society people === # [[:en:Alan Levin (Internet governance)]] # [[:en:Barry Leiba]] # [[:en:Borka Jerman Blažič]] # [[:en:Brian Carpenter (engineer)]] # [[:en:Désirée Miloshevic]] # [[:en:Fred Baker (engineer)]] # [[:en:Geoff Huston (scientist)]] # [[:en:Howard Frank (network engineer)]] # [[:en:Infoveillance]] # [[:en:John Klensin]] # [[:en:Khaled Koubaa]] # [[:en:Nathaniel Borenstein]] # [[:en:Stephen Kent (network security)]] === Domain Name System === # [[:en:ARPA Host Name Server Protocol]] # [[:en:Amazon Route 53]] # [[:en:At-Large Advisory Committee]] # [[:en:Auth-Code]] # [[:en:Bitsquatting]] # [[:en:Blackhole server]] # [[:en:Bonjour Sleep Proxy]] # [[:en:British Telecommunications plc v One in a Million Ltd]] # [[:en:Certification Authority Authorization]] # [[:en:Chinese Domain Name Consortium]] # [[:en:Country code second-level domain]] # [[:en:Country code top-level domains with commercial licenses]] # [[:en:DDoS attacks on Dyn]] # [[:en:DNS Certification Authority Authorization]] # [[:en:DNS Long-Lived Queries]] # [[:en:DNS analytics]] # [[:en:DNS blocking]] # [[:en:DNS hosting service]] # [[:en:DNS over TLS]] # [[:en:DNS rebinding]] # [[:en:DNS sinkhole]] # [[:en:DNS spoofing]] # [[:en:DNS zone]] # [[:en:DNS zone transfer]] # [[:en:DNS-based Authentication of Named Entities]] # [[:en:DNSChanger]] # [[:en:DNSCrypt]] # [[:en:DNSCurve]] # [[:en:Dig (command)]] # [[:en:Directory service]] # [[:en:Distributed denial-of-service attacks on root nameservers]] # [[:en:Domain aftermarket]] # [[:en:Domain name auction]] # [[:en:Domain name drop list]] # [[:en:Domain registration]] # [[:en:Domains by Proxy]] # [[:en:Dynamic DNS]] # [[:en:Dynamic Delegation Discovery System]] # [[:en:Extensible Provisioning Protocol]] # [[:en:Extension Mechanisms for DNS]] # [[:en:Fast flux]] # [[:en:Forward-confirmed reverse DNS]] # [[:en:Fully qualified name]] # [[:en:Gauss Research Laboratory]] # [[:en:Geodomain]] # [[:en:Getaddrinfo]] # [[:en:Global Name Registry]] # [[:en:Hesiod (name service)]] # [[:en:Hosts (file)]] # [[:en:IAHC]] # [[:en:IDN.IDN]] # [[:en:IPv6 brokenness and DNS whitelisting]] # [[:en:ISP redirect page]] # [[:en:Internet Domain Name Index]] # [[:en:Internet Provider Security]] # [[:en:Landrush period]] # [[:en:Link-Local Multicast Name Resolution]] # [[:en:List of managed DNS providers]] # [[:en:Mcast.net]] # [[:en:Multicast DNS]] # [[:en:MysqlBind]] # [[:en:NIC handle]] # [[:en:Name server]] # [[:en:Nameprep]] # [[:en:Network domain]] # [[:en:Nsupdate]] # [[:en:OpenDNSSEC]] # [[:en:OpenNIC]] # [[:en:Patent and Trademark Office v. Booking.com B. V.]] # [[:en:Planned Parenthood Federation of America, Inc. v. Bucci]] # [[:en:Private sub-domain registry]] # [[:en:Public Suffix List]] # [[:en:Public recursive name server]] # [[:en:RACE encoding]] # [[:en:RadioDNS]] # [[:en:Register.com v. Verio]] # [[:en:Resolv.conf]] # [[:en:Resolvconf]] # [[:en:Reverse DNS lookup]] # [[:en:Reverse domain hijacking]] # [[:en:Reverse domain name notation]] # [[:en:Round-robin DNS]] # [[:en:Search domain]] # [[:en:Serial number arithmetic]] # [[:en:Single-letter second-level domain]] # [[:en:Site Finder]] # [[:en:Special-use domain name]] # [[:en:Split-horizon DNS]] # [[:en:Sunrise period]] # [[:en:TSIG]] # [[:en:Teledotcom]] # [[:en:Trojan.Win32.DNSChanger]] # [[:en:Unsponsored top-level domain]] # [[:en:Vanity domain]] # [[:en:Wait Listing Service]] # [[:en:Web Proxy Auto-Discovery Protocol]] # [[:en:Wildcard DNS record]] # [[:en:ZA Central Registry]] # [[:en:Zero-configuration networking]] # [[:en:Zone file]] === Domain name registries === # [[:en:Afilias]] # [[:en:Associação DNS.PT]] # [[:en:AusRegistry]] # [[:en:CZ.NIC]] # [[:en:Canadian Internet Registration Authority]] # [[:en:China Internet Network Information Center]] # [[:en:Coordination Center for TLD RU]] # [[:en:DENIC]] # [[:en:DNS Belgium]] # [[:en:DotCooperation]] # [[:en:GRS Domains]] # [[:en:NIC Argentina]] # [[:en:NIC México]] # [[:en:Nic.at]] # [[:en:NomiNation]] # [[:en:Norid]] # [[:en:Public Interest Registry]] # [[:en:Saudi Network Information Center]] # [[:en:Syrian Computer Society]] # [[:en:Technical Center of Internet]] # [[:en:Top Level Design]] === Content delivery networks === # [[:en:Amazon CloudFront]] # [[:en:CDNetworks]] # [[:en:CacheFly]] # [[:en:Cdnjs]] # [[:en:ChinaCache]] # [[:en:Content delivery network]] # [[:en:Content delivery network interconnection]] # [[:en:DDoS-Guard]] # [[:en:Edgecast]] # [[:en:Edgio]] # [[:en:Fastly]] # [[:en:GTT Communications]] # [[:en:Gcore]] # [[:en:Information-centric networking caching policies]] # [[:en:Instart]] # [[:en:JSDelivr]] # [[:en:Level 3 Communications]] # [[:en:MetaCDN]] # [[:en:Open Connect]] # [[:en:TW Telecom]] # [[:en:Wangsu Science & Technology]] # [[:en:Yottaa]] === Data protection === # [[:en:American Privacy Rights Act]] # [[:en:CTERA Networks]] # [[:en:California Privacy Rights Act]] # [[:en:Canary trap]] # [[:en:Cliqz]] # [[:en:Cloud storage gateway]] # [[:en:Commvault]] # [[:en:Confederation of European Data Protection Organisations]] # [[:en:Consent management]] # [[:en:Consent or pay]] # [[:en:DNS4EU]] # [[:en:Data (Use and Access) Act 2025]] # [[:en:Data Protection Act 1998]] # [[:en:Data Protection Act 2018]] # [[:en:Data Protection Act, 2012]] # [[:en:Data Security Law of the People's Republic of China]] # [[:en:Data anonymization]] # [[:en:Data cooperative]] # [[:en:Data embassy]] # [[:en:Data masking]] # [[:en:Data protection officer]] # [[:en:Datafly algorithm]] # [[:en:De-identification]] # [[:en:Delete Act]] # [[:en:Digital Personal Data Protection Rules, 2025]] # [[:en:EU Cloud Code of Conduct]] # [[:en:European Centre for Certification and Privacy]] # [[:en:Europrivacy]] # [[:en:Hard privacy technologies]] # [[:en:Indigenous data governance]] # [[:en:Information Technology Rules, 2021]] # [[:en:Information privacy]] # [[:en:Malabo Convention]] # [[:en:NOYB]] # [[:en:National Privacy Commission]] # [[:en:Personal Data Protection Act (Sri Lanka)]] # [[:en:Personal Data Protection Bill, 2019]] # [[:en:Personal Information Protection Law of the People's Republic of China]] # [[:en:Privacy impact assessment]] # [[:en:Privacy-enhancing technologies]] # [[:en:QNAP Systems]] # [[:en:Search engine privacy]] # [[:en:Soft privacy technologies]] # [[:en:The Clean Network]] # [[:en:Tiversa]] # [[:en:Transparent decryption]] === Internet Standards === # [[:en:ALTO (protocol)]] # [[:en:AS1 (networking)]] # [[:en:AS2]] # [[:en:Acct URI scheme]] # [[:en:Admission control]] # [[:en:Archie (search engine)]] # [[:en:Architecture for Control Networks]] # [[:en:Automatic switched-transport network]] # [[:en:Base62]] # [[:en:Base64]] # [[:en:Berkeley r-commands]] # [[:en:Bidirectional Forwarding Detection]] # [[:en:Bootstrap Protocol]] # [[:en:Bounce message]] # [[:en:CCSO Nameserver]] # [[:en:CE-HTML]] # [[:en:CRAM-MD5]] # [[:en:Certificate Management Protocol]] # [[:en:Certificate Management over CMS]] # [[:en:Clearinghouse for Networked Information Discovery and Retrieval]] # [[:en:Cryptographic Message Syntax]] # [[:en:DHCP snooping]] # [[:en:Data URI scheme]] # [[:en:Default-free zone]] # [[:en:Deterministic Networking]] # [[:en:Diameter (protocol)]] # [[:en:Diameter Credit-Control Application]] # [[:en:Directory information tree]] # [[:en:Endpoint Handlespace Redundancy Protocol]] # [[:en:Enriched text]] # [[:en:Enrollment over Secure Transport]] # [[:en:Ephemeral port]] # [[:en:External Data Representation]] # [[:en:FAST TCP]] # [[:en:FTPS]] # [[:en:Fast and Secure Protocol]] # [[:en:File URI scheme]] # [[:en:Finger (protocol)]] # [[:en:G.9963]] # [[:en:G.9970]] # [[:en:G.hn]] # [[:en:GPSoverIP]] # [[:en:Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching]] # [[:en:Generic Security Services Application Programming Interface]] # [[:en:Gopher (protocol)]] # [[:en:H.248]] # [[:en:HTTP cookie]] # [[:en:ICMP Router Discovery Protocol]] # [[:en:ICalendar]] # [[:en:IETF Administrative Support Activity]] # [[:en:IS-IS]] # [[:en:Internet Control Message Protocol]] # [[:en:Internet Draft]] # [[:en:Internet Experiment Note]] # [[:en:Internet Group Management Protocol]] # [[:en:Internet Society Nepal]] # [[:en:Internet Standard]] # [[:en:Internet resource locator]] # [[:en:JSON Web Encryption]] # [[:en:JSON Web Signature]] # [[:en:Jughead (search engine)]] # [[:en:LDAP Data Interchange Format]] # [[:en:LISTSERV]] # [[:en:Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol]] # [[:en:Lightweight Directory Access Protocol]] # [[:en:Link Control Protocol]] # [[:en:Link layer]] # [[:en:List of RFCs]] # [[:en:M3UA]] # [[:en:MAC-Forced Forwarding]] # [[:en:MIME Object Security Services]] # [[:en:MIMIC Simulator]] # [[:en:MPLS-TP]] # [[:en:Media gateway control protocol architecture]] # [[:en:Miracast]] # [[:en:Mobile web]] # [[:en:Multicast Listener Discovery]] # [[:en:Multiprotocol Encapsulation over ATM]] # [[:en:Multiprotocol Label Switching]] # [[:en:NETCONF]] # [[:en:National Internet registry]] # [[:en:Neighbor Discovery Protocol]] # [[:en:Nepal IGF]] # [[:en:Net-SNMP]] # [[:en:Network Access Identifier]] # [[:en:Network Data Representation]] # [[:en:Network News Transfer Protocol]] # [[:en:Network Security Services]] # [[:en:Network Time Protocol]] # [[:en:OCSP stapling]] # [[:en:OFTP]] # [[:en:Online Certificate Status Protocol]] # [[:en:Open Shortest Path First]] # [[:en:Percent-encoding]] # [[:en:Point-to-Point Protocol]] # [[:en:Poly1305]] # [[:en:Portmap]] # [[:en:Proxy ARP]] # [[:en:RADIUS]] # [[:en:Rdate]] # [[:en:Regional Internet registry]] # [[:en:Registration Data Access Protocol]] # [[:en:Reliable Event Logging Protocol]] # [[:en:Reverse Address Resolution Protocol]] # [[:en:Robust Header Compression]] # [[:en:Robustness principle]] # [[:en:Route poisoning]] # [[:en:Route server]] # [[:en:Router alert label]] # [[:en:Routing Information Protocol]] # [[:en:Rsyslog]] # [[:en:Rtelnet]] # [[:en:SCTP packet structure]] # [[:en:SCVP]] # [[:en:SDXF]] # [[:en:SSHFP record]] # [[:en:STD 8]] # [[:en:Salsa20]] # [[:en:Sensor Web Enablement]] # [[:en:Service Location Protocol]] # [[:en:Session Announcement Protocol]] # [[:en:Session Description Protocol]] # [[:en:Shared Whois Project]] # [[:en:Simple Authentication and Security Layer]] # [[:en:Simple Certificate Enrollment Protocol]] # [[:en:Split horizon route advertisement]] # [[:en:Stream Control Transmission Protocol]] # [[:en:Sun RPC]] # [[:en:Syslog]] # [[:en:Syslog-ng]] # [[:en:T-MPLS]] # [[:en:T.37]] # [[:en:T.38]] # [[:en:T/TCP]] # [[:en:TCP-Illinois]] # [[:en:TR-069]] # [[:en:Tag URI scheme]] # [[:en:Telnet]] # [[:en:Token Binding]] # [[:en:Type–length–value]] # [[:en:UDP Helper Address]] # [[:en:URI Template]] # [[:en:Universal 2nd Factor]] # [[:en:Usenet]] # [[:en:VCard]] # [[:en:VPIM]] # [[:en:Veronica (search engine)]] # [[:en:Virtual circuit multiplexing]] # [[:en:WHOIS]] # [[:en:WHOIS++]] # [[:en:Wide Area Information Server]] # [[:en:Wireless Transport Layer Security]] # [[:en:X.1035]] # [[:en:XMPP]] # [[:en:Xpress Transport Protocol]] === Internet governance organizations === # [[:en:.au Domain Administration]] # [[:en:Address Supporting Organization]] # [[:en:African Internet Governance Forum]] # [[:en:Association française pour le nommage Internet en coopération]] # [[:en:At-Large Advisory Committee]] # [[:en:Broadband Commission for Sustainable Development]] # [[:en:Bureau of Cyberspace and Digital Policy]] # [[:en:CERT Coordination Center]] # [[:en:Canadian Internet Registration Authority]] # [[:en:ESafety Commissioner]] # [[:en:Free Software Movement of India]] # [[:en:Global Alliance for Information and Communication Technologies and Development]] # [[:en:Global Commission on Internet Governance]] # [[:en:Global Commission on the Stability of Cyberspace]] # [[:en:ICANNWiki]] # [[:en:IE Domain Registry]] # [[:en:IETF Administrative Oversight Committee]] # [[:en:INOC-DBA]] # [[:en:INRegistry]] # [[:en:ISOC Luxembourg]] # [[:en:ISOC Morocco]] # [[:en:ITU-D]] # [[:en:InterNIC]] # [[:en:International Multilateral Partnership Against Cyber Threats]] # [[:en:Internet Architecture Board]] # [[:en:Internet Assigned Numbers Authority]] # [[:en:Internet Engineering Task Force]] # [[:en:Internet Governance Forum]] # [[:en:Internet Mail Consortium]] # [[:en:Internet Research Steering Group]] # [[:en:Internet Research Task Force]] # [[:en:Internet Society Nepal]] # [[:en:Internet Society – Bulgaria]] # [[:en:Internet Technical Committee]] # [[:en:Internet network operators' group]] # [[:en:InternetNZ]] # [[:en:Israel Internet Association]] # [[:en:List of ICANN meetings]] # [[:en:Mobile Alliance Against Child Sexual Abuse Content]] # [[:en:Nepal IGF]] # [[:en:Next Steps in Signaling]] # [[:en:Nigeria Data Protection Commission]] # [[:en:Ofcom]] # [[:en:PICISOC]] # [[:en:Packet Clearing House]] # [[:en:United Nations Information and Communication Technologies Task Force]] # [[:en:Working Group on Internet Governance]] jii5qi3zfsczqodv9oh8tyl4lfpqe5o 3996279 3996278 2026-10-23T07:47:00Z Beko 34062 3996279 wikitext text/x-wiki # [[:en:Multistakeholder Model]] - [[:hy:Բազմաշահահռու մոդել]] # [[:en:E-governance|Digital Governance]]- [[:hy:Է-Կառավարում]] բարելավում # [[:en:Alexander von Humboldt Institute for Internet and Society]] # Internet Governance Ecosystem - [[:hy:Ինտերնետի կառավարման էկոհամակարգ]] # [[:en:Multistakeholder governance]] # [[:en:Collective intelligence]] - [[:hy:Կոլեկտիվ բանականություն]] բարելավել # [[:en:Global IGF ]] - աղբյուրի կարիք # [[:en:National IGF ]] - աղբյուրի կարիք # [[:en:Regional IGF ]] - աղբյուրի կարիք # [[:en:Sub-regional IGF ]] - աղբյուրի կարիք # [[:en:Youth IGF ]] - աղբյուրի կարիք # [[:en:National and Regional Initiatives ]] - աղբյուրի կարիք # [[:en:Multistakeholder Advisory Group ]] - աղբյուրի կարիք # [[:en:IGF Secretariat ]] - աղբյուրի կարիք # [[:en:IGF Messages ]] - աղբյուրի կարիք # [[:en:IGF Best Practice Forums ]] - աղբյուրի կարիք # [[:en:Dynamic Coalitions ]] - աղբյուրի կարիք # [[:en:Intersessional Work ]] - աղբյուրի կարիք # [[:en:DNS]] բարելավում # [[:en:Root Server]] - աղբյուրի կարիք # [[:en:ccTLD]] # [[:en:new gTLD]] - աղբյուրի կարիք # [[:en:IDN ccTLD]] # [[:en:U-label]] - աղբյուրի կարիք # [[:en:A-label]] - աղբյուրի կարիք # [[:en:EPP]]- պարզել # [[:en:Registry]]- պարզել # [[:en:Registrar]]- պարզել # [[:en:Registrant]]- պարզել # [[:en:DNSSEC]] # [[:en:RDAP]] === Generic top-level domains === # [[:en:.berlin]] # [[:en:.brussels]] # [[:en:.cern]] # [[:en:.dance]] # [[:en:.earth]] # [[:en:.gay]] # [[:en:.guru]] # [[:en:.hiv]] # [[:en:.inc]] # [[:en:.kaufen]] # [[:en:.kosher]] # [[:en:.pharmacy]] # [[:en:.rip]] # [[:en:.wien]] # [[:en:.zip (top-level domain)]] # [[:en:Proposed top-level domains]] # [[:en:Sponsored top-level domain]] === IP addresses === # [[:en:0.0.0.0]] # [[:en:CIDR notation]] # [[:en:Classful network]] # [[:en:Classless Inter-Domain Routing]] # [[:en:Gateway address]] # [[:en:IP address spoofing]] # [[:en:IPv4 address]] # [[:en:IPv4 shared address space]] # [[:en:IPv6 address]] # [[:en:List of reserved IP addresses]] # [[:en:Localhost]] # [[:en:Martian packet]] # [[:en:Private network]] # [[:en:Provider-aggregatable address space]] # [[:en:Provider-independent address space]] # [[:en:Public network]] # [[:en:Subnet]] # [[:en:USERIP]] # [[:en:Virtual IP address]] # [[:en:Wildcard mask]] # [[:en:X-Originating-IP]] # [[:en:ASN ]] # [[:en:BGP ]] # [[:en:Regional Internet registry] # [[:en:LIR ]] === Internet architecture === # [[:en:6bone]] # [[:en:AS 7007 incident]] # [[:en:Adaptive quality of service multi-hop routing]] # [[:en:Address pool]] # [[:en:AiScaler]] # [[:en:Any-source multicast]] # [[:en:Application-Layer Protocol Negotiation]] # [[:en:Application-layer framing]] # [[:en:Authenticated Received Chain]] # [[:en:Autonomous system (Internet)]] # [[:en:Border Gateway Multicast Protocol]] # [[:en:Border Gateway Protocol]] # [[:en:Bufferbloat]] # [[:en:COinS]] # [[:en:Certificate server]] # [[:en:Circuit-level gateway]] # [[:en:Clean Slate Program]] # [[:en:Colocation centre]] # [[:en:Connection-oriented communication]] # [[:en:Connectionless communication]] # [[:en:Control plane]] # [[:en:Core router]] # [[:en:DIMES]] # [[:en:Data plane]] # [[:en:Default route]] # [[:en:Differentiated services]] # [[:en:DomainKeys Identified Mail]] # [[:en:Echo (communications protocol)]] # [[:en:EncroChat]] # [[:en:End system]] # [[:en:End-to-end principle]] # [[:en:EraMobile]] # [[:en:Fabric Connect]] # [[:en:Fate-sharing]] # [[:en:Future Internet Research and Experimentation]] # [[:en:Future Internet testbeds experimentation between BRazil and Europe]] # [[:en:Gateway (telecommunications)]] # [[:en:Global network positioning]] # [[:en:HERMES-A/MINOTAUR]] # [[:en:Herbert Van de Sompel]] # [[:en:Hot-potato routing]] # [[:en:IEEE 802.1aq]] # [[:en:IP aliasing]] # [[:en:IP over Avian Carriers]] # [[:en:IP traceback]] # [[:en:Identifier-Locator Network Protocol]] # [[:en:Integrated services]] # [[:en:Interconnect agreement]] # [[:en:Internet Mapping Project]] # [[:en:Internet Mix]] # [[:en:Internet Protocol Options]] # [[:en:Internet Routing Registry]] # [[:en:Internet backbone]] # [[:en:Internet bottleneck]] # [[:en:Internet outage]] # [[:en:Internet rush hour]] # [[:en:Internet traffic engineering]] # [[:en:Internet transit]] # [[:en:Last mile (telecommunications)]] # [[:en:Locator/Identifier Separation Protocol]] # [[:en:Longest prefix match]] # [[:en:Loopback]] # [[:en:Luleå algorithm]] # [[:en:Management plane]] # [[:en:Matrix (app)]] # [[:en:Mbone]] # [[:en:Media type]] # [[:en:Meet-me room]] # [[:en:Middle mile]] # [[:en:Multicast]] # [[:en:Multicast routing]] # [[:en:Multihoming]] # [[:en:NJFX]] # [[:en:Network load balancing]] # [[:en:Network mapping]] # [[:en:OpenURL]] # [[:en:OpenURL knowledge base]] # [[:en:Opte Project]] # [[:en:Peering]] # [[:en:PeeringDB]] # [[:en:Per-hop behaviour]] # [[:en:PingER Project]] # [[:en:QPPB]] # [[:en:RFC 6329]] # [[:en:RSVP-TE]] # [[:en:Resource Public Key Infrastructure]] # [[:en:Resource Reservation Protocol]] # [[:en:RouteViews]] # [[:en:Router (computing)]] # [[:en:Routing]] # [[:en:Routing Assets Database]] # [[:en:Routing Policy Specification Language]] # [[:en:Routing table]] # [[:en:Semaphore Flag Signaling System]] # [[:en:Sender Policy Framework]] # [[:en:Shortest path bridging]] # [[:en:Site Multihoming by IPv6 Intermediation]] # [[:en:Sorcerer's Apprentice syndrome]] # [[:en:Supernetwork]] # [[:en:TelecityGroup]] # [[:en:Teredo tunneling]] # [[:en:Tier 1 network]] # [[:en:Tier 2 network]] # [[:en:Time to live]] # [[:en:Turn restriction routing]] # [[:en:Unicast]] # [[:en:Unicast flood]] # [[:en:Xcast]] === Internet access === # [[:en:10G]] # [[:en:2016 United States wireless spectrum auction]] # [[:en:Affordable Connectivity Program]] # [[:en:Alliance for Affordable Internet]] # [[:en:Cable Internet access]] # [[:en:Cable modem]] # [[:en:Cable modem termination system]] # [[:en:Captive Audience]] # [[:en:Com21]] # [[:en:Combating Online Infringement and Counterfeits Act]] # [[:en:Data discrimination]] # [[:en:Defense Data Network]] # [[:en:Dial-up Internet access]] # [[:en:Digital Divide Network]] # [[:en:Digital equity]] # [[:en:Digital rights in the Caribbean]] # [[:en:Digital subscriber line]] # [[:en:Dynamic/Dialup Users List]] # [[:en:EZproxy]] # [[:en:FRIACO]] # [[:en:Flat rate]] # [[:en:Get Online Week]] # [[:en:Google Free Zone]] # [[:en:HD-PLC]] # [[:en:Hosted service provider]] # [[:en:Hybrid Access Networks]] # [[:en:Internet Freedom Foundation]] # [[:en:Internet access]] # [[:en:List of members of the U.S. Congress who support or oppose SOPA/PIPA]] # [[:en:Multipurpose community telecenters]] # [[:en:Municipal wireless network]] # [[:en:NTCA - The Rural Broadband Association]] # [[:en:Net Neutrality Regulation 2015]] # [[:en:Net neutrality in the Netherlands]] # [[:en:Online Centres Network]] # [[:en:Online Protection and Enforcement of Digital Trade Act]] # [[:en:OpenWireless.org]] # [[:en:Platform for Internet Content Selection]] # [[:en:Power-line communication]] # [[:en:Protecting Children from Internet Pornographers Act of 2011]] # [[:en:RADIO-MSU Network]] # [[:en:Research Works Act]] # [[:en:Robb Topolski]] # [[:en:Rural Internet]] # [[:en:Satellite Internet access]] # [[:en:Series of tubes]] # [[:en:Sovereign Internet Law]] # [[:en:Sublink Network]] # [[:en:Twister Telecom]] # [[:en:White space Internet]] # [[:en:White spaces (radio)]] # [[:en:Yarovaya law]] # [[:en:AWS App Runner]] === Cloud infrastructure === # [[:en:Abiquo Enterprise Edition]] # [[:en:Alibaba Cloud]] # [[:en:Amazon Bedrock]] # [[:en:Amazon ElastiCache]] # [[:en:Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud]] # [[:en:Amazon Elastic File System]] # [[:en:Amazon Rekognition]] # [[:en:Amazon SageMaker]] # [[:en:Amazon Web Services]] # [[:en:Animoto]] # [[:en:Apache CloudStack]] # [[:en:Apache Drill]] # [[:en:Apache Hama]] # [[:en:Apache Mesos]] # [[:en:Apache Storm]] # [[:en:Aptum Technologies]] # [[:en:Azure Data Lake]] # [[:en:Azure Maps]] # [[:en:Azure Stream Analytics]] # [[:en:Bare-metal server]] # [[:en:Basho Technologies]] # [[:en:BigCouch]] # [[:en:Bitnami]] # [[:en:Bright Computing]] # [[:en:Bring your own encryption]] # [[:en:Cascading (software)]] # [[:en:Citrix Cloud]] # [[:en:Cloud Foundry]] # [[:en:Cloud computing]] # [[:en:Cloud-native network function]] # [[:en:CloudBees]] # [[:en:CloudBolt]] # [[:en:CloudKit]] # [[:en:CloudSim]] # [[:en:Cloudant]] # [[:en:Cloudera]] # [[:en:Cloudian]] # [[:en:Cloudways]] # [[:en:Ekco Cloud]] # [[:en:ElasticHosts]] # [[:en:Enomaly]] # [[:en:Enstratius]] # [[:en:Eucalyptus (software)]] # [[:en:FUJITSU Cloud IaaS Trusted Public S5]] # [[:en:FlexiScale]] # [[:en:Google Cloud Platform]] # [[:en:Google Compute Engine]] # [[:en:GreenButton]] # [[:en:GreenQloud]] # [[:en:HP Cloud]] # [[:en:Heroku]] # [[:en:Hybrid cloud storage]] # [[:en:IBM Blueworks Live]] # [[:en:IBM Cloud]] # [[:en:IEEE Cloud Computing]] # [[:en:Iland]] # [[:en:InfiniDB]] # [[:en:Jelastic]] # [[:en:Kaavo]] # [[:en:Key Management Interoperability Protocol]] # [[:en:Kubeflow]] # [[:en:Kubernetes]] # [[:en:LingCloud]] # [[:en:Linode]] # [[:en:Logicworks]] # [[:en:Lumen Technologies]] # [[:en:MLab]] # [[:en:MapR]] # [[:en:Media Temple]] # [[:en:Microsoft Azure]] # [[:en:MinIO]] # [[:en:MongoDB Inc.]] # [[:en:Music Kickup]] # [[:en:NATS Messaging]] # [[:en:Netlify]] # [[:en:Nimbula]] # [[:en:Nimbus (cloud computing)]] # [[:en:Nutanix]] # [[:en:On-premises hosting]] # [[:en:OnApp]] # [[:en:OpSource]] # [[:en:OpenQRM]] # [[:en:OpenSAF]] # [[:en:OpenStack]] # [[:en:OpenTofu]] # [[:en:Oracle Cloud]] # [[:en:Oracle Cloud Platform]] # [[:en:Oracle Database]] # [[:en:OrionVM]] # [[:en:Promo.com]] # [[:en:Qstack]] # [[:en:Rclone]] # [[:en:Riak]] # [[:en:RightScale]] # [[:en:SAP BTP]] # [[:en:SAP Cloud Infrastructure]] # [[:en:Scaleway]] # [[:en:Sector/Sphere]] # [[:en:Skytap]] # [[:en:Software-defined data center]] # [[:en:StackPath]] # [[:en:Stratoscale]] # [[:en:Sun Cloud]] # [[:en:Synnefo]] # [[:en:THG Ingenuity Cloud Services]] # [[:en:Tahoe-LAFS]] # [[:en:Terraform (software)]] # [[:en:Turbot (business)]] # [[:en:TurnKey Linux Virtual Appliance Library]] # [[:en:Vercel]] # [[:en:Virtustream]] # [[:en:Vultr]] # [[:en:Wakame-vdc]] # [[:en:Yandex Cloud]] === Internet Society people === # [[:en:Alan Levin (Internet governance)]] # [[:en:Barry Leiba]] # [[:en:Borka Jerman Blažič]] # [[:en:Brian Carpenter (engineer)]] # [[:en:Désirée Miloshevic]] # [[:en:Fred Baker (engineer)]] # [[:en:Geoff Huston (scientist)]] # [[:en:Howard Frank (network engineer)]] # [[:en:Infoveillance]] # [[:en:John Klensin]] # [[:en:Khaled Koubaa]] # [[:en:Nathaniel Borenstein]] # [[:en:Stephen Kent (network security)]] === Domain Name System === # [[:en:ARPA Host Name Server Protocol]] # [[:en:Amazon Route 53]] # [[:en:Auth-Code]] # [[:en:Bitsquatting]] # [[:en:Blackhole server]] # [[:en:Bonjour Sleep Proxy]] # [[:en:British Telecommunications plc v One in a Million Ltd]] # [[:en:Certification Authority Authorization]] # [[:en:Chinese Domain Name Consortium]] # [[:en:Country code second-level domain]] # [[:en:Country code top-level domains with commercial licenses]] # [[:en:DDoS attacks on Dyn]] # [[:en:DNS Certification Authority Authorization]] # [[:en:DNS Long-Lived Queries]] # [[:en:DNS analytics]] # [[:en:DNS blocking]] # [[:en:DNS hosting service]] # [[:en:DNS over TLS]] # [[:en:DNS rebinding]] # [[:en:DNS sinkhole]] # [[:en:DNS spoofing]] # [[:en:DNS zone]] # [[:en:DNS zone transfer]] # [[:en:DNS-based Authentication of Named Entities]] # [[:en:DNSChanger]] # [[:en:DNSCrypt]] # [[:en:DNSCurve]] # [[:en:Dig (command)]] # [[:en:Directory service]] # [[:en:Distributed denial-of-service attacks on root nameservers]] # [[:en:Domain aftermarket]] # [[:en:Domain name auction]] # [[:en:Domain name drop list]] # [[:en:Domain registration]] # [[:en:Domains by Proxy]] # [[:en:Dynamic DNS]] # [[:en:Dynamic Delegation Discovery System]] # [[:en:Extensible Provisioning Protocol]] # [[:en:Extension Mechanisms for DNS]] # [[:en:Fast flux]] # [[:en:Forward-confirmed reverse DNS]] # [[:en:Fully qualified name]] # [[:en:Gauss Research Laboratory]] # [[:en:Geodomain]] # [[:en:Getaddrinfo]] # [[:en:Global Name Registry]] # [[:en:Hesiod (name service)]] # [[:en:Hosts (file)]] # [[:en:IAHC]] # [[:en:IDN.IDN]] # [[:en:IPv6 brokenness and DNS whitelisting]] # [[:en:ISP redirect page]] # [[:en:Internet Domain Name Index]] # [[:en:Internet Provider Security]] # [[:en:Landrush period]] # [[:en:Link-Local Multicast Name Resolution]] # [[:en:List of managed DNS providers]] # [[:en:Mcast.net]] # [[:en:Multicast DNS]] # [[:en:MysqlBind]] # [[:en:NIC handle]] # [[:en:Name server]] # [[:en:Nameprep]] # [[:en:Network domain]] # [[:en:Nsupdate]] # [[:en:OpenDNSSEC]] # [[:en:OpenNIC]] # [[:en:Patent and Trademark Office v. Booking.com B. V.]] # [[:en:Planned Parenthood Federation of America, Inc. v. Bucci]] # [[:en:Private sub-domain registry]] # [[:en:Public Suffix List]] # [[:en:Public recursive name server]] # [[:en:RACE encoding]] # [[:en:RadioDNS]] # [[:en:Register.com v. Verio]] # [[:en:Resolv.conf]] # [[:en:Resolvconf]] # [[:en:Reverse DNS lookup]] # [[:en:Reverse domain hijacking]] # [[:en:Reverse domain name notation]] # [[:en:Round-robin DNS]] # [[:en:Search domain]] # [[:en:Serial number arithmetic]] # [[:en:Single-letter second-level domain]] # [[:en:Site Finder]] # [[:en:Special-use domain name]] # [[:en:Split-horizon DNS]] # [[:en:Sunrise period]] # [[:en:TSIG]] # [[:en:Teledotcom]] # [[:en:Trojan.Win32.DNSChanger]] # [[:en:Unsponsored top-level domain]] # [[:en:Vanity domain]] # [[:en:Wait Listing Service]] # [[:en:Web Proxy Auto-Discovery Protocol]] # [[:en:Wildcard DNS record]] # [[:en:ZA Central Registry]] # [[:en:Zero-configuration networking]] # [[:en:Zone file]] === Domain name registries === # [[:en:Afilias]] # [[:en:Associação DNS.PT]] # [[:en:AusRegistry]] # [[:en:CZ.NIC]] # [[:en:China Internet Network Information Center]] # [[:en:Coordination Center for TLD RU]] # [[:en:DENIC]] # [[:en:DNS Belgium]] # [[:en:DotCooperation]] # [[:en:GRS Domains]] # [[:en:NIC Argentina]] # [[:en:NIC México]] # [[:en:Nic.at]] # [[:en:NomiNation]] # [[:en:Norid]] # [[:en:Public Interest Registry]] # [[:en:Saudi Network Information Center]] # [[:en:Syrian Computer Society]] # [[:en:Technical Center of Internet]] # [[:en:Top Level Design]] === Content delivery networks === # [[:en:Amazon CloudFront]] # [[:en:CDNetworks]] # [[:en:CacheFly]] # [[:en:Cdnjs]] # [[:en:ChinaCache]] # [[:en:Content delivery network]] # [[:en:Content delivery network interconnection]] # [[:en:DDoS-Guard]] # [[:en:Edgecast]] # [[:en:Edgio]] # [[:en:Fastly]] # [[:en:GTT Communications]] # [[:en:Gcore]] # [[:en:Information-centric networking caching policies]] # [[:en:Instart]] # [[:en:JSDelivr]] # [[:en:Level 3 Communications]] # [[:en:MetaCDN]] # [[:en:Open Connect]] # [[:en:TW Telecom]] # [[:en:Wangsu Science & Technology]] # [[:en:Yottaa]] === Data protection === # [[:en:American Privacy Rights Act]] # [[:en:CTERA Networks]] # [[:en:California Privacy Rights Act]] # [[:en:Canary trap]] # [[:en:Cliqz]] # [[:en:Cloud storage gateway]] # [[:en:Commvault]] # [[:en:Confederation of European Data Protection Organisations]] # [[:en:Consent management]] # [[:en:Consent or pay]] # [[:en:DNS4EU]] # [[:en:Data (Use and Access) Act 2025]] # [[:en:Data Protection Act 1998]] # [[:en:Data Protection Act 2018]] # [[:en:Data Protection Act, 2012]] # [[:en:Data Security Law of the People's Republic of China]] # [[:en:Data anonymization]] # [[:en:Data cooperative]] # [[:en:Data embassy]] # [[:en:Data masking]] # [[:en:Data protection officer]] # [[:en:Datafly algorithm]] # [[:en:De-identification]] # [[:en:Delete Act]] # [[:en:Digital Personal Data Protection Rules, 2025]] # [[:en:EU Cloud Code of Conduct]] # [[:en:European Centre for Certification and Privacy]] # [[:en:Europrivacy]] # [[:en:Hard privacy technologies]] # [[:en:Indigenous data governance]] # [[:en:Information Technology Rules, 2021]] # [[:en:Information privacy]] # [[:en:Malabo Convention]] # [[:en:NOYB]] # [[:en:National Privacy Commission]] # [[:en:Personal Data Protection Act (Sri Lanka)]] # [[:en:Personal Data Protection Bill, 2019]] # [[:en:Personal Information Protection Law of the People's Republic of China]] # [[:en:Privacy impact assessment]] # [[:en:Privacy-enhancing technologies]] # [[:en:QNAP Systems]] # [[:en:Search engine privacy]] # [[:en:Soft privacy technologies]] # [[:en:The Clean Network]] # [[:en:Tiversa]] # [[:en:Transparent decryption]] === Internet Standards === # [[:en:ALTO (protocol)]] # [[:en:AS1 (networking)]] # [[:en:AS2]] # [[:en:Acct URI scheme]] # [[:en:Admission control]] # [[:en:Archie (search engine)]] # [[:en:Architecture for Control Networks]] # [[:en:Automatic switched-transport network]] # [[:en:Base62]] # [[:en:Base64]] # [[:en:Berkeley r-commands]] # [[:en:Bidirectional Forwarding Detection]] # [[:en:Bootstrap Protocol]] # [[:en:Bounce message]] # [[:en:CCSO Nameserver]] # [[:en:CE-HTML]] # [[:en:CRAM-MD5]] # [[:en:Certificate Management Protocol]] # [[:en:Certificate Management over CMS]] # [[:en:Clearinghouse for Networked Information Discovery and Retrieval]] # [[:en:Cryptographic Message Syntax]] # [[:en:DHCP snooping]] # [[:en:Data URI scheme]] # [[:en:Default-free zone]] # [[:en:Deterministic Networking]] # [[:en:Diameter (protocol)]] # [[:en:Diameter Credit-Control Application]] # [[:en:Directory information tree]] # [[:en:Endpoint Handlespace Redundancy Protocol]] # [[:en:Enriched text]] # [[:en:Enrollment over Secure Transport]] # [[:en:Ephemeral port]] # [[:en:External Data