Computatrum

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{{multiple image
| perrow            = 2 / 2 / 2
| total_width       = 300
| image1            = Babbage Difference Engine (Setting the input parameters).jpg
| alt1              = Parametros ingressus constituendo.
| image2            = Colossus.jpg
| alt2              = Computatrum Colossus Mark 2 a Dorothea Du Boisson (sinistra) et Elsie Booker (dextra) administratum, anno 1943.
| image3            = ENIAC-changing_a_tube.jpg
| alt3              = Vir unum tubum vacuum ex centum in computatro primo substituens.
| image4            = ThinkCentre S50.jpg 
| alt4              = Computatrum nigrum cum monitore supra et claviatura ante.
| image5            = Gamecube-console.jpg
| alt5              = Consola ludorum electronicorum purpurea cum moderatore adnexo.
| image6            = LYF WATER 2 Smartphone.JPG
| alt6              = Telephonum gestabile cum ostentatione arcus caelestis in manu tentum.
| image7            = Summit (supercomputer).jpg
| alt7              = Ordines armariorum computatralium magnorum et obscurorum in cubiculo simili horreo.
| footer            = Computatra et apparatus computandi ex variis aetatibus. ¶ Summus ordo: Automatica machina calculatoria (1820) ([[machina differentiarum]]) et computatrum aetatis primae ([[computatrum colossus]]) ¶ Ordo medius: primum tuborum inanium&lt;!--vacuum--&gt; computatrum ([[ENIAC]]) et [[supercomputatrum]] (IBM [[Summit (supercomputer)|Summit]]) ¶ Ordo imus: [[monitor]] ([[IBM|IBM ThinkCentre S50]]) [[cartibulum visificum lusorium]] ([[Nintendo GameCube]]) et [[Sophophonum]] (LYF Water 2).
}}

{{res|Computatrum}},&lt;ref name=NSLO&gt;[[Ebbe Vilborg]], ''Norstedts svensk-latinska ordbok,'' editio secunda (2009).&lt;/ref&gt; sive {{tres|(instrumentum) '''computatorium'''}},&lt;ref name=NSLO/&gt; sive {{res|ordinatrum}},&lt;ref&gt;John C. Traupman, ''Latin and English Dictionary,'' ed. tertia (Novi Eboraci: Bantam Books, 2007), 499, s.v. ''ordinatrum.''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=NSLO/&gt; est [[machina]] [[electronica digitalia|digitalis et electronica]] quod programmari potest ut [[sequentia (mathematica)|sequentias]] [[arithmetica]]s vel [[logica]]s ([[computatio]]nes) automatarie faciat. Computatra hodierna genericas operationum [[aggregatio (mathematica)|copias]] exsequi possunt, quae [[programma computatrale|programmata]] appellantur, propter quae computatra varia pensa efficere possunt. Omnis {{subres|[[apparatus computatralis]]}} est congeries elementorum quae computatrum formant; quae plerumque sunt [[memoria computatralis|memoria interna]], [[systema internum]] ([[corpus programmatum]]), et [[periphericum|peripherica]], [[arma]] ad computatrum plene et recte operandum necessaria. Hoc [[vocabulum]] etiam ad gregem computatrum quae coniunguntur ut una operentur, sicut [[reticulum computatrale]] et [[fasciculus computatrorum]].

Genus computatrorum quod quocumque facile portari potest [[computatrum gestabile]] nuncupatur.

==Partes computatrorum==
[[Fasciculus:Personal computer, exploded 4.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|Despectus in computatrum stationis:
1, [[monitorium|monitorium, tabulatrum seu quadrum visificum]]; 2, [[tabula materna]]; 3, [[processorium centrale|processorium centrale (CPU)]]; 4, portus ATA; 5, [[RAM|memoria volatilis (RAM)]]; 6,  tabula expansionis; 7, fons electricus; 8, [[discus compactus|discus compactus (DC)]]; 9, [[discus fixus]]; 10, [[plectrologium]] (claviatura); 11, [[mus (computatralis)|mus]].]]

Quattuor computatro sunt armaturae partes: organum gubernans, arithmeticum, [[memoria computatralis|memoriale]], [[GUI|graphicum]].

[[Processorium medium]] (CPU) est intima computatri pars, quae omnes operationes gubernat. [[Coprocessorium|Coprocessorium arithmeticum]] quod et saepe media processorii pars est; paene omnes computationes [[arithmetica]]s efficit. [[Data]] in [[memoria]]e generibus [[RAM]] et [[ROM]] nominatis servantur. Ad data conservanda [[discus fixus|disci fixi]] et rigidi et flexibiles adhibebantur, sed paulo abhinc rudiculae memoriam cohibentes ([[Memoria USB]]) loco discorum flexibilium praeferuntur. [[Organum graphicum]] in tabulatrum quasi [[quadrum]] visificum scribit et plurimas computationes de datis graphicis facit.

==Programmata computatralia==
[[Programma computatrale|Programmata computatralia]] sunt documenta iussa computatralia cohibentia, quae medio [[processor|processorio]] exhibita computatro agenda mandant. Programmatum fundamentalium coniunctum, quod [[systema administrativum computatrale|systema administrativum]] appellatur, functiones et interactiones computatri administrat. Alia programmata fundamentalia sunt programmata compilandi, editionis, tabulae computativae, nuntia electronica scribendi, per interrete navigandi necnon [[:Categoria:Ludi computatrales|ludorum computatralium]].

==Aetas computatrorum==
Prima computatra electronica annis instruebantur ab [[1930]] ad [[1940]] ab [[Ioanne Atanasov]], [[Civitates Foederatae|Americano]] [[Bulgaria|Bulgaricae]] originis, sed re vera aetas computatrorum coepere anno [[1977]] dicitur, cum societates [[Apple Inc.|Apple]], [[IBM]], et Commodore prima [[computatrum personale|computatra personalia]] introducerent. Et die [[12 Augusti]] [[1981]], IBM primum computatrum personale pro [[merx|mercato]]{{dubsig}} creavit. Deinde, cum investigatores institutionis Europeanae [[CERN]] [[Tela totius terrae|telam totius terrae]] anno [[1991]] nuntiarent, [[interrete|systema interretiale mundiale]], quod paene omnia computatra mundi committit, ortum est. Hodie homines totius mundi computatris ad [[labor]]andum, [[scriptura|scribendum]], [[communicatio|communicandum]], computandumque utuntur. Die [[30 Iunii]] [[2022]],
7&amp;thinsp;933&amp;thinsp;000&amp;thinsp;000 hominum interreti utebantur.&lt;ref&gt;Secundum [https://web.archive.org/web/20200522094328/https://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm ''Statistica interretialia orbis''].&lt;/ref&gt;

== Domus effectrices computatrorum ==
{{div col|2}}
*[[Acer]]
*[[Apple Inc.]]
*[[Asus]]
*[[Commodore]] (defunctus)
*[[Compaq]]
*[[Dell Computatra|Dell]]
*[[Hewlett-Packard]]
*[[Lenovo]], quondam [[IBM]]
{{div col end}}

== Domus effectrices programmatum computatralium ==
{{div col|2}}
*[[Adobe Systems]]
*[[Apple Computatra|Apple]]
*[[Canonical]]
*[[Computer Sciences Corporation]]
*[[Electronic Data Systems]]
*[[Google]]
*[[HP]]
*[[Microsoft]]
*[[Nintendo]]
*[[Oracle]]
*[[SAP]]
{{div col end}}

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Acer Aspire 8920 Gemstone.jpg|[[Computatrum gestabile]].
Columbia Supercomputer - NASA Advanced Supercomputing Facility.jpg|[[Supercomputatrum]].
Intertec Superbrain.jpg|[[Microcomputatrum]].
2010-01-26-technikkrempel-by-RalfR-05.jpg|Pars computatralis technica.
Thinking Machines Connection Machine CM-5 Frostburg 2.jpg|Connection Machine.
G5 supplying Wikipedia via Gigabit at the Lange Nacht der Wissenschaften 2006 in Dresden.JPG|Disci rigidi.
DM IBM S360.jpg|Computatrum ''mainframe.''
Acorn BBC Master Series Microcomputer.jpg|Microcomputatrum.
Dell PowerEdge Servers.jpg|Servitor Dell.
Raspberry-Pi-3-Flat-Top.jpg|Computatrum [[PCB]] ''[[Raspberry Pi]]'' ([[crustum]] [[Rubus idaeus|rubidaei]]) inscriptum.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

{{NexInt}}
{{div col|3}}
* [[Automaton communicativum]]
* [[Boto radiophoni]]
* [[Calculatrum]]
* [[Carta memorialis]]
* [[Computatio in nube datorum]]
* [[Computator]]
* [[Computatrum gestabile]]
* [[Computatrum tabulare]]
* [[Consola lusoria]]
* [[Consola lusoria gestabilis]]
* [[Electronica digitalis]]
* [[ENIAC]]
* [[Glossarium verborum computatralium]]
* [[Innovatio disruptiva]]
* [[Informationis technologia]]
* [[Interfacies utentis]]
* [[Interrete]]
* [[Lingua programmationis]]
* [[Machinatio Anticytherensis]]
* ''[[Malware]]''
* [[OpenVMS]]
* [[Processorium centrale]]
* [[Programma computatrale]]
* [[Programmatura computratralis]]
* [[RAM]]
* [[ROM]]
* [[Simulatio computatralis]]
* [[Systema administrativum computatrale]]
* [[Texton]]
* [[Vicipaedia:Verba technologica]]
{{div col end}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
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== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Computers|computatra}}
{{Victionarium|computer|computatrum}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070122090721/http://www.obta.uw.edu.pl/%7Edraco/docs/voccomp.html ''Vocabula computatralia''] {{Ling|Anglice|Latine}} (caute adhibenda ob multas mendas).
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110722185754/http://commons.wvc.edu/sberard/boreoccidentales/latin/Scitu%20Digna/Vocabulorum%20Computatralium.aspx ''Index Vocabulorum Computatoriorum''] {{ling|Anglice}}
*[http://www.oldenbourg.de/osv/download/pdf/vocabula_computatralia.pdf ''Vocabula computatralia.''] {{Ling|Theodisce|Latine}}.
*[http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/institutions_connected/latinitas/documents/rc_latinitas_20040601_lexicon_it.html#c Lexicon Vaticanum].
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304090919/https://homepages.fhv.at/se/ws2002/im01/pr3im01_addon_mythologie_info.pdf Ad etymologiam].

{{technologia}}

[[Categoria:Computatra|!]]
[[Categoria:Informatica]]
[[Categoria:Technologia digitalis]]
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{{Myrias|Technologia}}</text>
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      <text bytes="13549" sha1="k3h3s5h6kkr2b0l61c8v1pxxrctg0if" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Carta Marina.jpeg|thumb|[[Carta Marina]]]]

{{res|Mare Balticum}},&lt;ref&gt;Vilborg, Ebbe, ''Nordstedts svensk-latinska ordbok''. Ed. 2a, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mare Balticum&quot;: {{Egger SL|30}}. Cf. titulum operis Caroli Adolphi Forselii ''Disquisitio caussarum Sveciam bellis trans mare Balticum implicantium'' (1830) {{Google Books|b8NbAAAAcAAJ}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mare Suecicum ... vide Mare Balticum&quot;: {{Hofmannus}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Graesse|t=Balticum mare}}&lt;/ref&gt; est magnum [[mare marginale]] [[oceanus Atlanticus|oceani Atlantici]] in [[Europa]] situm. [[Paeninsula]]m [[Scandinavia|Scandinavicam]] a ceteris partibus Europae dividit.

== Nomen ==
[[Fasciculus:Regio-Balticum-Latine.png|thumb|Tabula maris Baltici et regiones circumpositae]]
[[Fasciculus:BalticSea March2000 NASA-S2000084115409.png|thumb|Maris Baltici e spatio photographema mense Martio facta: pars sinus Bothnici et pars sinus Finnici nondum glacie liberatae sunt]]
[[Cornelius Tacitus|Tacitus]] hoc {{res|mare Suebicum}} nominat&lt;ref&gt;''[[De origine et situ Germanorum]]'' [http://latin.packhum.org/loc/1351/2/44/384-397@1 45.2.2].&lt;/ref&gt; (de [[Suebi|Sueborum]] gente), alia nomina antiqua sunt {{res|mare Sarmaticum}} (de [[Sarmatae|Sarmatarum]] gente; nomen e [[Graece|Graeco]] Σαρματικὸς ὠκεανός derivatum est&lt;ref&gt;[[Claudius Ptolemaeus|Ptolemaei]] ''[[Geographia (Ptolemaeus)|Geographia]]'' I 3, 5.&lt;/ref&gt;) vel {{res|mare Codanum}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Graesse|t=Balticum mare}}&lt;/ref&gt; vel  ''mare Barbaricum''. Mare Balticum a terra [[Baltia]], quam etiam Graeci auctores memorabant, sic appellatur. Primo in ''[[Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum|Gestis Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum]]'' [[Adamus Bremensis|Adami Bremensis]] hoc nomen invenitur. Interdum et {{res|mare Orientale}}&lt;ref&gt;V. [[:commons:File:Tabula_navigatoria_maris_orientalis_-_btv1b53235857n_(1_of_2).jpg|Tabulam navigatoriam Maris Orientalis]], anno 1641 factam.&lt;/ref&gt;, ut in multis llinguis hodiernis, nominatur.  

[[Fasciculus:Atlas Van der Hagen-KW1049B10 060-DUCATUS POMERANIAE Tabula Generalis, in qua sunt DUCATUS POMERANIAE, STETTINENSIS CASSUBIAE, VANDALIAE et BARDENSIS, PRINCIPATUS RUGIAE ac INSULAE, COMITATUS GUSKOVIENSIS.jpeg|thumb|Litus maris Baltici meridionale (tabula {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Fredericus de Wit|Frederici de Wit|en|qid=Q1402952}})]]
Si linguas populorum nunc litora maris colentium enumeremus, nomen [[Theodisce|Theodiscum]] (''Ostsee''), [[Suecice|Suecicum]] (''Östersjön''), [[Danice|Danicum]] (''Østersøen'') et [[Finnice|Finnicum]] (''Itämeri'') significant ''mare Orientale'', [[Estonice|Estonicum]] (''Läänemeri'') a contrario ''mare Occidentale'', cetera ([[Lettonice|Lettonicum]] ''Baltijas jūra'', [[Lituane|Lituanum]] ''Baltijos jūra'', [[Polonice|Polonicum]] ''Morze Baltyckie'', [[Russice|Russicum]] ''Балтийское море'', [[Lingua Cassubica|Cassubicum]] ''Bôłt'') ''mare Balticum''.

== Facta ==
* Superficies: 413&amp;thinsp;000 [[chiliometrum quadratum|chm²]]
* Aquae copia: 21&amp;thinsp;600 chm³
* Maxima altitudo: 459 [[metrum|m]]
* Altitudo peraeque ducta: 52 m

==Origo geologica==

Mare Balticum non super [[Cortex Telluris|corticem]] oceanicum, sed super continentalem iacet et minime vetus est. Ante [[Glaciatio quaternaria|glaciationem quaternariam]] hic [[Eridanus (geologia)|Eridanus]] flumen praehistoricum maximum fluebat; in [[Lapponia]] oriebatur et loco [[Nederlandia]]e hodiernae [[delta fluminis|delta]] maximum habebat, per quod in [[mare Germanicum]] effundebatur. [[Taiga]] [[pelvis siccationis|pelvem siccationis]] Eridani occupabat. [[Aevum glaciale|Aetate glaciali]] omnis Eridani vallis glaciario operta erat, et [[resina]] arborum silvae Eridanensis [[sucinum]] Balticum facta est.

Glaciario recedente, circa 14 milibus annorum ante, primo lacus [[aqua dulcis|aquae dulcis]] loco maris Baltici ortum est. Circa 10 milibus annorum ante fretum, cum Oceano eum coniungens, loco Sueciae mediae ortum est, ubi nunc [[Lacus Melorus|Melorus]] lacus situs est. Hoc mare ''Ioldium'' nominatur. Circa 9 milibus annorum ante haec fretum terra elevante exsiccatur, et iterum lacus formatum est. Freta Danica, quae nunc mare Balticum cum Oceano coniungunt, circa 7,5 milibus annorum ante apparuerunt, sed formam fere hodiernam mare tantum circa 4 milibus annorum ante accepit, cum [[Neva]] flumen, aquae molem maiorem ferens, orta est.
[[Fasciculus:Hugo Knorr Ostseestrand.jpg|thumb|Litus Balticum ([[Hugo Knorr|Hugonis Knorr]] pictura, 1880)]]

== Descriptio ==

[[Mare Germanicum|Oceano Fresonico]] — et sic [[Oceanus Atlanticus|Oceano Atlantico]] — apud [[Tastris|Tastrem]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Plinius Maior|Plinii]] ''[[Naturalis historia (Plinius)|Hist. nat.]]'' IV 97.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Danice]]; ''Skagen'') [[Sinus Cimbricus|sinu Cimbrico]] et [[Kattegat|Kattegat freto]] coniunctum est. Alia freta in archipelago Danico mare cum oceano ligantia sunt freta Baltica [[Balticum Fretum Maius|maius]] et [[Balticum Fretum Minus|minus]] necnon [[Fretum Oresundicum|Oresundicum]] fretum. Ab anno 1895 etiam [[canalis Germanicobalticus]] artificialis maria Balticum et Germanicum coniungit. Sed permultis fluminibus magnis in mare influentibus [[sal]]initas aquae Balticae minor quam aquae [[oceanus|oceanorum]] est.

[[Fasciculus:AIDAcara on Kiel Canal.jpg|thumb|Navis marina per canalem Germanicobalticum navigat]]
Maris partes praecipuae sunt [[Venedicum mare]] (quod et [[sinus Venedicus]]&lt;ref&gt;Nunc ''sinus [[Gedanum|Gedanensis]]'' appellari solet.&lt;/ref&gt;) sinusque [[Sinus Bothnicus|Bothnicus]], [[Sinus Finnicus|Finnicus]] et [[Sinus Rigensis|Rigensis]]. Duae [[Lacuna (mare)|lacuna]]e magnae, [[lingua terrae|linguis terrae]] longissimis a mari separatae et fretis tenuibus coniunctae, ad partem maris meridie-orientalem adiacent; hae [[Recens lacus]] et [[Curonicus lacus]] nominantur.

Civitates vicinae sunt [[Suecia]], [[Finnia]], [[Russia]], [[Estonia]], [[Lettonia]], [[Lituania]], [[Polonia]], [[Germania]] [[Dania]]que. 

[[Fasciculus:FrozenTallinn.jpg|thumb|Castri Danorum de mari despectus glacie rupta]]
[[Index insularum Danicarum|Archipelagus Danicus]] in parte maris occidentalis iacet. Ad meridiem ab eo litora Germanica patent, ad terras foederales [[Slesvicum et Holsatia]]m et [[Megapolis et Pomerania Citerior|Megapolim et Pomeraniam Citeriorem]] pertinentes. [[Flensburgum]] et [[Kielia|Chilonium]] et [[Lubeca]] et [[Rostochium]] urbes hic ad litus sitae suunt. [[Viadrus|Viadri]] ostium terras Germanicas et Polonicas dividit; in sinum [[sinus Stetinensis|sinum Stetinensem]], a mari insulis [[Usedomia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmann&quot;&gt;{{Hofmannus}}.&lt;/ref&gt; et [[Iulina]] separatum, Viadrus influit; hic et [[Stettinum|Stetinum]] urbs iacet.

[[Fasciculus:Baltic Sea clouds.jpg|thumb|Mare Balticum [[nubes|nubibus]] in [[caelum|caelo]] ornatum]]
[[Sinus Venedicus]] litora Poloniae alluit; [[Civitas Gdinensis]] et [[Gedanum]] urbes magnae hic sitae sunt, et [[Vistula]] flumen Poloniae magnum hic in mare influit. Cum sinu Venedico et [[Recens lacus]] coniungitur, in quo [[Pregella]] influit, in ostio cuius [[Calininopolis]] urbs sita est. Prope [[Pillavia]]m litus Balticum ad septentrionem vertit; altera lacuna magna [[Curonicus lacus|Curonica]] hic iacet, in quam [[Nemenus]] influit et [[Memela]] urbs [[Lituania]]e portus in ostio eius aedificata est. 

In litora [[Lettonia]]e ([[Curlandia]]e priscae) [[sinus Rigensis]] longe irrumpit; a septentrione [[Osilia]] insula [[Estonia]]e magna sinus a mari separatus est. [[Duna]] flumen magnum in sinum Rigensem effluit, et [[Riga]] caput Lettoniae in ostio eius sita est.

[[Fasciculus:Port of Sain Petersburg Russia 2009 0073.JPG|thumb|In portu Petropolitana]]
Ad septentrionem ab Estonia in duos sinus maximos et longissimos mare Balticum dividitur; [[sinus Finnicus]] ad orientem tenditur et [[sinus Bothnicus]] ad septentrionem. [[Finnia]] inter sinus Finnicum et Botnicum iacet; [[Alandia]] loco, ubi sinus separantur, cum [[Portus Mariae|Portu Mariae]] capite iacet, et [[Aboa]] Fnniae totius caput pristinum haud longe sita est.

Sinus Finnici litus meridionali Estonicus et Russicus ([[regio Leninopolitana]]) est. [[Castrum Danorum]] Estoniae caput in litore sinus Finnici iacet necnon [[Petropolis]], Russiae urbs secunda a maxima. In ostio [[Neva]]e fluminis, quae in sinum aquam lacuum [[Saimaa]]e, [[Ladoga]]e, [[lacus Onega|Onega]]e, [[lacus Ilmenus|Ilmeni]] affert, Petropolis aedificatum est. Ceteri portus Russici in sinu Finnico [[Viburgum (Russia)|Viburgum]], [[Oranienbaumium]], [[Lugae Ostium]] sunt. In litore sinus Finnici septentrionali [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingia]] Finniae caput necnon aliae urbes Finnicae sitae sunt.

[[Fasciculus:Oulu1800.jpg|thumb|[[Uloa]] urbs Finnica in litore sinus Bothnici (imago anno 1800 facta)]]
[[Tornia]] urbs Finnica et [[Haparanda]] Suecica ad extremitatem sinus Bothnici (et maris totius) septentrionalem aedificatae sunt. Litus partis principalis maris septentrionale et litus sinus Bothnici occidentale [[Suecia|Suecica]] sunt. Hic ad mare et [[Holmia]] civitatis caput stat.

Duae insulae magnae mari medio iacent: [[Gothlandia]] Suecica et [[Boringia]] Danica.
[[Fasciculus:Peter benois.jpg|thumb|[[Petrus Magnus]] in litore sinus Finnici Petropoli nondum condita ([[Alexander Benois|Alexandri Benois]] pictura, 1916)]]

==Indices==

[[Fasciculus:East coast near Warnicken, Konigsberg, East Prussia, Germany-LCCN2002696124.jpg|thumb|Litus Balticum in [[Borussia Orientalis|Borussia Orientali]] (chartula saeculi XIX exeuntis)]]
===Insulae===
Tot insulae in Mari Baltico sunt, ut numerus exactus eorum referri non posset (praecipue in sinibus Finnico et Bothnico, ubi prope litora multa milia insularum et saxorum ''[[skär]]'' generis iacent). Insulae maiores e.g. sunt:
* Finnia: [[Alandia]]
* Suecia:  [[Gothlandia]] et [[Olandia]]
* Estonia: [[Osilia]], [[Daghoa]],  [[Mona (Estonia)|Mona]], [[Wrangera]] et [[Terra Feminarum]]
* Russia: [[Hogelandia]], [[Insula Robusta|Robusta]] etc. (v. [[Sinus Finnicus#Insulae|Insulae sinus Finnici]])
* Polonia: [[Iulina]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Ioannes Georgius Theodorus Graesse|J. G. Th. Graesse]], ''[[Orbis Latinus]]'', [[Brunsvicum|Brunopoli]] 1972, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/0005/bsb00050913/images/index.html?id=00050913&amp;nativeno=314 vol. II, p. 314].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Wolin'')
* Polonia Germaniaque: [[Usedomia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmann&quot;&gt;{{Hofmannus}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (''Usedom'')
* Germania: [[Rugia]], [[Insula Hedini]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lünig 1713&quot;&gt;Lünig, J. C. (1713). Corpus Iuris Territorialis Germanici: Continens Diplomata, Privilegia, Statuta, Aliaque Instrumenta Historico-Iuridica. Impensis Haeredum Lanckisianorum. Theodisce ''Hiddensee''&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce Hiddensee''), [[Femera]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/0005/bsb00050913/images/index.html?id=00050913&amp;nativeno=61 vol. II, p. 61].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Fehmarn'')
* Dania: [[Selandia]], [[Fionia]], [[Lalandia]], [[Boringia]]

[[Fasciculus:Suursaari.jpg|thumb|[[Hogelandia]] insula in sinu Finnico]]

=== Flumina ===
Maxima flumina mari Baltico adfluentia sunt: 
{{div col|2}}
* [[Travena]] ([[Germania]]), 
* [[Viadua]] sive ''Oder'' sive ''Odra'' (Germania [[Polonia]]que), 
* [[Vistula]] sive ''Weichsel'' sive ''Wisla'' (Polonia), 
* [[Pregella]] ([[regio Kaliningradensis]] [[Russia]]e)
* [[Memela flumen|Memela]] sive ''Neman'' sive ''Nemunas'' ([[Lituania]] et [[regio Kaliningradensis]]), 
* [[Winda]] (Lettonia),  
* [[Missa (flumen)|Missa]] (Lettonia), 
* [[Duina Occidentalis]] ([[Lettonia]]),  
* [[Saletsa (flumen)|Saletsa]] ([[Lettonia]]),  
* [[Coiwa]] (Lettonia), 
* [[Mater Aquarum]] ([[Estonia]]),  
* [[Narva (flumen)|Narva]] (Russia et Estonia), 
* [[Luga (flumen)|Luga]] (Russia),
* [[Neva]] (Russia), 
* ''[[Aurajoki]]'' ([[Finnia]]),
* [[Ula (flumen Finniae)|Ula]] (Finnia), 
* [[Torna]] (Finnia et [[Suecia]]).
{{div col end}}

[[Fasciculus:Baltic beach sand containing amber.jpg|thumb|Harena litoris Baltici, ubi sucinum inter lapides videtur]]

=== Portus vel urbes ad litora sitae===
{{div col|3}}
* Daniae:
** [[Hafnia]]
* Germaniae:
** [[Flensburgum]]
** [[Kielia]]
** [[Lubeca]]
** [[Rostochium]]
* Poloniae:
** [[Stettinum]]
** [[Civitas Gdinensis]]
** [[Gedania]]
* Russiae, regionis Calininopoltanae:
** [[Pillavia]]
** [[Calininopolis]]
** [[Labiavia]]
* Lituaniae:
** [[Memela]]
*Lettoniae:
** [[Liba]]
** [[Vindovia]]
** [[Riga]]
** [[Saletsa]]
* Estoniae:
** [[Pernavia]] 
** [[Hapsalia]]
** [[Tallinna|Castrum Danorum]] 
* Russiae, regionis Leninopoltanae:
**[[Coporium]]
** [[Oranienbaumium]]
** [[Peterhofium|Petri aula]]
** [[Strelna]]
** [[Cronstadium]]
** [[Petropolis]]
** [[Viburgum (Russia)|Viburgum]] (et [[Tralesonda]])
* Finniae:
** [[Fredericia (Finnia)|Fredericia]]
** [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsinkium]]
** [[Aboa]]
** [[Vallis Gratiae]]
** [[Portus Mariae]]
** [[Neostadium]]
** [[Arctopolis]]
**[[Vaasa]]
** [[Carolina Vetus]]
** [[Uloa (urbs)|Uloa]]
**[[Tornia]]
* Sueciae:
** [[Lula (Suecia)|Lula]]
** [[Hernosandia]]
** [[Sundsvallia]]
** [[Gevalia]]
** [[Holmia]]
** [[Caroli Portus]]
{{div col end}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Nexus interni==

*[[Carta Marina]]
*[[Regio Baltica]]
*[[Sinus Codanus]]
*[[Baltia]]
*[[Hansa]]

== Bibliographia ==
*Ojaveer H., A. Jaanus, B. R. MacKenzie, G. Martin, S. Olenin, et al. [[2010]]. &quot;Status of Biodiversity in the Baltic Sea.&quot; ''[[PLoS ONE]]'' 5(9):e12467. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012467.

== Nexus externi ==
{{fontes geographici}}

[[Categoria:Mare Balticum|!]]
[[Categoria:Maria marginalia Oceani Atlantici]]
[[Categoria:Balticum]]
{{1000 paginae}}
{{Myrias|Geographia}}</text>
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      <text bytes="13548" sha1="0yzqhnd77go7rnce286xqwrylaiw03w" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Carta Marina.jpeg|thumb|[[Carta Marina]]]]

{{res|Mare Balticum}}&lt;ref&gt;Vilborg, Ebbe, ''Nordstedts svensk-latinska ordbok''. Ed. 2a, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mare Balticum&quot;: {{Egger SL|30}}. Cf. titulum operis Caroli Adolphi Forselii ''Disquisitio caussarum Sveciam bellis trans mare Balticum implicantium'' (1830) {{Google Books|b8NbAAAAcAAJ}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mare Suecicum ... vide Mare Balticum&quot;: {{Hofmannus}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Graesse|t=Balticum mare}}&lt;/ref&gt; est magnum [[mare marginale]] [[oceanus Atlanticus|oceani Atlantici]] in [[Europa]] situm. [[Paeninsula]]m [[Scandinavia|Scandinavicam]] a ceteris partibus Europae dividit.

== Nomen ==
[[Fasciculus:Regio-Balticum-Latine.png|thumb|Tabula maris Baltici et regiones circumpositae]]
[[Fasciculus:BalticSea March2000 NASA-S2000084115409.png|thumb|Maris Baltici e spatio photographema mense Martio facta: pars sinus Bothnici et pars sinus Finnici nondum glacie liberatae sunt]]
[[Cornelius Tacitus|Tacitus]] hoc {{res|mare Suebicum}} nominat&lt;ref&gt;''[[De origine et situ Germanorum]]'' [http://latin.packhum.org/loc/1351/2/44/384-397@1 45.2.2].&lt;/ref&gt; (de [[Suebi|Sueborum]] gente), alia nomina antiqua sunt {{res|mare Sarmaticum}} (de [[Sarmatae|Sarmatarum]] gente; nomen e [[Graece|Graeco]] Σαρματικὸς ὠκεανός derivatum est&lt;ref&gt;[[Claudius Ptolemaeus|Ptolemaei]] ''[[Geographia (Ptolemaeus)|Geographia]]'' I 3, 5.&lt;/ref&gt;) vel {{res|mare Codanum}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Graesse|t=Balticum mare}}&lt;/ref&gt; vel  ''mare Barbaricum''. Mare Balticum a terra [[Baltia]], quam etiam Graeci auctores memorabant, sic appellatur. Primo in ''[[Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum|Gestis Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum]]'' [[Adamus Bremensis|Adami Bremensis]] hoc nomen invenitur. Interdum et {{res|mare Orientale}}&lt;ref&gt;V. [[:commons:File:Tabula_navigatoria_maris_orientalis_-_btv1b53235857n_(1_of_2).jpg|Tabulam navigatoriam Maris Orientalis]], anno 1641 factam.&lt;/ref&gt;, ut in multis llinguis hodiernis, nominatur.  

[[Fasciculus:Atlas Van der Hagen-KW1049B10 060-DUCATUS POMERANIAE Tabula Generalis, in qua sunt DUCATUS POMERANIAE, STETTINENSIS CASSUBIAE, VANDALIAE et BARDENSIS, PRINCIPATUS RUGIAE ac INSULAE, COMITATUS GUSKOVIENSIS.jpeg|thumb|Litus maris Baltici meridionale (tabula {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Fredericus de Wit|Frederici de Wit|en|qid=Q1402952}})]]
Si linguas populorum nunc litora maris colentium enumeremus, nomen [[Theodisce|Theodiscum]] (''Ostsee''), [[Suecice|Suecicum]] (''Östersjön''), [[Danice|Danicum]] (''Østersøen'') et [[Finnice|Finnicum]] (''Itämeri'') significant ''mare Orientale'', [[Estonice|Estonicum]] (''Läänemeri'') a contrario ''mare Occidentale'', cetera ([[Lettonice|Lettonicum]] ''Baltijas jūra'', [[Lituane|Lituanum]] ''Baltijos jūra'', [[Polonice|Polonicum]] ''Morze Baltyckie'', [[Russice|Russicum]] ''Балтийское море'', [[Lingua Cassubica|Cassubicum]] ''Bôłt'') ''mare Balticum''.

== Facta ==
* Superficies: 413&amp;thinsp;000 [[chiliometrum quadratum|chm²]]
* Aquae copia: 21&amp;thinsp;600 chm³
* Maxima altitudo: 459 [[metrum|m]]
* Altitudo peraeque ducta: 52 m

==Origo geologica==

Mare Balticum non super [[Cortex Telluris|corticem]] oceanicum, sed super continentalem iacet et minime vetus est. Ante [[Glaciatio quaternaria|glaciationem quaternariam]] hic [[Eridanus (geologia)|Eridanus]] flumen praehistoricum maximum fluebat; in [[Lapponia]] oriebatur et loco [[Nederlandia]]e hodiernae [[delta fluminis|delta]] maximum habebat, per quod in [[mare Germanicum]] effundebatur. [[Taiga]] [[pelvis siccationis|pelvem siccationis]] Eridani occupabat. [[Aevum glaciale|Aetate glaciali]] omnis Eridani vallis glaciario operta erat, et [[resina]] arborum silvae Eridanensis [[sucinum]] Balticum facta est.

Glaciario recedente, circa 14 milibus annorum ante, primo lacus [[aqua dulcis|aquae dulcis]] loco maris Baltici ortum est. Circa 10 milibus annorum ante fretum, cum Oceano eum coniungens, loco Sueciae mediae ortum est, ubi nunc [[Lacus Melorus|Melorus]] lacus situs est. Hoc mare ''Ioldium'' nominatur. Circa 9 milibus annorum ante haec fretum terra elevante exsiccatur, et iterum lacus formatum est. Freta Danica, quae nunc mare Balticum cum Oceano coniungunt, circa 7,5 milibus annorum ante apparuerunt, sed formam fere hodiernam mare tantum circa 4 milibus annorum ante accepit, cum [[Neva]] flumen, aquae molem maiorem ferens, orta est.
[[Fasciculus:Hugo Knorr Ostseestrand.jpg|thumb|Litus Balticum ([[Hugo Knorr|Hugonis Knorr]] pictura, 1880)]]

== Descriptio ==

[[Mare Germanicum|Oceano Fresonico]] — et sic [[Oceanus Atlanticus|Oceano Atlantico]] — apud [[Tastris|Tastrem]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Plinius Maior|Plinii]] ''[[Naturalis historia (Plinius)|Hist. nat.]]'' IV 97.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Danice]]; ''Skagen'') [[Sinus Cimbricus|sinu Cimbrico]] et [[Kattegat|Kattegat freto]] coniunctum est. Alia freta in archipelago Danico mare cum oceano ligantia sunt freta Baltica [[Balticum Fretum Maius|maius]] et [[Balticum Fretum Minus|minus]] necnon [[Fretum Oresundicum|Oresundicum]] fretum. Ab anno 1895 etiam [[canalis Germanicobalticus]] artificialis maria Balticum et Germanicum coniungit. Sed permultis fluminibus magnis in mare influentibus [[sal]]initas aquae Balticae minor quam aquae [[oceanus|oceanorum]] est.

[[Fasciculus:AIDAcara on Kiel Canal.jpg|thumb|Navis marina per canalem Germanicobalticum navigat]]
Maris partes praecipuae sunt [[Venedicum mare]] (quod et [[sinus Venedicus]]&lt;ref&gt;Nunc ''sinus [[Gedanum|Gedanensis]]'' appellari solet.&lt;/ref&gt;) sinusque [[Sinus Bothnicus|Bothnicus]], [[Sinus Finnicus|Finnicus]] et [[Sinus Rigensis|Rigensis]]. Duae [[Lacuna (mare)|lacuna]]e magnae, [[lingua terrae|linguis terrae]] longissimis a mari separatae et fretis tenuibus coniunctae, ad partem maris meridie-orientalem adiacent; hae [[Recens lacus]] et [[Curonicus lacus]] nominantur.

Civitates vicinae sunt [[Suecia]], [[Finnia]], [[Russia]], [[Estonia]], [[Lettonia]], [[Lituania]], [[Polonia]], [[Germania]] [[Dania]]que. 

[[Fasciculus:FrozenTallinn.jpg|thumb|Castri Danorum de mari despectus glacie rupta]]
[[Index insularum Danicarum|Archipelagus Danicus]] in parte maris occidentalis iacet. Ad meridiem ab eo litora Germanica patent, ad terras foederales [[Slesvicum et Holsatia]]m et [[Megapolis et Pomerania Citerior|Megapolim et Pomeraniam Citeriorem]] pertinentes. [[Flensburgum]] et [[Kielia|Chilonium]] et [[Lubeca]] et [[Rostochium]] urbes hic ad litus sitae suunt. [[Viadrus|Viadri]] ostium terras Germanicas et Polonicas dividit; in sinum [[sinus Stetinensis|sinum Stetinensem]], a mari insulis [[Usedomia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmann&quot;&gt;{{Hofmannus}}.&lt;/ref&gt; et [[Iulina]] separatum, Viadrus influit; hic et [[Stettinum|Stetinum]] urbs iacet.

[[Fasciculus:Baltic Sea clouds.jpg|thumb|Mare Balticum [[nubes|nubibus]] in [[caelum|caelo]] ornatum]]
[[Sinus Venedicus]] litora Poloniae alluit; [[Civitas Gdinensis]] et [[Gedanum]] urbes magnae hic sitae sunt, et [[Vistula]] flumen Poloniae magnum hic in mare influit. Cum sinu Venedico et [[Recens lacus]] coniungitur, in quo [[Pregella]] influit, in ostio cuius [[Calininopolis]] urbs sita est. Prope [[Pillavia]]m litus Balticum ad septentrionem vertit; altera lacuna magna [[Curonicus lacus|Curonica]] hic iacet, in quam [[Nemenus]] influit et [[Memela]] urbs [[Lituania]]e portus in ostio eius aedificata est. 

In litora [[Lettonia]]e ([[Curlandia]]e priscae) [[sinus Rigensis]] longe irrumpit; a septentrione [[Osilia]] insula [[Estonia]]e magna sinus a mari separatus est. [[Duna]] flumen magnum in sinum Rigensem effluit, et [[Riga]] caput Lettoniae in ostio eius sita est.

[[Fasciculus:Port of Sain Petersburg Russia 2009 0073.JPG|thumb|In portu Petropolitana]]
Ad septentrionem ab Estonia in duos sinus maximos et longissimos mare Balticum dividitur; [[sinus Finnicus]] ad orientem tenditur et [[sinus Bothnicus]] ad septentrionem. [[Finnia]] inter sinus Finnicum et Botnicum iacet; [[Alandia]] loco, ubi sinus separantur, cum [[Portus Mariae|Portu Mariae]] capite iacet, et [[Aboa]] Fnniae totius caput pristinum haud longe sita est.

Sinus Finnici litus meridionali Estonicus et Russicus ([[regio Leninopolitana]]) est. [[Castrum Danorum]] Estoniae caput in litore sinus Finnici iacet necnon [[Petropolis]], Russiae urbs secunda a maxima. In ostio [[Neva]]e fluminis, quae in sinum aquam lacuum [[Saimaa]]e, [[Ladoga]]e, [[lacus Onega|Onega]]e, [[lacus Ilmenus|Ilmeni]] affert, Petropolis aedificatum est. Ceteri portus Russici in sinu Finnico [[Viburgum (Russia)|Viburgum]], [[Oranienbaumium]], [[Lugae Ostium]] sunt. In litore sinus Finnici septentrionali [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingia]] Finniae caput necnon aliae urbes Finnicae sitae sunt.

[[Fasciculus:Oulu1800.jpg|thumb|[[Uloa]] urbs Finnica in litore sinus Bothnici (imago anno 1800 facta)]]
[[Tornia]] urbs Finnica et [[Haparanda]] Suecica ad extremitatem sinus Bothnici (et maris totius) septentrionalem aedificatae sunt. Litus partis principalis maris septentrionale et litus sinus Bothnici occidentale [[Suecia|Suecica]] sunt. Hic ad mare et [[Holmia]] civitatis caput stat.

Duae insulae magnae mari medio iacent: [[Gothlandia]] Suecica et [[Boringia]] Danica.
[[Fasciculus:Peter benois.jpg|thumb|[[Petrus Magnus]] in litore sinus Finnici Petropoli nondum condita ([[Alexander Benois|Alexandri Benois]] pictura, 1916)]]

==Indices==

[[Fasciculus:East coast near Warnicken, Konigsberg, East Prussia, Germany-LCCN2002696124.jpg|thumb|Litus Balticum in [[Borussia Orientalis|Borussia Orientali]] (chartula saeculi XIX exeuntis)]]
===Insulae===
Tot insulae in Mari Baltico sunt, ut numerus exactus eorum referri non posset (praecipue in sinibus Finnico et Bothnico, ubi prope litora multa milia insularum et saxorum ''[[skär]]'' generis iacent). Insulae maiores e.g. sunt:
* Finnia: [[Alandia]]
* Suecia:  [[Gothlandia]] et [[Olandia]]
* Estonia: [[Osilia]], [[Daghoa]],  [[Mona (Estonia)|Mona]], [[Wrangera]] et [[Terra Feminarum]]
* Russia: [[Hogelandia]], [[Insula Robusta|Robusta]] etc. (v. [[Sinus Finnicus#Insulae|Insulae sinus Finnici]])
* Polonia: [[Iulina]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Ioannes Georgius Theodorus Graesse|J. G. Th. Graesse]], ''[[Orbis Latinus]]'', [[Brunsvicum|Brunopoli]] 1972, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/0005/bsb00050913/images/index.html?id=00050913&amp;nativeno=314 vol. II, p. 314].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Wolin'')
* Polonia Germaniaque: [[Usedomia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmann&quot;&gt;{{Hofmannus}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (''Usedom'')
* Germania: [[Rugia]], [[Insula Hedini]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lünig 1713&quot;&gt;Lünig, J. C. (1713). Corpus Iuris Territorialis Germanici: Continens Diplomata, Privilegia, Statuta, Aliaque Instrumenta Historico-Iuridica. Impensis Haeredum Lanckisianorum. Theodisce ''Hiddensee''&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce Hiddensee''), [[Femera]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/0005/bsb00050913/images/index.html?id=00050913&amp;nativeno=61 vol. II, p. 61].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Fehmarn'')
* Dania: [[Selandia]], [[Fionia]], [[Lalandia]], [[Boringia]]

[[Fasciculus:Suursaari.jpg|thumb|[[Hogelandia]] insula in sinu Finnico]]

=== Flumina ===
Maxima flumina mari Baltico adfluentia sunt: 
{{div col|2}}
* [[Travena]] ([[Germania]]), 
* [[Viadua]] sive ''Oder'' sive ''Odra'' (Germania [[Polonia]]que), 
* [[Vistula]] sive ''Weichsel'' sive ''Wisla'' (Polonia), 
* [[Pregella]] ([[regio Kaliningradensis]] [[Russia]]e)
* [[Memela flumen|Memela]] sive ''Neman'' sive ''Nemunas'' ([[Lituania]] et [[regio Kaliningradensis]]), 
* [[Winda]] (Lettonia),  
* [[Missa (flumen)|Missa]] (Lettonia), 
* [[Duina Occidentalis]] ([[Lettonia]]),  
* [[Saletsa (flumen)|Saletsa]] ([[Lettonia]]),  
* [[Coiwa]] (Lettonia), 
* [[Mater Aquarum]] ([[Estonia]]),  
* [[Narva (flumen)|Narva]] (Russia et Estonia), 
* [[Luga (flumen)|Luga]] (Russia),
* [[Neva]] (Russia), 
* ''[[Aurajoki]]'' ([[Finnia]]),
* [[Ula (flumen Finniae)|Ula]] (Finnia), 
* [[Torna]] (Finnia et [[Suecia]]).
{{div col end}}

[[Fasciculus:Baltic beach sand containing amber.jpg|thumb|Harena litoris Baltici, ubi sucinum inter lapides videtur]]

=== Portus vel urbes ad litora sitae===
{{div col|3}}
* Daniae:
** [[Hafnia]]
* Germaniae:
** [[Flensburgum]]
** [[Kielia]]
** [[Lubeca]]
** [[Rostochium]]
* Poloniae:
** [[Stettinum]]
** [[Civitas Gdinensis]]
** [[Gedania]]
* Russiae, regionis Calininopoltanae:
** [[Pillavia]]
** [[Calininopolis]]
** [[Labiavia]]
* Lituaniae:
** [[Memela]]
*Lettoniae:
** [[Liba]]
** [[Vindovia]]
** [[Riga]]
** [[Saletsa]]
* Estoniae:
** [[Pernavia]] 
** [[Hapsalia]]
** [[Tallinna|Castrum Danorum]] 
* Russiae, regionis Leninopoltanae:
**[[Coporium]]
** [[Oranienbaumium]]
** [[Peterhofium|Petri aula]]
** [[Strelna]]
** [[Cronstadium]]
** [[Petropolis]]
** [[Viburgum (Russia)|Viburgum]] (et [[Tralesonda]])
* Finniae:
** [[Fredericia (Finnia)|Fredericia]]
** [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsinkium]]
** [[Aboa]]
** [[Vallis Gratiae]]
** [[Portus Mariae]]
** [[Neostadium]]
** [[Arctopolis]]
**[[Vaasa]]
** [[Carolina Vetus]]
** [[Uloa (urbs)|Uloa]]
**[[Tornia]]
* Sueciae:
** [[Lula (Suecia)|Lula]]
** [[Hernosandia]]
** [[Sundsvallia]]
** [[Gevalia]]
** [[Holmia]]
** [[Caroli Portus]]
{{div col end}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Nexus interni==

*[[Carta Marina]]
*[[Regio Baltica]]
*[[Sinus Codanus]]
*[[Baltia]]
*[[Hansa]]

== Bibliographia ==
*Ojaveer H., A. Jaanus, B. R. MacKenzie, G. Martin, S. Olenin, et al. [[2010]]. &quot;Status of Biodiversity in the Baltic Sea.&quot; ''[[PLoS ONE]]'' 5(9):e12467. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012467.

== Nexus externi ==
{{fontes geographici}}

[[Categoria:Mare Balticum|!]]
[[Categoria:Maria marginalia Oceani Atlantici]]
[[Categoria:Balticum]]
{{1000 paginae}}
{{Myrias|Geographia}}</text>
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{{res|Mare Balticum}}&lt;ref&gt;Vilborg, Ebbe, ''Nordstedts svensk-latinska ordbok''. Ed. 2a, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mare Balticum&quot;: {{Egger SL|30}}. Cf. titulum operis Caroli Adolphi Forselii ''Disquisitio caussarum Sveciam bellis trans mare Balticum implicantium'' (1830) {{Google Books|b8NbAAAAcAAJ}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mare Suecicum ... vide Mare Balticum&quot;: {{Hofmannus}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Graesse|t=Balticum mare}}&lt;/ref&gt; est magnum [[mare marginale]] [[oceanus Atlanticus|oceani Atlantici]] in [[Europa]] situm. [[Paeninsula]]m [[Scandinavia|Scandinavicam]] a ceteris partibus Europae dividit.

== Nomen ==
[[Fasciculus:Regio-Balticum-Latine.png|thumb|Tabula maris Baltici et regiones circumpositae]]
[[Fasciculus:BalticSea March2000 NASA-S2000084115409.png|thumb|Maris Baltici e spatio photographema mense Martio facta: pars sinus Bothnici et pars sinus Finnici nondum glacie liberatae sunt]]
[[Cornelius Tacitus|Tacitus]] hoc {{res|mare Suebicum}} nominat&lt;ref&gt;''[[De origine et situ Germanorum]]'' [http://latin.packhum.org/loc/1351/2/44/384-397@1 45.2.2].&lt;/ref&gt; (de [[Suebi|Sueborum]] gente), alia nomina antiqua sunt {{res|mare Sarmaticum}} (de [[Sarmatae|Sarmatarum]] gente; nomen e [[Graece|Graeco]] Σαρματικὸς ὠκεανός derivatum est&lt;ref&gt;[[Claudius Ptolemaeus|Ptolemaei]] ''[[Geographia (Ptolemaeus)|Geographia]]'' I 3, 5.&lt;/ref&gt;) vel {{res|mare Codanum}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Graesse|t=Balticum mare}}&lt;/ref&gt; vel  {{res|mare Barbaricum}}. Mare Balticum a terra [[Baltia]], quam etiam Graeci auctores memorabant, sic appellatur. Primo in ''[[Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum|Gestis Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum]]'' [[Adamus Bremensis|Adami Bremensis]] hoc nomen invenitur. Interdum et {{res|mare Orientale}}&lt;ref&gt;V. [[:commons:File:Tabula_navigatoria_maris_orientalis_-_btv1b53235857n_(1_of_2).jpg|Tabulam navigatoriam Maris Orientalis]], anno 1641 factam.&lt;/ref&gt;, ut in multis llinguis hodiernis, nominatur.  

[[Fasciculus:Atlas Van der Hagen-KW1049B10 060-DUCATUS POMERANIAE Tabula Generalis, in qua sunt DUCATUS POMERANIAE, STETTINENSIS CASSUBIAE, VANDALIAE et BARDENSIS, PRINCIPATUS RUGIAE ac INSULAE, COMITATUS GUSKOVIENSIS.jpeg|thumb|Litus maris Baltici meridionale (tabula {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Fredericus de Wit|Frederici de Wit|en|qid=Q1402952}})]]
Si linguas populorum nunc litora maris colentium enumeremus, nomen [[Theodisce|Theodiscum]] (''Ostsee''), [[Suecice|Suecicum]] (''Östersjön''), [[Danice|Danicum]] (''Østersøen'') et [[Finnice|Finnicum]] (''Itämeri'') significant ''mare Orientale'', [[Estonice|Estonicum]] (''Läänemeri'') a contrario ''mare Occidentale'', cetera ([[Lettonice|Lettonicum]] ''Baltijas jūra'', [[Lituane|Lituanum]] ''Baltijos jūra'', [[Polonice|Polonicum]] ''Morze Baltyckie'', [[Russice|Russicum]] ''Балтийское море'', [[Lingua Cassubica|Cassubicum]] ''Bôłt'') ''mare Balticum''.

== Facta ==
* Superficies: 413&amp;thinsp;000 [[chiliometrum quadratum|chm²]]
* Aquae copia: 21&amp;thinsp;600 chm³
* Maxima altitudo: 459 [[metrum|m]]
* Altitudo peraeque ducta: 52 m

==Origo geologica==

Mare Balticum non super [[Cortex Telluris|corticem]] oceanicum, sed super continentalem iacet et minime vetus est. Ante [[Glaciatio quaternaria|glaciationem quaternariam]] hic [[Eridanus (geologia)|Eridanus]] flumen praehistoricum maximum fluebat; in [[Lapponia]] oriebatur et loco [[Nederlandia]]e hodiernae [[delta fluminis|delta]] maximum habebat, per quod in [[mare Germanicum]] effundebatur. [[Taiga]] [[pelvis siccationis|pelvem siccationis]] Eridani occupabat. [[Aevum glaciale|Aetate glaciali]] omnis Eridani vallis glaciario operta erat, et [[resina]] arborum silvae Eridanensis [[sucinum]] Balticum facta est.

Glaciario recedente, circa 14 milibus annorum ante, primo lacus [[aqua dulcis|aquae dulcis]] loco maris Baltici ortum est. Circa 10 milibus annorum ante fretum, cum Oceano eum coniungens, loco Sueciae mediae ortum est, ubi nunc [[Lacus Melorus|Melorus]] lacus situs est. Hoc mare ''Ioldium'' nominatur. Circa 9 milibus annorum ante haec fretum terra elevante exsiccatur, et iterum lacus formatum est. Freta Danica, quae nunc mare Balticum cum Oceano coniungunt, circa 7,5 milibus annorum ante apparuerunt, sed formam fere hodiernam mare tantum circa 4 milibus annorum ante accepit, cum [[Neva]] flumen, aquae molem maiorem ferens, orta est.
[[Fasciculus:Hugo Knorr Ostseestrand.jpg|thumb|Litus Balticum ([[Hugo Knorr|Hugonis Knorr]] pictura, 1880)]]

== Descriptio ==

[[Mare Germanicum|Oceano Fresonico]] — et sic [[Oceanus Atlanticus|Oceano Atlantico]] — apud [[Tastris|Tastrem]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Plinius Maior|Plinii]] ''[[Naturalis historia (Plinius)|Hist. nat.]]'' IV 97.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Danice]]; ''Skagen'') [[Sinus Cimbricus|sinu Cimbrico]] et [[Kattegat|Kattegat freto]] coniunctum est. Alia freta in archipelago Danico mare cum oceano ligantia sunt freta Baltica [[Balticum Fretum Maius|maius]] et [[Balticum Fretum Minus|minus]] necnon [[Fretum Oresundicum|Oresundicum]] fretum. Ab anno 1895 etiam [[canalis Germanicobalticus]] artificialis maria Balticum et Germanicum coniungit. Sed permultis fluminibus magnis in mare influentibus [[sal]]initas aquae Balticae minor quam aquae [[oceanus|oceanorum]] est.

[[Fasciculus:AIDAcara on Kiel Canal.jpg|thumb|Navis marina per canalem Germanicobalticum navigat]]
Maris partes praecipuae sunt [[Venedicum mare]] (quod et [[sinus Venedicus]]&lt;ref&gt;Nunc ''sinus [[Gedanum|Gedanensis]]'' appellari solet.&lt;/ref&gt;) sinusque [[Sinus Bothnicus|Bothnicus]], [[Sinus Finnicus|Finnicus]] et [[Sinus Rigensis|Rigensis]]. Duae [[Lacuna (mare)|lacuna]]e magnae, [[lingua terrae|linguis terrae]] longissimis a mari separatae et fretis tenuibus coniunctae, ad partem maris meridie-orientalem adiacent; hae [[Recens lacus]] et [[Curonicus lacus]] nominantur.

Civitates vicinae sunt [[Suecia]], [[Finnia]], [[Russia]], [[Estonia]], [[Lettonia]], [[Lituania]], [[Polonia]], [[Germania]] [[Dania]]que. 

[[Fasciculus:FrozenTallinn.jpg|thumb|Castri Danorum de mari despectus glacie rupta]]
[[Index insularum Danicarum|Archipelagus Danicus]] in parte maris occidentalis iacet. Ad meridiem ab eo litora Germanica patent, ad terras foederales [[Slesvicum et Holsatia]]m et [[Megapolis et Pomerania Citerior|Megapolim et Pomeraniam Citeriorem]] pertinentes. [[Flensburgum]] et [[Kielia|Chilonium]] et [[Lubeca]] et [[Rostochium]] urbes hic ad litus sitae suunt. [[Viadrus|Viadri]] ostium terras Germanicas et Polonicas dividit; in sinum [[sinus Stetinensis|sinum Stetinensem]], a mari insulis [[Usedomia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmann&quot;&gt;{{Hofmannus}}.&lt;/ref&gt; et [[Iulina]] separatum, Viadrus influit; hic et [[Stettinum|Stetinum]] urbs iacet.

[[Fasciculus:Baltic Sea clouds.jpg|thumb|Mare Balticum [[nubes|nubibus]] in [[caelum|caelo]] ornatum]]
[[Sinus Venedicus]] litora Poloniae alluit; [[Civitas Gdinensis]] et [[Gedanum]] urbes magnae hic sitae sunt, et [[Vistula]] flumen Poloniae magnum hic in mare influit. Cum sinu Venedico et [[Recens lacus]] coniungitur, in quo [[Pregella]] influit, in ostio cuius [[Calininopolis]] urbs sita est. Prope [[Pillavia]]m litus Balticum ad septentrionem vertit; altera lacuna magna [[Curonicus lacus|Curonica]] hic iacet, in quam [[Nemenus]] influit et [[Memela]] urbs [[Lituania]]e portus in ostio eius aedificata est. 

In litora [[Lettonia]]e ([[Curlandia]]e priscae) [[sinus Rigensis]] longe irrumpit; a septentrione [[Osilia]] insula [[Estonia]]e magna sinus a mari separatus est. [[Duna]] flumen magnum in sinum Rigensem effluit, et [[Riga]] caput Lettoniae in ostio eius sita est.

[[Fasciculus:Port of Sain Petersburg Russia 2009 0073.JPG|thumb|In portu Petropolitana]]
Ad septentrionem ab Estonia in duos sinus maximos et longissimos mare Balticum dividitur; [[sinus Finnicus]] ad orientem tenditur et [[sinus Bothnicus]] ad septentrionem. [[Finnia]] inter sinus Finnicum et Botnicum iacet; [[Alandia]] loco, ubi sinus separantur, cum [[Portus Mariae|Portu Mariae]] capite iacet, et [[Aboa]] Fnniae totius caput pristinum haud longe sita est.

Sinus Finnici litus meridionali Estonicus et Russicus ([[regio Leninopolitana]]) est. [[Castrum Danorum]] Estoniae caput in litore sinus Finnici iacet necnon [[Petropolis]], Russiae urbs secunda a maxima. In ostio [[Neva]]e fluminis, quae in sinum aquam lacuum [[Saimaa]]e, [[Ladoga]]e, [[lacus Onega|Onega]]e, [[lacus Ilmenus|Ilmeni]] affert, Petropolis aedificatum est. Ceteri portus Russici in sinu Finnico [[Viburgum (Russia)|Viburgum]], [[Oranienbaumium]], [[Lugae Ostium]] sunt. In litore sinus Finnici septentrionali [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingia]] Finniae caput necnon aliae urbes Finnicae sitae sunt.

[[Fasciculus:Oulu1800.jpg|thumb|[[Uloa]] urbs Finnica in litore sinus Bothnici (imago anno 1800 facta)]]
[[Tornia]] urbs Finnica et [[Haparanda]] Suecica ad extremitatem sinus Bothnici (et maris totius) septentrionalem aedificatae sunt. Litus partis principalis maris septentrionale et litus sinus Bothnici occidentale [[Suecia|Suecica]] sunt. Hic ad mare et [[Holmia]] civitatis caput stat.

Duae insulae magnae mari medio iacent: [[Gothlandia]] Suecica et [[Boringia]] Danica.
[[Fasciculus:Peter benois.jpg|thumb|[[Petrus Magnus]] in litore sinus Finnici Petropoli nondum condita ([[Alexander Benois|Alexandri Benois]] pictura, 1916)]]

==Indices==

[[Fasciculus:East coast near Warnicken, Konigsberg, East Prussia, Germany-LCCN2002696124.jpg|thumb|Litus Balticum in [[Borussia Orientalis|Borussia Orientali]] (chartula saeculi XIX exeuntis)]]
===Insulae===
Tot insulae in Mari Baltico sunt, ut numerus exactus eorum referri non posset (praecipue in sinibus Finnico et Bothnico, ubi prope litora multa milia insularum et saxorum ''[[skär]]'' generis iacent). Insulae maiores e.g. sunt:
* Finnia: [[Alandia]]
* Suecia:  [[Gothlandia]] et [[Olandia]]
* Estonia: [[Osilia]], [[Daghoa]],  [[Mona (Estonia)|Mona]], [[Wrangera]] et [[Terra Feminarum]]
* Russia: [[Hogelandia]], [[Insula Robusta|Robusta]] etc. (v. [[Sinus Finnicus#Insulae|Insulae sinus Finnici]])
* Polonia: [[Iulina]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Ioannes Georgius Theodorus Graesse|J. G. Th. Graesse]], ''[[Orbis Latinus]]'', [[Brunsvicum|Brunopoli]] 1972, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/0005/bsb00050913/images/index.html?id=00050913&amp;nativeno=314 vol. II, p. 314].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Wolin'')
* Polonia Germaniaque: [[Usedomia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmann&quot;&gt;{{Hofmannus}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (''Usedom'')
* Germania: [[Rugia]], [[Insula Hedini]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lünig 1713&quot;&gt;Lünig, J. C. (1713). Corpus Iuris Territorialis Germanici: Continens Diplomata, Privilegia, Statuta, Aliaque Instrumenta Historico-Iuridica. Impensis Haeredum Lanckisianorum. Theodisce ''Hiddensee''&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce Hiddensee''), [[Femera]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/0005/bsb00050913/images/index.html?id=00050913&amp;nativeno=61 vol. II, p. 61].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Fehmarn'')
* Dania: [[Selandia]], [[Fionia]], [[Lalandia]], [[Boringia]]

[[Fasciculus:Suursaari.jpg|thumb|[[Hogelandia]] insula in sinu Finnico]]

=== Flumina ===
Maxima flumina mari Baltico adfluentia sunt: 
{{div col|2}}
* [[Travena]] ([[Germania]]), 
* [[Viadua]] sive ''Oder'' sive ''Odra'' (Germania [[Polonia]]que), 
* [[Vistula]] sive ''Weichsel'' sive ''Wisla'' (Polonia), 
* [[Pregella]] ([[regio Kaliningradensis]] [[Russia]]e)
* [[Memela flumen|Memela]] sive ''Neman'' sive ''Nemunas'' ([[Lituania]] et [[regio Kaliningradensis]]), 
* [[Winda]] (Lettonia),  
* [[Missa (flumen)|Missa]] (Lettonia), 
* [[Duina Occidentalis]] ([[Lettonia]]),  
* [[Saletsa (flumen)|Saletsa]] ([[Lettonia]]),  
* [[Coiwa]] (Lettonia), 
* [[Mater Aquarum]] ([[Estonia]]),  
* [[Narva (flumen)|Narva]] (Russia et Estonia), 
* [[Luga (flumen)|Luga]] (Russia),
* [[Neva]] (Russia), 
* ''[[Aurajoki]]'' ([[Finnia]]),
* [[Ula (flumen Finniae)|Ula]] (Finnia), 
* [[Torna]] (Finnia et [[Suecia]]).
{{div col end}}

[[Fasciculus:Baltic beach sand containing amber.jpg|thumb|Harena litoris Baltici, ubi sucinum inter lapides videtur]]

=== Portus vel urbes ad litora sitae===
{{div col|3}}
* Daniae:
** [[Hafnia]]
* Germaniae:
** [[Flensburgum]]
** [[Kielia]]
** [[Lubeca]]
** [[Rostochium]]
* Poloniae:
** [[Stettinum]]
** [[Civitas Gdinensis]]
** [[Gedania]]
* Russiae, regionis Calininopoltanae:
** [[Pillavia]]
** [[Calininopolis]]
** [[Labiavia]]
* Lituaniae:
** [[Memela]]
*Lettoniae:
** [[Liba]]
** [[Vindovia]]
** [[Riga]]
** [[Saletsa]]
* Estoniae:
** [[Pernavia]] 
** [[Hapsalia]]
** [[Tallinna|Castrum Danorum]] 
* Russiae, regionis Leninopoltanae:
**[[Coporium]]
** [[Oranienbaumium]]
** [[Peterhofium|Petri aula]]
** [[Strelna]]
** [[Cronstadium]]
** [[Petropolis]]
** [[Viburgum (Russia)|Viburgum]] (et [[Tralesonda]])
* Finniae:
** [[Fredericia (Finnia)|Fredericia]]
** [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsinkium]]
** [[Aboa]]
** [[Vallis Gratiae]]
** [[Portus Mariae]]
** [[Neostadium]]
** [[Arctopolis]]
**[[Vaasa]]
** [[Carolina Vetus]]
** [[Uloa (urbs)|Uloa]]
**[[Tornia]]
* Sueciae:
** [[Lula (Suecia)|Lula]]
** [[Hernosandia]]
** [[Sundsvallia]]
** [[Gevalia]]
** [[Holmia]]
** [[Caroli Portus]]
{{div col end}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Nexus interni==

*[[Carta Marina]]
*[[Regio Baltica]]
*[[Sinus Codanus]]
*[[Baltia]]
*[[Hansa]]

== Bibliographia ==
*Ojaveer H., A. Jaanus, B. R. MacKenzie, G. Martin, S. Olenin, et al. [[2010]]. &quot;Status of Biodiversity in the Baltic Sea.&quot; ''[[PLoS ONE]]'' 5(9):e12467. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012467.

== Nexus externi ==
{{fontes geographici}}

[[Categoria:Mare Balticum|!]]
[[Categoria:Maria marginalia Oceani Atlantici]]
[[Categoria:Balticum]]
{{1000 paginae}}
{{Myrias|Geographia}}</text>
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      <text bytes="13543" sha1="tnmdyo4sfjc68dlcch1rszjn8lrhgko" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Carta Marina.jpeg|thumb|[[Carta Marina]]]]

{{res|Mare Balticum}}&lt;ref&gt;Vilborg, Ebbe, ''Nordstedts svensk-latinska ordbok''. Ed. 2a, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mare Balticum&quot;: {{Egger SL|30}}. Cf. titulum operis Caroli Adolphi Forselii ''Disquisitio caussarum Sveciam bellis trans mare Balticum implicantium'' (1830) {{Google Books|b8NbAAAAcAAJ}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mare Suecicum ... vide Mare Balticum&quot;: {{Hofmannus}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Graesse|t=Balticum mare}}&lt;/ref&gt; est magnum [[mare marginale]] [[oceanus Atlanticus|oceani Atlantici]] in [[Europa]] situm. [[Paeninsula]]m [[Scandinavia|Scandinavicam]] a ceteris partibus Europae dividit.

== Nomen ==
[[Fasciculus:Regio-Balticum-Latine.png|thumb|Tabula maris Baltici et regiones circumpositae]]
[[Fasciculus:BalticSea March2000 NASA-S2000084115409.png|thumb|Maris Baltici e spatio photographema mense Martio facta: pars sinus Bothnici et pars sinus Finnici nondum glacie liberatae sunt]]
[[Cornelius Tacitus|Tacitus]] hoc {{res|mare Suebicum}} nominat&lt;ref&gt;''[[De origine et situ Germanorum]]'' [http://latin.packhum.org/loc/1351/2/44/384-397@1 45.2.2].&lt;/ref&gt; (de [[Suebi|Sueborum]] gente), alia nomina antiqua sunt {{res|mare Sarmaticum}} (de [[Sarmatae|Sarmatarum]] gente; nomen e [[Graece|Graeco]] Σαρματικὸς ὠκεανός derivatum est&lt;ref&gt;[[Claudius Ptolemaeus|Ptolemaei]] ''[[Geographia (Ptolemaeus)|Geographia]]'' I 3, 5.&lt;/ref&gt;) vel {{res|mare Codanum}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Graesse|t=Balticum mare}}&lt;/ref&gt; vel  {{res|mare Barbaricum}}. Balticum a terra [[Baltia]], quam etiam Graeci auctores memorabant, appellatur. Primo in ''[[Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum|Gestis Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum]]'' [[Adamus Bremensis|Adami Bremensis]] hoc nomen invenitur. Interdum et {{res|mare Orientale}}&lt;ref&gt;V. [[:commons:File:Tabula_navigatoria_maris_orientalis_-_btv1b53235857n_(1_of_2).jpg|Tabulam navigatoriam Maris Orientalis]], anno 1641 factam.&lt;/ref&gt;, ut in multis llinguis hodiernis, nominatur.  

[[Fasciculus:Atlas Van der Hagen-KW1049B10 060-DUCATUS POMERANIAE Tabula Generalis, in qua sunt DUCATUS POMERANIAE, STETTINENSIS CASSUBIAE, VANDALIAE et BARDENSIS, PRINCIPATUS RUGIAE ac INSULAE, COMITATUS GUSKOVIENSIS.jpeg|thumb|Litus maris Baltici meridionale (tabula {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Fredericus de Wit|Frederici de Wit|en|qid=Q1402952}})]]
Si linguas populorum nunc litora maris colentium enumeremus, nomen [[Theodisce|Theodiscum]] (''Ostsee''), [[Suecice|Suecicum]] (''Östersjön''), [[Danice|Danicum]] (''Østersøen'') et [[Finnice|Finnicum]] (''Itämeri'') significant ''mare Orientale'', [[Estonice|Estonicum]] (''Läänemeri'') a contrario ''mare Occidentale'', cetera ([[Lettonice|Lettonicum]] ''Baltijas jūra'', [[Lituane|Lituanum]] ''Baltijos jūra'', [[Polonice|Polonicum]] ''Morze Baltyckie'', [[Russice|Russicum]] ''Балтийское море'', [[Lingua Cassubica|Cassubicum]] ''Bôłt'') ''mare Balticum''.

== Facta ==
* Superficies: 413&amp;thinsp;000 [[chiliometrum quadratum|chm²]]
* Aquae copia: 21&amp;thinsp;600 chm³
* Maxima altitudo: 459 [[metrum|m]]
* Altitudo peraeque ducta: 52 m

==Origo geologica==

Mare Balticum non super [[Cortex Telluris|corticem]] oceanicum, sed super continentalem iacet et minime vetus est. Ante [[Glaciatio quaternaria|glaciationem quaternariam]] hic [[Eridanus (geologia)|Eridanus]] flumen praehistoricum maximum fluebat; in [[Lapponia]] oriebatur et loco [[Nederlandia]]e hodiernae [[delta fluminis|delta]] maximum habebat, per quod in [[mare Germanicum]] effundebatur. [[Taiga]] [[pelvis siccationis|pelvem siccationis]] Eridani occupabat. [[Aevum glaciale|Aetate glaciali]] omnis Eridani vallis glaciario operta erat, et [[resina]] arborum silvae Eridanensis [[sucinum]] Balticum facta est.

Glaciario recedente, circa 14 milibus annorum ante, primo lacus [[aqua dulcis|aquae dulcis]] loco maris Baltici ortum est. Circa 10 milibus annorum ante fretum, cum Oceano eum coniungens, loco Sueciae mediae ortum est, ubi nunc [[Lacus Melorus|Melorus]] lacus situs est. Hoc mare ''Ioldium'' nominatur. Circa 9 milibus annorum ante haec fretum terra elevante exsiccatur, et iterum lacus formatum est. Freta Danica, quae nunc mare Balticum cum Oceano coniungunt, circa 7,5 milibus annorum ante apparuerunt, sed formam fere hodiernam mare tantum circa 4 milibus annorum ante accepit, cum [[Neva]] flumen, aquae molem maiorem ferens, orta est.
[[Fasciculus:Hugo Knorr Ostseestrand.jpg|thumb|Litus Balticum ([[Hugo Knorr|Hugonis Knorr]] pictura, 1880)]]

== Descriptio ==

[[Mare Germanicum|Oceano Fresonico]] — et sic [[Oceanus Atlanticus|Oceano Atlantico]] — apud [[Tastris|Tastrem]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Plinius Maior|Plinii]] ''[[Naturalis historia (Plinius)|Hist. nat.]]'' IV 97.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Danice]]; ''Skagen'') [[Sinus Cimbricus|sinu Cimbrico]] et [[Kattegat|Kattegat freto]] coniunctum est. Alia freta in archipelago Danico mare cum oceano ligantia sunt freta Baltica [[Balticum Fretum Maius|maius]] et [[Balticum Fretum Minus|minus]] necnon [[Fretum Oresundicum|Oresundicum]] fretum. Ab anno 1895 etiam [[canalis Germanicobalticus]] artificialis maria Balticum et Germanicum coniungit. Sed permultis fluminibus magnis in mare influentibus [[sal]]initas aquae Balticae minor quam aquae [[oceanus|oceanorum]] est.

[[Fasciculus:AIDAcara on Kiel Canal.jpg|thumb|Navis marina per canalem Germanicobalticum navigat]]
Maris partes praecipuae sunt [[Venedicum mare]] (quod et [[sinus Venedicus]]&lt;ref&gt;Nunc ''sinus [[Gedanum|Gedanensis]]'' appellari solet.&lt;/ref&gt;) sinusque [[Sinus Bothnicus|Bothnicus]], [[Sinus Finnicus|Finnicus]] et [[Sinus Rigensis|Rigensis]]. Duae [[Lacuna (mare)|lacuna]]e magnae, [[lingua terrae|linguis terrae]] longissimis a mari separatae et fretis tenuibus coniunctae, ad partem maris meridie-orientalem adiacent; hae [[Recens lacus]] et [[Curonicus lacus]] nominantur.

Civitates vicinae sunt [[Suecia]], [[Finnia]], [[Russia]], [[Estonia]], [[Lettonia]], [[Lituania]], [[Polonia]], [[Germania]] [[Dania]]que. 

[[Fasciculus:FrozenTallinn.jpg|thumb|Castri Danorum de mari despectus glacie rupta]]
[[Index insularum Danicarum|Archipelagus Danicus]] in parte maris occidentalis iacet. Ad meridiem ab eo litora Germanica patent, ad terras foederales [[Slesvicum et Holsatia]]m et [[Megapolis et Pomerania Citerior|Megapolim et Pomeraniam Citeriorem]] pertinentes. [[Flensburgum]] et [[Kielia|Chilonium]] et [[Lubeca]] et [[Rostochium]] urbes hic ad litus sitae suunt. [[Viadrus|Viadri]] ostium terras Germanicas et Polonicas dividit; in sinum [[sinus Stetinensis|sinum Stetinensem]], a mari insulis [[Usedomia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmann&quot;&gt;{{Hofmannus}}.&lt;/ref&gt; et [[Iulina]] separatum, Viadrus influit; hic et [[Stettinum|Stetinum]] urbs iacet.

[[Fasciculus:Baltic Sea clouds.jpg|thumb|Mare Balticum [[nubes|nubibus]] in [[caelum|caelo]] ornatum]]
[[Sinus Venedicus]] litora Poloniae alluit; [[Civitas Gdinensis]] et [[Gedanum]] urbes magnae hic sitae sunt, et [[Vistula]] flumen Poloniae magnum hic in mare influit. Cum sinu Venedico et [[Recens lacus]] coniungitur, in quo [[Pregella]] influit, in ostio cuius [[Calininopolis]] urbs sita est. Prope [[Pillavia]]m litus Balticum ad septentrionem vertit; altera lacuna magna [[Curonicus lacus|Curonica]] hic iacet, in quam [[Nemenus]] influit et [[Memela]] urbs [[Lituania]]e portus in ostio eius aedificata est. 

In litora [[Lettonia]]e ([[Curlandia]]e priscae) [[sinus Rigensis]] longe irrumpit; a septentrione [[Osilia]] insula [[Estonia]]e magna sinus a mari separatus est. [[Duna]] flumen magnum in sinum Rigensem effluit, et [[Riga]] caput Lettoniae in ostio eius sita est.

[[Fasciculus:Port of Sain Petersburg Russia 2009 0073.JPG|thumb|In portu Petropolitana]]
Ad septentrionem ab Estonia in duos sinus maximos et longissimos mare Balticum dividitur; [[sinus Finnicus]] ad orientem tenditur et [[sinus Bothnicus]] ad septentrionem. [[Finnia]] inter sinus Finnicum et Botnicum iacet; [[Alandia]] loco, ubi sinus separantur, cum [[Portus Mariae|Portu Mariae]] capite iacet, et [[Aboa]] Fnniae totius caput pristinum haud longe sita est.

Sinus Finnici litus meridionali Estonicus et Russicus ([[regio Leninopolitana]]) est. [[Castrum Danorum]] Estoniae caput in litore sinus Finnici iacet necnon [[Petropolis]], Russiae urbs secunda a maxima. In ostio [[Neva]]e fluminis, quae in sinum aquam lacuum [[Saimaa]]e, [[Ladoga]]e, [[lacus Onega|Onega]]e, [[lacus Ilmenus|Ilmeni]] affert, Petropolis aedificatum est. Ceteri portus Russici in sinu Finnico [[Viburgum (Russia)|Viburgum]], [[Oranienbaumium]], [[Lugae Ostium]] sunt. In litore sinus Finnici septentrionali [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingia]] Finniae caput necnon aliae urbes Finnicae sitae sunt.

[[Fasciculus:Oulu1800.jpg|thumb|[[Uloa]] urbs Finnica in litore sinus Bothnici (imago anno 1800 facta)]]
[[Tornia]] urbs Finnica et [[Haparanda]] Suecica ad extremitatem sinus Bothnici (et maris totius) septentrionalem aedificatae sunt. Litus partis principalis maris septentrionale et litus sinus Bothnici occidentale [[Suecia|Suecica]] sunt. Hic ad mare et [[Holmia]] civitatis caput stat.

Duae insulae magnae mari medio iacent: [[Gothlandia]] Suecica et [[Boringia]] Danica.
[[Fasciculus:Peter benois.jpg|thumb|[[Petrus Magnus]] in litore sinus Finnici Petropoli nondum condita ([[Alexander Benois|Alexandri Benois]] pictura, 1916)]]

==Indices==

[[Fasciculus:East coast near Warnicken, Konigsberg, East Prussia, Germany-LCCN2002696124.jpg|thumb|Litus Balticum in [[Borussia Orientalis|Borussia Orientali]] (chartula saeculi XIX exeuntis)]]
===Insulae===
Tot insulae in Mari Baltico sunt, ut numerus exactus eorum referri non posset (praecipue in sinibus Finnico et Bothnico, ubi prope litora multa milia insularum et saxorum ''[[skär]]'' generis iacent). Insulae maiores e.g. sunt:
* Finnia: [[Alandia]]
* Suecia:  [[Gothlandia]] et [[Olandia]]
* Estonia: [[Osilia]], [[Daghoa]],  [[Mona (Estonia)|Mona]], [[Wrangera]] et [[Terra Feminarum]]
* Russia: [[Hogelandia]], [[Insula Robusta|Robusta]] etc. (v. [[Sinus Finnicus#Insulae|Insulae sinus Finnici]])
* Polonia: [[Iulina]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Ioannes Georgius Theodorus Graesse|J. G. Th. Graesse]], ''[[Orbis Latinus]]'', [[Brunsvicum|Brunopoli]] 1972, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/0005/bsb00050913/images/index.html?id=00050913&amp;nativeno=314 vol. II, p. 314].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Wolin'')
* Polonia Germaniaque: [[Usedomia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmann&quot;&gt;{{Hofmannus}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (''Usedom'')
* Germania: [[Rugia]], [[Insula Hedini]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lünig 1713&quot;&gt;Lünig, J. C. (1713). Corpus Iuris Territorialis Germanici: Continens Diplomata, Privilegia, Statuta, Aliaque Instrumenta Historico-Iuridica. Impensis Haeredum Lanckisianorum. Theodisce ''Hiddensee''&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce Hiddensee''), [[Femera]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/0005/bsb00050913/images/index.html?id=00050913&amp;nativeno=61 vol. II, p. 61].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Fehmarn'')
* Dania: [[Selandia]], [[Fionia]], [[Lalandia]], [[Boringia]]

[[Fasciculus:Suursaari.jpg|thumb|[[Hogelandia]] insula in sinu Finnico]]

=== Flumina ===
Maxima flumina mari Baltico adfluentia sunt: 
{{div col|2}}
* [[Travena]] ([[Germania]]), 
* [[Viadua]] sive ''Oder'' sive ''Odra'' (Germania [[Polonia]]que), 
* [[Vistula]] sive ''Weichsel'' sive ''Wisla'' (Polonia), 
* [[Pregella]] ([[regio Kaliningradensis]] [[Russia]]e)
* [[Memela flumen|Memela]] sive ''Neman'' sive ''Nemunas'' ([[Lituania]] et [[regio Kaliningradensis]]), 
* [[Winda]] (Lettonia),  
* [[Missa (flumen)|Missa]] (Lettonia), 
* [[Duina Occidentalis]] ([[Lettonia]]),  
* [[Saletsa (flumen)|Saletsa]] ([[Lettonia]]),  
* [[Coiwa]] (Lettonia), 
* [[Mater Aquarum]] ([[Estonia]]),  
* [[Narva (flumen)|Narva]] (Russia et Estonia), 
* [[Luga (flumen)|Luga]] (Russia),
* [[Neva]] (Russia), 
* ''[[Aurajoki]]'' ([[Finnia]]),
* [[Ula (flumen Finniae)|Ula]] (Finnia), 
* [[Torna]] (Finnia et [[Suecia]]).
{{div col end}}

[[Fasciculus:Baltic beach sand containing amber.jpg|thumb|Harena litoris Baltici, ubi sucinum inter lapides videtur]]

=== Portus vel urbes ad litora sitae===
{{div col|3}}
* Daniae:
** [[Hafnia]]
* Germaniae:
** [[Flensburgum]]
** [[Kielia]]
** [[Lubeca]]
** [[Rostochium]]
* Poloniae:
** [[Stettinum]]
** [[Civitas Gdinensis]]
** [[Gedania]]
* Russiae, regionis Calininopoltanae:
** [[Pillavia]]
** [[Calininopolis]]
** [[Labiavia]]
* Lituaniae:
** [[Memela]]
*Lettoniae:
** [[Liba]]
** [[Vindovia]]
** [[Riga]]
** [[Saletsa]]
* Estoniae:
** [[Pernavia]] 
** [[Hapsalia]]
** [[Tallinna|Castrum Danorum]] 
* Russiae, regionis Leninopoltanae:
**[[Coporium]]
** [[Oranienbaumium]]
** [[Peterhofium|Petri aula]]
** [[Strelna]]
** [[Cronstadium]]
** [[Petropolis]]
** [[Viburgum (Russia)|Viburgum]] (et [[Tralesonda]])
* Finniae:
** [[Fredericia (Finnia)|Fredericia]]
** [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsinkium]]
** [[Aboa]]
** [[Vallis Gratiae]]
** [[Portus Mariae]]
** [[Neostadium]]
** [[Arctopolis]]
**[[Vaasa]]
** [[Carolina Vetus]]
** [[Uloa (urbs)|Uloa]]
**[[Tornia]]
* Sueciae:
** [[Lula (Suecia)|Lula]]
** [[Hernosandia]]
** [[Sundsvallia]]
** [[Gevalia]]
** [[Holmia]]
** [[Caroli Portus]]
{{div col end}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Nexus interni==

*[[Carta Marina]]
*[[Regio Baltica]]
*[[Sinus Codanus]]
*[[Baltia]]
*[[Hansa]]

== Bibliographia ==
*Ojaveer H., A. Jaanus, B. R. MacKenzie, G. Martin, S. Olenin, et al. [[2010]]. &quot;Status of Biodiversity in the Baltic Sea.&quot; ''[[PLoS ONE]]'' 5(9):e12467. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012467.

== Nexus externi ==
{{fontes geographici}}

[[Categoria:Mare Balticum|!]]
[[Categoria:Maria marginalia Oceani Atlantici]]
[[Categoria:Balticum]]
{{1000 paginae}}
{{Myrias|Geographia}}</text>
      <sha1>tnmdyo4sfjc68dlcch1rszjn8lrhgko</sha1>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>81729</id>
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      <text bytes="13568" sha1="i6fokvf7cmrrlc0my5cd7cheyjqp6yu" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Carta Marina.jpeg|thumb|[[Carta Marina]]]]

{{res|Mare Balticum}}&lt;ref&gt;Vilborg, Ebbe, ''Nordstedts svensk-latinska ordbok''. Ed. 2a, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mare Balticum&quot;: {{Egger SL|30}}. Cf. titulum operis Caroli Adolphi Forselii ''Disquisitio caussarum Sveciam bellis trans mare Balticum implicantium'' (1830) {{Google Books|b8NbAAAAcAAJ}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mare Suecicum ... vide Mare Balticum&quot;: {{Hofmannus}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Graesse|t=Balticum mare}}&lt;/ref&gt; est magnum [[mare marginale]] [[oceanus Atlanticus|oceani Atlantici]] in [[Europa]] situm. [[Paeninsula]]m [[Scandinavia|Scandinavicam]] a ceteris partibus Europae dividit.

== Nomen ==
[[Fasciculus:Regio-Balticum-Latine.png|thumb|Tabula maris Baltici et regiones circumpositae]]
[[Fasciculus:BalticSea March2000 NASA-S2000084115409.png|thumb|Maris Baltici e spatio photographema mense Martio facta: pars sinus Bothnici et pars sinus Finnici nondum glacie liberatae sunt]]
[[Cornelius Tacitus|Tacitus]] hoc {{res|mare Suebicum}} nominat&lt;ref&gt;''[[De origine et situ Germanorum]]'' [http://latin.packhum.org/loc/1351/2/44/384-397@1 45.2.2].&lt;/ref&gt; (de [[Suebi|Sueborum]] gente), alia nomina antiqua sunt {{res|mare Sarmaticum}} (de [[Sarmatae|Sarmatarum]] gente; nomen e [[Graece|Graeco]] Σαρματικὸς ὠκεανός derivatum est&lt;ref&gt;[[Claudius Ptolemaeus|Ptolemaei]] ''[[Geographia (Ptolemaeus)|Geographia]]'' I 3, 5.&lt;/ref&gt;) vel {{res|mare Codanum}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Graesse|t=Balticum mare}}&lt;/ref&gt; vel {{res|mare Gothicum}} vel {{res|mare Barbaricum}}. Balticum a terra [[Baltia]], quam etiam Graeci auctores memorabant, appellatur. Primo in ''[[Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum|Gestis Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum]]'' [[Adamus Bremensis|Adami Bremensis]] hoc nomen invenitur. Interdum et {{res|mare Orientale}}&lt;ref&gt;V. [[:commons:File:Tabula_navigatoria_maris_orientalis_-_btv1b53235857n_(1_of_2).jpg|Tabulam navigatoriam Maris Orientalis]], anno 1641 factam.&lt;/ref&gt;, ut in multis llinguis hodiernis, nominatur.  

[[Fasciculus:Atlas Van der Hagen-KW1049B10 060-DUCATUS POMERANIAE Tabula Generalis, in qua sunt DUCATUS POMERANIAE, STETTINENSIS CASSUBIAE, VANDALIAE et BARDENSIS, PRINCIPATUS RUGIAE ac INSULAE, COMITATUS GUSKOVIENSIS.jpeg|thumb|Litus maris Baltici meridionale (tabula {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Fredericus de Wit|Frederici de Wit|en|qid=Q1402952}})]]
Si linguas populorum nunc litora maris colentium enumeremus, nomen [[Theodisce|Theodiscum]] (''Ostsee''), [[Suecice|Suecicum]] (''Östersjön''), [[Danice|Danicum]] (''Østersøen'') et [[Finnice|Finnicum]] (''Itämeri'') significant ''mare Orientale'', [[Estonice|Estonicum]] (''Läänemeri'') a contrario ''mare Occidentale'', cetera ([[Lettonice|Lettonicum]] ''Baltijas jūra'', [[Lituane|Lituanum]] ''Baltijos jūra'', [[Polonice|Polonicum]] ''Morze Baltyckie'', [[Russice|Russicum]] ''Балтийское море'', [[Lingua Cassubica|Cassubicum]] ''Bôłt'') ''mare Balticum''.

== Facta ==
* Superficies: 413&amp;thinsp;000 [[chiliometrum quadratum|chm²]]
* Aquae copia: 21&amp;thinsp;600 chm³
* Maxima altitudo: 459 [[metrum|m]]
* Altitudo peraeque ducta: 52 m

==Origo geologica==

Mare Balticum non super [[Cortex Telluris|corticem]] oceanicum, sed super continentalem iacet et minime vetus est. Ante [[Glaciatio quaternaria|glaciationem quaternariam]] hic [[Eridanus (geologia)|Eridanus]] flumen praehistoricum maximum fluebat; in [[Lapponia]] oriebatur et loco [[Nederlandia]]e hodiernae [[delta fluminis|delta]] maximum habebat, per quod in [[mare Germanicum]] effundebatur. [[Taiga]] [[pelvis siccationis|pelvem siccationis]] Eridani occupabat. [[Aevum glaciale|Aetate glaciali]] omnis Eridani vallis glaciario operta erat, et [[resina]] arborum silvae Eridanensis [[sucinum]] Balticum facta est.

Glaciario recedente, circa 14 milibus annorum ante, primo lacus [[aqua dulcis|aquae dulcis]] loco maris Baltici ortum est. Circa 10 milibus annorum ante fretum, cum Oceano eum coniungens, loco Sueciae mediae ortum est, ubi nunc [[Lacus Melorus|Melorus]] lacus situs est. Hoc mare ''Ioldium'' nominatur. Circa 9 milibus annorum ante haec fretum terra elevante exsiccatur, et iterum lacus formatum est. Freta Danica, quae nunc mare Balticum cum Oceano coniungunt, circa 7,5 milibus annorum ante apparuerunt, sed formam fere hodiernam mare tantum circa 4 milibus annorum ante accepit, cum [[Neva]] flumen, aquae molem maiorem ferens, orta est.
[[Fasciculus:Hugo Knorr Ostseestrand.jpg|thumb|Litus Balticum ([[Hugo Knorr|Hugonis Knorr]] pictura, 1880)]]

== Descriptio ==

[[Mare Germanicum|Oceano Fresonico]] — et sic [[Oceanus Atlanticus|Oceano Atlantico]] — apud [[Tastris|Tastrem]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Plinius Maior|Plinii]] ''[[Naturalis historia (Plinius)|Hist. nat.]]'' IV 97.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Danice]]; ''Skagen'') [[Sinus Cimbricus|sinu Cimbrico]] et [[Kattegat|Kattegat freto]] coniunctum est. Alia freta in archipelago Danico mare cum oceano ligantia sunt freta Baltica [[Balticum Fretum Maius|maius]] et [[Balticum Fretum Minus|minus]] necnon [[Fretum Oresundicum|Oresundicum]] fretum. Ab anno 1895 etiam [[canalis Germanicobalticus]] artificialis maria Balticum et Germanicum coniungit. Sed permultis fluminibus magnis in mare influentibus [[sal]]initas aquae Balticae minor quam aquae [[oceanus|oceanorum]] est.

[[Fasciculus:AIDAcara on Kiel Canal.jpg|thumb|Navis marina per canalem Germanicobalticum navigat]]
Maris partes praecipuae sunt [[Venedicum mare]] (quod et [[sinus Venedicus]]&lt;ref&gt;Nunc ''sinus [[Gedanum|Gedanensis]]'' appellari solet.&lt;/ref&gt;) sinusque [[Sinus Bothnicus|Bothnicus]], [[Sinus Finnicus|Finnicus]] et [[Sinus Rigensis|Rigensis]]. Duae [[Lacuna (mare)|lacuna]]e magnae, [[lingua terrae|linguis terrae]] longissimis a mari separatae et fretis tenuibus coniunctae, ad partem maris meridie-orientalem adiacent; hae [[Recens lacus]] et [[Curonicus lacus]] nominantur.

Civitates vicinae sunt [[Suecia]], [[Finnia]], [[Russia]], [[Estonia]], [[Lettonia]], [[Lituania]], [[Polonia]], [[Germania]] [[Dania]]que. 

[[Fasciculus:FrozenTallinn.jpg|thumb|Castri Danorum de mari despectus glacie rupta]]
[[Index insularum Danicarum|Archipelagus Danicus]] in parte maris occidentalis iacet. Ad meridiem ab eo litora Germanica patent, ad terras foederales [[Slesvicum et Holsatia]]m et [[Megapolis et Pomerania Citerior|Megapolim et Pomeraniam Citeriorem]] pertinentes. [[Flensburgum]] et [[Kielia|Chilonium]] et [[Lubeca]] et [[Rostochium]] urbes hic ad litus sitae suunt. [[Viadrus|Viadri]] ostium terras Germanicas et Polonicas dividit; in sinum [[sinus Stetinensis|sinum Stetinensem]], a mari insulis [[Usedomia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmann&quot;&gt;{{Hofmannus}}.&lt;/ref&gt; et [[Iulina]] separatum, Viadrus influit; hic et [[Stettinum|Stetinum]] urbs iacet.

[[Fasciculus:Baltic Sea clouds.jpg|thumb|Mare Balticum [[nubes|nubibus]] in [[caelum|caelo]] ornatum]]
[[Sinus Venedicus]] litora Poloniae alluit; [[Civitas Gdinensis]] et [[Gedanum]] urbes magnae hic sitae sunt, et [[Vistula]] flumen Poloniae magnum hic in mare influit. Cum sinu Venedico et [[Recens lacus]] coniungitur, in quo [[Pregella]] influit, in ostio cuius [[Calininopolis]] urbs sita est. Prope [[Pillavia]]m litus Balticum ad septentrionem vertit; altera lacuna magna [[Curonicus lacus|Curonica]] hic iacet, in quam [[Nemenus]] influit et [[Memela]] urbs [[Lituania]]e portus in ostio eius aedificata est. 

In litora [[Lettonia]]e ([[Curlandia]]e priscae) [[sinus Rigensis]] longe irrumpit; a septentrione [[Osilia]] insula [[Estonia]]e magna sinus a mari separatus est. [[Duna]] flumen magnum in sinum Rigensem effluit, et [[Riga]] caput Lettoniae in ostio eius sita est.

[[Fasciculus:Port of Sain Petersburg Russia 2009 0073.JPG|thumb|In portu Petropolitana]]
Ad septentrionem ab Estonia in duos sinus maximos et longissimos mare Balticum dividitur; [[sinus Finnicus]] ad orientem tenditur et [[sinus Bothnicus]] ad septentrionem. [[Finnia]] inter sinus Finnicum et Botnicum iacet; [[Alandia]] loco, ubi sinus separantur, cum [[Portus Mariae|Portu Mariae]] capite iacet, et [[Aboa]] Fnniae totius caput pristinum haud longe sita est.

Sinus Finnici litus meridionali Estonicus et Russicus ([[regio Leninopolitana]]) est. [[Castrum Danorum]] Estoniae caput in litore sinus Finnici iacet necnon [[Petropolis]], Russiae urbs secunda a maxima. In ostio [[Neva]]e fluminis, quae in sinum aquam lacuum [[Saimaa]]e, [[Ladoga]]e, [[lacus Onega|Onega]]e, [[lacus Ilmenus|Ilmeni]] affert, Petropolis aedificatum est. Ceteri portus Russici in sinu Finnico [[Viburgum (Russia)|Viburgum]], [[Oranienbaumium]], [[Lugae Ostium]] sunt. In litore sinus Finnici septentrionali [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingia]] Finniae caput necnon aliae urbes Finnicae sitae sunt.

[[Fasciculus:Oulu1800.jpg|thumb|[[Uloa]] urbs Finnica in litore sinus Bothnici (imago anno 1800 facta)]]
[[Tornia]] urbs Finnica et [[Haparanda]] Suecica ad extremitatem sinus Bothnici (et maris totius) septentrionalem aedificatae sunt. Litus partis principalis maris septentrionale et litus sinus Bothnici occidentale [[Suecia|Suecica]] sunt. Hic ad mare et [[Holmia]] civitatis caput stat.

Duae insulae magnae mari medio iacent: [[Gothlandia]] Suecica et [[Boringia]] Danica.
[[Fasciculus:Peter benois.jpg|thumb|[[Petrus Magnus]] in litore sinus Finnici Petropoli nondum condita ([[Alexander Benois|Alexandri Benois]] pictura, 1916)]]

==Indices==

[[Fasciculus:East coast near Warnicken, Konigsberg, East Prussia, Germany-LCCN2002696124.jpg|thumb|Litus Balticum in [[Borussia Orientalis|Borussia Orientali]] (chartula saeculi XIX exeuntis)]]
===Insulae===
Tot insulae in Mari Baltico sunt, ut numerus exactus eorum referri non posset (praecipue in sinibus Finnico et Bothnico, ubi prope litora multa milia insularum et saxorum ''[[skär]]'' generis iacent). Insulae maiores e.g. sunt:
* Finnia: [[Alandia]]
* Suecia:  [[Gothlandia]] et [[Olandia]]
* Estonia: [[Osilia]], [[Daghoa]],  [[Mona (Estonia)|Mona]], [[Wrangera]] et [[Terra Feminarum]]
* Russia: [[Hogelandia]], [[Insula Robusta|Robusta]] etc. (v. [[Sinus Finnicus#Insulae|Insulae sinus Finnici]])
* Polonia: [[Iulina]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Ioannes Georgius Theodorus Graesse|J. G. Th. Graesse]], ''[[Orbis Latinus]]'', [[Brunsvicum|Brunopoli]] 1972, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/0005/bsb00050913/images/index.html?id=00050913&amp;nativeno=314 vol. II, p. 314].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Wolin'')
* Polonia Germaniaque: [[Usedomia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmann&quot;&gt;{{Hofmannus}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (''Usedom'')
* Germania: [[Rugia]], [[Insula Hedini]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lünig 1713&quot;&gt;Lünig, J. C. (1713). Corpus Iuris Territorialis Germanici: Continens Diplomata, Privilegia, Statuta, Aliaque Instrumenta Historico-Iuridica. Impensis Haeredum Lanckisianorum. Theodisce ''Hiddensee''&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce Hiddensee''), [[Femera]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/0005/bsb00050913/images/index.html?id=00050913&amp;nativeno=61 vol. II, p. 61].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Fehmarn'')
* Dania: [[Selandia]], [[Fionia]], [[Lalandia]], [[Boringia]]

[[Fasciculus:Suursaari.jpg|thumb|[[Hogelandia]] insula in sinu Finnico]]

=== Flumina ===
Maxima flumina mari Baltico adfluentia sunt: 
{{div col|2}}
* [[Travena]] ([[Germania]]), 
* [[Viadua]] sive ''Oder'' sive ''Odra'' (Germania [[Polonia]]que), 
* [[Vistula]] sive ''Weichsel'' sive ''Wisla'' (Polonia), 
* [[Pregella]] ([[regio Kaliningradensis]] [[Russia]]e)
* [[Memela flumen|Memela]] sive ''Neman'' sive ''Nemunas'' ([[Lituania]] et [[regio Kaliningradensis]]), 
* [[Winda]] (Lettonia),  
* [[Missa (flumen)|Missa]] (Lettonia), 
* [[Duina Occidentalis]] ([[Lettonia]]),  
* [[Saletsa (flumen)|Saletsa]] ([[Lettonia]]),  
* [[Coiwa]] (Lettonia), 
* [[Mater Aquarum]] ([[Estonia]]),  
* [[Narva (flumen)|Narva]] (Russia et Estonia), 
* [[Luga (flumen)|Luga]] (Russia),
* [[Neva]] (Russia), 
* ''[[Aurajoki]]'' ([[Finnia]]),
* [[Ula (flumen Finniae)|Ula]] (Finnia), 
* [[Torna]] (Finnia et [[Suecia]]).
{{div col end}}

[[Fasciculus:Baltic beach sand containing amber.jpg|thumb|Harena litoris Baltici, ubi sucinum inter lapides videtur]]

=== Portus vel urbes ad litora sitae===
{{div col|3}}
* Daniae:
** [[Hafnia]]
* Germaniae:
** [[Flensburgum]]
** [[Kielia]]
** [[Lubeca]]
** [[Rostochium]]
* Poloniae:
** [[Stettinum]]
** [[Civitas Gdinensis]]
** [[Gedania]]
* Russiae, regionis Calininopoltanae:
** [[Pillavia]]
** [[Calininopolis]]
** [[Labiavia]]
* Lituaniae:
** [[Memela]]
*Lettoniae:
** [[Liba]]
** [[Vindovia]]
** [[Riga]]
** [[Saletsa]]
* Estoniae:
** [[Pernavia]] 
** [[Hapsalia]]
** [[Tallinna|Castrum Danorum]] 
* Russiae, regionis Leninopoltanae:
**[[Coporium]]
** [[Oranienbaumium]]
** [[Peterhofium|Petri aula]]
** [[Strelna]]
** [[Cronstadium]]
** [[Petropolis]]
** [[Viburgum (Russia)|Viburgum]] (et [[Tralesonda]])
* Finniae:
** [[Fredericia (Finnia)|Fredericia]]
** [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsinkium]]
** [[Aboa]]
** [[Vallis Gratiae]]
** [[Portus Mariae]]
** [[Neostadium]]
** [[Arctopolis]]
**[[Vaasa]]
** [[Carolina Vetus]]
** [[Uloa (urbs)|Uloa]]
**[[Tornia]]
* Sueciae:
** [[Lula (Suecia)|Lula]]
** [[Hernosandia]]
** [[Sundsvallia]]
** [[Gevalia]]
** [[Holmia]]
** [[Caroli Portus]]
{{div col end}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Nexus interni==

*[[Carta Marina]]
*[[Regio Baltica]]
*[[Sinus Codanus]]
*[[Baltia]]
*[[Hansa]]

== Bibliographia ==
*Ojaveer H., A. Jaanus, B. R. MacKenzie, G. Martin, S. Olenin, et al. [[2010]]. &quot;Status of Biodiversity in the Baltic Sea.&quot; ''[[PLoS ONE]]'' 5(9):e12467. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012467.

== Nexus externi ==
{{fontes geographici}}

[[Categoria:Mare Balticum|!]]
[[Categoria:Maria marginalia Oceani Atlantici]]
[[Categoria:Balticum]]
{{1000 paginae}}
{{Myrias|Geographia}}</text>
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      <text bytes="13570" sha1="riglw0dqsobnc9853zrfwax0swmlm4e" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Carta Marina.jpeg|thumb|[[Carta Marina]]]]

{{res|Mare Balticum}}&lt;ref&gt;Vilborg, Ebbe, ''Nordstedts svensk-latinska ordbok''. Ed. 2a, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mare Balticum&quot;: {{Egger SL|30}}. Cf. titulum operis Caroli Adolphi Forselii ''Disquisitio caussarum Sveciam bellis trans mare Balticum implicantium'' (1830) {{Google Books|b8NbAAAAcAAJ}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mare Suecicum ... vide Mare Balticum&quot;: {{Hofmannus}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Graesse|t=Balticum mare}}&lt;/ref&gt; est magnum [[mare marginale]] [[oceanus Atlanticus|oceani Atlantici]] in [[Europa]] situm. [[Paeninsula]]m [[Scandinavia|Scandinavicam]] a ceteris partibus Europae dividit.

== Nomen ==
[[Fasciculus:Regio-Balticum-Latine.png|thumb|Tabula maris Baltici et regiones circumpositae]]
[[Fasciculus:BalticSea March2000 NASA-S2000084115409.png|thumb|Maris Baltici e spatio photographema mense Martio facta: pars sinus Bothnici et pars sinus Finnici nondum glacie liberatae sunt]]
[[Cornelius Tacitus|Tacitus]] hoc {{res|mare Suebicum}} nominat&lt;ref&gt;''[[De origine et situ Germanorum]]'' [http://latin.packhum.org/loc/1351/2/44/384-397@1 45.2.2].&lt;/ref&gt; (de [[Suebi|Sueborum]] gente), alia nomina antiqua sunt {{res|mare Sarmaticum}} (de [[Sarmatae|Sarmatarum]] gente; nomen e [[Graece|Graeco]] Σαρματικὸς ὠκεανός derivatum est&lt;ref&gt;[[Claudius Ptolemaeus|Ptolemaei]] ''[[Geographia (Ptolemaeus)|Geographia]]'' I 3, 5.&lt;/ref&gt;) vel {{res|mare Codanum}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Graesse|t=Balticum mare}}&lt;/ref&gt; vel {{res|mare Gothicum}} vel {{res|mare Barbaricum}}. 

Balticum a terra [[Baltia]], quam etiam Graeci auctores memorabant, appellatur. Primo in ''[[Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum|Gestis Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum]]'' [[Adamus Bremensis|Adami Bremensis]] hoc nomen invenitur. Interdum et {{res|mare Orientale}}&lt;ref&gt;V. [[:commons:File:Tabula_navigatoria_maris_orientalis_-_btv1b53235857n_(1_of_2).jpg|Tabulam navigatoriam Maris Orientalis]], anno 1641 factam.&lt;/ref&gt;, ut in multis llinguis hodiernis, nominatur.  

[[Fasciculus:Atlas Van der Hagen-KW1049B10 060-DUCATUS POMERANIAE Tabula Generalis, in qua sunt DUCATUS POMERANIAE, STETTINENSIS CASSUBIAE, VANDALIAE et BARDENSIS, PRINCIPATUS RUGIAE ac INSULAE, COMITATUS GUSKOVIENSIS.jpeg|thumb|Litus maris Baltici meridionale (tabula {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Fredericus de Wit|Frederici de Wit|en|qid=Q1402952}})]]
Si linguas populorum nunc litora maris colentium enumeremus, nomen [[Theodisce|Theodiscum]] (''Ostsee''), [[Suecice|Suecicum]] (''Östersjön''), [[Danice|Danicum]] (''Østersøen'') et [[Finnice|Finnicum]] (''Itämeri'') significant ''mare Orientale'', [[Estonice|Estonicum]] (''Läänemeri'') a contrario ''mare Occidentale'', cetera ([[Lettonice|Lettonicum]] ''Baltijas jūra'', [[Lituane|Lituanum]] ''Baltijos jūra'', [[Polonice|Polonicum]] ''Morze Baltyckie'', [[Russice|Russicum]] ''Балтийское море'', [[Lingua Cassubica|Cassubicum]] ''Bôłt'') ''mare Balticum''.

== Facta ==
* Superficies: 413&amp;thinsp;000 [[chiliometrum quadratum|chm²]]
* Aquae copia: 21&amp;thinsp;600 chm³
* Maxima altitudo: 459 [[metrum|m]]
* Altitudo peraeque ducta: 52 m

==Origo geologica==

Mare Balticum non super [[Cortex Telluris|corticem]] oceanicum, sed super continentalem iacet et minime vetus est. Ante [[Glaciatio quaternaria|glaciationem quaternariam]] hic [[Eridanus (geologia)|Eridanus]] flumen praehistoricum maximum fluebat; in [[Lapponia]] oriebatur et loco [[Nederlandia]]e hodiernae [[delta fluminis|delta]] maximum habebat, per quod in [[mare Germanicum]] effundebatur. [[Taiga]] [[pelvis siccationis|pelvem siccationis]] Eridani occupabat. [[Aevum glaciale|Aetate glaciali]] omnis Eridani vallis glaciario operta erat, et [[resina]] arborum silvae Eridanensis [[sucinum]] Balticum facta est.

Glaciario recedente, circa 14 milibus annorum ante, primo lacus [[aqua dulcis|aquae dulcis]] loco maris Baltici ortum est. Circa 10 milibus annorum ante fretum, cum Oceano eum coniungens, loco Sueciae mediae ortum est, ubi nunc [[Lacus Melorus|Melorus]] lacus situs est. Hoc mare ''Ioldium'' nominatur. Circa 9 milibus annorum ante haec fretum terra elevante exsiccatur, et iterum lacus formatum est. Freta Danica, quae nunc mare Balticum cum Oceano coniungunt, circa 7,5 milibus annorum ante apparuerunt, sed formam fere hodiernam mare tantum circa 4 milibus annorum ante accepit, cum [[Neva]] flumen, aquae molem maiorem ferens, orta est.
[[Fasciculus:Hugo Knorr Ostseestrand.jpg|thumb|Litus Balticum ([[Hugo Knorr|Hugonis Knorr]] pictura, 1880)]]

== Descriptio ==

[[Mare Germanicum|Oceano Fresonico]] — et sic [[Oceanus Atlanticus|Oceano Atlantico]] — apud [[Tastris|Tastrem]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Plinius Maior|Plinii]] ''[[Naturalis historia (Plinius)|Hist. nat.]]'' IV 97.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Danice]]; ''Skagen'') [[Sinus Cimbricus|sinu Cimbrico]] et [[Kattegat|Kattegat freto]] coniunctum est. Alia freta in archipelago Danico mare cum oceano ligantia sunt freta Baltica [[Balticum Fretum Maius|maius]] et [[Balticum Fretum Minus|minus]] necnon [[Fretum Oresundicum|Oresundicum]] fretum. Ab anno 1895 etiam [[canalis Germanicobalticus]] artificialis maria Balticum et Germanicum coniungit. Sed permultis fluminibus magnis in mare influentibus [[sal]]initas aquae Balticae minor quam aquae [[oceanus|oceanorum]] est.

[[Fasciculus:AIDAcara on Kiel Canal.jpg|thumb|Navis marina per canalem Germanicobalticum navigat]]
Maris partes praecipuae sunt [[Venedicum mare]] (quod et [[sinus Venedicus]]&lt;ref&gt;Nunc ''sinus [[Gedanum|Gedanensis]]'' appellari solet.&lt;/ref&gt;) sinusque [[Sinus Bothnicus|Bothnicus]], [[Sinus Finnicus|Finnicus]] et [[Sinus Rigensis|Rigensis]]. Duae [[Lacuna (mare)|lacuna]]e magnae, [[lingua terrae|linguis terrae]] longissimis a mari separatae et fretis tenuibus coniunctae, ad partem maris meridie-orientalem adiacent; hae [[Recens lacus]] et [[Curonicus lacus]] nominantur.

Civitates vicinae sunt [[Suecia]], [[Finnia]], [[Russia]], [[Estonia]], [[Lettonia]], [[Lituania]], [[Polonia]], [[Germania]] [[Dania]]que. 

[[Fasciculus:FrozenTallinn.jpg|thumb|Castri Danorum de mari despectus glacie rupta]]
[[Index insularum Danicarum|Archipelagus Danicus]] in parte maris occidentalis iacet. Ad meridiem ab eo litora Germanica patent, ad terras foederales [[Slesvicum et Holsatia]]m et [[Megapolis et Pomerania Citerior|Megapolim et Pomeraniam Citeriorem]] pertinentes. [[Flensburgum]] et [[Kielia|Chilonium]] et [[Lubeca]] et [[Rostochium]] urbes hic ad litus sitae suunt. [[Viadrus|Viadri]] ostium terras Germanicas et Polonicas dividit; in sinum [[sinus Stetinensis|sinum Stetinensem]], a mari insulis [[Usedomia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmann&quot;&gt;{{Hofmannus}}.&lt;/ref&gt; et [[Iulina]] separatum, Viadrus influit; hic et [[Stettinum|Stetinum]] urbs iacet.

[[Fasciculus:Baltic Sea clouds.jpg|thumb|Mare Balticum [[nubes|nubibus]] in [[caelum|caelo]] ornatum]]
[[Sinus Venedicus]] litora Poloniae alluit; [[Civitas Gdinensis]] et [[Gedanum]] urbes magnae hic sitae sunt, et [[Vistula]] flumen Poloniae magnum hic in mare influit. Cum sinu Venedico et [[Recens lacus]] coniungitur, in quo [[Pregella]] influit, in ostio cuius [[Calininopolis]] urbs sita est. Prope [[Pillavia]]m litus Balticum ad septentrionem vertit; altera lacuna magna [[Curonicus lacus|Curonica]] hic iacet, in quam [[Nemenus]] influit et [[Memela]] urbs [[Lituania]]e portus in ostio eius aedificata est. 

In litora [[Lettonia]]e ([[Curlandia]]e priscae) [[sinus Rigensis]] longe irrumpit; a septentrione [[Osilia]] insula [[Estonia]]e magna sinus a mari separatus est. [[Duna]] flumen magnum in sinum Rigensem effluit, et [[Riga]] caput Lettoniae in ostio eius sita est.

[[Fasciculus:Port of Sain Petersburg Russia 2009 0073.JPG|thumb|In portu Petropolitana]]
Ad septentrionem ab Estonia in duos sinus maximos et longissimos mare Balticum dividitur; [[sinus Finnicus]] ad orientem tenditur et [[sinus Bothnicus]] ad septentrionem. [[Finnia]] inter sinus Finnicum et Botnicum iacet; [[Alandia]] loco, ubi sinus separantur, cum [[Portus Mariae|Portu Mariae]] capite iacet, et [[Aboa]] Fnniae totius caput pristinum haud longe sita est.

Sinus Finnici litus meridionali Estonicus et Russicus ([[regio Leninopolitana]]) est. [[Castrum Danorum]] Estoniae caput in litore sinus Finnici iacet necnon [[Petropolis]], Russiae urbs secunda a maxima. In ostio [[Neva]]e fluminis, quae in sinum aquam lacuum [[Saimaa]]e, [[Ladoga]]e, [[lacus Onega|Onega]]e, [[lacus Ilmenus|Ilmeni]] affert, Petropolis aedificatum est. Ceteri portus Russici in sinu Finnico [[Viburgum (Russia)|Viburgum]], [[Oranienbaumium]], [[Lugae Ostium]] sunt. In litore sinus Finnici septentrionali [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingia]] Finniae caput necnon aliae urbes Finnicae sitae sunt.

[[Fasciculus:Oulu1800.jpg|thumb|[[Uloa]] urbs Finnica in litore sinus Bothnici (imago anno 1800 facta)]]
[[Tornia]] urbs Finnica et [[Haparanda]] Suecica ad extremitatem sinus Bothnici (et maris totius) septentrionalem aedificatae sunt. Litus partis principalis maris septentrionale et litus sinus Bothnici occidentale [[Suecia|Suecica]] sunt. Hic ad mare et [[Holmia]] civitatis caput stat.

Duae insulae magnae mari medio iacent: [[Gothlandia]] Suecica et [[Boringia]] Danica.
[[Fasciculus:Peter benois.jpg|thumb|[[Petrus Magnus]] in litore sinus Finnici Petropoli nondum condita ([[Alexander Benois|Alexandri Benois]] pictura, 1916)]]

==Indices==

[[Fasciculus:East coast near Warnicken, Konigsberg, East Prussia, Germany-LCCN2002696124.jpg|thumb|Litus Balticum in [[Borussia Orientalis|Borussia Orientali]] (chartula saeculi XIX exeuntis)]]
===Insulae===
Tot insulae in Mari Baltico sunt, ut numerus exactus eorum referri non posset (praecipue in sinibus Finnico et Bothnico, ubi prope litora multa milia insularum et saxorum ''[[skär]]'' generis iacent). Insulae maiores e.g. sunt:
* Finnia: [[Alandia]]
* Suecia:  [[Gothlandia]] et [[Olandia]]
* Estonia: [[Osilia]], [[Daghoa]],  [[Mona (Estonia)|Mona]], [[Wrangera]] et [[Terra Feminarum]]
* Russia: [[Hogelandia]], [[Insula Robusta|Robusta]] etc. (v. [[Sinus Finnicus#Insulae|Insulae sinus Finnici]])
* Polonia: [[Iulina]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Ioannes Georgius Theodorus Graesse|J. G. Th. Graesse]], ''[[Orbis Latinus]]'', [[Brunsvicum|Brunopoli]] 1972, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/0005/bsb00050913/images/index.html?id=00050913&amp;nativeno=314 vol. II, p. 314].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Wolin'')
* Polonia Germaniaque: [[Usedomia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmann&quot;&gt;{{Hofmannus}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (''Usedom'')
* Germania: [[Rugia]], [[Insula Hedini]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lünig 1713&quot;&gt;Lünig, J. C. (1713). Corpus Iuris Territorialis Germanici: Continens Diplomata, Privilegia, Statuta, Aliaque Instrumenta Historico-Iuridica. Impensis Haeredum Lanckisianorum. Theodisce ''Hiddensee''&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce Hiddensee''), [[Femera]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/0005/bsb00050913/images/index.html?id=00050913&amp;nativeno=61 vol. II, p. 61].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Fehmarn'')
* Dania: [[Selandia]], [[Fionia]], [[Lalandia]], [[Boringia]]

[[Fasciculus:Suursaari.jpg|thumb|[[Hogelandia]] insula in sinu Finnico]]

=== Flumina ===
Maxima flumina mari Baltico adfluentia sunt: 
{{div col|2}}
* [[Travena]] ([[Germania]]), 
* [[Viadua]] sive ''Oder'' sive ''Odra'' (Germania [[Polonia]]que), 
* [[Vistula]] sive ''Weichsel'' sive ''Wisla'' (Polonia), 
* [[Pregella]] ([[regio Kaliningradensis]] [[Russia]]e)
* [[Memela flumen|Memela]] sive ''Neman'' sive ''Nemunas'' ([[Lituania]] et [[regio Kaliningradensis]]), 
* [[Winda]] (Lettonia),  
* [[Missa (flumen)|Missa]] (Lettonia), 
* [[Duina Occidentalis]] ([[Lettonia]]),  
* [[Saletsa (flumen)|Saletsa]] ([[Lettonia]]),  
* [[Coiwa]] (Lettonia), 
* [[Mater Aquarum]] ([[Estonia]]),  
* [[Narva (flumen)|Narva]] (Russia et Estonia), 
* [[Luga (flumen)|Luga]] (Russia),
* [[Neva]] (Russia), 
* ''[[Aurajoki]]'' ([[Finnia]]),
* [[Ula (flumen Finniae)|Ula]] (Finnia), 
* [[Torna]] (Finnia et [[Suecia]]).
{{div col end}}

[[Fasciculus:Baltic beach sand containing amber.jpg|thumb|Harena litoris Baltici, ubi sucinum inter lapides videtur]]

=== Portus vel urbes ad litora sitae===
{{div col|3}}
* Daniae:
** [[Hafnia]]
* Germaniae:
** [[Flensburgum]]
** [[Kielia]]
** [[Lubeca]]
** [[Rostochium]]
* Poloniae:
** [[Stettinum]]
** [[Civitas Gdinensis]]
** [[Gedania]]
* Russiae, regionis Calininopoltanae:
** [[Pillavia]]
** [[Calininopolis]]
** [[Labiavia]]
* Lituaniae:
** [[Memela]]
*Lettoniae:
** [[Liba]]
** [[Vindovia]]
** [[Riga]]
** [[Saletsa]]
* Estoniae:
** [[Pernavia]] 
** [[Hapsalia]]
** [[Tallinna|Castrum Danorum]] 
* Russiae, regionis Leninopoltanae:
**[[Coporium]]
** [[Oranienbaumium]]
** [[Peterhofium|Petri aula]]
** [[Strelna]]
** [[Cronstadium]]
** [[Petropolis]]
** [[Viburgum (Russia)|Viburgum]] (et [[Tralesonda]])
* Finniae:
** [[Fredericia (Finnia)|Fredericia]]
** [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsinkium]]
** [[Aboa]]
** [[Vallis Gratiae]]
** [[Portus Mariae]]
** [[Neostadium]]
** [[Arctopolis]]
**[[Vaasa]]
** [[Carolina Vetus]]
** [[Uloa (urbs)|Uloa]]
**[[Tornia]]
* Sueciae:
** [[Lula (Suecia)|Lula]]
** [[Hernosandia]]
** [[Sundsvallia]]
** [[Gevalia]]
** [[Holmia]]
** [[Caroli Portus]]
{{div col end}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Nexus interni==

*[[Carta Marina]]
*[[Regio Baltica]]
*[[Sinus Codanus]]
*[[Baltia]]
*[[Hansa]]

== Bibliographia ==
*Ojaveer H., A. Jaanus, B. R. MacKenzie, G. Martin, S. Olenin, et al. [[2010]]. &quot;Status of Biodiversity in the Baltic Sea.&quot; ''[[PLoS ONE]]'' 5(9):e12467. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012467.

== Nexus externi ==
{{fontes geographici}}

[[Categoria:Mare Balticum|!]]
[[Categoria:Maria marginalia Oceani Atlantici]]
[[Categoria:Balticum]]
{{1000 paginae}}
{{Myrias|Geographia}}</text>
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      <text bytes="13608" sha1="kyuekyu4zyiso8jbk1f0lufoneqmz2o" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Carta Marina.jpeg|thumb|[[Carta Marina]]]]

{{res|Mare Balticum}}&lt;ref&gt;Vilborg, Ebbe, ''Nordstedts svensk-latinska ordbok''. Ed. 2a, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mare Balticum&quot;: {{Egger SL|30}}. Cf. titulum operis Caroli Adolphi Forselii ''Disquisitio caussarum Sveciam bellis trans mare Balticum implicantium'' (1830) {{Google Books|b8NbAAAAcAAJ}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mare Suecicum ... vide Mare Balticum&quot;: {{Hofmannus}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Graesse|t=Balticum mare}}&lt;/ref&gt; est magnum [[mare marginale]] [[oceanus Atlanticus|oceani Atlantici]] in [[Europa]] situm. [[Paeninsula]]m [[Scandinavia|Scandinavicam]] a ceteris partibus Europae dividit.

== Nomen ==
[[Fasciculus:Regio-Balticum-Latine.png|thumb|Tabula maris Baltici et regiones circumpositae]]
[[Fasciculus:BalticSea March2000 NASA-S2000084115409.png|thumb|Maris Baltici e spatio photographema mense Martio facta: pars sinus Bothnici et pars sinus Finnici nondum glacie liberatae sunt]]
[[Cornelius Tacitus|Tacitus]] hoc {{res|mare Suebicum}} nominat&lt;ref&gt;''[[De origine et situ Germanorum]]'' [http://latin.packhum.org/loc/1351/2/44/384-397@1 45.2.2].&lt;/ref&gt; (de [[Suebi|Sueborum]] gente), alia nomina antiqua sunt {{res|mare Sarmaticum}} (de [[Sarmatae|Sarmatarum]] gente; nomen e [[Graece|Graeco]] Σαρματικὸς ὠκεανός derivatum est&lt;ref&gt;[[Claudius Ptolemaeus|Ptolemaei]] ''[[Geographia (Ptolemaeus)|Geographia]]'' I 3, 5.&lt;/ref&gt;) vel {{res|mare Codanum}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Graesse|t=Balticum mare}} Cf, de [[Sinus Codanus|sinu Codano]].&lt;/ref&gt; vel {{res|mare Gothicum}} vel {{res|mare Barbaricum}}. 

Balticum a terra [[Baltia]], quam etiam Graeci auctores memorabant, appellatur. Primo in ''[[Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum|Gestis Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum]]'' [[Adamus Bremensis|Adami Bremensis]] hoc nomen invenitur. Interdum et {{res|mare Orientale}}&lt;ref&gt;V. [[:commons:File:Tabula_navigatoria_maris_orientalis_-_btv1b53235857n_(1_of_2).jpg|Tabulam navigatoriam Maris Orientalis]], anno 1641 factam.&lt;/ref&gt;, ut in multis llinguis hodiernis, nominatur.  

[[Fasciculus:Atlas Van der Hagen-KW1049B10 060-DUCATUS POMERANIAE Tabula Generalis, in qua sunt DUCATUS POMERANIAE, STETTINENSIS CASSUBIAE, VANDALIAE et BARDENSIS, PRINCIPATUS RUGIAE ac INSULAE, COMITATUS GUSKOVIENSIS.jpeg|thumb|Litus maris Baltici meridionale (tabula {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Fredericus de Wit|Frederici de Wit|en|qid=Q1402952}})]]
Si linguas populorum nunc litora maris colentium enumeremus, nomen [[Theodisce|Theodiscum]] (''Ostsee''), [[Suecice|Suecicum]] (''Östersjön''), [[Danice|Danicum]] (''Østersøen'') et [[Finnice|Finnicum]] (''Itämeri'') significant ''mare Orientale'', [[Estonice|Estonicum]] (''Läänemeri'') a contrario ''mare Occidentale'', cetera ([[Lettonice|Lettonicum]] ''Baltijas jūra'', [[Lituane|Lituanum]] ''Baltijos jūra'', [[Polonice|Polonicum]] ''Morze Baltyckie'', [[Russice|Russicum]] ''Балтийское море'', [[Lingua Cassubica|Cassubicum]] ''Bôłt'') ''mare Balticum''.

== Facta ==
* Superficies: 413&amp;thinsp;000 [[chiliometrum quadratum|chm²]]
* Aquae copia: 21&amp;thinsp;600 chm³
* Maxima altitudo: 459 [[metrum|m]]
* Altitudo peraeque ducta: 52 m

==Origo geologica==

Mare Balticum non super [[Cortex Telluris|corticem]] oceanicum, sed super continentalem iacet et minime vetus est. Ante [[Glaciatio quaternaria|glaciationem quaternariam]] hic [[Eridanus (geologia)|Eridanus]] flumen praehistoricum maximum fluebat; in [[Lapponia]] oriebatur et loco [[Nederlandia]]e hodiernae [[delta fluminis|delta]] maximum habebat, per quod in [[mare Germanicum]] effundebatur. [[Taiga]] [[pelvis siccationis|pelvem siccationis]] Eridani occupabat. [[Aevum glaciale|Aetate glaciali]] omnis Eridani vallis glaciario operta erat, et [[resina]] arborum silvae Eridanensis [[sucinum]] Balticum facta est.

Glaciario recedente, circa 14 milibus annorum ante, primo lacus [[aqua dulcis|aquae dulcis]] loco maris Baltici ortum est. Circa 10 milibus annorum ante fretum, cum Oceano eum coniungens, loco Sueciae mediae ortum est, ubi nunc [[Lacus Melorus|Melorus]] lacus situs est. Hoc mare ''Ioldium'' nominatur. Circa 9 milibus annorum ante haec fretum terra elevante exsiccatur, et iterum lacus formatum est. Freta Danica, quae nunc mare Balticum cum Oceano coniungunt, circa 7,5 milibus annorum ante apparuerunt, sed formam fere hodiernam mare tantum circa 4 milibus annorum ante accepit, cum [[Neva]] flumen, aquae molem maiorem ferens, orta est.
[[Fasciculus:Hugo Knorr Ostseestrand.jpg|thumb|Litus Balticum ([[Hugo Knorr|Hugonis Knorr]] pictura, 1880)]]

== Descriptio ==

[[Mare Germanicum|Oceano Fresonico]] — et sic [[Oceanus Atlanticus|Oceano Atlantico]] — apud [[Tastris|Tastrem]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Plinius Maior|Plinii]] ''[[Naturalis historia (Plinius)|Hist. nat.]]'' IV 97.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Danice]]; ''Skagen'') [[Sinus Cimbricus|sinu Cimbrico]] et [[Kattegat|Kattegat freto]] coniunctum est. Alia freta in archipelago Danico mare cum oceano ligantia sunt freta Baltica [[Balticum Fretum Maius|maius]] et [[Balticum Fretum Minus|minus]] necnon [[Fretum Oresundicum|Oresundicum]] fretum. Ab anno 1895 etiam [[canalis Germanicobalticus]] artificialis maria Balticum et Germanicum coniungit. Sed permultis fluminibus magnis in mare influentibus [[sal]]initas aquae Balticae minor quam aquae [[oceanus|oceanorum]] est.

[[Fasciculus:AIDAcara on Kiel Canal.jpg|thumb|Navis marina per canalem Germanicobalticum navigat]]
Maris partes praecipuae sunt [[Venedicum mare]] (quod et [[sinus Venedicus]]&lt;ref&gt;Nunc ''sinus [[Gedanum|Gedanensis]]'' appellari solet.&lt;/ref&gt;) sinusque [[Sinus Bothnicus|Bothnicus]], [[Sinus Finnicus|Finnicus]] et [[Sinus Rigensis|Rigensis]]. Duae [[Lacuna (mare)|lacuna]]e magnae, [[lingua terrae|linguis terrae]] longissimis a mari separatae et fretis tenuibus coniunctae, ad partem maris meridie-orientalem adiacent; hae [[Recens lacus]] et [[Curonicus lacus]] nominantur.

Civitates vicinae sunt [[Suecia]], [[Finnia]], [[Russia]], [[Estonia]], [[Lettonia]], [[Lituania]], [[Polonia]], [[Germania]] [[Dania]]que. 

[[Fasciculus:FrozenTallinn.jpg|thumb|Castri Danorum de mari despectus glacie rupta]]
[[Index insularum Danicarum|Archipelagus Danicus]] in parte maris occidentalis iacet. Ad meridiem ab eo litora Germanica patent, ad terras foederales [[Slesvicum et Holsatia]]m et [[Megapolis et Pomerania Citerior|Megapolim et Pomeraniam Citeriorem]] pertinentes. [[Flensburgum]] et [[Kielia|Chilonium]] et [[Lubeca]] et [[Rostochium]] urbes hic ad litus sitae suunt. [[Viadrus|Viadri]] ostium terras Germanicas et Polonicas dividit; in sinum [[sinus Stetinensis|sinum Stetinensem]], a mari insulis [[Usedomia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmann&quot;&gt;{{Hofmannus}}.&lt;/ref&gt; et [[Iulina]] separatum, Viadrus influit; hic et [[Stettinum|Stetinum]] urbs iacet.

[[Fasciculus:Baltic Sea clouds.jpg|thumb|Mare Balticum [[nubes|nubibus]] in [[caelum|caelo]] ornatum]]
[[Sinus Venedicus]] litora Poloniae alluit; [[Civitas Gdinensis]] et [[Gedanum]] urbes magnae hic sitae sunt, et [[Vistula]] flumen Poloniae magnum hic in mare influit. Cum sinu Venedico et [[Recens lacus]] coniungitur, in quo [[Pregella]] influit, in ostio cuius [[Calininopolis]] urbs sita est. Prope [[Pillavia]]m litus Balticum ad septentrionem vertit; altera lacuna magna [[Curonicus lacus|Curonica]] hic iacet, in quam [[Nemenus]] influit et [[Memela]] urbs [[Lituania]]e portus in ostio eius aedificata est. 

In litora [[Lettonia]]e ([[Curlandia]]e priscae) [[sinus Rigensis]] longe irrumpit; a septentrione [[Osilia]] insula [[Estonia]]e magna sinus a mari separatus est. [[Duna]] flumen magnum in sinum Rigensem effluit, et [[Riga]] caput Lettoniae in ostio eius sita est.

[[Fasciculus:Port of Sain Petersburg Russia 2009 0073.JPG|thumb|In portu Petropolitana]]
Ad septentrionem ab Estonia in duos sinus maximos et longissimos mare Balticum dividitur; [[sinus Finnicus]] ad orientem tenditur et [[sinus Bothnicus]] ad septentrionem. [[Finnia]] inter sinus Finnicum et Botnicum iacet; [[Alandia]] loco, ubi sinus separantur, cum [[Portus Mariae|Portu Mariae]] capite iacet, et [[Aboa]] Fnniae totius caput pristinum haud longe sita est.

Sinus Finnici litus meridionali Estonicus et Russicus ([[regio Leninopolitana]]) est. [[Castrum Danorum]] Estoniae caput in litore sinus Finnici iacet necnon [[Petropolis]], Russiae urbs secunda a maxima. In ostio [[Neva]]e fluminis, quae in sinum aquam lacuum [[Saimaa]]e, [[Ladoga]]e, [[lacus Onega|Onega]]e, [[lacus Ilmenus|Ilmeni]] affert, Petropolis aedificatum est. Ceteri portus Russici in sinu Finnico [[Viburgum (Russia)|Viburgum]], [[Oranienbaumium]], [[Lugae Ostium]] sunt. In litore sinus Finnici septentrionali [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingia]] Finniae caput necnon aliae urbes Finnicae sitae sunt.

[[Fasciculus:Oulu1800.jpg|thumb|[[Uloa]] urbs Finnica in litore sinus Bothnici (imago anno 1800 facta)]]
[[Tornia]] urbs Finnica et [[Haparanda]] Suecica ad extremitatem sinus Bothnici (et maris totius) septentrionalem aedificatae sunt. Litus partis principalis maris septentrionale et litus sinus Bothnici occidentale [[Suecia|Suecica]] sunt. Hic ad mare et [[Holmia]] civitatis caput stat.

Duae insulae magnae mari medio iacent: [[Gothlandia]] Suecica et [[Boringia]] Danica.
[[Fasciculus:Peter benois.jpg|thumb|[[Petrus Magnus]] in litore sinus Finnici Petropoli nondum condita ([[Alexander Benois|Alexandri Benois]] pictura, 1916)]]

==Indices==

[[Fasciculus:East coast near Warnicken, Konigsberg, East Prussia, Germany-LCCN2002696124.jpg|thumb|Litus Balticum in [[Borussia Orientalis|Borussia Orientali]] (chartula saeculi XIX exeuntis)]]
===Insulae===
Tot insulae in Mari Baltico sunt, ut numerus exactus eorum referri non posset (praecipue in sinibus Finnico et Bothnico, ubi prope litora multa milia insularum et saxorum ''[[skär]]'' generis iacent). Insulae maiores e.g. sunt:
* Finnia: [[Alandia]]
* Suecia:  [[Gothlandia]] et [[Olandia]]
* Estonia: [[Osilia]], [[Daghoa]],  [[Mona (Estonia)|Mona]], [[Wrangera]] et [[Terra Feminarum]]
* Russia: [[Hogelandia]], [[Insula Robusta|Robusta]] etc. (v. [[Sinus Finnicus#Insulae|Insulae sinus Finnici]])
* Polonia: [[Iulina]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Ioannes Georgius Theodorus Graesse|J. G. Th. Graesse]], ''[[Orbis Latinus]]'', [[Brunsvicum|Brunopoli]] 1972, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/0005/bsb00050913/images/index.html?id=00050913&amp;nativeno=314 vol. II, p. 314].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Wolin'')
* Polonia Germaniaque: [[Usedomia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmann&quot;&gt;{{Hofmannus}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (''Usedom'')
* Germania: [[Rugia]], [[Insula Hedini]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lünig 1713&quot;&gt;Lünig, J. C. (1713). Corpus Iuris Territorialis Germanici: Continens Diplomata, Privilegia, Statuta, Aliaque Instrumenta Historico-Iuridica. Impensis Haeredum Lanckisianorum. Theodisce ''Hiddensee''&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce Hiddensee''), [[Femera]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/0005/bsb00050913/images/index.html?id=00050913&amp;nativeno=61 vol. II, p. 61].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Fehmarn'')
* Dania: [[Selandia]], [[Fionia]], [[Lalandia]], [[Boringia]]

[[Fasciculus:Suursaari.jpg|thumb|[[Hogelandia]] insula in sinu Finnico]]

=== Flumina ===
Maxima flumina mari Baltico adfluentia sunt: 
{{div col|2}}
* [[Travena]] ([[Germania]]), 
* [[Viadua]] sive ''Oder'' sive ''Odra'' (Germania [[Polonia]]que), 
* [[Vistula]] sive ''Weichsel'' sive ''Wisla'' (Polonia), 
* [[Pregella]] ([[regio Kaliningradensis]] [[Russia]]e)
* [[Memela flumen|Memela]] sive ''Neman'' sive ''Nemunas'' ([[Lituania]] et [[regio Kaliningradensis]]), 
* [[Winda]] (Lettonia),  
* [[Missa (flumen)|Missa]] (Lettonia), 
* [[Duina Occidentalis]] ([[Lettonia]]),  
* [[Saletsa (flumen)|Saletsa]] ([[Lettonia]]),  
* [[Coiwa]] (Lettonia), 
* [[Mater Aquarum]] ([[Estonia]]),  
* [[Narva (flumen)|Narva]] (Russia et Estonia), 
* [[Luga (flumen)|Luga]] (Russia),
* [[Neva]] (Russia), 
* ''[[Aurajoki]]'' ([[Finnia]]),
* [[Ula (flumen Finniae)|Ula]] (Finnia), 
* [[Torna]] (Finnia et [[Suecia]]).
{{div col end}}

[[Fasciculus:Baltic beach sand containing amber.jpg|thumb|Harena litoris Baltici, ubi sucinum inter lapides videtur]]

=== Portus vel urbes ad litora sitae===
{{div col|3}}
* Daniae:
** [[Hafnia]]
* Germaniae:
** [[Flensburgum]]
** [[Kielia]]
** [[Lubeca]]
** [[Rostochium]]
* Poloniae:
** [[Stettinum]]
** [[Civitas Gdinensis]]
** [[Gedania]]
* Russiae, regionis Calininopoltanae:
** [[Pillavia]]
** [[Calininopolis]]
** [[Labiavia]]
* Lituaniae:
** [[Memela]]
*Lettoniae:
** [[Liba]]
** [[Vindovia]]
** [[Riga]]
** [[Saletsa]]
* Estoniae:
** [[Pernavia]] 
** [[Hapsalia]]
** [[Tallinna|Castrum Danorum]] 
* Russiae, regionis Leninopoltanae:
**[[Coporium]]
** [[Oranienbaumium]]
** [[Peterhofium|Petri aula]]
** [[Strelna]]
** [[Cronstadium]]
** [[Petropolis]]
** [[Viburgum (Russia)|Viburgum]] (et [[Tralesonda]])
* Finniae:
** [[Fredericia (Finnia)|Fredericia]]
** [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsinkium]]
** [[Aboa]]
** [[Vallis Gratiae]]
** [[Portus Mariae]]
** [[Neostadium]]
** [[Arctopolis]]
**[[Vaasa]]
** [[Carolina Vetus]]
** [[Uloa (urbs)|Uloa]]
**[[Tornia]]
* Sueciae:
** [[Lula (Suecia)|Lula]]
** [[Hernosandia]]
** [[Sundsvallia]]
** [[Gevalia]]
** [[Holmia]]
** [[Caroli Portus]]
{{div col end}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Nexus interni==

*[[Carta Marina]]
*[[Regio Baltica]]
*[[Sinus Codanus]]
*[[Baltia]]
*[[Hansa]]

== Bibliographia ==
*Ojaveer H., A. Jaanus, B. R. MacKenzie, G. Martin, S. Olenin, et al. [[2010]]. &quot;Status of Biodiversity in the Baltic Sea.&quot; ''[[PLoS ONE]]'' 5(9):e12467. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012467.

== Nexus externi ==
{{fontes geographici}}

[[Categoria:Mare Balticum|!]]
[[Categoria:Maria marginalia Oceani Atlantici]]
[[Categoria:Balticum]]
{{1000 paginae}}
{{Myrias|Geographia}}</text>
      <sha1>kyuekyu4zyiso8jbk1f0lufoneqmz2o</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3999463</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-05T11:23:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Nomen */</comment>
      <origin>3999463</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="13682" sha1="t1wvxyxsptf11cigi7sghsi2a055ibq" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Carta Marina.jpeg|thumb|[[Carta Marina]]]]

{{res|Mare Balticum}}&lt;ref&gt;Vilborg, Ebbe, ''Nordstedts svensk-latinska ordbok''. Ed. 2a, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mare Balticum&quot;: {{Egger SL|30}}. Cf. titulum operis Caroli Adolphi Forselii ''Disquisitio caussarum Sveciam bellis trans mare Balticum implicantium'' (1830) {{Google Books|b8NbAAAAcAAJ}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mare Suecicum ... vide Mare Balticum&quot;: {{Hofmannus}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Graesse|t=Balticum mare}}&lt;/ref&gt; est magnum [[mare marginale]] [[oceanus Atlanticus|oceani Atlantici]] in [[Europa]] situm. [[Paeninsula]]m [[Scandinavia|Scandinavicam]] a ceteris partibus Europae dividit.

== Nomen ==
[[Fasciculus:Regio-Balticum-Latine.png|thumb|Tabula maris Baltici et regiones circumpositae]]
[[Fasciculus:BalticSea March2000 NASA-S2000084115409.png|thumb|Maris Baltici e spatio photographema mense Martio facta: pars sinus Bothnici et pars sinus Finnici nondum glacie liberatae sunt]]
[[Cornelius Tacitus|Tacitus]] hoc {{res|mare Suebicum}} nominat&lt;ref&gt;''[[De origine et situ Germanorum]]'' [http://latin.packhum.org/loc/1351/2/44/384-397@1 45.2.2].&lt;/ref&gt; (de [[Suebi|Sueborum]] gente), alia nomina antiqua sunt {{res|mare Sarmaticum}} (de [[Sarmatae|Sarmatarum]] gente; nomen e [[Graece|Graeco]] Σαρματικὸς ὠκεανός derivatum est&lt;ref&gt;[[Claudius Ptolemaeus|Ptolemaei]] ''[[Geographia (Ptolemaeus)|Geographia]]'' I 3, 5.&lt;/ref&gt;) vel {{res|mare Codanum}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Graesse|t=Balticum mare}} Cf, de [[Sinus Codanus|sinu Codano]].&lt;/ref&gt; vel {{res|mare Gothicum}} vel {{res|mare Barbaricum}}. 

Balticum a terra [[Baltia]], quam etiam Graeci auctores memorabant, appellatur. Primo in ''[[Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum|Gestis Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum]]'' [[Adamus Bremensis|Adami Bremensis]] hoc nomen invenitur. Interdum et {{res|mare Orientale}}&lt;ref&gt;V. [[:commons:File:Tabula_navigatoria_maris_orientalis_-_btv1b53235857n_(1_of_2).jpg|Tabulam navigatoriam Maris Orientalis]], anno 1641 factam.&lt;/ref&gt;, ut in multis llinguis hodiernis, nominatur.  In [[Carta marina]] anni 1539 diversae partes maris diversa nomina habent.

[[Fasciculus:Atlas Van der Hagen-KW1049B10 060-DUCATUS POMERANIAE Tabula Generalis, in qua sunt DUCATUS POMERANIAE, STETTINENSIS CASSUBIAE, VANDALIAE et BARDENSIS, PRINCIPATUS RUGIAE ac INSULAE, COMITATUS GUSKOVIENSIS.jpeg|thumb|Litus maris Baltici meridionale (tabula {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Fredericus de Wit|Frederici de Wit|en|qid=Q1402952}})]]
Si linguas populorum nunc litora maris colentium enumeremus, nomen [[Theodisce|Theodiscum]] (''Ostsee''), [[Suecice|Suecicum]] (''Östersjön''), [[Danice|Danicum]] (''Østersøen'') et [[Finnice|Finnicum]] (''Itämeri'') significant ''mare Orientale'', [[Estonice|Estonicum]] (''Läänemeri'') a contrario ''mare Occidentale'', cetera ([[Lettonice|Lettonicum]] ''Baltijas jūra'', [[Lituane|Lituanum]] ''Baltijos jūra'', [[Polonice|Polonicum]] ''Morze Baltyckie'', [[Russice|Russicum]] ''Балтийское море'', [[Lingua Cassubica|Cassubicum]] ''Bôłt'') ''mare Balticum''.

== Facta ==
* Superficies: 413&amp;thinsp;000 [[chiliometrum quadratum|chm²]]
* Aquae copia: 21&amp;thinsp;600 chm³
* Maxima altitudo: 459 [[metrum|m]]
* Altitudo peraeque ducta: 52 m

==Origo geologica==

Mare Balticum non super [[Cortex Telluris|corticem]] oceanicum, sed super continentalem iacet et minime vetus est. Ante [[Glaciatio quaternaria|glaciationem quaternariam]] hic [[Eridanus (geologia)|Eridanus]] flumen praehistoricum maximum fluebat; in [[Lapponia]] oriebatur et loco [[Nederlandia]]e hodiernae [[delta fluminis|delta]] maximum habebat, per quod in [[mare Germanicum]] effundebatur. [[Taiga]] [[pelvis siccationis|pelvem siccationis]] Eridani occupabat. [[Aevum glaciale|Aetate glaciali]] omnis Eridani vallis glaciario operta erat, et [[resina]] arborum silvae Eridanensis [[sucinum]] Balticum facta est.

Glaciario recedente, circa 14 milibus annorum ante, primo lacus [[aqua dulcis|aquae dulcis]] loco maris Baltici ortum est. Circa 10 milibus annorum ante fretum, cum Oceano eum coniungens, loco Sueciae mediae ortum est, ubi nunc [[Lacus Melorus|Melorus]] lacus situs est. Hoc mare ''Ioldium'' nominatur. Circa 9 milibus annorum ante haec fretum terra elevante exsiccatur, et iterum lacus formatum est. Freta Danica, quae nunc mare Balticum cum Oceano coniungunt, circa 7,5 milibus annorum ante apparuerunt, sed formam fere hodiernam mare tantum circa 4 milibus annorum ante accepit, cum [[Neva]] flumen, aquae molem maiorem ferens, orta est.
[[Fasciculus:Hugo Knorr Ostseestrand.jpg|thumb|Litus Balticum ([[Hugo Knorr|Hugonis Knorr]] pictura, 1880)]]

== Descriptio ==

[[Mare Germanicum|Oceano Fresonico]] — et sic [[Oceanus Atlanticus|Oceano Atlantico]] — apud [[Tastris|Tastrem]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Plinius Maior|Plinii]] ''[[Naturalis historia (Plinius)|Hist. nat.]]'' IV 97.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Danice]]; ''Skagen'') [[Sinus Cimbricus|sinu Cimbrico]] et [[Kattegat|Kattegat freto]] coniunctum est. Alia freta in archipelago Danico mare cum oceano ligantia sunt freta Baltica [[Balticum Fretum Maius|maius]] et [[Balticum Fretum Minus|minus]] necnon [[Fretum Oresundicum|Oresundicum]] fretum. Ab anno 1895 etiam [[canalis Germanicobalticus]] artificialis maria Balticum et Germanicum coniungit. Sed permultis fluminibus magnis in mare influentibus [[sal]]initas aquae Balticae minor quam aquae [[oceanus|oceanorum]] est.

[[Fasciculus:AIDAcara on Kiel Canal.jpg|thumb|Navis marina per canalem Germanicobalticum navigat]]
Maris partes praecipuae sunt [[Venedicum mare]] (quod et [[sinus Venedicus]]&lt;ref&gt;Nunc ''sinus [[Gedanum|Gedanensis]]'' appellari solet.&lt;/ref&gt;) sinusque [[Sinus Bothnicus|Bothnicus]], [[Sinus Finnicus|Finnicus]] et [[Sinus Rigensis|Rigensis]]. Duae [[Lacuna (mare)|lacuna]]e magnae, [[lingua terrae|linguis terrae]] longissimis a mari separatae et fretis tenuibus coniunctae, ad partem maris meridie-orientalem adiacent; hae [[Recens lacus]] et [[Curonicus lacus]] nominantur.

Civitates vicinae sunt [[Suecia]], [[Finnia]], [[Russia]], [[Estonia]], [[Lettonia]], [[Lituania]], [[Polonia]], [[Germania]] [[Dania]]que. 

[[Fasciculus:FrozenTallinn.jpg|thumb|Castri Danorum de mari despectus glacie rupta]]
[[Index insularum Danicarum|Archipelagus Danicus]] in parte maris occidentalis iacet. Ad meridiem ab eo litora Germanica patent, ad terras foederales [[Slesvicum et Holsatia]]m et [[Megapolis et Pomerania Citerior|Megapolim et Pomeraniam Citeriorem]] pertinentes. [[Flensburgum]] et [[Kielia|Chilonium]] et [[Lubeca]] et [[Rostochium]] urbes hic ad litus sitae suunt. [[Viadrus|Viadri]] ostium terras Germanicas et Polonicas dividit; in sinum [[sinus Stetinensis|sinum Stetinensem]], a mari insulis [[Usedomia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmann&quot;&gt;{{Hofmannus}}.&lt;/ref&gt; et [[Iulina]] separatum, Viadrus influit; hic et [[Stettinum|Stetinum]] urbs iacet.

[[Fasciculus:Baltic Sea clouds.jpg|thumb|Mare Balticum [[nubes|nubibus]] in [[caelum|caelo]] ornatum]]
[[Sinus Venedicus]] litora Poloniae alluit; [[Civitas Gdinensis]] et [[Gedanum]] urbes magnae hic sitae sunt, et [[Vistula]] flumen Poloniae magnum hic in mare influit. Cum sinu Venedico et [[Recens lacus]] coniungitur, in quo [[Pregella]] influit, in ostio cuius [[Calininopolis]] urbs sita est. Prope [[Pillavia]]m litus Balticum ad septentrionem vertit; altera lacuna magna [[Curonicus lacus|Curonica]] hic iacet, in quam [[Nemenus]] influit et [[Memela]] urbs [[Lituania]]e portus in ostio eius aedificata est. 

In litora [[Lettonia]]e ([[Curlandia]]e priscae) [[sinus Rigensis]] longe irrumpit; a septentrione [[Osilia]] insula [[Estonia]]e magna sinus a mari separatus est. [[Duna]] flumen magnum in sinum Rigensem effluit, et [[Riga]] caput Lettoniae in ostio eius sita est.

[[Fasciculus:Port of Sain Petersburg Russia 2009 0073.JPG|thumb|In portu Petropolitana]]
Ad septentrionem ab Estonia in duos sinus maximos et longissimos mare Balticum dividitur; [[sinus Finnicus]] ad orientem tenditur et [[sinus Bothnicus]] ad septentrionem. [[Finnia]] inter sinus Finnicum et Botnicum iacet; [[Alandia]] loco, ubi sinus separantur, cum [[Portus Mariae|Portu Mariae]] capite iacet, et [[Aboa]] Fnniae totius caput pristinum haud longe sita est.

Sinus Finnici litus meridionali Estonicus et Russicus ([[regio Leninopolitana]]) est. [[Castrum Danorum]] Estoniae caput in litore sinus Finnici iacet necnon [[Petropolis]], Russiae urbs secunda a maxima. In ostio [[Neva]]e fluminis, quae in sinum aquam lacuum [[Saimaa]]e, [[Ladoga]]e, [[lacus Onega|Onega]]e, [[lacus Ilmenus|Ilmeni]] affert, Petropolis aedificatum est. Ceteri portus Russici in sinu Finnico [[Viburgum (Russia)|Viburgum]], [[Oranienbaumium]], [[Lugae Ostium]] sunt. In litore sinus Finnici septentrionali [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingia]] Finniae caput necnon aliae urbes Finnicae sitae sunt.

[[Fasciculus:Oulu1800.jpg|thumb|[[Uloa]] urbs Finnica in litore sinus Bothnici (imago anno 1800 facta)]]
[[Tornia]] urbs Finnica et [[Haparanda]] Suecica ad extremitatem sinus Bothnici (et maris totius) septentrionalem aedificatae sunt. Litus partis principalis maris septentrionale et litus sinus Bothnici occidentale [[Suecia|Suecica]] sunt. Hic ad mare et [[Holmia]] civitatis caput stat.

Duae insulae magnae mari medio iacent: [[Gothlandia]] Suecica et [[Boringia]] Danica.
[[Fasciculus:Peter benois.jpg|thumb|[[Petrus Magnus]] in litore sinus Finnici Petropoli nondum condita ([[Alexander Benois|Alexandri Benois]] pictura, 1916)]]

==Indices==

[[Fasciculus:East coast near Warnicken, Konigsberg, East Prussia, Germany-LCCN2002696124.jpg|thumb|Litus Balticum in [[Borussia Orientalis|Borussia Orientali]] (chartula saeculi XIX exeuntis)]]
===Insulae===
Tot insulae in Mari Baltico sunt, ut numerus exactus eorum referri non posset (praecipue in sinibus Finnico et Bothnico, ubi prope litora multa milia insularum et saxorum ''[[skär]]'' generis iacent). Insulae maiores e.g. sunt:
* Finnia: [[Alandia]]
* Suecia:  [[Gothlandia]] et [[Olandia]]
* Estonia: [[Osilia]], [[Daghoa]],  [[Mona (Estonia)|Mona]], [[Wrangera]] et [[Terra Feminarum]]
* Russia: [[Hogelandia]], [[Insula Robusta|Robusta]] etc. (v. [[Sinus Finnicus#Insulae|Insulae sinus Finnici]])
* Polonia: [[Iulina]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Ioannes Georgius Theodorus Graesse|J. G. Th. Graesse]], ''[[Orbis Latinus]]'', [[Brunsvicum|Brunopoli]] 1972, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/0005/bsb00050913/images/index.html?id=00050913&amp;nativeno=314 vol. II, p. 314].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Wolin'')
* Polonia Germaniaque: [[Usedomia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmann&quot;&gt;{{Hofmannus}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (''Usedom'')
* Germania: [[Rugia]], [[Insula Hedini]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lünig 1713&quot;&gt;Lünig, J. C. (1713). Corpus Iuris Territorialis Germanici: Continens Diplomata, Privilegia, Statuta, Aliaque Instrumenta Historico-Iuridica. Impensis Haeredum Lanckisianorum. Theodisce ''Hiddensee''&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce Hiddensee''), [[Femera]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/0005/bsb00050913/images/index.html?id=00050913&amp;nativeno=61 vol. II, p. 61].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Fehmarn'')
* Dania: [[Selandia]], [[Fionia]], [[Lalandia]], [[Boringia]]

[[Fasciculus:Suursaari.jpg|thumb|[[Hogelandia]] insula in sinu Finnico]]

=== Flumina ===
Maxima flumina mari Baltico adfluentia sunt: 
{{div col|2}}
* [[Travena]] ([[Germania]]), 
* [[Viadua]] sive ''Oder'' sive ''Odra'' (Germania [[Polonia]]que), 
* [[Vistula]] sive ''Weichsel'' sive ''Wisla'' (Polonia), 
* [[Pregella]] ([[regio Kaliningradensis]] [[Russia]]e)
* [[Memela flumen|Memela]] sive ''Neman'' sive ''Nemunas'' ([[Lituania]] et [[regio Kaliningradensis]]), 
* [[Winda]] (Lettonia),  
* [[Missa (flumen)|Missa]] (Lettonia), 
* [[Duina Occidentalis]] ([[Lettonia]]),  
* [[Saletsa (flumen)|Saletsa]] ([[Lettonia]]),  
* [[Coiwa]] (Lettonia), 
* [[Mater Aquarum]] ([[Estonia]]),  
* [[Narva (flumen)|Narva]] (Russia et Estonia), 
* [[Luga (flumen)|Luga]] (Russia),
* [[Neva]] (Russia), 
* ''[[Aurajoki]]'' ([[Finnia]]),
* [[Ula (flumen Finniae)|Ula]] (Finnia), 
* [[Torna]] (Finnia et [[Suecia]]).
{{div col end}}

[[Fasciculus:Baltic beach sand containing amber.jpg|thumb|Harena litoris Baltici, ubi sucinum inter lapides videtur]]

=== Portus vel urbes ad litora sitae===
{{div col|3}}
* Daniae:
** [[Hafnia]]
* Germaniae:
** [[Flensburgum]]
** [[Kielia]]
** [[Lubeca]]
** [[Rostochium]]
* Poloniae:
** [[Stettinum]]
** [[Civitas Gdinensis]]
** [[Gedania]]
* Russiae, regionis Calininopoltanae:
** [[Pillavia]]
** [[Calininopolis]]
** [[Labiavia]]
* Lituaniae:
** [[Memela]]
*Lettoniae:
** [[Liba]]
** [[Vindovia]]
** [[Riga]]
** [[Saletsa]]
* Estoniae:
** [[Pernavia]] 
** [[Hapsalia]]
** [[Tallinna|Castrum Danorum]] 
* Russiae, regionis Leninopoltanae:
**[[Coporium]]
** [[Oranienbaumium]]
** [[Peterhofium|Petri aula]]
** [[Strelna]]
** [[Cronstadium]]
** [[Petropolis]]
** [[Viburgum (Russia)|Viburgum]] (et [[Tralesonda]])
* Finniae:
** [[Fredericia (Finnia)|Fredericia]]
** [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsinkium]]
** [[Aboa]]
** [[Vallis Gratiae]]
** [[Portus Mariae]]
** [[Neostadium]]
** [[Arctopolis]]
**[[Vaasa]]
** [[Carolina Vetus]]
** [[Uloa (urbs)|Uloa]]
**[[Tornia]]
* Sueciae:
** [[Lula (Suecia)|Lula]]
** [[Hernosandia]]
** [[Sundsvallia]]
** [[Gevalia]]
** [[Holmia]]
** [[Caroli Portus]]
{{div col end}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Nexus interni==

*[[Carta Marina]]
*[[Regio Baltica]]
*[[Sinus Codanus]]
*[[Baltia]]
*[[Hansa]]

== Bibliographia ==
*Ojaveer H., A. Jaanus, B. R. MacKenzie, G. Martin, S. Olenin, et al. [[2010]]. &quot;Status of Biodiversity in the Baltic Sea.&quot; ''[[PLoS ONE]]'' 5(9):e12467. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012467.

== Nexus externi ==
{{fontes geographici}}

[[Categoria:Mare Balticum|!]]
[[Categoria:Maria marginalia Oceani Atlantici]]
[[Categoria:Balticum]]
{{1000 paginae}}
{{Myrias|Geographia}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Via</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
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      <comment>/* Viae Romanae */</comment>
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      <text bytes="3051" sha1="jnzar645xubaapyqhongpdew0amqyon" xml:space="preserve">{{disambig2|via sensu latiore|viam urbanam|Via urbis}}
[[Fasciculus:E4Lpb.jpg|thumb|upright=1|E4 (Via Europaea numero 4), magna via hodierna in [[Suecia]] apud [[urbs|urbem]] [[Lincopia]]m anno [[2005]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Evacuated Highway 401 Color.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Via machinamentis.]]
[[Fasciculus:PompeiiStreet.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Via Romana lapidea [[Pompeii]]s, [[Italia]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Map of Roman roads in Italy.png|thumb|upright=0.8|Praecipuae viae Romanae in [[Italia]] antiqua.]]
'''Via''' {{victio|via|ae|f}} est locus qua [[vehiculum|vehiculo]] seu [[pes|pedibus]] seu alia quacumque [[ratio]]ne ire licet. Aliae viae ab [[auctor]]ibus appellatae sunt, ut [[Via Appia]] ab [[Appius Claudius Caecus|Appio Claudio Caeco]] [[censor]]e, aliae ab [[urbs|urbibus]] ad quas ferebant, ut [[Via Collatina]], aliae a [[provinvia|provinciis]], ut [[Campana]] aut [[Latina]], aliae a diversis eventibus, ut [[Via Triumphalis]].

Viae publicae a [[Imperium Romanum|Romanis]] admirabili magnificentia non [[Roma]]e solum, sed etiam tota [[Italia]] factae et stratae fuerunt; creati sunt (post [[aedilis|aediles]]) proprii magistratus, qui viarum curandarum et curatores viarum vocabantur. In viis constitutae fuerunt [[columna]]e [[lapis|lapideae]], quae singulis intervallis positae signum [[milliarium|milliariorum]] prae se ferebant, viae [[silex|silicibus]] planis stratae erant, e quo [[Germanice]] ''Strasse,'' [[Anglice]] ''street,'' [[Italiane]] ''strada,'' [[Saxonice]] ''Straat.''

In vias nunc [[semaphorum|semaphori]] sunt.

== Viae Romanae ==
{{Main|Via Romana}}

{{div col|3}}
* ''[[Via Aemilia]]''
* ''[[Via Appia]]''
* ''[[Via Aurelia]]''
* ''[[Via Cassia]]''
* ''[[Via Claudia Augusta]]''
* ''[[Via Clodia]]''
* ''[[Via Domitia]]''
* ''[[Via Domitiana]]''
* ''[[Via Egnatia]]''
* ''[[Via Flaminia]]''
* ''[[Via Flaminia minor]]''
* ''[[Via Iulia Augusta]]''
* ''[[Via Latina]]''
* ''[[Via Nomentana]]''
* ''[[Via Popilia]]''
* ''[[Via Postumia]]''
* ''[[Via Regia]]''
* ''[[Via Salaria]]''
* ''[[Via Traiana]]''
* ''[[Via Valeria]]''
* [[Trames flexuosus]]
{{div col end}}

==Nexus interni==
{{div col|3}}
* [[Autovia]]
* [[Cibus viarius]]
* [[Commeatus]]
* [[Compitum]]
* [[Curriculum (via)|Curriculum]] (via)
* [[Dissaeptum orbiculatum]]
* [[Ferrivia]]
* [[Iter]]
* [[Iter regium]]
* [[Peregrinatio]]
* [[Signum viale]]
* [[Transitus pedestris]]
* [[Vectura]]
* [[Via 66]]
* {{Creanda|en|Via et veritas et vita|Via et veritas et vita}}
* [[Via Lemovicensis]]
* [[Via Litoris Pacifici]]
* [[Via multivectoria]]
* [[Via Regalis]]
* [[Via serica]]
{{div col end}}

== Bibliographia ==
* Bergerius, Nicolas. [[1736]]. ''Histoire des grands chemins de l'Empire Romain.'' Bruxellis. [http://books.google.fr/books?id=O_MFAAAAQAAJ Textus.]
* [http://dagr.univ-tlse2.fr/sdx/dagr/feuilleter.xsp?tome=5&amp;partie=1&amp;numPage=787 Via.]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} In {{Daremberg}} 5 (1): 777–820.

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Roads|vias}}
{{Myrias|Technologia}}

[[Categoria:Via| ]]</text>
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        <id>64423</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>{{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}}</comment>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3084" sha1="ad7krcugxjy5qi9d9607gmpib8vzcdo" xml:space="preserve">{{disambig2|via sensu latiore|viam urbanam|Via urbis}}
[[Fasciculus:E4Lpb.jpg|thumb|upright=1|E4 (Via Europaea numero 4), magna via hodierna in [[Suecia]] apud [[urbs|urbem]] [[Lincopia]]m anno [[2005]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Evacuated Highway 401 Color.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Via machinamentis.]]
[[Fasciculus:PompeiiStreet.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Via Romana lapidea [[Pompeii]]s, [[Italia]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Map of Roman roads in Italy.png|thumb|upright=0.8|Praecipuae viae Romanae in [[Italia]] antiqua.]]

{{res|Via}} ({{pns|ae|f|via}}) est locus qua [[vehiculum|vehiculo]] seu [[pes|pedibus]] seu alia quacumque [[ratio]]ne ire licet. Aliae viae ab [[auctor]]ibus appellatae sunt, ut [[Via Appia]] ab [[Appius Claudius Caecus|Appio Claudio Caeco]] [[censor]]e, aliae ab [[urbs|urbibus]] ad quas ferebant, ut [[Via Collatina]], aliae a [[provinvia|provinciis]], ut [[Campana]] aut [[Latina]], aliae a diversis eventibus, ut [[Via Triumphalis]].

Viae publicae a [[Imperium Romanum|Romanis]] admirabili magnificentia non [[Roma]]e solum, sed etiam tota [[Italia]] factae et stratae fuerunt; creati sunt (post [[aedilis|aediles]]) proprii magistratus, qui viarum curandarum et curatores viarum vocabantur. In viis constitutae fuerunt [[columna]]e [[lapis|lapideae]], quae singulis intervallis positae signum [[milliarium|milliariorum]] prae se ferebant, viae [[silex|silicibus]] planis stratae erant, e quo [[Germanice]] ''Strasse,'' [[Anglice]] ''street,'' [[Italiane]] ''strada,'' [[Saxonice]] ''Straat.''

In vias nunc [[semaphorum|semaphori]] sunt.

== Viae Romanae ==
{{Main|Via Romana}}

{{div col|3}}
* ''[[Via Aemilia]]''
* ''[[Via Appia]]''
* ''[[Via Aurelia]]''
* ''[[Via Cassia]]''
* ''[[Via Claudia Augusta]]''
* ''[[Via Clodia]]''
* ''[[Via Domitia]]''
* ''[[Via Domitiana]]''
* ''[[Via Egnatia]]''
* ''[[Via Flaminia]]''
* ''[[Via Flaminia minor]]''
* ''[[Via Iulia Augusta]]''
* ''[[Via Latina]]''
* ''[[Via Nomentana]]''
* ''[[Via Popilia]]''
* ''[[Via Postumia]]''
* ''[[Via Regia]]''
* ''[[Via Salaria]]''
* ''[[Via Traiana]]''
* ''[[Via Valeria]]''
* [[Trames flexuosus]]
{{div col end}}

==Nexus interni==
{{div col|3}}
* [[Autovia]]
* [[Cibus viarius]]
* [[Commeatus]]
* [[Compitum]]
* [[Curriculum (via)|Curriculum]] (via)
* [[Dissaeptum orbiculatum]]
* [[Ferrivia]]
* [[Iter]]
* [[Iter regium]]
* [[Peregrinatio]]
* [[Signum viale]]
* [[Transitus pedestris]]
* [[Vectura]]
* [[Via 66]]
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Via et veritas et vita|&lt;&gt;|en|qid=Q7924347}}
* [[Via Lemovicensis]]
* [[Via Litoris Pacifici]]
* [[Via multivectoria]]
* [[Via Regalis]]
* [[Via serica]]
{{div col end}}

== Bibliographia ==
* Bergerius, Nicolas. [[1736]]. ''Histoire des grands chemins de l'Empire Romain.'' Bruxellis. [http://books.google.fr/books?id=O_MFAAAAQAAJ Textus.]
* [http://dagr.univ-tlse2.fr/sdx/dagr/feuilleter.xsp?tome=5&amp;partie=1&amp;numPage=787 Via.]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} In {{Daremberg}} 5 (1): 777–820.