Representation]] # [[:en:FAST TCP]] # [[:en:FTPS]] # [[:en:Fast and Secure Protocol]] # [[:en:File URI scheme]] # [[:en:Finger (protocol)]] # [[:en:G.9963]] # [[:en:G.9970]] # [[:en:G.hn]] # [[:en:GPSoverIP]] # [[:en:Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching]] # [[:en:Generic Security Services Application Programming Interface]] # [[:en:Gopher (protocol)]] # [[:en:H.248]] # [[:en:HTTP cookie]] # [[:en:ICMP Router Discovery Protocol]] # [[:en:ICalendar]] # [[:en:IETF Administrative Support Activity]] # [[:en:IS-IS]] # [[:en:Internet Control Message Protocol]] # [[:en:Internet Draft]] # [[:en:Internet Experiment Note]] # [[:en:Internet Group Management Protocol]] # [[:en:Internet Standard]] # [[:en:Internet resource locator]] # [[:en:JSON Web Encryption]] # [[:en:JSON Web Signature]] # [[:en:Jughead (search engine)]] # [[:en:LDAP Data Interchange Format]] # [[:en:LISTSERV]] # [[:en:Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol]] # [[:en:Lightweight Directory Access Protocol]] # [[:en:Link Control Protocol]] # [[:en:Link layer]] # [[:en:List of RFCs]] # [[:en:M3UA]] # [[:en:MAC-Forced Forwarding]] # [[:en:MIME Object Security Services]] # [[:en:MIMIC Simulator]] # [[:en:MPLS-TP]] # [[:en:Media gateway control protocol architecture]] # [[:en:Miracast]] # [[:en:Mobile web]] # [[:en:Multicast Listener Discovery]] # [[:en:Multiprotocol Encapsulation over ATM]] # [[:en:Multiprotocol Label Switching]] # [[:en:NETCONF]] # [[:en:National Internet registry]] # [[:en:Neighbor Discovery Protocol]] # [[:en:Net-SNMP]] # [[:en:Network Access Identifier]] # [[:en:Network Data Representation]] # [[:en:Network News Transfer Protocol]] # [[:en:Network Security Services]] # [[:en:Network Time Protocol]] # [[:en:OCSP stapling]] # [[:en:OFTP]] # [[:en:Online Certificate Status Protocol]] # [[:en:Open Shortest Path First]] # [[:en:Percent-encoding]] # [[:en:Point-to-Point Protocol]] # [[:en:Poly1305]] # [[:en:Portmap]] # [[:en:Proxy ARP]] # [[:en:RADIUS]] # [[:en:Rdate]] # [[:en:Regional Internet registry]] # [[:en:Registration Data Access Protocol]] # [[:en:Reliable Event Logging Protocol]] # [[:en:Reverse Address Resolution Protocol]] # [[:en:Robust Header Compression]] # [[:en:Robustness principle]] # [[:en:Route poisoning]] # [[:en:Route server]] # [[:en:Router alert label]] # [[:en:Routing Information Protocol]] # [[:en:Rsyslog]] # [[:en:Rtelnet]] # [[:en:SCTP packet structure]] # [[:en:SCVP]] # [[:en:SDXF]] # [[:en:SSHFP record]] # [[:en:STD 8]] # [[:en:Salsa20]] # [[:en:Sensor Web Enablement]] # [[:en:Service Location Protocol]] # [[:en:Session Announcement Protocol]] # [[:en:Session Description Protocol]] # [[:en:Shared Whois Project]] # [[:en:Simple Authentication and Security Layer]] # [[:en:Simple Certificate Enrollment Protocol]] # [[:en:Split horizon route advertisement]] # [[:en:Stream Control Transmission Protocol]] # [[:en:Sun RPC]] # [[:en:Syslog]] # [[:en:Syslog-ng]] # [[:en:T-MPLS]] # [[:en:T.37]] # [[:en:T.38]] # [[:en:T/TCP]] # [[:en:TCP-Illinois]] # [[:en:TR-069]] # [[:en:Tag URI scheme]] # [[:en:Telnet]] # [[:en:Token Binding]] # [[:en:Type–length–value]] # [[:en:UDP Helper Address]] # [[:en:URI Template]] # [[:en:Universal 2nd Factor]] # [[:en:Usenet]] # [[:en:VCard]] # [[:en:VPIM]] # [[:en:Veronica (search engine)]] # [[:en:Virtual circuit multiplexing]] # [[:en:WHOIS]] # [[:en:WHOIS++]] # [[:en:Wide Area Information Server]] # [[:en:Wireless Transport Layer Security]] # [[:en:X.1035]] # [[:en:XMPP]] # [[:en:Xpress Transport Protocol]] === Internet governance organizations === # [[:en:.au Domain Administration]] # [[:en:Address Supporting Organization]] # [[:en:African Internet Governance Forum]] # [[:en:Association française pour le nommage Internet en coopération]] # [[:en:At-Large Advisory Committee]] # [[:en:Broadband Commission for Sustainable Development]] # [[:en:Bureau of Cyberspace and Digital Policy]] # [[:en:CERT Coordination Center]] # [[:en:Canadian Internet Registration Authority]] # [[:en:ESafety Commissioner]] # [[:en:Free Software Movement of India]] # [[:en:Global Alliance for Information and Communication Technologies and Development]] # [[:en:Global Commission on Internet Governance]] # [[:en:Global Commission on the Stability of Cyberspace]] # [[:en:ICANNWiki]] # [[:en:IE Domain Registry]] # [[:en:IETF Administrative Oversight Committee]] # [[:en:INOC-DBA]] # [[:en:INRegistry]] # [[:en:ISOC Luxembourg]] # [[:en:ISOC Morocco]] # [[:en:ITU-D]] # [[:en:InterNIC]] # [[:en:International Multilateral Partnership Against Cyber Threats]] # [[:en:Internet Architecture Board]] # [[:en:Internet Assigned Numbers Authority]] # [[:en:Internet Engineering Task Force]] # [[:en:Internet Governance Forum]] # [[:en:Internet Mail Consortium]] # [[:en:Internet Research Steering Group]] # [[:en:Internet Research Task Force]] # [[:en:Internet Society Nepal]] # [[:en:Internet Society – Bulgaria]] # [[:en:Internet Technical Committee]] # [[:en:Internet network operators' group]] # [[:en:InternetNZ]] # [[:en:Israel Internet Association]] # [[:en:List of ICANN meetings]] # [[:en:Mobile Alliance Against Child Sexual Abuse Content]] # [[:en:Nepal IGF]] # [[:en:Next Steps in Signaling]] # [[:en:Nigeria Data Protection Commission]] # [[:en:Ofcom]] # [[:en:PICISOC]] # [[:en:Packet Clearing House]] # [[:en:United Nations Information and Communication Technologies Task Force]] # [[:en:Working Group on Internet Governance]] 1bq84mg9jrjbnem685oedeftkdko6co 2 318686 3996335 3902229 2026-10-23T11:07:17Z Beko 34062 3996335 wikitext text/x-wiki # [[:hy:AFRALO]] # [[:hy:IANA]] # [[:hy:APRALO]] # [[:hy:EURALO]] # [[:hy:LACRALO]] # [[:hy:NARALO]] # [[:hy:IETF]] # [[:hy:RIRs]] # [[:hy:APNIC]] # [[:hy:ARIN]] # [[:hy:LACNIC]] # [[:hy:AFRINIC]] # [[:hy:W3C]] # [[:hy:ITU]] # [[:hy:UN IGF]] # [[:hy:UN DESA]] # [[:hy:ISOC Chapters]] # [[:hy:DIPLO]] # [[:hy:CADE]] # [[:hy:CERT Coordination Center]] # [[:hy:Global Alliance for Information and Communication Technologies and Development]] # [[:hy:Internet Technical Committee]] # [[:hy:Address Supporting Organization]] # [[:hy:Internet Research Task Force]] # [[:hy:InterNIC]] # [[:hy:Internet network operators' group]] # [[:hy:WSIS]] # [[:hy:Working Group on Internet Governance]] # [[:hy:PICISOC]] # [[:hy:United Nations Information and Communication Technologies Task Force]] # [[:hy:A Technical Community Coalition for Multistakeholderism]] # [[:hy:Global Encryption Coalition]] # [[:hy:Global Forum on Cyber Expertise (GFCE),]] # [[:hy:Internet Governance ]] # [[:hy:Multistakeholder Model ]] # [[:hy:Digital Governance ]] # [[:hy:Digital Policy ]] # [[:hy:Internet Policy ]] # [[:hy:Internet Governance Ecosystem ]] # [[:hy:Stakeholder]] # [[:hy:Bottom-up Process ]] # [[:hy:Consensus]] # [[:hy:Inclusiveness ]] # [[:hy:Openness ]] # [[:hy:Transparency ]]h # [[:hy:Accountability]] # [[:hy:IGF]] # [[:hy:Global IGF]] # [[:hy:National IGF]] # [[:hy:Regional IGF]] # [[:hy:Sub-regional IGF]] # [[:hy:Youth IGF]] # [[:hy:NRI ]] # [[:hy:MAG ]] # [[:hy:IGF Secretariat]] # [[:hy:IGF Messages]] # [[:hy:IGF Best Practice Forums]] # [[:hy:Dynamic Coalitions]] # [[:hy:Intersessional Work]] # [[:hy:DNS Root]] # [[:hy:Root Zone]] # [[:hy:Root Server]] # [[:hy:TLD]] # [[:hy:ccTLD]] # [[:hy:gTLD]] # [[:hy:new gTLD]] # [[:hy:IDN]] # [[:hy:IDN ccTLD]] # [[:hy:U-label]] # [[:hy:A-label]] # [[:hy:EPP]] # [[:hy:Registry]] # [[:hy:Registrar]] # [[:hy:Registrant]] # [[:hy:RDAP]] # [[:hy:WHOIS]] # [[:hy:IP Address]] # [[:hy:ASN]] # [[:hy:BGP]] # [[:hy:RIR]] # [[:hy:LIR]] # [[:hy:IXP]] # [[:hy:Internet Backbone]] # [[:hy:Transit]] # [[:hy:Peering]] # [[:hy:Root Server]] # [[:hy:CDN]] # [[:hy:Internet Society’s Online Trust and Safety Hub]] # [[:hy:Cybersecurity]] # [[:hy:Cyber Resilience]] # [[:hy:Encryption]] # [[:hy:End-to-End Encryption]] # [[:hy:Digital Identity]] # [[:hy:Authentication]] # [[:hy:Privacy]] # [[:hy:Data Protection]] # [[:hy:Botnet]] # [[:hy:DDoS]] # [[:hy:DNS Abuse]] # [[:hy:Domain Abuse]] # [[:hy:CERT/CSIRT]] # [[:hy:Digital Rights]] # [[:hy:Freedom of Expression]] # [[:hy:Right to Privacy]] # [[:hy:Access to Information]] # [[:hy:Internet Access]] # [[:hy:Universal Access]] # [[:hy:Digital Inclusion]] # [[:hy:Digital Divide]] # [[:hy:Net Neutrality]] # [[:hy:Internet Shutdown]] # [[:hy:Online Safety]] # [[:hy:Responsible AI]] # [[:hy:AI Ethics]] # [[:hy:Generative AI]] # [[:hy:Digital Public Infrastructure]] # [[:hy:Digital Public Goods]] # [[:hy:Web3]] # [[:hy:Cloud Computing]] # [[:hy:Data Governance]] # [[:hy:School on Internet Governance]] # [[:hy:Armenian School on Internet Governance]] # [[:hy:OpenDNSSEC]] # [[:hy:Cable Internet access]] # [[:hy:Internet access]] # [[:hy:Cable modem]] # [[:hy:Modem]] # [[:hy:Dial-up Internet access]] # [[:hy:Dial-up]] —————— # [[:hy:IoT]] # [[:hy:Anycast]] # [[:hy:IPv4]] # [[:hy:IPv6]] # [[:hy:DNSSEC]] # [[:hy:DNS]] # [[:hy:RIPE NCC]] # [[:hy:ISOC]] # [[:hy:ICANN]] 5ok406p0u5ebd6n29a3ihziwgqsf4zu 2 319751 3996308 3995988 2026-10-23T10:14:37Z Pippobuono 54500 /* Formulae episcopi */ elnenses 3996308 wikitext text/x-wiki = Utilia = == Ad civitates == <nowiki>{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}</nowiki> <nowiki>{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidatorum}}</nowiki> <nowiki>[[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]]</nowiki> <nowiki>{{Fontes geographici}}</nowiki> == Ad homines == <nowiki>{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}</nowiki> <nowiki>* {{CathHierBishop|}}</nowiki> <nowiki>{{Archiepiscopi Friburgenses}}</nowiki> <nowiki>{{Fontes biographici}}</nowiki> = Formulae episcopi = {{Episcopi Elnenses}} {{Capsa navigationis |formula = Episcopi Elnenses |titulus = Episcopi [[Dioecesis Elnensis|Elnenses]] |imago = [[Fasciculus:Bistum Perpignan.svg|125px]] |super= <small>Dioecesis Elnensis erecta saeculo VI, anno 1801 suppressa, anno 1822 restituta ut [[Perpinianum|Perpignan]]-[[Elne]], sub concordato usque ad 1905, postea sub regimine separationis.</small>. |grex1=Concordatus |index1= [[Casimirus Wicart]] <small>(1855-1876)</small> • [[Julius Dionysius Le Hardy du Marais]] <small>(1876-1886)</small> • [[Victor Maréchal]] <small>(16/04/1887-21/09/1887</small> • [[Ludovicus Bougaud]] <small>(1887-1888)</small> • [[Julius Cléret]] <small>(1889-1895)</small> • [[Petrus Geay]] <small>(1896-1904) |grex2=Regimen separationis |index2= [[Eugenius Grellier]] <small>(1906-1936)</small> • [[Josephus Marcadé]] <small>(1936-1938)</small> • [[Paulus Richaud]] <small>(1938-1950)</small> • [[Mauricius Rousseau]] <small>(1950-1962)</small> • [[Carolus Guilhem]] <small>(1962-1969)</small> • [[Paulus Carrière]] <small>(1970-1984)</small> • [[Ludovicus Maria Billé]] <small>(1984-1995)</small> • [[Armandus Maillard]] <small>(1996-2007)</small> • [[Theodoricus Scherrer]] <small>(2008-2023)</small> • [[Matthaeus Dupont]] <small>(2024-)</small> |sub=<small>fontes : {{CathHierDiocese|perp|Dioecesis Elnensis}} }}<noinclude> <no wiki>[[:Categoria:Episcopi Elnenses|!]] </nowiki> </noinclude> = [[Sanctus Iulianus]] = <nowiki>{{discretiva}}</nowiki> == Sancti == == Toponyma == === Francia === === Italia === == Notae et Fontes == <references /> [[:Categoria:Sancti|Iulianus]] = [[Dioecesis Vapincensis]] = {{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidatorum}} {{res|Dioecesis Vapincensis}} ([[Francogallice]] {{barbarice|lingua=fr|Diocèse de Gap}}) est [[dioecesis]] [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Ecclesiae Catholicae Romanae]] [[Ecclesia Latina|Latinae]] in [[Francia]] sita, cuius sedes [[Vallis Guidonis]] est. Dioecesis, anno [[1855]] condita,<ref>{{opus|url=https://diocesedelaval.fr/le-propre-du-diocese-de-laval/|titulus=Propre du diocèse de Laval}} {{ling|Francogallice}}</ref> cum territorio [[Meduana| praefecturae Meduanae]] congruit et suffraganea [[Archidioecesis Rhedonensis]] est. == Ecclesia cathedralis == [[Fasciculus:Cathédrale de Laval.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|Ecclesia cathedralis [[Trinitas|Sanctissimae Trinitatis]] dicata.]] [[Ecclesia cathedralis]] Sanctissimae Trintatis dicata, [[Vallis Guidonis|Valli Guidonis]] sita est. == Notae == <references /> == Nexus externi == * {{Opus|url=https://www.diocesedegap.fr/|titulus=Situs officialis}} {{ling|Francogallice}} {{CommuniaCat|Roman Catholic Diocese of Laval|Dioecesem Vapincensem}} {{Fontes geographici}} * {{CathHierDiocese|gapf|Dioecesis Vapincensis}} <!--{{RC-stipula}}--> {{Dioeceses archidioeceses catholicae Franciae}} [[:Categoria:Dioecesis Vapincensis]] = Ad formulam = {{Dioeceses archidioeceses catholicae Poloniae}} {{Capsa navigationis | titulus = [[dioecesis|Dioeceses]] et ''archidioeceses'' [[ecclesia Catholica Romana|catholicae]] [[Polonia]]e | formula = Dioeceses archidioeceses catholicae Poloniae | Imago = [[Fasciculus:CatholicDiocesesPoland2004.svg|100px|Dioeceses Poloniae]] | corpus = ''[[Archidioecesis Bialostocensis|Bialostocensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Bielscensis-Zyviecensis|Bielscensis-Zyviecensis]] . [[Dioecesis Bydgostiensis|Bydgostiensis]] . [[Dioecesis Calissiensis|Calissiensis]] . [[Dioecesis Coslinensis-Colubregana|Coslinensis-Colubregana]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Cracoviensis|Cracoviensis]]'' . ''[[Archidioecesis Czestochoviensis|Czestochoviensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Drohiczinensis|Drohiczinensis]] . [[Dioecesis Elbingensis|Elbingensis]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Gedanensis|Gedanensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Glivicensis|Glivicensis]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Gnesnensis|Gnesnensis]]'' . ''[[Archidioecesis Katovicensis|Katovicensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Kielcensis|Kielcensis]] . [[Dioecesis Legnicensis|Legnicensis]] . [[Dioecesis Liccanensis]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Lodziensis|Lodziensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Lomzensis|Lomzensis]] . [[Dioecesis Lovicensis|Lovicensis]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Lublinensis|Lublinensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Opoliensis|Opoliensis]] . [[Dioecesis Pelplinensis|Pelplinensis]] . [[Dioecesis Plocensis|Plocensis]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Posnaniensis|Posnaniensis]]'' . ''[[Archidioecesis Premisliensis Latinorum|Premisliensis Latinorum]]'' . [[Dioecesis Radomensis|Radomensis]] . [[Dioecesis Rzeszoviensis|Rzeszoviensis]] . [[Dioecesis Sandomiriensis|Sandomiriensis]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Sedinensis-Caminensis|Sedinensis-Caminensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Siedlecensis|Siedlecensis]] . [[Dioecesis Sosnoviensis|Sosnoviensis]] . [[Dioecesis Suidniciensis|Suidniciensis]] . [[Dioecesis Tarnoviensis|Tarnoviensis]] . [[Dioecesis Thoruniensis|Thoruniensis]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Varmiensis|Varmiensis]]'' . ''[[Archidioecesis Varsaviensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Varsaviensis-Pragensis]] . [[Dioecesis Viridimontanensis-Gorzoviensis|Viridimontanensis-Gorzoviensis]] . [[Dioecesis Vladislaviensis|Vladislaviensis]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Vratislaviensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Zamosciensis-Lubaczoviensis|Zamosciensis-Lubaczoviensis]] . [[Ordinariatus Militaris Poloniae]] }} <noinclude> == Vide etiam == * [[Dioeceses Ecclesiae Catholicae]] <!--[[Categoria:Formulae Poloniam spectantes]] [[Categoria:Dioeceses Ecclesiae Catholicae in Polonia|!]] [[Categoria:Formulae navigationis hierarchiae Catholicae]]--> </noinclude> = [[Wendelinus (Sanctus)]] = Wendelinus (Theodisce Wendelin) est sanctus [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Ecclesiae Catholicae Romanae]], die [[21 Octobris]] veneratus, qui in [[Religio Christiana|Christianisatione]] [[Rhenania et Palatinatus|Rhenaniae et Palatinatus]] et praesertim septentrionalis [[Saravia]]e participavit. Persona virtuosa, popularis et agricola, originis [[Scotia|Scoticae]] vel [[Hibernia|Hibernicae]], nobilis et divitis stirpis, nihilominus [[eremita]], [[peregrinus]], agricola, pastor, deinde [[monachus]] factus est, antequam munus abbatis [[Abbatia Theulegii|Abbatiae]] [[Theulegium|Theulegii]] occupavit. Sanctus Wendelinus patronus pastorum, segetum et pecorum, et postea omnium animalium domesticorum (vaccarum, gallinorum, canum, felium, etc.) est. cf fr.wikipedia Secundum fabulam, Sanctus Vandalinus filius erat Frochardi et Evelinae regiorum coniugum Scotorum. Iuvenis, coronam et voluptates mundi repudiavit et Deo in paupertate et obscuritate servire constituit. Romam aliaque loca peregrinationis ut peregrinus visitavit, deinde aliquamdiu ut eremita in regione Westrich Episcopatus Trevirensis vixit, domino manerii serviens, primum ut subulcus, deinde ut pastor boum, et denique ut pastor ovium. Postea, abbas Monasterii Tholey electus et a Severino Episcopo Trevirensi anno 517 consecratus est. Anno 607 mortuus est et prope casam ubi antea ut eremita vixerat sepultus est. Oppidum Sancti Wendel ibi conditum est propter multas peregrinationes saeculi XIV. In calendariis, Sanctus Wendelinus diebus XX, XXI, vel XXII Octobris celebratur. Patronus pastorum et gregum veneratur. Vitae antiquissimae quas Bollandistis notae sunt ad saeculum XV pertinent. Utrum fundamentum historicum habeant vehementer dubium est. == Fontes == Acta Sanctorum. Oct. T. IX, p. 342–351. – Stadler, Heiligen- Lex. V, 776. – (Stramberg,) Rhein. Antiquarius, 2. Abth., 2. Bd., S. 481 bis 491. cf. ADB:Wendelinus der Heilige de.wikisource.org <!--{{lifetime|554|617|Wendelinus}}--> [[:Categoria:Sanctus catholicus]] bsp6skwqdldvtq9jkfm9fta66pwmpyi 0 323438 3996249 3943567 2026-10-23T01:53:39Z Bartholomite 116968 3996249 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} {{res|Finnus Michael Wolfhard}} (natus [[Vancuverium|Vancuverii]] die [[23 Decembris]] [[2002]]) est [[histrio]] et [[cantor]] [[Canada|Canadianus]], notus quia personas [[Michael Wheeler]] in ''[[Stranger Things]]'' agit,<ref>{{Imdb title|4574334|Stranger Things}}.</ref> et optime notus cantor et [[citharista]] [[Calpurnia]]e gregis. == Opera == === Cum Calpurnia === * [[2018]]: ''Scout'' ===Solo=== * [[2025]]: ''Happy Birthday'' == Pelliculae selectae == * [[2016]]: ''[[Stranger Things]]'': Michael Wheeler * [[2017]]: ''[[It (pelicula 2017)|It]]'': Ricardus Tozier * [[2019]]: ''[[Carmen Sandiego]]'' * [[2021]]: ''[[Ghostbusters: Afterlife]]'': Trevor Spengler * [[2024]]: ''[[Ghostbusters: Frozen Empire]]'': Trevor Spengler == Notae == <references/> == Nexus interni == * [[Noë Schnapp]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Finn Wolfhard|Finnum Wolfhard}} * {{Imdb name|6016511|Finnus Wolfhard}} {{bio-stipula}} {{Lifetime|2002||Wolfhard, Finnus}} [[Categoria:Actores Canadae]] [[Categoria:Cantores Canadae]] 0bgu092erfqh0vb3jqdvb6ajeayhivc 0 324490 3996237 3957763 2026-10-22T22:34:01Z Grufo 64423 Minuta 3996237 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus ad litteram}} {{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}} {{Carmen Carminum Buranorum | titulus = | imago = | descriptio = | categoria = | numerus = | auctor = | argumenta = | tempus = | lingua = | contextus = | praecedens = | sequens = }} {{lores|Frigus hinc est horridum}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Goliardus|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero LXXXII reperitur.<ref name="carmina-amatoria-71-87">{{Opus | titulus = Carmina amatoria 71–87 | url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cam2.html }}.</ref> == Textus == {{Versus numerati| {{@*@.|1.}}Frigus hinc est horridum, tempus adest floridum. veris ab instantia tellus iam fit gravida; in partum inde solvitur, dum florere cernitur. {{@*@.|(Refl.)}}O o o a i a e ! amor † insolabile! clerus scit diligere virginem plus milite! {{@*@.|2.}}Sol tellurem recreat, ne fetus eius pereat; ab aeris temperantia rerum fit materia, unde muitiplicia generantur semina. {{@*@.|(Refl.)}}O o o a i a e ! amor † insolabile! clerus scit diligere virginem plus milite! {{@*@.|3.}}Mons vestitur floribus et sonat a volucribus; in silvis aves concinunt dulciterque garriunt; nec philomena desinit, iacturam suam meminit. {{@*@.|(Refl.)}}O o o a i a e ! amor † insolabile! clerus scit diligere virginem plus milite! {{@*@.|4.}}Ridet terre facies colores per multiplices. nunc audite, virgines: non amant recte milites! miles caret viribus nature et virtutibus! {{@*@.|(Refl.)}}O o o a i a e ! amor † insolabile! clerus scit diligere virginem plus milite! {{@*@.|5.}}Thymus et lapathium inierunt hoc consilium: «propter formam milites nobis sunt amabiles.» «de quibus stulta ratio, suspensa est solutio.» {{@*@.|(Refl.)}}O o o a i a e ! amor † insolabile! clerus scit diligere virginem plus milite! {{@*@.|6.}}«Sed in curtibus milites depingunt nostras facies, cum serico in palliis, colore et in clipeis.» «quid prosunt nobis talia, cum forma perit propria? {{@*@.|(Refl.)}}O o o a i a e ! amor † insolabile! clerus scit diligere virginem plus milite! {{@*@.|7.}}Clerici in frigore observant nos in semine, pannorum in velamine, deinde et in pyxide.» mox de omni clerico Amoris fit conclusio. {{@*@.|(Refl.)}}O o o a i a e ! amor † insolabile! clerus scit diligere virginem plus milite!<ref name="carmina-amatoria-71-87" /> }} == Descriptio == Hoc carmen, in sectione amatoria codicis positum, descriptione [[Ver|veris]] et naturae se renovantis incipit, sed mox in acrem comparationem inter [[clerus|clericos]] et [[miles|milites]] vertitur. Poëta arguit clericos meliores amatores esse, dum milites propter inconstantiam et inopiam virtutis naturalis reprehendit.<ref name="carmina-amatoria-71-87" /> Argumentum carminis ad usitatum thema goliardicum pertinet, scilicet certamen de amore virginum, ubi mundus litteratus clericorum mundo armato militum praefertur. Per [[personificatio]]nem plantarum et refrenum rhythmicum, carmen victoriam moralem et sensualem clericorum celebrat, stilo satirico et iocoso pleno.<ref name="carmina-amatoria-71-87" /> == Investigatio palaeographica musica == In examine paleographico carminis rhythmici primum observanda est structura strofica cum carmine intercalari (''refrain''), quae in Codice Burano ([[Bayerische Staatsbibliothek]], Clm 4660, f. 35r) servatur. Quamvis textus in hoc folio sine notis musicis super lineas exaratus sit, natura rhythmica versuum—qui sunt septenarii trochaici cum anacrusi—indolem musicam clarissime demonstrat. Investigatio autem elementorum musicorum non solum in metrica consistit, sed etiam in modo quo textus ad usum canendi in membranis ordinatur. In stropha septima, quae crux interpretum habetur, videtur mendum paleographicum in vocabulo ''frigore'', quod cum rhythmo piano non congruit et rimas violat; propterea critici moderni subrogationem cum vocibus ''limine'' vel potius ''frigedine'' proposuerunt ut congruentia musico-rhythmica restituatur.<ref name="examen-apium-cb-82">{{Opus | titulus = Frigus hinc est horridum (cb 82) | contextus = Carmina Burana: ricerche sulla musica | domus editoria = Examen apium | url = https://www.examenapium.it/carmina/0-eds/082frigus.html | tempus inspectionis = 2026-04-30 }}.</ref> Structura huius carminis, quae in binas partes dividitur, in prima parte (strophis i-iii) metaphoras naturales ad risum veris spectantes adhibet, quae musicam organicam mundi sub figura sexuali depingunt (verbis ut ''gravida'', ''partum'', ''semina''). In secunda parte (strophis iv-vii), disputatio inter chiericos et milites per voces personificatas herbarum (Thymus et Lapathium) evolvitur. Ex parte paleographica, carmen intercalare per syllabas onomatopoeicas “O o o a i a e” incipit, quae non solum gaudium effundunt, sed melisma vel caudam vocalem indicare videntur, ubi vox humana extra verbi limites in ludum sonorum solvitur. Haec elementa ad genus {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|conductus|conductūs|en|qid=Q846748}} vel cantionis pertinere videntur, ubi repetitio carminis intercalaris post unamquamque stropham firmitatem architectonicam toti compositioni praebet.<ref name="examen-apium-cb-82" /> Difficultas maxima in stropha finali invenitur, ubi vocabula ''semine'', ''velamine'', et ''pyxide'' ambiguitatem semanticam et fortasse musicam continent. Dum quidam musicologi haec interpretantur dona chiericorum, alii per investigationem paleographicam comparativam (sicut in Concilio Remiremontensi) sensum libertinum vel pederasticum suspicantur, ubi ''pyxis'' vel ''velamen'' organa secreta significent. Haec eversio sensus, quae sub velamine herbarum celatur, typica est vagorum carminum, in quibus ludus verbis et sonis ita adhibetur ut severitas ecclesiastica eludatur. Conclusio carminis, quae celeriter favorem chiericorum proclamat, videtur esse resolutio iudicii musico-curialis, quae in fine totius periegeseos rhythmicae ponitur.<ref name="examen-apium-cb-82" /> == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * {{Ecce citatio | id = Lehtonen, 1995 | c = {{Opus | cognomen = Lehtonen | nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy | annus = 1995 | lingua = en | locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]] | domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]] | isbn = 978-951-717-846-4 }} }} {{Carmina Burana}} [[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]] [[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]] c1zjvnik9vjivzkm6gamlro9fqukgqh 0 327096 3996294 3975253 2026-10-23T09:25:18Z Pippobuono 54500 /* Nexus externi */ stipula 3996294 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}} [[Fasciculus:Offroicourt, Église de l'Assomption-de-Notre-Dame.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Offroicourt: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Assumptio]]ni [[Maria (mater Iesu)|Nostrae Dominae]] dicata.]] {{res|Offroicourt}} est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] 145 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Vosegus (praefectura Franciae)|Vosegi]] in regione [[Magnus Oriens|Magno Oriente]]. == Civis notabilis == * [[Armandus Maillard]] (1943-), episcopus [[Dioecesis Valleguidonensis|Valleguidonensis]] (1996-2007) et postea archiepiscopus [[Archidioecesis Bituricensis|Bituricensis]] (2007-2018), hic natus est. {{NexInt}} * [[Index communium praefecturae Vosegi]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Offroicourt|Offroicourt}} {{Fontes geographici}} {{geo-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Vosegi]] [[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Vosegi]] 9uof23nimczds0v9mfkyrn4le7y3rrq 10 329396 3996297 3994981 2026-10-23T09:26:47Z Grufo 64423 De coloribus 3996297 sanitized-css text/css .arbor ul 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li:first-child:last-child::before { border-left: 1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1); } .index-arborescens ul > li::before, .index-arborescens ul > li > ul > li:first-child:last-child::before { border-bottom: 1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1); } .index-arborescens ul > li:last-child::after, .index-arborescens ul > li:first-child:last-child::before { border-left: none; border-bottom: none; } nfj8niu1pttqny37pmatxs5kvw5lowa 10 329397 3996316 3994821 2026-10-23T10:29:11Z Grufo 64423 De nomine classis 3996316 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#if:{{{1|}}}|<templatestyles src="Formula:Index arborescens/styles.css" /><div class="index-arborescens"> {{#if:x|{{{1}}}}} </div>}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentatio|proprietas=distributa}}</noinclude> 0sr52ab8tue1nqibi0wymq88yfwxqjd 10 329398 3996321 3994836 2026-10-23T10:53:09Z Grufo 64423 /* Ulteriora si cupis */ 3996321 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Subpagina documentationis|proprietas=distributa}} Formulae {{Fn|Index arborescens}} et {{Fn|Index arborescens dissaeptus}} adhibentur ad arbores notionum ostendendas. == De usu == === {{[[Formula:Index arborescens|Index arborescens]]}} === {{Formula numquam substituenda|...|propositum={{#ifeq:{{BASEPAGENAME}}|Index arborescens|usus|exhibitio}}}} {{Hic TemplateStyles adhibentur|Formula:Index arborescens/styles.css|propositum={{#ifeq:{{BASEPAGENAME}}|Index arborescens|usus|exhibitio}}}} {{Metaformula quoque|propositum={{#ifeq:{{BASEPAGENAME}}|Index arborescens|usus|exhibitio}}}} '''Vicitextus:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{Index arborescens| * Gallia ** Est omnis *** Divisa **** In partes ***** Tres ****** Quarum unam ******* Incolunt Belgae }}</syntaxhighlight> '''Effectus:''' {{Index arborescens| * Gallia ** Est omnis *** Divisa **** In partes ***** Tres ****** Quarum unam ******* Incolunt Belgae }} {{Ast}} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{Index arborescens| * Gallia ** Est omnis *** Divisa **** In partes * Tres ** Quarum unam *** Incolunt Belgae }}</syntaxhighlight> '''Effectus:''' {{Index arborescens| * Gallia ** Est omnis *** Divisa **** In partes * Tres ** Quarum unam *** Incolunt Belgae }} {{Ast}} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{Index arborescens| * Gallia ** Est omnis *** Divisa ** In partes ** Tres * Quarum unam ** Incolunt Belgae }}</syntaxhighlight> '''Effectus:''' {{Index arborescens| * Gallia ** Est omnis *** Divisa ** In partes ** Tres * Quarum unam ** Incolunt Belgae }} {{vsep}} === {{[[Formula:Index arborescens dissaeptus|Index arborescens dissaeptus]]}} === {{Formula substituibilis|...|propositum={{#ifeq:{{BASEPAGENAME}}|Index arborescens|exhibitio|usus}}}} {{Lua|Params|propositum={{#ifeq:{{BASEPAGENAME}}|Index arborescens|exhibitio|usus}}}} '''Vicitextus:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{Index arborescens dissaeptus | Gallia | * Est omnis | ** Divisa | *** In partes | **** Tres | ***** Quarum unam | ****** Incolunt Belgae }}</syntaxhighlight> '''Effectus:''' {{Index arborescens dissaeptus | Gallia | * Est omnis | ** Divisa | *** In partes | **** Tres | ***** Quarum unam | ****** Incolunt Belgae }} {{Ast}} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{Index arborescens dissaeptus | Gallia | * Est omnis | ** Divisa | *** In partes | Tres | * Quarum unam | ** Incolunt Belgae }}</syntaxhighlight> '''Effectus:''' {{Index arborescens dissaeptus | Gallia | * Est omnis | ** Divisa | *** In partes | Tres | * Quarum unam | ** Incolunt Belgae }} {{Ast}} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{Index arborescens dissaeptus | Gallia | * Est omnis | ** Divisa | * In partes | * Tres | Quarum unam | * Incolunt Belgae }}</syntaxhighlight> '''Effectus:''' {{Index arborescens dissaeptus | Gallia | * Est omnis | ** Divisa | * In partes | * Tres | Quarum unam | * Incolunt Belgae }} == Ulteriora si cupis == * [[:Categoria:Formulae typographicae]] * {{Fn|Index ramiformis}} * {{Fn|Capsa linguae}} * {{Fn|Series versibus punctatis dissaepta}} * {{Fn|Indentatio plana}} <includeonly>{{in harenario aut alibi|1=|2= <!