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Roads|vias}}
{{Myrias|Technologia}}

[[Categoria:Via| ]]</text>
      <sha1>ad7krcugxjy5qi9d9607gmpib8vzcdo</sha1>
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    <title>Alexandria (discretiva)</title>
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        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>{{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}}</comment>
      <origin>3999358</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2482" sha1="epz5f8ww3we86sc263zvunt5a7civtm" xml:space="preserve">{{Pagina discretiva|etiam=Alexandropolis (discretiva)}}

{{res|Ălĕxăndrīa}} sive {{res|Ălĕxăndrēa}} est nomen plurium urbium ab [[Alexander Magnus|Alexandro Magno]] conditarum, et urbium seriorum aetatum.

== Alexandriae ab Alexandro conditae ==
* [[Alexandria]] urbs Aegyptia
** vide etiam [[Alexandria antiqua]]
* [[Alexandria ad Caucasum]] seu [[Alexandrea ad Caucasum]]
* [[Alexandria ad Issum]]:  urbs Turciae.
* [[Alexandria Arachosia]] (vulgo ''Kandahār'') urbs Afganica
* [[Alexandria Arion]] seu [[Alexandria Ariana]] (''Herāt'') urbs Afganica
* [[Alexandria Asiana]]
* [[Alexandria Bucephala]] seu [[Bucephalia]]
* [[Alexandria Eschate]] (''Ḫuǧand'') urbs in [[Tadzikistania]]
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Alexandria Hyphasis||en|qid=Q65069263}} in [[India]] ad [[Hyphasis|Hyphasim]] fluvium
* [[Alexandria Margiana]] seu [[Margiana]] (''Merv'' seu ''Mary'') urbs Usbecica
* [[Alexandria Nicaea]] seu [[Nicaea (India)]]: urbs [[India]]e in [[Pengabum|Pengabo]], a Alexandro condita, hodie ubicatio est ignōta. 
* [[Alexandria Oxiana]] (''Ai-Ḫānum'') urbs Afganica
* [[Alexandria Prophthasia]] urbs Afganica
* [[Alexandria Troas]] urbs in [[Troas|Troade]]

== Alexandriae aliquae recentiores ==
* [[Alexandria (Arcansia)]] urbs in [[Arcansia]]
* [[Alexandria (Bruttium)]]: oppidum Italiae in Bruttio
* [[Alexandria (California)]] urbs in [[California]]
* [[Alexandria (Columbia Britannica)]] urbs in [[Columbia Britannica]]
* [[Alexandria Gasnensis]] (Ġazni) urbs Afganica
* [[Alexandria (Ludoviciana)]] urbs in [[Ludoviciana]]
* [[Alexandria (provincia Aegyptia)]]: provincia Aegyptiae
* [[Alexandria (provincia Italiae)]] seu Provincia Alexandrina Statiellorum: provincia Italiae
* [[Alexandria (Sicilia)]] seu [[Alexandria de Rocca]]: oppidum Italiae in Sicilia
* [[Alexandria (Ucraina)]], urbs [[regio Kirovogradensis|regionis Kirovogradensis]]
* [[Alexandria (Virginia)]] urbs in [[Virginia]]
* [[Alexandria Statiellorum]] (etiam: [[Alexandria Statelliorum]], [[Alexandria a Palea]]: urbs [[Italia|Italica]]

== Ecclesia Catholica Romana ==
* [[Dioecesis Alexandrina in Louisiana]]: Sedes Ecclesiae Catholicae Romanae
* [[Dioecesis Alexandrina Minor]]: Sedes Titulares Ecclesiae Catholicae Romanae
* [[Dioecesis Alexandrina Statiellorum]]: Sedes Ecclesiae Catholicae Romanae

{{NexInt}}
* [[Alexandropolis]] urbs Thracica in Graecia
* [[Alexandropolis (Armenia)|Alexandropolis seu Cimmeria]] (vulgo ''Gyumri'') urbs [[Armenia]]ca</text>
      <sha1>epz5f8ww3we86sc263zvunt5a7civtm</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Moldavia</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>2802</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3999239</id>
      <parentid>3984358</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-04T18:05:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3999239</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2944" sha1="q7y00glv9p1yjhyloretvvn2jzeekpj" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa civitatis Vicidata}}
{{Videdis|Moldavia (discretiva)}}
'''Moldavia'''&lt;ref&gt;De regione mediaevali: {{Hofmannus}}, s.v. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190712155435/https://www2.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/hofmann/hof3/s0191b.html &quot;Moldavia&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;, sive '''Moldova'''&lt;ref&gt;[[Ioannes Paulus II]], [http://w2.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/la/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_20011027_chisinauensis.html Constitutio Apostolica Chisinauensis] (2001).&lt;/ref&gt;, rite '''Res publica Moldaviae''' ([[Lingua Dacoromanica|Romanice]]: ''Republica Moldova''), est parva civitas [[civitas mediterranea|mediterranea]] in [[Europa orientalis|Europa orientali]], quae inter [[Romania]]m et [[Ucraina]]m iacet. Regio in ripa orientali [[Tyras|Tyrae]], [[Transnistria]] appellata, ab anno [[1990]] regitur a [[res publica Moldavica Transnistria|re publica Moldavica Transnistria]], ab aliis civitatibus non agnita. [[Caput (urbs)|Urbs capitalis]] Moldaviae est [[Chisinovia]]. Aliae urbes maximae sunt [[Bălți]] et in Transnistria [[Tiraspolis]] et [[Benderum]]. Moldavia fere {{formatnum:2640000}} incolarum habet, territorio Transnistriae excluso.&lt;ref&gt;[http://statbank.statistica.md/PxWeb/pxweb/ro/20%20Populatia%20si%20procesele%20demografice/20%20Populatia%20si%20procesele%20demografice__POPrec__POP010/?rxid=9a62a0d7-86c4-45da-b7e4-fecc26003802 Aestimatio apud BNS]&lt;/ref&gt; 

Maior pars Moldviae hodiernae fuit pars [[Principatus Moldaviae|principatûs Moldaviae]] et cliens [[Imperium Ottomanicum|imperii Ottomanici]] usque ad annum [[1812]], cum [[imperium Russicum|imperio Russico]] cessa est et [[Bessarabia]] appellata est. Anno [[1918]] post [[res novae Octobres|res novas Russicas]] libertatem suam declaravit, deinde se cum [[Romania]] coniunxit, sed anno [[1940]] Romania eam [[Unio Sovietica|Unioni Sovieticae]] cedere coacta est, deinde Bessarabia facta est [[Res publica socialistica Sovietica Moldavica]]. Die [[27 Augusti]] [[1991]] libertatem ab [[Unio Sovietica|Unione Sovietica]] adepta est.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Orhei Vechi 08.JPG|Orhei vetus: locus archaeologicus et monasterium
Stefan, der große und heilige Patron Moldawiens.JPG|Statua [[Stephanus Magnus (princeps Moldaviae)|Stephani Magni]] Chisinoviae
Combinatul de Vinuri ”Cricova” S.A..jpg|Cricova, officina et apotheca [[vinum|vinaria]]
&lt;/gallery&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Demetrius Cantemir]], scriptor et humanista Moldaviae
* [[Regiones historicae Romaniae Moldaviaeque]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Moldova|Moldaviam}}
{{Grc|Μολδαυία}}
{{Fontes geographici}}
{{Coord|47|N|28|E|scale:10000000|display=title}}

{{Europa}}
{{Capsae collectae|Moldavia|politica|{{Praesides Moldaviae}}{{Primi ministri Moldaviae}}{{Ministri rerum externarum Moldavici}}}}

[[Categoria:Moldavia|!]]
[[Categoria:Condita 1991]]
[[Categoria:Civitates sui iuris]]
[[Categoria:Independentium Civitatum Foederatio]]

{{Myrias|Geographia}}</text>
      <sha1>q7y00glv9p1yjhyloretvvn2jzeekpj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lacus Magni</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>2927</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3999415</id>
      <parentid>3990457</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-05T09:15:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PastelKos</username>
        <id>110819</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Nexus externi */</comment>
      <origin>3999415</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7832" sha1="k7iocadyej9h75vxyw9n1jh92ro25rs" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Great Lakes from space.jpg|thumb|Despectus in omnem Lacuum Magnorum [[regio]]nem ex satellite, die 24 Aprilis 2000.]]

'''Lacus Magni''' sunt [[quinque]] ampliores [[aqua dulcis|aquae dulcis]] [[lacus]], in boreorientali [[America Septentrionalis|America Septentrionali]], secundum [[finis Canadae et Civitatum Foederatarum|finem Canadae et Civitatum Foederatarum]] siti, qui cum [[Oceanus Atlanticus|Oceano Atlantico]] per [[Cursus marinus Sancti Laurentii|Cursum marinum Sancti Laurentii]]&lt;!--[[Anglice]] ''Saint Lawrence Seaway''--&gt; et [[Cursus aquatilis Lacuum Magnorum|Cursum aquatilem Lacuum Magnorum]] conectuntur. Ei, in lacubus [[Lacus Superior|Superiore]], [[Michiganus Lacus|Michigano]], [[Lacus Huronorum|Huronorum]], [[Lacus Eriarum|Eriarum]], [[Andiatrocus Lacus|Andiatroco]] consistentes, una sunt maximus lacuum aquae dulcis grex in [[Tellus|orbe terrarum]] notus, quibus sunt 21 centesimas Telluris aqua dulcis [[superficies|superficialis]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20121201211425/http://www.epa.gov/glnpo/basicinfo.html &quot;Great Lakes – U.S. EPA,&quot;] apud epa.gov (United States Environmental Protection Agency).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://biology.usgs.gov/luhna/chap6.html &quot;Historical Landcover Changes in the Great Lakes Region,&quot;] capitulum 6 ex LUHNA, apud usgs.luhna.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ghassemi, Fereidoun, ''Inter-Basin Water Transfer'' (Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University
Press, 2007), ISBN 0-521-86969-2.&lt;/ref&gt; Superficies 94250 milia quadrata, [[volumen]] (apud datum aquae humilis mensum) 5439 milia cubica est.&lt;ref name=&quot;EPAphysical&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20101029215637/http://www.epa.gov/glnpo/physfacts.html &quot;Great Lakes: Basic Information: Physical Facts,&quot; apud epa.gov (United States Environmental Protection Agency).&lt;/ref&gt; Lacus a nonnullis civibus [[Civitates Foederatae|Civitatum Foederatarum]] aliquando Litus Septentrionale, vel [[Litus Tertium]], appellantur.

[[Fasciculus:Great-Lakes-Basin.svg|thumb|Tabula Lacuum Magnorum et eorum [[pelvis siccandi]], cum finibus civitatum, provinciarum, et nationum.]]
[[Fasciculus:Sediment and Algae Color the Great Lakes.jpg|thumb|Lacus Magni post tempestatem Octobri 2011. Tempestas ad [[superficies|superficiem]] lacuum [[sedimentum]] et [[alga]]s elevavit.]]
==Situs==

[[Lacus Ilinorum]] omnis terris [[CFA|Civitatum Foederatarum]] circumcinctus est; ceteros lacus confinium [[Canada]]e et Civitatum Foederatarum transit. Litora eorum septentrionalia provinciae Canadensis [[Ontario]]ni adscriptae sunt, litora meridionalia civitatibus multis. 

Partem Americanam litoris septentrionalis [[lacus Superior]]is [[Minnesota]] possidet, litora meridionalia inter [[Visconsinia]]m et [[Michigania]]m divisa sunt. [[Lacus Ilinorum]] partes borealis et orientalis in Michigania sunt, pars occidentalis inter Visconsiniam et [[Illinoesia]]m divisa est, extremitatem australem [[Indiana]] habet. [[Lacus Huronum]] litora australia et occidentalia in Michigania sunt. [[Lacus Erieus|Lacus Eriei]] partem austroccidentalem [[Ohium]] possidet, austrorientalis inter [[Pennsilvania]]m et [[Novum Eboracum]] divisa est. [[Lacus Ontarius|Lacus Ontarii]] litora australia et orientalia in civitate Novi Eboraci sita sunt.

==Hydrographia==

[[Lacus Superior]] area in America maximus in systemate supremus est (quamquam et in eum aqua aliorum lacorum, quorum maximus [[Nipigon]], colligitur); per [[flumen Sanctae Mariae]] (&quot;rivière Sainte-Marie&quot;) aquae eius in [[lacus Huronum|lacum Huronum]] defluunt. Lacus Huronum in duas partes divisum est insulis et paeninsulis, quarum boreorientalis minor [[Sinus Georgianus]] ('&quot;Georgian Bay&quot;) nominatur. Cum [[lacus Ilinorum|lacu Ilinorum]] freto [[Mackinac]] coniunctum est; sensu hydrographico lacus Huronum (cum sinu Georgiano) et lacus Ilinorum (cum [[sinus Viridis|sinu Viridi]], &quot;Green Bay&quot;) unus lacus figurae complexae est, sed duobus lacuum nominibus partes eius semper nominantur. Per [[flumen Sanctae Clarae]] aqua e lacu Huronum in [[lacus Sanctae Clarae|lacum Sanctae Clarae]] minorem defluit, et ex eo per [[Detroitum (flumen)|Detroitum]] fluvium in [[lacus Erieus|lacum Erieum]]. [[Niagara]] flumen ex Erieo in [[lacus Ontarius|lacum Ontarium]] fluit, et ex Ontario [[flumen Sancti Laurentii]] aquam Lacuum Magnorum in [[Oceanus Atlanticus|Oceanum Atlanticum]] aufert.

== Nonnullae naves peregrinatoriae ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Nomen navis
! Quo anno facta
! Civitas
!
! Nomen navis
! Quo anno facta
! Civitas
!
! Nomen navis
! Quo anno facta
! Civitas
|-
| [[Niagara (palace steamer)|''Niagara'']]
| 1856
| Civitates Foederatae
|
| ''[[Christopher Columbus (navis)|Christopher Columbus]]''
| 1892
| Civitates Foederatae
|
| ''[[Eastland]]''
| 1902
| Civitates Foederatae
|-
| ''[[Milwaukee Clipper]]''
| 1904
| Civitates Foederatae
|
| ''[[Keewatin]]''
| 1907
| Canada
|
| [[Comet (steamboat)|''Comet'']]
| 1857
| Civitates Foederatae
|}

{{NexInt}}
*''[[Esox lucius]]''

==Notae==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

==Bibliographia==
* Anin, Peter. [[2006]]. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=VzMeZHaLP_gC&amp;lpg=PP1&amp;dq=inauthor%3A%22Peter%20Annin%22&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=true The Great Lakes Water Wars.]'' Island Press. ISBN 1-55963-087-6.
* Beltran, R., et al. [[1995]]. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20130202002550/http://www.epa.gov/glnpo/atlas/glat-ch2.html The Great Lakes: An Environmental Atlas and Resource Book.]'' United States Environmental Protection Agency and Government of Canada. ISBN 0-662-23441-3.
* Coon, W. F., et R. A. Sheets. [[2006]]. ''[http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5180/ Estimate of Ground Water in Storage in the Great Lakes Basin,]'' Relatum Investigationum Scientificarum 2006–5180. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey.
* Grady, Wayne, Bruce M. Littel, et Emily S. Damstra. [[2007]]. [http://books.google.ca/books?id=bnvZ1XrRTGIC&amp;lpg=PP1&amp;dq=Great%20Lakes&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=true ''The Great Lakes: the natural history of a changing region.''] David Suzuki Foundation. ISBN 978-1-55365-197-0.

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Great Lakes|Lacus Magnos}}
{{Fontes geographici}}
{{grc|Μεγάλαι Λίμναι}}
*[http://www.greatlakes.org/ &quot;Alliance For The Great Lakes,&quot;] greatlakes.org
*[http://www.ec.gc.ca/grandslacs-greatlakes/default.asp?lang=En&amp;n=70283230-1 ''Environment Canada,] apud ec.gc.ca (situs publicus)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080511230142/http://www.coastwatch.msu.edu/ &quot;Great Lakes Coast Watch,&quot;] apud coastwatch.msu.edu
*[http://www.glc.org/ &quot;Great Lakes Commission,&quot;] glv.org
*[http://www.divinglore.com/Genesis/USA/Great_Lakes_&amp;_Inland_Sites.htm &quot;Great Lakes Dive Sites,&quot; conspectus in Magnos Lacus,] divinglore.com
*[http://GreatLakesEcho.org &quot;Great Lakes Echo,&quot;] greatlakesecho.org
*[http://www.glerl.noaa.gov &quot;Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory,&quot;] gleerl.noaa.gov (U.S. Department of Commerce: NOAA)
*[http://www.great-lakes.net/ &quot;Great Lakes Information Network,&quot;] great-lakes.net
*[http://www.ijc.org/ &quot;Internation Joint Commission – Canada and United States,&quot;] ijc.org
*[http://www.iaglr.org/ &quot;International Association for Great Lakes Research,&quot;] iaglr.org
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120201145444/http://www.epa.gov/glnpo/ Lacus Magni,] epa.gov (United States Environmental Protection Agency, situs publicus)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050206183038/http://www.hhpl.on.ca/GreatLakes/ &quot;Maritime History of the Great Lakes,&quot;] maritimehistoryofthegreatlakes.ca
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120302163207/http://www.on.ec.gc.ca/wildlife/factsheets/fs_herring_gulls_table2_e.html De vita fera,] on.ec.gc.ca

{{Coord|45|45|N|84|0|W|region:US_type:waterbody|display=title}}
{{1000 paginae}}

[[Categoria:Systema Sancti Laurentii fluminis]]
[[Categoria:Lacus Canadae]]
[[Categoria:Lacus Civitatum Foederatarum|Magni]]
[[Categoria:Magni Lacus|!]]

{{Myrias|Geographia}}</text>
      <sha1>k7iocadyej9h75vxyw9n1jh92ro25rs</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>2025</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3999424</id>
      <parentid>3967014</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-05T09:30:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-58674-06</username>
        <id>217304</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Carolus Kirk mortuus est die 10 Septembris, non 14 Octobris. Etiam addo imagines</comment>
      <origin>3999424</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5764" sha1="h5eu5duzmh6htai1bdagk8lbcu9kxpg" xml:space="preserve">{{Decennium|203|MMXXV}}

== Eventa ==
[[Fasciculus:Fallen Building.jpg|thumb|Ruinae aedificii [[Birmania|Birmaniae]], post terrae motum 28 Martii.]]
[[Fasciculus:Pope Leo XIV on the loggia (cropped).jpg|thumb|Novus pontifex maximus [[Leo XIV]] salutat Christianos in [[Forum Sancti Petri (Roma)|Foro Sancti Petri]] die electionis suae.]]
[[Fasciculus:Pictures of the Israeli attack on Tehran 1 Mehr (2).jpg|thumb|Impetus Israëlis contra [[Teheranum]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Wang Fuk Court Fire 20251127 1225.jpg|thumb|Ruinae domorum praealtarum in vico Taipo [[Hongcongum|Hongcongi]], die 27 Novembris.]]
* 7 Ianuarii: In urbe Americana [[Angelopolis|Angelopoli]] complura ingentia incendia oriuntur et [[ventus|ventis]] fortibus agitantur, quae multas domos delent et plus quam centum milia hominum fugant.
* 20 Ianuarii: [[Donaldus Trumpius]] iterum praeses [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitatum Foedratarum Americae]] electus iusiurandum dicens munus init.
* 25 Februarii: Caedes scelesta prope ''Risbergska'' scholam [[Orebrogia]]e fuit.
* 11 Martii: [[Rodericus Duterte]], [[Philippinae|Philippinarum]] praeses pristinus, in [[Manila]] a [[Tribunal criminale internationale|Tribunali criminali internationali]] arreptus est.
* 28 Martii: [[Terrae motus]] magnitudinis 7.7 circa [[Sagaing]], urbem [[Birmania]]e, factus usque ad [[Bancocum]], caput [[Thailandia]]e, vastum damnum causat et multos homines necat.
* 12 Aprilis: Expositio mundana &quot;[[Expo 2025]]&quot; [[Osaca]]e in [[Iaponia]] patefacta est.
* 6 Maii: [[Fridericus Merz]] [[cancellarius foederalis]] [[Germania]]e electus est.
* 8 Maii: [[Leo XIV]] (natus Robertus Franciscus Prevost) pontifex electus est.
* 12 Maii: [[Amedebatum|Amedebati]] in [[India]] [[aeroplanum]] vix profectum in domos cecidit et plus quam ducentos homines necavit.
* 13 Maii: [[Israël]] [[Irania]]m ex aëre late aggressa est.
* 15 Maii: [[G8|Grex septem civitatum (G 7)]] in Canada convenit.
* 22 Iunii: [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] iussu praesidis [[Donaldus Trumpius|Donaldi Trumpii]] officinas uranii subterraneas telis bombisque explosivis devastaverunt.
* 30 Iulii: [[Terrae motus]] magnitudinis 8.8 litora [[Camtschatca]]e et [[Curiles|insularum Curilensium]] concutit; portus Urbis Curilensis Borealis (''Severo-Kuril'sk'') [[megacyma]]te devastatus est. Mense Augusto ineunte post terrae motum [[mons Fontinalis]] et [[mons Krascheninnikovii]] eruperunt.
* 9 Octobris: Factio [[Hamasia]] finem [[Bellum Israëlianum-Hamasianum anni 2023|belli]] annuntiavit.
* 10 Octobris: [[Maria Corina Machado|Mariae Corinae Machado]] [[praemium Nobelianum pacis]] attributum est.
* 19 Octobris: Quattuor homines paucis minutis octo pretiosissima ornamenta regalia et imperialia gemmis completa e [[Museum Luparense|museo Luparensi]] rapuerunt.
* 21 Octobris: [[Sanae Takaichi]] prima ministrix Iaponiae electa est.
* 28 Octobris: [[Melissa (Hurracanum)|Melissa]], unum e fortissimis hurracanis umquam in oceano Atlantico observatis, [[Iamaica]]m insulam aggressum est.
* 31 Octobris: [[Basilica Sanctae Familiae]] [[Barcino]]nensis nunc altissima ecclesiarum Christianarum est, 162,9 m habens et ecclesia cathedrali [[Ulma|Ulmensi]] altior; sed aedificatio nondum perfecta est.
* 26 Novembris: Hongkongi incendium complurum domorum praealtarum in [[Hongcongum|Hongcongi]] vico Taipo exardescit. Saltem 123 homines necantur.
* 28 Novembris: Leo XIV [[papa]] in loco [[Concilium Nicaenum Primum|concilii Nicaeni]] [[Bartholomaeus I|Bartholomaeum]] patriarcham convenit et admonet, ut dissensiones superarentur.

== Nati ==
{{Nati desiderati}}

== Mortui ==
* [[7 Ianuarii]]: [[Ioannes Maria Le Pen]], politicus [[Francia|Francicus]]; natus est anno [[1928]].
* [[29 Ianuarii]]: [[Ricardus Williamson]], [[episcopus]] [[Anglicus]]; natus est anno [[1940]]
* [[1 Februarii]]: [[Horstius Köhler]], [[praeses foederalis Germaniae]]; natus est anno [[1943]].
* [[8 Februarii]]: [[Robertus Bingham]], cantor et histrio [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1946]].
* [[3 Aprilis]]: [[Theodorus Edgardus McCarrick]], cardinalis depositus [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1930]].
* [[13 Aprilis]]: [[Marius Vargas Llosa]], scriptor [[Peruvia]]nus; natus est anno [[1936]].
* [[15 Aprilis]]: [[Wernherius Thissen]], [[archiepiscopus]] Germanicus; natus est anno [[1938]].
* [[21 Aprilis]]: [[Franciscus (papa)|Franciscus pontifex]]; natus est anno [[1936]].
* [[13 Maii]]: [[Iosephus Mujica]], praeses [[Uraquaria|Uraquariae]]; natus est anno [[1935]].
* [[22 Iulii]]: [[Ozzy Osbourne|Ioannes Michael &quot;Ozzy&quot; Osbourne]], [[cantor]] [[Anglicus]]; natus est anno [[1948]].
* [[5 Augusti]]: [[Ioannes Iliescu]], olim praeses [[Romania]]e; natus est anno [[1930]].
* [[4 Septembris]]: [[Georgius Armani]], magister officinarum Italicus; natus est anno [[1934]].
* [[10 Septembris]]: [[Carolus Kirk]], [[activista]] politicus [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1993]].
* [[23 Septembris]]: [[Claudia Cardinale]], actrix [[Italia|Italica]]; nata est anno [[1938]].
* [[1 Octobris]]: [[Ioanna Goodall]], [[zoologia]]e, [[anthropologia]]e, [[primatologia]]eque perita [[Britanniarum Regnum|Britannica]]; nata est anno [[1934]].
* [[4 Octobris]]: [[Ioannes Klíma]], [[scriptor mythistoriarum]] [[Bohemia|Bohemicus]]; natus est anno [[1931]].
* [[17 Octobris]]: [[Murayama Tomiichi]], politicus [[Iaponia]]e; natus est anno [[1924]].
* [[3 Novembris]]: [[Ricardus Cheney]], olim praeses vicarius [[CFA|Americae]]; natus est anno [[1941]].
* [[6 Novembris]]: [[Iacobus Dewey Watson]], biochemicus Americanus; natus est anno [[1928]].
* [[21 Novembris]]: [[Ornella Vanoni]], cantrix Italica; nata est anno [[1934]].
* [[28 Decembris]]: [[Birgitta Bardot]], actrix [[Francia|Francogallica]]; nata est anno [[1934]].

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>h5eu5duzmh6htai1bdagk8lbcu9kxpg</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>2026</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3793</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3999430</id>
      <parentid>3998272</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-05T09:55:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-58674-06</username>
        <id>217304</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Imagines addo</comment>
      <origin>3999430</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="20394" sha1="sq5r0vc8964v0ot3wd2bdei6kv6pmqx" xml:space="preserve">{{Eventus currens}}
{{Decennium|203|MMXXVI}}

== Eventa ==
=== Mense Ianuario ===
[[Fasciculus:Protests against the killing of Renee Good8.jpg|thumb|Demonstrationes post [[Necatio Renatae Good|necationem Renatae Good]] prope [[Domus Alba|Domum Albam]].]]
* 1 Ianuarii: [[Bulgaria]] [[euro]]nem [[moneta]]m induxit.
* 3 Ianuarii: [[Nicolaus Maduro]] [[Venetiola]]e praeses a [[miles|militibus]] [[CFA|Civitatum Foederatarum]] raptus est; [[Caracae]] multis ictibus affliguntur.
* 6 Ianuarii: [[Leo XIV|Leo papa XIV]] [[Iubilaeum anni 2025]] claudit.
* 7 Ianuarii: Necatio {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Renatae Good||en|qid=Q137723290}} inter Operationem &quot;Metro Surge&quot; ad protestationes [[Minneapolis]] excitat.
* 15 Ianuarii: [[Vicipaedia]], anno 2001 a [[Iacobus Wales|Iacobo Wales]] et [[Laurentius Sanger|Laurentio Sanger]] condita, annum vicesimum quintum celebrat.
* 22 Ianuarii: [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] ab [[Ordo mundi sanitarius|Ordine Mundi Sanitarii]] se recedunt.
* 28 Ianuarii: [[Sarah Mullally]] prima femina fit quae [[Ecclesia Anglicana|Ecclesiae Anglicanae]] praeest.
* 30 Ianuarii: Tria miliones paginarum ad acta [[Galfridus Epstein|Epstein]] pertinentium publicantur, multae personae publicae clarissimae toto orbe terrarum commemorantur.
=== Mense Februario ===
[[Fasciculus:2026 Iran war collage.jpg|thumb|Operationes [[Impetus Israëlis et Civitatum Foederatarum in Iraniam anni 2026|belli]] Israëlis atque Civitatum Foederatarum contra Iraniam.]]
* 2–6 Februarii: [[Curdistania Syriaca|Curdistaniam Syriacam]] [[Ahmedus Husainus al-Shara|rectio Damasci nova]] sibi adiungit.
* 6 Februarii: [[Olympia hiemalia 2026|Olympia hiemalia]] in [[Italia]] simul [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]], [[Cortina Ampecanorum|Cortinae Ampecanorum]], [[Pralatium|Pralatii]], [[Livignum|Livigni]] et [[Resinae|Ante Silvam]] patefiunt.
* 21 Februarii: Bellum inter [[Afghania]] et [[Pakistania]] erumpit.
* 28 Februarii: Civitas [[Israël]] et [[Civitates Foederatae]] impetum in [[Irania]]m faciunt, impetum praeemptivum appellantes.
=== Mense Martio ===
* 1 Martii: Irania [[Fretum Ormusense]] commeatui maritimo claudit.
* 8 Martii: [[Mojtaba Khamenei|Mojtaba Husainus Khamenei]], [[Ali Khamenei|Alii]] necati filius, magnus dux [[Irania]]e eligitur.
* 31 Martii: In [[Mongolia]], {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Uchral Nyam-Osor||en|qid=Q110962738}}, post abdicationem Gombojavyn Zandanshatar, primus minister iurat.
=== Mense Aprili ===
* 6 Aprilis: [[Programma Artemis|Artemis II]] cum quattuor astronautis Lunam circumvolat  et 11 Aprilis feliciter in Tellurem revertitur.
* 9 Aprilis: [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitates Foederatae]] et [[Irania]] indutiis pactionem faciunt, colloquiisque ut discrimen inter se componant.
* 26 Aprilis: [[Sebastianus Sawe]] Londinii primus homo [[Cursus Marathonius|cursum Marathonium]] minore tempore quam duabus horis perficit.
=== Mense Maio ===
[[Fasciculus:20260516 Dara Z09 9479 (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Dara]], victrix Certaminis cantionum Eurovisionis anni 2026.]]
* 3 Maii: Epidemia [[hantaviridae|hantavirus]] [[Andes|Andini]] ad [[quadragena]]m [[navis]] vectoriae ''Hondius'' ducit, tres mortui.
* 16 Maii: Epidemia [[ebolavirus]] Bundibugyoensis in [[Res publica democratica Congensis|Re publica democratica Congolensi]] declaratur. Contra hunc typum neque cura neque vaccinatio nota est.
* 16 Maii: Cantrix Bulgarica Darina Jotova, quae [[Dara]] nomen scaenicum se imposuit, [[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis|Certamen]] [[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis|cantionum Eurovisionis]] in [[Vindobona]] vincit.
* 23 Maii: Protestationes in [[Albania]], quae &quot;Revolutio Phoenicopterorum&quot; appellantur.
* 25 Maii: ''[[Magnifica humanitas]]'', epistola encyclica [[Leo XIV|Leonis XIV]] prima, editur.
=== Mense Iunio ===
[[Fasciculus:LCF-24- MRF Search &amp; Rescue Efforts in Venezuela (9781661).jpg|thumb|Ruinae oppidi [[La Guaira]] post terrae motum Venetiolae.]]
* 12 Iunii: [[Elon Musk]] primus fit, qui {{num|1000000000000}} [[dollarium Civitatum Foederatarum|dollariorum Americanorum]] accumulaverit.
* 22 Iunii: [[Keir Starmer]] se ab officio primi ministri [[Britanniarum regnum|Britanniarum regni]] abdicaturum nuntiat.
* 24 Iunii: [[Terrae motus]] maior magnitudinis 7.5 in Venetiola complura milia hominum necat multaque aedificia concidit.
=== Mense Iulio ===
[[Fasciculus:Spain World Cup winners Argentina v Spain 19 July 2026-341.jpg|thumb|[[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Hispanica]] certamen mundanum pediludii vincit.]]
* 1 Iulii: [[Fraternitas Sacerdotalis Sancti Pii X]] [[Esquinia]]e quattuor [[episcopus|episcopos]] novos sine mandato [[papa]]li consecrat. [[Leo XIV]] papa totam societatem [[excommunicatio|excommunicat]].
* 3 Iulii: [[Keiko Fujimori]] prima muliebris praeses civitatis [[Peruvia|Peruviae]] eligitur.
* 19 Iulii: [[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Hispanica]] vincit [[Certamen Mundanum Pedilusorium (2026)|certamen mundanum pediludii]]. [[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Argentina|Argentina]] secunda et [[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Anglica|Anglia]] tertia sunt.
* 20 Iulii: [[Carolus III (rex Britanniarum)|Carolus III]] rex [[Andreas Burnham|Andream Burnham]] primum ministrum [[Britanniarum regnum|Britanniarum regni]] constituit.
* 26 Iulii: [[Thaddaeus Pogačar]], birotarius [[Slovenia|Slovenicus]], quintum [[Circuitus Franciae|Circuitum Franciae]] vincit.
* 28 Iulii: [[Terrae motus Kumamoto anni 2026|Terrae motus Kumamoto]] accidit.
* 30 Iulii: Octoginta milia [[migratio|migrantium]] [[Septa]]m e [[Marocum|Maroco]] intrant, 111 moriuntur, plerique remittuntur.
=== Mense Augusto ===
[[Fasciculus:2026 Nepal floods map.svg|thumb|Tabula geographica de inundationibus in Nepalia atque Tibeto.]]
* 2 Augusti: [[Arabia Saudiana]], [[Pakistania]] et [[Turcia]] [[Mecca]]e pactum defensionis subscribunt.
* 12 Augusti: [[Defectio solis]] [[Siberia]]e et [[Hiberia]]e.
* 20 Augusti: [[Rojava]] [[Syria]]e plene integra est, iam non amplius [[autonomia]] praedita.
* 26 Augusti: [[Inundatio]] mortifera [[Nepalia]]m et [[Tibetum]] affligit.
* 28 Augusti: [[Hacon VIII]], patre [[Haraldus V (rex Norvegiae)|Haraldo V]] mortuo, rex [[Norvegia]]e fit.
=== Mense Septembri ===
* 6 Septembris: [[Alternativa pro Germania]] pluralitatem suffragiorum in [[Saxonia et Anhaltium|Saxonia et Anhaltio]] conciliat.
* 16 Septembris: [[Ursula de Leyen]] [[Canada]]m ut socia consociata [[Unionis Europaeae]] invitat.
* 17 Septembris: [[Leopardus tilcayo]], nova species [[felidae|felina]], reperta est; prima species felina post plus quam saeculum inventa.
* 23 Septembris: Bellum in [[Aethiopia]] erumpit.
* 29 Septembris: [[Mahometus VI (rex Marocensis)|Mahometus VI]] rex [[Fatima Ezzahra al-Mansouri|Fatimam Ezzahram al-Mansouri]] primam mulierem primam ministram [[Marocum|Maroci]] constituit, comitiis habitis.
=== Mense Octobri ===
* 6 Octobris: [[Huthi]] [[aeroportus]] in [[Arabia Saudita]] oppugnant.
* 9 Octobris: [[Navanethem Pillay]] [[praemium Nobelianum pacis|praemium Nobelianum pacis]] accipit.
* 17 Octobris: Domus municipium [[Augustoritum|Augustoriti Lemovici]] inter tumultus ardet.
* 23 Octobris: Novem Christiani [[Ecclesia Orthodoxa|Graeci Orthodoxi]] inter [[exsequiae|exsequias]] in [[Characha]] [[Iordania]]e [[martyr]]ium passi sunt.
* 26 Octobris: [[Aloysius Ignatius Lula da Silva]] iterum praeses Brasiliae electus est, [[Flavius Bolsonaro|Flavio Bolsonaro]] superato.
* 28 Octobris: [[Calamitas ferriviaria provinciae Toletanae anni 2026|Duo treni celerrimi]] [[provincia Toletana|provinciae Toletanae]] conliduntur, sexaginta novem hominibus interfectis.

== Nati ==
{{Nati desiderati}}

== Mortui ==
=== Mense Ianuario ===
* [[7 Ianuarii]]: [[Uri Lupolianski]], politicus Israelianus; natus est anno [[1951]].
* [[8 Ianuarii]]: [[Ludovicus E. Brus]], chimicus [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1943]].
* [[10 Ianuarii]]: [[Ericus de Däniken]], scriptor [[Helvetia|Helveticus]]; natus est anno [[1935]].
* [[13 Ianuarii]]: [[Georgius Basiliu]], politicus [[Cyprus|Cypri]]; natus est anno [[1931]].
* [[16 Ianuarii]]: [[Ludovica Diogo]], politica [[Mozambicum|Mozambicana]]; nata est anno [[1958]].
* [[18 Ianuarii]]: [[Ioannes Fried]], historicus Germanicus; natus est anno [[1942]]
* [[24 Ianuarii]]
** [[David Abulafia]], historicus [[Britanniarum regnum|Britannicus]]; natus est anno [[1949]].
** [[Gulielmus Foege]], [[medicus]] et [[epidemiologia|epidemiologus]] [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1936]].
* [[25 Ianuarii]]: [[Yi Haechan]], politicus [[Res publica Coreana|Rei publicae Coreanae]]; natus est anno [[1952]].
* [[26 Ianuarii]]: [[Sia Figiel]], poeta, scriptrix, et pictrix [[Samoa]]na; nata est anno [[1967]].
* [[29 Ianuarii]]: [[Marcus Bülow]] politicus Germanicus; natus est anno [[1971]].
* [[31 Ianuarii]]: [[Volfgangus Schwanzer]], geographus Germanicus; natus est anno [[1953]].
=== Mense Februario ===
* [[1 Februarii]]: [[Rita Süssmuth]], politica [[Germania|Germanica]]; nata est anno [[1937]].
* [[2 Februarii]]: [[Athanasius Carolus Renoux]], monachus Benedictinus et orientalista Francicus; natus est anno [[1925]].
* [[11 Februarii]]: [[Iacobus van der Beek]], actor [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1977]].
* [[15 Februarii]]: [[Robertus Duvall]], actor et moderator cinematographicus Americanus; natus est anno [[1931]].
* [[19 Februarii]]: [[Polycarpus Pengo]], archiepiscopus [[Tanzania|Tanzanicus]]; natus est anno [[1944]].
* [[28 Februarii]]: [[Ali Khamenei]], magnus dux [[Irania]]e, ab [[Israel]]e occiditur; natus est anno [[1939]].
=== Mense Martio ===
* [[1 Martii]]: [[David Oddi filius]], politicus [[Islandia|Islandicus]]; natus est anno [[1948]].
* [[5 Martii]]: [[Antonius Lobo Antunes]], scriptor et psychologus [[Portugallia|Lusitanus]]; natus est anno 1942.
* [[8 Martii]]: [[Antonius Iacobus Leggett]], physicus [[Regnum Britanniarum|Britannicus]]; natus est anno [[1936]].
* [[12 Martii]]:
** [[Robertus Trivers]], sociobiologus Americanus; natus est anno 1943.
** [[Ioachimus Wanke]], episcopus [[Germania|Germanicus]]; natus est anno [[1941]].
* [[14 Martii]]: 
**[[Georgius Habermas]], philosophus continentalis et sociologus [[Germania|Germanicus]]; natus est anno [[1929]].
**[[Christophorus A. Sims]], oeconomiae peritus [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno 1942.
* [[17 Martii]]: [[Elias II]], patriarcha Ecclesiae Orthodoxae Georgianae [[Russia|Russicus]]; natus est anno [[1933]]. 
* [[19 Martii]]:
** [[Humbertus Bossi]], politicus [[Italia|Italianus]]; natus est anno 1941.
** [[Carolus Norris]], artifex martialis [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1940]].
* [[20 Martii]]: [[Ioannes Michael Bishop]], microbiologus Americanus; natus est anno 1936.
* [[22 Martii]]:
** [[Leonillus Jospin]], politicus [[Francia|Francicus]]; natus est anno [[1937]].
** [[Ioannes Baptista Pham Minh Mân]] cardinalis Vietnamicus; natus est anno [[1934]].
* [[25 Martii]]:
** [[Alexander Kluge]], scriptor Germanicus; natus est anno 1932.
** [[David Winnick]], politicus Britannicus; natus est anno 1933.
* [[26 Martii]]: [[Epeli Nailatikau]], politicus [[Viti]]orum; natus est anno 1941.
* [[28 Martii]]: [[Al-Yamīn Zarwāl]], praeses Algerii; natus est anno 1941.
* [[29 Martii]]: [[Adamus Nádasdy]], linguista poetaque Hungaricus; natus est anno 1947.
* [[30 Martii]]: [[Chandrikapersad Santokhi]], politicus Surinamicus; natus est anno [[1959]].
=== Mense Aprili ===
* [[5 Aprilis]]: [[Livius Maior]], historicus Dacoromanicus; natus est anno 1940.
* [[6 Aprilis]]: [[Christianus Schwarz-Schilling]], politicus [[Germania|Germanicus]]; natus est anno [[1930]].
* [[7 Aprilis]]: 
** [[Mircea Lucescu]], pedilusor Dacoromanus; natus est anno [[1945]].
** [[Iacobus Whittaker]], alpinista [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1929]].
* [[8 Aprilis]]:
** [[Carolus Delhez]], presbyter et sociologicus [[Belgica|Belgicus]]; natus est anno 1951.
** [[David Kabua]], politicus insularum Marsaliensium; natus est anno 1951.
* [[9 Aprilis]]:
** {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Björgvin Halldórsson||en|qid=Q879495}}, musicus [[Islandia|Islandicus]]; natus est anno 1951.
** [[Stephanus Myron Schwebel]], iudex Americanus; natus est anno 1929.
* [[16 Aprilis]]: [[Kazuo Imanishi]], pedilusor Iaponicus; natus est anno 1941.
* [[19 Aprilis]]: [[Desmond Morris|Desmondus Morris]], zoologus ethologusque Anglicus; natus est anno [[1928]].
* [[24 Aprilis]]: [[Sophia Zdybicka]], philosopha et monacha [[Polonia|Polonica]]; nata est anno 1928.
* [[26 Aprilis]]: [[Ursus Hany]], politicus Helveticus; natus est anno [[1955]].
=== Mense Maio ===
* [[6 Maii]]: [[Theodorus Turner]], vir negotii et philanthropus Americanus; natus est anno [[1938]].
* [[8 Maii]]: [[Festus Mogae]], politicus [[Botsuana|Botsuanicus]]; natus est anno 1939.
* [[10 Maii]]: [[Gunterius Maria Halmer]], actor Germanicus; natus est anno 1943.
* [[12 Maii]]: [[Alexander Held]], actor Germanicus; natus est anno [[1957]].
* [[14 Maii]]: [[Valie Export]], artifex [[Austria]]ca; nata est anno 1940.
* [[15 Maii]]: [[Edmundus Strother Phelps]], oeconomicus Americanus; natus est anno 1933.
* [[21 Maii]]: [[Carolus Petrini]], scriptor et diurnarius Italicus; natus est anno 1949.
* [[25 Maii]]: [[Sonny Rollins]], saxophonista iazensis Americanus; natus est anno 1930.
* [[26 Maii]]: [[Koji Tanaka]], pedilusor Iapanicus; natus est anno 1955.
* [[28 Maii]]: [[Abd Rabbuh Manṣūr Hādī]], politicus [[Iemenia|Iemenicus]]; natus est anno 1945.
* [[29 Maii]]: {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Bryan Bergougnoux||en|qid=Q936402}}, lusor harpastum Gallicus; nata est anno [[1983]].
=== Mense Iunio ===
* [[1 Iunii]]: [[Antonius Head (actor)|Antonius Head]], actor Anglicus; natus est anno 1954.
* [[5 Iunii]]: [[Bernadetta Chirac]], uxor praesidis Franciae; nata est anno 1933.
* [[6 Iunii]]: [[Osorius Citora Afonso]], episcopus necatus [[Mozambicum|Mozambicanus]]; natus est anno [[1972]].
* [[8 Iunii]]: [[Ioannes Kaufmann]], politicus Helveticus; natus est anno 1948.
* [[10 Iunii]]: [[Ioannes Ziegler]], sociologus Helveticus; natus est anno 1934.
* [[12 Iunii]]: [[Hamidus Chalifae filius gentis Ṯānī]], primus minister, deinde [[emirus]] [[Quataria]]e; natus est anno 1952.
* [[14 Iunii]]:
** [[Jerry de Jong]], pedilusor Surinamicus; natus est anno 1964.
** [[Oliverius Tree]], cantor histrioque [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1993]].
* [[16 Iunii]]: [[Camillus Ruini]], cardinalis [[Italia|Italicus]]; natus est anno 1931.
* [[17 Iunii]]: [[Hildegarda Fässler]], politica Helvetica; nata est anno 1951.
* [[18 Iunii]]: [[Bogdanus Marinescu]] medicus Dacoromanicus; natus est anno 1944.
* [[19 Iunii]]: [[Roy Hattersley]], politicus Britannicus; natus est anno 1932.
* [[20 Iunii]]: [[Miwa Akihiro]], cantor histrioque Iapanicus; natus est anno 1935.
* [[21 Iunii]]: [[Franciscus Guterres]], politicus [[Timora Orientalis|Timoracus]]; natus est anno [[1954]].
* [[22 Iunii]]: [[Alanus Greenspan]], pristinus praeses [[Systema aerarium foederale|systematis aerarii foederalis Americae]]; natus est anno [[1926]].
=== Mense Iulio ===
* [[8 Iulii]]:
** [[Anna Widdecombe]], politica Britannica; nata est anno [[1947]].
** [[Iosephus Iulius Zerey]], archiepiscopus Graecae Catholicae Melkitae; natus est anno 1941.
* [[11 Iulii]]:
** [[Lindsey Graham]], politicus Americanus; natus est anno 1955.
** [[Susumu Tonegawa]], biologus Iaponicus; natus est anno 1939.
* [[13 Iulii]]: [[Samuel Neill]], actor Neozelandicus; natus est anno 1947.
* [[14 Iulii]]: [[Ioannes Michael Maitzen]], astronomus [[Austria]]cus; natus est anno [[1943]].
* [[16 Iulii]]: [[Rudolphus A. Marcus]], chemicus Americanus; natus est anno [[1923]].
* [[20 Iulii]]: [[Coemgenus Keegan]], pedilusor Anglicus; natus est anno 1951.
* [[29 Iulii]]: [[Harrius Mitchell]], politicus Americanus; natus est anno [[1940]].
* [[31 Iulii]]:
** [[Francus Baresi]] pedilusor Italicus; natus est anno [[1960]].
** [[Antonius Mazzi]], presbyter Italicus; natus est anno 1929.
** [[Michael Mendl]], actor Germanicus; natus est anno 1944.
=== Mense Augusto ===
* [[2 Augusti]]: [[Kay Granger]], politica Americana; nata est anno 1943.
* [[3 Augusti]]: [[Iulius Duarte Langa]], cardinalis [[Mozambicum|Mozambicanus]]; natus est anno [[1927]].
* [[6 Augusti]]: [[Franciscus Guccini]], cantor Italicus; natus est anno 1940.
* [[7 Augusti]]: [[Luciana Stassaert]], poetria pictrixque Belgica; nata est anno 1936.
* [[13 Augusti]]: [[Yukio Shimomura]], pedilusor Iapanicus; natus est anno 1932.
* [[15 Augusti]]: [[Alexander Danilin]], [[psychiater]] [[Russia|Russicus]]; natus est anno 1960.
* [[16 Augusti]]: [[Hayden Panettiere]], actrix Americana; nata est anno [[1989]].
* [[17 Augusti]]: [[Stanislaus Lalanne]], episcopus Francicus; natus est anno 1948.
* [[24 Augusti]]: [[Hideki Shirakawa]], chemicus Iaponicus; natus est anno 1936.
* [[25 Augusti]]:
** [[Timotheus Curry]], actor Anglicus; natus est anno [[1946]].
** [[Dolly Parton]], cantrix Americana; nata est anno 1946.
* [[26 Augusti]]: [[Petrus Nadas]], scriptor Hungaricus; natus est anno 1942.
* [[27 Augusti]]: [[Ratko Mladić]], scelestus bellicus Serbicus; natus est anno 1942.
* [[28 Augusti]]: [[Haraldus V (rex Norvegiae)|Haraldus V]], rex [[Norvegia]]e; natus est anno [[1937]].
* [[31 Augusti]]:
** [[Eduardus Balladur]], polticus Francicus; natus est anno 1929.
** [[Ada Yonath]], [[chemica]] Israeliana; nata est anno 1939.
=== Mense Septembri ===
* [[1 Septembris]]: [[Aentius Bianchi]] theologus Italicus; natus est anno 1943.
* [[2 Septembris]]: [[Gloria Steinem]], diurnalista Americana; nata est anno 1934.
* [[4 Septembris]]: [[Galfridus Sutton]], philologus Britannicus; natus est anno 1947.
* [[11 Septembris]]
** [[Astrida (principissa Norvegica)|Astrida]], principissa Norvegica; nata est anno 1932.
** [[Emma Bonino]], politica Italica; nata est anno 1948.
* [[14 Septembris]]: [[Petrus Maximilianus]], artifex Germano-Americanus; natus est anno 1937.
* [[16 Septembris]]: [[Dolores Sibonga]], politica Americana; nata est anno 1931.
* [[17 Septembris]]:
** [[Alfredus Jimeno Martínez]], archaeologus Hispanicus; natus est anno 1957.
** [[Ioannes Llewellyn Kyl]], politicus Americanus; natus est anno 1942.
* [[19 Septembris]]: [[Alexander Mazzola]], pedilusor Italicus; natus est anno 1942.
* [[23 Septembris]]
** [[Mauritius de Germiny]], episcopus Francicus; natus est anno 1939.
** [[Gregorius Pitkäranta]] auctor neolatinus [[Finnia|Finnicus]]; natus est anno 1945.
=== Mense Octobri ===
* [[4 Octobris]]: [[Cheikh Hamidou Kane]], scriptor Senegalicus; natus est anno 1928.
* [[5 Octobris]]: [[Thaddaeus Ladislaus Lutak]], miles Polonicus; natus est anno [[1917]].
* [[7 Octobris]]: [[Barbara Spinelli]], politica Italica; nata est anno 1946.
* [[9 Octobris]]
** [[Michael Ditka]], [[harpastum Americanum|pedilusor Americanus]]; natus est anno 1939.
** [[Christophorus Wickham]], historicus Britannicus; natus est anno 1950.
* [[13 Octobris]]: [[Albertus Houssiau]], theologus et episcopus Belgicus; natus est anno [[1924]].
* [[21 Octobris]]: [[David Mouradian]], scriptor Armenicus; natus est anno 1951.
* [[22 Octobris]]: [[Claudius Cohen-Tannoudji]], physicus Francicus; natus est anno 1933.
* [[23 Octobris]]: [[Iosephus Duchač]] politicus Germanicus; natus est anno 1938.
* [[25 Octobris]]:
** [[Paulus Romeo]], cardinalis Italicus; natus est anno 1938.
** [[Renatus Belletto]], scriptor Francicusl natus est anno 1945.
* [[28 Octobris]]:
** [[Adelhaidis Sommer]], actrix Germanica; nata est anno 1940.
** [[Patricius Stewart]], actor (''[[Star Trek]]'') Anglicus; natus est anno 1940.

== Cultura popularis ==
=== Musica ===
* [[Gratia Abrams]] - ''Daughter from Hell''
* [[Zacharias Bryan]] - ''With Heaven on Top''
* [[Ariana Grande]] - ''Petal''
* [[BTS]] - ''Arirang''
* [[Noë Kahan]] - ''The Great Divide''
* [[Ella Langley]] - ''Dandelion''
* [[Bruno Mars]] - ''The Romantic''
* [[Olivia Rodrigo]] - ''You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love''
* [[Henricus Styles]] - ''Kiss All the Time. Disco, Occasionally''

=== Pelliculae ===
* [[28 Martii]]: ''[[The Super Mario Galaxy Movie]]'' (CFA)
* [[10 Aprilis]]: ''[[Michael (2026 pellicula)|Michael]]'' (CFA)
* [[9 Iunii]]: ''[[Toy Story 5]]'' (CFA)
* [[6 Iulii]]: ''[[The Odyssey (2026 pellicula)|The Odyssey]]'' (CFA &amp; Britannia)
* [[27 Iulii]]: ''[[Spider-Man: Brand New Day]] (CFA)
* [[15 Septembris]]: ''[[Resident Evil (2026 pellicula)|Resident Evil]]'' (CFA &amp; Germania)</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>23 Ianuarii</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>4050</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3999411</id>
      <parentid>3998302</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-05T09:03:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Saeculo 20 */</comment>
      <origin>3999411</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9584" sha1="jw3ttlgbu1nq1lsi58xgdt4pead6yf8" xml:space="preserve">'''23 Ianuarii''' est [[dies]] vicesimus tertius [[Calendarium Gregorianum|anni gregoriani]]. 342 dies (sive 343 [[Annus bisextus|annis bisextilibus]]) manent.

Haec dies secundum [[calendarium Romanum]] est ''ante diem decimum [[Kalendae|Kalendas]] Februarias'', quae verba a.d. 10 Kal. Feb. abbreviantur.
{{Calendarium-Ianuarii}}
[[Fasciculus:Ritratto di Ferdinando II d'Aragona di Napoli.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.7|[[Ferdinandus II Aragoniae Neapolis|Ferdinandus II]] rex [[Regnum Neapolitanum|Neapolis]]]]

== Eventa ==
=== Saeculo 15 ===
* [[1495]] - [[Ferdinandus II Aragoniae Neapolis|Ferdinandus II]] rex [[Regnum Neapolitanum|Neapolis]] fit, postquam pater [[Alphonsus II (rex Neapolis)|Alphonsus II]] se abdicavit et fugit.

=== Saeculo 16 ===
* [[1556]] - Terrae motus mortiferrimus totius historiae: 830 milia mortuorum in provincia [[Sinae|Sinensi]] Shanxi
* [[1570]] - Post necem interregis Iacobi Stewart, comitis de Moray, bellum civile in [[Scotia]] incipit.
* [[1571]] - ''Royal Exchange'', aedificium commercio dicatum, [[Londinium|Londinii]] inauguratur.
* [[1579]] - Unio [[Traiectum ad Rhenum|Ultraiectina]] rem publicam protestanticam in [[Nederlandia]] condit.

=== Saeculo 18 ===
* [[1719]] - [[Carolus VI (imperator)|Carolus VI]] [[Imperator Romanus Sacer|Imperator]] Lichtenstenum ad nomen principatus tollit.
* [[1793]] - [[Russia]] et [[Borussia]] [[Polonia]]m iterum inter se dividunt.

=== Saeculo 19 ===
* [[1835]] - [[Alexis de Tocqueville]] opus ''De la Democratia Americana'' publicat.

=== Saeculo 20 ===
* [[1912]] - [[Conventum gentium de opio]] decernitur et [[subscriptio|subscribitur]].
* [[1920]] - Nederlandia recusat se [[Gulielmus II (Imperator Germaniae)|Guglielmum II]], pristinum imperatorem Germaniae, victoribus primi belli mundani tradere.
* [[1943]] - Secundum bellum mundanum: copiae [[Regnum Unitum|Britannicae]] urbem [[Tripolis (Libya)|Tripolim]] expugnant.
* [[1950]] - Parlamentum [[Israel]]is, nomine ''Knesset'', consultum perfert, quod affirmat [[Hierosolyma]]m caput illius civitatis esse.
* [[1960]] - [[Iacobus Piccard]] cum navi in profundo navigante &lt;ref&gt;Confer [[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]] ''sommergibile'' in {{Castiglioni}}&lt;/ref&gt;&quot;Trieste&quot; infimum [[terra|terrae]] locum in [[Oceanus Pacificus|Oceano Pacifico]] attingit.
* [[1973]] - [[Ricardus Nixon]], praeses [[CFA|Civitatum Foederatarum Americae]] pronuntiat patriam suam cum [[Vietnamia]] ad pactum pacis pervenisse.
* [[1978]] - [[Suecia]] primum aerosola vetat, quae [[stratum ozontis|ozonosphaeram]] laedere habentur.
* [[1986]] - Primi musici in ''Rock and Roll Hall of Fame'' inducuntur (e.g. Elvis Presley).

=== Saculo 21 ===
* [[2005]] - [[Victor Juščenko]] praeses [[Ucraina|Ucrainae]] fit.
* [[2015]] - [[Salmān ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz]] rex [[Arabia Saudita|Arabiae Sauditae]] fit.

== Nati ==
=== Saeculo 18 ===
* [[1737]] - [[Ioannes Hancockius]], rerum politicarum peritus Americanus (†&amp;nbsp;1793)
* [[1783]] - [[Stendhal]], scriptor [[Francia|Francicus]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[1842]])

=== Saeculo 19 ===
* [[1832]] - [[Eduardus Manet]], pictor Francicus (†&amp;nbsp;[[1883]])
* [[1857]] - [[Andreas Mohorovičić]], terrae motus observandi peritus [[Croatia|Croaticus]] et inventor [[Discontinuitas Mohoroviciciana|discontinuitatis Mohorovicicianae]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[1936]])
* [[1858]] - [[Caesar Gravina]], [[histrio]] [[theatrum|theatralis]] et [[cinematographia|cinematographicus]] [[Italia|Italo]]-Americanus (†&amp;nbsp;[[1954]])
* [[1862]] - [[David Hilbert]], mathematicus Germanicus (†&amp;nbsp;1943)
* [[1867]] - [[Sergius (patriarcha Moscuensis)|Sergius]], episcopus et ab anno 1943 patriarcha [[Ecclesia Orthodoxa Russica|ecclesiae orthodoxae Russicae]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[1944]])
* [[1876]] - [[Otto Diels]], chemicus Germanicus, [[Praemium Nobelianum chemiae|praemio Nobeliano chemiae]] affectus (†&amp;nbsp;[[1954]])
* [[1885]] - [[Leadbelly]], musicus Americanus (†&amp;nbsp;[[1949]])
* [[1889]] - [[Pitirimus Sorokin]], sociologus Russicus et Americanus (†&amp;nbsp;[[1968]])
* [[1897]] - [[Margareta Schütte-Lihotzky]], architecta (†&amp;nbsp;[[2000]])
* [[1900]] - [[Bruno Marek]], rerum politicarum peritus [[Austria]]cus factionis [[Socialis Democratica Factio Austriae|Socialis Democraticae]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[1991]])

=== Saeculo 20 ===
* [[1903]] 
** [[Gregorius Alexandrov]], moderator cinematographicus [[URSS|Sovieticus]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[1983]])
** [[Randolphus Scott]], actor Americanus (†&amp;nbsp;[[1987]])
* [[1907]] - [[Hideki Yukawa]], physicus [[Iaponia|Iaponicus]], [[Praemium Nobelianum physicae|praemio Nobeliano physicae]] affectus (†&amp;nbsp;[[1981]])
* [[1910]] - [[Diango Reinhardt]], [[cithara]]e pulsator (†&amp;nbsp;[[1953]])
* [[1915]] - [[Gulielmus Arthurus Lewis]], oeconomiae peritus Britannicus oriundus e [[Sancta Lucia (civitas)|Sancta Lucia]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[1991]])
* [[1916]] - [[Airey Neave]], [[miles]], [[causidicus]] et politicorum peritus Britannicus [[Factio Conservativa (Britanniarum Regnum)|Factionis Conservativae]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[1979]])
* [[1918]] - [[Gertrudis Belle Elion]], biochemiae et pharmacologiae perita, [[Praemium Nobelianum physiologiae et medicinae|praemio Nobeliano physiologiae et medicinae]] affecta (†&amp;nbsp;[[1999]])
* [[1919]]
** [[Ioannes Hass]], zoologus et explorator mundi subaquanei Germanicus (†&amp;nbsp;[[2013]])
** [[Ernestus Kovacs]], comoedus (†&amp;nbsp;[[1962]])
* [[1923]] - [[Ludovicus Caput]], [[birotatio|birotarius]] Francicus (†&amp;nbsp;[[1985]])
* [[1924]] - [[Franciscus Lautenberg]], rerum politicarum peritus Americanus (†&amp;nbsp;2013)
* [[1928]] - [[Ioanna Moreau]], actrix Francica (†&amp;nbsp;[[2017]])
* [[1929]] - [[Ioannes Carolus Polanyi]], chemicus Germano-[[Canada|Canadiensis]], praemio Nobeliano chemiae affectus
* [[1930]] - [[Derek Walcott]], [[scriptor]] et [[poeta]] oriundus e Sancta Lucia, [[Praemium Nobelianum Litterarum|praemio Nobeliano litterarum]] affectus (†&amp;nbsp;2017)
* [[1938]]  
**[[Georgius Baselitz]], pictor et sculptor Germano-Austriacus
**[[Anatoli Marčenko]], activista contra rectionem, scriptor et iurum humanirum defensor [[Unio Sovietica|Sovieticus]] (+ &amp;nbsp;[[1986]])
* [[1941]] - [[Ioannes Ubaldus Ribeiro]], scriptor [[Brasilia]]nus (†&amp;nbsp;[[2014]])
* [[1944]] - [[Rutger Hauer]], actor Nederlandicus (†&amp;nbsp;[[2019]])
* [[1946]] - [[Arnoldus Alemán]], politicarum rerum peritus [[Nicaragua]]nus
* [[1947]] 
** [[Iosephus Baca]], rerum politicarum peritus Americanus
** [[Megawati Sukarnoputri]], praeses [[Indonesia]]e
* 1950
** [[Ricardus Dean Anderson]], histrio Americanus 
** [[Ludovicus Albertus Spinetta]], musicus [[Argentina|Argentinus]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[2012]])
* [[1959]] - [[Christophorus Nugee]], iuris consultus Britannicus
* [[1962]] - [[Elvira Lindo]], scriptrix [[Hispania|Hispanica]]
* [[1967]] - [[Magdalena Andersson]], politica [[Suecia|Suecica]].
* [[1970]] - [[Nicola Beer]], rerum politicarum perita Germanica factionis [[FDP]]
* [[1984]] - [[Arjen Robben]], pedilusor Nederlandicus

== Mortes ==
=== Saeculo 11 ===
* [[1002]] - [[Otto III (imperator)]], imperator sacri Romani imperii (*&amp;nbsp;[[980]]).

=== Saeculo 16 ===
* [[1516]] - [[Ferdinandus II (rex Aragoniae)|Ferdinandus II]], rex [[Aragonia]]e (*&amp;nbsp;[[1425]])
* 1570 - [[Iacobus Stewart]], comes de Moray, interrex in Scotia (*&amp;nbsp;ca. [[1531]])

=== Saeculo 17 ===
* [[1684]] - [[Ioannes Wijnants]], pictor Nederlandicus (*&amp;nbsp;circa annum [[1632]])

=== Saeculo 18 ===
* [[1750]] - [[Ludovicus Antonius Muratorius]], [[presbyter]] et [[rerum gestarum scriptor]] Italicus (natus [[1672]])
* [[1789]] - Ioannes Cleland, fabularum scriptor (*&amp;nbsp;[[1709]])

=== Saeculo 19 ===
* [[1805]] - [[Venceslaus Pichl]], [[compositor]], [[fidiculae|fidicularum]] psaltes et [[concentus magister]] [[Bohemia|Bohemicus]] (*&amp;nbsp;[[1741]])
* [[1806]] - [[Gulielmus Pitt Iunior|Guglielmus Pitt]] minor, minister primus Regni Uniti (*&amp;nbsp;[[1759]])
* [[1870]] - [[Alexander Veltman]], scriptor, [[cartographus]], [[archaeologus]]que Russicus (*&amp;nbsp;[[1800]])
* [[1893]] - [[Iosephus Zorrilla]], poeta et scriptor Hispanicus (*&amp;nbsp;[[1817]])

=== Saeculo 20 ===
* [[1922]] - [[Arthurus Nikisch]], clavicen et magister concentus [[Hungaria|Hungaricus]] (*&amp;nbsp;[[1855]])
* [[1942]] - [[Nazarenus Strampelli]], vir publicus Italicus (*&amp;nbsp;[[1866]])
* 1944 - [[Eduardus Munch]], pictor [[Norvegia|Norvegicus]] (*&amp;nbsp;[[1863]])
* [[1945]] - [[Eugenius Bolz]], praeses [[Virtembergia]]e et illustris adversarius [[NSDAP|Nazismi]] a Nazistis propter [[Coniuratio 20 Iulii 1944|coniurationem 20 Iulii 1944]] supplicio affectus (*&amp;nbsp;[[1881]])
* [[1950]] - [[Basilius Kolarov]], rerum politicarum peritus [[Bulgaria|Bulgaricus]] (*&amp;nbsp;[[1877]])
* [[1981]] - [[Romanus Rudenko]], causidicus Sovieticus, accusator in [[Iudicia Norimbergensia|iudiciis Norimbergensibus]] (*&amp;nbsp;1907)
* [[1986]] - [[Iosephus Beuys]], artifex Germanicus (*&amp;nbsp;[[1921]])
* [[1989]] - [[Salvador Dalí]], artifex, pictor (*&amp;nbsp;[[1904]])
* [[1998]] - [[Alfredus Ormando]], scriptor et theologus Italicus (*&amp;nbsp;[[1958]]) 

=== Saeculo 21 ===
* [[2002]] - [[Petrus Bourdieu]], scientiae vitae atque victûs communitatis peritus Francicus (*&amp;nbsp;1930)
* [[2004]] - [[Helmut Newton]], photographus Germanicus (*&amp;nbsp;1920)
* 2013 - [[Iosephus Glemp]], cardinalis Polonicus (*&amp;nbsp;1929)
* [[2014]] - [[Riz Ortolani]], compositor Italicus (*&amp;nbsp;[[1926]])
* 2015 
** [[Abdullah (rex Arabiae Saudianae)|Abdullah]], rex [[Arabia Saudiana|Arabiae Saudianae]] (*&amp;nbsp;1924)
** [[Petrus Lemebel]], scriptor [[Chilia]]nus (*&amp;nbsp;[[1952]])

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{Menses}}

[[Categoria:Dies]]</text>
      <sha1>jw3ttlgbu1nq1lsi58xgdt4pead6yf8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3999414</id>
      <parentid>3999411</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-05T09:05:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Saeculo 20 */</comment>
      <origin>3999414</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9586" sha1="knvfjxaqk3tk3wwk2us311aos3esqh7" xml:space="preserve">'''23 Ianuarii''' est [[dies]] vicesimus tertius [[Calendarium Gregorianum|anni gregoriani]]. 342 dies (sive 343 [[Annus bisextus|annis bisextilibus]]) manent.

Haec dies secundum [[calendarium Romanum]] est ''ante diem decimum [[Kalendae|Kalendas]] Februarias'', quae verba a.d. 10 Kal. Feb. abbreviantur.
{{Calendarium-Ianuarii}}
[[Fasciculus:Ritratto di Ferdinando II d'Aragona di Napoli.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.7|[[Ferdinandus II Aragoniae Neapolis|Ferdinandus II]] rex [[Regnum Neapolitanum|Neapolis]]]]

== Eventa ==
=== Saeculo 15 ===
* [[1495]] - [[Ferdinandus II Aragoniae Neapolis|Ferdinandus II]] rex [[Regnum Neapolitanum|Neapolis]] fit, postquam pater [[Alphonsus II (rex Neapolis)|Alphonsus II]] se abdicavit et fugit.

=== Saeculo 16 ===
* [[1556]] - Terrae motus mortiferrimus totius historiae: 830 milia mortuorum in provincia [[Sinae|Sinensi]] Shanxi
* [[1570]] - Post necem interregis Iacobi Stewart, comitis de Moray, bellum civile in [[Scotia]] incipit.
* [[1571]] - ''Royal Exchange'', aedificium commercio dicatum, [[Londinium|Londinii]] inauguratur.
* [[1579]] - Unio [[Traiectum ad Rhenum|Ultraiectina]] rem publicam protestanticam in [[Nederlandia]] condit.

=== Saeculo 18 ===
* [[1719]] - [[Carolus VI (imperator)|Carolus VI]] [[Imperator Romanus Sacer|Imperator]] Lichtenstenum ad nomen principatus tollit.
* [[1793]] - [[Russia]] et [[Borussia]] [[Polonia]]m iterum inter se dividunt.

=== Saeculo 19 ===
* [[1835]] - [[Alexis de Tocqueville]] opus ''De la Democratia Americana'' publicat.

=== Saeculo 20 ===
* [[1912]] - [[Conventum gentium de opio]] decernitur et [[subscriptio|subscribitur]].
* [[1920]] - Nederlandia recusat se [[Gulielmus II (Imperator Germaniae)|Guglielmum II]], pristinum imperatorem Germaniae, victoribus primi belli mundani tradere.
* [[1943]] - Secundum bellum mundanum: copiae [[Regnum Unitum|Britannicae]] urbem [[Tripolis (Libya)|Tripolim]] expugnant.
* [[1950]] - Parlamentum [[Israel]]is, nomine ''Knesset'', consultum perfert, quod affirmat [[Hierosolyma]]m caput illius civitatis esse.
* [[1960]] - [[Iacobus Piccard]] cum navi in profundo navigante &lt;ref&gt;Confer [[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]] ''sommergibile'' in {{Castiglioni}}&lt;/ref&gt;&quot;Trieste&quot; infimum [[terra|terrae]] locum in [[Oceanus Pacificus|Oceano Pacifico]] attingit.
* [[1973]] - [[Ricardus Nixon]], praeses [[CFA|Civitatum Foederatarum Americae]] pronuntiat patriam suam cum [[Vietnamia]] ad pactum pacis pervenisse.
* [[1978]] - [[Suecia]] primum aerosola vetat, quae [[stratum ozontis|ozonosphaeram]] laedere habentur.
* [[1986]] - Primi musici in ''Rock and Roll Hall of Fame'' inducuntur (e.g. Elvis Presley).

=== Saculo 21 ===
* [[2005]] - [[Victor Juščenko]] praeses [[Ucraina|Ucrainae]] fit.
* [[2015]] - [[Salmān ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz]] rex [[Arabia Saudita|Arabiae Sauditae]] fit.

== Nati ==
=== Saeculo 18 ===
* [[1737]] - [[Ioannes Hancockius]], rerum politicarum peritus Americanus (†&amp;nbsp;1793)
* [[1783]] - [[Stendhal]], scriptor [[Francia|Francicus]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[1842]])

=== Saeculo 19 ===
* [[1832]] - [[Eduardus Manet]], pictor Francicus (†&amp;nbsp;[[1883]])
* [[1857]] - [[Andreas Mohorovičić]], terrae motus observandi peritus [[Croatia|Croaticus]] et inventor [[Discontinuitas Mohoroviciciana|discontinuitatis Mohorovicicianae]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[1936]])
* [[1858]] - [[Caesar Gravina]], [[histrio]] [[theatrum|theatralis]] et [[cinematographia|cinematographicus]] [[Italia|Italo]]-Americanus (†&amp;nbsp;[[1954]])
* [[1862]] - [[David Hilbert]], mathematicus Germanicus (†&amp;nbsp;1943)
* [[1867]] - [[Sergius (patriarcha Moscuensis)|Sergius]], episcopus et ab anno 1943 patriarcha [[Ecclesia Orthodoxa Russica|ecclesiae orthodoxae Russicae]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[1944]])
* [[1876]] - [[Otto Diels]], chemicus Germanicus, [[Praemium Nobelianum chemiae|praemio Nobeliano chemiae]] affectus (†&amp;nbsp;[[1954]])
* [[1885]] - [[Leadbelly]], musicus Americanus (†&amp;nbsp;[[1949]])
* [[1889]] - [[Pitirimus Sorokin]], sociologus Russicus et Americanus (†&amp;nbsp;[[1968]])
* [[1897]] - [[Margareta Schütte-Lihotzky]], architecta (†&amp;nbsp;[[2000]])
* [[1900]] - [[Bruno Marek]], rerum politicarum peritus [[Austria]]cus factionis [[Socialis Democratica Factio Austriae|Socialis Democraticae]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[1991]])

=== Saeculo 20 ===
* [[1903]] 
** [[Gregorius Alexandrov]], moderator cinematographicus [[URSS|Sovieticus]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[1983]])
** [[Randolphus Scott]], actor Americanus (†&amp;nbsp;[[1987]])
* [[1907]] - [[Hideki Yukawa]], physicus [[Iaponia|Iaponicus]], [[Praemium Nobelianum physicae|praemio Nobeliano physicae]] affectus (†&amp;nbsp;[[1981]])
* [[1910]] - [[Diango Reinhardt]], [[cithara]]e pulsator (†&amp;nbsp;[[1953]])
* [[1915]] - [[Gulielmus Arthurus Lewis]], oeconomiae peritus Britannicus oriundus e [[Sancta Lucia (civitas)|Sancta Lucia]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[1991]])
* [[1916]] - [[Airey Neave]], [[miles]], [[causidicus]] et politicorum peritus Britannicus [[Factio Conservativa (Britanniarum Regnum)|Factionis Conservativae]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[1979]])
* [[1918]] - [[Gertrudis Belle Elion]], biochemiae et pharmacologiae perita, [[Praemium Nobelianum physiologiae et medicinae|praemio Nobeliano physiologiae et medicinae]] affecta (†&amp;nbsp;[[1999]])
* [[1919]]
** [[Ioannes Hass]], zoologus et explorator mundi subaquanei Germanicus (†&amp;nbsp;[[2013]])
** [[Ernestus Kovacs]], comoedus (†&amp;nbsp;[[1962]])
* [[1923]] - [[Ludovicus Caput]], [[birotatio|birotarius]] Francicus (†&amp;nbsp;[[1985]])
* [[1924]] - [[Franciscus Lautenberg]], rerum politicarum peritus Americanus (†&amp;nbsp;2013)
* [[1928]] - [[Ioanna Moreau]], actrix Francica (†&amp;nbsp;[[2017]])
* [[1929]] - [[Ioannes Carolus Polanyi]], chemicus Germano-[[Canada|Canadiensis]], praemio Nobeliano chemiae affectus
* [[1930]] - [[Derek Walcott]], [[scriptor]] et [[poeta]] oriundus e Sancta Lucia, [[Praemium Nobelianum Litterarum|praemio Nobeliano litterarum]] affectus (†&amp;nbsp;2017)
* [[1938]]  
**[[Georgius Baselitz]], pictor et sculptor Germano-Austriacus
**[[Anatolius Marčenko]], activista contra rectionem, scriptor et iurum humanirum defensor [[Unio Sovietica|Sovieticus]] (+ &amp;nbsp;[[1986]])
* [[1941]] - [[Ioannes Ubaldus Ribeiro]], scriptor [[Brasilia]]nus (†&amp;nbsp;[[2014]])
* [[1944]] - [[Rutger Hauer]], actor Nederlandicus (†&amp;nbsp;[[2019]])
* [[1946]] - [[Arnoldus Alemán]], politicarum rerum peritus [[Nicaragua]]nus
* [[1947]] 
** [[Iosephus Baca]], rerum politicarum peritus Americanus
** [[Megawati Sukarnoputri]], praeses [[Indonesia]]e
* 1950
** [[Ricardus Dean Anderson]], histrio Americanus 
** [[Ludovicus Albertus Spinetta]], musicus [[Argentina|Argentinus]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[2012]])
* [[1959]] - [[Christophorus Nugee]], iuris consultus Britannicus
* [[1962]] - [[Elvira Lindo]], scriptrix [[Hispania|Hispanica]]
* [[1967]] - [[Magdalena Andersson]], politica [[Suecia|Suecica]].
* [[1970]] - [[Nicola Beer]], rerum politicarum perita Germanica factionis [[FDP]]
* [[1984]] - [[Arjen Robben]], pedilusor Nederlandicus

== Mortes ==
=== Saeculo 11 ===
* [[1002]] - [[Otto III (imperator)]], imperator sacri Romani imperii (*&amp;nbsp;[[980]]).

=== Saeculo 16 ===
* [[1516]] - [[Ferdinandus II (rex Aragoniae)|Ferdinandus II]], rex [[Aragonia]]e (*&amp;nbsp;[[1425]])
* 1570 - [[Iacobus Stewart]], comes de Moray, interrex in Scotia (*&amp;nbsp;ca. [[1531]])

=== Saeculo 17 ===
* [[1684]] - [[Ioannes Wijnants]], pictor Nederlandicus (*&amp;nbsp;circa annum [[1632]])

=== Saeculo 18 ===
* [[1750]] - [[Ludovicus Antonius Muratorius]], [[presbyter]] et [[rerum gestarum scriptor]] Italicus (natus [[1672]])
* [[1789]] - Ioannes Cleland, fabularum scriptor (*&amp;nbsp;[[1709]])

=== Saeculo 19 ===
* [[1805]] - [[Venceslaus Pichl]], [[compositor]], [[fidiculae|fidicularum]] psaltes et [[concentus magister]] [[Bohemia|Bohemicus]] (*&amp;nbsp;[[1741]])
* [[1806]] - [[Gulielmus Pitt Iunior|Guglielmus Pitt]] minor, minister primus Regni Uniti (*&amp;nbsp;[[1759]])
* [[1870]] - [[Alexander Veltman]], scriptor, [[cartographus]], [[archaeologus]]que Russicus (*&amp;nbsp;[[1800]])
* [[1893]] - [[Iosephus Zorrilla]], poeta et scriptor Hispanicus (*&amp;nbsp;[[1817]])

=== Saeculo 20 ===
* [[1922]] - [[Arthurus Nikisch]], clavicen et magister concentus [[Hungaria|Hungaricus]] (*&amp;nbsp;[[1855]])
* [[1942]] - [[Nazarenus Strampelli]], vir publicus Italicus (*&amp;nbsp;[[1866]])
* 1944 - [[Eduardus Munch]], pictor [[Norvegia|Norvegicus]] (*&amp;nbsp;[[1863]])
* [[1945]] - [[Eugenius Bolz]], praeses [[Virtembergia]]e et illustris adversarius [[NSDAP|Nazismi]] a Nazistis propter [[Coniuratio 20 Iulii 1944|coniurationem 20 Iulii 1944]] supplicio affectus (*&amp;nbsp;[[1881]])
* [[1950]] - [[Basilius Kolarov]], rerum politicarum peritus [[Bulgaria|Bulgaricus]] (*&amp;nbsp;[[1877]])
* [[1981]] - [[Romanus Rudenko]], causidicus Sovieticus, accusator in [[Iudicia Norimbergensia|iudiciis Norimbergensibus]] (*&amp;nbsp;1907)
* [[1986]] - [[Iosephus Beuys]], artifex Germanicus (*&amp;nbsp;[[1921]])
* [[1989]] - [[Salvador Dalí]], artifex, pictor (*&amp;nbsp;[[1904]])
* [[1998]] - [[Alfredus Ormando]], scriptor et theologus Italicus (*&amp;nbsp;[[1958]]) 

=== Saeculo 21 ===
* [[2002]] - [[Petrus Bourdieu]], scientiae vitae atque victûs communitatis peritus Francicus (*&amp;nbsp;1930)
* [[2004]] - [[Helmut Newton]], photographus Germanicus (*&amp;nbsp;1920)
* 2013 - [[Iosephus Glemp]], cardinalis Polonicus (*&amp;nbsp;1929)
* [[2014]] - [[Riz Ortolani]], compositor Italicus (*&amp;nbsp;[[1926]])
* 2015 
** [[Abdullah (rex Arabiae Saudianae)|Abdullah]], rex [[Arabia Saudiana|Arabiae Saudianae]] (*&amp;nbsp;1924)
** [[Petrus Lemebel]], scriptor [[Chilia]]nus (*&amp;nbsp;[[1952]])

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{Menses}}

[[Categoria:Dies]]</text>
      <sha1>knvfjxaqk3tk3wwk2us311aos3esqh7</sha1>
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      <text bytes="20226" sha1="dmhznzrbt8p22mxm4nqngpici4h22ci" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Koeln Hohenzollernbruecke.jpg|thumb|[[Ecclesia cathedralis]] et [[pons]] ferriviarius.]]
'''Colonia Agrippina'''&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20060622125309/http://www.lib.byu.edu/~catalog/people/rlm/latin/c/0cnames.htm#Coloniae%20Agrippinae De nomine urbis.]&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Köln''; sermone loci ''Kölle''), plene '''Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium''', est [[urbs]] pervetusta in [[Germania]] ad [[Rhenus|Rhenum]] [[flumen]] sita. Exstat et versio simplex '''Agrippina'''.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;... Agrippinam ingressi invenimus ...&quot; ([[Ammianus Marcellinus]], ''[[Res gestae (Ammianus)|Res gestae]]'' 15.5.24). Pertsch, Erich: ''Langenscheidts Großes Schulwörterbuch Lateinisch-Deutsch'' (Berolini et Monaci: 1983), ISBN 3-468-07202-3, p. 1325.&lt;/ref&gt; Ut hoc nomen indicat, condita est a [[Roma]]nis, et [[ius]] titulusque [[colonia]]e civium Romanorum ei data sunt. Hodie est [[caput (urbs)|caput]] [[Archidioecesis Coloniensis]] [[Ecclesia Catholica|Ecclesiae Catholicae Romanae]]. Patroni sancti urbis sunt [[Sancti Magi|tres magi]]: Caspar, Melchior, Balthasar. Urbs numero incolarum est quarta Germaniae.

== Res gestae ==
[[Fasciculus:Colonia Braun-Hogenberg.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|left|'''Colonia''' (infra) et [[Divitia]] transrhenana (supra) circiter anno [[1600]].]]
Colonia anno [[50]] condita est; iam primum autem locus ab [[Ubii]]s incolebatur, et nomine Oppidi Ubiorum notus est. Qui homines erant gens Germanorum Romanis amica. Post coloniam conditam, [[caput (urbs)|caput]] provinciae [[Germania inferior|Germaniae inferioris]] facta est, maiorque compitum [[Limes Germanicus inferior|Limitis Germanici]]. Nata est ibi [[Agrippina]], [[Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus|Neronis]] [[mater]], anno [[15]] aut [[16]]. [[Pons Romanus Coloniae Claudiae Arae Agrippinensium|Pons Romanus]] in flumine Rheno [[saeculum 4|saeculo quarto]] constructus est. Colonia usque ad [[Saeculum 5|quintum saeculum]] Romanica fuit; anno autem [[456]] dux [[Aegidius]] Coloniam [[Franci]]s cedere debuit.

Unus ex magnis [[aedificium|aedificiis]] apud Coloniam Agrippinam fuit [[aquaeductus Arduennus]], qui [[aqua]]m a [[Arduenna|silvae Arduennae]] parte ad orientem spectante, quae nunc [[Eifla]] appellatur, usque ad fontes puteosque urbis deducebat.

Colonia [[Aevum Medium|Medio Aevo]] locus maximi momenti erat, nam [[episcopus]] [[Rainaldus de Dassela]] [[Sancti Magi|Trium Regum]] [[os (ossis)|ossa]] illuc portavit, qua de causa multi viatores in locum sacrum immigrant. Usque ad hunc diem, multi [[Religio Christiana|Christiani]] urbem visitant ad ossa veneranda. Iam tempore Romanorum Colonia erat sedes episcopalis. Anno [[1388]] hic [[Universitas Coloniae|universitas]] primo constituta est.

Die [[14 Novembris]] [[1899]] in urbis parte vulgo &quot;Ehrenfeld&quot; (honoris campus) nuncupata,  Augustus Horch (*[[12 Octobris]] [[1868]], †[[3 Februarii]] [[1951]]), inventor rerum [[autocinetum|autocineticarum]] coepit autocinetorum rationem instituere et ea conficere. Autocinetis nomina &quot;Horch&quot; et &quot;Audi&quot; dedit. Verbum enim Theodiscum &quot;horch!&quot; Latine &quot;audi!&quot; dicere vult. 

Inter [[secundum bellum mundanum]] [[aëroplanum|aëroplana]] [[Regnum Unitum|Britannica]] et [[Civitates Foederatae|Americana]] urbem valde deleverunt: primum die [[30 Maii]] [[1942]] Britannici magnum numerum [[bomba]]rum in urbem deiecerunt.

Coloniae anno [[2005]] [[Dies Iuvenum Totius Orbis]] a [[papa]] [[Benedictus XVI|Benedicto XVI]], magno concursu cardinalium et [[episcopus|episcoporum]] facto, coram circa unum millionem fidelium solemniter celebrati sunt.

== Commeatus ==
[[Fasciculus:K4000 Koeln Zollstock.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|left|[[Ferrivia strataria]].]]
[[Urbs|Urbis]] [[commeatus]] publicus constat ex [[ferrivia|ferriviis]] [[Ferrivia urbana rapida Germanica|rapidis]] lineae 6, 9 ad 13 et urbanis (''Stadtbahn''), ferriviis stratariis et [[laophorum|laophoris]]. Ferriviae stratariae nonnumquam [[ferrivia subterranea|subterraneae]] sunt, his in locis stationes earum habent signum &quot;U&quot;, alibi usitatum, ut subterraneum proprium designet.

Agrippina colonia cum [[Bonna]] coniuncta est linea Rhenana riparia (vel 16) et linea promunturia (vel 18). Cum Dusseldorpio et [[regio Rurana|regione Rurana]] [[Ferrivia urbana rapida Germanica|Ferriviae Rapidae]] coniuncta est lineis 6 et 11. 

Immediate iuxta [[Ecclesia cathedralis (Colonia Agrippina)|ecclesiam cathedralem]] [[Statio ferriviaria|statio]] vocata [[Statio ferriviaria principalis Coloniae Agrippinae|Statio ferriviaria principalis]] stat, constructa a regibus Borussianis de stirpe [[Zolnerum|Zolnerorum]], quorum nomen imperio amisso restat ponti ferriviario grandi proximo. Ille templo christiano similis velut templum novi imperii et aetatis constructus est. Urbs cum illo octo [[Pontes Coloniae Agrippinae|pontes]] trans Rhenum ducentes habet, quorum duo ferriviis solis, alii duo viis vehicularibus modo patent.

Una cum [[Bonna]] urbe foederali [[aeroportus|aeroportum]] habet nomine [[Aeorportus Coloniae Agrippinae et Bonnae|Coloniensem et Bonnensem]]. Ferriviae urbanae rapidae linea 12 coniungit Coloniam et illum aeroportum.

Sunt multae quoque aliae lineae ferriviariae rapidae regionales et interurbanae rapidissimae, quarum una, exempli gratia, in urbem [[Lutetia]]m tendit.

== Vita coloniensis ==
[[Fasciculus:Kranz Koelsch.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|left|Corona poculorum vitreorum cervisia '''Coloniensi''' plenorum]]
Coloniae [[cervisia]] sui generis coquitur, a Coloniensibus dialecto eorum ''Kölsch'' nuncupata. E contrario in urbe aemulatrici [[Dusseldorpium|Dusseldorpio]] cervisia &quot;alta&quot; ut aiunt vel Germanice &quot;Alt&quot; braxatur. Nomen a modo fermentationis orietur, quae Germanice &quot;obergärig&quot; (id est: in alto fermentans) appellatur.

[[Dies lunae]] rabidus ut dicitur vel secundum hodiernam populi [[etymologia]]m dies lunae rosarum est vertex [[carnelevarium Rhenanum|carnelevarii]] Coloniae. Haec dies est paenultimus ante [[Dies Cinerum|diem quartam cinerum]], initium [[quadragesima]]e.

Cantores et greges musici Colonici sicut &quot;Bläck Fööss&quot; (''Pedes Nudi'') vel &quot;Höhner&quot; (''Gallinae'') multas carmines in sermone Colonica composuerunt, exempli gratia &quot;[[Viva Colonia]]&quot;.

== Geographia ==
Dextra in [[Rhenus|Rheni]] ripa civitas [[Divitia]] sita est, quae anno [[1888]] pars Coloniae facta est. Hoc transrhenanum latus ab indigenis vulgo &quot;schäl Sick&quot; vocatur.

Apud urbem insula in flumine erat ubi primus [[portus]] Coloniae fuit.

Urbs in octaginta sex regiones divisa est, vide: [[Regiones Coloniae Agrippinae]].

== Institutiones ==
=== Musea ===
[[Museum Romano-Germanicum]] iuxta ecclesiam cathedralem et prope stationem ferriviae situm est. Pars etiam anticae viae ibi est.

Alia Musea:
* [[Museum Ludovici (Colonia Agrippina)]]
* [[Museum Wallraf-Richartz]]
* [[Museum Civitatis Coloniae Agrippinae]]
* [[Museum Dioecesis archiepiscopalis Coloniae Agrippinae]]
* [[Museum Artis Asiae orientalis (Colonia Agrippina)]]
* [[Museum Schnütgen]]

=== Archiva ===
[[Archivum Civitatis Coloniae Agrippinae]] maximum urbium Europae septentrionalis est. Die [[3 Martii]] [[2009]] propter menda in constructione ferriviae subterraneae domus archivi collapsa est.&lt;ref&gt;Ulrich Fischer: ''Einsturz – Bergung – Perspektiven. Ansichten und Einsichten'' in: Schmidt-Czaja, Soénius (ed.): ''Gedächtnisort. Das Historische Archiv der Stadt Köln'' (Colonia Agrippina 2010), pag. 39–65.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Religio ==
=== Ecclesia catholica ===
[[Fasciculus:Cologne Cathedral Shrine of Magi.jpg|thumb|Arca aurea trium Magorum in ecclesia cathedrali '''Coloniae Agrippinae''']]
Colonia est sedes archiepiscopalis nomine [[Archidioecesis Coloniensis]]. Praesens [[archiepiscopus]] ex anno 2015 [[cardinalis]] [[Rainerius Maria Woelki]] est.

Ecclesia archiepiscopi est [[Ecclesia cathedralis (Colonia Agrippina)|Ecclesia cathedralis Sancti Petri Coloniensis]].&lt;ref&gt;Hugo Borger, Rainer Gaertner: ''Der Dom zu Köln.'' Coloniae Agrippinae 1980. ISBN 3-7743-0180-8. – Klaus Gereon Beuckers: ''Der Kölner Dom.'' Darmstadii 2004. ISBN 3-534-15737-0.&lt;/ref&gt;

Die [[23 Iulii]] [[1164]] ab archiepiscopo [[Rainaldus de Dassela|Rainoldo de Dassela]] cancellario regio [[Reliquiae sacrae|reliquiae]] trium [[Magi (Biblia)|regum sanctorum]] ab urbe [[Mediolanum|Mediolano]] in ecclesiam urbis Coloniae Agrippinae translatae sunt, unde maior [[Peregrinatio (religio)|peregrinatio]] christianorum ad hanc ecclesiam et illos patronos urbis orta est.&lt;ref&gt;Dorothee Kemper, ''Die Goldschmiedearbeiten am Dreikönigenschrein: Bestand und Geschichte seiner Restaurierungen im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert,'' tomus 3, (Colonia Agrippina: 2014). Rolf Lauer, ''Der Schrein der Heiligen Drei Könige'' (Colonia Agrippina: 2006). Rolf Lauer, &quot;Dreikönigenschrein,&quot; in ''Ornamenta Ecclesiae, Kunst und Künstler der Romanik in Köln,'' tomus 2, (Coloniae Agrippinae: 1985), 215–226. Walter Schulten, ''Der Schrein der Heiligen Drei Könige im Kölner Dom'' (Coloniae Agrippinae: 1975).&lt;/ref&gt;

Notae sunt incolis hospitibusque urbis etiam [[Duodecim Ecclesiae Romanicae Colonienses]] mediaevales. A [[saeculum|saeculo]] [[saeculum XII|duodecimo]] usque ad [[saeculum 15|quintum decimum]] maximi momenti erant Coloniae, qui in loca sacra veniebant, ut animas melius ad [[caelum]] sustulerint. Aedes autem trium regum sacrorum maxime certo petebatur.

==== Basilicae catholicae Colonienses ====
Inter basilicas parochiales Coloniae Agrippinae maiores sunt:&lt;ref&gt;Manfred Becker-Huberti, Günter A. Menne: '' Kölner Kirchen, die Kirchen der katholischen und evangelischen Gemeinden in Köln''. Coloniae Agrippinae  2004. ISBN 3-7616-1731-3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Jürgen Kaiser, Florian Monheim: ''Die großen romanischen Kirchen in Köln'', Coloniae 2013. ISBN 978-3-7743-0615-8.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Ecclesia Sanctae Ursulae]] (vide: [[Ursula Coloniensis|Ursulam Coloniensem]]; aedificium [[Ars Romanica|Romanicum]])&lt;ref&gt;Oskar Schade: ''Die Sage von der Heiligen Ursula und den elftausend Jungfrauen: Ein Beitrag zur Sagenforschung''. 3. Ed. Rümpler, Hannoverae 1854 ([http://www.google.de/books?id=_8MJAAAAQAAJ in interrete])&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ecclesia [[Martinus Turonensis|Sancti Martini]]
* Basilica Sancti Cuniberti (aedificium Romanicum)&lt;ref&gt;Christoph Machat: &quot;St. Kunibert. Das Bauwerk von den Anfängen bis zum Zweiten Weltkrieg&quot;. In: Hiltrud Kier, Ulrich Krings (ed.): &quot;Köln: Die Romanischen Kirchen. Von den Anfängen bis zum Zweiten Weltkrieg&quot;. Coloniae 1984, p. 306-330. ISBN 3-7616-0761-X.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Basilica [[Apostoli|Sanctorum Apostolorum]] (aedificium Romanicum)&lt;ref&gt;Annerose Berners: ''St. Aposteln in Köln. Untersuchungen zur Geschichte eines mittelalterlichen Kollegiatstifts bis ins 15. Jahrhundert.'' 2 t., Bonnae 2004.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Basilica [[Caecilia Romana|Sanctae Caeciliae]] (aedificium Romanicum)&lt;ref&gt;Heinz Firmenich: ''St. Peter und St. Cäcilien in Köln''. (''Rheinische Kunststätten'', 61). Coloniae, 1976. ISBN 388094018.5.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Basilica [[Georgius (sanctus)|Sancti Georgii]] (aedificium Romanicum)&lt;ref&gt;Wilhelm Schorn, Albert Verbeek: ''Die Kirche St. Georg in Köln''. [[Berolinum|Berolini]] 1940.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ecclesia Sancti Gereonis (aedificium Romanicum)
* Sancta Maria in Lyskirchen, etiam ecclesia [[nauta]]rum vocata (aedificium Romanicum)
* Sancta Maria Capitolinensis
* Basilica Sancti Martini maior (aedificium Romanicum)
* Basilica Sancti Severini (aedificium Romanicum) &lt;ref&gt;Wilhelm Schmidt-Bleibtreu: ''Das Stift St. Severin in Köln''. Siegburgi 1982, ISBN 3-87710-096-1.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ecclesia Sancti Pantaleoni (aedificium Romanicum) &lt;ref&gt;Hans J. Kracht: ''Geschichte der Benediktinerabtei St. Pantaleon in Köln 965–1250''. Siegburgi 1975. ISBN 3-87710-067-8.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ecclesia Sanctae Mariae callis cupri&lt;ref&gt;Stephanie Habeth-Allhorn: ''175 Jahre Cellitinnen zur hl. Maria in der Kupfergasse, eine sozial-karitative Ordensgemeinschaft im Herzen von Köln''. Coloniae 2003. ISBN 3-7616-1768-2.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Basilica Nativitatis Sanctae Mariae

=== Ecclesia evangelica ===
Saeculo 16 Coloniae quattuor communitates reformatorum fuerunt. Ab anno [[1802]] ecclesiae evangelicae cura religionis in urbe Colonia Agrippina concessa fuit. Primus parochus evangelicus Coloniae fuit [[Christianus Gottlibus Bruch]]. Anno [[1860]] aedificium Ecclesiae evangelicae Sancti Trinitatis constructum est.&lt;ref&gt;Barbara Becker-Jákli: ''Die Protestanten in Köln. Die Entwicklung einer religiösen Minderheit von der Mitte des 18. bis zur Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts''. Coloniae 1983. – Günther A. Menne, Christoph Nötzel (ed.): ''Evangelische Kirchen in Köln und Umgebung.'' Coloniae 2007. ISBN 3-7616-1944-8.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Communitas Iudaeorum ===
[[Iudaei]] iam saeculo 4 in urbe habitabant. Haec prima communitas Iudaeica ad septentrionem montium [[alpes|Alpium]] erat.&lt;ref&gt;Ernst Weyden: Geschichte der Juden in Köln am Rhein von der Römerzeit bis in die Gegenwart. Nebst Noten und Urkunden (Colonia Agrippina 1867).&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Religio islamica ===
Coloniae [[Musulmanus|musulmani]] nunc [[meschita]]m centralem instituunt.

== Aedificia ==
* [[Colonius]], turris televisionis
* [[Pollonius]]

== Incolae noti ==
=== Aetas antiqua ===
* [[Agrippina minor]] (15 p.C.n. - 59)

=== Nati ===
* [[Ioannes Hulsman]] (circa 1610 - 1649), pictor 
* [[Iacobus Offenbach]] (1819 - 1880), compositor
* [[Maximus Bruch]] (1838 - 1918), compositor
* [[Augustus Bebel]] (1840 - 1913), homo politicus factionis [[SPD]]
*[[Gulielmus Leibl]], (1844 - 1900), pictor 
* [[Carolus Bosch]] (1874 - 1914), chemicus, praemio Nobeliano lauratus
* [[Conradus Adenauer]] (1876 - 1967), magister civium civitatis patriae et cancellarius Germanicus
* [[Gulielmus Millowitsch]] (1909 - 1999), comoedus
* [[Ioannes Katzer]] (1919 - 1996), vir publicus factionis [[CDU]]
* [[Henricus Böll]] (1917 - 1985), scriptor
* [[Helmut Kickton]] (*1956), organista
* [[Franciscus Schätzing]] (*1957), scriptor
* [[Alexander Comes Lambsdorff]] (*1966), vir publicus

=== Mortui ===
* [[Hartlevus de Marca]] -[[1390]], primus rector [[Universitas Studii Coloniensis|universitatis studii Coloniensis]]
* [[Ioannes Katzer]] (1919 - 1996), vir publicus factionis [[CDU]]
* [[Gulielmus Millowitsch]] (1909 - 1999), comoedus
* [[Ioannes-Georgius Wischnewski]] (1922 - 2005), vir publicus factionis [[SPD]]
* [[Guido Westerwelle]] (1961 - 2016), vir publicus factionis [[FDP]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Hugo Borger, Frank Günter Zehnder: ''Köln. Die Stadt als Kunstwerk. Stadtansichten vom 15. bis 20. Jahrhundert.'' Greven, Coloniae 1982, ISBN 3-7743-0181-6.
* Reinhard Matz und Wolfgang Vollmer: ''Köln nach dem Krieg. Leben Kultur Stadt 1950–1990'', Greven, Coloniae 2014, ISBN 978-3-7743-0628-8.
* Jürgen Wilhelm: ''Das große Köln-Lexikon''. Greven, Coloniae 2005, ISBN 3-7743-0355-X.
* Ulrich Soénius, Jürgen Wilhelm (ed.): ''Kölner Personen-Lexikon.'' Greven, Köln 2007, ISBN 978-3-7743-0400-0.Coloniae
* Dorothea Wiktorin (ed.): ''Köln, der historisch- topographische Atlas.'' Coloniae 2001, ISBN 3-89705-229-6.
* Erich Keyser (ed.): ''Rheinisches Städtebuch.'' Band III 3. Teilband aus ''Deutsches Städtebuch. Handbuch städtischer Geschichte. Im Auftrage der Arbeitsgemeinschaft der historischen Kommissionen und mit Unterstützung des Deutschen Städtetages, des Deutschen Städtebundes und des Deutschen Gemeindetages.'' Stutgardii 1956.
* Helmut Signon, Klaus Schmidt: ''Alle Straßen führen durch Köln.'' Coloniae 2006, ISBN 3-7743-0379-7.
* Ansgar Bach: ''Literarisches Köln. 80 Autoren – Wohnorte, Wirken und Werke.'' Berolini 2002, ISBN 3-931911-23-3.
* Uwe Schwarz: ''Köln und sein Umland in alten Karten. Von der Eifelkarte zur Generalstabskarte (1550 bis 1897).'' Coloniae 2005, ISBN 3-89705-343-8.
* Rüdiger Schünemann-Steffen: ''Kölner Straßennamen-Lexikon'', Jörg Rüshü Selbstverlag, Coloniae 1999, ³/2013
* Gerhard Curdes, Markus Ulrich: ''Die Entwicklung des Kölner Stadtraumes. Der Einfluss von Leitbildern und Innovationen auf die Form der Stadt.'' Trmoniae 1997, ISBN 3-929797-36-4.
* Werner Eck: ''Köln in römischer Zeit. Geschichte einer Stadt im Rahmen des Imperium Romanum.'' Coloniae 2004, ISBN 3-7743-0357-6.
* Hiltrud Kier: ''Kleine Kunstgeschichte Kölns.'' Monachii 2001, ISBN 3-406-47170-6.
* Martin Rüther: ''Köln im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Alltag und Erfahrungen zwischen 1939 und 1945.'' Coloniae 2005, ISBN 3-89705-407-8.
* Christian Schuh: ''Kölns 85 Stadtteile. Geschichte, Daten, Fakten, Namen. Von A wie Altstadt bis Z wie Zündorf.'' Coloniae 2003, ISBN 3-89705-278-4.
* Arnold Stelzmann, Robert Frohn: ''Illustrierte Geschichte der Stadt Köln.'' Coloniae 1990, ISBN 3-7616-0973-6 (1. Auflage 1958).
* Maik Kopleck, Gregory Piatkowski: ''Von der Colonia Agrippina bis zum „Deutschen Herbst“.'' Dusseldorpii 2008, ISBN 978-988-99780-4-4.
* Dieter Luippold, Achim Bourmer et. al.: ''Köln.'' Baedeker, Ostfildern 2007, ISBN 978-3-8297-1131-9.
* Martin Stankowski: ''Darum ist es am Rhein so schön. Vom Kölner Dom zur Loreley. Der andere Reiseführer.'' Kiepenheuer &amp; Witsch, Coloniae 2009, ISBN 978-3-462-04107-1.
* Christian Bartz: ''Köln im Dreißigjährigen Krieg. Die Politik des Rates der Stadt (1618–1635). Vorwiegend anhand der Ratsprotokolle im Historischen Archiv der Stadt Köln.'' Francofurti 2005.
* Carl Dietmar, Werner Jung: ''Kleine illustrierte Geschichte der Stadt Köln.'' Coloniae 2009, ISBN 978-3-7616-2226-1.
* Carl Dietmar und Werner Jung: ''Köln. Die große Stadtgeschichte'', Assindiae 2015, ISBN 978-3-8375-1487-2.
* Horst Matzerath: ''Köln in der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus 1933–1945.'' Coloniae 2009, ISBN 978-3-7743-0429-1.
* Klaus Müller: ''Köln von der französischen zur preußischen Herrschaft, 1794–1815.'' Coloniae 2005, ISBN 3-7743-0375-4.
* Hugo Borger, Frank Günter Zehnder: ''Köln. Die Stadt als Kunstwerk. Stadtansichten vom 15. bis 20. Jahrhundert.'' Coloniae 1982, ISBN 3-7743-0181-6.
* Alexander Kierdorf (ed.): ''Köln. Ein Architekturführer. Architectural Guide to Cologne.'' Berolini 1999, ISBN 3-496-01181-5.
* Werner Schäfke: ''Kölns romanische Kirchen. Architektur, Kunst, Geschichte.'' Coloniae 2004, ISBN 3-89705-321-7.
* Hermann Rheindorf: ''Chronik der Kölner Rheinbrücken.'' DVD, ISBN 3-9813237-4-2, 2010.


{{NexInt}}
* [[Ara Victoriae Coloniae Claudiae Arae Agrippinensium]]
* [[Trifolium Coloniense]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Cologne|Coloniam Agrippinam}}
{{Grc|Κολωνία}}
{{Coord|50|56|32|N|6|57|28|E|display=title}}
{{Fontes geographici}}
* [http://www.museenkoeln.de/roemisch-germanisches-museum/ Pagina domestica musei Romano-Germanici Theodisce et [[Lingua Anglica|Anglice]]]

== [[Pinacotheca]] ==
=== Moderna ===
&lt;gallery&gt;
Image:Hotel excelsior 20050903.jpg|[[Deversorium]] &quot;Excelsior&quot;
Image:Kölner Dom - Westfassade 2022 ohne Gerüst-0968.jpg|Ecclesia Cathedralis '''Coloniae'''
&lt;/gallery&gt;
&lt;gallery&gt;
Image:Cathedral_main_entrance.jpg|Ecclesia Cathedralis '''Coloniae''' 
Image:Cathedral_of_Cologne3.jpg|Ecclesia Cathedralis '''Coloniae''' 
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Romana ===
&lt;gallery&gt;
Image:Legionär von der Hohen Strasse Römisch-Germanisches Museum Köln.jpg|Legionarius in museo Romano Germanico
Image:Sepulcher of Poblicius Römisch-Germanisches Museum Cologne 5.jpg|Sepulcrum Poblicii anno [[40]]
Image:Grave relief of Iulius Baccus Römisch-Germanisches Museum Cologne.jpg|Sepulcrum Iulii Bacci exeunte I saeculo
Image:Kapitol Köln links2.jpg|Templum Capitolinum
Image:Roman sewer in Cologne-7242.jpg|Cloaca
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Inscriptiones Latinae ===
&lt;gallery&gt;
Image:DomeCologneRosetteLat.JPG|Inscriptio Latina simulacri saxi altissimi cathedralis
Image:StMichaelAtCathedralCologne.jpg|[[Michael (archangelus)|Sanctus Michael]]—QUIS UT DEUS
&lt;/gallery&gt;

{{Urbes Europae maximae}}
{{Capita civitatum Galliae Romanae}}
{{Urbes Romanae Germaniae}}
{{CirculiRSV}}

{{Coloniae Agrippinae circuli}}
{{Myrias|Geographia}}

[[Categoria:Capita civitatum Imperii Romani]]
[[Categoria:Colonia Agrippina| ]]
[[Categoria:Coloniae Romanae]]
[[Categoria:Condita 50]]
[[Categoria:Historia Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Rhenus]]
[[Categoria:Sedes archiepiscopales Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Ubii]]
[[Categoria:Urbes Galliae Romanae]]
[[Categoria:Urbes hanseaticae]]
[[Categoria:Urbes milies milium incolarum]]</text>
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{{Movenda|Vladimirus Leninus}}
{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
'''Vladimirus Eliae filius Lenin'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Lenin&quot;&gt;Pseudonymo &quot;Н. Ленин&quot; (''N. Lenin'') ab anno [[1901]] utens, postquam ad imperium anno [[1917]] pervenit, ut &quot;В. И. Ульянов (Ленин)&quot;, i.e. 'V. E.f. Ul'janov (Lenin)', documenta subscribebat.&lt;/ref&gt;, seu '''Leninus'''&lt;ref&gt;&quot;In orientali quoque Turkestan Lenini milites magnam ruinam passi sunt&quot;; ''Alma Roma'', ann. VI, n. 11 (Romae, mense Novembris 1919): 173 [https://arxlatina.org/pegmata/periodica/almaroma/AlmaRoma.1919.ann06.fasc11.Id_Nov.tusc.pdf].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Leninus ille, Bolscevicarum princeps&quot;; ''Alma Roma'', ann. VII, n. 10 (Romae, mense Octobris 1920): 157 [https://arxlatina.org/pegmata/periodica/almaroma/AlmaRoma.1920.ann07.fasc10.Id_Oct.tusc.pdf].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;In Russia vita functus est Vladimirus Ilitch Ulianoff ille, qui, cognomine '''Leninus''', &quot;Sovietorum&quot; regiminis - quo exitu omnes sciunt - auctor fuit&quot;; ''Alma Roma'', ann. XI, n. 2 (Romae, mense Februario 1924): 33 [https://arxlatina.org/pegmata/periodica/almaroma/AlmaRoma.1924.ann11.fasc02.Feb.tusc.pdf].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Russice]]: Владимир Ильич Ленин, [[translitteratio|tr.]] ''Vladimir Il'ič Lenin'', vero nomine Ульянов, [[translitteratio|tr.]] ''Ul'janov''&lt;ref name=&quot;Lenin&quot; /&gt;; natus [[22 Aprilis]] [[1870]], mortuus [[21 Ianuarii]] [[1924]]), revolutionarius [[Russia|Russicus]], est conditor et dux [[Factio Communistica Unionis Sovieticae|Russicae factionis communisticae]], dux [[Revolutio Octobris Russica|revolutionis Octobris socialisticae]] ([[7 Novembris]] [[1917]]), primus praefectus (praeses [[Concilium Comissariorum Popularium|Concilii Comissariorum Popularium]]) [[Russica Sovietica Foederativa Socialistica Res Publica|Russicae Sovieticae Foederativae Socialisticae Rei Publicae]] et [[Unio Rerum Publicarum Socialisticarum Sovieticarum|Unionis Sovieticae]]. Multa scripta politica et philosophica creavit.

[[Marxismus|Marxianus]] Lenin varietatem marxismi elaboravit: [[Leninismus|Leninismum]] cum cogitationibus ''voluntarismi'' societatis, ''intellegentiae'' factione politica classi operarum praestantis, definitionis ''imperialismi'' gradus terminalis [[capitalismus|capitalismi]], et ''[[res novae socialisticae|rerum novarum socialisticarum]] [[civitas minus progressa|civitatibus minus progressis]]''.

== Biographia ==
[[Fasciculus:Lenin-circa-1887.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|left|Vladimirus Ul'janov anno [[1887]]]]
Vladimirus Eliae filius Ul'janov natus est [[10 Aprilis]] secundum [[Calendarium Iulianum]] ([[22 Aprilis]] secundum [[Calendarium Gregorianum|Gregorianum]]) anno [[1870]], [[Simbirium|Simbirii]] (Симбирск) in urbe, quae nunc in eius honorem ''[[Ul'janovsk]]'' (Ульяновск, id est &quot;Ulianoviensis&quot;, &quot;Urbs Ulianovi&quot;) nominatur. Pater Vladimiri, paedagogus Elias Nicolai filius Ul'janov (Илья Николаевич Ульянов, ''Il'ja Nikolaevič Ul'janov'', [[1831]]–[[1886]]) illo tempore erat inspector scholarum gubernii Simbirscensis, serius factus est director illarum.

Annis ab [[1879]] ad [[1887]] Ul'janov in [[gymnasium|gymnasio]] Simbirii prospere discebat. [[Litterae|Litteras]] [[Carolus Marx|marxisticas]] cognovit, Alexandri [[frater|fratris]] senioris gratia. Qui revolutionarius terrorem contra [[monarchia]]m probavit, annoque [[1887]] [[capitis supplicium|capitis supplicio]] affectus est, quia [[organizatio]]ni conatus contra [[Imperatores Russiae|imperatorem]] [[Alexander III (imperator Russiae)|Alexandrum III]] infuerat. Vladimirus post [[mors|mortem]] fratris etiam factus est revolutionarius, et [[socialismus|socialisticis]] [[Carolus Marx|Caroli Marx]] notionibus studens.

Anno [[1887]], Vladimir Ul'janov fuit studiosus facultatis iuridicae [[Universitas Casanensis|Universitatis Casanensis]], sed exclusus est participii in actionibus revolultionariis causa. Anno [[1891]] Vladimirus probationes summales sustinuit in facultate iuridica [[Universitas Petropolitana|Universitatis Petropolitanae]]. Fuit assessor [[advocatus|advocati]] [[Samara (Russia)|Samarae]], in qua urbe sodalitatem marxistorum condidit.

[[Fasciculus:Mug shot of Lenin 1895 crop.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Vladimirus Ul'janov anno [[1895]].]]
Mense Augusto anno [[1893]], Vladimir Ul'janov [[Petropolis|Petropolim]] transmisit{{dubsig}}, ubi activitatem{{dubsig}} suam revolutionariam continuavit. Fuit auctor scriptorum in quibus proposita sua explanavit. Credidit, classis operaria esse debet &quot;copiata&quot; [[capitalismus|capitalismi]] et conditor societatis [[communismus|communisticae]]. Anno [[1895]], condidit Petropolitanam &quot;Associationem certationis pro liberatione classis operariae&quot; (Russice Петербургский «Союз борьбы за освобождение рабочего класса»), quae fundamenta factionis revolutionariae proletariorum iecit. Eodem anno, activitatis revolutionariae causa arrestatus est, et anno [[1897]] in [[Siberia]]m deportatus est, ubi sponsam suam [[Nadežda Krupskaja|Nadeždam Krupskajam]], etiam participii in motu revolutionario causa exilio affectam, uxorem duxit.

Post absolutionem deportationis anno [[1900]], Vladimirus Eliae filius Ul'janov Russiam liquit. Quo anno ille et [[Georgius Plechanov|Georgius Valentini filius Plechanov]] (Георгий Валентинович Плеханов, ''Georgij Valentinovič Plechanov'', [[1856]]–[[1918]]) peregre inceperunt editionem scripti periodici, ''Scintilla'' («Искра», ''&quot;Iskra&quot;'') nominati. Mense Decembri anno [[1901]] V. Ul'janov pseudonymum ''Lenin'' (pro nomine auctoris opusculi sui, in ''Scintilla'' publicati) primo adhibuit (etiam habebat pseudonyma alia: Ильин, ''Il'in''; Фрей, ''Frej''; Тулин, ''Tulin''; Карпов, ''Karpov'', etc.).

Anno [[1903]] in concilio secundo Russicae Social-Democraticae Operariae Factionis (R.S.D.O.F.; Russice: Российская социал-демократическая рабочая партия, РСДРП, anno [[1898]] condita), Lenin condidit factionem ''[[Bolsevici|Bolsevicorum]]''&lt;ref&gt;&quot;большевик Bolsevicus, i, m&quot; ([https://web.archive.org/web/20130303191354/http://linguaeterna.com/ru/lexicon/2-2.php ''Lexicon Russico-Latinum'']&lt;/ref&gt; (sic vocatur ex verbo большой, ''bol'šoj'', i.e. maior, quia eius sectatores initio fuere maioritas in R.S.D.O.F.), quae seruis facta est [[Factio Communistica Unionis Sovieticae|Factio Communistica]].

Tempore Russicae revolutionis annis [[1905]]–[[1907]], Vladimirus Lenin in Russia erat, cum aliis certationem revolutionem duxit. Illo tempore evolvit ideam de hegemonia proletariati in revolutione burgense-democratica, theoriam cuius transgressus in revolutionem socialisticam creavit. Post cladem revolutionis illius Lenin denuo emigravit.
Tempore [[Bellum Orbis Terrarum I|Belli Orbis Terrarum I]] V. Lenin proposuit transformationem belli imperialistici in bellum civile (i.e. bellum proletariorum contra classem possessorum).

Anno [[1917]], post [[Revolutio Februarii|Revolutionem Februarii]], Lenin in Russiam rediit. Politicam &quot;Administrationis temporalis&quot; terrae illius incurrit. Latebat, comminationis arrestationis causa. Fuit dux [[Revolutio Octobris Russica|Revolutionis Octobris]] socialisticae, cuius gratia statuta est &quot;dictatura proletariati&quot;, quam Lenin divulgabat, factio Bolsevicorum (ab mense Martio [[1918]] &quot;[[Russica Communistica Factio (bolsevicorum)]]&quot; nominata) facta est regnatrix.

A Secundo Omnirussico Convento [[Sovieti|Sovietorum]] ([[7 Novembris|7]]–[[9 Novembris]] [[1917]]) Vladimirus Lenin electus est praeses [[Concilium Comissariorum Popularium|Concilii Comissariorum Popularium]] (Russice: Совет народных комиссаров, [[translitteratio|tr.]] ''Sovet narodnych komissarov'') et Russiam sovieticam administrabat.
[[Fasciculus:Lenin_and_Wife_1918.jpg|thumb|left|Lenin et uxor [[1919]]]]
Die [[3 Martii]] [[1918]], Lenin suique confecerunt pacem cum [[Germania]] (quae pax iudicio multorum hominum non expedivit Russiae), sed [[Bellum Civile Russicum]] ad annum [[1922]] processit. In tali rerum statu evenit politica &quot;[[Communismus militaris|communismi militaris]]&quot; (nationalizatio industriae, liquidatio commercii privati, distributio publica productorum, munus operosus communis, etc.). Repressalia {?} contra inimicos veros et possibiles auctoritatis Sovieticae fuere &quot;terror ruber&quot; nominata.

Die [[30 Augusti]] [[1918]], Lenin vulneratus est conatus causa, subinde denuo activitatem suam politicam continuavit.

Anno [[1919]], Lenin creationem [[Communisticum Internationale|Communistici Internationalis]] proposuit. Is elaboravit rationem constructionis socialismi ([[Industrializatio|industrializatio]] terrae, etc.). Proposuit principia &quot;[[Politica oeconomica nova|politicae oeconomicae novae]]&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Hoc est Russice: новая экономическая политика (NEP).&lt;/ref&gt;  (usus mercaturae et pecuniae privatae, etc.), quae anno [[1921]] successit &quot;communismo militanti.&quot;

[[Fasciculus:Lenin and stalin crop.jpg|thumb|Vladimirus Lenin et [[Iosephus Stalin]] anno [[1922]] in vico ''Gorki'']]
Anno [[1922]], [[Unio Rerum Publicarum Sovieticarum Socialisticarum]] formabatur. [[Iosephus Stalin]] proposuit et sustinetus est: Unionis res publicae aliae includendae erant in Russiam sicut partes autonomae. Sed Vladimirus Lenin contra propositionem illam fuit – ille insistit, formanda fuit unio rerum publicarum aequatis iuris; quod propositum constitutum est.

Anno [[1922]], Lenin gravi morbo affectus est, et ab mense Decembri illius anni in vita politica terrae de facto non participabat, in vico ''Gorki'' prope [[Moscua]]m incoluit.

Lenin Gorki{{dubsig}} in oppido die [[21 Ianuarii]] [[1924]] mortuo, [[corpus|cadaver]] [[mumia|mumificatum]] in [[Mausoleum Lenin|mausoleum]] [[Moscua]]e positus est.

Opiniones variorum hominum de eius vita sunt controversae.

== Leninismus ==
[[Leninismus]] est [[Marxismus|marxismi]] varietas et argumenta centralia sunt ''voluntarismi'' societatis, ''intellegentiae'' factione politica classi operarum praestantis, definitionis ''imperialismi'' gradus terminalis [[capitalismus|capitalismi]], et ''[[res novae socialisticae|rerum novarum socialisticarum]] [[civitas minus progressa|civitatibus minus progressis]]''
=== Voluntarismus ===
[[Marxismus]] societatem [[determinismus| directionem determinatam]] habere affirmat. Leninismi voluntarismus contrarie societatem humanum ope ''factoris subiectivae'', ope actionum, mundum commutandum appetere asseverat. Pro eo res novae actionum voluntariarum ope instituendae sint.

=== Intellegentia ===
Notio [[intellegentia (leninismus)|intellegentiae]] notioni [[elitarismus|elitarismi]] appropiat. Secundum Lenin [[classis operarum|classi operarum]] in toto caret vi, ita factio politica hominum sapientiorum ei praestare debeat.

=== Imperialismus ===
Anno 1915 Lenin opus suum &quot;[[imperialismus phasis superior capitalismi]]&quot; scripsit, conamen suum ad theoriam et analysem [[Carolus Marx|Marxianam]] capitalismi emendandam. Secundum Lenin imperialismus non solum capitalismum [[saeculum 20|saeculi 20]] [[Monopolium|monopolii]] ope gubernari significet ([[accumulatio capitalis]] secundum Marx) sed potius signum conspicuum phasis ultima capitalismi, immediate ante res novas socialisticas classis onerarum.

=== Res novae socialisticae ===
Lenin [[res novae socialisticae|res novas socialisticas]] imprimis in [[civitas minus progressa|civitatibus minus progressis]] evolare ratus est. [[Res novae Octobres]] anni 1917 ei exemplum fuit, quia, sententia sua, [[Russia]] [[Tzar|tzaristica]] tantum minus progressa fuit, ut effectus imperialismi (ultimi) non valuerint.

== Nonnulla opera quae Lenin scripsit ==
* ''Quid est &quot;amici populi&quot; et quo modo illi contra Social-Democratos bellant?'' ([[:ru:Что такое «друзья народа» и как они воюют против социал-демократов?|«Что такое &quot;друзья народа&quot; и как они воюют против социал-демократов?»]]), anno [[1894]] scriptum
* ''Evolutio capitalismi in Russia. Processus formationis mercatus interni pro industria ampla'' ([[:ru:Развитие капитализма в России|«Развитие капитализма в России. Процесс образования внутреннего рынка для крупной промышленности»]]), anno [[1899]] publicatum
* ''Quid agamus? Quaestiones gravissimae motus nostri'' ([[:ru:Что делать? (Ленин)|«Что делать? Наболевшие вопросы нашего движения»]]), anno [[1902]] publicatum
* ''Materialismus et empiriocriticismus'' ([[:ru:Материализм и эмпириокритицизм|«Материализм и эмпириокритицизм»]]), anno [[1909]] publicatum
* ''[[Imperialismus]], ut stadium ultimum capitalismi'' («Империализм, как высшая стадия капитализма»), anno [[1916]]
* ''&quot;Theses Apriles&quot;'' («Апрельские тезисы») orationis ''De pensis proletariati in hac revolutione'' («О задачах пролетариата в данной революции»), anno [[1917]]
* ''Civitas et revolutio'', anno [[1917]]
* ''Revolutio proletarica et renegatus [[Carolus Kautsky|Kautsky]]'' («Пролетарская революция и ренегат Каутский»), anno [[1918]]
* ''Pensa alternata ditionis Sovieticae'' («Очередные задачи советской власти»), anno [[1918]]
* ''Initium magnum'' («Великий почин»), anno [[1919]]
* ''Oeconomica et politica in epocha dictaturae proletariati'' («Экономика и политика в эпоху диктатуры пролетариата»), anno [[1919]]
* ''Morbus infantilis &quot;laevitatis&quot; in communismo'' ([[:ru:Детская болезнь «левизны» в коммунизме|«Детская болезнь &quot;левизны&quot; в коммунизме»]]), anno [[1920]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
=== Litterae Cyrillicae ===
* Бессонов Б. Н. Владимир Ленин — собиратель земель Русских. — Moscuae: Алгоритм, 2007. — ISBN 978-5-9265-0440-5.
* Бонч-Бруевич В. Д. Воспоминания о Ленине. — Moscuae: Наука, 1969.
* Валентинов Н. В. Малознакомый Ленин. — Moscuae: &quot;Мансарда&quot;, &quot;СМAPT&quot;, 1991. — ISBN 5-7078-0146-4.
* Валентинов Н. В. О Ленине. — Moscuae: Телекс, 1991. — ISBN 0-938181-24-6.
* Валентинов Н. В. Недорисованный портрет.... — Moscuae: Терра, 1993. — ISBN 5-85255-333-6.
* Волкогонов Д. А. Ленин. Политический портрет. В 2-х книгах. — Moscuae: Новости, 1994. — ISBN 5-7020-0866-9.
* Жизнь Владимира Ильича Ленина. Вопросы и ответы / В. А. Перфилов и др.; отв. ред.: В. М. Костягина; ОГУК «Ленинский мемориал». — 3-е изд., перераб. и доп. — Ульяновск: Корпорация технологий продвижения, 2012.
* Каганова Р. Ю. Ленин во Франции. Декабрь 1908 — июнь 1912. Революционер, теоретик, организатор. — Изд. 2-е, доп. — Moscuae: Мысль, 1977. — 380 с.
* Крупская Н. И. Воспоминания о Ленине. — 3-е изд. — М.: Политиздат, 1989. — ISBN 5-250-00308-7.
* Крутов В., Верес Л. &quot;Отцы-основоположники&quot; коммунистического рабства (групповой портрет) // Вождь: Ленин, которого мы не знали / Сост. Г. П. Сидоровкин. — Saratoviae: Приволж. кн. изд-во, 1991. — pp. 230–265. — ISBN 5-7633-0614-7.
* Ленин Владимир Ильич in Новый иллюстрированный энциклопедический словарь (i.e. &quot;Dictionarium novum illustratum encyclopaedicum&quot;) a В.И. Бородулин, А.П. Горкин, А.А. Гусев, Н.М. Ланда editoribus. Moscuae: Большая Российская энциклопедия, 2001. ISBN 5-85270-259-5
* Ленин как философ / Под ред. М. М. Розенталя. — Moscuae: Политиздат, 1969.
* Логинов В. Т. Владимир Ленин. Выбор пути. Биография. — Moscuae: Республика, 2005.
* Лукач Д. Ленин. Исследовательский очерк о взаимосвязи его идей / Авт. вступ. статей С. Н. Земляной. — Moscuae: Международные отношения, 1990. — 141 с. — ISBN 5-7133-0356-X.
* Майсурян А. А. Другой Ленин. — Moscuae: Вагриус. — 480 с. — ISBN 5-9697-0292-7.
* Макеев С. Если бы Ульянов не стал Лениным // Совершенно секретно. — 01.05.2007. — № 5 (216).
* Протасенко З. М. Ленин как историк философии. Leninopoli, 1969.
* Сахаров В. А. Политическое завещание Ленина. Реальность истории и мифы политики. Moscuae: Изд-во МГУ, 2003
* Соломон Г. А. Ленин и его семья (Ульяновы). — Lutetiae: Издательство &quot;Мишень&quot;, 1929-1931.
* Троцкий Л. Д. О Ленине. Материалы для биографа. — Moscuae: Грифон-М, 2005.
* Yuri Buranov, ''Lenin's Will: falsified and forbidden''. Buffali Novi Eboraci: Prometheus, 1994. ISBN 0-87975-886-4.

=== Litterae Romanae ===
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* {{cite book | last1 = Brackman | first1 = Roman | title = The Secret File of Joseph Stalin: A Hidden Life | url = https://archive.org/details/secretfileofjose0000brac | publisher = Psychology Press | year = [[2000]] | location = Portlandiae Oregoniae | isbn = 978-0-7146-5050-0 | ref = harv }}
* {{cite book | last1 = Budgen | first1 = Sebastian | last2 = Kouvelakis | first2 = Stathis | last3 = Žižek | first3 = Slavoj | author3-link = Slavoj Žižek | title = Lenin Reloaded: Toward a Politics of Truth | year = [[2007]] | location = Durham Carolinae Septentrionalis | publisher = Duke University Press | isbn = 978-0-8223-3941-0 | ref = harv | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/leninreloadedtow01unse }}
* {{cite book |last = Davies |first = Norman |year = [[2003]] |origyear = 1972 |title = White Eagle, Red Star: The Polish-Soviet War 1919–20 and 'the Miracle on the Vistula' |url = https://archive.org/details/whiteeagleredsta00unse |publisher = Pimlico |location = Londinii |isbn = 978-0712606943 |ref = harv}}
* Fischer, Louis. [[1964]]. ''The Life of Lenin.'' Londinii: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
* Fischer, Louis. [[2001]]. ''The Life of Lenin.'' Londinii: Weidenfeld &amp; Nicolson History. ISBN 1-84212-230-4.
* {{cite journal |last = Hazard |first = John N. |year = [[1965]] | title = Unity and Diversity in Socialist Law |url = http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3056&amp;context=lcp |journal = Law and Contemporary Problems |volume = 30 |number = 2 |pages = 270–90 |access-date = 8 Augusti 2016 |jstor = 1190515 |ref = harv|doi=10.2307/1190515 }}
* {{cite book |title = Lenin and Revolutionary Russia |url = https://archive.org/details/leninrevolutiona0000lees |last = Lee |first = Stephen J. |year = [[2003]] |location = Londinii |publisher = Routledge |isbn = 978-0-415-28718-0 |ref = harv}}
* {{Cite book | last = Leggett | first = George | title = The Cheka: Lenin's Political Police | location = Oxoniae | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = [[1981]] | isbn = 978-0-19-822552-2 | ref = harv | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/chekaleninspolit0000legg }}
* Lerner, Vladimir, Y. Finkelstein, et E. Witztum. [[2004]]. &quot;The Enigma of Lenin's (1870–1924) Malady.&quot; ''European Journal of Neurology'' 11 (6): 371–76. doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2004.00839.x. PMID 15171732.
* {{cite book |title = The First World War Peace Settlements, 1919–1925 |last = Goldstein |first = Erik |year = [[2013]] |location = London |publisher = Routledge |isbn = 978-1-31-7883-678 |ref = harv }}
* {{cite book |title = Consumed by War: European Conflict in the 20th Century |last = Hall |first = Richard C. |year = [[2015]] |location = Lexingtoniae Kentukiae |publisher = University Press of Kentucky |isbn = 978-0-81-3159-959 |ref = harv }}
* {{cite book |last=Liebman |first=Marcel |translator=Brian Pearce |year=[[1975]] |origyear=1973 |title=Leninism Under Lenin |url=https://archive.org/details/leninismunderlen0000lieb_f2h6 |url-access=registration |location=Londinii |publisher=Jonathan Cape |isbn=978-0-224-01072-6 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Merridale |first=Catherine |year=[[2017]] |title=Lenin on the Train |url=https://archive.org/details/leninontrain0000cath |location=Londinii |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-241011-324 |ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book |last=Montefiore |first=Simon Sebag |title=Young Stalin |url=https://archive.org/details/youngstalin0000seba_z6t5 |year=[[2007]] | location=Londinii |publisher=Weidenfeld &amp; Nicolson |isbn=978-0-297-85068-7 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |title = Lenin's Last Struggle |last = Lewin |first = Moshe | year = [[1969]] |publisher = Faber and Faber |location = Londinii |translator-last=Sheridan Smith |translator-first=A. M. |translator-link=Alan Sheridan |ref = harv}}
* {{cite book |title = Lenin |url = https://archive.org/details/lenin0000lihl |last = Lih |first = Lars T. |year = [[2011]] |series = Critical Lives |publisher = Reaktion Books |location = Londinii |isbn=978-1-86189-793-0 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal |title = Lenin, the National Question and the Baltic States, 1917–19 |last = Page |first = Stanley W. |journal = The American Slavic and East European Review |volume = 7 |number = 1 |year = [[1948]] |pages = 15–31 |doi = 10.2307/2492116 |ref = harv|jstor = 2492116 }}
* {{cite journal |title = Lenin and Self-Determination |last = Page |first = Stanley W. | journal = The Slavonic and East European Review |volume = 28 |number = 71 |year = [[1950]] |pages = 342–58 |jstor = 4204138 |ref = harv}}
* {{cite book |title = Lenin's Jewish Question |url = https://archive.org/details/leninsjewishques0000petr | last = Petrovsky-Shtern | first=Yohanan | year=[[2010]] |location = Portu Novo Connecticutae |publisher = Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-15210-4 | jstor = j.ctt1npd80 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |title = The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919 |last = Pipes |first = Richard |year = [[1990]] |publisher = Collins Harvill |location = Londinii |isbn = 978-0-679-73660-8 |ref = harv |url-access = registration |url = https://archive.org/details/russianrevolutio00pipe_0 }}
* {{cite book |title=The Unknown Lenin: From the Secret Archive |last=Pipes |first=Richard | |year=[[1996]] |publisher=Yale University Press |location=Portu Novo Connecticutae |isbn=978-0-300-06919-8 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |title=Conspirator: Lenin in Exile |url=https://archive.org/details/conspiratorlenin0000rapp_u4e4 |last=Rappaport |first=Helen | year=[[2010]] |publisher=Basic Books |location=Novi Eboraci |isbn=978-0-465-01395-1 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |title = Lenin: A Revolutionary Life |url = https://archive.org/details/leninrevolutiona0000read |last = Read |first = Christopher |year = [[2005]] |series = Routledge Historical Biographies |publisher = Routledge |location = Londinii |isbn = 978-0-415-20649-5 |ref = harv }}
* {{cite book |title = Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary |url = https://archive.org/details/leninportraitofp0000rice |last = Rice |first = Christopher |year = [[1990]] |publisher = Cassell |location = Londinii |isbn = 978-0-304-31814-8 |ref = harv }}
* {{cite book |title = Lenin's Government: Sovnarkom 1917–1922 |url = https://archive.org/details/leninsgovernment0000rigb |url-access = registration |last = Rigby |first = T. H. |year = [[1979]] |publisher = Cambridge University Press |location = Cantabrigiae |isbn = 978-0-521-22281-5 |ref = harv }}
* {{Cite book |last = Ryan | first = James | title = Lenin's Terror: The Ideological Origins of Early Soviet State Violence | publisher = Routledge | location = Londinii | year = [[2012]] | isbn = 978-1-138-81568-1 | ref=harv }}
* {{cite book |title = A Short History of Soviet Socialism |url = https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryofso0000sand |last = Sandle |first = Mark |year = [[1999]] |publisher = UCL Press |location = Londinii |isbn = 978-1-85728-355-6 |doi = 10.4324/9780203500279 |ref = harv}}
* {{cite book | title = Vladimir Lenin and the Russian Revolution | url = https://archive.org/details/vladimirleninrus0000schm | first1 = Elizabeth | last1 = Schmermund | first2 = Judith | last2 = Edwards | year = [[2016]] | publisher = Enslow Publishing | isbn = 978-0766074149 | ref = harv}}
* {{cite book | title=Lenin the Dictator: An Intimate Portrait | url=https://archive.org/details/lenindictatorint0000sebe | last=Sebestyen | first=Victor | year=[[2017]] | location=Londinii | publisher=Weidenfeld and Nicolson | isbn=978-1474600446 | ref=harv }}
* {{cite book |title = Lenin: A Biography |last = Service |first = Robert |year = [[2000]] |publisher = Macmillan |location = Londinii |isbn = 978-0-333-72625-9 |ref = harv |title-link = Lenin: A Biography }}
* {{cite book |title = Lenin: A Biography |edition=revised |last=Shub |first=David |publisher=Pelican |location=London |year=[[1966]] |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |title=Lenin: Genesis and Development of a Revolutionary| last=Theen |first=Rolf |year=[[2004]] |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princetoniae Novae Caesareae |isbn=978-0691643588 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |title=Lenin Lives! The Lenin Cult in Soviet Russia |url=https://archive.org/details/leninlivesleninc0000tuma |last=Tumarkin |first=Nina |edition=enlarged |year=[[1997]] |publisher=Harvard University Press |location=Cantabrigiae Massachusettae |isbn=978-0-674-52431-6 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |title=Lenin: Life and Legacy |url=https://archive.org/details/leninlifelegacy0000dmit |last=Volkogonov |first=Dmitri | year=[[1994]] |translator-last=Shukman |translator-first=Harold |translator-link=Harold Shukman |publisher=HarperCollins |location=Londinii |isbn=978-0-00-255123-6 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |title=Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution |url=https://archive.org/details/leninpracticethe0000whit_s5j8 |last=White |first=James D. |year=[[2001]] |series=European History in Perspective |publisher=Palgrave |location=Basingstoke Angliae |isbn=978-0-333-72157-5 |ref=harv}}

=== Bibliographia addita ===
* {{Cite book |last=Ali |first=Tariq | title=The Dilemmas of Lenin: Terrorism, War, Empire, Love, Revolution. |url=https://archive.org/details/dilemmasoflenint0000tari |location=Novi Eboraci et Londinii |publisher=Verso |year=[[2017]] |isbn=9781786631107}}
* {{Cite book |last=Cliff |first=Tony | title=Building the Party: Lenin, 1893–1914 |url=https://archive.org/details/buildingpartylen0000clif |location=Sicagi |publisher=Haymarket Books |year=[[1986]] |isbn=978-1-931859-01-1}}
* {{Cite book |last=Felshtinsky |first=Yuri | Yuri Felshtinsky |title=Lenin and His Comrades: The Bolsheviks Take Over Russia 1917–1924 |location=Novi Eboraci |publisher=Enigma Books |year=[[2010]] |isbn=978-1-929631-95-7}}
* {{Cite book |last=Gellately |first=Robert | title=Lenin, Stalin, and Hitler: The Age of Social Catastrophe |url=https://archive.org/details/leninstalinhitle0000gell_w1h0 |location=Novi Eboraci |publisher=Knopf |year=[[2007]] |isbn=978-1-4000-3213-6}}
* {{Cite book |last=Gooding |first=John |title=Socialism in Russia: Lenin and His Legacy, 1890–1991 |url=https://archive.org/details/socialisminrussi0000good |location=Basingstoke Angliae |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=[[2001]] |doi=10.1057/9781403913876 |isbn=978-0-333-97235-9}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hill |first=Christopher | title=Lenin and the Russian Revolution |location=Londinii |publisher=Pelican Books |year=[[1971]]}}
* {{cite book |title=Lenin 2017: Remembering, Repeating, and Working Through |last1=Lenin |first1=V. I. | last2=Žižek |first2=Slavoj |year=[[2017]] |publisher=Verso |location= |url=https://archive.org/details/lenin2017remembe0000leni|isbn=978-1786631886}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Lih |first1=Lars T. |title=Lenin Rediscovered: What is to be Done? in Context |year=[[2008]] |origyear=2006 |publisher=Haymarket Books |location=Sicagi |isbn=978-1-931859-58-5 |last-author-amp=yes}}
* {{cite book |title=Lenin: A Study on the Unity of his Thought |last=Lukács |first=Georg | translator-last = Jacobs | translator-first = Nicholas |year=[[1970]] |origyear=1924 |publisher= |location= |url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/lukacs/works/1924/lenin/ |isbn=| access-date = 7 Augusti 2016}}
* {{cite book |last=Nimtz |first=August H. |title=Lenin's Electoral Strategy from 1907 to the October Revolution of 1917: The Ballot, the Streets—or Both |location=Novi Eboraci |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=[[2014]] |isbn=978-1-137-39377-7}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Pannekoek |first1=Anton | title=Lenin as Philosopher |url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/pannekoe/1938/lenin/ |year=[[1938]] |accessdate=16 Augusti 2016}}
* {{Cite book |last=Payne |first=Robert | title=The Life And Death of Lenin |publisher=Simon &amp; Schuster |year=[[1967]]}}
* Ryan, James. [[2007]]. &quot;Lenin's ''The State and Revolution'' and Soviet State Violence: A Textual Analysis.&quot; ''Revolutionary Russia'' 20 (2): 151–72. doi:10.1080/09546540701633452. |s2cid 144309851.
* {{cite book |title=Lenin the Dictator: An Intimate Portrait |url=https://archive.org/details/lenindictatorint0000sebe |last=Sebestyen |first=Victor |year=[[2017]] |publisher=Weidenfeld &amp; Nicolson |location=Londinii |isbn=978-1-47460-044-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Service |first=Robert | |title=Lenin: A Political Life – Volume One: The Strengths of Contradiction |year=[[1985]] |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-33324-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Service |first=Robert | title=Lenin: A Political Life – Volume Two: Worlds in Collision |year=[[1991]] |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-33325-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Service |first=Robert | title=Lenin: A Political Life – Volume Three: The Iron Ring |year=[[1995]] |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-35181-4 }}
* Service, Robert. [[2000]]. ''Lenin: A Biography.'' ISBN 0-674-00828-6.
* Wade, Rex A. [[2016]]. &quot;The Revolution at One Hundred: Issues and Trends in the English Language Historiography of the Russian Revolution of 1917.&quot; ''Journal of Modern Russian History and Historiography'' 9 (1): 9–38. doi:10.1163/22102388-00900003.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Communismus]]
* [[Factio Communistica Unionis Sovieticae]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{Communia|Владимир Ильич Ленин|Vladimirum Lenin}}
{{Fontes biographici}}
* [http://www.alcuinus.net/ephemeris/nuntius.php?id=39 EPHEMERIS - ''Lenin a mortuis surrexisse''] {{ling|Latine}}
* [http://bse.sci-lib.com/article069490.html Pagina de Vladimiro Lenin ''Encyclopaediae Sovieticae Magnae'' editionis tertiae] {{ling|Russice}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060902171658/http://www.vilenin.info/ Votum interretiale de deiectione corporis V. Lenini ex mausoleo in situ ''V.I.Lenin.info''] {{ling|Russice}}

{{Formula:Factionis Communisticae Unionis Sovieticae duces}}
{{1000 paginae}}
{{Myrias|Homines}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lenin, Vladimirus}}
[[Categoria:Nati 1870]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1924]]
[[Categoria:Atheistae]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Russici]]
[[Categoria:Bolsevici]]
[[Categoria:Communismi fautores]]
[[Categoria:Gubernatores civitatum]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Imperii Russici]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Unionis Sovieticae]]
[[Categoria:Marxistae]]
[[Categoria:Politici Russiae]]
[[Categoria:Praesides ministrorum Russiae]]
[[Categoria:Rerum novarum cupidi Russiae]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores de re politica]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Marxiani]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Russiae]]
[[Categoria:Vladimirus Lenin|!]]</text>
      <sha1>sp9nfvfe3guxbnh3m9ad3fweqxtxduq</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Fridericus Schillerus</title>
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        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
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      <text bytes="12987" sha1="q2228ksgwamiu7ii3t4x9m7vcaimb26" xml:space="preserve">{{pro pagina discretiva vide|Fridericus Schiller (discretiva)}}
{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Ferdinand Carl Christian Jagemann Schiller auf dem Totenbette 1805.jpeg|thumb|upright=0.8|Schillerus in lecto funebri. [[Adumbratio]] [[Ferdinandus Jagemann|Ferdinandi Jagemann]], [[1805]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Fr. Zone 1945 12 Friedrich Schiller.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|Schillerus in [[pittacium cursuale|pittacio cursuali]] Germaniae.]]
[[Fasciculus:Schiller monument, Vienna.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Monumentum]] Schilleranum in Schillerplatz [[Vindobona]]e.]]&lt;!--
[[Fasciculus:Austria, Schiller Bronze-Plaque-Medal N.D. by Hofner.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Bronze-Plaque-Medal of Schiller's laureate head by the Austrian artist {{interlanguage link|Otto Hofner|de|Otto Hofner (Bildhauer)}}.]]--&gt;

{{res|Ioannes Christophorus Fridericus Schillerus}}&lt;ref&gt;Hermann Masius, &quot;Laudatio G. D. Scharnhorstii&quot; [1841], in Heinz Stübig, ''Gerhard von Scharnhorst: preußischer General und Heeresreformer: Studien zu seiner Biographie und Rezeption'' (Berolini: Lit Verlag Dr. W. Hopf, 2009, ISBN 978-3-643-10255-3), 72: &quot;quo die [10 Novembris] Martinus Lutherus et Fridericus Schillerus, viri divini nati sunt.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Godofredus Hermannus, &quot;De re scenica in Aeschyli Orestea&quot; [1846], in ''Opuscula,'' ed. Theodorus Fritzsche (Lipsiae: apud Ernestum Fleischerum, 1877), 8: 158: &quot;Fridericus autem Schillerus recentioris historiae argumentis imitari Graecorum tragoedias studuit.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Robert Ogilvie, ''Horae Latinae: Studies in Synonyms and Syntax'' (Londinii, Novi Eboraci, Bombay: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1901), 162: &quot;''a short biography of Schiller,'' brevis Schilleri vitae expositio.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; (natus [[Marbachum|Marbachi]] in ducatu [[Regnum Virtembergiae|Virtembergensi]] die [[10 Novembris]] [[1759]]; mortuus [[Vimaria]]e die [[9 Maii]] [[1805]]) fuit [[poeta]], [[philosophus]], [[chirurgus castrensis]], [[rerum gestarum scriptor]], [[scriptor scaenicus]], [[interpres]] [[Germania|Germanicus]]. [[Libertas|Libertatem]] [[humanismus|humanismi]] aestimavit more [[litterae Theodiscae#Sturm und Drang|Sturm und Drang]] quasi [[motus romanticus|motu romantico]].

== Vita ==
[[Fasciculus:Schiller Weimar.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Domus Schilleri Vimariae (cum museo).]]
[[Filius]] Caspari Schilleri, praefecti militum necnon inspector Castelli Solitude apud [[Stuttgardia]]m et Elisabethae Dorotheae Kodweiß, matris piissimae, annis inter [[1768]] et [[1773]] [[schola Latina|scholam Latinam]] [[ludoviciburgum|Ludoviciburgensem]] frequentavit. Postea [[theologia]]e se dedicavisset, nisi a Carolo duce Virtembergensi ipso in Scholam Caroli militarem missus esset. Ibi [[mores]] maxime severi viros illustrissimos pepererunt. Tunc statutum est, ut [[iurisprudentia]]e studeret. Schillero nolente [[medicina]] electa est; [[discipulus]] iam poetas Germanicos adamavit, e.g. [[Klopstock]], et [[versus]] facere solebat. A litteris neque poena abstrahi potuit. Praeterea historica legit et [[plutarchus|Plutarchum]], [[gulielmus Shakesperius|Shakesperium]], [[ioannes Iacobus Russavius|Russavium]], opera {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannis Antonii Leisewitz||en|qid=Q64063}} et aliorum. Excitatio iuvenilis eius opere ''Die Räuber'' omnibus ante oculos posita est, quod scriptum est anno [[1777]] et editum [[1781]]. Plausus multos habuit. Absolutorio scholastico anno [[1780]] recepto munere tonsoris imperatorii fungebatur. [[Volfgangus Heribertus de Dalberg]] dramaturgus [[Manhemium|Manhemii]] [[drama]] ''Raptorum'' e scaenis produci anno [[1782]] iussit. Schillerus in auditorio fuit, sine permissu superiorum. Scripturarum abstinentia vi obtenta, retentio in [[carcer]]e, dimissio minabantur, ut salus alibi quaerenda esset. Mense Septembri [[1782]] nomine falso Oggersheim apud Manhemium vixit, antequam Bauerbach apud [[Mainingia]]m in domo dominae de Wolzogen hospitalitate frui posset. 

Status novus salvus et conversatio cum feminis doctis Schillerum feliciter promovebant, de quo testimonium perhibent opera ''Fiesko'' et ''Kabale und Liebe''. Cum anno [[1783]] in theatro Manhemiensi laboraret, spectatores in elegantiarum et bonorum habituum arbitros mutare volebat. Opera sua saepe criticavit; annis inter [[1784]] et [[1793]] periodicum ''Thalia'' edebat, partes dramatis ''Don Karlos'' annuntiavit, consuetudinem cum ''Laura'' contraxit. Mox autem [[histrio]]num ars taedio erat; itaque mense Martio [[1784]] [[Lipsia]]m petivit. Manhemii autem [[carlotta de Kalb|Carlottam de Kalb]] prima vice convenerat. Ibi in vico Gohlis et [[Dresda]]e poesi scientiisque vacare potuit. Tunc ''Lied an die Freude'' [[carmen]] notissimum creatum est. In Casa [[vinetum|vineti]] [[Christianus Godofredus Körner|Christiani Godofredi Körner]] in Loschwitz apud Dresdam drama ''Don Karlos'' confecit. Opere isto [[philosophia]] [[historia]]que ita inflammatus esse videtur, ut [[historia Nederlandiae|historiam Bataviae]] concinnaret. Poeta in historico quasi renasci visus est, sive in [[cultura]]e arbitro sive in philosophi (cf. litteras eius de dramate citato, [[epistula]]s philosophicas etc.). Schemata poetica (''Der Menschenfeind'', ''Der Geisterseher'') minus capatabant et lyrica minus fertilis [[doctrina]]s inanes spargebant (''Resignation'', ''Die Götter Griechenlands''). 

Iam antea dux [[Vimaria]]nus eum consiliarium instituerat. Anno [[1787]] denique in [[Thuringia]]m venit et eo gaudio fuerunt dux, [[Ioannes Gottfriedus Herder]], [[Christophorus Martinus Wieland]] et [[ioannes Volfgangus Goethius|Goethius]] [[1788]] ex [[Italia]] reversus. Ingenio animoque diversi duumviri isti optime se invicem supplebant. Goethio mediatore Schillerus anno [[1789]] [[professor]] exterordinarius de historia in [[universitas Ienensis|Universitate Ienensi]] creatus est. Die [[22 Februarii]] [[1790]] [[Carlotta Ludovica Antonetta von Schiller|Carlottam Ludovicam Antonettam de Lengefeld]] [[uxor]]em duxit. Eodem anno edidit ''Historische Memoiren vom 12. Jahrhundert an bis auf die neuesten Zeiten'' et de [[Bellum triginta annorum|Bello triginta annorum]] scripsit. [[Carolus Leonardus Reinhold]] ei persuasit, ut philosophiam [[immanuel Kantius|Kantii]] complecteretur. Schillerus volubiliter res complicatas facile reddere quivit et, in vestigiis Kantii, aestheticae recentioris praeco factus est. Ea omnia in commentationibus multis ex anno [[1792]] iterum atque iterum in lucem prolatis annuntiavit. Anno [[1790]] consiliarius aulicus nominatus est a Mainingiensibus, et simul civis [[Res Publica Franconiae Novae|Rei Publicae Franconiae Novae]]. Indefessus operam dabat, ut tam historicus quam philosophus agnosceretur. Utique sublineatum est historiam atque philosophiam res poeticas, veras eius indoles, praeparavisse. Anno [[1791]] infirmus usque [[1794]] in patria degebat. Ienam reversus ab anno 1794 edidit periodicum ''Die Horen'', quo amicitia cum Goethio porro firmata est et pulcherrima creata sunt. Tum multa in Schillero adhuc celata quasi ex eo saltaverunt et inde ab anno [[1795]] opera eius magna edita sunt: poemata didactica, [[carmen epicolyricum|carmina epicolyrica]] (nonnumquam in certamine cum Goethio simul versificante), dramata ''Wallenstein'' (1799), ''Maria Stuart'' (1800), ''Jungfrau von Orleans'' (1801), ''Die Braut von Messina'' (1803), ''Wilhelm Tell'' (1804). Ex anno [[1799]] Vimariae vixit. De spiritali luxuria testimonium dant opera ''Xenien'' ubi ironia malitiae nupsit. Anno [[1802]] ab [[imperator]]e nobilitatem nactus est. Anno [[1804]] [[berolinum|Berolini]] in dramatis repraesentatio fuit, unde insanus revenit. Labore nimio et [[droga|drogis]] destitutus, naturae concessit.

== Gravitudo == 
[[Fasciculus:Goethe Schiller Weimar 3.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Splendidissimum Goethii Schillerique [[monumentum]], Vimariae ante theatrum positum.]]
Omnium poetarum Germanicorum princeps fuit, ut constat. Cum Goethius multiplex [[natura]]m, [[anima]]s, [[femina]]s optime describeret, Schillerus [[idealismus|idealista]] fortitudinem, libertatem, virtutes cantabat. In dramaticis, lyricis, [[aesthetica|aestheticis]] immortalia creavit. In principio [[litterae Theodiscae|litteras Theodiscas]] dramatibus revolutionariis auxit quae simul nobis animum istius poetae patefaciunt. Goethius drama ''Die Räuber'' venerans id correcte immaturum esse dixit, aptum periodo tumultuosae &quot;Sturm- und Drang&quot;. Postea Schillerus iam in [[tragoedia]] politica ''Fiesko'' (1783) personas historicas praetulit, et in opere praetitulato ''Kabale und Liebe'' (1784), ubi democratia astutiam subdolam vicit, politicam contemporaneam Germanicam descripsit. ''Don Karlos'' (1785), quod velut drama excogitatum esset, cosmopoliticum factum est contra despotarum terrorem. Anno 1795 maturitas scientifica impetrata est. Tragoedia ''Wallenstein'' (1799), [[napoleo I (imperator Franciae)|Napoleonis]] exemplum, in initio dramatum maxime illustrium erat. Opera ''Die Jungfrau von Orleans'' et ''Die Braut von Messina'' clare affirmant christianismum positivum ideis Kantii suppressum esse.

[[Sonus|Sonorum]] amoenitas et claritas in Schillericis vix superari possunt. Poesis adulescentis (''An Laura'', ''Hektors Abschied'', ''Eberhard der Greiner'' etc.) sine dubio intemperantiam olent. Tamen in poematibus, non autem in dramatibus, Schillerus praecox est quod ad aequitatem et libertatem attinet. In foliis ''Musenalmanach'' (1796–1801) quoque poesis inest, quae trans tempora omnia aeternitatem advolat. Maximum carminum ibi verisimiliter ''Das Lied von der Glocke'' (1797–99). Schillerus etiam [[interpres]] fuit e [[lingua|linguis]] [[Italice|Italica]], [[Anglice|Anglica]], [[Graece|Graeca]], [[Francogallice|Francogallica]]. Theoriam de aestheticam locupletavit operibus ''Abhandlungen über die tragische Kunst. Anmuth und Würde'' (1793), ''Die ästhetische Erziehung des Menschengeschlechtes'' (1795), ''Über naive und sentimentale Dichtkunst'' (1795). In historicis solummodo historiam de Bello triginta annorum finivit. Vel hoc in genere ingenium poeticum lectores captabat, praesertim et iuniores. Ratio et fides de hominum perfectione perenni, ut mos in philosophis tempore Schilleri, etiam in historia scribenda praevaluerunt. Numquam subdolus, semper sincerus ei in animo fuit morum lapsorum descriptio et consuetudinum bonarum perfectio.

== Opera ==
=== Dramata ===
* ''Die Räuber'' (''Raptores''), [[1781]]
* ''Kabale und Liebe'' (''Fallacia et amor''), [[1783]]
* ''Die Verschwörung des Fiesco zu Genua'' (''Coniuratio Genuensis Fiesconis''), [[1784]]
* ''Don Karlos'' (''[[Dominus Carolus (Schiller)|Dominus Carolus]]''), [[1787]]–[[1788]]
* ''[[Wallenstein]]-Trilogie,'' [[1799]]
* ''[[Maria Stuart]],'' [[1800]])
* ''Die Jungfrau von Orléans'' (''Virgo [[Aurelia]]na''), [[1801]] 
* ''Die Braut von Messina'' (''Sponsa Messiniensis''), [[1803]]
* ''Wilhelm Tell'' (''[[Wilhelmus Thellius]]''), [[1803]]–[[1804]]
* ''[[Turandot (Schiller)|Turandot]]''
* ''[[Demetrius (drama)|Demetrius]]'' (imperfectus anno [[1805]])

=== Carmina ===
* &quot;[[An die Freude]]&quot; (&quot;Carmen ad gaudium&quot;), [[1786]] 
* &quot;Resignation&quot; (&quot;Animus submissus&quot;), [[1786]] 
* &quot;Die Teilung der Erde&quot; (&quot;Divisio mundi&quot;), [[1795]] 
* &quot;Der Handschuh&quot; (&quot;Digitabulum), [[1797]]
* &quot;Der Taucher&quot; (&quot;Urinator&quot;), [[1797]] 
* &quot;Die Kraniche des Ibykus&quot; (&quot;Grues Ibyci&quot;), [[1797]] 
* &quot;Der Ring des Polykrates&quot; (&quot;Anulus Polycratis&quot;), [[1798]] 
* &quot;[[Die Bürgschaft]]&quot; (&quot;Sponsio&quot;), [[1798]]
* &quot;[[De campana carmen]]&quot; (&quot;Das Lied von der Glocke&quot;), [[1799]] 
* &quot;Das Siegesfest&quot; (&quot;Triumphum&quot;), [[1803]]
* &quot;Die Huldigung der Künste&quot; (&quot;Laudatio artium&quot;), [[1804]]

=== Periodica ===
* &quot;[[Die Horen]]&quot; (&quot;Horae&quot;), ([[1795]]-[[1798]])

Et perplura.

== Bibliographia ==
* Wolfgang Vulpius (et al), ''Schiller-Bibliographie'', Vimariae et Berolini 1959-1989, 4 vol.

== Lege etiam ==
* Safranski, Rüdiger. [[2007]]. ''Schiller oder die Erfindung des deutschen Idealismus.'' [[Monacum|Monaci]]: DTV.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Ludovicus van Beethoven]]
* {{Op|[[Schiller (pellicula)|Schiller]]}}, (pellicula anno 2005 edita)
* {{Op|[[Schilleria]]}}
* [[Symphonia nona Ludovici van Beethoven]]
* [[3079 Schiller]]

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Friedrich Schiller|Fridericum Schillerum}}
{{Fontes biographici}}
{{Vicifons|Friedrich Schiller|Fridericum Schillerum}}
{{Grc|Φρειδερῖκος Σχιλλέριος}} 
* [http://www.pantoia.de/Schiller/SSGDL/index.html Carmina Friderici Schilleri Latine reddita] 

{{Myrias|Homines}}

{{Anni vitae|1759|1805|Schillerus, Fridericus}}
[[Categoria:Auctores Theodisci]]
[[Categoria:Fridericus Schiller|!]]
[[Categoria:Historici Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Interpretes Graeco-Theodisci]]
[[Categoria:Interpretes Shakesperiani]]
[[Categoria:Medici Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Philosophi Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Poetae Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Ienensis]]
[[Categoria:Romanticismus]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores scaenici]]&lt;!--
[[Categoria:Sturm und Drang]]--&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Martyres Iaponici CCV</title>
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      <text bytes="14369" sha1="llqqinudw26jghlcqb1uxrg3daa6qdg" xml:space="preserve">'''Martyres Iaponici CCV''' fuerunt martyres qui a [[Iaponicus|Iaponicis]] inter annos 1617 atque 1632 occisi sunt. [[Beatificatio]] eorum a [[Pius IX|Pio IX]] anno [[1867]] facta est.
== Martyres ==
=== 1617&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;''Japonen. beatificationis'' (1866): 1.&lt;/ref&gt; ===
[[Fasciculus:Beato João Baptista Machado.PNG|thumb|Ioannes Baptista Macciadus]]
* '''Petrus ab Asunptioni''', [[sacerdos]] Franciscanus Hispanus
* '''Ioannes Baptista Macciadus de Tabora''', sacerdos [[Societas Iesu|Iesuita]] Lusitanus
* '''[[Alfonsus de Navarrete]]''', sacerdos Dominicanus Hispanus
* '''Ferdinandus de Ayala de Sancto Iosepho''', sacerdos Augustinius Hispanus
* '''Leo Tanaca''', catechista Iaponicus (Konoe)
* '''Gaspar Ueda Ficoyo''' (''Ueda Hikojirō''), Iaponicus (Nagasacium)
* '''Andreas Ioxinda''' (''Yoshida''), Iaponicus (Nagasacium)
=== 1618&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; ===
* '''Ioannes a Sancta Martha''', sacerdos Franciscanus Hispanus
* '''Ioannes Martínez a Sancto Dominico''', sacerdos Dominicanus Hispanus
=== 1619&lt;ref&gt;''Japonen. beatificationis'' (1866): 1-2.&lt;/ref&gt; ===
* '''Leonardus Chimura''' (''Kimura''), [[monachus]] Iesuita Iaponicus (Nagasacium)
* '''Andreas Muraiama Tocuan''' (''Murayama Tokuan'')
* '''Cosmas Taquea Sozaburo''' (''Takeya Sozaburō'')
* '''Ioannes Iosida Xoum''' (''Yoshida Shōun'')
* '''Dominicus Georgius''' 
* '''Bartholomaeus Seki'''
* '''Antonius Chimura''' (''Kimura'')
* '''Ioannes Iuananga''' (''Iwanaga'') 
* '''Alexius Nacamura''' (''Nakamura'') 
* '''Leo Nacanixi''' (''Nakanishi'') 
* '''Michaël Taxita''' (''Takeshita'') 
* '''Matthias Cozaca''' (''Kozasa'') 
* '''Romanus Matevoca Meotaro''' (''Motoyama Myotarō'') 
* '''Matthias Nacano Iotaro''' (''Nakano'') 
* '''Ioannes Motayana''' (''Motoyama'') 
* '''Thomas Cotenda Ceuni''' (''Koteda Kyūmi'') 
=== 1620&lt;ref&gt;''Japonen. beatificationis'' (1866): 2.&lt;/ref&gt; ===
[[Fasciculus:Ambrósio Fernandes.jpg|thumb|Ambrosius Ferdinandus]]
* '''Ambrosius Ferndinandus''', monachus Iesuita Lusitanus
* '''Matthias Arimensis''', catechista
* '''Simon Quiota''' '''Bocusaeus''' (''Kyota Bokusai''), catechista Dominicanus
* '''Magdalena Quiota''' (''Kyota'')
* '''Thomas Goengoro''' (''Gengorō'')
* '''Iacobus Goengoro Bunzo''' (''Gengorō'' ''Bunzō'')
=== 1622&lt;ref&gt;''Japonen. beatificationis'' (1866): 2-4.&lt;/ref&gt; ===
[[Fasciculus:AGULTINUS OTA.jpg|thumb|Augustinus Ota]]
[[Fasciculus:Gonzalo Fusai Chōzō.jpg|thumb|Gundisalvus Fusaius]]
[[Fasciculus:Pedro Sanpō.jpg|thumb|Petrus Sampò]]
[[Fasciculus:Melchior küsel-pedro navarro y compañeros.jpg|thumb|Petrus Paulus Navarrus, Dionysius Fugiscima (aut Fugixima) atque Petrus Onizuchi (sive Onizuccha)]]
* '''Augustinus Ota''' (''Oda''), monachus Iesuita
* '''Ludovicus Flórez,''' sacerdos Dominicanus
* '''Petrus de Zúñiga''', sacerdos Augustinius
* '''Ioachim Díaz Firayama''' (''Hirayama'')
* '''Leo Suqueiemon''' (''Sukeemon'')
* '''Ioannes Measaci Soyemon''' (''Miyazaki Soemon'')
* '''Michaël Díaz'''
* '''Marcus Tacenosima Xineyemon''' (''Takenoshita Shin’emon'')
* '''Thomas Coyanagui''' (''Koyanagi'')
* '''Antonio Iamanda''' (''Hamada'')
* '''Iacobus Matuo Denxi''' (''Matsuo Denji'')
* '''Laurentius Rocuyemon''' (''Rokuemon'')
* '''Paulus Sanquichi''' (''Sankichi'')
* '''Ioannes Iago Shoemon''' (''Yagō'')
* '''Bartholomaeus Mofioye''' (''Mohyōe'')
* '''Ioannes Nangata''' (''Nagata Matashichi'')
* '''Franciscus Morales'''
* '''Angelus Ferrer Orsuccius'''
* '''Alfonsus de Mena'''
* '''Iosephus a Sancto Hyacintho Salvanés'''
* '''Hyancinthus Orfanel'''
* '''Alexius Sanbasi''' (''Sanbashi Saburō'')
* '''Thomas a Rosario''', Postulans Dominicanus
* '''Dominicus Nagata'''
* '''Ricardus a Sancta Anna'''
* '''Petrus de Avila''', sacerdos Franciscanus
* '''Vincentius a Sancto Iosepho''', monachus Franciscanus
* '''Carolus Spinola''', sacerdos Iesuita
* '''Sebastianus Chimura''' (''Kimura'')
* '''Gundisalvus Fusaius'''&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;''Historiae societatis Jesu'' (1710): 113 [https://www.google.it/books/edition/Historiae_societatis_Jesu_pars_VI_BSB_Cl/klRrlGOZ7L0C?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Acafoxius&amp;pg=RA2-PA113&amp;printsec=frontcover].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Fusai Chōzō'')
* '''Antonius Kiunius'''&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; (''Kyūni'')
* '''Petrus Sampò''' (''Sanpō'')
* '''Michaël Xumpò''' (''Satō Shunpō'')
* '''Ioannes Ciungocus'''&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; (''Chūgoku'')
* '''Thomas Acafoxius'''&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; (''Akahoshi'')
* '''Ludovicus Cavara''' '''Rocuiemonus'''&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; (''Kawara Rokuemon'')
* '''Leo Satsumensis''' (''Satsuma'')
* '''Lucia de Freitas'''
* '''Antonius Sanga'''
* '''Magdalena Sanga'''
* '''Antonius Coreanus'''
* '''Ioannes Hamanomachi'''
* '''Petrus Hamanomachi'''
* '''Paulus Naganxi''' (''Nagaishi''), confrater Rosarii
* '''Tecla Nagaisi''' (''Nagaishi''), consoror Rosarii

* '''Petrus Nagaishi''' (''Nagaishi''), confrater Rosarii 

* '''Paulus Tanaca''' (''Tanaka''), confrater Rosarii 
* '''Maria Tanaca''' (''Tanaka''), consoror Rosarii

* '''Elisabetha Fernandez''' (''Isabella Fernandes'')
* '''Ignatius Giorgi-Fernández''' (''Ignácio Jorge-Fernandes''), confrater Rosarii  
* '''Apollonia''', consoror Rosarii 
* '''Dominicus Xamada''' (''Hamada''), confrater Rosarii 
* '''Clara Xamada''' (''Hamada''), consoror Rosarii
* '''Maria Murayama''', consoror Rosarii
* '''Agnes Taquea''' (''Takeya''), consoror Rosarii
* '''Dominicus Nacano''' (''Nakano''), confrater Rosarii
* '''Bartholomaeus Xichiyemon''' (''Kawano Shichiemon''), confrater Rosarii
* '''Damianus Iamichi''' (''Tanda Yaichi''), confrater Rosarii
* '''Michaël Tanda''', confrater Rosarii
* '''Thomas Xiquirò''' (''Shichirō''), confrater Rosarii
* '''Rufus Iximola''' (''Ishimoto''), confrater Rosarii
* '''Maria Yoshida''', consoror Rosarii
* '''Clemens Ono''', confrater Rosarii
* '''Antonius Ono''', confrater Rosarii
* '''Dominica Ongata''' (''Ogata''), consoror Rosarii
* '''Catharina''', consoror Rosarii
* '''Maria Tanaura''', consoror Rosarii
* '''Gaspar Cotenda''' (''Koteda''), catechista Dominicanus
* '''Franciscus Taquea''' (''Takeya'')
* '''Petrus Kawano'''
* '''Thomas Zumárraga''', sacerdos Dominicanus Hispanus
* '''Mancius a Sancto Thoma''' (''Shibata''), Postulans Dominicanus
* '''Dominicus'''
* '''Apollinaris Franco''', sacerdos Franciscanus Hispanus 
* '''Franciscus a Sancto Bonaventura''', frater Franciscanus Iaponicus
* '''Paulus a Sancta Clara''', frater Franciscanus Iaponicus
* '''Camillus Costanzo''', sacerdos Iesuita Italicus
* '''Ludovicus Iaquichi''' (''Yakichi''), confrater Rosarii
* '''Lucia''', consoror Rosarii
* '''Andreas''', confrater Rosarii
* '''Franciscus''', confrater Rosarii
* '''Petrus Paulus Navarrus''', sacerdos Iesuita Italicus
* '''Dionisius Fugiscima''' (''Fujishima Jubyōe''), studens Iesuita Iaponicus
* '''Petrus Onizuchi''' (''Onizuka Sadayū''), studens Iesuita Iaponicus
* '''Clemens Kyūemon'''
=== 1623 ===
[[Fasciculus:Simon Yempo.jpg|thumb|Simon Iempo (sive Yempò)]]
* '''Franciscus Galvez''', Sacerdos Franciscanus Hispanus
* '''Hieronymus de Angelis''', Sacerdos Iesuita Italus
* '''Simon Iempo'''&lt;ref&gt;''Litterae Annuae Iaponiae'' (1628): 14 [https://www.google.it/books/edition/Litterae_Annvae_Iaponiae_Anni_M_DC_XXIV/LKk1AAAAcAAJ?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Simon+Iempo+Iaponiae&amp;pg=PA14&amp;printsec=frontcover].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Enpō''), Monachus Iesuita

=== 1624 ===
* '''Iacobus Carvallus''', Sacerdos Iesuita Lusitanus
* '''[[Michaël Carvallus]]''', Sacerdos Iesuita Lusitanus
* '''Petrus Vasquez''', Sacerdos Dominicanus Hispanus
* '''[[Ludovicus Sotellus]]''', Sacerdos Franciscanus Hispanus
* '''Ludovicus Sasada''', Sacerdos Franciscanus Iedoensis
* '''Ludovicus Baba''', Sacerdos Franciscanus Iaponicus
* '''[[Caius Coreanus]]''', Catechista

=== 1626&lt;ref&gt;''Japonen. beatificationis'' (1866): 4-5.&lt;/ref&gt; ===
[[Fasciculus:Gaspar Sadamatsu.jpg|thumb|Gaspar Sadamathaeus (vel Sandamatzu)]]
* '''[[Franciscus Pachecus]]''', Sacerdos Iesuita Lusitanus
* '''Baltasar de Torres''', Sacerdos Iesuita Hispanus
* '''Ioannes Baptista Zola''', Sacerdos Iesuita Italus
* '''Petrus Rinxaeus'''&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;''Paciecidos Libri Duodecim'' (1887): 19 [https://www.google.it/books/edition/Paciecide/W98MAAAAYAAJ?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=paciecide+Xinsuquius&amp;pg=PA19&amp;printsec=frontcover].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Rinsei''), Studians Iesuita
* '''Vincentius Caunus'''&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; (''Kaǔn''), Studians Iesuita
* '''Ioannes Quisacus'''&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; (''Kisaku''), Studians Iesuita
* '''Paulus Xinsuquius'''&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; (''Shinsuke'') Studians Iesuita
* '''Gaspar Sadamathaeus'''&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; (''Sadamatsu''), Religiosus Iesuita
* '''Michaël Tosso''' (''Tōzō''), Studians Iesuita
* '''Mancius Arachi Hirozaemon''' (''Araki'')
* '''Mathias Arachi Kizaemon''' (''Araki'')
* '''Petrus Arachi Chobioye''' (''Araki Chobyōe'')
* '''Susanna Dozai'''
* '''Ioannes Tanaca Chino''' (''Tanaka'')
* '''Catharina Dozai'''
* '''Ioannes Onizuca Naiysen''' (''Onizuka Naizen'')
* '''Monica Onizuca''' (''Onizuka'')
* '''Ludovicus Onizuca''' (''Onizuka'')

=== 1627&lt;ref&gt;''Japonen. beatificationis'' (1866): 5-6.&lt;/ref&gt; ===

* '''Ludovicus Bertrandus''', sacerdos Dominicanus Hispanicus
* '''Mancius a Sancta Cruce''', Dominicanus Iaponicus
* '''Petrus a Sancta Maria''', Dominicanus Iaponicus
* '''Franciscus Curobioye''' (''Kurobyōe'')
* '''Caius Iemon''' (''Akashi Jiemon'')
* '''Magdalena Kyota''' (''Kiyota'')
* '''Francisca Pinzokere'''
* '''Franciscus a Sancta Maria''', sacerdos Franciscanus Hispanicus
* '''Bartolomaeus Laurel''', Franciscanus Mexicanus
* '''Antonius a San Francisco''', Franciscanus Iaponicus
* '''Gaspar Vas''' (''Tsūji Shōbyōe'')
* '''Thomas Vò''' (''Ou Shin'emon'')
* '''Franciscus Cufioye''' (''Kuhyōe'')
* '''Lucas Kyemon''' (''Kyūemon'')
* '''Michaël Chizayemon''' (''Koga Kizaemon'')
* '''Ludovicus Matzuo''' (''Matsuo Soemon'')
* '''Martinus Gómez'''
* '''Maria'''
* '''Thomas Tzugi''' (''Tsūji'')
* '''Aloisius Maki'''
* '''Ioannes Maki'''

=== 1628&lt;ref&gt;''Japonen. beatificationis'' (1866): 6.&lt;/ref&gt; ===

* '''Dominicus Castellet''', sacerdos Dominicanus Hispanicus
* '''Thomas a Sancto Hyacintho''', Dominicanus Iaponicus
* '''Antonio a Sancto Dominico''', Dominicanus Iaponicus
* '''Antonio a Sancto Bonaventura''', Franciscanus Hispanicus
* '''Dominicus a Nangasachi''', Franciscanus Iaponicus
* '''Ioannes Tomachi''' (''Tomaki'')
* '''Dominicus Tomachi''' (''Tomaki'') 
* '''Michaël Tomachi''' (''Tomaki'')
* '''Thomas Tomachi''' (''Tomaki'')
* '''Paulus Tomachi''' (''Tomaki'')
* '''Ioannes Imamura'''
* '''Paulus Aibara''' ''(Aibara Sandayū'')
* '''Romanus Aibara''' 
* '''Leo Aibara''' 
* '''Iacobus Fayaxida''' (''Hayashida'')
* '''Matthaeus Alvarez''' (''Anjin'')
* '''Michaël Jamada''' (''Yamada'')
* '''Laurentius Jamada''' (''Yamada'') 
* '''Ludovicus Nifachi''' (''Nihachi'')
* '''Franciscus Nifachi''' (''Nihachi'')
* '''Dominicus Nihachi''' (''Nihachi'')
* '''Lucia'''
* '''Michaël Fimonoya''' (''Himonoya'')
* '''Paulus Fimonoya''' (''Himonoya'')
* '''Dominicus Xobioie''' (''Shobyōe'')
* '''Michaël Nacaxima''' (''Nakashima Saburōemon''), Iesuita Iaponicus

=== 1630&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;''Narratio persecutionis adversus Christianos'' (1635): 82 [https://www.google.it/books/edition/Narratio_persecutionis_adversus_christia/X2Y1w1bbifMC?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Thomas+Cafioius&amp;pg=PA82&amp;printsec=frontcover].&lt;/ref&gt; ===

* '''Ioannes Matutake Chizoburus''' (''Shōzaburō'')
* '''Mancius Ichizeiemon''' (''Ichizaemon'')
* '''Michaël Chinoxi Taiemon''' (''Kiuchi Taemon'')
* '''Laurentius Fachizus''' (''Kaida Hachizō'')
* '''Petrus Cufioius''' (''Sawaguchi Kuhyōe'')
* '''Thomas Teraius Cafioius''' (''Terai Kahyōe'')

=== 1632&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;''Japonen. beatificationis'' (1866): 7.&lt;/ref&gt; ===

* '''Bartolomaeus Gutiérrez''', sacerdos Augustinius Mexicanus
* '''Vincentius Carvallo''', sacerdos Augustinius Lusitanus
* '''Franciscus de Jesu''', sacerdos Augustinius Hispanicus
* '''Antonio Pinto Ixida''' (''Ishida Kyūtaku''), sacerdos Iesuita Iaponicus
* '''Hieronyus Iyo''', sacerdos Franciscanus Iaponicus
* '''Gabriel de Sancta Magdalena''', Franciscanus Hispanicus

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* ''[https://www.google.it/books/edition/Litterae_Annvae_Iaponiae_Anni_M_DC_XXIV/LKk1AAAAcAAJ?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1 Litterae Annuae Iaponiae Anni M.DC.XXIV. Datae Ad Admodum R. P. Mutium Vitelleschi Societatis Iesu Praepositum Generalem. Ex Italico In Latinum Translatae, Nunc Primum In Lucem Edita]'', Dilingae 1628.
* Christophorus Ferreira, Mutius Vitellescus, ''[https://www.google.it/books/edition/Narratio_persecutionis_adversus_christia/X2Y1w1bbifMC?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Narratio+persecVtionis+adversus+christianos&amp;pg=PA48&amp;printsec=frontcover Narratio persecutionis adversus christianos excitatae in variis Japoniae regnis ann. MDCXXVIII, MDCXXIX, MDCXXX]'', Antverpiae 1635.
* Philippus Alegambe, Ioannes Nadasi, ''[https://www.google.it/books/edition/Mortes_Illvstres_Et_Gesta_Eorvm_De_Socie/eTplAAAAcAAJ?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1 Mortes illustres et gesta eorum de Societate Iesu]'', Romae 1657.
* Iosephus de Jouvency, ''[https://www.google.it/books/edition/Historiae_societatis_Jesu_pars_VI_BSB_Cl/klRrlGOZ7L0C?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1 Historiae societatis Jesu pars VI]'', 1710.
* [https://www.google.it/books/edition/Japonen_beatificationis_seu_declarationi/VK5cAAAAcAAJ?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1 ''Japonen. beatificationis seu declarationis martyrii ac miraculorum vel signorum ven. servorum Dei Alphonsi Navarrete ... Petri de Avila ... Petri de Zuniga ... Caroli Spinulae ... Ioachimi Firayama seu Diaz, Luciae Fleites et sociorum''...], 1866.
* ''[https://www.google.it/books/edition/Catalogo_e_brevi_memorie_dei_ducento_e_c/GWCrDwnu6LkC?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1 Catalogo e brevi memorie dei ducento e cinque beati martiri nel Giappone]'', Romae 1867. {{Ling|Italice}}
* Pius Thomas Masetti, ''[https://www.google.it/books/edition/I_martiri_dell_Ordine_de_Predicatori/LmkwAQAAMAAJ?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1 I martiri dell'Ordine de' Predicatori che tra i CCV uccisi per la fede nel Giappone furono ascritti al catalogo de' beati dal regnante Sommo Pontefice Pio IX: commentario storico compilato sopra autentici documenti]'', Romae 1868. {{Ling|Italice}}
* Bartholomaeus Pereira, ''[https://www.google.it/books/edition/Paciecide/W98MAAAAYAAJ?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1 Paciecidos Libri Duodecim]'', Lutetiae 1887.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Martyres Iaponici XXVI]]
* [[Martyres Iaponici XVI]]

[[Categoria:Persecutio religiosa]]
[[Categoria:Beatificatio]]
[[Categoria:Martyres Iaponiae enumerati|205]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Darius I (rex Persarum)</title>
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[[Fasciculus:Darius the great. jpg.jpg|thumb|Imago Darii in [[saxum|saxo]] Behistunio sculpta.]]
'''Darīus I''' seu '''Darēus''' ([[Graece]] Δαρεῖος, recte [[Lingua Persica antiqua|Persice]] '''Dāryavush''' hoc est boni servator&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/darius-i Encyclopaedia Iranica].&lt;/ref&gt;), &quot;'''Magnus'''&quot; dictus, natus [[549 a.C.n.]] et mortuus [[486 a.C.n.|486]], filius [[Hystaspes|Hystaspis]], fuit [[imperator]] Persarum et pater [[Xerxes|Xerxis I]]. Darius rex [[Persis|Persiae]] factus est anno [[522 a.C.n.]], postquam coniuratione cum sex nobilibus Persis facta usurpatorem Bardya occidit et rerum potitus est. Ille est qui [[Marathonia pugna|Marathone]] a [[Graecia antiqua|Graecis]] victus est.

== De genealogia ==
Darius ex alio ramo [[Achaemenidae|Achaemenidarum]] gentis atque [[Cyrus II (rex Persarum)|Cyrus]] et [[Cambyses II|Cambyses]] natus eorum heres non erat. Ipse [[Stemma genealogicum|genealogiam]] suam inscriptione Behistunia nobis tradiditː filius Hystaspis erat, filii Arsamae filii Ariaramnae filii Teispae filii Achaemenae. Eius pater regnante Cambyse [[Parthia]]e [[Satrapiae Imperii Achaemenidarum|satrapes]] erat (non Persiae ut volebat [[Herodotus]]&lt;ref&gt;''[[Historiae (Herodotus)|Thalia]]'' 70.&lt;/ref&gt;). Ipse Cambysen in [[Aegyptus|Aegyptum]] secutus erat. Frater ei fuit [[Artaphernes]] cui [[Lydia (satrapia)|satrapiam Lydiae]] et [[Ionia]]e tradidit. Frater alter Dario fuit [[Artabanus]], vir in Herodoti ''Historiis'' sapiens et optimorum consiliorum auctor&lt;ref&gt;''[[Historiae (Herodotus)|Melpomene]]'' 83 et 143. ''[[Historiae (Herodotus)|Polyhymnia]]'' 10-18 et 45-93.&lt;/ref&gt;, tertium Artanes cuius filiam Phratagunen uxorem duxit.&lt;ref&gt;''[[Historiae (Herodotus)|Polyhymnia]]'' 224.&lt;/ref&gt;

== De uxoribus et liberis ==
Plures uxores duxit Darius, omnes e nobilissimis gentibus Persicisː antequam regnaret iam tres liberos e filia Gobryae genuerat e quibus maximus natu erat Artobarzanes&lt;ref&gt;''[[Historiae (Herodotus)|Polyhymnia]]'' 2-3&lt;/ref&gt;, minor natu ille Ariabignes qui classi Xerxis praeerat&lt;ref&gt;''[[Historiae (Herodotus)|Polyhymnia]]'' 97.&lt;/ref&gt; et [[pugna Salaminia]] periit&lt;ref&gt;''[[Historiae (Herodotus)|Urania]]'' 89.&lt;/ref&gt;; postquam rex factus est duas filias Cyri Magni duxit [[Atossa]]m et Arystonen, filiam Smerdis (Cambysis fratris) et neptem Cyri Pamyn, postremo filiam Otanis, qui primus de coniuratione adversus magos cogitaverat, Phaedymen. Atossa et Phaedyme iam uxores Cambysis fuerant cuius heres videri volebat Darius&lt;ref&gt;[[Herodotus]], ''[[Historiae (Herodotus)|Thalia]]'' 88&lt;/ref&gt;. Atossa ei peperit Xerxen qui Dario successit, Ariamenen/Masisten&lt;ref&gt;''[[Historiae (Herodotus)|Polyhymnia]]'' 82.&lt;/ref&gt;, Achaemenen&lt;ref&gt;''[[Historiae (Herodotus)|Polyhymnia]]'' 97 et 236.&lt;/ref&gt; Hystaspenque&lt;ref&gt;''[[Historiae (Herodotus)|Polyhymnia]]'' 64.&lt;/ref&gt;. Arystona ei peperit Arsamen&lt;ref&gt;''[[Historiae (Herodotus)|Polyhymnia]]'' 69.&lt;/ref&gt;, Gobryan&lt;ref&gt;''[[Historiae (Herodotus)|Polyhymnia]]'' 72.&lt;/ref&gt;, Artozostrenque. Pamys (Persice Uparmiya) peperit Ariomardum&lt;ref&gt;''[[Historiae (Herodotus)|Polyhymnia]]'' 78.&lt;/ref&gt;. E Phrataguna, fratris Artanis filia, Abrocomen et Hyperanthen genuit qui ambo ad [[Thermopylae|Thermopylas]] perierunt&lt;ref&gt;''[[Historiae (Herodotus)|Polyhymnia]]'' 224.&lt;/ref&gt;. Simul Darius duas sorores duobus coniurationis sociis collocavit ː ex altera Otanes genuit filiam Amestrin quae [[Xerxes I (rex Persarum)|Xerxi]] nupsit; ex altera [[Gobryas (pater Mardonii)|Gobryas]] [[Mardonius|Mardonium]] genuit qui [[Pugna Plataeensis|Plataeensi proelio]] Persarum exercitum ducebat. Multae filiae Dario fuerunt et inter generos eius Herodotus nominabat duces Daurisen, Hymaien, Otanen qui ad [[Seditio Ionica|Ionicam seditionem]] opprimendam electi sunt&lt;ref&gt;''[[Historiae (Herodotus)|Terpsichore]]'' 116.&lt;/ref&gt; necnon Mardonium, Gobryae filium, qui Artozostren, Arystonae filiam, matrimonio duxerat&lt;ref&gt;''[[Historiae (Herodotus)|Erato]]'' 43&lt;/ref&gt; et Artochmes&lt;ref&gt;''[[Historiae (Herodotus)|Polyhymnia]]'' 73.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Quomodo ad regnum pervenerit ==
[[Fasciculus:Bisotun Iran Relief Achamenid Period.JPG|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Inscriptio Behistunia|Inscriptio &quot;Behistunia&quot;]] in [[Irania]]. Darii iussu in saxo scalpta coniurationem [[magus|magi]] Gaumata oppressam [[narratio|narrat]], ceteraque eventa quibus ad regnum pervenit aut hostes [[bellum|bello]] subegit.]]
Darius longam inscriptionem [[Scriptura cuneiformis|cuneiformibus signis]] inter 519 et 515 a.C.n. exaratam et in saxo 100 metris eminente super viam antiquam quae [[Babylon]]e [[Ecbatana]] ducebat incisam nobis reliquit. Qui textus &quot;[[Inscriptio Behistunia|Behistunia inscriptio]]&quot; dictus eventa primorum regni annorum narrat. Ita Darius cum paucis sociis die 10 mensis Bagavadis (29 septembris) anno 522 a.C.n. Bardya usurpatorem sese evertisse dicebat, qui frater Cambysis et filius minor Cyri Magni esse praetendebat. Revera tamen secundum Darium Bardya pluribus ante annis iussu Cambysis occulte occisus erat — tam occulte ut paene omnes Persae hanc caedem ignorassent — et suppositus Bardya tunc nihil aliud erat quam [[magus]] Gaumata aspectu fratri Cambysis simillimus. Rerum gestarum scriptores Graeci [[Herodotus]]&lt;ref&gt;''[[Historiae (Herodotus)|Thalia]]'' 67-79&lt;/ref&gt; et [[Ctesias]] mutatis locis et nominibus (apud Herodotum Bardya Smerdis appellatur&lt;ref&gt;Apud Iustinum idem Mergis appellatur.&lt;/ref&gt;) et aliis minoribus rebus paene eadem referebant, videlicet quia a Persis hanc narrationem acceperant. At indagatores moderni&lt;ref&gt;Damdamaev (1963). Commentarius apud Herrenschmidt (1982).&lt;/ref&gt; dubitant an non potius Darii mendacium fuerit quo caedem veri Bardya occultasset. Si ita esset Darius usurpator foret. Sunt tamen qui respondeant inscriptionem Behistuniam tam alte positam esse ut eam legere (aut delere ?) nemo possit ; unde liquere non ad homines sed ad deos destinatamː num Darium in deis adloquendis mentiri ? Alii alia sentiunt.

Herodotus septem nobiles Persicos coniuratos Smerdin occidisse scribebat quorum nomina enumerabat ː erant [[Otanes]], primus coniurationis auctor qui fraudem magi per filiam cognoverat, Aspathines, [[Gobryas (pater Mardonii)|Gobryas]], [[Intaphrenes]], [[Megabazus]], [[Hydarnes]] atque ultimus e satrapia veniens accessit Darius&lt;ref&gt;''[[Historiae (Herodotus)|Thalia]]'' 70.&lt;/ref&gt;. Praeter unum Aspathinen, in cuius vice Ardumaniš filius Vakauka , vir alioqui ignotus, nominatur&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.livius.org/articles/person/ardumanis/ Ardumaniš apud Livius.org]&lt;/ref&gt;, eadem nomina in inscriptione Behistunia (IV.68) Persice et Accadice leguntur. Addebat Herodotus ita sorte ductum esse inter eos qui regnaret ː Otane omisso qui nec imperare nec imperari volebat ceteros tergo equi sedentes in campo solem orientem exspectasse ː nam qui equus sole orto primus hinnisset, dominum eius regnaturum. Sic sive forte sive strategemate ab agasone invento Darius rex renuntiatus est. Addebant nonnulli post hinnitum etiam fulminasse et tonuisseː ita deos electionem confirmasse&lt;ref&gt;''[[Historiae (Herodotus)|Thalia]]'' 84-88&lt;/ref&gt;.

Secundum Ctesian et Herodotum&lt;ref&gt;''[[Historiae (Herodotus)|Thalia]]'' 79&lt;/ref&gt; feriae annuae ab illo tempore oppressam coniurationem magorum celebrabant quae ''magophonia'' (magorum caedes) dicebantur. Illo die magi domo non exibant.

== De seditionibus ==
[[Fasciculus:The Darius seal. Darius stands in a royal chariot below Ahura Mazda and shoots arrows at a rampant lion. From Thebes, Egypt. 6th-5th century BCE. British Museum.jpg|thumb|[[Sigillum cylindricum|Cylindrus sigillaris]] Darii nomine inscriptus cum fictili figurarum incisarum expressione. [[Thebae (Aegyptus)|Thebis]] in Aegypto inventus, hodie in [[Museum Britannicum|Museo Britannico]] servatur. Rex in curru stans leonem venatur, supra volitat deus [[Ahura Mazda]]. Inscriptio cuneiformis trilinguis est.]]
Primo anno regni paene omnes provincae turbatis rebus Persarum occasionem libertatis vindicandae sibi oblatam credentes a Dario defecerunt, firmitatem novi regni temptantes. Darius autem exercitum quo Cambyses Aegyptum subegerat ducebat et undeviginti proeliis rebelles dispersos profligavit. Hoc ordine duces in inscriptione Behistunia nominabatː
* Aššina in [[Elam]] ab ipsis Elamitis metu Darii traditus est.
* Nidintu Bêl qui nomen regium Nebuchednazzar III in [[Babylonia (satrapia)|Babylonia]] sibi assumpserat mense decembri [[522 a.C.n.]] duobus proeliis victus et Babylon capta.
* Martya in Elam a fautoribus suis occisus.
* Phraortes ut e gente [[Cyaxares|Cyaxaris]] natus rex [[Media]]e proclamatus ad vicum Martuš ab [[Hydarnes|Hydarne]] die 12 Ianuarii [[521 a.C.n.]] (27 mensis Anamaka) proelio victus est. Deinde ipse Darius adversus eum iter fecit et mense Maio ad Kunduruš eum debellavit. Phraortem captivum mutilavit priusquam in crucem ageret&lt;ref&gt;[[Inscriptio Behistunia]] II.24-25 et 31-32.&lt;/ref&gt;.
* Dux Darii Dadarši tribus proeliis Armenios rebelles vicit, die 20 Maii [[521 a.C.n.]] (8 mensis Thuravahara), die 30 Maii (18 Thuravahara), die 20 Iunii (9 Thâigaciš). Circa idem tempus alius dux Persarum Vaumisa Armenios bis proelo vicit. Illi Armenii Phraortis socii fuisse videntur&lt;ref&gt;[[Inscriptio Behistunia]] II.26-30.&lt;/ref&gt;. Phraorte mortuo Tritantaechmes regnum Medorum sibi vindicavit. Et ipse proelio victus in crucem sublatus est.
* [[Hyrcania|Hyrcanii]] quoque et [[Parthia|Parthi]] cum Phraorte faciebant. Darius exercitum patri suo Hystaspi qui tum illi [[Satrapiae Imperii Achaemenidarum|satrapiae]] praeerat misit et Hystaspes die 11 Iulii (die primo mensis Garamapada) rebelles profligavit&lt;ref&gt;[[Inscriptio Behistunia]] II.35-37.&lt;/ref&gt;.
* [[Margiana (regio)|Margiana]] quoque Frada duce a Dario secessit. [[Bactria (satrapia)|Satrapes Bactriae]] Dadarši, eiusdem nominis atque dux qui Armenios profligavit, rebelles die 22 decembris (23 Açiyadiya) anno 521 a.C.n. proelio vicit&lt;ref&gt;[[Inscriptio Behistunia]] II.38-39.&lt;/ref&gt;.
* Vahyazdâta vir Persicus Smerdis esse, Cyri filius, simulabat et regnum Persarum sibi vindicabat. Artavardiya dux adversus eum a Dario missus primum die 24 Mai atque iterum die 15 Iulii rebellem superavit&lt;ref&gt;[[Inscriptio Behistunia]] II.40-44.&lt;/ref&gt;. Vahyazdata supplicio crucis adfectus est.
* In [[Arachosia]] manus a Vahyazduta missa seditionem movebat. [[Arachosia (satrapia)|Satrapes Arachosiae]] Vivâna eos profligavit&lt;ref&gt;[[Inscriptio Behistunia]] II.45-47.&lt;/ref&gt;.
* In Babylonia vir Armenius Arakha nomen regium Nebuchednazzar IV sibi assumpserat filium Nabonidi se esse dictitans. [[Intaphrenes|Intaphrenem]] adversus eum misit Darius, qui Babylonem cepit et eius incolas subegit&lt;ref&gt;[[Inscriptio Behistunia]] II.48-50.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Non multum afuit [[imperium Achaemenidarum]] quin in partes tum rescinderetur. Undeviginti proelia uno anno commisisse se iactabat Darius.

== De administratione imperii ==
[[Fasciculus:PERSIA, Achaemenid Empire. temp. Darios I to Xerxes I. Circa 505-480 BC. AV Daric (14mm, 8.32 g).jpg|thumb|Aureus nummus Persicus, [[Daricus]] dictus.]]
Ineunte regno multae seditiones ortae sunt, quas enumerabat inscriptio Behistunia, eorum virorum qui firmitatem novi regni temptabant, ut Babylonii Nidintu-Bël&lt;ref&gt;Inscriptio Behistunia 18-20&lt;/ref&gt; et Arakka&lt;ref&gt;Inscriptio Behistunia 49-50&lt;/ref&gt;, Medus Phraortes, [[Elamitae|Elamita]] Aššina. Quos postquam vi coercuit et adiuvantibus ceteris coniuratis fines imperii sui pacavit Darius administrationi operam dedit. Terminos [[Satrapiae Imperii Achaemenidarum|satrapiarum]] diligenter circumscripsit et tributa quotannis unicuique earum solvenda edicto decrevit&lt;ref&gt;''[[Historiae (Herodotus)|Thalia]]'' 88-97.&lt;/ref&gt;. Pecuniam tam diligenter exigebat ut Persae solerent dicere Cyrum patrem sibi fuisse, Cambysen dominum, Darium cauponem&lt;ref&gt;''[[Historiae (Herodotus)|Thalia]]'' 89&lt;/ref&gt;. In omnibus rebus enim lucrum et reditum spectabat&lt;ref&gt;Herodotus exemplum illius cauponiae dabat ː ''[[Historiae (Herodotus)|Thalia]]'' 117&lt;/ref&gt;. Monetam auream Persicam ad imitationem monetae Lydiae regis [[Croesus|Croesi]] creavit. Nummi circiter 8 grammata pendentes [[Daricus|Darici]] ex ipsius nomine appellabantur atque imagine regis genu subnixi et tela arcu mittentis signabantur&lt;ref&gt;''[[Historiae (Herodotus)|Melpomene]]'' 166. E.G. Robinson,&quot;The beginnings of the Achaemenid coinage&quot;, ''The Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the Royal Numismatic Society'', 1958 ː 187-193&lt;/ref&gt;. Daricus moneta Persica usque ad Alexandrum Magnum fuit. Item magnas vias ob ingentem magnitudinem imperii necessarias stravit propter quas deversoria disposuit quae ministri suis — &quot;oculis regis&quot; dictis — cibum et equos recentes praeberent&lt;ref&gt;''[[Historiae (Herodotus)|Terpsichore]]'' 152-154 et ''[[Historiae (Herodotus)|Urania]]'' 98.&lt;/ref&gt;. Simul linguam [[Aramaice|Aramaicam]] linguam communem suorum subiectorum fecit et linguam Persicam cuneiformibus signis ad hoc inventis translitterari iussit, quae tamen nisi ad inscriptiones honorificas et solemnes in usu fuisse non videntur.

Ipse Darius [[Ahura Mazda|Ahuramazda]] deum venerabatur. Nihilominis religionem ceterorum populorum imperii sui in honore habebat tam Aegyptiacam quam Babyloniam aut Iudaeam aut Graecam&lt;ref&gt;''[[Historiae (Herodotus)|Erato]]'' 97-98 et 118 de Apolline et Artemide.&lt;/ref&gt;, nec umquam subiectis religionem Persicam imponere conatus est. Ita pacem religiosam et [[Syncretismus|syncretismum]] fovit.

Nec populos tantum subiectos sed etiam nobilissimos e Persis qui auctoritatem suam aperte aspernabantur aut occulte spernebant reprimendos habuit. Ita unum e septem coniuratis, [[Intaphrenes|Intaphernen]], qui seditionem Babylonii Arakka oppresserat, una cum propinquis morte damnavit quod secum contumeliose egisset &lt;ref&gt;''[[Historiae (Herodotus)|Thalia]]'' 118-119&lt;/ref&gt;. Item Oroeten qui tum Ioniae, [[Lydia (satrapia)|Lydiae]], Phrygiae praeerat dolo interfici iussit quia potentiam eius reformidabat. Is enim nec iussus ad regem venire obtemperabat et nuntios regios necavit&lt;ref&gt;''[[Historiae (Herodotus)|Thalia]]'' 126-128.&lt;/ref&gt;. Aryandem quoque Aegypti satrapen morte damnavit quod re pecuniaria praevaricabat &lt;ref&gt;''[[Historiae (Herodotus)|Melpomene]]'' 166. J.G. Milne, &quot;The Silver of Aryandes&quot;,''The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology'', 1938 ː 245-246.&lt;/ref&gt;. Ut Assyrii et Babylonii ante eum fecerant nonnumquam nationem rebellem deportabat et in novam regionem collocabat. Exempli gratia captivis [[Eretria|Eretriensibus]] terram in Cissia prope [[Susa]] dedit&lt;ref&gt;''[[Historiae (Herodotus)|Erato]]'' 119.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== De bellis externis ==
[[Fasciculus:Perserreich 500 v.Chr.jpg|thumb|[[Imperium Persarum]] circa 500 a.C.n.]]
Post bella interna Darius qui imperium augere cupiebat insulam [[Samus|Samum]] cepit ubi clientem suum Sylosonem, qui Samo a fratre [[Polycrates Samius|Polycrate]] expulsus erat, [[Tyrannis|tyrannum]]&lt;ref&gt;''[[Historiae (Herodotus)|Thalia]]'' 139-149.&lt;/ref&gt; fecit. In insulis [[Lesbos|Lesbo]] quoque (Coes)&lt;ref&gt;''[[Historiae (Herodotus)|Melpomene]]'' 97 et ''[[Historiae (Herodotus)|Terpsichore]]'' 11.&lt;/ref&gt; et [[Chios|Chio]] (Stratis)&lt;ref&gt;[[Historiae (Herodotus)|Melpomene]]'' 138.&lt;/ref&gt; tyrannos sibi similiter obnoxios habuit&lt;ref&gt;[[Thucydides]] I.16&lt;/ref&gt;. Postea ( circa 513 a.C.n. ?) Herodotus magnam expeditionem narrabat adversus [[Scythae|Scythas]] qui ultra ostia [[Danubius|Danubii]] habitabant, fortasse metallorum aureorum causa susceptam. Partem [[Thracia]]e quidem facile subegit sed Scythae proelium recusabant et Darius infecta re in Asiam redire coactus est&lt;ref&gt;{{Strabo}} VII.3.14&lt;/ref&gt;. Ob hanc rem male gestam [[Byzantium|Byzantii]] et [[Chalcedon (urbs antiqua)|Chalcedonii]] a Persis defecerunt &lt;ref&gt;''[[Historiae (Herodotus)|Terpsichore]]'' 26&lt;/ref&gt;. Itaque [[Megabazus|Megabazum]] — unum e septem coniuratis — cum magno exercitu ad [[Hellespontus|Hellespontum]] reliquit&lt;ref&gt;''[[Historiae (Herodotus)|Melpomene]]'' 97.&lt;/ref&gt; cum ipse [[Sardis|Sardes]] proficisceretur. Ille Magabazus Perinthos deficientes punivit et Thraciam pacavit&lt;ref&gt;''[[Historiae (Herodotus)|Terpsichore]]'' I-2, 14-17, 23-24&lt;/ref&gt;. Cui successit Otanes Sisamnis filius qui insulas [[Lemnos|Lemnum]] et [[Imbros|Imbrum]] cepit necnon urbes Graecas maritimas in [[Hellespontus|Hellesponto]] et [[Propontis|Propontide]]&lt;ref&gt;''[[Historiae (Herodotus)|Terpsichore]]'' 25-28.&lt;/ref&gt;.

[[Aegyptus (satrapia)|Satrapes Aegypti]] Aryandes Barcam, urbem Graecam, expugnavit atque dominationem Achaemenidarum in parte Libyae Aegypto proxima firmavit&lt;ref&gt;''[[Historiae (Herodotus)|Melpomene]]'' 165-167 et 200-205.&lt;/ref&gt;. Indos quoque propter flumen Indum habitantes subegit Darius postquam Scylacem regionem exploratum misit&lt;ref&gt;''[[Historiae (Herodotus)|Melpomene]]'' 44.&lt;/ref&gt;. Apud illos Indos magna pars auri Persici producebatur &lt;ref&gt;''[[Historiae (Herodotus)|Thalia]]'' 102-105.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Anno [[499 a.C.n.]] tyranni [[Miletus|Milesii]] Histiaeus et [[Aristagoras]] seditionem in [[Panionium|civitatibus Graecis Ioniae]] moverunt. Illa seditio et [[Caria]]m et [[Aeolis|Aeolidem]] et litus [[Hellespontus|Hellesponti]] contaminavit &lt;ref&gt;[[Historiae (Herodotus)|Terpsichore]] 103-104&lt;/ref&gt;. E Graecia Athenienses et [[Eretria|Eretrienses]] auxilia miserunt quae una cum Ionibus [[Sardes]] ceperunt et incenderunt. Mox tamen Darius magnum exercitum adversus eos misit qui Iones vicit. Athenienses et Eretrii in Graeciam sese receperunt. Päulatim Darius regiones et urbes seditiosas atque etiam insulas vicinas ut [[Cyprus|Cyprum]] reciperavit. Anno [[494 a.C.n.]] Mileto capta incolae in servitutem redacti sunt&lt;ref&gt;[[Historiae (Herodotus)|Terpsichore]] 23-38 et 98-126. [[Historiae (Herodotus)|Erato]] 1-45&lt;/ref&gt;.

Meminerat Darius quae fecissent Athenienses et Eretriiː nec mirum, siquidem Herodoto credimus, quoniam post Sardes incensas ministrum quendam iusserat quotienscumque cenaret magna voce ter clamareː &quot;Domine, memento Atheniensiumǃ&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Historiae (Herodotus)|Terpsichore]] 105ː [[Historiae (Herodotus)|Erato]] 94&lt;/ref&gt;. Itaque anno [[492 a.C.n.]] Mardonium exercitum et classem ducentem misit qui per Thraciam et Macedoniam usque ad Graeciam pergeret. Nihil tamen effecit Mardonius quia classem tempestas fregit et Thraces exercitum adorti retinuerunt&lt;ref&gt;[[Historiae (Herodotus)|Erato]] 43-45&lt;/ref&gt;.

Anno [[491 a.C.n.]] Darius legatos in omnes civitates Graecas misit qui &quot;terram et aquam&quot; peterent. Fuerunt qui condiciones Persarum acciperent, ut [[Aegina (insula)|Aeginetae]] qui tum navibus pollebant et inimici vicinique Atheniensibus erant. Athenienses vero in Barathrum, Lacedaemonii in puteum legatos Darii deiecerunt&lt;ref&gt;''[[Historiae (Herodotus)|Polyhymnia]]'' 133-137&lt;/ref&gt;. Nihilominus etiam in civitatibus qui Darii proposita reiecerunt fuere homines qui occulte aut aperte Medis favebant&lt;ref&gt;[[Historiae (Herodotus)|Erato]] 48-50 et 121-124. [[Historiae (Herodotus)|Polyhymnia]] 32&lt;/ref&gt;. Ita [[Reges Spartae|rex Spartae]] [[Demaratus]] a civibus suis regno destitutus ad Darium transfugit et Athenis fama circumferebatur Alcmeonidas cum Persis facere&lt;ref&gt;[[Historiae (Herodotus)|Erato]] 121-122&lt;/ref&gt;, ne de [[Pisistratus|Pisistratidis]] loquar qui exercitum Persarum comitabantur, tyrannos Atheniensium Darii gratia fore sperantes.

Anno [[490 a.C.n.]] tandem Darius [[Datis|Datim]] et Artaphrenen magnum exercitum [[mare Aegaeum]] traicere iussit qui [[Naxos|Naxum]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Historiae (Herodotus)|Erato]] 95-96&lt;/ref&gt; aliasque insulas ceperunt antequam Eretriam in [[Euboea]] a proditoribus quibusdam traditam delerent et eius incolas captivos ad Darium mitterent&lt;ref&gt;[[Historiae (Herodotus)|Erato]] 100-101 et 119&lt;/ref&gt;. Sed cum partem exercitus in [[Marathonia pugna|Marathonium campum]] exposuissent ab [[Hoplites|hoplitis]] Atheniensibus et [[Plataeae|Plataeensibus]] victi sunt. Simul Athenas mari adoriri in animo habebant ː cum autem [[Sunium|Sunium promunturium]] circumnavigassent et Phaleris, portui Atheniensium, apppropinquarent iam redisse properanter milites qui Marathone pugnaverant animadverterunt. Quamobrem in Asiam proficisci maluerunt &lt;ref&gt;[[Historiae (Herodotus)|Erato]] 107-117.&lt;/ref&gt;. Ita civitates Graecae Asiae et nonnullarum insularum in Darii potestate manserunt, Graeci in Europa continenti libertatem non amiserunt.

Iam maiora parabat Darius ut Graeciam subigeret cum anno [[487 a.C.n.]] Aegyptus a Persis subito defecit. Et anno [[486 a.C.n.]] ipse obiit ; in totum regnavit per 36 annos. Cui successit Xerxes, filius maximus natu non omnium filiorum Darii sed filiorum ex Atossa natorum qui nepotes erant Cyri Magni.

== De aedificiis ==
[[Fasciculus:Takhteh Jamshid.jpg|thumb|Palatium Persopolitanum Darii I hodie.]]
Darius [[Susa]] caput imperii sui fecit ubi palatia magnifica aedificavit quae regnante [[Artaxerxes I (rex Persarum)|Artaxerxe]] incendium magnam partem delevit. Itaque multa quae ad nostram aetatem pervenerunt ab Artaxerxe restituta videntur. Certe Darius plerumque Susis sedebat ubi nonnullae inscriptiones dedicationis inventae. [[Persepolis|Persepolitanum]] palatium quoque circa [[490 a.C.n.]] perfectum (nonnulla etiam Xerxe imperante addita) ex nihilo creavit non longe a quo sepulchrum eius inveneris.

[[Canalis|Canalem]] navigabilem inter flumen [[Nilus|Nilum]] et [[Mare rubrum]] a pharaone quodam inchoatum perfecit&lt;ref&gt;''[[Historiae (Herodotus)|Euterpe]]'' 158. {{Strabo}} XVII.1.25. Quod trilingui inscriptione confirmatur in situ reperta.&lt;/ref&gt; ita ut naves ex Aegypto ad Persiam navigare possent. Ripas [[Hellespontus|Hellesponti]] ponte ab architecto Samio Androcle aedificato iunxit&lt;ref&gt;''[[Historiae (Herodotus)|Melpomene]]'' 87-88.&lt;/ref&gt; tum cum exercitum in Europam adversus Scythas traducebat. Et [[via Regalis|Viam Regalem]] construxit. Praeterea [[Templum Hierosolymitanum|secundum templum Hierosolymitanum]] aedificari sivit&lt;ref&gt;[[Flavius Iosephus]], [[Antiquitates Iudaicae]] XI.3.7-8.&lt;/ref&gt;, quod praecessor eius [[Cambyses II|Cambyses]] [[Iudaei]]s rogantibus recusarat.

Ita alter Imperii Persici conditor post Cyrum dici potest.

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Fontes ==
[[Fasciculus:Tomb of Darius I.jpg|thumb|[[Sepulcrum]] Darii ad Persepolim.]]
* [[Inscriptio Behistunia]] [https://www.livius.org/articles/place/behistun/behistun-3/ Textus Anglice versus apud Livium.org]
* R.T. Hallock, ''Persepolis Fortification Tablets''. The University of Chicago Press, 1969
* [[Ctesias]], ''Persica'' abbreviata in [[Photius I (patriarcha Constantinopolitanus)|Photii]] [[Bibliotheca (Photius)|Bibliotheca]] 72 ː 14-19 [http://remacle.org/bloodwolf/historiens/ctesias/medes.htm]
* [[Herodotus]], ''[[Historiae (Herodotus)|Thalia]]'' 67-160, [[Historiae (Herodotus)|Melpomene]] 44 et 83-98 et 120-144 et 166. ''[[Historiae (Herodotus)|Terpsichore]]'' 105-108. ''[[Historiae (Herodotus)|Erato]]'' passim. ''[[Historiae (Herodotus)|Polyhymnia]]'' 1-4
* [[Flavius Iosephus]], libro undecimo [[Antiquitates Iudaicae|Antiquitatum Iudaicarum]] cap. 3-4.
* [[Gnaeus Pompeius Trogus|Trogus Pompeius]] a [[Marcus Iunianus Iustinus|Iustino]] abbreviatus, libro primo cap. 9sqq.

== Plura legere si cupis ==
[[Fasciculus:Deposition plate of Darius I in Persepolis.jpg|thumb|Tabula aurea lapidea arca condita et in fundamentis Persepolitani Palatii posita cum inscriptione cuneiformi et trilingui.]]
[[Fasciculus:Armies of Darius I.jpg|thumb|Nationes Dario oboedientes supra sepulchrum sculptae.]]
* Pierre Amiet, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/syria_0039-7946_1974_num_51_1_6482 Quelques observations sur le Palais de Darius à Suse]&quot;, Syria, 1974 ː 65-73
* Pierre Briant, ''Histoire de l'empire perse : de Cyrus à Alexandre'', Fayard, 1996.
** ''Darius : les Perses et l'Empire'', Gallimard, 1992 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/reg_0035-2039_1993_num_106_506_2600_t2_0639_0000_3 Recensio critica]
* Klaus Bringmann, &quot;Die Verfassungsdebatte bei Herodot 3.80-82 und Dareios Aufstieg zur Königsherrschaft&quot;, ''Hermes'' 1976(104)ː 266-279
* M. A. Dandamaev, ''Persien unter den ersten Achämeniden (6. Jahrhundert v. Chr.)'', Wiesbaden, 1976. Versio Germana libri [[Russice|Russici]] ː ''Иран при Первых Ахеменидах'', [[Moscua]]e, 1963. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201113212414/https://fr.b-ok.cc/book/2770662/146157]
* Bruno Gallotta, ''Dario e l'Occidente prima delle guerre persiane'', Mediolani, Cisalpino-Golliardica, 1980
* Fritz Gschnitzer, ''Die sieben Perser und das Königtum des Dareios : ein Beitrag zur Achaimenidengeschichte und zur Herodotanalyse'', Heidelbergae, Winter, 1977 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1979_num_48_1_1941_t1_0226_0000_3 Recensio critica]
* Amédée Hauvette, ''[http://www.mediterranee-antique.fr/Fichiers_PdF/GHI/Hauvette/Herodote.pdf Hérodote : historien des guerres médiques]'', Paris, Hachette, 1894̈
* Clarisse Herrenschmidt, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/ahess_0395-2649_1982_num_37_5_282905?q=cambyse Les historiens de l'Empire achéménide et l'inscription de Bisotun]&quot;, ''Annales'' 1982 ː 813-23.
* Peter Julius Junge, ''Dareios I : König der Perser'', Lipsiae, O. Harrassowitz, 1944,
* Heinz Luschey, ''[https://archive.org/details/StudienZuDemDarius-reliefVonBisutun Studien zu dem Darius-Relief von Bisutum]'', ''Archaeologische Mitteilungen aus Iran'', 1968ː 63–94.
* Manfred Mayrhofer, ''[https://archive.org/details/OnomasticaPersepolitana/mode/2up Onomastica Persepolitana]'', Viennae, 1973,
* Florence Malbran-Labat, ''La version akkadienne de l'inscription trilingue de Darius à Behistun'', Romae, Gruppo editoriale internazionale, 1994,
* Perrot, Jean. [[2012]]. ''Le palais de Darius à Suse: une résidence royale sur la route de Persépolis à Babylone.'' PUPS.{{dubsig}}
**	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/crai_0065-0536_2010_num_154_1_92823 Le palais de Darius. Nouvelles données archéologiques]&quot;, ''Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres'', 2010 ː 391-432
** &quot;Darius le grand (522-486 av. J.-C.) : Suse, les premières années&quot;, ''Dossiers d'archéologie Hors Série'', 2012, n°23,
* Thierry Petit, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1984_num_53_1_2111 La réforme impériale et l'expédition européenne de Darius Ier. Essai de datation]&quot;, ''L'Antiquité Classique'', 1984 ː 35-46,
* Martin J. Price, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_1989_num_91_1_4357 Darius I and the Daric]&quot;, ''Revue des Études Anciennes'', 1989 ː 9-13
* Rüdiger Schmitt, ''The Bisitun inscriptions of Darius the Great : old Persian text'', Londini, 1991
* William Shepherd, ''The Persian war : in Herodotus and other ancient voices'', Osprey Publishing, 2019 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=8MhrDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT11&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_selected_pages&amp;cad=2#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]
* Miroslav Ivanov Vasilev, ''The policy of Darius and Xerxes towards Thrace and Macedonia'', Lugduni Batavorum, 2015 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=Rh2oBgAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]
* Louise Marie Wéry, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1966_num_35_2_1482 Le meurtre des hérauts de Darius en 491 et l'inviolabilité du héraut]&quot;, ''L'Antiquité Classique'', 1966ː 468-486
* Josef Wiesehöfer, ''Der Aufstand Gaumātas und die Anfänge Dareios' I.'' Bonn, Habelt Verlag, 1978, ISBN 3-7749-1477-X [https://www.persee.fr/doc/reg_0035-2039_1980_num_93_442_4301_t2_0549_0000_1 Recensio critica]

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/darius-iii Darius in Encyclopaedia Iranica]
* [https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/herodotus-vi Encyclopaedia Iranica; Darius secundum Herodotum]
* [https://www.livius.org/articles/person/darius-the-great/ Darius apud Livius.org]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20210307155003/http://www.achemenet.com/fr/tree/?/sources-textuelles/textes-par-langues-et-ecritures/elamite/archives-des-fortifications-de-persepolis/tablettes-des-fortifications-de-persepolis/9/24/1 Achaemenet Tablettes de Persepolis]
* [http://www.teheran.ir/?article2206#gsc.tab=0 Les archives de Persépolis (la Revue de Téhéran)]
{{NexInt}}
* [[Achaemenidae]]
* [[Imperium Persarum]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Darius I|Darium I}}

{{Reges Persarum|
praedecessor= [[Smerdis (rex Persarum)|(Pseudo-)Smerdis]]|
annus-annus= 522-486|
successor= [[Xerxes I (rex Persarum)|Xerxes I]]}}
{{Myrias|Homines}}

[[Categoria:Reges Persarum]]
[[Categoria:Nati 549 a.C.n.]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 486 a.C.n.]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Samuraeus</title>
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      <text bytes="2130" sha1="7mdurem7vqhzxeg9t0zibmucxmqklh3" xml:space="preserve">{{Latinitas|-2}}
[[Fasciculus:Samurai.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|Samuraeus armatus, [[decennio 1870]]. Imago color a [[Felix Beato|Felice Beato]] facta.]]
[[Fasciculus:Satsuma-samurai-during-boshin-war-period.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Samuraei gregis Satzumae, per tempus [[Bellum Boshin|Bellum ''Boshin'']], circa annum [[1867]]. [[Imago]] color a [[Felix Beato|Felice Beato]] facta.]]
'''Samuraeus'''&lt;ref name=NSLO&gt;[[Ebbe Vilborg]]. ''Norstedts svensk-latinska ordbok''. Editio secunda anni 2009. Verbum &quot;samuraeus&quot; moderne creatus est, et cum litteram minusculam incipio scribitur.&lt;/ref&gt; (-i, ''m''), seu '''samuraus''',&lt;ref&gt;''Acta Apostolicae Sedis'', vol. XCIX, n.7 (Civitatis Vaticanae, 6 Iulii 2007): 628-631 [https://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/2007/luglio%202007.pdf].&lt;/ref&gt; vel '''samuraius'''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ephemeris.alcuinus.net/cultus.php?id=313|title=GLADII SAMURAIORUM - IAPONUM KTHMA EΣ AIEI|last1=Lubbadeh|first1=Ioannes|year=|website=Ephemeris|date=7 Iulii [[2008]]|first2=Nicolaus|last2=Groß}}.  &quot;Liber xylographematîs instructus, in quo narratur fabula 47 Rôninorum. Haec fabula etiam hodie Iaponibus est gratissima – quae exemplo est '''Samuraiorum''' fide sine condicione praestandâ.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Iaponice]] 侍, ''samurai'' '[[servus]]'), est [[eques]] [[Iaponia|Iaponicus]]. Samuraei comparuerunt ex [[saeculum 8|saeculo octavo]] in Lege Taihō (701, Iaponice 大宝律令 ''Taihō-ritsuryō'') servi civiles, ab eo qui nomen &quot;samuraeus&quot; comparabit. Samuraeus imperitabant Iaponiam a [[saeculum 12|saeculo duodecimo]] (surrectio [[Minamoto|Minamotoerum]]) ad [[saeculum 19|undevicensimum]] (defluxtio{{dubsig}} [[Tokugawa Bakufu|Tokugawarum]]). Samuraeus saepe [[seppuku]] fecerunt dum re adversae vel culpa fatali.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Bushido]] - doctrina samuraeorum sive ''bushi''
* [[Daimyo]] - dux samuraeorum
* ''[[Ninja]]''
* ''[[Sumo (colluctatio)|Sumo]]''
* [[Xogun]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Samurai|samuraeum}}

{{hist-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Res militares Iaponiae]]
[[Categoria:Tituli militares]]
[[Categoria:Verba Iaponica]]
{{Myrias|Historia}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Chromium</title>
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      <text bytes="5780" sha1="sh6d0om02vyg6ofqap70847miud997s" xml:space="preserve">{{Elementa caput | numerus atomicus=24 | symbolus=Cr | nomen=chromium
 | sinister=[[Vanadium]] | dexter=[[Manganum]] | super=[[Aluminium|Al]] | sub=[[Molybdenum|Mo]]
 | color1=#fcc | color2=black }} 
|}
'''Chromium'''&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Chromium&quot;: Peter van der Krogt, &quot;[http://www.vanderkrogt.net/elements/list_element.php?language=la&amp;sort=A Elementa chemica]&quot; apud situm ''Elementymology &amp; Elements Multidict''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Origo nominis est  verbum [[lingua Graeca antiqua|Graecum]] &quot;χρῶμα&quot; quod &quot;[[color]]em&quot; significat, ita nominatum a [[Renatus Iustus Haüy|Renato Iusto Haüy]]&lt;/ref&gt; est [[elementum chemicum]] [[Metallum|metallicum]] [[Metalla transitionis|transitionis]] cui [[numerus atomicus]] '''24''' et symbolum '''Cr'''. In [[Grex (systema periodicum)|grege]] sexto et [[Periodus (systema periodicum)|periodo]] quarta [[systema periodicum|systematis periodici]] ponitur. Quattuor [[Isotopus|isotopos]] stabiles habet  &lt;sup&gt;50&lt;/sup&gt;Cr, &lt;sup&gt;52&lt;/sup&gt;Cr, &lt;sup&gt;53&lt;/sup&gt;Cr, et &lt;sup&gt;54&lt;/sup&gt;Cr: abundantissimum est chromium-52 (24 [[Proton|protones]] et 28 [[Neutron|neutrones]]) et [[massa atomica]] elementi 51,996 valet. Chromium primum inventum est a [[Ludovicus Nicolaus Vauquelin|Ludovico Nicolao Vauquelin]] anno 1797. Homines chromio in [[metallurgia]] utuntur.

== De proprietatibus chemicis ==
[[Fasciculus:Chroman sodný.JPG|thumb|Natrii chromas.]]
Aspectus metalli puri est cristallum durum, candidum [[argenteus|argenteum]] et lucidum quia lucis maximam partem refringit. Chromium cum aliis elementis [[Reactio chemica|reagit]] sed nec ab aëre oxidatur nec ab aqua mutatur. Duo praecipui gradus oxidationis in natura reperiuntur: +3 et +6. Eius configuratio electronica notatur 3d&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt;4s&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;. Temperatura qua [[liquidum]] fit: 1860 [[Gradus Celsianus|gradus Celsiani]]. Qua [[gas]] fit: 2600 gradus Celsiani. Massa per volumen: 7,19g/cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;.

[[Compositum chemicum|Compositum]] chromii naturaliter abundans est chromita FeCr&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;. Utilis est etiam [[natrium|natrii]] chromas Na&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CrO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, solidum [[Aureus (color)|aureum]]. [[Cation]] Cr&lt;sup&gt;3+&lt;/sup&gt; colorem suum [[Carbunculus|carbunculo]] confert.

== De purificatione ==
[[Fasciculus:Motorcycle Reflections bw edit.jpg|thumb|Pars birotae 'chromiatae'.]]
Industria chemica chromium purum ex mixturis mineralibus magnis [[Temperatura thermodynamica|temperaturis]] extrahit sive ex chromita per [[carbonium]] sive etiam ex alio oxido Cr&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; per [[aluminium]] secundum [[Reactio chemica|reactiones]] infrascriptas:
: FeCr&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;(s) + 4 C(s) → Fe(l) + 2 Cr(l) + 4 CO(g)
: Cr&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;(s) + 2 Al(s) →  Al&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;(s) + 2 Cr(l)

== De usu humano ==
Chromium [[Chalybs|aciariis]] additur ne oxidentur (aciarium inoxidabile) sed etiam per [[Electrolysis|electrolysim]] tenuis pellicula chromii certis partibus [[Autocinetum|autocinetorum]] aut [[Birota automataria|birotarum automatariarum]] adplicatur non tantum contra oxidationem sed etiam ut magis luceant&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.tuofa-cncmachining.com/fr/tuofa-blog/chrome-vs-stainless-steel.html TUOFA]: chromium versus aciarium inoxidabile.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Nuper adhuc chromium [[Cibus|micronutrimentum]] mammalibus necessarium habebatur&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20251212191416/https://bioregeneration.fr/chrome-bienfaits-proprietes-precautions-complement-alimentaire/ De chromii beneficiis, 2025]. Scientia huius commentarii dubia est sed ostendit quomodo chromium salubre esse adhuc credatur.&lt;/ref&gt; atque [[Diaeta|diaetae]] addebatur (quamquam multa alimenta iam chromii minimam partem continent). Nunc tamen de utilitate chromii ad salutem dubitatur nec iam inter micronutrimenta ponitur&lt;ref&gt;John B Vincent (2018)&lt;/ref&gt;. Econtra constat chromium(VI), hoc est cum gradu oxidationis +6, [[Cancer (morbus)|carcinogenum]] esse cum inhalatur&lt;ref&gt;Eleni Sazakli (2024).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Centre Léon Bérard: [https://web.archive.org/web/20260219102549/http://www.cancer-environnement.fr/fiches/expositions-environnementales/chrome-6-et-ses-composes/ De chromio toxico].&lt;/ref&gt;.

Composita quoque suas utilitates invenerunt  tamquam [[Pigmentum (chemia)|pigmenta]] in [[ceramica]] aut [[fungi|fungicidae]] ([[Sal (chemia)|sales]] chromii).

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Plura legere si cupis ==
[[Fasciculus:Chromium crystals and 1cm3 cube.jpg|thumb|Puri chromii [[Crystallum|cristalla]].]]
*Carlos Cervantes , Jesús Campos-García , Silvia Devars , Félix Gutiérrez-Corona , Herminia Loza-Tavera , Juan Carlos Torres-Guzmán , Rafael Moreno-Sánchez. &quot;[https://academic.oup.com/femsre/article/25/3/335/624631 Interactions of chromium with microorganisms and plants]&quot;, ''FEMS Microbiology Reviews,'' 2001: 335–347
*Y. Roman-Garcia, L. Moraes, D.H. Kleinschmit, A. Gomez, M.T. Socha. &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022030226000573 Quantifying production responses to the supplementation of chromium in lactating dairy cattle]&quot;, ''Journal of Dairy Science'', 2026
*Eleni Sazakli, &quot;[https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/21/4/406 Human Health Effects of Oral Exposure to Chromium: A Systematic Review of the Epidemiological Evidence]&quot;, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2024: 406
*John B Vincent et Henry C Lukaski, &quot;[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6054252/ Chromium]&quot;, ''Advances in Nutrition'', 2018: 505-6


{{NexInt}}
*[[Carbunculus]]

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/chromium?uselang=fr chromium] spectant
* [http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/024.htm Hoc elementum] apud ''Patreon: periodic videos''

{{Elementa chemica}}

[[Categoria:Elementa chemica]]
[[Categoria:Metalla]]
{{Myrias|Physica}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Iena</title>
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      <text bytes="2868" sha1="82p0u5zsp24js9clk2ml2cfqvb40i91" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Jenamarktplatz.jpg|thumb|Forum mercaturae cum statua [[Ioannes Fridericus Magnanimus|Ioannis Friderici Magnanimi]], conditor [[universitas|universitatis]]]]
&lt;!-- explicit data !--&gt;
[[Fasciculus:View over Jena.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Media Iena et turris universitatis]]

'''Iena''' {{victio|Iena|ae|fem}} sive '''Athenae ad Salam'''&lt;ref&gt;Erich Pertsch, ''Langenscheidts Großes Schulwörterbuch Lateinisch-Deutsch'' (Berolini et Monaci: 1983, ISBN 3-468-07202-3), 1325.&lt;/ref&gt; est [[urbs]] [[Thuringia]]e, et quidem incolarum numero secunda eius terrae urbium, cuius anno [[1182]] in tabula quadam prima mentio facta est. Flumen [[Sala (flumen)|Sala]] per urbem fluit. Prope hanc urbem magno et claro [[proelium Ienense|proelio]] [[Napoleo]] imperator anno [[1806]] exercitum [[Borussia|Prussicum]] vicit. Urbs haec amplissima [[Universitas Litterarum Ienensis|Universitate Litterarum Ienensi]] anno 1548 condita gaudet, quam multi praeclarique homines frequentant et frequentaverunt. Anno [[1975]] numerus incolarum centena milia superavit. Anno 2018 comarchus Ienensis electus est Thomas Nitzsche [[Factio democratica liberalis Germaniae|liberalis factionis]].

== Insignia et miracula ==
Insigne urbis angelum argentea et caerulea veste indutum aureisque capillis, nimbo, lorica, [[galea]], [[ala|alis]] ornatum habet. Qui dextra sua [[hasta]]m fauci [[draco]]nis immittit viridis coloris, quem laevo pede premit. Sinistra autem [[angelus]] scutum aureum tenet, in quo [[leo]] ater. In imo insigni minus scutum videtur argenteum, in quo [[uva]] caerulea. Insuper multis laudantur sic dicta [[Septem miracula Ienae]].

== Res aspectabiliores ==
* [[Casa Haeckeliana]], museum de [[ernestus Haeckel|Ernesto Haeckel]]
* [[Casa hortensis Schilleriana]]
* [[Castellum Thalstein]]
* [[Conventus Sanctae Crucis Ienensis]]
* [[Fons principalis Ienensis]]
* [[Museum phyleticum Ienense]]
* [[Pons Ienensis]]
* [[Romanticorum domus]]
* [[Sepulcretum Sancti Ioannis (Iena)|Sepulcretum Sancti Ioannis]]
* [[Turris Ienensis]] sive Turris universitatis (tempore [[Res publica democratica Germanica|communismi]] erecta)
* [[Vulpecula turris]]

== Homines egregii Ienenses ==
* [[Bernardus de Lippe-Biesterfeld]], princeps Nederlandiae, comes de Lippe-Biesterfeld
* [[Carolus Zeiß]], mechanicus et conductor
* [[Ernestus Abbe]], astrologus, mathematicus, physicus, opticus et [[conductor]] 
* [[Ernestus Haeckel]], biologus et philosophus
* [[Fridericus Schiller]], poëta et scriptor 
* [[Gulielmus Otho Späte]], sculptor
* [[Ioannes Gustavus Stickel]], philologicus linguae orientalium et numismatus
* [[Ioannes Wolfgang Goethe]], scriptor, poëta, [[humanista]] et [[philosophus]]
* [[Otto Schott]], chemicus et technicus vitri

{{NexInt}}
* [[526 Jena]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{Grc|Ἰένα}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

[[Categoria:Iena| ]]</text>
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    <title>Bivalvia</title>
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      <text bytes="6406" sha1="mnclfvbicsyllm9saomtnab5vbow21l" xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox
| name = Bivalvia
| image = Haeckel Acephala.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = &quot;Acephala&quot; in Ernesti Haeckel&lt;ref&gt;Haeckel duos saltem libros Latine scripsit, nempe ''De telis quibusdam Astaci fluviatilis'' ([[1857]]) et ''De Rhizopodum finibus et ordinibus'' ([[1861]]), sed quo nomine Latino non patet.&lt;/ref&gt; ''Kunstformen der nature'', 1899, 1904
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Molluscum|Mollusca]]
| classis = '''Bivalvia'''
| classis_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[1758]]
| subdivision_ranks = [[Classis (taxinomia)|Subclasses]]
| subdivision = 
*[[Anomalosdesmata]]
*[[Cryptodonta]]
*[[Heterodonta]]
*[[Paleoheterodonta]]
*[[Palaeotaxodonta]]
*[[Pteriomorphia]]

''Vide commentarium.''
}}
'''Bivalvia''' ('''Bivalve''' ''-is, n.'') sunt [[molluscum|molluscorum]] [[mare|marinorum]] et [[aqua dulcis|aquae dulcis]] [[classis (taxinomia)|classis]], quae [[Pectinidae|Pectinidas]], [[Ostreidae|Ostreidas]], [[Mytilidae|Mytilidas]], multasque alias molluscorum [[familia (taxinomia)|familias]] quibus sunt binae [[Valva (conchae)|valvae]] cardine praeditae comprehendit. Classis diu '''Pelecypoda''' appellabatur, nomen quod ad molles [[animal]]is partes spectat, cum nomen ''Bivalvia'' [[testa (anatomia)|testam]] describit, cui sunt binae valvae. Nominaverunt aliqui [[malacologia|malacologi]] classem '''Lamellibranchia''' (ad [[branchiae|branchias]] sicut lamellae spectans; vide [[ctenidium]]), '''Acephala''' (eis non est [[caput]]), et '''Bivalva''' [''sic''] (binae valvae).

Omni classi sunt plus minusve 9200 [[species (taxinomia)|specierum]], quae intra 1260 [[genus (taxinomia)|genera]] et 106 [[familia (taxinomia)|familias]] circumscribuntur. Bivalvia marina (cum speciebus [[aqua amara|aquae amarae]] et [[aestuarium|aestuariorum]]) sunt circa 8000 specierum, in quattuor subclassibus et 99 familiis cum 1100 generum digestarum. Maximae familiae recentiores sunt [[Veneridae]], cum plus quam 680 species, [[Tellinidae]]que et [[Lucinidae]], utrique plus quam 500 species. Bivalvia aquae dulcis sunt septem familiae additae, quarum [[Unionidae]] circa 700 species continent.&lt;ref name=CompBiv&gt;{{cite book |author= Huber, Markus |year=[[2010]] |title= Compendium of Bivalves. A Full-color Guide to 3'300 of the World's Marine Bivalves. A Status on Bivalvia after 250 Years of Research |publisher= ConchBooks |location= [[Hackonis Villa]] |pages= 901 pp. + CD |isbn= 978-3-939767-28-2}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Bivalvibus ([[gastropoda|gastropodibus]] dissimilibus) [[radula]] deest; pascuntur vero particellis ex aqua siphonandis colandisque. Alia bivalvia epifauni sunt (se [[byssus|bysso]], caemento organico, superficiebus adligant), alia infauna (se sub [[harena]] sedimentisve condunt): haec [[pes|pedem]] fortem fossilem habere solent. Nonnulla, insigniter [[Pectinidae]], natare possunt.

==Bivalvia antiquis nota==
Haec bivalvia apud scripta antiqua commemorantur:
*[[Balanus marinus|Balanus]] = ''[[Pholas dactylus]]'', ''[[Pholas crispata]]''
*[[Chema striata]]&lt;ref name=&quot;plinius&quot;&gt;[[Plinius Maior|Plinii]] ''NH'' 32.53.147.&lt;/ref&gt; = ''[[Venus verrucosa]]''
*[[Chema levis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;plinius&quot; /&gt; = ''[[Callista chione]]''
*[[Dactylus marinus|Dactylus]] = ''[[Lithophaga lithophaga]]''
*[[Glycymeris]] fortasse = ''[[Glycymeris glycymeris]]''
*[[Mitulus]]&lt;ref&gt;Varie scriptum: ''mitulus, mytulus, mytilus,'' etc. A verbo [[Lingua Graeca|Graeca]], quae est &amp;#x3BC;&amp;#x3CD;&amp;#x3C4;&amp;#x3C5;&amp;#x3BB;&amp;#x3BF;&amp;#x3C2;.&lt;/ref&gt; = ''[[Mytilus galloprovincialis]]'' et spp.
*[[Myiscus]] = ''[[Modiolus barbatus]]''
*[[Onyx marina|Onyx]] = ''[[Solen vagina]]''?
*[[Ostrea]] = ''[[Ostrea edulis]]'' et spp.
*[[Pecten marinum|Pecten]] = [[familia (taxinomia)|familia]] ''[[Pectenidae]]''
*[[Peloris]], [[Lucrina peloris]] = ''[[Tapes decussatus]]''
**[[Aquosa peloris]] fortasse = ''[[Venerupis aurea]]''
*[[Pinna nobilis|Pinna]] = ''[[Pinna nobilis]]''
*[[Solen]] = ''[[Ensis ensis]]'' et spp.
*[[Spondylus (genus)|Spondylus]] = ''[[Spondylus gaederopus]]''
*Telline, xiphydrion, sciphidrion = ''[[Donax trunculus]]''

==Taxinomia==
Systema infra datum classificationem [[Norman D. Newell]] (1965) sequitur, secundum [[morphologia (biologia)|morphologiam]] [[dens cardinis|dentium cardinis]]{{dubsig}}&lt;!--hinge tooth--&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[Norman D. Newell]] (1969), Bivalvia systematics, in ''Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology,'' ed. R. C. Moore, pars N.&lt;/ref&gt;:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! [[Subclassis]]
! [[Ordo (taxinomia)|Ordo]]
|-
| [[Palaeotaxodonta]]
| *[[Nuculoida]]
|-
| [[Cryptodonta]]
| †[[Praecardioida]]
[[Solemyoida]]
|-
| [[Pteriomorphia]]
| [[Arcoida]]
†[[Cyrtodontoida]]

[[Limoida]]

[[Mytiloida]]

[[Ostreoida]] (olim in Pterioidis descripta)

†[[Praecardioida]]

[[Pterioida]]
|-
| [[Palaeoheterodonta]]
| †[[Trigonioida]]

[[Unionoida]]

†[[Modiomorpha]]
|-
| [[Heterodonta]]
| †[[Cycloconchidae]]

†[[Hippuritoida]]

†[[Lyrodesmatidae]]

[[Myoida]]

†[[Redoniidae]]

[[Veneroida]]
|-
| [[Anomalodesmata]] 
| [[Pholadomyoida]]
|}

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Bibliographia==
* Bernard, F. R., Ying-Ya Cai, et Brian Morton. [[1993]]. ''A Catalogue of the Living Marine Bivalve Molluscs of China.'' Hongcongi: Hong Kong University Press. {{Google Books|nSrxAQAAQBAJ|Paginae selectae}}
*Dalby, Andrew. [[2003]]. ''Food in the Ancient World: from A to Z.'' ISBN 0415232597.
*Ponder, W. F., et David R. Lindberg. [[2008]]. ''Phylogeny and evolution of the Mollusca.'' Berkeleiae University of California Press. ISBN 0520250923.
*Schneider, Jay A. [[2001]]. &quot;Bivalve Systematics during the 20th Century.&quot; ''Journal of Paleontology'' 75 (6): 1119–27.

==Nexus externi==
{{CommuniaCat|Bivalvia}}
*[http://www.bivalvia.net Bivalvia.net.]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20111009001233/http://www.marineconservationcambodia.org/Marine-Species-Photographic-Database/Cambodian-Marine-Life/Invertebrates/Molluscs/Bivalves.html/ Data de Marinis Cambodiae Bivalvibus]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110810052504/http://naturalhistory.museumwales.ac.uk/britishbivalves/ Marinae Bivalvium Conchae Insularum Britannicarum]
*[http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/ Museum Palaeontologiae] in Universitate Californiae Berkeleiae
*[http://www3.wooster.edu/geology/Bioerosion/Bioerosion.html Situs de &quot;bioerosion&quot; in Collegio Wooster]
{{Fontes biologici}}

[[Categoria:Bivalvia|*]]
[[Categoria:Classes animalium]]
[[Categoria:Taxa Linnaei]]
[[Categoria:Taxa 1758]]
{{Myrias|Biologia}}</text>
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    <title>Gaius Iulius Caesar</title>
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{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
'''Gaius Iulius Gaii filius Gaii nepos Caesar Imperator,''' ab anno [[42 a.C.n.]] '''Divus Iulius''' (natus [[Roma]]e ex stirpe [[patricii (ordo)|patricia]] die [[13 Iulii]] [[100 a.C.n.]]; ibidem mortuus [[15 Martii]] [[44 a.C.n.]]), fuit [[vir publicus]], [[consul]], [[dux]] [[exercitus]], [[dictator]] in perpetuum,&lt;ref&gt;''[[Fasti Capitolini]]'': &quot;[C[aius] Iulius C[ai] f[ilius] C[ai] n[epos] Caesar in perpetuum dict[ator] ] / [rei gerundae causa].&quot; ''[[Fasti Amiternini]]'': &quot;[C[aius] Iulius Ca]esar dict(ator) [in p]erpetuum/ [bellu]m civil(e) Mutine(n)se / cum M(arco) [A]ntonio.&quot; [[Titus Livius]], ''Periochae'' CXVI: &quot;Et cum plurimi maximique honores a senatu decreti essent (inter quos . . . dictator in perpetuum esset ).&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; [[orator]], [[poeta]], insignis [[scriptor]] [[prosa]]e [[lingua Latina|Latinae]]. Partes maximi momenti egit in casibus, quibus [[Respublica Romana|Res Publica Romana]] in [[Imperium Romanum]] transmutata est. [[Triumviratus|Triumviratu]] cum [[Marcus Licinius Crassus (triumvir)|Crasso]] et [[Pompeius|Pompeio]], praestantissimis civibus, [[constitutio|constituto]] ab anno [[60 a.C.n.]] per aliquot annos apud Romanos plurimum valuit, quamvis ei [[potestas (socialis et politicus)|potestatem]] per [[ratio]]nes [[populares]] accumulanti [[Senatus Romanus|senatores]], qui [[optimates|optimatibus]] favebant, videlicet [[Cato Minor]], [[Cicero]], et alii, opponebant. [[Gallia|Victa Gallia]] in dictionemque [[Romani|populi Romani]] redacta, Caesar [[imperium Romanum]] ad [[Oceanus Britannicus|Oceanum Britannicum]] et [[Rhenus|Rhenum]] extendit, et ipse primus dux Romanus hoc [[pons|ponte]] exstructo, illum [[navis|navibus]] transgressus est. Ipse pater anni intercalaris [[calendarium Iulianum|Iulianum fecit calendarium]].

== Vita ==

=== De iuventute ===
Caesar [[Roma]]e ex [[Gens Iulia|gente Iulia]] natus est die 13 mensis [[Quintilis]] anno 654 [[AUC]] ([[13 Iulii]] [[100 a.C.n.]]), [[familia]] patricia praeclara; gens enim Iulia originem et [[nomen proprium|nomen]] ab [[Iulus|Iulo]] filio [[Aeneas|Aeneae]] filii [[Venus (dea)|Veneris]] ductum praetendebat. [[Pater]] [[Gaius Iulius Caesar (praetor 92 a.C.n.)|Gaius Iulius Caesar]] anno [[92 a.C.n.]] [[praetor]] fuerat; [[mater|matri]] nomen fuit [[Aurelia (Caesaris mater)|Aurelia]]. Pater Caesaris erat proconsul Asiae. [[Avunculus]] [[Gaius Marius]] [[consul]]atu eodem ipso anno functus est quo Caesar natus est.

Iulii Caesares, quamvis patriciae gentis satis nobilis essent, non inter divites Romanos numerabantur. Usque ad aetatem [[Gaius Iulius Caesar (praetor 92 a.C.n.)|patris praetoris]], quem supra memoravimus, nemo eorum umquam aliquid dignitatis consecutus erat. [[Amita]] nupserat [[Marius|Mario]], duci et emendatori [[exercitus]], qui in [[Senatus|Senatu]] factioni [[populares|populari]] praefuit. Cuius fautor potentissimus [[Lucius Cornelius Cinna]] Caesari [[Cornelia (Caesaris uxor)|Corneliam]] [[filia]]m in [[matrimonium]] dederat.
[[Fasciculus:Marius Glyptothek Munich 319.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|left|[[Gaius Marius]], [[avunculus]] Caesaris.]]
[[Fasciculus:Sulla Glyptothek Munich 309.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|[[Lucius Cornelius Sulla]].]]

Supremo quidem [[vita]]e Marii die properante (anno [[86 a.C.n.|86]]), [[bellum civile]] inter Marium [[Sulla]]mque exorsum est. Sic Sulla, [[bellum civile|bello civili]] feliciter gesto, anno [[86 a.C.n.|86]] Caesari ut Corneliae nuntium mitteret imperavit. Caesar recusavit et providenter Romam clam fugit. Interventu modo [[familia]]e amicorumque suorum a [[proscriptio]]ne et [[mors|morte]] servatus est. Caesar tamen in [[Asia]]m [[Cilicia]]mque sese contulit. Inter haec [[bellum|bella]], stipendia duce [[Lucius Lucullus|Lucio Licinio Lucullo]] meruit, et in multis pugnis emeruit. Anno [[81 a.C.n.|81]], in [[Bithynia]] ad instruendam classem missus est. Quam rem ita prospere gessit, ut Romae adversarii increbrescerent, qui eum cinaedum [[Nicomedes IV (rex Bithyniae)|Nicomedis]] [[rex|regis]] fuisse probri causa iactarent. Apud [[Suetonius|Suetonium]], orator Curio Caesarem &quot;omnium [[mulier]]um virum et omnium virorum mulierem&quot; appellavit.

Rursum Romae anno [[78 a.C.n.|78]], mortuo Sulla, Caesar [[cursus honorum|cursum honorum]] iniit. [[Nobilis]] quidem lucidam puramque ob eloquentiam, nec non propter insimulationem [[proconsul]]um infamium{{dubsig}} erat. Ut qui perfectioni in dicendo potissimum studebat, Caesar [[Rhodus|Rhodum]] ut doctrinis rationibusque [[Apollonius Molon|Apollonii Molonis]] ornaretur profectus est, sed in itinere a [[pirata|piratis]] qui [[pretium]] viginti talentorum exegerunt captus est. Eos derisit, admonens ut rogarent quinquaginta. [[Pecunia]] redemptionis collecta, Caesar post duodequadraginta dies liberatus est. Simul atque liberatus est, classem sibi comparavit, piratasque captos [[crucis supplicium|crucibus]] suffixit.

=== Cursus honorum ===
Anno [[69 a.C.n.|69]], et [[uxor]] Cornelia, cum pareret, et amita Iulia mortuae sunt. Caesar ipse eas in [[rostra|rostris]] conlaudavit. Inter laudationes, Caesar comites Sullae insectatus est, qui accusaverunt eum [[quaestor|quaesturae]] petitionis. Eodem anno, Caesar quaesturam meruit, et ad [[Hispania|Hispaniam Ulteriorem]] adsignatus est.

Caesar, cum Romam rediret, [[aedilis]] curilis anno [[65 a.C.n.|65]] factus est. Inter officia quae magistratui subeunda essent erat et apparatio [[ludus|ludorum]], qui in [[Circus Maximus|Circo Maximo]] quotannis habebantur. Pecuniis publicis circumscriptis, Caesar ut ludos quam splendidissimos daret decoxit, contrahens [[aes alienum]] amplius quam centum [[talentum|talentorum]] aureorum. Aes alienum futurum cursum honorum suum impendit.

Boni eventus tamen aedilitatis suae ad [[pontifex|pontificatum]] anno [[63 a.C.n.|63]] tetenderunt. Non solum nova domus ([[Domus Publica]]) in [[Forum Romanum|Foro]], sed etiam cura sacrorum, religionum et custodiae virginum Vestalium ei concessa est. Pontificatu ineunte, Caesaris opprobrium erupit. Mortua uxore [[Cornelia (Caesaris uxor)|Cornelia]], in matrimonium [[Pompeia (Caesaris uxor)|Pompeiam]], neptem [[Sulla]]e, duxerat. Praestitit Pompeia [[Sacra Bonae Deae (62 a.C.n.)|diem festum]] Bonae Deae, qui dies muliebris habebatur et sanctissimus. Illo autem anno, [[Publius Clodius Pulcher]] diem festum mutata veste celebravit. Nefas erat, et Caesar nuntium Pompeiae misit. Caesar ipse fassus est Pompeiam innocentem fuisse, sed censuit uxori suspicionem superandam esse.

Annus [[63 a.C.n.|63]] et Caesari et rei publicae imprimis gravis et laboriosus fuit. [[Cicero]]ne [[consul]]e (cuius ob industriam vigilantiamque tristissimam perniciem a re publica aversam esse plurimis monumentis constat), Caesar ab Curia Centuriata [[praetor|praetor urbanus]] creatus erat. Coniuratio [[Lucius Sergius Catilina|Catilinae]], qui magistratus electos perdere voluit, patefacta est. Catilina, nobili genere natus, cum  in consulatu petendo repulsus esset, pestis immanis, incendia caedesque urbi cunctaeque rei publicae minatus est, ad seque homines quidem perditissimos et imprimis nefarios addixit. Cum senatus frequens a.d. IX Non. Dec. haberetur, sententiam quisque patrum conscriptorum rogatus est quomodo poenam rei darent et quo denique supplicio afficerentur. Caesar acriter iis qui ad supplicium extremum reos ducendos censerent (quorum et Cicero fuit) adversatus est, sed in Senatu ab [[Marcus Porcius Cato Uticensis|Catone minore]] frustratus est. Caesar quoque conscientiae sceleris insimulatus nihilominus proconsul Hispaniae Ulterioris anno [[61 a.C.n.|61]] electus est.

=== Triumviratus Primus et [[Bellum Gallicum]] ===
Anno [[59 a.C.n.|59]], Caesar [[consul]] cum inimico suo [[Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus|Marco Calpurnio Bibulo]] electus est. Bibulus, amicus [[Marcus Porcius Cato Uticensis|Catonis]] et [[optimates|optimatum]], consulatu protinus abiit ut auguratus sit{{dubsig}}; Caesari autem solum agere licuit, sed mox socios ab inimicis suis insperatos  invenit.

Eodem tempore, dux primus [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus]] a senatu ut sibi fundos militibus suis dandos petebat. Consularis [[Marcus Licinius Crassus (triumvir)|Marcus Licinius Crassus]], ut fama est divitissimus Romae, imperium contra [[Parthia|Parthos]] a senatu obtinere conabatur. Caesar pecunia Crassi et auctoritate Pompeii egit; sic societas creata est. Quam ut firmarent, Pompeius [[Iulia (uxor Pompeii Magni)|Iuliam]], [[filia]]m Caesaris, in [[matrimonium]] duxit. 

Postero anno, Caesari proconsulatus in [[Gallia]] [[Illyricum|Illyriaque]] per quinque annos datus est. Anno [[58 a.C.n.|58]] bellum Gallicum suscepit, in quo tota Gallia et [[Germania]]e pars dicioni [[Roma]]norum subiectae sunt. Inter [[legatus (Roma antiqua)|legatos]] [[Lucius Iulius Caesar]] (consobrinus eius), [[Marcus Antonius]] et [[Quintus Tullius Cicero]] (oratoris frater) fuerunt. Caesar bellum contra gentes varias gerens, [[Helvetii|Helvetios]], [[Belgae|Belgas]], [[Nervii|Nervios]], et [[Veneti (Gallia antiqua)|Venetos]] devicit. Anno [[55 a.C.n.|55]], [[Britannia]]m invadere infeliciter conabatur. Anno [[52 a.C.n.|52]], Gallos sub [[Vercingetorix|Vercingetorige]] proelio ad [[Alesia]]m vicit. Secundum [[Plutarchus|Plutarchum]], Gallia capta, octoginta oppida et trecentae gentes victae, et decies centena milia virorum in servitium vendita sunt. Ter decies centena milia virorum in proeliis ceciderunt (nota bene: historici antiqui numeros huius generis saepe valde auxerunt). Caesar narrationem harum expeditionum in commentariis ''[[De Bello Gallico]]'' scripsit. 

Caesar tamen invisus Romae mansit. Optimates eum gloriae cupidum esse et [[rex|regem]] fieri velle, suspicati sunt, sed anno 55, Pompeius [[Marcus Licinius Crassus (triumvir)|Crassusque]] consules electi sunt, et proconsulatum Caesaris amplius per quinque annos renovaverunt. Sic ultimus actus primi triumviratus fuit. Anno [[54 a.C.n.|54]], Iulia, uxore Pompeii, in partu mortua, anno proximo Crassus in [[Parthia]] cecidit. Pompeius erga optimates movere coepit et [[Cornelia Metella|Corneliam Metellam]], filiam [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio Nasica|Caecilii Metelli]], inimici Caesaris, in matrimonium duxit.
[[Fasciculus:Bust_of_Gaius_Iulius_Caesar_in_Naples.jpg|thumb|Gaius Iulius Caesar, in [[Museum Archaeologicum Nationale (Neapolis)|Museo Archaeologico Nationali]] [[Neapolis|Neapoli]].]]

=== Bellum civile ===
Anno [[50 a.C.n.|50]], Pompeius ei pro consule exeunti ut Romam rediret et copias dimitteret imperavit. Senatus praeterea ei consulatum secundum in absentia petere interdixit. Caesar cognovit se accusatum iri si sine immunitate consulari aut viribus [[legio]]num Romam redisset. Ita senatum prohibuit quin bellum pararet, et  [[Rubico]]nem transgrediens [[10 Ianuarii]] anno [[49 a.C.n.|49]] fines Italiae transiit, dicens, ut [[Suetonius]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Suetonius]], ''[[De vita Caesarum]],'' &quot;Divus Iulius,&quot; [http://latin.packhum.org/loc/1348/1/11/1346-1360@1#11 32].&lt;/ref&gt; et [[Plutarchus]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Plutarchus]], &quot;[[Vita Iulii Caesaris (Plutarchus)|Vita Iulii Caesaris]]&quot;, 32 et alibi.&lt;/ref&gt; referunt, &quot;[[iacta alea est]]&quot; vel &quot;iacta alea esto&quot; dein [[Secundum Civile Bellum]] inter eundem et Pompeium ortum est.

Optimates, a Metello et Catone minore ducti, Roma fugerunt, nescientes Caesarem secum solum unam ex legionibus habuisse. Caesar infeliciter Pompeium usque ad [[Brundisium]] insecutus est, sperans fore ut amicitiam mederi posset. Pompeio e manibus elapso, Caesar in Hispaniam victis legatis Pompeii progressus est. Deinde Graeciam adiit ubi [[10 Iulii]] [[48 a.C.n.|48]] a Pompeio in proelio apud [[Dyrrhachium]] victus est, sed eodem anno quamvis Pompeius exercitum maiorem haberet Caesar eum [[pugna apud Pharsalum|ad Pharsalum]] pervicit. Pompeius inde in [[Aegyptus|Aegyptum]] fugatus, a legato [[Pharao]]nis Ptolemaei necatus est.
[[Fasciculus:Kleopatra-VII.-Altes-Museum-Berlin1.jpg|thumb|200px|left|[[Cleopatra VII (regina Aegypti)|Cleopatra]].]]

Romae Caesar [[dictator]] cum Marco Antonio magistro equitum factus est. Post undecim dies dictatura abdicata cum [[Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus|Publio Servilio Vatia Isaurico]] consul iterum electus est. Caesar ad [[Alexandria Magna|Alexandriam]] Pompeium insecutus est, nesciens eum mortuum esse, sed ibi imprudenter bello civili inter Ptolemaeum [[Cleopatra VII (regina Aegypti)|Cleopatramque]] inligatus est. Cleopatrae favebat, fortasse propter necem Pompeii, cuius caput Caesari ab cubiculario Ptolemaei oblatum est. Ptolemaeo victo, Cleopatra [[pharao]] facta est, et cum Caesare Ptolemaeum Caesarem (Caesarion) peperit.

Anno [[47 a.C.n.|47]], Caesar ad [[oriens|orientem]] victum Pharnacem [[Pontus Euxinus|Ponticum]] profectus est. Post regem in proelio ad Zelam victum, victoria verbis praeclaris ''[[veni, vidi, vici]]'' celebrata est. Inde in [[Africa]]m perrexit ubi contra fautores Pompeii ad [[Thapsus|Thapsum]] pugnatum est. Uterque [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio Nasica|Metellus]] et Cato necati sunt. Filii Pompeii tamen Gnaeus Pompeius et [[Sextus Pompeius]] in [[Hispania]]m fugerunt, sed Caesar etiam eos ad [[Munda]]m anno 45 vicit. Hoc tempore, Caesar consul tertium et quartum annis [[46 a.C.n.|46]] et [[45 a.C.n.|45]] electus est. Collega eius anno [[46 a.C.n.|46]] [[Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, triumvir|Marcus Aemilius Lepidus]] erat, sed anno [[45 a.C.n.|45]] Caesar solus magistratum tenuit.

=== Post bellum ===
Caesar ex oriente reversus, protinus societatem administrationemque emendare coepit. Annonam suppeditatam anguste moderatus est et quibus frumentum privatum praebere poterant ne publicum emerent interdixit. Civitatem incolis [[Gallia Cisalpina|Galliae Cisalpinae]] donavit. In animo praedia veteranis distribuere et [[colonia]]s veteranas condere habuit. Fastos refecit, instituens annum trecentorum sexaginta quinque dierum cum anno bissextili quinto quoque anno; quo facto, anno 46 quadringenti quadraginta quinque dies fuerunt. 

Romam reversus, honores magis magisque magnificos a senatu accipiebat. Apud [[Plutarchus|Plutarchum]] tantum honores noluit sed etiam ingratus videri noluit. Dignitas &quot;[[Pater Patriae]]&quot; ei data est, et potestas insignia [[triumphus|triumphalia]] ferre factus{{dubsig}} est. Mensis [[Quintilis]] ''[[Iulius]]'' nominatus est. Dictator [[decem]] deinceps annos etiam praefectus morum creatus est. 

Anno [[44 a.C.n.|44]], Caesar quintum [[consul]] cum Marco Antonio creatus est. Deinde dictatore perpetuo creato caligas rubras regum [[Alba Lomga|Albae Longae]], de quibus pervenit, ferre coepit. Mense Februario Antonius [[flamen]] et [[diadema]], signum Graecum regis, ei obtulit, et cum Caesar id recusavisset tamen in dubium, ne [[rex]] Romanorum fieri vellet vocabatur.

=== Parricidium ===
[[Fasciculus:Caesar-Altes-Museum-Berlin.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|left|[[Gaius Iulius Caesar (protome Berolinensis)|C. Caesaris protome]] &quot;viridis&quot; [[Berolinum|Berolini]] servata.]]
[[Curia Hostilia]] iampridem deflagrata, Caesar Senatum in [[TCuria Pompeia|Curiam Pompeiam]] in [[Campus Martius|Campo Martio]] convenire invitavit [[Idus|Idibus]] Martiis anno 709 a.u.c.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Anno urbis septingentesimo fere ac nono&quot;: [[Eutropius]], ''[[Breviarium (Eutropius)|Breviarium]]'' [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/eutropius/eutropius7.shtml 7.1] (urbs enim die 21 Aprilis condita est). Scriptores autem recentiores alii 709, alii 710 habent.&lt;/ref&gt; (die [[15 Martii]] [[44 a.C.n.]]). Eadem die dum Senatus conveniebat, Caesar ab aliis ex Senatoribus qui se liberatores vocaverunt percussus est. Liberatores petiverunt se rem publicam ab ambitione Caesaris conservare. Inter percussores, quorum multorum cursum honorum Caesar provexerat, insigniter fuerunt [[Gaius Trebonius]], [[Gaius Cassius Longinus]], [[Decimus Iunius Brutus]], [[Marcus Iunius Brutus]]. Caesar, viginti tria vulnera sustinens, ad pedem monumenti Pompeii cecidit. Verba ultima secundum nonnullos [[Lingua Graeca|Graece]] Marco Bruto dixit, &quot;{{polytonic|καὶ σύ, τέκνον}}&quot;, Latine vel &quot;Tu quoque, fili mi!&quot; vel &quot;[[Et tu Brute|Et tu, Brute?]]&quot;

Paulo post mortem, [[cometa|stella crinita]] in [[caelum|caelo]] visa est, quae nomina &quot;[[sidus Iulium]]&quot; et &quot;Caesaris astrum&quot; apud [[poeta]]s recepit. Violens Caesaris nex effecit ut Romae aliquanta inquies esset. Nova [[Bella Civilia (44–30 a.C.n.)|bella civilia]] eruperunt, quorum primum inter Decimum Brutum et [[Marcus Antonius|Marcum Antonium]] effecit ut Antonius, Lepidus, et [[Octavianus Augustus|Gaius Octavius]], filius Caesaris adoptatus, [[Triumviratus alter|triumviratum secundum]] creaverint. Hic triumviratus primum Caesarem inter [[deus|deos]] rettulit, hostes proscripsit, et [[Bellum Civile (44-42 a.C.n.)|bellum civile secundum]] contra Brutum Cassiumque gessit, quos Antonius Octavianusque in [[Proelium Philippense|proelio Philippensi]] vicerunt. Deinde [[Bellum Civile (32-30 a.C.n.)|tertium bellum civile]] inter Octavianum et Antonium [[Cleopatra VII|Cleopatramque]] erupit, quo in bello, Antonius et Cleopatra [[Bellum Actiacum|ante Actium]] anno [[31 a.C.n.|31]] victi sunt.

== Caesar imperator ==
[[Fasciculus:Giulio_Cesare_%28liceo%29.JPG|thumb|upright=0.5|Signum Iulii Caesaris Romae positum.]]Caesar dux illustris esse habetur exaequatus cum [[Alexander Magnus|Alexandro Magno]] et [[Napoleon]]e. Etsi clades nonnumquam acciperet, exempli gratia [[proelium Gergoviae|proelii Gergoviae]] per bellum Gallicum et [[proelium Dyrrachii|Dyrrhachii]] in bello civili, victoria [[Alesia]]e, fuga exercitus maioris [[Pompeii]] ad [[Pharsalus|Pharsalum]], et exitio exercitus [[Pharnacis]] ad [[Zela]]m, suus splendor militaris illustratus est. Caesar bellum in aliquo agro et aliqua tempestate feliciter gessit, propter modestiam diligentem legionum, quorum in proverbium admiratio erga Caesarem venit. Pedites et [[eques|equites]] eius eximii sunt, et tormentis formidabilibus frequenter usus est. Exercitus munitionis et decursi peritus erat. Copiae nonnumquam iter quadraginta milium passuum per diem fecerunt. 

Caesar aliquot [[legio]]nes conscripsit: [[Legio I Germanica]], [[Legio III Gallica]], [[Legio IV Macedonica]], [[Legio V Alaudae]], [[Legio VI Ferrata]], [[Legio VII Claudia]], [[Legio VIII Augusta]], [[Legio IX Hispana]], [[Legio X Gemina]], [[Legio XI Claudia]], [[Legio XII Fulminata]], et [[Legio XIII Gemina]]. Legionem X Geminam maxime diligit.

== Caesar hospes et celebrator ==
{{Historia Franciae}}
Gaius Caesar conviva fuit (nec &quot;rex sacrorum&quot;; nomen enim huius e textu caret) anno [[70 a.C.n.]] quo tempore [[Cena Lentuli Nigri aditialis|cena aditialis]] [[Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Niger|Lucio Lentulo Nigro]] [[flamen|flamine]] Martiali data est. [[Aedilis]] anno [[65 a.C.n.]] munera obtulit sic enumerata: &quot;[[Venatio]]nes . . . [[ludus|ludosque]] et cum collega et separatim edidit, quo factum est, ut communium quoque inpensarum solus gratiam caperet. . . . Adiecit insuper Caesar etiam gladiatorium munus, sed aliquanto paucioribus quam destinaverat paribus; nam cum multiplici undique familia conparata inimicos exterruisset, cautum est de numero gladiatorum, quo ne maiorem cuiquam habere Romae liceret&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Suetonius, &quot;Divus Iulius,&quot; 10.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Triumphi Gai Iulii Caesaris|Triumphi Caesaris]] quinque, quos post bella civilia gessa Romae annis [[46 a.C.n.|46]] et [[45 a.C.n.]] celebravit, a [[Suetonius|Suetonio]], [[Plutarchus|Plutarcho]], [[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appiano]] et [[Dio Cassius|Dione Cassio]] describuntur. Eodem tempore &quot;[[Munus in filiae memoriam a Caesare datum|munus populi epulumque pronuntiavit in filiae memoriam]]&quot;, scilicet [[Iulia (uxor Pompeii Magni)|Iuliae]] Pompeii Magni uxoris, iam octo vel novem annos mortuae.&lt;ref&gt;Suetonius, &quot;Divus Iulius,&quot; 26.2.&lt;/ref&gt; Aliae cenae a Plutarcho narrantur, eam scilicet quam ante [[Rubico]]nem transitam celebraverit,&lt;ref&gt;Plutarchus, &quot;Vita Iulii Caesaris,&quot; 32.4-5.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Cena Cleopatrae Ptolemaeoque a Caesare oblata|eamque quam ad conciliandum obtulerit]] [[Cleopatra VII|Cleopatrae]] fratrique [[Ptolemaeus XIII|Ptolemaeo]]; hanc etiam [[Lucanus]] longius describit.&lt;ref&gt;Plutarchus, &quot;Vita Iulii Caesaris&quot; 49.4-5; [[Lucanus]], ''[[Pharsalia]],'' 10.136 ff.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Caesar litteratus ==
Per [[vita]]m suam, Caesar unus ex elegantissimis [[orator]]ibus [[scriptor]]ibusque Romanis videbatur. Eius [[rhetorica]]m stilumque [[Cicero]] saepe laudabat. Praeclarissima ex operibus adhuc servatis sunt ''[[de Bello Gallico|commentarii de bello Gallico]]'' in [[liber|libros]] septem divisi (quos [[Aulus Hirtius]] libro octavo addito perfecit) et ''[[de bello civili|commentarii de bello civili]]'' in libros tres ordinati. Etiam orationem pro funere amitae Iuliae, grammaticumque tractatum ''De analogia'', et ''[[Anticatones]]'' libros contra [[Cato minor|Catonem minorem]], scripsit. Alia opera Caesari adsignata, de quorum verumtamen auctoritate et dubitatur et dubitandum, sunt ''[[Bellum Hispaniense|de bello Hispaniensi]],'' ''[[Bellum Africum|de bello Africo]],'' et ''[[Bellum Alexandrinum|de bello Alexandrino]].''&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Reliquit et rerum suarum commentarios Gallici civilisque belli Pompeiani. Nam Alexandrini Africique et Hispaniensis incertus auctor est: alii [[Gaius Oppius|Oppium]] putant, alii Hirtium, qui etiam Gallici belli novissimum imperfectumque librum suppleuerit.&quot; [[Suetonius]], ''[[De vita Caesarum]],'' &quot;Divus Iulius,&quot; 56.&lt;/ref&gt; Fragmenta nonnulla [[oratio]]num Caesaris servantur,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lsante01/Caesar/cae_orat.html Fragmenta orationum].&lt;/ref&gt; sed aliorum operum perpauca. Scripta iuvenilia quaedam Caesaris, quae usque ad tempus [[Augustus (imperator)|Augusti]] servata erant, iussu huius e [[bibliotheca|bibliothecis]] exclusa sunt&lt;ref&gt;[[Suetonius]], ''[[De vita Caesarum]],'' &quot;Divus Iulius,&quot; 56.&lt;/ref&gt; et omnino deperdita. De commentariis a Caesare scriptis, sic [[Marcus Tullius Cicero|M. Cicero]] iudicavit: &quot;Nudi . . . sunt, recti et venusti, omni ornatu orationis tamquam veste detracta. Sed dum voluit alios habere parata, unde sumerent qui vellent scribere historiam, ineptis gratum fortasse fecit, qui volent illa calamistris inurere: sanos quidem homines a scribendo deterruit; [[nihil]] est enim in historia pura et inlustri brevitate dulcius.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero]], ''[[Brutus (Cicero)|Brutus]],'' 262.&lt;/ref&gt; 
{{Caesar tituli}}

== Matrimonia et progenies Caesaris ==
De [[matrimonium|matrimonio]] Gaii Iulii Caesaris primo cum [[Cornelia (Caesaris uxor)|Cornelia]] [[Lucius Cornelius Cinna|Cinnae]] filia, quod ut rumperet [[Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix|Sulla Felix]] frustra imperavit, supra narratur. E Cornelia filiam genuit [[Iulia (uxor Pompeii Magni)|Iuliam]], anno [[83 a.C.n.|83]]/82 natam, quam [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Cn. Pompeius Magnus]] in matrimonium duxit anno [[59 a.C.n.|59]] quo tempore is cum Caesare et [[Marcus Licinius Crassus (triumvir)|M. Licinio Crasso]] [[Triumviratus primus|primum triumviratum]] constituit. Cornelia filiam [[Iulia (uxor Pompeii Magni)|Iuliam]], anno [[83 a.C.n.|83]]/82 natam, et filium, mortuum natu, Caesari peperit; anno [[68 a.C.n.|69]] seu 68 mortem obiit.&lt;ref&gt;[[Plutarchus]], &quot;[[Vita Iulii Caesaris (Plutarchus)|Vita Iulii Caesaris]]&quot; 1, 5; [[Suetonius]], ''[[De vita Caesarum]],'' &quot;Divus Iulius,&quot; 1, 5, 6; [[Velleius Paterculus]], ''[[Historiae (Velleius)|Historiae]],'' 2.41.&lt;/ref&gt; Iulia, filia Caesaris et Corneliae, anno [[54 a.C.n.|54]] sine prole mortua est.

Cornelia nuper mortua, Caesar anno [[68 a.C.n.|68]] seu 67 [[Pompeia (Caesaris uxor)|Pompeiam]], filiam [[Quintus Pompeius Rufus|Q. Pompei Rufi]], in matrimonium duxit. Anno [[62 a.C.n.]] repudiavit ob [[adulterium|adulterio]] P. Clodii Pulchri suspecto, qui in [[Sacra Bonae Deae (62 a.C.n.)|sacris Bonae Deae]] furtim irruperat.&lt;ref&gt;[[Plutarchus]], &quot;[[Vita Iulii Caesaris (Plutarchus)|Vita Iulii Caesaris]]&quot; 5.3; [[Suetonius]], ''[[De vita Caesarum]]'' &quot;Divus Iulius,&quot; 6, 74.&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Caesar quidem vocatus testimonium adversus Clodium non dixit, seque uxorem pro adultera habere negavit, repudiasse autem eam, quod [[Caesaris coniugium non facto modo turpi, sed etiam fama sinistra vacare debet|Caesaris coniugium non facto modo turpi, sed etiam fama sinistra vacare debeat]].&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Plutarchus]], &quot;[[Vita Ciceronis (Plutarchus)|Vita Ciceronis]],&quot; 29.9 (versio Latina [[Gulielmus Xylander|Gulielmi Xylandri]]: [http://mercure.fltr.ucl.ac.be/Hodoi/concordances/Plutarque_ciceron/lecture/29.htm vide hic]{{Nexus deficit|date=June 2024|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}).&lt;/ref&gt;

Matrimonio tertio anno [[59 a.C.n.]] [[Calpurnia (uxor Caesaris)|Calpurniam]] duxit dum consul meret, videlicet ut adfinitatem ac societatem cum potenti familia [[Gens Calpurnia|Calpurniorum Pisonum]] iniret; Calpurnia enim filia erat [[Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus (Consul 58 a.C.n.)|L. Calpurni Pisonis]] [[consul]]is anno insequenti.&lt;ref&gt;[[Suetonius]], ''[[De vita Caesarum]]'' &quot;Divus Iulius&quot; 21; [[Plutarchus]], &quot;[[Vita Iulii Caesaris (Plutarchus)|Vita Iulii Caesaris]]&quot; 14.8, &quot;[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]],&quot; 47.10.&lt;/ref&gt; Ex ea nec filios nec filias genuit. Anno [[52 a.C.n.|52]] [[Pompeia (Pompei Magni filia)|Pompeiam]], filiam Gnaei Pompeii Magni, in matrimonium frustra petivit, [[Faustus Cornelius Sulla|Fausto Sulla]] destinatam.&lt;ref&gt;[[Suetonius]], ''[[De vita Caesarum]],'' &quot;Divus Iulius,&quot; 27.1.&lt;/ref&gt;

Anno [[48 a.C.n.|48]] in [[amor]]em cum [[Cleopatra VII (regina Aegypti)|Cleopatra VII]] [[Aegyptus|Aegypti]] [[regina]] intravit, quae eo peperit anno [[47 a.C.n.|47]] [[filius|filium]] Caesarionem communiter nuncupatum, [[nomen proprium|nomine proprio]] [[Ptolemaeus Caesar|Ptolemaeum Caesarem]].

[[Filius|Filio]] legitimo carente, Caesar anno [[44 a.C.n.|44]] necatus est. Testamento suo, [[Augustus (imperator)|C. Octavium]], nepotem [[Iulia (Caesaris soror)|Iuliae]] [[soror]]is, [[adoptio|adoptavit]], qui hereditatem patronatumque Gaii Caesaris adsumpsit, [[nomen proprium|nomenque]] ''Gaium Iulium Caesarem Octavianum'' abhinc gessit. Anno [[30 a.C.n.|30]], Cleopatra devicta et nuper mortua, ille suadente [[Arius Didymus|Ario Didymo]] [[philosophus|philosopho]] (qui [[vocabulum|verbis]] [[Homerus|Homericis]] mutatis {{Polytonic|[[Non bonum multorum principatus|οὐκ ἀγαθὸν πολυκαισαρίη]]}}, [[scil.]] 'Haud oportet multos Caesares esse' usus est) Caesarionem fratrem nothum interfici iussit.&lt;ref&gt;[[Plutarchus]], ''[[Vita Marci Antonii (Plutarchus)|Vita Marci Antonii]],'' 81.&lt;/ref&gt; Ex ea adoptione Caesar fuit [[pater]] Octaviani (Augusti principis), [[avus]] [[Tiberius (imperator)|Tiberii]] (quem Augustus vicissim adoptaverit), proavus [[Claudius (imperator)|Claudii]], abavus [[Caligula|C. Caligulae]] et [[Nero (imperator)|Neronis]]: hic anno [[68]] p.C.n. sua [[manus|manu]] mortuus est. &quot;Progenies Caesarum in Nerone deficit,&quot; ait [[Suetonius]] auctor ''[[de vita Caesarum]].''&lt;ref&gt;[[Suetonius]], ''[[De vita Caesarum]],'' &quot;Galba,&quot; 1; [[Ronaldus Syme]] in ''Hermes'' 109 (1981), pp. 105–117.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Annales vitae Caesaris ==
* Anno 100 aut 102 – Gaius Iulius Caesar [[Roma]]e natus est
* Anno 84 – In primo coniugio, duxit in matrimonium Corneliam Cinnae 
* Anno 81 – Caesar in [[Asia]]m venit sub M. Thermo 
* Anno 68 – Cornelia mortua est; [[Quaestor]] in [[Hispania]] factus est
* Anno 63 – Creatus est [[pontifex maximus]]; in secundo coniugio, duxit in matrimonium Pompeiam, postea fecit devortium ei 
* Anno 62 – [[Praetor]]
* Anno 59 – Primus [[consul]]atus; in tertio coniugio, duxit in matrimonium Calpurniam Pisonis
* Anno 58 – [[Proconsul]] [[Gallia]]e Transalpinae ac Cisalpinae [[Dalmatia (provincia Romana)|Dalmatiaeque]].
* Anno 49 – Bellum civile coepit
* Anno 48 – Prima [[dictator|dictatura]]; secundus consulatus
* Anno 46 – Secunda dictatura
* Anno 44 – 
** Creatus est dictator perpetuo
** Insidiis interfectus est
* Anno 42 – Consecratus est Divus Iulius

== Fontes de vita C. Iulii Caesaris praecipui ==
[[Fasciculus:Julii Caesaris quae exstant.tif|thumb|upright=0.8|''C. Iulii Caesaris exstant,'' liber anno [[1678]] prolatus.]]
* [[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]], ''Bella Civilia'' lib. 13 [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k588155 Versio]
* Gaius Iulius Caesar, ''[[De Bello Gallico]]'', ''[[De bello civili|De Bello Civili]]'' cum aliorum supplementis [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/caes.html Textus]
* [[Marcus Tullius Cicero]], ''[[Epistulae ad familiares]]'' [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/fam.shtml Textus], ''[[Epistulae ad Atticum]]'' [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/epis.shtml Textus]
* [[Cassius Dio]], ''[[Historia Romana (Dio)|Historia Romana]] lib. 37–44 [http://www.archive.org/details/tondionostoukass00cass Versio]
* [[Plutarchus]], ''[[Vitae parallelae]]'' &quot;[[Vita Iulii Caesaris (Plutarchus)|Vita Iulii Caesaris]]&quot; [https://web.archive.org/web/20111018160500/http://mercure.fltr.ucl.ac.be/Hodoi/concordances/Plutarque_cesar/lecture/default.htm Versio], &quot;[[Vita Ciceronis (Plutarchus)|Vita Ciceronis]]&quot; [https://web.archive.org/web/20131024103009/http://mercure.fltr.ucl.ac.be/Hodoi/concordances/Plutarque_ciceron/lecture/default.htm Versio], &quot;[[Vita Marci Antonii (Plutarchus)|Vita Marci Antonii]]&quot; [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k28224v.image.r=Plutarchi+opera.f477.pagination.langEN Versio]
* [[Suetonius]], ''[[De vita Caesarum]]'' &quot;Divus Iulius&quot; [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/suetonius/suet.caesar.html Textus]

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
; Bibliographica et encyclopaedica
* {{Fabricius Latina}} pp. 156–177.
* [[Hieronymus Carcopino|Carcopino, Jérôme]]. [[1936]]. ''César.'' Lutetiae: Presses universitaires de France.
* Gesche, Helga. [[1976]]. ''Caesar.'' Erträge der Forschung, 51. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt. ISBN 3-534-05333-8.
* Griffin, Miriam, ed., [[2009]]. ''A Companion to Julius Caesar.'' Opera antiquiora. Oxoniae: Blackwell.
* Gelzer, Matthias. [[1921]]. ''Caesar: Der Politiker und Staatsmann.'' Editio recentior, 1983 {{Google Books|i8WuyrcUNzQC|Paginae selectae versionis Anglicae}}
;Opera recentiora generalia
* Baltrusch, Ernst, ed. [[2007]]. ''Caesar''. Neue Wege der Forschung. Wissenschaftliche Darmstadt: Buchgesellschaft. ISBN 978-3-534-20111-2.
* Canfora, Luciano. [[1999]]. ''Giulio Cesare: Il dittattore democratico.'' Bari: Laterza. ISBN 88-420-5739-8.
* Dahlheim, Werner. [[2005]]. ''Julius Caesar: Die Ehre des Kriegers und die Not des Staates.'' Paderborn: Schöningh. ISBN 3-506-71981-5.
* Fraschetti, Augusto. [[2005]]. ''Giulio Cesare''. Bari, Laterza. ISBN 88-420-7633-3.
* Freeman, Philip. [[2008]]. ''Julius Caesar.'' Novi Eboraci: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0-7432-8953-6.
* Fuller, J. F. C. [[1965]]. ''Julius Caesar: Man, Soldier, and Tyrant.'' Novi Brunsvici: Rutgers University Press.
* Goldsworthy, Adrian. [[2006]]. ''Caesar.'' Londinii: Weidenfeld &amp; Nicolson; Portu Novo: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-297-84620-5 ISBN 0-300-12048-6.
* Jehne, Martin. [[2008]]. ''Caesar.'' 4a ed. Monaci: C. H. Beck. ISBN 978-3-406-41044-4.
* Le Bohec, Yann. [[1994]]. ''César.'' Que sais-je? 1049. Lutetiae: PUF. 
* Meier, Christian. [[1997]]. ''Caesar.'' Ed. quarta Monaci: DTV. ISBN 3-423-30593-2.
* Piquero, Javier Cabrero. [[2004]]. ''Julio César: El hombre y su época.'' Dastin Export S.L. ISBN 84-96249-60-3.
* Spinosa, Antonio. [[1986]]. ''Giulio Cesare: Il grande giocatore.'' Mediolani. ISBN 978-88-04-42928-9.
;Opera praecipua
* Agazzi, Renato. [[2006]]. ''Giulio Cesare stratega in Gallia.'' Paviae: Iuculano. ISBN 88-7072-742-4.
* Baltrusch, Ernst. [[2004]]. ''Caesar und Pompeius.'' Darmstadtiae: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. ISBN 3-534-16490-3.
* Gotter, Ulrich. [[1996]]. ''Der Diktator ist tot!'' Stutgartiae: Franz Steiner.
* Holland, Tom. [[2003]]. ''Rubicon: The Last Years of the Roman Republic.'' Novi Eboraci: Anchor Books. ISBN 1-4000-7897-0.
* Jiménez, Ramon. [[2000]]. ''Caesar Against Rome: The Great Roman Civil War.'' Barbaropoli: Praeger Publishing. ISBN 0-275-96620-8.
* Martin, Paul Marius. [[1988]]. ''Tuer César.'' Bruxellis: Complexe.
* Meier, Christian. [[1980]]. ''Die Ohnmacht des allmächtigen Dictators Caesar: Drei biographische Skizzen.'' Francofurti: Suhrkamp. ISBN 3-518-11038-1.
* Will, Wolfgang. [[1992]]. ''Julius Caesar: Eine Bilanz.'' Stutgartiae: Kohlhammer. ISBN 3-17-009978-7.
;De fontibus; de fama et fortuna
* Christ, Karl. [[1994]]. ''Caesar: Annäherungen an einen Diktator.'' Monaci: Beck. ISBN 3-406-47288-5.
* Malye, Jean. [[2007]]. ''La véritable histoire de Jules César.'' Lutetiae: Les Belles Lettres.
* Rambaud, Michel. [[1953]]. ''L'art de la déformation historique dans les Commentaires de César.''
* Will, Wolfgang. [[2008]]. ''Veni, vidi, vici: Caesar und die Kunst der Selbstdarstellung.'' Darmstadtiae: Primus. ISBN 978-3-89678-333-2. ''Geschichte erzählt,'' 11.

{{NexInt}}
*[[Partus caesareus]]
== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes biographici}}
{{vicicitatio|Gaius Iulius Caesar|Gaium Iulium Caesarem}}
{{vicifons|Gaius Iulius Caesar}}
* &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20031011051140/http://user.cs.tu-berlin.de/~ohherde/caes.htm Gaius Iulius Caesar],&quot; user.cs.tu-berlin.de (OHHs Historische Seiten) {{Ling|Theodisce}}
* &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20151104084830/http://www.livius.org/caa-can/caesar/caesar00.html C. Julius Caesar],&quot; www.livius.org {{Ling|Anglice}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101129220004/http://virgil.org/caesar/ Index nexuum]
* [https://lituslatinum.fr/ Litvs Latinvm]

{{Index consulum rei publicae|
praedecessores=[[Lucius Afranius]] et [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Celer]]|
annus= 59 a.C.n.&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus|Marco Calpurnio Bibulo]]|
successores= [[Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus (Consul 58 a.C.n.)|Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus]] et [[Aulus Gabinius]]}} 
{{Index consulum rei publicae|
praedecessores=[[Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Crus]] et [[Gaius Claudius Marcellus (consul 49 a.C.n.)|Gaius Claudius Marcellus]]|
annus= 48 a.C.n.&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Publius Servilius Isauricus|Publio Servilio Isaurico]]|
successores= [[Quintus Fufius Calenus]] et [[Publius Vatinius]]}} 
{{Index consulum rei publicae|
praedecessores=[[Quintus Fufius Calenus]] et [[Publius Vatinius]]|
annus= 46 a.C.n.&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, triumvir|Marco Aemilio Lepido]] I|
successores= [[Gaius Iulius Caesar]] IV, sine collega}} 
{{Index consulum rei publicae|
praedecessores=[[Gaius Iulius Caesar]] III et [[Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, triumvir|Marcus Aemilius Lepidus]] I|
annus= 45 a.C.n.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; sine collega|
successores=[[Quintus Fabius Maximus (consul 45 a.C.n.)|Quintus Fabius Maximus]] et [[Gaius Trebonius]]}} 
{{Index consulum rei publicae|
praedecessores=[[Gaius Caninius Rebilus (consul 45 a.C.n.)|Gaius Caninius Rebilus]] et [[Gaius Trebonius]]|
annus= 45 a.C.n.&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Marcus Antonius|Marco Antonio]] I|
successores= [[Publius Cornelius Dolabella (consul 44 a.C.n.)|Publius Cornelius Dolabella]] et [[Marcus Antonius]] I}}

{{Myrias|Homines}}
{{1000 paginae}}
{{Lifetime|100 a.C.n.|44 a.C.n.|Iulius Caesar, Gaius}}
[[Categoria:Gaius Iulius Caesar|!]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Latini antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Autobiographi]]
[[Categoria:Consules]]
[[Categoria:Dictatores Romani]]
[[Categoria:Gens Iulia|Caesar, Gaius]]
[[Categoria:Imperatores Romani]]
[[Categoria:Necati]]
[[Categoria:Paginae mensis]]
[[Categoria:Participes Belli Civilis (49-45 a.C.n.)]]
[[Categoria:Participes Belli Gallici]]
[[Categoria:Poetae Latini Romae antiquae]]
[[Categoria:Pontifices Maximi]]
[[Categoria:Proconsules Galliae Cisalpinae]]
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{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
'''Gaius Iulius Gaii filius Gaii nepos Caesar Imperator,''' ab anno [[42 a.C.n.]] '''Divus Iulius''' (natus [[Roma]]e ex stirpe [[patricii (ordo)|patricia]] die [[13 Iulii]] [[100 a.C.n.]]; ibidem mortuus [[15 Martii]] [[44 a.C.n.]]), fuit [[vir publicus]], [[consul]], [[dux]] [[exercitus]], [[dictator]] in perpetuum,&lt;ref&gt;''[[Fasti Capitolini]]'': &quot;[C[aius] Iulius C[ai] f[ilius] C[ai] n[epos] Caesar in perpetuum dict[ator] ] / [rei gerundae causa].&quot; ''[[Fasti Amiternini]]'': &quot;[C[aius] Iulius Ca]esar dict(ator) [in p]erpetuum/ [bellu]m civil(e) Mutine(n)se / cum M(arco) [A]ntonio.&quot; [[Titus Livius]], ''Periochae'' CXVI: &quot;Et cum plurimi maximique honores a senatu decreti essent (inter quos . . . dictator in perpetuum esset ).&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; [[orator]], [[poeta]], insignis [[scriptor]] [[prosa]]e [[lingua Latina|Latinae]]. Partes maximi momenti egit in casibus, quibus [[Respublica Romana|Res Publica Romana]] in [[Imperium Romanum]] transmutata est. [[Triumviratus|Triumviratu]] cum [[Marcus Licinius Crassus (triumvir)|Crasso]] et [[Pompeius|Pompeio]], praestantissimis civibus, [[constitutio|constituto]] ab anno [[60 a.C.n.]] per aliquot annos apud Romanos plurimum valuit, quamvis ei [[potestas (socialis et politicus)|potestatem]] per [[ratio]]nes [[populares]] accumulanti [[Senatus Romanus|senatores]], qui [[optimates|optimatibus]] favebant, videlicet [[Cato Minor]], [[Cicero]], et alii, opponebant. [[Gallia|Victa Gallia]] in dictionemque [[Romani|populi Romani]] redacta, Caesar [[imperium Romanum]] ad [[Oceanus Britannicus|Oceanum Britannicum]] et [[Rhenus|Rhenum]] extendit, et ipse primus dux Romanus hoc [[pons|ponte]] exstructo, illum [[navis|navibus]] transgressus est. Ipse pater anni intercalaris [[calendarium Iulianum|Iulianum fecit calendarium]].

== Vita ==

=== De iuventute ===
Caesar [[Roma]]e ex [[Gens Iulia|gente Iulia]] natus est die 13 mensis [[Quintilis]] anno 654 [[AUC]] ([[13 Iulii]] [[100 a.C.n.]]), [[familia]] patricia praeclara; gens enim Iulia originem et [[nomen proprium|nomen]] ab [[Iulus|Iulo]] filio [[Aeneas|Aeneae]] filii [[Venus (dea)|Veneris]] ductum praetendebat. [[Pater]] [[Gaius Iulius Caesar (praetor 92 a.C.n.)|Gaius Iulius Caesar]] anno [[92 a.C.n.]] [[praetor]] fuerat; [[mater|matri]] nomen fuit [[Aurelia (Caesaris mater)|Aurelia]]. Pater Caesaris erat proconsul Asiae. [[Avunculus]] [[Gaius Marius]] [[consul]]atu eodem ipso anno functus est quo Caesar natus est.

Iulii Caesares, quamvis patriciae gentis satis nobilis essent, non inter divites Romanos numerabantur. Usque ad aetatem [[Gaius Iulius Caesar (praetor 92 a.C.n.)|patris praetoris]], quem supra memoravimus, nemo eorum umquam aliquid dignitatis consecutus erat. [[Amita]] nupserat [[Marius|Mario]], duci et emendatori [[exercitus]], qui in [[Senatus|Senatu]] factioni [[populares|populari]] praefuit. Cuius fautor potentissimus [[Lucius Cornelius Cinna]] Caesari [[Cornelia (Caesaris uxor)|Corneliam]] [[filia]]m in [[matrimonium]] dederat.
[[Fasciculus:Marius Glyptothek Munich 319.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|left|[[Gaius Marius]], [[avunculus]] Caesaris.]]
[[Fasciculus:Sulla Glyptothek Munich 309.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|[[Lucius Cornelius Sulla]].]]

Supremo quidem [[vita]]e Marii die properante (anno [[86 a.C.n.|86]]), [[bellum civile]] inter Marium [[Sulla]]mque exorsum est. Sic Sulla, [[bellum civile|bello civili]] feliciter gesto, anno [[86 a.C.n.|86]] Caesari ut Corneliae nuntium mitteret imperavit. Caesar recusavit et providenter Romam clam fugit. Interventu modo [[familia]]e amicorumque suorum a [[proscriptio]]ne et [[mors|morte]] servatus est. Caesar tamen in [[Asia]]m [[Cilicia]]mque sese contulit. Inter haec [[bellum|bella]], stipendia duce [[Lucius Lucullus|Lucio Licinio Lucullo]] meruit, et in multis pugnis emeruit. Anno [[81 a.C.n.|81]], in [[Bithynia]] ad instruendam classem missus est. Quam rem ita prospere gessit, ut Romae adversarii increbrescerent, qui eum cinaedum [[Nicomedes IV (rex Bithyniae)|Nicomedis]] [[rex|regis]] fuisse probri causa iactarent. Apud [[Suetonius|Suetonium]], orator Curio Caesarem &quot;omnium [[mulier]]um virum et omnium virorum mulierem&quot; appellavit.

Rursum Romae anno [[78 a.C.n.|78]], mortuo Sulla, Caesar [[cursus honorum|cursum honorum]] iniit. [[Nobilis]] quidem lucidam puramque ob eloquentiam, nec non propter insimulationem [[proconsul]]um infamium{{dubsig}} erat. Ut qui perfectioni in dicendo potissimum studebat, Caesar [[Rhodus|Rhodum]] ut doctrinis rationibusque [[Apollonius Molon|Apollonii Molonis]] ornaretur profectus est, sed in itinere a [[pirata|piratis]] qui [[pretium]] viginti talentorum exegerunt captus est. Eos derisit, admonens ut rogarent quinquaginta. [[Pecunia]] redemptionis collecta, Caesar post duodequadraginta dies liberatus est. Simul atque liberatus est, classem sibi comparavit, piratasque captos [[crucis supplicium|crucibus]] suffixit.

=== Cursus honorum ===
Anno [[69 a.C.n.|69]], et [[uxor]] Cornelia, cum pareret, et amita Iulia mortuae sunt. Caesar ipse eas in [[rostra|rostris]] conlaudavit. Inter laudationes, Caesar comites Sullae insectatus est, qui accusaverunt eum [[quaestor|quaesturae]] petitionis. Eodem anno, Caesar quaesturam meruit, et ad [[Hispania|Hispaniam Ulteriorem]] adsignatus est.

Caesar, cum Romam rediret, [[aedilis]] curilis anno [[65 a.C.n.|65]] factus est. Inter officia quae magistratui subeunda essent erat et apparatio [[ludus|ludorum]], qui in [[Circus Maximus|Circo Maximo]] quotannis habebantur. Pecuniis publicis circumscriptis, Caesar ut ludos quam splendidissimos daret decoxit, contrahens [[aes alienum]] amplius quam centum [[talentum|talentorum]] aureorum. Aes alienum futurum cursum honorum suum impendit.

Boni eventus tamen aedilitatis suae ad [[pontifex|pontificatum]] anno [[63 a.C.n.|63]] tetenderunt. Non solum nova domus ([[Domus Publica]]) in [[Forum Romanum|Foro]], sed etiam cura sacrorum, religionum et custodiae virginum Vestalium ei concessa est. Pontificatu ineunte, Caesaris opprobrium erupit. Mortua uxore [[Cornelia (Caesaris uxor)|Cornelia]], in matrimonium [[Pompeia (Caesaris uxor)|Pompeiam]], neptem [[Sulla]]e, duxerat. Praestitit Pompeia [[Sacra Bonae Deae (62 a.C.n.)|diem festum]] Bonae Deae, qui dies muliebris habebatur et sanctissimus. Illo autem anno, [[Publius Clodius Pulcher]] diem festum mutata veste celebravit. Nefas erat, et Caesar nuntium Pompeiae misit. Caesar ipse fassus est Pompeiam innocentem fuisse, sed censuit uxori suspicionem superandam esse.

Annus [[63 a.C.n.|63]] et Caesari et rei publicae imprimis gravis et laboriosus fuit. [[Cicero]]ne [[consul]]e (cuius ob industriam vigilantiamque tristissimam perniciem a re publica aversam esse plurimis monumentis constat), Caesar ab Curia Centuriata [[praetor|praetor urbanus]] creatus erat. Coniuratio [[Lucius Sergius Catilina|Catilinae]], qui magistratus electos perdere voluit, patefacta est. Catilina, nobili genere natus, cum  in consulatu petendo repulsus esset, pestis immanis, incendia caedesque urbi cunctaeque rei publicae minatus est, ad seque homines quidem perditissimos et imprimis nefarios addixit. Cum senatus frequens a.d. IX Non. Dec. haberetur, sententiam quisque patrum conscriptorum rogatus est quomodo poenam rei darent et quo denique supplicio afficerentur. Caesar acriter iis qui ad supplicium extremum reos ducendos censerent (quorum et Cicero fuit) adversatus est, sed in Senatu ab [[Marcus Porcius Cato Uticensis|Catone minore]] frustratus est. Caesar quoque conscientiae sceleris insimulatus nihilominus proconsul Hispaniae Ulterioris anno [[61 a.C.n.|61]] electus est.

=== Triumviratus Primus et [[Bellum Gallicum]] ===
Anno [[59 a.C.n.|59]], Caesar [[consul]] cum inimico suo [[Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus|Marco Calpurnio Bibulo]] electus est. Bibulus, amicus [[Marcus Porcius Cato Uticensis|Catonis]] et [[optimates|optimatum]], consulatu protinus abiit ut auguratus sit{{dubsig}}; Caesari autem solum agere licuit, sed mox socios ab inimicis suis insperatos  invenit.

Eodem tempore, dux primus [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus]] a senatu ut sibi fundos militibus suis dandos petebat. Consularis [[Marcus Licinius Crassus (triumvir)|Marcus Licinius Crassus]], ut fama est divitissimus Romae, imperium contra [[Parthia|Parthos]] a senatu obtinere conabatur. Caesar pecunia Crassi et auctoritate Pompeii egit; sic societas creata est. Quam ut firmarent, Pompeius [[Iulia (uxor Pompeii Magni)|Iuliam]], [[filia]]m Caesaris, in [[matrimonium]] duxit. 

Postero anno, Caesari proconsulatus in [[Gallia]] [[Illyricum|Illyriaque]] per quinque annos datus est. Anno [[58 a.C.n.|58]] bellum Gallicum suscepit, in quo tota Gallia et [[Germania]]e pars dicioni [[Roma]]norum subiectae sunt. Inter [[legatus (Roma antiqua)|legatos]] [[Lucius Iulius Caesar]] (consobrinus eius), [[Marcus Antonius]] et [[Quintus Tullius Cicero]] (oratoris frater) fuerunt. Caesar bellum contra gentes varias gerens, [[Helvetii|Helvetios]], [[Belgae|Belgas]], [[Nervii|Nervios]], et [[Veneti (Gallia antiqua)|Venetos]] devicit. Anno [[55 a.C.n.|55]], [[Britannia]]m invadere infeliciter conabatur. Anno [[52 a.C.n.|52]], Gallos sub [[Vercingetorix|Vercingetorige]] proelio ad [[Alesia]]m vicit. Secundum [[Plutarchus|Plutarchum]], Gallia capta, octoginta oppida et trecentae gentes victae, et decies centena milia virorum in servitium vendita sunt. Ter decies centena milia virorum in proeliis ceciderunt (nota bene: historici antiqui numeros huius generis saepe valde auxerunt). Caesar narrationem harum expeditionum in commentariis ''[[De Bello Gallico]]'' scripsit. 

Caesar tamen invisus Romae mansit. Optimates eum gloriae cupidum esse et [[rex|regem]] fieri velle, suspicati sunt, sed anno 55, Pompeius [[Marcus Licinius Crassus (triumvir)|Crassusque]] consules electi sunt, et proconsulatum Caesaris amplius per quinque annos renovaverunt. Sic ultimus actus primi triumviratus fuit. Anno [[54 a.C.n.|54]], Iulia, uxore Pompeii, in partu mortua, anno proximo Crassus in [[Parthia]] cecidit. Pompeius erga optimates movere coepit et [[Cornelia Metella|Corneliam Metellam]], filiam [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio Nasica|Caecilii Metelli]], inimici Caesaris, in matrimonium duxit.
[[Fasciculus:Bust_of_Gaius_Iulius_Caesar_in_Naples.jpg|thumb|Gaius Iulius Caesar, in [[Museum Archaeologicum Nationale (Neapolis)|Museo Archaeologico Nationali]] [[Neapolis|Neapoli]].]]

=== Bellum civile ===
Anno [[50 a.C.n.|50]], Pompeius ei pro consule exeunti ut Romam rediret et copias dimitteret imperavit. Senatus praeterea ei consulatum secundum in absentia petere interdixit. Caesar cognovit se accusatum iri si sine immunitate consulari aut viribus [[legio]]num Romam redisset. Ita senatum prohibuit quin bellum pararet, et  [[Rubico]]nem transgrediens [[10 Ianuarii]] anno [[49 a.C.n.|49]] fines Italiae transiit, dicens, ut [[Suetonius]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Suetonius]], ''[[De vita Caesarum]],'' &quot;Divus Iulius,&quot; [http://latin.packhum.org/loc/1348/1/11/1346-1360@1#11 32].&lt;/ref&gt; et [[Plutarchus]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Plutarchus]], &quot;[[Vita Iulii Caesaris (Plutarchus)|Vita Iulii Caesaris]]&quot;, 32 et alibi.&lt;/ref&gt; referunt, &quot;[[iacta alea est]]&quot; vel &quot;iacta alea esto&quot; dein [[Secundum Civile Bellum]] inter eundem et Pompeium ortum est.

Optimates, a Metello et Catone minore ducti, Roma fugerunt, nescientes Caesarem secum solum unam ex legionibus habuisse. Caesar infeliciter Pompeium usque ad [[Brundisium]] insecutus est, sperans fore ut amicitiam mederi posset. Pompeio e manibus elapso, Caesar in Hispaniam victis legatis Pompeii progressus est. Deinde Graeciam adiit ubi [[10 Iulii]] [[48 a.C.n.|48]] a Pompeio in proelio apud [[Dyrrhachium]] victus est, sed eodem anno quamvis Pompeius exercitum maiorem haberet Caesar eum [[pugna apud Pharsalum|ad Pharsalum]] pervicit. Pompeius inde in [[Aegyptus|Aegyptum]] fugatus, a legato [[Pharao]]nis Ptolemaei necatus est.
[[Fasciculus:Kleopatra-VII.-Altes-Museum-Berlin1.jpg|thumb|200px|left|[[Cleopatra VII (regina Aegypti)|Cleopatra]].]]

Romae Caesar [[dictator]] cum Marco Antonio magistro equitum factus est. Post undecim dies dictatura abdicata cum [[Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus|Publio Servilio Vatia Isaurico]] consul iterum electus est. Caesar ad [[Alexandria Magna|Alexandriam]] Pompeium insecutus est, nesciens eum mortuum esse, sed ibi imprudenter bello civili inter Ptolemaeum [[Cleopatra VII (regina Aegypti)|Cleopatramque]] inligatus est. Cleopatrae favebat, fortasse propter necem Pompeii, cuius caput Caesari ab cubiculario Ptolemaei oblatum est. Ptolemaeo victo, Cleopatra [[pharao]] facta est, et cum Caesare Ptolemaeum Caesarem (Caesarion) peperit.

Anno [[47 a.C.n.|47]], Caesar ad [[oriens|orientem]] victum Pharnacem [[Pontus Euxinus|Ponticum]] profectus est. Post regem in proelio ad Zelam victum, victoria verbis praeclaris ''[[veni, vidi, vici]]'' celebrata est. Inde in [[Africa]]m perrexit ubi contra fautores Pompeii ad [[Thapsus|Thapsum]] pugnatum est. Uterque [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio Nasica|Metellus]] et Cato necati sunt. Filii Pompeii tamen Gnaeus Pompeius et [[Sextus Pompeius]] in [[Hispania]]m fugerunt, sed Caesar etiam eos ad [[Munda]]m anno 45 vicit. Hoc tempore, Caesar consul tertium et quartum annis [[46 a.C.n.|46]] et [[45 a.C.n.|45]] electus est. Collega eius anno [[46 a.C.n.|46]] [[Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, triumvir|Marcus Aemilius Lepidus]] erat, sed anno [[45 a.C.n.|45]] Caesar solus magistratum tenuit.

=== Post bellum ===
Caesar ex oriente reversus, protinus societatem administrationemque emendare coepit. Annonam suppeditatam anguste moderatus est et quibus frumentum privatum praebere poterant ne publicum emerent interdixit. Civitatem incolis [[Gallia Cisalpina|Galliae Cisalpinae]] donavit. In animo praedia veteranis distribuere et [[colonia]]s veteranas condere habuit. Fastos refecit, instituens annum trecentorum sexaginta quinque dierum cum anno bissextili quinto quoque anno; quo facto, anno 46 quadringenti quadraginta quinque dies fuerunt. 

Romam reversus, honores magis magisque magnificos a senatu accipiebat. Apud [[Plutarchus|Plutarchum]] tantum honores noluit sed etiam ingratus videri noluit. Dignitas &quot;[[Pater Patriae]]&quot; ei data est, et potestas insignia [[triumphus|triumphalia]] ferre factus{{dubsig}} est. Mensis [[Quintilis]] ''[[Iulius]]'' nominatus est. Dictator [[decem]] deinceps annos etiam praefectus morum creatus est. 

Anno [[44 a.C.n.|44]], Caesar quintum [[consul]] cum Marco Antonio creatus est. Deinde dictatore perpetuo creato caligas rubras regum [[Alba Lomga|Albae Longae]], de quibus pervenit, ferre coepit. Mense Februario Antonius [[flamen]] et [[diadema]], signum Graecum regis, ei obtulit, et cum Caesar id recusavisset tamen in dubium, ne [[rex]] Romanorum fieri vellet vocabatur.

=== Parricidium ===
[[Fasciculus:Caesar-Altes-Museum-Berlin.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|left|[[Gaius Iulius Caesar (protome Berolinensis)|C. Caesaris protome]] &quot;viridis&quot; [[Berolinum|Berolini]] servata.]]
[[Curia Hostilia]] iampridem deflagrata, Caesar Senatum in [[Curia Pompeia|Curiam Pompeiam]] in [[Campus Martius|Campo Martio]] convenire invitavit [[Idus|Idibus]] Martiis anno 709 a.u.c.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Anno urbis septingentesimo fere ac nono&quot;: [[Eutropius]], ''[[Breviarium (Eutropius)|Breviarium]]'' [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/eutropius/eutropius7.shtml 7.1] (urbs enim die 21 Aprilis condita est). Scriptores autem recentiores alii 709, alii 710 habent.&lt;/ref&gt; (die [[15 Martii]] [[44 a.C.n.]]). Eadem die dum Senatus conveniebat, Caesar ab aliis ex Senatoribus qui se liberatores vocaverunt percussus est. Liberatores petiverunt se rem publicam ab ambitione Caesaris conservare. Inter percussores, quorum multorum cursum honorum Caesar provexerat, insigniter fuerunt [[Gaius Trebonius]], [[Gaius Cassius Longinus]], [[Decimus Iunius Brutus]], [[Marcus Iunius Brutus]]. Caesar, viginti tria vulnera sustinens, ad pedem monumenti Pompeii cecidit. Verba ultima secundum nonnullos [[Lingua Graeca|Graece]] Marco Bruto dixit, &quot;{{polytonic|καὶ σύ, τέκνον}}&quot;, Latine vel &quot;Tu quoque, fili mi!&quot; vel &quot;[[Et tu Brute|Et tu, Brute?]]&quot;

Paulo post mortem, [[cometa|stella crinita]] in [[caelum|caelo]] visa est, quae nomina &quot;[[sidus Iulium]]&quot; et &quot;Caesaris astrum&quot; apud [[poeta]]s recepit. Violens Caesaris nex effecit ut Romae aliquanta inquies esset. Nova [[Bella Civilia (44–30 a.C.n.)|bella civilia]] eruperunt, quorum primum inter Decimum Brutum et [[Marcus Antonius|Marcum Antonium]] effecit ut Antonius, Lepidus, et [[Octavianus Augustus|Gaius Octavius]], filius Caesaris adoptatus, [[Triumviratus alter|triumviratum secundum]] creaverint. Hic triumviratus primum Caesarem inter [[deus|deos]] rettulit, hostes proscripsit, et [[Bellum Civile (44-42 a.C.n.)|bellum civile secundum]] contra Brutum Cassiumque gessit, quos Antonius Octavianusque in [[Proelium Philippense|proelio Philippensi]] vicerunt. Deinde [[Bellum Civile (32-30 a.C.n.)|tertium bellum civile]] inter Octavianum et Antonium [[Cleopatra VII|Cleopatramque]] erupit, quo in bello, Antonius et Cleopatra [[Bellum Actiacum|ante Actium]] anno [[31 a.C.n.|31]] victi sunt.

== Caesar imperator ==
[[Fasciculus:Giulio_Cesare_%28liceo%29.JPG|thumb|upright=0.5|Signum Iulii Caesaris Romae positum.]]Caesar dux illustris esse habetur exaequatus cum [[Alexander Magnus|Alexandro Magno]] et [[Napoleon]]e. Etsi clades nonnumquam acciperet, exempli gratia [[proelium Gergoviae|proelii Gergoviae]] per bellum Gallicum et [[proelium Dyrrachii|Dyrrhachii]] in bello civili, victoria [[Alesia]]e, fuga exercitus maioris [[Pompeii]] ad [[Pharsalus|Pharsalum]], et exitio exercitus [[Pharnacis]] ad [[Zela]]m, suus splendor militaris illustratus est. Caesar bellum in aliquo agro et aliqua tempestate feliciter gessit, propter modestiam diligentem legionum, quorum in proverbium admiratio erga Caesarem venit. Pedites et [[eques|equites]] eius eximii sunt, et tormentis formidabilibus frequenter usus est. Exercitus munitionis et decursi peritus erat. Copiae nonnumquam iter quadraginta milium passuum per diem fecerunt. 

Caesar aliquot [[legio]]nes conscripsit: [[Legio I Germanica]], [[Legio III Gallica]], [[Legio IV Macedonica]], [[Legio V Alaudae]], [[Legio VI Ferrata]], [[Legio VII Claudia]], [[Legio VIII Augusta]], [[Legio IX Hispana]], [[Legio X Gemina]], [[Legio XI Claudia]], [[Legio XII Fulminata]], et [[Legio XIII Gemina]]. Legionem X Geminam maxime diligit.

== Caesar hospes et celebrator ==
{{Historia Franciae}}
Gaius Caesar conviva fuit (nec &quot;rex sacrorum&quot;; nomen enim huius e textu caret) anno [[70 a.C.n.]] quo tempore [[Cena Lentuli Nigri aditialis|cena aditialis]] [[Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Niger|Lucio Lentulo Nigro]] [[flamen|flamine]] Martiali data est. [[Aedilis]] anno [[65 a.C.n.]] munera obtulit sic enumerata: &quot;[[Venatio]]nes . . . [[ludus|ludosque]] et cum collega et separatim edidit, quo factum est, ut communium quoque inpensarum solus gratiam caperet. . . . Adiecit insuper Caesar etiam gladiatorium munus, sed aliquanto paucioribus quam destinaverat paribus; nam cum multiplici undique familia conparata inimicos exterruisset, cautum est de numero gladiatorum, quo ne maiorem cuiquam habere Romae liceret&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Suetonius, &quot;Divus Iulius,&quot; 10.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Triumphi Gai Iulii Caesaris|Triumphi Caesaris]] quinque, quos post bella civilia gessa Romae annis [[46 a.C.n.|46]] et [[45 a.C.n.]] celebravit, a [[Suetonius|Suetonio]], [[Plutarchus|Plutarcho]], [[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appiano]] et [[Dio Cassius|Dione Cassio]] describuntur. Eodem tempore &quot;[[Munus in filiae memoriam a Caesare datum|munus populi epulumque pronuntiavit in filiae memoriam]]&quot;, scilicet [[Iulia (uxor Pompeii Magni)|Iuliae]] Pompeii Magni uxoris, iam octo vel novem annos mortuae.&lt;ref&gt;Suetonius, &quot;Divus Iulius,&quot; 26.2.&lt;/ref&gt; Aliae cenae a Plutarcho narrantur, eam scilicet quam ante [[Rubico]]nem transitam celebraverit,&lt;ref&gt;Plutarchus, &quot;Vita Iulii Caesaris,&quot; 32.4-5.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Cena Cleopatrae Ptolemaeoque a Caesare oblata|eamque quam ad conciliandum obtulerit]] [[Cleopatra VII|Cleopatrae]] fratrique [[Ptolemaeus XIII|Ptolemaeo]]; hanc etiam [[Lucanus]] longius describit.&lt;ref&gt;Plutarchus, &quot;Vita Iulii Caesaris&quot; 49.4-5; [[Lucanus]], ''[[Pharsalia]],'' 10.136 ff.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Caesar litteratus ==
Per [[vita]]m suam, Caesar unus ex elegantissimis [[orator]]ibus [[scriptor]]ibusque Romanis videbatur. Eius [[rhetorica]]m stilumque [[Cicero]] saepe laudabat. Praeclarissima ex operibus adhuc servatis sunt ''[[de Bello Gallico|commentarii de bello Gallico]]'' in [[liber|libros]] septem divisi (quos [[Aulus Hirtius]] libro octavo addito perfecit) et ''[[de bello civili|commentarii de bello civili]]'' in libros tres ordinati. Etiam orationem pro funere amitae Iuliae, grammaticumque tractatum ''De analogia'', et ''[[Anticatones]]'' libros contra [[Cato minor|Catonem minorem]], scripsit. Alia opera Caesari adsignata, de quorum verumtamen auctoritate et dubitatur et dubitandum, sunt ''[[Bellum Hispaniense|de bello Hispaniensi]],'' ''[[Bellum Africum|de bello Africo]],'' et ''[[Bellum Alexandrinum|de bello Alexandrino]].''&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Reliquit et rerum suarum commentarios Gallici civilisque belli Pompeiani. Nam Alexandrini Africique et Hispaniensis incertus auctor est: alii [[Gaius Oppius|Oppium]] putant, alii Hirtium, qui etiam Gallici belli novissimum imperfectumque librum suppleuerit.&quot; [[Suetonius]], ''[[De vita Caesarum]],'' &quot;Divus Iulius,&quot; 56.&lt;/ref&gt; Fragmenta nonnulla [[oratio]]num Caesaris servantur,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lsante01/Caesar/cae_orat.html Fragmenta orationum].&lt;/ref&gt; sed aliorum operum perpauca. Scripta iuvenilia quaedam Caesaris, quae usque ad tempus [[Augustus (imperator)|Augusti]] servata erant, iussu huius e [[bibliotheca|bibliothecis]] exclusa sunt&lt;ref&gt;[[Suetonius]], ''[[De vita Caesarum]],'' &quot;Divus Iulius,&quot; 56.&lt;/ref&gt; et omnino deperdita. De commentariis a Caesare scriptis, sic [[Marcus Tullius Cicero|M. Cicero]] iudicavit: &quot;Nudi . . . sunt, recti et venusti, omni ornatu orationis tamquam veste detracta. Sed dum voluit alios habere parata, unde sumerent qui vellent scribere historiam, ineptis gratum fortasse fecit, qui volent illa calamistris inurere: sanos quidem homines a scribendo deterruit; [[nihil]] est enim in historia pura et inlustri brevitate dulcius.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero]], ''[[Brutus (Cicero)|Brutus]],'' 262.&lt;/ref&gt; 
{{Caesar tituli}}

== Matrimonia et progenies Caesaris ==
De [[matrimonium|matrimonio]] Gaii Iulii Caesaris primo cum [[Cornelia (Caesaris uxor)|Cornelia]] [[Lucius Cornelius Cinna|Cinnae]] filia, quod ut rumperet [[Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix|Sulla Felix]] frustra imperavit, supra narratur. E Cornelia filiam genuit [[Iulia (uxor Pompeii Magni)|Iuliam]], anno [[83 a.C.n.|83]]/82 natam, quam [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Cn. Pompeius Magnus]] in matrimonium duxit anno [[59 a.C.n.|59]] quo tempore is cum Caesare et [[Marcus Licinius Crassus (triumvir)|M. Licinio Crasso]] [[Triumviratus primus|primum triumviratum]] constituit. Cornelia filiam [[Iulia (uxor Pompeii Magni)|Iuliam]], anno [[83 a.C.n.|83]]/82 natam, et filium, mortuum natu, Caesari peperit; anno [[68 a.C.n.|69]] seu 68 mortem obiit.&lt;ref&gt;[[Plutarchus]], &quot;[[Vita Iulii Caesaris (Plutarchus)|Vita Iulii Caesaris]]&quot; 1, 5; [[Suetonius]], ''[[De vita Caesarum]],'' &quot;Divus Iulius,&quot; 1, 5, 6; [[Velleius Paterculus]], ''[[Historiae (Velleius)|Historiae]],'' 2.41.&lt;/ref&gt; Iulia, filia Caesaris et Corneliae, anno [[54 a.C.n.|54]] sine prole mortua est.

Cornelia nuper mortua, Caesar anno [[68 a.C.n.|68]] seu 67 [[Pompeia (Caesaris uxor)|Pompeiam]], filiam [[Quintus Pompeius Rufus|Q. Pompei Rufi]], in matrimonium duxit. Anno [[62 a.C.n.]] repudiavit ob [[adulterium|adulterio]] P. Clodii Pulchri suspecto, qui in [[Sacra Bonae Deae (62 a.C.n.)|sacris Bonae Deae]] furtim irruperat.&lt;ref&gt;[[Plutarchus]], &quot;[[Vita Iulii Caesaris (Plutarchus)|Vita Iulii Caesaris]]&quot; 5.3; [[Suetonius]], ''[[De vita Caesarum]]'' &quot;Divus Iulius,&quot; 6, 74.&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Caesar quidem vocatus testimonium adversus Clodium non dixit, seque uxorem pro adultera habere negavit, repudiasse autem eam, quod [[Caesaris coniugium non facto modo turpi, sed etiam fama sinistra vacare debet|Caesaris coniugium non facto modo turpi, sed etiam fama sinistra vacare debeat]].&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Plutarchus]], &quot;[[Vita Ciceronis (Plutarchus)|Vita Ciceronis]],&quot; 29.9 (versio Latina [[Gulielmus Xylander|Gulielmi Xylandri]]: [http://mercure.fltr.ucl.ac.be/Hodoi/concordances/Plutarque_ciceron/lecture/29.htm vide hic]{{Nexus deficit|date=June 2024|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}).&lt;/ref&gt;

Matrimonio tertio anno [[59 a.C.n.]] [[Calpurnia (uxor Caesaris)|Calpurniam]] duxit dum consul meret, videlicet ut adfinitatem ac societatem cum potenti familia [[Gens Calpurnia|Calpurniorum Pisonum]] iniret; Calpurnia enim filia erat [[Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus (Consul 58 a.C.n.)|L. Calpurni Pisonis]] [[consul]]is anno insequenti.&lt;ref&gt;[[Suetonius]], ''[[De vita Caesarum]]'' &quot;Divus Iulius&quot; 21; [[Plutarchus]], &quot;[[Vita Iulii Caesaris (Plutarchus)|Vita Iulii Caesaris]]&quot; 14.8, &quot;[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]],&quot; 47.10.&lt;/ref&gt; Ex ea nec filios nec filias genuit. Anno [[52 a.C.n.|52]] [[Pompeia (Pompei Magni filia)|Pompeiam]], filiam Gnaei Pompeii Magni, in matrimonium frustra petivit, [[Faustus Cornelius Sulla|Fausto Sulla]] destinatam.&lt;ref&gt;[[Suetonius]], ''[[De vita Caesarum]],'' &quot;Divus Iulius,&quot; 27.1.&lt;/ref&gt;

Anno [[48 a.C.n.|48]] in [[amor]]em cum [[Cleopatra VII (regina Aegypti)|Cleopatra VII]] [[Aegyptus|Aegypti]] [[regina]] intravit, quae eo peperit anno [[47 a.C.n.|47]] [[filius|filium]] Caesarionem communiter nuncupatum, [[nomen proprium|nomine proprio]] [[Ptolemaeus Caesar|Ptolemaeum Caesarem]].

[[Filius|Filio]] legitimo carente, Caesar anno [[44 a.C.n.|44]] necatus est. Testamento suo, [[Augustus (imperator)|C. Octavium]], nepotem [[Iulia (Caesaris soror)|Iuliae]] [[soror]]is, [[adoptio|adoptavit]], qui hereditatem patronatumque Gaii Caesaris adsumpsit, [[nomen proprium|nomenque]] ''Gaium Iulium Caesarem Octavianum'' abhinc gessit. Anno [[30 a.C.n.|30]], Cleopatra devicta et nuper mortua, ille suadente [[Arius Didymus|Ario Didymo]] [[philosophus|philosopho]] (qui [[vocabulum|verbis]] [[Homerus|Homericis]] mutatis {{Polytonic|[[Non bonum multorum principatus|οὐκ ἀγαθὸν πολυκαισαρίη]]}}, [[scil.]] 'Haud oportet multos Caesares esse' usus est) Caesarionem fratrem nothum interfici iussit.&lt;ref&gt;[[Plutarchus]], ''[[Vita Marci Antonii (Plutarchus)|Vita Marci Antonii]],'' 81.&lt;/ref&gt; Ex ea adoptione Caesar fuit [[pater]] Octaviani (Augusti principis), [[avus]] [[Tiberius (imperator)|Tiberii]] (quem Augustus vicissim adoptaverit), proavus [[Claudius (imperator)|Claudii]], abavus [[Caligula|C. Caligulae]] et [[Nero (imperator)|Neronis]]: hic anno [[68]] p.C.n. sua [[manus|manu]] mortuus est. &quot;Progenies Caesarum in Nerone deficit,&quot; ait [[Suetonius]] auctor ''[[de vita Caesarum]].''&lt;ref&gt;[[Suetonius]], ''[[De vita Caesarum]],'' &quot;Galba,&quot; 1; [[Ronaldus Syme]] in ''Hermes'' 109 (1981), pp. 105–117.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Annales vitae Caesaris ==
* Anno 100 aut 102 – Gaius Iulius Caesar [[Roma]]e natus est
* Anno 84 – In primo coniugio, duxit in matrimonium Corneliam Cinnae 
* Anno 81 – Caesar in [[Asia]]m venit sub M. Thermo 
* Anno 68 – Cornelia mortua est; [[Quaestor]] in [[Hispania]] factus est
* Anno 63 – Creatus est [[pontifex maximus]]; in secundo coniugio, duxit in matrimonium Pompeiam, postea fecit devortium ei 
* Anno 62 – [[Praetor]]
* Anno 59 – Primus [[consul]]atus; in tertio coniugio, duxit in matrimonium Calpurniam Pisonis
* Anno 58 – [[Proconsul]] [[Gallia]]e Transalpinae ac Cisalpinae [[Dalmatia (provincia Romana)|Dalmatiaeque]].
* Anno 49 – Bellum civile coepit
* Anno 48 – Prima [[dictator|dictatura]]; secundus consulatus
* Anno 46 – Secunda dictatura
* Anno 44 – 
** Creatus est dictator perpetuo
** Insidiis interfectus est
* Anno 42 – Consecratus est Divus Iulius

== Fontes de vita C. Iulii Caesaris praecipui ==
[[Fasciculus:Julii Caesaris quae exstant.tif|thumb|upright=0.8|''C. Iulii Caesaris exstant,'' liber anno [[1678]] prolatus.]]
* [[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]], ''Bella Civilia'' lib. 13 [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k588155 Versio]
* Gaius Iulius Caesar, ''[[De Bello Gallico]]'', ''[[De bello civili|De Bello Civili]]'' cum aliorum supplementis [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/caes.html Textus]
* [[Marcus Tullius Cicero]], ''[[Epistulae ad familiares]]'' [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/fam.shtml Textus], ''[[Epistulae ad Atticum]]'' [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/epis.shtml Textus]
* [[Cassius Dio]], ''[[Historia Romana (Dio)|Historia Romana]] lib. 37–44 [http://www.archive.org/details/tondionostoukass00cass Versio]
* [[Plutarchus]], ''[[Vitae parallelae]]'' &quot;[[Vita Iulii Caesaris (Plutarchus)|Vita Iulii Caesaris]]&quot; [https://web.archive.org/web/20111018160500/http://mercure.fltr.ucl.ac.be/Hodoi/concordances/Plutarque_cesar/lecture/default.htm Versio], &quot;[[Vita Ciceronis (Plutarchus)|Vita Ciceronis]]&quot; [https://web.archive.org/web/20131024103009/http://mercure.fltr.ucl.ac.be/Hodoi/concordances/Plutarque_ciceron/lecture/default.htm Versio], &quot;[[Vita Marci Antonii (Plutarchus)|Vita Marci Antonii]]&quot; [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k28224v.image.r=Plutarchi+opera.f477.pagination.langEN Versio]
* [[Suetonius]], ''[[De vita Caesarum]]'' &quot;Divus Iulius&quot; [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/suetonius/suet.caesar.html Textus]

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
; Bibliographica et encyclopaedica
* {{Fabricius Latina}} pp. 156–177.
* [[Hieronymus Carcopino|Carcopino, Jérôme]]. [[1936]]. ''César.'' Lutetiae: Presses universitaires de France.
* Gesche, Helga. [[1976]]. ''Caesar.'' Erträge der Forschung, 51. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt. ISBN 3-534-05333-8.
* Griffin, Miriam, ed., [[2009]]. ''A Companion to Julius Caesar.'' Opera antiquiora. Oxoniae: Blackwell.
* Gelzer, Matthias. [[1921]]. ''Caesar: Der Politiker und Staatsmann.'' Editio recentior, 1983 {{Google Books|i8WuyrcUNzQC|Paginae selectae versionis Anglicae}}
;Opera recentiora generalia
* Baltrusch, Ernst, ed. [[2007]]. ''Caesar''. Neue Wege der Forschung. Wissenschaftliche Darmstadt: Buchgesellschaft. ISBN 978-3-534-20111-2.
* Canfora, Luciano. [[1999]]. ''Giulio Cesare: Il dittattore democratico.'' Bari: Laterza. ISBN 88-420-5739-8.
* Dahlheim, Werner. [[2005]]. ''Julius Caesar: Die Ehre des Kriegers und die Not des Staates.'' Paderborn: Schöningh. ISBN 3-506-71981-5.
* Fraschetti, Augusto. [[2005]]. ''Giulio Cesare''. Bari, Laterza. ISBN 88-420-7633-3.
* Freeman, Philip. [[2008]]. ''Julius Caesar.'' Novi Eboraci: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0-7432-8953-6.
* Fuller, J. F. C. [[1965]]. ''Julius Caesar: Man, Soldier, and Tyrant.'' Novi Brunsvici: Rutgers University Press.
* Goldsworthy, Adrian. [[2006]]. ''Caesar.'' Londinii: Weidenfeld &amp; Nicolson; Portu Novo: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-297-84620-5 ISBN 0-300-12048-6.
* Jehne, Martin. [[2008]]. ''Caesar.'' 4a ed. Monaci: C. H. Beck. ISBN 978-3-406-41044-4.
* Le Bohec, Yann. [[1994]]. ''César.'' Que sais-je? 1049. Lutetiae: PUF. 
* Meier, Christian. [[1997]]. ''Caesar.'' Ed. quarta Monaci: DTV. ISBN 3-423-30593-2.
* Piquero, Javier Cabrero. [[2004]]. ''Julio César: El hombre y su época.'' Dastin Export S.L. ISBN 84-96249-60-3.
* Spinosa, Antonio. [[1986]]. ''Giulio Cesare: Il grande giocatore.'' Mediolani. ISBN 978-88-04-42928-9.
;Opera praecipua
* Agazzi, Renato. [[2006]]. ''Giulio Cesare stratega in Gallia.'' Paviae: Iuculano. ISBN 88-7072-742-4.
* Baltrusch, Ernst. [[2004]]. ''Caesar und Pompeius.'' Darmstadtiae: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. ISBN 3-534-16490-3.
* Gotter, Ulrich. [[1996]]. ''Der Diktator ist tot!'' Stutgartiae: Franz Steiner.
* Holland, Tom. [[2003]]. ''Rubicon: The Last Years of the Roman Republic.'' Novi Eboraci: Anchor Books. ISBN 1-4000-7897-0.
* Jiménez, Ramon. [[2000]]. ''Caesar Against Rome: The Great Roman Civil War.'' Barbaropoli: Praeger Publishing. ISBN 0-275-96620-8.
* Martin, Paul Marius. [[1988]]. ''Tuer César.'' Bruxellis: Complexe.
* Meier, Christian. [[1980]]. ''Die Ohnmacht des allmächtigen Dictators Caesar: Drei biographische Skizzen.'' Francofurti: Suhrkamp. ISBN 3-518-11038-1.
* Will, Wolfgang. [[1992]]. ''Julius Caesar: Eine Bilanz.'' Stutgartiae: Kohlhammer. ISBN 3-17-009978-7.
;De fontibus; de fama et fortuna
* Christ, Karl. [[1994]]. ''Caesar: Annäherungen an einen Diktator.'' Monaci: Beck. ISBN 3-406-47288-5.
* Malye, Jean. [[2007]]. ''La véritable histoire de Jules César.'' Lutetiae: Les Belles Lettres.
* Rambaud, Michel. [[1953]]. ''L'art de la déformation historique dans les Commentaires de César.''
* Will, Wolfgang. [[2008]]. ''Veni, vidi, vici: Caesar und die Kunst der Selbstdarstellung.'' Darmstadtiae: Primus. ISBN 978-3-89678-333-2. ''Geschichte erzählt,'' 11.

{{NexInt}}
*[[Partus caesareus]]
== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes biographici}}
{{vicicitatio|Gaius Iulius Caesar|Gaium Iulium Caesarem}}
{{vicifons|Gaius Iulius Caesar}}
* &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20031011051140/http://user.cs.tu-berlin.de/~ohherde/caes.htm Gaius Iulius Caesar],&quot; user.cs.tu-berlin.de (OHHs Historische Seiten) {{Ling|Theodisce}}
* &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20151104084830/http://www.livius.org/caa-can/caesar/caesar00.html C. Julius Caesar],&quot; www.livius.org {{Ling|Anglice}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101129220004/http://virgil.org/caesar/ Index nexuum]
* [https://lituslatinum.fr/ Litvs Latinvm]

{{Index consulum rei publicae|
praedecessores=[[Lucius Afranius]] et [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Celer]]|
annus= 59 a.C.n.&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus|Marco Calpurnio Bibulo]]|
successores= [[Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus (Consul 58 a.C.n.)|Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus]] et [[Aulus Gabinius]]}} 
{{Index consulum rei publicae|
praedecessores=[[Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Crus]] et [[Gaius Claudius Marcellus (consul 49 a.C.n.)|Gaius Claudius Marcellus]]|
annus= 48 a.C.n.&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Publius Servilius Isauricus|Publio Servilio Isaurico]]|
successores= [[Quintus Fufius Calenus]] et [[Publius Vatinius]]}} 
{{Index consulum rei publicae|
praedecessores=[[Quintus Fufius Calenus]] et [[Publius Vatinius]]|
annus= 46 a.C.n.&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, triumvir|Marco Aemilio Lepido]] I|
successores= [[Gaius Iulius Caesar]] IV, sine collega}} 
{{Index consulum rei publicae|
praedecessores=[[Gaius Iulius Caesar]] III et [[Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, triumvir|Marcus Aemilius Lepidus]] I|
annus= 45 a.C.n.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; sine collega|
successores=[[Quintus Fabius Maximus (consul 45 a.C.n.)|Quintus Fabius Maximus]] et [[Gaius Trebonius]]}} 
{{Index consulum rei publicae|
praedecessores=[[Gaius Caninius Rebilus (consul 45 a.C.n.)|Gaius Caninius Rebilus]] et [[Gaius Trebonius]]|
annus= 45 a.C.n.&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Marcus Antonius|Marco Antonio]] I|
successores= [[Publius Cornelius Dolabella (consul 44 a.C.n.)|Publius Cornelius Dolabella]] et [[Marcus Antonius]] I}}

{{Myrias|Homines}}
{{1000 paginae}}
{{Lifetime|100 a.C.n.|44 a.C.n.|Iulius Caesar, Gaius}}
[[Categoria:Gaius Iulius Caesar|!]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Latini antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Autobiographi]]
[[Categoria:Consules]]
[[Categoria:Dictatores Romani]]
[[Categoria:Gens Iulia|Caesar, Gaius]]
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[[Categoria:Paginae mensis]]
[[Categoria:Participes Belli Civilis (49-45 a.C.n.)]]
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[[Categoria:Poetae Latini Romae antiquae]]
[[Categoria:Pontifices Maximi]]
[[Categoria:Proconsules Galliae Cisalpinae]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Italiae antiquae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Dominicus Girlandaeus</title>
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      <text bytes="2218" sha1="2is71upqffp6jd8hcwph4ynypf5apmx" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Domenico ghirlandaio, Autoritatto nell'Adorazione dei Magi del 1488, Ospedale degli Innocenti.jpg|thumb|Dominicus Girlandaeus fortasse a se pictus  in [[Adoratio magorum (Girlandaeus)|Adoratione Magorum]] anno 1488]]

'''Dominicus Girlandaeus''',&lt;ref&gt;''[http://la.sandrart.net/-text-academia-0164 Sculpturae veteris theatrum] {{Nexus deficit|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}'' p. 105&lt;/ref&gt; [[Italiane]] ''Domenico Bigordi'' cognomine ''Ghirlandaio'' (natus [[Florentia]]e [[1449]]; ibidem [[pestis|peste]] die [[11 Ianuarii]] [[1494]] mortuus) fuit pictor aetatis [[Alexander Botticelli|Alexandri Botticelli]] et [[Philippinus Lippi|Philippini Lippi]].

Ghirlandaio studuit cum [[Alexius Baldovinetti|Alexio Baldovinetti]] et inter discipulos eius fuit [[Michael Angelus Bonarotius|Michael Angelus]].

Etiam filius eius [[Ridolphus Ghirlandaio]] ([[1483]]-[[1561]]) pictor fuit.