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --> [[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae typographicae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae quae seorsos versus creant|{{PAGENAME}}]] {{#ifeq:{{BASEPAGENAME}}|Index arborescens|| [[Categoria:Formulae variadicae|{{PAGENAME}}]] }} }}</includeonly> opfoa5vcxv1porwwo21vfzsf3fvwyhq 3996329 3996321 2026-10-23T11:03:13Z Grufo 64423 +Cat 3996329 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Subpagina documentationis|proprietas=distributa}} Formulae {{Fn|Index arborescens}} et {{Fn|Index arborescens dissaeptus}} adhibentur ad arbores notionum ostendendas. == De usu == === {{[[Formula:Index arborescens|Index arborescens]]}} === {{Formula numquam substituenda|...|propositum={{#ifeq:{{BASEPAGENAME}}|Index arborescens|usus|exhibitio}}}} {{Hic TemplateStyles adhibentur|Formula:Index arborescens/styles.css|propositum={{#ifeq:{{BASEPAGENAME}}|Index arborescens|usus|exhibitio}}}} {{Metaformula quoque|propositum={{#ifeq:{{BASEPAGENAME}}|Index arborescens|usus|exhibitio}}}} '''Vicitextus:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{Index arborescens| * Gallia ** Est omnis *** Divisa **** In partes ***** Tres ****** Quarum unam ******* Incolunt Belgae }}</syntaxhighlight> '''Effectus:''' {{Index arborescens| * Gallia ** Est omnis *** Divisa **** In partes ***** Tres ****** Quarum unam ******* Incolunt Belgae }} {{Ast}} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{Index arborescens| * Gallia ** Est omnis *** Divisa **** In partes * Tres ** Quarum unam *** Incolunt Belgae }}</syntaxhighlight> '''Effectus:''' {{Index arborescens| * Gallia ** Est omnis *** Divisa **** In partes * Tres ** Quarum unam *** Incolunt Belgae }} {{Ast}} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{Index arborescens| * Gallia ** Est omnis *** Divisa ** In partes ** Tres * Quarum unam ** Incolunt Belgae }}</syntaxhighlight> '''Effectus:''' {{Index arborescens| * Gallia ** Est omnis *** Divisa ** In partes ** Tres * Quarum unam ** Incolunt Belgae }} {{vsep}} === {{[[Formula:Index arborescens dissaeptus|Index arborescens dissaeptus]]}} === {{Formula substituibilis|...|propositum={{#ifeq:{{BASEPAGENAME}}|Index arborescens|exhibitio|usus}}}} {{Lua|Params|propositum={{#ifeq:{{BASEPAGENAME}}|Index arborescens|exhibitio|usus}}}} '''Vicitextus:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{Index arborescens dissaeptus | Gallia | * Est omnis | ** Divisa | *** In partes | **** Tres | ***** Quarum unam | ****** Incolunt Belgae }}</syntaxhighlight> '''Effectus:''' {{Index arborescens dissaeptus | Gallia | * Est omnis | ** Divisa | *** In partes | **** Tres | ***** Quarum unam | ****** Incolunt Belgae }} {{Ast}} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{Index arborescens dissaeptus | Gallia | * Est omnis | ** Divisa | *** In partes | Tres | * Quarum unam | ** Incolunt Belgae }}</syntaxhighlight> '''Effectus:''' {{Index arborescens dissaeptus | Gallia | * Est omnis | ** Divisa | *** In partes | Tres | * Quarum unam | ** Incolunt Belgae }} {{Ast}} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{Index arborescens dissaeptus | Gallia | * Est omnis | ** Divisa | * In partes | * Tres | Quarum unam | * Incolunt Belgae }}</syntaxhighlight> '''Effectus:''' {{Index arborescens dissaeptus | Gallia | * Est omnis | ** Divisa | * In partes | * Tres | Quarum unam | * Incolunt Belgae }} == Ulteriora si cupis == * [[:Categoria:Formulae typographicae]] * {{Fn|Index ramiformis}} * {{Fn|Capsa linguae}} * {{Fn|Series versibus punctatis dissaepta}} * {{Fn|Indentatio plana}} <includeonly>{{in harenario aut alibi|1=|2= <!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --> [[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae typographicae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae quae seorsos versus creant|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae quae arbores creant|{{PAGENAME}}]] {{#ifeq:{{BASEPAGENAME}}|Index arborescens|| [[Categoria:Formulae variadicae|{{PAGENAME}}]] }} }}</includeonly> t9gsaxxo0enc8pnry84fjwk5fnqxzic 3996330 3996329 2026-10-23T11:03:28Z Grufo 64423 +Cat 3996330 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Subpagina documentationis|proprietas=distributa}} Formulae {{Fn|Index arborescens}} et {{Fn|Index arborescens dissaeptus}} adhibentur ad arbores notionum ostendendas. == De usu == === {{[[Formula:Index arborescens|Index arborescens]]}} === {{Formula numquam substituenda|...|propositum={{#ifeq:{{BASEPAGENAME}}|Index arborescens|usus|exhibitio}}}} {{Hic TemplateStyles adhibentur|Formula:Index arborescens/styles.css|propositum={{#ifeq:{{BASEPAGENAME}}|Index arborescens|usus|exhibitio}}}} {{Metaformula quoque|propositum={{#ifeq:{{BASEPAGENAME}}|Index arborescens|usus|exhibitio}}}} '''Vicitextus:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{Index arborescens| * Gallia ** Est omnis *** Divisa **** In partes ***** Tres ****** Quarum unam ******* Incolunt Belgae }}</syntaxhighlight> '''Effectus:''' {{Index arborescens| * Gallia ** Est omnis *** Divisa **** In partes ***** Tres ****** Quarum unam ******* Incolunt Belgae }} {{Ast}} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{Index arborescens| * Gallia ** Est omnis *** Divisa **** In partes * Tres ** Quarum unam *** Incolunt Belgae }}</syntaxhighlight> '''Effectus:''' {{Index arborescens| * Gallia ** Est omnis *** Divisa **** In partes * Tres ** Quarum unam *** Incolunt Belgae }} {{Ast}} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{Index arborescens| * Gallia ** Est omnis *** Divisa ** In partes ** Tres * Quarum unam ** Incolunt Belgae }}</syntaxhighlight> '''Effectus:''' {{Index arborescens| * Gallia ** Est omnis *** Divisa ** In partes ** Tres * Quarum unam ** Incolunt Belgae }} {{vsep}} === {{[[Formula:Index arborescens dissaeptus|Index arborescens dissaeptus]]}} === {{Formula substituibilis|...|propositum={{#ifeq:{{BASEPAGENAME}}|Index arborescens|exhibitio|usus}}}} {{Lua|Params|propositum={{#ifeq:{{BASEPAGENAME}}|Index arborescens|exhibitio|usus}}}} '''Vicitextus:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{Index arborescens dissaeptus | Gallia | * Est omnis | ** Divisa | *** In partes | **** Tres | ***** Quarum unam | ****** Incolunt Belgae }}</syntaxhighlight> '''Effectus:''' {{Index arborescens dissaeptus | Gallia | * Est omnis | ** Divisa | *** In partes | **** Tres | ***** Quarum unam | ****** Incolunt Belgae }} {{Ast}} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{Index arborescens dissaeptus | Gallia | * Est omnis | ** Divisa | *** In partes | Tres | * Quarum unam | ** Incolunt Belgae }}</syntaxhighlight> '''Effectus:''' {{Index arborescens dissaeptus | Gallia | * Est omnis | ** Divisa | *** In partes | Tres | * Quarum unam | ** Incolunt Belgae }} {{Ast}} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{Index arborescens dissaeptus | Gallia | * Est omnis | ** Divisa | * In partes | * Tres | Quarum unam | * Incolunt Belgae }}</syntaxhighlight> '''Effectus:''' {{Index arborescens dissaeptus | Gallia | * Est omnis | ** Divisa | * In partes | * Tres | Quarum unam | * Incolunt Belgae }} == Ulteriora si cupis == * [[:Categoria:Formulae typographicae]] * {{Fn|Index ramiformis}} * {{Fn|Capsa linguae}} * {{Fn|Series versibus punctatis dissaepta}} * {{Fn|Indentatio plana}} <includeonly>{{in harenario aut alibi|1=|2= <!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --> [[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae typographicae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae quae seorsos versus creant|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae quae arbores creant|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae biologicae|{{PAGENAME}}]] {{#ifeq:{{BASEPAGENAME}}|Index arborescens|| [[Categoria:Formulae variadicae|{{PAGENAME}}]] }} }}</includeonly> kc8uq6zcq0fku1drfbimidao8pew0bd 3996332 3996330 2026-10-23T11:06:06Z Grufo 64423 3996332 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Subpagina documentationis|proprietas=distributa}} Formulae {{Fn|Index arborescens}} et {{Fn|Index arborescens dissaeptus}} adhibentur ad arbores notionum ostendendas. == De usu == === {{[[Formula:Index arborescens|Index arborescens]]}} === {{Formula numquam substituenda|...|propositum={{#ifeq:{{BASEPAGENAME}}|Index arborescens|usus|exhibitio}}}} {{Hic TemplateStyles adhibentur|Formula:Index arborescens/styles.css|propositum={{#ifeq:{{BASEPAGENAME}}|Index arborescens|usus|exhibitio}}}} {{Metaformula quoque|propositum={{#ifeq:{{BASEPAGENAME}}|Index arborescens|usus|exhibitio}}}} '''Vicitextus:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{Index arborescens| * Gallia ** Est omnis *** Divisa **** In partes ***** Tres ****** Quarum unam ******* Incolunt Belgae }}</syntaxhighlight> '''Effectus:''' {{Index arborescens| * Gallia ** Est omnis *** Divisa **** In partes ***** Tres ****** Quarum unam ******* Incolunt Belgae }} {{Ast}} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{Index arborescens| * Gallia ** Est omnis *** Divisa **** In partes * Tres ** Quarum unam *** Incolunt Belgae }}</syntaxhighlight> '''Effectus:''' {{Index arborescens| * Gallia ** Est omnis *** Divisa **** In partes * Tres ** Quarum unam *** Incolunt Belgae }} {{Ast}} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{Index arborescens| * Gallia ** Est omnis *** Divisa ** In partes ** Tres * Quarum unam ** Incolunt Belgae }}</syntaxhighlight> '''Effectus:''' {{Index arborescens| * Gallia ** Est omnis *** Divisa ** In partes ** Tres * Quarum unam ** Incolunt Belgae }} {{vsep}} === {{[[Formula:Index arborescens dissaeptus|Index arborescens dissaeptus]]}} === {{Formula substituibilis|...|propositum={{#ifeq:{{BASEPAGENAME}}|Index arborescens|exhibitio|usus}}}} {{Lua|Params|propositum={{#ifeq:{{BASEPAGENAME}}|Index arborescens|exhibitio|usus}}}} '''Vicitextus:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{Index arborescens dissaeptus | Gallia | * Est omnis | ** Divisa | *** In partes | **** Tres | ***** Quarum unam | ****** Incolunt Belgae }}</syntaxhighlight> '''Effectus:''' {{Index arborescens dissaeptus | Gallia | * Est omnis | ** Divisa | *** In partes | **** Tres | ***** Quarum unam | ****** Incolunt Belgae }} {{Ast}} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{Index arborescens dissaeptus | Gallia | * Est omnis | ** Divisa | *** In partes | Tres | * Quarum unam | ** Incolunt Belgae }}</syntaxhighlight> '''Effectus:''' {{Index arborescens dissaeptus | Gallia | * Est omnis | ** Divisa | *** In partes | Tres | * Quarum unam | ** Incolunt Belgae }} {{Ast}} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{Index arborescens dissaeptus | Gallia | * Est omnis | ** Divisa | * In partes | * Tres | Quarum unam | * Incolunt Belgae }}</syntaxhighlight> '''Effectus:''' {{Index arborescens dissaeptus | Gallia | * Est omnis | ** Divisa | * In partes | * Tres | Quarum unam | * Incolunt Belgae }} == Ulteriora si cupis == * [[:Categoria:Formulae typographicae]] * {{Fn|Index ramiformis}} * {{Fn|Capsa linguae}} * {{Fn|Series versibus punctatis dissaepta}} * {{Fn|Indentatio plana}} <includeonly>{{in harenario aut alibi|1=|2= <!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --> [[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae typographicae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae quae seorsos versus creant|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae quae arbores creant|{{PAGENAME}}]] {{#ifeq:{{BASEPAGENAME}}|Index arborescens|| [[Categoria:Formulae variadicae|{{PAGENAME}}]] }} }}</includeonly> t9gsaxxo0enc8pnry84fjwk5fnqxzic 0 329495 3996189 3996149 2026-10-22T12:55:54Z Grufo 64423 Ubi potui correxi 3996189 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Marie-Aleth Grard - ATD Quart Monde.jpg|thumb|Maria Aleth Grard apud ARD Quart monde]] {{res|ATD Quart monde}} (‘{{Comp|ATD|“𝘈𝘪𝘥𝘦 à 𝘛𝘰𝘶𝘵𝘦 𝘋é𝘵𝘳𝘦𝘴𝘴𝘦, ‘auxilium omni difficultati’”}}<ref>[[Abbreviatio]] quae [[Francogallice]] significat {{barbarice|lingua=fr|Aide à toute détresse}} (‘auxilium ad omnem miseriam’) vel {{barbarice|lingua=fr|Agir tous pour la dignité}} (‘pro dignitate omnia agere’).</ref> quartus mundus’<ref>“Quartus mundus” [[paupertas|pauperior]] est quam mundus tertius, id est [[civitas provectibilis|civitates provectibiles]].</ref>) est [[organizatio re publica vacans]] a [[Iosephus Wresinski|Iosepho Wrestiski]] anno [[1957]] [[Nucenum Magnum|Nuceni Magni]] condita ad [[mitigatio paupertatis|paupertatem mitigandam]] et ad [[dignitas|humanam dignitatem]] ab [[exclusio socialis|exclusionem socialem]] protegendam, quae [[solidaritas|solidaritatem]] pro mundo meliore postulat. Hodie ATD Quart monde in [[Pierrelaye]] sedet et sua observatoria ad [[Nationes Unitae|Nationes Unitas]], [[Ordo internationalis a laboribus|Ordinem internationalem a laboribus]] et [[Consilium Europae]] habet. Anno [[1992]], [[Dies internationalis paupertati abolendae]] hac organizatione decretus est. == Notae == <references/> == Nexus externi == * [https://www.atd-quartmonde.org Stus publicus] ([[Francogallice]]) * [https://www.atd-fourthworld.org Situs publicus] ([[Anglice]]) [[Categoria:Condita 1957]] [[Categoria:Paupertas]] [[Categoria:Societates internationales]] [[Categoria:Societates pacis fautores]] end9rbrhv2b9jxjq6g6975aagmif60j 0 329524 3996220 3995992 2026-10-22T18:57:46Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3996220 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Conjuctival capillary network.jpg|thumb|[[Capillare|Capillaria]] tunicae coniunctivae]] '''Tunica coniunctiva'''<ref>[https://www.imaios.com/fr/e-anatomy/structures-anatomiques/conjonctive-1557867732#from=2 Fons nominis Latini] apud IMAIOS</ref> vel brevius '''[[Coniunctiva|coniunctiva]]''' (olim '''tunica adnata''' appellata) est membrana [[mucosa]] quae [[Palpebra|palpebram]] interiorem et partem [[Sclera|sclerae]] visibilem (album oculi) protegit et lubricat. Nam [[Mucus|mucum]] secernit qui impedit ne palpebra et superficies oculi anterioris cohaereant neve motu suo inter sese confricentur. Pars palpebralis multis [[Vas sanguineum|vasculis sanguineis]] irrigata est, pars ocularis (''tunica coniunctiva bulbi oculi'') pellucida et tenuis pauciora vasa habet quae tamen visibilia sunt. Iunctio inter partem palpebralem et ocularem [[Fornix coniunctiva|fornix coniunctiva]] dicitur: laxa et mollis est ita ut motus non impediat. Irritatio et [[inflammatio]] coniunctivae [[Coniunctivitis|coniunctivitis]] dicitur: ruborem et dolorem adfert. == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == *Amir A Azari, Amir Arabi. "[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7431717/ Conjunctivitis: A Systematic Review]", ''Journal of Ophthalmic and Vision Research'', 2020: 372–395 *J.-L Fauquert, L Helleboid. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0335745703001990 Les conjonctivites allergiques chroniques : quelques notions sur le diagnostic et le traitement]", ''Revue Française d'Allergologie et d'Immunologie Clinique'', 2003: 397-400 *J.-L. Fauquert, L. Jouaville, F. Chiambaretta. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0335745707000329 Exploration des conjonctivites allergiques : comment explorer ?]", ''Revue Française d'Allergologie et d'Immunologie Clinique'', 2007: 224-227 *L. Helleboid, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S033574570180023X Érythèmes conjonctivaux non allergiques]", ''Revue Française d'Allergologie et d'Immunologie Clinique'', 2001: 60-65 * C. Levy-Gabriel, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0181551209004215 Taches suspectes de la conjonctive]", ''Journal Français d'Ophtalmologie'', 2010: 125-130 == Nexus externi == *[https://anatomie-fmpm.uca.ma/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/ANATOMIE-DE-LA-CONJONCTIVE.pdf UCA] (anatomia) * [https://ophtalmologie.pro/affections-conjonctive/ De coniunctivae pathologia] * [https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/conjunctiva Gross anatomy] [[Categoria:Oculus]] 2l1k1na32dzib608g36pbm8uk8enupl 0 329528 3996301 3995950 2026-10-23T09:41:26Z Pippobuono 54500 /* Nexus externi */ +formula 3996301 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidatorum}} {{res|Dioecesis Valleguidonensis}} ([[Francogallice]] {{barbarice|lingua=fr|Diocèse de Laval}}) est [[dioecesis]] [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Ecclesiae Catholicae Romanae]] [[Ecclesia Latina|Latinae]] in [[Francia]] sita, cuius sedes [[Vallis Guidonis]] est. Dioecesis, anno [[1855]] condita,<ref>{{opus|url=https://diocesedelaval.fr/le-propre-du-diocese-de-laval/|titulus=Propre du diocèse de Laval}} {{ling|Francogallice}}</ref> cum territorio [[Meduana| praefecturae Meduanae]] congruit et suffraganea [[Archidioecesis Rhedonensis]] est. == Ecclesia cathedralis == [[Fasciculus:Cathédrale de Laval.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|Ecclesia cathedralis [[Trinitas|Sanctissimae Trinitatis]] dicata.]] [[Ecclesia cathedralis]] Sanctissimae Trintatis dicata, [[Vallis Guidonis|Valli Guidonis]] sita est. == Notae == <references /> == Nexus externi == * {{Opus|url=https://diocesedelaval.fr/|titulus=Situs officialis}} {{ling|Francogallice}} {{CommuniaCat|Roman Catholic Diocese of Laval|Dioecesem Valleguidonensem}} {{Fontes geographici}} * {{CathHierDiocese|laval|Dioecesis Valleguidonensis}} {{RC-stipula}} {{Episcopi Valleguidonenses}} {{Dioeceses archidioeceses catholicae Franciae}} [[Categoria:Dioecesis Valleguidonensis]] aggeqo93lz1wj4t1toxw0ue9c5kzhx7 10 329534 3996191 3996013 2026-10-22T13:00:01Z Grufo 64423 Documentationem redintegravi 3996191 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Subpagina documentationis}} {{Formula numquam substituenda|...}} {{Lua|Params}} Haec formula capsam apud marginem dextrum ostendit quae quamlibet disputationem ad similem investigationem [[:phabricator:|Phabricatoris]] vel Bugzillae nectict. == De usu == '''Vicitextus:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{Investigatur|T4321}}</syntaxhighlight> '''Effectus (apud marginem dextrum):''' {| |- | {{Investigatur|T4321}} |} {{Ast}} '''Vicitextus:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{Investigatur|345|T4322}}</syntaxhighlight> '''Effectus (apud marginem dextrum):''' {| |- | {{Investigatur|345|T4322}} |} {{Ast}} '''Vicitextus:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{Investigatur|345|T4322|T3451|5348|quaestio=soluta}}</syntaxhighlight> '''Effectus (apud marginem dextrum):''' {| |- | {{Investigatur|345|T4322|T3451|5348|quaestio=soluta}} |} == De argumentis == {{De formula adhibenda | summarium = Haec formula capsam apud marginem dextrum ostendit quae quamlibet disputationem ad similem investigationem Phabricatoris vel Bugzillae nectict. | dispositio = horizontalis | titulus 1 = Opus 1 | descriptio 1 = Primum opus Phabricatoris quo res investigatur (sive littera T quam numerus sequitur sive numerus tantum cui duo milia addentur) | forma 1 = textualis | praesentia 1 = necessaria | exemplum 1 = T4321 | titulus 2 = Opus 2 | descriptio 2 = Secundum opus Phabricatoris quo res investigatur (sive littera T quam numerus sequitur sive numerus tantum cui duo milia addentur) | forma 2 = textualis | praesentia 2 = voluntaria | exemplum 2 = T3451 | titulus 3 = Opus 3 | descriptio 3 = Et cetera | forma 3 = textualis | praesentia 3 = voluntaria | exemplum 3 = 5348 | nomen 10 = quaestio | titulus 10 = Quaestio | descriptio 10 = Status rei (‘soluta’ / ‘invalida’ / ‘duplicata’ / ‘reiecta’ / ‘retenta’ / ‘perlustratur’) | forma 10 = textualis | praesentia 10 = voluntaria | exemplum 10 = soluta }} == Synonyma == * {{Fn|Investigatum}} * {{Fn|Tracked}} – nomen interviciale == Ulteriora si cupis == * [[:Categoria:Formulae Phabricatoris]] <includeonly>{{in harenario aut alibi|| <!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --> [[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae quae seorsos versus creant|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae quae partes paginarum afficiunt|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae marginales|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae disputationis|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae Phabricatoris|{{PAGENAME}}]] }}</includeonly> hv3fwmpfy7szln1tqv7r6lpohxmnfur 0 329563 3996201 2026-10-22T14:35:05Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 nova 3996201 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} {{res|Otho Vaenius}} ([[Batave]] ''Otto van Veen''), natus [[Leida]]e anno [[1556]] et mortuus [[Bruxellae|Bruxellis]] die [[6 Maii]] [[1629]], fuit pictor, graphicus et humanista [[Flandria|Flandricus]]. Primum [[Antverpia]]e, deinde [[Aquisgranum|Aquisgrani]], tum [[Leodium|Leodii]] educatus est. Leodii discipulus fuit [[Dominicus Lampsonius|Dominici Lampsonii]] et [[Ioannes Ramey|Ioannis Ramey]]. Anno 1576 [[Roma]]m profectus est, ubi per quinque fere annos sub [[Fridericus Zuccaro|Friderico Zuccaro]] studuit. Postea in [[Germania]]m profectus, [[Praga]]e munere functus est apud [[Rudolphus II|Rudolphum II]]. In Belgium revertit anno 1585 et pictor aulae [[Alexander Farnesius (dux Parmae et Placentiae)|Alexandri Farnesii]] factus est. Post mortem Farnesii (1592) Antverpiam se contulit, ubi anno 1593 in collegium pictorum receptus est et anno 1602 decanus eiusdem collegii factus est. Anno 1612 inspector monetae Bruxellensis constitutus est, ubi usque ad mortem vixit. Ιn officina sua Antverpiae magnum numerum discipulorum habuit; [[Petrus Paulus Rubens]], qui annis 1596–1600 in officina Vaenii laboravit, primum discipulus, deinde adiutor fuit. Vaenius non solum pictor sed etiam scriptor emblematorum peritissimus fuit. Inter opera eius notissima sunt: * ''Amorum Emblemata'' (Antverpiae, 1608), liber emblematum amoris, imaginibus aeneis incisis ornatus, qui variis linguis (Latina, Batava, Francogallica, Italiana, Hispanica, Anglica) editus est. * ''Q. Horatii Flacci Emblemata'' (1607), in quo sententias Horatianas imaginibus moralibus illustravit. ==Nexus externi== {{fontes biographici}} *Vaenii [https://archive.org/details/amorumemblemataf00veen ''Amorum emblemata''] * Vaenii [http://oloosson.com/vaenius/ ''Horatii emblemata''] {{Anni vitae|1556|1629|Vaenius, Otho}} [[Categoria:Pictores Belgicae]] [[Categoria:Barocus]] 5tpxndooyrjtzttkt04ctl59a84tw1l 3996202 3996201 2026-10-22T14:35:47Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 [[Project:HotCat|HotCat]]: +[[Categoria:Chalcographi]] 3996202 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} {{res|Otho Vaenius}} ([[Batave]] ''Otto van Veen''), natus [[Leida]]e anno [[1556]] et mortuus [[Bruxellae|Bruxellis]] die [[6 Maii]] [[1629]], fuit pictor, graphicus et humanista [[Flandria|Flandricus]]. Primum [[Antverpia]]e, deinde [[Aquisgranum|Aquisgrani]], tum [[Leodium|Leodii]] educatus est. Leodii discipulus fuit [[Dominicus Lampsonius|Dominici Lampsonii]] et [[Ioannes Ramey|Ioannis Ramey]]. Anno 1576 [[Roma]]m profectus est, ubi per quinque fere annos sub [[Fridericus Zuccaro|Friderico Zuccaro]] studuit. Postea in [[Germania]]m profectus, [[Praga]]e munere functus est apud [[Rudolphus II|Rudolphum II]]. In Belgium revertit anno 1585 et pictor aulae [[Alexander Farnesius (dux Parmae et Placentiae)|Alexandri Farnesii]] factus est. Post mortem Farnesii (1592) Antverpiam se contulit, ubi anno 1593 in collegium pictorum receptus est et anno 1602 decanus eiusdem collegii factus est. Anno 1612 inspector monetae Bruxellensis constitutus est, ubi usque ad mortem vixit. Ιn officina sua Antverpiae magnum numerum discipulorum habuit; [[Petrus Paulus Rubens]], qui annis 1596–1600 in officina Vaenii laboravit, primum discipulus, deinde adiutor fuit. Vaenius non solum pictor sed etiam scriptor emblematorum peritissimus fuit. Inter opera eius notissima sunt: * ''Amorum Emblemata'' (Antverpiae, 1608), liber emblematum amoris, imaginibus aeneis incisis ornatus, qui variis linguis (Latina, Batava, Francogallica, Italiana, Hispanica, Anglica) editus est. * ''Q. Horatii Flacci Emblemata'' (1607), in quo sententias Horatianas imaginibus moralibus illustravit. ==Nexus externi== {{fontes biographici}} *Vaenii [https://archive.org/details/amorumemblemataf00veen ''Amorum emblemata''] * Vaenii [http://oloosson.com/vaenius/ ''Horatii emblemata''] {{Anni vitae|1556|1629|Vaenius, Otho}} [[Categoria:Pictores Belgicae]] [[Categoria:Barocus]] [[Categoria:Chalcographi]] j8x6cglz7rpiq5aiynuq491820i9kj0 3996205 3996202 2026-10-22T14:43:00Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 /* Nexus externi */ 3996205 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} {{res|Otho Vaenius}} ([[Batave]] ''Otto van Veen''), natus [[Leida]]e anno [[1556]] et mortuus [[Bruxellae|Bruxellis]] die [[6 Maii]] [[1629]], fuit pictor, graphicus et humanista [[Flandria|Flandricus]]. Primum [[Antverpia]]e, deinde [[Aquisgranum|Aquisgrani]], tum [[Leodium|Leodii]] educatus est. Leodii discipulus fuit [[Dominicus Lampsonius|Dominici Lampsonii]] et [[Ioannes Ramey|Ioannis Ramey]]. Anno 1576 [[Roma]]m profectus est, ubi per quinque fere annos sub [[Fridericus Zuccaro|Friderico Zuccaro]] studuit. Postea in [[Germania]]m profectus, [[Praga]]e munere functus est apud [[Rudolphus II|Rudolphum II]]. In Belgium revertit anno 1585 et pictor aulae [[Alexander Farnesius (dux Parmae et Placentiae)|Alexandri Farnesii]] factus est. Post mortem Farnesii (1592) Antverpiam se contulit, ubi anno 1593 in collegium pictorum receptus est et anno 1602 decanus eiusdem collegii factus est. Anno 1612 inspector monetae Bruxellensis constitutus est, ubi usque ad mortem vixit. Ιn officina sua Antverpiae magnum numerum discipulorum habuit; [[Petrus Paulus Rubens]], qui annis 1596–1600 in officina Vaenii laboravit, primum discipulus, deinde adiutor fuit. Vaenius non solum pictor sed etiam scriptor emblematorum peritissimus fuit. Inter opera eius notissima sunt: * ''Amorum Emblemata'' (Antverpiae, 1608), liber emblematum amoris, imaginibus aeneis incisis ornatus, qui variis linguis (Latina, Batava, Francogallica, Italiana, Hispanica, Anglica) editus est. * ''Q. Horatii Flacci Emblemata'' (1607), in quo sententias Horatianas imaginibus moralibus illustravit. ==Pinacotheca== <gallery> Vaenius - Alexander Farnese.png|Effigies Alexandri Farnesii, circa 1585 Otto van Veen - The Artist Painting, Surrounded by his Family - WGA24343.jpg|Pictor laborans cum familia, 1584 Otto van Veen - Amazons and Scythians.jpg|Amazones et Scythae, ante 1629 Otto van Veen déploration du christ.JPG|Lamentatio Christi, circa 1598 Otto van Veen - Allegory of the Temptations of Youth.jpg|Allegoria temptationum iuventutis Otto van Veen - Putti enacting a Bacchanalian scene.jpg|''Putti'' ludentes, inter 1590 et 1620 </gallery> ==Nexus externi== {{fontes biographici}} *Vaenii [https://archive.org/details/amorumemblemataf00veen ''Amorum emblemata''] * Vaenii [http://oloosson.com/vaenius/ ''Horatii emblemata''] {{Anni vitae|1556|1629|Vaenius, Otho}} [[Categoria:Pictores Belgicae]] [[Categoria:Barocus]] [[Categoria:Chalcographi]] g0rpl41xnqscsxp88j14xpta5x8vzvh 3996206 3996205 2026-10-22T14:43:41Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 3996206 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} {{res|Otho Vaenius}} ([[Batave]] ''Otto van Veen''), natus [[Leida]]e anno [[1556]] et mortuus [[Bruxellae|Bruxellis]] die [[6 Maii]] [[1629]], fuit pictor, graphicus et humanista [[Flandria|Flandricus]]. Primum [[Antverpia]]e, deinde [[Aquisgranum|Aquisgrani]], tum [[Leodium|Leodii]] educatus est. Leodii discipulus fuit [[Dominicus Lampsonius|Dominici Lampsonii]] et [[Ioannes Ramey|Ioannis Ramey]]. Anno 1576 [[Roma]]m profectus est, ubi per quinque fere annos sub [[Fridericus Zuccaro|Friderico Zuccaro]] studuit. Postea in [[Germania]]m profectus, [[Praga]]e munere functus est apud [[Rudolphus II|Rudolphum II]]. In Belgium revertit anno 1585 et pictor aulae [[Alexander Farnesius (dux Parmae et Placentiae)|Alexandri Farnesii]] factus est. Post mortem Farnesii (1592) Antverpiam se contulit, ubi anno 1593 in collegium pictorum receptus est et anno 1602 decanus eiusdem collegii factus est. Anno 1612 inspector monetae Bruxellensis constitutus est, ubi usque ad mortem vixit. Ιn officina sua Antverpiae magnum numerum discipulorum habuit; [[Petrus Paulus Rubens]], qui annis 1596–1600 in officina Vaenii laboravit, primum discipulus, deinde adiutor eius fuit. Vaenius non solum pictor sed etiam scriptor emblematorum peritissimus fuit. Inter opera eius notissima sunt: * ''Amorum Emblemata'' (Antverpiae, 1608), liber emblematum amoris, imaginibus aeneis incisis ornatus, qui variis linguis (Latina, Batava, Francogallica, Italiana, Hispanica, Anglica) editus est. * ''Q. Horatii Flacci Emblemata'' (1607), in quo sententias Horatianas imaginibus moralibus illustravit. ==Pinacotheca== <gallery> Vaenius - Alexander Farnese.png|Effigies Alexandri Farnesii, circa 1585 Otto van Veen - The Artist Painting, Surrounded by his Family - WGA24343.jpg|Pictor laborans cum familia, 1584 Otto van Veen - Amazons and Scythians.jpg|Amazones et Scythae, ante 1629 Otto van Veen déploration du christ.JPG|Lamentatio Christi, circa 1598 Otto van Veen - Allegory of the Temptations of Youth.jpg|Allegoria temptationum iuventutis Otto van Veen - Putti enacting a Bacchanalian scene.jpg|''Putti'' ludentes, inter 1590 et 1620 </gallery> ==Nexus externi== {{fontes biographici}} *Vaenii [https://archive.org/details/amorumemblemataf00veen ''Amorum emblemata''] * Vaenii [http://oloosson.com/vaenius/ ''Horatii emblemata''] {{Anni vitae|1556|1629|Vaenius, Otho}} [[Categoria:Pictores Belgicae]] [[Categoria:Barocus]] [[Categoria:Chalcographi]] buozck6acdsfft1r5crpxhotofziw66 3996209 3996206 2026-10-22T14:46:46Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 3996209 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} {{res|Otho Vaenius}} ([[Batave]] ''Otto van Veen''), natus [[Leida]]e anno [[1556]] et mortuus [[Bruxellae|Bruxellis]] die [[6 Maii]] [[1629]], fuit pictor et chalcographus [[Flandria|Flandricus]]. Primum [[Antverpia]]e, deinde [[Aquisgranum|Aquisgrani]], tum [[Leodium|Leodii]] educatus est. Leodii discipulus fuit [[Dominicus Lampsonius|Dominici Lampsonii]] et [[Ioannes Ramey|Ioannis Ramey]]. Anno 1576 [[Roma]]m profectus est, ubi per quinque fere annos sub [[Fridericus Zuccaro|Friderico