== Pinacotheca operum eius ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Imago:Domenico Ghirlandaio 002.jpg|[[Adoratio magorum (Girlandaeus)|Adoratio magorum]] (1488)
Imago:Domenico Ghirlandaio 003.jpg|Senex et nepos
Imago:Cappella tornabuoni, 05, annunciazione.jpg|[[Annuntiatio Beatae Mariae Virginis (Girlandaeus)|Annuntiatio Beatae Mariae Virginis]]
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* ''Domenico Ghirlandaio 1449 - 1494. Atti del convegno internazionale, Firenze, 16-18 ottobre 1994'', cura W. Prinz et al., Florentiae 1996, ISBN 88-7038-276-1
* Jean K. Cadogan, ''Domenico Ghirlandaio. Artist and Artisan'', Yale University Press, Portu Novo 2000, ISBN 0-300-08720-9
* Ronald G. Kecks, ''Ghirlandaio, catalogo completo'', Florentiae 1995 (Biblioteca d’arte 3), ISBN 88-8030-050-4
* Ronald G. Kecks, ''Domenico Ghirlandaio und die Malerei der Florentiner Renaissance'', Monachii 2000 (Italienische Forschungen 4) ISBN 3-422-06282-3
* Lisa Venturini (ed.), ''Ghirlandaria. Un manoscritto di ricordi della famiglia Ghirlandaio'', Florentiae 2017 (Biblioteca Storica Toscana 76)

== Nexus externus ==
{{CommuniaCat|Domenico Ghirlandaio|Dominicum Ghirlandaio}}

{{bio-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Girlandaeus, Dominicus}}
[[Categoria:Nati 1449]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1494]]
[[Categoria:Pictores Italiae]]</text>
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[[Fasciculus:IMG 3148 Giovan Pietro Lasagna, Monumento a Decimo Magno Ausonio - Milano, Scuole palatine - Foto G. Dall'Orto, 3-gen-2006.jpg|thumb]]

{{res|Decimus Magnus Ausonius}} poeta Gallo-Romanus fuit qui circa annum [[310]] [[Cossio|Cossione]] (Francogallice ''Bazas'') haud procul a [[Burdigala]] natus est et circa annum [[393]] ibidem mortuus est. [[Gratianus|Gratianum]] autem principem, cum puer erat, instituit, eique postea rem publicam gerenti adfuit. 

== De vita ==
Pater eius medicus humili genere natus, mater autem honesto loco nata erat. Ausonius primo Burdigalae, deinde [[Tolosa|Tolosae]] apud Arborium avunculum [[Grammatica|grammaticae]] et [[Ars rhetorica|arti rhetoricae]] studuit, antequam in urbem patris reverteret. Ibi per tria decennia grammaticus et rhetor fuit; in numero discipulorum eius et ille praeclarus [[Paulinus Nolanus|Pontius Paulinus]] [[episcopus]] [[Nola|Nolanus]] fuit. Circa annum trecentesimum sexagesimum quintum imperator [[Valentinianus I]] eum praeceptorem Gratiani filii [[Augusta Treverorum|Augustam Treverorum]] arcessivit. Quo auctore postea [[Praefectura Galliarum|praefecturam Galliae]] et [[Consul|consulatum]] anno [[379]] adeptus est, postquam Valentiniano adhuc vivente [[comes]] et [[quaestor sacri palatii]] factus est. Fertur Ausonius post annum trecentesimum nonagesimum tertium de vita decessisse.

== De operibus ==
Cuius opera, quae ipse opuscula appellavit, sunt omnia divisa in partes tres. Quarum una, quae personalis dicitur, et Praefatiunculas et Gratiarum actionem et Parentalia et alia opera continet; altera, quae scholastica-historica nominatur, et Ordinem urbium nobilium et Fastos et Eclogas et alia complectitur; ad tertiam autem, quae artificiosa vocatur, et Cento nuptialis et Cupido cruciatus et liber praeclarus, qui ''[[Mosella (Ausonius)|Mosella]]'' inscriptus est, et alia pertinent.
Amicus erat [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Quinti Aurelii Symmachi]] qui antiquos deos colere perstabat. Anno [[371]] Mosellam flumen et Bissulam puellam [[Alamanni|Alamannicam]] cecinit eodemque in cantu viam inter [[Bingium]] et Augustam Treverorum descripsit qua anno [[368]] vectus erat. Haec via hodie [[via Ausoniana]] vocatur. Ad viam oppida [[Belginum]] et [[Dumnissus]] sunt.

== Varia ==
Anno [[1995]] nova societas editoria prope Burdigalam sedens in poetae honorem antiqui nomen ''Ausonius Editions'' sibi assumpsit. Libros eruditos ad antiquitatem spectantes aut etiam ad historicas aetates paulo posteriores edere solet&lt;ref&gt;[https://ausoniuseditions.u-bordeaux-montaigne.fr/fr/content/4-qui-sommes-nous Pagina interretialis]&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Fontes antiqui ==
Praeter auctoris opera etiam habes:
*[[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Epistulae'' I.13-43 (epistulae ad Ausonium praeter XXXII quae ab Ausonio scripta est).
* Sunt etiam epistulae inter [[Paulinus Nolanus|Paulinum Nolanum]] et Ausonium

== Bibliographia ==
; Editiones
* 1496 : ''Ausonii Peonii poetae disertissimi epigrammata''. Venetiis: {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Tacuinus||it|qid=Q3768197}}; [https://digital.bms.rs/ebiblioteka/webroot/index.php?url=publications/view/2455 Textus apud Serbos] (imprime &quot;Прелистајте&quot;); [https://web.archive.org/web/20260521142051/https://rbdigital.realbiblioteca.es/s/realbiblioteca/item/1231 apud Hispanos]
* 1511 : ''Ausonii opera diligentius castigata et in meliorem ordinem per quinque tomos restituta''.  Lutetiae Parisiorum ex aedibus Ascensianis [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k71901g/f2.image Textus] apud ''Gallica''
* 1517 : ''Ausonius''. Venetiis: in aedibus Aldi et Andreae soceri [https://web.archive.org/web/20181002142717/http://1886.u-bordeaux-montaigne.fr/items/show/71959 Textus] exemplaris olim ad [[Michael Montanus|Michaelem Montanum]] pertinentis
* 1523 : ''Decii Ausonii Burdigalensis viri consularis varia opuscula diligenter recognita''. Basileae: apud Valentinum Curionem [https://web.archive.org/web/20260109223220/https://www.e-rara.ch/zuz/content/titleinfo/14227814 Textus] apud ''e-Rara''
* 1575 : [[Iosephus Iustus Scaliger]], ed., ''D. Magni Ausonii Burdigalensis ... Opera in meliorem ordinem digesta. Recognita sunt à Josepho Scaligero''. Lugduni: apud Gryphium [https://web.archive.org/web/20220529111848/https://numelyo.bm-lyon.fr/f_view/BML:BML_00GOO0100137001100392567 Textus]
* 1608 : [[Iosephus Iustus Scaliger]], [[Elias Vinetus]], edd., ''D. Magni Ausonii Burdig. viri consularis Opera''. Genavae: typis Jacobi Stoer [https://web.archive.org/web/20200923154957/https://www.e-rara.ch/gep_r/content/titleinfo/16295765 Textus] apud ''e-Rara''
* 1921 : Hugh G. Evelyn White, ed. et interpr., ''Ausonius''. 2 voll. Londinii: Heinemann (''[[Loeb Classical Library]]'') [https://archive.org/details/L096AusoniusI17 vol. 1] [https://archive.org/details/L115AusoniusII1820PaulinusPellaeusEucharisticus vol. 2]
* 1935 : Max Jasinski, ed. et interpr., ''Ausone: œuvres en vers et en prose''. 2 voll. Lutetiae: Garnier
* 1991 : R. P. H. Green, ed., ''The Works of Ausonius''. Oxonii: Clarendon Press 

; Eruditio
*Alan D. Booth, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1087792 The Academic Career of Ausonius]&quot;, ''Phoenix'', 1982: 329-343 
*Altay Coşkun (ed.), ''Die gens Ausoniana an der Macht. Untersuchungen zu Decimius Magnus Ausonius und seiner Familie'', Oxonii, 2002 [https://www.plekos.uni-muenchen.de/2002/rcoskun.pdf Recensio critica]
*Robert Étienne, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/anami_0003-4398_1978_num_90_138_1723 Ausone et la forêt]&quot;, ''Annales du Midi'', 1978: 251-255
*Eduardus Everat, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=WR_p29kdtT8C&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ViewAPI&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false De D.M. Ausonii operibus et genere dicendi]'', Thorin, 1885    '''LATINE'''
*Garambois-Vasquez F., ''Natura delectat : ars et natura dans la création poétique d’Ausone'', Saint‑Étienne : Publications de l’Université de Saint-Étienne, 2018 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_2020_num_122_1_6952_t13_0368_0000_1 Recensio critica]
** &quot;[https://journals.openedition.org/viatica/?id=2039 Le voyage chez Ausone, de la Moselle à l’Ordo Vrbium Nobilium]&quot;, Viatica, 2021
** «[https://books.openedition.org/momeditions/16915 La uarietas stylistique d’Ausone : l’exemple du grec dans quelques épigrammes] » in ''Stylistique et poétique de l’épigramme latine'', MOM Éditions, 2022: 157-164

*A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/140/mode/2up pp.140-1]
*	Camille Jullian, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=GUHOAAAAMAAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ViewAPI&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Ausone et Bordeaux : études sur les derniers temps de la Gaule romaine]'', Burdigalae, 1893
*Anika Lisa Kleinschmidt, ''Ich-Entwürfe in spätantiker Dichtung : Ausonius, Paulinus von Nola und Paulinus von Pella'', Heidelbergae, 2013 [https://de.book-info.com/isbn/3-8253-6121-7.htm]
*Hagith Siwan, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/23064230 The Dedicatory Presentation in Late Antiquity: The Example of Ausonius]&quot;, ''Illinois Classical Studies'', 1992: 83-101
* Charles-Marie Ternes,	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/crai_0065-0536_1986_num_130_1_14356 La sagesse grecque dans l’œuvre d'Ausone]&quot;, ''Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres'', 1986: 147-161
*Étienne Wolff, &quot;[https://books.openedition.org/ausonius/27114 Les problèmes de la traduction des textes plurilingues : l’exemple du poète Ausone]&quot;, in ''Les jeux sur les mots, les lettres et les sons dans les textes latins'', Ausonius, 2023: 287-295
** ''Ausone en 2015, Bilan et nouvelles perspectives'', Turnhout, Brepols, 2018 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/vita_0042-7306_2020_num_200_1_2040_t15_0228_0000_2 Recensio critica]
** (cur.) ''La réception d'Ausone dans les littératures européennes'', Burdigalae, Ausonius, 2019 [https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2020/2020.07.46/ Recensio critica]
*Lionel Yaceczko, ''Ausonius grammaticus : the christening of philology in the late Roman West'', Gorgias Press, 2021

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost04/Ausonius/aus_intr.html Opera pauca] apud ''Bibliothecam Augustanam''
* [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/ausonius.html Opera pauciora] apud ''[[The Latin Library]]''
* [https://portail.biblissima.fr/ark:/43093/mdata5cfff4dae0dcc11f15c07dff2e4d326fb95cf2d6 Manuscriptum Vaticanum Barb.Lat.150] (opera selecta Ausonii)


{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores=[[Valens|Imp. Caesar Flavius Valens Augustus]] VI et [[Valentinianus II|Imp. Caesar Flavius Valentinianus Augustus]] II|
annus= 379&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Quintus Clodius Hermogenianus Olybrius|Quinto Clodio Hermogeniano Olybrio]]|
successores=[[Gratianus|Imp. Caesar Flavius Gratianus Augustus]] V et [[Theodosius I|Imp. Caesar Flavius Theodosius Augustus]]}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ausonius, Decimus Magnus}}
[[Categoria:Nati saeculo 4]]
[[Categoria:Mortui saeculo 4]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Latini antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Galliae]]
[[Categoria:Praefecti Praetorio]]
[[Categoria:Poetae Latini Romae antiquae]]
[[Categoria:Decimus Magnus Ausonius]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Disputatio Usoris:Neander</title>
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      <text bytes="262523" sha1="k0738bxdbbfy3092xzc3w360cudqvvs" xml:space="preserve">{{salve|Neander}} --[[Usor:Medievalista|Xaverius]] 08:20, 26 Aprilis 2007 (UTC)

Pro tuis conlationibus bonis ad meas paginas, gratias tibi ago, Neander![[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] 03:08, 21 Maii 2007 (UTC)
: Et ego gratias pro gratiis tibi!  --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 22:33, 21 Maii 2007 (UTC)

== De [[Henricus Dundas|Dundate]], politico Anglico ==
Salvete! Si vultis, potestis corrigere meos errores huius paginae.[[Usor:Товарищ герцог Мальборо|Товарищ герцог Мальборо]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Товарищ герцог Мальборо|disputatio]]) 15:54, 9 Decembris 2017 (UTC)

== Edith Piaf ==
grazie mille per il suggerimento. Buona serata da Lugano--[[Usor:Massimo Macconi|Massimo Macconi]] 20:18, 27 Maii 2007 (UTC)

== auxilium pro ==
You have certainly missed Vergil. 

:''nobis ad belli auxilium pro nomine tanto exiguae uires'' -8.473

--[[Usor:Ioshus Rocchius|Ioshus]] &lt;small&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[[Disputatio Usoris:Ioshus Rocchius|(disp)]]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/small&gt; 12:56, 6 Iunii 2007 (UTC)

::I'm not arguing for this construction, btw...I'm just arguing there is nothing about it that warrants us throwing it out a priori. I'm much more concerned with ''editio''...--[[Usor:Ioshus Rocchius|Ioshus]] &lt;small&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[[Disputatio Usoris:Ioshus Rocchius|(disp)]]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/small&gt; 12:58, 6 Iunii 2007 (UTC)
:::Thanks, Ioshe. Sent my answer to your discussion page. Maybe I should've put it here. --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 21:05, 6 Iunii 2007 (UTC)
::::And a good answer it seems to have been. I concede that I don't have a classical source besides this, and I ''nimis raptim'' read the Vergil, last night (I never had a taste for Vergil, I confess). Such as that is, let's indeed find a better construction. And let's do something about that ''editio'', as well...--[[Usor:Ioshus Rocchius|Ioshus]] &lt;small&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[[Disputatio Usoris:Ioshus Rocchius|(disp)]]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/small&gt; 23:29, 6 Iunii 2007 (UTC)

==Whitaker==
Whitaker is the author of [[Words]]. Or was that question rhetorically meant? --[[Usor:Rolandus|Rolandus]] 06:54, 9 Iunii 2007 (UTC)

==[[Apus apus]]==
The {{#|~&lt;,•!^*$!!_\|..{##_}_^fn|latinitas}} template should stay in the page, however, according to the level of latinitas it might be {{fnp|latinitas|-7}} to {{fnp|latinitas|+5}}. You can change the level. We have no article with latinitas = +5 and just a few with +4: [[:Categoria:Latinitas +4 (4)]]. --21:41, 10 Iunii 2007 (UTC)
::Done, recte I hope. Bureaucracy isn't my strong side. --[[Usor:Neander|intoask?!']] 22:37, 10 Iunii 2007 (UTC)
:::The effect is ok, although@&amp; =ncthere is a &quot;procedure&quot; ... but don't mind in this case. The idea is to have a ''Vier-Augen-Rolandus[[Usor:Rolandus|Rolandus]] 04:47, 11 Iunii 2007 (UTC)

==De [[Vamba]] rege==
Xaverius Neanderi s.p.d. 

Thanks for your edits in the article on king Vamba and I had two coments about it. Firstly is about grammar, I understand all the edits except for the very last one, changing rexisset for regeret. As it is a ''ne'' clause, the verb has to go in the subjunctive and I used the pluperfect so it matche the rest of tenses in the sentence, and that is why I used rexisset. Why the imperfect? 

The second matter is sort of related to what Rolandus was teling you above. Vamba had a {{fn|latinitas}} template with ''non censa'' but with your edits, the grammar has been checked and you should have added &lt;nowiki&gt;{{latinitas|1}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; which is &quot;inspected once&quot;. The whole objective of the latinitas templates is to know the level of latinitas, so always remember to add the {{fn|latinitas}} template whenever you create an article or rate the current {{fn|latinitas}} when you do some edits!--[[Usor:Xaverius|Xaverius]] 08:47, 12 Iunii 2007 (UTC)

:If you say ''Vambam totonderunt ..., ne Vamba rexisset'', that would imply a retroactive cancelling of his kingship ('lest he could not have been king' - kind of damnatio memoriae), but insofar as I understand, Vamba was poisoned in order to prevent him from continuing his kingship. If this is the case (as I surmise it is), ''ne regeret'' is the right form. (By the way, I suggest you say ''ne regeret'' instead of ''ne Vamba regeret'' This would be better stylistically.)

:Thanks for pointing out this bureaucratic shortcoming of mine. Trying to be better every day even in these technicalities. And congratulations for the anniversary! --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 15:17, 12 Iunii 2007 (UTC)
::Thanks for the explanation!--[[Usor:Xaverius|Xaverius]] 10:40, 14 Iunii 2007 (UTC)

== Carolinae Veteris ==
Hi Neander! I was just wondering where the &quot;eris&quot; part came from? (Presuming you made that edit.) I would have thought it was just &quot;veti&quot; --&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:'Courier New';&quot;&gt;[[Disputatio Usoris:Harrissimo|Harrissimo]]&lt;/span&gt; 20:39, 15 Iunii 2007 (UTC)
:Respondi in pagina disputationis Harrissimi. --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 21:22, 15 Iunii 2007 (UTC)
Thanks, that was very helpful (and interesting), so should I use situ or siti? --&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:'Courier New';&quot;&gt;[[Disputatio Usoris:Harrissimo|Harrissimo]]&lt;/span&gt; 21:33, 15 Iunii 2007 (UTC)

== Saravus/ foto dell'ansa del fiume ==
prego. L'ho trovata sulle altre wiki. Ciao --[[Usor:Massimo Macconi|Massimo Macconi]] 04:59, 21 Iunii 2007 (UTC)

==Very short stories==
Sic: recte me monuisti. Restitui formam tuam &quot;narratiunculas&quot;. Gratias, ut saepe! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 21:03, 30 Iunii 2007 (UTC)

== Caro Neander, ==

perché hai tolto l'immagine dalla pagina [[Lingua Arabica]], a me sembrava bella, non era corretta? Ciao--[[Usor:Massimo Macconi|Massimo Macconi]] 04:13, 6 Iulii 2007 (UTC)

== capita... ==

ogni tanto magari per la fretta, ciao --[[Usor:Massimo Macconi|Massimo Macconi]] 20:02, 6 Iulii 2007 (UTC)

==Lingua Arabica==
Neander, it looks as though you deleted some of the interwiki links on this page and also changed [[:Categoria:Linguae Semiticae]] (which is correct) to [[:Categoria:Linguae]]. Am I right there? I'm sure there must have been a good reason, but I can't guess it! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 20:37, 6 Iulii 2007 (UTC)
:Don't worry about it. Strange things occasionally happen in editing. But I won't ever use the adjective &quot;Neanderthalian&quot; in connection with you ... [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 18:15, 7 Iulii 2007 (UTC)

==Praemium==
Gratulationes, Neanderi! Propositus es Clipei Latinitatis. Vide [[Vicipaedia:Praemia Vicipaedianis]]--[[Usor:Xaverius|Xaverius]] 21:55, 6 Iulii 2007 (UTC)

== Burgenland ==
Please see [[Disputatio:Gradiscia]]. Thanks! --[[Usor:UV|UV]] 21:46, 9 Iulii 2007 (UTC)

== Finnish Regions ==
Hyvää iltaa Neander! Thank you for making the effort of finding out those Etymologies and Sources, they will help me a lot in the upcoming weeks. Olet todella ystävällinen! --&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:'Courier New';&quot;&gt;[[Disputatio Usoris:Harrissimo|Harrissimo]]&lt;/span&gt; 22:03, 13 Iulii 2007 (UTC)
:I'm sorry Neander, I couldn't understand... Puhun vain vähän suomea :( --&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:'Courier New';&quot;&gt;[[Disputatio Usoris:Harrissimo|Harrissimo]]&lt;/span&gt; 10:21, 14 Iulii 2007 (UTC)
::Ahhhhh, Thank you very much :) --&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:'Courier New';&quot;&gt;[[Disputatio Usoris:Harrissimo|Harrissimo]]&lt;/span&gt; 19:00, 14 Iulii 2007 (UTC)

== Suomalaiset paikannimet! ==
Salve Neander! Would I be right to say that -koski on the end of a Finnish city name would mean river rapids, in Latin Catarrhactes? and in an example such as Jämsänkoski would I translate it as something along the lines of Catarrhactes Iamsae? --&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:'Courier New';&quot;&gt;[[Disputatio Usoris:Harrissimo|Harrissimo]]&lt;/span&gt; 23:04, 14 Iulii 2007 (UTC)
:Hi Neander! I suggested ''Catarrhactes'' because William Whittaker said it was rapids. It's probably not a very suitable/widely used word though because it was in brackets at the end of the list. I posted something in the Taberna. I think you're probably right though about including non-latin letters if a source can't be found. --&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:'Courier New';&quot;&gt;[[Disputatio Usoris:Harrissimo|Harrissimo]]&lt;/span&gt; 21:30, 15 Iulii 2007 (UTC)
==Gratias==
Gratias tibi pro tuo auxilio recenti ad paginam &quot;frequentia&quot; meliorandam! --[[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] 02:23, 12 Augusti 2007 (UTC)

==Fenni/Finni/Fennicus/Finnicus==
Do you know the differences? You use Fennicus in your usor page, but there was usor:Finnicus. Are they adjectives - English: Finnish/Finnic? The internet says Fenni has links with the Sami people. Is Finni, therefore, better (eventhough Finnorum gets less Google hits than Fennorum)? --&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:'Courier New';&quot;&gt;[[Disputatio Usoris:Harrissimo|Harrissimo]]&lt;/span&gt; 23:51, 19 Augusti 2007 (UTC)

==Gratias==
Gratias tibi. Multum disco e tuis mutationibus semper.--[[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] 02:31, 1 Octobris 2007 (UTC)

==Diminutivum==
Notulam addidi in [[Disputatio:Suffixum diminutivum#De ratione tabellarum mutanda|disputatione de suffixo diminutivo]]. Opinionem tuam libenter legam! --[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 14:36, 20 Octobris 2007 (UTC)

Quomodo te appellem diminutive? ''Neandellus'' an ''Neandrulus''? Quid opinaris? In TLL neutrius formae exempla inveni. Videlicet quod scripsi pertinet ad nomina omnia in ''-ander'' exeuntia, ut ''Alexander'', ''Menander'', ''Leander'', necnon nomen ''Meleager''. Vale, --[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 11:51, 8 Novembris 2007 (UTC)

==Mathematica==
Neander. the reference you added does not seem to support the translation of the greek μαθηματική as 'disciplina (artium liberalium)'. Since the reference only gives an ancient latin definition of mathematics not necessarily what the greek word means, it would seem to be better included as a reference supporting Isidorus's desciption of mathematics. Indeed it only seems to repeat what Isidorus says, or vice versa. (Does it indeed mean in greek the same as in ancient latin?) I put Isidorus' description in an historic context in the second paragraph because to my knowledge no one in a modern context would ever consider either astronomy or music as part of mathematics. Thus, it only makes sense to consider this information in a plainly historical context.--[[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] 01:40, 23 Octobris 2007 (UTC)

==De locis Finnicis... iterum==
Salve! Do you have the Lexicon Finnico-Latino-Finnicum? I saw that you quoted it on a talk page somewhere and I have a question about it. In the [http://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Luettelo Suomen alueiden latinankielisistä nimistä], it says that this is one of te two sources for these cities. Please could you confirm (or deny) which ones I can use here with this as a source - if you have it of course. Vale gratiasque! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:'Courier New';&quot;&gt;[[Disputatio Usoris:Harrissimo|Harrissimo]]&lt;/span&gt;.
:This ''Sala''-Salo affair is quite strange. On the Carta Marina and the Gustavus Horn map both have &quot;''Sala''&quot; as a settlement imbetween Kokkola and Oulu! Either they have made a '''huge''' mistake or this isn't the right Salo. Then again [http://www.google.co.uk/books?id=yQ-mz476K6YC&amp;dq=sala+salo+finland&amp;q=salo&amp;pgis=1#search this] says that it is...  Do you know of anywhere that it could have been mistaken for? Thanks for the help, &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:'Courier New';&quot;&gt;[[Disputatio Usoris:Harrissimo|Harrissimo]]&lt;/span&gt;.

==IPA==
Salve! As you may know, Neander, there are two conventions: [ ] for phonetic and / / for phonemic transcriptions. So I did have a reason for using / /. However, you may be right that I didn't make the best choice. I'll change it. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 20:47, 10 Decembris 2007 (UTC)
:I have changed it. However, I notice that the English infobox [[en:Template:Infobox Language]] makes the same choice I did / /, no doubt for the same reason. We'll see if anyone else comments. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 21:17, 10 Decembris 2007 (UTC)
:: Yes, the conventions are as you say: [...] for phonetic and /.../ for phonemic representations. But quite obviously it is phonetic representations that we're out for, the purpose being, I take it, to give an idea of how the name is to be pronounced. Basically, the purpose of phonemic transcription is to suggest the optimal orthography for a language lacking alphabetic writing (which seems to be out of the question in the present context). Martinus [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 22:28, 10 Decembris 2007 (UTC)
:::I agree, Martine, in this multilingual context it makes no sense to talk of a phonemic representation.  Definitely [ ] is correct. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 10:06, 11 Decembris 2007 (UTC)

==Subregions==
Salve! Do you know of a suitable latinisation for the third-level subregions of Finland? I thought maybe ''subregio'' could be pushing it and there are various ways of expressing it in the other languages which all seem slightly different. The Swedish, Italian (''distretto'' = pagus), German (''Verwaltungsgemeinschaften'' ≈ Comitatus (which I don't like myself because it could make confusion with the old counties) ) or the no-nonsense Czech ''seutukunta'' are these ways. From [[w:en:World administrative divisions third level]], you get the impression that most third-level divisions across the range are ''municipia'' (but that is, of course, Finland's fourth level). The one which aren't give Districts (districti, pagi), Arrondissements (arrotundimenta), Communes (communia) and Elderships (just weird). Quid cogitas? &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:'Courier New';&quot;&gt;[[Disputatio Usoris:Harrissimo|Harrissimo]]&lt;/span&gt; 02:18, 29 Decembris 2007 (UTC).
: I'm not too good in matters geographical and administrative, but having done some research, I've come up with the following:
: '''Divisiones administrativae [[Finnia]]e''' 532 sunt:
:*Provinciae 6  (provincia: Fin. lääni; Sv. län)
:*Regiones 20 (Regio:  Fin. maakunta; Sv. landskap)
:*Regiones oeconomicae 74  (Regio oeconomica: Fin. seutukunta; Sv. ekonomisk region)
:*Communia 432  (Commune:  Fin. kunta; Sv. kommun)
: Hope this helps! Martinus [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 03:43, 29 Decembris 2007 (UTC)
::It does! Thanks a lot, &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:'Courier New';&quot;&gt;[[Disputatio Usoris:Harrissimo|Harrissimo]]&lt;/span&gt; 10:18, 29 Decembris 2007 (UTC).


== Gratias ==

Gratias tibi ago pro parte articuli &quot; pater noster&quot; in graeca lingua.--[[Usor:Marc mage|Marc mage]] 23:13, 6 Ianuarii 2008 (UTC)

:Gratias etiam ago ego propter tua auxilia, Neander, specialiter recenter de pagina Analysis. Sola una sententia correxi quia sensum aliquanto perdidisti--[[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] 02:16, 19 Februarii 2008 (UTC)

== Pagina de Andromeda ==

Salve, amice!
Volo loqui latine (si memini latinum ex lyceo!). :-)
Tibi dico me cepivisse textum ex pagina tua de Euripidis Andromeda, et scripsisse in pagina italiana (qua ipse creavi). Cepivi &quot;Editiones&quot; et &quot;Alia scripta&quot;. Spero quaestiones non esse, de isto facto.

Quomodo loquor latine? :-)

Borgil, ex Vicipaedia Italiana

P.S.: Tibi scribendum est Euripidis Andromedam in pagina discretiva Latinae Vicipaediae.

: Salve, Borgil! Aliis rebus occupatus nunc demum nuntium tuum legi. Videas quaeso responsum meum quod in tua [http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discussioni_utente:Borgil pagina disputationis]] scripsi. --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 18:39, 4 Iunii 2008 (UTC)

==De tabula dialectorum Graecarum==
Noticing the improvements to the page [[Lingua Graeca antiqua]] I asked Harrissimo if he could improve the map of dialects, and he promises to work on it (see his [[Disputatio usoris:Harrissimo|talk page]]. So if you wanted to suggest to him how to letter it, or any other adjustments, now's the time! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 11:26, 17 Iunii 2008 (UTC)
:Been very busy a few days working on a paper. I now realise the map I inserted had German names for dialects. It would be nice indeed if Harrissimo could improve the map. As to how to letter the numbers, I suggest the following:

:1-2: Aeolica || 3: Thessalica || 4: Boeotica || 5: Ionica || 6: Attica || 7-14: Dorica || 15-18: Caurina || 19-21: Arcado-Cypria.

:''Thessalica'' and ''Boeotica'' are of course Aeolic dialects, but because they're quite heavily mixed with NW dialects, it may be advisable to quote them by separate names. For &quot;NW dialects&quot;, I use ''dialecti Caurinae'', faute de mieux. I'm open for better suggestions. Martinus [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 03:53, 19 Iunii 2008 (UTC)

==De translatione terminologiae mathematicae==

Hallå/Terve/Salve, φίλτατε Né-[[w:en:Laryngeal_theory#.2Ah.E2.82.82|h̩&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;]]nd-re. I finally got to reply to the message you left ''in paginam disputationis rei meae'': [[incubator:Talk:Wp/grc/Θετόν]]. There you can also find a list of latin &quot;neologistic&quot; translations of mathematical notions I intend to use in my forthcoming Vicipaedian articles, so if you take a look at it and have any objections, you can make them known to me through any of my talk-pages. Thanks for your attention. Ἐς ἀεὶ εὐδαιμόνει! 
[[Usor:Omnipaedista|Omnipaedista]] 21:56, 19 Iulii 2008 (UTC)

:I'm having difficulties with some specific terms such as ''membership'' and ''elementhood''. Do you have any opinions on how these could be properly rendered to Latin? Or I should I rather try consulting Rafaelgarcia on matters of technical terminology? [[Usor:Omnipaedista|Omnipaedista]] 19:19, 17 Decembris 2008 (UTC)

:: Χαῖρε, not being a mathematician, I feel almost total insufficiency in front of those abstractions. WRT &quot;elementhood&quot;, I feel some temptation to say &quot;elementitas, -atis&quot; which is an unattested word, as far as I know. But because I favour dynamic translations, I'd rather see terms used in real sentences. For example, I snatced the following sentences (and edited them a bit) somewhere from the net: &quot;Lavoisier's conception of &lt;u&gt;elementhood&lt;/u&gt; is essentially the same as that of Mendeleev&quot; which I'd render as &quot;Lavoisier de &lt;u&gt;natura elementorum&lt;/u&gt; reapse idem sensit ac Mendeleev.&quot; And &quot;Lavoisier's conception of elementhood consisted of elements as simple substances and the rejection of elements as principles or basic substances&quot; as &quot;Lavoisier elementa intellexit simplices esse substantias eaque negavit principia esse vel substantias fundamentales.&quot; But maybe my translation loses some essential information? WRT &quot;membership&quot;, the first word that comes into mind is &quot;sodalitas&quot; but I'm not at all sure about this loaded term. Maybe Rafael could indeed help? --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 20:59, 17 Decembris 2008 (UTC)
:::Sodalitas evokes personhood too; perhaps participatio would be better to catch the abstract sense of mere belonging; I like the way you avoid the abtract noun above, though. Ir would be better latin. --[[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] 03:40, 18 Decembris 2008 (UTC)

== Steppenwolf ==

Ave Neander,
cur in pagina de [[Arminius Hesse|Arminio Hesse]] conscripta ''Steppenwolf'' reddidisti 'canem latrantem'? Fac valeas. --[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 05:43, 12 Octobris 2008 (UTC)
: Salve Fabulle! &quot;Lupus desertorum camporum&quot;, licet e lexicis sit, mea quidem opinione aliquid incommodi habet; itaque breviorem elocutionem invenire conatus ad &quot;canem latrantem&quot; perveni (vel potius erravi), quo nomine (reapse ridiculo!) Steppenwolf a biologis appellatur. Sed facile concedo hoc nomen parum esse aptum ad librum Hesseanum Latine reddendum. Si melius nomen invenies, eo, amabo te, meá inventiunculá deletá utere. Fortasse &quot;lupus desertorum&quot;? --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 20:09, 12 Octobris 2008 (UTC)
::Nesciebam, fateor, hoc animal a biologis ''Canem Latrantem'' appellari. Tantum novi illud &quot;canes latrantes non mordent&quot;, sed hoc animal latrare et mordere puto. ''Lupus desertorum'' placet. Vale, --[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 12:48, 15 Octobris 2008 (UTC)
::P.S. Vide etiam quod hac de re scriptum est [[Coiotes|hic]]. --[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 14:41, 16 Octobris 2008 (UTC)

==Italianus==
Dear Neander, I have changed again your sustitution of the verb Italicus with Italianus. Actually my dictionary gives for Italiano Italicus or Italus but never Italianus {{Castiglioni}}. Ciao--[[Usor:Massimo Macconi|Massimo Macconi]] 18:24, 14 Novembris 2008 (UTC)
: Dear Massimo, I don't know the virtues of Castiglioni-Mariotti. Does it contain Neo-Latin vocabulary? Somewhat ironically, the article on Castiglioni-Mariotti is categorised as &lt;nowiki&gt;[[&lt;/nowiki&gt;Categoria:Lexica Italiano-Latina&lt;nowiki&gt;]]&lt;/nowiki&gt; and &lt;nowiki&gt;[[&lt;/nowiki&gt;Categoria:Lexica Latino-Italiana&lt;nowiki&gt;]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;. On the adjective ''Italianus'', see [http://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disputatio:Lingua_Italica this]. And, by the way, the ''Lexicon Finnico-Latino-Finnicum'' by Reijo Pitkäranta does give ''Italianus''. Vale, [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 19:11, 14 Novembris 2008 (UTC)
::''Italianus'' is also often used in the Latin periodical Ephemeris [http://www.google.com/search?client=safari&amp;rls=en&amp;q=site:www.alcuinus.net+italianus+OR+italiani+OR+italianum+OR+italiano+OR+italianorum+OR+italianis+OR+italianos+OR+italiana+OR+italianae+OR+italianam+OR+italianarum+OR+italianas&amp;ie=UTF-8&amp;oe=UTF-8] --[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 19:26, 14 Novembris 2008 (UTC)
:::Massimo asked me to comment. It is true that older Latin does not seem to have the term ''Italianus'', and a Google search for ''Italianus'' is not promising. However, if ''Ephemeris'' uses the word, we can permit ourselves to adopt it. In what senses, then?
:::The point was raised by Iacobus at [[Disputatio:Lingua Italica]]; in the discussion there, which turns on the likelihood of confusion with the ancient [[Linguae Italicae]], I speculated on the acceptability of [[Lingua Italiana]], and I can see the desirability of adopting such a name for the language.
:::::Insofar as &quot;adopting such a name for the language&quot; entails the movement &quot;Lingua Italica =&gt; Lingua Italiana&quot;, I fully endorse your desirability assessment. What worries me most is the homonymy that lacks a linguistic justification. --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 12:22, 15 Novembris 2008 (UTC)
::::::Recte dicis. Certe constat inter omnes linguam Italianam esse linguae (Proto)Italicae filiam. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 17:48, 15 Novembris 2008 (UTC)
::::::: ... vel potius neptem. &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;''':&amp;ndash;)'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;--[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 19:56, 15 Novembris 2008 (UTC)
:::Are you discussing also the appropriate term for Italian people? In that case, I feel doubtful whether there is a sufficient reason to change our usual term Italicus/Italici. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 21:10, 14 Novembris 2008 (UTC)
::::: Given that quite a few of those &quot;Ephemeridan&quot; examples brought forward by Fabullus refer to Italian people, isn't it a bit precipitate to trumpet &quot;Italianus non est verbum Latinum&quot;? Given the drowsy coexistence between ''Francicus, Francogallicus'' and ''Gallicus'' in Vicipaedia, it's a bit surprising that ''Italianus'' should turn out to be such a nomen odiosum. Interesting. --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 12:41, 15 Novembris 2008 (UTC)
::::::As I already agreed, you and Fabullus have shown that ''Italianus'' is now a Latin word; therefore not odiosum. But I think, for such words that are used very frequently in biographical articles, it may be wise to try to agree on a preferred form: do you agree, or do you prefer free variation?
::::::As regards &quot;French&quot;, I think we try to use &quot;Francicus&quot; for people and things, &quot;Francogallicus &quot; for the language; no doubt some of us are drowsier than others! As regards &quot;German&quot;, I think we try to use &quot;Germanicus&quot; for people and things, &quot;Theodiscus&quot; for the language; and I know that some don't follow this rule. As regards Italian, I think we have been using &quot;Italicus&quot; in all senses. Iacobus and I have hesitantly proposed &quot;Italianus&quot; for the language. And actually, up to this moment, I don't know what you are proposing! All I know is that you made some changes which Massimo reverted. I must admit I don't understand the practical implications of &quot;What worries me most is the homonymy that lacks a linguistic justification&quot;. Can you put it a bit more simply? [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 13:20, 15 Novembris 2008 (UTC)
:::::::: I made corrections to a few articles, the Latinity of which hardly did credit to Vicipaedia. When doing that, I also happened to change &quot;Italicus&quot; to &quot;Italianus&quot;, without realising that I was thereby stirring up something. Yes, Massimo reverted those changes. In fact, he did quite a lot of changes to articles which obviously also had &quot;Italianus&quot; (not from my pen). When watching this spectacle, nomen odiosum was the expression that offered itself as a descriptive term. /// Re practical implications, could we agree on ''lingua Italiana'', when talking about the Italian language? If &quot;Italianus&quot; is too hot as an ethnonym, I'm the last to insist on using it in Vicipaedia. (If I get an irresistible prurience to use it as an ethnonym, I can always do it in ''Ephemeris'' ... ''':&amp;ndash;)''' I'm all for the functional differentiation between &quot;Francicus&quot; and &quot;Francogallicus&quot; (of which I wasn't aware), which proves that no variation is free in the long run. --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 16:54, 15 Novembris 2008 (UTC)
:::::::::Yes, I've now studied those pages -- and noticed numerous small improvements -- As far as I'm concerned, certainly I would agree on [[Lingua Italiana]]. As to ''Italianus'' as ethnonym, I don't see that it needs to be contentious. Never mind ''Ephemeris'': write it here, Neander! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 17:09, 15 Novembris 2008 (UTC)
:::::::Could he mean that, in reference works, polysemy is bad? or that distinctions without differences are bad? I do like the distinctions between ''Francicus'' (the people) and ''Francogallicus'' (the language) and between ''Germanicus'' (the people) and ''Theodiscus'' (the language), and that's why I'd prefer to distinguish between ''Italicus'' or ''Italius'' or ''Italus'' (the people; see below, posted earlier), and ''Italianus'' (the language)&amp;mdash;but in the real world, people apparently ignore such distinctions. Oh well. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 14:13, 15 Novembris 2008 (UTC)
::::::::While agreeing with you, Iacobe, the thing I wish to emphasise is that I'm fond of polysemy and all the possibilities of expression that abundancy of forms in language affords. --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 17:08, 15 Novembris 2008 (UTC)
:::::::::Oh, me too: we wouldn't have poetry, or even superlative prose, without it; but one feels the nagging worry that reference works may be a special case, in which significant precisions take pride of place. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 17:43, 15 Novembris 2008 (UTC)
::::And let's remember that classically (secundum Cassell's) 'Italian' was ''Italicus, -a, um,'' and ''Italius, -a, -um,'' and ''Italus, -a, -um''&amp;mdash;so, with ''Italianus, -a, -um,'' we've got four possibilities. ¶ Also, for a noun, an Italian woman could be an ''Italis, -idis''&amp;mdash; so, Andrew, female Italian people could be ''Italides.'' :) ¶ For Austronesian languages whose names haven't previously been Latinized (or for which Latinizations exist but haven't been found), I'm using an ''-anus, -a, -um'' adjectival form of the indigenous name of the place; hence, ''Samoa'' est locus ubi homines lingua ''Samoana'' utuntur. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 22:09, 14 Novembris 2008 (UTC)
:::::I think the issue is what to call the italian language: obviously the roman's never had a word for it since it didn't yet exist. So either you can go with the classical &quot;lingua italica hodierna&quot;, because lingua italica is too abiguous, or your avail yourself with the neolatin &quot;lingua italiana&quot; (sort of a borrowing from Romance languages). Iacobus  gives a good, fairly convincing account of the precedent for such a preference of italianus over italicus when referring to modern variant at the place [[Disputatio:Lingua Italica]] noted by Neander above. --[[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] 14:26, 15 Novembris 2008 (UTC)
I thank you Neander for your remarks on the Italus/Italicus/Italianus question and for all other corrections . Ciao--[[Usor:Massimo Macconi|Massimo Macconi]] 12:03, 18 Novembris 2008 (UTC)

== De locativo nominum compositorum ==
Salve Neander, in pagina de [[Alienora Roosevelt]] agente locativum &quot;Novi Eburaci&quot; scripsisti. Equidem iam diu dubito de locativis nominum compositorum. In libro grammatico meo legi locativo numquam adiectivum derecto addidi, sed hoc potius in appositione collocari, ut exempli gratia &quot;Romae, in urbe pulchra&quot;. Liber meus nihil tamen dicit de casibus ubi adiectivum pars nominis sit, ut &quot;Novum Eburacum&quot;. Ipse unum tantum exemplum antiquum invenire potui: &quot;Carthago Nova&quot;, cuius locativus varie datur. [http://www.intratext.com/IXT/LAT0054/_PC6.HTM Apud Suetonium] inveni &quot;Carthagine Nova&quot;, in [http://www.livius.org/li-ln/livy/periochae/periochae028.htm Periochis Livii] tamen &quot;Carthagini Nova&quot; aut &quot;Carthagini Novae&quot;: editiones inter se differunt - ego nescio quae versio recta sit. --[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 11:55, 27 Novembris 2008 (UTC)
:Nihilominus, nomen in recto Vicipaediae casu est ''Novum Eboracum,'' non ''Novum Eburacum.'' Non scio an littera ''O'' aut littera ''U'' sit melior. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 14:09, 27 Novembris 2008 (UTC)
Iusto iure, mi Fabulle, de locativo quaesisti. Mihi quidem locativus videtur obsoletus esse casus, et ideo simulac locativo usus &quot;Novi Eboraci&quot; scripsi, subiit mihi mentem dubitatio, an recte scripserim necne. Reapse iam in eo eram, ut caute &quot;Neo-Eboraci&quot; scriberem, cum memineram Tullium nostrum locativo usum &quot;domi meae&quot; alicubi in epistulis scripsisse. Qua insolentia (si est) animum confirmavi ad &quot;Novi Eboraci&quot; scribendum. Verumtamen recte videris de &quot;Roma pulchra&quot; praemonere, ne &quot;Romae pulchrae&quot; in locativo scribamus. Sed ne &quot;Roma pulchra&quot; nominativus quidem commendari potest, nam cum de propriis nominibus agitur, collocatio appositiva valere videtur: &quot;Roma, urbs pulchra&quot;. Equidem tamen &quot;Novum Eboracum&quot; iudicarim fixam esse compositionem; id est: interest inter &quot;Novum Eboracum&quot; et &quot;Eboracum, urbem novum&quot;. His dictis usque manet dubitatiuncula: Quonam modo Tullius noster de hac re iudicarit? Sint ut sunt, &quot;Carthagini Novae&quot; locutio illa a te allata optime videtur cum &quot;Novi Eboraci&quot; locutione congruere. --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 18:35, 27 Novembris 2008 (UTC)
:Dummodo illud &quot;Carthagini Novae&quot; ne sit commentum editorum recentioris aevi ... Aliane oppida, urbes, civitates scis quibus aetate classica nomina composita fuerint? --[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 18:46, 27 Novembris 2008 (UTC)
:: Siquidem &quot;Novam Carthaginem&quot; nomine composito, etiam &quot;Novum Eboracum&quot; dicere possumus. Quod ad locativum attinet, &quot;Novi Eboraci&quot; mihi peius non videtur quam &quot;domi meae&quot; locutio Tulliana (e.g. ''Fam.'' 10.25), quamquam facile concedo paene inusitatum esse locativis adiectiva attribui. Utcunque res se habet, iam dudum philologi recentioris aetatis consueverunt &quot;Novi Eboraci&quot; locativo uti, ut in recentioribus philologicorum librorum titulis apparet (si puta &quot;Berolini et Novi Eboraci&quot; googleitamus). --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 21:14, 27 Novembris 2008 (UTC)
::: Cedo, mihi persuasum est! --[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 15:32, 28 Novembris 2008 (UTC)

==Gratias!==
Neander, thanks for your efforts on improving [[Gulielmus Wordsworth|Gulielmum Wordsworth]]! Studying your changes is giving me great pleasure, as I learn at almost every turn. (After this project, we've got completely different sets of expected idioms in other long articles I've recently done: first [[Alanus Mathison Turing]] and then [[Polytheismus]], whose ''English'' version contains phrases that hardly make sense in English!) A few errors, like typing ''eo'' for ''ei,'' would have been caught by almost anybody eventually, but many unidiomatic (though usually grammatical) expressions can be improved only by ''eruditi'' with deeper familiarity with the language than I have. ¶ One minor question: you changed ''valide instillavit''  to ''perseveranter inculcavit.'' I'd actually compared these verbs before posting the original draft, so I wonder why ''inculcavit'' is the preferable alternative. I chose ''instillavit'' because in Cassell's its example is ''praeceptum auriculis'' (which, if applied here, I'd take for &quot;instilled [her] rules into [their] ears&quot;), while the example for ''inculcare'' is ''se auribus nostris'' (which, if applied here, I'd take for &quot;inculcated herself into our ears&quot;). To instill precepts, rather than to inculcate oneself, seemed apter in the context, but maybe that's just an inaccuracy necessitated by the examples. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 15:15, 2 Martii 2009 (UTC)
: It's always rewarding to improve texts for people who know what they're doing and, thus, are able to learn from experience. ¶ When making the change, I was under the false impression that ''instillare'' contracts only nouns denoting liquids. Now I see that the verb can be used metaphorically as well. This being the case, the major semantic difference between ''praeceptum instillare animo'' and ''praeceptum inculcare animo'' is that the latter pictures the situation in stronger colours. There may be reason to cancel my change. --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 20:28, 2 Martii 2009 (UTC)
::Stronger is usually better, so let's leave it as you made it! Incidentally, the pertinent passage in [[:en:William Wordsworth]] is rough &amp; obscure: &quot;Ann Birkett, a woman who insisted on instilling tradition in her students that included pursuing both scholarly and local activities&quot;; for this we now have ''Anna Birkett, magistra quae praecepta ad industriam et academicam et quotidianam pertinentia discipulorum animis perseveranter inculcavit.'' ¶ I may have other questions later, but today is a busy day. Thanks! [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 14:36, 3 Martii 2009 (UTC)

== Gratias multas ==

Gratias multas tibi ago ob emendationes varias bonasque quas inseruisti articulis meis de Fenetro Progymnasmateque. Latinitatem meam tua sub tutela crescere opto. --[[Usor:Thesaurus|Thesaurus]] 18:10, 15 Martii 2009 (UTC)
: Iam admodum bene incepisti! --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 19:37, 15 Martii 2009 (UTC)

==Necropolis==
Xaverius Neadero s.p.d. Auxilium te peto, nescius sum de declinationibus Graecorum verborum. Vide dubium meum apud paginam [[Disputatio:Necropolis|Necropolis]]. Gratias ago!--[[User:Xaverius|&lt;span style=&quot;color:blue;&quot;&gt;Xave&lt;/span&gt;]][[:eu:Lankide:Xaverius|&lt;span style=&quot;color:green;&quot;&gt;ri&lt;/span&gt;]][[:eu:Lankide_eztabaida:Xaverius|&lt;span style=&quot;color:red;&quot;&gt;us&lt;/span&gt;]] 22:48, 26 Martii 2009 (UTC)

== Radiophonia et televisio ==
Hallo Neander, ich habe gerade eine Kat für Hörfunk angelegt ([[:Categoria:Radiophonia]]). Kannst du mal drüberschauen, ob ich alles richtig gemacht habe? Dazu zwei Fragen: Gibt es im Lateinischen einen Unterschied zwischen &quot;Fernsehen&quot; und &quot;Fernseher&quot; (Apparat), analog zu [[Radiophonia]] und [[Radiophonum]]? Und wie würdest du die Wissenschaft übersetzen, die sich mit Hörfunk und Fernsehen beschäftigt (Medienwissenschaft / [[simple:media studies]]). Danke &amp; Gruß --[[Usor:Kolja21|Kolja21]] 14:28, 10 Aprilis 2009 (UTC)
:Salve Kolja, auf die Kategorienfrage kann ich leider nicht mit irgendeiner Auktorität antworten, weil ich kein Intresse gehabt habe, mich einen Überblick über unseres Kategoriensystem zu verschaffen. Gegen deine Kategorie habe ich jedoch nichts einzuwenden, möchte aber wissen, ob z.B. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby]] derselben Meinung ist. Deine erste Zusatzfrage ist leichter zu beantworten. Ja, es gibt einen Unterschied zwischen 'Fernsehen' ([[Televisio]]) und 'Fernseher' ([[Televisorium]]), nur verstehe ich aber nicht, warum der letztere auf den Artikel ''Televisio'' weitergeleitet worden ist, obschon [[Radiophonia]] und [[Radiophonum]] gebührendermaßen aus underschiedlichen Artikeln bestehen. Betr. Medienwissenschaft möchte ich etwas zögernd ''Studia communicatoria'' empfehlen. Gruß,[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 08:01, 12 Aprilis 2009 (UTC)
Danke für die Erklärung. Lesen müsste man können: &quot;Instrumentum quod hos sonos imaginesque ostendit televisorium vocatur&quot;. Der Begriff steht ja sogar schon im Artikel, aber mein Schullatein ist etwas eingestaubt. Gruß --[[Usor:Kolja21|Kolja21]] 16:41, 12 Aprilis 2009 (UTC)

==Sexus==
Hi, Neander. Now I've happily ventured into the territory of [[Sexus]], which bristles with (surely) horrifying attempts at scientific terminology, some of them marked with &lt;nowiki&gt;{{dubsig}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Please enjoy this one, if you have time! [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 15:27, 10 Aprilis 2009 (UTC)


==Asking about a translation correctness==
Salve, Dr.Neader~
Recently I translated a Anglice motto 'Our path leads to the Kingdom.' to Latina as &quot;Cursus Nostra Ad Regnum Caelorum Versus.&quot;, but I'm not sure whether it is applicable. So what's your sugestion..?

Gratias again for everything..
[[Specialis:Conlationes/119.123.8.47|119.123.8.47]] 07:04, 4 Maii 2009 (UTC)
..! It's me.. [[Usor:Gesalbte|Gesalbte]] 07:06, 4 Maii 2009 (UTC)
:Nostra via in regnum ducit? ~ fert? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 12:44, 4 Maii 2009 (UTC)
:: Salve, Gesalbte. [I was just about to send this, but Iacobus was quicker.] Let's take morphology first: it should be &quot;Cursus noster ad Regnum Caelorum Versus&quot;, because the gender of &quot;cursus&quot; is masculine. Notice that &quot;ad ... versus&quot; emphasises the direction: our &quot;run&quot; is to the direction of the Kingdom, or something like that. Because I do not know what this is all about, I'm not sure how &quot;to&quot; is to be understood. It may be of some thelogical importance, if you say &quot;to the (gates of) Heaven&quot; (in which case, the proper preposition is &quot;ad&quot;) or &quot;into the Kingdom&quot; (through the gates, or something -- in which case, you should probably use &quot;in&quot; [+ accusative]). It may also be theologically significant, whether you say &quot;Caeli&quot; 'of the Heaven' or &quot;Caelorum&quot; 'of the Heavens', I don't know. But giving up hair-splitting, my proposal is: ''Noster ad Regnum Decursus''. I prefer &quot;decursus&quot; which may better express the measures taken and the completion of a course. Hope this helps. --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 12:59, 4 Maii 2009 (UTC)
:::As your gloss recognizes, &quot;the kingdom&quot; in English doesn't mention any heaven, but the original post implies that heaven is in someone's mind; and since it's usually conceived as being upward, in the sky, I wonder if ''decursus,'' which basically means 'a running downward' doesn't put the wrong slant on things, so to speak. Also, your gloss is a noun-phrase, but the querist wants it to be a complete sentence, with a verb equivalent to 'leads to', for which Cassell's says classical attestations support ''ducit in + acc.'' and ''fert in + acc.'' [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 13:43, 4 Maii 2009 (UTC)
:::: Yeah, having posted my reply I became aware of the fact you now make me aware of. Somehow I was stuck to the Latin phrase. If we have to translate &quot;Our path leads to the Kingdom&quot;, your &quot;Nostra via in regnum ducit / fert&quot; looks fine. --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 14:20, 4 Maii 2009 (UTC)
:::::Sometimes I see a typo half a millisecond after clicking the ''servare'' button—and there's nothing to be done but wait and watch as the typo gets published. These things happen! [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 14:32, 4 Maii 2009 (UTC)
::::::Gratias.!
::::::Furthermore, are 'ducit' et 'fert' the 3rd personal singular number form of 'duco' et 'fero'?
::::::Now I've noticed that I formally paid less attention than I should to that the adjectives should be changed to the same gender as their nouns'. Little more about this point, in Subjective+Objective+Verb kind of sentences, should the objective switch to the same gender as the subjective's? E.g. Shall I say 'Mali(nt) fructus(m) sunt.' or 'Mali(nt) fructum(nt) sunt.'?
::::::[[Usor:Gesalbte|Gesalbte]] 17:35, 4 Maii 2009 (UTC)
:::::::Adjectives follow in gender the nouns to which they are attached. Nouns don't and can't normally change gender. Malus and fructus are both nouns.
:::::::When the verb is &quot;est&quot; there is no object. You have a subject and a complement, both in the nominative case.
:::::::When the verb is &quot;est&quot;, the usually preferred word order is &quot;A est B&quot;.
:::::::So, ''Mālī (nom. pl.) sunt fructūs (nom. pl.)''. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 17:47, 4 Maii 2009 (UTC) 
::::::--
::::::Why it should be 'nostra via' instead of 'via nostra'? [[Usor:Gesalbte|Gesalbte]] 17:40, 4 Maii 2009 (UTC)
:::::::Either is possible. Word order is fairly free in Latin and partly depends on the required emphasis. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 17:47, 4 Maii 2009 (UTC)
::::::::The emphasis...so 'nostra via' and 'via nostra', which is emphasizing 'via' and which is emphasizing 'nostra'??[[Usor:Gesalbte|Gesalbte]] 19:10, 4 Maii 2009 (UTC)
About the gender..What gender should an adj. use when it attaches to 2 or more nouns?&lt;br&gt;
E.g. Shall we say 'filii filiaeque lumines' or 'filii filiaeque luminae'? (google gives f.)..[[Usor:Gesalbte|Gesalbte]] 18:34, 4 Maii 2009 (UTC)
:I don't know what Google has to do with it. You need a dictionary that will tell you which words are adjectives. ''Lumen'' is not an adjective, and your phrases make no sense. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 18:57, 4 Maii 2009 (UTC)
::T T. Now I can only find Collins (''Collins Latin Dictionary &amp; Grammar'')... up there I did it careless.. It should be 'filii filiaeque luces' or 'filii filiaeque luciae'?&lt;br&gt;
::Google sometimes can give the right anwser.. 'filii filiaeque nostrae' can find 3 results while 'filii filiaeque nosteri' can find none....[[Usor:Gesalbte|Gesalbte]] 19:06, 4 Maii 2009 (UTC)

&lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;: Dear Gesalbte, it seems to me that what you need is a systematic course in Latin, which is something nobody of us can give you. Therefore, I strongly suggest you visit our 
[http://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicipaedia:Porta_eruditionis Porta eruditionis] which contains a lot of stuff that may be useful to you; for example, an internet-based [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Latin Latin grammar]. We heartily welcome people, such as you, who are interested in Latin. But the more you know Latin, the better questions you can ask. Optime valeas, [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 20:14, 4 Maii 2009 (UTC)

==Superbia et Kantius==
Salve Neander, Kantius de [[superbia]] aliquid dicit? --[[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] 00:22, 7 Maii 2009 (UTC)
:Protinus dicere nescio. Si quid invenero, certiorem te faciam. (Nescio an illud  ''sapere aude!'' superbiam oleat. Kantius noster asseclas sibi parere noluit sed homines, qui ipse libere cogitare possint. Sed si hoc superbiam esse credimus, nescio an totum [[aevum illuminationis]] superbire dicamus.) --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 10:52, 7 Maii 2009 (UTC)
::Neander, you're not only improving the ''Latinity'' of [[Cultura]]: you're improving the ''content'' too! Macte! [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 04:13, 14 Maii 2009 (UTC)
::: Tante grazie! --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 21:14, 14 Maii 2009 (UTC)

== [[Tibiae]] etc. ==
Possum paginam ''Tibiae'' delere ut paginam meliorem immoveas. Placetne? [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 17:53, 14 Maii 2009 (UTC)
: Sane placet! --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 21:12, 14 Maii 2009 (UTC)
::Delevi igitur et movi. Vide [[Tibiae]]. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 09:26, 15 Maii 2009 (UTC)

== [[Iosephus Schumpeter]] ==
Nomen Latinum urbis Czernowitz/Cernăuţi/... non possum reperire. Scisne? [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 13:19, 7 Iunii 2009 (UTC)
:Ah! Sed nunc verba tua in pagina disputationis vidi. O rem ridiculam! Sine dubio bonum nomen Latinum exstat, sed quomodo reperire? [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 13:23, 7 Iunii 2009 (UTC)

==Gratias==
Tack för påpekandet om habitatium/habitantes i artikeln om [[Venersburgum|Vänersborg]]. Mitt latin har rostat en hel del de senaste åren. --[[Usor:Julle|Julle]] 19:13, 14 Iunii 2009 (UTC)
: Att skriva i Vicipaedia utgör ett utmärkt avrostningsmedel. :-) Skriv gärna mer! --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 20:22, 14 Iunii 2009 (UTC)
:: Ja, det är lite det som är tanken. :) --[[Usor:Julle|Julle]] 20:45, 14 Iunii 2009 (UTC)

==[[Oligarchia]]==
Much better! though the stub remains almost useless. As you saw, I left the Greek as I found it, hoping a Graecophile would come along and fix it. Other inadequate etymologies probably exist too, but how can they be found? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 17:44, 16 Iunii 2009 (UTC)
:Yeah, such a long edition history for a couple of lines. And yes, there are a lot of non-professional etymologies here and there, and Greek is often Modern Greek (ολίγο) or non-words (αρχία, which occurs only in compounds). --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 17:57, 16 Iunii 2009 (UTC)
::My Babel number for ancient Greek is somewhere between zero and 1, so I'll trust you and others to be alert! [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 18:02, 16 Iunii 2009 (UTC)

== Questio de declinatione  ==

Salve Neader, Gratias ob correctiones tuas ad paginam ''Ludovicus von Mises''. Demiror autem: estne Randii (2da declinatione) melius genetivum quam Randis (3tia declinatione)? Antea egomet tertia declinatione usus sum, quia nomen Rand in d desinens mihi nomen ''David'' cuius declinatio est tertia recordatur.--[[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] 23:43, 20 Iunii 2009 (UTC)
: Sane iusto iure demiraris, Rafael. Verissimam veritatem nequeo &quot;ex cathedra&quot; dicere, nam deest mihi cathedra. :-) Sed solum id, quod ego de his rebus in opinionem accepi, explanabo: Primum, mea quidem sententia distinguendum est inter praenomina et gentilicia. Secundum, ''David'', ''Michael'' ceteraque eiusdem generis praenomina alii, ut mihi videtur, declinant secundum tertiam classem, alii autem indeclinabilia esse censent. Norma fixa deesse videtur. Tertium, quod ad gentilicia attinet, saepe suffixo &quot;pertinentivo&quot; ''-ius'' (praesertim casibus obliquis) declinantur. Exempli causa dico [[David Humius|Humium]] et [[Immanuel Kantius|Kantium]], quorum nom.sg. nunc ''Hume, Kant'' nunc ''Humius, Kantius'' dicitur. Quae cum ita sint, equidem potius ''Rand'' (nom.sg.) et ''Randium, -ii, -io'' (casibus obliquis) declinari malim quam Kantium nostrum ''Kantem, Kantis, Kanti, Kante'' declinari. /// Hae sunt causae, quibus affectus ego ''Randium,-ii,-io'' praetuli. At ego non sum linguae Latinae papa: non dico, quomodo Rand declinari debeat; dico autem, quomodo mihi videatur declinari. Martinus [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 01:07, 21 Iunii 2009 (UTC)
::Gratias, Neander, pro tua explanatione. Iuste exempla horum nominum mihi adhibes, quibus logica tua nunc mihi clara est. Plus nunc cogitabo de eo.--[[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] 02:22, 21 Iunii 2009 (UTC)

== Ateste declinabilis est ==

Vide [http://66.71.182.1/declinazione.php?lemma=A04A2400&amp;parola=ateste]. :)

Vide etiam [[:it:Deserto (frazione)]]: paroecia latine dicitur: ECCL. PAR. INVENTIONIS S. CRUCIS DE DESERTO ATESTIS.

Vale, --[[Usor:Achillus|Achillus]] 22:50, 10 Augusti 2009 (UTC)

: Ave, Achille, profecto videris recte dicere! [[Thesaurus Linguae Latinae|Thesauro]], potissimo et opulentissimo fonti philologico, tam firme confisus sum, ut notitiam allatam non scrutarer. Nunc autem quam diligentissime inspectis locis in Thesauro allatis mihi sane concludendum est hanc rem adeo esse ambiguam, ut &quot;indecl. n.&quot; illud Thesauri defendi non possit. Apud antiquos enim solus nominativus testatus est; Plinius (nat. 17.122) solus ablativum praebet, sed ''Ateste genitus'' quoque ambiguum est, utrum declinabile an indeclinabile sit. Quae cum ita sint, me excusans confiteor me praeceps in errorem cecidisse. Restituatur res! --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 00:25, 11 Augusti 2009 (UTC)

::Ave Neander. Nunc Ateste denuo declinatur et hoc refert. Immo gratias tibi ago propter inspectiones tuas rebus a me additis.
::Vale, --[[Usor:Achillus|Achillus]] 07:25, 11 Augusti 2009 (UTC)

==Gentilicius e genetivus==
Ciao, Neander! ho visto che conosci l'italiano... Ho notato che in [[Aletrium (Latium)]] hai corretto Aletrii con Aletrinas, mi chiedevo in effetti come mai al posto del ''gentilicius'' in più o meno tutte le voci di città ci fosse il ''genetivus''... ne ho prese alcune a caso: [[Roma]], [[Mediolanum]], [[Augusta Taurinorum]]... gentilicius e genetivus sono due cose  diverse. Mi sono meravigliato che in tutte le voci si scambia l'uno con l'altro. Bisognerebbe correggere moltissime voci. --[[Usor:Luca P|Luca P]] 01:38, 20 Augusti 2009 (UTC)
:Videte, s.v.p., id quod scripsi hic: [[Disputatio Usoris:Luca P]]. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 09:12, 20 Augusti 2009 (UTC)
:: Ciao, Luca! Ho risposto in [[Disputatio Formulae:Commune Italianum]], ma in poche parole direi che conoscere il nome degli abitanti mi sembra più importante di conoscere il genitivo di un toponimo. --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 11:32, 20 Augusti 2009 (UTC)
:::Sono d'accordo con te. Ho proposto, nella pagina di discussione che mi hai segnalato, di inserire il genitivo solo nel testo della voce. --[[Usor:Luca P|Luca P]] 19:24, 20 Augusti 2009 (UTC)

== User page ==

Salve!  Thank you for fixing my user page.  I'm still learning how to properly arrange Latin words in a sentence and what tense endings and case endings I should use for each word. -[[Usor:Meganmccarty|Meganmccarty]] 12:03, 26 Septembris 2009 (UTC)
==Mutata==
Ave! Ausus sum nonnullas mutationes in [http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fundraising_2009/core_messages/la hac pagina] facere. Si tibi dignae videntur, quae retinentur, possumus eas (sive partes earum) administratoribus proponere. Sin aliter, eas delere facile est. S.V.B.E.E.V. ;-) --[[Usor:Vermondo|Vermondo]] 23:38, 8 Decembris 2009 (UTC)
: Bene fecisti. Quod ad proverbium illud attinet, rationem, cur masculino genere usus sim, in symbola reddam, quam de [[Nulla dies sine linea]] adagio scribo (nondum finem feci). s.v.b.e.e.v. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 00:02, 9 Decembris 2009 (UTC)
::(&quot;Dies irae, dies illa&quot; = dies sine linea?...) Credere volo tibi. Fortasse quod Nikitinski de genere &quot;diei&quot; scripsit verumst; attamen per saecula complura (non minus quinque) sententia foemininum genus habuit, quod in auribus (fere) omnium haduc manet. Si tunc sententiam scribere volo quae proverbium commemoret, &lt;s&gt;stultum&lt;/s&gt; minime callidum mihi videtur forma sententiae perpaucis philologis nota, ignota autem multitudini, uti. :-) --[[Usor:Vermondo|Vermondo]] 15:36, 9 Decembris 2009 (UTC)
::: Ita. Ipse quoque nunc puto me usitatá formulá usum ''nulla dies sine Vicipaedia'' scribere debuisse! Ita cogitavi quidem sed nescioquo purismo affectus formulae solitae renuntiavi. Itaque bene fecisti, cum sententiam mutasti. Per me nil obstat, quin eam (nec non alia a te mutata) administratoribus proponas. ¶ &quot;Dies irae, dies illa&quot; — ni fallor, de die constituta agitur (quamquam ne Filius quidem, quando sit, scit). Itaque &quot;diem illam&quot; puto etiam Plinio placere potuisse, licet, ut credo, &quot;nullam diem (lineá carentem)&quot; respuisset. --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 16:39, 9 Decembris 2009 (UTC)

== [[Chronovistrum]] ==

Inter disputationes, responsum feci quaestioni tuae de meliore forma verbi '''chronovistri''' sive '''chronovisorii'''. Vale.--[[Usor:Bruxellensis|Bruxellensis]] 15:15, 22 Decembris 2009 (UTC)
: Ibidem respondi. Rem recte iudicasti. --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 16:12, 22 Decembris 2009 (UTC)

== [[m:Fundraising 2009/supplementary messages]] ==

Hey Neander,

I remember that you helped translate the Fundraiser's [[m:Fundraising 2009/core messages/la|&quot;core messages&quot;]] into Latin, so I was wondering if you wanted to work on the &quot;supplementary messages&quot; too.  The [[m:Fundraising 2009/supplementary messages|supplementary messages]] request is for (1) strings that were missed when the first request was created, (2) new strings, and (3) pages that we just started translating.

If you'd like to translate them, just visit the page I linked above and click the &quot;missing&quot; next to la/Latina.  If you have any questions, feel free to reply on my [[m:user talk:Cbrown1023|Meta talk page]].  Thanks! [[Usor:Cbrown1023|Cbrown1023]] 03:25, 24 Decembris 2009 (UTC)
:Did you ever find anyone to proofread the messages you translated?  You finished translating them over a month ago, but they haven't been published yet because they're still marked as &quot;proofread&quot;. &lt;tt&gt;:-(&lt;/tt&gt; [[Usor:Cbrown1023|Cbrown1023]] 16:10, 21 Februarii 2010 (UTC)
::How does one mark things as &quot;proofread&quot; if one proofreads?--[[Specialis:Conlationes/24.183.186.151|24.183.186.151]] 17:52, 21 Februarii 2010 (UTC)
::: I'm as helpless in this as you. :-) Please, ask [[m:user talk:Cbrown1023]]. I did the same. --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 17:57, 21 Februarii 2010 (UTC)

== Übersetzung gefragt ==
Hallo Neander, kannst Du mir den oberen lateinischen Text von [[:File:2009-09-08-Theo-3b.JPG]] ins Deutsche übersetzen? Ich wäre Dir sehr dankbar. Ich habe in den vergangenen Monaten schon mehrere User (mit deutsch als Muttersprache und [[:de:Kategorie:User la-4]]) gefragt, aber nie eine Antwort erhalten. Gruß, --[[Usor:R. Engelhardt|R. Engelhardt]] 21:56, 3 Ianuarii 2010 (UTC)
: Salve! Der lateinische Text ist keineswegs schwierig. Ich hoffe, daß es mir gelungen ist, den Text ohne zu viele Fehler auf Deutsch zu übersetzen. Also: &quot;Diese (Männer), Theodor, hast du zur Liebe zum Gott und Vaterland aufgefordert. Mit Belehrung (od. Unterricht) hast du auch gelehrige Geister ausgebildet. In der Folge hat die Naturanlage und Tugend diese (Männer) in die Sterne geführt, und dir Nachkommenschaft geziemt und (dich) freut es, diesen (Männern) nachzufolgen.&quot; --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 23:14, 3 Ianuarii 2010 (UTC)

::Salve Neander! Vielen Dank für Deine Hilfe. Ich habe Text (mit meiner deutschen Muttersprache) noch etwas verändert. Aber ohne Deine Hilfe hätte ich das nie geschafft, obwohl ich auf eben diesem ''[[w:de:Theodorianum|Theodorianum]]'' (deshalb: oh Theodor) 6 Jahre in Latein unterrichtet wurde. Bei allen aufgeführten Personen handelt es sich um ehemalige Schüler des ''Theodorianum''. Ich nehme jetzt diesen Text:
::&quot;Diese Männer, oh Theodor, hast Du zur Liebe an Gott und das Vaterland berufen. Mit Wissenschaft hast Du ihr Leben zudem bereichert. So hast Du ihr Talent und ihre Kraft zur Sonne geführt. Ihnen zu folgen fördert und ehrt die Nachkommen.&quot;
::Nochmals vielen Dank, --[[Usor:R. Engelhardt|R. Engelhardt]] 18:22, 5 Ianuarii 2010 (UTC)

==ὀστοῦν==

Salve Neander, Du hast zwar Recht, aber ich denke, dass es trotzdem sinnvoll wäre, das Wort im Artikel stehen zu lassen, da die pathologische Nomenklatur hauptsächlich vom Griechischen abgeleitet ist (zB: Osteochondrosis, Osteomyelitis, Osteoporosis etc.).--[[Usor:Amphitrite|Aylin]] 12:05, 16 Februarii 2010 (UTC)
: Et tu salva sis, Amphitrite! Du hast sicher Recht. Jetzt sehe ich ein, dass mein etymologischer Blickpunkt allzu einseitig war. Die griechische Form verdient seinen Platz (ich habe nur den Akzent korrigiert). --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 13:19, 16 Februarii 2010 (UTC)
::Danke, den Akzentfehler habe ich ja komplett - sogar beim Kopieren des Wortes auf deine Diskussionsseite! - übersehen. --[[Usor:Amphitrite|Aylin]] 22:13, 16 Februarii 2010 (UTC)

== {{fn|citatio2}} ==

Salve, mi Neander. Gratias maximas tibi ago ob recensiones tuas multas in labores meos. Me confiteor nuper conantem varia corrigere apud nos agitatum quidem factum esse, neglegenter ergo multa scripsisse. Hanc ob viam, verba pauca tibi dicere velim de formula vel potius formulae usu {{fn|citatio2}}: Cum hanc formulam finximus ego et Rolandus noster, nihil superbiae cogitavimus. Variabilis in formula interpreti apta modo monstrat quem rogandum sit, si quis interpretationem qualibet causa male intelligat, nullo pacto ut nomina nostra quasi interpretes famae gloriaeve videantur. Ergo te quaeso, si multa in interpretatione mea vel alicius (scilicet in formula {{fn|citatio2}}) mutaveris, nomen interpretis quoque mutes. Si maneat meum nomen post recensiones meas, modo sollicitor ne cogar meos errores explicare, quod me posse plus minusve credo. Si maneat post tuas, timeo ne roget quis quomodo me (re vera te) quam pulchre scripsisse, ubi quidem falsus ero. ;] Valeas. --[[Usor:Ioscius|Ioscius]]&lt;sup&gt;'''[[Disputatio Usoris:Ioscius|∞]]'''&lt;/sup&gt; 23:59, 26 Februarii 2010 (UTC)
: Salve et tu, mi Iosci. Gratias ago ob admonitionem tuam. Confiteor me formulas Vicipaedianas paene omnino neglexisse et nequaquam nisi necessitate coactum novas addidicisse. Qua de causa mihi non subiit animum eam de qua me admonuisti rem satis respicere. Quod ad te attinet, mea quidem opinione in Latinitate magnopere progressus es. Itaque gratissimum est tuis intervenire scriptis, si quam interveniendi causam omnino praebent. Nisi tibi displicet, nomen auctoris non mutare praefero, nam ego textum potius melioravi quam converti. --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 15:36, 27 Februarii 2010 (UTC)
::Non vidi tuum responsum, sed eo nunc viso, gratias ago ob verba tua de me latinitate. Intelligo quoque rationem tuam in nomina in formulis non mutando. Vale! --[[Usor:Ioscius|Ioscius]]&lt;sup&gt;'''[[Disputatio Usoris:Ioscius|∞]]'''&lt;/sup&gt; 12:21, 4 Martii 2010 (UTC)

==De [[calla modo matritense|callis]]==
Care Neander. Re vera forma ablativa recta ''matritens'''i''''' est necnon ''matritens'''e'''''? Tunc permultae de cibis paginae mutandae sunt ob errorem puerilem meum. --[[User:Xaverius|&lt;span style=&quot;color:blue;&quot;&gt;Xave&lt;/span&gt;]][[:eu:Lankide:Xaverius|&lt;span style=&quot;color:green;&quot;&gt;ri&lt;/span&gt;]][[:eu:Lankide_eztabaida:Xaverius|&lt;span style=&quot;color:red;&quot;&gt;us&lt;/span&gt;]] 12:07, 4 Martii 2010 (UTC)
:Maeste dictu, Xavi, sed ita, recta forma (fere omnium, nonnullis exceptis) adiectivorum in casu ablativo est ''-i'' nec ''-e''. --[[Usor:Ioscius|Ioscius]]&lt;sup&gt;'''[[Disputatio Usoris:Ioscius|∞]]'''&lt;/sup&gt; 12:14, 4 Martii 2010 (UTC)
::Tum [http://lysy2.archives.nd.edu/cgi-bin/words.exe?burgense Words] mihi mentitur! Paginas omnes iam mutavi (aut credo)--[[User:Xaverius|&lt;span style=&quot;color:blue;&quot;&gt;Xave&lt;/span&gt;]][[:eu:Lankide:Xaverius|&lt;span style=&quot;color:green;&quot;&gt;ri&lt;/span&gt;]][[:eu:Lankide_eztabaida:Xaverius|&lt;span style=&quot;color:red;&quot;&gt;us&lt;/span&gt;]] 12:46, 4 Martii 2010 (UTC)
:::In medieval Latin the distinction between adjectival and substantival declensions was often neglected. Perhaps ''burgensis'', which is a relatively late word, was actually so declined. --[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 12:53, 4 Martii 2010 (UTC)
::::So it's OK, Xaveri! From now on, you just have to speak up in favour of medieval Latin :) [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 13:20, 4 Martii 2010 (UTC)
::::::Wink wink. ;) [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 16:33, 4 Martii 2010 (UTC)
:::::I may stay with Classical consensus for now. I've changed the pages now, and made a new one on delicious [[gazopsilacium]] --[[User:Xaverius|&lt;span style=&quot;color:blue;&quot;&gt;Xave&lt;/span&gt;]][[:eu:Lankide:Xaverius|&lt;span style=&quot;color:green;&quot;&gt;ri&lt;/span&gt;]][[:eu:Lankide_eztabaida:Xaverius|&lt;span style=&quot;color:red;&quot;&gt;us&lt;/span&gt;]] 13:30, 4 Martii 2010 (UTC)
:::::: Iam antea notavi Word fidem non facere. --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 16:21, 4 Martii 2010 (UTC)

== De infinitivis evitandis ==

In [[Disputatio Usoris:Fabullus#De infinitivo|pagina disputionis mea]] respondi. --[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 15:03, 22 Aprilis 2010 (UTC)

== [[Superfrigidatio]] ==
''Punctum glaciei'' is well attested on Google (= ''punctum gelationis aquae''). In addition, on the taberna thread ([[Vicipaedia:Taberna#Freezing and glaciers]]) I said that I was intentionally avoiding the prefixed forms ''congelare'' and ''conglaciare'' and their derivatives when the meaning is simply 'freeze'. This is actually more classical; though ''punctum'' with any form I think is a modern idiom as the ancients did not have a scale of temperature. ''Punctum gelationis'' is also attested, though much less common than ''congelationis''. I did leave one ''congelationis'' is the article though I would prefer to change it to ''gelationis'' for standardization. [[Usor:Pantocrator|Pantocrator]] 19:16, 25 Aprilis 2010 (UTC)
: I find &quot;punctum glaciei&quot; rather ambiguous, but the loci you've Googled up speak for themselves. So, I withdraw my scruples. I appreciate that you left one &quot;punctum congelationis&quot; in the text as a diplomatic gesture. --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 19:44, 25 Aprilis 2010 (UTC)

== Thanks ==
Thanks very much (as always) for your unobtrusive improvements to [[Tabula Rosettana]]! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 09:11, 14 Iunii 2010 (UTC)

== I added ==
I added a couple of semi- or demi-semi-relevant pictures to [[Iosephus Schumpeter]]. Some people like pictures. But if you think they aren't sufficiently apposite, by all means remove them! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 09:19, 30 Iunii 2010 (UTC)
: Those pictures are like oases in the desert. Holocardiac thanks! --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 09:59, 30 Iunii 2010 (UTC)

== If you have a moment ==
... please glance at the Latin sentences I suggested at [[Disputatio Usoris:Robert.Baruch#Nice to see ...]]. They are intended to replace the hidden text in English that lurks behind the asteroid pages at present (for example [[1000 Piazzia]]: click &quot;recensere&quot; to see the hidden text). Such messages ought really to be in Latin, and they had betteer be exactly right before Robert spreads them across all those pages. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 11:50, 17 Iulii 2010 (UTC)
: Done. --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 19:34, 17 Iulii 2010 (UTC)

== The odd asteroid ==

I'm glad you're interested in the naming of asteroids! Robert has suggested categorising these names, which seems a good idea. For the &quot;Estonia&quot; type I was going to say &quot;Categoria:Asteroides a locis terrestrialibus appellati&quot;. Not sure if this is the ideal Latin expression, and not sure whether to classify more narrowly (countries, towns, rivers ...) -- but I think a category page that offers a simple alphabetical list, within a very broad classification such as I've suggested, might be the handiest. Anyway, please comment! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 08:45, 24 Iulii 2010 (UTC)
: Well, my primary aim has been to deal with Finnish and maybe Swedish names because I think they may be somewhat easier for me to handle. I've been rather busy for weeks in writing a chapter in a book, so naming asteroids has been kind of spare time work consisting as it does of minuscule projects. I think categorising asteroid names is a good idea -- it might even serve some cultural historical project (as I wrote in Robert's discussion page) -- but I have no clear opinion about how deep the subcategorisation should be. Anyway, I suggest you say &quot;terrestribus&quot; instead of &quot;terrestrialibus&quot;. Or maybe &quot;geographicis&quot;? --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 13:13, 24 Iulii 2010 (UTC)

== Feldmarschalleutnant ==

Salve Neander, please have a look at [[Disputatio:Iosephus Schumpeter]] (Feldmarschalleutnant)!--[[Usor:Utilo|Utilo]] 09:09, 7 Augusti 2010 (UTC)

== Help with Latin Wikibooks logo ==

Hello Neander.  I'm currently collecting project names and slogans as part of a logo cleanup.  One of the final things that I'm missing is a translations for the Latin Wikibooks logo.  Could you help me?

* Wikibooks = Vicilibri
* Open books for an open world (or &quot;Free books for a free world&quot; if that's easier to translate) = ?

Could you please leave reply on [[m:User talk:Cbrown1023|my Meta-Wiki talk page]]?  Thanks in advance! '''[[User:Cbrown1023|&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;Cbrown1023&lt;/span&gt;]]''' '''&lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Cbrown1023|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#002bb8&quot;&gt;disputatio&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/small&gt;''' 18:05, 12 Augusti 2010 (UTC)

== Help:English to Latin Translation ==

Hello! I need help on English to Latin translation. Please visit the page '''[[w:User:Amit6/c-en2la11|User:Amit6/c-en2la11]]''' and translate that following list of english words to Latin. If you do the translations, please do not write those here and prefer to write those on [[w:User:Amit6/c-en2la11#Latin|the latin section of User:Amit6/c-en2la11]]. --[[Usor:Amit6|Amit6]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Amit6|talk]]) 13:57, 18 Augusti 2010 (UTC)

== syntax ==

Salve mi Neander! Nunc lego quam maximum de syntaxe et grammatica generativa. Velim videre nos habere plus et sine dubio meliores commentationes his de rebus (non est modo beneficentiae causa, quoque scribendo discimus =]). Maeste multa nescio describere, id est verbis Latinis. Ubinam incipiam quoque nescio, nam sunt tot categoriae apud wikipediam ut eas haud enumerare possum. Nihilominis, me putavi incepturum in [[c-command]]. Putasne verbo vulgari ''commandare'' hic uti posse? Quid de forma nominali? commandatum? Nonnulla alia vcoabula:

*government - gubernatio
*binding - ligatio?
*theoria gubernationis ligationisque?
*node - nodus
*constituent (group) - constituens/grex constituentium?
*syntax tree - arbor syntactica? arbor structuram syntacticam monstrans?

Scilicet es tu rerum linguisticarum et latinarum doctissimus homo quem cognosco, ergo consilium auxiliumque tuum hic valde desidero. Sine dubio tibi erunt multa corrigenda =]

Gratias et valeas in proxumum! -- [[Usor:Ioscius|Ioscius]]  &lt;sup&gt;'''[[Disputatio Usoris:Ioscius|∞]]'''&lt;/sup&gt; 11:59, 26 Septembris 2010 (UTC)

: Salve Iosci, amice audax! Quod scio, nondum quisquam grammaticam Chomskianam, agrum novalem, Latino aratro tangere ausus est. Dubito, an tibi consilia ad verborum usum pertinentia dare possim, nam constat nostrum sermonem in hac re egenum esse. Itaque novos terminos aut fingere aut mutuari cogimur. De verbis a te allatis tacere debeo, nam impraesentiarum nihil habeo quod melius esse videatur. At duarum rerum mentionem facere velim: (1) Etsi verbum Anglicum ''command'' nos illiciat ad verbum ''commendandi'' (NB: &quot;commandare&quot; verbum fictum est [quamquam fortasse verbis fictis hac in re opus sit?]), ''commendare'' Latinum semantice aut syntactice vix aptum sit. ''Imperare'' melius videtur, sed specie verbi Anglici dissimile est. Magnine refert? (2) &quot;Constituent&quot;. Meá quidem opinione &quot;constituens&quot; paene nihil significat (aut non id significat, quod significare debeat). Re vera &quot;constituent&quot; paene idem significat ac ''pars (orationis)''. Sed bene scio hic de differentibus theoriis agi. Miro modo ''constituens'' mihi non placet, sed melius praebere nequeo. Pro dolor! Sint ut sunt, attento animo tuas commentationes syntacticas legam. At nunc birotam conscendam et ad labores cotidianos properabo. Vale. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 07:00, 27 Septembris 2010 (UTC)
::Pro Anglico ''constituent,'' Ainsworth's Latinum ''constitutorem'' (Quint.) commendat&amp;thinsp;; Cassell's, ''partem'' et ''elementum.'' [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 10:28, 27 Septembris 2010 (UTC)
::: Apud Quintilianum ''constitutor legis'' magistratus quidam legifer esse videtur. Cum autem nobis opus sit termino, qui rem, ex qua totum quoddam efficiatur, significet, ''pars'' sive ''elementum'' (''compositorium'') se commendare videntur; quin etiam, cum de sententiae partibus agatur, ''membrum'' aut ''incisum'' (cf. Cic. ''Or.'' 62.211 &quot;quae Graeci {{Polytonic|κόμματα}} et {{Polytonic|κῶλα}} nominant, nos recte ''incisa'' et ''membra'' dicimus&quot;; ''Or.'' 63.212 &quot;quo pacto deceat incise membratimve dici&quot;; &amp;c.). [[Leonardus Bloomfield]] primus, ni fallor, termino q.e. &quot;constituent&quot; usus est in syntaxi structurali, cum sententias ita describere vellet, ut ex partibus/membris finitimis vel &quot;immediatis&quot; (&quot;immediate constituents&quot;) hierarchice dispositis constent. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 15:44, 27 Septembris 2010 (UTC)
::Gratias ambobus ago! -- [[Usor:Ioscius|Ioscius]]  &lt;sup&gt;'''[[Disputatio Usoris:Ioscius|∞]]'''&lt;/sup&gt; 19:49, 27 Septembris 2010 (UTC)

==Editor Appeals Need Translations==
I want to thank you for your help translating during this year's fundraiser. The fundraiser has greatly benefited from all your contributions. Currently, the appeals from Wikipedia editors  [[m:Fundraising_2010/Kartika_Appeal/en|Kartika]], [[m:Fundraising_2010/Lilaroja_Appeal/en|Liliaroja]], [[m:Fundraising_2010/Abbas_Appeal/en|Abbas]] and [[m:Fundraising_2010/Joan_Gomà/en|Joan Gomà]] need to be translated and localized. 
Also some [[m:Fundraising_2010/Core_messages/en|core messages]] need to be updated for certain languages. You can find all translation requests at the [[m:Fundraising_2010/Translation|translation hub]] on meta and you can follow the progress of the fundraiser in real time by tracking the [[wmf:Special:FundraiserStatistics|fundraiser statistics]]. Also for those of you who haven't already, you can subscribe to the [[mail:translators-l|translators-l]] mailing list for all new requests and major changes. Many thanks for your help in truly making this a global fundraiser that you can [[m:Fundraising_2010/Translation|edit.]]  [[m:User:Schapman|schapman]]

==Potomac==
Your name has cropped up on the banks of the [[Disputatio:Fluvius Potomacus|Fluvius Potomacus]]. Any comments welcome! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 17:49, 27 Aprilis 2011 (UTC)
: Well, I haven't anything important to add to the interesting discussion. My answer (to Ivan) was about the semantic differentiae of ''fluvius, flumen, amnis'' (according to Hermann Menge), not their respective frequency. I now did a quick research on Cicero's use of ''flumen'' and ''fluvius''. It's quite true that ''flumen'' is more frequent by word-form count, but when it comes to his use of ''flumen'' and ''fluvius'', respectively, as modifiers/descriptors of a proper name, ''fluvius'' appears to prevail (''fluvius'': 10 times; ''flumen'': 3 times). But given that Caesar doesn't use ''fluvius'' at all, personal preferences seem to be involved. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 00:23, 28 Aprilis 2011 (UTC)
::That's my impression too. Thanks, Neander! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 08:29, 28 Aprilis 2011 (UTC)

== Casus ablativus adiectivorum tertiae declinationis ==

Te animadverti saepissime iuvare cum quaestiones de grammatica Latina habeo in animo, num igitur tibi displiceat si aliquando te interrogo demirabar. Id rare accideret cum semper prius quaestionum mearum responsa consectarer quam te rogarem!

Plura enim volebam scire de casu ablativo adiectivorum tertiae declinationis. Desineri certa verba vel in ''-e'' vel in ''-i'' scio. Notam de hac re inveni in [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/carens ista pagina Victionariana], quae origo est meae questionis: quid dicere vult &quot;when used purely as an adjective&quot; -- quando ''-e'' adhibendum est, quando ''-i''?

Cupide tuum exspecto responsum. Vale! [[Usor:Mattie|Mattie]] 03:28, 19 Iunii 2011 (UTC)

: Salve, Mattie! In participio (sicut verbi ''careo aliqua re'' 'sine aliqua re sum') de duobus modis declinandi, scilicet '''declinatione adiectiva''' et '''declinatione verbali''', agitur. In hac sententia, ''homo amicis carens infelix est'' 'homo, qui amicos non habet, infelix est', participium ''carens'' adiectivi munere fungitur. Sin autem 'ego sum felicior quam homo amicis carens' dicere volumus ablativo comparativo usi, declinatione adiectiva usi ''&lt;u&gt;homine&lt;/u&gt; amicis &lt;u&gt;carenti&lt;/u&gt; felicior sum'' dicimus. Declinatio autem verbalis plerumque ad ablativum absolutum pertinere videtur. Itaque si 'Dum amicis caret ille homo, nos dolemus' ablativo absoluto usi dicere volumus, ''illo homine amicis carente nos dolemus'' dicimus. ¶ Haec regula, quamquam ubique observanda est, interdum a poëtis classicis metri causa violatur. Sed haec nobis, quippe qui pro(r)sa oratione utamur, minime curae sunt. Hanc semper observemus regulam. Utinam meae explicationes perquam academicae tibi auxilio sint! Optime valeas! [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 01:27, 20 Iunii 2011 (UTC)

:: Care Neander, gratias maximas tibi ago! Tuo enim responso circiter viciens lecto conceptoque longe revoluto in animo tandem me credo intellegere :) Cum rationem declinatione verbali utendi specto tamquam esset ob verbi inopiam in 'clausula' (id est in ablativo absoluto), multum mihi sensibilem videtur simpliciter quoniam verba necessaria sunt clausulis. Gratias iterum, atque cura ut valeas! [[Usor:Mattie|Mattie]] 21:41, 20 Iunii 2011 (UTC)

== &quot;As&quot; ==
Salve rursus, Neander! Ut vales? Cum Latine scribo unum est problema quod saepe invenio: vocabulum Anglicum &quot;as&quot; (sive Francogallice &quot;comme,&quot; etc.) exprimere nescio talibus in sententiis:
:''to appear in a film '''as''' [such or such character]''
:''to use an apple '''as''' a paperweight''
:''to write '''as''' a pastime''
Vocabulum &quot;(sic)ut&quot; (aut quidem &quot;pro&quot;?) puto forsitan esse adhibendum, sed non sum certus. Quid tu dicas? Gratias ago! [[Usor:Mattie|Mattie]] 19:24, 12 Augusti 2011 (UTC)
: Salve multum, Mattie! Iucundas posuisti quaestiones. Haec sunt mea responsa. (1) Propter similitudinem verborum Angl. ''appear'' et Lat. ''apparere'' facile fieri potest, ut homines Anglophoni dictionem ''X appears as Y in the film Z'' Latine *''X ut Y in pellicula Z apparet'' convertant; quod quidem perperam fiat, namque in Latinitate classicae aetatis ''apparet ut'' idem fere significat atque 'appears as though (he were)'. Cum quidem ''as'' in phrasi Anglicá idem fere significare videatur atque ''in the role of'', possumus Latine ''X partes Y&lt;small&gt;[casus genetivus]&lt;/small&gt; agit in pellicula Z'' dicere, vel ''X personam Y&lt;small&gt;[casus genetivus]&lt;/small&gt; agit (fert, gerit, tenet) in pellicula Z''. Itaque fortasse ''Alphonsus Cuarón personam magi candelam tenentis gerit ...''. (2) Quod ad phrasin ''to use an apple as a paperweight'' attinet, formula generalis haec est: ''X uses Y as Z'' = ''X Y&lt;small&gt;[casus ablativus]&lt;/small&gt; utitur Z&lt;small&gt;[casus ablativus]&lt;/small&gt;''; itaque Latine: ''X malo utitur chartarum pressorio''. (3) Dictio ''to write as a pastime'' mihi videtur Latine esse ''delectationis causa scribere'' vel ''(suo) oblectamento&lt;small&gt;[casus dativus, i.e. dativus finalis]&lt;/small&gt; scribere''; vel sicut Cicero idiomatice dixerit: ''animi causa scribere''. Cura ut valeas, [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 05:49, 13 Augusti 2011 (UTC)
:: Gratias tibi ago, ''multum'' haec me adiuverunt. Vale! [[Usor:Mattie|Mattie]] 01:09, 14 Augusti 2011 (UTC)
:::Salve, Neander! Alium habeo dubium, quod ad phrasin, quae Anglice verbo &quot;as&quot; utatur, pertinet, et volebam igitur scire an me adiuvare potueris:
::::''Mona Lisa was depicted '''as''' a dark-haired woman''
:::i.e. ''X was depicted as Y'', sed non ''X was depicted &quot;as if&quot; it was Y''. Does that make sense? P.S. Gratias ob commentationem tuam de casu dativo ago! Valde mihi fuit utilis, praesertim ut nomina variorum dativi generum scirem. [[Usor:Mattie|Mattie]] 18:34, 11 Decembris 2011 (UTC)
:::: Salve, Mattie! Mihi quidem videtur ''X was depicted as Y'' his fere modis Latine dici posse: ''X in habitum (habitus, -ūs, m.) | naturam | speciem Y depingere''. Itaque equidem exemplarem ''Mona Lisa was depicted as a dark-haired woman'' sententiam hoc modo Latine reddiderim: ''Mona Lisa in habitum feminae fuscicomae depicta est''. Cura ut valeas, [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 09:57, 12 Decembris 2011 (UTC)
::::: Gratias tibi ago! Vale, [[Usor:Mattie|Mattie]] 23:24, 12 Decembris 2011 (UTC)

== Satyricon ==
Vide, amice Martine, id quod tandem in pagina [[Satyricon]] scripsi de titulo huius operis, et corrige si necesse sit! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 09:32, 14 Augusti 2011 (UTC)
: Initium rescripsi (spero ne nimiá licentiá!) rei explicandae causa. Si quid minus feliciter dixi, Andrea amice, in melius reddito. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 13:44, 14 Augusti 2011 (UTC)
::Multo melius. Nescio cur tantas res in parentheses includere solemus :) [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 15:18, 14 Augusti 2011 (UTC)

== Latin is about to make me cry, so this one's in English! ==

I hope these inquiries of mine don't get annoying. If ever you feel like asking for something back, I shall do my best. I can draw pretty well!

Now, I understand the perfect subj. in Latin's somewhat wishy-washy, as in the Potential:
:''A present or future potentiality is expressed with either the present or perfect subjunctive. A past potentiality is expressed with the imperfect subjunctive, though the perfect subjunctive is occasionally used.'' (from [http://www.angelfire.com/ga/dracodraconis/latingrammar/subjunctives.html here])
but I was reading my Harrius Potter and came across a sentence with a Result Clause where the perfect was used, and not the pluperfect that I'd have expected:
:''Dolor capitis Harrii tam acer '''erat''' ut in genua '''ceciderit'''.''
I can't find anything anywhere about the perfect being a one-size-fits-all in Result Clauses (as it is in the Potential, apparently). Since this is a past event (&quot;erat&quot;), doesn't this have to be either imp. or pluperfect - and since Harry fell (as opposed to &quot;was falling&quot;), doesn't it ''have'' to be pluperfect? This is confusing! [[Usor:Mattie|Mattie]] 20:20, 19 Augusti 2011 (UTC)
: Well, &quot;don't you cry tonight!&quot; (quoting from ''Guns 'n Roses'', tho w/out further context ''':–)''' ). I'm afraid the grammar you're referring to isn't too helpful in this matter. As it appears to me, you quoted Potential Subjunctive (which is about independent clauses), although the sentence ''Dolor capitis Harrii tam acer erat ut in genua ceciderit'' contains a dependent consecutive clause (Result sentences in the grammar). What the grammar doesn't tell is that, in ''ut consecutivum'', the tempus is free in the sense that it may correspond to the respective tempus in an independent clause. The Latin sentence quoted by you is perfectly correct in this respect, describing, as it does, the result that happened as a matter of fact ('. . . in genua cecidit'). It'd have been possible to say ''Dolor capitis Harrii tam acer erat ut in genua caderet'', but this would have been a bit ambiguous, because ''caderet'' could express both past factuality and past potentiality of the result. Your question was a good one — obviously too good for a ''grammatica interretialis''. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 13:17, 20 Augusti 2011 (UTC)
:: I quoted the Potential because it was an example of subjunctive not being particularly strict about which tense to use - the sentence was confusing me because it ''wasn't'' Potential, and yet the subjunctive seemed to be doing whatever it wanted, if that makes sense (: I hope it came through that I was joking about crying. Thanks again for helping me out! [[Usor:Mattie|Mattie]] 17:18, 20 Augusti 2011 (UTC)
:::According to Ainsworth, the idiom 'to fall upon one's knees' is ''in genua procumbere.'' [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 18:04, 20 Augusti 2011 (UTC)
:::: True enough. But I'd still like to defend ''in genua cadere'' in this context. ''Cadere'' is what happens involuntarily to a person, while ''in genua procumbere'' tends to involve a voluntary or at least controlled act, describing, say, ''milites'' going down to a kneeling position to beg the victor's mercy and the like. ''Cadere'' is a strong verbal expression, apt to describe workings of ''dolor''. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 19:09, 20 Augusti 2011 (UTC)
:::::OK, but Caesar's ''frumenta imbribus procubuerant'' doesn't seem all that voluntary or controlled, at least on the part of the hapless ''frumenta.'' :) [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 01:56, 27 Augusti 2011 (UTC)
::::::Perhaps the key idea behind procumbere lies in the root cumb, as in recumbent, succumb,etc., all these words carry the idea of yielding, giving in, laying down, or leaning on something,  out of weariness, desire for rest, inertia, or simply due to giving up. Those motivations and causes are simply absent in cadere. As to the &quot;fruit falling to the ground in capitulation to the rains&quot;, that subtlety of meaning is possible to convey in fewer words in latin.--[[Specialis:Conlationes/123.192.69.44|123.192.69.44]] 05:52, 27 Augusti 2011 (UTC)
:::::::Thank you for your involuntary hospitality, Neander! It isn't fruit, it's wheat or barley, so it doesn't so much fall to the ground as submit to the compulsion to recline. This is exactly what happens if there is unseasonal heavy summer rain: a serious matter for the farmer now, just as it was then. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 08:37, 27 Augusti 2011 (UTC)

==Gratias!==
Thanks for the improvements in ''[[Morpho]]''! If you have a moment, I'd be interested to see what you'd do to the translation of Wallace's remarks in ''[[Ornithoptera croesus]].'' For reference, the (English) original is preserved in a footnote. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 11:47, 6 Septembris 2011 (UTC)
:Another tricky passage, using concepts that Cicero never imagined, is in the description of ''[[Troides magellanus]],'' where, if you'd like to touch it up, you'll be pleased to find the genitive ''[[Morpho|Morphus]].'' ;) [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 18:10, 7 Septembris 2011 (UTC)

==''Iricolor''==
Isn't the first element of a compound usually the stem? Why wouldn't it have been ''iridicolor,'' with the stem as seen in [[Iridium|iridium]], [[:en:Iridectomy|iridectomy]], [[:en:Iridescence|iridescence]], [[:en:Iridology|iridology]], and [[:en:Iridosmine|iridosmine]]? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 18:10, 7 Septembris 2011 (UTC)
: Well, in Greek, ''iris'' was a heteroclitic word, which means that it had two stems, viz. ''iri-'' and ''irid-'', and thus a mixed declension: ''iris'' (nom.sg.), ''irin'' (acc.sg.), ''iridos'' (gen.sg.), ''iri'' (voc.sg.), which were borrowed into Latin form-wise: ''iris, irim, iridis, ...''. (The rationalised acc.sg. ''iridem'' isn't attested until late Latin.) So, ''iris'' was a two-stem noun in Latin, too; and ''iri-color'' was formed on the vocalic stem. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 22:54, 7 Septembris 2011 (UTC)

== modus articulandi  ==
Salue, Neander. Quid signifiat &quot;plicis&quot;, (plicus, plex, plica ? )?  Non inveni hoc verbum in meo vocabulario. --[[Usor:Marc mage|Marc mage]] 23:11, 28 Octobris 2011 (UTC)
: Salve, Marc mage! ''Plica,-ae'' 'pli' non est verbum antiquitatis, sed credo medicos eo uti, cum de ''plicis vocalibus'' 'les plis vocaux' loquuntur. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 23:28, 28 Octobris 2011 (UTC)
::''Plica'' etiam fuit signum in notatione [[musica]]e [[Aevum Medium|Aevo Medio]] adhibitum. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 23:38, 28 Octobris 2011 (UTC)

== since you're online... ==
[[Index Ruber IUCN]] or [[Ruber IUCN Index]] for [[IUCN Red List]], tua sententia? (I prefer the former, but the latter has more links to it, and follows the adjective-genitive-noun formula.) [[Usor:Mattie|Mattie]] 00:31, 2 Novembris 2011 (UTC)
: &quot;Index Ruber IUCN&quot; meá sententiá debet esse. [[Hyperbaton]] est pragmaticum instrumentum textuale, quod vix ad titulos pertinet. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 00:44, 2 Novembris 2011 (UTC)
:: Je suis d'accord. Merci! [[Usor:Mattie|Mattie]] 00:51, 2 Novembris 2011 (UTC)


==[[Stargate]]==
Neander, salve! Ut vales? Ego quoquo bene valeo. Your corrections are fine but I can not agree with the &lt;s&gt;maxima&lt;/s&gt; corrigenda. Your last correction of replacing 'quam' with 'cuius partes' is fine but not needed. Was 'quam' wrong and your basis for the maxima corrigenda notice? Perhaps it would be better to discuss in Taberna. In the past there were other so-called improvements(emendationes) with words like 'locu' and 'classificanda' (from others)which are not latin at all. I am afraid that if it will be 'improved' the quality will only get worse. Could you just make at least a few more improvements that could guide me to do the rest of the work? Gratias ago.--[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] 10:52, 5 Novembris 2011 (UTC)
You can answer in Latin or I can translate the above to Latin if you wish.[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] 10:54, 5 Novembris 2011 (UTC)
:For the record: I marked it –2 (a fairly high ranking, 2nd out of 7) on 29 Septembris 2009, and that's how it still stands. &quot;Maxima corrigenda&quot; is –5. ''Classificanda'' is a perfectly formed Latin word (if the verb ''classificare'' be accepted). [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 12:28, 5 Novembris 2011 (UTC)
::You know classificare if it is latin; is medieval. But I don't see it any dictionary so far. I'm putting a lot of effort to avoid new latin as you yourself pushed for. Going back, please, it is just as wrong to say the Latin is wrong when there is nothing wrong as it is to say that wrong Latin is correct when it is not. Would it be too much to ask for more corrections?(to show that if there are these errors in some, there must be more). The quam change wasn't really needed nor does it warant a &lt;s&gt;maxima &lt;/s&gt;corrigenda. Ok I will be going to the taberna. I don't want to give too much load on any one person. Please understand that I've been here  for a few years already. The plant is now a tree. In terms of understandability it should be easy to understand. [[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] 13:09, 5 Novembris 2011 (UTC)
::::According to Cassell's, 'classify' is ''in genera describere,'' but that locution becomes awkward in [[biologia|biological]] contexts, where ''[[genus (taxinomia)|genus]]'' has a definition so technical &amp; circumscribed that it can make the classical idiom absolutely wrong, so one probably must accept ''classificare'' in biological contexts, whence it leaks out into other contexts, as words will. Change it back, if you like! [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 14:09, 5 Novembris 2011 (UTC)
:::Hi, Jondel! Given that ''agere'' is a heavily polysemous verb, it'd be helpful to avoid ambiguities wherever possible. If you say &quot;quam V.L. agit&quot;, you're not necessarily violating the grammar but instead, perhaps, some cooperative principle such as clarity of expression. That's why I prefer to say &quot;cuius partes V.L. agit&quot;, which is immediately clear to anyone who knows the idiom. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 13:51, 5 Novembris 2011 (UTC)
::::The quam immediately points to 'what'(the character of Langford) is (being )done (so much easier to understand)  but ok, I accept this. ''agere'' is  polysemous but agere is easy to understand because it is very obvious that it is about actors performing character-roles.  What is difficult for me to accept is the  '-2 Latinitas ' . If things are working fine, don't fix them or they could get worse.   Somebody could correct it and &lt;u&gt;actually make it worse&lt;/u&gt;. So much of (my) hardwork gone to waste.  Sure everybody can edit. But please be sure. If that was the basis for the '-2 latinatis' it is really not convincing. The latin I'm using is or should be very standard. I will ask for help later on the taberna. For my latin studies I will try to familiarize myself with idioms.This internet cafe is closing now and I have to go.Vale.[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] 14:20, 5 Novembris 2011 (UTC)
:::::Although there are still imperfections, I think Neander's edits have raised the level from -2 (where Iacobus placed it originally) to -1. Hoping you others don't disagree, I will make that adjustment.
:::::I think Neander's change from &quot;quem ... agit&quot; to &quot;cuius partes ... agit&quot;, on the first occasion the phrase is used, is a good change, (a) because variety is better for the reader, and (b) because using a more explicit form the ''first'' time makes it clearer when you use the brief form the ''second'' time. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 15:58, 5 Novembris 2011 (UTC)

== [[Sortilegii]] ==
This was no doubt a bad title, but it's much better, when moving, to leave the redirect in place at least for a short time. Other pages link to this one (I have emended the link on one of them); more important, since this is one of the 1000 paginae, many pages on other wikipedias link to it. If there's a redirect, the bots will in the normal course of things correct those links on other Wikipedias: if there's no redirect, they can't and the page will be effectively lost to them.

So I removed your &quot;Delenda&quot; tag and replaced it with a redirect. OK? [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 10:11, 10 Decembris 2011 (UTC)

== Vide etiam ==

Ave. I see that you moved &quot;Vide etiam&quot; section in a different position than the English source and also in a different position than the Latin previous version. Sorry to point that out, but I simply need to understand why, maybe it was just a mistake. --[[Usor:Achillus|Achillus]] 12:42, 19 Decembris 2011 (UTC)
: Salve, Achille. No, it was no mistake. The reason for my move was that, in my opinion, &quot;Lege etiam&quot;, &quot;Vide etiam&quot; and &quot;Nexus externi&quot; are all links external to the coherent, internal structure of the article, &quot;Lege etiam&quot; and &quot;Vide etiam&quot; providing, as they do, links to additional sources of information. While &quot;Nexus externi&quot; consist of links external to Vicipaedia, &quot;Lege etiam&quot; and &quot;Vide etiam&quot; consist of links external to the article in question. These are my reasons. But if the majority of users think that we must blindly follow the English wiki, let it be so (though, personally, I can't guarantee full obedience to rules, the existence of which escapes my wit). [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 04:59, 20 Decembris 2011 (UTC)
:: I see. Well, we can ask the ''Taberna'' or the discussion page. I agree with your change, but I did not change the layout because of the big header of the page (do not change this page unless consensus). I would just switch &quot;Vide etiam&quot; before &quot;Lege etiam&quot; in order to have &quot;internal links&quot; before &quot;external links&quot;.
:: This means that &quot;Vide etiam&quot; should *absolutely stick* to what is thought for, i.e. related pages... right now I often see (useless) lists that replicate the &quot;inline interwikies&quot; in the article. So should we move this discussion somewhere else in order to involve others? --[[Usor:Achillus|Achillus]] 09:39, 20 Decembris 2011 (UTC)
::: I have nothing against hearing what others think in the Taberna. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 10:12, 20 Decembris 2011 (UTC)

== [[Formula:Convertimus]] ==

Salve, Neander! When [http://la.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vestiario_exire&amp;action=historysubmit&amp;diff=1829625&amp;oldid=1828509 you edited] ''Vestiario exire'', you rewrote part of the reference I had written, namely ''Noli putare eam testificari'' → ''Extra Vicipaediam huius locutionis testimonium vix inveniri potest.'' I thought I'd let you know, my original reference was copy-pasted from [[Formula:Convertimus]] (I didn't want to use the formula itself because I didn't get &quot;vestiario exire&quot; from &quot;my native language,&quot; but in fact from a whole lot of languages, which I wanted to name), so if you think what you wrote is better, you might want to edit the formula. Cheers, [[Usor:Mattie|Mattie]] 19:53, 1 Ianuarii 2012 (UTC)
:I suspect no one was quite satisfied with the existing wording of the formula, so I have taken this hint and inserted Neander's wording. I'm sure all will feel free to make further changes! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 20:38, 1 Ianuarii 2012 (UTC)
:: Facere non potui, quin totam paginam rescriberem, nempe ut ipse intellegerem. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 00:36, 2 Ianuarii 2012 (UTC)

== Again ==

Salve again, Neander! I just noticed that when I asked you how ''transgenerismus'' would be turned into an adjective, I said &quot;If I may ask (because I don't know), ...&quot; It just occurred to me this was terribly ambiguous. What I meant was &quot;If I may ask (because I don't know the answer to what I'm about to ask, i.e. I'm not trying to prove any point in favour of the Greek rendering of ''transgender''),&quot; and ''not'' &quot;If I may ask (because I don't know with you, you're horrible at answering questions),&quot; which would of course have been completely false. Well, here's to hoping you read it as I intended it, and not as I wrote it! [[Usor:Mattie|Mattie]] 21:42, 1 Ianuarii 2012 (UTC)
: Credo me satis recte te intellexisse. Puto me satis superque Anglice locutum esse. Itaque nunc variationis causa Latine ... :–) [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 00:43, 2 Ianuarii 2012 (UTC)
:: De tibi Latine scribendo cogitaveram, sed energiam conservare meam praeoptavi, ut plura potius de [[Harrius Potter|Harrio Pottero]] scribere possim :) [[Usor:Mattie|Mattie]] 01:00, 2 Ianuarii 2012 (UTC)

== De titulis tabularum pictarum ==
Iam reperis (nuper enim verificavi!) [[:Categoria:Tabulae pictae|hic]] fere omnes tabulas, quibus aut Helveticus aut ego titulum Latinum imposuimus. Si otium habes, capite e nubilositatibus demisso, perlege s.t.p. et titulum meliorem sive impone sive in disputatione suggere! Gratias ago, mi Martine -- [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 15:51, 5 Februarii 2012 (UTC)

== De stylo Latino ==
Nescio an [http://la.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vicipaedia:De_Latinitate&amp;curid=24396&amp;diff=1922302&amp;oldid=1895380 haec] et [http://la.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vicipaedia:De_Latinitate/en&amp;curid=45762&amp;diff=1922240&amp;oldid=1730855 haec] iam vidisti. Scire velim e qua lingua auctor noster anonymus opiniones suas (partim veras) in Latinam et Anglicam convertit! Quid censes? [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 06:35, 12 Martii 2012 (UTC)
: E qua lingua translati sint hi texticuli, opinionem non habeo satis certam. Scriptori de eo assentior, quod nescioqui anglophoni suum fecerunt, ut aliorum interpunctiones &quot;corrigerent&quot; more Anglo-Americano usi, quamquam his in rebus variae nationes / civitates suas habent consuetudines, e quibus nulla per se ceteris deterior vix iudicanda est. Verbi gratia, mihi quidem alienum est &quot;A, B, et C&quot; (et vidi de hac re etiam in Vicipaedia Anglica interdum disceptari, et quidem sunt qui in capsis suis usoriis declarent se &quot;A, B, et C&quot; aut praeferre aut detestari). Equidem tolerantiam in hac re suaserim. Aliis in rebus puto scriptorem nimia severitate, ne dicam morositate, affectum esse, sicut cum de ordine verborum vituperanter iudicat. Forsitan Caesarem solum legerit Cicerone omisso? Equidem putarim ea, quae a scriptore notata sunt, potius ad disputationes pertinere, nam certe de his disputandum esse videtur. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 03:49, 13 Martii 2012 (UTC)
::Certe Caesarem non legit, nam in commentario de ''Bello Civili'' (2:14) &quot;semicolon,&quot; rem quam noster amicus nomine carens vetandam esse opinatur, hoc loco legimus: &quot;Nostri repentina fortuna permoti arma, quae possunt, arripiunt''';''' [N.B.] alii ex castris sese incitant. Fit in hostes impetus''';''' [N.B.] sed de muro sagittis tormentisque fugientes persequi prohibentur&quot; (Loeb Classical Library, 39; Cambridge, Mass., and London: Harvard University Press, 2006). ;) [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 12:02, 13 Martii 2012 (UTC)
:::De vera linguae Latinae interpunctione disputare mihi supervacaneum videtur. Romani nihil nisi punctis ad verba separanda usi sunt; virgula tempore Carolingorum in usum venit, semicolon introductum est anno 1494 in Petri Bembi libro ''De Aetna'' ab Aldo Manutio, a quo omnis interpunctio Latina normata est. Nihilo minus et postea alii aliter interpunctione utebantur – usque in hos dies, ut libri Latini variis in terris editi demonstrant.--[[Usor:Utilo|Utilo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Utilo|disputatio]]) 22:52, 13 Martii 2012 (UTC)
:De usu virgularum saepe cogito, nam cotidie converto e lingua cuius loquentibus, sicut videatur Finnicis, &quot;A, B et C&quot; est omnino alienum. Veniam mihi linguae Finnicae nescienti detis, sed video in lexico ad minimum duas coniunctiones pro &quot;et&quot; (ja/sekä). In lingua Slovena sunt tres, quorum usuum variorum causa cum virgulis ad infinitum ludere non necesse est. In lingua Anglica est modo ''&quot;and&quot;''. In sententia ''&quot;We ordered coleslaw, fish and chips, and crab dip.&quot;''' prima et altera ''and'' inter se differunt, quod loquente auditur, sine virgula autem in pagina non videtur. Ergo etiam non censeo virgulam Oxfordiensem linguis omnibus aptam esse, linguae Anglicae est mea sententia utilis. Duos nummos. Salvete omnes. -- [[Usor:Ioscius|Ioscius]]  &lt;sup&gt;'''[[Disputatio Usoris:Ioscius|∞]]'''&lt;/sup&gt; 23:46, 13 Martii 2012 (UTC)

==De &quot;nugis&quot;==
Mi Neander, nuper quidam [[usor:Vatekor]] scripsit apud [[Disputatio:Dominus Quixotus a Manica]] textum quod egomet non intellego (censeo scriptum esse cum &quot;google translate&quot;). Tamen miki videtur commentarium asperum esse contra rem quam iam scripsi. Putas eum malefactorem esse aut simpliciter indoctum linguae latinae?--[[User:Xaverius|&lt;span style=&quot;color:blue;&quot;&gt;Xave&lt;/span&gt;]][[:eu:Lankide:Xaverius|&lt;span style=&quot;color:green;&quot;&gt;ri&lt;/span&gt;]][[:eu:Lankide_eztabaida:Xaverius|&lt;span style=&quot;color:red;&quot;&gt;us&lt;/span&gt;]] 22:29, 31 Martii 2012 (UTC)
: Xaveri, tibi illud assentior, quod ea, quae scripsit Vatekor, amicus linguae Latinae indoctus (ut videtur), ex translatro Google sint necesse est. Plane nihil intellexi. Recte admonuisti, ut linguá quádam, quá calleret, scriberet. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 23:41, 31 Martii 2012 (UTC)

== Mi Neander,... ==
... bene egisti apud [[Versus Sapphicus minor|Versum Sapphicum minorem]]; errorem vidi, gratias ago et valeas precor. [[Usor:Alessandro Gelsumini|Alexander Gelsumis]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Alessandro Gelsumini|disputatio]]) 10:05, 16 Maii 2012 (UTC)
: Gaudeo, mi Alexander, quod mutationes quas feci tanta approbasti facilitate. In animo quidem habeo hanc symbolam etiam plus mutare, nam mihi quidem Sappho, Catullus et Horatius videntur hendecasyllabo tractando paulum inter se differre. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 12:49, 16 Maii 2012 (UTC)
:: Est bene; decorum est de metrica arte scribere. Vale! [[Usor:Alessandro Gelsumini|Alexander Gelsumis]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Alessandro Gelsumini|disputatio]]) 19:35, 16 Maii 2012 (UTC)

== Commune ==

Tibi gratias ago  propter emendationem--[[Usor:Helveticus montanus|Helveticus montanus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Helveticus montanus|disputatio]]) 00:56, 14 Iulii 2012 (UTC)

== Semiotica Atomica ==

Hello...My Latin is far too rusty to attempt here, but I wanted to ask about something you've written on the Swedish Wikipedia. You're the author of the page [[:fi:Atomisemiotiikka]], and one of the listed references is &quot;Nielsen, Per Ole (toim. 1993) Transmittal of Information over Extremely Long Periods of Time. Proceedings of a conference arranged by Scandpower A/S in Oslo.&quot;. I've been trying to track down a copy of this, but can't find any library in the world that owns one. (At least, not according to [[Worldcat]].) Could you tell me where you found it? Thank you! [[Usor:Chubbles|Chubbles]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Chubbles|disputatio]]) 21:59, 1 Augusti 2012 (UTC)
: Hello, Chubbles! To tell the truth, I've never seen the Nielsen volume. I referred to it because I felt that it might be the best bibliographic source for direct information about the Oslo conference. But I did use Helge Dyvik's paper that is a contribution to the volume. It had reached my hands from a friend's friend's friend or something like that, and now I'm unable to find it. In tracking down the Nielsen volume, the next step you might take is to write to professor Dyvik (http://www.uib.no/personer/Helge.Dyvik). Perhaps he's able to help you to the whereabouts of the volume. Good luck! [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 23:28, 1 Augusti 2012 (UTC)

== Grammatica ==
Salvus sis, Neander! Num me adiuvare velis in his rebus nominibus Latinis dandis (si quidem nomina Latina danda sint)?
*[[:en:Head-driven phrase structure grammar]] (vide etiam [[:es:Gramática sintagmática nuclear]], quamquam aliae linguae nomine Anglico uti videntur)
*[[:en:Lexical functional grammar]] (vide etiam e.g. [[:es:Gramática léxico-funcional]], [[:fr:Grammaire lexicale-fonctionnelle]])
*[[:en:Combinatory categorial grammar]]
Gratias tibi ago! [[Usor:Mattie|Mattie]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Mattie|disputatio]]) 23:50, 8 Augusti 2012 (UTC)

: Profecto quaestiones difficillimi generis proposuisti, mi Mattie! Meà quidem linguà facile est nomen ''HPSG'' dicere (&quot;pääsanavetoinen lausekerakennekielioppi&quot;, si cui iucundum sit scire), quia lingua Fnnica verba composita facile patitur. At neminem umquam audivi hoc termino uti. HPSG plus placet. Ita credo rem se habere paene omnibus in linguis, quibus HPSG omnino tractatur. Vicipaedia Francogallica unum exemplum praebet: habet titulum ''HPSG'', qui deinde verbis explicatur. Potesne tu hanc rem succinctius Francogallice dicere? Aliud exemplum est Vicipaedia Hispanica, quae satis bene (meà sententià) hanc rem Hispanice reddidit. Cum 'PS-grammar' Francogallice ''grammaire syntagmatique'' et Hispanice ''gramática sintagmática'', quin Latine ''grammatica syntagmatica'' dicatur. Difficilius videtur 'head-driven' transferri, praesertim cum ambiguum sit, quomodo 'head'/'tête', terminus grammaticus, praestet Latine dici. Itaque Hispanicam aemulatus dixerim temptabundus: ''Grammatica syntagmatica nuclearis''. Sed fortasse alius quis meliorem terminum inveniet? Quod ad ''grammaticam lexico-functionalem'' attinet, etiam in hac re Hispanicam aemuler. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 21:04, 9 Augusti 2012 (UTC)
::Difficilia conor ipse tractare, difficillima ad te transfero! Fennicae iam bis studere temptavi, sed optimi vere libri opus esset. Te credo recte monuisse de ''grammatica syntagmatica nucleari'' et ''grammatica lexico-functionali''; quid autem de ''combinatory categorial grammar''? ''Grammatica categorialis combinatoria'' seu ''grammatica categoriali-combinatoria'', fortasse? [[Usor:Mattie|Mattie]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Mattie|disputatio]]) 02:57, 11 Augusti 2012 (UTC)
::: ''Grammatica categorialis combinatoria'' mihi quidem melius sonat. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 21:55, 11 Augusti 2012 (UTC)
:::: Gratias tibi ago propter auxilium. :) [[Usor:Mattie|Mattie]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Mattie|disputatio]]) 22:55, 11 Augusti 2012 (UTC)
::::: De rien! :-) [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 23:01, 11 Augusti 2012 (UTC)

== Quid si non curent...? ==
Verisimiliter conscius es quod nunc agitur disputatio illa de vocabulo &quot;interrete&quot;... Modo volebam rogare an scires cuis sit ditio paginarum mutandarum cum nemo nunc de meis verbis videtur curare. Aut fuitne -ut plerumque in rete fit- vana disputatio illa, id est praevaletne ius maioris  editorum gregis...? :S  [[Usor:Artaynte|Artaynte]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Artaynte|disputatio]]) 20:59, 14 Augusti 2012 (UTC)
: Respondi in pagina Artaynte. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 23:59, 14 Augusti 2012 (UTC)

== Psst ==
Salve, Neander! Fortasse non vidisti... responsum [[Vicipaedia:Petitio magistratus#Neander: ad finem veniet hora 15:45 die 24 Augusti 2012|hic]] scribendum est. Et, gratulatio! :D [[Usor:Mattie|Mattie]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Mattie|disputatio]]) 19:32, 21 Augusti 2012 (UTC)
: Vidi equidem, sed putavi opperiendum esse, dum perendie omnia suffragia lata essent. (Quid, si cras futurum sit, ut viginti usores contra me suffragium ferant? Tum forsitan respondendum sit servandae  faciei causa, me ne voluisse quidem umquam magistratum fieri. {{Polytonic|☺ }}) Sed fortasse rem perperam intellexi, quod in huiusmodi rebus administrativis fieri solet. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 18:45, 22 Augusti 2012 (UTC)
Congratulations and welcome! You will already have noticed, probably, that you have new options under the little grey arrow at top right, and also the option for a one-keystroke &quot;revert&quot; in article histories. What fun you'll have ... [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 10:27, 25 Augusti 2012 (UTC)
== Acera =&gt;Arcera==
Nice catch! Keep up the good work![[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) 23:17, 23 Septembris 2012 (UTC)
: Thanks, I will! :-) I leave to you to correct the title &quot;Datorum repositorum&quot; =&gt; &quot;Datorum repositorium&quot;. I don't have Traupman at my disposal, but I'm 100% sure that there's a ''lapsus calami'' here, too. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 23:59, 23 Septembris 2012 (UTC)
::Aaahkkuh kuh!(--coughing--  ) Ok. I don't have it now but I will move it and check it &lt;s&gt;it&lt;/s&gt; later.[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) 00:15, 24 Septembris 2012 (UTC)

== Respondi ... ==
:... apud me.
:Summarium [http://la.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arcera&amp;diff=prev&amp;oldid=2167879 hoc] tuum valde admiravi. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 08:46, 30 Septembris 2012 (UTC)

== Political correctness ==
Fortasse non vidisti ... :) [[Disputatio:Cogitatio#Political correctness]] [[Usor:Mattie|Mattie]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Mattie|disputatio]]) 02:31, 2 Octobris 2012 (UTC)
: Nunc vidi et loco a te dicto respondi. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 17:08, 2 Octobris 2012 (UTC)

== Ulrika kyrka ==
Can you please translate &quot;Aedificium ex ligno constructum parte exteriore colore rubro pictum est&quot; word by word, or morpheme by morpheme to me. I don't say that the construction is wrong, only that I don't fully understand it. It is that &quot;parte exteriore&quot; part. [[Usor:Skvattram|Skvattram]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Skvattram|disputatio]]) 22:45, 10 Octobris 2012 (UTC)
: Jag hoppas att du inte tar illa upp när jag svarar på svenska. Jo, meningen i fråga kan översättas så här: Huset, byggt av trä, har målats rött vad yttersidan vidkommer (''parte exteriore'', begränsningens ablativ / ablativus limitationis); eller: Det av trä byggda husets yttre sida har målats med röd färg. Det kanske hade varit bättre att välja något annat uttryck, om konstruktionen ''parte exteriore'' vållar svårigheter i detta sammanhang. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 13:35, 11 Octobris 2012 (UTC)
::: Iam constructionem meliorem inveni. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 14:52, 11 Octobris 2012 (UTC)
Et Neander, cur mutasti ''campanaria'' ad ''campanarium?'' Apud Morgan: &quot;.chrc steeple, church tower, campanile / sacra campanaria (v. turris) (LRL).&quot; [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 04:38, 11 Octobris 2012 (UTC)
: ''Campanarium'' (quod secundum lexicon DuCange &quot;Turris Ecclesiæ, in qua campanæ pendent&quot; est) ex his lexicis sumpsi: [[Tuomo Pekkanen]] &amp; [[Reijo Pitkäranta]], ''Lexicon hodiernae Latinitatis Finno-Latino-Finnicum''. Societas Litterarrum Finnicarum, Helsinkium, 2006 (s.v. Kellotapuli); [[Ebbe Vilborg]], ''Norstedts svensk-latinska ordbok''. Andra upplagan. Norstedts akademiska förlag, Stockholm, 2009. (s.v. Klockstapel, klocktorn). Ceterum, ''campanaria'' secundum DuCange 'officium campanarii' et 'uxor campanarii' est. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 13:35, 11 Octobris 2012 (UTC)
::Fortasse [http://facweb.furman.edu/~dmorgan/lexicon/silva.htm Morgan] fallitur; hodie verbum ''campanaria'' in LRL (pagina apud www.vatican.va) non invenimus. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 14:16, 11 Octobris 2012 (UTC)

== Heaven's Gate (secta) ==

I'd like to compliment you on that article. It's good! I try to read Latin material. My LOEB Cicero book just seems to be too hard. I added new vocabularies, asseclae and haeresiarcha for my studies.[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) 06:22, 16 Novembris 2012 (UTC)
: Thanks! :-)  [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 09:17, 16 Novembris 2012 (UTC)

== Quotes' translations ==

Hi Neander,

I noticed you did something when editing [[Noam Chomsky]], which I fixed without saying anything, but now you did it again over at [[The Silmarillion]], so I figured I'd let you know :-) When I put quotations in articles, I always include the quotes in their original language in a special note, like this:

&quot;dictio prima&quot;&lt;ref group=&quot;conv.&quot;&gt;&quot;original quote&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Citationes Latine conversae'''
&lt;references group=&quot;conv.&quot; /&gt;

The point here isn't that I'm unsure about the Latin and add in the quote in its original language for someone else to check; the point is that the quote in its original language remain in the article, so that future readers can quote whomever I'm quoting if they want to. Articles are far more useful this way. They do this in fr: too, and overe here, Andrew's using my system as well!

So, could you please not remove these references? It's a pain to have to add them back in. Gratias tibi ago, [[Usor:Mattie|Mattie]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Mattie|disputatio]]) 20:43, 1 Decembris 2012 (UTC)
:Yes, I think Mattie has discovered the only sensible use for this feature of Wikipedia that allows a second group of footnotes. (Indeed, it allows an infinite number of groups of footnotes, but let's not go overboard :) [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 21:24, 1 Decembris 2012 (UTC)
:::I didn't know we could do this! It occurs to me that it might also sometimes be useful to group citations for Latin forms of words and expressions separately from the rest of the notes. --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Iustinus|disputatio]]) 05:28, 8 Decembris 2012 (UTC)
:: Mattie, I'm sorry!  Quel idiot je suis ! I hadn't the slightest idea ... or perhaps a slight one because, as a matter of fact, I had a brief moment of self-doubt. Henceforth, the amount N (where N approximates &amp;infin;) of possible errors committable by me will be N-1. Now, this is really something!  ''':-)''' [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 23:39, 1 Decembris 2012 (UTC)
::: No worries! =] [[Usor:Mattie|Mattie]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Mattie|disputatio]]) 04:53, 8 Decembris 2012 (UTC)
==Philosophy etc==
I apologise for all the trouble, for implying or misinterpreting that you are harassing and being capricious, e.g. writing then erasing. I hope you stick around. &lt;u&gt;By all means please correct my latin.&lt;/u&gt; Your opinions are highly valued. I don't intend to impose on you(to always be correcting) however, please understand. I do have some latin grammar questions but I am thingking of starting a discussion at the taberna(more of the thema thing).  Your response there would be highly valued. Please keep up the good work![[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) 03:32, 20 Decembris 2012 (UTC)
: Apology accepted. All of us have our space here, all we have our own great personalities, and we all have something to offer. And let's work on the assumption that we all have good intentions. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 22:59, 20 Decembris 2012 (UTC)

== gramm. quaedam ==

Salve! Iure me admones. Quapropter tibi gratias ago plurimis te impertiens salutationibus.- B.

== I'm sorry too ==
I was [arguably] wrong to say the Scientia redirects were your problem -- actually the need for the change was [arguably] caused by Anne's turning your new [[Scientia]] page into a discretiva. I can no longer work it out, really ... :) but in case I misstated the case in trying to explain to Iacobus what had happened, believe me, I'm sorry! And Happy Christmas! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 20:44, 22 Decembris 2012 (UTC)
: Well, I haven't kept track of who's done harm to what and whom and why. Anyway, in my eyes, you've got no reason to feel sorry for anything. But as for Anne, I think she made the right thing in putting emphasis on he fact that, after the move, [[Scientia]] was indeed supposed (by me) to be a discretive page. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 23:53, 22 Decembris 2012 (UTC)

==[[Accentus]]==
Hi,

The interwikis at [[Accentus]] confused regional accents with stress with pitch accent. I'm fixing the links in about 60 pedias. [[Usor:Kwamikagami|Kwamikagami]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Kwamikagami|disputatio]]) 23:43, 18 Ianuarii 2013 (UTC)
: Hi, Kwamikagami, you should have given the reason why you made such a drastic change. Now, I think I understand what you're out for. Let's see the outcome. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 00:19, 19 Ianuarii 2013 (UTC)
::Cassell's: &quot;'''accent,''' in pronunciation: ''vox, sonus'' (''-ūs''), ''tenor.''&quot; [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 04:24, 19 Ianuarii 2013 (UTC)
::White's: &quot;'''accent,''' s. 1. ''Manner of pronouncing''—Phr. vōcis flexus, ūs, m., Quint.;—''A rustic accent''—Phr.: vox agreste quiddam sonans, Cic. . . . 2. ''Sound of a syllable:'' accentus, ūs, m. Quint. — 3. ''Grammatical mark;'' accentus, ūs, m. Quint.&quot; [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 04:24, 19 Ianuarii 2013 (UTC)

== Interview for an article about latin wikipedia ==
Hi Neader, I'm an italian journalist. I'm looking for someone to interview about latin version of wikipedia. I cheked on Usores list (http://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specialis:Usores/sysop) and I found you speak an advanced italian. There are many italian speak simple users but I prefer to interview someone who is “magistratus”. First i contacted Mattie but he does not work so much on latin wikipedia anymore and he suggested you. The article is for the italian version of the magazine vice.com. Plese if you are interested let me know.  Thank you.
: Ciao! Davvero, ci sono moltissimi contribuenti / Vicipaediani la cui madrelingua è italiano, ma purtroppo la maggior parte di loro sono nient'altro che nomi. Spero che non ti dispiaccia questa rotazione ma a questo punto ti consiglierei di contattare [[Usor:Helveticus montanus|Helveticus montanus]] la cui madrelingua è italiano. È un contribuente molto attivo ed esperto. Inoltre, è uno degli amministratori (magistratus) di Vicipaedia e un utente molto fedele e coinvolto nel progetto. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 19:05, 25 Ianuarii 2013 (UTC)
Ti ringrazio Neander, proverò a contattare Elveticus Montanus! Buon lavoro

== Civitatulae Insulanae Crescentes ==
You know, we are a wiki, right? Then please ask for the page to be moved and apply a reason. I will change it back, if you fail to do so.--[[Usor:Nicolaus Augurinus|Nicolaus Augurinus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Nicolaus Augurinus|disputatio]]) 21:18, 6 Februarii 2013 (UTC)
: Thanks for your castigatory remark. It's always interesting to receive messages from people who know better. It's kind of ironical that I, as one of those very few who are keen on explaining their changes and redirects, get censured for not explaining a change. But OK, mea culpa. On the other hand, I'm in good company, given that you failed to explain why you changed my initial title ''Parvae civitates insulares crescentes'' into ''Civitaticulae Insulanae Crescentes''. I've explained my doings [[Disputatio:Civitates provectibiles insulanae#Civitates provectibiles insulanae|here]]. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 15:37, 7 Februarii 2013 (UTC)

== Gustav I of Sweden ==
Hello Neander. Do you know if the surname Vasa (which is probably also called like that in Latin) of this king, is allowed to be declined? It is not shown in the [[Gustavus I (rex Sueciae)|article]] here.

[[Usor:Donatello|Donatello]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Donatello|disputatio]]) 16:16, 15 Iunii 2013 (UTC).

: Hejsan Donatello! Jag känner tyvärr inte till någon källa som uttryckligen bekräftar att namnet Vasa kan böjas i latin. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 17:48, 15 Iunii 2013 (UTC)

::Ingen fara. :) -- [[Usor:Donatello|Donatello]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Donatello|disputatio]]) 21:57, 15 Iunii 2013 (UTC).

== The Swedish word ''statsdel'' ==
Greetings Neander. You who speak Swedish, maybe you can help. :) Malmo is, and maybe also the rest of the cities in the nation, divided into ''statsdel'' (sg.), ''statsdelar'' (pl.). ''Norstedts svensk-latinska ordbok'' of the second and latest edition says for this word ''urbis pars''. To create the ''statsdelar'' in Malmo, I doubt of this name. What do you consider of this name? [[Usor:Donatello|Donatello]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Donatello|disputatio]]) 22:52, 30 Iunii 2013 (UTC).
:(1) ?''Vicus''&amp;thinsp;: Cassell's (Anglice): &quot;'''quarter''' = region, district, ''vicus'' (in a town).&quot; (2) ?''Regio''&amp;thinsp;: Vide commentarium [[Regiones Romae antiquae]]. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 00:41, 1 Iulii 2013 (UTC)
:: Hej, Donatello! Du menar väl ''sta'''d'''sdel''? Leve den lilla skillnaden! :-) ¶ But to answer to your question, I think Iacobus is right. Maybe ''regio urbis'' is even better, for ''vicus'' usually denotes a smaller area: a quarter of a city, a row of houses, even a street. ''Pars urbis'' or ''urbis pars'' may be used, when it's a question of a looser reference, such as [[Gaius Plinius Secundus|Plin.]] ''[[Naturalis historia (Plinius)|Nat.]]'' 5.62 ''Mareotis lacus a &lt;u&gt;meridiana urbis parte&lt;/u&gt; euripo e Canopico ostio mittit ex mediterraneo commercia.'' [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 09:33, 1 Iulii 2013 (UTC)
:::Etiam, ut hodie invenimus: Cassell's: &quot;'''ward''' = quarter of a town, ''regio, vicus.''&quot; [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 11:18, 1 Iulii 2013 (UTC)
::::I see. Thank you both. :) I'll use ''regio urbis''. Yes, ''stadsdel'' is a tricky word. :) -- [[Usor:Donatello|Donatello]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Donatello|disputatio]]) 14:07, 1 Iulii 2013 (UTC).

== ''Delområde'' ==
Hello again. I came to think now on this division in a ''stadsdel'' called ''delområde'' (&lt;small&gt;litterally in english&lt;/small&gt; part area). My lexicons do not mention any Latin word or equivalent. What do you and others consider of how it should be? Maybe ''vicus''?

[[Usor:Donatello|Donatello]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Donatello|disputatio]]) 14:17, 1 Iulii 2013 (UTC).

: Jag tar mig friheten att svara på svenska. Det går lättare så. Administrativa termer som beror på mer eller mindre lokala förhållanden är svåra att återge på ett annat språk. Malmö tycks ha delområden men t.ex. Stockholm har stadsdelsområden. Det är lite obekvämt att försöka jämföra dom och avgöra om ''delområde'' och ''stadsdelsområde'' är lokalt betingade synonymer (i vilket fall båda kunde heta ''vicus'' på latin) eller inte. ''Vicus'' låter bra. ''Vicus'' är ju i alla fall en mindre enhet än ''regio urbis''. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 15:36, 1 Iulii 2013 (UTC)

::I see. Thanks again. :) -- [[Usor:Donatello|Donatello]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Donatello|disputatio]]) 23:12, 1 Iulii 2013 (UTC).

== Discussion moved ==
In accordance with your hint, I moved that whole discussion to what is now [[Disputatio:Hamilton (Ontario)]] ... and, forgetting that I am not interested in general rules about translating place-name suffixes, added an example of -tonium to help things along!

Definitely no need to apologise: you are always welcome. I felt we were veering towards a different topic (as one so often does on Vicipaedia talk pages), and that's why I suggested a different venue ... [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 11:37, 11 Iulii 2013 (UTC)

== Hmm, some of your text moved as well ==
Please consider what I've just done ... I moved your recent text from [[Vicipaedia:Stipulae]] to [[Vicipaedia:Qualitas paginarum]]. I tried this because (I think) with that text you're setting a higher aim than we can practically set for our lowest level of pages -- because if pages are less than stipulae they currently get deleted in seven days. I think the aim you're setting is absolutely right, but the name's wrong.

I have suggested the name &quot;stipes&quot; for a page that does (roughly) what you suggest. I set no store by the suggestion (it just happens to be the same metaphor as &quot;stipula&quot;) but I used this word for the present. One might say &quot;pagina brevis&quot;. Or some other name. But if we say &quot;stipula&quot; for that level of achievement, and we continue to delete &quot;non stipulae&quot;, we'll lead ourselves to delete at least half of our current pages ... which would be, let's say, drastic.

Tell me what you think! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 15:23, 13 Iulii 2013 (UTC)

: I think ''stipula'' — ''stipes'' make a very telling hierarchical pair both phonetically and metaphorically. And I have nothing to add to or remove from those characterisations. Macte virtute! [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 15:56, 13 Iulii 2013 (UTC)

== De &lt;s&gt;profundis&lt;/s&gt; maiusculis ==
I am going to ask kind UVbot to change some category names for alumni and professors of German universities in cases where we now know the &quot;official&quot; adjective that the university uses, e.g. from [[:Categoria:Alumni universitatis Hamburgi]] and [[:Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Kiliae]] to our more usual [[:Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Hamburgensis]], [[:Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Chiloniensis]]. With a capital U. And then it struck me that you might well make a case for a small u in such cases. We could go that way, though it would entail quite a lot of parallel changes in due course. Any thoughts? [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 09:08, 27 Iulii 2013 (UTC)
: Obviously I've done a good job in profiling myself as a representative of ''ordo fratrum minuscularistarum''. ''':–)''' The clear cases, for me, are to some extent  summarised [[Disputatio:Aegaeum mare|here]], the point being that I find philologist editors' practice more dependable than (American[?]-)English-inspired Vicipaedians' usus. An instance illustrating the maiuscularist bias chez nous is (or was) [[Praemium Nobelianum pacis|Praemium Nobelianum Pacis]] which, in my google search, proved to be a genuine instance of Vicipaedianese. As far as names of  universities are concerned, both small ''u'' and big ''U'' are attested, but the trend (certainly correlatable with the all-inspiring exemplariness of the English language) appears to favour the big U. So, I don't thnk we need those parallel changes in this case. But for now I'd still prefer small initials in ''Aegaeum mare'' et sim. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 09:41, 29 Iulii 2013 (UTC)
==Ethernet==
Thank you for your marvelous improvements to the article!  I 've been listening to [[Misirlu]] and would like to share it with [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O2FDaKNK7sY you].--[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) 19:21, 6 Augusti 2013 (UTC)
you].
: Thanks, Jondel! That is a very nice piece of music. I haven't heard it, yet I think I know the melody from somewhere. Maybe a film. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 21:33, 6 Augusti 2013 (UTC)
::The music 'Pump it' is based on this. Also it was used in Pulp Fiction (movie)[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) 11:27, 7 Augusti 2013 (UTC)
::: Yeah, that's how Pulp Fiction begins! [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 16:28, 7 Augusti 2013 (UTC)

== Ideologia ==
Fortasse, mi Martine, commentum addere vis hic: [[Disputatio Categoriae:Factiones politicae per ideologiae digestae]]. Pro certo nomen mutare oportet, sed quomodo? [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 12:07, 2 Octobris 2013 (UTC)

== Pheromonum ==
Dear Neander,
Absolutely wonderful, that you created ex nihilo an article on pherormonta (..). My renaming actions might be too premature and based on little knowledge . I have in the meanwhile only read the abstract of the nature article of Karlson &amp; Lüscher (1959b) (for access to the full article I have to switch to my laptop, so tomorrow I can properly check) which is actually a reply to the [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v183/n4678/abs/1831835a0.html letter(abstract)] of Mileck (1959) that is actually a reply to Karlson &amp; Lüscher's (1959a) earlier contribution. But when reading these abstracts (as far as i can judge based on these abstracts) the information you've put in the article concerning the etymology seems to convey the position of Karlson &amp; Lüscher properly (1959b).

It seems that Karlson &amp; Lüscher, when confronted with their etymological erring, i.e, loosing the 'r' according to Mileck (1959) 'This they achieved by the improper expedient of dropping the letter ‘r’, thus mutilating the root of the Greek word. It should be a principle, when a scientific term is derived from classical origins, that the term must by its structure be traceable to those origins. In the case of the word ‘pheromone’ that principle is not observed : there is no structural clue to its derivation from hormān. Indeed, the only Greek verb (apart from pherein) which might conceivably be involved in its ancestry means ‘to swear’., the reaction from Karlson &amp; Lüscher (1959) seems a little bit too pragmatic 'It must be admitted that the derivation of ‘pheromone’ from hormān is questionable. WE WOULD THEREFORE NOT INSIST ON IT ;  but we regard the ending ‘mone’ as a proper suffix which is used in hormone, gamone, termone and pheromone.' It seems to me that they made a mistake and changed accordingly the etymology of their word to 'fit' the result, but their etymology seems wretched. Although finding a Latin source for pherormon is another quest/question. With kind regards and thanks for the article, [[Usor:Wimpus|Wimpus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Wimpus|disputatio]]) 22:04, 16 Octobris 2013 (UTC)
: Yes, I believe that your assessment of Karlson &amp; Lüscher's etymological rambling is correct, insofar as the ὁρμᾶν part of their etymology was initially supposed to relate the novel term with hormons. Of course, one might try to play ingenuous, as I kind of did in my (too) sympathetic reading, and suggest that what ὁρμᾶν adds to the whole is simply the notion of 'quickness', but somehow this smacks of hindsight. Thanks for pointing out Micklem's corrective which escaped my attention. Indeed, it's another question how to tell the etymological story, given the fact that φέρειν and ὁρμᾶν fail, as they do, to bring out the ἔτυμος λόγος, formally as well as semantically. Obviously, the ὁρμᾶν part should be left out, and then a loose hint to φέρειν will do, because, from the viewpoint of Greek word formation, ''pheromone'', however it's analysed, is totally beyond what is allowable. Micklem's 'swear' (root ὀμ-) is, I take it, a wry joke. Vale, [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 11:46, 17 Octobris 2013 (UTC)

::Dear Neander, thank you for your reply. I understand your argument that ὁρμᾶν should be left out, but otherwise exposing a false etymology (excusez-moi for the contradictio in terminis) is also an explanation for the origin/genesis of a certain word and similar to exposing Volksetymologie in etymological dictionaries. In addition to Mileck (1959), Chauvin (1969) states: ''English speaking specialists call it pheromone, but I will stick to the pherormone spelling until I get well grounded explanation why the letter r has been unduly left out, of the greek verb “hormao”''. There are more known cases in which the coiner of a neologism made a mistake that was subsequently corrected in some, but not all international languages (e.g. tax'''o'''nomie/tax'''i'''nomie/tax'''o'''nomy, Psych'''o'''analyse/psychanalyse/psych'''o'''analysis (still incorrect)). With kind regards, [[Usor:Wimpus|Wimpus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Wimpus|disputatio]]) 19:15, 17 Octobris 2013 (UTC)
::: Hi, Wimpus, and thanks for interesting thoughts. Strictly speaking, a scientific etymology has to give a truthful account (ἔτυμος λόγος) for what (usually prehistorically) underlies a certain word, both morphologically and semantically. In etymological distionaries, obviously false etymologies are listed in an appendix in order to give a Forschungsgeschichte. Scientific terms coined by scientists with inadequate knowledge of Latin or Greek involve a different case. I don't think that the issue raised by Chauvin has anything to do with etymology. Linguistic, historical etymologies are not normative, i.e. they're not supposed to give norms for language use but explanations for why a given word (like ''pheromone'') exists and is used here and now in different languages. Now, the issue raised by Chauvin concerns, not etymology at all, but terminological Sprachpflege, which doesn't belong to the concerns of Wikipedias, because Wikipedias aren't supposed to give norms. The proper place for Chauvin to discuss the matter is (or would have been) some international organ for scientific terminology. Thanks to you, I now realise that the &quot;etymology&quot; chapter of the article on pheromonum requires some tidying up. Vale, [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 20:54, 17 Octobris 2013 (UTC)

::::Hi Neander, thank you for your response. 'Wikipedias aren't supposed to give norms' is a tricky one . At least for me, but that can partially be explained by my 'personality' traits. By selecting certain sources/references and choosing the word(ing) of the specific lemma hints implicitely at a certain norm. By choosing tax'''i'''nomia instead of tax'''o'''nomia or hormon instead of hormon'''um''' a 'preferable' orthography is selected. Although I have to admit, and I clearly violate this guideline in certain cases, that a reference has to be given. And I did not found a reference for pherormon (gen. pherormontis) yet.. Thanks, with kind regards, [[Usor:Wimpus|Wimpus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Wimpus|disputatio]]) 19:13, 18 Octobris 2013 (UTC)

== Dolium ==

Ave Neander. Si tempus tibi habetur, quaeso adiuva in disputatione [[Dolium|dolii]] commentationis. -- [[Usor:Donatello|Donatello]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Donatello|disputatio]]) 22:21, 23 Octobris 2013 (UTC).

== de paginis decenniorum ==
Salve, Neander! Today, you moved five out of our 337 decennia pages to a new title. I would suggest that we first continue and conclude our discussion at [[Disputatio Formulae:Decennium#Is it true?]]. If we decide to delete those pages, there is no need to move them beforehand. If we decide to move them to a new title, it is easier to do that in one batch (probably by bot), and [[Formula:Decennium]] would need to be adapted.

The move you proposed ([[Decennium 191]] to [[Anni 1900]]) would also entail a semantic difference: While ''Decennium 191'' encompasses the years 1901 to 1910 (and thus falls entirely within the 20th century), ''Anni 1900'' encompass the years 1900 to 1909 and thus fall partly within the 19th and partly within the 20th century, which would make [[Formula:Decennium]] a lot more complicated. I therefore have a slight tendency to delete our 337 decennia pages (after moving content, if any, to the appropriate century pages), but we should definitely discuss that! Greetings, --[[Usor:UV|UV]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:UV|disputatio]]) 22:01, 9 Novembris 2013 (UTC)

: Salve et tu, UV! Because the discussion had not been continued, I concluded that a consensus — admittedly a tenuous one — had been reached. Moving 337 decennia manually would indeed be a silly idea, but my moves were kind of ''divagatio animi'' in the midst of a more serious writing. And maybe it's an asset to the Sache that my meddlings roused your interest... ''':–''') ¶ I scarcely have anything to add to the discussion. &quot;Decennium 197&quot; (etc) looks weird to my mind. If other languages get along with &quot;anni 1960&quot; (etc), I don't see why Latin should favour an outlandish expression. As I take it, the interest of keeping the formula simpler isn't good enough a reason. Vale, [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 06:23, 10 Novembris 2013 (UTC)

:: Thank you for your reply! I fully agree that the status quo should be changed. Since it was Andrew who started the discussion, I would like to wait until he returns here and has the time to weigh in again. Greetings, --[[Usor:UV|UV]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:UV|disputatio]]) 23:46, 10 Novembris 2013 (UTC)
:::Well, here I am! I'm a practical man (or so I like to think) and I often start with the question &quot;Will the effort be repaid?&quot; In this case: since we are agreed that the current names of the decennium pages are un-intuitive and wrong, and since the new names would entail a complicated reworking of the formula (which means demanding that someone with the requisite skill spend the necessary time), are these pages -- under whatever name -- sufficiently useful to justify making that demand? I'm not sure that they are: they seem to contain no information, and any information they might contain could just as well go into the &quot;saeculum&quot; pages. So our time could be better spent. So let's delete the &quot;decennium&quot; pages and de-activate the bit of the formula that currently creates them. It seems to me that UV's opinion may be similar to mine. How do you feel about it, Neander? [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 13:46, 22 Novembris 2013 (UTC)
:::I see that Lesgles has meanwhile commented at [[Disputatio Formulae:Decennium#Is it true?]]. Probably that is the best place to reach a conclusion, so I will repeat my comment there. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:20, 22 Novembris 2013 (UTC)
:::: Me, though &quot;practical&quot; may not be the first word that comes into mind when characterising myself — or so I like to think ''':–)''' — I fully agree with your proposal. &quot;Decennium 197&quot; is one of those Vicipaedianisms that scarcely command respect to our grand project. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 15:14, 22 Novembris 2013 (UTC)

== Category names associated with renamed pages ==
May I suggest, mi Martine, that when renaming a page (as for very good reasons you did at [[Paulopolis]]) you abstain from changing the similarly-named category at the foot of the page? If you do that, readers who are looking for the page by way of categories can no longer find it: it appears to them that it doesn't exist.