Zuccaro]] studuit. Postea in [[Germania]]m profectus, [[Praga]]e munere functus est apud [[Rudolphus II|Rudolphum II]]. In Belgium revertit anno 1585 et pictor aulae [[Alexander Farnesius (dux Parmae et Placentiae)|Alexandri Farnesii]] factus est. Post mortem Farnesii (1592) Antverpiam se contulit, ubi anno 1593 in collegium pictorum receptus est et anno 1602 decanus eiusdem collegii factus est. Anno 1612 inspector monetae Bruxellensis constitutus est, ubi usque ad mortem vixit. Ιn officina sua Antverpiae magnum numerum discipulorum habuit; [[Petrus Paulus Rubens]], qui annis 1596–1600 in officina Vaenii laboravit, primum discipulus, deinde adiutor eius fuit. Vaenius non solum pictor sed etiam scriptor emblematorum peritissimus fuit. Inter opera eius notissima sunt: * ''Amorum Emblemata'' (Antverpiae, 1608), liber emblematum amoris, imaginibus aeneis incisis ornatus, qui variis linguis (Latina, Batava, Francogallica, Italiana, Hispanica, Anglica) editus est. * ''Q. Horatii Flacci Emblemata'' (1607), in quo sententias Horatianas imaginibus moralibus illustravit. ==Pinacotheca== <gallery> Vaenius - Alexander Farnese.png|Effigies Alexandri Farnesii, circa 1585 Otto van Veen - The Artist Painting, Surrounded by his Family - WGA24343.jpg|Pictor laborans cum familia, 1584 Otto van Veen - Amazons and Scythians.jpg|Amazones et Scythae, ante 1629 Otto van Veen déploration du christ.JPG|Lamentatio Christi, circa 1598 Otto van Veen - Allegory of the Temptations of Youth.jpg|Allegoria temptationum iuventutis Otto van Veen - Putti enacting a Bacchanalian scene.jpg|''Putti'' ludentes, inter 1590 et 1620 </gallery> ==Nexus externi== {{fontes biographici}} *Vaenii [https://archive.org/details/amorumemblemataf00veen ''Amorum emblemata''] * Vaenii [http://oloosson.com/vaenius/ ''Horatii emblemata''] {{Anni vitae|1556|1629|Vaenius, Otho}} [[Categoria:Pictores Belgicae]] [[Categoria:Barocus]] [[Categoria:Chalcographi]] cfc1yeo49522ir39456f4tjnx2b0tk6 3996212 3996209 2026-10-22T17:05:21Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 3996212 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} {{res|Otho Vaenius}} ([[Batave]] ''Otto van Veen''), natus [[Leida]]e anno [[1556]] et mortuus [[Bruxellae|Bruxellis]] die [[6 Maii]] [[1629]], fuit pictor et chalcographus [[Flandria|Flandricus]]. Primum [[Antverpia]]e, deinde [[Aquisgranum|Aquisgrani]], tum [[Leodium|Leodii]] educatus est. Leodii discipulus fuit [[Dominicus Lampsonius|Dominici Lampsonii]] et [[Ioannes Ramey|Ioannis Ramey]]. Anno 1576 [[Roma]]m profectus est, ubi per quinque fere annos sub [[Fridericus Zuccaro|Friderico Zuccaro]] studuit. Postea in [[Germania]]m profectus, [[Praga]]e munere functus est apud [[Rudolphus II|Rudolphum II]]. In Belgium revertit anno 1585 et pictor aulae [[Alexander Farnesius (dux Parmae et Placentiae)|Alexandri Farnesii]] factus est. Post mortem Farnesii (1592) Antverpiam se contulit, ubi anno 1593 in collegium pictorum receptus est et anno 1602 decanus eiusdem collegii factus est. Anno 1612 inspector monetae Bruxellensis constitutus est, ubi usque ad mortem vixit. Ιn officina sua Antverpiae magnum numerum discipulorum habuit; [[Petrus Paulus Rubens]], qui annis 1596–1600 in officina Vaenii laboravit, primum discipulus, deinde adiutor eius fuit. Vaenius non solum pictor sed etiam scriptor emblematorum peritissimus fuit. Inter opera eius notissima sunt: * ''Amorum Emblemata'' (Antverpiae, 1608), liber emblematum amoris, imaginibus aeneis incisis ornatus, qui variis linguis (Latina, Batava, Francogallica, Italiana, Hispanica, Anglica) editus est. * ''Q. Horatii Flacci Emblemata'' (1607), in quo sententias Horatianas imaginibus moralibus illustravit. * ''Emblemata sive symbola a principibus, viris eclesiasticis ac militaribus aliisque usurpanda'' (1624) ==Pinacotheca== <gallery> Vaenius - Alexander Farnese.png|Effigies Alexandri Farnesii, circa 1585 Otto van Veen - The Artist Painting, Surrounded by his Family - WGA24343.jpg|Pictor laborans cum familia, 1584 Otto van Veen - Amazons and Scythians.jpg|Amazones et Scythae, ante 1629 Otto van Veen déploration du christ.JPG|Lamentatio Christi, circa 1598 Otto van Veen - Allegory of the Temptations of Youth.jpg|Allegoria temptationum iuventutis Otto van Veen - Putti enacting a Bacchanalian scene.jpg|''Putti'' ludentes, inter 1590 et 1620 </gallery> ==Nexus externi== {{fontes biographici}} *Vaenii [https://archive.org/details/amorumemblemataf00veen ''Amorum emblemata''] * Vaenii [http://oloosson.com/vaenius/ ''Horatii emblemata''] {{Anni vitae|1556|1629|Vaenius, Otho}} [[Categoria:Pictores Belgicae]] [[Categoria:Barocus]] [[Categoria:Chalcographi]] duip9mfaj6vpnjv8a65xkpebnei84fm 3996213 3996212 2026-10-22T17:10:08Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 /* Nexus externi */ 3996213 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} {{res|Otho Vaenius}} ([[Batave]] ''Otto van Veen''), natus [[Leida]]e anno [[1556]] et mortuus [[Bruxellae|Bruxellis]] die [[6 Maii]] [[1629]], fuit pictor et chalcographus [[Flandria|Flandricus]]. Primum [[Antverpia]]e, deinde [[Aquisgranum|Aquisgrani]], tum [[Leodium|Leodii]] educatus est. Leodii discipulus fuit [[Dominicus Lampsonius|Dominici Lampsonii]] et [[Ioannes Ramey|Ioannis Ramey]]. Anno 1576 [[Roma]]m profectus est, ubi per quinque fere annos sub [[Fridericus Zuccaro|Friderico Zuccaro]] studuit. Postea in [[Germania]]m profectus, [[Praga]]e munere functus est apud [[Rudolphus II|Rudolphum II]]. In Belgium revertit anno 1585 et pictor aulae [[Alexander Farnesius (dux Parmae et Placentiae)|Alexandri Farnesii]] factus est. Post mortem Farnesii (1592) Antverpiam se contulit, ubi anno 1593 in collegium pictorum receptus est et anno 1602 decanus eiusdem collegii factus est. Anno 1612 inspector monetae Bruxellensis constitutus est, ubi usque ad mortem vixit. Ιn officina sua Antverpiae magnum numerum discipulorum habuit; [[Petrus Paulus Rubens]], qui annis 1596–1600 in officina Vaenii laboravit, primum discipulus, deinde adiutor eius fuit. Vaenius non solum pictor sed etiam scriptor emblematorum peritissimus fuit. Inter opera eius notissima sunt: * ''Amorum Emblemata'' (Antverpiae, 1608), liber emblematum amoris, imaginibus aeneis incisis ornatus, qui variis linguis (Latina, Batava, Francogallica, Italiana, Hispanica, Anglica) editus est. * ''Q. Horatii Flacci Emblemata'' (1607), in quo sententias Horatianas imaginibus moralibus illustravit. * ''Emblemata sive symbola a principibus, viris eclesiasticis ac militaribus aliisque usurpanda'' (1624) ==Pinacotheca== <gallery> Vaenius - Alexander Farnese.png|Effigies Alexandri Farnesii, circa 1585 Otto van Veen - The Artist Painting, Surrounded by his Family - WGA24343.jpg|Pictor laborans cum familia, 1584 Otto van Veen - Amazons and Scythians.jpg|Amazones et Scythae, ante 1629 Otto van Veen déploration du christ.JPG|Lamentatio Christi, circa 1598 Otto van Veen - Allegory of the Temptations of Youth.jpg|Allegoria temptationum iuventutis Otto van Veen - Putti enacting a Bacchanalian scene.jpg|''Putti'' ludentes, inter 1590 et 1620 </gallery> ==Nexus externi== {{fontes biographici}} * Vaenii [https://archive.org/details/amorumemblemataf00veen ''Amorum emblemata''] * Vaenii [http://oloosson.com/vaenius/ ''Horatii emblemata''] * Vaenii [https://archive.org/details/emblematasivesym24veen/page/n4/mode/1up ''Emblemata a principibus usurpanda''] {{Anni vitae|1556|1629|Vaenius, Otho}} [[Categoria:Pictores Belgicae]] [[Categoria:Barocus]] [[Categoria:Chalcographi]] l4u8avhkthn0xiebr21s26rmd9a5ur1 0 329564 3996221 2026-10-22T19:06:35Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 Paginam instituit, scribens ''''Coniunctivitis''' est irritatio et [[inflammatio]] [[Tunica coniunctiva|tunicae coniunctivae]]. E variis causis oriri potest sive physicis ([[fumus]], aer nimis siccus, [[pulvis]], substantia [[Acidum|acida]] aut [[Basis (chemia)|basica]]), sive [[Microbiologia|microbiologicis]] ([[infectio]]), sive [[Systema immunitarium|immunitariis]] ([[allergia]]). [[Symptoma|Symptomata]] sunt rubor, dolor, matutina difficultas in aperiendis oculis. == Plura legere si...' 3996221 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Coniunctivitis''' est irritatio et [[inflammatio]] [[Tunica coniunctiva|tunicae coniunctivae]]. E variis causis oriri potest sive physicis ([[fumus]], aer nimis siccus, [[pulvis]], substantia [[Acidum|acida]] aut [[Basis (chemia)|basica]]), sive [[Microbiologia|microbiologicis]] ([[infectio]]), sive [[Systema immunitarium|immunitariis]] ([[allergia]]). [[Symptoma|Symptomata]] sunt rubor, dolor, matutina difficultas in aperiendis oculis. == Plura legere si cupis == *Amir A Azari, Amir Arabi. "[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7431717/ Conjunctivitis: A Systematic Review]", ''Journal of Ophthalmic and Vision Research'', 2020: 372–395 *J.-L Fauquert, L Helleboid. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0335745703001990 Les conjonctivites allergiques chroniques : quelques notions sur le diagnostic et le traitement]", ''Revue Française d'Allergologie et d'Immunologie Clinique'', 2003: 397-400 *J.-L. Fauquert, L. Jouaville, F. Chiambaretta. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0335745707000329 Exploration des conjonctivites allergiques : comment explorer ?]", ''Revue Française d'Allergologie et d'Immunologie Clinique'', 2007: 224-227 *L. Helleboid, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S033574570180023X Érythèmes conjonctivaux non allergiques]", ''Revue Française d'Allergologie et d'Immunologie Clinique'', 2001: 60-65 * C. Levy-Gabriel, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0181551209004215 Taches suspectes de la conjonctive]", ''Journal Français d'Ophtalmologie'', 2010: 125-130 == Nexus externi == * [https://ophtalmologie.pro/affections-conjonctive/ De coniunctivae pathologia] * [https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/conjunctiva Gross anatomy] [[Categoria:Morbi ophthalmologici]] 2af3fiwua4arl3wt3ve67vb7yl8qgvt 3996222 3996221 2026-10-22T19:09:28Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3996222 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Allergicconjunctivitis.jpg|thumb|Coniuntivitis allergica cum [[Oedema|oedemate]]]] '''Coniunctivitis''' est irritatio et [[inflammatio]] [[Tunica coniunctiva|tunicae coniunctivae]]. E variis causis oriri potest sive physicis ([[fumus]], aer nimis siccus, [[pulvis]], substantia [[Acidum|acida]] aut [[Basis (chemia)|basica]]), sive [[Microbiologia|microbiologicis]] ([[infectio]]), sive [[Systema immunitarium|immunitariis]] ([[allergia]]). [[Symptoma|Symptomata]] sunt rubor, dolor, matutina difficultas in aperiendis oculis. == Plura legere si cupis == *Amir A Azari, Amir Arabi. "[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7431717/ Conjunctivitis: A Systematic Review]", ''Journal of Ophthalmic and Vision Research'', 2020: 372–395 *J.-L Fauquert, L Helleboid. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0335745703001990 Les conjonctivites allergiques chroniques : quelques notions sur le diagnostic et le traitement]", ''Revue Française d'Allergologie et d'Immunologie Clinique'', 2003: 397-400 *J.-L. Fauquert, L. Jouaville, F. Chiambaretta. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0335745707000329 Exploration des conjonctivites allergiques : comment explorer ?]", ''Revue Française d'Allergologie et d'Immunologie Clinique'', 2007: 224-227 *L. Helleboid, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S033574570180023X Érythèmes conjonctivaux non allergiques]", ''Revue Française d'Allergologie et d'Immunologie Clinique'', 2001: 60-65 * C. Levy-Gabriel, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0181551209004215 Taches suspectes de la conjonctive]", ''Journal Français d'Ophtalmologie'', 2010: 125-130 == Nexus externi == * [https://ophtalmologie.pro/affections-conjonctive/ De coniunctivae pathologia] * [https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/conjunctiva Gross anatomy] [[Categoria:Morbi ophthalmologici]] 5l2mrze161uq5qc3lmksecu5800e5qu 0 329565 3996247 2026-10-23T01:49:19Z Bartholomite 116968 nova 3996247 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} {{res|Noë Cameronus Schnapp}} (vulgo ''Noah''; natus [[Novum Eboracum|Novi Eboraci]] die [[3 Octobris]] [[2004]]) est actor [[CFA|Americanus]]. Praecipue notus est propter partes Gulielmi (Will) Byers in serie televisifica ''[[Stranger Things]]'' actas. Alumnus [[Universitas Pennsylvaniensis|Universitatis Pennsylvaniensis]] est. Sicut persona eius Will, [[homosexualitas|homosexualis]] est. Oriundus est e [[Iudaei]]s [[Marocum|Maroccanis]] atque [[sionismus|sionismi]] defensor. == Nexus interni == * [[Finnus Wolfhard]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Noah Schnapp}} * {{IMDb|6907855}} {{bio-stipula}} {{Anni vitae|2004||Schnapp, Noë Cameronus}} [[Categoria:Actores Canadae]] [[Categoria:Actores televisifici Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Pennsylvaniensis]] [[Categoria:Homosexualitas]] [[Categoria:Iudaei]] [[Categoria:Sionistae]] 5263ze1owcxu2r88s5on4ee7e1ijp1h 3996250 3996247 2026-10-23T03:50:06Z Bartholomite 116968 3996250 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} [[Fasciculus:Noah Schnapp by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|left|Noë Schnapp anno 2017.]] {{res|Noë Cameronus Schnapp}} (vulgo ''Noah''; natus [[Novum Eboracum|Novi Eboraci]] die [[3 Octobris]] [[2004]]) est actor [[CFA|Americanus]]. Praecipue notus est propter partes Gulielmi (Will) Byers in serie televisifica ''[[Stranger Things]]'' actas. Alumnus [[Universitas Pennsylvaniensis|Universitatis Pennsylvaniensis]] est. Sicut persona eius Will, [[homosexualitas|homosexualis]] est. Oriundus est e [[Iudaei]]s [[Marocum|Maroccanis]] atque [[sionismus|sionismi]] defensor. == Pellicula selecta == * [[2015]]: ''The Peanuts Movie'' * [[2016]]-[[2026]]: ''Stranger Things'' == Nexus interni == * [[Finnus Wolfhard]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Noah Schnapp}} * {{IMDb|6907855}} {{bio-stipula}} {{Anni vitae|2004||Schnapp, Noë Cameronus}} [[Categoria:Actores Canadae]] [[Categoria:Actores televisifici Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Pennsylvaniensis]] [[Categoria:Homosexualitas]] [[Categoria:Iudaei]] [[Categoria:Sionistae]] gp7p0p29muy4um0eciew0b3m4f6po5t 3996251 3996250 2026-10-23T03:51:21Z Bartholomite 116968 3996251 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} [[Fasciculus:Noah Schnapp by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|left|Noë Schnapp anno 2017.]] {{res|Noë Cameronus Schnapp}} (vulgo ''Noah''; natus [[Novum Eboracum|Novi Eboraci]] die [[3 Octobris]] [[2004]]) est actor [[CFA|Americanus]]. Praecipue notus est propter partes Gulielmi (Will) Byers in serie televisifica ''[[Stranger Things]]'' actas. Alumnus [[Universitas Pennsylvaniensis|Universitatis Pennsylvaniensis]] est. Sicut persona eius Will, [[homosexualitas|homosexualis]] est. Oriundus est e [[Iudaei]]s [[Marocum|Maroccanis]] atque [[sionismus|sionismi]] defensor. == Pelliculae selectae == * [[2015]]: ''The Peanuts Movie'' * [[2016]]-[[2026]]: ''Stranger Things'' == Nexus interni == * [[Finnus Wolfhard]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Noah Schnapp}} * {{IMDb|6907855}} {{bio-stipula}} {{Anni vitae|2004||Schnapp, Noë Cameronus}} [[Categoria:Actores Canadae]] [[Categoria:Actores televisifici Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Pennsylvaniensis]] [[Categoria:Homosexualitas]] [[Categoria:Iudaei]] [[Categoria:Sionistae]] 7aia0xzg6qno6bvt02zfgntv9i90fe7 0 329566 3996258 2026-10-23T04:16:35Z Bartholomite 116968 Bartholomite movit paginam [[Kenneth Curtis]] ad [[Kennethus Curtis]]: latine 3996258 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Kennethus Curtis]] 6x4zvaw6jp8avxbgh696z2o018jc3cf 14 329567 3996282 2026-10-23T07:59:27Z Pippobuono 54500 creatio 3996282 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Homines hac in categoria secundum annum ultimum vitae}} [[Categoria:Episcopi Franciae|Lucionenses]] [[Categoria:Vendea (praefectura Franciae)]] s08vsyeagsbva6i5vbsvhb7wua9l61y 3996283 3996282 2026-10-23T08:00:48Z Pippobuono 54500 dioecesis 3996283 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Homines hac in categoria secundum annum ultimum vitae}} [[Categoria:Episcopi Franciae|Lucionenses]] [[Categoria:Vendea (praefectura Franciae)]] [[Categoria:Dioecesis Lucionensis]] 8q8f2mvfqbwmgecr0a6qma2jewj92ww 10 329568 3996284 2026-10-23T08:03:16Z Pippobuono 54500 creatio 3996284 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa navigationis |formula = Episcopi Valleguidonenses |titulus = Episcopi [[Dioecesis Valleguidonensis|Valleguidonenses]] |imago = [[Fasciculus:Bistum Laval.svg|125px]] |super= <small>Dioecesis erecta anno 1855, sub concordato usque ad 1905, postea sub regimine separationis.