Instead, when a category needs moving because the associated page has a new and better name, go to [[Vicipaedia:Automata/Category move requests]] and request that UVbot move the category. If you look at the request page now, you'll see that I have just made a request in the case of [[:Categoria:Urbs Paulistana]] -- and if you check tomorrow you'll probably find that UVbot has completed the task and the category is renamed [[:Categoria:Paulopolis]]. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:04, 22 Novembris 2013 (UTC)

: Oh, I'm sorry, Andrew! I knew that I could do the request by myself but didn't remember how without extra effort. Yet another instance of my practicality: Id ne feceris hodie, quod cras poteris per alios efficere! ''':–)''' Thank you for doing the job for me, this time! Martinus, aka [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 15:25, 22 Novembris 2013 (UTC)

== non esse delendam? ==
Hello! I used jokingly a gibberish expression &quot;Ceterum censeo, this article perhaps non esse delendam&quot;. I was wondering however, whether the negative meaning can be achieved so effortlessly by just adding a &quot;non&quot;. --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 23:06, 18 Decembris 2013 (UTC)
: Terve! Vastaan sinulle suomeksi, kun täällä Vicipaediassa kaikkien kielten käyttö on luvallista. Koko lause olisi tietysti latinaksi ''Ceterum censeo hanc commentationem fortasse non esse delendam''. Eli aivan oikein olit tuota NEG-ainesta käyttänyt. Jatka tätä rataa, niin pian voit korottaa latinan Babel-arvosanaasi. :-) [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 23:45, 18 Decembris 2013 (UTC)

::Kiitokset nopeasta vastauksesta. Tulin vasta parin päivän päästä katsomaan, onko vastausta tullut. Rataa voin hyvin jatkaa, mutta en usko junan koskaan saavuttavan edes ensimmäistä asemaa latinan taidossa. Babel-taso ykkönen mielestäni kertoo, että käyttäjälle voi kirjoittaa latinaksi jotain yksinkertaista sananlaskua vaikka hän vastaisikin suomeksi. Babelin tarkoitus ei mielestäni ole kertoa niinkään käyttäjän oikeasta kielitaidosta maailman turuilla ja toreilla vaan siitä, millä kielellä hän haluaa vastaanottaa viestejä Wikipediassa. Siksi pitäydyn nollassa mieluusti ja siksi olen pyrkinyt ikäväkseni vähentämään myös saksan kielen ykköstason mainostamista enemmälti. --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 14:33, 21 Decembris 2013 (UTC)

== Rex Arthurus ==
Salve Neander. Fortasse adiuvare volis in disputatione ''[[Disputatio:Arthurus (rex)#|His name]]'' in pagina disputationis commentaionis &quot;[[Arthurus (rex)]]&quot;. -- [[Usor:Donatello|Donatello]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Donatello|disputatio]]) 14:50, 20 Ianuarii 2014 (UTC).
: Suo loco respondi. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 18:30, 20 Ianuarii 2014 (UTC)

== De litteris italicis ==
I just came across a couple of pages in which our (no doubt well-intended) rule had been taken literally. The result seems to me nearly unreadable. So I have now rewritten the rule! See if you like it better. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 17:04, 27 Februarii 2014 (UTC)

== Coniuratio obscura ==
I noticed your underlining at [[Iohannes I]]. No one ever thinks of this, but, in case it sticks in your mind, you can use the formula {{fn|Verba Latinizanda}} in such cases. If you look back at how I've just edited that page you'll see how it works -- not complicated. (I hope this was what your underlining aimed at: if not, revert my edit.) [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 16:25, 12 Martii 2014 (UTC)
: Thanks, Andrew! I knew that there's a formula to that effect but hadn't the time to dig it up. So I decided to do it by brute force, admittedly not very elegant. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 18:16, 12 Martii 2014 (UTC)

== Suomennospyyntö ==
Olen kierrellyt ja kaarrellut sen kanssa, kutkuttaako mielenkiinto tarpeeksi, mutta tämä asia vaivaa kuitenkin liiaksi. Mitäs tässä [[:fi:Ex_ovis_pullus_non_natis_ser%C3%B2_fit_ullus|levyn nimessä]] oikein ajetaan takaa? Kanoja? --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 05:47, 17 Martii 2014 (UTC)
: Jopa ovat jäbät duunanneet komean tittelin EP:lleen! Se on sen verran taidokasta aforistiikkaa, että arvaisin sen olevan peräisin joltakin anonyymilta keskiaikaiselta koulumestarilta, heillä kun oli tapana keksiä tällaisia nokkeluuksia oppimisen edistämiseksi ja muutenkin oppilaitten henkiseksi ylösrakennukseksi. Sananmukaisesti: ''Ex ovis'' (munista) ''pullus'' (kananpoika) ''non natis'' (syntymättömistä) ''serò'' (liian myöhään) ''fit'' (tulee, muodostuu) ''ullus'' (mikään, mitään). Eli siis: &quot;Syntymättömistä munista tulee liian myöhään mitään kananpoikaa.&quot; Ja sitten ehkä vähän luontevammin mutta yhä varsin tekstiuskollisesti: &quot;Munimattomista munista tulee aivan liian myöhään minkäänlaista kananpoikaa.&quot; Tässä tuntuu olevan samantapainen moraalinen opetus kuin: &quot;paistetuista munista ei synny kanapoikaa&quot;, joka on itselleni tutumpi. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 18:13, 17 Martii 2014 (UTC)
::Kiitosta suomennoksesta. Minä olisin näköjään saanut koulumestarilta ympäri korvia ja potkun takamuksille, kun en vieläkään ymmärrä alkuperäisen kikkailun opetusta. Paistetut munat on selvä: munan voi joko syödä heti tai antaa sen kasvaa kanaksi, mutta tuo &quot;liian myöhäinen kana&quot; menee kyllä ohi. No, latinan ei moukille kuulu avautukaan. --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 10:40, 19 Martii 2014 (UTC)
::: Kyllähän itsekin olisin ollut korvat punaisina koulumestarin edessä, kun hienon sanasta sanaan käännöksen jälkeen en itsekään oikeasti ymmärtänyt lauseen ajatusta. Äidyin hakemaan tämäntapaista kuolematonta lausetta netin tarjoamista fraasisanastoista, ja löytyihän sellainen melkoisen risusavotan jälkeen, tosin siinä oli tuo ilmeisesti muidenkin ongelmalliseksi kokema ''sero'' pistetty sulkuihin ja korvattu kieltosanalla. Tällöin lause kääntyy jo paljon luontevammaksi: &quot;Munimattomista munista ei tule minkäänmoista kananpoikaa.&quot; Tämäntyyppinen tulkinta olikin sumeana intuitiona mielessäni, kun niin varman tuntuisesti puhuin moraalisesta opetuksesta. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 17:24, 19 Martii 2014 (UTC)
:::: Tuo on ilmeisesti melko täydellinen nolauslause. Täytyykin tehdä siitä huoneentaulu jonnekin. Ne onnettomat, jotka erehtyvät kysymään suomennosta, saavat vastaukseksi tuon alkuperäisen myöhässä olevan kanan. Sitten jos kysyvät &quot;täh?&quot;, voikin tehdä ratkaisevan iskun katsomalla heitä säälivästi ja lausahtaa &quot;kun lusikalla on annettu...&quot;. Lapsia voi ärsyttää sanomalla &quot;ymmärrät sitten kun kasvat aikuiseksi&quot;. Hah, sanoi mustapartainen mies, haa! --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 20:32, 19 Martii 2014 (UTC)

== Disputatio:Planeta lapideus ==
Ave Neander. Fortasse adiuvare potes in disputatione ''[[Disputatio:Planeta lapideus#Name and source|Name and source]]'' in &quot;Disputatio:Planeta lapideus&quot;. -- [[Usor:Donatello|Donatello]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Donatello|disputatio]]) 16:23, 17 Martii 2014 (UTC).
: Salve Donatello, Wikipedia Suecica ita incohat: &quot;En stenplanet, eller en jordlik planet är en planet som har en fast yta i form av en skorpa av sten.&quot; Si &quot;stenplanet&quot; et &quot;jordlik planet&quot; synonyma sunt, equidem malo titulum q.e. '''Planeta terrestris''', ut proponunt Andreas et Iacobus. Sin autem ''jordlik planet''/''planeta terrestris'' non solum ''planetam lapideum'' (stenplanet) significat sed etiam ''planetam glacialem'' (isplanet) atque opinabilem ''planetam carboneum'' (kolplanet), ut videtur ''Rursus'' in disputatione commentationis Suecicae dicere, nescio an distinctis egeamus commentationibus. Sed ego de planetis parum scio, ut possim aliquid certi dicere. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 21:18, 17 Martii 2014 (UTC)
: Ut exactius opinionem meam proponam: Puto '''''Planetam terrestrem''''', quo plurimae linguae vicipaedianae utuntur, melius dici quam ''planetam lapideum''. Siquidem non solum planetae lapidei sed etiam planetae glaciales et planetae carbonei terrestres (= terrae similes) sunt, eo magis suadeo, ut ''planetà terrestri'' utamur titulo. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 07:17, 18 Martii 2014 (UTC)

== See Ashford and die ==
I noticed your [[Asfordia]], [[Simona Weil]]'s place of death. I also notice that according to en:wiki &quot;in 2005 it was voted the fourth-best place to live in the United Kingdom&quot;, which being the case, I'm happy to be living in France. Did you have a source for &quot;Asfordia&quot; or were you keeping your fingers crossed? I intend to continue creating pages for southern English towns soon, so it would be handy to know. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 13:15, 18 Martii 2014 (UTC)
: Yes, I have, though it'd be rather easy to derive ''-fordia'' from ''-ford'' by the crossed-fingers method, too: [http://books.google.fi/books?id=qVgVtB3Bs5cC&amp;pg=PA104&amp;lpg=PA104&amp;dq=asfordia+anglia&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=BQ8Cf9_pFg&amp;sig=cDBiR6YDyPyqmx1Ps5fPkTLLdD0&amp;hl=fi&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=82soU8zyEqOBywOb9YGYDw&amp;ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&amp;q=asfordia%20anglia&amp;f=false ''Universus terrarum orbis scriptorum calamo delineatus'', 1713, p.104]. I selected ''Asfordia'' instead of ''Asphordia'', which smacks of hypercorrectism. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 16:15, 18 Martii 2014 (UTC)
::How right you are. Thank you! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 17:30, 18 Martii 2014 (UTC)

== I moved back ... ==
... Chantiliacum to [[Cantiliacum]]. I wrote at the time of your earlier move that I didn't see any real reason for it, and that &quot;Cantiliacum&quot; accords better with the linguistic history. You didn't reply (maybe you never saw my comment) -- but if you disagree now, by all means say so ([[Disputatio:Cantiliacum]])! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 15:51, 22 Aprilis 2014 (UTC)
: Oh, I didn't ever see your comment. Sorry! My primary concern was finding one or more Latin sources for ''Chantilly'', and by change I ran across ''Chantiliacum'' in a few sources. I'm glad that you found sources for ''Cantiliacum''. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 16:21, 22 Aprilis 2014 (UTC)
::At [[Abiacum (Carantonus)]] I assumed that the distinction  between ''i'' and ''j'' wasn't important to you, and I moved to our usual ''i''. I hope that was OK. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 12:49, 2 Maii 2014 (UTC)
::: OK with me. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 17:30, 2 Maii 2014 (UTC)

==''Dans mon corps''==
Salve, mi Neander! Curnam [https://la.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dans_mon_corps&amp;diff=2781262&amp;oldid=2781161 tibi displicet] verborum Francogallicorum conversionem Latinam lectoribus nostris offerre? [[Usor:Mattie|Mattie]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Mattie|disputatio]]) 16:08, 17 Augusti 2014 (UTC)
:Similiter [https://la.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=L%27era_del_cinghiale_bianco&amp;diff=2781264&amp;oldid=2781165 verba Italiana]. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 16:21, 17 Augusti 2014 (UTC)
:: Credidi nos Vicipaedianos plerumque plurilingues esse, sed fortasse erravi. Interpretationem Latinam restitui. ¶  Iacobe, interpretatio Latina &quot;L'era del cinghiale bianco&quot; in capitulo &quot;Cantiones&quot; est. Nonne semel sat sapienti est? [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 19:48, 17 Augusti 2014 (UTC)

== Itseironia-apua ==
Hei! Olen suomenkielisessä Wikipediassa nyt kovasti mielenkiinnon kohteena, jossa nimeni nousee esille vähän joka paikassa. Tarvitsisin apua itseironisen lauseen muodostamisessa, jonka tulisi kuitenkin avautua myös ei-latinisteille. Siihen varmaankin sopii tuo klassinen &quot;...Carthaginem esse delendam&quot;, josta on ollutkin jo puhe. Haluaisin muodostettavaksi sellaisen lauseen, että voisin humoristisesti sanoa, että kiistakumppanini tuntuu päättävän jokaisen lauseen sanoihin &quot;Ceterum censeo Pxos esse ''[jalustaltaan poistettava / vallasta syöstävä / esto annettava]''&quot;. Jos löydät jonkun verbin, joka ei mene liian kauaksi herätteestä &quot;delendam&quot;, se olisi hauskaa. --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 16:14, 25 Septembris 2014 (UTC) Lisäys: Tai no myönnetään suoraan, ei tuo taida itseironiaa olla lainkaan, mutta kuitenkin. Jos tämä saa sinut tuntemaan itsesi asekauppiaaksi, jätä pyyntö tekemättä :) --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 16:18, 25 Septembris 2014 (UTC)
: Salve! Enpä ole pitkään aikaan vieraillut suomenkielisellä osastolla, joten en yhtään tunne taustaa. No, asekauppiaan moraalia tai ei, niin kovasti aina innostun kaikenlaisesta kääntämisestä. Vallasta syöksemisen ilmaisuksi sopisi keskiajan latinan ''dethronare'' (variantti ''dethronizare''), joka on siitä kätevä, että kaikki sen tuntee englannin lävitse. Eli siis: &quot;Ceterum censeo Pxos esse dethronandum&quot; (tai &quot;dethronizandum&quot;). Ei kai tässä tosiaan itseironiasta ole kyse, mutta ironian puolella varmaan liikut, kun annat ymmärtää muidenkin Caton lailla harrastavan takovaa mainontaa. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 17:09, 25 Septembris 2014 (UTC)

:: Thanksis! Onko muuten nimestäni &quot;Pxos&quot; olemassa jotain vokatiivimuotoa? --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 19:47, 25 Septembris 2014 (UTC)
::: Latinan taivutussysteemin kannalta nikkisi on sen verran läpikuultamaton, että on luontevinta hahmottaa se taipumattomaksi substantiiviksi. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 20:34, 25 Septembris 2014 (UTC)

Käytin wikilöinnin toimintaa kuvaamaan kontaminaatiofraasia &quot;''O sancta wikitas''&quot;. Pyytäisin päivystäjän lausuntoa siitä. --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 12:08, 14 Octobris 2014 (UTC)
: Ensiksi ryppyotsaisen teoreetikon vastaus: ''-itas''-suffiksilla muodostetaan adjektiiveista substantiiveja, kuten tuon tunnetun ''o sancta simplicitas'' -fraasin viimeinen sana: ''simplex'' (vartalo ''simplic-'') 'yksinkertainen' → ''simplicitas''. Pikku probleema on siinä, että ''wikitas'' 'wikisyys' -sanasta puuttuu vastaava adjektiivi, josta se olisi muodostettu. Mutta what the hell, ihan hyvä lohkaisu tuo ''o sancta wikitas'', kun se perustuu niin vahvaan malliin, jossa tulkinnan sävyä ohjaava konteksti on valmiina. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 16:21, 14 Octobris 2014 (UTC)

::Hieno vastaus, varsinkin sen viimeinen virke. Kuten huomaat, minulla alkaa olla wikipediassa ns. kivaa. Kun osaat ruotsiakin, kysyn vielä, voiko sanan &quot;puupää&quot; kääntää kirjaimellisesti muotoon &quot;vedhuvud&quot;. Varmaan voi, mutta kuulostaako tuo luontevalta sanalta. En etsi typeryksen käännöstä vaan sellaista, jolla on pää tehty puusta. --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 18:19, 14 Octobris 2014 (UTC)
::: Pitäisi varmaan tulla vähän tiirailemaan, miten kivaa siellä wikipediassa oikein onkaan tätä nykyä. 'Puupää' on tavanomaisena haukkumasanana ruotsiksi ''träskalle''. ''Vedhuvud'' ei tule kysymykseen, koska (1) ''ved'' tarkoittaa lähinnä polttopuuta, (2) ruotsinkielinen fokusoi siihen, että haukuttavan henkilön pään kova tukiosa (eli kallo, ''skalle'') on puusta eikä luusta. ''Vedhuvud'' kuulostaa lievästi sanoen kryptiseltä, samoin kylläkin myös ''vedskalle''. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 20:57, 14 Octobris 2014 (UTC)

== supellex ==
Salve Neander! Numerus pluralis vocabuli ''supellex'' linguae classicae haud affinis esse mihi quidem videtur. Suntne testimonia huius rei? Gratias agens [[Usor:Bavarese|Bavarese]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bavarese|disputatio]]) 22:57, 2 Decembris 2014 (UTC)
: Profecto recte dicis, Bavarese! Hic mea lingua materna (ubi vocabulum aequale paene ''plurale tantum'' est) me in errorem induxit. Cotidie novis exemplis docemur. Tibi gratias ago! [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 03:41, 3 Decembris 2014 (UTC)
::Traupman: 'piece of furniture' = ''pars supellectilis.'' [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 14:18, 3 Decembris 2014 (UTC)
::: ''Pars supellectilis'' nusquam attestatum esse videtur. Timeo, ne usus Anglophonorum (''piece of furniture'') in Latinitatem Traupmannianam irrepserit. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 21:14, 3 Decembris 2014 (UTC)

== Global account ==

Salve Neander. As a [[:m:Stewards|Steward]] I'm involved in the upcoming [[:m:Help:Unified login|unification]] of all accounts organized by the Wikimedia Foundation (see [[:m:Single User Login finalisation announcement]]). By looking at [[Special:CentralAuth/Neander|your account]], I realized that you don't have a global account yet. In order to secure your name, I recommend you to create such account on your own by submitting your password on [[Special:MergeAccount]] and unifying your local accounts. If you have any problems with doing that or further questions, please don't hesitate to contact me on my [[User talk:DerHexer|talk page]]. Vale, —[[Usor:DerHexer|DerHexer]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;small&gt;[[Disputatio Usoris:DerHexer|(Disp.)]]&lt;/small&gt; 21:49, 16 Ianuarii 2015 (UTC)

== umerus / humerus ==
Salve neander,

gratias tibi ago propter contributionem tuam ad paginam '''Umerus (os)''' factam, quam antea ego mutavi. Et mihi erat forma antiqua ''umerus'' de lectionibus linguae Latinae familiaris. In professione mea autem medici semper et ubique formam ''humeros'' incontro. Credo, quod disputandum est, utrum in nostra encyclopedia vocabula medicinae secundum nomenclaturam hodiernam ubique terrarum adhibitam an secundum fontes primos Latinitatis classicae uti praeferimus. Te in noctem borealem saluto
[[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bis-Taurinus|disputatio]]) 17:14, 24 Ianuarii 2015 (UTC)
: Salve, Bis-Taurine! Tuam opinionem intellego magnique aestimo. Idcirco paulisper dubitavi, an operae pretium esset titulum a te iam mutatum denuo mutare, nam temere agere nolo. Cum quidem hoc vocabulo utamur non solum de rebus anatomicis disserentes sed etiam metaphorice loquentes aut res perquam cotidianas tractantes — sicut, puta, cum aliquam aliquemve dicimus &quot;albis umeris nitere&quot; aut &quot;nudo umero aliquid portare&quot; — mihi visum est eà formà uti lemmate, quà auctores antiqui plerumque usi sunt. Nihilo minus per me licet utramlibet formam adhibeamus secundum cuiusque gustum. Titulum quidem mutavi, sed si quis in commentatione scribenda &quot;humerum&quot; scripserit, longe abest, ut ''h'' litteram delendam censeam. Immo, si in hoc textu de quo agimus &quot;humerum&quot; scribere mavis, nil obstat, quin meas mutationes mutes (dummodo praesens remaneat titulus). Valde gaudeo te, hominem Latine callentem, Vicipaediam Latinam scientià tua augere. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 07:21, 25 Ianuarii 2015 (UTC)

== Veto oo ==
Hei! Voisitko tulla ajattelemaan ääneen suomenkieliseen Wikipediaan, kielenhuoltosivulle [[:fi:Wikipedia:Kahvihuone_(kielenhuolto)#Vetoo-oikeus_ja_latinan_painomerkit|vetó-oikeutta pohtimaan]]. --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 19:59, 24 Martii 2015 (UTC)

Auguramuksis! (Mitähän kiitos mahtaa olla sivistyskielillä? Approximoin jotain sinne päin.) --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 21:45, 26 Martii 2015 (UTC)

== De duabus reculis ==

Tibi in pagina usoris mea respondi.[[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bis-Taurinus|disputatio]]) 20:31, 4 Aprilis 2015 (UTC)

== Pharnavaz I of Iberia ==

Gratias tibi ago--[[Usor:Helveticus montanus|Helveticus montanus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Helveticus montanus|disputatio]]) 19:02, 2 Maii 2015 (UTC)

== Havis Amanda? ==
Onkos patsaan [[:fi:Havis_Amanda#Aihe.2C_nimet_ja_nimitykset|Havis Amanda]] sana &quot;havis&quot; leikkilatinaa? Siis otettu ruotsin sana &quot;hav&quot;, johon on ympätty latinasta tuttu genetiivimuoto? Aika hauska. --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 15:24, 10 Maii 2015 (UTC)
: Totta puhuen leikkilatinaolettamus tuntuu aika kaukaa haetulta. Itse olen aina kuvitellut, että ''Havis Amanda'' on ruotsinkielinen nimitys. ''Havis'' käy ihan hyvin ruotsinkielisestä slangisanasta. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 16:42, 10 Maii 2015 (UTC)

== [[Disputatio:Africa Austrina]] ==
Salve, Neander! An placita tua ibi addere vis? [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 09:02, 19 Maii 2015 (UTC)

== Moron ==
Jostain ihme syystä pidän sinua kielenkäytön ylimestarina. En tiedä miksi. No joka tapauksessa, onko sinulle ilmeisesti suomea ja ruotsia loistavasti osaavana ihmisenä tuttu slangitervehdys &quot;moron&quot; merkityksessä &quot;terve, huomenta&quot;? Juuri tuossa kirjoitusasussa. Suomenkielisessä Wikipediassa on pohdittu, onko sana ensisijaisesti englantia (= ääliö) vai suomenruotsin slangia. Toki se on molempia, mutta kertoilepa sinä jotain ajatuksiasi. Mikäs tuli ensimmäisenä tuosta otsikosta mieleen? --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 11:17, 4 Iunii 2015 (UTC)
: Ylimestari — heh, kuulostaa vapaamuurarititteliltä. Kirjoitusasun ''moron'' nähdessäni tulkitsin sen mielessäni ''moro''-tervehdyksen muunnokseksi. Ruotsissahan on yleinen aamutervehdys ''gomorron'', ja on aika vaikea olla ajattelematta, että ''moro(n)'' tulee jotenkin tästä tervehdyksestä. ¶  Katsoin Wikipedian puolelta sinun ja Otrfanin keskustelua. Jos ''moron''-kirjoitusasun katsoo oletusarvoisesti englanniksi (ja on lisäksi omaksunut tänne rantautuneen loukkaantumiskulttuurin eetoksen), niin täytyy todeta, että taitaapa joku katsella tätä maailmaa vähän liikaakin englannin silmälasien lävitse. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 17:53, 4 Iunii 2015 (UTC)

== af Brunér ==
WP: [https://fi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edvard_Jonas_Wilhelm_af_Brun%C3%A9r&amp;type=revision&amp;diff=15038934&amp;oldid=15038917] ja hae sitten Googlella kirjan ''De clientelae apud Romanos sub Caesaribus ratione'' kansilehti. Miksi äijän nimi on suuremmalla kirjan kannessa kuin maisterin nimi? Ei taida olla tekijä vaan kenties kustos? Vai kuinka lienee? --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 13:13, 30 Iunii 2015 (UTC)
: Oppihistorialliset tietoni ovat niin vaatimattomat, etten uskalla sanoa paljon mitään. Kansilehti tosiaan antaa ymmärtää, että Brunér olisi ollut tilaisuuden puheenjohtaja tai kustos ja Synnerberg työn puolustaja. Onko Synnerberg myös tutkielman ainut tekijä, jää viisaampien pääteltäväksi. Porthan kai aikoinaan kirjoitti dissertaatiot itse, ja opiskelijoiden tehtäväksi jäi niiden julkinen puolustaminen, mutta en tiedä, miten väikkäreitä 1800-luvun alussa tehtiin. Jos Brunér oli vain tilaisuuden kustos, nimen näkyvämpi asemointi saattaisi johtua korkeammasta asemasta akateemisessa hierarkiassa. Tämä on tietysti löyhää spekulointia, jota kuka tahansa pystyy harrastamaan. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 05:24, 1 Iulii 2015 (UTC)

:: Hullummaksi menee. Tajusin vasta nyt, että asiaahan voi katsoa myös Synnerbergin matrikkelitiedoista sivulta [http://www.helsinki.fi/keskusarkisto/virkamiehet_2/index.htm Helsingin yliopiston opettaja- ja virkamiesmatrikkeli 1640-1917]. No jos siellä olevassa julkaisuluettelossa lyhenne &lt;tt&gt;vk.&lt;/tt&gt; tarkoittaa väitöskirjaa, niin maisteri Synnerberg on tehnyt niitä peräti kaksi vuosina 1865 ja 1866, mutta näistä ponnistuksistaan huolimatta, mikäli tiedot pitävät paikkansa, hän sai filosofian lisensiaatin arvon vasta kahden vuoden kuluttua 1868 ja tohtorin arvon 1869. Ei näistä ota selvää: mies tekee kaksi väikkäriä ja jää edelleen maisteriksi. Toisaalta af Brunér oli jo tohtori ja professori, joten hän ei enää muodollisesti tarvinnut omaa väitöskirjaa enää mihinkään. Non intellegit Hercules – ei tästä ota Erkkikään selvää. --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 09:59, 1 Iulii 2015 (UTC)
:: Samaa rahvaan spekulointia: kyseessä on sanan &quot;dissertatio&quot; suomennos väitöskirjaksi, vaikka ensimmäinen oli Synnerbergin dissertaatio lisensiaatin arvon vuoksi ja toinen oli dissertaatio tohtoriksi. Sitten jostain syystä arvojen myöntäminen viivästyi niin, että vuoden 1865 dissertaatiosta (''De clientelae apud Romanos...'') hän sai FL-paperit v. 1868 ja toisesta dissertaatiosta (1866) tohtorin paperit vuonna 1869. Toisaalta tällainen kolmen vuoden viivekin tuntuu aivan järjettömältä. Mahtoivatko esi-isät kirjoittaa väitöskirjoiksi kutsuttuja, julkisesti puolustettavia tutkielmia ihan rutiinilla samaan tapaan kuin nykyään tehdään peer reviewed -tyyppisiä julkaisuja ammattilehtiin? Emmätiiä. --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 10:12, 1 Iulii 2015 (UTC)

::: Ottaen huomioon, että Saksa on aikanaan ollut suomalaisen eurooppalaisuuden tärkein kiinnekohta, saan noista peräkkäisistä dissertaatioista sen vaikutelman, että on kyse väitöskirjan jälkeisestä habilitoitumisesta (Habilitationsschrift), joka varmistaa, ettei tyyppi ole pelkkä tusinatohtori, vaan sovelias antamaan omalla alallaan ns. korkeinta opetusta keneltäkään lupaa kysymättä. Suomessa tällainen habilitoituminen vastaa dosentin arvon saamista, mikä periaatteessa edellyttää toisen väitöskirjan vertaista tutkimuspanosta. Tämä on siis teoriaa, sillä harvalle dosentille nykyään löytyy liksaa opetuksen järjestämiseksi. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 15:45, 1 Iulii 2015 (UTC)

== De Sibelio ==
Salve, mi Martine. An [https://la.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Disputatio_Vicipaediae:Pagina_mensis&amp;diff=prev&amp;oldid=2923508 Sibelium e certamine paginarum mensualium delere] voluisti, aut fortasse nomen emendare? [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:03, 1 Augusti 2015 (UTC)
: Delevi, nam pertinaci opinionum controversià (v. novissimam disputationem) oblectationem amisi. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 14:14, 1 Augusti 2015 (UTC)
::A! Mi paenitet. Dixerim ego melius esse pergere. Nonnulli nomina varia ad initium enumerare praeferunt, aliis subiungere malentibus. Commentatio perfecta, mea mente, stylum primarum sententiarum per se iustificabit. Haec autem sine dubio tu tibi iam dixisti ... [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:52, 1 Augusti 2015 (UTC)

== De mutationibus celatis ==
Respondi in pagina disputationis mea. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 12:03, 6 Octobris 2015 (UTC)
:The edit titled &quot;Julgubben&quot; was written by me. The stupid interface had terminated my session and logged me out, so my IP address was recorded in the logs as well as in the signature that followed the post. By the contents of the edit it would have been a very easy task indeed to connect the IP address to my user name, so therefore I asked a Wikimedia steward to suppress (oversight) the edit from the page history in accordance with Section&amp;nbsp;1 of the [[meta:Oversight_policy#Use|global policy on suppression]] &lt;small&gt;(Removal of non-public personal information)&lt;/small&gt;. Even the local administrators cannot see the contents now since it has been hidden from administrators as well as regular users. I decided not to make the edit again as it was not important and I didn't want to connect my name to the edit. But I guess I owe you at least an explanation to clear out the confusion that dwells in the minds of local magistrates. --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 13:12, 6 Octobris 2015 (UTC)
::Well, thanks for explaining. I had no idea that an edit might get suppressed for that reason. You live and learn. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 13:30, 6 Octobris 2015 (UTC)
::: Yesterday evening I had enough circumstantial evidence (the title plus an IP adress echoed in my email) for guessing that it might have been you, Pxos. I'm always ready to answer questions that our 0100100 is unable to answer. 😊 [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 17:33, 6 Octobris 2015 (UTC)
:::: I'll get to Mr. Yule Gubb later, but what you said about my IP address is interesting. I understand that you got an email where the IP address is still plainly visible — but how that is also part of the evidence, I cannot fathom. Have you seen that IP address or rather, similar IP addresses before that were used by me? Does the e-mail notification somehow tell you my IP address when I write to you here on your talk page? But yes, evidence can be damaging: by gathering tiny bits of information one can do wonders. --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 17:50, 6 Octobris 2015 (UTC)
::::: Well, it was of course a piece of cake to figure out from the IP address, roughly, where the epistula interrupta was sent out from, but you're right: technically, it wasn't circumstantial, because I had no way of connecting you with the address. If anything, it only helped in narrowing down the range of search.  [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 19:15, 6 Octobris 2015 (UTC)

== Carpus ossaque eius ==
Bis-Taurinus Neandro aestimato salutem!

Mihi praestare videtur, ut carpus et ossa eius in una commentatione unita sint. Ergo articulum ita recensui. In libris meis carpus et regionem corporis et articulum manus et octo ossa carpalia significare potest.
Redigens passim omnes stipulas medicinae hanc praeterii, quia in stipulis biologiae abdita erat.
Spero, ut valeas! [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bis-Taurinus|disputatio]]) 21:14, 28 Octobris 2015 (UTC)

{{Iubilaeum Vicipaedianorum}} [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 18:37, 1 Ianuarii 2016 (UTC)

== Qui hoc nomen habuerint/habeant ==
Burzuchius Neandro s.p.d.
&quot;Qui hoc nomen habuerint/habeant&quot;. Cur in hac phrasi coniunctivus adhibendus est? [[Usor:Burzuchius|Burzuchius]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Burzuchius|disputatio]]) 17:40, 5 Ianuarii 2016 (UTC)
: Salve, Burzuchi! Constat in quaestionibus subordinatis utendum esse [[coniunctivus|modo coniunctivo]]: ''Quaeritur, qui hoc nomen habeant/habuerint''. In titulis autem coniunctivus adhibetur, si quaestio subauditur: ''Qui hoc nomen habeant/habuerint'' (''quaeritur''). Sed titulum etiam ita intellegere possumus, ut simplicem indicet indicem hominum vel rerum: ''Ei, qui hoc nomen habent/habuerunt'' ⇒ ''Qui hoc nomen habent/habuerunt''. Credo utramque rationem valere, quamquam coniunctivum prevalere puto. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 18:13, 5 Ianuarii 2016 (UTC)
:: Multas gratias ago! [[Usor:Burzuchius|Burzuchius]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Burzuchius|disputatio]]) 19:31, 5 Ianuarii 2016 (UTC)

== Keisarinnankivi ==
Hei taas! Helsingissä olevassa [[:fi:Keisarinnankivi|keisarinnankivessä]] on latinaa. Toisessa artikkelissa oli [https://fi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aleksandra_Fjodorovna_%28Charlotte%29&amp;curid=201717&amp;diff=15502961&amp;oldid=15188093 eri muoto tekstistä]. Asiaan liittyy vielä se, että teksti [[:fi:Keskustelu:Keisarinnankivi|ilmeisesti oli välillä Ö-mapissa]]. Kysynkin, oliko tuossa diffissä ollut, minun poistamani muotoilu ihan virheetöntä latinaa. --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 15:09, 2 Februarii 2016 (UTC)
: Salve! Kuinka monta kertaa olenkaan fillaroinut kyseisen monumentin ohi kuitenkaan pysähtymättä sitä ihmettelemään! Eihän postamasi teksti tosiaankaan vastannut viitteen tekstiä ''Imperatrici Alexandrae Metropolin Finlandiae primum adventati die XXIX Maji X Juni MDCCCXXXIII''. Siinä oli kaksi (kirjoitus?)virhettä, joista toinen on myös Taidemuseon sivulla siteeratussa tekstissä. Outo on nimittäin sanamuoto ''adventati''. Kun minulla ei ole mitään syytä uskoa, ettei julkisen monumentin kirjoittaja olisi osannut latinaa, vieritän nyt tentatiivisesti syyn sille, joka on tekstin Taidemuseon sivulle kopioinut. Arvatakseni sanasta puuttuu yksi kirjain: ''adventa'''n'''ti'' ('saapuneelle'). [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 19:14, 2 Februarii 2016 (UTC)
:: Mikä muoto on &quot;Helsingforside&quot;? --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 08:11, 3 Februarii 2016 (UTC)
::: Ei mikään. Tekstikriittisesti helpoin arvaus on, että olisi tarkoitettu datiivimuotoa ''Helsingforsiae'' ('Hkiin'), joka on mahdollinen ''advento'' ('saavun') -verbin yhteydessä. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 10:27, 3 Februarii 2016 (UTC)
==[[Medicina succursoria]]==
Hi Neander,kindly indicate what you find wrong or suspicious. Is there a reason why we shouldn't fix this. Thanks.[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) 17:17, 13 Februarii 2016 (UTC)
: OK but to save time, please, I need an English version (in the discussion page) of what you're saying in the article. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 17:29, 13 Februarii 2016 (UTC)
::Awesome! Thank you for your response. Non superbus videri velim sed sentio latinam meam satis sit. Si fallor, autem minime praecor me indicare.Gratias. I will then make those intended ideas to be expressed , in English.[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) 17:43, 13 Februarii 2016 (UTC)

== Leikkivokatiivipyyntö ==
Tarvitsen leikkilatinaksi vokatiivin käyttäjänimestä &quot;Urjanhai&quot;. Keksin sellaisen itse: &quot;Uriane!&quot; Onko mitään järkeä? Ei sen tarvitse olla oikein, koska kyseessä on pelkkä hupailu, mutta voisiko tuo latinan sääntöjen mukaan edes olla mahdollinen muoto. --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 09:31, 18 Aprilis 2016 (UTC)
: Kyllähän Urjanhai suostumuksellaan voisi olla taiteilijanimeltään Urianus, ja tuolloin vokatiivi olisi ilman muuta Uriane. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 10:52, 18 Aprilis 2016 (UTC)
==  [[ Transplantatio organorum‎]] ==
Neander, thank you for your help on improving the articles, like amputatio. Could I ask what you think is incorrect or not understandable with Transplantatio ? Best regards.--[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) 07:23, 3 Iulii 2016 (UTC)
: Hi, Jondel. The &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Latinitas|-5}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; tag was added by Iacobus precisely three months ago. I suggest you ask him. Best, [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 12:34, 3 Iulii 2016 (UTC)
Well if you don't know why it should be there, you shouldn't mind if I remove then. I am asking nicely why you think there should be a latinatis. I am not asking Iacobus. You know this thing of you asking me to ask Iacobus really is a form of cabalism. By the way, I made some changes since then. It is unfair that keep me in the dark about what is wrong, since I work very hard on the quality of Latin and I've been here quite a long time already.--[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) 15:38, 3 Iulii 2016 (UTC)
: The Latinity of the article isn't flawless, I'm sorry to say. Therefore, in the interest of casual readers, it should have a caveat. But, cabalistically or not, I'd rather let Iacobus explain his verdict (&quot;-5&quot;), if he so wishes. Notice that putting a Latinity assessment doesn't, in itself, enjoin him (or me) to correcting the article. ¶ If you want my help, please, help me first by putting the text in English in the discussion page. It's easier to re-translate than write a bunch of haphasard remarks. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 16:57, 3 Iulii 2016 (UTC)
I don't claim flawlessness but I am checking and rechecking , at least until I feel that should be pretty good. I left a request to Iacobus. I will work on the English version. It is 1am here and I have work during the  day but will work on this when I get back from work. I feeel you don't have to retranslate  but will leave an English version.--[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) 17:06, 3 Iulii 2016 (UTC)

==familiariter utitur==
Neander I just want to express that I appreciate your involvement, advice and research about this usage and hope you continue doing this kind of research and involvement here at wikipedia.--[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) 08:55, 3 Iulii 2016 (UTC)
: Thanks! [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 12:36, 3 Iulii 2016 (UTC)

==dubsigs==
Salve , ut vales? May encourage you to continue placing dubsigs, they are very  useful both for learning and fixing the latin. I may be working to fix the nympha marina, for example to replace ascitur with collegitur or additus.Thanks and best regards.--[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) 01:12, 7 Augusti 2016 (UTC)
: Salve Jondel. Those dubsigs were not mine, but I tried to help by making several corrections (btw, ''a(d)scire'' means 'associate' in the sense of accepting as a comrade or partner). Vale, [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 06:43, 7 Augusti 2016 (UTC)
Aaa. How do you say  'is associated with danger and death'?  I am trying the online glosbe.Thanks for the advice.--[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) 07:13, 7 Augusti 2016 (UTC)
: By means of the verb ''conectere'' (see the [[nympha marina|text]]). [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 07:46, 7 Augusti 2016 (UTC)
::That is very helpful, thanks!--[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) 20:04, 14 Septembris 2016 (UTC)

== [[Fanum Sancti Boni]] ==
Salve, amice Neander; in lingua latina omnia toponyma cum nomine sanctorum ''Fanum'' praefixus debeant habere.--[[Usor:Nuada|Nuada]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Nuada|disputatio]]) 17:02, 14 Septembris 2016 (UTC)

==Myrias==
FYI: The cuts you've recently made in [[Utilitarismus]] have cost us a point in the 10K rankings. Maybe you're planning to add some new text? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 11:29, 9 Octobris 2016 (UTC)
: I'm sorry if my bona fide intentions have marred some statistics. I haven't set my mind to racing. There's enough racing in my academic life. I'm staying here as long as I can feel the contrast. Yes, I'm planning to add some new text (as I did today, as a matter of fact, though the net result was negative), in due time. You're free to add whatever you want to counterpoise the loss. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 14:55, 9 Octobris 2016 (UTC)
::For whatever reason, we slipped from 49th to 50th in the latest 10K ranking. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 13:36, 18 Novembris 2016 (UTC)

== De universitatibus ==
I'm happy with your move to [[Schola normalis superior (Lutetia)]]. A consequence follows from it, at least to my mind. If we agree on the use of lower-case initials in similar cases, we should move all universities and schools, and their categories, to match. Otherwise, those who create new articles -- as many do in this subject area -- won't have consistent examples to follow. Would you agree? 

If so, we should make sure that UV (the human) is happy to help with the change, because UVbot (the android) could perform most of it automatically. There are about 2000 relevant categories, the great majority created by me. The rule I adopted was the same that I learned as a cataloguer in an English library (&quot;give an initial capital to all significant words in names of institutions&quot;) but I am sure the rule you have championed here is better suited to Latin text.

We would also need to agree on the details. My initial thought is to lower the case for all common words (thus &quot;Alumni scholae normalis superioris (Lutetia)&quot;) but to capitalize words that derive from personal and geographical names (thus &quot;Alumni universitatis Radbodianae&quot; and &quot;Alumni universitatis Londiniensis&quot;). What's the right answer for &quot;Alumni Scholae Chartarum&quot; (in Paris), &quot;Alumni Studii Urbis&quot; (in Rome of course) and &quot;Alumni Scholae Carthusianae&quot;? [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 13:07, 18 Novembris 2016 (UTC)

:Outside the continent in which you folks live, partial capitalizing looks odd, perhaps because it ignores a distinction made by languages that have definite &amp; indefinite articles.
::Schola Normalis Superior = (the) Upper Standard School
::schola normalis superior = (an) upper standard school
::Schola normalis superior = (what?) upper standard School
:Capitalizing the generic word (''Schola'') instead of the defining adjectives (''normalis superior'') is quite the opposite of what you're advocating for ''Aegaeum mare'' and similar phrases: if the noun is so important, why not ''aegaeum Mare''? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 13:36, 18 Novembris 2016 (UTC)
:::::I don't think anyone has said that nouns, in particular, should have an initial capital. That's rather a German practice.&lt;ref&gt;A propos, see the very informative contribution by 80.133.114.141 at [[Disputatio:Iracum]], written in fluent English but following the German capitalization rule. I've never seen it done that way before.&lt;/ref&gt; In the Wiki pagename &quot;Schola normalis superior&quot; the &quot;S&quot; would always be capitalized because Wiki software gives no option, just as in the category name &quot;Alumni scholae normalis superioris&quot; there has to be a capital &quot;A&quot;. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 12:41, 20 Novembris 2016 (UTC)
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
::::::Yes, the software capitalizes the lemma, but the rest of the text doesn't have to. Anyway, the software may change for version 2.0—much as the OED, which capitalized all lemmata in its first edition, lowercases nonproper lemmata in the current one. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 14:20, 20 Novembris 2016 (UTC)
:::::::I agree with every word! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 17:10, 20 Novembris 2016 (UTC)
::: There is a strong tendency to conform to the English practice in titles. For instance, before my intervention, ''École nationale des chartes'' was written &quot;[[Schola Chartarum]]&quot; or &quot;Chartarum Schola&quot;, as if the natural model to follow in Latin were English. While I'm fully aware of those social psychological mechanisms that generate the routine way of taking the English practice as the paragon of nearly everything, I still took the liberty of following the French practice of using lower-case initials, all the more so as the same prctice is observed in philological editions of Latin authors. Personally, I'm all for Andrew's proposal, which is largely in line with ''usus philologorum'' (though I have oftentimes written &quot;in Universitate X&quot;, in order not to appear too outlandish, given the practice of capitalising the names of universities, firmly establlished not only in Vicipaedia but also elsewhere (''Ephemeris'', ''Nuntii Latini'', both vacillang). It is clear that if we lower the case for schools, the same should go for universities, too. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 09:26, 20 Novembris 2016 (UTC)

By lowercasing the ''U'' in ''Universitas,'' we're bumping up here against another wikipedian rule, or at least a rule of politeness: to call people what they call themselves. Harvard apparently calls itself ''Universitas Harvardiana,'' not ''universitas Harvardiana,'' or at least its classicists did in 2008.&lt;ref&gt;[http://classics.fas.harvard.edu/files/classics/files/nb_june_08.pdf Vide paginam sextam. Btw, page ten lauds a professor who, first as magister Domus Lowellianae, was for decades a mentor &amp; friend of someone you know.]&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly Brown University.&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.brown.edu/articles/2014/05/hdcitations ''Universitas Brunensis.'']  Incidentally, these academic degrees give us the name of BET Networks (''societas BET''), Berklee College of Music (''Collegium Musicorum'' [!] ''Berkleense''), Evergreen State College (''Collegium Civile'' [not ''Civicum''] ''Sempervirens''), jazz (''musica nomine iazensis''), MIT (''Institutum Technologiae Massachusettense ''), the Newbury Medal (''praemium Newberiense''), Santa Fe (''Sancta Fides''), the Secretary of Labor (''Minister Laboris''), sorority (''sodalitas feminarum''), the University of Utah (''Universitas Utah''), and Yale University (''Universitas Yalensis''). Some of these, of course, Vicipaedia already has. And while we're at it: note the nonliterality of passages like &quot;a time of blatant discrimination and institutionalized racism&quot; (''tempus quo leges iniquae constiterunt''), which one might be tempted to back-translate merely as 'a time when unfair laws prevailed'; thus, we miss out on an attestation of the Latin for ''racism.'' Similarly, Dr. Horwich's citation doesn't bother to attest &quot;Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and ALS.&quot; And so on.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 14:05, 20 Novembris 2016 (UTC)
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
:We've never had the rule &quot;follow the capitalization adopted by each institution&quot;. It would be chaotic, I think -- at the mercy of designers, copy-editors and marketing people. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 17:22, 20 Novembris 2016 (UTC)

== Leikkiarvosanoja ==
No niin, epätieteellinen keskustelu taas vuorossa koskien latinankielisiä arvosanoja. Koska kiittämättömyys on wikipedistinkin palkka, nyt pitäisi vähintään keskustelun sekaan saada hienonkuuloisia (''non sine lauden'' kaltaisia) latinankielisiä iskulauseita. Mieleen tulevat fraasit: &quot;ei kiitosta&quot;, &quot;ei moitteita&quot;, &quot;hyväksytty vaieten&quot; tai &quot;kiittämättä jättäen&quot;. Tai noista koostettu nasevuus. Tuollaisille olisi käyttöä. --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 19:56, 28 Novembris 2016 (UTC)
: Eipä ole tullut seuratuksi sikäläisiä keskusteluja, mutta ainakin voin heittää käännökset sinun esimerkkeihisi: &quot;ei kiitosta&quot; (''sine laude'' 'ilman kiitosta'), &quot;ei moitteita&quot; (''sine reprehensione'' 'ilman moitetta'), &quot;hyväksytty vaieten&quot; (''cum silentio approbatur''), &quot;kiittämättä jättäen&quot; (''neglectis laudibus''). [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 07:25, 29 Novembris 2016 (UTC)

:: Ajan takseja sinulle paljon eli grattis agon på gång! --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 10:32, 30 Novembris 2016 (UTC)

== Nollahutkimus ==
Tarvitsen taas leikkilatinaa. Kun on monille tuttu &quot;nollatutkimus&quot; ja sitten tuttu &quot;pro gradu&quot;, pitäisi saada humoristinen latinankielinen termi &quot;pro nulla&quot; -tutkimus. En vain tiedä, mihin muotoon sana väännetään. --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 14:15, 11 Decembris 2016 (UTC)
: Esittämäsi &quot;pro nulla&quot; sopii kyllä ihan hyvin, kun ajattelee sen olevan elliptinen lyhenne lausekkeesta &quot;pro nulla arte&quot; 'ei minkäänlaisen taidon ansiosta'. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 19:34, 11 Decembris 2016 (UTC)

== de San Rocco al Porto et nominibus similibus ==
Salve Neander! Nullo modo volui illam rixam de vocabulo ''fanum'' '(quam non observavi accuratius) redintegrare. Sed mihi ratio huius commendationis vicipaedianae de nominibus propriis, imprimis geographicis, haud perspicua fuit:
 
&quot;Nomina oppidorum etc. ad honorem sanctorum appellatorum, sicut
:San Francisco,
:[…]
:etc.
:Secundum nomenclatorem [1] et secundum haec [2][3], si fons Latinus non reperiri potest, sic vertantur:
:Fanum (seu urbs) Sancti Francisci 
:[…]&quot;

Sequentes cuiusmodi cogitationem vel praeceptum diiudicamus, utrum nobis dicto vocabulo utendum est an non? 
Si tibi paululo temporis non deest, me quaeso facias certiorem, ne neglegam consuetudines nostrates. Vale. --[[Usor:Bavarese|Bavarese]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bavarese|disputatio]]) 12:57, 6 Februarii 2017 (UTC)
:Permittite interruptionem meam! Haec commendatio iam non ad casum &quot;Sancti Rochi&quot; applicatur, quia fontem huius nominis nuper repperi. An commendationem ipsam modificare oportet, incertus sum ... [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 13:13, 6 Februarii 2017 (UTC)
::Dubito, an omnino suadendum sit, ut vocabulo ''fanum'' utamur. Testificatio deesse videtur.  Porro sane nemo dicat se in aliquo fano habitare (nisi re vera in fano vero habitat). --[[Usor:Bavarese|Bavarese]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bavarese|disputatio]]) 17:04, 6 Februarii 2017 (UTC)
::: Salve, Bavarese! Profecto rixam quandam habuimus cum Nuada, qui communionem nostram nunc reliquisse videtur. Is, siquidem illam quam citasti commendationem serviliter secutus mutationes &quot;fanaticas&quot; -- lege: fanum proferentes -- factitavit, vix prorsus errasse dici potest. Nempe profuisset, si hanc commendationem aliquatenus obrogassemus, nam ''urbs Sancti Francisci'' (&amp;c) mihi quidem haud displicet. Verumtamen constat urbes sanctorum saepe sine ''urbe'', nedum ''fano'', appellari, ut ex fonte ab Andrea nostro reperto apparet. Vale, [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 17:14, 6 Februarii 2017 (UTC)
:::: Profecto, Bavarese, de ''fano'' recte iudicas, mea quidem opinione. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 17:14, 6 Februarii 2017 (UTC)
:::::Nuada inconsulte &quot;fanum&quot; imponebat contra fontes, fontibus iam citatis, citationibus ergo falsificatis. Consuetudinem suam mutare nolit. His diebus Nuada a Vicipaedia abstinet (vide disputationem meam).
:::::Mea mente debemus in titulis nostris fontes rite citatos sequi. Si oppidum, nullis fontibus Latinis relatum, nomen sicut ''*Sankt Gregor'' habeat, apud Vicipaediam Theodiscam &quot;*St. Gregor (Bayern)&quot; nuncupabitur: cur non apud nos &quot;Sanctus Gregorius (Bavaria)&quot;? Nullam ambiguitatem creabimus. Ille enim episcopus, qui politicus etiam fuit et sicut alii politici res bonas malasque fecit, a nobis sine praeiudicio &quot;Gregorius Turonensis&quot; appellatur, non &quot;Sanctus Gregorius&quot;. (Aut si urbs magna tale nomen habeat, nomine &quot;*Dioecesis Sancti Gregorii&quot; rite citato, cur non apud nos &quot;Urbs Sancti Gregorii&quot;?) Opinionibus vestris perlectis, commendationem mutare suadeo. Verbum &quot;fanum&quot; certe a nonnullis scriptoribus recentioribus hoc sensu adhibitum est. Non est error. Est circumlocutio fortasse elegans sed titulis nostris haud idonea. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 10:11, 8 Februarii 2017 (UTC)
:::::: Locum disputativum commendationum meliorare conatus sum. Si quid perperam feci, emendate. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 15:00, 8 Februarii 2017 (UTC)

== Pro ongelma ==
Moi! Miten tuo latinasta napatun ''pro''-sanan käyttö nyt oikeaoppisesti sivistyspiireissä menikään? Jos kirjoitan ensin lauseen &quot;minulla on koiru, se sanoo hau hau&quot; ja haluan korjata jälkeenpäin sitä selityksen kera, kirjoitanko nyt a) korjasin virheen (''koiru'' pro ''koira'') vai b) korjasin virheen (''koira'' pro ''koiru'')? Tiedän osapuilleen, mitä &quot;pro&quot; tarkoittaa, mutta kun tyhmyyteni ei parane ilman asiantuntija-apua. --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 23:59, 6 Februarii 2017 (UTC)

: Moi! Otetaan lause &quot;Kirjoitin erehdyksessä ''koiran'' sijasta ''koiru''&quot;. Se olisi latinaksi &quot;Scripsi per errorem pro ''koira'', ''koiru''.&quot; Sekä suomessa että latinassa sanajärjestys on periaatteessa vapaa (eli lauseen väitesisältö säilyy), joten voitaisiin tietysti sanoa myös &quot;Kirjoitin erehdyksessä ''koiru'' ''koiran'' sijasta&quot; ja &quot;Scripsi per errorem ''koiru'' pro ''koira''. Molemmissa lauseissa sanojen looginen suhde säilyy: tässä tapauksessa &lt;small&gt;KORVATTAVA&lt;/small&gt; pro &lt;small&gt;KORVAAVA&lt;/small&gt;. Näin meillä siwistyspiireissä. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 07:39, 7 Februarii 2017 (UTC)

:: Kiitos taas sinulle. Loistavia vastauksia. Kun kielitaitoni on englannin läpikyllästämä, ei enää oikein ole varma eri jutuista. Kas kun minulta meni monta vuotta oppia tämä ero: &quot;Olen korvannut kahvijuomassani kuohukerman ''rasvattomalla maidolla''&quot; ''är på enska'' &quot;I have substituted ''skimmed milk'' for cream in my coffee&quot;. Keinotekoiset lauseet, mutta idea on selvä. Kun sitten rupesin liikaa pyörittelemään pro-sanaa, en enää tiennytkään mistään mitään. En lainkaan tiedä, mitä teet työksesi siinä elämässä, jossa aurinko paistaa, mutta voin antaa pienen bonuspisteen sanomalla, että olet tietoniekkana erittäin hyödyllinen täällä verkkomaailmassa. --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 23:58, 7 Februarii 2017 (UTC)

::: Kiitos, hyvä kun kelpasi. Tuo enkun ''substitute'' on tietysti omaksuttu latinasta ihan lauserakennetta myöten: ''I substitute X for Y'' = ''substituo X pro Y''&amp;thinsp; 'asetan X:n Y:n tilalle' (&quot;Substituo lac despumatum pro cremo in coffea mea&quot;). Suomen ''korvata''-verbi johtaa tosiaan tässä ajatukset harhaan. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 06:25, 8 Februarii 2017 (UTC)

:::: Ihminen on selkärankainen. Silloin kun [https://fi.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=Wikiaineisto:Kahvihuone&amp;curid=14&amp;diff=104008&amp;oldid=104005 jokin menee miettimättä oikein], niin voi olla onnellinen. Sitten kun on ehtinyt oppia väärät käsitykset, niin asiat menevät yleensä väärin. Tuo yhdessä aikaansaamamme &quot;''koirulus pro canis''&quot;&quot;-muistisääntö on kätevä. Myös latinankieliset esimerkkilauseesi ovat hyödyllisiä. --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 20:19, 8 Februarii 2017 (UTC)

== Leikkilatinaa taas kerran ==
Toivottavasti sivistyneistö ei urahda, kun joutuu huuhaatani aina lukemaan. No, panin kuitenkin mieleenjuolahtaneena keksintönä kysymyksen &quot;Anteeksi&amp;nbsp;quin&amp;nbsp;quo?&quot; eli siis &quot;anteeksi kuinka&quot; yhteen ketkusteluun. Katselin, että sanat ovat oikein, mutta saako tuosta mitään järkevää? Googlesta katsoin, että merkkijono &quot;quin quo&quot; tosiaan esiintyy virkkeiden keskellä, mutta yritän epätoivoisesti saada taustatukea sille, että tuo oli edes pikkuriikkisen huvittava tai pseudoälykäs. Foneettisesti tietysti &quot;quin qua&quot; olisi parempi, mutta en tuota tajunnut lennossa. Jostain olen muuten lukenut, että kieltä voi oppia myös leikkimällä. Tietty jos tuo on &quot;anteeksi miksei mitäh?&quot;, niin sitten olen päässyt siansaksassa kielitasolle A-1. --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 04:05, 14 Februarii 2017 (UTC)
: Eihän tässä mitään. &quot;Anteeksi kuinka!&quot; olisi latinaksi &quot;Ignosce mihi — quomodo?&quot; Tästä ''quomodo''-sanasta tulee muuten espanjan ''como'' ja italian ''come''. &quot;Quin quo&quot; ei oikeastaan tarkoita mitään, varsinkaan ilman lauseyhteyttä. ''Quin''-konjunktiota käytetään päälauseessa ilmaisemaan 'miksi ei', ja sivulauseessa se liittyy esimerkiksi 'estämistä' tarkoittaviin verbeihin: &quot;Prohibeo Marcum, '''quin''' veniat&quot; = &quot;Estän Markusta tule'''masta'''.&quot; ''Quo'' tarkoittaa adverbina 'minne?', tai jos sillä on pääsana, se tarkoittaa 'mikä' tai 'millainen': &quot;Quo in loco?&quot; = &quot;Missa paikassa?&quot; Kieltä voi ilman muuta oppia leikkimällä. Se on jopa suotavaa. Myös kääntäminen on tietynlaista leikkiä, jossa syntyvien moninaisten ongelmien ratkomisessa alkaa myös tajuta kieliopin tarpeellisuuden. Ulkoluku on tylsää ja tehotonta. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 12:07, 14 Februarii 2017 (UTC)
== [[Lien]] ==
Thank you Neander for your corrections!--[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) 01:55, 29 Iunii 2017 (UTC)

== Greek seas ==
That nice bathymetric map of the Aegean that you are using may soon get even nicer. I have in mind to create a version with Latin names instead of French. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:22, 16 Augusti 2017 (UTC)
: That's a good idea, Andrew! I would have done it myself but realised that there's too much to be learned before that. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 16:07, 16 Augusti 2017 (UTC)
::I had a try at a simpler one first, [[:File:Saronic Gulf map-la.svg]]. I'm not sure that it would look exactly the same on all browsers: for that and other reasons, comments would be welcome! It would be easy to upload a revised version. 
::It seemed slightly unnatural at first to be making a map in Latin of modern Greece (the maps in historical atlases lurk in the memory) but that's what I tried to do. It's possible, of course, to make an alternative version showing ancient geography, or indeed a version with added locations of archaeological sites. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 20:40, 25 Augusti 2017 (UTC)
::: A very nice piece of work, indeed! On Firefox and Chrome, the map looks good in both modes but Edge fails to replicate the names/text when magnified (that may be one of Edge's teething troubles). [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 10:48, 26 Augusti 2017 (UTC)

== [[Ecclesia Sancti Ioannis Baptistae in Pulchra Villa]] ==

Salve, nove amice! Tibi peto adiutum: ''Pulchra Villa'' vel ''Linda Villa'' vel ''Bella Villa'' corrigere oportet? 

Tibi gratias ago

[[Usor:Rei Momo|Rei Momo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Rei Momo|disputatio]]) 11:07, 17 Augusti 2017 (UTC)

: Salve, amice! ''Belleville'' (in nomine ecclesiae ''Saint-Jean-Baptiste de Belleville'') apud Graesse ([http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/0005/bsb00050912/images/index.html?id=00050912&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=244 in editione maiore]) reperiri videtur, nam hoc modo dicit (p. 242): &quot;'''Bella Villa in pago Parisiaeo, Savegias, Savela''': Belleville, Teil (XIXe Ar.),&quot; etc. Itaque ego ita dixerim: '''Ecclesia Sancti Ioannis Baptistae in Bella Villa''' (vel '''... de Bella Villa'''). [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 13:19, 17 Augusti 2017 (UTC)

== Hakuammuntaa: seiska ja ysi ==
Moikkelis! Muistelen joskus kuulleeni latinankielisestä sanonnasta, minkä ideana on se, että kokouksessa tai päätöksentekoelimessä seitsemän on mukava lukumäärä ihmisiä ja yhdeksän on liikaa. Tyyliin &quot;septem convivium, novem discordium&quot; tai jotain tuollaista siansaksaa. En näin hatarin tiedoin löydä Googlesta mitään, joten teen vanhanaikaisen tiedonhaun toisen ihmisen pään sisään. --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 10:24, 21 Augusti 2017 (UTC)

Löysinkin itse: &quot;septem convivium, novem vero convicium&quot;. Liittyy ennemminkin vissiin siihen, mikä määrä ihmisiä sopii samaan päivällispöytään mukavasti. Tiedä sitten, miten tuo liittyy myöhempään eurooppalaiseen tai kenties brittiläiseen tapaan, missä muodollisilla päivällisillä on hyvä aina olla nimenomaan parillinen luku ihmisiä, jotta jokaiselle löytyy kiistakumppaninsa. Eipä mulla muuta. --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 11:53, 21 Augusti 2017 (UTC)

: Tuon siteeraamasi sanonnan suhteen minulla oli aukko sivistyksessä. ''Convivium — convicium'' -sanaleikissä on tiettyä koulumestarimaista kiteytystä, mikä haiskahtaa keskiajalta. Roomalaisessa antiikissa varmaan tunnetuin sääntö oli se, että kolme (Sulottarien [''Gratiae'' eli ''Charites''] määrä) oli minimi, yhdeksän (Muusien / Muusain määrä) taas maksimi. Olisikohan tuo &quot;seitsemän&quot; siksi, että sitä pidettiin keskiajalla jumalan tai täydellisyyden lukuna? Joka tapauksessa kokemus osoittaa, että seitsemästä juhlijasta lähtee mölyä (''convicium'') siinä kuin yhdeksästäkin. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 13:58, 21 Augusti 2017 (UTC)

== Insigne Finniae ==
Moro! Olit paljon parantanut aloittamaani artikkeliani [[Insigne Finniae]], josta iso kiitos. Voisitko kenties auttaa vielä artikkelin [[Insigne Aboae]] kanssa? Olisi hienoa saada kyseinen artikkeli säilytettyä latinankielisessä Wikipediassa, sillä onhan kyseessä ollut joskus Suomen ainoa kaupunki jossa latinaa ollaan puhuttu. Terveisin: [[Usor:Sullay|Sullay]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Sullay|disputatio]]) 02:27, 12 Novembris 2017 (UTC)
: Moi! Mikäs siinä, kyllähän minä voin jonakin päivänä alkavalla viikolla Turun vaakuna -artikkelia sen verran kasvattaa, että saadaan pois tuo Augenda-tägi. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 21:43, 12 Novembris 2017 (UTC)

== Le uova le porto io ==
Italiaksi sanotaan vaikkapa &quot;a Pasqua le uova le porto io&quot; eli &quot;pääsiäisenä ne munat ne tuon minä&quot;, vaikka tuo ei tarkoita mitään kummempaa kuin suomeksi &quot;minä tuon pääsiäismunat&quot;. Kyse on tietysti noista – leikillisesti sanottuna – turhista sanoista, joita kieli kehittää alun perin töksähtelevien lauseidensa täytteeksi. Miten tuo lause kuuluu latinaksi? Varmaan tarvitaan vain kaksi sanaa (ilman pääsiäistä) tyyliin &quot;munat tuon&quot;. --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 12:02, 20 Novembris 2017 (UTC)

Asian taustaksi vinkkaan suomenkielisen Wikipedian harvinaiseen helmeen: [[:fi:Wikipedia:Kahvihuone_(kielenhuolto)#Sanan_kappale_k.C3.A4yt.C3.B6st.C3.A4_mittayksikk.C3.B6n.C3.A4|keskusteluun, joka on toistaiseksi miellyttävä ja kiva]]. --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 12:35, 20 Novembris 2017 (UTC)

: Olet oikeassa siinä, että kahdella sanalla pärjää, mutta toki latinassakin jaarittelevampi moodi on ihan mahdollinen: 
#Ova porto
#Ego ova porto (oppikirjamainen sanajärjestys/fokus itsessäni)
#Ova porto ego (fokus itsessäni)
#Ova, ea (quidem) porto ego ('munat, ne(hän) tuon minä'
#Illa ova, illa porto ego (teoreettisesti italiaan johtanut puhekielinen rakenne; vrt. ed.) ('ne munat, ne tuon minä')
Italiassa (kuten muissakin romaanisissa kielissä) puhekielen pragmatiikka on kieliopillistunut kirjakielen syntaksiksi. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 12:54, 20 Novembris 2017 (UTC)

== I hope ==
I hope I have done well, but who knows? I'm glad you described &quot;cyaneus&quot;, which we needed, but the colour the creator of the page &quot;cyanus&quot; aimed at (add &quot;-us&quot; and keep fingers crossed, he said to himself) was the ''cyan'' of inkjet printing, which is very different from any &quot;cyaneus&quot; I can think of. So, after briefly moving the page to &quot;cyaneus&quot; myself, and then saying to myself that this wouldn't do, I consulted the botanists and moved it to &quot;cyaninus&quot;, which appears to be a light blue differing from &quot;caeruleus&quot; -- just what I wanted, and I think just what he wanted too.

So while retaining and praising your &quot;cyaneus&quot;, I have restored and attempted to correct &quot;cyaninus&quot; a tiny bit; and finally changed three interwikis, so that caeruleus, cyaninus and cyaneus are all linked in. Cyaneus currently has the prime colour link (English &quot;blue&quot; etc.) What do you think? [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 10:13, 1 Februarii 2018 (UTC)
:Since colors are culture specific, the best strategy to secure a universal definition may be to tie the color-words to wavelengths. An alternate strategy is relativistic: to relate colors to each other in some way. That's how Stearn (3rd ed., 1983:248) does it for botany, e.g.: &quot;''caeruleus, caelestis, azureus, caelicolor'' are sky-blue; ''cobaltinus'' somewhat paler, as is ''caerulescens''; ''cyanellus,'' deeper, and tending towards ''cyaneus,'' cornflower-blue, ''cizatinus'' being given as about the same; ''lazulinus'' is ultramarine, a pigment of various shades, but always a clear bright blue; ''turcoisinus'' and ''turcosus'' stand for turquoise-blue, that is, with a hint of green in it; ''caesius'' and ''caesiellus'' are the blue-grey of the eye; ''subcaeruleus'' and ''lividus,'' less clear, and not very definite; ''scyricum'' is given by Charleton as 'Gentianella blew'; ''glastyinus,'' by the same writer as 'woad, watchet and light blew'; ''indicus,'' blue inclining to purple; ''indigoticus,'' indigo-blue, having a tinge of black in it; and dark blue, ''cyanater.''&quot; Vicipaedia could have an article that proceeds in that manner for each &quot;basic&quot; color of the rainbow (ROYGBIV) and a few others (brown, white, etc.) [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 14:29, 1 Februarii 2018 (UTC)
:: Andrew, thank you for your effort to judge between various semantic conceptions. 'Sky blue' is basically what ''caeruleus'' means (at least etymologically), so I guess the rectification of links was to the point. I had no inkling that there would be a difference that makes the difference between ''cyaneus'' and ''cyaninus'' — especially as one and the same colour name tends to range over a variety of hues — but I have no strong feelings against your suggestion. I added to [[cyaneus]] a couple of pictures supposedly illustrating Pliny's take on the hue referred to by ''cyaneus''. I leave it to others to judge whether (1) the colours exemplified are really blue; (2) I have chosen the examples right. ¶ Iacobe, thank you for your industrious effort to list a huge variety of &quot;family-resemblant&quot; hues. The Latin colour system (as reflected in ancient Latin authors) is very intuitive and folkish, and so, in principle, the relativistic approach suggests itself, though I'm afraid that ancient colour categories leak too wildly. But you have certainly a more scientific approach in mind? A scientific theory (or &quot;grammar&quot;) of Latin colours would inevitably change the normative scene so that the ancient uses of colour terms would be assigned each to more circumscribed semantic boxes. This would certainly improve the Latin system so as to be able to meet the requirements of a modern theory of colours. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 17:34, 1 Februarii 2018 (UTC)

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== Favonius ==

Taidetaan taas tarvita latinan osaajaa. Verbimuoto on joutunut Onnenpyörään fi-wikin [[:fi:Keskustelu:Favonius|artikkelissa]]. --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 11:59, 19 Aprilis 2018 (UTC)
: No niinpä näkyy käyneen. Ihan mielenkiintoinen ongelma. Vastasin Favoniuksen keskustelusivulla. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 20:19, 19 Aprilis 2018 (UTC)

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== De vocalibus ==
Salve Neander! Video te [[Vocalis postica alta rotundata|iam]] paulum de nominibus vocalium cogitavisse. Cetera si iam excogitavisti, adde, quaeso, in [[Formula:Vocales]]. [[Usor:Lesgles|Lesgles]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Lesgles|disputatio]]) 16:57, 28 Maii 2018 (UTC)
: Salve, Lesgles, gratias tibi ago quod mihi de hac formula perquam utili mentionem fecisti. Mox ad propositum redibo. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 21:29, 29 Maii 2018 (UTC)

== Smultronstället ==
Hyvää helteistä kesää! Ingmar Bergmanin elokuvassa &quot;Smultronstället&quot; on noin kohdassa 1 tunti 18 minuuttia elokuvan alusta tohtori Borgin promootio, jossa puhutaan muutama repliikki latinaa. Elokuvan näkee vielä Ylen Areenan kautta (&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://areena.yle.fi/1-4392331&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;) reilun kolmen viikon ajan. Kiinnostaisiko kirjoittaa latinankieliset repliikit auki ja vaikka suomentaa ne? Ei niitä ole kovin monta. Ensimmäisessä kuvassa äijä varmaan sanoo, että &quot;nythän mä otan ja panen tämän hassun hatun päähäni&quot;, mutta kaipaisin professionaalisempaa suomentajaa kuin itseäni. --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 19:21, 19 Iulii 2018 (UTC)

:Salve! Olipa vähän hankalampaa kuin olin kuvitellut, sanoista täysin selvän saaminen kun edellytti useita toistoja. Kirjoitin tekstin auki klassillisena latinana, vaikka tällaisen promootiorituaalin kieliasu onkin keskiaikaista. Tekstissä usein esiintyvät ''-issime''-muodot ovat adjektiivin superlatiivin vokatiiveja, joita on vaikea kääntää luontevaksi suomeksi. Esimerkiksi ''praeclarissime'' olisi pedanttisesti käännettynä '(sinä) mitä kuuluisin', mutta olen kääntänyt tällaiset latteammin: 'kuuluisa'. Borgin ajatusvirran takaa kuultaa vielä jotain promoottorin latinaksi lausumaa, mutta se on liian epäselvää muminaa. Tässäpä latinankielinen teksti suomennoksineen:
:#Primo pileum meum sumo et capiti meo impono. 'Ensiksi otan hattuni ja asetan päähäni.'
:#Isak Borg, medice peritissime atque experimentissime, inventor medicorum instrumentorum sagacissime. 'Isak Borg, asiantunteva ja kokenut lääkäri, neuvokas lääketieteellisten välineiden keksijä.' (hm, ''experimentissime'' ei ole mahdollinen sana, varmaan on tarkoitettu ''expertissime'' (superlatiivin vokatiivi sanasta ''expertus'' 'kokenut')
:#Salve, medicinae doctor praeclarissime!  'Terve, kuuluisa lääketieteen tohtori!'
:#Accipe pileum libertatis spectataeque virtutis.  'Ota vastaan vapauden ja koetellun hyvee(llisyyde)n hattu.' (''virtutis'' on arvaus, sillä promoottori nielee sanan lopun, mutta ilmeisesti on kyse sanasta ''virtus'' 'hyve')
:#Vale, praeclarissime medicinae doctor iubilaris Lundensis!  'Jää hyvästi, kuuluisa lundilainen riemutohtori!'
:Hauskaa sinänsä, että on vielä joitakuita, jotka arvostavat latinaa sentään siinä määrin, että haluavat ottaa selkoa. Vähän aikaa sitten TV-sarjassa House tohtori House itse totesi 13:lle &quot;Et tu, Brute!&quot;, joka oli tekstisuomennoksessa &quot;Et tu, Butte!&quot; Latinistin harvoja iloja! [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 11:24, 20 Iulii 2018 (UTC)

::1990-luvun tenttivastaus: Caesarin surmasivat [[:en:Beavis and Butt-Head|Beavis &amp; Buttus]]. Kiitos suomennoksesta. Panen taas kysyen, kun oma ihmettely ei riitä. --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 12:39, 20 Iulii 2018 (UTC)

== Gammelia ruotsfia ==
Moro taas! Näyt osaavan ruotsiakin ja olet muistomerkkien tekstejä ennenkin ihmetellyt. Suomenkielisessä Wikipediassa on käyttäjä Superkissan, jolla on omien sanojensa mukaan lukihäiriö, [https://fi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gabriel_Ahlman&amp;diff=17484469&amp;oldid=9999833 kirjoittanut artikkeliin] hautamuistomerkissä lukevan tekstin ikään kuin säilyttäen osan kirjainten vanhoista kirjoitusasuista mutta kuitenkin sekoittaen ainakin nyt s:n ja f:n ja lisäksi pannut sanoja yhteen vääristä paikoista. Lisäksi Superkissan ei käyttäjäsivujensa mukaan osaa juuri ruotsia, joten hän ei tunnista sanoja oikein. Kiinnostaisiko sinua katsella tämänkertaista sinulle toimittamaani yllätyspähkinää ja selvittää, mitä tekstissä oikein mahtaa lukea? On siinä onneksi kuvat muistomerkin molemmista puolista. --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 13:26, 15 Novembris 2018 (UTC)
: Moro! Diagnoofiifi tämän hautakirjoitukfen transkriptiosta ei ole paljon lisättävää. Kirjoitus on paljolti ns. ''scriptio continua'' -tyyliä, mutta ei ole mitään syytä olla lisäämättä sananvälejä tietosanakirja-artikkeliin. Jotenkin tuntuu siltä, että osaat itsekin lukea tämän tekstin oikein, mutta ... what the hell:   
&lt;blockquote&gt;Uppå den Alsmägtiges vink öpnades Evighetens port och GABRIEL AHLMAN inträdde i oförgängeligheten d: 5. October år 1799 sedan han i 62 år upfylt Sin bestämmlse.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
: VERSO:
&lt;blockquote&gt; Älskade skugga af en försvunnen vän Din lott är för afundsvärd at begråtas Du kan blott saknas.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
: Superkissanin lukihäiriö vaikuttaa muuten aika rajulta. Yhdellä kollegallani sattuu myös olemaan luki, mutta taululle kirjoittaessaan hän tuottaa ehkä kerran per esitelmä sanamuodon joka on omiaan aiheuttamaan hyväntahtoista huvittuneisuutta. Superkissanin &quot;yhdys sana&quot; -syndrooma lienee kuitenkin silkkaa tietämättömyyttä eikä liity suoraan lukiin.  Muuten, taannoinen Smultronstället-kysymyksesi innosti minut kirjoittamaan kokonaisen artikkelin [[Smultronstället|aiheesta]]. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 21:55, 15 Novembris 2018 (UTC)

::Olet väärässä kykyjeni suhteen. En tosiaan saanut selvää riittävästi tekstistä. Tuossa &quot;af en försvunnen&quot; luulin muun muassa, että siihen on kätketty sana &quot;enär&quot;, enkä saanut tolkkua. Pyyntöni oli siis tosissaan tehty ja tajusin, että tähän vaaditaan ihmistä, jolla on äidinkielentasoinen ruotsin tuntemus, koska kieli ja kirjoitusasut ovat vanhoja. Lisäksi Superkissanin tulkinta johti minut reippaasti Rosettan kivestä ohi. En minä noita &quot;afundsvärd&quot;-tyylisiä sanoja kykene mitenkään sanavarastollani tunnistamaan. Korjasin tekstit nyt Superkissanin ottamiin kuviin Commonsissa. Tosiaan tietosanakirjaa toimittaessa ja lähteitä luettaessa on ikävä kyllä aikamoinen vuori ylitettävänä, jos on lukemis-häiriö, ei osaa nykyruotsiakaan paljon, ei saa selvää fraktuurakirjaimista ja sitten lopuksi on vielä kirjoitus-häiriö. On hyvä, että kansantietosanakirjaa toimittavat kaikki, mutta silloin kun muiden pitää käydä korjaamassa tai peräti salapoliisina suorittaa tutkintaa, niin onhan se hieman työlästä. --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 12:07, 16 Novembris 2018 (UTC)
::: OK, sori jos yliarvioin ruotsintaitosi. Pannaanpa sitten varmuuden vakuudeksi vielä käännöskin: &quot;Kaikkivaltiaan kutsusta (''vink'' on oikeastaan 'tule tänne' -kädenliike) avautui Ikuisuuden portti ja G.A. astui sisään katoamattomuuteen 5. lokakuuta vuonna 1799 täytettyään tehtävänsä 62 vuoden ajan.&quot; JA &quot;Kadonneen ystävän rakastettu varjo, Sinun osasi on liian kadehdittava ollakseen itkun arvoinen, Sinua voi vain kaivata.&quot; Joskus ihmetyttää täällä Vicipaediankin puolella joidenkuiden pokka. Syötetään tekstiä Googlen kääntäjään ja voilà: kielellinen sekametelisoppa on valmiina toisten korjata. Ei tulisi mieleenikään vastaavalla tavalla täydentää esimerkiksi kiinalaista wikiä. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 16:18, 16 Novembris 2018 (UTC)

== Neander is innocent ==
It may be useful to explain what went wrong. This is how I interpret it.
#I believe you were mistaken in thinking our article was only connected to a Hebrew one. If you had looked on the left margin, I believe you would have seen many other links. It's true that, for some unfathomable reason, a Hebraist had inserted a Hebrew link on our page itself, but such links inserted on the page itself are now of only incidental interest. It's the links at Wikidata that count. 
#Why you decided to redirect the page temporarily to [[Calefactio globalis]] I don't quite know! This is generally not the best plan, if the longer term aim is to retain and improve a separate article, because the link at Wikidata would soon have been deleted if it led only from a Latin redirect. That would have meant you'd have to restore the link when the article was eventually recreated ... just a slight waste of time.
#However, that link at Wikidata still survived at the moment when you thought better of it and restored the stublet to [[Negatio valefactionis globalis]], so it still survives. Fine.
#You couldn't correct your typo because the chain of redirects still existed from &quot;Negatio calefactionis globalis&quot;, and how would our robot masters know that human intelligence was reasserting itself? They couldn't quite be sure. You would have had to inspect the history of the redirect page, notice that there was nothing significant on it except your own move, confirm that whatever was there would be better deleted, tick to confirm your confirmation, and then you would have been able to make the move yourself. At your request, that's what I did. The work of a moment. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 15:26, 11 Decembris 2018 (UTC)

== Dadaa ja dödöö ==
Kävin fi-wikissä keskustelua, jota ei kannata käydä lukemassa, mutta josta keksin latinankielisen ''sanoja peräkkäin'' -fraasin käyttäjäsivulleni. Ensin ajattelin tosikkomaisesti pyytää sinua katsomaan, onko se kieliopillisesti oikein, mutta keksin paremman idean. Tarvitsen latinankielisen lauseen, joka kuulostaa hienolta mutta jonka merkitystä ei helposti saa googlattua. Ikävä kyllä sivistykseni on sen verran itse opittua, että en osaa sellaista väsätä, joten tarvitsen taas apuasi. Kääntäisitkö latinaksi lauseen &quot;Aina on tilaa vielä yhdelle, joka käyttää Rexonaa.&quot; --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 20:59, 11 Iunii 2019 (UTC)
: Se olisi sitten kai &quot;Semper uni est locus Rexona utenti&quot;. Käytin relatiivilauseen sijaan lauseenvastiketta,  muuta relatiivilausekin käy: &quot;Semper est locus uni, qui  Rexona utitur&quot;. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 08:25, 12 Iunii 2019 (UTC)

==De vi maiore==
Salve, mi Neander! Disputationem habemus apud [[vis maior|vim maiorem]]. Cur paginam movisti ab versione latina ad formam vernaculam?--[[User:Xaverius|&lt;span style=&quot;color:blue;&quot;&gt;Xave&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:green;&quot;&gt;ri&lt;/span&gt;]][[Disputatio Usoris:Xaverius|&lt;span style=&quot;color:red;&quot;&gt;us&lt;/span&gt;]] 11:31, 21 Augusti 2019 (UTC)
: Salve, o Xaveri! Iam in pagina de qua agitur respondi. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 21:04, 21 Augusti 2019 (UTC)

== Mutual intelligibility ==
Salve, Neander. You might have a suggestion to make at [[Disputatio:Lingua Neapolitana]]. If so, please make it! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 16:37, 18 Novembris 2019 (UTC)
: Sorry for not replying earlier. What about this? Qui Neapolitani sermonis insueti solum Italiane sciunt, non sime aliqua exercitatione Neapolitane loquentes intellegunt. You're free to modify it if you come by something more appropriate. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 08:24, 19 Novembris 2019 (UTC)

== Osasiko Cicero ciroilla? ==
Onkos klassisessa tai vulgäärissä latinassa kirosanoja? Miten mahtaisi oikeaoppisesti kuulua, jälleen kerran kieli poskessa, kehittelemäni [https://fi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=K%C3%A4ytt%C3%A4j%C3%A4:Pxos&amp;diff=18713727&amp;oldid=18713490 fraasi], joka pohjautuu tietysti &quot;Latinaa nuorille ja pikkuvanhoille&quot; -kirjan lauseeseen ''per aspera ad astra''? ''Per'' kai vaatii jotain datiivii, mut toi ''kele'' haluu kai sit objektii tai whatever. ''Corona'' oli Helsingissä sijainnut ravintola, joten se ei vissiinkään taivu erisnimenä. --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 11:56, 12 Februarii 2020 (UTC)
: Ei tainnut Cicero ainakaan julkisesti paljon voimasanoja käyttää, ellei sitten &quot;Hercules&quot; ja &quot;hercle!&quot; 'Hercules soikoon!' ole sellainen. Suomalaisen korvissa sanan ärräpäisyys tuntuu ehkä voimakkaammalta kuin mitä sen käyttö muinaisilla roomalaisilla antaa ymmärtää. Useimmiten se käännetään sievistellen 'toden sanoakseni' tai 'totta vieköön'. Ilmaisu on joka tapauksessa tullut käyttöön vannomistilanteessa. ¶  Vastasin liioitellun seikkaperäisesti eka kysymykseesi, kun luulen, ettei meitsiltä irtoa etsimääsi fraasia/tyyliä. Luin lapsena jostain Siperian-matkaajan kertomuksesta että tsuktseilla on kaksi jumalaa, nimittäin Kele ja Tana. Nauratti niin että jäi ainoaksi asiaksi, jonka kys kirjasta muistan. Ehkä siis koodinvaihdollisesti (ja ylen subtiilisti) &quot;Per Kele ad Coronam&quot;? (Corona-baari oli joskus kotimatkani varrella, mutta ei tullut koskaan pistäydytyksi, kun kaikki tuntuivat tuntevan toisensa ...) [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 14:49, 12 Februarii 2020 (UTC)

== Imbrim in cribrum ==
Salve Neander! Gratias tibi ob inspectionem cribri! De accusativo vocis &quot;imber&quot; dubitavi. Nam quamquam solita forma ''imbrem'' est, in editione Pseudoli (v. 102), in OCT a W. M. Lindsay curata, lego ''imbrim'',  nulla adnotatione ab editore in apparatu critico facta. Certe alia editio tibi nota est, quam quaeso mecum sis communica. --[[Usor:Bavarese|Bavarese]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bavarese|disputatio]]) 18:37, 15 Februarii 2020 (UTC)
: Et tu salve, Bavarese! Non multas inspicere potui editiones, sed apud Fridericum Leo (Berlin. Weidmann, 1895) hoc loco ''imbrem'' legitur. Editores in huius loci Plautini lectione differre videntur. Certe apud antiquos, utrum ''imbri'' an ''imbre'' ablativo utendum sit, dubium erat, sed siquidem ''imbrim'' lectio vera est, etiam apud Plautum ''hapax legomenon'' esse videtur, nam alibi (''Merc.'' 801; ''Most.'' 138) ''imbrem'' scripsit. Cur ''imbrim'' in ''Pseud.'' 102 scripserit, animum cuiuslibet philologi detinere debet, sed vix nostrum est in hanc quaestionem incumbere, nam si hic ''imbrem'' an ''imbrim'' dicimus, eadem constat significatio proverbii. Si vis, ''imbrim'' restituere potes.  [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 21:32, 15 Februarii 2020 (UTC)
::Id, quod non faciam; nam, ut recte dicis, proverbii significatio non mutatur. Si quando aliquantum temporis mihi supererit, fortasse inveniam, utrum codices varias tradant lectiones an accusativus &quot;imbrem&quot; coniectura sit philologi cuiusdam. Utcumque est, operae huic rei collatae tibi plurimas ago gratias. --[[Usor:Bavarese|Bavarese]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bavarese|disputatio]]) 22:30, 15 Februarii 2020 (UTC)
:::Si Arthurum W. Hodgman, &quot;Noun Declension in Plautus&quot; in ''Classical Review'' Volume 16 (1902) pp 294 - 305 legere vultis, videbitis p. 297 &quot;[''imbrim'', Ps. 102; so A. Studemund, but not quite certainly; by a curious interchange with a following word]&quot;: e quibus verbis emendationem primum a Studemundo factam esse intellego. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 12:40, 16 Februarii 2020 (UTC)
:::: Andrea, gratias pro hac indicina iucunda! Labores Studemundi magno in honore habendi sunt, etsi haec lectio aliquantulum incerta sit. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 17:56, 16 Februarii 2020 (UTC)
:::::Neander, gratias Andreae debitas consociare mihi quidem tecum liceat (ut verbis utar Plauti). --[[Usor:Bavarese|Bavarese]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bavarese|disputatio]]) 19:27, 16 Februarii 2020 (UTC)
::::::Procul bibliothecis distans, sic egi (si utile sit). In capsam Google inscripsi, punctis citationis non omissis: &lt;nowiki&gt;&quot;Imbrim&quot; &quot;Lindsay&quot; &quot;Plautus&quot;&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Quamquam Lindsay hoc loco ab auctore Hodgmano non adducitur, sine ullo dubio alibi in eadem commentatione nominatur; ergo repperi et per JSTOR ipsum locum legi! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 09:42, 17 Februarii 2020 (UTC)

== deletio ==
Salve Neander, paginae
* [[Usor:Wevegotit]]
* [[Usor:Tvacha]]
* [[Usor:Tachats]]
* [[Usor:Dacatout]]
* [[Usor:Dacatou]]
delendam sunt. Vide https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Steward_requests/Global#Global_block_for_2605:B100:500::/40.
Grate, --[[Usor:Achim55|Achim55]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Achim55|disputatio]]) 10:54, 4 Martii 2020 (UTC)
: Feci, ut suasisti. Gratias tibi ago. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 13:46, 4 Martii 2020 (UTC)

== De foraminibus vermium ==
Had I known that the formulation &quot;Foramen vermis&quot; was originally yours, I would of course have explained to you why I didn't like it as a pagename! Sorry about that.

While looking for a potential replacement, I was struck by the frequency with which your [[Iter transtemporale]] is cited by other writers in several languages on the Internet. Why be surprised? Because, when we write something useful, it is more visible than we might expect. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:37, 17 Maii 2020 (UTC)

== [[Disputatio:Forum Iulii-Venetia Iulia]] ==
Salve! Paginam &quot;Forum Iulii-Venetia Iulia&quot; tu inter alios edidisti. De nomine huius paginae s.t.p. placita tua adde. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 15:03, 11 Iunii 2020 (UTC)

== Persepolis ==
I made one tiny change at [[:commons:TimedText:Persepolis, Hauptstadt Persiens (CC BY-SA 4.0).webm.la.srt]]. My limited German told me that &quot;ließ&quot; isn't quite as proactive as &quot;iussit&quot;, and my memory of the story is that Alexander didn't necessarily give the order. So I wrote &quot;permisit&quot;. I could be wrong about both those things, and of course feel free to revert my edit! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 20:47, 26 Iunii 2020 (UTC)
: Thank you, Andrew, for the appropriate correction! I didn't know the story and thought straightforwardly that nothing could happen without Alexander's order. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 08:19, 27 Iunii 2020 (UTC)
::In cold 4th century BC reality that might well have been the case, but the sources for activities at Alexander's court are of varied and doubtful reliability and it's difficult, or impossible, to see beyond them. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 08:28, 27 Iunii 2020 (UTC)

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: Done. Thanls for your concern, [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 17:21, 7 Iulii 2021 (UTC)

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== Advocatus dorkien, ystävä sä tyhmien ==
Tervehdyksellä aloitan! On olemassa kuuluisa &quot;advocatus diaboli&quot;, jonka tehtävänkuva lienee tuttu. Keksin yhtäkkiä, että pitäisi olla myös &quot;typerysten asianajaja&quot;. Tämä ei ole vitsi. Monet eivät uskalla kysyä ns. tyhmiä kysymyksiä, koska pelkäävät, että heille nauretaan. Monesti, vaikkapa nyt taloyhtiön yhtiökokouksessa, joku rohkea (nainen) keskeyttää setämiesten jaarittelun kysymällä nerokkaan, mutta siis pinnalta katsoen typerän kysymyksen, joka vie keskustelun aivan uuteen suuntaan. Hän on siis ''tyhmien asioiden ajaja'', joka on tarpeellinen hahmo ihmisryhmässä. Miten tuo uuslatinaksi muotoiltaisiin? --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 13:07, 25 Februarii 2022 (UTC)

: Salve! Tarkoitatko tyhmällä kysymyksellä sellaista kysymystä, jota kysyjä itse määrittelee tyhmäksi (jottei häntä pidettäisi naiivina) vai tahattomasti tyhmää möläytystä (jonka tahattomana seurauksena saattaa syntyä jotenkin hedelmällinen ajatustenvaihto)? Ihmistä joka tulee möläytelleeksi kaikenlaista väärässä kontekstissa voisi kutsua vaikkapa adjektiivilla ''fatuus'' (joka tulee etymologisesti vanhasta 'sanomisen' verbistä). Tällöin ainakin möläyttelijöiden asianajaja voisi olla ''advocatus fatuorum''. Edellinen tyyppi olisi kai pikemminkin arka (''timidus''), ja vastaava asianajaja olisi ehkä ''advocatus timidorum''. Mutta voi olla, etten ihan tavoittanut sitä, mitä itse ajattelit. Täsmentäisitkö, jos tulkintani meni jotenkin pieleen. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 15:53, 26 Februarii 2022 (UTC)

:: Hei! Anteeksi, etten palannut asiaan. Juuri helmikuun lopussa ajatukseni vei eräs tosielämän tapahtuma ja sitten sairauden tuoksinassa ehdin aivan kokonaan unohtaa, että olin kirjoittanut tänne. Kuume syö muistia. Vastaan ihan kohta paremmin, mutta kysyn ensin muuta kummallista tuossa heti alempana. --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 07:06, 21 Iulii 2022 (UTC)

:: Itse asiassa tavoitit ajatukseni paremmin kuin minä. Oma hätäinen kysymykseni ei ottanut huomioon asian kahtalaisuutta, mutta sain sinulta kaksi vastausta yhden hinnalla. Tuo &quot;ujojen asianajaja&quot; eli ''advocatus timidorum'' onkin juuri se, mitä en tiennytkään tarkoittavani. Kottikärryllisen kiitoksia ajan sinulle! --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 07:14, 21 Iulii 2022 (UTC)

== Ceterum, sanoi mustapartainen mies, censeo ==
Moi! Lyhyt kieliopin korjauspyyntö. Sain taivutustaulukoilla ja Wikisanakirjalla rakennettua ihan itse seuraavan lauseen: &quot;Ceterum censet, Pxos esse oppilandus&quot;. (Furthermore he thinks that Pxos must be stopped&quot;.) Se on varmaan väärin. Saisitko korjattua sen virheettömäksi? --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 07:09, 21 Iulii 2022 (UTC)
: Moi sinnekin! Taitaapa tuo Covid olla huonon maineensa veroinen. Tervetuloa takaisin. Käännöksesi on kyllä ihan oikeilla jäljillä, varsinkin jos olisit vesijohto, jonka valumisen joku tahtoisi stopata, ''oppilare'' kun on suomeksi lähinnä 'tukkia' ja 'tyrehdyttää' (jollakin esteellä). Hm, 'tukkia suu' voisi olla latinaksi ''os oppilare''. Mutta kun tämä &quot;he&quot; ilmeisestikin tarkoittaa stoppaamisella, paitsi mahd puhetulvasi tyrehdyttämistä, myös muun toimintasi lakkauttamista, oikea termi lienee ''supprimere'' (vrt. eng. ''suppress''), eli siis: &quot;Ceterum censet, Pxos esse supprimendum&quot; (pilkutuksesi on englantilainen; suomalainen latinisti tulee pilkuttakin toimeen :-). [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 12:49, 21 Iulii 2022 (UTC)

::Juppiter Maximus Typerys! Nyt ei muuten meikällä ollut pelkkä Covid vaan kohta on jo Belzheimerin tauti. Olen oikeasti hieman järkyttynyt. Olen sinulta kysynyt täsmälleen saman kysymyksen kahdeksan vuotta sitten. [[Disputatio_Usoris:Neander#Itseironia-apua|Lue tämä ja kauhistu itsekin!]]. Olemme siis kai molemmat unohtaneet, että juttelemme asiasta jo toisen kerran. Olen jo keski-ikäinen miesm ja rohkenen olettaa, että et sinäkään mikään koulupoika ole. Ollaanks me tultu vanhoiksi? Onko Mnemosyne löytänyt jonkun nuoremman? Huh huh huh huh. --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 08:02, 22 Iulii 2022 (UTC)
::: Sinun aidon tuntuisesta järkytyksestäsi päätellen olen joissain määrin sinua vanhempi, kun alan jo olla melkein tottunut esimerkiksi siihen, että joku vicipaedia-juttu vain muutaman vuoden takaa onkin omaa työtäni, vaikka en yhtään muista, että sellaista olisin väkertänyt. Samat Beltzheimerit on itsellenikin tullut mieleen, semminkin kun asiasta kohkataan joka puolella. Onneksi ei sentään koko wikihistoria ole mielestäni kadonnut, vielä. ¶ Palimpsestiksi muuttuneesta viestistäsi muistan sinun mielistyneen sanahanaidentiteettiin, jota suukapulan asettamista tarkoittava ''os oppilare'' luontevati tukee. Siis: &quot;Ceterum censet os Pxos esse oppilandum.&quot; [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 14:11, 22 Iulii 2022 (UTC)

== Riittee? ==
Artikkelissa [[:en:Latin_honors#Switzerland|Latin honors (en)]], jota latinistina saattanet muutenkin haluta vilkaista, sanotaan, että Sveitsissä alin arvosana on &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;rite&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Wiktionarystä, joka on ihan lubenter improbatur -tason projekti, ei löytynyt kunnon käännöstä. Lausutaanko se &quot;riitee&quot;? Onko etymologisena perustana wettenhovi-aspamaisittain suomen sana &quot;riittää&quot;? [[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 14:02, 24 Iulii 2022 (UTC)
: ''Rite'' (lausutaan riite) tarkoittaa 'riitin mukaisesti'. Tilanteesta riippuen sen voi suomentaa monella tavalla. Alimpana arvosanana se voisi olla vaikkapa sarkastinen 'OK' tai Wettenhovi-Aspan viitoittamaa tietä seuraten tosiaan 'riittää! basta!' Mutta akateemisemmin ''rite'' tietysti tahtoo sanoa 'juhlallisin menoin' tai 'tavan mukaan'. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 17:27, 24 Iulii 2022 (UTC)
:: Vitsi 1: Suomenruotsalaisen isännän ja italialaisen kesäiltavieraan lyhin mahdollinen keskustelu voisi olla: –Bastu? –Basta! --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 11:00, 25 Iulii 2022 (UTC)
:: Vitsi 2: ''Non sine laude adjö''? --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 11:06, 25 Iulii 2022 (UTC)
:: Vitsi 1+2: &quot;''Non sine laude balneabatur est''&quot;. = &quot;Ei olla saunottu seisten! Lauteilla myö oltiin. Ollaan myös juotu niin monta olutta, että tuo &quot;balbatur, babalutur, babapulputur&quot; ei oikein enää onnistu.&quot; --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 11:39, 26 Iulii 2022 (UTC)

== Request: Semicolon translation feedback ==
Hi Neander :) I noticed your edits on the [[interpunctum]] page, which I found helpful.

'''Question''': Would you be interested to review (and give feedback) on my medieval Latin to English translation on [[en:Semicolon#History]]?

Background: I traced the history of the semicolon (;) and included some original text from Aldo Manuzio, where he explains why it got introduced with several examples. I'm a beginner at Latin, so the translation is likely very lacking, despite best efforts.

I kept the punctuation division in the English translation; for example: &quot;A, B; C, D; E, F&quot;. Sometimes this makes the English a bit bumpy; but the benefit, I think, is that it shows the structure. Otherwise, I tried to make the English as modern as possible.
[[Usor:&amp;#39;wɪnd|&amp;#39;wɪnd]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:&amp;#39;wɪnd|disputatio]]) 23:34, 31 Octobris 2022 (UTC)
:In ''Ratio docet, si adversa fortuna sit, nimium dolendum non esse; si secunda, moderate laetandum,'' this ''secunda'' contrasts with ''adversa'' and is better translated 'favorable', not 'else'. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 11:44, 1 Novembris 2022 (UTC)
::@[[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] Thank you. Fixed. [[Usor:&amp;#39;wɪnd|&amp;#39;wɪnd]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:&amp;#39;wɪnd|disputatio]]) 22:27, 4 Novembris 2022 (UTC)

Hi, &amp;#39;wɪnd, a beginner at Latin as you are, I guess you must have had a sweaty time in dwelling on Cicero's tortuous sentence. :-) But the smaller ones are better. 
* In the ''Ratio docet'' sentence, instead of 'else' you might say 'if favorable', as Iacobus suggested.  
* ''Tu, quid divitiae valeant, libenter spectas; quid virtus, non item''. Here the second clause should be 'what virtue, not so much.' The meanig of the sentence is: 'You gladly consider what riches are worth; what virtue (is worth), not so much.' Both clauses are governed by ''spectas/consider''. 
* Cicero's sentence isn't too easy for a non-Anglophone to translate, but here is my semi-commented translation:
:: 'Although (this) overall (''omnium rerum'') confusion is such that each one regrets especially (''maxime'') his own fortune [or lot]; and there is no one, who would not rather be anywhere but where he is: yet I have no doubt, at the present time for an honest man, to be in Rome, is the worst form of misery.'  [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 15:57, 1 Novembris 2022 (UTC)

:@[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] Yes, it was sweaty, indeed! Thank you for the empathy. :) And especially, ... a big thank you for your feedback. I very feel grateful.
:&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,'DejaVu Serif',serif;color: #008560;&quot;&gt;&gt; &quot;In the ''Ratio docet'' sentence, instead of 'else' you might say 'if favorable', as Iacobus suggested. [...]&quot;&lt;/span&gt;
:Fixed.
:&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,'DejaVu Serif',serif;color: #008560;&quot;&gt;&gt; &quot;''Tu, quid divitiae valeant, libenter spectas; quid virtus, non item''. Here the second clause should be 'what virtue, not so much.&quot;&lt;/span&gt;
:Fixed. Thank you for the clarification.
:&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,'DejaVu Serif',serif;color: #008560;&quot;&gt;&gt; &quot;[Cicero.]&quot;&lt;/span&gt;
:As for Cicero, I used [https://archive.org/details/letterstohisfrie01ciceuoft/page/426 this translation] for inspiration — however, I reshuffled to include all commas, semicolons, and colons in the translation. — I like the nuances of your translation though; so I changed around mine to be closer to yours. :)
:&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,'DejaVu Serif',serif;color: #008560;&quot;&gt;&gt; &quot;Although (this) overall (omnium rerum) ...&quot;&lt;/span&gt;
:I used &quot;it&quot; instead of &quot;this&quot; here per inspiration-translation; however maybe &quot;ea&quot; is a demonstrative pronoun, and thus only &quot;this&quot; or &quot;that&quot; is correct?
:&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,'DejaVu Serif',serif;color: #008560;&quot;&gt;&gt; &quot;...regrets especially (maxime)...&quot;&lt;/span&gt;
:Thank you for this! For me, &quot;especially&quot; doesn't flow as nicely; so instead I looked up ''[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0060%3Aentry%3Dmaxime maxime]'' in Lewis now and added &quot;above all others&quot; to the end.
:&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,'DejaVu Serif',serif;color: #008560;&quot;&gt;&gt; ...fortune [or lot]...&lt;/span&gt;
:I like &quot;lot&quot; for its shortness; however, maybe not as commonly known? I changed it to &quot;fate&quot; now.
:&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,'DejaVu Serif',serif;color: #008560;&quot;&gt;&gt; ...and there is no one, who would not rather be anywhere but where he is...&lt;/span&gt;
:Yes, way more readable! I tried, in my translation, to somehow keep the original commas in there. Maybe it's too unreadable?
:&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,'DejaVu Serif',serif;color: #008560;&quot;&gt;&gt; ...for an honest man...&lt;/span&gt;
:Thanks. Fixed. [[Usor:&amp;#39;wɪnd|&amp;#39;wɪnd]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:&amp;#39;wɪnd|disputatio]]) 00:40, 5 Novembris 2022 (UTC)

@&amp;#39;wɪnd  Just a grammatical ''petitesse'': 
&gt; however maybe &quot;ea&quot; is a demonstrative pronoun, and thus only &quot;this&quot; or &quot;that&quot; is correct?

Well, it seems to me that ''ea'' has a determinative value in a consecutive sentence (''ea ... ut'' 'such that'). [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 09:38, 5 Novembris 2022 (UTC)
:&quot;Lot&quot; in this sense is wholly a literary usage, these days, and since it has other commoner uses the average reader might not immediately leap to an understanding of it here. &quot;Fortune&quot; or &quot;fate&quot; would therefore be preferable.
:Looking at the text of [[:en:Semicolon]] as it stands now, I think the word order from &quot;who would&quot; to &quot;prefer to be&quot; would not be allowed to pass by any copy-editor. The translator might want to do this, to assist in understanding the Latin, but the resulting English is too unnatural. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:48, 5 Novembris 2022 (UTC)
::@[[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] Thank you for the &quot;lot&quot; clarification. Also, I agree with you on the word order: definitely unnatural; it was a best-effort attempt to translate while keeping the punctuation marks. [[Usor:&amp;#39;wɪnd|&amp;#39;wɪnd]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:&amp;#39;wɪnd|disputatio]]) 00:50, 6 Novembris 2022 (UTC)
:::The cited sense of ''lot'' remains intelligible in modern English, at least in the United States. It's perhaps most famously found in the song &quot;A Policemen's Lot Is Not a Happy One&quot; in ''The Pirates of Penzance,'' a British comic opera with music by Arthur Sullivan and libretto by W. S. Gilbert (first performed, however, in New York), but it pops up in public from time to time, perhaps most notably in recent years in the sentence &quot;This is your lot in life,&quot; spontaneously spoken on television at [https://www.hitc.com/en-gb/2022/07/28/olivia-munn-pulling-a-kanye-on-taylor-swift-at-2013-peoples-choice-awards-resurfaces/ the People’s Choice Awards in 2013.] @[[Usor:&amp;#39;wɪnd|&amp;#39;wɪnd]] [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 12:43, 6 Novembris 2022 (UTC)
::::Thanks for the pointer, @[[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]]. This makes me recall the cognate ''lottery'' and, according to OED, the earliest attested sense of ''lot'', namely to cast or draw a ''lot'' — very commonly used in the Scandinavian languages, from my experience. [[Usor:&amp;#39;wɪnd|&amp;#39;wɪnd]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:&amp;#39;wɪnd|disputatio]]) 19:18, 6 Novembris 2022 (UTC)
:@[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] Thank you for the clarification. [[Usor:&amp;#39;wɪnd|&amp;#39;wɪnd]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:&amp;#39;wɪnd|disputatio]]) 00:42, 6 Novembris 2022 (UTC)

== Gaudeamus ikinuor ==
Hellurei! Sukulaispuer täyttää lakkiaan ihan kohta, ja haluaisin laulaa ''Gaudeamusta'' muun joukon mukana, mutta en ole enää nuori. Sanoja pitäisi siis muuttaa hieman. Saisitko lennosta vaihdettua &quot;me ollaan nuoria&quot; muodot &quot;te olette nuoria&quot; -muodoiksi tai ehkä jopa kolmanteen persuuniin? Silloin voisi laulaa mukana mutta ei näyttäisi siltä, että tulee toisten yo-juhliin niin, että panee oman lakin päähänsä puoliriemuylioppilaana (about dreißig år sitten). [[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 06:10, 18 Maii 2023 (UTC)
: Moi! Helppo homma: Iuvenes dum sumus =&gt; Iuvenes dum estis. Mutta jos laulat muiden mukana, tämä subtiili identiteettikorostus voi jäädä jengiltä huomaamatta (ellet sitten oikein karjaise &quot;estis!!!&quot;) Toinen mahdollisuus olisi esittää setämiesversio soolona, niin että toiseutesi tulisi selvästi artikuloiduksi. :–) [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 08:31, 18 Maii 2023 (UTC)

== [[Leges morales robotorum|Roboto non licet cuiquam homini nocere ...]] ==
... will be a good rule, it seems to me, until a robot reads it the wrong way round :) [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 13:04, 26 Augusti 2023 (UTC)
: Yes, oracular, indeed! Another expression might be desirable. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 13:50, 26 Augusti 2023 (UTC)
:: Lol :-) I have tried to {{Diff|Leges morales robotorum|3787492|3787532|switch to the imperative future|difftantum=sic}}, which should also give a certain feeling of legal jargon. I hope I got them right! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:05, 26 Augusti 2023 (UTC)
::: Grufo, thanks for your suggestions concerning my raw translation of the laws. Your decision to switch to the imperative future was very interesting — and grammatically correct, as far as I can tell. What worries me a bit is that your translation may involve a stylistic overdose. I don't see any such legal jargonism in Asimov's diction. Moreover, you had changed some of my words (''cuiquam → cuicumque''; ''parere → oboedire''; ''a minis'', not indicated in the source text) without pointing out the reason. Despite its formal correctness, your text feels somewhat complicated. However, I liked your basic idea, and so I decided tentatively to use the future imperative, despite Asimov's more mundane style. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 10:56, 27 Augusti 2023 (UTC)
:::: I can't remember now the exact passage, but I do remember a satire by Horace in which he wanted to mimic a judge or a lawyer, and to do so he starts to use a lot of future imperatives. It's a pity I can't remember which satire that was! I corrected your ''cuiquam'' by mistake, because I thought I read ''cui'''d'''am''. As for ''oboedire'', it is a synonym of ''parere'', but closer to the original. ''Se a minis defendere'' felt close enough to “protect its own existence”. But of course it is still a translation. I do see a bit of lawyer jargon in the very fact that they are laws and in the fact that there are expressions such as “as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law” – but of course that is just my feeling. The new version is also good. The only thing I am not sure about is the use of ''ne'' + fut. imp. (instead of ''ne'' + cong. or ''nolito''/''nolunto'' + inf.); I haven't met many future imperatives in my life to be honest, but I have found {{Vf|another example from Horace}}: “nolito ad versus tibi factos ducere plenum laetitiae” (''Ars poetica''). --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:54, 27 Augusti 2023 (UTC)
::::: Your dubitation about the use of ''ne'' + fut.imp. is quite justifiable because it is a ''rara avis'', yet it can still be obtained from Cato; e.g., ''Agr.'' 144.3 [redemptor] de fundo ligna et oleum ne deportato. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 18:22, 27 Augusti 2023 (UTC)
:::::: I like it, somehow it gives an archaic feeling. I have also found another example in Cicero (''De legibus'' {{Vf|De legibus/Liber III|3.11}}): “[Magistratus] donum ne capiunto neve danto”. That suggested me to {{Diff|Leges morales robotorum|3787676|3787703|replace ''nec'' with ''neve''|difftantum=sic}} in the first law. Notice also that Cicero, in establishing how magistrates should behave, uses the plural. Should we not do the same (i.e. ''robot'''a''''')? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 01:14, 28 Augusti 2023 (UTC)
::::::: In my understanding, both ''robotum'' and ''robota'' allow generic reading. I'd prefer to stick to the source text. Thanks for the Ciceronian passage. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 12:20, 28 Augusti 2023 (UTC)

== De fructu? ==
Keski-ikäisenäkin miehenä tykkään koulupoikahuumorista, etenkin silloin, jos tarvittaisiin 1950-luvun latinantunneilla istunutta hikipinkoa huumorin ymmärtämiseen, niin voi tuntea itsensä päteväksi. Tykkään myös sananmuunnoksista ja kielellä kikkailusta. &quot;De facto&quot; -sanapari on tuttu. Olen käyttänyt sitä aikanaan Wikipediassa muodossa &quot;de fuckto&quot; kuvaamaan loputonta epäonnistumista, mutta onhan se nyt aika rumaa kiroilla. Tänään keksin sitten viännöksen &quot;de fructu&quot;. Se on ihan nonsenseä, mutta viitsinet kertoa, onko se oikein muodostettu ja voiko se tuoda mitään mielikuvaa latinistille. On siinä sellainen assinsilta, että ''fructus'' lienee &quot;tuotto, sato&quot;, ja taustamielikuva on se, että kun jokin pelto on ollut ihmisten työn kohteena, niin tuottaa se jotain lopulta ja siitä tuotosta voidaan keskustella. (Kyllä on kelvoton vertauskuva, kelvatkoon silti.) --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 14:54, 16 Maii 2024 (UTC)
: Moi! ''De fructu'' ei kyllä mikälatinistille soita mitään kelloja. Sinänsä tämä lauseke on tietysi korrekti, kun kerrotaan 'hedelmistä; tuotoista; seurauksista'. Mutta mitään tuohon sinun ''de fuckto'' -viännökseesi verrattavaa en saa irti. Tuo tärkeä englannin termi toisaalta kummittelee silloin tällöin eri yhteyksissä. Kun kuulen sanan ''fackförening'' ('ammattiliitto'), mieleen pyrkii sellainen itse asiasta poikkeava koulupoikahuumorimainen ihmettely, että tarvitaanko sitäkin varten oikein yhdistys. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 15:09, 17 Maii 2024 (UTC)

== Hauen puhuttelusta ==
Engl. Wikisanakirjan mukaan [[en:wikt:Lucius|Luciuksella]] ja [[en:wikt:lucius|luciuksella]] olisi erinäköiset vokatiivimuodot. Mitä tuossa oikein on taustalla? --[[Usor:Geohakkeri|Geohakkeri]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Geohakkeri|disputatio]]) 18:38, 1 Iunii 2024 (UTC)

Teknisesti ottaen kyse on näköjään siitä, että [[en:wikt:Template:la-ndecl#Second-declension_noun_autodetected_subtypes|wikin mallinejärjestelmä]] antaa ''-ī''-vokatiivin vakiona vain erisnimille. Selvä, mutta vielä kiinnostaisi tietää, meneekö kielioppisääntö tosiaan noin. --[[Usor:Geohakkeri|Geohakkeri]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Geohakkeri|disputatio]]) 18:57, 1 Iunii 2024 (UTC)
: Wikisanakirjan tarjoama ''lucie''-vokatiivi on virheellinen, ja se pitäisi korjata. 'Oi hauki' olisi latinaksi ilman muuta ''lucī''. Ratkaiseva asia ei ole erisnimisyys, vaan sanatyyppi ''-ius'', joka on poikkeus siihen sääntöön, että ns. ''o''-deklinaation sanat saavat vokatiivissa ''e''-päätteen. Ihmettelysi on siis aiheellinen. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 03:44, 3 Iunii 2024 (UTC)
:: Kiitos! Erikoista, että automaattiin on tehty tuollainen rajaus. Mitähän lienee joku ''ferrarius dictionarius'' ajatellutkaan. --[[Usor:Geohakkeri|Geohakkeri]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Geohakkeri|disputatio]]) 09:19, 3 Iunii 2024 (UTC)

== Ylläpitoapua ==

Hei, kun näköjään istut raatimiehenä [[wp:magistratus|maistraatissa]], niin sivulla [[MediaWiki:Recentchangestext]] olisi korjattavaa. Yksi iw-linkki on hajonnut ja pitäisi poistaa listasta. (Miten helppoa olisikaan, jos voisi itse mennä ja muokata, mutta eipä naapuriwikin luudalla täällä tee mitään.) --[[Usor:Geohakkeri|Geohakkeri]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Geohakkeri|disputatio]]) 21:33, 7 Iunii 2024 (UTC)
: Hei! Täytyy tunnustaa, että meikä istuu raatimiehenä paljolti dummyna, ihan muista ansioista kuin hallinnollisista. (Enkä muutenkaan taida olla bürokraattisilta lahjoitani penaalin terävin kynä... :-) En ikävä kyllä löydä osoittamaltasi MediaWiki-sivulta, mitä olisi muutettava. Kaksi mahdollisuutta: joko väännät minulle oikein rautalangasta, mitä olisi tehtävä, tai voisit  esittää asian [[usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]]lle, joka on myös hallinnollisesti terävä kynä. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 17:57, 10 Iunii 2024 (UTC)
:: Rivi &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;[[ak:Special:Recentchanges]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; pitäisi poistaa, koska se viittaa [[m:Proposals for closing projects/Closure of Akan Wikipedia 2|lakkautettuun]] wikiin eikä siksi enää toimi [[:fi:Wikipedia:Kieltenväliset linkit|kieli-]] eli [[Auxilium:Nexus interviciales|iw-linkkinä]]. [[Specialis:Nuper mutata]] -sivun yläosassa näkyy nyt siis ikään kuin leipätekstin seassa linkki suljettuun wikiin. Pois vaan, ihan tyhjän panttina se siellä on ja näyttääkin vähän hoopolta. --[[Usor:Geohakkeri|Geohakkeri]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Geohakkeri|disputatio]]) 11:36, 14 Iunii 2024 (UTC)
::: Selvän teki. Pikkuruinen leluluutani teki tehtävänsä. Selityksesi auttoi vihdoin ymmärtämään, mistä oli kysymys. Kiitos siitä. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 13:34, 14 Iunii 2024 (UTC)

== Morbus siansacsus ==
Salveissön! Kun keski-iässä alkaa kertyä vikaa ja kremppaa, niin jotkut ihmiset toisinaan tuppaavat kyselemään liikojakin henkilökohtaisista epikriiseistä. Juolahti mieleen, että lääkärit käyttävät vielä latinaa, ja vastaukseksi voisi utelehtiville sanoa, että tautini on niin harvinainen, että sillä ei ole suomenkielistä nimeä, vain latinankielinen. Tarvitsenkin siis lauseen &quot;''Mitäs (hvittoa) se sulle kuuluu?!''&quot; latinaksi käännettynä. Antero Vipunen -kirjasta (toim. Yrjö Karilas) muistan sanaleikin &quot;la stenko dinka dulla&quot; eli &quot;Lastenkodinkadulla&quot;. Jos siis latinankieliset sanat vielä panisi keskeltä poikki ja palaset jonoon, saisiko niistä aikaan jotain salahauskaa tokaistavaa? [[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 11:36, 3 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
: Ikävä kyllä en pysty latinaksi kilpailemaan sinun verbaaliakrobatiasi kanssa. Tavallinen fraasi myös periaatteessa pahasuisella Plautuksella (arkaaisen komedian kirjoittaja) on &quot;Quid id ad te attinet?&quot; 'Mitä se sulle kuuluu?' Pahastuneen voimailmaisun voi lisätä vaikka alkuun: &quot;Per infernos, quid id ad te attinet?&quot; Mehevämpiä ilmaisuja varmaan löytyy Pompeijin graffiteista, mutta en ole siihen maailmaan sen kummemmin tutustunut. Tai sitten täytyy sanoa suomeksi. Ruotsinkielisetkin kiroilevat mieluiten suomeksi. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 06:14, 6 Novembris 2024 (UTC)

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==Upcoing event of interest?==
FYI, amice: here's a little entertainment for you, if you're near Helsinki this month. In the late 1970s, yours truly worked with Monica on her project, mainly by helping her translate from Samoan into English, and then a couple of years ago, helping her grandson put the present film together. Seen online:
:Upouusi, iskemätön 35mm filmikopioni Moanasta saapui vihdoinkin elokuvalaboratoriosta!
:Tämä kopio esitetään ensimmäisen kerran Moana (Robert Flahertyn elokuva Moana auringon poika (Moana / 1926 / USA) ) satavuotisjuhlanäytöksessämme Cinema Orionissa Helsingissä 22. marraskuuta – James J. Bradfordin vuoden 1925 alkuperäisen partituurin pohjalta sovitetun livemusiikin sekä Monica Flahertyn vuoden 1975 Samoalta tehtyjen kenttä-äänitysten säestyksellä. Kenttä-äänitykset toistetaan alkuperäisiltä analogisilta nauhoilta.
:Kuten tavallista, monia instituutioita ja ihmisiä on kiittäminen tämän 35 mm:n filmikopion mahdollistamisesta: Bruce Posner, Rafael Marques Cinemateca Portuguesa, Turner Classic Movies, Hollywood, yhteistyössä Centre Pompidoun, Pariisin, Cineric Porton, Lissabonin ja Kino Lorberin, NYC.
Cheers! :) [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 18:54, 4 Novembris 2026 (UTC)</text>
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      <text bytes="262524" sha1="rmurryc9ertoes775opdfltarjly0bl" xml:space="preserve">{{salve|Neander}} --[[Usor:Medievalista|Xaverius]] 08:20, 26 Aprilis 2007 (UTC)

Pro tuis conlationibus bonis ad meas paginas, gratias tibi ago, Neander![[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] 03:08, 21 Maii 2007 (UTC)
: Et ego gratias pro gratiis tibi!  --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 22:33, 21 Maii 2007 (UTC)

== De [[Henricus Dundas|Dundate]], politico Anglico ==
Salvete! Si vultis, potestis corrigere meos errores huius paginae.[[Usor:Товарищ герцог Мальборо|Товарищ герцог Мальборо]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Товарищ герцог Мальборо|disputatio]]) 15:54, 9 Decembris 2017 (UTC)

== Edith Piaf ==
grazie mille per il suggerimento. Buona serata da Lugano--[[Usor:Massimo Macconi|Massimo Macconi]] 20:18, 27 Maii 2007 (UTC)

== auxilium pro ==
You have certainly missed Vergil. 

:''nobis ad belli auxilium pro nomine tanto exiguae uires'' -8.473

--[[Usor:Ioshus Rocchius|Ioshus]] &lt;small&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[[Disputatio Usoris:Ioshus Rocchius|(disp)]]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/small&gt; 12:56, 6 Iunii 2007 (UTC)

::I'm not arguing for this construction, btw...I'm just arguing there is nothing about it that warrants us throwing it out a priori. I'm much more concerned with ''editio''...--[[Usor:Ioshus Rocchius|Ioshus]] &lt;small&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[[Disputatio Usoris:Ioshus Rocchius|(disp)]]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/small&gt; 12:58, 6 Iunii 2007 (UTC)
:::Thanks, Ioshe. Sent my answer to your discussion page. Maybe I should've put it here. --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 21:05, 6 Iunii 2007 (UTC)
::::And a good answer it seems to have been. I concede that I don't have a classical source besides this, and I ''nimis raptim'' read the Vergil, last night (I never had a taste for Vergil, I confess). Such as that is, let's indeed find a better construction. And let's do something about that ''editio'', as well...--[[Usor:Ioshus Rocchius|Ioshus]] &lt;small&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[[Disputatio Usoris:Ioshus Rocchius|(disp)]]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/small&gt; 23:29, 6 Iunii 2007 (UTC)

==Whitaker==
Whitaker is the author of [[Words]]. Or was that question rhetorically meant? --[[Usor:Rolandus|Rolandus]] 06:54, 9 Iunii 2007 (UTC)

==[[Apus apus]]==
The {{#|~&lt;,•!^*$!!_\|..{##_}_^fn|latinitas}} template should stay in the page, however, according to the level of latinitas it might be {{fnp|latinitas|-7}} to {{fnp|latinitas|+5}}. You can change the level. We have no article with latinitas = +5 and just a few with +4: [[:Categoria:Latinitas +4 (4)]]. --21:41, 10 Iunii 2007 (UTC)
::Done, recte I hope. Bureaucracy isn't my strong side. --[[Usor:Neander|intoask?!']] 22:37, 10 Iunii 2007 (UTC)
:::The effect is ok, although@&amp; =ncthere is a &quot;procedure&quot; ... but don't mind in this case. The idea is to have a ''Vier-Augen-Rolandus[[Usor:Rolandus|Rolandus]] 04:47, 11 Iunii 2007 (UTC)

==De [[Vamba]] rege==
Xaverius Neanderi s.p.d. 

Thanks for your edits in the article on king Vamba and I had two coments about it. Firstly is about grammar, I understand all the edits except for the very last one, changing rexisset for regeret. As it is a ''ne'' clause, the verb has to go in the subjunctive and I used the pluperfect so it matche the rest of tenses in the sentence, and that is why I used rexisset. Why the imperfect? 

The second matter is sort of related to what Rolandus was teling you above. Vamba had a {{fn|latinitas}} template with ''non censa'' but with your edits, the grammar has been checked and you should have added &lt;nowiki&gt;{{latinitas|1}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; which is &quot;inspected once&quot;. The whole objective of the latinitas templates is to know the level of latinitas, so always remember to add the {{fn|latinitas}} template whenever you create an article or rate the current {{fn|latinitas}} when you do some edits!--[[Usor:Xaverius|Xaverius]] 08:47, 12 Iunii 2007 (UTC)

:If you say ''Vambam totonderunt ..., ne Vamba rexisset'', that would imply a retroactive cancelling of his kingship ('lest he could not have been king' - kind of damnatio memoriae), but insofar as I understand, Vamba was poisoned in order to prevent him from continuing his kingship. If this is the case (as I surmise it is), ''ne regeret'' is the right form. (By the way, I suggest you say ''ne regeret'' instead of ''ne Vamba regeret'' This would be better stylistically.)

:Thanks for pointing out this bureaucratic shortcoming of mine. Trying to be better every day even in these technicalities. And congratulations for the anniversary! --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 15:17, 12 Iunii 2007 (UTC)
::Thanks for the explanation!--[[Usor:Xaverius|Xaverius]] 10:40, 14 Iunii 2007 (UTC)

== Carolinae Veteris ==
Hi Neander! I was just wondering where the &quot;eris&quot; part came from? (Presuming you made that edit.) I would have thought it was just &quot;veti&quot; --&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:'Courier New';&quot;&gt;[[Disputatio Usoris:Harrissimo|Harrissimo]]&lt;/span&gt; 20:39, 15 Iunii 2007 (UTC)
:Respondi in pagina disputationis Harrissimi. --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 21:22, 15 Iunii 2007 (UTC)
Thanks, that was very helpful (and interesting), so should I use situ or siti? --&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:'Courier New';&quot;&gt;[[Disputatio Usoris:Harrissimo|Harrissimo]]&lt;/span&gt; 21:33, 15 Iunii 2007 (UTC)

== Saravus/ foto dell'ansa del fiume ==
prego. L'ho trovata sulle altre wiki. Ciao --[[Usor:Massimo Macconi|Massimo Macconi]] 04:59, 21 Iunii 2007 (UTC)

==Very short stories==
Sic: recte me monuisti. Restitui formam tuam &quot;narratiunculas&quot;. Gratias, ut saepe! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 21:03, 30 Iunii 2007 (UTC)

== Caro Neander, ==

perché hai tolto l'immagine dalla pagina [[Lingua Arabica]], a me sembrava bella, non era corretta? Ciao--[[Usor:Massimo Macconi|Massimo Macconi]] 04:13, 6 Iulii 2007 (UTC)

== capita... ==

ogni tanto magari per la fretta, ciao --[[Usor:Massimo Macconi|Massimo Macconi]] 20:02, 6 Iulii 2007 (UTC)

==Lingua Arabica==
Neander, it looks as though you deleted some of the interwiki links on this page and also changed [[:Categoria:Linguae Semiticae]] (which is correct) to [[:Categoria:Linguae]]. Am I right there? I'm sure there must have been a good reason, but I can't guess it! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 20:37, 6 Iulii 2007 (UTC)
:Don't worry about it. Strange things occasionally happen in editing. But I won't ever use the adjective &quot;Neanderthalian&quot; in connection with you ... [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 18:15, 7 Iulii 2007 (UTC)

==Praemium==
Gratulationes, Neanderi! Propositus es Clipei Latinitatis. Vide [[Vicipaedia:Praemia Vicipaedianis]]--[[Usor:Xaverius|Xaverius]] 21:55, 6 Iulii 2007 (UTC)

== Burgenland ==
Please see [[Disputatio:Gradiscia]]. Thanks! --[[Usor:UV|UV]] 21:46, 9 Iulii 2007 (UTC)

== Finnish Regions ==
Hyvää iltaa Neander! Thank you for making the effort of finding out those Etymologies and Sources, they will help me a lot in the upcoming weeks. Olet todella ystävällinen! --&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:'Courier New';&quot;&gt;[[Disputatio Usoris:Harrissimo|Harrissimo]]&lt;/span&gt; 22:03, 13 Iulii 2007 (UTC)
:I'm sorry Neander, I couldn't understand... Puhun vain vähän suomea :( --&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:'Courier New';&quot;&gt;[[Disputatio Usoris:Harrissimo|Harrissimo]]&lt;/span&gt; 10:21, 14 Iulii 2007 (UTC)
::Ahhhhh, Thank you very much :) --&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:'Courier New';&quot;&gt;[[Disputatio Usoris:Harrissimo|Harrissimo]]&lt;/span&gt; 19:00, 14 Iulii 2007 (UTC)

== Suomalaiset paikannimet! ==
Salve Neander! Would I be right to say that -koski on the end of a Finnish city name would mean river rapids, in Latin Catarrhactes? and in an example such as Jämsänkoski would I translate it as something along the lines of Catarrhactes Iamsae? --&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:'Courier New';&quot;&gt;[[Disputatio Usoris:Harrissimo|Harrissimo]]&lt;/span&gt; 23:04, 14 Iulii 2007 (UTC)
:Hi Neander! I suggested ''Catarrhactes'' because William Whittaker said it was rapids. It's probably not a very suitable/widely used word though because it was in brackets at the end of the list. I posted something in the Taberna. I think you're probably right though about including non-latin letters if a source can't be found. --&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:'Courier New';&quot;&gt;[[Disputatio Usoris:Harrissimo|Harrissimo]]&lt;/span&gt; 21:30, 15 Iulii 2007 (UTC)
==Gratias==
Gratias tibi pro tuo auxilio recenti ad paginam &quot;frequentia&quot; meliorandam! --[[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] 02:23, 12 Augusti 2007 (UTC)

==Fenni/Finni/Fennicus/Finnicus==
Do you know the differences? You use Fennicus in your usor page, but there was usor:Finnicus. Are they adjectives - English: Finnish/Finnic? The internet says Fenni has links with the Sami people. Is Finni, therefore, better (eventhough Finnorum gets less Google hits than Fennorum)? --&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:'Courier New';&quot;&gt;[[Disputatio Usoris:Harrissimo|Harrissimo]]&lt;/span&gt; 23:51, 19 Augusti 2007 (UTC)

==Gratias==
Gratias tibi. Multum disco e tuis mutationibus semper.--[[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] 02:31, 1 Octobris 2007 (UTC)

==Diminutivum==
Notulam addidi in [[Disputatio:Suffixum diminutivum#De ratione tabellarum mutanda|disputatione de suffixo diminutivo]]. Opinionem tuam libenter legam! --[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 14:36, 20 Octobris 2007 (UTC)

Quomodo te appellem diminutive? ''Neandellus'' an ''Neandrulus''? Quid opinaris? In TLL neutrius formae exempla inveni. Videlicet quod scripsi pertinet ad nomina omnia in ''-ander'' exeuntia, ut ''Alexander'', ''Menander'', ''Leander'', necnon nomen ''Meleager''. Vale, --[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 11:51, 8 Novembris 2007 (UTC)

==Mathematica==
Neander. the reference you added does not seem to support the translation of the greek μαθηματική as 'disciplina (artium liberalium)'. Since the reference only gives an ancient latin definition of mathematics not necessarily what the greek word means, it would seem to be better included as a reference supporting Isidorus's desciption of mathematics. Indeed it only seems to repeat what Isidorus says, or vice versa. (Does it indeed mean in greek the same as in ancient latin?) I put Isidorus' description in an historic context in the second paragraph because to my knowledge no one in a modern context would ever consider either astronomy or music as part of mathematics. Thus, it only makes sense to consider this information in a plainly historical context.--[[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] 01:40, 23 Octobris 2007 (UTC)

==De locis Finnicis... iterum==
Salve! Do you have the Lexicon Finnico-Latino-Finnicum? I saw that you quoted it on a talk page somewhere and I have a question about it. In the [http://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Luettelo Suomen alueiden latinankielisistä nimistä], it says that this is one of te two sources for these cities. Please could you confirm (or deny) which ones I can use here with this as a source - if you have it of course. Vale gratiasque! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:'Courier New';&quot;&gt;[[Disputatio Usoris:Harrissimo|Harrissimo]]&lt;/span&gt;.
:This ''Sala''-Salo affair is quite strange. On the Carta Marina and the Gustavus Horn map both have &quot;''Sala''&quot; as a settlement imbetween Kokkola and Oulu! Either they have made a '''huge''' mistake or this isn't the right Salo. Then again [http://www.google.co.uk/books?id=yQ-mz476K6YC&amp;dq=sala+salo+finland&amp;q=salo&amp;pgis=1#search this] says that it is...  Do you know of anywhere that it could have been mistaken for? Thanks for the help, &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:'Courier New';&quot;&gt;[[Disputatio Usoris:Harrissimo|Harrissimo]]&lt;/span&gt;.

==IPA==
Salve! As you may know, Neander, there are two conventions: [ ] for phonetic and / / for phonemic transcriptions. So I did have a reason for using / /. However, you may be right that I didn't make the best choice. I'll change it. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 20:47, 10 Decembris 2007 (UTC)
:I have changed it. However, I notice that the English infobox [[en:Template:Infobox Language]] makes the same choice I did / /, no doubt for the same reason. We'll see if anyone else comments. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 21:17, 10 Decembris 2007 (UTC)
:: Yes, the conventions are as you say: [...] for phonetic and /.../ for phonemic representations. But quite obviously it is phonetic representations that we're out for, the purpose being, I take it, to give an idea of how the name is to be pronounced. Basically, the purpose of phonemic transcription is to suggest the optimal orthography for a language lacking alphabetic writing (which seems to be out of the question in the present context). Martinus [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 22:28, 10 Decembris 2007 (UTC)
:::I agree, Martine, in this multilingual context it makes no sense to talk of a phonemic representation.  Definitely [ ] is correct. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 10:06, 11 Decembris 2007 (UTC)

==Subregions==
Salve! Do you know of a suitable latinisation for the third-level subregions of Finland? I thought maybe ''subregio'' could be pushing it and there are various ways of expressing it in the other languages which all seem slightly different. The Swedish, Italian (''distretto'' = pagus), German (''Verwaltungsgemeinschaften'' ≈ Comitatus (which I don't like myself because it could make confusion with the old counties) ) or the no-nonsense Czech ''seutukunta'' are these ways. From [[w:en:World administrative divisions third level]], you get the impression that most third-level divisions across the range are ''municipia'' (but that is, of course, Finland's fourth level). The one which aren't give Districts (districti, pagi), Arrondissements (arrotundimenta), Communes (communia) and Elderships (just weird). Quid cogitas? &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:'Courier New';&quot;&gt;[[Disputatio Usoris:Harrissimo|Harrissimo]]&lt;/span&gt; 02:18, 29 Decembris 2007 (UTC).
: I'm not too good in matters geographical and administrative, but having done some research, I've come up with the following:
: '''Divisiones administrativae [[Finnia]]e''' 532 sunt:
:*Provinciae 6  (provincia: Fin. lääni; Sv. län)
:*Regiones 20 (Regio:  Fin. maakunta; Sv. landskap)
:*Regiones oeconomicae 74  (Regio oeconomica: Fin. seutukunta; Sv. ekonomisk region)
:*Communia 432  (Commune:  Fin. kunta; Sv. kommun)
: Hope this helps! Martinus [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 03:43, 29 Decembris 2007 (UTC)
::It does! Thanks a lot, &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:'Courier New';&quot;&gt;[[Disputatio Usoris:Harrissimo|Harrissimo]]&lt;/span&gt; 10:18, 29 Decembris 2007 (UTC).


== Gratias ==

Gratias tibi ago pro parte articuli &quot; pater noster&quot; in graeca lingua.--[[Usor:Marc mage|Marc mage]] 23:13, 6 Ianuarii 2008 (UTC)

:Gratias etiam ago ego propter tua auxilia, Neander, specialiter recenter de pagina Analysis. Sola una sententia correxi quia sensum aliquanto perdidisti--[[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] 02:16, 19 Februarii 2008 (UTC)

== Pagina de Andromeda ==

Salve, amice!
Volo loqui latine (si memini latinum ex lyceo!). :-)
Tibi dico me cepivisse textum ex pagina tua de Euripidis Andromeda, et scripsisse in pagina italiana (qua ipse creavi). Cepivi &quot;Editiones&quot; et &quot;Alia scripta&quot;. Spero quaestiones non esse, de isto facto.

Quomodo loquor latine? :-)

Borgil, ex Vicipaedia Italiana

P.S.: Tibi scribendum est Euripidis Andromedam in pagina discretiva Latinae Vicipaediae.

: Salve, Borgil! Aliis rebus occupatus nunc demum nuntium tuum legi. Videas quaeso responsum meum quod in tua [http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discussioni_utente:Borgil pagina disputationis]] scripsi. --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 18:39, 4 Iunii 2008 (UTC)

==De tabula dialectorum Graecarum==
Noticing the improvements to the page [[Lingua Graeca antiqua]] I asked Harrissimo if he could improve the map of dialects, and he promises to work on it (see his [[Disputatio usoris:Harrissimo|talk page]]. So if you wanted to suggest to him how to letter it, or any other adjustments, now's the time! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 11:26, 17 Iunii 2008 (UTC)
:Been very busy a few days working on a paper. I now realise the map I inserted had German names for dialects. It would be nice indeed if Harrissimo could improve the map. As to how to letter the numbers, I suggest the following:

:1-2: Aeolica || 3: Thessalica || 4: Boeotica || 5: Ionica || 6: Attica || 7-14: Dorica || 15-18: Caurina || 19-21: Arcado-Cypria.

:''Thessalica'' and ''Boeotica'' are of course Aeolic dialects, but because they're quite heavily mixed with NW dialects, it may be advisable to quote them by separate names. For &quot;NW dialects&quot;, I use ''dialecti Caurinae'', faute de mieux. I'm open for better suggestions. Martinus [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 03:53, 19 Iunii 2008 (UTC)

==De translatione terminologiae mathematicae==

Hallå/Terve/Salve, φίλτατε Né-[[w:en:Laryngeal_theory#.2Ah.E2.82.82|h̩&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;]]nd-re. I finally got to reply to the message you left ''in paginam disputationis rei meae'': [[incubator:Talk:Wp/grc/Θετόν]]. There you can also find a list of latin &quot;neologistic&quot; translations of mathematical notions I intend to use in my forthcoming Vicipaedian articles, so if you take a look at it and have any objections, you can make them known to me through any of my talk-pages. Thanks for your attention. Ἐς ἀεὶ εὐδαιμόνει! 
[[Usor:Omnipaedista|Omnipaedista]] 21:56, 19 Iulii 2008 (UTC)

:I'm having difficulties with some specific terms such as ''membership'' and ''elementhood''. Do you have any opinions on how these could be properly rendered to Latin? Or I should I rather try consulting Rafaelgarcia on matters of technical terminology? [[Usor:Omnipaedista|Omnipaedista]] 19:19, 17 Decembris 2008 (UTC)

:: Χαῖρε, not being a mathematician, I feel almost total insufficiency in front of those abstractions. WRT &quot;elementhood&quot;, I feel some temptation to say &quot;elementitas, -atis&quot; which is an unattested word, as far as I know. But because I favour dynamic translations, I'd rather see terms used in real sentences. For example, I snatced the following sentences (and edited them a bit) somewhere from the net: &quot;Lavoisier's conception of &lt;u&gt;elementhood&lt;/u&gt; is essentially the same as that of Mendeleev&quot; which I'd render as &quot;Lavoisier de &lt;u&gt;natura elementorum&lt;/u&gt; reapse idem sensit ac Mendeleev.&quot; And &quot;Lavoisier's conception of elementhood consisted of elements as simple substances and the rejection of elements as principles or basic substances&quot; as &quot;Lavoisier elementa intellexit simplices esse substantias eaque negavit principia esse vel substantias fundamentales.&quot; But maybe my translation loses some essential information? WRT &quot;membership&quot;, the first word that comes into mind is &quot;sodalitas&quot; but I'm not at all sure about this loaded term. Maybe Rafael could indeed help? --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 20:59, 17 Decembris 2008 (UTC)
:::Sodalitas evokes personhood too; perhaps participatio would be better to catch the abstract sense of mere belonging; I like the way you avoid the abtract noun above, though. Ir would be better latin. --[[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] 03:40, 18 Decembris 2008 (UTC)

== Steppenwolf ==

Ave Neander,
cur in pagina de [[Arminius Hesse|Arminio Hesse]] conscripta ''Steppenwolf'' reddidisti 'canem latrantem'? Fac valeas. --[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 05:43, 12 Octobris 2008 (UTC)
: Salve Fabulle! &quot;Lupus desertorum camporum&quot;, licet e lexicis sit, mea quidem opinione aliquid incommodi habet; itaque breviorem elocutionem invenire conatus ad &quot;canem latrantem&quot; perveni (vel potius erravi), quo nomine (reapse ridiculo!) Steppenwolf a biologis appellatur. Sed facile concedo hoc nomen parum esse aptum ad librum Hesseanum Latine reddendum. Si melius nomen invenies, eo, amabo te, meá inventiunculá deletá utere. Fortasse &quot;lupus desertorum&quot;? --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 20:09, 12 Octobris 2008 (UTC)
::Nesciebam, fateor, hoc animal a biologis ''Canem Latrantem'' appellari. Tantum novi illud &quot;canes latrantes non mordent&quot;, sed hoc animal latrare et mordere puto. ''Lupus desertorum'' placet. Vale, --[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 12:48, 15 Octobris 2008 (UTC)
::P.S. Vide etiam quod hac de re scriptum est [[Coiotes|hic]]. --[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 14:41, 16 Octobris 2008 (UTC)

==Italianus==
Dear Neander, I have changed again your sustitution of the verb Italicus with Italianus. Actually my dictionary gives for Italiano Italicus or Italus but never Italianus {{Castiglioni}}. Ciao--[[Usor:Massimo Macconi|Massimo Macconi]] 18:24, 14 Novembris 2008 (UTC)
: Dear Massimo, I don't know the virtues of Castiglioni-Mariotti. Does it contain Neo-Latin vocabulary? Somewhat ironically, the article on Castiglioni-Mariotti is categorised as &lt;nowiki&gt;[[&lt;/nowiki&gt;Categoria:Lexica Italiano-Latina&lt;nowiki&gt;]]&lt;/nowiki&gt; and &lt;nowiki&gt;[[&lt;/nowiki&gt;Categoria:Lexica Latino-Italiana&lt;nowiki&gt;]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;. On the adjective ''Italianus'', see [http://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disputatio:Lingua_Italica this]. And, by the way, the ''Lexicon Finnico-Latino-Finnicum'' by Reijo Pitkäranta does give ''Italianus''. Vale, [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 19:11, 14 Novembris 2008 (UTC)
::''Italianus'' is also often used in the Latin periodical Ephemeris [http://www.google.com/search?client=safari&amp;rls=en&amp;q=site:www.alcuinus.net+italianus+OR+italiani+OR+italianum+OR+italiano+OR+italianorum+OR+italianis+OR+italianos+OR+italiana+OR+italianae+OR+italianam+OR+italianarum+OR+italianas&amp;ie=UTF-8&amp;oe=UTF-8] --[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 19:26, 14 Novembris 2008 (UTC)
:::Massimo asked me to comment. It is true that older Latin does not seem to have the term ''Italianus'', and a Google search for ''Italianus'' is not promising. However, if ''Ephemeris'' uses the word, we can permit ourselves to adopt it. In what senses, then?
:::The point was raised by Iacobus at [[Disputatio:Lingua Italica]]; in the discussion there, which turns on the likelihood of confusion with the ancient [[Linguae Italicae]], I speculated on the acceptability of [[Lingua Italiana]], and I can see the desirability of adopting such a name for the language.
:::::Insofar as &quot;adopting such a name for the language&quot; entails the movement &quot;Lingua Italica =&gt; Lingua Italiana&quot;, I fully endorse your desirability assessment. What worries me most is the homonymy that lacks a linguistic justification. --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 12:22, 15 Novembris 2008 (UTC)
::::::Recte dicis. Certe constat inter omnes linguam Italianam esse linguae (Proto)Italicae filiam. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 17:48, 15 Novembris 2008 (UTC)
::::::: ... vel potius neptem. &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;''':&amp;ndash;)'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;--[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 19:56, 15 Novembris 2008 (UTC)
:::Are you discussing also the appropriate term for Italian people? In that case, I feel doubtful whether there is a sufficient reason to change our usual term Italicus/Italici. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 21:10, 14 Novembris 2008 (UTC)
::::: Given that quite a few of those &quot;Ephemeridan&quot; examples brought forward by Fabullus refer to Italian people, isn't it a bit precipitate to trumpet &quot;Italianus non est verbum Latinum&quot;? Given the drowsy coexistence between ''Francicus, Francogallicus'' and ''Gallicus'' in Vicipaedia, it's a bit surprising that ''Italianus'' should turn out to be such a nomen odiosum. Interesting. --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 12:41, 15 Novembris 2008 (UTC)
::::::As I already agreed, you and Fabullus have shown that ''Italianus'' is now a Latin word; therefore not odiosum. But I think, for such words that are used very frequently in biographical articles, it may be wise to try to agree on a preferred form: do you agree, or do you prefer free variation?
::::::As regards &quot;French&quot;, I think we try to use &quot;Francicus&quot; for people and things, &quot;Francogallicus &quot; for the language; no doubt some of us are drowsier than others! As regards &quot;German&quot;, I think we try to use &quot;Germanicus&quot; for people and things, &quot;Theodiscus&quot; for the language; and I know that some don't follow this rule. As regards Italian, I think we have been using &quot;Italicus&quot; in all senses. Iacobus and I have hesitantly proposed &quot;Italianus&quot; for the language. And actually, up to this moment, I don't know what you are proposing! All I know is that you made some changes which Massimo reverted. I must admit I don't understand the practical implications of &quot;What worries me most is the homonymy that lacks a linguistic justification&quot;. Can you put it a bit more simply? [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 13:20, 15 Novembris 2008 (UTC)
:::::::: I made corrections to a few articles, the Latinity of which hardly did credit to Vicipaedia. When doing that, I also happened to change &quot;Italicus&quot; to &quot;Italianus&quot;, without realising that I was thereby stirring up something. Yes, Massimo reverted those changes. In fact, he did quite a lot of changes to articles which obviously also had &quot;Italianus&quot; (not from my pen). When watching this spectacle, nomen odiosum was the expression that offered itself as a descriptive term. /// Re practical implications, could we agree on ''lingua Italiana'', when talking about the Italian language? If &quot;Italianus&quot; is too hot as an ethnonym, I'm the last to insist on using it in Vicipaedia. (If I get an irresistible prurience to use it as an ethnonym, I can always do it in ''Ephemeris'' ... ''':&amp;ndash;)''' I'm all for the functional differentiation between &quot;Francicus&quot; and &quot;Francogallicus&quot; (of which I wasn't aware), which proves that no variation is free in the long run. --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 16:54, 15 Novembris 2008 (UTC)
:::::::::Yes, I've now studied those pages -- and noticed numerous small improvements -- As far as I'm concerned, certainly I would agree on [[Lingua Italiana]]. As to ''Italianus'' as ethnonym, I don't see that it needs to be contentious. Never mind ''Ephemeris'': write it here, Neander! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 17:09, 15 Novembris 2008 (UTC)
:::::::Could he mean that, in reference works, polysemy is bad? or that distinctions without differences are bad? I do like the distinctions between ''Francicus'' (the people) and ''Francogallicus'' (the language) and between ''Germanicus'' (the people) and ''Theodiscus'' (the language), and that's why I'd prefer to distinguish between ''Italicus'' or ''Italius'' or ''Italus'' (the people; see below, posted earlier), and ''Italianus'' (the language)&amp;mdash;but in the real world, people apparently ignore such distinctions. Oh well. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 14:13, 15 Novembris 2008 (UTC)
::::::::While agreeing with you, Iacobe, the thing I wish to emphasise is that I'm fond of polysemy and all the possibilities of expression that abundancy of forms in language affords. --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 17:08, 15 Novembris 2008 (UTC)
:::::::::Oh, me too: we wouldn't have poetry, or even superlative prose, without it; but one feels the nagging worry that reference works may be a special case, in which significant precisions take pride of place. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 17:43, 15 Novembris 2008 (UTC)
::::And let's remember that classically (secundum Cassell's) 'Italian' was ''Italicus, -a, um,'' and ''Italius, -a, -um,'' and ''Italus, -a, -um''&amp;mdash;so, with ''Italianus, -a, -um,'' we've got four possibilities. ¶ Also, for a noun, an Italian woman could be an ''Italis, -idis''&amp;mdash; so, Andrew, female Italian people could be ''Italides.'' :) ¶ For Austronesian languages whose names haven't previously been Latinized (or for which Latinizations exist but haven't been found), I'm using an ''-anus, -a, -um'' adjectival form of the indigenous name of the place; hence, ''Samoa'' est locus ubi homines lingua ''Samoana'' utuntur. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 22:09, 14 Novembris 2008 (UTC)
:::::I think the issue is what to call the italian language: obviously the roman's never had a word for it since it didn't yet exist. So either you can go with the classical &quot;lingua italica hodierna&quot;, because lingua italica is too abiguous, or your avail yourself with the neolatin &quot;lingua italiana&quot; (sort of a borrowing from Romance languages). Iacobus  gives a good, fairly convincing account of the precedent for such a preference of italianus over italicus when referring to modern variant at the place [[Disputatio:Lingua Italica]] noted by Neander above. --[[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] 14:26, 15 Novembris 2008 (UTC)
I thank you Neander for your remarks on the Italus/Italicus/Italianus question and for all other corrections . Ciao--[[Usor:Massimo Macconi|Massimo Macconi]] 12:03, 18 Novembris 2008 (UTC)

== De locativo nominum compositorum ==
Salve Neander, in pagina de [[Alienora Roosevelt]] agente locativum &quot;Novi Eburaci&quot; scripsisti. Equidem iam diu dubito de locativis nominum compositorum. In libro grammatico meo legi locativo numquam adiectivum derecto addidi, sed hoc potius in appositione collocari, ut exempli gratia &quot;Romae, in urbe pulchra&quot;. Liber meus nihil tamen dicit de casibus ubi adiectivum pars nominis sit, ut &quot;Novum Eburacum&quot;. Ipse unum tantum exemplum antiquum invenire potui: &quot;Carthago Nova&quot;, cuius locativus varie datur. [http://www.intratext.com/IXT/LAT0054/_PC6.HTM Apud Suetonium] inveni &quot;Carthagine Nova&quot;, in [http://www.livius.org/li-ln/livy/periochae/periochae028.htm Periochis Livii] tamen &quot;Carthagini Nova&quot; aut &quot;Carthagini Novae&quot;: editiones inter se differunt - ego nescio quae versio recta sit. --[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 11:55, 27 Novembris 2008 (UTC)
:Nihilominus, nomen in recto Vicipaediae casu est ''Novum Eboracum,'' non ''Novum Eburacum.'' Non scio an littera ''O'' aut littera ''U'' sit melior. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 14:09, 27 Novembris 2008 (UTC)
Iusto iure, mi Fabulle, de locativo quaesisti. Mihi quidem locativus videtur obsoletus esse casus, et ideo simulac locativo usus &quot;Novi Eboraci&quot; scripsi, subiit mihi mentem dubitatio, an recte scripserim necne. Reapse iam in eo eram, ut caute &quot;Neo-Eboraci&quot; scriberem, cum memineram Tullium nostrum locativo usum &quot;domi meae&quot; alicubi in epistulis scripsisse. Qua insolentia (si est) animum confirmavi ad &quot;Novi Eboraci&quot; scribendum. Verumtamen recte videris de &quot;Roma pulchra&quot; praemonere, ne &quot;Romae pulchrae&quot; in locativo scribamus. Sed ne &quot;Roma pulchra&quot; nominativus quidem commendari potest, nam cum de propriis nominibus agitur, collocatio appositiva valere videtur: &quot;Roma, urbs pulchra&quot;. Equidem tamen &quot;Novum Eboracum&quot; iudicarim fixam esse compositionem; id est: interest inter &quot;Novum Eboracum&quot; et &quot;Eboracum, urbem novum&quot;. His dictis usque manet dubitatiuncula: Quonam modo Tullius noster de hac re iudicarit? Sint ut sunt, &quot;Carthagini Novae&quot; locutio illa a te allata optime videtur cum &quot;Novi Eboraci&quot; locutione congruere. --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 18:35, 27 Novembris 2008 (UTC)
:Dummodo illud &quot;Carthagini Novae&quot; ne sit commentum editorum recentioris aevi ... Aliane oppida, urbes, civitates scis quibus aetate classica nomina composita fuerint? --[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 18:46, 27 Novembris 2008 (UTC)
:: Siquidem &quot;Novam Carthaginem&quot; nomine composito, etiam &quot;Novum Eboracum&quot; dicere possumus. Quod ad locativum attinet, &quot;Novi Eboraci&quot; mihi peius non videtur quam &quot;domi meae&quot; locutio Tulliana (e.g. ''Fam.'' 10.25), quamquam facile concedo paene inusitatum esse locativis adiectiva attribui. Utcunque res se habet, iam dudum philologi recentioris aetatis consueverunt &quot;Novi Eboraci&quot; locativo uti, ut in recentioribus philologicorum librorum titulis apparet (si puta &quot;Berolini et Novi Eboraci&quot; googleitamus). --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 21:14, 27 Novembris 2008 (UTC)
::: Cedo, mihi persuasum est! --[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 15:32, 28 Novembris 2008 (UTC)

==Gratias!==
Neander, thanks for your efforts on improving [[Gulielmus Wordsworth|Gulielmum Wordsworth]]! Studying your changes is giving me great pleasure, as I learn at almost every turn. (After this project, we've got completely different sets of expected idioms in other long articles I've recently done: first [[Alanus Mathison Turing]] and then [[Polytheismus]], whose ''English'' version contains phrases that hardly make sense in English!) A few errors, like typing ''eo'' for ''ei,'' would have been caught by almost anybody eventually, but many unidiomatic (though usually grammatical) expressions can be improved only by ''eruditi'' with deeper familiarity with the language than I have. ¶ One minor question: you changed ''valide instillavit''  to ''perseveranter inculcavit.'' I'd actually compared these verbs before posting the original draft, so I wonder why ''inculcavit'' is the preferable alternative. I chose ''instillavit'' because in Cassell's its example is ''praeceptum auriculis'' (which, if applied here, I'd take for &quot;instilled [her] rules into [their] ears&quot;), while the example for ''inculcare'' is ''se auribus nostris'' (which, if applied here, I'd take for &quot;inculcated herself into our ears&quot;). To instill precepts, rather than to inculcate oneself, seemed apter in the context, but maybe that's just an inaccuracy necessitated by the examples. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 15:15, 2 Martii 2009 (UTC)
: It's always rewarding to improve texts for people who know what they're doing and, thus, are able to learn from experience. ¶ When making the change, I was under the false impression that ''instillare'' contracts only nouns denoting liquids. Now I see that the verb can be used metaphorically as well. This being the case, the major semantic difference between ''praeceptum instillare animo'' and ''praeceptum inculcare animo'' is that the latter pictures the situation in stronger colours. There may be reason to cancel my change. --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 20:28, 2 Martii 2009 (UTC)
::Stronger is usually better, so let's leave it as you made it! Incidentally, the pertinent passage in [[:en:William Wordsworth]] is rough &amp; obscure: &quot;Ann Birkett, a woman who insisted on instilling tradition in her students that included pursuing both scholarly and local activities&quot;; for this we now have ''Anna Birkett, magistra quae praecepta ad industriam et academicam et quotidianam pertinentia discipulorum animis perseveranter inculcavit.'' ¶ I may have other questions later, but today is a busy day. Thanks! [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 14:36, 3 Martii 2009 (UTC)

== Gratias multas ==

Gratias multas tibi ago ob emendationes varias bonasque quas inseruisti articulis meis de Fenetro Progymnasmateque. Latinitatem meam tua sub tutela crescere opto. --[[Usor:Thesaurus|Thesaurus]] 18:10, 15 Martii 2009 (UTC)
: Iam admodum bene incepisti! --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 19:37, 15 Martii 2009 (UTC)

==Necropolis==
Xaverius Neadero s.p.d. Auxilium te peto, nescius sum de declinationibus Graecorum verborum. Vide dubium meum apud paginam [[Disputatio:Necropolis|Necropolis]]. Gratias ago!--[[User:Xaverius|&lt;span style=&quot;color:blue;&quot;&gt;Xave&lt;/span&gt;]][[:eu:Lankide:Xaverius|&lt;span style=&quot;color:green;&quot;&gt;ri&lt;/span&gt;]][[:eu:Lankide_eztabaida:Xaverius|&lt;span style=&quot;color:red;&quot;&gt;us&lt;/span&gt;]] 22:48, 26 Martii 2009 (UTC)

== Radiophonia et televisio ==
Hallo Neander, ich habe gerade eine Kat für Hörfunk angelegt ([[:Categoria:Radiophonia]]). Kannst du mal drüberschauen, ob ich alles richtig gemacht habe? Dazu zwei Fragen: Gibt es im Lateinischen einen Unterschied zwischen &quot;Fernsehen&quot; und &quot;Fernseher&quot; (Apparat), analog zu [[Radiophonia]] und [[Radiophonum]]? Und wie würdest du die Wissenschaft übersetzen, die sich mit Hörfunk und Fernsehen beschäftigt (Medienwissenschaft / [[simple:media studies]]). Danke &amp; Gruß --[[Usor:Kolja21|Kolja21]] 14:28, 10 Aprilis 2009 (UTC)
:Salve Kolja, auf die Kategorienfrage kann ich leider nicht mit irgendeiner Auktorität antworten, weil ich kein Intresse gehabt habe, mich einen Überblick über unseres Kategoriensystem zu verschaffen. Gegen deine Kategorie habe ich jedoch nichts einzuwenden, möchte aber wissen, ob z.B. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby]] derselben Meinung ist. Deine erste Zusatzfrage ist leichter zu beantworten. Ja, es gibt einen Unterschied zwischen 'Fernsehen' ([[Televisio]]) und 'Fernseher' ([[Televisorium]]), nur verstehe ich aber nicht, warum der letztere auf den Artikel ''Televisio'' weitergeleitet worden ist, obschon [[Radiophonia]] und [[Radiophonum]] gebührendermaßen aus underschiedlichen Artikeln bestehen. Betr. Medienwissenschaft möchte ich etwas zögernd ''Studia communicatoria'' empfehlen. Gruß,[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 08:01, 12 Aprilis 2009 (UTC)
Danke für die Erklärung. Lesen müsste man können: &quot;Instrumentum quod hos sonos imaginesque ostendit televisorium vocatur&quot;. Der Begriff steht ja sogar schon im Artikel, aber mein Schullatein ist etwas eingestaubt. Gruß --[[Usor:Kolja21|Kolja21]] 16:41, 12 Aprilis 2009 (UTC)

==Sexus==
Hi, Neander. Now I've happily ventured into the territory of [[Sexus]], which bristles with (surely) horrifying attempts at scientific terminology, some of them marked with &lt;nowiki&gt;{{dubsig}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Please enjoy this one, if you have time! [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 15:27, 10 Aprilis 2009 (UTC)


==Asking about a translation correctness==
Salve, Dr.Neader~
Recently I translated a Anglice motto 'Our path leads to the Kingdom.' to Latina as &quot;Cursus Nostra Ad Regnum Caelorum Versus.&quot;, but I'm not sure whether it is applicable. So what's your sugestion..?

Gratias again for everything..
[[Specialis:Conlationes/119.123.8.47|119.123.8.47]] 07:04, 4 Maii 2009 (UTC)
..! It's me.. [[Usor:Gesalbte|Gesalbte]] 07:06, 4 Maii 2009 (UTC)
:Nostra via in regnum ducit? ~ fert? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 12:44, 4 Maii 2009 (UTC)
:: Salve, Gesalbte. [I was just about to send this, but Iacobus was quicker.] Let's take morphology first: it should be &quot;Cursus noster ad Regnum Caelorum Versus&quot;, because the gender of &quot;cursus&quot; is masculine. Notice that &quot;ad ... versus&quot; emphasises the direction: our &quot;run&quot; is to the direction of the Kingdom, or something like that. Because I do not know what this is all about, I'm not sure how &quot;to&quot; is to be understood. It may be of some thelogical importance, if you say &quot;to the (gates of) Heaven&quot; (in which case, the proper preposition is &quot;ad&quot;) or &quot;into the Kingdom&quot; (through the gates, or something -- in which case, you should probably use &quot;in&quot; [+ accusative]). It may also be theologically significant, whether you say &quot;Caeli&quot; 'of the Heaven' or &quot;Caelorum&quot; 'of the Heavens', I don't know. But giving up hair-splitting, my proposal is: ''Noster ad Regnum Decursus''. I prefer &quot;decursus&quot; which may better express the measures taken and the completion of a course. Hope this helps. --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 12:59, 4 Maii 2009 (UTC)
:::As your gloss recognizes, &quot;the kingdom&quot; in English doesn't mention any heaven, but the original post implies that heaven is in someone's mind; and since it's usually conceived as being upward, in the sky, I wonder if ''decursus,'' which basically means 'a running downward' doesn't put the wrong slant on things, so to speak. Also, your gloss is a noun-phrase, but the querist wants it to be a complete sentence, with a verb equivalent to 'leads to', for which Cassell's says classical attestations support ''ducit in + acc.'' and ''fert in + acc.'' [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 13:43, 4 Maii 2009 (UTC)
:::: Yeah, having posted my reply I became aware of the fact you now make me aware of. Somehow I was stuck to the Latin phrase. If we have to translate &quot;Our path leads to the Kingdom&quot;, your &quot;Nostra via in regnum ducit / fert&quot; looks fine. --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 14:20, 4 Maii 2009 (UTC)
:::::Sometimes I see a typo half a millisecond after clicking the ''servare'' button—and there's nothing to be done but wait and watch as the typo gets published. These things happen! [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 14:32, 4 Maii 2009 (UTC)
::::::Gratias.!
::::::Furthermore, are 'ducit' et 'fert' the 3rd personal singular number form of 'duco' et 'fero'?
::::::Now I've noticed that I formally paid less attention than I should to that the adjectives should be changed to the same gender as their nouns'. Little more about this point, in Subjective+Objective+Verb kind of sentences, should the objective switch to the same gender as the subjective's? E.g. Shall I say 'Mali(nt) fructus(m) sunt.' or 'Mali(nt) fructum(nt) sunt.'?
::::::[[Usor:Gesalbte|Gesalbte]] 17:35, 4 Maii 2009 (UTC)
:::::::Adjectives follow in gender the nouns to which they are attached. Nouns don't and can't normally change gender. Malus and fructus are both nouns.
:::::::When the verb is &quot;est&quot; there is no object. You have a subject and a complement, both in the nominative case.
:::::::When the verb is &quot;est&quot;, the usually preferred word order is &quot;A est B&quot;.
:::::::So, ''Mālī (nom. pl.) sunt fructūs (nom. pl.)''. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 17:47, 4 Maii 2009 (UTC) 
::::::--
::::::Why it should be 'nostra via' instead of 'via nostra'? [[Usor:Gesalbte|Gesalbte]] 17:40, 4 Maii 2009 (UTC)
:::::::Either is possible. Word order is fairly free in Latin and partly depends on the required emphasis. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 17:47, 4 Maii 2009 (UTC)
::::::::The emphasis...so 'nostra via' and 'via nostra', which is emphasizing 'via' and which is emphasizing 'nostra'??[[Usor:Gesalbte|Gesalbte]] 19:10, 4 Maii 2009 (UTC)
About the gender..What gender should an adj. use when it attaches to 2 or more nouns?&lt;br&gt;
E.g. Shall we say 'filii filiaeque lumines' or 'filii filiaeque luminae'? (google gives f.)..[[Usor:Gesalbte|Gesalbte]] 18:34, 4 Maii 2009 (UTC)
:I don't know what Google has to do with it. You need a dictionary that will tell you which words are adjectives. ''Lumen'' is not an adjective, and your phrases make no sense. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 18:57, 4 Maii 2009 (UTC)
::T T. Now I can only find Collins (''Collins Latin Dictionary &amp; Grammar'')... up there I did it careless.. It should be 'filii filiaeque luces' or 'filii filiaeque luciae'?&lt;br&gt;
::Google sometimes can give the right anwser.. 'filii filiaeque nostrae' can find 3 results while 'filii filiaeque nosteri' can find none....[[Usor:Gesalbte|Gesalbte]] 19:06, 4 Maii 2009 (UTC)

&lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;: Dear Gesalbte, it seems to me that what you need is a systematic course in Latin, which is something nobody of us can give you. Therefore, I strongly suggest you visit our 
[http://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicipaedia:Porta_eruditionis Porta eruditionis] which contains a lot of stuff that may be useful to you; for example, an internet-based [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Latin Latin grammar]. We heartily welcome people, such as you, who are interested in Latin. But the more you know Latin, the better questions you can ask. Optime valeas, [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 20:14, 4 Maii 2009 (UTC)

==Superbia et Kantius==
Salve Neander, Kantius de [[superbia]] aliquid dicit? --[[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] 00:22, 7 Maii 2009 (UTC)
:Protinus dicere nescio. Si quid invenero, certiorem te faciam. (Nescio an illud  ''sapere aude!'' superbiam oleat. Kantius noster asseclas sibi parere noluit sed homines, qui ipse libere cogitare possint. Sed si hoc superbiam esse credimus, nescio an totum [[aevum illuminationis]] superbire dicamus.) --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 10:52, 7 Maii 2009 (UTC)
::Neander, you're not only improving the ''Latinity'' of [[Cultura]]: you're improving the ''content'' too! Macte! [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 04:13, 14 Maii 2009 (UTC)
::: Tante grazie! --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 21:14, 14 Maii 2009 (UTC)

== [[Tibiae]] etc. ==
Possum paginam ''Tibiae'' delere ut paginam meliorem immoveas. Placetne? [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 17:53, 14 Maii 2009 (UTC)
: Sane placet! --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 21:12, 14 Maii 2009 (UTC)
::Delevi igitur et movi. Vide [[Tibiae]]. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 09:26, 15 Maii 2009 (UTC)

== [[Iosephus Schumpeter]] ==
Nomen Latinum urbis Czernowitz/Cernăuţi/... non possum reperire. Scisne? [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 13:19, 7 Iunii 2009 (UTC)
:Ah! Sed nunc verba tua in pagina disputationis vidi. O rem ridiculam! Sine dubio bonum nomen Latinum exstat, sed quomodo reperire? [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 13:23, 7 Iunii 2009 (UTC)

==Gratias==
Tack för påpekandet om habitatium/habitantes i artikeln om [[Venersburgum|Vänersborg]]. Mitt latin har rostat en hel del de senaste åren. --[[Usor:Julle|Julle]] 19:13, 14 Iunii 2009 (UTC)
: Att skriva i Vicipaedia utgör ett utmärkt avrostningsmedel. :-) Skriv gärna mer! --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 20:22, 14 Iunii 2009 (UTC)
:: Ja, det är lite det som är tanken. :) --[[Usor:Julle|Julle]] 20:45, 14 Iunii 2009 (UTC)

==[[Oligarchia]]==
Much better! though the stub remains almost useless. As you saw, I left the Greek as I found it, hoping a Graecophile would come along and fix it. Other inadequate etymologies probably exist too, but how can they be found? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 17:44, 16 Iunii 2009 (UTC)
:Yeah, such a long edition history for a couple of lines. And yes, there are a lot of non-professional etymologies here and there, and Greek is often Modern Greek (ολίγο) or non-words (αρχία, which occurs only in compounds). --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 17:57, 16 Iunii 2009 (UTC)
::My Babel number for ancient Greek is somewhere between zero and 1, so I'll trust you and others to be alert! [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 18:02, 16 Iunii 2009 (UTC)

== Questio de declinatione  ==

Salve Neader, Gratias ob correctiones tuas ad paginam ''Ludovicus von Mises''. Demiror autem: estne Randii (2da declinatione) melius genetivum quam Randis (3tia declinatione)? Antea egomet tertia declinatione usus sum, quia nomen Rand in d desinens mihi nomen ''David'' cuius declinatio est tertia recordatur.--[[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] 23:43, 20 Iunii 2009 (UTC)
: Sane iusto iure demiraris, Rafael. Verissimam veritatem nequeo &quot;ex cathedra&quot; dicere, nam deest mihi cathedra. :-) Sed solum id, quod ego de his rebus in opinionem accepi, explanabo: Primum, mea quidem sententia distinguendum est inter praenomina et gentilicia. Secundum, ''David'', ''Michael'' ceteraque eiusdem generis praenomina alii, ut mihi videtur, declinant secundum tertiam classem, alii autem indeclinabilia esse censent. Norma fixa deesse videtur. Tertium, quod ad gentilicia attinet, saepe suffixo &quot;pertinentivo&quot; ''-ius'' (praesertim casibus obliquis) declinantur. Exempli causa dico [[David Humius|Humium]] et [[Immanuel Kantius|Kantium]], quorum nom.sg. nunc ''Hume, Kant'' nunc ''Humius, Kantius'' dicitur. Quae cum ita sint, equidem potius ''Rand'' (nom.sg.) et ''Randium, -ii, -io'' (casibus obliquis) declinari malim quam Kantium nostrum ''Kantem, Kantis, Kanti, Kante'' declinari. /// Hae sunt causae, quibus affectus ego ''Randium,-ii,-io'' praetuli. At ego non sum linguae Latinae papa: non dico, quomodo Rand declinari debeat; dico autem, quomodo mihi videatur declinari. Martinus [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 01:07, 21 Iunii 2009 (UTC)
::Gratias, Neander, pro tua explanatione. Iuste exempla horum nominum mihi adhibes, quibus logica tua nunc mihi clara est. Plus nunc cogitabo de eo.--[[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] 02:22, 21 Iunii 2009 (UTC)

== Ateste declinabilis est ==

Vide [http://66.71.182.1/declinazione.php?lemma=A04A2400&amp;parola=ateste]. :)

Vide etiam [[:it:Deserto (frazione)]]: paroecia latine dicitur: ECCL. PAR. INVENTIONIS S. CRUCIS DE DESERTO ATESTIS.

Vale, --[[Usor:Achillus|Achillus]] 22:50, 10 Augusti 2009 (UTC)

: Ave, Achille, profecto videris recte dicere! [[Thesaurus Linguae Latinae|Thesauro]], potissimo et opulentissimo fonti philologico, tam firme confisus sum, ut notitiam allatam non scrutarer. Nunc autem quam diligentissime inspectis locis in Thesauro allatis mihi sane concludendum est hanc rem adeo esse ambiguam, ut &quot;indecl. n.&quot; illud Thesauri defendi non possit. Apud antiquos enim solus nominativus testatus est; Plinius (nat. 17.122) solus ablativum praebet, sed ''Ateste genitus'' quoque ambiguum est, utrum declinabile an indeclinabile sit. Quae cum ita sint, me excusans confiteor me praeceps in errorem cecidisse. Restituatur res! --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 00:25, 11 Augusti 2009 (UTC)

::Ave Neander. Nunc Ateste denuo declinatur et hoc refert. Immo gratias tibi ago propter inspectiones tuas rebus a me additis.
::Vale, --[[Usor:Achillus|Achillus]] 07:25, 11 Augusti 2009 (UTC)

==Gentilicius e genetivus==
Ciao, Neander! ho visto che conosci l'italiano... Ho notato che in [[Aletrium (Latium)]] hai corretto Aletrii con Aletrinas, mi chiedevo in effetti come mai al posto del ''gentilicius'' in più o meno tutte le voci di città ci fosse il ''genetivus''... ne ho prese alcune a caso: [[Roma]], [[Mediolanum]], [[Augusta Taurinorum]]... gentilicius e genetivus sono due cose  diverse. Mi sono meravigliato che in tutte le voci si scambia l'uno con l'altro. Bisognerebbe correggere moltissime voci. --[[Usor:Luca P|Luca P]] 01:38, 20 Augusti 2009 (UTC)
:Videte, s.v.p., id quod scripsi hic: [[Disputatio Usoris:Luca P]]. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 09:12, 20 Augusti 2009 (UTC)
:: Ciao, Luca! Ho risposto in [[Disputatio Formulae:Commune Italianum]], ma in poche parole direi che conoscere il nome degli abitanti mi sembra più importante di conoscere il genitivo di un toponimo. --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 11:32, 20 Augusti 2009 (UTC)
:::Sono d'accordo con te. Ho proposto, nella pagina di discussione che mi hai segnalato, di inserire il genitivo solo nel testo della voce. --[[Usor:Luca P|Luca P]] 19:24, 20 Augusti 2009 (UTC)

== User page ==

Salve!  Thank you for fixing my user page.  I'm still learning how to properly arrange Latin words in a sentence and what tense endings and case endings I should use for each word. -[[Usor:Meganmccarty|Meganmccarty]] 12:03, 26 Septembris 2009 (UTC)
==Mutata==
Ave! Ausus sum nonnullas mutationes in [http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fundraising_2009/core_messages/la hac pagina] facere. Si tibi dignae videntur, quae retinentur, possumus eas (sive partes earum) administratoribus proponere. Sin aliter, eas delere facile est. S.V.B.E.E.V. ;-) --[[Usor:Vermondo|Vermondo]] 23:38, 8 Decembris 2009 (UTC)
: Bene fecisti. Quod ad proverbium illud attinet, rationem, cur masculino genere usus sim, in symbola reddam, quam de [[Nulla dies sine linea]] adagio scribo (nondum finem feci). s.v.b.e.e.v. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 00:02, 9 Decembris 2009 (UTC)
::(&quot;Dies irae, dies illa&quot; = dies sine linea?...) Credere volo tibi. Fortasse quod Nikitinski de genere &quot;diei&quot; scripsit verumst; attamen per saecula complura (non minus quinque) sententia foemininum genus habuit, quod in auribus (fere) omnium haduc manet. Si tunc sententiam scribere volo quae proverbium commemoret, &lt;s&gt;stultum&lt;/s&gt; minime callidum mihi videtur forma sententiae perpaucis philologis nota, ignota autem multitudini, uti. :-) --[[Usor:Vermondo|Vermondo]] 15:36, 9 Decembris 2009 (UTC)
::: Ita. Ipse quoque nunc puto me usitatá formulá usum ''nulla dies sine Vicipaedia'' scribere debuisse! Ita cogitavi quidem sed nescioquo purismo affectus formulae solitae renuntiavi. Itaque bene fecisti, cum sententiam mutasti. Per me nil obstat, quin eam (nec non alia a te mutata) administratoribus proponas. ¶ &quot;Dies irae, dies illa&quot; — ni fallor, de die constituta agitur (quamquam ne Filius quidem, quando sit, scit). Itaque &quot;diem illam&quot; puto etiam Plinio placere potuisse, licet, ut credo, &quot;nullam diem (lineá carentem)&quot; respuisset. --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 16:39, 9 Decembris 2009 (UTC)

== [[Chronovistrum]] ==

Inter disputationes, responsum feci quaestioni tuae de meliore forma verbi '''chronovistri''' sive '''chronovisorii'''. Vale.--[[Usor:Bruxellensis|Bruxellensis]] 15:15, 22 Decembris 2009 (UTC)
: Ibidem respondi. Rem recte iudicasti. --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 16:12, 22 Decembris 2009 (UTC)

== [[m:Fundraising 2009/supplementary messages]] ==

Hey Neander,

I remember that you helped translate the Fundraiser's [[m:Fundraising 2009/core messages/la|&quot;core messages&quot;]] into Latin, so I was wondering if you wanted to work on the &quot;supplementary messages&quot; too.  The [[m:Fundraising 2009/supplementary messages|supplementary messages]] request is for (1) strings that were missed when the first request was created, (2) new strings, and (3) pages that we just started translating.