</small>. |grex1=Concordatus |index1= [[Casimirus Wicart]] <small>(1855-1876)</small> • [[Julius Dionysius Le Hardy du Marais]] <small>(1876-1886)</small> • [[Victor Maréchal]] <small>(16/04/1887-21/09/1887</small> • [[Ludovicus Bougaud]] <small>(1887-1888)</small> • [[Julius Cléret]] <small>(1889-1895)</small> • [[Petrus Geay]] <small>(1896-1904) |grex2=Regimen separationis |index2= [[Eugenius Grellier]] <small>(1906-1936)</small> • [[Josephus Marcadé]] <small>(1936-1938)</small> • [[Paulus Richaud]] <small>(1938-1950)</small> • [[Mauricius Rousseau]] <small>(1950-1962)</small> • [[Carolus Guilhem]] <small>(1962-1969)</small> • [[Paulus Carrière]] <small>(1970-1984)</small> • [[Ludovicus Maria Billé]] <small>(1984-1995)</small> • [[Armandus Maillard]] <small>(1996-2007)</small> • [[Theodoricus Scherrer]] <small>(2008-2023)</small> • [[Matthaeus Dupont]] <small>(2024-)</small> |sub=<small>fontes : {{CathHierDiocese|lava|Dioecesis Valleguidonensis}} }}<noinclude> [[Categoria:Episcopi Valleguidonenses|!]] </noinclude> jc1s44hgcle738jjty7zjrr3unmtsmm 14 329569 3996289 2026-10-23T09:11:23Z Pippobuono 54500 creatio 3996289 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Homines hac in categoria secundum annum ultimum vitae}} [[Categoria:Episcopi Franciae|Valleguidonenses]] [[Categoria:Meduana (praefectura Franciae)]] [[Categoria:Dioecesis Valleguidonensis]] lfcwi4fm5c9le9exq3e2giwbypeg8xd 10 329570 3996310 2026-10-23T10:18:43Z Grufo 64423 Grufo movit paginam [[Formula:Clade]] ad [[Formula:Cladus]]: Nomen Latinum 3996310 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Formula:Cladus]] 5xvt8yofcwvnrjxv6pckg4bwnuuumij 10 329571 3996317 2026-10-23T10:37:36Z Grufo 64423 Prima adumbratio 3996317 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#if:{{{1|}}}|<templatestyles src="Formula:Index ramiformis/styles.css" /><div class="index-ramiformis"> {{#if:x|{{{1}}}}} </div>}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentatio}}</noinclude> l06o9amrlovsvd7u3hynf8szspuo0gv 10 329572 3996318 2026-10-23T10:39:06Z Grufo 64423 Prima adumbratio 3996318 sanitized-css text/css .index-ramiformis ul { margin: 0; list-style: none; position: relative; padding: 0 0 0 1.8em; } .index-ramiformis ul > li { display: flex; align-items : center; position: relative; padding: .2em 0 0 .52345em; margin: 0; } .index-ramiformis ul > li::before, .index-ramiformis ul > li::after, .index-ramiformis ul > li > ul::before { content: ""; position: absolute; display: block; box-sizing: content-box; top: 0; } .index-ramiformis ul > li::before, .index-ramiformis ul > li::after { left: -0.8em; width: 1em; } .index-ramiformis ul > li > ul::before { border-bottom: 1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1); left: .2em; height: 50%; width: .8em; } .index-ramiformis ul > li::before { height: 100%; border-left: 1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1); } .index-ramiformis ul > li:first-of-type::before, .index-ramiformis ul > li:last-of-type::before { height: 50%; } .index-ramiformis ul > li:first-of-type::before { top: 50%; } .index-ramiformis ul > li:only-of-type::before { border-left: none; } .index-ramiformis ul > li::after { height: 50%; top: 50%; border-top: 1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1); } llvtyl1l3mmoc5pfiicq8v1fbe9pe7t 3996320 3996318 2026-10-23T10:52:46Z Grufo 64423 De colore 3996320 sanitized-css text/css .index-ramiformis ul { margin: 0; list-style: none; position: relative; padding: 0 0 0 1.8em; } .index-ramiformis ul > li { display: flex; align-items : center; position: relative; padding: .2em 0 0 .52345em; margin: 0; } .index-ramiformis ul > li::before, .index-ramiformis ul > li::after, .index-ramiformis ul > li > ul::before { content: ""; position: absolute; display: block; box-sizing: content-box; top: 0; } .index-ramiformis ul > li::before, .index-ramiformis ul > li::after { left: -0.8em; width: 1em; } .index-ramiformis ul > li > ul::before { border-bottom: 1px solid var(--color-base, #202122); left: .2em; height: 50%; width: .8em; } .index-ramiformis ul > li::before { height: 100%; border-left: 1px solid var(--color-base, #202122); } .index-ramiformis ul > li:first-of-type::before, .index-ramiformis ul > li:last-of-type::before { height: 50%; } .index-ramiformis ul > li:first-of-type::before { top: 50%; } .index-ramiformis ul > li:only-of-type::before { border-left: none; } .index-ramiformis ul > li::after { height: 50%; top: 50%; border-top: 1px solid var(--color-base, #202122); } 2mk1in92x0buwr1saamezzr3dap7b1g 10 329573 3996319 2026-10-23T10:51:05Z Grufo 64423 Prima adumbratio 3996319 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Subpagina documentationis}} {{Formula numquam substituenda|...}} {{Hic TemplateStyles adhibentur|Formula:Index ramiformis/styles.css}} == De usu == <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{Index ramiformis| * Gallia ** Est omnis *** Divisa ** In partes ** Tres * Quarum unam ** Incolunt Belgae }}</syntaxhighlight> '''Effectus:''' {{Index ramiformis| * Gallia ** Est omnis *** Divisa ** In partes ** Tres * Quarum unam ** Incolunt Belgae }} {{Ast}} '''Vicitextus: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{Index ramiformis| * [[Scutigeromorpha]] * [[Pleurostigmophora]] ** [[Lithobiomorpha]] ** [[Phylactometria]] *** [[Craterostigmomorpha]] *** [[Epimorpha]] **** [[Scolopendromorpha]] **** [[Geophilomorpha]] }}</syntaxhighlight> '''Effectus:''' {{Index ramiformis| * [[Scutigeromorpha]] * [[Pleurostigmophora]] ** [[Lithobiomorpha]] ** [[Phylactometria]] *** [[Craterostigmomorpha]] *** [[Epimorpha]] **** [[Scolopendromorpha]] **** [[Geophilomorpha]] }} == Ulteriora si cupis == * [[:Categoria:Formulae typographicae]] * {{Fn|Index arborescens}} et {{Fn|Index arborescens dissaeptus}} * {{Fn|Cladus}} * {{Fn|Series versibus punctatis dissaepta}} <includeonly>{{in harenario aut alibi|| <!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --> [[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae typographicae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae quae seorsos versus creant|{{PAGENAME}}]] }}</includeonly> bn77b724lyuqfu2nn5zrxrtyy43ufu0 3996324 3996319 2026-10-23T10:58:54Z Grufo 64423 3996324 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Subpagina documentationis}} {{Formula numquam substituenda|...}} {{Hic TemplateStyles adhibentur|Formula:Index ramiformis/styles.css}} Haec formula adhibetur ad cladogrammata creanda. Simplicior est usu quam formula {{Fn|Cladus}}. == De usu == <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{Index ramiformis| * Gallia ** Est omnis *** Divisa ** In partes ** Tres * Quarum unam ** Incolunt Belgae }}</syntaxhighlight> '''Effectus:''' {{Index ramiformis| * Gallia ** Est omnis *** Divisa ** In partes ** Tres * Quarum unam ** Incolunt Belgae }} {{Ast}} '''Vicitextus: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{Index ramiformis| * [[Scutigeromorpha]] * [[Pleurostigmophora]] ** [[Lithobiomorpha]] ** [[Phylactometria]] *** [[Craterostigmomorpha]] *** [[Epimorpha]] **** [[Scolopendromorpha]] **** [[Geophilomorpha]] }}</syntaxhighlight> '''Effectus:''' {{Index ramiformis| * [[Scutigeromorpha]] * [[Pleurostigmophora]] ** [[Lithobiomorpha]] ** [[Phylactometria]] *** [[Craterostigmomorpha]] *** [[Epimorpha]] **** [[Scolopendromorpha]] **** [[Geophilomorpha]] }} == Ulteriora si cupis == * [[:Categoria:Formulae typographicae]] * {{Fn|Index arborescens}} et {{Fn|Index arborescens dissaeptus}} * {{Fn|Cladus}} * {{Fn|Series versibus punctatis dissaepta}} <includeonly>{{in harenario aut alibi|| <!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --> [[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae typographicae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae quae seorsos versus creant|{{PAGENAME}}]] }}</includeonly> ibgyqrxexbwxz8nrdazgbbh2w9iyq9n 3996326 3996324 2026-10-23T11:00:52Z Grufo 64423 /* Ulteriora si cupis */ 3996326 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Subpagina documentationis}} {{Formula numquam substituenda|...}} {{Hic TemplateStyles adhibentur|Formula:Index ramiformis/styles.css}} Haec formula adhibetur ad cladogrammata creanda. Simplicior est usu quam formula {{Fn|Cladus}}. == De usu == <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{Index ramiformis| * Gallia ** Est omnis *** Divisa ** In partes ** Tres * Quarum unam ** Incolunt Belgae }}</syntaxhighlight> '''Effectus:''' {{Index ramiformis| * Gallia ** Est omnis *** Divisa ** In partes ** Tres * Quarum unam ** Incolunt Belgae }} {{Ast}} '''Vicitextus: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{Index ramiformis| * [[Scutigeromorpha]] * [[Pleurostigmophora]] ** [[Lithobiomorpha]] ** [[Phylactometria]] *** [[Craterostigmomorpha]] *** [[Epimorpha]] **** [[Scolopendromorpha]] **** [[Geophilomorpha]] }}</syntaxhighlight> '''Effectus:''' {{Index ramiformis| * [[Scutigeromorpha]] * [[Pleurostigmophora]] ** [[Lithobiomorpha]] ** [[Phylactometria]] *** [[Craterostigmomorpha]] *** [[Epimorpha]] **** [[Scolopendromorpha]] **** [[Geophilomorpha]] }} == Ulteriora si cupis == * [[:Categoria:Formulae typographicae]] * {{Fn|Index arborescens}} et {{Fn|Index arborescens dissaeptus}} * {{Fn|Cladus}} * {{Fn|Cladogramma}} * {{Fn|Series versibus punctatis dissaepta}} <includeonly>{{in harenario aut alibi|| <!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --> [[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae typographicae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae quae seorsos versus creant|{{PAGENAME}}]] }}</includeonly> rh9je1gvrqctqfx2tnwfz4ue8rcyxj7 3996328 3996326 2026-10-23T11:02:33Z Grufo 64423 +Cat 3996328 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Subpagina documentationis}} {{Formula numquam substituenda|...}} {{Hic TemplateStyles adhibentur|Formula:Index ramiformis/styles.css}} Haec formula adhibetur ad cladogrammata creanda. Simplicior est usu quam formula {{Fn|Cladus}}. == De usu == <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{Index ramiformis| * Gallia ** Est omnis *** Divisa ** In partes ** Tres * Quarum unam ** Incolunt Belgae }}</syntaxhighlight> '''Effectus:''' {{Index ramiformis| * Gallia ** Est omnis *** Divisa ** In partes ** Tres * Quarum unam ** Incolunt Belgae }} {{Ast}} '''Vicitextus: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{Index ramiformis| * [[Scutigeromorpha]] * [[Pleurostigmophora]] ** [[Lithobiomorpha]] ** [[Phylactometria]] *** [[Craterostigmomorpha]] *** [[Epimorpha]] **** [[Scolopendromorpha]] **** [[Geophilomorpha]] }}</syntaxhighlight> '''Effectus:''' {{Index ramiformis| * [[Scutigeromorpha]] * [[Pleurostigmophora]] ** [[Lithobiomorpha]] ** [[Phylactometria]] *** [[Craterostigmomorpha]] *** [[Epimorpha]] **** [[Scolopendromorpha]] **** [[Geophilomorpha]] }} == Ulteriora si cupis == * [[:Categoria:Formulae typographicae]] * {{Fn|Index arborescens}} et {{Fn|Index arborescens dissaeptus}} * {{Fn|Cladus}} * {{Fn|Cladogramma}} * {{Fn|Series versibus punctatis dissaepta}} <includeonly>{{in harenario aut alibi|| <!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --> [[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae typographicae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae quae seorsos versus creant|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae quae arbores creant|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae biologicae|{{PAGENAME}}]] }}</includeonly> iqgp9gga3448eseps1b9o707la0fzi9 3996334 3996328 2026-10-23T11:06:50Z Grufo 64423 3996334 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Subpagina documentationis}} {{Formula numquam substituenda|...}} {{Hic TemplateStyles adhibentur|Formula:Index ramiformis/styles.css}} Haec formula adhibetur ad cladogrammata creanda. Simplicior est usu quam formula {{Fn|Cladus}}. == De usu == <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{Index ramiformis| * Gallia ** Est omnis *** Divisa ** In partes ** Tres * Quarum unam ** Incolunt Belgae }}</syntaxhighlight> '''Effectus:''' {{Index ramiformis| * Gallia ** Est omnis *** Divisa ** In partes ** Tres * Quarum unam ** Incolunt Belgae }} {{Ast}} '''Vicitextus: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{Index ramiformis| * [[Scutigeromorpha]] * [[Pleurostigmophora]] ** [[Lithobiomorpha]] ** [[Phylactometria]] *** [[Craterostigmomorpha]] *** [[Epimorpha]] **** [[Scolopendromorpha]] **** [[Geophilomorpha]] }}</syntaxhighlight> '''Effectus:''' {{Index ramiformis| * [[Scutigeromorpha]] * [[Pleurostigmophora]] ** [[Lithobiomorpha]] ** [[Phylactometria]] *** [[Craterostigmomorpha]] *** [[Epimorpha]] **** [[Scolopendromorpha]] **** [[Geophilomorpha]] }} == Ulteriora si cupis == * [[:Categoria:Formulae typographicae]] * {{Fn|Index arborescens}} et {{Fn|Index arborescens dissaeptus}} * {{Fn|Cladus}} * {{Fn|Cladogramma}} * {{Fn|Series versibus punctatis dissaepta}} <includeonly>{{in harenario aut alibi|| <!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --> [[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae typographicae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae quae seorsos versus creant|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae quae arbores creant|{{PAGENAME}}]] }}</includeonly> 8yrmbbsj0acgrqzubze6uxnon69gidy 14 329574 3996331 2026-10-23T11:05:48Z Grufo 64423 Prima adumbratio 3996331 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Categoria formularum}} [[Categoria:Formulae typographicae]] [[Categoria:Formulae biologicae]] dthp40nhbta3ndc4tf4uhzoljt95g5s 0 329575 3996340 2026-10-23T11:25:13Z Grufo 64423 Grufo movit paginam [[Mammaliaformes]] ad [[Mammaliformes]]: Latinitas—plures vocales in verbis compositis fiunt singula littera “i” 3996340 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Mammaliformes]] ad08yquum0cdyyie4hvmn1do24o8ffd