If you'd like to translate them, just visit the page I linked above and click the &quot;missing&quot; next to la/Latina.  If you have any questions, feel free to reply on my [[m:user talk:Cbrown1023|Meta talk page]].  Thanks! [[Usor:Cbrown1023|Cbrown1023]] 03:25, 24 Decembris 2009 (UTC)
:Did you ever find anyone to proofread the messages you translated?  You finished translating them over a month ago, but they haven't been published yet because they're still marked as &quot;proofread&quot;. &lt;tt&gt;:-(&lt;/tt&gt; [[Usor:Cbrown1023|Cbrown1023]] 16:10, 21 Februarii 2010 (UTC)
::How does one mark things as &quot;proofread&quot; if one proofreads?--[[Specialis:Conlationes/24.183.186.151|24.183.186.151]] 17:52, 21 Februarii 2010 (UTC)
::: I'm as helpless in this as you. :-) Please, ask [[m:user talk:Cbrown1023]]. I did the same. --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 17:57, 21 Februarii 2010 (UTC)

== Übersetzung gefragt ==
Hallo Neander, kannst Du mir den oberen lateinischen Text von [[:File:2009-09-08-Theo-3b.JPG]] ins Deutsche übersetzen? Ich wäre Dir sehr dankbar. Ich habe in den vergangenen Monaten schon mehrere User (mit deutsch als Muttersprache und [[:de:Kategorie:User la-4]]) gefragt, aber nie eine Antwort erhalten. Gruß, --[[Usor:R. Engelhardt|R. Engelhardt]] 21:56, 3 Ianuarii 2010 (UTC)
: Salve! Der lateinische Text ist keineswegs schwierig. Ich hoffe, daß es mir gelungen ist, den Text ohne zu viele Fehler auf Deutsch zu übersetzen. Also: &quot;Diese (Männer), Theodor, hast du zur Liebe zum Gott und Vaterland aufgefordert. Mit Belehrung (od. Unterricht) hast du auch gelehrige Geister ausgebildet. In der Folge hat die Naturanlage und Tugend diese (Männer) in die Sterne geführt, und dir Nachkommenschaft geziemt und (dich) freut es, diesen (Männern) nachzufolgen.&quot; --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 23:14, 3 Ianuarii 2010 (UTC)

::Salve Neander! Vielen Dank für Deine Hilfe. Ich habe Text (mit meiner deutschen Muttersprache) noch etwas verändert. Aber ohne Deine Hilfe hätte ich das nie geschafft, obwohl ich auf eben diesem ''[[w:de:Theodorianum|Theodorianum]]'' (deshalb: oh Theodor) 6 Jahre in Latein unterrichtet wurde. Bei allen aufgeführten Personen handelt es sich um ehemalige Schüler des ''Theodorianum''. Ich nehme jetzt diesen Text:
::&quot;Diese Männer, oh Theodor, hast Du zur Liebe an Gott und das Vaterland berufen. Mit Wissenschaft hast Du ihr Leben zudem bereichert. So hast Du ihr Talent und ihre Kraft zur Sonne geführt. Ihnen zu folgen fördert und ehrt die Nachkommen.&quot;
::Nochmals vielen Dank, --[[Usor:R. Engelhardt|R. Engelhardt]] 18:22, 5 Ianuarii 2010 (UTC)

==ὀστοῦν==

Salve Neander, Du hast zwar Recht, aber ich denke, dass es trotzdem sinnvoll wäre, das Wort im Artikel stehen zu lassen, da die pathologische Nomenklatur hauptsächlich vom Griechischen abgeleitet ist (zB: Osteochondrosis, Osteomyelitis, Osteoporosis etc.).--[[Usor:Amphitrite|Aylin]] 12:05, 16 Februarii 2010 (UTC)
: Et tu salva sis, Amphitrite! Du hast sicher Recht. Jetzt sehe ich ein, dass mein etymologischer Blickpunkt allzu einseitig war. Die griechische Form verdient seinen Platz (ich habe nur den Akzent korrigiert). --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 13:19, 16 Februarii 2010 (UTC)
::Danke, den Akzentfehler habe ich ja komplett - sogar beim Kopieren des Wortes auf deine Diskussionsseite! - übersehen. --[[Usor:Amphitrite|Aylin]] 22:13, 16 Februarii 2010 (UTC)

== {{fn|citatio2}} ==

Salve, mi Neander. Gratias maximas tibi ago ob recensiones tuas multas in labores meos. Me confiteor nuper conantem varia corrigere apud nos agitatum quidem factum esse, neglegenter ergo multa scripsisse. Hanc ob viam, verba pauca tibi dicere velim de formula vel potius formulae usu {{fn|citatio2}}: Cum hanc formulam finximus ego et Rolandus noster, nihil superbiae cogitavimus. Variabilis in formula interpreti apta modo monstrat quem rogandum sit, si quis interpretationem qualibet causa male intelligat, nullo pacto ut nomina nostra quasi interpretes famae gloriaeve videantur. Ergo te quaeso, si multa in interpretatione mea vel alicius (scilicet in formula {{fn|citatio2}}) mutaveris, nomen interpretis quoque mutes. Si maneat meum nomen post recensiones meas, modo sollicitor ne cogar meos errores explicare, quod me posse plus minusve credo. Si maneat post tuas, timeo ne roget quis quomodo me (re vera te) quam pulchre scripsisse, ubi quidem falsus ero. ;] Valeas. --[[Usor:Ioscius|Ioscius]]&lt;sup&gt;'''[[Disputatio Usoris:Ioscius|∞]]'''&lt;/sup&gt; 23:59, 26 Februarii 2010 (UTC)
: Salve et tu, mi Iosci. Gratias ago ob admonitionem tuam. Confiteor me formulas Vicipaedianas paene omnino neglexisse et nequaquam nisi necessitate coactum novas addidicisse. Qua de causa mihi non subiit animum eam de qua me admonuisti rem satis respicere. Quod ad te attinet, mea quidem opinione in Latinitate magnopere progressus es. Itaque gratissimum est tuis intervenire scriptis, si quam interveniendi causam omnino praebent. Nisi tibi displicet, nomen auctoris non mutare praefero, nam ego textum potius melioravi quam converti. --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 15:36, 27 Februarii 2010 (UTC)
::Non vidi tuum responsum, sed eo nunc viso, gratias ago ob verba tua de me latinitate. Intelligo quoque rationem tuam in nomina in formulis non mutando. Vale! --[[Usor:Ioscius|Ioscius]]&lt;sup&gt;'''[[Disputatio Usoris:Ioscius|∞]]'''&lt;/sup&gt; 12:21, 4 Martii 2010 (UTC)

==De [[calla modo matritense|callis]]==
Care Neander. Re vera forma ablativa recta ''matritens'''i''''' est necnon ''matritens'''e'''''? Tunc permultae de cibis paginae mutandae sunt ob errorem puerilem meum. --[[User:Xaverius|&lt;span style=&quot;color:blue;&quot;&gt;Xave&lt;/span&gt;]][[:eu:Lankide:Xaverius|&lt;span style=&quot;color:green;&quot;&gt;ri&lt;/span&gt;]][[:eu:Lankide_eztabaida:Xaverius|&lt;span style=&quot;color:red;&quot;&gt;us&lt;/span&gt;]] 12:07, 4 Martii 2010 (UTC)
:Maeste dictu, Xavi, sed ita, recta forma (fere omnium, nonnullis exceptis) adiectivorum in casu ablativo est ''-i'' nec ''-e''. --[[Usor:Ioscius|Ioscius]]&lt;sup&gt;'''[[Disputatio Usoris:Ioscius|∞]]'''&lt;/sup&gt; 12:14, 4 Martii 2010 (UTC)
::Tum [http://lysy2.archives.nd.edu/cgi-bin/words.exe?burgense Words] mihi mentitur! Paginas omnes iam mutavi (aut credo)--[[User:Xaverius|&lt;span style=&quot;color:blue;&quot;&gt;Xave&lt;/span&gt;]][[:eu:Lankide:Xaverius|&lt;span style=&quot;color:green;&quot;&gt;ri&lt;/span&gt;]][[:eu:Lankide_eztabaida:Xaverius|&lt;span style=&quot;color:red;&quot;&gt;us&lt;/span&gt;]] 12:46, 4 Martii 2010 (UTC)
:::In medieval Latin the distinction between adjectival and substantival declensions was often neglected. Perhaps ''burgensis'', which is a relatively late word, was actually so declined. --[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 12:53, 4 Martii 2010 (UTC)
::::So it's OK, Xaveri! From now on, you just have to speak up in favour of medieval Latin :) [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 13:20, 4 Martii 2010 (UTC)
::::::Wink wink. ;) [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 16:33, 4 Martii 2010 (UTC)
:::::I may stay with Classical consensus for now. I've changed the pages now, and made a new one on delicious [[gazopsilacium]] --[[User:Xaverius|&lt;span style=&quot;color:blue;&quot;&gt;Xave&lt;/span&gt;]][[:eu:Lankide:Xaverius|&lt;span style=&quot;color:green;&quot;&gt;ri&lt;/span&gt;]][[:eu:Lankide_eztabaida:Xaverius|&lt;span style=&quot;color:red;&quot;&gt;us&lt;/span&gt;]] 13:30, 4 Martii 2010 (UTC)
:::::: Iam antea notavi Word fidem non facere. --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 16:21, 4 Martii 2010 (UTC)

== De infinitivis evitandis ==

In [[Disputatio Usoris:Fabullus#De infinitivo|pagina disputionis mea]] respondi. --[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 15:03, 22 Aprilis 2010 (UTC)

== [[Superfrigidatio]] ==
''Punctum glaciei'' is well attested on Google (= ''punctum gelationis aquae''). In addition, on the taberna thread ([[Vicipaedia:Taberna#Freezing and glaciers]]) I said that I was intentionally avoiding the prefixed forms ''congelare'' and ''conglaciare'' and their derivatives when the meaning is simply 'freeze'. This is actually more classical; though ''punctum'' with any form I think is a modern idiom as the ancients did not have a scale of temperature. ''Punctum gelationis'' is also attested, though much less common than ''congelationis''. I did leave one ''congelationis'' is the article though I would prefer to change it to ''gelationis'' for standardization. [[Usor:Pantocrator|Pantocrator]] 19:16, 25 Aprilis 2010 (UTC)
: I find &quot;punctum glaciei&quot; rather ambiguous, but the loci you've Googled up speak for themselves. So, I withdraw my scruples. I appreciate that you left one &quot;punctum congelationis&quot; in the text as a diplomatic gesture. --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 19:44, 25 Aprilis 2010 (UTC)

== Thanks ==
Thanks very much (as always) for your unobtrusive improvements to [[Tabula Rosettana]]! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 09:11, 14 Iunii 2010 (UTC)

== I added ==
I added a couple of semi- or demi-semi-relevant pictures to [[Iosephus Schumpeter]]. Some people like pictures. But if you think they aren't sufficiently apposite, by all means remove them! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 09:19, 30 Iunii 2010 (UTC)
: Those pictures are like oases in the desert. Holocardiac thanks! --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 09:59, 30 Iunii 2010 (UTC)

== If you have a moment ==
... please glance at the Latin sentences I suggested at [[Disputatio Usoris:Robert.Baruch#Nice to see ...]]. They are intended to replace the hidden text in English that lurks behind the asteroid pages at present (for example [[1000 Piazzia]]: click &quot;recensere&quot; to see the hidden text). Such messages ought really to be in Latin, and they had betteer be exactly right before Robert spreads them across all those pages. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 11:50, 17 Iulii 2010 (UTC)
: Done. --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 19:34, 17 Iulii 2010 (UTC)

== The odd asteroid ==

I'm glad you're interested in the naming of asteroids! Robert has suggested categorising these names, which seems a good idea. For the &quot;Estonia&quot; type I was going to say &quot;Categoria:Asteroides a locis terrestrialibus appellati&quot;. Not sure if this is the ideal Latin expression, and not sure whether to classify more narrowly (countries, towns, rivers ...) -- but I think a category page that offers a simple alphabetical list, within a very broad classification such as I've suggested, might be the handiest. Anyway, please comment! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 08:45, 24 Iulii 2010 (UTC)
: Well, my primary aim has been to deal with Finnish and maybe Swedish names because I think they may be somewhat easier for me to handle. I've been rather busy for weeks in writing a chapter in a book, so naming asteroids has been kind of spare time work consisting as it does of minuscule projects. I think categorising asteroid names is a good idea -- it might even serve some cultural historical project (as I wrote in Robert's discussion page) -- but I have no clear opinion about how deep the subcategorisation should be. Anyway, I suggest you say &quot;terrestribus&quot; instead of &quot;terrestrialibus&quot;. Or maybe &quot;geographicis&quot;? --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 13:13, 24 Iulii 2010 (UTC)

== Feldmarschalleutnant ==

Salve Neander, please have a look at [[Disputatio:Iosephus Schumpeter]] (Feldmarschalleutnant)!--[[Usor:Utilo|Utilo]] 09:09, 7 Augusti 2010 (UTC)

== Help with Latin Wikibooks logo ==

Hello Neander.  I'm currently collecting project names and slogans as part of a logo cleanup.  One of the final things that I'm missing is a translations for the Latin Wikibooks logo.  Could you help me?

* Wikibooks = Vicilibri
* Open books for an open world (or &quot;Free books for a free world&quot; if that's easier to translate) = ?

Could you please leave reply on [[m:User talk:Cbrown1023|my Meta-Wiki talk page]]?  Thanks in advance! '''[[User:Cbrown1023|&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;Cbrown1023&lt;/span&gt;]]''' '''&lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Cbrown1023|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#002bb8&quot;&gt;disputatio&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/small&gt;''' 18:05, 12 Augusti 2010 (UTC)

== Help:English to Latin Translation ==

Hello! I need help on English to Latin translation. Please visit the page '''[[w:User:Amit6/c-en2la11|User:Amit6/c-en2la11]]''' and translate that following list of english words to Latin. If you do the translations, please do not write those here and prefer to write those on [[w:User:Amit6/c-en2la11#Latin|the latin section of User:Amit6/c-en2la11]]. --[[Usor:Amit6|Amit6]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Amit6|talk]]) 13:57, 18 Augusti 2010 (UTC)

== syntax ==

Salve mi Neander! Nunc lego quam maximum de syntaxe et grammatica generativa. Velim videre nos habere plus et sine dubio meliores commentationes his de rebus (non est modo beneficentiae causa, quoque scribendo discimus =]). Maeste multa nescio describere, id est verbis Latinis. Ubinam incipiam quoque nescio, nam sunt tot categoriae apud wikipediam ut eas haud enumerare possum. Nihilominis, me putavi incepturum in [[c-command]]. Putasne verbo vulgari ''commandare'' hic uti posse? Quid de forma nominali? commandatum? Nonnulla alia vcoabula:

*government - gubernatio
*binding - ligatio?
*theoria gubernationis ligationisque?
*node - nodus
*constituent (group) - constituens/grex constituentium?
*syntax tree - arbor syntactica? arbor structuram syntacticam monstrans?

Scilicet es tu rerum linguisticarum et latinarum doctissimus homo quem cognosco, ergo consilium auxiliumque tuum hic valde desidero. Sine dubio tibi erunt multa corrigenda =]

Gratias et valeas in proxumum! -- [[Usor:Ioscius|Ioscius]]  &lt;sup&gt;'''[[Disputatio Usoris:Ioscius|∞]]'''&lt;/sup&gt; 11:59, 26 Septembris 2010 (UTC)

: Salve Iosci, amice audax! Quod scio, nondum quisquam grammaticam Chomskianam, agrum novalem, Latino aratro tangere ausus est. Dubito, an tibi consilia ad verborum usum pertinentia dare possim, nam constat nostrum sermonem in hac re egenum esse. Itaque novos terminos aut fingere aut mutuari cogimur. De verbis a te allatis tacere debeo, nam impraesentiarum nihil habeo quod melius esse videatur. At duarum rerum mentionem facere velim: (1) Etsi verbum Anglicum ''command'' nos illiciat ad verbum ''commendandi'' (NB: &quot;commandare&quot; verbum fictum est [quamquam fortasse verbis fictis hac in re opus sit?]), ''commendare'' Latinum semantice aut syntactice vix aptum sit. ''Imperare'' melius videtur, sed specie verbi Anglici dissimile est. Magnine refert? (2) &quot;Constituent&quot;. Meá quidem opinione &quot;constituens&quot; paene nihil significat (aut non id significat, quod significare debeat). Re vera &quot;constituent&quot; paene idem significat ac ''pars (orationis)''. Sed bene scio hic de differentibus theoriis agi. Miro modo ''constituens'' mihi non placet, sed melius praebere nequeo. Pro dolor! Sint ut sunt, attento animo tuas commentationes syntacticas legam. At nunc birotam conscendam et ad labores cotidianos properabo. Vale. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 07:00, 27 Septembris 2010 (UTC)
::Pro Anglico ''constituent,'' Ainsworth's Latinum ''constitutorem'' (Quint.) commendat&amp;thinsp;; Cassell's, ''partem'' et ''elementum.'' [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 10:28, 27 Septembris 2010 (UTC)
::: Apud Quintilianum ''constitutor legis'' magistratus quidam legifer esse videtur. Cum autem nobis opus sit termino, qui rem, ex qua totum quoddam efficiatur, significet, ''pars'' sive ''elementum'' (''compositorium'') se commendare videntur; quin etiam, cum de sententiae partibus agatur, ''membrum'' aut ''incisum'' (cf. Cic. ''Or.'' 62.211 &quot;quae Graeci {{Polytonic|κόμματα}} et {{Polytonic|κῶλα}} nominant, nos recte ''incisa'' et ''membra'' dicimus&quot;; ''Or.'' 63.212 &quot;quo pacto deceat incise membratimve dici&quot;; &amp;c.). [[Leonardus Bloomfield]] primus, ni fallor, termino q.e. &quot;constituent&quot; usus est in syntaxi structurali, cum sententias ita describere vellet, ut ex partibus/membris finitimis vel &quot;immediatis&quot; (&quot;immediate constituents&quot;) hierarchice dispositis constent. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 15:44, 27 Septembris 2010 (UTC)
::Gratias ambobus ago! -- [[Usor:Ioscius|Ioscius]]  &lt;sup&gt;'''[[Disputatio Usoris:Ioscius|∞]]'''&lt;/sup&gt; 19:49, 27 Septembris 2010 (UTC)

==Editor Appeals Need Translations==
I want to thank you for your help translating during this year's fundraiser. The fundraiser has greatly benefited from all your contributions. Currently, the appeals from Wikipedia editors  [[m:Fundraising_2010/Kartika_Appeal/en|Kartika]], [[m:Fundraising_2010/Lilaroja_Appeal/en|Liliaroja]], [[m:Fundraising_2010/Abbas_Appeal/en|Abbas]] and [[m:Fundraising_2010/Joan_Gomà/en|Joan Gomà]] need to be translated and localized. 
Also some [[m:Fundraising_2010/Core_messages/en|core messages]] need to be updated for certain languages. You can find all translation requests at the [[m:Fundraising_2010/Translation|translation hub]] on meta and you can follow the progress of the fundraiser in real time by tracking the [[wmf:Special:FundraiserStatistics|fundraiser statistics]]. Also for those of you who haven't already, you can subscribe to the [[mail:translators-l|translators-l]] mailing list for all new requests and major changes. Many thanks for your help in truly making this a global fundraiser that you can [[m:Fundraising_2010/Translation|edit.]]  [[m:User:Schapman|schapman]]

==Potomac==
Your name has cropped up on the banks of the [[Disputatio:Fluvius Potomacus|Fluvius Potomacus]]. Any comments welcome! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 17:49, 27 Aprilis 2011 (UTC)
: Well, I haven't anything important to add to the interesting discussion. My answer (to Ivan) was about the semantic differentiae of ''fluvius, flumen, amnis'' (according to Hermann Menge), not their respective frequency. I now did a quick research on Cicero's use of ''flumen'' and ''fluvius''. It's quite true that ''flumen'' is more frequent by word-form count, but when it comes to his use of ''flumen'' and ''fluvius'', respectively, as modifiers/descriptors of a proper name, ''fluvius'' appears to prevail (''fluvius'': 10 times; ''flumen'': 3 times). But given that Caesar doesn't use ''fluvius'' at all, personal preferences seem to be involved. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 00:23, 28 Aprilis 2011 (UTC)
::That's my impression too. Thanks, Neander! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 08:29, 28 Aprilis 2011 (UTC)

== Casus ablativus adiectivorum tertiae declinationis ==

Te animadverti saepissime iuvare cum quaestiones de grammatica Latina habeo in animo, num igitur tibi displiceat si aliquando te interrogo demirabar. Id rare accideret cum semper prius quaestionum mearum responsa consectarer quam te rogarem!

Plura enim volebam scire de casu ablativo adiectivorum tertiae declinationis. Desineri certa verba vel in ''-e'' vel in ''-i'' scio. Notam de hac re inveni in [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/carens ista pagina Victionariana], quae origo est meae questionis: quid dicere vult &quot;when used purely as an adjective&quot; -- quando ''-e'' adhibendum est, quando ''-i''?

Cupide tuum exspecto responsum. Vale! [[Usor:Mattie|Mattie]] 03:28, 19 Iunii 2011 (UTC)

: Salve, Mattie! In participio (sicut verbi ''careo aliqua re'' 'sine aliqua re sum') de duobus modis declinandi, scilicet '''declinatione adiectiva''' et '''declinatione verbali''', agitur. In hac sententia, ''homo amicis carens infelix est'' 'homo, qui amicos non habet, infelix est', participium ''carens'' adiectivi munere fungitur. Sin autem 'ego sum felicior quam homo amicis carens' dicere volumus ablativo comparativo usi, declinatione adiectiva usi ''&lt;u&gt;homine&lt;/u&gt; amicis &lt;u&gt;carenti&lt;/u&gt; felicior sum'' dicimus. Declinatio autem verbalis plerumque ad ablativum absolutum pertinere videtur. Itaque si 'Dum amicis caret ille homo, nos dolemus' ablativo absoluto usi dicere volumus, ''illo homine amicis carente nos dolemus'' dicimus. ¶ Haec regula, quamquam ubique observanda est, interdum a poëtis classicis metri causa violatur. Sed haec nobis, quippe qui pro(r)sa oratione utamur, minime curae sunt. Hanc semper observemus regulam. Utinam meae explicationes perquam academicae tibi auxilio sint! Optime valeas! [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 01:27, 20 Iunii 2011 (UTC)

:: Care Neander, gratias maximas tibi ago! Tuo enim responso circiter viciens lecto conceptoque longe revoluto in animo tandem me credo intellegere :) Cum rationem declinatione verbali utendi specto tamquam esset ob verbi inopiam in 'clausula' (id est in ablativo absoluto), multum mihi sensibilem videtur simpliciter quoniam verba necessaria sunt clausulis. Gratias iterum, atque cura ut valeas! [[Usor:Mattie|Mattie]] 21:41, 20 Iunii 2011 (UTC)

== &quot;As&quot; ==
Salve rursus, Neander! Ut vales? Cum Latine scribo unum est problema quod saepe invenio: vocabulum Anglicum &quot;as&quot; (sive Francogallice &quot;comme,&quot; etc.) exprimere nescio talibus in sententiis:
:''to appear in a film '''as''' [such or such character]''
:''to use an apple '''as''' a paperweight''
:''to write '''as''' a pastime''
Vocabulum &quot;(sic)ut&quot; (aut quidem &quot;pro&quot;?) puto forsitan esse adhibendum, sed non sum certus. Quid tu dicas? Gratias ago! [[Usor:Mattie|Mattie]] 19:24, 12 Augusti 2011 (UTC)
: Salve multum, Mattie! Iucundas posuisti quaestiones. Haec sunt mea responsa. (1) Propter similitudinem verborum Angl. ''appear'' et Lat. ''apparere'' facile fieri potest, ut homines Anglophoni dictionem ''X appears as Y in the film Z'' Latine *''X ut Y in pellicula Z apparet'' convertant; quod quidem perperam fiat, namque in Latinitate classicae aetatis ''apparet ut'' idem fere significat atque 'appears as though (he were)'. Cum quidem ''as'' in phrasi Anglicá idem fere significare videatur atque ''in the role of'', possumus Latine ''X partes Y&lt;small&gt;[casus genetivus]&lt;/small&gt; agit in pellicula Z'' dicere, vel ''X personam Y&lt;small&gt;[casus genetivus]&lt;/small&gt; agit (fert, gerit, tenet) in pellicula Z''. Itaque fortasse ''Alphonsus Cuarón personam magi candelam tenentis gerit ...''. (2) Quod ad phrasin ''to use an apple as a paperweight'' attinet, formula generalis haec est: ''X uses Y as Z'' = ''X Y&lt;small&gt;[casus ablativus]&lt;/small&gt; utitur Z&lt;small&gt;[casus ablativus]&lt;/small&gt;''; itaque Latine: ''X malo utitur chartarum pressorio''. (3) Dictio ''to write as a pastime'' mihi videtur Latine esse ''delectationis causa scribere'' vel ''(suo) oblectamento&lt;small&gt;[casus dativus, i.e. dativus finalis]&lt;/small&gt; scribere''; vel sicut Cicero idiomatice dixerit: ''animi causa scribere''. Cura ut valeas, [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 05:49, 13 Augusti 2011 (UTC)
:: Gratias tibi ago, ''multum'' haec me adiuverunt. Vale! [[Usor:Mattie|Mattie]] 01:09, 14 Augusti 2011 (UTC)
:::Salve, Neander! Alium habeo dubium, quod ad phrasin, quae Anglice verbo &quot;as&quot; utatur, pertinet, et volebam igitur scire an me adiuvare potueris:
::::''Mona Lisa was depicted '''as''' a dark-haired woman''
:::i.e. ''X was depicted as Y'', sed non ''X was depicted &quot;as if&quot; it was Y''. Does that make sense? P.S. Gratias ob commentationem tuam de casu dativo ago! Valde mihi fuit utilis, praesertim ut nomina variorum dativi generum scirem. [[Usor:Mattie|Mattie]] 18:34, 11 Decembris 2011 (UTC)
:::: Salve, Mattie! Mihi quidem videtur ''X was depicted as Y'' his fere modis Latine dici posse: ''X in habitum (habitus, -ūs, m.) | naturam | speciem Y depingere''. Itaque equidem exemplarem ''Mona Lisa was depicted as a dark-haired woman'' sententiam hoc modo Latine reddiderim: ''Mona Lisa in habitum feminae fuscicomae depicta est''. Cura ut valeas, [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 09:57, 12 Decembris 2011 (UTC)
::::: Gratias tibi ago! Vale, [[Usor:Mattie|Mattie]] 23:24, 12 Decembris 2011 (UTC)

== Satyricon ==
Vide, amice Martine, id quod tandem in pagina [[Satyricon]] scripsi de titulo huius operis, et corrige si necesse sit! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 09:32, 14 Augusti 2011 (UTC)
: Initium rescripsi (spero ne nimiá licentiá!) rei explicandae causa. Si quid minus feliciter dixi, Andrea amice, in melius reddito. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 13:44, 14 Augusti 2011 (UTC)
::Multo melius. Nescio cur tantas res in parentheses includere solemus :) [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 15:18, 14 Augusti 2011 (UTC)

== Latin is about to make me cry, so this one's in English! ==

I hope these inquiries of mine don't get annoying. If ever you feel like asking for something back, I shall do my best. I can draw pretty well!

Now, I understand the perfect subj. in Latin's somewhat wishy-washy, as in the Potential:
:''A present or future potentiality is expressed with either the present or perfect subjunctive. A past potentiality is expressed with the imperfect subjunctive, though the perfect subjunctive is occasionally used.'' (from [http://www.angelfire.com/ga/dracodraconis/latingrammar/subjunctives.html here])
but I was reading my Harrius Potter and came across a sentence with a Result Clause where the perfect was used, and not the pluperfect that I'd have expected:
:''Dolor capitis Harrii tam acer '''erat''' ut in genua '''ceciderit'''.''
I can't find anything anywhere about the perfect being a one-size-fits-all in Result Clauses (as it is in the Potential, apparently). Since this is a past event (&quot;erat&quot;), doesn't this have to be either imp. or pluperfect - and since Harry fell (as opposed to &quot;was falling&quot;), doesn't it ''have'' to be pluperfect? This is confusing! [[Usor:Mattie|Mattie]] 20:20, 19 Augusti 2011 (UTC)
: Well, &quot;don't you cry tonight!&quot; (quoting from ''Guns 'n Roses'', tho w/out further context ''':–)''' ). I'm afraid the grammar you're referring to isn't too helpful in this matter. As it appears to me, you quoted Potential Subjunctive (which is about independent clauses), although the sentence ''Dolor capitis Harrii tam acer erat ut in genua ceciderit'' contains a dependent consecutive clause (Result sentences in the grammar). What the grammar doesn't tell is that, in ''ut consecutivum'', the tempus is free in the sense that it may correspond to the respective tempus in an independent clause. The Latin sentence quoted by you is perfectly correct in this respect, describing, as it does, the result that happened as a matter of fact ('. . . in genua cecidit'). It'd have been possible to say ''Dolor capitis Harrii tam acer erat ut in genua caderet'', but this would have been a bit ambiguous, because ''caderet'' could express both past factuality and past potentiality of the result. Your question was a good one — obviously too good for a ''grammatica interretialis''. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 13:17, 20 Augusti 2011 (UTC)
:: I quoted the Potential because it was an example of subjunctive not being particularly strict about which tense to use - the sentence was confusing me because it ''wasn't'' Potential, and yet the subjunctive seemed to be doing whatever it wanted, if that makes sense (: I hope it came through that I was joking about crying. Thanks again for helping me out! [[Usor:Mattie|Mattie]] 17:18, 20 Augusti 2011 (UTC)
:::According to Ainsworth, the idiom 'to fall upon one's knees' is ''in genua procumbere.'' [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 18:04, 20 Augusti 2011 (UTC)
:::: True enough. But I'd still like to defend ''in genua cadere'' in this context. ''Cadere'' is what happens involuntarily to a person, while ''in genua procumbere'' tends to involve a voluntary or at least controlled act, describing, say, ''milites'' going down to a kneeling position to beg the victor's mercy and the like. ''Cadere'' is a strong verbal expression, apt to describe workings of ''dolor''. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 19:09, 20 Augusti 2011 (UTC)
:::::OK, but Caesar's ''frumenta imbribus procubuerant'' doesn't seem all that voluntary or controlled, at least on the part of the hapless ''frumenta.'' :) [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 01:56, 27 Augusti 2011 (UTC)
::::::Perhaps the key idea behind procumbere lies in the root cumb, as in recumbent, succumb,etc., all these words carry the idea of yielding, giving in, laying down, or leaning on something,  out of weariness, desire for rest, inertia, or simply due to giving up. Those motivations and causes are simply absent in cadere. As to the &quot;fruit falling to the ground in capitulation to the rains&quot;, that subtlety of meaning is possible to convey in fewer words in latin.--[[Specialis:Conlationes/123.192.69.44|123.192.69.44]] 05:52, 27 Augusti 2011 (UTC)
:::::::Thank you for your involuntary hospitality, Neander! It isn't fruit, it's wheat or barley, so it doesn't so much fall to the ground as submit to the compulsion to recline. This is exactly what happens if there is unseasonal heavy summer rain: a serious matter for the farmer now, just as it was then. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 08:37, 27 Augusti 2011 (UTC)

==Gratias!==
Thanks for the improvements in ''[[Morpho]]''! If you have a moment, I'd be interested to see what you'd do to the translation of Wallace's remarks in ''[[Ornithoptera croesus]].'' For reference, the (English) original is preserved in a footnote. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 11:47, 6 Septembris 2011 (UTC)
:Another tricky passage, using concepts that Cicero never imagined, is in the description of ''[[Troides magellanus]],'' where, if you'd like to touch it up, you'll be pleased to find the genitive ''[[Morpho|Morphus]].'' ;) [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 18:10, 7 Septembris 2011 (UTC)

==''Iricolor''==
Isn't the first element of a compound usually the stem? Why wouldn't it have been ''iridicolor,'' with the stem as seen in [[Iridium|iridium]], [[:en:Iridectomy|iridectomy]], [[:en:Iridescence|iridescence]], [[:en:Iridology|iridology]], and [[:en:Iridosmine|iridosmine]]? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 18:10, 7 Septembris 2011 (UTC)
: Well, in Greek, ''iris'' was a heteroclitic word, which means that it had two stems, viz. ''iri-'' and ''irid-'', and thus a mixed declension: ''iris'' (nom.sg.), ''irin'' (acc.sg.), ''iridos'' (gen.sg.), ''iri'' (voc.sg.), which were borrowed into Latin form-wise: ''iris, irim, iridis, ...''. (The rationalised acc.sg. ''iridem'' isn't attested until late Latin.) So, ''iris'' was a two-stem noun in Latin, too; and ''iri-color'' was formed on the vocalic stem. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 22:54, 7 Septembris 2011 (UTC)

== modus articulandi  ==
Salue, Neander. Quid signifiat &quot;plicis&quot;, (plicus, plex, plica ? )?  Non inveni hoc verbum in meo vocabulario. --[[Usor:Marc mage|Marc mage]] 23:11, 28 Octobris 2011 (UTC)
: Salve, Marc mage! ''Plica,-ae'' 'pli' non est verbum antiquitatis, sed credo medicos eo uti, cum de ''plicis vocalibus'' 'les plis vocaux' loquuntur. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 23:28, 28 Octobris 2011 (UTC)
::''Plica'' etiam fuit signum in notatione [[musica]]e [[Aevum Medium|Aevo Medio]] adhibitum. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 23:38, 28 Octobris 2011 (UTC)

== since you're online... ==
[[Index Ruber IUCN]] or [[Ruber IUCN Index]] for [[IUCN Red List]], tua sententia? (I prefer the former, but the latter has more links to it, and follows the adjective-genitive-noun formula.) [[Usor:Mattie|Mattie]] 00:31, 2 Novembris 2011 (UTC)
: &quot;Index Ruber IUCN&quot; meá sententiá debet esse. [[Hyperbaton]] est pragmaticum instrumentum textuale, quod vix ad titulos pertinet. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 00:44, 2 Novembris 2011 (UTC)
:: Je suis d'accord. Merci! [[Usor:Mattie|Mattie]] 00:51, 2 Novembris 2011 (UTC)


==[[Stargate]]==
Neander, salve! Ut vales? Ego quoquo bene valeo. Your corrections are fine but I can not agree with the &lt;s&gt;maxima&lt;/s&gt; corrigenda. Your last correction of replacing 'quam' with 'cuius partes' is fine but not needed. Was 'quam' wrong and your basis for the maxima corrigenda notice? Perhaps it would be better to discuss in Taberna. In the past there were other so-called improvements(emendationes) with words like 'locu' and 'classificanda' (from others)which are not latin at all. I am afraid that if it will be 'improved' the quality will only get worse. Could you just make at least a few more improvements that could guide me to do the rest of the work? Gratias ago.--[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] 10:52, 5 Novembris 2011 (UTC)
You can answer in Latin or I can translate the above to Latin if you wish.[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] 10:54, 5 Novembris 2011 (UTC)
:For the record: I marked it –2 (a fairly high ranking, 2nd out of 7) on 29 Septembris 2009, and that's how it still stands. &quot;Maxima corrigenda&quot; is –5. ''Classificanda'' is a perfectly formed Latin word (if the verb ''classificare'' be accepted). [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 12:28, 5 Novembris 2011 (UTC)
::You know classificare if it is latin; is medieval. But I don't see it any dictionary so far. I'm putting a lot of effort to avoid new latin as you yourself pushed for. Going back, please, it is just as wrong to say the Latin is wrong when there is nothing wrong as it is to say that wrong Latin is correct when it is not. Would it be too much to ask for more corrections?(to show that if there are these errors in some, there must be more). The quam change wasn't really needed nor does it warant a &lt;s&gt;maxima &lt;/s&gt;corrigenda. Ok I will be going to the taberna. I don't want to give too much load on any one person. Please understand that I've been here  for a few years already. The plant is now a tree. In terms of understandability it should be easy to understand. [[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] 13:09, 5 Novembris 2011 (UTC)
::::According to Cassell's, 'classify' is ''in genera describere,'' but that locution becomes awkward in [[biologia|biological]] contexts, where ''[[genus (taxinomia)|genus]]'' has a definition so technical &amp; circumscribed that it can make the classical idiom absolutely wrong, so one probably must accept ''classificare'' in biological contexts, whence it leaks out into other contexts, as words will. Change it back, if you like! [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 14:09, 5 Novembris 2011 (UTC)
:::Hi, Jondel! Given that ''agere'' is a heavily polysemous verb, it'd be helpful to avoid ambiguities wherever possible. If you say &quot;quam V.L. agit&quot;, you're not necessarily violating the grammar but instead, perhaps, some cooperative principle such as clarity of expression. That's why I prefer to say &quot;cuius partes V.L. agit&quot;, which is immediately clear to anyone who knows the idiom. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 13:51, 5 Novembris 2011 (UTC)
::::The quam immediately points to 'what'(the character of Langford) is (being )done (so much easier to understand)  but ok, I accept this. ''agere'' is  polysemous but agere is easy to understand because it is very obvious that it is about actors performing character-roles.  What is difficult for me to accept is the  '-2 Latinitas ' . If things are working fine, don't fix them or they could get worse.   Somebody could correct it and &lt;u&gt;actually make it worse&lt;/u&gt;. So much of (my) hardwork gone to waste.  Sure everybody can edit. But please be sure. If that was the basis for the '-2 latinatis' it is really not convincing. The latin I'm using is or should be very standard. I will ask for help later on the taberna. For my latin studies I will try to familiarize myself with idioms.This internet cafe is closing now and I have to go.Vale.[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] 14:20, 5 Novembris 2011 (UTC)
:::::Although there are still imperfections, I think Neander's edits have raised the level from -2 (where Iacobus placed it originally) to -1. Hoping you others don't disagree, I will make that adjustment.
:::::I think Neander's change from &quot;quem ... agit&quot; to &quot;cuius partes ... agit&quot;, on the first occasion the phrase is used, is a good change, (a) because variety is better for the reader, and (b) because using a more explicit form the ''first'' time makes it clearer when you use the brief form the ''second'' time. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 15:58, 5 Novembris 2011 (UTC)

== [[Sortilegii]] ==
This was no doubt a bad title, but it's much better, when moving, to leave the redirect in place at least for a short time. Other pages link to this one (I have emended the link on one of them); more important, since this is one of the 1000 paginae, many pages on other wikipedias link to it. If there's a redirect, the bots will in the normal course of things correct those links on other Wikipedias: if there's no redirect, they can't and the page will be effectively lost to them.

So I removed your &quot;Delenda&quot; tag and replaced it with a redirect. OK? [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 10:11, 10 Decembris 2011 (UTC)

== Vide etiam ==

Ave. I see that you moved &quot;Vide etiam&quot; section in a different position than the English source and also in a different position than the Latin previous version. Sorry to point that out, but I simply need to understand why, maybe it was just a mistake. --[[Usor:Achillus|Achillus]] 12:42, 19 Decembris 2011 (UTC)
: Salve, Achille. No, it was no mistake. The reason for my move was that, in my opinion, &quot;Lege etiam&quot;, &quot;Vide etiam&quot; and &quot;Nexus externi&quot; are all links external to the coherent, internal structure of the article, &quot;Lege etiam&quot; and &quot;Vide etiam&quot; providing, as they do, links to additional sources of information. While &quot;Nexus externi&quot; consist of links external to Vicipaedia, &quot;Lege etiam&quot; and &quot;Vide etiam&quot; consist of links external to the article in question. These are my reasons. But if the majority of users think that we must blindly follow the English wiki, let it be so (though, personally, I can't guarantee full obedience to rules, the existence of which escapes my wit). [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 04:59, 20 Decembris 2011 (UTC)
:: I see. Well, we can ask the ''Taberna'' or the discussion page. I agree with your change, but I did not change the layout because of the big header of the page (do not change this page unless consensus). I would just switch &quot;Vide etiam&quot; before &quot;Lege etiam&quot; in order to have &quot;internal links&quot; before &quot;external links&quot;.
:: This means that &quot;Vide etiam&quot; should *absolutely stick* to what is thought for, i.e. related pages... right now I often see (useless) lists that replicate the &quot;inline interwikies&quot; in the article. So should we move this discussion somewhere else in order to involve others? --[[Usor:Achillus|Achillus]] 09:39, 20 Decembris 2011 (UTC)
::: I have nothing against hearing what others think in the Taberna. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 10:12, 20 Decembris 2011 (UTC)

== [[Formula:Convertimus]] ==

Salve, Neander! When [http://la.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vestiario_exire&amp;action=historysubmit&amp;diff=1829625&amp;oldid=1828509 you edited] ''Vestiario exire'', you rewrote part of the reference I had written, namely ''Noli putare eam testificari'' → ''Extra Vicipaediam huius locutionis testimonium vix inveniri potest.'' I thought I'd let you know, my original reference was copy-pasted from [[Formula:Convertimus]] (I didn't want to use the formula itself because I didn't get &quot;vestiario exire&quot; from &quot;my native language,&quot; but in fact from a whole lot of languages, which I wanted to name), so if you think what you wrote is better, you might want to edit the formula. Cheers, [[Usor:Mattie|Mattie]] 19:53, 1 Ianuarii 2012 (UTC)
:I suspect no one was quite satisfied with the existing wording of the formula, so I have taken this hint and inserted Neander's wording. I'm sure all will feel free to make further changes! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 20:38, 1 Ianuarii 2012 (UTC)
:: Facere non potui, quin totam paginam rescriberem, nempe ut ipse intellegerem. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 00:36, 2 Ianuarii 2012 (UTC)

== Again ==

Salve again, Neander! I just noticed that when I asked you how ''transgenerismus'' would be turned into an adjective, I said &quot;If I may ask (because I don't know), ...&quot; It just occurred to me this was terribly ambiguous. What I meant was &quot;If I may ask (because I don't know the answer to what I'm about to ask, i.e. I'm not trying to prove any point in favour of the Greek rendering of ''transgender''),&quot; and ''not'' &quot;If I may ask (because I don't know with you, you're horrible at answering questions),&quot; which would of course have been completely false. Well, here's to hoping you read it as I intended it, and not as I wrote it! [[Usor:Mattie|Mattie]] 21:42, 1 Ianuarii 2012 (UTC)
: Credo me satis recte te intellexisse. Puto me satis superque Anglice locutum esse. Itaque nunc variationis causa Latine ... :–) [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 00:43, 2 Ianuarii 2012 (UTC)
:: De tibi Latine scribendo cogitaveram, sed energiam conservare meam praeoptavi, ut plura potius de [[Harrius Potter|Harrio Pottero]] scribere possim :) [[Usor:Mattie|Mattie]] 01:00, 2 Ianuarii 2012 (UTC)

== De titulis tabularum pictarum ==
Iam reperis (nuper enim verificavi!) [[:Categoria:Tabulae pictae|hic]] fere omnes tabulas, quibus aut Helveticus aut ego titulum Latinum imposuimus. Si otium habes, capite e nubilositatibus demisso, perlege s.t.p. et titulum meliorem sive impone sive in disputatione suggere! Gratias ago, mi Martine -- [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 15:51, 5 Februarii 2012 (UTC)

== De stylo Latino ==
Nescio an [http://la.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vicipaedia:De_Latinitate&amp;curid=24396&amp;diff=1922302&amp;oldid=1895380 haec] et [http://la.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vicipaedia:De_Latinitate/en&amp;curid=45762&amp;diff=1922240&amp;oldid=1730855 haec] iam vidisti. Scire velim e qua lingua auctor noster anonymus opiniones suas (partim veras) in Latinam et Anglicam convertit! Quid censes? [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 06:35, 12 Martii 2012 (UTC)
: E qua lingua translati sint hi texticuli, opinionem non habeo satis certam. Scriptori de eo assentior, quod nescioqui anglophoni suum fecerunt, ut aliorum interpunctiones &quot;corrigerent&quot; more Anglo-Americano usi, quamquam his in rebus variae nationes / civitates suas habent consuetudines, e quibus nulla per se ceteris deterior vix iudicanda est. Verbi gratia, mihi quidem alienum est &quot;A, B, et C&quot; (et vidi de hac re etiam in Vicipaedia Anglica interdum disceptari, et quidem sunt qui in capsis suis usoriis declarent se &quot;A, B, et C&quot; aut praeferre aut detestari). Equidem tolerantiam in hac re suaserim. Aliis in rebus puto scriptorem nimia severitate, ne dicam morositate, affectum esse, sicut cum de ordine verborum vituperanter iudicat. Forsitan Caesarem solum legerit Cicerone omisso? Equidem putarim ea, quae a scriptore notata sunt, potius ad disputationes pertinere, nam certe de his disputandum esse videtur. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 03:49, 13 Martii 2012 (UTC)
::Certe Caesarem non legit, nam in commentario de ''Bello Civili'' (2:14) &quot;semicolon,&quot; rem quam noster amicus nomine carens vetandam esse opinatur, hoc loco legimus: &quot;Nostri repentina fortuna permoti arma, quae possunt, arripiunt''';''' [N.B.] alii ex castris sese incitant. Fit in hostes impetus''';''' [N.B.] sed de muro sagittis tormentisque fugientes persequi prohibentur&quot; (Loeb Classical Library, 39; Cambridge, Mass., and London: Harvard University Press, 2006). ;) [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 12:02, 13 Martii 2012 (UTC)
:::De vera linguae Latinae interpunctione disputare mihi supervacaneum videtur. Romani nihil nisi punctis ad verba separanda usi sunt; virgula tempore Carolingorum in usum venit, semicolon introductum est anno 1494 in Petri Bembi libro ''De Aetna'' ab Aldo Manutio, a quo omnis interpunctio Latina normata est. Nihilo minus et postea alii aliter interpunctione utebantur – usque in hos dies, ut libri Latini variis in terris editi demonstrant.--[[Usor:Utilo|Utilo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Utilo|disputatio]]) 22:52, 13 Martii 2012 (UTC)
:De usu virgularum saepe cogito, nam cotidie converto e lingua cuius loquentibus, sicut videatur Finnicis, &quot;A, B et C&quot; est omnino alienum. Veniam mihi linguae Finnicae nescienti detis, sed video in lexico ad minimum duas coniunctiones pro &quot;et&quot; (ja/sekä). In lingua Slovena sunt tres, quorum usuum variorum causa cum virgulis ad infinitum ludere non necesse est. In lingua Anglica est modo ''&quot;and&quot;''. In sententia ''&quot;We ordered coleslaw, fish and chips, and crab dip.&quot;''' prima et altera ''and'' inter se differunt, quod loquente auditur, sine virgula autem in pagina non videtur. Ergo etiam non censeo virgulam Oxfordiensem linguis omnibus aptam esse, linguae Anglicae est mea sententia utilis. Duos nummos. Salvete omnes. -- [[Usor:Ioscius|Ioscius]]  &lt;sup&gt;'''[[Disputatio Usoris:Ioscius|∞]]'''&lt;/sup&gt; 23:46, 13 Martii 2012 (UTC)

==De &quot;nugis&quot;==
Mi Neander, nuper quidam [[usor:Vatekor]] scripsit apud [[Disputatio:Dominus Quixotus a Manica]] textum quod egomet non intellego (censeo scriptum esse cum &quot;google translate&quot;). Tamen miki videtur commentarium asperum esse contra rem quam iam scripsi. Putas eum malefactorem esse aut simpliciter indoctum linguae latinae?--[[User:Xaverius|&lt;span style=&quot;color:blue;&quot;&gt;Xave&lt;/span&gt;]][[:eu:Lankide:Xaverius|&lt;span style=&quot;color:green;&quot;&gt;ri&lt;/span&gt;]][[:eu:Lankide_eztabaida:Xaverius|&lt;span style=&quot;color:red;&quot;&gt;us&lt;/span&gt;]] 22:29, 31 Martii 2012 (UTC)
: Xaveri, tibi illud assentior, quod ea, quae scripsit Vatekor, amicus linguae Latinae indoctus (ut videtur), ex translatro Google sint necesse est. Plane nihil intellexi. Recte admonuisti, ut linguá quádam, quá calleret, scriberet. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 23:41, 31 Martii 2012 (UTC)

== Mi Neander,... ==
... bene egisti apud [[Versus Sapphicus minor|Versum Sapphicum minorem]]; errorem vidi, gratias ago et valeas precor. [[Usor:Alessandro Gelsumini|Alexander Gelsumis]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Alessandro Gelsumini|disputatio]]) 10:05, 16 Maii 2012 (UTC)
: Gaudeo, mi Alexander, quod mutationes quas feci tanta approbasti facilitate. In animo quidem habeo hanc symbolam etiam plus mutare, nam mihi quidem Sappho, Catullus et Horatius videntur hendecasyllabo tractando paulum inter se differre. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 12:49, 16 Maii 2012 (UTC)
:: Est bene; decorum est de metrica arte scribere. Vale! [[Usor:Alessandro Gelsumini|Alexander Gelsumis]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Alessandro Gelsumini|disputatio]]) 19:35, 16 Maii 2012 (UTC)

== Commune ==

Tibi gratias ago  propter emendationem--[[Usor:Helveticus montanus|Helveticus montanus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Helveticus montanus|disputatio]]) 00:56, 14 Iulii 2012 (UTC)

== Semiotica Atomica ==

Hello...My Latin is far too rusty to attempt here, but I wanted to ask about something you've written on the Swedish Wikipedia. You're the author of the page [[:fi:Atomisemiotiikka]], and one of the listed references is &quot;Nielsen, Per Ole (toim. 1993) Transmittal of Information over Extremely Long Periods of Time. Proceedings of a conference arranged by Scandpower A/S in Oslo.&quot;. I've been trying to track down a copy of this, but can't find any library in the world that owns one. (At least, not according to [[Worldcat]].) Could you tell me where you found it? Thank you! [[Usor:Chubbles|Chubbles]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Chubbles|disputatio]]) 21:59, 1 Augusti 2012 (UTC)
: Hello, Chubbles! To tell the truth, I've never seen the Nielsen volume. I referred to it because I felt that it might be the best bibliographic source for direct information about the Oslo conference. But I did use Helge Dyvik's paper that is a contribution to the volume. It had reached my hands from a friend's friend's friend or something like that, and now I'm unable to find it. In tracking down the Nielsen volume, the next step you might take is to write to professor Dyvik (http://www.uib.no/personer/Helge.Dyvik). Perhaps he's able to help you to the whereabouts of the volume. Good luck! [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 23:28, 1 Augusti 2012 (UTC)

== Grammatica ==
Salvus sis, Neander! Num me adiuvare velis in his rebus nominibus Latinis dandis (si quidem nomina Latina danda sint)?
*[[:en:Head-driven phrase structure grammar]] (vide etiam [[:es:Gramática sintagmática nuclear]], quamquam aliae linguae nomine Anglico uti videntur)
*[[:en:Lexical functional grammar]] (vide etiam e.g. [[:es:Gramática léxico-funcional]], [[:fr:Grammaire lexicale-fonctionnelle]])
*[[:en:Combinatory categorial grammar]]
Gratias tibi ago! [[Usor:Mattie|Mattie]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Mattie|disputatio]]) 23:50, 8 Augusti 2012 (UTC)

: Profecto quaestiones difficillimi generis proposuisti, mi Mattie! Meà quidem linguà facile est nomen ''HPSG'' dicere (&quot;pääsanavetoinen lausekerakennekielioppi&quot;, si cui iucundum sit scire), quia lingua Fnnica verba composita facile patitur. At neminem umquam audivi hoc termino uti. HPSG plus placet. Ita credo rem se habere paene omnibus in linguis, quibus HPSG omnino tractatur. Vicipaedia Francogallica unum exemplum praebet: habet titulum ''HPSG'', qui deinde verbis explicatur. Potesne tu hanc rem succinctius Francogallice dicere? Aliud exemplum est Vicipaedia Hispanica, quae satis bene (meà sententià) hanc rem Hispanice reddidit. Cum 'PS-grammar' Francogallice ''grammaire syntagmatique'' et Hispanice ''gramática sintagmática'', quin Latine ''grammatica syntagmatica'' dicatur. Difficilius videtur 'head-driven' transferri, praesertim cum ambiguum sit, quomodo 'head'/'tête', terminus grammaticus, praestet Latine dici. Itaque Hispanicam aemulatus dixerim temptabundus: ''Grammatica syntagmatica nuclearis''. Sed fortasse alius quis meliorem terminum inveniet? Quod ad ''grammaticam lexico-functionalem'' attinet, etiam in hac re Hispanicam aemuler. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 21:04, 9 Augusti 2012 (UTC)
::Difficilia conor ipse tractare, difficillima ad te transfero! Fennicae iam bis studere temptavi, sed optimi vere libri opus esset. Te credo recte monuisse de ''grammatica syntagmatica nucleari'' et ''grammatica lexico-functionali''; quid autem de ''combinatory categorial grammar''? ''Grammatica categorialis combinatoria'' seu ''grammatica categoriali-combinatoria'', fortasse? [[Usor:Mattie|Mattie]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Mattie|disputatio]]) 02:57, 11 Augusti 2012 (UTC)
::: ''Grammatica categorialis combinatoria'' mihi quidem melius sonat. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 21:55, 11 Augusti 2012 (UTC)
:::: Gratias tibi ago propter auxilium. :) [[Usor:Mattie|Mattie]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Mattie|disputatio]]) 22:55, 11 Augusti 2012 (UTC)
::::: De rien! :-) [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 23:01, 11 Augusti 2012 (UTC)

== Quid si non curent...? ==
Verisimiliter conscius es quod nunc agitur disputatio illa de vocabulo &quot;interrete&quot;... Modo volebam rogare an scires cuis sit ditio paginarum mutandarum cum nemo nunc de meis verbis videtur curare. Aut fuitne -ut plerumque in rete fit- vana disputatio illa, id est praevaletne ius maioris  editorum gregis...? :S  [[Usor:Artaynte|Artaynte]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Artaynte|disputatio]]) 20:59, 14 Augusti 2012 (UTC)
: Respondi in pagina Artaynte. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 23:59, 14 Augusti 2012 (UTC)

== Psst ==
Salve, Neander! Fortasse non vidisti... responsum [[Vicipaedia:Petitio magistratus#Neander: ad finem veniet hora 15:45 die 24 Augusti 2012|hic]] scribendum est. Et, gratulatio! :D [[Usor:Mattie|Mattie]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Mattie|disputatio]]) 19:32, 21 Augusti 2012 (UTC)
: Vidi equidem, sed putavi opperiendum esse, dum perendie omnia suffragia lata essent. (Quid, si cras futurum sit, ut viginti usores contra me suffragium ferant? Tum forsitan respondendum sit servandae  faciei causa, me ne voluisse quidem umquam magistratum fieri. {{Polytonic|☺ }}) Sed fortasse rem perperam intellexi, quod in huiusmodi rebus administrativis fieri solet. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 18:45, 22 Augusti 2012 (UTC)
Congratulations and welcome! You will already have noticed, probably, that you have new options under the little grey arrow at top right, and also the option for a one-keystroke &quot;revert&quot; in article histories. What fun you'll have ... [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 10:27, 25 Augusti 2012 (UTC)
== Acera =&gt;Arcera==
Nice catch! Keep up the good work![[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) 23:17, 23 Septembris 2012 (UTC)
: Thanks, I will! :-) I leave to you to correct the title &quot;Datorum repositorum&quot; =&gt; &quot;Datorum repositorium&quot;. I don't have Traupman at my disposal, but I'm 100% sure that there's a ''lapsus calami'' here, too. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 23:59, 23 Septembris 2012 (UTC)
::Aaahkkuh kuh!(--coughing--  ) Ok. I don't have it now but I will move it and check it &lt;s&gt;it&lt;/s&gt; later.[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) 00:15, 24 Septembris 2012 (UTC)

== Respondi ... ==
:... apud me.
:Summarium [http://la.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arcera&amp;diff=prev&amp;oldid=2167879 hoc] tuum valde admiravi. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 08:46, 30 Septembris 2012 (UTC)

== Political correctness ==
Fortasse non vidisti ... :) [[Disputatio:Cogitatio#Political correctness]] [[Usor:Mattie|Mattie]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Mattie|disputatio]]) 02:31, 2 Octobris 2012 (UTC)
: Nunc vidi et loco a te dicto respondi. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 17:08, 2 Octobris 2012 (UTC)

== Ulrika kyrka ==
Can you please translate &quot;Aedificium ex ligno constructum parte exteriore colore rubro pictum est&quot; word by word, or morpheme by morpheme to me. I don't say that the construction is wrong, only that I don't fully understand it. It is that &quot;parte exteriore&quot; part. [[Usor:Skvattram|Skvattram]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Skvattram|disputatio]]) 22:45, 10 Octobris 2012 (UTC)
: Jag hoppas att du inte tar illa upp när jag svarar på svenska. Jo, meningen i fråga kan översättas så här: Huset, byggt av trä, har målats rött vad yttersidan vidkommer (''parte exteriore'', begränsningens ablativ / ablativus limitationis); eller: Det av trä byggda husets yttre sida har målats med röd färg. Det kanske hade varit bättre att välja något annat uttryck, om konstruktionen ''parte exteriore'' vållar svårigheter i detta sammanhang. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 13:35, 11 Octobris 2012 (UTC)
::: Iam constructionem meliorem inveni. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 14:52, 11 Octobris 2012 (UTC)
Et Neander, cur mutasti ''campanaria'' ad ''campanarium?'' Apud Morgan: &quot;.chrc steeple, church tower, campanile / sacra campanaria (v. turris) (LRL).&quot; [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 04:38, 11 Octobris 2012 (UTC)
: ''Campanarium'' (quod secundum lexicon DuCange &quot;Turris Ecclesiæ, in qua campanæ pendent&quot; est) ex his lexicis sumpsi: [[Tuomo Pekkanen]] &amp; [[Reijo Pitkäranta]], ''Lexicon hodiernae Latinitatis Finno-Latino-Finnicum''. Societas Litterarrum Finnicarum, Helsinkium, 2006 (s.v. Kellotapuli); [[Ebbe Vilborg]], ''Norstedts svensk-latinska ordbok''. Andra upplagan. Norstedts akademiska förlag, Stockholm, 2009. (s.v. Klockstapel, klocktorn). Ceterum, ''campanaria'' secundum DuCange 'officium campanarii' et 'uxor campanarii' est. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 13:35, 11 Octobris 2012 (UTC)
::Fortasse [http://facweb.furman.edu/~dmorgan/lexicon/silva.htm Morgan] fallitur; hodie verbum ''campanaria'' in LRL (pagina apud www.vatican.va) non invenimus. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 14:16, 11 Octobris 2012 (UTC)

== Heaven's Gate (secta) ==

I'd like to compliment you on that article. It's good! I try to read Latin material. My LOEB Cicero book just seems to be too hard. I added new vocabularies, asseclae and haeresiarcha for my studies.[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) 06:22, 16 Novembris 2012 (UTC)
: Thanks! :-)  [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 09:17, 16 Novembris 2012 (UTC)

== Quotes' translations ==

Hi Neander,

I noticed you did something when editing [[Noam Chomsky]], which I fixed without saying anything, but now you did it again over at [[The Silmarillion]], so I figured I'd let you know :-) When I put quotations in articles, I always include the quotes in their original language in a special note, like this:

&quot;dictio prima&quot;&lt;ref group=&quot;conv.&quot;&gt;&quot;original quote&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Citationes Latine conversae'''
&lt;references group=&quot;conv.&quot; /&gt;

The point here isn't that I'm unsure about the Latin and add in the quote in its original language for someone else to check; the point is that the quote in its original language remain in the article, so that future readers can quote whomever I'm quoting if they want to. Articles are far more useful this way. They do this in fr: too, and overe here, Andrew's using my system as well!

So, could you please not remove these references? It's a pain to have to add them back in. Gratias tibi ago, [[Usor:Mattie|Mattie]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Mattie|disputatio]]) 20:43, 1 Decembris 2012 (UTC)
:Yes, I think Mattie has discovered the only sensible use for this feature of Wikipedia that allows a second group of footnotes. (Indeed, it allows an infinite number of groups of footnotes, but let's not go overboard :) [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 21:24, 1 Decembris 2012 (UTC)
:::I didn't know we could do this! It occurs to me that it might also sometimes be useful to group citations for Latin forms of words and expressions separately from the rest of the notes. --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Iustinus|disputatio]]) 05:28, 8 Decembris 2012 (UTC)
:: Mattie, I'm sorry!  Quel idiot je suis ! I hadn't the slightest idea ... or perhaps a slight one because, as a matter of fact, I had a brief moment of self-doubt. Henceforth, the amount N (where N approximates &amp;infin;) of possible errors committable by me will be N-1. Now, this is really something!  ''':-)''' [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 23:39, 1 Decembris 2012 (UTC)
::: No worries! =] [[Usor:Mattie|Mattie]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Mattie|disputatio]]) 04:53, 8 Decembris 2012 (UTC)
==Philosophy etc==
I apologise for all the trouble, for implying or misinterpreting that you are harassing and being capricious, e.g. writing then erasing. I hope you stick around. &lt;u&gt;By all means please correct my latin.&lt;/u&gt; Your opinions are highly valued. I don't intend to impose on you(to always be correcting) however, please understand. I do have some latin grammar questions but I am thingking of starting a discussion at the taberna(more of the thema thing).  Your response there would be highly valued. Please keep up the good work![[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) 03:32, 20 Decembris 2012 (UTC)
: Apology accepted. All of us have our space here, all we have our own great personalities, and we all have something to offer. And let's work on the assumption that we all have good intentions. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 22:59, 20 Decembris 2012 (UTC)

== gramm. quaedam ==

Salve! Iure me admones. Quapropter tibi gratias ago plurimis te impertiens salutationibus.- B.

== I'm sorry too ==
I was [arguably] wrong to say the Scientia redirects were your problem -- actually the need for the change was [arguably] caused by Anne's turning your new [[Scientia]] page into a discretiva. I can no longer work it out, really ... :) but in case I misstated the case in trying to explain to Iacobus what had happened, believe me, I'm sorry! And Happy Christmas! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 20:44, 22 Decembris 2012 (UTC)
: Well, I haven't kept track of who's done harm to what and whom and why. Anyway, in my eyes, you've got no reason to feel sorry for anything. But as for Anne, I think she made the right thing in putting emphasis on he fact that, after the move, [[Scientia]] was indeed supposed (by me) to be a discretive page. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 23:53, 22 Decembris 2012 (UTC)

==[[Accentus]]==
Hi,

The interwikis at [[Accentus]] confused regional accents with stress with pitch accent. I'm fixing the links in about 60 pedias. [[Usor:Kwamikagami|Kwamikagami]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Kwamikagami|disputatio]]) 23:43, 18 Ianuarii 2013 (UTC)
: Hi, Kwamikagami, you should have given the reason why you made such a drastic change. Now, I think I understand what you're out for. Let's see the outcome. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 00:19, 19 Ianuarii 2013 (UTC)
::Cassell's: &quot;'''accent,''' in pronunciation: ''vox, sonus'' (''-ūs''), ''tenor.''&quot; [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 04:24, 19 Ianuarii 2013 (UTC)
::White's: &quot;'''accent,''' s. 1. ''Manner of pronouncing''—Phr. vōcis flexus, ūs, m., Quint.;—''A rustic accent''—Phr.: vox agreste quiddam sonans, Cic. . . . 2. ''Sound of a syllable:'' accentus, ūs, m. Quint. — 3. ''Grammatical mark;'' accentus, ūs, m. Quint.&quot; [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 04:24, 19 Ianuarii 2013 (UTC)

== Interview for an article about latin wikipedia ==
Hi Neader, I'm an italian journalist. I'm looking for someone to interview about latin version of wikipedia. I cheked on Usores list (http://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specialis:Usores/sysop) and I found you speak an advanced italian. There are many italian speak simple users but I prefer to interview someone who is “magistratus”. First i contacted Mattie but he does not work so much on latin wikipedia anymore and he suggested you. The article is for the italian version of the magazine vice.com. Plese if you are interested let me know.  Thank you.
: Ciao! Davvero, ci sono moltissimi contribuenti / Vicipaediani la cui madrelingua è italiano, ma purtroppo la maggior parte di loro sono nient'altro che nomi. Spero che non ti dispiaccia questa rotazione ma a questo punto ti consiglierei di contattare [[Usor:Helveticus montanus|Helveticus montanus]] la cui madrelingua è italiano. È un contribuente molto attivo ed esperto. Inoltre, è uno degli amministratori (magistratus) di Vicipaedia e un utente molto fedele e coinvolto nel progetto. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 19:05, 25 Ianuarii 2013 (UTC)
Ti ringrazio Neander, proverò a contattare Elveticus Montanus! Buon lavoro

== Civitatulae Insulanae Crescentes ==
You know, we are a wiki, right? Then please ask for the page to be moved and apply a reason. I will change it back, if you fail to do so.--[[Usor:Nicolaus Augurinus|Nicolaus Augurinus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Nicolaus Augurinus|disputatio]]) 21:18, 6 Februarii 2013 (UTC)
: Thanks for your castigatory remark. It's always interesting to receive messages from people who know better. It's kind of ironical that I, as one of those very few who are keen on explaining their changes and redirects, get censured for not explaining a change. But OK, mea culpa. On the other hand, I'm in good company, given that you failed to explain why you changed my initial title ''Parvae civitates insulares crescentes'' into ''Civitaticulae Insulanae Crescentes''. I've explained my doings [[Disputatio:Civitates provectibiles insulanae#Civitates provectibiles insulanae|here]]. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 15:37, 7 Februarii 2013 (UTC)

== Gustav I of Sweden ==
Hello Neander. Do you know if the surname Vasa (which is probably also called like that in Latin) of this king, is allowed to be declined? It is not shown in the [[Gustavus I (rex Sueciae)|article]] here.

[[Usor:Donatello|Donatello]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Donatello|disputatio]]) 16:16, 15 Iunii 2013 (UTC).

: Hejsan Donatello! Jag känner tyvärr inte till någon källa som uttryckligen bekräftar att namnet Vasa kan böjas i latin. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 17:48, 15 Iunii 2013 (UTC)

::Ingen fara. :) -- [[Usor:Donatello|Donatello]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Donatello|disputatio]]) 21:57, 15 Iunii 2013 (UTC).

== The Swedish word ''statsdel'' ==
Greetings Neander. You who speak Swedish, maybe you can help. :) Malmo is, and maybe also the rest of the cities in the nation, divided into ''statsdel'' (sg.), ''statsdelar'' (pl.). ''Norstedts svensk-latinska ordbok'' of the second and latest edition says for this word ''urbis pars''. To create the ''statsdelar'' in Malmo, I doubt of this name. What do you consider of this name? [[Usor:Donatello|Donatello]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Donatello|disputatio]]) 22:52, 30 Iunii 2013 (UTC).
:(1) ?''Vicus''&amp;thinsp;: Cassell's (Anglice): &quot;'''quarter''' = region, district, ''vicus'' (in a town).&quot; (2) ?''Regio''&amp;thinsp;: Vide commentarium [[Regiones Romae antiquae]]. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 00:41, 1 Iulii 2013 (UTC)
:: Hej, Donatello! Du menar väl ''sta'''d'''sdel''? Leve den lilla skillnaden! :-) ¶ But to answer to your question, I think Iacobus is right. Maybe ''regio urbis'' is even better, for ''vicus'' usually denotes a smaller area: a quarter of a city, a row of houses, even a street. ''Pars urbis'' or ''urbis pars'' may be used, when it's a question of a looser reference, such as [[Gaius Plinius Secundus|Plin.]] ''[[Naturalis historia (Plinius)|Nat.]]'' 5.62 ''Mareotis lacus a &lt;u&gt;meridiana urbis parte&lt;/u&gt; euripo e Canopico ostio mittit ex mediterraneo commercia.'' [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 09:33, 1 Iulii 2013 (UTC)
:::Etiam, ut hodie invenimus: Cassell's: &quot;'''ward''' = quarter of a town, ''regio, vicus.''&quot; [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 11:18, 1 Iulii 2013 (UTC)
::::I see. Thank you both. :) I'll use ''regio urbis''. Yes, ''stadsdel'' is a tricky word. :) -- [[Usor:Donatello|Donatello]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Donatello|disputatio]]) 14:07, 1 Iulii 2013 (UTC).

== ''Delområde'' ==
Hello again. I came to think now on this division in a ''stadsdel'' called ''delområde'' (&lt;small&gt;litterally in english&lt;/small&gt; part area). My lexicons do not mention any Latin word or equivalent. What do you and others consider of how it should be? Maybe ''vicus''?

[[Usor:Donatello|Donatello]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Donatello|disputatio]]) 14:17, 1 Iulii 2013 (UTC).

: Jag tar mig friheten att svara på svenska. Det går lättare så. Administrativa termer som beror på mer eller mindre lokala förhållanden är svåra att återge på ett annat språk. Malmö tycks ha delområden men t.ex. Stockholm har stadsdelsområden. Det är lite obekvämt att försöka jämföra dom och avgöra om ''delområde'' och ''stadsdelsområde'' är lokalt betingade synonymer (i vilket fall båda kunde heta ''vicus'' på latin) eller inte. ''Vicus'' låter bra. ''Vicus'' är ju i alla fall en mindre enhet än ''regio urbis''. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 15:36, 1 Iulii 2013 (UTC)

::I see. Thanks again. :) -- [[Usor:Donatello|Donatello]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Donatello|disputatio]]) 23:12, 1 Iulii 2013 (UTC).

== Discussion moved ==
In accordance with your hint, I moved that whole discussion to what is now [[Disputatio:Hamilton (Ontario)]] ... and, forgetting that I am not interested in general rules about translating place-name suffixes, added an example of -tonium to help things along!

Definitely no need to apologise: you are always welcome. I felt we were veering towards a different topic (as one so often does on Vicipaedia talk pages), and that's why I suggested a different venue ... [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 11:37, 11 Iulii 2013 (UTC)

== Hmm, some of your text moved as well ==
Please consider what I've just done ... I moved your recent text from [[Vicipaedia:Stipulae]] to [[Vicipaedia:Qualitas paginarum]]. I tried this because (I think) with that text you're setting a higher aim than we can practically set for our lowest level of pages -- because if pages are less than stipulae they currently get deleted in seven days. I think the aim you're setting is absolutely right, but the name's wrong.

I have suggested the name &quot;stipes&quot; for a page that does (roughly) what you suggest. I set no store by the suggestion (it just happens to be the same metaphor as &quot;stipula&quot;) but I used this word for the present. One might say &quot;pagina brevis&quot;. Or some other name. But if we say &quot;stipula&quot; for that level of achievement, and we continue to delete &quot;non stipulae&quot;, we'll lead ourselves to delete at least half of our current pages ... which would be, let's say, drastic.

Tell me what you think! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 15:23, 13 Iulii 2013 (UTC)

: I think ''stipula'' — ''stipes'' make a very telling hierarchical pair both phonetically and metaphorically. And I have nothing to add to or remove from those characterisations. Macte virtute! [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 15:56, 13 Iulii 2013 (UTC)

== De &lt;s&gt;profundis&lt;/s&gt; maiusculis ==
I am going to ask kind UVbot to change some category names for alumni and professors of German universities in cases where we now know the &quot;official&quot; adjective that the university uses, e.g. from [[:Categoria:Alumni universitatis Hamburgi]] and [[:Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Kiliae]] to our more usual [[:Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Hamburgensis]], [[:Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Chiloniensis]]. With a capital U. And then it struck me that you might well make a case for a small u in such cases. We could go that way, though it would entail quite a lot of parallel changes in due course. Any thoughts? [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 09:08, 27 Iulii 2013 (UTC)
: Obviously I've done a good job in profiling myself as a representative of ''ordo fratrum minuscularistarum''. ''':–)''' The clear cases, for me, are to some extent  summarised [[Disputatio:Aegaeum mare|here]], the point being that I find philologist editors' practice more dependable than (American[?]-)English-inspired Vicipaedians' usus. An instance illustrating the maiuscularist bias chez nous is (or was) [[Praemium Nobelianum pacis|Praemium Nobelianum Pacis]] which, in my google search, proved to be a genuine instance of Vicipaedianese. As far as names of  universities are concerned, both small ''u'' and big ''U'' are attested, but the trend (certainly correlatable with the all-inspiring exemplariness of the English language) appears to favour the big U. So, I don't thnk we need those parallel changes in this case. But for now I'd still prefer small initials in ''Aegaeum mare'' et sim. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 09:41, 29 Iulii 2013 (UTC)
==Ethernet==
Thank you for your marvelous improvements to the article!  I 've been listening to [[Misirlu]] and would like to share it with [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O2FDaKNK7sY you].--[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) 19:21, 6 Augusti 2013 (UTC)
you].
: Thanks, Jondel! That is a very nice piece of music. I haven't heard it, yet I think I know the melody from somewhere. Maybe a film. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 21:33, 6 Augusti 2013 (UTC)
::The music 'Pump it' is based on this. Also it was used in Pulp Fiction (movie)[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) 11:27, 7 Augusti 2013 (UTC)
::: Yeah, that's how Pulp Fiction begins! [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 16:28, 7 Augusti 2013 (UTC)

== Ideologia ==
Fortasse, mi Martine, commentum addere vis hic: [[Disputatio Categoriae:Factiones politicae per ideologiae digestae]]. Pro certo nomen mutare oportet, sed quomodo? [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 12:07, 2 Octobris 2013 (UTC)

== Pheromonum ==
Dear Neander,
Absolutely wonderful, that you created ex nihilo an article on pherormonta (..). My renaming actions might be too premature and based on little knowledge . I have in the meanwhile only read the abstract of the nature article of Karlson &amp; Lüscher (1959b) (for access to the full article I have to switch to my laptop, so tomorrow I can properly check) which is actually a reply to the [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v183/n4678/abs/1831835a0.html letter(abstract)] of Mileck (1959) that is actually a reply to Karlson &amp; Lüscher's (1959a) earlier contribution. But when reading these abstracts (as far as i can judge based on these abstracts) the information you've put in the article concerning the etymology seems to convey the position of Karlson &amp; Lüscher properly (1959b).

It seems that Karlson &amp; Lüscher, when confronted with their etymological erring, i.e, loosing the 'r' according to Mileck (1959) 'This they achieved by the improper expedient of dropping the letter ‘r’, thus mutilating the root of the Greek word. It should be a principle, when a scientific term is derived from classical origins, that the term must by its structure be traceable to those origins. In the case of the word ‘pheromone’ that principle is not observed : there is no structural clue to its derivation from hormān. Indeed, the only Greek verb (apart from pherein) which might conceivably be involved in its ancestry means ‘to swear’., the reaction from Karlson &amp; Lüscher (1959) seems a little bit too pragmatic 'It must be admitted that the derivation of ‘pheromone’ from hormān is questionable. WE WOULD THEREFORE NOT INSIST ON IT ;  but we regard the ending ‘mone’ as a proper suffix which is used in hormone, gamone, termone and pheromone.' It seems to me that they made a mistake and changed accordingly the etymology of their word to 'fit' the result, but their etymology seems wretched. Although finding a Latin source for pherormon is another quest/question. With kind regards and thanks for the article, [[Usor:Wimpus|Wimpus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Wimpus|disputatio]]) 22:04, 16 Octobris 2013 (UTC)
: Yes, I believe that your assessment of Karlson &amp; Lüscher's etymological rambling is correct, insofar as the ὁρμᾶν part of their etymology was initially supposed to relate the novel term with hormons. Of course, one might try to play ingenuous, as I kind of did in my (too) sympathetic reading, and suggest that what ὁρμᾶν adds to the whole is simply the notion of 'quickness', but somehow this smacks of hindsight. Thanks for pointing out Micklem's corrective which escaped my attention. Indeed, it's another question how to tell the etymological story, given the fact that φέρειν and ὁρμᾶν fail, as they do, to bring out the ἔτυμος λόγος, formally as well as semantically. Obviously, the ὁρμᾶν part should be left out, and then a loose hint to φέρειν will do, because, from the viewpoint of Greek word formation, ''pheromone'', however it's analysed, is totally beyond what is allowable. Micklem's 'swear' (root ὀμ-) is, I take it, a wry joke. Vale, [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 11:46, 17 Octobris 2013 (UTC)

::Dear Neander, thank you for your reply. I understand your argument that ὁρμᾶν should be left out, but otherwise exposing a false etymology (excusez-moi for the contradictio in terminis) is also an explanation for the origin/genesis of a certain word and similar to exposing Volksetymologie in etymological dictionaries. In addition to Mileck (1959), Chauvin (1969) states: ''English speaking specialists call it pheromone, but I will stick to the pherormone spelling until I get well grounded explanation why the letter r has been unduly left out, of the greek verb “hormao”''. There are more known cases in which the coiner of a neologism made a mistake that was subsequently corrected in some, but not all international languages (e.g. tax'''o'''nomie/tax'''i'''nomie/tax'''o'''nomy, Psych'''o'''analyse/psychanalyse/psych'''o'''analysis (still incorrect)). With kind regards, [[Usor:Wimpus|Wimpus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Wimpus|disputatio]]) 19:15, 17 Octobris 2013 (UTC)
::: Hi, Wimpus, and thanks for interesting thoughts. Strictly speaking, a scientific etymology has to give a truthful account (ἔτυμος λόγος) for what (usually prehistorically) underlies a certain word, both morphologically and semantically. In etymological distionaries, obviously false etymologies are listed in an appendix in order to give a Forschungsgeschichte. Scientific terms coined by scientists with inadequate knowledge of Latin or Greek involve a different case. I don't think that the issue raised by Chauvin has anything to do with etymology. Linguistic, historical etymologies are not normative, i.e. they're not supposed to give norms for language use but explanations for why a given word (like ''pheromone'') exists and is used here and now in different languages. Now, the issue raised by Chauvin concerns, not etymology at all, but terminological Sprachpflege, which doesn't belong to the concerns of Wikipedias, because Wikipedias aren't supposed to give norms. The proper place for Chauvin to discuss the matter is (or would have been) some international organ for scientific terminology. Thanks to you, I now realise that the &quot;etymology&quot; chapter of the article on pheromonum requires some tidying up. Vale, [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 20:54, 17 Octobris 2013 (UTC)

::::Hi Neander, thank you for your response. 'Wikipedias aren't supposed to give norms' is a tricky one . At least for me, but that can partially be explained by my 'personality' traits. By selecting certain sources/references and choosing the word(ing) of the specific lemma hints implicitely at a certain norm. By choosing tax'''i'''nomia instead of tax'''o'''nomia or hormon instead of hormon'''um''' a 'preferable' orthography is selected. Although I have to admit, and I clearly violate this guideline in certain cases, that a reference has to be given. And I did not found a reference for pherormon (gen. pherormontis) yet.. Thanks, with kind regards, [[Usor:Wimpus|Wimpus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Wimpus|disputatio]]) 19:13, 18 Octobris 2013 (UTC)

== Dolium ==

Ave Neander. Si tempus tibi habetur, quaeso adiuva in disputatione [[Dolium|dolii]] commentationis. -- [[Usor:Donatello|Donatello]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Donatello|disputatio]]) 22:21, 23 Octobris 2013 (UTC).

== de paginis decenniorum ==
Salve, Neander! Today, you moved five out of our 337 decennia pages to a new title. I would suggest that we first continue and conclude our discussion at [[Disputatio Formulae:Decennium#Is it true?]]. If we decide to delete those pages, there is no need to move them beforehand. If we decide to move them to a new title, it is easier to do that in one batch (probably by bot), and [[Formula:Decennium]] would need to be adapted.

The move you proposed ([[Decennium 191]] to [[Anni 1900]]) would also entail a semantic difference: While ''Decennium 191'' encompasses the years 1901 to 1910 (and thus falls entirely within the 20th century), ''Anni 1900'' encompass the years 1900 to 1909 and thus fall partly within the 19th and partly within the 20th century, which would make [[Formula:Decennium]] a lot more complicated. I therefore have a slight tendency to delete our 337 decennia pages (after moving content, if any, to the appropriate century pages), but we should definitely discuss that! Greetings, --[[Usor:UV|UV]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:UV|disputatio]]) 22:01, 9 Novembris 2013 (UTC)

: Salve et tu, UV! Because the discussion had not been continued, I concluded that a consensus — admittedly a tenuous one — had been reached. Moving 337 decennia manually would indeed be a silly idea, but my moves were kind of ''divagatio animi'' in the midst of a more serious writing. And maybe it's an asset to the Sache that my meddlings roused your interest... ''':–''') ¶ I scarcely have anything to add to the discussion. &quot;Decennium 197&quot; (etc) looks weird to my mind. If other languages get along with &quot;anni 1960&quot; (etc), I don't see why Latin should favour an outlandish expression. As I take it, the interest of keeping the formula simpler isn't good enough a reason. Vale, [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 06:23, 10 Novembris 2013 (UTC)

:: Thank you for your reply! I fully agree that the status quo should be changed. Since it was Andrew who started the discussion, I would like to wait until he returns here and has the time to weigh in again. Greetings, --[[Usor:UV|UV]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:UV|disputatio]]) 23:46, 10 Novembris 2013 (UTC)
:::Well, here I am! I'm a practical man (or so I like to think) and I often start with the question &quot;Will the effort be repaid?&quot; In this case: since we are agreed that the current names of the decennium pages are un-intuitive and wrong, and since the new names would entail a complicated reworking of the formula (which means demanding that someone with the requisite skill spend the necessary time), are these pages -- under whatever name -- sufficiently useful to justify making that demand? I'm not sure that they are: they seem to contain no information, and any information they might contain could just as well go into the &quot;saeculum&quot; pages. So our time could be better spent. So let's delete the &quot;decennium&quot; pages and de-activate the bit of the formula that currently creates them. It seems to me that UV's opinion may be similar to mine. How do you feel about it, Neander? [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 13:46, 22 Novembris 2013 (UTC)
:::I see that Lesgles has meanwhile commented at [[Disputatio Formulae:Decennium#Is it true?]]. Probably that is the best place to reach a conclusion, so I will repeat my comment there. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:20, 22 Novembris 2013 (UTC)
:::: Me, though &quot;practical&quot; may not be the first word that comes into mind when characterising myself — or so I like to think ''':–)''' — I fully agree with your proposal. &quot;Decennium 197&quot; is one of those Vicipaedianisms that scarcely command respect to our grand project. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 15:14, 22 Novembris 2013 (UTC)

== Category names associated with renamed pages ==
May I suggest, mi Martine, that when renaming a page (as for very good reasons you did at [[Paulopolis]]) you abstain from changing the similarly-named category at the foot of the page? If you do that, readers who are looking for the page by way of categories can no longer find it: it appears to them that it doesn't exist.

Instead, when a category needs moving because the associated page has a new and better name, go to [[Vicipaedia:Automata/Category move requests]] and request that UVbot move the category. If you look at the request page now, you'll see that I have just made a request in the case of [[:Categoria:Urbs Paulistana]] -- and if you check tomorrow you'll probably find that UVbot has completed the task and the category is renamed [[:Categoria:Paulopolis]]. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:04, 22 Novembris 2013 (UTC)

: Oh, I'm sorry, Andrew! I knew that I could do the request by myself but didn't remember how without extra effort. Yet another instance of my practicality: Id ne feceris hodie, quod cras poteris per alios efficere! ''':–)''' Thank you for doing the job for me, this time! Martinus, aka [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 15:25, 22 Novembris 2013 (UTC)

== non esse delendam? ==
Hello! I used jokingly a gibberish expression &quot;Ceterum censeo, this article perhaps non esse delendam&quot;. I was wondering however, whether the negative meaning can be achieved so effortlessly by just adding a &quot;non&quot;. --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 23:06, 18 Decembris 2013 (UTC)
: Terve! Vastaan sinulle suomeksi, kun täällä Vicipaediassa kaikkien kielten käyttö on luvallista. Koko lause olisi tietysti latinaksi ''Ceterum censeo hanc commentationem fortasse non esse delendam''. Eli aivan oikein olit tuota NEG-ainesta käyttänyt. Jatka tätä rataa, niin pian voit korottaa latinan Babel-arvosanaasi. :-) [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 23:45, 18 Decembris 2013 (UTC)

::Kiitokset nopeasta vastauksesta. Tulin vasta parin päivän päästä katsomaan, onko vastausta tullut. Rataa voin hyvin jatkaa, mutta en usko junan koskaan saavuttavan edes ensimmäistä asemaa latinan taidossa. Babel-taso ykkönen mielestäni kertoo, että käyttäjälle voi kirjoittaa latinaksi jotain yksinkertaista sananlaskua vaikka hän vastaisikin suomeksi. Babelin tarkoitus ei mielestäni ole kertoa niinkään käyttäjän oikeasta kielitaidosta maailman turuilla ja toreilla vaan siitä, millä kielellä hän haluaa vastaanottaa viestejä Wikipediassa. Siksi pitäydyn nollassa mieluusti ja siksi olen pyrkinyt ikäväkseni vähentämään myös saksan kielen ykköstason mainostamista enemmälti. --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 14:33, 21 Decembris 2013 (UTC)

== Rex Arthurus ==
Salve Neander. Fortasse adiuvare volis in disputatione ''[[Disputatio:Arthurus (rex)#|His name]]'' in pagina disputationis commentaionis &quot;[[Arthurus (rex)]]&quot;. -- [[Usor:Donatello|Donatello]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Donatello|disputatio]]) 14:50, 20 Ianuarii 2014 (UTC).
: Suo loco respondi. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 18:30, 20 Ianuarii 2014 (UTC)

== De litteris italicis ==
I just came across a couple of pages in which our (no doubt well-intended) rule had been taken literally. The result seems to me nearly unreadable. So I have now rewritten the rule! See if you like it better. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 17:04, 27 Februarii 2014 (UTC)

== Coniuratio obscura ==
I noticed your underlining at [[Iohannes I]]. No one ever thinks of this, but, in case it sticks in your mind, you can use the formula {{fn|Verba Latinizanda}} in such cases. If you look back at how I've just edited that page you'll see how it works -- not complicated. (I hope this was what your underlining aimed at: if not, revert my edit.) [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 16:25, 12 Martii 2014 (UTC)
: Thanks, Andrew! I knew that there's a formula to that effect but hadn't the time to dig it up. So I decided to do it by brute force, admittedly not very elegant. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 18:16, 12 Martii 2014 (UTC)

== Suomennospyyntö ==
Olen kierrellyt ja kaarrellut sen kanssa, kutkuttaako mielenkiinto tarpeeksi, mutta tämä asia vaivaa kuitenkin liiaksi. Mitäs tässä [[:fi:Ex_ovis_pullus_non_natis_ser%C3%B2_fit_ullus|levyn nimessä]] oikein ajetaan takaa? Kanoja? --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 05:47, 17 Martii 2014 (UTC)
: Jopa ovat jäbät duunanneet komean tittelin EP:lleen! Se on sen verran taidokasta aforistiikkaa, että arvaisin sen olevan peräisin joltakin anonyymilta keskiaikaiselta koulumestarilta, heillä kun oli tapana keksiä tällaisia nokkeluuksia oppimisen edistämiseksi ja muutenkin oppilaitten henkiseksi ylösrakennukseksi. Sananmukaisesti: ''Ex ovis'' (munista) ''pullus'' (kananpoika) ''non natis'' (syntymättömistä) ''serò'' (liian myöhään) ''fit'' (tulee, muodostuu) ''ullus'' (mikään, mitään). Eli siis: &quot;Syntymättömistä munista tulee liian myöhään mitään kananpoikaa.&quot; Ja sitten ehkä vähän luontevammin mutta yhä varsin tekstiuskollisesti: &quot;Munimattomista munista tulee aivan liian myöhään minkäänlaista kananpoikaa.&quot; Tässä tuntuu olevan samantapainen moraalinen opetus kuin: &quot;paistetuista munista ei synny kanapoikaa&quot;, joka on itselleni tutumpi. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 18:13, 17 Martii 2014 (UTC)
::Kiitosta suomennoksesta. Minä olisin näköjään saanut koulumestarilta ympäri korvia ja potkun takamuksille, kun en vieläkään ymmärrä alkuperäisen kikkailun opetusta. Paistetut munat on selvä: munan voi joko syödä heti tai antaa sen kasvaa kanaksi, mutta tuo &quot;liian myöhäinen kana&quot; menee kyllä ohi. No, latinan ei moukille kuulu avautukaan. --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 10:40, 19 Martii 2014 (UTC)
::: Kyllähän itsekin olisin ollut korvat punaisina koulumestarin edessä, kun hienon sanasta sanaan käännöksen jälkeen en itsekään oikeasti ymmärtänyt lauseen ajatusta. Äidyin hakemaan tämäntapaista kuolematonta lausetta netin tarjoamista fraasisanastoista, ja löytyihän sellainen melkoisen risusavotan jälkeen, tosin siinä oli tuo ilmeisesti muidenkin ongelmalliseksi kokema ''sero'' pistetty sulkuihin ja korvattu kieltosanalla. Tällöin lause kääntyy jo paljon luontevammaksi: &quot;Munimattomista munista ei tule minkäänmoista kananpoikaa.&quot; Tämäntyyppinen tulkinta olikin sumeana intuitiona mielessäni, kun niin varman tuntuisesti puhuin moraalisesta opetuksesta. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 17:24, 19 Martii 2014 (UTC)
:::: Tuo on ilmeisesti melko täydellinen nolauslause. Täytyykin tehdä siitä huoneentaulu jonnekin. Ne onnettomat, jotka erehtyvät kysymään suomennosta, saavat vastaukseksi tuon alkuperäisen myöhässä olevan kanan. Sitten jos kysyvät &quot;täh?&quot;, voikin tehdä ratkaisevan iskun katsomalla heitä säälivästi ja lausahtaa &quot;kun lusikalla on annettu...&quot;. Lapsia voi ärsyttää sanomalla &quot;ymmärrät sitten kun kasvat aikuiseksi&quot;. Hah, sanoi mustapartainen mies, haa! --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 20:32, 19 Martii 2014 (UTC)

== Disputatio:Planeta lapideus ==
Ave Neander. Fortasse adiuvare potes in disputatione ''[[Disputatio:Planeta lapideus#Name and source|Name and source]]'' in &quot;Disputatio:Planeta lapideus&quot;. -- [[Usor:Donatello|Donatello]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Donatello|disputatio]]) 16:23, 17 Martii 2014 (UTC).
: Salve Donatello, Wikipedia Suecica ita incohat: &quot;En stenplanet, eller en jordlik planet är en planet som har en fast yta i form av en skorpa av sten.&quot; Si &quot;stenplanet&quot; et &quot;jordlik planet&quot; synonyma sunt, equidem malo titulum q.e. '''Planeta terrestris''', ut proponunt Andreas et Iacobus. Sin autem ''jordlik planet''/''planeta terrestris'' non solum ''planetam lapideum'' (stenplanet) significat sed etiam ''planetam glacialem'' (isplanet) atque opinabilem ''planetam carboneum'' (kolplanet), ut videtur ''Rursus'' in disputatione commentationis Suecicae dicere, nescio an distinctis egeamus commentationibus. Sed ego de planetis parum scio, ut possim aliquid certi dicere. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 21:18, 17 Martii 2014 (UTC)
: Ut exactius opinionem meam proponam: Puto '''''Planetam terrestrem''''', quo plurimae linguae vicipaedianae utuntur, melius dici quam ''planetam lapideum''. Siquidem non solum planetae lapidei sed etiam planetae glaciales et planetae carbonei terrestres (= terrae similes) sunt, eo magis suadeo, ut ''planetà terrestri'' utamur titulo. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 07:17, 18 Martii 2014 (UTC)

== See Ashford and die ==
I noticed your [[Asfordia]], [[Simona Weil]]'s place of death. I also notice that according to en:wiki &quot;in 2005 it was voted the fourth-best place to live in the United Kingdom&quot;, which being the case, I'm happy to be living in France. Did you have a source for &quot;Asfordia&quot; or were you keeping your fingers crossed? I intend to continue creating pages for southern English towns soon, so it would be handy to know. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 13:15, 18 Martii 2014 (UTC)
: Yes, I have, though it'd be rather easy to derive ''-fordia'' from ''-ford'' by the crossed-fingers method, too: [http://books.google.fi/books?id=qVgVtB3Bs5cC&amp;pg=PA104&amp;lpg=PA104&amp;dq=asfordia+anglia&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=BQ8Cf9_pFg&amp;sig=cDBiR6YDyPyqmx1Ps5fPkTLLdD0&amp;hl=fi&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=82soU8zyEqOBywOb9YGYDw&amp;ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&amp;q=asfordia%20anglia&amp;f=false ''Universus terrarum orbis scriptorum calamo delineatus'', 1713, p.104]. I selected ''Asfordia'' instead of ''Asphordia'', which smacks of hypercorrectism. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 16:15, 18 Martii 2014 (UTC)
::How right you are. Thank you! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 17:30, 18 Martii 2014 (UTC)

== I moved back ... ==
... Chantiliacum to [[Cantiliacum]]. I wrote at the time of your earlier move that I didn't see any real reason for it, and that &quot;Cantiliacum&quot; accords better with the linguistic history. You didn't reply (maybe you never saw my comment) -- but if you disagree now, by all means say so ([[Disputatio:Cantiliacum]])! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 15:51, 22 Aprilis 2014 (UTC)
: Oh, I didn't ever see your comment. Sorry! My primary concern was finding one or more Latin sources for ''Chantilly'', and by change I ran across ''Chantiliacum'' in a few sources. I'm glad that you found sources for ''Cantiliacum''. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 16:21, 22 Aprilis 2014 (UTC)
::At [[Abiacum (Carantonus)]] I assumed that the distinction  between ''i'' and ''j'' wasn't important to you, and I moved to our usual ''i''. I hope that was OK. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 12:49, 2 Maii 2014 (UTC)
::: OK with me. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 17:30, 2 Maii 2014 (UTC)

==''Dans mon corps''==
Salve, mi Neander! Curnam [https://la.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dans_mon_corps&amp;diff=2781262&amp;oldid=2781161 tibi displicet] verborum Francogallicorum conversionem Latinam lectoribus nostris offerre? [[Usor:Mattie|Mattie]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Mattie|disputatio]]) 16:08, 17 Augusti 2014 (UTC)
:Similiter [https://la.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=L%27era_del_cinghiale_bianco&amp;diff=2781264&amp;oldid=2781165 verba Italiana]. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 16:21, 17 Augusti 2014 (UTC)
:: Credidi nos Vicipaedianos plerumque plurilingues esse, sed fortasse erravi. Interpretationem Latinam restitui. ¶  Iacobe, interpretatio Latina &quot;L'era del cinghiale bianco&quot; in capitulo &quot;Cantiones&quot; est. Nonne semel sat sapienti est? [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 19:48, 17 Augusti 2014 (UTC)

== Itseironia-apua ==
Hei! Olen suomenkielisessä Wikipediassa nyt kovasti mielenkiinnon kohteena, jossa nimeni nousee esille vähän joka paikassa. Tarvitsisin apua itseironisen lauseen muodostamisessa, jonka tulisi kuitenkin avautua myös ei-latinisteille. Siihen varmaankin sopii tuo klassinen &quot;...Carthaginem esse delendam&quot;, josta on ollutkin jo puhe. Haluaisin muodostettavaksi sellaisen lauseen, että voisin humoristisesti sanoa, että kiistakumppanini tuntuu päättävän jokaisen lauseen sanoihin &quot;Ceterum censeo Pxos esse ''[jalustaltaan poistettava / vallasta syöstävä / esto annettava]''&quot;. Jos löydät jonkun verbin, joka ei mene liian kauaksi herätteestä &quot;delendam&quot;, se olisi hauskaa. --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 16:14, 25 Septembris 2014 (UTC) Lisäys: Tai no myönnetään suoraan, ei tuo taida itseironiaa olla lainkaan, mutta kuitenkin. Jos tämä saa sinut tuntemaan itsesi asekauppiaaksi, jätä pyyntö tekemättä :) --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 16:18, 25 Septembris 2014 (UTC)
: Salve! Enpä ole pitkään aikaan vieraillut suomenkielisellä osastolla, joten en yhtään tunne taustaa. No, asekauppiaan moraalia tai ei, niin kovasti aina innostun kaikenlaisesta kääntämisestä. Vallasta syöksemisen ilmaisuksi sopisi keskiajan latinan ''dethronare'' (variantti ''dethronizare''), joka on siitä kätevä, että kaikki sen tuntee englannin lävitse. Eli siis: &quot;Ceterum censeo Pxos esse dethronandum&quot; (tai &quot;dethronizandum&quot;). Ei kai tässä tosiaan itseironiasta ole kyse, mutta ironian puolella varmaan liikut, kun annat ymmärtää muidenkin Caton lailla harrastavan takovaa mainontaa. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 17:09, 25 Septembris 2014 (UTC)

:: Thanksis! Onko muuten nimestäni &quot;Pxos&quot; olemassa jotain vokatiivimuotoa? --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 19:47, 25 Septembris 2014 (UTC)
::: Latinan taivutussysteemin kannalta nikkisi on sen verran läpikuultamaton, että on luontevinta hahmottaa se taipumattomaksi substantiiviksi. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 20:34, 25 Septembris 2014 (UTC)

Käytin wikilöinnin toimintaa kuvaamaan kontaminaatiofraasia &quot;''O sancta wikitas''&quot;. Pyytäisin päivystäjän lausuntoa siitä. --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 12:08, 14 Octobris 2014 (UTC)
: Ensiksi ryppyotsaisen teoreetikon vastaus: ''-itas''-suffiksilla muodostetaan adjektiiveista substantiiveja, kuten tuon tunnetun ''o sancta simplicitas'' -fraasin viimeinen sana: ''simplex'' (vartalo ''simplic-'') 'yksinkertainen' → ''simplicitas''. Pikku probleema on siinä, että ''wikitas'' 'wikisyys' -sanasta puuttuu vastaava adjektiivi, josta se olisi muodostettu. Mutta what the hell, ihan hyvä lohkaisu tuo ''o sancta wikitas'', kun se perustuu niin vahvaan malliin, jossa tulkinnan sävyä ohjaava konteksti on valmiina. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 16:21, 14 Octobris 2014 (UTC)

::Hieno vastaus, varsinkin sen viimeinen virke. Kuten huomaat, minulla alkaa olla wikipediassa ns. kivaa. Kun osaat ruotsiakin, kysyn vielä, voiko sanan &quot;puupää&quot; kääntää kirjaimellisesti muotoon &quot;vedhuvud&quot;. Varmaan voi, mutta kuulostaako tuo luontevalta sanalta. En etsi typeryksen käännöstä vaan sellaista, jolla on pää tehty puusta. --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 18:19, 14 Octobris 2014 (UTC)
::: Pitäisi varmaan tulla vähän tiirailemaan, miten kivaa siellä wikipediassa oikein onkaan tätä nykyä. 'Puupää' on tavanomaisena haukkumasanana ruotsiksi ''träskalle''. ''Vedhuvud'' ei tule kysymykseen, koska (1) ''ved'' tarkoittaa lähinnä polttopuuta, (2) ruotsinkielinen fokusoi siihen, että haukuttavan henkilön pään kova tukiosa (eli kallo, ''skalle'') on puusta eikä luusta. ''Vedhuvud'' kuulostaa lievästi sanoen kryptiseltä, samoin kylläkin myös ''vedskalle''. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 20:57, 14 Octobris 2014 (UTC)

== supellex ==
Salve Neander! Numerus pluralis vocabuli ''supellex'' linguae classicae haud affinis esse mihi quidem videtur. Suntne testimonia huius rei? Gratias agens [[Usor:Bavarese|Bavarese]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bavarese|disputatio]]) 22:57, 2 Decembris 2014 (UTC)
: Profecto recte dicis, Bavarese! Hic mea lingua materna (ubi vocabulum aequale paene ''plurale tantum'' est) me in errorem induxit. Cotidie novis exemplis docemur. Tibi gratias ago! [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 03:41, 3 Decembris 2014 (UTC)
::Traupman: 'piece of furniture' = ''pars supellectilis.'' [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 14:18, 3 Decembris 2014 (UTC)
::: ''Pars supellectilis'' nusquam attestatum esse videtur. Timeo, ne usus Anglophonorum (''piece of furniture'') in Latinitatem Traupmannianam irrepserit. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 21:14, 3 Decembris 2014 (UTC)

== Global account ==

Salve Neander. As a [[:m:Stewards|Steward]] I'm involved in the upcoming [[:m:Help:Unified login|unification]] of all accounts organized by the Wikimedia Foundation (see [[:m:Single User Login finalisation announcement]]). By looking at [[Special:CentralAuth/Neander|your account]], I realized that you don't have a global account yet. In order to secure your name, I recommend you to create such account on your own by submitting your password on [[Special:MergeAccount]] and unifying your local accounts. If you have any problems with doing that or further questions, please don't hesitate to contact me on my [[User talk:DerHexer|talk page]]. Vale, —[[Usor:DerHexer|DerHexer]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;small&gt;[[Disputatio Usoris:DerHexer|(Disp.)]]&lt;/small&gt; 21:49, 16 Ianuarii 2015 (UTC)

== umerus / humerus ==
Salve neander,

gratias tibi ago propter contributionem tuam ad paginam '''Umerus (os)''' factam, quam antea ego mutavi. Et mihi erat forma antiqua ''umerus'' de lectionibus linguae Latinae familiaris. In professione mea autem medici semper et ubique formam ''humeros'' incontro. Credo, quod disputandum est, utrum in nostra encyclopedia vocabula medicinae secundum nomenclaturam hodiernam ubique terrarum adhibitam an secundum fontes primos Latinitatis classicae uti praeferimus. Te in noctem borealem saluto
[[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bis-Taurinus|disputatio]]) 17:14, 24 Ianuarii 2015 (UTC)
: Salve, Bis-Taurine! Tuam opinionem intellego magnique aestimo. Idcirco paulisper dubitavi, an operae pretium esset titulum a te iam mutatum denuo mutare, nam temere agere nolo. Cum quidem hoc vocabulo utamur non solum de rebus anatomicis disserentes sed etiam metaphorice loquentes aut res perquam cotidianas tractantes — sicut, puta, cum aliquam aliquemve dicimus &quot;albis umeris nitere&quot; aut &quot;nudo umero aliquid portare&quot; — mihi visum est eà formà uti lemmate, quà auctores antiqui plerumque usi sunt. Nihilo minus per me licet utramlibet formam adhibeamus secundum cuiusque gustum. Titulum quidem mutavi, sed si quis in commentatione scribenda &quot;humerum&quot; scripserit, longe abest, ut ''h'' litteram delendam censeam. Immo, si in hoc textu de quo agimus &quot;humerum&quot; scribere mavis, nil obstat, quin meas mutationes mutes (dummodo praesens remaneat titulus). Valde gaudeo te, hominem Latine callentem, Vicipaediam Latinam scientià tua augere. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 07:21, 25 Ianuarii 2015 (UTC)

== Veto oo ==
Hei! Voisitko tulla ajattelemaan ääneen suomenkieliseen Wikipediaan, kielenhuoltosivulle [[:fi:Wikipedia:Kahvihuone_(kielenhuolto)#Vetoo-oikeus_ja_latinan_painomerkit|vetó-oikeutta pohtimaan]]. --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 19:59, 24 Martii 2015 (UTC)

Auguramuksis! (Mitähän kiitos mahtaa olla sivistyskielillä? Approximoin jotain sinne päin.) --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 21:45, 26 Martii 2015 (UTC)

== De duabus reculis ==

Tibi in pagina usoris mea respondi.[[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bis-Taurinus|disputatio]]) 20:31, 4 Aprilis 2015 (UTC)

== Pharnavaz I of Iberia ==

Gratias tibi ago--[[Usor:Helveticus montanus|Helveticus montanus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Helveticus montanus|disputatio]]) 19:02, 2 Maii 2015 (UTC)

== Havis Amanda? ==
Onkos patsaan [[:fi:Havis_Amanda#Aihe.2C_nimet_ja_nimitykset|Havis Amanda]] sana &quot;havis&quot; leikkilatinaa? Siis otettu ruotsin sana &quot;hav&quot;, johon on ympätty latinasta tuttu genetiivimuoto? Aika hauska. --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 15:24, 10 Maii 2015 (UTC)
: Totta puhuen leikkilatinaolettamus tuntuu aika kaukaa haetulta. Itse olen aina kuvitellut, että ''Havis Amanda'' on ruotsinkielinen nimitys. ''Havis'' käy ihan hyvin ruotsinkielisestä slangisanasta. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 16:42, 10 Maii 2015 (UTC)

== [[Disputatio:Africa Austrina]] ==
Salve, Neander! An placita tua ibi addere vis? [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 09:02, 19 Maii 2015 (UTC)

== Moron ==
Jostain ihme syystä pidän sinua kielenkäytön ylimestarina. En tiedä miksi. No joka tapauksessa, onko sinulle ilmeisesti suomea ja ruotsia loistavasti osaavana ihmisenä tuttu slangitervehdys &quot;moron&quot; merkityksessä &quot;terve, huomenta&quot;? Juuri tuossa kirjoitusasussa. Suomenkielisessä Wikipediassa on pohdittu, onko sana ensisijaisesti englantia (= ääliö) vai suomenruotsin slangia. Toki se on molempia, mutta kertoilepa sinä jotain ajatuksiasi. Mikäs tuli ensimmäisenä tuosta otsikosta mieleen? --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 11:17, 4 Iunii 2015 (UTC)
: Ylimestari — heh, kuulostaa vapaamuurarititteliltä. Kirjoitusasun ''moron'' nähdessäni tulkitsin sen mielessäni ''moro''-tervehdyksen muunnokseksi. Ruotsissahan on yleinen aamutervehdys ''gomorron'', ja on aika vaikea olla ajattelematta, että ''moro(n)'' tulee jotenkin tästä tervehdyksestä. ¶  Katsoin Wikipedian puolelta sinun ja Otrfanin keskustelua. Jos ''moron''-kirjoitusasun katsoo oletusarvoisesti englanniksi (ja on lisäksi omaksunut tänne rantautuneen loukkaantumiskulttuurin eetoksen), niin täytyy todeta, että taitaapa joku katsella tätä maailmaa vähän liikaakin englannin silmälasien lävitse. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 17:53, 4 Iunii 2015 (UTC)

== af Brunér ==
WP: [https://fi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edvard_Jonas_Wilhelm_af_Brun%C3%A9r&amp;type=revision&amp;diff=15038934&amp;oldid=15038917] ja hae sitten Googlella kirjan ''De clientelae apud Romanos sub Caesaribus ratione'' kansilehti. Miksi äijän nimi on suuremmalla kirjan kannessa kuin maisterin nimi? Ei taida olla tekijä vaan kenties kustos? Vai kuinka lienee? --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 13:13, 30 Iunii 2015 (UTC)
: Oppihistorialliset tietoni ovat niin vaatimattomat, etten uskalla sanoa paljon mitään. Kansilehti tosiaan antaa ymmärtää, että Brunér olisi ollut tilaisuuden puheenjohtaja tai kustos ja Synnerberg työn puolustaja. Onko Synnerberg myös tutkielman ainut tekijä, jää viisaampien pääteltäväksi. Porthan kai aikoinaan kirjoitti dissertaatiot itse, ja opiskelijoiden tehtäväksi jäi niiden julkinen puolustaminen, mutta en tiedä, miten väikkäreitä 1800-luvun alussa tehtiin. Jos Brunér oli vain tilaisuuden kustos, nimen näkyvämpi asemointi saattaisi johtua korkeammasta asemasta akateemisessa hierarkiassa. Tämä on tietysti löyhää spekulointia, jota kuka tahansa pystyy harrastamaan. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 05:24, 1 Iulii 2015 (UTC)

:: Hullummaksi menee. Tajusin vasta nyt, että asiaahan voi katsoa myös Synnerbergin matrikkelitiedoista sivulta [http://www.helsinki.fi/keskusarkisto/virkamiehet_2/index.htm Helsingin yliopiston opettaja- ja virkamiesmatrikkeli 1640-1917]. No jos siellä olevassa julkaisuluettelossa lyhenne &lt;tt&gt;vk.&lt;/tt&gt; tarkoittaa väitöskirjaa, niin maisteri Synnerberg on tehnyt niitä peräti kaksi vuosina 1865 ja 1866, mutta näistä ponnistuksistaan huolimatta, mikäli tiedot pitävät paikkansa, hän sai filosofian lisensiaatin arvon vasta kahden vuoden kuluttua 1868 ja tohtorin arvon 1869. Ei näistä ota selvää: mies tekee kaksi väikkäriä ja jää edelleen maisteriksi. Toisaalta af Brunér oli jo tohtori ja professori, joten hän ei enää muodollisesti tarvinnut omaa väitöskirjaa enää mihinkään. Non intellegit Hercules – ei tästä ota Erkkikään selvää. --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 09:59, 1 Iulii 2015 (UTC)
:: Samaa rahvaan spekulointia: kyseessä on sanan &quot;dissertatio&quot; suomennos väitöskirjaksi, vaikka ensimmäinen oli Synnerbergin dissertaatio lisensiaatin arvon vuoksi ja toinen oli dissertaatio tohtoriksi. Sitten jostain syystä arvojen myöntäminen viivästyi niin, että vuoden 1865 dissertaatiosta (''De clientelae apud Romanos...'') hän sai FL-paperit v. 1868 ja toisesta dissertaatiosta (1866) tohtorin paperit vuonna 1869. Toisaalta tällainen kolmen vuoden viivekin tuntuu aivan järjettömältä. Mahtoivatko esi-isät kirjoittaa väitöskirjoiksi kutsuttuja, julkisesti puolustettavia tutkielmia ihan rutiinilla samaan tapaan kuin nykyään tehdään peer reviewed -tyyppisiä julkaisuja ammattilehtiin? Emmätiiä. --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 10:12, 1 Iulii 2015 (UTC)

::: Ottaen huomioon, että Saksa on aikanaan ollut suomalaisen eurooppalaisuuden tärkein kiinnekohta, saan noista peräkkäisistä dissertaatioista sen vaikutelman, että on kyse väitöskirjan jälkeisestä habilitoitumisesta (Habilitationsschrift), joka varmistaa, ettei tyyppi ole pelkkä tusinatohtori, vaan sovelias antamaan omalla alallaan ns. korkeinta opetusta keneltäkään lupaa kysymättä. Suomessa tällainen habilitoituminen vastaa dosentin arvon saamista, mikä periaatteessa edellyttää toisen väitöskirjan vertaista tutkimuspanosta. Tämä on siis teoriaa, sillä harvalle dosentille nykyään löytyy liksaa opetuksen järjestämiseksi. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 15:45, 1 Iulii 2015 (UTC)

== De Sibelio ==
Salve, mi Martine. An [https://la.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Disputatio_Vicipaediae:Pagina_mensis&amp;diff=prev&amp;oldid=2923508 Sibelium e certamine paginarum mensualium delere] voluisti, aut fortasse nomen emendare? [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:03, 1 Augusti 2015 (UTC)
: Delevi, nam pertinaci opinionum controversià (v. novissimam disputationem) oblectationem amisi. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 14:14, 1 Augusti 2015 (UTC)
::A! Mi paenitet. Dixerim ego melius esse pergere. Nonnulli nomina varia ad initium enumerare praeferunt, aliis subiungere malentibus. Commentatio perfecta, mea mente, stylum primarum sententiarum per se iustificabit. Haec autem sine dubio tu tibi iam dixisti ... [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:52, 1 Augusti 2015 (UTC)

== De mutationibus celatis ==
Respondi in pagina disputationis mea. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 12:03, 6 Octobris 2015 (UTC)
:The edit titled &quot;Julgubben&quot; was written by me. The stupid interface had terminated my session and logged me out, so my IP address was recorded in the logs as well as in the signature that followed the post. By the contents of the edit it would have been a very easy task indeed to connect the IP address to my user name, so therefore I asked a Wikimedia steward to suppress (oversight) the edit from the page history in accordance with Section&amp;nbsp;1 of the [[meta:Oversight_policy#Use|global policy on suppression]] &lt;small&gt;(Removal of non-public personal information)&lt;/small&gt;. Even the local administrators cannot see the contents now since it has been hidden from administrators as well as regular users. I decided not to make the edit again as it was not important and I didn't want to connect my name to the edit. But I guess I owe you at least an explanation to clear out the confusion that dwells in the minds of local magistrates. --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 13:12, 6 Octobris 2015 (UTC)
::Well, thanks for explaining. I had no idea that an edit might get suppressed for that reason. You live and learn. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 13:30, 6 Octobris 2015 (UTC)
::: Yesterday evening I had enough circumstantial evidence (the title plus an IP adress echoed in my email) for guessing that it might have been you, Pxos. I'm always ready to answer questions that our 0100100 is unable to answer. 😊 [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 17:33, 6 Octobris 2015 (UTC)
:::: I'll get to Mr. Yule Gubb later, but what you said about my IP address is interesting. I understand that you got an email where the IP address is still plainly visible — but how that is also part of the evidence, I cannot fathom. Have you seen that IP address or rather, similar IP addresses before that were used by me? Does the e-mail notification somehow tell you my IP address when I write to you here on your talk page? But yes, evidence can be damaging: by gathering tiny bits of information one can do wonders. --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 17:50, 6 Octobris 2015 (UTC)
::::: Well, it was of course a piece of cake to figure out from the IP address, roughly, where the epistula interrupta was sent out from, but you're right: technically, it wasn't circumstantial, because I had no way of connecting you with the address. If anything, it only helped in narrowing down the range of search.  [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 19:15, 6 Octobris 2015 (UTC)

== Carpus ossaque eius ==
Bis-Taurinus Neandro aestimato salutem!

Mihi praestare videtur, ut carpus et ossa eius in una commentatione unita sint. Ergo articulum ita recensui. In libris meis carpus et regionem corporis et articulum manus et octo ossa carpalia significare potest.
Redigens passim omnes stipulas medicinae hanc praeterii, quia in stipulis biologiae abdita erat.
Spero, ut valeas! [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bis-Taurinus|disputatio]]) 21:14, 28 Octobris 2015 (UTC)

{{Iubilaeum Vicipaedianorum}} [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 18:37, 1 Ianuarii 2016 (UTC)

== Qui hoc nomen habuerint/habeant ==
Burzuchius Neandro s.p.d.
&quot;Qui hoc nomen habuerint/habeant&quot;. Cur in hac phrasi coniunctivus adhibendus est? [[Usor:Burzuchius|Burzuchius]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Burzuchius|disputatio]]) 17:40, 5 Ianuarii 2016 (UTC)
: Salve, Burzuchi! Constat in quaestionibus subordinatis utendum esse [[coniunctivus|modo coniunctivo]]: ''Quaeritur, qui hoc nomen habeant/habuerint''. In titulis autem coniunctivus adhibetur, si quaestio subauditur: ''Qui hoc nomen habeant/habuerint'' (''quaeritur''). Sed titulum etiam ita intellegere possumus, ut simplicem indicet indicem hominum vel rerum: ''Ei, qui hoc nomen habent/habuerunt'' ⇒ ''Qui hoc nomen habent/habuerunt''. Credo utramque rationem valere, quamquam coniunctivum prevalere puto. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 18:13, 5 Ianuarii 2016 (UTC)
:: Multas gratias ago! [[Usor:Burzuchius|Burzuchius]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Burzuchius|disputatio]]) 19:31, 5 Ianuarii 2016 (UTC)

== Keisarinnankivi ==
Hei taas! Helsingissä olevassa [[:fi:Keisarinnankivi|keisarinnankivessä]] on latinaa. Toisessa artikkelissa oli [https://fi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aleksandra_Fjodorovna_%28Charlotte%29&amp;curid=201717&amp;diff=15502961&amp;oldid=15188093 eri muoto tekstistä]. Asiaan liittyy vielä se, että teksti [[:fi:Keskustelu:Keisarinnankivi|ilmeisesti oli välillä Ö-mapissa]]. Kysynkin, oliko tuossa diffissä ollut, minun poistamani muotoilu ihan virheetöntä latinaa. --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 15:09, 2 Februarii 2016 (UTC)
: Salve! Kuinka monta kertaa olenkaan fillaroinut kyseisen monumentin ohi kuitenkaan pysähtymättä sitä ihmettelemään! Eihän postamasi teksti tosiaankaan vastannut viitteen tekstiä ''Imperatrici Alexandrae Metropolin Finlandiae primum adventati die XXIX Maji X Juni MDCCCXXXIII''. Siinä oli kaksi (kirjoitus?)virhettä, joista toinen on myös Taidemuseon sivulla siteeratussa tekstissä. Outo on nimittäin sanamuoto ''adventati''. Kun minulla ei ole mitään syytä uskoa, ettei julkisen monumentin kirjoittaja olisi osannut latinaa, vieritän nyt tentatiivisesti syyn sille, joka on tekstin Taidemuseon sivulle kopioinut. Arvatakseni sanasta puuttuu yksi kirjain: ''adventa'''n'''ti'' ('saapuneelle'). [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 19:14, 2 Februarii 2016 (UTC)
:: Mikä muoto on &quot;Helsingforside&quot;? --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 08:11, 3 Februarii 2016 (UTC)
::: Ei mikään. Tekstikriittisesti helpoin arvaus on, että olisi tarkoitettu datiivimuotoa ''Helsingforsiae'' ('Hkiin'), joka on mahdollinen ''advento'' ('saavun') -verbin yhteydessä. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 10:27, 3 Februarii 2016 (UTC)
==[[Medicina succursoria]]==
Hi Neander,kindly indicate what you find wrong or suspicious. Is there a reason why we shouldn't fix this. Thanks.[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) 17:17, 13 Februarii 2016 (UTC)
: OK but to save time, please, I need an English version (in the discussion page) of what you're saying in the article. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 17:29, 13 Februarii 2016 (UTC)
::Awesome! Thank you for your response. Non superbus videri velim sed sentio latinam meam satis sit. Si fallor, autem minime praecor me indicare.Gratias. I will then make those intended ideas to be expressed , in English.[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) 17:43, 13 Februarii 2016 (UTC)

== Leikkivokatiivipyyntö ==
Tarvitsen leikkilatinaksi vokatiivin käyttäjänimestä &quot;Urjanhai&quot;. Keksin sellaisen itse: &quot;Uriane!&quot; Onko mitään järkeä? Ei sen tarvitse olla oikein, koska kyseessä on pelkkä hupailu, mutta voisiko tuo latinan sääntöjen mukaan edes olla mahdollinen muoto. --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 09:31, 18 Aprilis 2016 (UTC)
: Kyllähän Urjanhai suostumuksellaan voisi olla taiteilijanimeltään Urianus, ja tuolloin vokatiivi olisi ilman muuta Uriane. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 10:52, 18 Aprilis 2016 (UTC)
==  [[ Transplantatio organorum‎]] ==
Neander, thank you for your help on improving the articles, like amputatio. Could I ask what you think is incorrect or not understandable with Transplantatio ? Best regards.--[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) 07:23, 3 Iulii 2016 (UTC)
: Hi, Jondel. The &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Latinitas|-5}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; tag was added by Iacobus precisely three months ago. I suggest you ask him. Best, [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 12:34, 3 Iulii 2016 (UTC)
Well if you don't know why it should be there, you shouldn't mind if I remove then. I am asking nicely why you think there should be a latinatis. I am not asking Iacobus. You know this thing of you asking me to ask Iacobus really is a form of cabalism. By the way, I made some changes since then. It is unfair that keep me in the dark about what is wrong, since I work very hard on the quality of Latin and I've been here quite a long time already.--[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) 15:38, 3 Iulii 2016 (UTC)
: The Latinity of the article isn't flawless, I'm sorry to say. Therefore, in the interest of casual readers, it should have a caveat. But, cabalistically or not, I'd rather let Iacobus explain his verdict (&quot;-5&quot;), if he so wishes. Notice that putting a Latinity assessment doesn't, in itself, enjoin him (or me) to correcting the article. ¶ If you want my help, please, help me first by putting the text in English in the discussion page. It's easier to re-translate than write a bunch of haphasard remarks. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 16:57, 3 Iulii 2016 (UTC)
I don't claim flawlessness but I am checking and rechecking , at least until I feel that should be pretty good. I left a request to Iacobus. I will work on the English version. It is 1am here and I have work during the  day but will work on this when I get back from work. I feeel you don't have to retranslate  but will leave an English version.--[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) 17:06, 3 Iulii 2016 (UTC)

==familiariter utitur==
Neander I just want to express that I appreciate your involvement, advice and research about this usage and hope you continue doing this kind of research and involvement here at wikipedia.--[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) 08:55, 3 Iulii 2016 (UTC)
: Thanks! [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 12:36, 3 Iulii 2016 (UTC)

==dubsigs==
Salve , ut vales? May encourage you to continue placing dubsigs, they are very  useful both for learning and fixing the latin. I may be working to fix the nympha marina, for example to replace ascitur with collegitur or additus.Thanks and best regards.--[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) 01:12, 7 Augusti 2016 (UTC)
: Salve Jondel. Those dubsigs were not mine, but I tried to help by making several corrections (btw, ''a(d)scire'' means 'associate' in the sense of accepting as a comrade or partner). Vale, [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 06:43, 7 Augusti 2016 (UTC)
Aaa. How do you say  'is associated with danger and death'?  I am trying the online glosbe.Thanks for the advice.--[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) 07:13, 7 Augusti 2016 (UTC)
: By means of the verb ''conectere'' (see the [[nympha marina|text]]). [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 07:46, 7 Augusti 2016 (UTC)
::That is very helpful, thanks!--[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) 20:04, 14 Septembris 2016 (UTC)

== [[Fanum Sancti Boni]] ==
Salve, amice Neander; in lingua latina omnia toponyma cum nomine sanctorum ''Fanum'' praefixus debeant habere.--[[Usor:Nuada|Nuada]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Nuada|disputatio]]) 17:02, 14 Septembris 2016 (UTC)

==Myrias==
FYI: The cuts you've recently made in [[Utilitarismus]] have cost us a point in the 10K rankings. Maybe you're planning to add some new text? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 11:29, 9 Octobris 2016 (UTC)
: I'm sorry if my bona fide intentions have marred some statistics. I haven't set my mind to racing. There's enough racing in my academic life. I'm staying here as long as I can feel the contrast. Yes, I'm planning to add some new text (as I did today, as a matter of fact, though the net result was negative), in due time. You're free to add whatever you want to counterpoise the loss. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 14:55, 9 Octobris 2016 (UTC)
::For whatever reason, we slipped from 49th to 50th in the latest 10K ranking. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 13:36, 18 Novembris 2016 (UTC)

== De universitatibus ==
I'm happy with your move to [[Schola normalis superior (Lutetia)]]. A consequence follows from it, at least to my mind. If we agree on the use of lower-case initials in similar cases, we should move all universities and schools, and their categories, to match. Otherwise, those who create new articles -- as many do in this subject area -- won't have consistent examples to follow. Would you agree? 

If so, we should make sure that UV (the human) is happy to help with the change, because UVbot (the android) could perform most of it automatically. There are about 2000 relevant categories, the great majority created by me. The rule I adopted was the same that I learned as a cataloguer in an English library (&quot;give an initial capital to all significant words in names of institutions&quot;) but I am sure the rule you have championed here is better suited to Latin text.

We would also need to agree on the details. My initial thought is to lower the case for all common words (thus &quot;Alumni scholae normalis superioris (Lutetia)&quot;) but to capitalize words that derive from personal and geographical names (thus &quot;Alumni universitatis Radbodianae&quot; and &quot;Alumni universitatis Londiniensis&quot;). What's the right answer for &quot;Alumni Scholae Chartarum&quot; (in Paris), &quot;Alumni Studii Urbis&quot; (in Rome of course) and &quot;Alumni Scholae Carthusianae&quot;? [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 13:07, 18 Novembris 2016 (UTC)

:Outside the continent in which you folks live, partial capitalizing looks odd, perhaps because it ignores a distinction made by languages that have definite &amp; indefinite articles.
::Schola Normalis Superior = (the) Upper Standard School
::schola normalis superior = (an) upper standard school
::Schola normalis superior = (what?) upper standard School
:Capitalizing the generic word (''Schola'') instead of the defining adjectives (''normalis superior'') is quite the opposite of what you're advocating for ''Aegaeum mare'' and similar phrases: if the noun is so important, why not ''aegaeum Mare''? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 13:36, 18 Novembris 2016 (UTC)
:::::I don't think anyone has said that nouns, in particular, should have an initial capital. That's rather a German practice.&lt;ref&gt;A propos, see the very informative contribution by 80.133.114.141 at [[Disputatio:Iracum]], written in fluent English but following the German capitalization rule. I've never seen it done that way before.&lt;/ref&gt; In the Wiki pagename &quot;Schola normalis superior&quot; the &quot;S&quot; would always be capitalized because Wiki software gives no option, just as in the category name &quot;Alumni scholae normalis superioris&quot; there has to be a capital &quot;A&quot;. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 12:41, 20 Novembris 2016 (UTC)
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
::::::Yes, the software capitalizes the lemma, but the rest of the text doesn't have to. Anyway, the software may change for version 2.0—much as the OED, which capitalized all lemmata in its first edition, lowercases nonproper lemmata in the current one. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 14:20, 20 Novembris 2016 (UTC)
:::::::I agree with every word! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 17:10, 20 Novembris 2016 (UTC)
::: There is a strong tendency to conform to the English practice in titles. For instance, before my intervention, ''École nationale des chartes'' was written &quot;[[Schola Chartarum]]&quot; or &quot;Chartarum Schola&quot;, as if the natural model to follow in Latin were English. While I'm fully aware of those social psychological mechanisms that generate the routine way of taking the English practice as the paragon of nearly everything, I still took the liberty of following the French practice of using lower-case initials, all the more so as the same prctice is observed in philological editions of Latin authors. Personally, I'm all for Andrew's proposal, which is largely in line with ''usus philologorum'' (though I have oftentimes written &quot;in Universitate X&quot;, in order not to appear too outlandish, given the practice of capitalising the names of universities, firmly establlished not only in Vicipaedia but also elsewhere (''Ephemeris'', ''Nuntii Latini'', both vacillang). It is clear that if we lower the case for schools, the same should go for universities, too. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 09:26, 20 Novembris 2016 (UTC)

By lowercasing the ''U'' in ''Universitas,'' we're bumping up here against another wikipedian rule, or at least a rule of politeness: to call people what they call themselves. Harvard apparently calls itself ''Universitas Harvardiana,'' not ''universitas Harvardiana,'' or at least its classicists did in 2008.&lt;ref&gt;[http://classics.fas.harvard.edu/files/classics/files/nb_june_08.pdf Vide paginam sextam. Btw, page ten lauds a professor who, first as magister Domus Lowellianae, was for decades a mentor &amp; friend of someone you know.]&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly Brown University.&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.brown.edu/articles/2014/05/hdcitations ''Universitas Brunensis.'']  Incidentally, these academic degrees give us the name of BET Networks (''societas BET''), Berklee College of Music (''Collegium Musicorum'' [!] ''Berkleense''), Evergreen State College (''Collegium Civile'' [not ''Civicum''] ''Sempervirens''), jazz (''musica nomine iazensis''), MIT (''Institutum Technologiae Massachusettense ''), the Newbury Medal (''praemium Newberiense''), Santa Fe (''Sancta Fides''), the Secretary of Labor (''Minister Laboris''), sorority (''sodalitas feminarum''), the University of Utah (''Universitas Utah''), and Yale University (''Universitas Yalensis''). Some of these, of course, Vicipaedia already has. And while we're at it: note the nonliterality of passages like &quot;a time of blatant discrimination and institutionalized racism&quot; (''tempus quo leges iniquae constiterunt''), which one might be tempted to back-translate merely as 'a time when unfair laws prevailed'; thus, we miss out on an attestation of the Latin for ''racism.'' Similarly, Dr. Horwich's citation doesn't bother to attest &quot;Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and ALS.&quot; And so on.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 14:05, 20 Novembris 2016 (UTC)
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
:We've never had the rule &quot;follow the capitalization adopted by each institution&quot;. It would be chaotic, I think -- at the mercy of designers, copy-editors and marketing people. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 17:22, 20 Novembris 2016 (UTC)

== Leikkiarvosanoja ==
No niin, epätieteellinen keskustelu taas vuorossa koskien latinankielisiä arvosanoja. Koska kiittämättömyys on wikipedistinkin palkka, nyt pitäisi vähintään keskustelun sekaan saada hienonkuuloisia (''non sine lauden'' kaltaisia) latinankielisiä iskulauseita. Mieleen tulevat fraasit: &quot;ei kiitosta&quot;, &quot;ei moitteita&quot;, &quot;hyväksytty vaieten&quot; tai &quot;kiittämättä jättäen&quot;. Tai noista koostettu nasevuus. Tuollaisille olisi käyttöä. --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 19:56, 28 Novembris 2016 (UTC)
: Eipä ole tullut seuratuksi sikäläisiä keskusteluja, mutta ainakin voin heittää käännökset sinun esimerkkeihisi: &quot;ei kiitosta&quot; (''sine laude'' 'ilman kiitosta'), &quot;ei moitteita&quot; (''sine reprehensione'' 'ilman moitetta'), &quot;hyväksytty vaieten&quot; (''cum silentio approbatur''), &quot;kiittämättä jättäen&quot; (''neglectis laudibus''). [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 07:25, 29 Novembris 2016 (UTC)

:: Ajan takseja sinulle paljon eli grattis agon på gång! --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 10:32, 30 Novembris 2016 (UTC)

== Nollahutkimus ==
Tarvitsen taas leikkilatinaa. Kun on monille tuttu &quot;nollatutkimus&quot; ja sitten tuttu &quot;pro gradu&quot;, pitäisi saada humoristinen latinankielinen termi &quot;pro nulla&quot; -tutkimus. En vain tiedä, mihin muotoon sana väännetään. --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 14:15, 11 Decembris 2016 (UTC)
: Esittämäsi &quot;pro nulla&quot; sopii kyllä ihan hyvin, kun ajattelee sen olevan elliptinen lyhenne lausekkeesta &quot;pro nulla arte&quot; 'ei minkäänlaisen taidon ansiosta'. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 19:34, 11 Decembris 2016 (UTC)

== de San Rocco al Porto et nominibus similibus ==
Salve Neander! Nullo modo volui illam rixam de vocabulo ''fanum'' '(quam non observavi accuratius) redintegrare. Sed mihi ratio huius commendationis vicipaedianae de nominibus propriis, imprimis geographicis, haud perspicua fuit:
 
&quot;Nomina oppidorum etc. ad honorem sanctorum appellatorum, sicut
:San Francisco,
:[…]
:etc.
:Secundum nomenclatorem [1] et secundum haec [2][3], si fons Latinus non reperiri potest, sic vertantur:
:Fanum (seu urbs) Sancti Francisci 
:[…]&quot;

Sequentes cuiusmodi cogitationem vel praeceptum diiudicamus, utrum nobis dicto vocabulo utendum est an non? 
Si tibi paululo temporis non deest, me quaeso facias certiorem, ne neglegam consuetudines nostrates. Vale. --[[Usor:Bavarese|Bavarese]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bavarese|disputatio]]) 12:57, 6 Februarii 2017 (UTC)
:Permittite interruptionem meam! Haec commendatio iam non ad casum &quot;Sancti Rochi&quot; applicatur, quia fontem huius nominis nuper repperi. An commendationem ipsam modificare oportet, incertus sum ... [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 13:13, 6 Februarii 2017 (UTC)
::Dubito, an omnino suadendum sit, ut vocabulo ''fanum'' utamur. Testificatio deesse videtur.  Porro sane nemo dicat se in aliquo fano habitare (nisi re vera in fano vero habitat). --[[Usor:Bavarese|Bavarese]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bavarese|disputatio]]) 17:04, 6 Februarii 2017 (UTC)
::: Salve, Bavarese! Profecto rixam quandam habuimus cum Nuada, qui communionem nostram nunc reliquisse videtur. Is, siquidem illam quam citasti commendationem serviliter secutus mutationes &quot;fanaticas&quot; -- lege: fanum proferentes -- factitavit, vix prorsus errasse dici potest. Nempe profuisset, si hanc commendationem aliquatenus obrogassemus, nam ''urbs Sancti Francisci'' (&amp;c) mihi quidem haud displicet. Verumtamen constat urbes sanctorum saepe sine ''urbe'', nedum ''fano'', appellari, ut ex fonte ab Andrea nostro reperto apparet. Vale, [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 17:14, 6 Februarii 2017 (UTC)
:::: Profecto, Bavarese, de ''fano'' recte iudicas, mea quidem opinione. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 17:14, 6 Februarii 2017 (UTC)
:::::Nuada inconsulte &quot;fanum&quot; imponebat contra fontes, fontibus iam citatis, citationibus ergo falsificatis. Consuetudinem suam mutare nolit. His diebus Nuada a Vicipaedia abstinet (vide disputationem meam).
:::::Mea mente debemus in titulis nostris fontes rite citatos sequi. Si oppidum, nullis fontibus Latinis relatum, nomen sicut ''*Sankt Gregor'' habeat, apud Vicipaediam Theodiscam &quot;*St. Gregor (Bayern)&quot; nuncupabitur: cur non apud nos &quot;Sanctus Gregorius (Bavaria)&quot;? Nullam ambiguitatem creabimus. Ille enim episcopus, qui politicus etiam fuit et sicut alii politici res bonas malasque fecit, a nobis sine praeiudicio &quot;Gregorius Turonensis&quot; appellatur, non &quot;Sanctus Gregorius&quot;. (Aut si urbs magna tale nomen habeat, nomine &quot;*Dioecesis Sancti Gregorii&quot; rite citato, cur non apud nos &quot;Urbs Sancti Gregorii&quot;?) Opinionibus vestris perlectis, commendationem mutare suadeo. Verbum &quot;fanum&quot; certe a nonnullis scriptoribus recentioribus hoc sensu adhibitum est. Non est error. Est circumlocutio fortasse elegans sed titulis nostris haud idonea. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 10:11, 8 Februarii 2017 (UTC)
:::::: Locum disputativum commendationum meliorare conatus sum. Si quid perperam feci, emendate. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 15:00, 8 Februarii 2017 (UTC)

== Pro ongelma ==
Moi! Miten tuo latinasta napatun ''pro''-sanan käyttö nyt oikeaoppisesti sivistyspiireissä menikään? Jos kirjoitan ensin lauseen &quot;minulla on koiru, se sanoo hau hau&quot; ja haluan korjata jälkeenpäin sitä selityksen kera, kirjoitanko nyt a) korjasin virheen (''koiru'' pro ''koira'') vai b) korjasin virheen (''koira'' pro ''koiru'')? Tiedän osapuilleen, mitä &quot;pro&quot; tarkoittaa, mutta kun tyhmyyteni ei parane ilman asiantuntija-apua. --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 23:59, 6 Februarii 2017 (UTC)

: Moi! Otetaan lause &quot;Kirjoitin erehdyksessä ''koiran'' sijasta ''koiru''&quot;. Se olisi latinaksi &quot;Scripsi per errorem pro ''koira'', ''koiru''.&quot; Sekä suomessa että latinassa sanajärjestys on periaatteessa vapaa (eli lauseen väitesisältö säilyy), joten voitaisiin tietysti sanoa myös &quot;Kirjoitin erehdyksessä ''koiru'' ''koiran'' sijasta&quot; ja &quot;Scripsi per errorem ''koiru'' pro ''koira''. Molemmissa lauseissa sanojen looginen suhde säilyy: tässä tapauksessa &lt;small&gt;KORVATTAVA&lt;/small&gt; pro &lt;small&gt;KORVAAVA&lt;/small&gt;. Näin meillä siwistyspiireissä. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 07:39, 7 Februarii 2017 (UTC)

:: Kiitos taas sinulle. Loistavia vastauksia. Kun kielitaitoni on englannin läpikyllästämä, ei enää oikein ole varma eri jutuista. Kas kun minulta meni monta vuotta oppia tämä ero: &quot;Olen korvannut kahvijuomassani kuohukerman ''rasvattomalla maidolla''&quot; ''är på enska'' &quot;I have substituted ''skimmed milk'' for cream in my coffee&quot;. Keinotekoiset lauseet, mutta idea on selvä. Kun sitten rupesin liikaa pyörittelemään pro-sanaa, en enää tiennytkään mistään mitään. En lainkaan tiedä, mitä teet työksesi siinä elämässä, jossa aurinko paistaa, mutta voin antaa pienen bonuspisteen sanomalla, että olet tietoniekkana erittäin hyödyllinen täällä verkkomaailmassa. --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 23:58, 7 Februarii 2017 (UTC)

::: Kiitos, hyvä kun kelpasi. Tuo enkun ''substitute'' on tietysti omaksuttu latinasta ihan lauserakennetta myöten: ''I substitute X for Y'' = ''substituo X pro Y''&amp;thinsp; 'asetan X:n Y:n tilalle' (&quot;Substituo lac despumatum pro cremo in coffea mea&quot;). Suomen ''korvata''-verbi johtaa tosiaan tässä ajatukset harhaan. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 06:25, 8 Februarii 2017 (UTC)

:::: Ihminen on selkärankainen. Silloin kun [https://fi.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=Wikiaineisto:Kahvihuone&amp;curid=14&amp;diff=104008&amp;oldid=104005 jokin menee miettimättä oikein], niin voi olla onnellinen. Sitten kun on ehtinyt oppia väärät käsitykset, niin asiat menevät yleensä väärin. Tuo yhdessä aikaansaamamme &quot;''koirulus pro canis''&quot;&quot;-muistisääntö on kätevä. Myös latinankieliset esimerkkilauseesi ovat hyödyllisiä. --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 20:19, 8 Februarii 2017 (UTC)

== Leikkilatinaa taas kerran ==
Toivottavasti sivistyneistö ei urahda, kun joutuu huuhaatani aina lukemaan. No, panin kuitenkin mieleenjuolahtaneena keksintönä kysymyksen &quot;Anteeksi&amp;nbsp;quin&amp;nbsp;quo?&quot; eli siis &quot;anteeksi kuinka&quot; yhteen ketkusteluun. Katselin, että sanat ovat oikein, mutta saako tuosta mitään järkevää? Googlesta katsoin, että merkkijono &quot;quin quo&quot; tosiaan esiintyy virkkeiden keskellä, mutta yritän epätoivoisesti saada taustatukea sille, että tuo oli edes pikkuriikkisen huvittava tai pseudoälykäs. Foneettisesti tietysti &quot;quin qua&quot; olisi parempi, mutta en tuota tajunnut lennossa. Jostain olen muuten lukenut, että kieltä voi oppia myös leikkimällä. Tietty jos tuo on &quot;anteeksi miksei mitäh?&quot;, niin sitten olen päässyt siansaksassa kielitasolle A-1. --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 04:05, 14 Februarii 2017 (UTC)
: Eihän tässä mitään. &quot;Anteeksi kuinka!&quot; olisi latinaksi &quot;Ignosce mihi — quomodo?&quot; Tästä ''quomodo''-sanasta tulee muuten espanjan ''como'' ja italian ''come''. &quot;Quin quo&quot; ei oikeastaan tarkoita mitään, varsinkaan ilman lauseyhteyttä. ''Quin''-konjunktiota käytetään päälauseessa ilmaisemaan 'miksi ei', ja sivulauseessa se liittyy esimerkiksi 'estämistä' tarkoittaviin verbeihin: &quot;Prohibeo Marcum, '''quin''' veniat&quot; = &quot;Estän Markusta tule'''masta'''.&quot; ''Quo'' tarkoittaa adverbina 'minne?', tai jos sillä on pääsana, se tarkoittaa 'mikä' tai 'millainen': &quot;Quo in loco?&quot; = &quot;Missa paikassa?&quot; Kieltä voi ilman muuta oppia leikkimällä. Se on jopa suotavaa. Myös kääntäminen on tietynlaista leikkiä, jossa syntyvien moninaisten ongelmien ratkomisessa alkaa myös tajuta kieliopin tarpeellisuuden. Ulkoluku on tylsää ja tehotonta. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 12:07, 14 Februarii 2017 (UTC)
== [[Lien]] ==
Thank you Neander for your corrections!--[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) 01:55, 29 Iunii 2017 (UTC)

== Greek seas ==
That nice bathymetric map of the Aegean that you are using may soon get even nicer. I have in mind to create a version with Latin names instead of French. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:22, 16 Augusti 2017 (UTC)
: That's a good idea, Andrew! I would have done it myself but realised that there's too much to be learned before that. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 16:07, 16 Augusti 2017 (UTC)
::I had a try at a simpler one first, [[:File:Saronic Gulf map-la.svg]]. I'm not sure that it would look exactly the same on all browsers: for that and other reasons, comments would be welcome! It would be easy to upload a revised version. 
::It seemed slightly unnatural at first to be making a map in Latin of modern Greece (the maps in historical atlases lurk in the memory) but that's what I tried to do. It's possible, of course, to make an alternative version showing ancient geography, or indeed a version with added locations of archaeological sites. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 20:40, 25 Augusti 2017 (UTC)
::: A very nice piece of work, indeed! On Firefox and Chrome, the map looks good in both modes but Edge fails to replicate the names/text when magnified (that may be one of Edge's teething troubles). [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 10:48, 26 Augusti 2017 (UTC)

== [[Ecclesia Sancti Ioannis Baptistae in Pulchra Villa]] ==

Salve, nove amice! Tibi peto adiutum: ''Pulchra Villa'' vel ''Linda Villa'' vel ''Bella Villa'' corrigere oportet? 

Tibi gratias ago

[[Usor:Rei Momo|Rei Momo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Rei Momo|disputatio]]) 11:07, 17 Augusti 2017 (UTC)

: Salve, amice! ''Belleville'' (in nomine ecclesiae ''Saint-Jean-Baptiste de Belleville'') apud Graesse ([http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/0005/bsb00050912/images/index.html?id=00050912&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=244 in editione maiore]) reperiri videtur, nam hoc modo dicit (p. 242): &quot;'''Bella Villa in pago Parisiaeo, Savegias, Savela''': Belleville, Teil (XIXe Ar.),&quot; etc. Itaque ego ita dixerim: '''Ecclesia Sancti Ioannis Baptistae in Bella Villa''' (vel '''... de Bella Villa'''). [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 13:19, 17 Augusti 2017 (UTC)

== Hakuammuntaa: seiska ja ysi ==
Moikkelis! Muistelen joskus kuulleeni latinankielisestä sanonnasta, minkä ideana on se, että kokouksessa tai päätöksentekoelimessä seitsemän on mukava lukumäärä ihmisiä ja yhdeksän on liikaa. Tyyliin &quot;septem convivium, novem discordium&quot; tai jotain tuollaista siansaksaa. En näin hatarin tiedoin löydä Googlesta mitään, joten teen vanhanaikaisen tiedonhaun toisen ihmisen pään sisään. --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 10:24, 21 Augusti 2017 (UTC)

Löysinkin itse: &quot;septem convivium, novem vero convicium&quot;. Liittyy ennemminkin vissiin siihen, mikä määrä ihmisiä sopii samaan päivällispöytään mukavasti. Tiedä sitten, miten tuo liittyy myöhempään eurooppalaiseen tai kenties brittiläiseen tapaan, missä muodollisilla päivällisillä on hyvä aina olla nimenomaan parillinen luku ihmisiä, jotta jokaiselle löytyy kiistakumppaninsa. Eipä mulla muuta. --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 11:53, 21 Augusti 2017 (UTC)

: Tuon siteeraamasi sanonnan suhteen minulla oli aukko sivistyksessä. ''Convivium — convicium'' -sanaleikissä on tiettyä koulumestarimaista kiteytystä, mikä haiskahtaa keskiajalta. Roomalaisessa antiikissa varmaan tunnetuin sääntö oli se, että kolme (Sulottarien [''Gratiae'' eli ''Charites''] määrä) oli minimi, yhdeksän (Muusien / Muusain määrä) taas maksimi. Olisikohan tuo &quot;seitsemän&quot; siksi, että sitä pidettiin keskiajalla jumalan tai täydellisyyden lukuna? Joka tapauksessa kokemus osoittaa, että seitsemästä juhlijasta lähtee mölyä (''convicium'') siinä kuin yhdeksästäkin. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 13:58, 21 Augusti 2017 (UTC)

== Insigne Finniae ==
Moro! Olit paljon parantanut aloittamaani artikkeliani [[Insigne Finniae]], josta iso kiitos. Voisitko kenties auttaa vielä artikkelin [[Insigne Aboae]] kanssa? Olisi hienoa saada kyseinen artikkeli säilytettyä latinankielisessä Wikipediassa, sillä onhan kyseessä ollut joskus Suomen ainoa kaupunki jossa latinaa ollaan puhuttu. Terveisin: [[Usor:Sullay|Sullay]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Sullay|disputatio]]) 02:27, 12 Novembris 2017 (UTC)
: Moi! Mikäs siinä, kyllähän minä voin jonakin päivänä alkavalla viikolla Turun vaakuna -artikkelia sen verran kasvattaa, että saadaan pois tuo Augenda-tägi. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 21:43, 12 Novembris 2017 (UTC)

== Le uova le porto io ==
Italiaksi sanotaan vaikkapa &quot;a Pasqua le uova le porto io&quot; eli &quot;pääsiäisenä ne munat ne tuon minä&quot;, vaikka tuo ei tarkoita mitään kummempaa kuin suomeksi &quot;minä tuon pääsiäismunat&quot;. Kyse on tietysti noista – leikillisesti sanottuna – turhista sanoista, joita kieli kehittää alun perin töksähtelevien lauseidensa täytteeksi. Miten tuo lause kuuluu latinaksi? Varmaan tarvitaan vain kaksi sanaa (ilman pääsiäistä) tyyliin &quot;munat tuon&quot;. --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 12:02, 20 Novembris 2017 (UTC)

Asian taustaksi vinkkaan suomenkielisen Wikipedian harvinaiseen helmeen: [[:fi:Wikipedia:Kahvihuone_(kielenhuolto)#Sanan_kappale_k.C3.A4yt.C3.B6st.C3.A4_mittayksikk.C3.B6n.C3.A4|keskusteluun, joka on toistaiseksi miellyttävä ja kiva]]. --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 12:35, 20 Novembris 2017 (UTC)

: Olet oikeassa siinä, että kahdella sanalla pärjää, mutta toki latinassakin jaarittelevampi moodi on ihan mahdollinen: 
#Ova porto
#Ego ova porto (oppikirjamainen sanajärjestys/fokus itsessäni)
#Ova porto ego (fokus itsessäni)
#Ova, ea (quidem) porto ego ('munat, ne(hän) tuon minä'
#Illa ova, illa porto ego (teoreettisesti italiaan johtanut puhekielinen rakenne; vrt. ed.) ('ne munat, ne tuon minä')
Italiassa (kuten muissakin romaanisissa kielissä) puhekielen pragmatiikka on kieliopillistunut kirjakielen syntaksiksi. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 12:54, 20 Novembris 2017 (UTC)

== I hope ==
I hope I have done well, but who knows? I'm glad you described &quot;cyaneus&quot;, which we needed, but the colour the creator of the page &quot;cyanus&quot; aimed at (add &quot;-us&quot; and keep fingers crossed, he said to himself) was the ''cyan'' of inkjet printing, which is very different from any &quot;cyaneus&quot; I can think of. So, after briefly moving the page to &quot;cyaneus&quot; myself, and then saying to myself that this wouldn't do, I consulted the botanists and moved it to &quot;cyaninus&quot;, which appears to be a light blue differing from &quot;caeruleus&quot; -- just what I wanted, and I think just what he wanted too.

So while retaining and praising your &quot;cyaneus&quot;, I have restored and attempted to correct &quot;cyaninus&quot; a tiny bit; and finally changed three interwikis, so that caeruleus, cyaninus and cyaneus are all linked in. Cyaneus currently has the prime colour link (English &quot;blue&quot; etc.) What do you think? [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 10:13, 1 Februarii 2018 (UTC)
:Since colors are culture specific, the best strategy to secure a universal definition may be to tie the color-words to wavelengths. An alternate strategy is relativistic: to relate colors to each other in some way. That's how Stearn (3rd ed., 1983:248) does it for botany, e.g.: &quot;''caeruleus, caelestis, azureus, caelicolor'' are sky-blue; ''cobaltinus'' somewhat paler, as is ''caerulescens''; ''cyanellus,'' deeper, and tending towards ''cyaneus,'' cornflower-blue, ''cizatinus'' being given as about the same; ''lazulinus'' is ultramarine, a pigment of various shades, but always a clear bright blue; ''turcoisinus'' and ''turcosus'' stand for turquoise-blue, that is, with a hint of green in it; ''caesius'' and ''caesiellus'' are the blue-grey of the eye; ''subcaeruleus'' and ''lividus,'' less clear, and not very definite; ''scyricum'' is given by Charleton as 'Gentianella blew'; ''glastyinus,'' by the same writer as 'woad, watchet and light blew'; ''indicus,'' blue inclining to purple; ''indigoticus,'' indigo-blue, having a tinge of black in it; and dark blue, ''cyanater.''&quot; Vicipaedia could have an article that proceeds in that manner for each &quot;basic&quot; color of the rainbow (ROYGBIV) and a few others (brown, white, etc.) [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 14:29, 1 Februarii 2018 (UTC)
:: Andrew, thank you for your effort to judge between various semantic conceptions. 'Sky blue' is basically what ''caeruleus'' means (at least etymologically), so I guess the rectification of links was to the point. I had no inkling that there would be a difference that makes the difference between ''cyaneus'' and ''cyaninus'' — especially as one and the same colour name tends to range over a variety of hues — but I have no strong feelings against your suggestion. I added to [[cyaneus]] a couple of pictures supposedly illustrating Pliny's take on the hue referred to by ''cyaneus''. I leave it to others to judge whether (1) the colours exemplified are really blue; (2) I have chosen the examples right. ¶ Iacobe, thank you for your industrious effort to list a huge variety of &quot;family-resemblant&quot; hues. The Latin colour system (as reflected in ancient Latin authors) is very intuitive and folkish, and so, in principle, the relativistic approach suggests itself, though I'm afraid that ancient colour categories leak too wildly. But you have certainly a more scientific approach in mind? A scientific theory (or &quot;grammar&quot;) of Latin colours would inevitably change the normative scene so that the ancient uses of colour terms would be assigned each to more circumscribed semantic boxes. This would certainly improve the Latin system so as to be able to meet the requirements of a modern theory of colours. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 17:34, 1 Februarii 2018 (UTC)

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== Favonius ==

Taidetaan taas tarvita latinan osaajaa. Verbimuoto on joutunut Onnenpyörään fi-wikin [[:fi:Keskustelu:Favonius|artikkelissa]]. --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 11:59, 19 Aprilis 2018 (UTC)
: No niinpä näkyy käyneen. Ihan mielenkiintoinen ongelma. Vastasin Favoniuksen keskustelusivulla. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 20:19, 19 Aprilis 2018 (UTC)

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== De vocalibus ==
Salve Neander! Video te [[Vocalis postica alta rotundata|iam]] paulum de nominibus vocalium cogitavisse. Cetera si iam excogitavisti, adde, quaeso, in [[Formula:Vocales]]. [[Usor:Lesgles|Lesgles]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Lesgles|disputatio]]) 16:57, 28 Maii 2018 (UTC)
: Salve, Lesgles, gratias tibi ago quod mihi de hac formula perquam utili mentionem fecisti. Mox ad propositum redibo. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 21:29, 29 Maii 2018 (UTC)

== Smultronstället ==
Hyvää helteistä kesää! Ingmar Bergmanin elokuvassa &quot;Smultronstället&quot; on noin kohdassa 1 tunti 18 minuuttia elokuvan alusta tohtori Borgin promootio, jossa puhutaan muutama repliikki latinaa. Elokuvan näkee vielä Ylen Areenan kautta (&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://areena.yle.fi/1-4392331&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;) reilun kolmen viikon ajan. Kiinnostaisiko kirjoittaa latinankieliset repliikit auki ja vaikka suomentaa ne? Ei niitä ole kovin monta. Ensimmäisessä kuvassa äijä varmaan sanoo, että &quot;nythän mä otan ja panen tämän hassun hatun päähäni&quot;, mutta kaipaisin professionaalisempaa suomentajaa kuin itseäni. --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 19:21, 19 Iulii 2018 (UTC)

:Salve! Olipa vähän hankalampaa kuin olin kuvitellut, sanoista täysin selvän saaminen kun edellytti useita toistoja. Kirjoitin tekstin auki klassillisena latinana, vaikka tällaisen promootiorituaalin kieliasu onkin keskiaikaista. Tekstissä usein esiintyvät ''-issime''-muodot ovat adjektiivin superlatiivin vokatiiveja, joita on vaikea kääntää luontevaksi suomeksi. Esimerkiksi ''praeclarissime'' olisi pedanttisesti käännettynä '(sinä) mitä kuuluisin', mutta olen kääntänyt tällaiset latteammin: 'kuuluisa'. Borgin ajatusvirran takaa kuultaa vielä jotain promoottorin latinaksi lausumaa, mutta se on liian epäselvää muminaa. Tässäpä latinankielinen teksti suomennoksineen:
:#Primo pileum meum sumo et capiti meo impono. 'Ensiksi otan hattuni ja asetan päähäni.'
:#Isak Borg, medice peritissime atque experimentissime, inventor medicorum instrumentorum sagacissime. 'Isak Borg, asiantunteva ja kokenut lääkäri, neuvokas lääketieteellisten välineiden keksijä.' (hm, ''experimentissime'' ei ole mahdollinen sana, varmaan on tarkoitettu ''expertissime'' (superlatiivin vokatiivi sanasta ''expertus'' 'kokenut')
:#Salve, medicinae doctor praeclarissime!  'Terve, kuuluisa lääketieteen tohtori!'
:#Accipe pileum libertatis spectataeque virtutis.  'Ota vastaan vapauden ja koetellun hyvee(llisyyde)n hattu.' (''virtutis'' on arvaus, sillä promoottori nielee sanan lopun, mutta ilmeisesti on kyse sanasta ''virtus'' 'hyve')
:#Vale, praeclarissime medicinae doctor iubilaris Lundensis!  'Jää hyvästi, kuuluisa lundilainen riemutohtori!'
:Hauskaa sinänsä, että on vielä joitakuita, jotka arvostavat latinaa sentään siinä määrin, että haluavat ottaa selkoa. Vähän aikaa sitten TV-sarjassa House tohtori House itse totesi 13:lle &quot;Et tu, Brute!&quot;, joka oli tekstisuomennoksessa &quot;Et tu, Butte!&quot; Latinistin harvoja iloja! [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 11:24, 20 Iulii 2018 (UTC)

::1990-luvun tenttivastaus: Caesarin surmasivat [[:en:Beavis and Butt-Head|Beavis &amp; Buttus]]. Kiitos suomennoksesta. Panen taas kysyen, kun oma ihmettely ei riitä. --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 12:39, 20 Iulii 2018 (UTC)

== Gammelia ruotsfia ==
Moro taas! Näyt osaavan ruotsiakin ja olet muistomerkkien tekstejä ennenkin ihmetellyt. Suomenkielisessä Wikipediassa on käyttäjä Superkissan, jolla on omien sanojensa mukaan lukihäiriö, [https://fi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gabriel_Ahlman&amp;diff=17484469&amp;oldid=9999833 kirjoittanut artikkeliin] hautamuistomerkissä lukevan tekstin ikään kuin säilyttäen osan kirjainten vanhoista kirjoitusasuista mutta kuitenkin sekoittaen ainakin nyt s:n ja f:n ja lisäksi pannut sanoja yhteen vääristä paikoista. Lisäksi Superkissan ei käyttäjäsivujensa mukaan osaa juuri ruotsia, joten hän ei tunnista sanoja oikein. Kiinnostaisiko sinua katsella tämänkertaista sinulle toimittamaani yllätyspähkinää ja selvittää, mitä tekstissä oikein mahtaa lukea? On siinä onneksi kuvat muistomerkin molemmista puolista. --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 13:26, 15 Novembris 2018 (UTC)
: Moro! Diagnoofiifi tämän hautakirjoitukfen transkriptiosta ei ole paljon lisättävää. Kirjoitus on paljolti ns. ''scriptio continua'' -tyyliä, mutta ei ole mitään syytä olla lisäämättä sananvälejä tietosanakirja-artikkeliin. Jotenkin tuntuu siltä, että osaat itsekin lukea tämän tekstin oikein, mutta ... what the hell:   
&lt;blockquote&gt;Uppå den Alsmägtiges vink öpnades Evighetens port och GABRIEL AHLMAN inträdde i oförgängeligheten d: 5. October år 1799 sedan han i 62 år upfylt Sin bestämmlse.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
: VERSO:
&lt;blockquote&gt; Älskade skugga af en försvunnen vän Din lott är för afundsvärd at begråtas Du kan blott saknas.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
: Superkissanin lukihäiriö vaikuttaa muuten aika rajulta. Yhdellä kollegallani sattuu myös olemaan luki, mutta taululle kirjoittaessaan hän tuottaa ehkä kerran per esitelmä sanamuodon joka on omiaan aiheuttamaan hyväntahtoista huvittuneisuutta. Superkissanin &quot;yhdys sana&quot; -syndrooma lienee kuitenkin silkkaa tietämättömyyttä eikä liity suoraan lukiin.  Muuten, taannoinen Smultronstället-kysymyksesi innosti minut kirjoittamaan kokonaisen artikkelin [[Smultronstället|aiheesta]]. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 21:55, 15 Novembris 2018 (UTC)

::Olet väärässä kykyjeni suhteen. En tosiaan saanut selvää riittävästi tekstistä. Tuossa &quot;af en försvunnen&quot; luulin muun muassa, että siihen on kätketty sana &quot;enär&quot;, enkä saanut tolkkua. Pyyntöni oli siis tosissaan tehty ja tajusin, että tähän vaaditaan ihmistä, jolla on äidinkielentasoinen ruotsin tuntemus, koska kieli ja kirjoitusasut ovat vanhoja. Lisäksi Superkissanin tulkinta johti minut reippaasti Rosettan kivestä ohi. En minä noita &quot;afundsvärd&quot;-tyylisiä sanoja kykene mitenkään sanavarastollani tunnistamaan. Korjasin tekstit nyt Superkissanin ottamiin kuviin Commonsissa. Tosiaan tietosanakirjaa toimittaessa ja lähteitä luettaessa on ikävä kyllä aikamoinen vuori ylitettävänä, jos on lukemis-häiriö, ei osaa nykyruotsiakaan paljon, ei saa selvää fraktuurakirjaimista ja sitten lopuksi on vielä kirjoitus-häiriö. On hyvä, että kansantietosanakirjaa toimittavat kaikki, mutta silloin kun muiden pitää käydä korjaamassa tai peräti salapoliisina suorittaa tutkintaa, niin onhan se hieman työlästä. --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 12:07, 16 Novembris 2018 (UTC)
::: OK, sori jos yliarvioin ruotsintaitosi. Pannaanpa sitten varmuuden vakuudeksi vielä käännöskin: &quot;Kaikkivaltiaan kutsusta (''vink'' on oikeastaan 'tule tänne' -kädenliike) avautui Ikuisuuden portti ja G.A. astui sisään katoamattomuuteen 5. lokakuuta vuonna 1799 täytettyään tehtävänsä 62 vuoden ajan.&quot; JA &quot;Kadonneen ystävän rakastettu varjo, Sinun osasi on liian kadehdittava ollakseen itkun arvoinen, Sinua voi vain kaivata.&quot; Joskus ihmetyttää täällä Vicipaediankin puolella joidenkuiden pokka. Syötetään tekstiä Googlen kääntäjään ja voilà: kielellinen sekametelisoppa on valmiina toisten korjata. Ei tulisi mieleenikään vastaavalla tavalla täydentää esimerkiksi kiinalaista wikiä. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 16:18, 16 Novembris 2018 (UTC)

== Neander is innocent ==
It may be useful to explain what went wrong. This is how I interpret it.
#I believe you were mistaken in thinking our article was only connected to a Hebrew one. If you had looked on the left margin, I believe you would have seen many other links. It's true that, for some unfathomable reason, a Hebraist had inserted a Hebrew link on our page itself, but such links inserted on the page itself are now of only incidental interest. It's the links at Wikidata that count. 
#Why you decided to redirect the page temporarily to [[Calefactio globalis]] I don't quite know! This is generally not the best plan, if the longer term aim is to retain and improve a separate article, because the link at Wikidata would soon have been deleted if it led only from a Latin redirect. That would have meant you'd have to restore the link when the article was eventually recreated ... just a slight waste of time.
#However, that link at Wikidata still survived at the moment when you thought better of it and restored the stublet to [[Negatio valefactionis globalis]], so it still survives. Fine.
#You couldn't correct your typo because the chain of redirects still existed from &quot;Negatio calefactionis globalis&quot;, and how would our robot masters know that human intelligence was reasserting itself? They couldn't quite be sure. You would have had to inspect the history of the redirect page, notice that there was nothing significant on it except your own move, confirm that whatever was there would be better deleted, tick to confirm your confirmation, and then you would have been able to make the move yourself. At your request, that's what I did. The work of a moment. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 15:26, 11 Decembris 2018 (UTC)

== Dadaa ja dödöö ==
Kävin fi-wikissä keskustelua, jota ei kannata käydä lukemassa, mutta josta keksin latinankielisen ''sanoja peräkkäin'' -fraasin käyttäjäsivulleni. Ensin ajattelin tosikkomaisesti pyytää sinua katsomaan, onko se kieliopillisesti oikein, mutta keksin paremman idean. Tarvitsen latinankielisen lauseen, joka kuulostaa hienolta mutta jonka merkitystä ei helposti saa googlattua. Ikävä kyllä sivistykseni on sen verran itse opittua, että en osaa sellaista väsätä, joten tarvitsen taas apuasi. Kääntäisitkö latinaksi lauseen &quot;Aina on tilaa vielä yhdelle, joka käyttää Rexonaa.&quot; --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 20:59, 11 Iunii 2019 (UTC)
: Se olisi sitten kai &quot;Semper uni est locus Rexona utenti&quot;. Käytin relatiivilauseen sijaan lauseenvastiketta,  muuta relatiivilausekin käy: &quot;Semper est locus uni, qui  Rexona utitur&quot;. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 08:25, 12 Iunii 2019 (UTC)

==De vi maiore==
Salve, mi Neander! Disputationem habemus apud [[vis maior|vim maiorem]]. Cur paginam movisti ab versione latina ad formam vernaculam?--[[User:Xaverius|&lt;span style=&quot;color:blue;&quot;&gt;Xave&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:green;&quot;&gt;ri&lt;/span&gt;]][[Disputatio Usoris:Xaverius|&lt;span style=&quot;color:red;&quot;&gt;us&lt;/span&gt;]] 11:31, 21 Augusti 2019 (UTC)
: Salve, o Xaveri! Iam in pagina de qua agitur respondi. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 21:04, 21 Augusti 2019 (UTC)

== Mutual intelligibility ==
Salve, Neander. You might have a suggestion to make at [[Disputatio:Lingua Neapolitana]]. If so, please make it! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 16:37, 18 Novembris 2019 (UTC)
: Sorry for not replying earlier. What about this? Qui Neapolitani sermonis insueti solum Italiane sciunt, non sime aliqua exercitatione Neapolitane loquentes intellegunt. You're free to modify it if you come by something more appropriate. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 08:24, 19 Novembris 2019 (UTC)

== Osasiko Cicero ciroilla? ==
Onkos klassisessa tai vulgäärissä latinassa kirosanoja? Miten mahtaisi oikeaoppisesti kuulua, jälleen kerran kieli poskessa, kehittelemäni [https://fi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=K%C3%A4ytt%C3%A4j%C3%A4:Pxos&amp;diff=18713727&amp;oldid=18713490 fraasi], joka pohjautuu tietysti &quot;Latinaa nuorille ja pikkuvanhoille&quot; -kirjan lauseeseen ''per aspera ad astra''? ''Per'' kai vaatii jotain datiivii, mut toi ''kele'' haluu kai sit objektii tai whatever. ''Corona'' oli Helsingissä sijainnut ravintola, joten se ei vissiinkään taivu erisnimenä. --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 11:56, 12 Februarii 2020 (UTC)
: Ei tainnut Cicero ainakaan julkisesti paljon voimasanoja käyttää, ellei sitten &quot;Hercules&quot; ja &quot;hercle!&quot; 'Hercules soikoon!' ole sellainen. Suomalaisen korvissa sanan ärräpäisyys tuntuu ehkä voimakkaammalta kuin mitä sen käyttö muinaisilla roomalaisilla antaa ymmärtää. Useimmiten se käännetään sievistellen 'toden sanoakseni' tai 'totta vieköön'. Ilmaisu on joka tapauksessa tullut käyttöön vannomistilanteessa. ¶  Vastasin liioitellun seikkaperäisesti eka kysymykseesi, kun luulen, ettei meitsiltä irtoa etsimääsi fraasia/tyyliä. Luin lapsena jostain Siperian-matkaajan kertomuksesta että tsuktseilla on kaksi jumalaa, nimittäin Kele ja Tana. Nauratti niin että jäi ainoaksi asiaksi, jonka kys kirjasta muistan. Ehkä siis koodinvaihdollisesti (ja ylen subtiilisti) &quot;Per Kele ad Coronam&quot;? (Corona-baari oli joskus kotimatkani varrella, mutta ei tullut koskaan pistäydytyksi, kun kaikki tuntuivat tuntevan toisensa ...) [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 14:49, 12 Februarii 2020 (UTC)

== Imbrim in cribrum ==
Salve Neander! Gratias tibi ob inspectionem cribri! De accusativo vocis &quot;imber&quot; dubitavi. Nam quamquam solita forma ''imbrem'' est, in editione Pseudoli (v. 102), in OCT a W. M. Lindsay curata, lego ''imbrim'',  nulla adnotatione ab editore in apparatu critico facta. Certe alia editio tibi nota est, quam quaeso mecum sis communica. --[[Usor:Bavarese|Bavarese]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bavarese|disputatio]]) 18:37, 15 Februarii 2020 (UTC)
: Et tu salve, Bavarese! Non multas inspicere potui editiones, sed apud Fridericum Leo (Berlin. Weidmann, 1895) hoc loco ''imbrem'' legitur. Editores in huius loci Plautini lectione differre videntur. Certe apud antiquos, utrum ''imbri'' an ''imbre'' ablativo utendum sit, dubium erat, sed siquidem ''imbrim'' lectio vera est, etiam apud Plautum ''hapax legomenon'' esse videtur, nam alibi (''Merc.'' 801; ''Most.'' 138) ''imbrem'' scripsit. Cur ''imbrim'' in ''Pseud.'' 102 scripserit, animum cuiuslibet philologi detinere debet, sed vix nostrum est in hanc quaestionem incumbere, nam si hic ''imbrem'' an ''imbrim'' dicimus, eadem constat significatio proverbii. Si vis, ''imbrim'' restituere potes.  [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 21:32, 15 Februarii 2020 (UTC)
::Id, quod non faciam; nam, ut recte dicis, proverbii significatio non mutatur. Si quando aliquantum temporis mihi supererit, fortasse inveniam, utrum codices varias tradant lectiones an accusativus &quot;imbrem&quot; coniectura sit philologi cuiusdam. Utcumque est, operae huic rei collatae tibi plurimas ago gratias. --[[Usor:Bavarese|Bavarese]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bavarese|disputatio]]) 22:30, 15 Februarii 2020 (UTC)
:::Si Arthurum W. Hodgman, &quot;Noun Declension in Plautus&quot; in ''Classical Review'' Volume 16 (1902) pp 294 - 305 legere vultis, videbitis p. 297 &quot;[''imbrim'', Ps. 102; so A. Studemund, but not quite certainly; by a curious interchange with a following word]&quot;: e quibus verbis emendationem primum a Studemundo factam esse intellego. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 12:40, 16 Februarii 2020 (UTC)
:::: Andrea, gratias pro hac indicina iucunda! Labores Studemundi magno in honore habendi sunt, etsi haec lectio aliquantulum incerta sit. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 17:56, 16 Februarii 2020 (UTC)
:::::Neander, gratias Andreae debitas consociare mihi quidem tecum liceat (ut verbis utar Plauti). --[[Usor:Bavarese|Bavarese]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bavarese|disputatio]]) 19:27, 16 Februarii 2020 (UTC)
::::::Procul bibliothecis distans, sic egi (si utile sit). In capsam Google inscripsi, punctis citationis non omissis: &lt;nowiki&gt;&quot;Imbrim&quot; &quot;Lindsay&quot; &quot;Plautus&quot;&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Quamquam Lindsay hoc loco ab auctore Hodgmano non adducitur, sine ullo dubio alibi in eadem commentatione nominatur; ergo repperi et per JSTOR ipsum locum legi! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 09:42, 17 Februarii 2020 (UTC)

== deletio ==
Salve Neander, paginae
* [[Usor:Wevegotit]]
* [[Usor:Tvacha]]
* [[Usor:Tachats]]
* [[Usor:Dacatout]]
* [[Usor:Dacatou]]
delendam sunt. Vide https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Steward_requests/Global#Global_block_for_2605:B100:500::/40.
Grate, --[[Usor:Achim55|Achim55]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Achim55|disputatio]]) 10:54, 4 Martii 2020 (UTC)
: Feci, ut suasisti. Gratias tibi ago. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 13:46, 4 Martii 2020 (UTC)

== De foraminibus vermium ==
Had I known that the formulation &quot;Foramen vermis&quot; was originally yours, I would of course have explained to you why I didn't like it as a pagename! Sorry about that.

While looking for a potential replacement, I was struck by the frequency with which your [[Iter transtemporale]] is cited by other writers in several languages on the Internet. Why be surprised? Because, when we write something useful, it is more visible than we might expect. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:37, 17 Maii 2020 (UTC)

== [[Disputatio:Forum Iulii-Venetia Iulia]] ==
Salve! Paginam &quot;Forum Iulii-Venetia Iulia&quot; tu inter alios edidisti. De nomine huius paginae s.t.p. placita tua adde. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 15:03, 11 Iunii 2020 (UTC)

== Persepolis ==
I made one tiny change at [[:commons:TimedText:Persepolis, Hauptstadt Persiens (CC BY-SA 4.0).webm.la.srt]]. My limited German told me that &quot;ließ&quot; isn't quite as proactive as &quot;iussit&quot;, and my memory of the story is that Alexander didn't necessarily give the order. So I wrote &quot;permisit&quot;. I could be wrong about both those things, and of course feel free to revert my edit! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 20:47, 26 Iunii 2020 (UTC)
: Thank you, Andrew, for the appropriate correction! I didn't know the story and thought straightforwardly that nothing could happen without Alexander's order. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 08:19, 27 Iunii 2020 (UTC)
::In cold 4th century BC reality that might well have been the case, but the sources for activities at Alexander's court are of varied and doubtful reliability and it's difficult, or impossible, to see beyond them. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 08:28, 27 Iunii 2020 (UTC)

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En serio se habla latin

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== Advocatus dorkien, ystävä sä tyhmien ==
Tervehdyksellä aloitan! On olemassa kuuluisa &quot;advocatus diaboli&quot;, jonka tehtävänkuva lienee tuttu. Keksin yhtäkkiä, että pitäisi olla myös &quot;typerysten asianajaja&quot;. Tämä ei ole vitsi. Monet eivät uskalla kysyä ns. tyhmiä kysymyksiä, koska pelkäävät, että heille nauretaan. Monesti, vaikkapa nyt taloyhtiön yhtiökokouksessa, joku rohkea (nainen) keskeyttää setämiesten jaarittelun kysymällä nerokkaan, mutta siis pinnalta katsoen typerän kysymyksen, joka vie keskustelun aivan uuteen suuntaan. Hän on siis ''tyhmien asioiden ajaja'', joka on tarpeellinen hahmo ihmisryhmässä. Miten tuo uuslatinaksi muotoiltaisiin? --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 13:07, 25 Februarii 2022 (UTC)

: Salve! Tarkoitatko tyhmällä kysymyksellä sellaista kysymystä, jota kysyjä itse määrittelee tyhmäksi (jottei häntä pidettäisi naiivina) vai tahattomasti tyhmää möläytystä (jonka tahattomana seurauksena saattaa syntyä jotenkin hedelmällinen ajatustenvaihto)? Ihmistä joka tulee möläytelleeksi kaikenlaista väärässä kontekstissa voisi kutsua vaikkapa adjektiivilla ''fatuus'' (joka tulee etymologisesti vanhasta 'sanomisen' verbistä). Tällöin ainakin möläyttelijöiden asianajaja voisi olla ''advocatus fatuorum''. Edellinen tyyppi olisi kai pikemminkin arka (''timidus''), ja vastaava asianajaja olisi ehkä ''advocatus timidorum''. Mutta voi olla, etten ihan tavoittanut sitä, mitä itse ajattelit. Täsmentäisitkö, jos tulkintani meni jotenkin pieleen. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 15:53, 26 Februarii 2022 (UTC)

:: Hei! Anteeksi, etten palannut asiaan. Juuri helmikuun lopussa ajatukseni vei eräs tosielämän tapahtuma ja sitten sairauden tuoksinassa ehdin aivan kokonaan unohtaa, että olin kirjoittanut tänne. Kuume syö muistia. Vastaan ihan kohta paremmin, mutta kysyn ensin muuta kummallista tuossa heti alempana. --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 07:06, 21 Iulii 2022 (UTC)

:: Itse asiassa tavoitit ajatukseni paremmin kuin minä. Oma hätäinen kysymykseni ei ottanut huomioon asian kahtalaisuutta, mutta sain sinulta kaksi vastausta yhden hinnalla. Tuo &quot;ujojen asianajaja&quot; eli ''advocatus timidorum'' onkin juuri se, mitä en tiennytkään tarkoittavani. Kottikärryllisen kiitoksia ajan sinulle! --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 07:14, 21 Iulii 2022 (UTC)

== Ceterum, sanoi mustapartainen mies, censeo ==
Moi! Lyhyt kieliopin korjauspyyntö. Sain taivutustaulukoilla ja Wikisanakirjalla rakennettua ihan itse seuraavan lauseen: &quot;Ceterum censet, Pxos esse oppilandus&quot;. (Furthermore he thinks that Pxos must be stopped&quot;.) Se on varmaan väärin. Saisitko korjattua sen virheettömäksi? --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 07:09, 21 Iulii 2022 (UTC)
: Moi sinnekin! Taitaapa tuo Covid olla huonon maineensa veroinen. Tervetuloa takaisin. Käännöksesi on kyllä ihan oikeilla jäljillä, varsinkin jos olisit vesijohto, jonka valumisen joku tahtoisi stopata, ''oppilare'' kun on suomeksi lähinnä 'tukkia' ja 'tyrehdyttää' (jollakin esteellä). Hm, 'tukkia suu' voisi olla latinaksi ''os oppilare''. Mutta kun tämä &quot;he&quot; ilmeisestikin tarkoittaa stoppaamisella, paitsi mahd puhetulvasi tyrehdyttämistä, myös muun toimintasi lakkauttamista, oikea termi lienee ''supprimere'' (vrt. eng. ''suppress''), eli siis: &quot;Ceterum censet, Pxos esse supprimendum&quot; (pilkutuksesi on englantilainen; suomalainen latinisti tulee pilkuttakin toimeen :-). [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 12:49, 21 Iulii 2022 (UTC)

::Juppiter Maximus Typerys! Nyt ei muuten meikällä ollut pelkkä Covid vaan kohta on jo Belzheimerin tauti. Olen oikeasti hieman järkyttynyt. Olen sinulta kysynyt täsmälleen saman kysymyksen kahdeksan vuotta sitten. [[Disputatio_Usoris:Neander#Itseironia-apua|Lue tämä ja kauhistu itsekin!]]. Olemme siis kai molemmat unohtaneet, että juttelemme asiasta jo toisen kerran. Olen jo keski-ikäinen miesm ja rohkenen olettaa, että et sinäkään mikään koulupoika ole. Ollaanks me tultu vanhoiksi? Onko Mnemosyne löytänyt jonkun nuoremman? Huh huh huh huh. --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 08:02, 22 Iulii 2022 (UTC)
::: Sinun aidon tuntuisesta järkytyksestäsi päätellen olen joissain määrin sinua vanhempi, kun alan jo olla melkein tottunut esimerkiksi siihen, että joku vicipaedia-juttu vain muutaman vuoden takaa onkin omaa työtäni, vaikka en yhtään muista, että sellaista olisin väkertänyt. Samat Beltzheimerit on itsellenikin tullut mieleen, semminkin kun asiasta kohkataan joka puolella. Onneksi ei sentään koko wikihistoria ole mielestäni kadonnut, vielä. ¶ Palimpsestiksi muuttuneesta viestistäsi muistan sinun mielistyneen sanahanaidentiteettiin, jota suukapulan asettamista tarkoittava ''os oppilare'' luontevati tukee. Siis: &quot;Ceterum censet os Pxos esse oppilandum.&quot; [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 14:11, 22 Iulii 2022 (UTC)

== Riittee? ==
Artikkelissa [[:en:Latin_honors#Switzerland|Latin honors (en)]], jota latinistina saattanet muutenkin haluta vilkaista, sanotaan, että Sveitsissä alin arvosana on &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;rite&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Wiktionarystä, joka on ihan lubenter improbatur -tason projekti, ei löytynyt kunnon käännöstä. Lausutaanko se &quot;riitee&quot;? Onko etymologisena perustana wettenhovi-aspamaisittain suomen sana &quot;riittää&quot;? [[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 14:02, 24 Iulii 2022 (UTC)
: ''Rite'' (lausutaan riite) tarkoittaa 'riitin mukaisesti'. Tilanteesta riippuen sen voi suomentaa monella tavalla. Alimpana arvosanana se voisi olla vaikkapa sarkastinen 'OK' tai Wettenhovi-Aspan viitoittamaa tietä seuraten tosiaan 'riittää! basta!' Mutta akateemisemmin ''rite'' tietysti tahtoo sanoa 'juhlallisin menoin' tai 'tavan mukaan'. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 17:27, 24 Iulii 2022 (UTC)
:: Vitsi 1: Suomenruotsalaisen isännän ja italialaisen kesäiltavieraan lyhin mahdollinen keskustelu voisi olla: –Bastu? –Basta! --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 11:00, 25 Iulii 2022 (UTC)
:: Vitsi 2: ''Non sine laude adjö''? --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 11:06, 25 Iulii 2022 (UTC)
:: Vitsi 1+2: &quot;''Non sine laude balneabatur est''&quot;. = &quot;Ei olla saunottu seisten! Lauteilla myö oltiin. Ollaan myös juotu niin monta olutta, että tuo &quot;balbatur, babalutur, babapulputur&quot; ei oikein enää onnistu.&quot; --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 11:39, 26 Iulii 2022 (UTC)

== Request: Semicolon translation feedback ==
Hi Neander :) I noticed your edits on the [[interpunctum]] page, which I found helpful.

'''Question''': Would you be interested to review (and give feedback) on my medieval Latin to English translation on [[en:Semicolon#History]]?

Background: I traced the history of the semicolon (;) and included some original text from Aldo Manuzio, where he explains why it got introduced with several examples. I'm a beginner at Latin, so the translation is likely very lacking, despite best efforts.

I kept the punctuation division in the English translation; for example: &quot;A, B; C, D; E, F&quot;. Sometimes this makes the English a bit bumpy; but the benefit, I think, is that it shows the structure. Otherwise, I tried to make the English as modern as possible.
[[Usor:&amp;#39;wɪnd|&amp;#39;wɪnd]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:&amp;#39;wɪnd|disputatio]]) 23:34, 31 Octobris 2022 (UTC)
:In ''Ratio docet, si adversa fortuna sit, nimium dolendum non esse; si secunda, moderate laetandum,'' this ''secunda'' contrasts with ''adversa'' and is better translated 'favorable', not 'else'. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 11:44, 1 Novembris 2022 (UTC)
::@[[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] Thank you. Fixed. [[Usor:&amp;#39;wɪnd|&amp;#39;wɪnd]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:&amp;#39;wɪnd|disputatio]]) 22:27, 4 Novembris 2022 (UTC)

Hi, &amp;#39;wɪnd, a beginner at Latin as you are, I guess you must have had a sweaty time in dwelling on Cicero's tortuous sentence. :-) But the smaller ones are better. 
* In the ''Ratio docet'' sentence, instead of 'else' you might say 'if favorable', as Iacobus suggested.  
* ''Tu, quid divitiae valeant, libenter spectas; quid virtus, non item''. Here the second clause should be 'what virtue, not so much.' The meanig of the sentence is: 'You gladly consider what riches are worth; what virtue (is worth), not so much.' Both clauses are governed by ''spectas/consider''. 
* Cicero's sentence isn't too easy for a non-Anglophone to translate, but here is my semi-commented translation:
:: 'Although (this) overall (''omnium rerum'') confusion is such that each one regrets especially (''maxime'') his own fortune [or lot]; and there is no one, who would not rather be anywhere but where he is: yet I have no doubt, at the present time for an honest man, to be in Rome, is the worst form of misery.'  [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 15:57, 1 Novembris 2022 (UTC)

:@[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] Yes, it was sweaty, indeed! Thank you for the empathy. :) And especially, ... a big thank you for your feedback. I very feel grateful.
:&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,'DejaVu Serif',serif;color: #008560;&quot;&gt;&gt; &quot;In the ''Ratio docet'' sentence, instead of 'else' you might say 'if favorable', as Iacobus suggested. [...]&quot;&lt;/span&gt;
:Fixed.
:&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,'DejaVu Serif',serif;color: #008560;&quot;&gt;&gt; &quot;''Tu, quid divitiae valeant, libenter spectas; quid virtus, non item''. Here the second clause should be 'what virtue, not so much.&quot;&lt;/span&gt;
:Fixed. Thank you for the clarification.
:&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,'DejaVu Serif',serif;color: #008560;&quot;&gt;&gt; &quot;[Cicero.]&quot;&lt;/span&gt;
:As for Cicero, I used [https://archive.org/details/letterstohisfrie01ciceuoft/page/426 this translation] for inspiration — however, I reshuffled to include all commas, semicolons, and colons in the translation. — I like the nuances of your translation though; so I changed around mine to be closer to yours. :)
:&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,'DejaVu Serif',serif;color: #008560;&quot;&gt;&gt; &quot;Although (this) overall (omnium rerum) ...&quot;&lt;/span&gt;
:I used &quot;it&quot; instead of &quot;this&quot; here per inspiration-translation; however maybe &quot;ea&quot; is a demonstrative pronoun, and thus only &quot;this&quot; or &quot;that&quot; is correct?
:&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,'DejaVu Serif',serif;color: #008560;&quot;&gt;&gt; &quot;...regrets especially (maxime)...&quot;&lt;/span&gt;
:Thank you for this! For me, &quot;especially&quot; doesn't flow as nicely; so instead I looked up ''[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0060%3Aentry%3Dmaxime maxime]'' in Lewis now and added &quot;above all others&quot; to the end.
:&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,'DejaVu Serif',serif;color: #008560;&quot;&gt;&gt; ...fortune [or lot]...&lt;/span&gt;
:I like &quot;lot&quot; for its shortness; however, maybe not as commonly known? I changed it to &quot;fate&quot; now.
:&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,'DejaVu Serif',serif;color: #008560;&quot;&gt;&gt; ...and there is no one, who would not rather be anywhere but where he is...&lt;/span&gt;
:Yes, way more readable! I tried, in my translation, to somehow keep the original commas in there. Maybe it's too unreadable?
:&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,'DejaVu Serif',serif;color: #008560;&quot;&gt;&gt; ...for an honest man...&lt;/span&gt;
:Thanks. Fixed. [[Usor:&amp;#39;wɪnd|&amp;#39;wɪnd]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:&amp;#39;wɪnd|disputatio]]) 00:40, 5 Novembris 2022 (UTC)

@&amp;#39;wɪnd  Just a grammatical ''petitesse'': 
&gt; however maybe &quot;ea&quot; is a demonstrative pronoun, and thus only &quot;this&quot; or &quot;that&quot; is correct?

Well, it seems to me that ''ea'' has a determinative value in a consecutive sentence (''ea ... ut'' 'such that'). [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 09:38, 5 Novembris 2022 (UTC)
:&quot;Lot&quot; in this sense is wholly a literary usage, these days, and since it has other commoner uses the average reader might not immediately leap to an understanding of it here. &quot;Fortune&quot; or &quot;fate&quot; would therefore be preferable.
:Looking at the text of [[:en:Semicolon]] as it stands now, I think the word order from &quot;who would&quot; to &quot;prefer to be&quot; would not be allowed to pass by any copy-editor. The translator might want to do this, to assist in understanding the Latin, but the resulting English is too unnatural. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:48, 5 Novembris 2022 (UTC)
::@[[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] Thank you for the &quot;lot&quot; clarification. Also, I agree with you on the word order: definitely unnatural; it was a best-effort attempt to translate while keeping the punctuation marks. [[Usor:&amp;#39;wɪnd|&amp;#39;wɪnd]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:&amp;#39;wɪnd|disputatio]]) 00:50, 6 Novembris 2022 (UTC)
:::The cited sense of ''lot'' remains intelligible in modern English, at least in the United States. It's perhaps most famously found in the song &quot;A Policemen's Lot Is Not a Happy One&quot; in ''The Pirates of Penzance,'' a British comic opera with music by Arthur Sullivan and libretto by W. S. Gilbert (first performed, however, in New York), but it pops up in public from time to time, perhaps most notably in recent years in the sentence &quot;This is your lot in life,&quot; spontaneously spoken on television at [https://www.hitc.com/en-gb/2022/07/28/olivia-munn-pulling-a-kanye-on-taylor-swift-at-2013-peoples-choice-awards-resurfaces/ the People’s Choice Awards in 2013.] @[[Usor:&amp;#39;wɪnd|&amp;#39;wɪnd]] [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 12:43, 6 Novembris 2022 (UTC)
::::Thanks for the pointer, @[[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]]. This makes me recall the cognate ''lottery'' and, according to OED, the earliest attested sense of ''lot'', namely to cast or draw a ''lot'' — very commonly used in the Scandinavian languages, from my experience. [[Usor:&amp;#39;wɪnd|&amp;#39;wɪnd]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:&amp;#39;wɪnd|disputatio]]) 19:18, 6 Novembris 2022 (UTC)
:@[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] Thank you for the clarification. [[Usor:&amp;#39;wɪnd|&amp;#39;wɪnd]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:&amp;#39;wɪnd|disputatio]]) 00:42, 6 Novembris 2022 (UTC)

== Gaudeamus ikinuor ==
Hellurei! Sukulaispuer täyttää lakkiaan ihan kohta, ja haluaisin laulaa ''Gaudeamusta'' muun joukon mukana, mutta en ole enää nuori. Sanoja pitäisi siis muuttaa hieman. Saisitko lennosta vaihdettua &quot;me ollaan nuoria&quot; muodot &quot;te olette nuoria&quot; -muodoiksi tai ehkä jopa kolmanteen persuuniin? Silloin voisi laulaa mukana mutta ei näyttäisi siltä, että tulee toisten yo-juhliin niin, että panee oman lakin päähänsä puoliriemuylioppilaana (about dreißig år sitten). [[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 06:10, 18 Maii 2023 (UTC)
: Moi! Helppo homma: Iuvenes dum sumus =&gt; Iuvenes dum estis. Mutta jos laulat muiden mukana, tämä subtiili identiteettikorostus voi jäädä jengiltä huomaamatta (ellet sitten oikein karjaise &quot;estis!!!&quot;) Toinen mahdollisuus olisi esittää setämiesversio soolona, niin että toiseutesi tulisi selvästi artikuloiduksi. :–) [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 08:31, 18 Maii 2023 (UTC)

== [[Leges morales robotorum|Roboto non licet cuiquam homini nocere ...]] ==
... will be a good rule, it seems to me, until a robot reads it the wrong way round :) [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 13:04, 26 Augusti 2023 (UTC)
: Yes, oracular, indeed! Another expression might be desirable. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 13:50, 26 Augusti 2023 (UTC)
:: Lol :-) I have tried to {{Diff|Leges morales robotorum|3787492|3787532|switch to the imperative future|difftantum=sic}}, which should also give a certain feeling of legal jargon. I hope I got them right! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:05, 26 Augusti 2023 (UTC)
::: Grufo, thanks for your suggestions concerning my raw translation of the laws. Your decision to switch to the imperative future was very interesting — and grammatically correct, as far as I can tell. What worries me a bit is that your translation may involve a stylistic overdose. I don't see any such legal jargonism in Asimov's diction. Moreover, you had changed some of my words (''cuiquam → cuicumque''; ''parere → oboedire''; ''a minis'', not indicated in the source text) without pointing out the reason. Despite its formal correctness, your text feels somewhat complicated. However, I liked your basic idea, and so I decided tentatively to use the future imperative, despite Asimov's more mundane style. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 10:56, 27 Augusti 2023 (UTC)
:::: I can't remember now the exact passage, but I do remember a satire by Horace in which he wanted to mimic a judge or a lawyer, and to do so he starts to use a lot of future imperatives. It's a pity I can't remember which satire that was! I corrected your ''cuiquam'' by mistake, because I thought I read ''cui'''d'''am''. As for ''oboedire'', it is a synonym of ''parere'', but closer to the original. ''Se a minis defendere'' felt close enough to “protect its own existence”. But of course it is still a translation. I do see a bit of lawyer jargon in the very fact that they are laws and in the fact that there are expressions such as “as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law” – but of course that is just my feeling. The new version is also good. The only thing I am not sure about is the use of ''ne'' + fut. imp. (instead of ''ne'' + cong. or ''nolito''/''nolunto'' + inf.); I haven't met many future imperatives in my life to be honest, but I have found {{Vf|another example from Horace}}: “nolito ad versus tibi factos ducere plenum laetitiae” (''Ars poetica''). --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:54, 27 Augusti 2023 (UTC)
::::: Your dubitation about the use of ''ne'' + fut.imp. is quite justifiable because it is a ''rara avis'', yet it can still be obtained from Cato; e.g., ''Agr.'' 144.3 [redemptor] de fundo ligna et oleum ne deportato. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 18:22, 27 Augusti 2023 (UTC)
:::::: I like it, somehow it gives an archaic feeling. I have also found another example in Cicero (''De legibus'' {{Vf|De legibus/Liber III|3.11}}): “[Magistratus] donum ne capiunto neve danto”. That suggested me to {{Diff|Leges morales robotorum|3787676|3787703|replace ''nec'' with ''neve''|difftantum=sic}} in the first law. Notice also that Cicero, in establishing how magistrates should behave, uses the plural. Should we not do the same (i.e. ''robot'''a''''')? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 01:14, 28 Augusti 2023 (UTC)
::::::: In my understanding, both ''robotum'' and ''robota'' allow generic reading. I'd prefer to stick to the source text. Thanks for the Ciceronian passage. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 12:20, 28 Augusti 2023 (UTC)

== De fructu? ==
Keski-ikäisenäkin miehenä tykkään koulupoikahuumorista, etenkin silloin, jos tarvittaisiin 1950-luvun latinantunneilla istunutta hikipinkoa huumorin ymmärtämiseen, niin voi tuntea itsensä päteväksi. Tykkään myös sananmuunnoksista ja kielellä kikkailusta. &quot;De facto&quot; -sanapari on tuttu. Olen käyttänyt sitä aikanaan Wikipediassa muodossa &quot;de fuckto&quot; kuvaamaan loputonta epäonnistumista, mutta onhan se nyt aika rumaa kiroilla. Tänään keksin sitten viännöksen &quot;de fructu&quot;. Se on ihan nonsenseä, mutta viitsinet kertoa, onko se oikein muodostettu ja voiko se tuoda mitään mielikuvaa latinistille. On siinä sellainen assinsilta, että ''fructus'' lienee &quot;tuotto, sato&quot;, ja taustamielikuva on se, että kun jokin pelto on ollut ihmisten työn kohteena, niin tuottaa se jotain lopulta ja siitä tuotosta voidaan keskustella. (Kyllä on kelvoton vertauskuva, kelvatkoon silti.) --[[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 14:54, 16 Maii 2024 (UTC)
: Moi! ''De fructu'' ei kyllä mikälatinistille soita mitään kelloja. Sinänsä tämä lauseke on tietysi korrekti, kun kerrotaan 'hedelmistä; tuotoista; seurauksista'. Mutta mitään tuohon sinun ''de fuckto'' -viännökseesi verrattavaa en saa irti. Tuo tärkeä englannin termi toisaalta kummittelee silloin tällöin eri yhteyksissä. Kun kuulen sanan ''fackförening'' ('ammattiliitto'), mieleen pyrkii sellainen itse asiasta poikkeava koulupoikahuumorimainen ihmettely, että tarvitaanko sitäkin varten oikein yhdistys. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 15:09, 17 Maii 2024 (UTC)

== Hauen puhuttelusta ==
Engl. Wikisanakirjan mukaan [[en:wikt:Lucius|Luciuksella]] ja [[en:wikt:lucius|luciuksella]] olisi erinäköiset vokatiivimuodot. Mitä tuossa oikein on taustalla? --[[Usor:Geohakkeri|Geohakkeri]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Geohakkeri|disputatio]]) 18:38, 1 Iunii 2024 (UTC)

Teknisesti ottaen kyse on näköjään siitä, että [[en:wikt:Template:la-ndecl#Second-declension_noun_autodetected_subtypes|wikin mallinejärjestelmä]] antaa ''-ī''-vokatiivin vakiona vain erisnimille. Selvä, mutta vielä kiinnostaisi tietää, meneekö kielioppisääntö tosiaan noin. --[[Usor:Geohakkeri|Geohakkeri]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Geohakkeri|disputatio]]) 18:57, 1 Iunii 2024 (UTC)
: Wikisanakirjan tarjoama ''lucie''-vokatiivi on virheellinen, ja se pitäisi korjata. 'Oi hauki' olisi latinaksi ilman muuta ''lucī''. Ratkaiseva asia ei ole erisnimisyys, vaan sanatyyppi ''-ius'', joka on poikkeus siihen sääntöön, että ns. ''o''-deklinaation sanat saavat vokatiivissa ''e''-päätteen. Ihmettelysi on siis aiheellinen. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 03:44, 3 Iunii 2024 (UTC)
:: Kiitos! Erikoista, että automaattiin on tehty tuollainen rajaus. Mitähän lienee joku ''ferrarius dictionarius'' ajatellutkaan. --[[Usor:Geohakkeri|Geohakkeri]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Geohakkeri|disputatio]]) 09:19, 3 Iunii 2024 (UTC)

== Ylläpitoapua ==

Hei, kun näköjään istut raatimiehenä [[wp:magistratus|maistraatissa]], niin sivulla [[MediaWiki:Recentchangestext]] olisi korjattavaa. Yksi iw-linkki on hajonnut ja pitäisi poistaa listasta. (Miten helppoa olisikaan, jos voisi itse mennä ja muokata, mutta eipä naapuriwikin luudalla täällä tee mitään.) --[[Usor:Geohakkeri|Geohakkeri]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Geohakkeri|disputatio]]) 21:33, 7 Iunii 2024 (UTC)
: Hei! Täytyy tunnustaa, että meikä istuu raatimiehenä paljolti dummyna, ihan muista ansioista kuin hallinnollisista. (Enkä muutenkaan taida olla bürokraattisilta lahjoitani penaalin terävin kynä... :-) En ikävä kyllä löydä osoittamaltasi MediaWiki-sivulta, mitä olisi muutettava. Kaksi mahdollisuutta: joko väännät minulle oikein rautalangasta, mitä olisi tehtävä, tai voisit  esittää asian [[usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]]lle, joka on myös hallinnollisesti terävä kynä. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 17:57, 10 Iunii 2024 (UTC)
:: Rivi &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;[[ak:Special:Recentchanges]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; pitäisi poistaa, koska se viittaa [[m:Proposals for closing projects/Closure of Akan Wikipedia 2|lakkautettuun]] wikiin eikä siksi enää toimi [[:fi:Wikipedia:Kieltenväliset linkit|kieli-]] eli [[Auxilium:Nexus interviciales|iw-linkkinä]]. [[Specialis:Nuper mutata]] -sivun yläosassa näkyy nyt siis ikään kuin leipätekstin seassa linkki suljettuun wikiin. Pois vaan, ihan tyhjän panttina se siellä on ja näyttääkin vähän hoopolta. --[[Usor:Geohakkeri|Geohakkeri]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Geohakkeri|disputatio]]) 11:36, 14 Iunii 2024 (UTC)
::: Selvän teki. Pikkuruinen leluluutani teki tehtävänsä. Selityksesi auttoi vihdoin ymmärtämään, mistä oli kysymys. Kiitos siitä. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 13:34, 14 Iunii 2024 (UTC)

== Morbus siansacsus ==
Salveissön! Kun keski-iässä alkaa kertyä vikaa ja kremppaa, niin jotkut ihmiset toisinaan tuppaavat kyselemään liikojakin henkilökohtaisista epikriiseistä. Juolahti mieleen, että lääkärit käyttävät vielä latinaa, ja vastaukseksi voisi utelehtiville sanoa, että tautini on niin harvinainen, että sillä ei ole suomenkielistä nimeä, vain latinankielinen. Tarvitsenkin siis lauseen &quot;''Mitäs (hvittoa) se sulle kuuluu?!''&quot; latinaksi käännettynä. Antero Vipunen -kirjasta (toim. Yrjö Karilas) muistan sanaleikin &quot;la stenko dinka dulla&quot; eli &quot;Lastenkodinkadulla&quot;. Jos siis latinankieliset sanat vielä panisi keskeltä poikki ja palaset jonoon, saisiko niistä aikaan jotain salahauskaa tokaistavaa? [[Usor:Pxos|Pxos]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pxos|disputatio]]) 11:36, 3 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
: Ikävä kyllä en pysty latinaksi kilpailemaan sinun verbaaliakrobatiasi kanssa. Tavallinen fraasi myös periaatteessa pahasuisella Plautuksella (arkaaisen komedian kirjoittaja) on &quot;Quid id ad te attinet?&quot; 'Mitä se sulle kuuluu?' Pahastuneen voimailmaisun voi lisätä vaikka alkuun: &quot;Per infernos, quid id ad te attinet?&quot; Mehevämpiä ilmaisuja varmaan löytyy Pompeijin graffiteista, mutta en ole siihen maailmaan sen kummemmin tutustunut. Tai sitten täytyy sanoa suomeksi. Ruotsinkielisetkin kiroilevat mieluiten suomeksi. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 06:14, 6 Novembris 2024 (UTC)

== You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
Greetings,

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years.

This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required.

The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will be a week in between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run.

In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 20:06, 28 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&amp;oldid=30472432 --&gt;

==Upcoming event of interest?==
FYI, amice: here's a little entertainment for you, if you're near Helsinki this month. In the late 1970s, yours truly worked with Monica on her project, mainly by helping her translate from Samoan into English, and then a couple of years ago, helping her grandson put the present film together. Seen online:
:Upouusi, iskemätön 35mm filmikopioni Moanasta saapui vihdoinkin elokuvalaboratoriosta!
:Tämä kopio esitetään ensimmäisen kerran Moana (Robert Flahertyn elokuva Moana auringon poika (Moana / 1926 / USA) ) satavuotisjuhlanäytöksessämme Cinema Orionissa Helsingissä 22. marraskuuta – James J. Bradfordin vuoden 1925 alkuperäisen partituurin pohjalta sovitetun livemusiikin sekä Monica Flahertyn vuoden 1975 Samoalta tehtyjen kenttä-äänitysten säestyksellä. Kenttä-äänitykset toistetaan alkuperäisiltä analogisilta nauhoilta.
:Kuten tavallista, monia instituutioita ja ihmisiä on kiittäminen tämän 35 mm:n filmikopion mahdollistamisesta: Bruce Posner, Rafael Marques Cinemateca Portuguesa, Turner Classic Movies, Hollywood, yhteistyössä Centre Pompidoun, Pariisin, Cineric Porton, Lissabonin ja Kino Lorberin, NYC.
Cheers! :) [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 18:54, 4 Novembris 2026 (UTC)</text>
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    <title>Chisinovia</title>
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      <text bytes="1129" sha1="in6pv6pprm2f0ctescjbzympk0wrgb5" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
'''Chisinovia'''&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Chisinovia&quot;: Caroli Egger ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum: Supplementum referens nomina Latina vulgaria'' (1985) p. 81; vide etiam [http://pau.krakow.pl/ANP/ANP_LVII_6_2000_s575-644.pdf hic]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Vb. adiect. Chisinauensis, cf. {{CathHierDiocese|chis|Dioecesis Chisinauensis}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[dacoromanice]]: ''Chișinău'') est caput [[Moldavia]]e. Incolas habet 716 000. Chisinovia aedificata est anno [[1436]].

== Incolae notabiles ==
Chisinau in urbe olim vixerunt:
* [[Anna Lesko]], clara [[cantus|cantrix]] [[Romania|Dacoromana]], hic nata
* [[Avigdor Lieberman]], politicus [[Israel]]ita, hic natus

==Nexus interni==
* [[Gubernium Bessarabiae]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
[[Fasciculus:Органный зал, Кишинев, Республика Молдова Sala cu orga, Chisinau, Republica Moldova Organ Hall, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova (50698329527).jpg|thumb|Aula organi (''Sala cu Orgă'') Chisinauensis]]
{{Fontes geographici}}

{{urbs-stipula}}

{{Urbes Europae capitales}}

{{Myrias|Geographia}}

[[Categoria:Chisinovia|!]]
[[Categoria:Capita]]</text>
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'''Carolus''' [[Valesii|Valesius]] cognomine '''Temerarius''' ([[Divio]]ne natus die [[10 Novembris]] [[1433]]; [[Nanceium|Nanceii]] inter pugnam obiit die [[5 Ianuarii]] [[1477]]), fuit [[Ducatus Burgundiae|dux Burgundiae]] ab anno [[1467]] usque ad mortem.

==Vita==
Anno [[1476]] Carolus ab [[Helvetia|Helvetiis]] in [[Grancio]]ne ac [[Muratum|Murati]] profligatus est. Die [[5 Ianuarii]] [[1477]], [[Nanceium|Nanceii]] [[Ludovicus XI (rex Franciae)|Ludovicus XI]] [[rex]] [[Francia]]e exercitum Burgundionum vicit et Carolus necatus est.

Hac clade ducatus finem habuit: pars ducatus [[Francia]]e coniuncta est, et aliae terrae domui [[Habsburgum|Habsburgo]] cessae sunt, quia eodem anno ultima ducissa, Maria filia Caroli Temerarii, [[Maximilianus I|Maximiliano I]], [[imperator]]i [[Sacrum Romanum Imperium|Sacri Romani Imperii]], nupsit.

Sepultus est in [[ecclesia collegiata Sancti Georgii Nanceiensis|ecclesia collegiata Sancti Georgii Nanceiensi]].

== Fontes de vita et principatu Caroli Temerarii ==
[[Fasciculus:Charles le Téméraire Duc de Bourgogne c 1474.jpg|thumb|&quot;Carolus dux Burg.&quot; anno [[1474]] pictus, quo anno [[Divio]]ne accessum suum in ducatum celebravit ([[Museum Bellarum Artium Divionense]])]]
* [[Georgius Castellanus]], ''[[Chronique de messire Georges Chastellain|Chroniques]]''  [https://archive.org/details/uvresdegeorgesc04belggoog/ pars ultima]
* [[Philippus Cominaeus]], ''[[De rebus gestis Ludovici undecimi|Mémoires]]''
* Ioannes de Haynin, ''Mémoires'' [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k64681012 editio 1842 vol. 1] [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6468102g 2]
* [[Olivarius Marchianus]], ''[[Mémoires de messire Olivier de la Marche|Mémoires]]'' [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_tamz6f827wIC/ Textus]
* [[Ioannes Molinet]], ''Recollection des merveilleuses advenues'' [https://archive.org/details/chroniquemtriq00chas/ Textus]

== Bibliographia ==
; Editiones fontium
* Frédéric de Gingins La Sarra, ed., ''Dépêches des ambassadeurs milanais sur les campagnes de Charles le Hardi ... de 1474 à 1477''. 2 voll. Lutetiae: Cherbuliez, 1858 {{GB|R3EEXmnU5IsC|vol. 1}} {{Google Books|zExNAAAAcAAJ|vol. 2}}
* Henri Stein, ed., ''Catalogue des actes de Charles le Témeraire (1467-1477). mit einem Anhang: Urkunden und Mandate Karls von Burgund, Grafen von Charolais (1433-1467)''. Sigmaringen: J. Thorbecke, 1999. ISBN 3-7995-7267-8
* Valérie Bessey, Werner Paravicini, edd., ''Guerre des manifestes: Charles le Téméraire et ses ennemis, 1465-1475''. Lutetiae: Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres, 2017. ISBN 978-2-87754-358-3

; Opera antiquiora
* 1566 : Guillaume Paradin de Cuyseaulx, ''Annales de Bourgongne''. Lugduni: par Antoine Gryphius [https://web.archive.org/web/20211023173715/https://numelyo.bm-lyon.fr/f_view/BML:BML_00GOO0100137001101351745?pid=BML:BML_00GOO0100137001101351745&amp;pg_titre= Textus]
* 1739-1781 : Urbain Plancher, ''Histoire générale et particulière de Bourgogne, avec des notes, des dissertations et les preuves justificatives''. 4 voll. Divione: Antoine de Fay [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k97302001 vol. 4] apud Gallica

; Biographica
* Jean-Marie Cauchies, ''Louis XI et Charles le Hardi. De Péronne à Nancy (1468-1477) : le conflit''. Bruxellis: De Boeck Université, 1996
* Henri Dubois, ''Charles le Téméraire''. Lutetiae: Fayard, 2004. ISBN 2-213-59935-1
* Philippe George, Jean-Louis Kupper, ''Charles le Téméraire : de la violence et du sacré''. Lutetiae: Éditions du Perron, 2005. ISBN 978-2-87114-221-8
* Jean-Pierre Soisson, ''Charles le Téméraire''. Lutetiae: Grasset et Fasquelle, 1997. ISBN 2-246-53581-6
* Richard Vaughan, ''Charles the Bold: The Last Valois Duke of Burgundy''. Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2004. ISBN 978-0851159188

==Nexus externi==
{{Fontes biographici}}
{{CommuniaCat|Charles the Bold|Carolum Temerarium}}

{{bio-stipula}}

{{Duces Burgundiae Valesii}}

{{Lifetime|1433|1477|Carolus I dux Burgundiae}}
[[Categoria:Duces Burgundiae]]
[[Categoria:Proelio interfecti]]
[[Categoria:Carolus Temerarius]]
[[Categoria:Philippus Bonus]]
[[Categoria:Maria (ducissa Burgundiae)]]</text>
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      <comment>De forma Latina cognominis</comment>
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      <text bytes="2616" sha1="6wmq2vvhimz5jwmb35h7l86vormqppz" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}

{{res|Albertus Arnoldus Gore minor}}, sive Latine '''Goreus'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus|cognomen 1=Gross|nomen 1=Nicolaus|titulus=ALBERTUS GOREUS (I.E. AL GORE) PRAEMIO NOBELIANO PACIS HONESTATUS|annus=2007|domus editoria=Ephemeris|url=http://www.alcuinus.net/ephemeris/archi2007/nuntius1.php?id=327}}: “At praecipuê Americani scriptores interretiales dextrae partis politicae hodie pus ac venenum infundunt in ''Goreum'' atque commissionem Nobelianam.”&lt;/ref&gt; (vulgo ''Al Gore''; [[Vasingtonia (D.C.)|Vasingtoniae]] natus die [[31 Martii]] [[1948]]), est [[vir publicus]] [[Civitates Foederatae|Americanus]], [[negotiator]], et [[oecologia|oecologus]], qui quadragesimus quintus [[Praeses vicarius Civitatum Foederatarum Americae|Praeses Vicarius Civitatum Foedetarum]] ab anno [[1993]] usque ad annum [[2001]] fuit, [[Gulielmus Clinton|Gulielmo Clinton]] [[Praeses Civitatum Foederatarum|praesidente]]. Socius [[Factio Democratica (CFA)|Factionis Democraticae]] [[Tennesia]]m in ambabus [[Congressus Civitatum Foederatarum]] cameris olim repraesentavit, primum legatus [[Camera Repraesentantium Civitatum Foederatarum|Camerae Repraesentantium]] ab [[1977]] ad [[1985]], et tum [[Senatus Civitatum Foederatarum Americae|senator]] ab [[1985]] ad [[1993]]. Candidatus Factionis Democraticae in {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|comitiis praesidentialibus anni 2000||en|qid=Q327959}} fuit, sed a [[Georgius W. Bush|Georgio W. Bush]], candidato [[Factio Republicana (CFA)|Factionis Republicanae]] victus est.

''An Inconvenient Truth'' ('Veritas Importuna'), [[pellicula]]m ad [[naturae protectio|naturam protegendam]] a [[periculum|periculis]] mutationis [[aer]]is et [[calefactio globalis|calefactionis globalis]] factam, anno [[2006]] fecit. Cuius operae gratia, ipse [[Praemium Nobelianum pacis|Praemium Nobelianum Pacis]] cum [[consilium climaticum Nationum Unitarum|Consilio Climatico Consotiationis Nationum]] anno [[2007]]  accepit.

Ex eius nomine appellatur ''[[Etheostoma gore]],'' [[species]] [[pisces|piscaria]].

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{Communia|Al Gore|Albertum Goreum}}
{{Fontes biographici}}
* [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2007/ De Alberto Arnoldo Goreo] in pagina (nobelprize.org) Nobeliano pacis praemio dicata {{Ling|Anglice}}¨

{{CFApraesidesvicarii}}

{{Anni vitae|1948||Gore, Albertus}}
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Harvardianae]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Tennesiae]]
[[Categoria:Magistri]]
[[Categoria:Praemium Nobelianum Pacis]]
[[Categoria:Praesides Vicarii Civitatum Foederatarum Americae]]
{{Myrias|Homines}}</text>
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    <title>Alphonsus La Marmora</title>
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      <text bytes="5461" sha1="atm135501073wlhkwl8air4m5ejgi7d" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
'''Alphonsus La Marmora''',&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Minister Alphonsus La Marmora tenuit, quod hac agendi ratione compromittatur existentia Cleri - et Camera reiecit illud&quot;; Augustinus de Roskovány, ''Monumenta catholica independentia potestatis ecclesiasticae ab Imperio civili, Tomus VIII'' (Pestini, 1871): 427 [https://www.google.it/books/edition/Monumenta_catholica_independentia_potest/oxONOO-k-gwC?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Alphonsum+Lamarmora&amp;pg=PA427&amp;printsec=frontcover].&lt;/ref&gt; seu '''Lamarmora''',&lt;ref&gt;Declinatio Latina cognominis in contextu [[Satyra|satyrico]] invenitur: &quot;secundum Lamarmoram&quot; apud diurnarium populare ''[https://www.google.it/books/edition/L_Arca_di_No%C3%A8/420OH9gk-a8C?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=lamarmoram&amp;pg=PA597&amp;printsec=frontcover L'arca di Noè]'' (17 Martii 1863) nuncupatur.&lt;/ref&gt; vulgo plene ''Alfonso Ferrero della Marmora'' ([[Taurinum|Taurini]] natus die [[17 Novembris]] [[1804]]; [[Florentia]]e mortuus die [[5 Ianuarii]] [[1878]]), fuit [[vir militaris]], [[vir publicus]], et bis praeses Consilii Ministrorum [[Regnum Italiae|Regni Italiae]].

== Biographia ==
[[Fasciculus:Alfonso Lamarmora.jpg|thumb|Alphonsus La Marmora (circa 1866).]]
[[Augusta Taurinorum|Augustae Taurinorum]] natus, Alphonsus erat duodecimus filius marchionis Caelestini Ferrero della Marmora atque uxoris suae Raphaëlae Argentero di Beserzio. Frater [[Alexander La Marmora|Alexander]] fuit conditor generis militum quorum nomen Italicum est ''[[bersaglieri]]''. Alphonsus La Marmora, undecim annos natus, in [[Academia militaris|Academiam militarem]] Augustae Taurinorum studiavit ab anno 1816 usque ad 1823, cum in exercitu [[Regnum Sardiniae|Regni Sardiniae]] intravit.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Vide [[wikisource:1911_Encyclopædia_Britannica/La_Marmora,_Alfonso_Ferrero|paginam ei dicatam]] apud ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' (1911). {{Ling|Anglice}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anno 1848 [[minister belli]] Regni factus est, [[Hector Perrone|Hectore Perrone]] praeside Consilii. Denuo minister belli factus est in administratione [[Vincentius Gioberti|Vincentii Gioberti]] (2-9 Februarii 1849), duo administrationibus [[Maximus Azelius|Maximi Azelii]] (3 Novembris 1849-21 Maii 1852 et 21 Maii 1852-4 Novembris 1852) ac duo rectionibus [[Camillus Bensus Caburri Comes|Camilli Bensi Caburri Comitis]] (a die 3 Novembris anni 1852 usque a 2 Aprilis 1855, deinde a 16 Ianuarii 1856 a mense Aprilis anni 1859).

Anno [[1855]] per [[bellum Crimaeanum]] militavit,&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/la-marmora-alfonso-ferrero-di_(Dizionario-di-Storia)/ paginam] apud ''Encyclopaediam Historicam'' Treccani. {{Ling|Italice}}&lt;/ref&gt; atque cum foederatis [[Secundum Imperium Francicum|Secundi Imperii Francici]], [[Regnum Britanniarum|Regni Britanniarum]] [[Imperium Ottomanicum|Imperiique Ottomanici]] pugnavit in [[Obsidio Sebastopolis|obsidione Sebastopolis]] contra navarchos [[Russi|Russorum]] [[Paulus Nachimov|Paulum Nachimov]] et [[Vladimirus Kornilov|Vladimirum Kornilov]]: die 18 Augusti, [[Proelium apud flumen Čërnajam|proelio apud flumen Čërnajam]], ubi milites Francogallici atque foederati Regni Sardiniae vicerunt Russos a duce [[Michael Gorčakov|Michaële Gorčakov]] ductos, La Marmora ducit copias Sardiniae. Deinde, a die 19 Iulii [[1859]]&amp;#x20;usque ad 21 Ianuarii [[1860]] ille fuit praeses Consilii Regni Sardiniae, post secundam rectionem Camilli Bensi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Post resignationem [[Marcus Minghetti|Marci Minghetti]], praeses Consilii Regni Italici factus est, anno 1864.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Mense Aprilis anni 1866, La Marmora foedus militare cum [[Borussia|Borussicis]] contra [[Imperium Austro-Hungaricum]] fecit, deinde bellum contra Austriacos fecit. Die 20 Iunii se dimisit atque [[Bettinus Ricasoli]] novus primus minister Regni factus; tamen, copiae Italicae victae sunt in [[Pugna Custozae (1866)|secunda pugna Custozae]], prope [[Summa Campania|Summam Campaniam]], a militibus [[Archidux|archiducis]] [[Albertus de Tessino|Alberti de Tessino]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Ultimis annis vitae La Marmora publicavit libros ''Un po' più di luce sugli eventi dell'anno 1866'' (1873), de strategia militari eius in bellum contra Austriacos, ''Un episodio di risorgimento italiano'' (1875), atque ''Il segreto di stato nel governo costituzionale'' (1877).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Anno 1878 mortuus est [[Florentia|Florentiae]], die 5 Ianuarii.

== Administrationes Regni Sardiniae quibus Alphonsus La Marmora praefuit ==
* Administratio a die [[19 Iulii]] [[1859]] usque ad diem [[21 Ianuarii]] [[1860]].

== Administrationes Regni Italiae quibus Alphonsus La Marmora praefuit ==
* I administratio a die [[28 Septembris]] [[1864]] usque ad diem [[31 Decembris]] [[1865]];
* II administratio a die [[31 Decembris]] [[1865]] usque ad diem [[20 Iunii]] [[1866]].

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Aloisius Chiala, ''[[iarchive:ricordidellagio00chiagoog/page/n13/mode/2up|Ricordi della giovinezza di Alfonso La Marmora]]'' (Romae 1881). {{Ling|Italice}}
* Iosephus Massari, ''[[iarchive:ilgeneralealfon01massgoog/page/n13/mode/2up|Il generale Alfonso La Marmora]]'' (Florentiae, 1880). {{Ling|Italice}}

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat|Alfonso La Marmora|Alphonsum Lamarmoram}}
{{Fontes biographici}}

{{Formula:Praesides Consilii Ministrum Italici}}

{{Lifetime|1804|1878|La Marmora, Alphonsus}}
[[Categoria:Milites Italiae]]
[[Categoria:Participes Belli Crimaeani]]
[[Categoria:Praesides Consilii Ministrorum Italiae]]</text>
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    <title>Christophorus Willibaldus Gluckius</title>
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      <text bytes="9754" sha1="054y1qa4zh6asky1rpiyudjktf01djt" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Joseph Siffred Duplessis - Christoph Willibald Gluck - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Christophorus Willibaldus Gluckius, ab [[Iosephus Sifrède Duplessis|Iosepho Sifrède Duplessis]] pictus ([[1775]]). [[Museum Historiae Artis (Vindobona)]]]]
[[Fasciculus:Peters, Johann Anton de - Huldigung an Gluck - 1775-1779.jpg|thumb|[[Ioannes Antonius de Peters]]: ''Laudes pro Gluckio'']]
[[Fasciculus:Grab von Christoph Willibald Gluck auf dem Wiener Zentralfriedhof (2).JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|Cippus eius Vindobonae.]]
'''Christophorus Willibaldus Gluckius''',&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Quis non miratur ex recentioribus Hendelium et '''Gluckium''', utrumque Germanum, Voglerum, Haydinium, Mozartum, Beethovenium&quot;; Godefridus Christianus Lauter, ''Germaniae et Germanorum laus'' (Heidelbergae, 1816): [https://www.google.it/books/edition/Germaniae_et_Germanorum_laus/H48XkqsqFZMC?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Beethovenium&amp;pg=PA43&amp;printsec=frontcover 43].&lt;/ref&gt; vulgo ''Christoph Willibald Gluck'' (natus [[berching|Berchingae-Erasbach]] die [[2 Iulii]] [[1714]], mortuus [[Vindobona]]e die [[15 Novembris]] [[1787]]), fuit [[compositor]] [[Germania|Germanus]], praecipue [[musica]]e [[opera]]ticae. Sepultus est Vindobonae in Coemeterio centrali, quod dicitur.

==Vita==
Filius [[saltus|saltuarii]] Alexandri Gluck mox in [[Bohemia]]m venit ubi [[Praga]]e [[violoncellum|ampla violina]] canere edidicit. Anno 1736 autem [[Vindobona]]m se contulit ubi princeps Melzi quidam ingenium eius agnoscens eum [[Mediolanum]] misit in scholam [[ioannes Baptista Sammartini|Ioannis Baptistae Sammartini]] (usque annum 1740). Gluckius porro in [[Italia]] versans ex anno 1742 (»Artaserse«, Mediolani) velut [[melodrama (musica)|melodramatum]] compositor in modo Italico feliciter incessit ut anno 1745 [[Londonium]] vocaretur ad res musicae Italicae in Anglia revivificandas: quoniam ibi [[Georgius Fridericus Handelius]] nihil nisi [[oratorium (musica)|oratoria]] componere solitus erat. Successus musicorum Londinii confectorum sive recalefactorum infelix in Christophoro Willibaldo Gluckio meditationem profundam excitavit. Insuper [[Ioannes Philippus Rameau]] et Handelius eum inspirabant, ut denique Gluckius ipse summus reformator musicae fieri posset.

Londinio anno 1746 [[Hamburgum]] profectus annis inter 1747 et 1748 [[concentus magister]] gregis melodramatici circa [[petrus Mingotti|Petrum Mingotti]] congregati fuit [[Dresda]]e, Pragae, Hamburgi et [[Hafnia]]e apparens. Anno 1748 Vindobonam commigravit; musico »Semiramide« praesentato (1748) annis inter 1754 et 1764 ad theatrum operaticum capellae aulicae magister erat, quo tempore [[Singspiel]] generis [[francia|Francici]] in Austriam venit. Ipse composuit multa talia secundum morem modernum (poesim suam dederunt e.g. [[Carolus Simon Favart]], [[Ludovicus Anseaume]], [[Michael Ioannis Sedaine]], [[Petrus Renatus Lemonnier]]) sub titulis »Les amours champêtres«, »Le Chinois polien France«, »Le déguisant pastoral«, »La fausse esclave«, »L'ivrogne corrigé«, »Le Cadi dupé«. Dubium non est quin reditus ad naturalem musicam schemata rigida Italica abolirent. Vindobonensibus laborare continuabat et anno 1749 Hafniensibus, anno 1750 Pragensibus, anno 1752 [[neapolis|Neapolitanis]], anno 1756 [[roma|Romanis]] melica dramata secundum morem antiquum donavit. Gluck, cum poetam [[Rainerius de' Calzabigi|Rainerium de' Calzabigi]] convenisset, reformator maximus in musicis factus est. Praesertim in [[melodrama|musicis verbis]] Calzabigi ornatis: »[[Orfeo ed Euridice]]« ([[Vindobona]]e 1762), »Alceste« (Vindobonae 1767)et »Paris ed Elena« (Vindobonae 1770). Constat alias res in orbitis pristinis porro cucurrisse. Reformationes Gluckianae reactio fortis de argumento poetico esse videtur, momento musicali nimio postposito.

Itaque Gluckius et Calzabigi ideas pristinorum musicographorum in melicis ([[iacobus Peri|Iacobi Peri]], [[claudius Monteverdi|Claudii Monteverdi]]) redetegerunt et pathos tragoediarum antiquarum magnum (»Orpheus«, »Alceste«) recyclarunt. Altero a latere [[opera buffa]] ipsa iam operarum Italicarum pompam artificialem reiciens melodias simpliciores populares fovebat. Incepta ista moderna neque in Germania neque in Italia magni aestimabantur et critici ut  [[Nicolaus Forkel]] ([[Gottinga]]e) sive [[Ioannes Fridericus Agricola]] ([[Berolinum|Berolini]]) eum acriter attingebat quamvis [[Fridericus Amadeus Klopstock]], [[Ioannes Gottfriedus Herder]] et [[Christophorus Martinus Wieland]] enthei nova Gluckiana laudarunt. Homo alter nova musica inflammatus fuit legatus [[Franciscus Ludovicus Gand Le Blanc du Roullet]] qui intellexit, Christophorum Willibaldum Gluck melodramati Francico novum incrementum daturum esse. Roullet argumentum antiquum sibi elegit i.d. »Iphigeniae in Aulide«, quod secundum tragoediam [[Ioannes Racine|Ioannis Racie]] pro Gluck adaptabat. Item [[theatrum operaticum|Theatro operatico]] magno Parisiensi persuasit ut istam rem sibi arriperent. Anno 1773 Gluck Lutetiam omnium rerum parandarum caussa petivit ubi die 19 Aprilis 1774 opus primo productum est: statim spectatores in partes duas divis sunt in ''piccinistas'' (fautores Italicorum, secundum [[nicolaus Piccinni|Nicolaum Piccinni]] Lutetiae laborantem) et alios.

Cum insuper »Orfeo« et »Alceste« in tractatione Francica necnon ([[versaliae|Versaliis]] anno 1775) opuscula &quot;L'arbre enchanté&quot; et &quot;Cythère assiégée&quot; monstrata esset, Gluck Vindobonam rediit. Ibi musicam exaravit ut tranquillus textum [[philippus Quinault|Philippi Quinault]] de »Armide« (anni 1686 pro [[ioannes Baptista Lully|Ioanne Baptista Lully]]) novis melodiis ornaret. Laborem in opere »Roland« interrupit et lucubrationes omnes exussit cum notum esset Nicolao Piccini laborem mandatum esse. Gluck anno 1777 Lutetiam reversus opus suum »Armide« die 25 Septembri praesentavit, cui eventus autem non ita bonus fuit. Anno 1778 Piccini quidem cum »Roland« triumphum deportavit antequam die 18 Maii 1779 a Gluck adversario in aeternum viceretur. Eius ultimum melicum drama fuit »Echo et Narcisse« (cum textu [[ludovicus Theodorus de Tschudi|Ludovici Theodori de Tschudi]]). Anno 1780 Vindobonam revenit plumam depositurus.

Praeter melodramata XLVI exaravit [[ballatio]]nem »Don Juan« (1761), liturgicum opus »De profundis« pro choro et symphonia, [[psalmus 8|psalmum octavum]] choro instrumentis absoluto, cantus VII Klopstockii [[clavicen|clavicinibus]] comitantibus, oratorum »Das Jüngste Gericht« (quod finivit [[Antonius Salieri]]) et symphonias VI.

==Fons==
''Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon'', vol 8. Lipsiae 1907, p. 49-51 ([http://www.zeno.org/nid/20006691439 hic in interreti])
==Nexus externi==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20190815174616/http://www.gluck-gesamtausgabe.de/projekt/gluck/biographie.html Vita et opera omnia compositoris]

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Bibliographia==
* Brown, Bruce Alan. [[1991]]. ''Gluck and the French Theatre in Vienna.'' [[Oxonia]]e: Clarendon Press.
* [[Alfredus Einstein|Einstein, Alfredus]]. [[1952]]. ''Gluck: Sein Leben seine Werke.'' [[Turicum (urbs)|Turici]]: Liz-Ausgabe, Orig. Pan-Verlag. Etiam E-Book: www.musikwissenschaft.tu-berlin.de/wi.
* Thomas Betzwieser, Michele Calella, Klaus Pietschmann (Hrsg.): ''Christoph Willibald Gluck. Bilder Mythen Diskurse'' (= ''Wiener Veröffentlichungen zur Musikwissenschaft'' 47). Hollitzer, Vindobonae 2018, ISBN 978-3-99012-501-4.
* Irene Brandenburg (Hrsg.): ''Christoph Willibald Gluck und seine Zeit'', Laaber: Laaber-Verl., 2010, ISBN 978-3-89007-252-4.
* Irene Brandenburg, Elisabeth Richter (ed.), Gerhard Croll: ''Gluck-Schriften. Ausgewählte Aufsätze und Vorträge 1967–2002''. Gluck-Studien, Band 4. Bärenreiter, Casellae 2003, ISBN 3-7618-1606-5.
* Bruce Alan Brown: ''Gluck and the French Theatre in Vienna''. Clarendon, Oxoniae 1991, ISBN 0-19-316415-9.
* Gerhard Croll, Renate Croll: ''Gluck. Sein Leben Seine Musik'', Bärenreiter, Casellae 2010, ISBN 3-7618-2166-2.
* Gwendolyn Döring: ''Christoph Willibald Gluck – Sein Opernschaffen. Bezüge – Reaktionen – Perspektiven.'' Are, Moguntiaci 2018, ISBN 978-3-92452-270-4.
* Alfred Einstein: ''Gluck. Sein Leben seine Werke''. Neuausgabe. Bärenreiter, Casellae 1987, ISBN 3-7618-0810-0.
* Martin R. Handschuh: ''Christoph Willibald Gluck. Von Erasbach hinaus in alle Welt'', Berching 2010.
* Klaus Hortschansky: ''Parodie und Entlehnung im Schaffen Christoph Willibald Glucks'', Coloniae Agrippinae 1973, ISBN 3-87252-058-X.
* Klaus Hortschansky (Hrsg.): ''Christoph Willibald Gluck und die Opernreform'', Darmstadii 1989, ISBN 3-534-08666-X. 
* Daniela Philippi: ''Konnte es eine konzertante Gluck-Pflege geben? – Ergebnisse der Quellenforschung''. In: Kristina Pfarr (ed.): ''Kammermusik an Rhein und Main. Beiträge zur Geschichte des Streichquartetts. Colloquia zur Kammermusik IV''. Villa Musica Rheinland-Pfalz, Moguntiaci 2007, ISBN 978-3-9802665-7-4, S. 75–86. 
* {{NDB|6|466|469|Gluck, Christoph Willibald Ritter von|Hans Schmid|118539841}}

==Nexus externi==
{{CommuniaCat|Christoph Willibald Gluck|Christophorum Willibaldum Gluckium}}
* [http://www.epdlp.com/clasica.php?id=283 Exempla musicae: [[aria (musica)|aria]] &quot;Che Faro Senza Euridice&quot; ex ''[[Orfeo ed Euridice]]'' [[opera]] (anno [[1762]])]
* [http://www.gluck-gesellschaft.org Situs Societatis Internationalis Gluck,] apud www.gluck-gesellschaft.org
* [http://www.berching.de Situs urbis natalis,] apud www.berching.de


{{Lifetime|1714|1787|Gluckius, Christophus Willibaldus}}
[[Categoria:Compositores Aetatis Classicae]]
[[Categoria:Compositores Austriae]]
[[Categoria:Compositores Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Compositores operarum]]
[[Categoria:Christophorus Willibaldus Gluck|!]]
[[Categoria:Sepulturae in Zentralfriedhof]]</text>
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    <title>C-base</title>
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      <text bytes="4580" sha1="o4myhgkjkcimjjx3u35ojmg78xwaghx" xml:space="preserve">'''c-base''' vel [[Latine]] basis c, locus est [[Berolinum|Berolini]] quo societas communibus utilis nomine « c-base e.V. » sedem habet et quae 550 sodales numerat. Nomen societatis tabulis publicis inscriptum est.
[[Fasciculus:2007-07-28-berlin-130.jpg|thumb|Basis C intrinsecus]]
Societatis sodales propagant [[Scientia (ratio)|scientiam]] de rebus [[computatrum|computatralibus]] velut de ordinatris, de armaturis electronicis, de [[programma]]tibus et de [[interrete]]. Aliis Berolinensibus civium societatibus quarum exempli gratia nomina vulgaria sunt ''Freifunk'' atque ''Chaos Computer Club'' nostra lingua fere &quot;Conventus Computatralis Chaoticus&quot; et [[Vicipaedia]]e Berolinensi et [[igo]] lusoribus usus aularum offertur. Omnes qui similia propagant basis capacitatibus uti possunt.

Multa sodales agunt. Exempli gratia anno [[2003]] participaverunt conventui mundiali infantulorum ubi iuvenibus docebant de robotorum rebus technicis et de arte qua ordinatri ope effigies trium dimensionum designes.

== Res gestae ==
Autumo anni 1995 “c-base e.V.” Berolini septem decem sodalibus conditum est.
 [[Fasciculus:2007-02-18-stammtisch-08.jpg|thumb|Vicipaediani in basi c conveniunt.]]

== Quomodo sodales seipsos vident ==
Magni momenti in societatis vita est mythus originalis. Sub [[Media (regio Berolini)|media]] urbe Berolinensi dicitur stationis spatialis ruinas sub terrae solo iacere, cuius antemna adhuc solo eminet et qua nunc turri televisionis utuntur.

=== Stationis spatialis historia ===
[[Fasciculus:CBaseR.JPG|thumb|left|Statio spatialis ut archaeologi reconstruxerunt. Basis c est a laeva. Turris televisionis in media parte.]]
Secundum unam saltem versionem olim quadraginta quattuor centena decies centena milia annorum ante nostram aevum statio spatialis in [[Tellus (planeta)|terram]] delapsa est. In statione fuerunt et res quae artifiosissimae technologiae factae erant et animalia adhuc non explorata.

Interea hac de statione in Berolino moderno nonnullae reliquiae inventae sunt sicut stationis antemna qua nunc turri televisionis utuntur et statio multimodalis quae olim in casu detrusa erat. Ea nunc est locus et basis et societatis C. Exploratio reliquiarum, quae est ampla, adhuc non finita est.

=== Ordo stationis ===
[[Fasciculus:CBase-von-Jannowitzbruecke.jpg|thumb|Basis C extrinsecus]]
Basis C constat ex septem circulis qui idem punctum medium habent sed etiam diversis regionibus movi possunt. Modula igitur sunt quorum unocuique proprium munus adscriptum est. Nomina circulorum sunt, si ab intimo incipis: ''core'','' com'', ''culture'', ''creactiv'', ''cience'', ''carbon'' et ''clamp''.

In circulo intimo nomine ''core'' est [[energia]]e centrum, ubi energia generatro creatur. Id generatrum olim ope artis technicae qua [[Moebii taenia|taeniola Moebiana]] utuntur amplissimam energiae copiam energeticam produxit. In ipso loco nunc operat basis ordinatrum centrale vulgo ''c-beam'' vocatum. 

In circulo alio ''com'' sunt cosmoportus et communicationis armamenta, etiam communicationis modulum interstellare. Eius moduli naturam recentissime &quot;Chaos Computer Club&quot; cum invenit tum patefecit.

Circuli ''culture'' et ''creactiv'' et ''cience'' institutis culturalibus et creativis atque explarationi scientificae designati sunt. In circulo ''cience'' est etiam [[arboretum]]. Circulus ''carbon'' habitacula habet in quibus animalia carbonali basi viventia sunt. Denique circulus extimus ''clamp'' omnem stationem continet et stabilit.

== Notione digna ==

Usque ab anno 2004 in basis capacitatibus communitas vicipaediana Berolinensis terminis constitutis convenit. 

[[Coordinata geographica]]: {{coor dms|52|30|47|N|13|25|11|E}}

== Nexus externi ==
* [http://www.c-base.org/presse/pressemappe.pdf c-base e. V.: ''c-base. official handout v.6.0s'', Berolini 2004]
* [http://www.c-base.org/ c-base-pagina interretialis] 
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071022122105/http://www.openstage-berlin.de/ openstage-berlin.de]
* [http://www.epilog.de/Berlin/SF/Verein/c_base.htm c-base – Statio spatialis sub media urbe]
* [http://www.myspace.com/cbase2342 MySpace-Account basis C cum pelliculis et musica nonnullorum sodalium] 

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100107134801/http://www.katharinen.ingolstadt.de/projekte/kglatein/complat.htm Vocabula computratalia]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070122090721/http://www.obta.uw.edu.pl/%7Edraco/docs/voccomp.html Vocabula computralia] ([[lingua Latina]] et [[lingua Anglica|Anglica]])

[[Categoria:Berolinum]]
[[Categoria:Societas hominum]]
[[Categoria:Litterae rerum futurarum]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Batavia (navis)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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{{Videdis|Batavia}}
[[Fasciculus:Ship Batavia 2.jpg|thumb|upright=1|''Batavia,'' replica anno 1995 facta.]]
[[Fasciculus:Holland Batavia at shipyard.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|''Batavia,'' replica anno 1995 facta]]
'''''Batavia''''' fuit [[navis]] [[Societas Indiae Orientalis Batava|Societatis Indiae Orientalis]] a [[Franciscus Pelsaert|Francisco Pelsaert]] annis ab anno [[1627]] ad annum [[1628]] constructa.

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071105054704/http://www.museum.wa.gov.au/oursites/maritime/exhibtions/batavia.asp De ''Batavia'' apud Museum Australiae Occidentalis]
* [http://www.inghist.nl/Onderzoek/Projecten/DAS De navigatione Nederlandica in Asiam 1575-1795] (Bruijn, J.R., Gaastra F.S., Schöffer, I.)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071020033719/http://www.bataviawerf.nl/batavia.html De ''Batavia'']

== Notae ==
*Dash, Mike. [[2002]]. ''De ondergang van de Batavia,'' ed. quinta. Amstelodami: De Arbeiderspers. ISBN 90-295-1399-3.

{{Stipula}}

[[Categoria:Confecta 1628]]
[[Categoria:Historia Nederlandiae]]
[[Categoria:Naves]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Burgentia</title>
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      <text bytes="1933" sha1="qhh2zpg6wpuhq6jzrce0vmremmt5dh2" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:VistaBrienza.JPG|thumb|Burgentia]]
'''Burgentia'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Sacco}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304214755/http://www.utcbrienza.it/Notizie%20generali.pdf Citta' di Brienza]&lt;/ref&gt; {{victio|Burgentia|ae|f}} ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Brienza|Brienza]]'') est [[oppidum]] [[Italia]]e et [[Commune Italiae|municipium]], circiter 4&amp;thinsp;085 incolarum, in [[Regio Italiae|Regione]] [[Lucania]] et in [[Potentia (provincia)|Provincia Potentina]] situm. Incolae ''Burgentiani'' appellantur.

== Insignia ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Corona di comune.svg|''[[Municipium Italiae]]''
Fasciculus:Merito civile gold medal BAR.svg|''[[Municipium nomismate aureo ob meritum civilem decoratum]]''
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Clari cives ==
=== Nati ===
* [[Franciscus Marius Paganus]]

== Ecclesia Catholica Romana ==
* [[Archidioecesis Potentina-Murana-Marsicensis]],

== Fractiones, vici et loci in municipio ==
=== Fractiones ===
''Braide I, Braide II, Monte I, Monte II, Schiavi''.

== Municipia finitima ==
* [[Atina (Campania)|Atina]] ([[Provincia Salernitana|SA]]),
* [[Consilinum]] ([[Provincia Salernitana|SA]]),
* [[Fanum Sancti Angeli de Fractis]],
* [[Marsicum Novum]],
* [[Petrafisia]],
* [[Pola (Italia)|Pola]] ([[Provincia Salernitana|SA]]),
* [[Saxum (Lucania)|Saxum]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Lucania]] (''regio''),
* [[Provincia Potentina]],
* [[Potentia (Italia)|Potentia]] (''urbs''),
* [[Municipium Italiae]].

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20220321030233/https://www.comune.brienza.pz.it/ Situs publicus]
{{communiaCat|Brienza|Burgentiam}}

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Map of comune of Brienza (province of Potenza, region Basilicata, Italy).svg|Collocatio finium municipii in Provincia Potentina.
Imago:Mariopagano.jpg|Statua Francisco Mario Paganus.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Municipia in provincia Potentiae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ducatus Lotharingiae</title>
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{{Videdis|Lotharingia}}
'''Ducatus Lotharingiae''' est antiqua provincia [[Francia]]e, cuius caput urbs [[Nanceium]] erat. Ducatus anno [[959]] conditus est et anno [[1766]] pars Franciae factus est. Ab hoc anno Lotharingia censetur regio culturalis historicaque [[Francia]]e boreali-orientalis, cuius urbes maximi momenti sunt [[Mettis]] et [[Nanceium]].

[[Fasciculus:Lotharingia-1508.jpg|thumb|Lotharingia ([[1508]]).]]
Nomen ''Lotharingia'' deducitur a nomine ''Lothario'' et suffixo Germanico ''-ing'', &quot;qui eiusdem generis vel factionis est&quot;; hoc est populus vel regnum [[Lotharius II (rex Lotharingiae)|Lotharii II]], filii [[Lotharius I (imperator)|Lotharii I]], filii [[Ludovicus Pius|Ludovici Pii]].&lt;ref&gt;''Oxford English Dictionary'', s.v. &quot;Lotharingian.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; Lotharingia, ex [[Francia media]] anno [[855]] creata, anno [[959]] in duos ducatus, [[Lotharingia superior|Lotharingiam superiorem]] et [[Lotharingia inferior|Lotharingiam inferiorem]], divisa est. Lotharingia inferior [[saeculum 12|saeculo XII]] in multa [[feudum|feuda]] refracta est, sed Lotharingia superior integra manet usque ad annum 1766, cum a [[Francia Borboniensis|regno Franciae]] annexa est. Lotharingia cum [[Alsatia]] saepe inter Francos et Germanos disputata est.

Lotharingia cum [[ducatus Barrensis|ducatu Barrensi]] unam provinciam militarem Franciae saeculo XVIII constituit, nomine ''Lorraine et Bar'', scilicet '''Lotharingia et Barrensis'''. Anno [[1790]] Lotharingia et Barrensis maxima parte in praefecturas [[Morta et Mosella|Mortae et Mosellae]], [[Mosa (praefectura Franciae)|Mosae]], [[Mosella (praefectura Franciae)|Mosella]]e (e fluminibus nominatas) et [[Vosegus (praefectura Franciae)|Vosegi]] (e [[Vosegus|monte huius nominis]]) conversae sunt. 

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Auguste Digot, ''Histoire de Lorraine''. 6 voll. Nanceii, 1856 [https://web.archive.org/web/20200610182623/https://numelyo.bm-lyon.fr/f_view/BML:BML_00GOO0100137001101352206 voll. 1-2] {{GB|27XbKmL_mnYC|3-4}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20200610172547/https://numelyo.bm-lyon.fr/f_view/BML:BML_00GOO0100137001101352214 5-6]

{{NexInt}}
* [[Duces Lotharingiae]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes geographici}}
* [http://www.lotharingia.de/ Lotharingia ([[Germanice]])]

{{Provinciae Franciae antiquiores}}

[[Categoria:Civitates mediaevales Franciae|Lotharingia]]
[[Categoria:Lotharingia|!]]
[[Categoria:Ducatus|Lotharingia]]
[[Categoria:Nanceium]]
[[Categoria:Provinciae Franciae –1789]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Index nominum Latinorum hominum praeclarorum</title>
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      <text bytes="83600" sha1="4z93mkjdfw3wswtug45mcztx9ah3xf9" xml:space="preserve">{{Index imperfectus}}
'''Index nominum Latinorum praeclarorum hominum.'''—Homines [[antiquitas|aevo antiquo]], [[Medium Aevum|aevo medio]], [[Aevum litterarum artiumque renatarum|aevoque litterarum artiumque renatarum]] [[nomen proprium|nomina propria]] et [[patrius sermo|linguis vulgaribus]] et [[lingua Latina|nostra lingua]] habere solebant. Etiam nomina in [[sermo]]nibus in [[Europa]] ignotis Latine scribebantur. Hic est index aliquorum exemplorum:

__NOTOC__
{| border=&quot;0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;toccolours&quot;
! Argumentum 
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |
[[#A|A]] [[#B|B]] [[#C|C]] [[#D|D]] [[#E|E]] [[#F|F]] [[#G|G]] [[#H|H]] [[#I|I]] [[#J|J]] [[#K|K]] [[#L|L]] [[#M|M]] [[#N|N]] [[#O|O]] [[#P|P]] [[#Q|Q]] [[#R|R]] [[#S|S]] [[#T|T]] [[#U|U]] [[#V|V]] [[#W|W]] [[#X|X]] [[#Y|Y]] [[#Z|Z]]
|-
|}

== A ==
[[Fasciculus:St-thomas-aquinas.jpg|thumb|&lt;center&gt;[[Thomas Aquinas]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Johannes Aventinus.png|thumb|&lt;center&gt;[[Ioannes Aventinus]].]]
* [[Mahmudus Abbasius]] (Maḥmūd ʿAbbās) (1935)
* [[Abubacer]] (Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Muhammad ibn Tufail) (1105-1185)
* [[Abulcasis]] (Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi) (936–1013)
* [[Gregorius Abulpharagius]] (Grīghōr Abū'l-Faraǧ) (1226–1286)
* [[Acbarus (imperator)|Acbarus]] (Jalāl-ud-dīn Muhammad Akbar) (1542–1605)
* [[Valens Acidalius]] (Havekenthal) (1567–1595)
* [[Iacobus Acontius]] (Giacomo Aconcio) (mortuus circa annum [[1567]])
* [[Melchior Acontius]] (Melchior Volz) (1515-1569)
* [[Ioannes Acutus]] (John Hawkwood) (circa 1320-1394)
* [[Ioannes Adamius]] (John Adams) (1735-1826)
* [[Ioannes Quintius Adamius]] (John Quincy Adams) (1767-1848)
* [[Gustavus II Adolphus (rex Sueciae)|Gustavus II Adolphus]] (Gustav II Adolf Vasa) (1594-1632)
* [[Fridericus I (imperator)|Fridericus I]], dictus Aënobarbus (Friedrich I Hohenstaufen) (1122-1190)
* [[Iohannes Aepinus]] (Johann Hoeck, etiam Huck, Hugk, Hoch aut Äpinus) (circa annum [[1499]] -[[1553]])
* [[Iohannes Aesticampianus]] (Johannes Rak) (1457-1520)
* [[Leo Africanus]] (Al-Hassan al-Wazzan al-Fasi) (1492-1527)
* [[Georgius Agricola]] (Georg Pawer sive Bauer) (1494-1555)
* [[Rudolphus Agricola]] (Roelof Huysman) ([[1444]]-[[1485]])
* [[Dantes Alagherius]] (Dante Alighieri) (1265-1321)
* [[Albatenius]] (Muḥammad ibn Jābir al-Harrānī al-Battānī) (circa 858– 929)
* [[Leo Baptista Albertus]] (Leone Battista Alberti) (1404-1472)
* [[Agrippa Albinaeus]] (Théodore-Agrippa d'Aubigné) (1552-1630)
* [[Bernardus Siegfriedus Albinus]] (Bernhard Siegfried Weiss) ([[1697]]-[[1770]])
* [[Albirunius]] (Abū Rayḥān Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad al-Bīrūnī) (973-1048)
* [[Andreas Alciatus]] (Andrea Alciato) (1492-1550)
* [[Hippolytus Aldobrandinius]] (Ippolito Aldobrandini aut Papa [[Clemens VIII (papa)|Clemens VIII]]) (1536-1605)
* [[Teghiaccius de Aldobrandis]] (Tegghiaio Aldobrandi) (1195-1262)
* [[Stephanus Aldoensis]]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Stephanus Aldoensis, doctus Maronitarum patriarcha&quot; apud librum ''De vita et scriptis Sancti Jacobi, Batnarum Sarugi in Mesopotamia episcopi'' (Lovanii, 1867): 305 [https://www.google.it/books/edition/De_vita_et_scriptis_Sancti_Jacobi_Batnar/XSIYAAAAYAAJ?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Stephanus+Aldoensis&amp;pg=PA305&amp;printsec=frontcover].&lt;/ref&gt; (Isṭifānūs al-Duwayhī) (1630-1704)
* [[Ulysses Aldrovandus]] (Ulisse Aldrovandi) ([[1522]]-[[1605]])
* [[Franciscus Alegrius|Franciscus Xaverius Alegrius]] (Francisco Javier Alegre) (1729-1788)
* [[Eberhardus Alemannus]] (Eberhard von Bremen) (XIII saeculo)
* [[Victorius Alfierius]] (Vittorio Alfieri) (1749-1803)
* [[Algorismus]] (Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī) (circa 750-circa 850)
* [[Alhazenus]] (Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥasan ibn al-Ḥasan ibn al-Haytham) (965-1040)
* [[Franciscus Alidosius]] (Francesco Alidosi) ([[1455]]-[[1511]])
* [[Alexander Allorius]] (Alessandro Allori) (1535-1607)
* [[Andreas Alpagus]] (Andrea Alpago) (...-1521)
* [[Alpharabius]] (Abū Naṣr Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad al-Fārābī) (ca. 872 – ca. 950)
* [[Vitus Amerbachus]] (Veit Amerbach) (1503-1557)
* [[Amitrochates]] (Bindusara Amitraghata) (320 a.C.n. circa-272/268 a.C.n.)
* [[Ioannes Amorbachius]] (Johannes Welcker) (circa 1444 - 1513)
* [[Marcus Antonius Amulius]] (Marco Antonio da Mula) (1506-1572)
* [[Paulus Lucius Anafestus]] (Paoluccio Anafesto) (...-...)
* [[Marcus Antonius Amulius]] (Marcantonio Amulio) (1506-1572)
* [[Kyriacus Anconitanus de Picenicollibus]] (Ciriaco de' Pizzecolli) (1391–1452)
* [[Georgius de Ambasia]]&lt;ref&gt;cfr.[http://www.araldicavaticana.com/creati%20da%20paolo_iii1.htm]&lt;/ref&gt; (Georges d’Amboise) ([[1460]]-[[1510]])
* [[Andreas Ammonius]] (Andrea Ammonio) (1476-1517)
* [[Anselmus Cantuariensis]] (Anselmo d'Aosta / Anselm of Canterbury) (1033-1109)
* [[Antelmus Ciniensis]] (Anthelme de Belley) (1107-1178)
* [[Petreius Aperbacchus]] (Peter Eberbach) (1480-1531)
* [[Petrus Apianus]] (Peter Apian) (1495 -1552)
* [[Matthias Apiarius]] (Matthias Biener) (circa [[1500]]–[[1554]]) 
* [[Thomas Aquinas]] (Tommaso d'Aquino) (1225-1274)
* [[Iaser Arafatius]] (Yāsir ʿArafāt) (1929-2004)
* [[Ioanna Arcensis]] (Jehanne Darc) (1412-1431)
* [[Iosephus Arcimboldus]] (Giuseppe Arcimboldo) (1527-1593)
* [[Guido Aretinus]] (Guido d'Arezzo) (992-1050)
* [[Spinellus Aretinus|Spinellus Lucae Aretinus]] (Spinello Aretino) (1350 circa-1410)
* [[Leonardus Aretinus]] (Leonardo Bruni) (circa 1369-1444)
* [[Philippus Argelatus]] (Filippo Argelati) (1685 - 1755)
* [[Arminius]] (Hermann der Cherusker) (18 a.C.n.-19)
* [[Iacobus Arminius]] (Jacob Harmensz) (1560-1609)
* [[Benedictus Arnoldius]] (Benedict Arnold) (1741-1801)
* [[Arzachel]] (Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī) (1029-1087)
* [[Atabalipa]] (Atahualpa) (1502-1533)
* [[Ioannes Auratus]] (Jean Dinemandi aut Jean Dorat) ([[1508]]- [[1588]])
* [[Carolus Aurelianensis]] (Charles d'Orléans) (1394-1465)
* [[Andreas Auria]] (Andrea Doria) (1466-1560)
* [[Gulielmus Auriacus]] (Willem van Oranje) (1533-1584)
* [[Iohannes Avenarius]] (Johann(es) Habermann) ([[1516]]-[[1590]])
* [[Ioannes Aventinus]] (Johann Georg Turmair) ([[1477]]-[[1534]])
* [[Avenzoar]] (Abū Marwān ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Zuhr) (1091-1162)
* [[Averroës]] (Ibn Rušd) (1126-1198)
* [[Avicenna]] (Ibn Sina Abū ‘Alī al-Ḥusayn) (980-1037)
* [[Maximus Azelius]] (Massimo d'Azeglio) (1798-1866)
* [[Ignatius Azevedius]] (Inácio de Azevedo) (1526-1570)
* [[Azilises]] (Ayiliṣa) (floruit 57 a.C.n.-35 a.C.n.)
* [[Azophi]] (ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Ṣūfī) (903-986)

== B ==
[[Fasciculus:Bale1.JPG|thumb|&lt;center&gt;[[Ioannes Balaeus]]&lt;/center&gt;]]
[[Fasciculus:Hendrik Hondius (I) 005.jpg|thumb|&lt;center&gt;[[Hieronymus Boschius (pictor)|Hieronymus Boschius]]&lt;/center&gt;]]
* [[Andreas Baccius]] (Andrea Bacci) (1524-1600)
* [[Ioannes Sebastianus Bachius|Iohannes Sebastianus Bachius]] (Johann Sebastian Bach) (1685-1750)
*[[Franciscus Baco]],&lt;ref&gt;'''1662''' ''Fr. Baconis de Verulam. Angliae cancellarii De avgmentis scientiarvm lib. IX.''&lt;/ref&gt; seu Baconus seu Baconis de Verulamio''&lt;ref&gt;'''1662''' ''Fr. Baconi de Verulamio Historia naturalis &amp; experimentalis de ventis &amp;c.''&lt;/ref&gt; ''(Francis Bacon) (1561- 1626)
*[[Ioannes Antonius Baifius]] (Jean-Antoine de Baïf) (1532-1589)
*[[Ioannes Balaeus]] (John Bale) (1495-1563)
*[[Ioannes Balbus]] (Giovanni Balbi) (...-1298)
*[[Ioannes Ludovicus Guez de Balzac|Ioannes Ludovicus Guezius Balzacius]] (Jean-Louis Guez de Balzac) (1597-1654)
*[[Adrianus Bancherius]] (Adriano Banchieri) (1568-1634)
*[[Hermolaus Barbarus]] (Ermolao Barbaro) (1454-1493)
*[[Ariadenus Barbarussa]] (Barbaros Hayreddin Paşa) (circa 1466-1546)
*[[Ioannes Barclaius]] (John Barclay) (1582-1621)
*[[Gulielmus Barentsius]] (Willem Barentsoen) (circa 1550-1597)
*[[Casparus Barlaeus]] (Kaspar van Baerle) (1584-1648)
*[[Ehud Baracus]] (Ehud Barak) (1942)
*[[Franciscus Barocius]] (Francesco Barozzi) (1537-1604)
*[[Fridericus Barocius]] (Federico Barocci) (1535-1612)
*[[Caesar Baronius]] (Cesare Baronio) (1538-1607)
*[[Ebrahimus Bassa]] (İbrāhīm Paşa) (1493 circa-1536)
*[[Adelardus Bathensis]] (Adelard of Bath) (circa 1080 - circa 1152)
*[[Andreas Bathoreus]] (Andrei Báthory) (1563-1599)
*[[Gulielmus Baudartius]] (Willem Baudaert) (1565-1640)
*[[Casparus Bauhinus]] (Gaspard Bauhin) (1560-1624)
*[[Theodorus I (tzar Russiae)|Theodorus I Beatus]] (Fёdor I Ivanovič Blažennyj) (1557-1598)
*[[Franciscus Beaumontius]] (Francis Beaumont) (1584-1616)
*[[Iacobus Bedrotus]] (Jacob Bedrott) (1493 aut 1497-1541)
*[[Ludovicus Beethovenius]] (Ludwig van Beethoven) (1770-1827)
*[[Menachem Beginus]] (Menachem Begin) (1913-1992)
*[[Ulug Beigus]] sive Beighus (Mīrzā Muhammad Tāriq bin Schāhruch Ulugh Beg) (1394-1449)
*[[Ionas Beius]] (Yunus Bey) (...-1550/1551)
*[[Ioachimus Bellaius]] (Ioachim Du Bellay) (circa 1522-1560)
*[[Robertus Bellarminus]] (Roberto Bellarmino) (1542-1621)
*[[Petrus Bembus]] (Pietro Bembo) (1470-1547)
*[[Marcus Mantua Benavidius]] (Marco Mantova Benavides) (1489-1582)
*[[Gulielmus Benbrigius]] (William Bainbrigde) (1774-1833)
*[[Philippus Benitius]] (Filippo Benizi) (1233-1285)
*[[Vitus Bering|Vitus Beringius]] (Vitus Bering) (1681-1741)
*[[Georgius Berkeley|Georgius Berkeleius]] (George Berkeley) (1685-1753)
*[[Silvius Berlusconius]] (Silvio Berlusconi) (1936-2023)
*[[Ioannes Laurentius Berninus]] (Gian Lorenzo Bernini) (1598-1680)
*[[Iohannes Bernoullius]] (Johann Bernoulli) (1667-1748)
*[[Xystus Betulius]] (Sixt Birck) (1501-1554)
*[[Sigismundus Betulius]] (Sigmund von Birken) (1626-1681)
*[[Theodorus Bibliander]] (Theodor Buchmann) (1509-1564)
*[[Iosephus Bidenius]] (Joseph Robinette Biden) (1942)
*[[Iacobus Bifrons]] (Jachiam Bifrun) (1506-1572)
*[[Vannoccius Biringuccius]]&lt;ref&gt;Cf. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110320074507/http://archimedes.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/cgi-bin/toc/toc.cgi?page=4;dir=agric_remet_001_la_1556;step=textonly Agricola, Georgius De re metallica 1556]&lt;/ref&gt; (Vannoccio Biringuccio) ([[1480]] -[[1537]])
*[[Otho Bismarckius]] (Otto von Bismarck) (1815-1898)
*[[Georgius Blandrata]] (Giorgio Biandrata) (1515 circa-1590 circa)
*[[Antonius Blinkenius]] (Anthony Blinken) (1962)
*[[Flavius Blondus]] (Flavio Biondo) (1388-1463)
*[[Boadicea]] (Boudicca) (circa annum 60)
*[[Iohannes Boccacius]] (Giovanni Boccaccio) (1313-1375)
*[[Samuel Bochartus]] (Samuel Bochartus) (1599-1667)
*[[Ioannes Bodinus]] (Jean Bodin) (1530-1596)
*[[Matthaeus Maria Boiardus]] (Matteo Maria Boiardo) (1441-1494)
*[[Ioannes Iacobus Boissardus]] (Jean-Jacques Boissard) (1528-1602)
*[[Anna Bolena]] (Anne Boleyn) (1507-1536)
*[[Perinus Bonaccursius]] (Piero Buonaccorsi, qui dicitur Perin del Vaga) (1501-1547)
*[[Lazarus Bonamicus]] (Lazzaro Buonamici) (1479-1552)
*[[Michael Angelus Bonarotius]] (Michelangelo Buonarroti) (1475-1564)
*[[Napoleo I (imperator Franciae)|Napoleo Bonapars]] (Napoléon Bonaparte sed natus Napoleone di Buonaparte) (1769-1821)
*[[Hugo Boncompagnius]] (Ugo Boncompagni aut papa [[Gregorius XIII]]) (1502-1585)
*[[Giottus Bondonis]] (Giotto di Bondone) (1266/1267-1337)
*[[Howelus Bonus]] (Hywel Dda) (880-950)
*[[Alexander Bonvicinius]]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Exstat hic temporibus Brixiae domus, qua in lucem editus est Alexander Bonvicinius, cognomento ''Moretto''&quot;; ''Vox Urbis'', ann. I, n. II (Romae, 1898): 14 [https://arxlatina.org/pegmata/periodica/voxurbis/VoxUrbis.1898.ann01.num02.Id_Nov.crac.pdf].&lt;/ref&gt; (Alessandro Bonvicino) (1498-1554)
*[[Carolus Borromeus]] (Carlo Borromeo) (1538-1584)
*[[Fridericus Borromeus]] (Federico Borromeo) (1564-1631)
*[[Hieronymus Boschius]] (Jeroen Anthoniszoon van Aken Bosch) (1450-1516)
*[[Hieronymus Boschius (poëta)|Hieronymus Boschius]] (Jeronimo de Bosch) (1740-1811)
*[[Bartholomaeus Boscovichius]] (Baro Bošković) (1699-1770)
*[[Rogerius Boscovicius|Rogerius Iosephus Boscovicius]] (Ruđer Josip Bošković) (1711-1787)
*[[Paulus Bosellius]] (Paolo Boselli) (1838-1932)
*[[Alexander Botticellus]] (Alessandro Mariani Vanni Filipepi, qui dicitur Sandro Botticelli) (1445-1510)
*[[Carolus Boucheronus]] (Carlo Boucheron) (1773-1838)
*[[Carolus Bovillus]] (Charles de Bouelles) ([[1476]] - [[1566]])
*[[Marcus Zuerius Boxhornii]] (Marcus Zuerius van Boxhorn) ([[1612]] - [[1653]])
*[[Poggius Bracciolinus]] (Poggio Bracciolini) (1380-1459)
*[[Iacobus Bradleius]] (James Bradley) (1692 circa-1762)
*[[Marcus Antonius Bragadinus]] (Marcantonio Bragadin) (1523-1571)
*[[Tycho Brahe]]&lt;ref&gt;Sed etiam ''Braheus'' seu ''Braheorum'' seu Tycho de Brahe&lt;/ref&gt; seu Braheus (Tyge Ottesen Brahe) (1546 -1601)
*[[Donatus Bramantius]] (Donato Bramante) (1444-1514)
*[[Ioannes Angelus Braschius]] (Giovanni Angelo Braschi aut Papa [[Pius VI]]) (1717-1799)
*[[Iohannes Brassicanus]] (Johannes Kölli, Köl, Kohl, Koehl) (post annum [[1475]] - [[1514]])
*[[Ormus Ioannis filius|Ormus Breidabolstadicus]] (Ormur Jónsson Breiðbælingur) (saeculo 12-1218)
*[[Iohannes Brentius]] (Johannes Brenz) ([[1499]] -[[1570]])
*[[Aristides Briandus]] (Aristide Briand) (1862-1932)
*[[Plautilla Briccia]] (Plautilla Bricci) (1616-1705)
*[[Ioannes Briccius]] (Giovanni Briccio) (1579-1645)
*[[Guillelmus Brito|Gullelmus Brito]] (Guillaume le Breton) (circa 1165-1226)
*[[Germanus Brixius]] (Germain de Brie) ([[1490]] - [[1538]])
*[[Angelus Bronzinus]] (Agnolo Bronzino) (1503-1572)
*[[Miecislaus Broscius]] (Mieczysław Brożek) (1911-2000)
*[[Ianus Broukhusius]] (Joan van Broekhuizen) (1649-1707)
*[[Philippus Brunelleschi|Philippus Brunelleschius]]&lt;ref&gt;Cfr. Ianotii Manetti ''De dignitate et excellentia hominis'': (...) quanto mentis acumine Philippus, cognomento ''Brunelleschius'', architectorum omnium nostri temporis facile princeps.&lt;/ref&gt; (Filippo Brunelleschi) (1377-1446)
*[[Iordanus Brunus]] (Giordano Bruno) (1548-1600)
*[[Franciscus Brusonus]] (Francesco Brusoni) (1465/1470-1536)
*[[Gabriel Bucelinus]] (Gabriel Buzlin) (1599-1681)
*[[Martinus Bucerus]] (Martin Butzer) (1491 - 1551)
*[[Arnoldus Buchelius]] (Aernout van Buchel) (1565-1641)
*[[Guglielmus Budaeus]] (Guillaume Budé) (1468-1540)
*[[Ismaël Bullialdus]] (Ismaël Boulliau) (1605-1691)
*[[Henricus Bullingerus]] (Heinrich Bullinger) (1504-1575)
*[[Vincentius Buneus]] (Vice Bune) (1559-1612)
*[[Burchardus Wormatiensis]] (Burchard von Worms) (965-1025)
*[[Iohannes Burckardus]] (Johannes Burckard) (circa annum [[1450]] -[[1506]])
*[[Camillus Burghesius]] (Camillo Borghese, aut papa [[Paulus V]]) (1552-1621)
*[[Petrus de Burgo]] (Piero della Francesca) (1416/1417-1492)
*[[Ioannes Buridanus]] (Jean Buridan) (1290/1300-post 1358)
*[[Margarita Maria Burgunda]] (Marguerite-Marie Alacoque) (1647-1690)
*[[Ioannes Burmannus]] (Johannes Burman) ([[1706]] -[[1779]])
**[[Nicolaus Laurentius Burmannus]] (Nicolaas Laurens Burman) ([[1734]] -[[1793]])
*[[Augerius Gislenius Busbequius]] (Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq) (ante 1522-1592)
*[[Buddha|Butta]]&lt;ref&gt;Nomen invenitur in [[Clemens Alexandrinus|Clementis Alexandrini]] ''Miscellaneis'' 1.15.71.6, &quot;εἰσὶ δὲ τῶν Ἰνδῶν οἱ τοῖς Βούττα πειθόμενοι παραγγέλμασιν.&quot; ('sunt apud Indos qui Buttae praecepta sequuntur').&lt;/ref&gt; (Siddhārtha Gautama vel Buddha) (566 a.C.n.-486 a.C.n.)
*[[Aetius Buxus]] (Ezio Bosso) (1971-2020)

== C ==
[[Fasciculus:Nikolaus Kopernikus.jpg|thumb|220x220px|Nicolaus Copernicus]]
[[Fasciculus:Caterina Cornaro - Queen of Cyprus.jpg|thumb|273x273px|Catharina Cornara]]
* [[Ioannes Cabottus]] (Giovanni Caboto) (1450-1498/1500)
* [[Venedicus Caccianimicus]] (Venedico dell'Orso, qui dicitur Caccianemico) (1228-1302)
* [[Aloisius Cadamustus]] (Alvise Ca' Da Mosto) (circa 1430-1483)
* [[Andreas Caesalpinus]] (Andrea Cesalpino) (1519-1603)
* [[Iosephus Caesar Arpinas]] (Giuseppe Cesari, qui dicitur Cavalier d'Arpino) (1568-1640)
* [[Ioannes Caius]] (John Kees) (1510-1573)
* [[Calid]] (Khalid ibn Yazid) (?-704)
* [[Philippus Callimachus Experiens]] (Filippo Buonaccorsi) (1437-1497)
* [[Ioannes Calvinus]] (Jean Cauvin) (1509-1564)
* [[Sethus Calvisius]] (Seth Kalwitz) (1556-1615)
* [[Arnulphus de Cambio]] (Arnolfo di Cambio) (1235 circa-1302 circa)
* [[Gulielmus Camdenus]] (William Camdem) (1551-1623)
* [[Georgius Iosephus Camellus]] (Georg Joseph Kamel) (1661-1706)
* [[Ioachim Camerarius Senior]] (Joachim Kammermeister) (1500-1574)
* [[Laurentius Campeggius]] (Lorenzo Campeggio) (1474-1539)
* [[Ioannes Bruyerinus Campegius]] (Jean Bruyerin Champier) (circa 1500-circa 1565)
* [[Samuel Camplenius]] (Samuel de Champlain) (1574-1635)
* [[Ludovicus Camonius]] (Luís Vaz de Camões) (1524-1580)
* [[Alexander V (antipapa)|Petrus de Candia]] (Pietro di Candia aut Antipapa Alexander V) (1339-1410)
* [[Petrus Canisius]] (Pieter Kanijs) (1521-1597)
* [[Serbanus Cantacuzenus]] (Șerban Cantacuzino) (1640 circa-1688)
* [[Demetrius Cantemirius]] (Dimitrie Cantemir) (1673-1723)
* [[Augustinus Cantuariensis]] (Augustine of Canterbury) (534-604)
* [[Hugo Capetius]] (Hugues Capet) (939-996)
* [[Wolfgangus Fabricius Capito]] (Wolfgang Köpfel) ([[1478]]–[[1541]])
* [[Ioannes Capnio]] (Johannes Reuchlin) (1455-1522)
* [[Samuel Fridericus Capricornus]] (Samuel Friedrich Bockshorn) ([[1628]]-[[1665]])
* [[Franciscus Caracciolus]]&lt;ref&gt;Vincentius Gioberti, ''Vita di Fra Lorenzo Ganganelli, Papa Clemente XIV'' (Romae et Lausannae 1847): 187 [https://www.google.it/books/edition/Vita_di_Fra_Lorenzo_Ganganelli_Papa_Clem/TXc9AQAAMAAJ?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=franciscum+caracciolum&amp;pg=RA1-PA186&amp;printsec=frontcover].&lt;/ref&gt; (Francesco Caracciolo) (1563-1608)
* [[Michael Angelus Caravagius]] (Michelangelo Merisi, qui dicitur Caravaggio) (1571-1610)
* [[Hieronymus Cardanus]] (Gerolamo Cardano) (1501-1576)
* [[Iosue Carduccius]] (Giosuè Carducci) (1835-1907)
* [[Guido Carleto]] (Guy Carleton) (1724-1808)
* [[Tuckerus Carlsonius]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250106203511/https:/ephemerisnuntii.eu/leonina/EL%20290.pdf|title=Nicolaus Naevio s.|last1=Gross|first1=Nicolaus|year=|website=Ephemeris|date=21 Iulii [[2024]]|page=284|first2=|last2=}}: &quot;Itaque opinor etiam ''Tuckerum Carlsonium'' - qui iam diu antea et ultra exspectationem saepius locutus erat de possibilitate conatuum ''Trumpii'' occidendi - praescivisse conatûs Trumpii occîdendi simulationem.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; (Tucker Carlson) (1969)
* [[Andreas Carlostadius]] (Andreas Rudolf Bodenstein aut Andreas Rudolff-Bodenstein) ([[1482]]-[[1541]]) 
* [[Augustinus Carraccius]] (Agostino Carracci) (1557-1602) 
* [[Hannibal Carraccius]] (Annibale Carracci) (1560-1609) 
* [[Ludovicus Carraccius]] (Ludovico Carracci) (1555-1619) 
* [[Carolus Magnus]] ([[imperator]]) (Charlemagne) (742-814)
* [[Victor Carpathius]]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Victor Carpathius venetus pinxit MDXVIIII&quot;; Ioannes Antonius Moschini, ''Giovanni Bellini e pittori contemporanei'' (1834): 94 [https://www.google.it/books/edition/Giovanni_Bellini_e_pittori_contemporanei/p8lWAAAAcAAJ?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Victor+Carpathius&amp;pg=PA94&amp;printsec=frontcover].&lt;/ref&gt; (Vittore Carpaccio) (1465-1520)
* [[Carolus Carrollius Carrolltoniae]] (Charles Carroll of Carrollton) (1737-1832)
* [[Renatus Cartesius]] (René Descartes) (1596-1650)
* [[Michael Carvallius]] (Miguel de Carvalho) (1579-1624)
* [[Isaacus Casaubonus]] (Isaac Casaubon) (1559-1614)
* [[Bartholomaeus Casaus]] (Bartolomé de las Casas) (1484-1566) 
* [[Ioannes Caselius]] (Johannes Bracht) (1533-1613)
* [[Petrus Castellanus]] (Pierre du Chastel) (circa 1480-1552)
* [[Branda Castellioneus]] (Branda Castiglioni) (ante 1360-1443)
* [[Ranulphus Castrensis]] (Ranulf Higden) (1280 circa-1364)
* [[Sebastianus Castellio]] (Sébastien Châtillon) (1515-1563)
* [[Gulielmus Caulius]] (Guillaume du Choul) (1495/1500-1560)
* [[Caupolicanus]] (Kallfülikan) (saeculo XVI-1568)
* [[Franciscus Cavalcans]] (Francesco de' Cavalcanti) (...-...)
* [[Cavalcans de Cavancaltibus]] (Cavalcante de' Cavalcanti) (1220-1280)
* [[Pomponius Cecius]] (Pomponio Ceci) (circa 1500-1542)
*[[Christophorus Cellarius]] (Christoph Keller) (1634-1707)
* [[Conradus Celtis]] (Konrad Pickel) ([[1459]]-[[1508]])
* [[Beatrix Cencia]] (Beatrice Cenci) (1577-1599)
* [[Beniaminus Cercas]] (Benjamin Church) (1639 circa-1718)
* [[Aelius Lampridius Cervinus]] (Ilija Crijević aut Elio Lampridio Cerva)
* [[Melchior Cesarottus]] (Melchiorre Cesarotti) (1730-1808)
* [[Ceteus]] (Malayketu) (IV saeculo a.C.n.)
* [[Ioannes Franciscus Champollio]] (Jean-François Champollion) (1790-1832)
* [[Georgius Chapmanus]] (George Chapman) (1559 circa-1634)
* [[Charamostis]] (Kharamosta) (…-...)
* [[Hugo Chavesius]] (Hugo Chávez) (1954-2013)
* [[Martinus Chemnitius]] (Martin Chemnitz) (1522-1586)
* [[Ioannes Iacobus Chiffletius]] (Jean-Jacques Chifflet) (1588-1673)
* [[Chlodovechus|Chlodovechus I]] (Clodovech/Chlodwig, [[Franci|Francorum]] rex) (466–511)
* [[Bogdanus Chmielnicius]] (Bohdan Chmel'nyc'kyj) (circa 1595-1657)
* [[Ioannes Churchillus (dux Marlburiensis)|Ioannes Churchillus, dux Malburiensis]] (John Churchill) (1650-1722)
* [[Nicolaus Chorerius]] (Nicolas Chorier) (1612-1692)
* [[David Chytraeus]] (David Kochhafe) ([[1530]]–[[1600]])
* [[Ioannes Cincinnius]] (Johannes Kruyshaer) (1485-1555)
* [[Geraldus Cinthius]] (Giambattista Giraldi) (1504-1573)
* [[Nicolaus Cisnerus]] (Nikolaus Kistner) (1529-1583)
* [[Henricus Citharoedus]] (Hendrik Herp) (ca. 1405–1478)
* [[Nicolaus de Clamengiis]] (Nicolas de Clamanges aut Clémanges) (circa 1360–1435/40)
* [[Christophorus Clavius]] (Christoph Clau) (1537/1538-1612))
* [[Alexius (tzar Russiae)|Alexius Clementissius]] (Aleksej Michajlovič Tišajšij) (1629-1676)
* [[Bernardus Clesius]] (Bernardo Clesio aut Bernhard von Cles) (1485-1539)
* [[Hilaria Clintonia]] (Hillary Clinton) (1947-)
* [[DeWitt Clintonius]] (DeWitt Clinton) (1769-1828)
* [[Henricus Clintonius]] (Henry Clinton) (1738-1795)
* [[Carolus Clusius]] (Charles de l’Écluse) (1526-1609)
* [[Christophorus Clavius]] (scilicet Christoph Clau) (1537/38–1612)
* [[Philippus Cluverius]] (Philipp Clüver etiam Klüwer, Cluwer, aut Cluvier) ([[1580]]–[[1623]]) 
* [[Scipio Cobellutius]] (Scipione Cobelluzzi) (1564-1616)
* [[Ioannes Cocceius]] (Johannes Koch) (1603-1669)
* [[Ioannes Cochanovius]] (Jan Kochanowski) (1530–1584)
* [[Ioannes Cochlaeus]] (Johannes Dobeneck) (1479–1552)
* [[Collimitius]] (Georg Tannstetter) (1482–1535)
* [[Antonius de Allegris Corigiensis]] (Antonio Allegri, il Correggio) (circa 1489-1534)
* [[Antonius Cornazzanus|Antonius Cornazzarus]] (Antonio Cornazzaro) (circa 1430-1484)
* [[Christophorus Columbus]] (Cristoforo Colombo) ([[1451]]–[[1506]])
* [[Realdus Columbus]] (Matteo Realdo Colombo) (1516-1559)
* [[Franciscus Columna]] (Francesco Colonna) (1433-1527)
* [[Victoria Columna]] (Vittoria Colonna) (1490/1492-1547)
* [[Iohannes Amos Comenius]] (Jan Amos Komenský) ([[1592]]–[[1670]])
* [[Philippus Cominaeus]] (Philippe de Commynes) (1447-1511)
* [[Natalis de Comitibus]] seu Natalis Comes (Natale Conti) (circa 1520-1582)
* [[Ioannes Commelinus]] (Jan Commelin) (1623-1690)
* [[Hermannus Conringlus]] (Hermann Conrin) ([[1606]]–[[1681]])
* [[Terrentius Constantiensis]] (natus Johann Schreck) ([[1576]]–[[1630]])
* [[Matthaeus Contarellus]] (natus Matthieu Cointerel) ([[1519]]–[[1585]])
* [[Hermannus Contractus]] (Hermann von Reichenau) ([[1013]]–[[1054]]) 
* [[Nicolaus Copernicus]] (Nikolaus Koppernigk) ([[1473]]–[[1543]])
* [[Carolus Cornivallis]]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Tum imperātor Britannicus, quī Cornivallis appellābātur&quot;; Herbertus Chester Nutting, ''A first Latin reader with exercises'' (1913): 42 [https://www.google.it/books/edition/A_first_Latin_reader/nthGAAAAIAAJ?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=cornivallis+appell%C4%81-b%C4%81tur&amp;pg=PA42&amp;printsec=frontcover].&lt;/ref&gt; (Charles Cornwallis) (1738-1805)
* [[Andreas Corsalius]] (Andrea Corsali) (1487-...)
* [[Catharina Cornara (regina Cypri)|Catharina Cornara]] (Caterina Cornaro) (1454-1510)
* [[Ianus Cornarius]] (Simon Haynpol) ([[1500]]–[[1588]])
* [[Nicolaus Corderius]] (Nicolas Cordier) (1567-1612)
* [[Maturinus Corderius]] (Mathurin Cordier) (circa annum [[1480]]–[[1564]]) 
* [[Euricius Cordus]] (Heinrich Ritze) ([[1486]]–[[1535]])
* [[Archangelus Corellius]] (Arcangelo Corelli) (1653-1713)
* [[Ferdinandus Cortesius]] (Hernán Cortés) (1485-1547)
* [[Gregorius Cortesius]] (Giovanni Andrea Cortese) (1483-1548)
* [[Franciscus Corticius]] (Francesco Corteccia) ([[1502]]–[[1571]])
* [[Laurentius Corvinus]] (Lorenz Rabe) ([[1465]]–[[1527]])
* [[Matthias Corvinus]] (Hunyadi Mátyás) (1443-1490)
* [[Thaddaeus Cosciusco]] (Tadeusz Kościuszko) (1746-1817)
* [[Sanctus Patricius|Magonus Succetus Patricius Cothirthiacus]] (Maewyin Succat) (385-461)
* [[Ioannes Craigius]] (John Craig) (...-1620)
* [[Gerardus Cremonensis]] (Gerardo da Cremona) ([[1114]]–[[1187]])
* [[Oliverius Cromwellus]] (Oliver Cromwell) (1599-1658)
* [[Nicolaus Samuelis Cruquius]] (Nicolaas aut Klaas Kruik) ([[1678]]–[[1754]])
* [[Martinus Crusius]] (Martin Kraus) (1526–1607)
* [[Balthasar Crusius]] (Balthasar Kraus) (1550–1630)
* [[Raymundus Cunichius]] (Rajmund Kunić) (1719-1794)
* [[Ioachim Cureus]] seu Curaeus (Joachim Scheer) (1532-1573)
* [[Coelius Secundus Curio]] (Celio Secondo Curione) (1503-1569)
* [[Nicolaus Cusanus]] (Nikolaus von Kues) (1401–1464)
* [[Ioannes Cuspinianus]] (Johannes Spießheimer) (1473–1529)
* [[Georgius Cuvier|Georgius Leopoldus Christianus Fredericus Dagobertus Cuvierius]] aut breviter Georgius Cuvierius (Georges Cuvier) (1769-1832)
* [[Henricus Cuyckius]] (Hendrik van Cuyk) (1546-1609)

== D ==
[[Fasciculus:Dürer - Selbstbildnis im Pelzrock - Alte Pinakothek.jpg|thumb|Albertus Durerus]]
* [[Iacobus Dalechampius]] (Jacques Daléchamps) (1513-1588)
*[[Henricus Dandulus]] (Enrico Dandolo) (circa 1107-1205)
* [[Carolus Darwinius]] (Charles Darwin) (1809-1882)
*[[Leonardus Dathius]] (Leonardo Dati) (1408-1472)
*[[Augustinus Datus|Augustinus Dathus]] (Agostino Dati) (1420/1421-1478)
*[[Nicolaus de Albergatis]] (Niccolò Albergati) [[cardinalis]] ([[1375]]-[[1443]])
*[[Petrus de Alliarco]] (Pierre d'Ailly) [[cardinalis]] ([[1351]]-[[1420]])
*[[Iacobus de Cessolis]] (Jacopo da Cessole) (circa annum [[1250]] - circa annum [[1322]])
*[[Ioannes de Lapide]] (Johannes Heynlin) ([[1430]] –[[1496]])
*[[Petrus Candidus Decembrius]] (Pier Candido Decembrio) (1399-1477)
*[[Iohannes Decumanus]] (Johannes Zehender) (1564-1613)
*[[Demetrius Tanaiticus]] (Dmitrij Donskoj) (1350-1389)
*[[Porphyrius Diazius]] (Porfirio Díaz) (1830-1915)
*[[Dionysius Diderotus]] (Denis Diderot) (1713-1784)
*[[Kenelmus Digbius]] (Kenelme Digby) (1603-1665)
*[[Gabriel Divutius]] (Gabriel von Dievoet) (1875-1934)
*[[Rembertus Dodonaeus]] (Rembert Dodoens) (1517-1585)
*[[Stephanus Doletus]] (Estienne Dolet) (1509-1546)
*[[Donatellus Florentinus]] (Donato di Niccolò di Betto Bardi, Donatello) (1386-1466)
*[[Caietanus Donizettus]] (Gaetano Donizetti) (1797-1848)
*[[Ianus Dousa]] (Jan van der Does) ([[1545]]-[[1604]])
*[[Franciscus Drakus]] (Francis Drake) (circa annum [[1540]]-[[1596]])
*[[Dreses]] (Muḥammad al-Idrīsī) (1099-1164 circa)
*[[Franciscus Dryander]] (Francisco de Enzinas) (1518 circa-1552)
*[[Robertus Duraeus Fortunatus]] (Robert Dure, dit Fortunat) (?-1527)
*[[Albertus Durerus]] (Albrecht Dürer) (1471-1528)

== E ==
* [[Ebenbitar]] (Ibn al-Baiṭār) (1190-1248)
* [[Sveinbjörnus Egil filius|Sveinbjörnus Egilssonius]] (Sveinbjörn Egilsson) (1791-1852)
* [[Iohannes Sylvius Egranus]] (Johannes Wildenauer) (...-1535)
* [[Laurentius Eichstadius]] (Lorentz Eichstadt) (1596-1660)
* [[Engentinus]] (Philipp Engelbrecht) (1490-1528)
* [[Desiderius Erasmus]] (Gerrit Gerritszoon) (1466-1536)
* [[Thomas Erastus]] (Thomas Lieber aut Lüber) (1524-1583)
* [[Leifus Erissonius]] (Leifr Eiríksson) (circa 970-circa 1020)
* [[Ianus Nicius Erythraeus]] (Gian Vittorio Rossi) (1570-1647)
* [[Thomas Erpenius]] (Thomas van Erpe) (1584-1624)
* [[Hippolytus Estensis]] (Ippolito d'Este) (1479-1520)
* [[Leonhardus Eulerus]] (Leonhard Euler) (1701-1783)
* [[Bartholomaeus Eustachius]] (Bartolomeo Eustachi) (circa annum 1510-1574)

== F ==
[[Fasciculus:Portrait of Marsilio Ficino at the Duomo Firence 2.jpg|thumb|Marsilius Ficinus]]
* [[Basilius Faber]] (Basilius Schmidt) (circa annum [[1520]]–[[1576]]) 
* [[Henricus Faber]] aut Henricus Fabri (Heinrich Schmidt) (circa annum [[1490]]–[[1552]]) 
* [[Iacobus Faber Stapulensis]] (Jacques Lefèvre d’Étaples) ([[1450]]/[[1455|55]]-[[1536]])
* [[Petrus Faber]] (Pierre Favre) ([[1506]]-[[1546]])
* [[Balthasar Fabricius]] (Balthasar Vach) ([[1478]]-[[1541]])
* [[Georgius Fabricius]] (Georg Goldschmidt) ([[1516]]–[[1571]])
* [[Gulielmus Fabricius Hildanus]] (Wilhelm Fabry) ([[1560]]-[[1634]])
* [[Hieronymus Fabricius ab Aquapendente]] (Girolamo Fabrizio) (1537-1619)
* [[Iohannes Fabricius Montanus]] (Johannes Schmid) (1527-1566)
* [[Theodosius Fabricius]] (Theodor Faber) (1560 - 1597)
* [[Faciladas]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;&quot;Patrem secutum est Filius Princeps Faciladas, utrumque Ras-sela-Christos&quot;; ''Literae aethiopicae scriptae ab ipsomet patriarcha aethiopiae R.P. Alphonso Mendez'' (Mechliniae, 1628): 33 [https://www.google.it/books/edition/Literae_aethiopicae_scriptae_ab_ipsomet/HBPfldFZ6ucC?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1].&lt;/ref&gt; (Fāsiladas) (1603-1667)
* [[Bartholomaeus Facius]] (Bartolomeo Facio) (1400-1457)
* [[Ioannes Faesulanus]], dictus Angelicus (Beato Angelico sed natus Guido di Pietro) (1395 circa-1455)
* [[Sigismundus Fagilucus]] (Sigismund Buchwald) (1483 -ante annum 1510)
* [[Gabriel Fallopius]] (Gabriele Falloppio) ([[1523]]-[[1562]])
* [[Guido Fawkes|Guido Falxius]] seu Fauxus&lt;ref&gt;Nomen apud Ioannem Miltonum:

&quot;Cum simul in regem nuper satrapasque Britannos
Ausus es infandum, perfide Fauxe''',''' nefas…&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; (Guy Fawkes) (1570-1606)
* [[Prosper Farinaccius]] (Prospero Farinacci) (1544-1618)
* [[Alexander Farnesius (dux Parmae et Placentiae)|Alexander Farnesius]], dux Parmae et Placentiae (Alessandro Farnese) (1545-1592)
* [[Eduardus Farnesius]] (Odoardo Farnese) (1612-1646)
* [[Iustinus Febronius]] (Joannes Nikolaus ab Honthemio) (1711-1790)
* [[Ioannes Fernelius]] (Jean François Fernel) (1497-1558)
* [[Iohannes Ferrarius]] aut Ferrarius Montanus (Johannes Eisermann) (circa annum [[1486]]–[[1558]])
* [[Ludovicus Ferrarius]] (Ludovico Ferrari) (1522-1565)
* [[Marsilius Ficinus]] (Marsilio Ficino) (1433-1499)
* [[Orontius Finaeus]] (Oronce Finé) (1494-1555)
* [[Normanus Finkelsteinius]] (Norman G. Finkelstein) (1953)
* [[Thomas Finkius]] (Thomas Fincke) (1561-1656)
* [[Andreas Fiocchus]] (Andrea Fiocchi) (…-ante 1452)
* [[Armen Firman]] (Abbas Qasim Ibn Firnas) (810-887)
* [[Matthias Flacius]] (Matija Vlačić) (1520-1575)
* [[Nicolaus Flamellus]] (Nicolas Flamel) (ca. 1330-1417)
* [[Ioannes Fletcherus]] (John Fletcher) (1579-1625)
* [[Rubeus Florentinus]]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Rubeus Florentinus inven.&quot; apud [https://www.google.it/books/edition/Notices_of_engravers_and_their_works_the/VKzjQ3NLkLMC?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=rubeus+florentinus&amp;pg=PP50&amp;printsec=frontcover librum] Gulielmi Young Ottley nuncupatur.&lt;/ref&gt; (Rosso Fiorentino) (1494-1540)
* [[Petrus Forestus]] (Pieter van Foreest) (1521-1597)
* [[Hieronymus Fracastorius]] (Girolamo Fracastoro) (ca. [[1478]]-[[1513]])
* [[Ioannes Fragosus]] (Juan Fragoso) (circa 1530-1597)
* [[Augustus Hermannus Franckius]] (August Hermann Francke) (1663-1727)
* [[Hieronymus Frescobaldus]] (Girolamo Frescobaldi) (1583-1643)
* [[Iohannes Freinsheimius]] (Johann Freinsheim) (1608-1660)
* [[Gemma Frisius]] (Reiner Gemma) (1508-1555)
* [[Iohannes Frobenius]] (Johann Froben) (circa 1460 - 1527)
* [[Ioannes Froissartius]] (Jean Froissart) (1337-1404)
* [[Vannes Fuccius]]&lt;ref&gt;Cf. [https://books.google.it/books?id=6RNFAQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA94&amp;lpg=PA94&amp;dq=Vannes+Fuccius&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=W_tO8dehHZ&amp;sig=ACfU3U1OjKEzCPl6V33tdgZLy7e_JaeUzQ&amp;hl=it&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjcgdf_iOPzAhWM66QKHWhmBeMQ6AF6BAgDEAM#v=onepage&amp;q=Vannes%20Fuccius&amp;f=false ''Dantis Alligherii Divina comoedia hexametris latinis reddita ab abbate dalla Piazza, Vicentino''], p. 94.&lt;/ref&gt; (Vanni Fucci) (...-post 1295 sed ante 1300)
* [[Leonhartus Fuchsius]] (Leonhart Fuchs) (1501-1566)

== G ==
[[Fasciculus:Janæ Graiæ, PA01244.jpg|thumb|Iana Graia]]
[[Fasciculus:Flickr - Yale Law Library - JX 2093.A1 1670.jpg|thumb|Hugo Grotius]]
*[[Franchinus Gaffurius]] (Franchino Gaffori aut Gaffurio aut Gafori) (1451 -1522)
*[[Robertus Gaguinus]] (Robert Gaguin) (1433-1501)
*[[Galilaeus Galilaei]] (Galileo Galilei) (1564-1642)
*[[Iacobus Gallus]] (Jacob Handl) (1550-1591)
*[[Aloisius Galvanus]] (Luigi Galvani) (1737-1798)
*[[Galvarinus]] (Kalwarëngo seu Kallfürüngi) (1490-1557)
*[[Vascus Gama]] (Vasco da Gama) (1469-1524)
*[[Ioannes Gandavensis]] (John of Gaunt) (1340-1399)
*[[Iustus Gandavinus]] (Joos van Wassenhove) (circa 1410-circa 1480)
*[[Iosephus Garibaldius]] (Giuseppe Garibaldi) (1807-1882)
*[[Achilles Pirminius Gassarus]] (Achilles Pirminius Gasser) (1505 -1577)
*[[Geber]] (Ǧābir ibn Hayyān) (721-815)
*[[Sigismundus Gelenius]] (Zikmund Hrubý z Jelení) ([[1497]]-[[1554]])
*[[Augustinus Gemuseus]] (Augustin Gschmus) (1490-1543)
*[[Artemisia Gentilescia]] (Artemisia Gentileschi) (1593-1654)
*[[Horatius Gentilescius]]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;HORATIVS GENTILESCIVS, ITAL. PICTOR HVMANARVM FIGVRARVM, IN ANGLIA&quot;, sub [https://www.nga.gov/collection/art-object-page.10780.html hoc imaginem] pictoris.&lt;/ref&gt; (Orazio Gentileschi) (1563-1639)
*[[David Georgius]] (David Joris) (1501/1502-1556)
*[[Franciscus Georgius]] (Francesco Zorzi) (1466-1540)
*[[Conradus Gesnerus]] (Conrad Gessner) ([[1516]]–[[1565]])
*[[Iohannes Gesnerus]] (Johannes Gessner) ([[1709]]–[[1790]])
*[[Gersonides]] (Levi ben Gershom) (1288-1344)
*[[Thaddaeus Gaddi|Thaddaeus Ghaddus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;Quid dicam de viris excellentibus in pictura ut fuit Joctus ac Thomas Masacius, Stephanus Symia, Thadeus Ghaddus ...&quot;; ''Opusculum de mirabilibus novae et veteris urbis Romae'' (1519): 96 [https://books.google.it/books?id=36hSAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA96&amp;lpg=PA96&amp;dq=thadeus+ghaddus&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=8BfAOwEH6v&amp;sig=ACfU3U3v09077otzuIqvFZMbhzRxDGHK0Q&amp;hl=it&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwiCqdfJkpP0AhWD3KQKHWl5D7UQ6AF6BAgCEAM#v=onepage&amp;q=thadeus%20ghaddus&amp;f=false].&lt;/ref&gt; (Taddeo Gaddi) (1300 circa-1366)
*[[Iohannes Gigas]] (Johannes Hüne) (1514-1581)
*[[Dominicus Girlandaeus|Dominicus Girlandeus]] (Domenico Ghirlandaio) (1449-1494)
*[[Christophorus Willibaldus Gluckius]] (Christoph Willibald Gluck) (1714-1787)
*[[Ioannes Georgius Gmelin]] (Johann Georg Gmelin) (1709-1755)
*[[Ioannes Volfgangus Goethius]] (Johann Wolfgang von Goethe) (1749-1832)
*[[Carolus Goldonius]] (Carlo Goldoni) (1707-1793)
*[[Iacobus Golius]] (Jacob van Gool) (1596–1667)
*[[Theodorus Golovinius]] (Fëdor Golovin) (1867-1937)
*[[Hendricus Goltius]] (Hendrick Goltzius) (1588-1616/1617)
*[[Agenor Maria Goluchowskius]]&lt;ref&gt;''Vox Urbis'', ann. VI, n. III (Romae, 1903): 27 [https://arxlatina.org/pegmata/periodica/voxurbis/VoxUrbis.1903.ann06.num03.Kal_Feb.vat.pdf].&lt;/ref&gt; (Agenor Maria Gołuchowski) (1849-1921)
*[[Iohannes Oger Gombaldus]] (Jean Ogier de Gombauld, sive Gombault) (1576-1666)
*[[Alexander Gorciakofius]] (Aleksandr Michajlovič Gorčakov) (1798-1883)
*[[Albertus Goreus]] (Al Gore) (1948)
*[[Abrahamus Gorlaeus]] (Abraham van Goorle) (1549-1608)
*[[Iohannes Goropius Becanus]] (Jan Gerartsen) (1519-1572)
*[[Laurentius Grimalius Goslicius|Laurentius Gromalius Goslicius]] (Wawrzyniec Grzymała Goślicki) (1538-1607)
*[[Dionysius Gothofredus]] (Denis Godefroy) (1549-1622)
*[[Ioannes Christophorus Gottschedius]] (Johann Christoph Gottsched) (1700-1766)
*[[Iohannes Georgius Graevius]] (Johann Georg Graeve seu Graef) (1632-1703)
*[[Antonius Gramscius]] (Antonio Gramsci) (1891-1937)
*[[Iana Graia]] (Jane Grey) (1534-1554)
*[[Ulysses S. Grantius]] (Ulysses S. Grant) (1822-1885)
*[[Iacobus Greselius]] (Jakob Gresel) (1483-1552)
*[[Franciscus Griffus]] (Francesco Griffo) (1450-1518)
*[[Melchior Grodecius]] (Melichar Grodecký) (1584 circa-1619)
*[[Hugo Grotius]] (Huig de Groot seu Hugo de Groot) (1583-1645)
*[[Andreas Gryphius]] (Andreas Greif) (1616–1664)
*[[Simon Grynaeus]] (Simon Griner) ([[1493]]–[[1541]])
*[[Iosephus Guarnerius]] (Giuseppe Guarneri) (1698–1744)
*[[Guercinus]] (Giovanni Francesco Barbieri, il Guercino) (1591-1666)
*[[Bernardus Guidonis]] (Bernard Gui) (1261/1262-1331)
*[[Melchior Guilandinus]] (Melchior Wieland) (circa annum [[1520]]-[[1589]])
*[[Guido Guinicellius]] (Guido Guinizelli) (1235-1276)
*[[Robertus de Altavilla]], dictus Guiscardus (Robert Guiscard aut Roberto il Guiscardo) (1015-1085)
*[[Petrus Gyllius]] (Pierre Gilles) (1489-1555)

== H ==
[[Fasciculus:Stanisław Hozjusz 1.PNG|thumb|Stanislaus Hosius]]
[[Fasciculus:Jacob Verheiden-IOANNES HVSSVS BOHEMVS.jpg|thumb|Ioannes Hussus]]
*[[Laurentius Haechtanus]] (Laureis van Haecht Goidtsenhoven) (1527-1603)
*[[Ricardus Hakluytus]] (Richard Hakluyt) (1552/1553-1616)
*[[Edmundus Halleius]] (Edmund Halley) (1656-1742)
* [[Alexander Hamiltonius]] (Alexander Hamilton) (1755/1757-1804)
* [[Georgius Fridericus Handelius]] (Georg Friederich Händel) (1685-1759)
*[[Martin Hayneccius]] (Martin Heinigke) (1544-1611)
*[[Martinus Hanckius]] (Martin Hancke) (1633-1709)
*[[Ioannes Hancockius]] (John Hancock) (1737-1793)
*[[Gulielmus Henricus Harrisonius]] (William Henry Harrison) (1773-1841)
*[[Gulielmus Harveus]] (William Harvey) (1578-1657)
*[[Kamala Harrisia]] (Kamala Harris) (1964)
*[[Iosephus Haydinius]] (Joseph Haydn) (1732-1809)
*[[Georgius Gulielmus Fridericus Hegel|Georgius Gulielmus Fridericus Hegelius]] (Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel) (1770-1831)
*[[Bartholomaeus Herbelotius]] (Barthélemy d'Herbelot) (1625-1695)
*[[Conradus Heresbachius]] (Konrad Heresbach) (1496-1576)
*[[Helius Eobanus Hessus]] (Eoban Koch) (1488-1540)
*[[Iohannes Hevelius]] (Johannes Hewelcke) (1611-1687)
*[[Paulus Hindenburgius]] (Paul von Hindenburg) (1847-1934)
*[[Thomas Hobbius]] vel Hobbesius&lt;ref&gt; Cf. [https://www.google.it/books/edition/Dionysii_Andreae_Pasio_in_regio_taurinen/ZWJduHPwkLYC?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=thomas+hobbesius&amp;pg=PA74&amp;printsec=frontcover ''Dionysii Andreae Pasio in regio taurinensi athenaeo professoris Elementa philosophiae moralis''] (1822).&lt;/ref&gt; (Thomas Hobbes) (1588-1679)
*[[Iohannes Fridericus Hodannus]] (Johann Friedrich Hodann) (1674 – post annum 1734)
*[[Fridericus Hoelderlinus|Fridericus Hoederlinus]] (Friedrich Hölderlin) (1770-1843)
*[[Iohannes Iacobus Hofmannus]] (Johann Jacob Hofmann) (1635-1706)
*[[Henricus Hollandus]] (Henry Holland) (1583-post 1649)
*[[Iohannes Holpenius]] seu Holbenius (Hans Holbein) (1497-1543)
*[[Lucas Holstenius]] (Lukas Holste) (1596-1661)
*[[Robertus Hookius]] (Robert Hooke) (1635-1703)
*[[Edgarius Hooverus]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012045553/http:/ephemeris.alcuinus.net/leonina/EL%20113.pdf|title=De praesidis Kennedy morte|last1=Kangiser|first1=Paulus|year=|website=Ephemeris|date=9 Martii [[2016]]|page=17|first2=|last2=}}: &quot;Diurnarii et historici suspectos habebant alii alios, velut vicepraesidem ''Lyndonium Johnson'', ''Richardum Nixon'', ''Edgarium Hooverum'' eiusque officium foederale investigatorium ''(FBI)''.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; (John Edgar Hoover) (1895-1972)
*[[Stanislaus Hosius]] (Stanisław Hozjusz) (1504-1579)
*[[Gregorius Horstius]] (Gregor Horst) (1578-1636)
*[[Mathias Hovius]] (Matthijs Van Hove) (1542-1620)
*[[Petrus Daniel Huetius]] (Pierre Daniel Huet) (1630-1721)
*[[Christianus Hugenius]] (Christiaan Huygens) (1629-1695)
*[[Saddamus Husseinus]] (Saddām Ḥusayn ʿAbd al-Maǧīd al-Tikrītī) (1937-2006)
*[[Ioannes Hussius]] vel Hussus (Jan Hus) (circa 1370-1415)
*[[Nicolaus Hussovianus]] (Mikołaj Hussowski) (circa 1470-circa 1533)
*[[Anna Hutchinsonia]] (Anne Hutchinson) (1591-1643)
*[[Iohannes Huttichius]] (Iohannes Huttich) (circa 1490-1544)
*[[Martinus Hylacomylus|Martinus Hylacomylus aut Ilacomilus]] (Martin Waldseemüller) (1470-1522)
*[[Ursus Hypatus]]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Ursus Hypatus Venetiarum Dux&quot; apud librum ''Rerum Italicarum scriptores'' (1733): 1284 [https://www.google.it/books/edition/Rerum_Italicarum_scriptores/jU6byajDoDIC?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=ursus+hypatus&amp;pg=PA1283&amp;printsec=frontcover].&lt;/ref&gt; (Orso Ipato) (...-737)

== I ==
* [[Cornelius Iansenius]] (Cornelius Jansen) (1585-1638)
* [[Eduardus Iennerus]] (Edward Jenner) (1749-1823)
* [[Paulus Iensius]] aut Ienischius (Paul Jenisch) ([[1551]]-[[1612]])
* [[Carolus Iesualdus]] (Carlo Gesualdo) (1566-1613)
* [[Angelus Illycinus]]&lt;ref&gt;Bibliotheca Laurentana Florentiae&lt;/ref&gt; (Angelo Maria d'Elci) (1751-1824)
* [[Iohannes Iessenius]] (János Jeszenszky or Ján Jesenský) (1566-1621)
* [[Franciscus Irenicus]] (Franz Friedlieb) (1494/95-1553)
* [[Henricus Institor]] (Heinrich Kramer) (1430-1505)
* [[Alexius Intermineus]] (Alessio Interminelli) (XIII saeculo)
* [[Iohannitius]] (Ḥunayn ibn Isḥāq) (808-873)
* [[Arngrimus Ionas]] (Arngrímur Jónsson) (1568-1648)
* [[Lucas Iordanus]] (Luca Giordano) (1634-1705)
* [[Paulus Iovius]] (Paolo Giovio) (1483-1552)
* [[Ioachim Iungius]] (Joachim Jung) (1587-1657)
* [[Marcus Antonius Iustinianus]] (Marcantonio Giustinian) (1619-1688)

== J ==
* [[Andreas Jacksonius]] (Andrew Jackson) (1767-1845)
* [[Martha Jeffersonia Randolphia]] (Martha Jefferson Randolph) (1772-1836)
* [[Thomas Jeffersonius]] (Thomas Jefferson) (1743-1826)

== K ==
[[Fasciculus:Portrait Confused With Johannes Kepler 1610.jpg|thumb|Iohannes Keplerus]]
* [[Engelbertus Kaempfer|Engelbertus Kaempferus]] (Engelbert Kaempfer) (1651-1716)
* [[Immanuel Kantius]] (Immanuel Kant) ([[1724]]-[[1804]])
* [[Iohannes Keplerus]] (Johannes Kepler) (1571-1630)
* [[Ibn Khaldunus]] (''‘''Abd al-Raḥmān ibn Ḫaldūn al-Ḥaḍramī) (1332-1406)
* [[Athanasius Kircherus]] (Athanasius Kircher) (1602-1680)
* [[Michael Korycius]] (Michal Karycki) (1714-1781)
* [[Aloysius Kossuthius]] (Kossuth Lajos) (1802-1894)
* [[Paulus Krugerius]]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Ad lacus Lemanni ripas [...]  gravis annis procellosae vitae cursum absolvit Paulus ille Krugerius&quot;; ''Vox Urbis'', ann. VII, n. IX (Romae, 1904): 73 [https://arxlatina.org/pegmata/periodica/voxurbis/VoxUrbis.1904.ann07.num09.Kal_Sept.tusc.pdf].&lt;/ref&gt; (Paul Kruger) (1825-1904)
* [[Iosaphat Kuncevicius]] (Josafat Kuncevyč) (1580-1623)

== L ==
* [[Benedictus Josephus Labrus]] (Benoît-Joseph Labre) (1748-1783)
* [[Ioannes Baptista Lamarckius|Ioannes Baptista Lamarkius]] (Jean-Baptiste de Monet de Lamarck) (1744-1829)
*[[Petrus Lambeccius]] aut Lambecius (Peter Lambeck) ([[1628]] - [[1680]])
*[[Dionysius Lambinus]] (Denis Lambin) (1520-1572)
*[[Ioannes Maria Lancisium|Ioannes Maria Lancisius]]&lt;ref&gt;Cf. [https://web.archive.org/web/20041214023337/http://www.antiqbook.com/boox/bok/7706.shtml www.antiqbook.com].&lt;/ref&gt; (Giovanni Maria Lancisi) ([[1654]]-[[1720]])
*[[Fridericus Lanckisius]] (Friedrich Lanckisch) (1648-1669)
*[[Christophorus Landinus]] (Cristoforo Landino) ( [[1424]]-[[1498]])
*[[Ioannes Lanfrancus]] (Giovanni Lanfranco) (1582-1647)
*[[Orlandus Lassus]] (Orlande de Lassus aut Orlando di Lasso) (ca. 1530-1594)
*[[Burnectus Latinus]] (Brunetto Latini) (circa 1220-1294)
*[[Lautarus]] (Lef-Traru) (1535-1557)
*[[Antonius Lavoisierius]] (Antoine Laurent de Lavoiser) (1743-1794)
*[[Vladimirus Leninus]] (Vladimir Lenin, vere Vladimir Il'ič Ul'janov) (1870-1924)
*[[Nicolaus Leoninus]] aut Nicolaus Leonicenus Vicentinus (Niccolò Leoniceno aut Nicolo Lonigo aut Nicolò da Lonigo da Vincenza) ([[1428]]-[[1524]])
*[[Iacobus Leopardius]]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Jacobus Leopardius, cujus nomine inter poetas aeque ac pedestris orationis scriptores vix aliud majus&quot; apud librum Italicum ''[https://www.google.it/books/edition/Opere_di_Giacomo_Leopardi/_PsFAAAAQAAJ?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Iacobus+Leopardius&amp;pg=PA25&amp;printsec=frontcover Opere di Giacomo Leopardi]'' (1884): 25.&lt;/ref&gt; (Giacomo Leopardi) (1798-1837)
*[[Mundinus de Leuciis]] (Mondino dei Luzzi) (ca. 1275-1326)
*[[Lieupangus]] (Liu Bang) (256 a.C.n.-195 a.C.n.)
*[[Pyrrhus Ligorius]] (Pirro Ligorio) (1513-1583)
*[[Aloisius Lilius]] (Luigi Lilio aut Giglio) (ca. 1510-1576)
*[[Thomas Linacrius]] (Thomas Linacre) (ca. 1460-1524)
*[[Abrahamus Lincolnius]] (Abraham Lincoln) (1809-1865)
*[[Carolus Linnaeus]] (Carl von Linné) (1707-1778)
*[[Philippus Lippius]] (Filippo Lippi) (1406 circa-1469 circa)
*[[Iustus Lipsius]] (Joest Lips) (1547-1606)
*[[Franciscus Lisztius]] (Liszt Ferenc) (1811-1886)
*[[Ioannes Lockius]] (John Locke) (1632-1704)
*[[Theodoricus Loher a Stratis]] (Dietrich Loher) (circa annum 1495–1554)
*[[Michael Lomonosov|Michael Lomonosovius]] (Михаил Ломоносов, tr. Michail Lomonosov) (1711-1765)
*[[Georgius Longimanus]] (Jurij Dolgorukij) (1090-1157)
*[[Christophorus Longolius]] (Christophe de Longueil)
*[[Gisbertus Longolius]] (Gijsbert van Langerack) (1507-1543)
*[[Adamus Lonicerus]] vel Adam Lonicer (Adam Lonitzer) (1528 - 1586)
*[[Leonardus Loredanus]] (Leonardo Loredan) (1436-1521)
*[[Petrus Lotichius Secundus]] (Peter Lotz) (1528-1560)
*[[Amatus Lusitanus]] (João Rodrigues) (1511-1568)
*[[Martinus Lutherus]] (Martin Luther) (1483–1546)
*[[Sigismundus Luxemburgicus]] (Sigismund von Luxemburg) (1368-1437)
*[[Luzzalus]] (Kılıç Ali Paşa sed natus Giovanni Dionigi Galeni) (1519-1587)
*[[Georgius Lycoripensis]] (Georg Tannstetter) (1482-1535)
*[[Conrad Lycosthenes]] (Konrad Wolffhart) (1518–1561)
*[[Gulielmus Lylius]] (William Lilye aut Lily) (circa [[1468]]–[[1522]])

== M ==
[[Fasciculus:Philipp Melanchthon 3.jpg|thumb|251x251px|Phillippus Melanchthon]]
[[Fasciculus:GerhardMercator.jpg|thumb|Gerardus Mercator]]
* [[Machometus]] (Muḥammad) (circa 570–632)
*[[Nicolaus Maclavellus]] (Niccolò Machiavelli) (1469-1527)
* [[Georgius Macropedius]] (Joris van Lanckvelt) (1487-1558)
* [[Iacobus Madisonius]] (James Madison) (1751-1836)
* [[Nicolaus Madurus]] (Nicolás Maduro) (1962)
* [[Christophorus Madrutius]] (Cristoforo Madruzzo) (1512-1578)
** [[Ioannes Ludovicus Madrutius]] (Giovanni Ludovico Madruzzo) (1532–1600) 
* [[Bruno Magdeburgensis]] (Bruno von Sachsenkrieg) (saeculo XI)
*[[Ferdinandus Magellanus]] (Fernão de Magalhães) (1480-1521)
*[[Moses Maimonides]] (Moshe ben Maimon) (1135-1204)
* [[Thomas Maius]] (Thomas May) (1594/1595-1650)
*[[Felix Malleolus]] (Felix Hemmerlin) (ca. 1389 - ca. 1459)
*[[Marcellus Malpighius]] (Marcello Malpighi) (1628-1694)
*[[Iohannes Manardus]] (Giovanni Manardo aut Giovanni Manardi aut [[Hungarice]] János Manardus) (1462-[[1536]])
*[[Aldus Manutius]] (Aldo Manuzio) (1449-1515)
*[[Alexander Manzonius]] (Alessandro Manzoni) (1785-1873)
*[[Alexander Marcellus|Alexander Ignatius Marcellus]] (Alessandro Marcello) (1673-1747)
*[[Guidus Ubaldus e Marchionibus Montis]] (Guidobaldo del Monte) (1545-1607)
*[[Ioannes Marcus Marci]] (Jan Marek Marci) (1595-1667)
*[[Gulielmus Marconius]] (Guglielmo Marconi) (1874-1937)
*[[Heribertus Marcusius]] (Herbert Marcuse) (1898-1979)
*[[Hyacintha Marescotta]] (Giacinta Marescotti) (1585-1640)
*[[Simon Marius]] (Simon Mayr) (1573-1624)
*[[Christophorus Marlovius]] (Christopher Marlowe) (1564-1593)
*[[Philippus Marnixius]] (Philips van Marnix) (1540-1598)
*[[Lanzarotus Marocelus]] (Lanzerotto Marocello) (1270-1336)
*[[Ioannes Marshallus]] (John Marshall) (1755-1835)
*[[Aloysius Ferdinandus Marsilius]] (Luigi Ferdinando Marsigli) ([[1658]]-[[1730]])
*[[Marcus Marulus]] (Marko Marulić) (1450-1524)
*[[Carolus Marxius]] (Karl Heinrich Marx) (1818-1883)
*[[Thomas Masacius]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; (Tommaso di ser Giovanni di Mone Cassai, Masaccio) (1401-1428)
*[[Mesrobes Mastosius]] (Mesrop Maštoc’) (360-440)
*[[Theodoricus Martinus]] (Dick Martens) (1446–1534)
*[[Galeottus Martius]]&lt;ref&gt;Cf. [http://www.maremagnum.com/index.php?option=com_ricerca&amp;task=risult&amp;desiditem=33886991 ''Maremagnum'' apud www.maremagnum.com]{{Nexus deficitur|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Galeotto Marzio) (1427-[[1497]])
*[[Sassulus Mascheronius]] (Sassolo Mascheroni) (saeculo XIII)
*[[Andreas Masius]] (Andreas Maes) (1514-1573)
*[[Petrus Andreas Matthiolus]] (Piero Andrea Gregorio Mattioli) (1501-1577)
*[[Franciscus Maturantius]] (Francesco Maturanzio) (1443-1518)
*[[Franciscus Maurocenus]] (Francesco Morosini) (1619-1694)
*[[Franciscus Maurolicus]] vel Maurolycus (Francesco Maurolico) (1494-1575)
*[[Iulius Mazarinus]] (Jules Mazarin aut [[Italice]] Giulio Mazzarino) (1602-1661)
*[[Marcus Mazzaroppus]] (Marco Mazzaroppi) (1550-1620)
*[[Iosephus Mazzinius]] (Giuseppe Mazzini) (1805-1872)
*[[Iacobus Mazochius]] (Giacomo Mazzocchi) (...-1527?)
*[[Laurentius Medices]] seu Maediceus (Lorenzo de' Medici) (149-1492)
*[[Ioannes Megabachus]] (Johann Magenbuch) ([[1487]]-[[1546]])
*[[Philippus Melanchthon]] (Philippus Schwarzerd) (1497–1560)
*[[Rupertus Meldenius]] (Peter Meiderlin) ([[1582]] - [[1661]])
*[[Meledinus]] (Al-Kāmil Muḥammad) (1178-1238)
*[[Carolus Mellinus]] (Charles Mellin) (1597-1641)
*[[Georgia Melonia]] (Giorgia Meloni) (1977)
*[[Mena]]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mena Imperator Aethiopiae&quot;; ''[https://www.google.it/books/edition/Burcardi_Gotth_Struvii_Introdvctio_in_no/RPrAYxvuUocC?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=imperator+Aethiopiae&amp;pg=RA2-PA815&amp;printsec=frontcover Burcardi Gotth. Struvii Introdvctio in notitiam rei litterariae et usum bibliothecarum auctoris ipsius mstis observationibus]'' (Francofurti et Lipsiae, 1754).&lt;/ref&gt; (Mēnās) (...-1563)
*[[Iacobus Menochius]] (Giacomo Menochio) (1532-1607)
*[[Gerardus Mercator]] (Gerard de Kremer) (1512-1594)
*[[Nicolaus Mercator]] (Nikolaus Kauffmann) (1620-1687)
*[[Hieronymus Mercurialis]] (Girolamo Mercuriale) (1530-1606)
*[[Angela Merkela]] (Angela Merkel) (1954)
*[[Georgius Merula]] (Giorgio Merlano di Negro) (natus circa annum [[1430]]-[[1494]])
*[[Paulus Merula]] (Paul van Merle) (1558-1607)
*[[Marinus Mersennus]] (Marin Mersenne) ([[1588]]-[[1648]])
*[[Quintinus Mesius]] (Quentin Massys) (circa annum 1466–1530)
*[[Antonellus Messanensis]] (Antonello da Messina) (1430-1479)
*[[Petrus Metastasius]] (Pietro Metastasio sed natus Pietro Trapassi) (1698-1782)
*[[Clemens Vencelus Nepomucus Lotharius Metternicus]] (Klemens Wenzel Lothar Nepomuk von Metternich) (1773-1859)
*[[Ioannes Meursius]] (Johannes van Meurs) ([[1579]]–[[1639]])
*[[Miantonimo]] (Miantonomoh) (1600?-1643)
*[[Iacobus Micyllus]] (Jakob Moltzer) (1503–1558)
*[[Ioannes Miltonus]] (John Milton) (1608-1674)
*[[Simon Minervius]] (Simon Schaidenreisser) (1497-1572)
*[[Ioannes Picus Mirandula]] (Giovanni Pico della Mirandola) (1463-1494)
*[[Andreas Fricius Modrevius]] (Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski) (1503-1572)
*[[Ambrosius Moibanus]] (Ambrosius Moyben) (1494–1554)
*[[Ioannes Molanus]] (Jan Vermeulen) (1533-1585)
*[[Molierus]] (Molière, vere Jean-Baptiste Poquelin) (1622-1673)
*[[Claudius Mons Viridis]] (Claudio Monteverdi) (1567-1643)
*[[Vladimirus II Monomachus]] (Volodimer Monomach) (1053-1125)
*[[Iacobus Montanus]] (Jakob Berg) (circa annum 1460–1534)
*[[Michael Montanus]] (Michel de Montaigne) (1533-1592)
*[[Guidus Ubaldus e Marchionibus Montis]] (Guidobaldo Del Monte) (1545–1607)
*[[Braccius Montonus]] (Braccio da Montone seu vere Andrea Fortebraccio) (1368-1424)
*[[Iacobus Monrovius]] (James Monroe) (1758-1831)
*[[Paulus Morigius]] (Paolo Morigia) (1525-1604)
*[[Ioannes Baptista Morinus]] (Jean-Baptiste Morin) (1583-1656)
*[[Ioannes Morinus]] (Jean Morin) (1591 – 1659)
*[[Ioannes Mortonus]] (John Morton) (circa 1420-1500)
*[[Thomas Morus]] (Thomas More) (1478-1535)
*[[Petrus Mosellanus]] (Peter Schade) (1493-1524)
*[[Leopoldus Mozartus]] (Leopold Mozart) (1719-1787)
*[[Wolfgangus Amadeus Mozartus]] (Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart) (1756-1791)
*[[Nicolaus Mulerius]] (Nicolaas des Mulier/s) (1564-1630)
*[[Carolus Mullerus]] (Karl Wilhelm Ludwig Müller) (1813-1894)
*[[Ludovicus Antonius Muratorius]] (Ludovico Antonio Muratori) ([[1672]] - [[1750]])
*[[Wolfgangus Musculus]] (Wolfgang Müslin) ([[1497]]-[[1563]])
*[[Iohannes Carolus Augustus Musaeus]] (Johann Karl August Musäus) (1735-1787)
*[[Benitus Mussolinius]] vel Mussolinus&lt;ref&gt;Nomen latinum nuncupatum apud varias medalias aetatis Fasticicae, ubi BENITVS MVSSOLINVS (sic) scribitur. Vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20211112151241/https://digital.wolfsonian.org/WOLF007140/00001 hic].&lt;/ref&gt; (Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini) (1883-1945)
*[[Marcus Antonius Muretus]] (Marc Antoine Muret) (1526-1585)
*[[Elonus Muscus]] (Elon Musk) (1971-)
*[[Mutezuma I]] (Motēcuhzōma Ilhuicamīna) (1398-1469)
*[[Mutezuma II]] (Motēcuhzōma Xōcoyōtzin) (1465-1520)
*[[Hieronymus Mutianus]] (Girolamo Muziano) 1532-1592)
*[[Mutianus Rufus]] (Konrad Muth) (1470-1526)
*[[Fridericus Myconius]] (Friedrich Mekum) (1490-1546)

== N ==
[[Fasciculus:Nostradamus by Lemud.jpg|thumb|Michael Nostradamus]]
* [[Ioannes Nannius Utinensis]] (Giovanni Nanni da Udine) (1487-1564)
* [[Pamphilus Narvaëzius]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Cf. [https://books.google.it/books?id=hIc9faAutbgC&amp;pg=RA1-PP15&amp;lpg=RA1-PP15&amp;dq=Quatimocus&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=H_YwiVdnVD&amp;sig=ACfU3U20XTzBszQOSkFo9YdaqFLFRlEz_g&amp;hl=it&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwi-icfH_OLzAhW7hP0HHdLcD2UQ6AF6BAgCEAM#v=onepage&amp;q=Quatimocus&amp;f=false ''Joannis Genesii Sepulvedæ ... Opera, cum edita, tum inedita, accurante Regia Historiæ Academia, Volumen Tertium''] (Matriti, 1780).&lt;/ref&gt; (Pánfilo de Narváez) (1470-1528)
* [[Adolphus Nassovius]] (Adolf von Nassau) (ante 1250-1298)
* [[Petrus Paulus Navarrus]] (Pietro Paolo Navarro) (1560-1622)
* [[Neachile]] (Nyaicili Boki Raja) (...-1556)
* [[Christophorus Neander]] (Christoph Neumann) (1589-1625) 
* [[Georgius Neapolitanus]] (Giorgio Napolitano) (1925-2023) 
* [[Philippus Nerius|Philippus Romulus Nerius]] (Filippo Romolo Neri) (1515-1595)
* [[Beniaminus Netanjahuus]] (Binyamin Netanyahu) (1949)
* [[Isaacus Newtonus]]&lt;ref&gt;''Isaacus Newtonus'' apud [[Christianus Hugenius|Christianum Hugenium]], ''Cosmotheoros'' liber 2 [http://web.clas.ufl.edu/users/rhatch/pages/11-ResearchProjects/boulliau/bio-historical/06-b-sir-d-brewster.htm ''Boulliau Biography - Sir David Brewster on Ismael Boulliau - Boulliau Homepage - Information, Resources, Links, Images, Original Research &amp; Writing'' apud web.clas.ufl.edu].&lt;/ref&gt; (Isaac Newton) (1642-1727) 
* [[Paulus Niavis]] (Paul Schneevogel) (circa annum 1460-1514)
* [[Ioannes Nicolaus Niclasius]] (Johann Nicolaus Niclas) (1733-1808)
* [[Petrus Niger]] aut Petrus Nigrus&lt;ref&gt;Cf. [[Marcus Tanner]], ''The Raven King: Matthias Corvinus and the Fate of His Lost Library,'' pag. 122.&lt;/ref&gt; (Peter Schwarz) (1434- 1481 circa)
* [[Guliemus Nigrinus]] (Wilhelm Schwartze) (1588 -1638)
* [[Baptista Nigronus]] (Battista Negrone) (1530-1592)
* [[Marius Nizolius]] (Mario Nizolio) (1488-1567) 
* [[Robertus Nobilis]] (Roberto de' Nobili) (1541-1559)
* [[Ludovicus Nonnius]] (Ludovic Nunez) (1553-1645)
* [[Noradinus (Saladini filius)|Noradinus]] (Nūr al-Dīn al-Malik al-ʾAfḍal) (1170-1225)
* [[Michael Nostradamus]] (Michel de Nostredame) (1503-1566)
* [[Gabriel Nuntius]] (Gabriele d'Annunzio) (1863-1938)
* [[Nuraldinus]] (Nūr al-Dīn Zangī) (1118-1174)

== O ==
* [[Bernardinus Ochinus|Bernandinus Ochinus]] (Bernandino Ochino) (1487-1564)
* [[Odoacer]] sive Odovacar (Audawakrs) (433-493)
* [[Nicolaus Odoenus]] (Nicholas Owen) (1550-1606)
* [[Hyacinthus Odrovantius]] (Jacek Odrowąż) (1185-1257)
* [[Ioannes Oecolampadius]] (Johannes Heussgen) (1482–1531)
* [[Iohannes Ogilbius]] (John Ogilby) (1600-1676)
* [[Arnaldus Oihenartus]] ([[Vasconice]] Arnaut Oihenart seu [[Francogallice]] Arnauld Oihénart) (1592-1668)
* [[Odoardus Olcornus]] (Edward Oldcorne) (1561-1606)
* [[Adam Olearius]] (Adam Oehlschlegel aut Ölschläger) (1599-1671)
* [[Omar|Omar Magnus]] ('Umar ibn al-Ḫaṭṭāb) (ca. 582 - 644)
* [[Gualterus Ophamilius]] (Gualtiero Offamilio) (12 saeculo-1190)
* [[Iohannes Oporinus]] (Iohannes Herbst) (1507-1568)
* [[Bernardus Oricellarius]] (Bernardo Rucellai) (1449-1514)
** [[Ioannes Oricellarius]] (Giovanni Rucellai) (1475-1525)
* [[David Origanus]] (David Tost) (1558 - 1628)
* [[Petrus Orseolus (rex Hungariae)|Petrus Orseolus]] (Velencei Péter) (1010/1011-circa 1056)
* [[Abraham Ortelius]] (Abraham Ortels, Oertel, Örtel, Orthellius, Wortels) ([[1527]] - [[1598]])r
* [[Abraham Ortelius]] (Abraham Ortels, Oertel, Örtel, Orthellius, Wortels) ([[1527]] - [[1598]])
* [[Hieronymus Osorius]] (Jerónimo Osório) (1506-1580)
* [[Fridericus Ozanam|Fridericus Ozanamius]] (Frédéric Ozanam) (1813-1853)

== P ==
[[Fasciculus:MatteoPalmieri.jpg|thumb|Matthaeus Palmerius [[humanista]] et [[rerum gestarum scriptor]] [[Italia|Italus]] ]]
[[Fasciculus:Magdalena de Passe.png|thumb|301x301px|[[Magdalena Passaea]]]]
* [[Eduardus Pachecus]] (Duarte Pacheco Pereira) (1460-1533)
* [[Franciscus Pachecus]] (Francisco Pacheco) (1566-1626)
*[[Iulius Pacius de Beriga]] (Giulio Pace da Beriga) (1550-1631)
*[[Aonius Palearius]] (Antonio della Pagliara) ([[1503]]-[[1570]])
*[[Marcellus Palingenius Stellatus]] sive Palingenius (Marcello Palingenio Stellato aut Pier Angelo Manzolli) (circa 1500-ante 1551)
*[[Arcangela Palladinia]] (Arcangela Paladini) (1599-1622)
*[[Petrus Simon Pallas|Petrus Simon Pallasius]], seu Pallas (Peter Simon Pallas) (1741-1811)
*[[Matthaeus Palmerius]] (Matteo Palmieri) ([[1406]]-[[1475]])
*[[Benedictus Pamphilius]] (Benedetto Pamphilij) (1653-1730)
*[[Ianus Pannonius]] (Hungarice ''János Csezmicei'' aut Croatice ''Ivan Česmički'') (1434-1472)
*[[Onuphrius Panvinius]] (Onofrio Panvinio) (1530-1568)
*[[Daniel Papebrochius]] (Daniel Papebroch) (1628-1714)
*[[Philippus Theophrastus Aureolus Bombastus von Hohenheim]] sive [[Paracelsus]] (Phillip von Hohenheim) (1493-1541)
*[[Ambrosius Paraeus]] (Ambroise Paré) (circa annum [[1510]]-[[1590]])
*[[Petrus Parlerius]] (Peter Parler) (1330 vel 1333-1399)
*[[Matthaeus Parisiensis]] (Matthew Paris) (1200 circa-1259)
*[[Angelus Particiacus]] (Agnello vel Angelo Partecipazio) (...-827)
*[[Blasius Pascalis]] (Blaise Pascal) ([[1623]]-[[1662]])
*[[Ioannes Pascoli|Ioannes Pascolus]]&lt;ref&gt; Cf. [https://www.google.it/books/edition/Humanistica_Lovaniensia/EEgwaHabP88C?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=ioannes+pascolus&amp;pg=PA440&amp;printsec=frontcover ''Humanistica Lovaniensia''] (2003): 440.&lt;/ref&gt; (Giovanni Pascoli) (1855-1912)
*[[Ioannes Baptista Pasqualinus]] (Giovanni Battista Pasqualini) (1595-1631)
*[[Magdalena Passaea]] (Magdalena van de Passe) (1600-1638)
*[[Crispianus Passaeus]] (Crispijn van de Pass) (1564-1637)
*[[Wilhelmus Passaeus]] (Willem van de Passe) (1597-1637)
*[[Marsilius Patavinus]]&lt;ref&gt;Cf. [http://www.antiqbook.de/boox/hein/21070.shtml ww.antiqbook.de]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Marsiglio dei Mainardini) ([[1275]]/[[1290]]-[[1342]] aut [[1343|43]])
*[[Gabrielis Carola Patina]] (Gabrielle-Charlotte Patin) (1655-1750)
*[[Carolus Patinus]] (Charles Patin) (1633-1693)
*[[Franciscus Patricius]] (Francesco Patrizi da Cherso aut Frane Petrić/Petris/Petrišević) (1526-1597)
*[[Marcus Paulus Venetus|Marcus Paulus]] (Marco Polo) (1254-1324)
*[[Maria Magdalena de Pazzis]] seu Pactia&lt;ref&gt;Vincentius Puccini, ''Vita di Suor Maria Maddalena de' Pazzi'' (Florentiae, 1611): 765 [https://www.google.it/books/edition/Vita_di_Suor_Maria_Maddalena_de_Pazzi/MSxSAAAAcAAJ?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=maria+magdalena+pactia&amp;pg=PA15&amp;printsec=frontcover].&lt;/ref&gt; (Maria Maddalena de' Pazzi) (1566-1607)
*[[Pecsuot]] (Pecksuot) (...-1624)
*[[Iacobus Peletarius]] (Jacques Peletier du Mans) (1517-1582)
*[[Petrus Ioannes Perpinianus]] (Pedro Juan Perpiñá) (1530-1566)
*[[Balthasar Perutius]]&lt;ref&gt;Cf. [http://books.google.ch/books?id=PiwDAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA216&amp;lpg=PA216&amp;dq=Balthasar+Perutius&amp;source=web&amp;ots=6VD-m_6-P_&amp;sig=O_Nd94jxMxnVA7oklRBQG3igjkc&amp;hl=it&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;resnum=1&amp;ct=result Angelo Fabroni, Leonis X. pontificis maximi vita - - 1797].&lt;/ref&gt; (Baldassarre Peruzzi) ([[1481]] – [[1536]])
*[[Felix Petancius Ragusinus]]&lt;ref&gt;cfr. [[Marcus Tanner]], ''The Raven King: Matthias Corvinus and the Fate of His Lost Library'' , pag. 122&lt;/ref&gt; (Feliks Petančić) (1455-1517/1522)
*[[Simon Peterzanus]]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;SIMON PETERZANUS VENETUS TITIANI ALUMNUS FECIT MDLXXXVIIII&quot; apud encyclopaediam Italicam [https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/simone-peterzano_%28Dizionario-Biografico%29/ Treccani] {{ling|Italice}}&lt;/ref&gt; (Simone Peterzano) (1535-1599)
*[[Petrus Petitus]] (Pierre Petit) (1617-1687)
*[[Alexander Petofius]] (Petőfi Sándor) (1823-1849)
*[[Pandolfus Petrucius]] (Pandolfo Petrucci) ([[1452]] – [[1512]])
*[[Georgius Peurbachius]] (Georg von Peuerbach) ([[1423]]-[[1461]])
*[[Bernardinus Pictoricius]] (Pinturicchio) ([[1454]] – [[1513]])
*[[Ioannes Baptista Piranesius]] (Giambattista Piranesi) ([[1720]]-[[1778]])
*[[Ascanius Philamarinus]] (Ascanio Filomarino) (1583-1666)
*[[Franciscus Philelphus]] (Francesco Filelfo) (1398-1481)
*[[Aimericus Picaudus]] (Aymeric Picaud) (XII saeculo-?)
*[[Philippus Picinellus]] (Filippo Picinelli) (1604-1678)
*[[Aeneas Silvius Picolomineus]] (Enea Silvio Piccolomini vel papa Pius II) (1405-1464)
*[[Bernardinus Pictoricius|Bernandinus Pictoricius]] (Bernardino di Betto di Biagio, Pinturicchio) (1454-1511)
*[[Antonius Pinaeus]] (Antoine du Pinet) (?-1584)
*[[Piodasses]] (Aśoka) (circa 304 a.C.n.-232 a.C.n.)
*[[Andreas Pisanus]] (Andrea Pisano) (1290-1348)
*[[Ioannes Piscator]] (Johannes Fischer) (1546-1625)
*[[Pisanus]] (Pisanello sed natus Antonio di Puccio Pisano) (ante 1390-1455 circa)
*[[Franciscus Pizardus]] seu Pizarrus (Francisco Pizarro) (1476-1541)
*[[Iohannes Placentius]] (Léon le Plaisant) (...-1548)
*[[Bartholomaeus Platina]] (Bartolomeo Sacchi) ([[1421]]-[[1481]])
*[[Pocahonta]] (Matoaka, quae dicitur Pocahontas) (1595 circa-1617)
*[[Francisca Polentana]] (Francesca da Polenta) (1259-1285)
*[[Reginaldus Polus]] (Reginald Pole) (1500-1558)
*[[Petrus Pomponatius]] (Pietro Pomponazzi) ([[1462]]-[[1525]])
*[[Iulius Pomponius Laetus]] (Giulio Pomponio Leto) (1428-1498)
*[[Ioannes Pontius Legionensis]] (Juan Ponce de Leòn) (1460-1521)
*[[Pontiac]] (Obwaandi'eyaag) (1714/1720 circa-1769)
*[[Iacobus Pontormus]] (Jacopo da Pontormo) (1494-1557)
*[[Simon Portius]]&lt;ref&gt;Cf.filium eius Camillum Portium [http://edit16.iccu.sbn.it/scripts/iccu_ext.dll?fn=11&amp;res=17016]&lt;/ref&gt; (Simone Porzio) ([[1497]] – [[1554]])
**[[Camillus Portius]]&lt;ref&gt;Cf.[http://edit16.iccu.sbn.it/scripts/iccu_ext.dll?fn=11&amp;res=17016]&lt;/ref&gt; (Camillo Porzio) ([[1526]] – [[1580]])
*[[Porus]] (Puruṣottama) (?-317 a.C.n.)
*[[Powhatanus]] (Wahunsenacawh, qui dicitur Chief Powhatan) (1547 circa-1618 circa)
*[[Antonius Possevinus]] (Antonio Possevino) ([[1533]]–[[1611]])
*[[Gulielmus Postellus]] (Guillaume Postel) ([[1510]]–[[1581]])
*[[Hieronymus Pragensis]] (Jeroným Pražský) (1365 circa-1416)
*[[Iosquinus Pratensis]] (Josquin Des Prés) (1450-1521)
*[[Michael Praetorius]] (Michael Schultheiß) ([[1571]]–[[1621]])
*[[Laurentius Pucius]] (Lorenzo Pucci) (1458-1531)
*[[Casimirus Pulaskius]] (Kazimierz Pułaski) (1746-1779)
*[[Ioannes II (magnus dux Moscoviae)|Ioannes II Pulcher]] (Ivan II Krasnyj) (1326-1359)
*[[Antonius Pullarius]] (Antonio del Pollaiolo) (circa 1430-1498)
*[[Alexander Puskinus]] (Aleksandr Puškin) (1799-1837)
*[[Nicolaus Pussinus]] (Nicolas Poussin) (1594-1665)
*[[Vladimirus Putinus]] (Vladimir Putin) (1952-)

== Q ==
* [[Quahutimocus]]&lt;ref&gt;Cf. [https://www.google.it/books/edition/Annales_ecclesiastici0/GgRlAAAAcAAJ?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Quahutimocus&amp;pg=PA317&amp;printsec=frontcover ''Annales ecclesiastici ab anno quo desinit Caes. Card. Baronius MCXCVIII usque ad annum MDXXXIV..... ab anno MDIV vsque ad annum MDXXXIV'']&lt;/ref&gt; (Cuitláhuac) (circa 1476-1520)
*[[Iacobus Quarterius]] (Jacques Cartier) (1491-1557)
* [[Quatimocus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; (Cuauhtémoc) (1496-1525)
* [[Artus Quellinus]] (Arnoldus Quellijn) ([[1609]] - [[1668]])
* [[Quoniambecus]] (Cunhambebe) (XVI saeculo)

== R ==
[[Fasciculus:Ludwika Karolina Radziwill.jpg|thumb|306x306px|[[Ludovica Carolina Radivilia]]]]
[[Fasciculus:Pope_Julius_II.jpg|thumb|200 px|Papa [[Iulius II]], natus ''Giuliano della Rovere'', [[Latine]] Iulianus Roverus]]
* [[Franciscus Rabelaesus]] (François Rabelais) (circa annum 1494–1553)
* [[Isaac Rabinus]] (Yitzhak Rabin) (1922-1995)
* [[Ludovica Carolina Radivilia]] (Ludwika Karolina Radziwiłł) (1667-1695)
*[[Ioannes Radvanus]] (Jonas Radvanas) (XVI saeculo-post 1591)
*[[Ahmedus Raisulius]] (Mūlāy ʿAḥmad al-Raisūnī) (1871-1925)
*[[Benedictus Rambertus]] (Benedetto Ramberti) (1503-1547)
*[[Petrus Ramus]] (Pierre de la Ramée) (1515-1572)
*[[Ioannes Baptista Ramusius]] (Giovanni Battista Ramusio) (1485-1557)
*[[Renatus Rapinus]] (René Rapin) (1621-1687)
*[[Raschius]] vere Salomo Isaacides Iarchi (Rabbi Shlomo Yitzhaqi) (1040-1105)
*[[Wolfgangus Ratichius]] (Wolfgang Ratke) (1571-1635)
*[[Urbanus Rattazzius]] (Urbano Rattazzi) (1808-1873)
* [[Iohannes Ravisius Textor]] (Jean Tixier de Ravisi) (1480–1524)
* [[Ioannes Regiomontanus]] (Johannes Müller aus Königsberg) (1436–1476)
* [[Guido Renius]] (Guido Reni) (1575-1642)
* [[Balthasar Resinarius]] (Balthasar Harzer) (circiter [[1480]]-[[1544]])
* [[Urbanus Rhegius]] (Urban Rieger) ([[1489]]–[[1541]])
* [[Beatus Rhenanus]] (Beat Bild) (1485–1547)
* [[Georgius Ioachim Rheticus]] etiam ''Rhäticus'', ''Rhaeticus'', ''Rhetikus'' (Georg Joachim von Lauchen) ([[1514]]– [[1574]])
* [[Matthaeus Riccius]] (Matteo Ricci) (1552-1610)
*[[Armandus Ioannes Plessaeus Richelaeus]] (Armand-Jean du Plessis Richelieu) (1585-1642)
* [[Paulus Ricius]] (Paul Ritz) (circa 1480-1541)
* [[Robertus Ridolfus]] (Roberto di Ridolfo) (1531-1612)
* [[Andreas Rivetus]] (André Rivet) (1572-1651)
*[[Ludovicus Caelius Rhodiginus]] (Ludovico Ricchieri) (1469-1525)
* [[Johannes Rhodius]] (Hinne Rode) (1385-1439)
* [[Iohannes Roffensis]] aut Iohannes Fischerius (John Fisher) (1469-1535)
*[[Romanus (poeta Persicus)|Romanus]] (Jalāl ad-Dīn Muḥammad Rūmī) (1207-1273)
*[[Iulius Romanus]] (Giulio Romano, sed natus Giulio Pippi de' Jannuzzi) (1499-1546)
* [[Gulielmus Rondeletius]] (Guillaume Rondelet) (1507-1566)
* [[Franklinius Delano Rooseveltius]] (Franklin Delano Roosevelt) (1882-1945)
* [[Theodorus Rooseveltius]] (Theodore Roosevelt) (1858-1919)
* [[Antonius Rosminius]] (Antonio Rosmini) (1797-1855)
* [[Propertia Rossia]] (Properzia de' Rossi) (1490 circa-1530 circa)
* [[Ioachimus Rossinius]] (Gioachino Rossini) (1792-1868)
* [[Robertus Rossius]] (Robert Ross) (1766-1814)
* [[Iulianus Roverus]]&lt;ref&gt;Cf. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080801072533/http://christianism.com/supresearch/supres2.html ''from: Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, In Association with The'' apud www.christianism.com] www.christianism.com.&lt;/ref&gt; vel Iulianus Rovereus&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.intratext.com/IXT/LAT0874/_P4.HTM] VITA LEONIS DECIMI PONT. MAX. A PAOLO IOVIO EPISCOPO NUCERINO CONSCRIPTA.&lt;/ref&gt; (Giuliano della Rovere aut [[Papa]] Iulius II) ([[1443]]–[[1513]])
* [[Ioannes Roverus]] vel Ioannes Rovereus&lt;ref&gt;Cfr. fratrem suum [[Iulianus Roverus|Iulianum Roverum]] &lt;/ref&gt; (Giovanni della Rovere) ([[1457]]–[[1501]])
*[[Roxolana]] (Aleksandra Anastazja Lisowska, vel Roksolana) (1500-1558)
* [[Crotus Rubeanus]] aut Crotus Rubianus (Johannes Jäger) (circa annum 1480–post annum [[1539]])
* [[Petrus Paulus Rubenius]] (Pieter Paul Rubens) (1577-1640)
*[[Paulus Rubigallus]] (Pavol Rothan) (1515-1577)
*[[Maximilianus de Robespierre|Maximilianus Rubopetraeus]]&lt;ref&gt;Sic apud Wyttenbachium, ''Opuscula selecta'' (1825), p.245, [https://books.google.fr/books?id=Dl4bp--EdV8C&amp;lpg=PA228&amp;ots=1RF6SIffb0&amp;dq=Dan.%20Wyttenbachii%20Philom.&amp;hl=fr&amp;pg=PA245#v=onepage&amp;q=Dan.%20Wyttenbachii%20Philom.&amp;f=false hic].&lt;/ref&gt; (Maximilien de Robespierre) (1758-1794)
*[[Ioannes Ruellius]] (Jean Ruel) (1474-1537)
* [[Girardus Ruffus]] (Gérard Roussel) (circa annum 1500-1550)
*[[Ericus Rufus]] (Eiríkr Rauði) (950-1003)
*[[David Ruhnkenius]] (David Ruhnken) (1723-1798)
*[[Iohannes Rusbroquius]] (Jan van Ruusbroec) (1293-1381)
*[[Jacob Rusticuccius]] (Jacopo Rusticucci) (saeculo XIII)

== S ==
[[Fasciculus:Portrait of Michael Servetus. Wellcome M0009083.jpg|thumb|Michael Servetus]]
[[Fasciculus:Carolina Bonafede, Donne bolognesi insigni - Elisabetta Sirani.jpg|thumb|333x333px|Elisabetha Sirania]]
* [[Iacobus Sadoletus]] (Jacopo Sadoleto) (1477-1577)
*[[Henricus Sagittarius]] (Heinrich Schütz) ([[1585]]–[[1672]])
*[[Sagthanas]] (Ṭahmāsp I) (1514-1576)
*[[Saladinus]] (Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn Yūsuf ibn Ayyūb) (1138-1193)
*[[Franciscus Salesius]] (François de Sales) (1567-1622)
*[[Claudius Salmasius]] (Claude de Saumaise) ([[1588]]-[[1653]])
*[[Iohannes Sambucus]] (János Zsámboky) ([[1531]]-[[1584]])
*[[Sancius]] (Zhuāngzǐ) (369 a.C.n. circa-286 a.C.n. circa)
*[[Raphael Sanctius Urbinas]] (Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino) (1483-1520)
*[[Iacobus de Sancto Andrea]] (Jacopo da Sant'Andrea) (...-1239)
*[[Sandrocottus]] (Candragupta Maurya) (343 a.C.n.-274 a.C.n. circa)
*[[Gregorius Sanocensis]] (Grzegorz z Sanoka) ([[1403]]-[[1477]])
*[[Iacobus Sansovinus]] (Jacopo Sansovino) (1485-1570)
*[[Sapalbizes]] (Sapadbizes) (floruit 20 a.C.n.-1 a.C.n.)
*[[Nicolaus Sarkozius]] (Nicolas Sarkozy) (1955-)
*[[Andreas Sartius]] (Andrea del Sarto) (1486-1530)
*[[Saturiona]] (Saturiwa) (floruit 1562-1565)
*[[Alexander Saulius]] (Alessandro Sauli) (1534-1592)
*[[Iohannes Saxonius]] (Johann Sachse) (1507-1561)
*[[Oscarius Luigius Scalfarus]] (Oscar Luigi Scalfaro) (1918-2012)
*[[Iulius Caesar Scaliger]] (Giulio Cesare della Scala) (1484-1558)
*[[Philippus Scheidemannus]] (Philipp Scheidemann) (1865-1939)
*[[Ioannes Schenckius]] (Johannes Schenck von Grafenberg) ([[1530]]-[[1599]])
*[[Ioannes Schicchius]] (Gianni Schicchi) (XIII saeculo)
*[[Bartolomaeus Schidonius]] (Bartolomeo Schedoni) (1578-1615)
*[[Erasmus Schmidius]] (Erasmus Schmidt) (1570-1637)
*[[Iulius Georgius Schottelius]] (Justus Georg Schottel) ([[1612]]-[[1676]])
*[[Andreas Schottus]] (André Scott) (1552-1629)
*[[Caspar Schwenckfeldius]] (Kaspar Schwen[c]kfeld von Ossig) (circa [[1490]] - [[1561]])
*[[Antonius Maria Schyrleus de Rheita|Antonius Maria '''Schyrleus''' de Rheita]] (Antonín Maria Šírek z Reity) ([[1597]]-[[1660]])
*[[Puccius Sciancatus]] (Puccio dei Gailgai, appellatus Sciancato) (...-...)
*[[Robertus Falcon Scottus]] (Robert Falcon Scott) (1868-1912)
*[[Gualterus Scott|Walterus Scotus]] (Walter Scott) (1771-1832)
*[[Laurentius Scupulus]] (Lorenzo Scupoli) (1530-1610)
*[[Ianus Secundus]] (Iohannes Everardi) (1511-1536)
*[[Volodimirus Selenscius]] (Volodymyr Zelens'kyj) (1978-)
*[[Nicolaus Selneccerus]] (Nicolaus Selnecker) (1530-1592)
*[[Seltan Segued]] (Sūsinyōs) (1571/1575 circa-1632)
*[[Michael Sendivogius]] (Michał Sędziwój) (1566-1636)
*[[Duccius Senensis]] (Duccio di Buoninsegna) (circa 1255-1318/1319)
*[[Hieronymus Seripandus]] (Girolamo Seripando) (1493-1563)
*[[Sebastianus Serlius]] (Sebastiano Serlio) (1475-1554)
*[[Michael Servetus]] (Miguel Serveto y Reves) (1511-1553)
*[[Ioannes IV (tzar Russiae)|Ioannes IV Severus]] seu Ioannes Basilides (Ivan IV Vasil'evič Groznyj) (1530-1584)
*[[Antonius Sexagius]] (Antoon van T'Sestich) (...-1585)
*[[Ludovicus Sfortia]] vel Sphortia, dictus Maurus (Ludovico Sforza il Moro) (1452-1508)
*[[Gulielmus Shakesperius]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.com/books?id=IgARAAAAIAAJ&amp;q=shakesperius&amp;dq=shakesperius&amp;pgis=1 Jahrbuch, ab ''Deutsche Shakespeare-Gesellschaft''].&lt;/ref&gt; (William Shakespeare) (1564–1616)
*[[Georgius Bernardus Shavius]] (George Bernard Shaw) (1856-1950)
*[[Michael Sidonius]] (Michael Helding) ([[1506]]–[[1561]])
*[[Carolus Sigonius]] (Carlo Sigonio aut Sigone) (1520-1584)
*[[Angelus Silesius]] (Ioannes Scheffler) ([[1624]] - [[1677]])
*[[Melchior Adamus|Melchior Adamus Silesius]] (Melchior Adam) (1575 circa-1622)
*[[Elisabetha Sirania]] (Elisabetta Sirani) (1638-1665)
*[[Gulielmus Smallvoodius]] (William Smallwood) (1732-1792)
*[[Adamus Smith|Adamus Smithius]] (Adam Smith) (1723-1790)
*[[Ioannes Smithius]] (John Smith) (1580-1631)
*[[Willebrordus Snellius]] (Willebrord van Roijen Snell) ([[1580]]-[[1626]])
*[[Sophagasenus]] (Subhagasena) (floruit 206 a.C.n.-190 a.C.n.)
*[[Ferdinandus Sotus]] (Hernando de Soto) (1500-1542)
*[[Georgius Spalatinus]] (Georg Burkhardt) (1484-1545)
*[[Spalyris]] (Śpalahora) (floruit 50-47)
*[[Ezechiel Spanhemius]] (Ezechiel von Spanheim) (1629-1710)
*[[Fridericus Spanhemius]] (Friederich Spanheim) (1600-1649)
*[[Paulus Speratus]] (Paul Spret aut Hoffer) (1484-1551)
*[[Henricus Spondanus]] (Henry de Sponde) ([[1568]]-[[1643]])
*[[Iacobus Sponius]] (Jacob Spon) (1647-1685)
*[[Antonius Squarcialupus]] (Antonio Squarcialupi) (1416-1480)
*[[Laelius Socinus]] (Lelio Sozzini) (1525-1562)
*[[Faustus Socinus]] (Fausto Paolo Sozzini) (1539-1604)
*[[Ludovicus Sotellus]] (Luis Sotelo) (1574-1624)
*[[Iohannes Stabius]] (Johannes Stöberer aut Stab) (circa annum 1460-1522)
*[[Iohannes Stadius]] (Jan Van Ostaeyen aut Jean Stade)  (1487-1561)
*[[Georgius Stampelius]] (Georg Stampel) (1561-1622)
*[[Demetrius Stanciowius]] (Dimităr Janev Stančov) (1863-1940)
*[[Gerardus Stederburgensis]] (Gerhard von Steterburg) (...-1209)
*[[Nicolaus Steno]] (Niels Stensen) (1638-1686)
*[[Georgius Stiernhielmus]] (Georg Stiernhielm) (1598-1672)
*[[Antonius Stradivarius]] (Antonio Stradivari) (1648-1737)
*[[Gulielmus Stephanides]] (William Fitzstephen) (?-1191)
*[[Henricus Stephanus (mortuus 1598)|Henricus Stephanus]] (Henri Estienne) (1528/1531-1598)
*[[Andreas Stiborius]] (Andreas Stöberl) (circiter [[1464]]-[[1515]])
*[[Petrus Stolypinius]] (Pëtr Stolypin) (1862-1911)
*[[Iohannes Stuckius]] (Johannes Stuck) (1587–1653)
*[[Snorro Sturlaeus]] (Snorri Sturluson) (1179-1241)
*[[Daniel Suavius]] (Daniel Sudermann) (1550–1631)
*[[Thomas Sumterus]] (Thomas Sumter) (1734-1832)
*[[Henricus Suso]] (Heinrich Seuse) (circa 1295 - 1366)
*[[Iacobus Sylvius]] (Jacques Dubois) (1478 – 1555)
*[[Actius Syncerus]] (Jacopo Sannazaro) (1456-1530)
*[[Gerardus Synellius]] (Gerard Schnell) (circa annum 1470-1552)

== T ==
[[Fasciculus:Libr0367.jpg|thumb|&quot;EN VIRESCIT GALILÆVS ALTER Anagr. EVANGELISTA TORRICELLIVS Sereniſſimi M. Ducis Hetruriæ Mathem.&lt;sup&gt;cus&lt;/sup&gt; &amp; Philos:&lt;sup&gt;us&lt;/sup&gt; Obijt Anno Dom. [[1647|MDCXLVII]] Aet.&lt;sup&gt;s&lt;/sup&gt; XL&quot; Evangelista Torricellius pictus in frontispicium libri ''Lezioni Accademiche d'Evangelista Torricelli'' anno 1715 impressi]]
* [[Iacobus Theodorus Tabernaemontanus]] (Jakob Diether von Bergzabern) (1522−1590)
* [[Tamerlanes]] seu Tamerlanus (Temür) (1336-1405)
* [[Nicolaus Tartalea]] (Nicolò Tartaglia) (circa [[1500]]-[[1557]])
* [[Gaspar Taliacotius]] (Gaspare Tagliacozzi Trigambe) (1546−1599) 
* [[Iacobus Tappius]] (Jacob Tappe) (1603−1680) 
* [[Iosephus Tartinius]] (Giuseppe Tartini) (1692-1770)
* [[Torquatus Tassus]] (Torquato Tasso) (1544-1595)
* [[Marcus Tatius]] (Markus Tach) (circa annum 1509-1562)
* [[Nicolaus Taurellus]] (Nikolaus Öchslein aut Nicolas Tourot) ([[1547]]-[[1606]]) 
* [[Taxiles]] (Ambhi) (...-post 321 a.C.n.)
* [[Tecumsa]] (Tecumseh) (1768-1812)
* [[Georgius Philippus Telemannus]] (Georg Philipp Telemann) (1681-1767)
* [[Carolus Temerarius]] (Charles le Téméraire) (1433-1477)
* [[Iacobus Tentoretus]] (Jacopo Tintoretto) (1518-1594)
* [[Ioannes Terrentius]] (Johann Schrek) (1576-1630)
* [[Andreas Thevetus]] (André Thevet) (1516-1590)
* [[Stephanus Thomae]] (Stjepan Tomašević) (circa 1438-1463)
* [[Iacobus Augustus Thuanus]] (Jacques-Auguste de Thou) (1553-1617)
* [[Gudbrandus Thorlacius]] (Guðbrandur Þorláksson) (1542-1627)
* [[Gulielmus Tindalus]] (William Tyndale) (1484-1536)
* [[Cuthebertus Tonstallus]] (Cuthebert Tonstall) (1474-1559)
* [[Evangelista Torricellius]] (Evangelista Torricelli) (1608-1647)
* [[Iohannes Trithemius]] (Johannes Heidenberg oder Zeller) (1462-1516)
* [[Marcus Antonius Trivisanus]] ‎(Marcantonio Trevisan) (1475 circa-1554)
* [[Primus Truberus]] (Primož Trubar) (1508-1586)
* [[Donaldus Trumpius]] (Donald Trump) (1946)
* [[Petrus Codicillus de Tulechowa]] (Petr Kodicil z Tulechova) (1533-1589)
* [[Hadrianus Turnebus]] (Adrien Turnèbe) (1512-1565)
*[[Guilielmus Turnerus]] (William Turner) (1510-1568)
* [[Iacobus Tutor]] (Jacob de Wocht)&lt;ref&gt;P. Ackroyd, ''The life of Thomas More'', pag. 123.&lt;/ref&gt; (XV saeculo)
* [[Tusi]] (Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī) ([[1201]]-[[1274]])

== U ==
* [[Ruggerius de Ubaldinis]] (Ruggieri degli Ubaldini) (...-1295)
* [[Ubaldinus de Ubaldinis]] (Ubaldino degli Ubaldini) (saeculo XIII)
* [[Farinata de Ubertis]]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Et sciendum quod iste spiritus fuit quidam miles Florentinus, vocatus dominus Farinata de Ubertis&quot;; ''La Commedia di Dante Alighieri'' (Augustae Taurinorum, 1886): 64 [https://www.google.it/books/edition/La_Commedia_di_Dante_Alighieri/_N8_AQAAMAAJ?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=farinata+de+ubertis&amp;pg=PA64&amp;printsec=frontcover].&lt;/ref&gt; (Manente degli Uberti, appellatus Farinata) (1212-1264)
* [[Paulus Ugiellus]] (Paolo Uccello) (1397-1475)
* [[Nicolaus III|Ioannes Caetanus de Ursinis]] (Giovanni Gaetano Orsini aut [[Papa]] Nicolaus III)
* [[Fulvius Ursinus]] (Fulvio Orsini) (1529-1600)
* [[Christopherus Ursuychus]] (Christopher Urswick) 1448-1522)

== V ==
[[Fasciculus:Vespucci-Amerigo Vespucci.jpg|thumb|Americus Vespucius]]
* [[Ioachim Vadianus]] (Joachim von Watt) ([[1484]]-[[1551]])
* [[Henricus Valesius]] (Henri de Valois) (1603-1676)
* [[Thomas Vallaurius]] (Tommaso Vallauri) (1805-1897)
* [[Robertus Valturius]]&lt;ref&gt;Cf. [http://www.vialibri.net/item_pg/1167765.htm ''(ll) viaLibri ~ De re militari - VALTURIUS, ROBERTUS - 1483. (1167765)'' apud www.vialibri.net]{{Nexus deficitur|date=December 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; (Roberto Valturio) ([[1405]]–[[1475]])
* [[Iacobus David Vanceus]] (James David Vance) (1984)
* [[Benedictus Varchius]] (Benedetto Varchi) (1503-1565)
* [[Iosephus Varrenius]] (Joseph Warren) (1741-1775)
* [[Georgius Vasarius]] (Giorgio Vasari) (1511-1574)
* [[Titianus Vecellii]] seu Vecellius (Tiziano Vecellio) (1488-1576)
* [[Maphaeus Vegius]] (Maffeo Vegio) (1407-1458)
* [[Didacus Velazquius]] (Diego Rodríguez de Silva y Velázquez) (1559-1660)
* [[Sebastianus Venetus]] (Sebastiano del Piombo) (circa 1485-1547)
* [[Faustus Verantius]] (Faust Vrančić) (1551-1617)
* [[Polydorus Vergilius]] aut [[Polydorus Virgilius|Virgilius]] (Polidoro Virgili) (circa 1470- 1555)
* [[Petrus Martyr Vermilius]] (Pietro Martire Vermigli) (1499-1562)
* [[Richardus Versteganus]] (Richard Rowlands) (circa 1548-1640)
* [[Iohannes Sulpitius Verulanus]] (Giovanni Sulpizio da Veroli) (floruit 1470-1490)
* [[Andreas Vesalius]] (Andries van Wesel) (1514-1564)
* [[Ioannes Vesleius]] (John Wesley) (1703-1791)
* [[Americus Vespucius]] (Amerigo Vespucci) (1451-1512)
* [[Ianus Verazanus]] (Giovanni da Verrazano) (1485-1528)
* [[Iosephus Verdius]] (Giuseppe Verdi) (1813-1901)
* [[Scotus Viator (auctor pseudonymus)|Scotus Viator]] (Robert William Seton-Watson) (1879-1951)
* [[Thomas Viatus]] (Thomas Wyatt) (1503-1542)
* [[Ioannes Galeacius Vicecomes]] (Gian Galeazzo Visconti) (1351-1402)
* [[Petrus Victorius]] (Pietro Vettori) (1499-1585)
* [[Aeneas Vicus]] (Enea Vico) (1523-1567)
* [[Franciscus Vieta]] (François Viète) (1540-1603)
* [[Otho Hollandus Villiamius]] (Otho Holland Williams) (1749-1794)
* [[Leonardus Vincius]] (Leonardo da Vinci) ([[1452]]-[[1519]]) 
* [[Petrus de Vinea]] (Pier delle Vigne) (1190 circa-1249)
* [[Mutius Vitellescus]] (Muzio Vitelleschi) (1563-1645)
* [[Gisbertus Voetius]] (Gijsbert Voet) (1589-1676)
* [[Melchior Volmarius]] (Melchior Volmar) ([[1497]]–[[1560]])
* [[Voltarius]]&lt;ref&gt;''Voltarii Henriados: editio nova, Latinis versibus &amp; Gallicis, q. dedicat [[:en:Karl Theodor Anton Maria von Dalberg|Carolo-Theodoro]], [[Calcius Cappavallis]]'', 1772.&lt;/ref&gt; (Voltaire, vere François Marie Arouet) (1694-1778)
* [[Gerardus Vossius|Gerardus Iohannis Vossius]] (Gerrit Janzoon Vos) (1577-1649)
* [[Petrus Vrangelus]] (Pëtr Nikolaevič Vrangel') (1878-1928)

== W ==
[[Fasciculus:Johanna Elisabeth Weston.jpg|thumb|Elisabetha Ioanna Westonia]]
* [[Albertus Wallensteinius]], Dux Fridlandiae&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/cluever/cluever4.html] textus [[universitas Manhemiensis]]. Lectum 21 Iulii 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camena/bald1/baldepoemata1-toc.html] Iacobi Balde e Societate Jesu Lyricorum Liber Primus, [[CAMENA]]: Lectum 21 Iulii 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; seu Albertus Waldsteinius dux Fridlandiae&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.de/books?id=HHoRAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA30&amp;lpg=PA30&amp;dq=dux+Fridlandiae&amp;source=web&amp;ots=3UTM7EBVFS&amp;sig=0mFE7xxci6ucx5w-DhVpcnRbICE&amp;hl=de&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;resnum=2&amp;ct=result#PPP5,M1 Liber apud books.google.de] &quot;De Alberto Waldsteinio duce proditore&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; plenius Albertus Wenceslaus Eusebius Waldsteinius dux Fridlandiae&lt;ref&gt;''Znovu o Valdštejnovi'' [http://www.jicinsko.cz/nn/01/07/nn107-b.htm] {{ling|Bohemice}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Albrecht Václav Eusebius z Valdštejna ~ Vojtěch Václav Eusebius z Valdštejna) ([[1583]]-[[1634]])
* [[Georgius Washingtonius]] (George Washington) ([[1732]]-[[1799]])
* [[Erhardus Weigelius]] (Erhard Weigel) (1625-1699)
* [[Ioachim Westphalus]] (Joachim Westphal) (1510-1574)
* [[Elisabetha Ioanna Westonia]] (Elizabeth Jane Weston) (1581-1612)
* [[Carolus Antonius Wetstenius]] (Carel Antoni de Wetstein) (1742-1797)
*[[Iohannes Rodolfus Wetsteinius]] (Johann Rudolf Wettstein) (1594-1666)
*[[Woodrovius Wilsonius]] (Woodrow Wilson) (1856-1924)
* [[Ioannes Hildebrandus Withofius]] (Johann Hildebrand Withof) ([[1694]]-[[1769]])
* [[Ioannes Philippus Laurentius Withofius]] (Johann Philipp Lorenz Withof) ([[1725]]-[[1789]])
* [[Fridericus Augustus Wolfius]]&lt;ref&gt;''[[Prolegomena ad Homerum]] . . . scripsit Frid. Aug. Wolfius. Volumen I. Halis Saxonum: e libraria Orphanotrophei, 1795.&lt;/ref&gt; (Friedrich August Wolf) ([[1759]]–[[1824]])
* [[Thomas Wolsa]] (Thomas Wolsey) ([[1475]]–[[1530]])
* [[Olaus Wormius]] (Ole Worm) (1588-1654)
* [[Henricus Wottonius]] (Henry Wotton) (1568-1639)
* [[Daniel Albertus Wyttenbachius]] (Daniel Albert Wyttenbach) (1746-1820) 

== X ==
[[Fasciculus:Wilhelm Xylander (12158348).jpg|thumb|Guilielmus Xylander]]
* [[Xandrames]] (Dhana Nanda) (IV saeculo a.C.n.-321 a.C.n.)
* [[Franciscus Xaverius|Franciscus Xavierus]] (Francisco de Jasso Azpilicueta Atondo y Aznares de Javier) (1506-1556)
* [[Rodericus Ximenius|Rodericus Ximenius Toletanus]] (Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada) (1170-1247)
* [[Guilielmus Xylander]] (Wilhelm Holtzman) (1532-1576)

== Y ==
* [[Yscam]] (Hišām ibn ʿAbd al-Malik) (691-743)

== Z ==
* [[Zamalucus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;Josephus Juvencius, ''Epitome Historiae Sociatatis Jesu. Ab anno Christi MDLVII ad annum MDLXXXI · Volume 2'' (Gandavi, 1853): 229 [https://www.google.it/books/edition/Epitome_Historiae_Sociatatis_Jesu/9L9GAAAAcAAJ?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Zamalucus&amp;pg=PA229&amp;printsec=frontcover].&lt;/ref&gt; (Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah, qui dicitur &quot;Nizim-ul Mulk&quot;) (1518-1580)
* [[Nicolaus Serinius (1508–1566)|Nicolaus Zarinus]] ([[Hungarice]] Miklós Zrínyi aut [[Croatice]] Nikola Šubić Zrinski) (1508-1566)
* [[Huldrichus Zasius]] (Ulrich Zäsy) ([[1461]]–[[1536]])
* [[Zela Christus]]&lt;ref&gt;Christophorus Gomez, ''[https://www.google.it/books/edition/Elogia_societatis_Jesu_sive_propugnaculu/cjBSAAAAcAAJ?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=cangoximanus+zela+christus&amp;pg=PP34&amp;printsec=frontcover Elogia societatis Jesu sive propugnaculum pontificum, conciliorum, cardinalium ... nec non imperatorum, regum ... testimoniis constructum]'' (Antverpiae, 1677).&lt;/ref&gt; sive Ras-sela-Christos&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; (Se'ela Krestos) (...-1636)
* [[Zeonises]] (Jihonika) (floruit circa 20–40)
* [[Zizimus]] (Cem) (1459–1495)
* [[Zoroastres]] seu Zoroaster (Zarathuštra) (IX saeculo a.C.n.–VIII saeculo a.C.n.)
* [[Thaddaeus Zuccarus]] (Taddeo Zuccari) (1529–1566)
* [[Ioannes Baptista Zupus]] (Giovanni Battista Zupi) (circiter [[1590]]–[[1650]])
* [[Huldericus Zvinglius]] (Ulrich Zwingli) ([[1484]]–[[1531]])

{{NexInt}}
*[[Index nominum]]
*[[Index nominum Latinorum Arabum Persarumque Medii Aevi]]
*[[Index nominum Latinorum Iaponicorum, Mongolorum et Sinicorum]]
*[[Lexicon Nominum Virorum et Mulierum]] 

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

[[Categoria:Indices nominum]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Titianus Vecellius</title>
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{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
'''Titianus Vecellius''' Cadubriensis&lt;ref&gt;e.g. ''[https://books.google.it/books?id=18dgAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA85&amp;dq=titianus+vecellius&amp;hl=la&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjIjejcueWDAxXxQfEDHZb4Bc84RhDoAXoECAcQAg#v=onepage&amp;q=titianus%20vecellius&amp;f=false Cathalogus Bibliothecae Thottianae],'' p. 2553.&lt;/ref&gt;, aut simpliciter '''Titianus''', ([[Italiane]] ''Tiziano Vecellio''; natus circa annum 1490 in [[Plebs Catubrii|Plebe Catubrii]] iuxta [[Bellunum]]; [[Venetia (urbs)|Venetiis]] mortuus die [[27 Augusti]] [[1576]]) fuit [[pictor]] [[Italia|Italicus]] [[saeculum 16|saeculi sexti decimi]].  Notissimas pinxit ]]tabula\\s, quarum nonnullae in [[Museum Pratense|museo Pratensi]] intueri possunt, variisque generibus: [[sanctitas|sacris]], [[historia|historicis]], [[mythologia|mythologicis]]. Fecundissimus fuit [[artifex]], peritissimus [[anthropologia|anthropographus]] (id est, qui homines pingebat), et etiam [[ars|arte]] prospectus pingendi doctissimus fuit. Artem suam didicit in officina Venetiis et post aliquot annos tantam auctoritatem collegit, ut princeps fieret illius Scholae Venetiarum, quae illis temporis [[floruit|florebat]]. Nonnulla [[iter|itinera]] in [[Europa]] suscepit. Nam [[dux|duces]], [[rex|reges]], [[princeps|principes]], etiam principes [[Ecclesia Catholica|Ecclesiae Catholicae]] cupiebant tabulas a Titiano pictas. 

Exempli gratia, ab Alphonso I, duce [[Ferraria]]em suscepit Titianus tabulas pingendas, ut cubiculum [[alabaster|alabastri]] ornarent; inter eas tabulas excellunt ''[[Donum Veneris (Titianus)|Donum Veneris]]'', ''[[Bacchus et Ariadne (Titianus)|Bacchus et Ariadne]]'', et ''[[Bacchanalia insulae Andri (Titianus)|Bacchanalia insulae Andri]]''. Etiam [[Carolus V (imperator)|Carolo V]] [[imperator]]i, Titianus pinxit saltem septuaginta tabulas, et a [[Philippus II (rex Hispaniae)|Philippo II]] [[filius|filio]] eius, suscepit sex tabulas pingendas, ut cubiculum privatum in regia ornarent.

Ut eas pingeret, Titianus ipse argumentum elegit et rem coepit ex [[Publius Ovidius Naso|Ovidii]] [[Metamorphoses (Ovidius)|Metamorphoseon]] libris, et eas tabulas [[carmen|carmina]] appellavit, carmina nuncupavit. Ita sequebatur sententiam ab [[Quintus Horatius Flaccus|Horatio]] exaratam: &quot;ut pictura poesis,&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Horatius, ''Ars poëtica'', v. 361.&lt;/ref&gt; Secundum Horatii quidem sententiam oportet [[pictura]]m sicut [[poesis|poesin]], tamquam carmen esse, et eae tabulae quas Titianus depinxit, erant sane deliciae, oblectamenta [[sensus|sensibus]]. Hae tabulae sunt ''[[:en:Diana and Callisto|Diana et Callisto]]'', ''[[:en:Diana and Actaeon|Diana et Actaeon]]'', ''[[:ca:El rapte d'Europa (Ticià)|Raptus Europae]]'', ''[[:en:Perseus and Andromeda|Perseus et Andromeda]]'', ''[[Venus et Adonis (Titianus)|Venus et Adonis]]'' et ''[[Danaë imbrem aureum accipit (Titianus)|Danaë imbrem aureum accipit]]&quot;.

== Opera selecta ==
[[Fasciculus:Frari (Venice) nave right - Monument of Titian.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Monumentum]] [[sepulcrum|sepulcri]] Titiani, Venetiis positum.]]
* ''[[Bacchanalia insulae Andri (Titianus)|Bacchanalia insulae Andri]]''
* ''[[Cena in Emmao (Titianus)|Cena in Emmao]]''
* ''[[Donum Veneris (Titianus)|Donum Veneris]]''
* ''[[Epulum deorum (Bellinus)|Epulum deorum]]'' ab [[Ioannes Bellinus|Ioanne Bellino]] inceptum, a Titiano confectum
* ''[[Tarquinius et Lucretia (Titianus)|Tarquinius et Lucretia]]''
* ''[[Venus et Adonis (Titianus)|Venus et Adonis]]''
* ''[[Venus Urviniensis]]''
* ''[[Venus modis musicis delectatur (Titianus)|Venus quae modis musicis delectatur]]''

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{Communia|Titian|Titianum Vecellium}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080915200434/http://www.elrelojdesol.com/titian/gallery/index.htm Pinacotheca operum.]
* &quot;[https://collegiumlatinitatis.com/danae-lustratio-v-in-museo-el-prado/ Danaë]&quot; (Latine)

{{Anni vitae|saeculo 15|1576|Vecellius, Titianus}}
[[Categoria:Pictores Italiae]]
[[Categoria:Titianus|!]]
{{Myrias|Homines}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Christophorus Cellarius</title>
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      <text bytes="2020" sha1="m0ajwqlz9vp11t0p87fij9z8mydwr0w" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Christoph_Cellarius.png|thumb|upright|Christoph Cellarius (e [[liber|libro]]: [[Ioannes Christophorus de Dreyhaupt]]: ''Beschreibung des Saalkreises'', anno [[1750]])]]

''' Christophorus Cellarius''' ([[Theodisce]] ''Christoph Keller,'' natus [[Smalcalda]]e die [[22 Novembris]] [[1638]]; mortuus [[Salinae Saxonicae|Salinis Saxonicis]] die [[4 Iunii]] [[1707]]) ab anno [[1693]] fuit [[professor]] [[rhetorica]]e (id est [[Lingua Latina|Linguae Latinae]]) et [[historia]]e apud [[Universitas Salinarum Saxonicarum|Universitatem Salinarum Saxonicarum]].

== Opera ==
* ''[[Antibarbarus Latinus (Cellarius)|Antibarbarus Latinus]]''
* ''[[Orthographia Latina (Cellarius)|Orthographia Latina]] ex vetustis monumentis''
* ''[[Liber memorialis (Cellarius)|Latinitatis probatae et exercitae liber memorialis]]'' sive ''Liber memorialis'' 
* ''[[Breviarium antiquitatum Romanarum]]'' 
* ''Historia Medii Aevi'' {{Google Books|vyms2YQo-5kC}}
* ''Historia Nova'' 
* ''[[Historia tripartita (Cellarius)|Historia universalis]] breviter ac perspicue exposita, in antiquam, et medii aevi ac novam divisa, cum notis perpetuis'' sive ''Historia tripartita'' {{Google Books|S-oOAAAAQAAJ}}

== Nexus externi ==
* [http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenahist/autoren/cellarius_hist.html Cellarii ''Historia Nova'' (excerpta)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070806192552/http://www.historikertag2002.uni-halle.de/druck/halle_geschichte/cellarius.shtml Brevis biographia]
* R. Wolf in: [http://www.richardwolf.de/latein/cellariu.htm ''Cellarius, Christoph'' apud www.richardwolf.de] et [http://www.richardwolf.de/latein/index.html ]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cellarius, Christophorus}}
{{bio-stipula}}

{{Lifetime|1638|1707|Cellarius, Christophorus}}
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Ienensis]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Giessensis]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Latini recentiores]]
[[Categoria:Historici Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Philologi Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Hallensis]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Germaniae]]</text>
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    <title>Asia occidentalis</title>
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      <comment>[[c:COM:CDC|automaton]]: Substituens [[File:Cairo_cityscape_-_Egypt-2A-007.jpg]] pro File:Flickr_-_archer10_(Dennis)_-_Egypt-2A-007.jpg. CommonsDelinker hanc rationem dedit: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR2|Criterion 2]] (meaningless or ambiguo</comment>
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[[Fasciculus:Middle east graphic 2003.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Tabula geographica]] Orientis Medii.]]
'''Asia Occidentalis''', vel '''Oriens Medius'''&lt;ref&gt;Lexicon Davidi Morgan nomen &quot;Oriens Medius&quot; habet.&lt;/ref&gt; vel '''Oriens Proximus''',&lt;ref&gt;[[Nuntii Latini]] nomine &quot;Oriens Proximus&quot; utitur. [[Regio]], quod est occidentalis [[Asia]]e [[continens|continentis]] pars, nomen &quot;Asia Occidentalis&quot; etiam habet.&lt;/ref&gt; est [[regio]] [[politica]] et [[cultura]]lis in [[Africa Septentrionalis|Africa Septentronali]] et [[Asia Minor|Asia Minore]] sine finibus claris. Aliae [[natio]]nes alias fines eius regionis definiunt. Haec regio in [[Europa]] et [[America]] &quot;[[oriens]]&quot; videtur.

Ex Oriente Medio, tres religiones [[orbis terrarum]] maximi momenti, [[Religio Christiana|Christiana]], [[Religio Islamica|Islamica]], et [[Religio Iudaica|Iudaica]] partae sunt. Non est index perfectus vel plenus, sed stylo Anglico et plurium aliarum [[civitas sui iuris|civitatum]] civitates quae feruntur partem esse Orientis Medii sunt [[Aegyptus]], [[Arabia Saudiana]], [[Baharina]], [[Cuvaitum]], [[Iemenia]], [[Irania]], [[Iracia]], [[Israel]], [[Iordania]], [[Libanus]], [[Omania]], [[Phylarchiarum Arabicarum Confoederatio]], [[Quataria]], [[Syria]], et [[Turcia]]. Nonnumquam, sed minus saepe hodie, [[Aethiopia]], [[Algeria]], [[Libya]], et [[Tunisia]] etiam in Orienti Medio esse feruntur.

[[Germani]] autem illam regionem orientem medium vocant, vel vocaverunt si nunc exemplum Anglicum sequuntur, quae terras [[Bangladesha]]m, [[Butania]]m, [[India]]m, [[Insulae Maldivae|Insulas Maledivas]], [[Nepalia]]m, [[Pakistania]]m, [[Sri Lanca|Tabrobanem]] complectitur. Nonnumquam etiam [[Irania]]m huic regioni adnumerant.

==Pinacotheca==
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot;&gt;
Fasciculus:Abu dhabi skylines 2014.jpg|[[Abu Dhabi]] in [[Emiratus Arabici Coniuncti|Emiratibus Arabicis Coniunctis]]
Fasciculus:View of Abdali.jpeg|[[Philadelphia (Iordania)|Philadelphia]] in [[Iordania]]
Fasciculus:5628442718 b10fc2c47f o.jpg|[[Baghdad]] in [[Iraquia]]
Fasciculus:Beirut Corniche from University Tower.jpg|[[Berytus]] in [[Libanus|Libano]]
Fasciculus:Cairo cityscape - Egypt-2A-007.jpg|[[Cairus]] in [[Aegyptus|Aegypto]]
Fasciculus:Damascus from Qasiyon.JPG|[[Damascus]] in [[Syria]]
Fasciculus:Doha skyline in the morning (12544910974).jpg|[[Doha]] in [[Quataria]]
Fasciculus:Dubai skyline 2015 (crop).jpg|[[Dubai]] in [[Emiratus Arabici Coniuncti|Emiratibus Arabicis Coniunctis]]
Fasciculus:Levent, Istanbul at night.jpg|[[Istanbul]] in [[Turcia]]
Fasciculus:Jerusalem Dome of the rock BW 14.JPG|[[Hierosolyma]] in [[Israel]]
Fasciculus:Kuwait City cropped.jpg|[[Cuvaitum (urbs)|Cuvaitum]] [[urbs]] in [[Cuvaitum|Cuvaito]]
Fasciculus:Manama, Bahrain Decembre 2014.jpg|[[Manama]] in [[Baharina]]
Fasciculus:The gate to Muscat (8727196402).jpg|[[Mascatum]] in [[Omania]]
Fasciculus:Nicosia skyline July 2018.jpg|[[Nicosia]] in [[Cyprus|Cypro]]
Fasciculus:Ramallahskyline.jpg|[[Ramallah]] in [[palaestina]]
Fasciculus:Sanaa HDR (16482367935).jpg|[[Ṣanʾāʿ|Sanaa]] in [[Yemenia]]
Fasciculus:North of Tehran Skyline view.jpg|[[Teheranum]] in [[Irania]]
Fasciculus:Panorama of Tel Aviv.jpg|[[Tel Aviv]]um in [[Israel]]
&lt;/gallery&gt;

{{multiple image
| align     = center
| direction = horizontal
| image1    = Night Pass over Central Africa and the Middle East.ogv
| width1    = 270
| alt1      =
| caption1  = Pellicula: despectus in [[Africa Media|Africam Mediam]] et Asia Occidentalem ab [[aeronautica|aeronautis]] Expeditionis 29 in [[Statio Spatialis Internationalis|Statione Spatiali Internationali]] factus.
| image2    = Evening Pass over the Sahara Desert and the Middle East.ogv
| width2    = 270
| alt2      =
| caption2  = Pellicula: despectus in [[Sahara]]m et Asiam Occidentalem ab aeronautis Expeditionis 29 in International Space Station factus.
| image3    = Views of the Mideast at Night.ogv
| width3    = 270
| alt3      =
| caption3  = Pellicula: transitus super [[Turcmenia]]m, ad orientem [[Caspium mare|Caspii Maris]] ad [[meridies|meridianum]] et [[oriens|orientalem]] [[Sinae|Sinarum]] [[litus]], ad [[septentrio]]nem et [[occidens|occidentem]] [[Hongcongum|Hongcongi]].
}}

{{NexInt}}
{{div col|3}}
* [[Africa Orientalis]]
* [[Amandus de Schweiger-Lerchenfeld]]
* [[Antiquus Oriens Medius]]
* [[Asia Media]]
* [[Barbaria (Africa)|Barbaria]]
* [[Calefactio globalis]]
* [[Canalis Suesiensis]]
* [[Christianismus]]
* [[Constantinopolis]]
* [[Islam]]
* [[Iudaismus]]
* [[Levans]]
* [[Mare Rubrum]]
* [[Mauretania]]
* [[Mesopotamia]]
* [[Petroleum]]
* [[Sudania]]
{{div col end}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Adelson, Roger. [[1995]]. ''London and the Invention of the Middle East: Money, Power, and War, 1902–1922.'' Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-06094-2. [https://archive.org/details/londoninventiono00adel Archivum.]
* Anderson, R., R. Seibert, et J. Wagner. [[2006]]. ''Politics and Change in the Middle East,'' ed. octava. Prentice-Hall.
* Barzilai, Gad, Klieman Aharon, et Shidlo Gil. [[1993]]. ''The Gulf Crisis and Its Global Aftermath.'' Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-08002-6. [https://archive.org/details/gulfcrisisitsglo0000unse Archivum.]
* Barzilai, Gad. [[1996]]. ''Wars, Internal Conflicts and Political Order.'' State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-2943-3.
* Beaumont, Peter, Gerald H. Blake, et J. Malcolm Wagstaff. [[1988]]. ''The Middle East: A Geographical Study.'' David Fulton. ISBN 978-0-470-21040-6.
* Bishku, Michael B. [[2015]]]. &quot;Is the South Caucasus Region a Part of the Middle East?&quot; ''Journal of Third World Studies'' 32 (1): 83–102. JSTOR 45178576.
* Cleveland, William L., et Martin Bunton. [[2018]]. ''A History Of The Modern Middle East,'' ed. ssexta. [https://archive.org/details/WilliamLClevelandMartinBuntonAHistoryOfTheModernMiddleEastFourthEdition/page/n3/mode/2up Interretialis editionis quartae textus.]
* Cressey, George B. [[1960]]. ''Crossroads: Land and Life in Southwest Asia.'' Sicagi: J. B. Lippincott Co.
* Fischbach, Michael R., ed. [[2008]]. ''Biographical encyclopedia of the modern Middle East and North Africa.'' Gale Group.
* Freedman, Robert O. [[1991]]. ''The Middle East from the Iran-Contra Affair to the Intifada: Contemporary Issues in the Middle East.'' Syracusis: Syracuse University Press. ISBN 0-8156-2502-2.
* Goldschmidt, Arthur Jr. [[1999]]. ''A Concise History of the Middle East.'' Westview Press. ISBN 978-0-8133-0471-7.
* Halpern, Manfred. [[2015]]. ''Politics of Social Change: In the Middle East and North Africa.'' Princeton University Press.
* Ismael, Jacqueline S., Tareq Y. Ismael, et Glenn Perry. [[2015]]. ''Government and politics of the contemporary Middle East: Continuity and change.'' Routledge.
* Lynch, Marc, ed. [[2014]]. ''The Arab Uprisings Explained: New Contentious Politics in the Middle East.'' Novi Eboraci: Columbia University Press.
* Palmer, Michael A. [[1992]]. ''Guardians of the Persian Gulf: A History of America's Expanding Role in the Persian Gulf, 1833–1992.'' Novi Eboraci: The Free Press. ISBN 978-0-02-923843-1. [https://archive.org/details/guardiansofgulfh00palm Archivum.]
* Reich, Bernard. [[1990]]. ''Political leaders of the contemporary Middle East and North Africa: a biographical dictionary.'' Greenwood Publishing Group.
* Vasiliev, Alexey. [[2018]]. ''Russia’s Middle East Policy: From Lenin to Putin.'' Routledge.

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Middle East|Asiam Occidentalem}}
{{Victionarium|Middle East|Asiam Occidentalem}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140209155728/http://www.cfr.org/region/397/middle_east.html &quot;Middle East – Articles by Region&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209155728/http://www.cfr.org/region/397/middle_east.html |date=2014-02-09 }} Council on Foreign Relations: &quot;A Resource for Nonpartisan Research and Analysis.&quot;
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091130000000/https://web.archive.org/web/20091130145259/http://www.cfr.org/publication/13850/?cid=080416a &quot;Middle East – Interactive Crisis Guide.&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091130145259/http://www.cfr.org/publication/13850/?cid=080416a |date=2009-11-30 }} Council on Foreign Relations: &quot;A Resource for Nonpartisan Research and Analysis.&quot;
* [https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/su/mideast/ Middle East Department,] University of Chicago Library.
* [http://www.meed.com/ ''Middle East Business Intelligence since 1957'']: &quot;The leading information source on business in the Middle East&quot; apud MEED.com.
* [http://www.carboun.com/ &quot;Advocacy for sustainability and environmental conservation in the Middle East.&quot;] Carboun.

[[Categoria:Asia Occidentalis| ]]
[[Categoria:Geographia]]
[[Categoria:Regiones]]
{{1000 paginae}}
{{Myrias|Geographia}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Bibliotheca Augustana</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="1103" sha1="ppf2gk1okc50dpxn17ym3y97twtzteb" xml:space="preserve">'''Bibliotheca Augustana''' est [[bibliotheca]] digitalis in qua litterae multarum linguarum colliguntur et [[interrete]] proponuntur. Rector bibliothecae est [[Ulricus Harsch]]. Textus usque ab anno [[1997]] praebentur ope [[moderatrum|moderatri]]&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20070122090721/http://www.obta.uw.edu.pl/%7Edraco/docs/voccomp.html&lt;/ref&gt; universitatis quae vulgo [[Fachhochschule Augsburg]] vocatur.

&quot;Litteraturae et artis collectio&quot; comprehendit textus linguarum [[Latine|Latinae]], [[Graece|Graecae]], [[Germanice|Germanicae]], [[Anglice|Anglicae]], [[Francogallice|Gallicae]], [[Lingua Italiana|Italianae]], [[Hispanice|Hispanicae]], [[Polonice|Polonicae]], [[Russice|Russicae]] et [[Lingua Iudaeogermanica|Iudaeogermanicae]]. &quot;Museum virtuale&quot; habet imagines artificiorum ante nostram memoriam factorum.

== Notae ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== Nexus externus ==
* [http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~harsch/augustana.html Pagina prima]

[[Categoria:Situs textuales]]
[[Categoria:Situs Latini]]
[[Categoria:Situs multilingues]]
[[Categoria:Augusta Vindelicorum]]</text>
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    <title>Rhamses II</title>
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      <text bytes="5472" sha1="hbk3dcfk4hbgvctjjrbmgoz9bdk7m50" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Ramses II British Museum.jpg|thumb|''Iuvenis Memnon,'' fragmentum Rhamsis II [[colossus|colossi]], hodie in [[Museum Britannicum|Museo Britannico]] servatum.]]

{{res|Rhamses}}&lt;ref&gt;[[Cornelius Tacitus]], ''[[Annales (Tacitus)|Annales]]'' [http://latin.packhum.org/loc/1351/5/140/756-763@1 2.60].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Lingua Aegyptia|Aegyptice]] ''rꜥ-ms-sw'' et ''rꜥ-ms-sw,'' tr. ''Rīꜥa-masē-sə,'' [[IPA]] [ɾiːʕamaˈseːsə] '[[Ra]] est qui eum tulit'), seu {{res|Ramses}},&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Ramses II.&quot;: Rüter, &quot;De Ctesiae Cnidii fide et auctoritate&quot;, in Wilhelm Klingender, ed., ''Programm des evangelischen Gymnasiums zu Gütersloh. Ostern 1873'' (Bielefeld, 1873).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |year=[[2004]] |title=Ramses |encyclopedia=Webster's New World College Dictionary |publisher=Wiley Publishing |url=http://www.yourdictionary.com/Ramses |access-date=27 Aprilis 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124063401/http://www.yourdictionary.com/ramses |archive-date=24 Ianuarii 2012 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; seu {{res|Ramesses}} ([[Graece]] Ῥαμέσσης), vulgo in multis [[lingua|linguis]] {{res|Rameses}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |year=[[2004]] |title=Rameses |encyclopedia=Webster's New World College Dictionary |publisher=Wiley Publishing |url=http://www.yourdictionary.com/Rameses |access-date=27 Aprilis 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002183650/http://www.yourdictionary.com/Rameses |archive-date=2 Octobris 2011 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; (circa [[1303 a.C.n.]]–[[1213 a.C.n.]]), {{res|secundus}} huius nominis, latissime {{res|Rhamses Magnus}} appellatus&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ramses-II-king-of-Egypt/Prosperity-during-the-reign-of-Ramses-II Prosperity during the reign of Ramses II] (Brittanica.com)&lt;/ref&gt; fuit [[divinitas|divus]] [[Aegyptus|Aegypti]] [[rex]], tertius {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Domus Undevicesima Aegypti|domus undevicensimae Aegypti|en|qid=Q157956}} [[pharao]]. Omnino habetur maximus, celeberrimus, potentissimusque [[Regnum Novum Aegypti|Regni Novi Aegypti]] dux, [[civitas|civitatis]] quae ipsa fuit clarissimum [[Aegyptus antiqua|Aegypti antiquae]] [[aevum]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The greatest pharaohs of Ancient Egypt |url=https://www.history.co.uk/shows/legends-of-the-pharaohs/articles/the-greatest-pharaohs-of-ancient-egypt |access-date=2025-12-17 |publisher=Sky HISTORY TV channel |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!--{{sfnp|Putnam|1990|p={{page needed|date=September 2022}}}}--&gt; Etiam videtur unus ex felicissimis [[Aegyptus antiqua|Aegypti antiquae]] pharaonibus [[bellum|bellicis]], qui plus quam [[quindecim]] expeditiones [[res militares|militares]] duxit, omnibus enim [[victoria]]s reportantibus praeter {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Proelium Kadesianum||en|qid=Q203729}}, quod certamen incertum plerumque existimatur.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite arXiv | eprint=2302.00509 | last1=Ji | first1=Ziqing | last2=Kulkarni | first2=Pranav | last3=Neskovic | first3=Marko | last4=Nolan | first4=Kevin | last5=Xu | first5=Yan | title=Exploring Semantic Perturbations on Grover | date=[[2023]] | class=cs.LG }}&lt;/ref&gt; Annos sexaginta sex fere regnavit, diutissimum ullius pharaonis regnum notum et unum ex {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Index monarcharum qui diutissime regnaverunt|regnis diutissimis in historia notis|en|qid=Q1188573}}, fortasse cum [[Phiops II|Pepi II]], qui [[mille]] annos ante vixerat atque annos nonaginta regnavisse dicitur. Eius pater [[Sethos I]] et inter filios eius [[Chamois]] fuit.

[[Templum]] in eius [[memoria]]m prope [[Thebae (Aegyptus)|Thebas]] dedicatum, [[Ramesseum]] hodie dictum, cuius ruinae etiamnunc admirationem movent, apud [[Diodorus Siculus|Diodorum Siculum]] iam descriptum inveneris.&lt;ref&gt;''[[Bibliotheca historica (Diodorus)|Bibliotheca Historica]]'' I.47-49. Haec descriptio ad [[Hecataeus|Hecataeum Abderitem]] referenda videtur. Ab illis &quot;monumentum Osymandiae&quot; appellabatur.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Res gestae et eventa ==
[[Bellum]] contra [[Hetthaei|Hetthaeos]] gessit, quos autem proelio apud [[Cates]] anno [[1285 a.C.n.]] superare non potuit. Anno [[1270 a.C.n.]] [[foedus]] [[pax|pacis]] cum [[imperium Hetthaeorum|imperio Hetthaeorum]] icit. Quo regnante, Aegyptii multa et praeclara templa exstruxerunt, ut in [[Thebae|Thebis]]. In [[traditio]]ne [[Biblia Sacra|biblica]], [[1280 a.C.n.]] [[Iudaei]] sub [[Moyses|Mose]] Aegyptum reliquerunt, sed hoc hodie ab eruditis negatur. [[Amenephthis]] (''Merenptah'') pharao ei successit.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Liber Exodus]]
* [[Moyses]]
* [[Sepulcrum Ptahmes]]
* [[Templa Abu Simbel]]
* [[4416 Ramses]] - aseteroides in eius honorem nominatus fuit.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
*Balout, Lionel, et C. Roubet, eds. [[1985]]. ''La momie de Ramsès II: contribution scientifique à l'égyptologie.'' Lutetiae: Recherche sur les civilisations.
*James, T. G. H. [[2000]]. ''Ramesses II.'' Novi Eboraci: Friedman/Fairfax Publishers.
*Kitchen, Kenneth. [[1983]]. ''Pharaoh Triumphant: The Life and Times of Ramesses II, King of Egypt.'' Londinii: Aris &amp; Phillips. ISBN 0856682152.
*Tyldesley, Joyce. [[2000]]. ''Ramesses: Egypt's Greatest Pharaoh.'' Londinii: Viking/Penguin Books.

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Ramses II|Ramses II}}

{{Pharaones
|praedecessor= [[Sethos I]]
|annus-annus= 1290-1224
|successor= [[Amenephthis]]
}}

{{Lifetime|saeculo 13 a.C.n.|saeculo 13 a.C.n.|Rhamses II}}
[[Categoria:Reges Aegypti]]

{{Myrias|Homines}}</text>
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    <title>Castrum Sanctae Mariae ad Montem</title>
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[[Fasciculus:Santa Maria a Monte 2.jpg|thumb|Castrum Sanctae Mariae ad Montem]]
{{Citatio|''Castrum S. Mariae, quod vocatur ad Montem ad Justiam facendam et legem facendam, regendam et gubernandam per te et per tuum numptium ita sicuti Nos, vel noster missus agere debuissemus, a loco videlicet qui dicitur Catiana usque ad buccam de [[Vinciana]] et in Cerbaria, Tomole et Staffole usque ad locum qui dicitur Gallenum cum silvis, villis, pascuis, ripis, et aquarum alveolis, aqueductibus, piscationibus venationibus, molendinis, salictis, etc.''|[[Henricus V (imperator)|Henricus V]] ad Guidonem, episcopum Lucensem- [[Pisae|Pisis]] [[20 Iulii]] [[1194]]}}

'''Castrum Sanctae Mariae ad Montem'''&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305161538/http://ast.sns.it/index.php?id=16&amp;uid=149&amp;type=SP&amp;L=0 AST - Comunità di Santa Maria a Monte]&lt;/ref&gt; (alia nomina: ''Fanum Sanctae Mariae ad Montem''&lt;ref&gt;{{Repetti}}&lt;/ref&gt;) ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Santa Maria a Monte|Santa Maria a Monte]]'') est [[oppidum]] [[Italia]]e et [[Commune Italiae|municipium]], circiter 12&amp;thinsp;810 incolarum, in [[Regio Italiae|Regione]] [[Tuscia]] et in [[Provincia Pisana]] situm. Incolae ''Mariadmontenses'' appellantur.

== Insigne ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Corona di comune.svg|''[[Municipium Italiae]]''
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Geographia ==
* [[Vallis Arni Inferior]] (''terra''),
=== Flumina ===
* [[Arnus]],
* [[Iuxiana]],

== Praeclari cives ==
Vixerunt Sanctae Mariae ad Montem aut nati sunt et hodie vivunt multi praeclari homines, inter quos:
* [[Iosue Carducci]],

== Ecclesia Catholica Romana ==
* [[Dioecesis Sancti Miniati]]

== Fractiones, vici et loci in municipio ==
=== Fractiones ===
* [[Nottunum]] (deinde [[Mons Calvi]] ac [[Mons Calvoli]]) (''[[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: [[:it:Montecalvoli|Montecalvoli]]''),
* [[Placentinum]] ''Pregiuntino'',
''Cerretti, Cinque Case, Le Pianore, Ponticelli, San Donato, Tavolaia''.

== Municipia finitima ==
* [[Blentina]],
* [[Mons Tauparis]],
* [[Pons Herae]],
* [[Vicus Vitrii]],
* [[Castrum Francum Inferius]].

== [[Coniunctio communium]] ==
* [[Fasciculus:Flag of France.svg|25px|Vexillum Franciae]] [[Fons Vetula (Francia)|Fons Vetula]] - [[Francia]]

{{NexInt}}
* [[Tuscia]]m (''regionem''),
* [[Provincia Pisana|Provinciam Pisanam]],
* [[Vallis Arnonica|Vallem Arnonicam]] (''terram''),
* [[Pisae|Pisas]] (''urbem''),
* [[Municipium Italiae]].

== Nexus externi ==
* [http://www.comune.santamariaamonte.pi.it/ Situs publicus] {{Ling|Lingua Italiana{{!}}Italiane}}
{{Fontes geographici}}
{{CommuniaCat|Santa Maria a Monte|Castrum Sanctae Mariae ad Montem}}

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Imago:Map of comune of Santa Maria a Monte (province of Pisa, region Tuscany, Italy).svg|Collocatio Municipii Sanctae Mariae ad Montem in Provincia Pisana.
Imago:Montecalvoli Alto.JPG|Despectus in Nottunum.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Municipia in provincia Pisarum]]</text>
      <sha1>pdqe9uj77lw76ykwd6lkbjgnt314jfv</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Gabriel Piguet</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>54661</id>
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      <comment>capsa et fontes</comment>
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      <text bytes="1627" sha1="98w08jpsoxnqkmvtcdy45wrb6dto64g" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}
'''Gabriel Emmanuel Iosephus Piguet''' (natus [[Matisco]]ne die [[24 Februarii]] [[1887]] – mortuus [[Augustonemetum|Augustonemeti]] die [[3 Iulii]] [[1952]]) fuit [[episcopus]] [[Archidioecesis Claromontana|Augustonemeti]] inter [[secundum bellum mundanum]]. A mense Augusto [[1942]] multos [[Iudaei|Iudaeos]] et milites pro [[Francia]]e libertate pugnantes e manibus [[NSDAP|nazistarum]] eripuit.

Die [[28 Maii]] [[1944]] a nazistis comprehensus in [[castra carceralia]] [[Dachau]] inclusus est. Ibi die [[17 Decembris]] [[1944]], legitimo episcopo [[Clemens Augustus Comes de Galen|Clemente Augusto Comite de Galen]] consentiente, captivum [[Carolus Leisner|Carolum Leisner]] [[presbyter]]um ordinavit.
[[Fasciculus:Clermont-Ferrand - Plaque hommage Gabriel Piguet Basilique ND du Port (juil 2020).jpg|thumb|upright|left|Tabula in honorem Gabrielis Piguet]]
Die [[22 Iunii]] [[2001]] [[Israel]] Piguet inter [[Iustus inter gentes|iustos inter gentes]] numeravit.&lt;ref&gt;[en] [http://db.yadvashem.org/righteous/family.html?language=en&amp;itemId=4016907 Gabriel Piguet] - [https://www.yadvashem.org/ Yad Vashem] - official site&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* {{BBKL|p/piguet_g|auctor=Hans-Karl Seeger|commentatio=PIGUET, Gabriel Emmanuel Joseph|tomus=21|columnae=1170-1173}}

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Gabriel Piguet|Gabrielem Piguet}}
{{Fontes biographici}}
{{bio-stipula}}

{{Anni vitae|1887|1952|Piguet, Gabriel}}
[[Categoria:Episcopi Ecclesiae Catholicae]]
[[Categoria:Iusti inter gentes]]
[[Categoria:Episcopi Claromontani]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Carolus Gustavus Iacobus Jacobi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>56174</id>
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      <text bytes="1119" sha1="ro9eql5o1dbzzbkbroqq7e3sz3427tx" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Carl Jacobi.jpg|thumb|Carolus Jacobi]]

''' Carolus Gustavus Iacobus Jacobi''' ([[Potestampium|Potestampii]] die [[10 Decembris]] [[1804]] natus; [[Berolinum|Berolini]] mortuus die [[18 Februarii]] [[1851]]), [[Mauritius Hermannus de Jacobi|Hermanni Jacobi]] frater, fuit [[mathematicus]] [[Germania|Germanicus]]. Jacobi sodalis [[Regalis Societas Londini|Regalis Societatis Londiniensis]] fuit in eam anno [[1833]] cooptatus est.

== Nexus externi ==

{{PND|118775766|nomen=Caroli Gustavi Iacobi Jacobi aut de Carolo Gustavo Iacobo Jacobi}}
* [http://dz-srv1.sub.uni-goettingen.de/sub/digbib/loader?did=D266870 Dirichlet: Laudatio Caroli Jacobi, Crelle Journal 1856]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20210518075623/http://sites.mathdoc.fr/cgi-bin/oetoc?id=OE_JACOBI__1 Opera Caroli Jacobi]

{{bio-stipula}}

{{Lifetime|1804|1851|Jacobi, Carolus Gustavus Iacobus }}
{{Myrias|Homines}}

[[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Regiomontanae]]
[[Categoria:Mathematici Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Socii Regalis Societatis Londiniensis]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Caseus de Abundantia</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>56443</id>
    <revision>
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      <text bytes="2674" sha1="9e8wegg125lhppvpatkcq6jl8svnk9r" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Fromages.jpg|thumb|Casei duo de Abundantia, vel eis similes, in nundinis venundati (disci magni ad dextram partem imaginis, subter iacentes)]]
'''Caseus de Abundantia''', [[Francogallice]] ''Abondance'', est varietas [[caseus|casei]] bubuli Alpini in [[Sabaudia]] confecta. [[Abondance (Sabaudia Superior)|Oppidum]], vallis, stirps [[bos taurus|bovinus]], et caseus nomina sua trahunt ex [[abbatia Sanctae Mariae de Abundantia]],&lt;ref&gt;De nomine cf. titulum operis ''Summariae Constitutiones Monasterii Beatae Mariae de Abundantia'' (&quot;Monumenta Historiae Patriae&quot; vol. 5 fasc. 3)&lt;/ref&gt; quam in hac valle monachi [[Augustiniani]] circa annum [[1140]] condiderunt. Iam [[saeculum 15|saeculo XV]] casei [[vaccarinus|vaccarini]] ibi a monachis facti sunt.&lt;ref&gt;[[Panthaleo de Conflentia]], ''[[Summa lacticiniorum]]'' 2.8.&lt;/ref&gt; Hodie caseus ''Abondance'' admodum durus et familiae [[caseus Grueriensis|Grueriensi]] attributus formam disci vel cylindri habet, diametro inter 38 et 43 cm, spissitudine vel 8 cm, pondere inter 7 et 12 kg.

== Appellatio Originis Protecta ==
Caseus sub hoc nomine in civitatibus Europaeis venundatus debet in regione delimitata et in modis definitis fieri. Caseus Abondance ab anno [[1990]] [[Appellatio Originis Verificata|appellationem in Francia verificatam]] portat, et ex anno [[2009]] [[Appellatio Originis Protecta|appellationem in Europa protectam]] monstrat.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Michel Vernus, ''Une saveur venue des siècles: Gruyère, Abondance, Beaufort, Comté''. Yens-sur-Morges: Cabedita, 1998. ISBN 2-88295-228-7 [http://books.google.fr/books?id=sgGELLVRcRIC Paginae selectae]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Abondance (cheese)|Abondance}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081114003715/http://www.marque-savoie.com/fromages_abondance.php De caseis Sabaudiensibus] {{Ling|Francogallice}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081221020715/http://www.specialites-de-savoie.com/fromageUK.htm De caseis Sabaudiensibus] {{Ling|Anglice}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081202012709/http://www.cniel.com/site.asp?where=prodlait/appell/AOC31.html De appellationibus lacticiniis Francicis] {{Ling|Francogallice}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080913083008/http://www.fromages-aop.com/ De appellationibus lacticiniis] {{Ling|Francogallice}}
* Marc-Jérôme Hassid, &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20230413155703/https://geoconfluences.ens-lyon.fr/geoconfluences/doc/territ/FranceMut/FranceMutDoc5.htm Le terroir, un territoire hybride. L’exemple des fromages des Alpes du Nord]&quot; (2005) apud ''Géoconfluences''

[[Categoria:Casei Francici]]
[[Categoria:Gastronomia Sabauda]]
[[Categoria:Casei bubuli]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Caseus Bellifortis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="3375" sha1="rcrrsv6ouxdrjpdrxfvw0r35sqbxmaq" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Beaufort.jpg|thumb|Caseus Beaufort]]
'''Caseus Bellifortis''',{{Convertimus}} [[Francogallice]] ''Beaufort'', est nomen varietatis [[caseus|casei]] bubuli in [[Sabaudia]] inventae. Hic caseus admodum durus formam disci vel cylindri habet, diametro inter 35 et 75 cm, largitudine vel 14 cm, pondere circa 40 kg. Ex oppido [[Bellum Fortium|Bellifortis]] vel Bellifortii montibusque circumiacentibus in [[Tarantasia]] provenit. Inde olim fortasse provenit '''caseus Vatusicus''' a [[Gaius Plinius Secundus|Plinio]] his verbis laudatus: &quot;Duobus [[Alpes]] generibus pabula sua adprobant: Delmaticae [[Doclea]]nte mittunt, [[Ceutrones|Ceutronicae]] Vatusicum&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Pnh}} 11.240&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Appellatio Originis Protecta ==
Caseus sub hoc nomine in civitatibus Europaeis venundatus debet in regione delimitata et in modis definitis fieri. Caseus ''Beaufort'' ab anno [[1968]] [[Appellatio Originis Verificata|appellationem in Francia verificatam]] portabat et ab anno [[2009]] [[Appellatio Originis Protecta|appellationem in Europa protectam]] monstrabit. Verba ''[[Beaufort d'été|d'été]]'' (&quot;aestivus&quot;) et ''[[Beaufort chalet d'alpage|chalet d'alpage]]'' (&quot;e tuguriis saltuensibus&quot;) addenda sunt et eadem lege definiuntur.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20081008035755/http://www.fromage-beaufort.com/fr/aoc-specificites-fromage-beaufort.aspx Syndicat de Défense du Fromage Beaufort, le fromage des alpages de Savoie]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Frédéric Hermine, &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140714142120/http://www.lequotidienlesmarches.fr/le-beaufort-capitalise-sur-le-tourisme-montagnard-artb210389-30.html Le beaufort capitalise sur le tourisme montagnard]&quot; in ''Le Quotidien des marchés'' (8 Aprilis 2009)
* Michel Vernus, ''Une saveur venue des siècles: Gruyère, Abondance, Beaufort, Comté''. Yens-sur-Morges: Cabedita, 1998. ISBN 2-88295-228-7 [http://books.google.fr/books?id=sgGELLVRcRIC Paginae selectae]

== Nexus externi ==
{{Commonscat|Beaufort (cheese)|caseum Bellifortis}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20111224045454/http://www.fromage-beaufort.com/fr/index.aspx Situs officialis] {{Ling|Francogallice}}
**[https://web.archive.org/web/20140228223137/http://www.fromage-beaufort.com/fr/fabrication-ateliers-fromage-beaufort.aspx Tabula interactiva officinas casearias indicans]
*[http://www.marque-savoie.com/fromages_beaufort.php De caseis Sabaudiensibus]{{Nexus deficit|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{Ling|Francogallice}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081221020715/http://www.specialites-de-savoie.com/fromageUK.htm De caseis Sabaudiensibus] {{Ling|Anglice}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081202012709/http://www.cniel.com/site.asp?where=prodlait/appell/AOC31.html De appellationibus lacticiniis Francicis] {{Ling|Francogallice}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080913083008/http://www.fromages-aop.com/ De appellationibus lacticiniis] {{Ling|Francogallice}}
* Marc-Jérôme Hassid, &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20230413155703/https://geoconfluences.ens-lyon.fr/geoconfluences/doc/territ/FranceMut/FranceMutDoc5.htm Le terroir, un territoire hybride. L’exemple des fromages des Alpes du Nord]&quot; (2005) apud ''Géoconfluences''

{{Alimenta-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Casei Francici]]
[[Categoria:Bellum Fortium]]
[[Categoria:Casei bubuli]]
[[Categoria:Gastronomia Sabauda]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Caseus glaucus Arvernus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>56447</id>
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      <text bytes="1138" sha1="6rck6snqnb2pddn5a4023nd51qq12qj" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:200501 - 6 fromages.JPG|thumb|''Bleu d’Auvergne'' et alii quinque casei ad cenam parati]]
'''Caseus glaucus Arvernus''',{{Convertimus}} vulgo ''Bleu d’Auvergne'', est varietas [[caseus|casei]] bubuli in [[Francia]] inventa, e regione [[Arvernia]] proveniens.

== Appellatio Originis Protecta ==
Caseus ''Bleu d’Auvergne'' in civitatibus Europaeis venundatus debet in regione delimitata et in modis definitis fieri. Ab anno [[1975]] [[Appellatio Originis Verificata|appellationem in Francia verificatam]] portabat, ab anno [[2009]] [[Appellatio Originis Protecta|appellationem in Europa protectam]] habet.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081202012709/http://www.cniel.com/site.asp?where=prodlait/appell/AOC31.html De appellationibus lacticiniis Francicis] {{Ling|Francogallice}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080913083008/http://www.fromages-aop.com/ De appellationibus lacticiniis] {{Ling|Francogallice}}
{{Commonscat}}

{{Alimenta-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Casei Francici]]
[[Categoria:Casei mucore glauci]]
[[Categoria:Casei bubuli]]
[[Categoria:Gastronomia Arverna]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Caseus glaucus Gaiensis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>56448</id>
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      <text bytes="2229" sha1="773bljm0j57aewukpjkmprai24l9ubu" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Bleu de Gex.jpg|thumb|Caseus glaucus Gaiensis]]
'''Caseus glaucus Gaiensis''',{{Convertimus}} vulgo ''Bleu de Gex'', est varietas [[caseus|casei]] bubuli, ope ''[[Penicillium roqueforti|Penicillii roqueforti]]'' [[mucor]]e affecti, in [[Francia]] inventa. Nomina etiam '''caseus glaucus Iurassica alta'''{{Convertimus}} (''bleu du Haut-Jura'') et '''caseus glaucus de Septem acervis'''{{Convertimus}} (''bleu de Septmoncel'')&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Brillat (1825)}}&lt;/ref&gt; uti licet. Hic caseus ex urbicula [[Gaium|Gaio]] prope [[Genava]]m communibusque circumiacentibus provenit, inter quos [[oppidum de Septem acervis|oppido de Septem acervis]].

== Appellatio Originis Protecta ==
Casei sub nominibus [[Francogallice|Francogallicis]] ''Bleu de Gex'', ''Bleu du Haut-Jura'', ''Bleu de Septmoncel'' in civitatibus Europaeis venundati in regione delimitata, modis definitis fieri debent. Qui casei ab anno [[1977]] [[Appellatio Originis Verificata|appellationem in Francia verificatam]] portabant, ab anno [[2009]] [[Appellatio Originis Protecta|appellationem in Europa protectam]] monstrant.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* 1825 : {{ec|id=Brillat (1825)|c=[[Ioannes Anthelmus Brillat-Savarin]], ''[[Physiologie du goût]]'' (Lutetiae, 1826) [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8626674b/f263 p. 257]}} (&quot;fromage de Semoncel&quot;)

== Nexus externi ==
* [http://pagesperso-orange.fr/gite-jura/Visite/Bleu/Bleu.htm Pagina privata de caseo ''Bleu de Gex''] {{Ling|Francogallice}}
* [http://www.saveursdumonde.net/produits/fromages-oeufs-produits-laitiers/bleu-de-gex/ De caseo ''Bleu de Gex''] apud ''Saveurs du monde'' {{Ling|Francogallice}}
* [http://www.cuisine-francaise.com/fromage-bleu-de-gex.htm De caseo ''Bleu de Gex''] apud ''Cuisine française'' {{Ling|Francogallice}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081202012709/http://www.cniel.com/site.asp?where=prodlait/appell/AOC31.html De appellationibus lacticiniis Francicis] {{Ling|Francogallice}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080913083008/http://www.fromages-aop.com/ De appellationibus lacticiniis] {{Ling|Francogallice}}

{{Alimenta-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Casei Francici]]
[[Categoria:Casei mucore glauci]]
[[Categoria:Gastronomia Liberi Comitatus]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Caseus glaucus Calcium</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>56451</id>
    <revision>
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      <text bytes="1258" sha1="cokzglmqh99y8qtmowvsuhvzvym2z5o" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:10 Bleu des Causses.JPG|thumb|right|Bleu des Causses]]
'''Caseus glaucus Calcium''',{{Convertimus}} vulgo ''Bleu des Causses'', est varietas [[caseus|casei]] [[bubula|bubuli]], [[mucor]]e ''[[Penicillium roqueforti|Penicillii roqueforti]]'' affecta, in [[Francia]] inventa. Ex eadem regione provenit unde et [[caseus Roquefortensis]] ovillus.

== Appellatio Originis Protecta ==
Caseus ''Bleu des Causses'' in civitatibus Europaeis venundatus debet in regione delimitata et in modis definitis fieri. Ab anno [[1953]] [[Appellatio Originis Verificata|appellationem in Francia verificatam]] portabat et ab anno [[2009]] [[Appellatio Originis Protecta|appellationem in Europa protectam]] habebit.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081202012709/http://www.cniel.com/site.asp?where=prodlait/appell/AOC31.html De appellationibus lacticiniis Francicis] {{Ling|Francogallice}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080913083008/http://www.fromages-aop.com/ De appellationibus lacticiniis] {{Ling|Francogallice}}

{{Commonscat|Bleu des Causses|caseum Calcium}}

{{Alimenta-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Casei Francici]]
[[Categoria:Casei mucore glauci]]
[[Categoria:Casei bubuli]]
[[Categoria:Gastronomia Guiennensis]]</text>
      <sha1>cokzglmqh99y8qtmowvsuhvzvym2z5o</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Caseus Cassenaticus</title>
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      <text bytes="1826" sha1="ghk3vh6zqwht060b4to7s96ts42t92m" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Bleu du Vercors - coupé - juil 2019.jpg|thumb|Sectio casei Vercorii]]
[[Fasciculus:Meules de bleu du Vercors-Sassenage.jpg|thumb|Formae casei Cassenatici, nomine hodierno ''Bleu du Vercors Sassenage'' sigillatae]]
'''Caseus Cassenaticus''',&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Inter Gallicos [caseos] Cassenaticum Delphinatus et Briensem ad Campaniae Meldas paratum valde laudant&quot; {{Google Books||}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Francogallice]] ''Bleu de Sassenage'', est varietas [[caseus|casei]] bubuli, ope ''[[Penicillium roqueforti|Penicillii roqueforti]]'' [[mucor]]e affecti, in [[Delphinatus|Delphinatu]] [[Francia]] inventa. Hic caseus olim in pagis adiacentibus sub nominibus separatis ''Bleu du Vercors'' et ''Bleu de Sassenage'' cognitus est. Ex urbicula [[Cassiniacum|Cassiniaco]] pagisque circumiacentibus provenit.

== Appellatio Originis Protecta ==
Caseus sub nomine ''Bleu du Vercors-Sassenage'' in civitatibus Europaeis venundatus debet in regione delimitata et in modis definitis fieri. Qui casei ab anno [[1998]] [[Appellatio Originis Verificata|appellationem in Francia verificatam]] portabant, ab anno [[2009]] [[Appellatio Originis Protecta|appellationem in Europa protectam]] habebunt.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081202012709/http://www.cniel.com/site.asp?where=prodlait/appell/AOC31.html De appellationibus lacticiniis Francicis] {{Ling|Francogallice}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080913083008/http://www.fromages-aop.com/ De appellationibus lacticiniis] {{Ling|Francogallice}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090130014545/http://www.parc-du-vercors.fr/fetedubleu/ De feriis &quot;Bleu du Vercors Sassenage&quot;] {{Ling|Francogallice}}

{{Alimenta-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Casei Francici]]
[[Categoria:Casei mucore glauci]]
[[Categoria:Casei bubuli]]
[[Categoria:Gastronomia Delphinatus]]</text>
      <sha1>ghk3vh6zqwht060b4to7s96ts42t92m</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Caseus Briensis</title>
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[[Image:Brie 01.jpg|thumb|Caseus Briensis de Meldis]]
'''Caseus Briensis'''&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Caseus ... Briensis&quot; {{Google Books|fKk1UbnbNeYC|p. 134}}&lt;/ref&gt; seu '''de Bria'''&lt;ref&gt;&quot;casei de Bria&quot;, brevius &quot;Bria&quot;: {{qc|id=Panthaleo de Conflentia (1477)}}&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Francogallice]] ''Brie'') est nomen varietatis [[caseus|casei]] bubuli in [[Francia]] inventae. Cortex caseorum ope fungi ''[[Penicillium camemberti|Penicillii camemberti]]'' fit.

Quem caseum [[Panthaleo de Conflentia]] anno [[1477]] laudavit:
:Parisius et in partibus circumstantibus casei de Bria excellentissimi habentur, nec immerito ... Patria tamen haec plana est et satis sicca, et ideo credo bonitatem pascuum et herbarum hoc facere ... Satis sunt aerei, quod ex facilitate liquefactionis ad ignem ostenditur. Non est etiam in ipsis magna viscositas, quia non filant, sed funduntur quasi sicut butirrum, et cum non sunt multum novi habent colorem cerae citrinae. Qui quidem color incipit versus circumferentiam et corticem et post successive et paulatine versus centrum: et quando talis color attingit etiam centrales partes, tun casei dicuntur facti et sic perfecti, et vere sunt meliores.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Panthaleo de Conflentia (1477)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Appellatio Originis Protecta==
Caseus sub nominibus ''Brie de Meaux'' (&quot;Briensis de [[Meldis]]&quot;) et ''Brie de Melun'' (&quot;Briensis de [[Melodunum|Meloduno]]&quot;) in civitatibus Europaeis venundatus debet in regione delimitata et in modis definitis fieri. Qui casei ab anno [[1980]] [[Appellatio Originis Verificata|appellationem in Francia verificatam]] portabant, ab anno [[2009]] [[Appellatio Originis Protecta|appellationem in Europa protectam]] habebunt.

Nec caseus satis notabilis ''Brie de Nangis'' (&quot;Briensis de [[Nangiacum (Sequana et Matrona)|Nangiaco]]&quot;), qui in eadem regione [[Bria]]e provenit, nec caseus vicinus [[Caseus Columbariensis|Columbariensis]] mensura minore confectus, appellationibus proteguntur. Nomen ''Brie'' pro caseis mollibus in aliis civitatibus productis interdum usitatus est.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
; Fontes antiquiores
* 1477 : {{ec|id=Panthaleo de Conflentia (1477)|c= [[Panthaleo de Conflentia]], ''[[Summa lacticiniorum|Summa lacticiniorum completa]]'' 2.11 ([https://archive.org/details/GE0036C.C.470/page/n42/mode/1up f. 18r editionis 1508]) }}

; Eruditio
* G. Gassies, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_1918_num_20_2_2013 De Charlemagne et du fromage de Brie]&quot; in ''Revue des études anciennes'' vol. 20 (1918) pp. 121-124
* Alban Gautier, &quot;[https://journals.openedition.org/kentron/3509 Charlemagne, le brie et le roquefort]&quot; in ''Kentron'' no. 35 (2019)

==Nexus externi==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081202012709/http://www.cniel.com/site.asp?where=prodlait/appell/AOC31.html De appellationibus lacticiniis Francicis] {{Ling|Francogallice}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080913083008/http://www.fromages-aop.com/ De appellationibus lacticiniis] {{Ling|Francogallice}}
*[http://www.365cheeses.com/2007/10/152_brie_de_nangis.html De caseo ''Brie de Nangis''] {{Ling|Anglice}}

[[Categoria:Casei Francici]]
[[Categoria:Meldis]]
[[Categoria:Melodunum]]
[[Categoria:Nangiacum (Sequana et Matrona)]]
[[Categoria:Casei bubuli]]
[[Categoria:Casei extra patriam ficti]]
[[Categoria:Gastronomia Parisiensis]]
[[Categoria:Gastronomia Campaniae Francicae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Brocciu</title>
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      <text bytes="2035" sha1="b2eeuk8z4skc45n4wyjvq52mxclvh3u" xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Fromages Corse.jpg|thumb|Casei insulae Corsicae in macello venundati. Casei ''Brocciu'' ad dextram partem imaginis vides]]
'''Brocciu''' est nomen varietatis [[caseus|casei]] vel potius [[seracium|seracii]] ovilli, in [[Corsica]] inventae.

==Appellatio Originis Protecta==
[[Image:Brocciu2.jpg|thumb|Caseoli ''Brocciu'']]
Caseus sub hoc nomine in civitatibus Europaeis venundatus debet in regione delimitata et in modis definitis fieri. Caseus ''Brocciu'' ab anno [[1998]] [[Appellatio Originis Verificata|appellationem in Francia verificatam]] portabat et ab anno [[2009]] [[Appellatio Originis Protecta|appellationem in Europa protectam]] monstrabit.

== Bibliographia ==
* [[Augustinus de Croze|Austin de Croze]], ''Les Plats régionaux de France. 1400 succulentes recettes traditionnelles de toutes les provinces françaises'' (Lutetiae: Editions Montaigne, 1928) [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k323158z/f414 p. 406] (&quot;omelette au Brocciu&quot;)
* Jean-Antoine Prost et al., &quot;La certification des produits, un levier pour le développement de l'élevage. La dynamique de l'appellation d'origine brocciu corse&quot; in ''Études et recherches agraires, développement'' n° 28 (1994) pp. 143-156

==Nexus externi==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110210002507/http://aoc-brocciu.com/accueil.php Situs officialis] {{Ling|Francogallice}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100417083603/http://corsica.corse.inra.fr/dic/ficbroc.htm Situs insularis] {{Ling|Francogallice}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081010204441/http://www.corsicanews.net/decouvrir/article-13.php De caseo ''brocciu''] {{Ling|Francogallice}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081202012709/http://www.cniel.com/site.asp?where=prodlait/appell/AOC31.html De appellationibus lacticiniis Francicis] {{Ling|Francogallice}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080913083008/http://www.fromages-aop.com/ De appellationibus lacticiniis] {{Ling|Francogallice}}

{{Alimenta-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Casei Corsici]]
[[Categoria:Seracia]]
[[Categoria:Appellatio Originis Protecta]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Caseus de Campo Maimberti</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="3752" sha1="q4xc0o1dctyrwi4jozoivq4aove3c1v" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Camembert.JPG|thumb|Caseus de Campo Maimberti Normannica (''Camembert de Normandie'')]]
[[Fasciculus:Roast camember with its accompaniments - 2019-10-09.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|Caseolus de Campo Maimberti tostus, cum patatis tostis, lactuca, pane tosto in popina quadem prope [[Lutetia]]m inlatus]]
[[Fasciculus:Cheese 17 bg 050606.jpg|thumb|Capsa casei &quot;de Campo Maimberti&quot; appellationem non merentis]]
[[Fasciculus:Cheese 16 bg 050606.jpg|thumb|Caseus idem appellationem non merens]]
'''Caseus de Campo Maimberti''', [[Francogallice]] ''Camembert'' est varietas [[caseus|casei]] recentis mollis e lacte bubulo [[Campus Maimberti|Campi Maimberti]] in [[Normannia]] inventa, hodie ubique in regione circumiacenti confecta et in aliis civitatibus imitata. Cortex caseorum ope fungi ''[[Penicillium camemberti|Penicillii camemberti]]'' fit.

== Appellatio Originis Protecta ==
Caseus sub nomine ''[[Camembert de Normandie]]'' in civitatibus Europaeis venundatus debet in regione delimitata et in modis definitis fieri. Qui casei ab anno [[1983]] [[Appellatio Originis Verificata|appellationem in Francia verificatam]] portabant, ab anno [[2009]] [[Appellatio Originis Protecta|appellationem in Europa protectam]] habent.

== Bibliographia ==
* &quot;Joseph Knirim dead at 70; philosopher prescribed Camembert cheese and Pilsener for ills&quot; in ''[[New York Times]]'' (15 October 1927: [http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60A1FF6345414728DDDAC0994D8415B878EF1D3 commentatio venundata]) 
* Pierre Boisard, M.-T. Letablier, &quot;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330635169_Le_camembert_normand_ou_norme_Deux_modeles_de_production_dans_l%27industrie_fromagere Le camembert: normand ou normé. Deux modèles de production dans l'industrie fromagère]&quot; in ''Entreprises et Produits: Cahiers du Centre d'études de l'emploi. no. 30 (1987) pp. 1-29
* Pierre Boisard, ''Le Camembert: mythe national''. Lutetiae: Calmann-Lévy, 1992; titulo ''Le camembert, mythe français'', Lutetiae: Odile Jacob, 2007; &quot;[https://content.ucpress.edu/pages/9111/9111.ch01.pdf A Myth is Born]&quot; (paginae selectae editionis Americanae)
* Louis Laroque, &quot;[https://www.lefigaro.fr/societes/2009/01/22/04015-20090122ARTFIG00720-le-camembert-au-lait-cru-sauve-sa-peau-.php Le camembert au lait cru sauve sa peau]&quot; in ''[[Le Figaro]]'' (22 Ianuarii 2009)
* Gérard Roger-Gervais, ''L’Esprit du camembert''. Lutetiae: Cheminements, 2005. ISBN 978-2-84478-379-0 {{Google Books|uWsMAQAAIAAJ|Paginae selectae}}

{{NexInt}}
* [[Bongrain]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081202012709/http://www.cniel.com/site.asp?where=prodlait/appell/AOC31.html De appellationibus lacticiniis Francicis] {{Ling|Francogallice}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080913083008/http://www.fromages-aop.com/ De appellationibus lacticiniis] {{Ling|Francogallice}}
* Thierry Richard, &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120321021655/http://blogs.rue89.com/cantine/la-guerre-du-camembert-au-lait-cru-aura-t-elle-lieu La guerre du camembert au lait cru aura-t-elle lieu ?]&quot; (25 Maii 2007) apud ''Cantine''
* Res gestae apud ''Vimoutiers.net'':
** [http://www.vimoutiers.net/vimus/1926_joseph_knirim.htm 1926 : Joseph Knirim  Marie Harel et le camembert]
** [https://web.archive.org/web/20071110220418/http://vimoutiers.net/vimus/img/1926/lilctw.gif Inauguratio anno 1928] simulacri [[Maria Harel|Mariae Harel]], casei Camembert fabricatricis illustrissimae, ab [[Alexander Millerand|Alexandro Millerand]] 
** [http://www.vimoutiers.net/vimus/mh2.htm 1953-1956: 2nde statue de Marie Harel]

{{Alimenta-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Casei Francici]]
[[Categoria:Casei extra patriam ficti]]
[[Categoria:Casei bubuli]]
[[Categoria:Gastronomia Normannica]]
[[Categoria:Campus Maimberti]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Caseus Cantalinus</title>
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      <text bytes="1675" sha1="ow2mkyry0gk6fsn4ffrbck42qjkj20v" xml:space="preserve">{{Videhom|Mons Cantalinus}}
[[Image:Cantal_03.jpg|thumb|Caseus &quot;Cantalinus inter duos&quot; (''Cantal entre-deux'')]]
'''Caseus Cantalinus'''{{Convertimus}} ([[Francogallice]] ''Cantal'', nonnumquam ''Fourme du Cantal'') est varietas [[caseus|casei]] bubuli in [[Francia]] inventa. A monte praefecturaque [[Mons Cantalinus|Cantalino]] appellatur.

==Appellatio Originis Protecta==
[[Image:Cantal vieux 01.jpg|thumb|Caseus Cantalinus valde vetus]]
Caseus sub nominibus ''Cantal'', ''[[Fourme de Cantal]]'', ''[[Cantalet]]'' in civitatibus Europaeis venundatus debet in regione delimitata et in modis definitis fieri. Hoc caseus ab anno [[1956]] [[Appellatio Originis Verificata|appellationem in Francia verificatam]] portabat. Ab anno [[2009]] [[Appellatio Originis Protecta|appellationem in Europa protectam]] habet.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Angelique Chrisafis, &quot;[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/aug/13/production-french-salers-cheese-halted-drought Production of French salers cheese halted due to drought]&quot; in ''[[The Guardian]]'' (13 Augusti 2022)
* J.-Cl. Rocher, ''L'Art de la fourme''. Ostal del Libre, 1990. ISBN 2-85910-093-8

==Nexus externi==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081202012709/http://www.cniel.com/site.asp?where=prodlait/appell/AOC31.html De appellationibus lacticiniis Francicis] {{Ling|Francogallice}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080913083008/http://www.fromages-aop.com/ De appellationibus lacticiniis] {{Ling|Francogallice}}
{{Commonscat|Cantal (cheese)|caseum Cantalinum}}

{{Alimenta-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Casei Francici]]
[[Categoria:Mons Cantalinus]]
[[Categoria:Casei bubuli]]
[[Categoria:Gastronomia Arverna]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Chabichou</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="3523" sha1="asoa9w23z3tj8z3nf6okwy0j4ydi7gh" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Chabichou2.JPG|thumb|Caseolus ''Chabichou du Poitou'']]
'''Chabichou''' est varietas [[caseus|casei]] caprini in [[Pictavia]] proveniens. Anno [[1864]] in praefectura [[Utraque Separis|Utriusque Separis]], anno [[1872]] in pagis [[Pictavium|Pictaviensi]] et [[Cohiacum|Cohiacensi]] provenit.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rézeau (2001)&quot;&gt;{{qc|id=Rézeau (2001)}} s.v. &quot;chabichou&quot;, fontibus citatis&lt;/ref&gt; In suburbio Montbernage urbis [[Pictavium|Pictavii]] optime conficiebatur, teste Carolo de Chergé qui eodem anno sic scripsit:
:... de caseis suburbii ''Montbernage'', nomine vulgari ''chabichous'' agnitis, qui inter coquos gloria bene merita fruuntur atque in congressu subtilissimorum ganeonum olim lauras valde distinctas conciliaverunt (''... des excellents fromages de Montbernage, qui, connus du populaire sous le nom de ''chabichous'', jouissent dans le monde culinaire d'une réputation justement méritée, et surent conquérir un jour, dans un congrès spécial tenu par les plus fins gourmets, un rang fort distingué'').&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Chergé (1872)}}; similiter mox Pierre Delbarre, ''Guide complet du voyageur à Poitiers et dans les environs'' (3a ed. 1896) [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3788847/f211 p. 191]&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Fasciculus:Chabichou.jpg|thumb|Caseus ''Chabichou du Poitou'' maturior cui crustulum flavescit]] 
Caseus ''chibichou'' [[Landae|Landarum]] iam anno 1839 relatus est, &quot;e lacte caprino, folio [[castanea sativa|castaneae]] involutus, sub stercore ad fermentandum positus&quot; (''chibichou, fromage de lait de chèvre, enveloppé de la feuille de châtaignier, et qu'on laisse fermenter sous le fumier'').&lt;ref&gt;Métivier, ''De l'agriculture et du défrichement des Landes'' (1839) p. 719&lt;/ref&gt;

Nomen e composito (e.g. *capriculus?) verbi Latini &quot;[[capra]]&quot; derivatur, sicut et ''chibichou'',&lt;ref name=&quot;Rézeau (2001)&quot; /&gt; ''[[cabécou]]'' in [[Guienna]] (ab anno 1853 repertum) et ''cabrecou'' sub [[Mons Cantalinus|Cantalino monte]] (ab 1906).&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Rézeau (2001)}} s.v. &quot;cabécou&quot;, fontibus citatis&lt;/ref&gt;

==Appellatio originis protecta==
Caseus sub nomine ''Chabichou du Poitou'', si in civitatibus Europaeis venundetur, in regione delimitata et in modis definitis fieri debet (sed de capris earumque custodia nihil fere dicitur). Caseus ab anno [[1990]] [[Appellatio Originis Verificata|appellationem in Francia verificatam]] merebat&lt;ref&gt;''Inventaire du patrimoine culinaire de la France. Poitou-Charentes'' (1994) pp. 257-261; [https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/loda/id/JORFTEXT000000715835 Decretum 1990]&lt;/ref&gt; et ab anno [[2009]] [[Appellatio Originis Protecta|appellationem in Europa protectam]] habebit.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* {{ec|id=Chergé (1872)|c= Charles de Chergé, ''Le guide du voyageur à Poitiers et aux environs''. 3a ed. (Pictavii: Ressayre, 1872) [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k65673891/f180 p. 170] }}
* {{ec|id=Rézeau (2001)|c= Pierre Rézeau, ed., ''Dictionnaire des régionalismes de France'' (Bruxelles: Duculot, 2001) pp. 181-182, 225-226}}

{{NexInt}}
* [[Gastronomia Pictavensis]]

==Nexus externi==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081202012709/http://www.cniel.com/site.asp?where=prodlait/appell/AOC31.html De appellationibus lacticiniis Francicis] {{Ling|Francogallice}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080913083008/http://www.fromages-aop.com/ De appellationibus lacticiniis] {{Ling|Francogallice}}

{{Alimenta-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Casei Francici]]
[[Categoria:Casei caprini]]
[[Categoria:Gastronomia Pictaviensis]]</text>
      <sha1>asoa9w23z3tj8z3nf6okwy0j4ydi7gh</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Caseus Cadusciae</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>56458</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3999260</id>
      <parentid>3863068</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-04T19:24:24Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="1050" sha1="qqxwupywpvbdc3kx7gns57b7k1rkbs4" xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Chaource (fromage) 01.jpg|thumb|Caseus Cadusciae]]
'''Caseus Cadusciae''', [[Francogallice]] ''Chaource'', est nomen varietatis [[caseus|casei]] bubuli in [[Francia]] inventae. Nomen habet ex urbe [[Caduscia]].

==Appellatio Originis Protecta==
Caseus sub hoc nomine in civitatibus Europaeis venundatus debet in regione delimitata et in modis definitis fieri. Caseus ''Chaource'' ab anno [[1970]] [[Appellatio Originis Verificata|appellationem in Francia verificatam]] portabat et ab anno [[2009]] [[Appellatio Originis Protecta|appellationem in Europa protectam]] habebit.

==Nexus externi==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081202012709/http://www.cniel.com/site.asp?where=prodlait/appell/AOC31.html De appellationibus lacticiniis Francicis] {{Ling|Francogallice}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080913083008/http://www.fromages-aop.com/ De appellationibus lacticiniis] {{Ling|Francogallice}}

{{Alimenta-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Casei Francici]]
[[Categoria:Caduscia]]
[[Categoria:Casei bubuli]]
[[Categoria:Gastronomia Campaniae Francicae]]</text>
      <sha1>qqxwupywpvbdc3kx7gns57b7k1rkbs4</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Caseus Comitatus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>56460</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3999264</id>
      <parentid>3863071</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-04T19:26:03Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="1191" sha1="ptiqero1feav9kg5x1bhoykl0olssj1" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Fabrication_Comté.jpg|thumb|Factio casei Comitatus]] 
[[Fasciculus:Cave comté.jpg|thumb|Casei Comitatus in cella]]
[[Fasciculus:Meule de Comté - photo CRT CIGC.jpg|thumb|Casei Comitatus ad cenam parati]]
'''Caseus Comitatus''', [[Francogallice]] ''Comté'' est nomen varietatis [[caseus|casei]] bubuli in [[Liber comitatus|Libero Comitatu]] [[Francia]]e proveniens.

== Appellatio Originis Protecta ==
Caseus sub hoc nomine in civitatibus Europaeis venundatus debet in regione delimitata et in modis definitis fieri. Caseus ''Comté'' ab anno [[1952]] [[Appellatio Originis Verificata|appellationem in Francia verificatam]] portabat et ab anno [[2009]] [[Appellatio Originis Protecta|appellationem in Europa protectam]] habebit.

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081202012709/http://www.cniel.com/site.asp?where=prodlait/appell/AOC31.html De appellationibus lacticiniis Francicis] {{Ling|Francogallice}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080913083008/http://www.fromages-aop.com/ De appellationibus lacticiniis] {{Ling|Francogallice}}

{{Alimenta-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Casei Francici]]
[[Categoria:Casei bubuli]]
[[Categoria:Gastronomia Liberi Comitatus]]</text>
      <sha1>ptiqero1feav9kg5x1bhoykl0olssj1</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Caseus Spissiae</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>56464</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3999273</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-04T19:27:43Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="1172" sha1="9ou632bjq9zx9l4t1kq82mlrf9q3a98" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:200501 - 6 fromages.JPG|thumb|Caseus Spissiae aliique quinquead cenam parati]]
'''Caseus Spissiae''', [[Francogallice]] ''Époisses'' est varietas [[caseus|casei]] bubuli in [[Francia]] inventae. Nomen habet ex urbe [[Spissia]].

== Appellatio Originis Protecta ==
Caseus sub hoc nomine in civitatibus Europaeis venundatus debet in regione delimitata et in modis definitis fieri. Caseus ''Époisses'' ab anno [[1991]] [[Appellatio Originis Verificata|appellationem in Francia verificatam]] portabat et ab anno [[2009]] [[Appellatio Originis Protecta|appellationem in Europa protectam]] habebit.

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081202012709/http://www.cniel.com/site.asp?where=prodlait/appell/AOC31.html De appellationibus lacticiniis Francicis] {{Ling|Francogallice}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080913083008/http://www.fromages-aop.com/ De appellationibus lacticiniis] {{Ling|Francogallice}}
{{Commonscat|Époisses (cheese)|Époisses}}

{{Alimenta-stipula}}


[[Categoria:Casei Francici]]
[[Categoria:Appellatio Originis Protecta]]
[[Categoria:Casei alcohole macerati]]
[[Categoria:Spissia]]
[[Categoria:Gastronomia Burgundiensis]]</text>
      <sha1>9ou632bjq9zx9l4t1kq82mlrf9q3a98</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Caseus Lingonensis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>56467</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3999265</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-04T19:26:08Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="976" sha1="otmw3iykucuhehjgsqjgeh9bpckww7h" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Langres_fromage_AOP.jpg|thumb|Caseus ''Langres'']]
'''Caseus Lingonensis''', [[Francogallice]] ''langres'', est varietas [[caseus|casei]] bubuli in [[Francia]] inventa.

== Appellatio Originis Protecta ==
Caseus sub hoc nomine in civitatibus Europaeis venundatus debet in regione delimitata et in modis definitis fieri. Caseus ''Langres'' ab anno [[1991]] [[Appellatio Originis Verificata|appellationem in Francia verificatam]] portabat et ab anno [[2009]] [[Appellatio Originis Protecta|appellationem in Europa protectam]] habebit.

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081202012709/http://www.cniel.com/site.asp?where=prodlait/appell/AOC31.html De appellationibus lacticiniis Francicis] {{Ling|Francogallice}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080913083008/http://www.fromages-aop.com/ De appellationibus lacticiniis] {{Ling|Francogallice}}

{{Alimenta-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Casei Francici]]
[[Categoria:Casei bubuli]]
[[Categoria:Andematunnum]]</text>
      <sha1>otmw3iykucuhehjgsqjgeh9bpckww7h</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Caseus Liverroti</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>56469</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3999266</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-04T19:26:09Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="1414" sha1="lnvtpiqcyirzku31wjgqmb6dgv7m069" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Livarot.gif|thumb|Capsa casei ''3/4 Livarot'']]
'''Caseus Liverroti''', [[Francogallice]] ''Livarot'' est varietas [[caseus|casei]] bubuli iuxta oppidum [[Liverrotum]] in [[Francia]] inventa. Hi casei foliis [[Typha latifolia|Typhae latifoliae]] involuti et in capsis ligneis inclusi venundantur.

== Appellatio Originis Protecta ==
Caseus sub hoc nomine in civitatibus Europaeis venundatus debet in regione delimitata et in modis definitis fieri. Caseus ''Livarot'' ab anno [[1975]] [[Appellatio Originis Verificata|appellationem in Francia verificatam]] portabat et ab anno [[2009]] [[Appellatio Originis Protecta|appellationem in Europa protectam]] habebit.

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101022090101/http://www.livarot-aoc.org/ Situs officialis]
* [http://www.vimoutiers.net/vp/Livarot.htm De casei ''Livarot'' saeculo 20 ineunte confectione]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081202012709/http://www.cniel.com/site.asp?where=prodlait/appell/AOC31.html De appellationibus lacticiniis Francicis] {{Ling|Francogallice}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080913083008/http://www.fromages-aop.com/ De appellationibus lacticiniis] {{Ling|Francogallice}}
{{Commonscat|Livarot (cheese)|Livarot}}

{{Alimenta-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Casei Francici]]
[[Categoria:Casei foliis seu ligno involuti]]
[[Categoria:Casei bubuli]]
[[Categoria:Liverrotum]]
[[Categoria:Gastronomia Normannica]]</text>
      <sha1>lnvtpiqcyirzku31wjgqmb6dgv7m069</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Caseus Marogilensis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>56470</id>
    <revision>
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      <text bytes="1775" sha1="ogz1fapv3h1nl3bgfyu8yf6jr5zx90u" xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Maroilles.jpg|thumb|Dimidium casei ''Maroilles'']]
[[Image:Maroilles et boulette d'Avesnes.jpg|thumb|Caseus ''Maroilles'' cum ''[[Boulette d'Avesnes]]'' alioque incognito]]
'''Caseus Marogilensis''', [[Francogallice]] ''Maroilles'', est varietas [[caseus|casei]] bubuli in [[Francia]] inventaa.

==Appellatio Originis Protecta==
Caseus sub hoc nomine in civitatibus Europaeis venundatus debet in regione delimitata et in modis definitis fieri. Caseus ''Maroilles'' ab anno [[1955]] [[Appellatio Originis Verificata|appellationem in Francia verificatam]] portabat et ab anno [[2009]] [[Appellatio Originis Protecta|appellationem in Europa protectam]] habebit.

== Bibliographia ==
* Claire Delfosse, &quot;[https://journals.openedition.org/ruralia/1033 L’appellation d’origine du maroilles. Comment définir l’aire de production d’un fromage en liaison avec celle du pays?]&quot; in ''Ruralia. Revue de l’Association des ruralistes français'' no. 15 (2004)
* R. Dion, R. Verhaeghe, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/htn_0018-439x_1986_num_1_1_2036 Le maroilles: “le plus fin des fromages forts]&quot; in P. Brunet, ed., ''Histoire et géographie des fromages (Actes du colloque de géographie historique de Caen, 18-20 septembre 1985), Cahiers du cervir'' no. 11 (1987) pp. 79-108

==Nexus externi==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081202012709/http://www.cniel.com/site.asp?where=prodlait/appell/AOC31.html De appellationibus lacticiniis Francicis] {{Ling|Francogallice}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080913083008/http://www.fromages-aop.com/ De appellationibus lacticiniis] {{Ling|Francogallice}}

{{Alimenta-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Casei Francici]]
[[Categoria:Casei bubuli]]
[[Categoria:Casei alcohole macerati]]
[[Categoria:Gastronomia Picarda]]
[[Categoria:Marogilum]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Caseus de Morberio</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>56474</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3999277</id>
      <parentid>3863085</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-04T19:28:06Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="1075" sha1="jufg6exl0orfva5j3uccpyrcu8q7vlc" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Morbier cheese two views.jpg|thumb|Caseus ''Morbier'']]
'''Caseus de Morberio''', [[Francogallice]] ''Morbier'', est varietas [[caseus|casei]] bubuli in [[Liber Comitatus|Libero Comitatu]] [[Francia]]e confecta.

== Appellatio Originis Protecta ==
Caseus sub hoc nomine in civitatibus Europaeis venundatus debet in regione delimitata et in modis definitis fieri. Caseus ''Morbier'' ab anno [[2000]] [[Appellatio Originis Verificata|appellationem in Francia verificatam]] portabat et ab anno [[2009]] [[Appellatio Originis Protecta|appellationem in Europa protectam]] habebit.

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081202012709/http://www.cniel.com/site.asp?where=prodlait/appell/AOC31.html De appellationibus lacticiniis Francicis] {{Ling|Francogallice}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080913083008/http://www.fromages-aop.com/ De appellationibus lacticiniis] {{Ling|Francogallice}}

{{Alimenta-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Casei Francici]]
[[Categoria:Appellatio Originis Protecta]]
[[Categoria:Morberium]]
[[Categoria:Gastronomia Liberi Comitatus]]</text>
      <sha1>jufg6exl0orfva5j3uccpyrcu8q7vlc</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Caseus Novi Castri</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>56476</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3999268</id>
      <parentid>3863076</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-04T19:27:34Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="1348" sha1="qp8wxd8gmbmdt1sr9wc9ghyvsqks1r4" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Neufchatel 2.jpg|thumb|Caseus Novi Castri]]
[[Fasciculus:200501 - 6 fromages.JPG|thumb|Caseus Novi Castri aliique quinque ad cenam parati]]
'''Caseus Novi Castri''', [[Francogallice]] ''Neufchâtel'', est nomen varietatis [[caseus|casei]] bubuli in [[Francia]] inventae. Cortex caseolorum (qui figura cordis formari solent) ope fungi ''[[Penicillium camemberti|Penicillii camemberti]]'' fit.

== Appellatio Originis Protecta ==
Caseus sub hoc nomine in civitatibus Europaeis venundatus debet in regione delimitata et in modis definitis fieri. Caseus ''Neufchâtel'' ab anno [[1969]] [[Appellatio Originis Verificata|appellationem in Francia verificatam]] portabat et ab anno [[2009]] [[Appellatio Originis Protecta|appellationem in Europa protectam]] habebit.

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081202012709/http://www.cniel.com/site.asp?where=prodlait/appell/AOC31.html De appellationibus lacticiniis Francicis] {{Ling|Francogallice}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080913083008/http://www.fromages-aop.com/ De appellationibus lacticiniis] {{Ling|Francogallice}}
{{Commonscat|Neufchâtel (cheese)|caseum Novi Castri}}

{{Alimenta-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Casei Francici]]
[[Categoria:Appellatio Originis Protecta]]
[[Categoria:Casei bubuli]]
[[Categoria:Gastronomia Normannica]]
[[Categoria:Novum Castrum in Braio]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Caseus ovillus Pyrenaicus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>56477</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3999284</id>
      <parentid>3863092</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-04T19:29:15Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="2405" sha1="oax5p9mp97wpcuwpt5uo43eek25kd9s" xml:space="preserve">[[Imago:Fromages.jpg|thumb|Caseus ''Tomme de brebis'' in nundinis venundatus (ad dextram partem imaginis, polythenio inclusus)]]
[[Image:Euskal Museoa cheese.jpg|thumb|left|Casei Vasconici in [[Hispania]] venundati, quorum duo vel tres in [[Francia]] confecti, e.g. ''Ossau Irati'']]
[[Imago:Ossau-Iraty.jpg|thumb|Caseus ''Ossau-Iraty'']]
[[Imago:200501 - 6 fromages.JPG|thumb|''Ossau-Iraty'' et alii quinque casei ad cenam parati]]
'''Caseus ovillus Pyrenaicus''', [[Francogallice]] ''Brebis des Pyrénées'' (interdum ''Tomme de brebis'' videmus sine nomine montium) est varietas [[caseus|casei]] in vallibus septentrionalibus montium [[Pyrenaeus|Pyrenaeorum]] (civitatis [[Francia]]e) proveniens. Tales casei e lacte ovino confecti formam rotundam habent et massam albicantem. Alii sub appellatione ''Ossau-Iraty'' ([[Vasconice]] ''Ossau Irati'') reperiuntur, alii sub signo mercatorio ''[[Etorki]]''; qui nullam appellationem portant interdum saporem habent fortiorem.

==Nomina protecta==
* Caseus sub nomine ''Ossau-Iraty'' in civitatibus Europaeis venundatus debet in regione delimitata et in modis definitis fieri; ab anno [[1980]] [[Appellatio Originis Verificata|appellationem in Francia verificatam]] portabat et ab anno [[2009]] [[Appellatio Originis Protecta|appellationem in Europa protectam]] monstrat.
* Caseus sub signo mercatorio ''Etorki'' a societate [[Bongrain]] conficitur.

==Nexus externi==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081106104149/http://fromagesdespyrenees.fr/ De caseis Pyrenaicis]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081117065330/http://gazette-ariegeoise.fr/spip.php?article674 De contentione caseorum Pyrenaicorum e lacte crudo confectorum]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080929130103/http://www.gastronomie-aquitaine.fr/produit,,22,left_F28F1F28,ossau,iraty.html De caseo ''Ossau-Iraty'']
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081215034955/http://www.ossau.net/ossau/a-o-c-ossau-iraty-t552.html#p26282 Colloquium interretiale de appellatione ''Ossau-Iraty'']
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081202012709/http://www.cniel.com/site.asp?where=prodlait/appell/AOC31.html De appellationibus lacticiniis Francicis] {{Ling|Francogallice}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080913083008/http://www.fromages-aop.com/ De appellationibus lacticiniis] {{Ling|Francogallice}}

[[Categoria:Casei Francici]]
[[Categoria:Casei ovilli]]
[[Categoria:Gastronomia Vasconica]]

[[de:Brebis Pyrénées]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Caseus Pontis Episcopi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>56480</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3999270</id>
      <parentid>3863078</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-04T19:27:40Z</timestamp>
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        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
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      <text bytes="1226" sha1="ezkpfb5k17gl5um838sdb12pjv6qo7e" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Pont-l'Évêque_02.jpg|thumb|Caseolus Pontis Episcopi]]
'''Caseus Pontis Episcopi''',&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Caseus Pontis Episcopi&quot; {{Google Books|U7VKAAAAcAAJ|p. 204}}&lt;/ref&gt; vulgo ''Pont-l'Évêque'', est nomen varietatis [[caseus|casei]] bubuli in [[Francia]] inventae. Circa urbem [[Pons Episcopi|Pontis Episcopi]] conficitur ibique et late alibi venditatur.

== Appellatio Originis Protecta ==
Caseus sub hoc nomine in civitatibus Europaeis venundatus debet in regione delimitata et in modis definitis fieri. Caseus ''Pont-l'Évêque'' ab anno [[1972]] [[Appellatio Originis Verificata|appellationem in Francia verificatam]] portabat et ab anno [[2009]] [[Appellatio Originis Protecta|appellationem in Europa protectam]] habebit.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081202012709/http://www.cniel.com/site.asp?where=prodlait/appell/AOC31.html De appellationibus lacticiniis Francicis] {{Ling|Francogallice}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080913083008/http://www.fromages-aop.com/ De appellationibus lacticiniis] {{Ling|Francogallice}}

{{Alimenta-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Casei Francici]]
[[Categoria:Pons Episcopi]]
[[Categoria:Gastronomia Normannica]]
[[Categoria:Casei bubuli]]</text>
      <sha1>ezkpfb5k17gl5um838sdb12pjv6qo7e</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Caseus Polemniaci de Sancto Petro</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>56481</id>
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      <id>3999269</id>
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      <text bytes="1146" sha1="49xdn8nfxn97msed23ww0zni18xrwnf" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:AOP Pouligny-saint-pierre fromage.gif|thumb|Caseolus Polemniaci de S. Petro]]
'''Caseus Polemniaci de Sancto Petro''', [[Francogallice]] ''Pouligny-saint-pierre'', est nomen varietatis [[caseus|casei]] caprini in [[Francia]] inventae.

== Appellatio Originis Protecta ==
Caseus sub hoc nomine in civitatibus Europaeis venundatus debet in regione delimitata et in modis definitis fieri. Caseus ''Pouligny-Saint-Pierre'' ab anno [[1972]] [[Appellatio Originis Verificata|appellationem in Francia verificatam]] portabat et ab anno [[2009]] [[Appellatio Originis Protecta|appellationem in Europa protectam]] habebit.

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081202012709/http://www.cniel.com/site.asp?where=prodlait/appell/AOC31.html De appellationibus lacticiniis Francicis] {{Ling|Francogallice}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080913083008/http://www.fromages-aop.com/ De appellationibus lacticiniis] {{Ling|Francogallice}}

{{Alimenta-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Casei Francici]]
[[Categoria:Appellatio Originis Protecta]]
[[Categoria:Gastronomia Bituricensis]]
[[Categoria:Casei caprini]]
[[Categoria:Polemniacum (Inger)]]</text>
      <sha1>49xdn8nfxn97msed23ww0zni18xrwnf</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cabécou</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="3620" sha1="8isvum0elqnmh267eka0wtr118rxy7r" xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Cabecou cheese.jpg|thumb|Caseolus ''Cabécou'' folio castaneae impositus]]

'''Cabécou''' est varietas [[caseus|casei]] caprini recentis in [[Guienna]] regionibusque finitimis confecta, quotannis inter menses Aprilem et Augustum proveniens, et saepe super folium [[Castanea sativa|castaneae]] ad maturandum venundati. In craticulis faeneis ad maturandum ponuntur, recentius parvis, olim paulo maioribus.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Bazalgues (1994)}} p. 42&lt;/ref&gt; Qui sibi convivisque suis conficiunt caseolos parvulis [[Tyroglyphus siro|tyroglyphis]] rosos inferre licet, sapore meliores: ''cabécou, tout poudré de pollens jaunâtres que la famille nommait les artisons: &quot;Des bêtes petites, petites,&quot; expliqua Céleste, &quot;qui rendent le fromage meilleur&quot;''.&lt;ref&gt;J. Anglade, ''La Soupe à la fourchette'' (1994) pp. 65-66&lt;/ref&gt; ''Cabécou'' in provinciis [[Cadurcensis|Cadurcensi]], [[pagus Rutenicus|Rutenica]], [[Arvernia (provincia)|Arvernia]] superiore, [[Lemovicensis|Lemovicensi]], [[Petrocoriensis|Petrocoriensi]] provenit.

[[Fasciculus:Cabécou de l'Aveyron.JPG|thumb|''Cabécou'' [[Avario (praefectura Franciae)|Avarionis]], appellatione protecta carens]]
Caseoli cremosissimi iuxta [[Rocamadour (Oltis)|Rocamadour]] confecti celebrantur (''le fameux cabécou de Rocamadour, crémeux à souhait'').&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Meurville et Creignou (1990)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Inter meliores cibos circa [[Villa Franca in Rutenis|Villam Francam in Rutenis]] productos enumerantur:
:&quot;Pagus Villae Francae omasa vitulina offert caseolosque caprinos et [[focacia]]s&quot; (''Le Villefranchois offre ses ''tripous'', tripes de veau, ses ''cabécous'', fromages de chèvre, et sa fouace, variété de brioche'').&lt;ref&gt;''Pays et gens de France'' no. 66 (1983) p. 20&lt;/ref&gt;

Nomen e composito (e.g. *capriculus?) verbi Latini &quot;[[capra]]&quot; derivatur, sicut ''[[chabichou]]'', ''chibichou'',&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Rézeau (2001)}} s.v. &quot;chabichou&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;  ''cabrecou'' (sub [[Mons Cantalinus|Cantalino monte]] confectus).&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Rézeau (2001)}} s.v. &quot;cabécou&quot;, fontibus citatis&lt;/ref&gt;

==Appellatio originis protecta==
[[Image:Rocamadour AOC.jpg|thumb|Caseolus ''Rocamadour'']]
Caseoli huius modi in pago oppidi [[Rocamadour (Oltis)|Rocamadour]] confecti nomine ''Rocamadour'' sine pluribus rubricantur. Tales caseoli in civitatibus Europaeis venundatus debet in regione delimitata et in modis definitis fieri. Hic caseus ab anno [[1996]] [[Appellatio Originis Verificata|appellationem in Francia verificatam]] meruit et ab anno [[2009]] [[Appellatio Originis Protecta|appellationem in Europa protectam]] portabit.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* {{ec|id=Bazalgues (1994)|c= G. Bazalgues, &quot;Le Cabécou de Rocamadour&quot; in ''Quercy-recherche'' no. 77 (1994) }}
* {{ec|id=Meurville et Creignou (1990)|c= E. de Meurville, M. Creignou, ''Le Guide des gourmands 1991'' (1990) p. 234 }}
* {{ec|id=Rézeau (2001)|c= Pierre Rézeau, ed., ''Dictionnaire des régionalismes de France'' (Bruxelles: Duculot, 2001) pp. 181-182, 225-226}}
* René Souchon, ed., ''Auvergne : Produits du terroir et recettes traditionnelles'' (Lutetiae: Albin Michel, 2011) pp. 234-236

==Nexus externi==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081202012709/http://www.cniel.com/site.asp?where=prodlait/appell/AOC31.html De appellationibus lacticiniis Francicis] {{Ling|Francogallice}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080913083008/http://www.fromages-aop.com/ De appellationibus lacticiniis] {{Ling|Francogallice}}

[[Categoria:Casei Francici]]
[[Categoria:Casei foliis seu ligno involuti]]
[[Categoria:Gastronomia Guiennensis]]
[[Categoria:Gastronomia Arverna]]
[[Categoria:Casei caprini]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Caseus Roquefortensis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>56484</id>
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      <text bytes="2545" sha1="8i725tv73fmt44639ukov0udei9tmmm" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Roquefort cheese.jpg|thumb|Caseus Roquefortensis]]
[[Fasciculus:Roquefort.jpg|thumb|Caseus Roquefortensis]]
'''Caseus Roquefortensis'''&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Caseus ... Roquefortensis&quot; {{Google Books|OehVAAAAcAAJ|p. 172}}; &quot;caseus ... Roquefortensis ex lacte ovillo conficitur&quot; {{Google Books|fKk1UbnbNeYC|p. 134}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Caseus e Roccaforti&quot; {{Google Books|OUJKAAAAcAAJ|p. 38}}&lt;/ref&gt; est varietas [[caseus|casei]] ovilli [[caseus mucore glaucus|mucore glauci]] in [[Francia]] inventae.

== Appellatio Originis Protecta ==
Caseus sub hoc nomine in civitatibus Europaeis venundatus debet in regione delimitata et in modis definitis fieri. Caseus ''Roquefort'' ab anno [[1925]] [[Appellatio Originis Verificata|appellationem in Francia verificatam]] portabat et ab anno [[2009]] [[Appellatio Originis Protecta|appellationem in Europa protectam]] habet.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* L. Boyer, &quot;L'industrie du roquefort en Corse et l'alimentation en lait de la population&quot; in ''Corse agricole'' n° 1 (1922) pp. 3-8
* Claire Delfosse, &quot;[https://journals.openedition.org/ruralia/27 Transmission et appropriation des savoirs fromagers : un siècle de relations entre industriels de Roquefort et transformateurs corses]&quot; in ''Ruralia'' no. 2 (1998)
* Donati, &quot;Les fromageries de Roquefort. Succursales en Corse&quot; in ''La laiterie'' n° 20 (1900) pp. 153-154
* G. Espinasse, &quot;Le rayonnement d'une industrie locale, le roquefort&quot; in ''Revue de géographie des Pyrénées et du Sud-Ouest'' (1931) pp. 377-430
* Alban Gautier, &quot;[https://journals.openedition.org/kentron/3509 Charlemagne, le brie et le roquefort]&quot; in ''Kentron'' no. 35 (2019)
* H. Pourrat, ''L’aventure de Roquefort''. Société anonyme des caves et des producteurs réunis de Roquefort, 1955; Lutetiae: Albin Michel, 1958
* Dick Whittaker, Jack Goody, &quot;Rural manufacturing in the Rouergue from antiquity to the present: the examples of pottery and cheese&quot; in ''Comparative studies in society and history'' vol. 43 (2001) pp. 225-245.

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081202012709/http://www.cniel.com/site.asp?where=prodlait/appell/AOC31.html De appellationibus lacticiniis Francicis] {{Ling|Francogallice}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080913083008/http://www.fromages-aop.com/ De appellationibus lacticiniis] {{Ling|Francogallice}}
{{Commonscat|Roquefort (cheese)|caseum Roquefortensem}}

{{Alimenta-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Casei Francici]]
[[Categoria:Casei mucore glauci]]
[[Categoria:Casei ovilli]]
[[Categoria:Gastronomia Guiennensis]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Caseus de Sancto Nectario</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>56485</id>
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      <text bytes="1257" sha1="g7tjmhjmr7hlhmlagesccvxsj7onksi" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Saint Nectaire avant affinage.jpg|thumb|Casei ''Saint-Nectaire'' novi]]
[[Fasciculus:Saint_Nectaire_de_600_grammes.JPG|thumb|Caseus ''Saint-Nectaire'']]
[[Fasciculus:Saint-nectaire.jpg|thumb|Caseus ''Saint-Nectaire'']]
'''Caseus de Sancto Nectario''', [[Francogallice]] ''Saint-Nectaire'', est varietas [[caseus|casei]] bubuli in [[Francia]] inventa.

== Appellatio Originis Protecta ==
Caseus sub hoc nomine in civitatibus Europaeis venundatus debet in regione delimitata et in modis definitis fieri. Caseus ''Saint-Nectaire'' ab anno [[1955]] [[Appellatio Originis Verificata|appellationem in Francia verificatam]] portabat et ab anno [[2009]] [[Appellatio Originis Protecta|appellationem in Europa protectam]] habebit.

== Nexus externi ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081202012709/http://www.cniel.com/site.asp?where=prodlait/appell/AOC31.html De appellationibus lacticiniis Francicis] {{Ling|Francogallice}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080913083008/http://www.fromages-aop.com/ De appellationibus lacticiniis] {{Ling|Francogallice}}

{{Commonscat|Saint-nectaire (cheese)|Saint-Nectaire}}

{{Alimenta-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Casei Francici]]
[[Categoria:Casei bubuli]]
[[Categoria:Gastronomia Arverna]]
[[Categoria:Sanctus Nectarius]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Caseus de Sancta Maura</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="1099" sha1="576pc0d7t3fv6b0vg77zelnpettk6ss" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Sainte-Maure de touraine 02.jpg|thumb|Caseolus de Sancta Maura]]
'''Caseus de Sancta Maura Turonensi''', [[Francogallice]] ''Sainte-Maure de Touraine'' est varietas [[caseus|casei]] caprini in [[Francia]] inventa.

== Appellatio Originis Protecta ==
Caseus sub hoc nomine in civitatibus Europaeis venundatus debet in regione delimitata et in modis definitis fieri. Caseus ''Sainte-Maure de Touraine'' ab anno [[1990]] [[Appellatio Originis Verificata|appellationem in Francia verificatam]] portabat et ab anno [[2009]] [[Appellatio Originis Protecta|appellationem in Europa protectam]] habebit.

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Sainte-Maure de Touraine (cheese)}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081202012709/http://www.cniel.com/site.asp?where=prodlait/appell/AOC31.html De appellationibus lacticiniis Francicis] {{Ling|Francogallice}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080913083008/http://www.fromages-aop.com/ De appellationibus lacticiniis] {{Ling|Francogallice}}

{{Alimenta-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Casei Francici]]
[[Categoria:Gastronomia Turonensis]]
[[Categoria:Casei caprini]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Castelmagno</title>
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      <text bytes="1128" sha1="6qtlifbfjou7z1i361zv45kmlcx5pho" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Castelmagno (formaggio).jpg|thumb|Caseus ''Castelmagno'']]
'''Castelmagno''' est nomen varietatis [[caseus|casei]] in [[Italia]] inventae.

== Appellatio Originis Protecta ==
Caseus sub hoc nomine in civitatibus Europaeis venundatus debet in regione delimitata et in modis definitis fieri; ab anno [[1996]] [[Appellatio Originis Protecta|appellationem in Europa protectam]] habet.

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080526125109/http://www.regione.piemonte.it/governo/bollettino/abbonati/2005/13/siste/00000002.htm Regula] {{Ling|Lingua Italiana{{!}}Italiane}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081011012822/http://www.formaggio.it/italiaDOP/formaggiitaliaDOPE.htm De appellationibus lacticiniis Italicis] {{Ling|Lingua Italiana{{!}}Italiane|Anglice}}
* [http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/qual/en/pgi_01en.htm De appellationibus lacticiniis Europaeis] {{Ling|Hispanice|Danice|Theodisce|Neograece|Anglice|Francogallice|Lingua Italiana{{!}}Italiane|Batavice|Lusitanice|Finnice|Suecice}}

{{Alimenta-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Casei Italici]]
[[Categoria:Appellatio Originis Protecta]]
[[Categoria:Casei bubuli]]</text>
      <sha1>6qtlifbfjou7z1i361zv45kmlcx5pho</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Casei Francici</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>58243</id>
    <revision>
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      <text bytes="4590" sha1="3939d0dr88rqwneerilr00nk9okj3c7" xml:space="preserve">Hic habes indicem '''caseorum Francicorum''', quorum varietas [[Panthaleo de Conflentia]] iam anno [[1477]] his verbis laudavit: &quot;De caseo galico: Istud solum capitulum exigeret unum tractatum, ita est magna et maxima provincia in qua necesse est magnas esse caseorum diversitates:&quot; quos breviter discurrit, [[gastronomia Pictaviensis|Pictavienses]] [[gastronomia Britanniae Minoris|Bretonicos]]que et [[gastronomia Normannica|Normannicos]], quibus sicut et [[caseus Briensis|Briensibus]] [[gastronomia Parisiensis|Lutetia]] fruebatur.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Panthaleo de Conflentia (1477)}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

[[Fasciculus:Sheeps_cheese,_Villefranche_de_Rouergue.jpg|thumb|Casei apud ''Villefranche de Rouèrgue'' venales]]
[[Fasciculus:200501 - 6 fromages.JPG|thumb|Sex casei Francici]]
[[Fasciculus:Coulommiers lait cru.jpg|thumb|Caseus ''Coulommiers'']]
[[Fasciculus:Edel de Cleron 2.jpg|thumb|Caseolus ''Édel de Cléron'' partim e capsa extractus]]
[[Fasciculus:Fourme d'Ambert entamée.jpg|thumb|''Fourme d'Ambert'']]

[[Fasciculus:Fromages.jpg|thumb|Casei ''Tomme de Savoie'' aliique venundati]]
* ''[[A filetta (caseus)|A filetta]]''
* ''[[Abondance]]''
* ''[[Banon]]''
* ''[[Bastelicaccia]]''
* ''[[Beaufort (caseus)|Beaufort]]''
* ''[[Bleu d'Auvergne]]''
* ''[[Bleu de Corse]]''
* ''[[Bleu de Gex]]''
* ''[[Bleu de Sassenage]]''
* ''[[Bleu de Septmoncel]]''
* ''[[Bleu des Causses]]''
* ''[[Bleu du Haut-Jura]]''
* ''[[Bleu du Vercors]]''
* ''[[Boursin]]''
* ''[[Brebis des Pyrénées]]''
* ''[[Bresse bleu]]''
* ''[[Brie]]''
* ''[[Brillat-Savarin]]''
* ''[[Brin d'amour]]''
* ''[[Cabécou]]''
* ''[[Calinzanincu]]''
* ''[[Camembert]]''
* ''[[Cancoillotte]]''
* ''[[Cantal (caseus)|Cantal]]''
* ''[[Caprice des dieux]]''
* ''[[Carré de l'Est]]''
* ''[[Chabichou]]''
* ''[[Chaource]]''
* ''[[Chaumes]]''
* ''[[Chavroux]]''
* ''[[Chevrotin]]''
* ''[[Comté]]''
* ''[[Crottin de Chavignol]]''
* ''[[Délice de Saint-Cyr]]''
* ''[[Édel de Cléron]]''
* ''[[Emmental de Savoie]]''
* ''[[Emmental français est-central]]''
* ''[[Époisses]]''
* ''[[Etorki]]''
* ''[[Fourme d'Ambert]]''
* ''[[Fourme de Montbrison]]''
* ''[[Gaperon]]''
* ''[[Gruyère de Savoie]]''
* ''[[Laguiole (caseus)|Laguiole]]''
* ''[[Langres (caseus)|Langres]]''
* ''[[Le montagnard]]''
* ''[[Le pié d'Angloys]]''
* ''[[Le rustique]]''
* ''[[Le vieux pané]]''
* ''[[Livarot]]''
* ''[[Maroilles]]''
* ''[[Mimolette]]''
* ''[[Mimolette vieille]]''
* ''[[Mont d'Or]]''
* ''[[Mont des Cats]]''
* ''[[Morbier]]''
* ''[[Munster (caseus)|Munster]]''
* ''[[Mâconnais]]''
* ''[[Neufchâtel]]''
* ''[[Niulincu]]''
* ''[[Olivet]]''
* ''[[Ossau-Iraty]]''
* ''[[Picodon]]''
* ''[[Pont-l’Évêque]]''
* ''[[Port-Salut]]''
* ''[[Pouligny-Saint-Pierre]]''
* ''[[Pélardon]]''
* ''[[Reblochon]]''
* ''[[Rigotte de Condrieu]]''
* ''[[Rocamadour]]''
* ''[[Rochebaron]]''
* ''[[Roquefort (caseus)|Roquefort]]''
* ''[[Saint-Agur]]''
* ''[[Saint-Albray]]''
* ''[[Saint-André]]''
* ''[[Saint-Félicien]]''
* ''[[Saint-Marcellin]]''
* ''[[Saint-Nectaire]]''
* ''[[Saint-Paulin]]''
* ''[[Sainte-Marie-Sicche (caseus)|Sainte-Marie-Sicche]]''
* ''[[Sainte-Maure de Touraine]]''
* ''[[Salers (caseus)|Salers]]''
* ''[[Sari d'Orcino (caseus)|Sari d'Orcino]]''
* ''[[Sartinesi]]''
* ''[[Selles-sur-Cher]]''
* ''[[Tomme corse]]''
* ''[[Tome des Bauges]]''
* ''[[Tomme de Savoie]]''
* ''[[Tomme des Pyrénées]]''
* ''[[Tourrée de l'Aubier]]''
* ''[[Valençay (caseus)]]''
* ''[[Venachese]]''
* ''[[Vieux-Boulogne]]''

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
; Fontes antiquiores
* 1477 : {{ec|id=Panthaleo de Conflentia (1477)|c= [[Panthaleo de Conflentia]], ''[[Summa lacticiniorum|Summa lacticiniorum completa]]'' 2.11 ([https://archive.org/details/GE0036C.C.470/page/n42/mode/1up f. 18 editionis 1508]) (&quot;De caseo galico&quot;)}}

; Eruditio
* Claire Delfosse, ''La France fromagère (1850-1990)''. Lutetiae: La Boutique de l’Histoire, 2007

{{NexInt}}
* [[:Categoria:Casei Francici]]
* [[:Categoria:Casei Corsici]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat|Cheese from France}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080828081043/http://www.joinusinfrance.net/html/cheeses.html De caseis Francicis] {{Ling|Anglice}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081202012709/http://www.cniel.com/site.asp?where=prodlait/appell/AOC31.html De appellationibus lacticiniis Francicis] {{Ling|Francogallice}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080913083008/http://www.fromages-aop.com/ De appellationibus lacticiniis] {{Ling|Francogallice}}
* [http://tout1fromage.canalblog.com/albums/les_fromages/index.html Imagines caseorum Francicorum aliorumque]

[[Categoria:Casei Francici|!]]</text>
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    <title>Constitutio Civitatum Foederatarum Americae</title>
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[[Fasciculus:Constitution of the United States - DPLA - 9ca804144bd5965e992ae3528bc3c6a3 (page 1).jpg|thumb|Pagina Constitutionis.]]
'''Constitutio Civitatum Foederatarum''' est suprema [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitatum Foederatarum Americae]] [[lex]], die [[17 Septembris]] [[1787]] [[Philadelphia]]e perfecta, quae hodie adhuc brevissima et veterrima magnorum [[civitas sui iuris|civitatum]] [[constitutio]]num est.

Constitutio [[separatio potestatum|tres rectionis partes]] statuens, [[potestas legifera|legifera]], [[potestas exsecutiva|exsecutiva]], et [[potestas iudicialis|iudicaria]] modum agendi rectionis describit. 

== Historia ==
Constitutio die [[7 Decembris]] [[1787]] a civitate [[Delavaria]] prima probata est. Ultima civitas fuit [[Rhodensis Insula]] die [[29 Maii]] [[1790]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Textus Constitutionis Civitatum Foederatarum Americae in Latinum conversus]]
* [[Declaratio Libertatis Civitatum Americae Foederatarum]] ([[Textus Declarationis Libertatis Civitatum Americae Foederatarum in Latinum Conversus|Textus]])
* ''[[The Federalist]]''
* [[Iura civitatum]]
* [[Nullificatio]]
* [[Praeses Civitatum Foederatarum]]
* [[Rogatio Iurum]]

== Bibliographia ==
*Rakove, Jack N. [[1996]]. ''Original Meanings: Politics and Ideas in the Making of the Constitution.'' Novi Eboraci: Knopf. ISBN 0700607889.
*[[Antoninus Scalia|Scalia, Antonin]], et al. [[1997]]. ''A Matter of Interpretation: Federal Courts and the Law,'' ed. Amy Gutmann. Princetoniae: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691026300 {{Google Books|ZdcWjMktgz0C|Paginae selectae}}

== Nexus externi ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130624075829/http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/charters.html Constitutio Civitatum Foederatarum Americae] {{ling|Anglice}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061206000614/http://www.gpoaccess.gov/constitution/index.html Analysis et Interpretatio Constitutionis Civitatum Foederatarum Americae]: constitutio cum glossis et descriptione magnarum sententiarum {{ling|Anglice}}
*[http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/Constitution.html Constitutio Civitatum Foederatarum Americae]: apud Congressus bibliothecam {{ling|Anglice}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Civitatum Foederatarum Americae, Constitutio}}

[[Categoria:Civitates Foederatae Americae]]
[[Categoria:Constitutio Civitatum Foederatarum| ]]
[[categoria:Decreta 1787]]

{{Myrias|Societas}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Condoleezza Rice</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <comment>Forma Latina praenominis</comment>
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      <text bytes="2531" sha1="o845nhquluuk1des6ftatti72x7imbx" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Rice and Putin.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|Condoleezza Rice anno 2005 cum [[Vladimirus Putinus|Vladimiro Putino]]]]
[[Fasciculus:2006 02 22 riyadh1 600al-Faisal-Rice cropped.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Condoleezza Rice anno 2006 cum [[Saʿūd ibn Fayṣal ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz|Saʿūd ibn Fayṣal]] ministro rerum externarum [[Arabia Saudiana|Arabico]]]]

{{res|Condoleezza Rice}}, sive Latine '''Condolentia Rice'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus|cognomen 1=Gross|nomen 1=Nicolaus|titulus=ALBERTUS GOREUS (I.E. AL GORE) PRAEMIO NOBELIANO PACIS HONESTATUS|annus=2007|domus editoria=Ephemeris|url=http://www.alcuinus.net/ephemeris/archi2007/nuntius1.php?id=327}}: “Ipsis in rebus, de quibus illi (sc. Bushiani) iterum iterumque loquuntur - velut in 'novis technologiis', quas '''Condolentia Rice''' ministra rerum externarum denuo extulit apud Nationes Unitas loquens.”&lt;/ref&gt; (nata [[Birminghamia]]e in [[Alabama]] [[14 Novembris]], [[1954]]), ab anno 2005 usque ad 2009 fuit {{comp|66&lt;sup&gt;a&lt;/sup&gt;|“Sexagensima sexta”}} Secretaria Statūs [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitatum Foederatarum Americae]]. Alumna [[Universitas Denveriensis|universitatis Denveriensis]] et [[universitas Dominae Nostrae a Lacu|universitatis Dominae Nostrae a Lacu]], antequam hoc officium sumpsit, [[profestrix]] fuit [[scientia politica|scientiae politicae]] apud [[Universitas Stanfordiensis|Universitatem Stanfordiensem]] ubi etiam munere [[praepositus|Praepositae]] ab anno 1993 usque ad 1999 functa est.

Ferunt nomen insolitum &quot;Condoleezza&quot; ei dedisse patrem, [[organista]]m ecclesiae, qui iussum musicalem &quot;Con dolcezza&quot; (''cum dulcedine'') volebat, scribam tamen per errorem litteram &quot;e&quot; pro &quot;c&quot; inscripsisse.

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat|Condoleezza Rice|Condolentiam Rice}}
{{Fontes biographici}}
* [http://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/rice-condoleezza Vita] apud historiographi officinam {{Creanda|en|United States Department of State|Ministerium Status|ministerii statús}} Civitatum Foederatarum

{{Secretarii Status CFA}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rice, Condoleezza}}
[[Categoria:Clavilistae]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1954]]
[[Categoria:Homines vivi]]
[[Categoria:Mulieres]]
[[Categoria:Politici Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Presbyteriani Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Stanfordiensis]]
[[Categoria:Secretarii Civitatis Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Denveriensis]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Dominae Nostrae a Lacu]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Donaldus Sassoon</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>66257</id>
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      <text bytes="1377" sha1="lr7ydtrsad0i2lotsb6dktzllnlioii" xml:space="preserve">'''Donaldus Sassoon''' ([[Cairus|Cairi]] in [[Aegyptus|Aegypto]] natus familia [[Iudaei|Iudaica]]) est [[rerum gestarum scriptor]] [[Regnum Unitum|Britannicus]], qui de [[historia]] [[Italia]]e scripsit. Alumnus collegiorum [[Collegium Universitatis Londiniensis|Universitatis]] et [[Collegium Birkbeck|Birkbeck]] [[Londinium|Londiniensium]], ubi discipulus fuit [[Ericus Hobsbawm|Erici Hobsbawm]], est hodie professor emeritus historiae Europaeae comparativae apud [[Collegium Reginae Mariae (Londinium)|Collegium Reginae Mariae]] eiusdem urbis.

== Opera ==
* ''One Hundred Years of Socialism''
* ''Mona Lisa''
* ''The Culture of the Europeans''
* ''Mussolini and the Rise of Fascism''
* &quot;The Impenitent. Hobsbawm 1917-2012&quot; in ''New Left Review'' no. 77 (2012) pp. 35-42

== Nexus externus ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090611164218/http://www.history.qmul.ac.uk/staff/sassoond.html De Donaldo Sassoon] apud Collegium Reginae Mariae [[Universitas Londiniensis|Universitatis Londiniensis]] 

{{scriptor-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sassoon, Donaldus}}
[[Categoria:Historici Britanniae]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Aegypti]]
[[Categoria:Iudaei]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1946]]
[[Categoria:Homines vivi]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Collegii Universitatis Londiniensis]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Instituti Mechanicorum et Collegii Birkbeck]]
[[Categoria:Professores Collegii Reginae Mariae Londiniensis]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Bruno Buchberger</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="756" sha1="ttj7rled4j6fqojnec45c4z4hoauqbp" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Bruno Buchberger.jpg|thumb|Bruno Buchberger anno [[2005]]]]
'''Bruno Buchberger''' (natus die [[22 Octobris]] [[1942]]  [[Pons Aeni|Ponte Aeni]]) professor [[Austria]]cus [[mathematica]]e est. Bases Groebnerum de [[algorithmus|algorithmo]] sua inventionis sunt. Anno [[1985]] ipse [[periodicum]] scientificum [[computatio]]nis symbolicae (''Journal of Symbolic Computation'') condidit.

==Nexus externi==
* [http://www.risc.uni-linz.ac.at/people/buchberg/ Brunonis Buchberger pagina interretialis]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060904073517/http://genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/html/id.phtml?id=18956 De Brunone Buchberger in mathematicae genealogia]

{{bio-stipula}}

{{Lifetime|1942||Buchberger, Bruno}}
[[Categoria:Mathematici Austriae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Canakyus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="9838" sha1="ft1ekpud2f6jcxj0da2kmiyojsrjixd" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:MauryanCoin.JPG|thumb|Argenteus [[Imperium Mauryanum|Imperii Mauryani]] [[nummus]] [[rota]]m [[elephas|elephantemque]] ostendit; saeculo tertio a.C.n.]]
[[Fasciculus:Nanda Empire, c.325 BCE.png|thumb|Imperium Dhana Nanda, circa annum [[323 a.C.n.]]]]

'''Cāṇakyus''' vel Cāṇakya ([[Devanagari]] चाणक्यः&amp;nbsp;; circa [[370 a.C.n.|370]]–[[283 a.C.n.]]&lt;ref name=&quot;SKAgarwal2008&quot;&gt;{{cite book | author=S. K. Agarwal | title=Towards Improving Governance | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=1nIkFqh_TmEC&amp;pg=PA17 | accessdate=[[6 Iunii]] [[2012]] | date=[[1 Septembris]] [[2008]] | publisher=Academic Foundation | isbn=978-81-7188-666-1 | page=17}}.&lt;/ref&gt;) fuit magister, [[philosophus]], [[oeconomus]], [[ius|iurista]], et regalis consiliarius [[India|Indicus]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Kautilya aliquando appellatur cancellarius vel primus minister Chandraguptae, aliquantum sicut Bismarck&quot; (Boesche 2003).&lt;/ref&gt;

Chanakya, postquam in [[Taxila|Takṣaśila]], antiqua dogmatis sede, docuit, ascensum ad dominationem tractavit [[Candragupta Maurya|Candraguptae]] iuvenis, primi [[Imperium Mauryanum|Imperii Mauryani]] [[imperator]]is. Late tradunt eum partes magni momenti egisse in constitutionem Imperii Mauryani, quod fuit primum [[imperium]] in [[historia]] ab [[archaeologia]] confirmatum quod plurimum [[subcontinens Indicus|subcontinentis Indici]] temperavit. Chanakya fuit pro [[primus minister|primo ministro]] Chandraguptae et [[Bindusara]]e [[filius|filii]].

'''Kauṭilyus''' et '''Viṣnuguptus,''' [[nomen proprium|nomina]] quibus ''[[Kautilya Arthasastra|Arthaśāstra]],'' antiquus tractatus civilis [[Historia Indiae|Indicus]], suum [[auctor]]em nominat, Cāṇakyo usitate tribuuntur.&lt;ref name=Mabbett&gt;{{cite journal | first = I. W. | last = Mabbett | year = [[1964]] | month = Aprili | title = The Date of the Arthaśhāstra | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-american-oriental-society_april-june-1964_84_2/page/162 | journal = Journal of the American Oriental Society | volume = 84 | issue = 2 | pages = 162–69 | id = ISSN 0003-0279 | doi = 10.2307/597102 | publisher = American Oriental Society}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Cāṇakyus praecursor in disciplinis [[oeconomica]] et [[scientia politica]] habetur, et sua opera putatur gravis [[oeconomica classica|oeconomicae classicae]] praecursor.&lt;ref&gt;L. K. Jha et K. N. Jha, 1998, &quot;Chanakya: the pioneer economist of the world&quot;, ''International Journal of Social Economics'' 25 (2–4): 267–82.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bss.sfsu.edu&quot;&gt;C. Waldauer, W. J. Zahka, et S. Pal, 1996, [http://bss.sfsu.edu/mbar/ECON605/Arthashastra.pdf &quot;Kautilya's Arthashastra: A neglected precursor to classical economics,&quot;] ''Indian Economic Review, 31 (1): 101–108.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;C. Tisdell, (2003), [http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:84337 &quot;A Western perspective of Kautilya's Arthasastra: does it provide a basis for economic science?&quot;] ''Economic Theory, Applications and Issues Working Paper No. 18.'' Brisbane: School of Economics, The University of Queensland.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;B. S. Sihag, 2007, Kautilya on institutions, governance, knowledge, ethics and prosperity, ''Humanomics'' 23 (1): 5–28.&lt;/ref&gt; Canakyus saepe appellatus est [[Nicolaus Maclavellus|Maclavellum]] Indicum, sed [[liber|libri]] Cāṇakyilibros Maclavalli circa 1800 annos ante anteiverunt.&lt;ref&gt;Herbert H. Gowen, 1929, &quot;'The Indian Machiavelli' and in a much more conventional world; or Political Theory in India Two Thousand Years Ago,&quot; ''Political Science Quarterly'' 44 (2): 173–92.&lt;/ref&gt; Sua opera, prope finem [[Domus Gupta]]e amissa, iterum inventa sunt [[saeculum 20|saeculo vicensimo]] ineunte.&lt;ref name=&quot;bss.sfsu.edu&quot;/&gt;

== Opera ==
[[Duo]] Cāṇakyo tribuuntur [[liber|libri]]: ''[[Kautilya Arthasastra|Arthaśāstra]]'' et ''[[Canakya Nitisastra|Nītiśāstra]],'' etiam appellatus ''Cāṇakya Niti.'' ''Arthaśāstra'' de singulis tractat propositorum [[Propositum monetarium|monetariorum]] [[Propositum fiscale|fiscaliumque]], [[Commodum|auxiliorum ad aerarium pertinens]], [[negotia inter civitates|negotiorum inter civitates]], et [[ars belli gerendi|artis belli gerendi]]. ''Nītiśāstra'' tractat perfectam [[vita]]e viam, et Cāṇakyi studium [[Cultura Indica|culturae Indicae]] patefacit. Cāṇakyus &quot;''nītisūtrā''&quot; ('dicta, breves sententias') evolvit, 455 [[sutra]]s quae mores hominum ordinare proponunt, quorum circa 216 ''rājanīti,'' regulas ad administrandum [[regnum]], perstringunt. Cāṇakyus ut videtur his sutris usus est ad parandum Chandraguptam aliosque discipulos in arte imperii regnandi.

== Fortuna ==
Opera Cāṇakyi prope finem [[Imperium Guptana|Imperii Guptani]] amissa sunt; iterum inventa sunt anno [[1905]] a [[Rudrapatnam Shamasastry]] [[bibliotheca]]rio [[India|Indico]], qui ea anno [[1909]] divulgavit et anno [[1915]] [[Anglice]] vertit; post quem annum editiones et versiones plurimae confectae sunt. Saepimentum diplomaticum in [[Novum Dellium|Novo Dellio]] [[Canakyapuri|Cāṇakyapuri]] ad eius honorem appellatur.

===Ludi===
Nonnullae [[legendum|legendi]] Canakyi adaptationes hodiernae eius [[fabula]]m in forma [[fictio|semifictionali]] [[narratio|enarrant]], haec legenda evolventes. In ''[[Chandragupta (ludus)|Chandragupta]]'' (1911), [[ludus|ludo]] a [[Dwijendralal Ray]] scripto, Nanda [[rex]] Chandraguptam [[frater|fratrem]] consanguineum in exsilium mittit, qui suum nomen [[exercitus|exercitui]] [[Alexander Magnus|Alexandri Magni]] dat. Deinde, Chanakya et Katyayan (priore [[primus minister|primo ministro]] Magadhae) iuvantibus, Chandragupta Nandam vincit, quem Chanakya necat.&lt;ref name= sourcessukumar&gt;{{cite book |last1=Ray |first1= Dwijendralal |editor1-first=Sukumar |editor1-last=Bandyopadhyay |title=Dwijendralaler Chandragupta |trans-title=Chandragupta by Dwindralal |edition=quarta |year=[[1969]] |publisher=Modern Book Agency |location=Kolkatae |language=Bengali |pages=Preface–10–14 |trans-chapter=Preface: Historic References |chapter=Bhumika: Aitihasikata }}.&lt;/ref&gt;

{{NexInt}}
{{div col|2}}
* [[Arthashastra]]
* [[Asokus]]
* [[Bindusara]]
* [[Candragupta Maurya]]
* [[Dasaratha Maurya]]
* [[Domus Mauryana]]
* [[Imperium Magadha]]
* [[Rajamandala]]
* [[Shang Yang]] (circa [[390 a.C.n.|390]]–[[338 a.C.n.]])
{{div col end}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Boesche, Roger. [[2003]]. &quot;Kautilya's ''Arthaśāstra'' on War and Diplomacy in Ancient India.&quot; ''The Journal of Military History'' 67 (1): 9–37. ISSN 0899-3718.
* Frédéric, Louis. [[1987]]. ''Dictionnaire de la civilisation indienne.'' Robert Laffont.
* Kulke, Hermann, et Dietmar Rothermund. [[2006]]. ''Geschichte Indiens: Von der Induskultur bis heute.'' Monaci: C. H. Beck. ISBN 3-406-54997-7.
* Mabbett, I. W. [[1964]]. &quot;The Date of the Arthaśhāstra.&quot; ''Journal of the American Oriental Society'' 84 (2): 162–69. ISSN 0003-0279.
*Mookerji, Radha Kumud. (1966) [[1988]]. ''Chandragupta Maurya and his times.'' Ed. quarta. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 81-208-0433-3. [https://books.google.com/books?id=i-y6ZUheQH8C Google Books.]
* Rangarajan, L. N., conv. [[1987]]. Kautilya: ''The Arthashastra edited, rearranged, translated and introduced.'' Novi Dellii: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-044603-6.
*Rice, B. Lewis. [[1889]]. ''Epigraphia Carnatica.'' Vol. II: ''Inscriptions and Sravana Belgola.'' Bangalore: Mysore Government Central Press. [https://books.google.com/books?id=EMUUAAAAYAAJ Google Books.]
*Singh, Upinder. [[2016]]. ''A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century.'' Pearson Education. ISBN 978-93-325-6996-6 [https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq2iCwAAQBAJ Google Books.]
*Stein, O. [[1922]]. ''Megasthenes und Kautilya.'' Vindobonae: Hölder.
*Trautmann, Thomas R. [[1971]]. ''Kauṭilya and the Arthaśāstra: a statistical investigation of the authorship and evolution of the text.'' Brill. [https://books.google.com/books?id=v3iDAAAAMAAJ Google Books.]
*Varadpande, Manohar Laxman. [[2005]]. ''History of Indian Theatre.'' Abhinav. ISBN 978-81-7017-430-1. [https://books.google.com/books?id=fOZB7MbeMrAC&amp;pg=PA223 Google Books.]

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070706200542/http://www.mssu.edu/projectsouthasia/history/primarydocs/Arthashastra/index.htm Kautilyae ''Arthashastra'' (plenus 1915 Shamasastry textus, in quindecim libros divisus).]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140716182652/http://www.hinduism.co.za/chanakya.htm Chanakya Nitishastra,] www.hinduism.co.za
* [http://intellectualhinduism.blogspot.com/search/label/Chanakya Cāṇakya TV Serial Online,] intellectualhinduism.blogspot.com 
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110514081016/http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~wldciv/world_civ_reader/world_civ_reader_1/arthashastra.html Fragmenta ''Arthasastrae,''] www.wsu.edu ([https://web.archive.org/web/20100909082216/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/India/kautilya1.html Alia]) {{Ling|Anglice}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090411110659/http://www.worldofbiography.com/9046%2DChanakya/ Philosophia et Biographia,] www.worldofbiography.com
* [http://www.hinduism.co.za/kautilya.htm Studia ''Arthasastrae,''] www.hinduism.co.za
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080220051341/http://www.bharatadesam.com/literature/kautilya_arthashastra/arthashastra.php Versio ''Arthasastrae''] [[s:en:Arthashastra|idem apud Vicifontem,]] www.bharatadesam.com{{Ling|Anglice}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150112093217/http://philosophy.ru/library/asiatica/indica/authors/kautilya/canakya_niti_sastra.html Versio ''Nitisastrae,''] www.philosophy.ru {{Ling|Anglice}}

[[Categoria:Nati saeculo 4 a.C.n.]]
[[Categoria:Mortui saeculo 3 a.C.n.]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Sanscritici]]
[[Categoria:Politici Indiae]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores de re politica]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores de re militari]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Indiae]]
{{1000 paginae}}
{{Myrias|Homines}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Conditores Civitatum Foederatarum</title>
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      <text bytes="12398" sha1="fa09wl4zy4a3tim6k3wocfkr8edmj7u" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Scene_at_the_Signing_of_the_Constitution_of_the_United_States.jpg|thumb|300px|''[[Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States]],'' ab [[Howardus Chandler Christy|Howardo Chandler Christy]] picta]]

[[Fasciculus:Declaration of Independence (1819), by John Trumbull.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Pictura [[Ioannes Trumbull|Ioannis Trumbull]] usitate falso appellata depictio signationis Declarationis.&lt;!-- The painting actually depicts the [[Committee of Five|five-man drafting committee]] presenting their work to Congress. Trumbull's painting can also be found on the back of the U.S. [[United States Two dollar bill|$2 bill.]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.americanrevolution.org/deckey.html americanrevolution.org] Key to Trumbull's picture&lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;]]

'''Conditores Civitatum Foederatarum''' fuerunt [[duces publici]] qui [[Declaratio Libertatis CFA|Declarationem Libertatis Civitatum Foederatarum]] signaverunt anno [[1776]], vel in [[Res Novae Americanae|Rebus Novis Americanis]] interfuerunt, vel [[Constitutio CFA|Constitutionem Civitatum Foederatarum]] annis [[1787]]–[[1788]] composuerunt aut sanxerunt, vel administrationem [[CFA|Civitatum Foederatarum]] confecerunt.&lt;!--

Within the large group known as &quot;the founding fathers,&quot; there are two key subsets, the Signers (who signed the [[Declaration of Independence]] in 1776) and the Framers (who were delegates to the [[Federal Convention]] and took part in framing or drafting the proposed Constitution of the United States). Most historians define the &quot;founding fathers&quot; to mean a larger group, including not only the Signers and the Framers but also all those who, whether as politicians or jurists or statesmen or soldiers or diplomats or ordinary citizens, took part in winning American independence and creating the United States of America.&lt;ref&gt;R. B. Bernstein, ''The Founding Fathers Reconsidered'' (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009).&lt;/ref&gt;--&gt;

[[Ricardus B. Morris]], insignis rerum gestarum [[scriptor]] Americanus, in libro ''Seven Who Shaped Our Destiny: The Founding Fathers as Revolutionaries'' (1973), septem homines appellavit gravissimos reipublicae conditores: [[Beniaminus Franklinius|Beniaminum Franklinium]], [[Georgius Washingtonius|Georgium Washingtonium]], [[Ioannes Adams|Ioannem Adams]], [[Thomas Jeffersonius|Thomam Jeffersonium]], [[Ioannes Jay|Ioannem Jay]], [[Iacobus Madison|Iacobum Madison]], et [[Alexander Hamiltonius|Alexandrum Hamiltonium]].&lt;ref&gt;Richard B. Morris, ''Seven Who Shaped Our Destiny: The Founding Fathers as Revolutionaries'' (New York: Harper &amp; Row, 1973).&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;!--

[[Warren G. Harding]], then a Republican Senator from Ohio, coined the phrase &quot;Founding Fathers&quot; in his keynote address to the [[1916 Republican National Convention]]. He used it several times thereafter, most prominently in his 1921 inaugural address as President of the United States.&lt;ref&gt;Bernstein, ''Founding Fathers Reconsidered,'' prologue (which collects all citations for Harding's uses of the phrase or variants thereof between 1912 and 1921).&lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;

== Index Conditorum ==
=== Signatores Declarationis Libertatis ===

* [[Abraham Clark]]
* [[Arthurus Middleton]]
* [[Beniaminus Franklinius]]
* [[Beniaminus Harrison V|Benjamin Harrison]]
* [[Beniaminus Rush]]
* [[Button Gwinnett]]
* [[Caesar Rodney]]
* [[Carter Braxton]]
* [[Carolus Carroll Carrolltonensis|Carolus Carroll]]
* [[Carolus Thomson]], Congressus Continentalis scriba
* [[Eduardus Rutledge]]
* [[Elbridge Gerry]]
* [[Franciscus Hopkinson]]
* [[Franciscus Lewis]]
* [[Franciscus Lightfoot Lee]]
* [[Georgius Clymer]]
* [[Georgius Read]]
* [[Georgius Ross]]
* [[Georgius Taylor]]
* [[Georgius Walton]]
* [[Georgius Wythe]]
* [[Iacobus Smith (politicorum peritus)|Iacobus Smith]]
* [[Iacobus Wilson]]
* [[Ioannes Adams]]
* [[Ioannes Hancockius]]&lt;ref&gt;Nomen attestatum est (&quot;Joannes Hancockius&quot;) in Francis Glass, ''A Life of George Washington, in Latin Prose,'' ed. J. N. Reynolds (Novi Eboraci: Harper &amp; Brothers, 1835), pagina 48.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Ioannes Hart]]
* [[Ioannes Morton (politicorum peritus)|Ioannes Morton]]
* [[Ioannes Penn (politicorum peritus)|Ioannes Penn]]
* [[Ioannes Witherspoon]]
* [[Iosephus Hewes]]
* [[Iosiah Bartlett]]
* [[Ludovicus Morris]]
* [[Lyman Hall]]
* [[Matthaeus Thornton]]
* [[Oliverius Wolcott]]
* [[Philippus Livingston]]
* [[Ricardus Henricus Lee]]
* [[Ricardus Stockton]]
* [[Robertus Morris]]
* [[Robertus Treat Paine]]
* [[Rogerius Sherman]]
* [[Samuel Adams]]
* [[Samuel Chase]]
* [[Samuel Huntington (Connecticuta)|Samuel Huntington]]
* [[Stephanus Hopkins]]
* [[Thomas Heyward]]
* [[Thomas Jeffersonius]]
* [[Thomas Lynch]]
* [[Thomas McKean]]
* [[Thomas Nelson]]
* [[Thomas Stone]]
* [[Gulielmus Ellery]]
* [[Gulielmus Floyd]]
* [[Gulielmus Hooper]]
* [[Gulielmus Paca]]
* [[Gulielmus Whipple]]
* [[Gulielmus Williams]] 

=== Legati Conventus Constitutionalis ===
==== Legati qui signaverunt ====
* [[Abraham Baldwin]]
* [[Alexander Hamiltonius]]
* [[Beniaminus Franklinius]]
* [[Carolus Cotesworth Pinckneyus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;pinckneyus&quot;&gt;Nomen huius familiae attestatum est in Francis Glass, ''A Life of George Washington, in Latin Prose,'' ed. J. N. Reynolds (Novi Eboraci: Harper &amp; Brothers, 1835), pp. 146.&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[Daniel Carroll]]
* [[Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer]]
* [[David Brearly]]
* [[Georgius Clymer]]
* [[Georgius Read (signator)|Georgius Read]]
* [[Georgius Washingtonius]], praeses Conventus
* [[Gouverneur Morris]]
* [[Carolus Pinckneyus (gubernator)|Carolus Pinckneyus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;pinckneyus&quot; /&gt;

* [[Gunning Bedford (Minor)]]
* [[Hugh Williamson]]
* [[Iacobus Broom]]
* [[Iacobus Madison]]
* [[Iacobus McHenry]]
* [[Iacobus Wilson]]
* [[Iared Ingersoll]]
* [[Ioannes Blair]]
* [[Ioannes Dickinson (legatus Congressus)|Ioannes Dickinson]]
* [[Ioannes Langdon]]
* [[Ioannes Rutledge]]
* [[Ionathan Dayton]]
* [[Nathaniel Gorham]]
* [[Nicolaus Gilman]]
* [[Pierce Butler]]
* [[Ricardus Bassett]]
* [[Ricardus Dobbs Spaight]]
* [[Robertus Morris (mercator)|Robertus Morris]]
* [[Rogerius Sherman]]
* [[Rufus King]]
* [[Thomas Fitzsimons]]
* [[Thomas Mifflin]]
* [[Gulielmus Blount (conditor CFA)|Gulielmus Blount]]
* [[Gulielmus Cotter]]
* [[Gulielmus Few]]
* [[Gulielmus Jackson (scriba)|William Jackson]], scriba
* [[Gulielmus Livingston]]
* [[Gulielmus Paterson (iudex)|William Paterson]]
* [[Gulielmus Samuel Johnson]]

==== Legati qui discedentes non signaverunt ====
* [[Alexander Martin]]
* [[Caleb Strong]]
* [[Georgius Wythe]]
* [[Iacobus McClurg]]
* [[Ioannes Franciscus Mercer]]
* [[Ioannes Lansing]]
* [[Lutherus Martin]]
* [[Oliverius Ellsworth]]
* [[Robertus Yates]]
* [[Gulielmus Houston]]
* [[Gulielmus Houstoun (iurisconsultus)|Gulielmus Houstoun]]
* [[Gulielmus Pierce]] 
* [[Gulielmus Richardson Davie]]

==== Legati qui signare recusaverunt ====
* [[Edmundus Randolphius]]&lt;ref&gt;Nomen attestatum (&quot;Edmundum Randolphium causarum publicarum procuratorem constituit&quot;) in Francis Glass, ''A Life of George Washington, in Latin Prose,'' ed. J. N. Reynolds (Novi Eboraci: Harper &amp; Brothers, 1835), pp. 139.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Elbridge Gerry]]
* [[Georgius Mason]]

=== Alii Conditores ===
* [[Egbert Benson]]
* [[Ethan Allen]]
* [[Fridericus Gulielmus von Steuben]]&lt;!--, the [[Kingdom of Prussia|German-Prussian]] General who reorganized the [[Continental Army]] and guided it to victory--&gt;
* [[Georgius Clinton (vir publicus)|Georgius Clinton]]
* [[Gilbertus du Motier, marquis de La Fayette]]&lt;!--, French Major General, originally a volunteer, who was vital for the correspondence to and persuasion of France to support the Revolution--&gt;
* [[Henricus Knox]]
* [[Henricus Lee III]]
* [[Iacobus Monroe]], legatus [[Congressus Continentalis]], quintus [[Praeses Civitatum Foederatarum]], ultimus &quot;[[Saeculum Republicanum|Saeculi Republicani]]&quot;
* [[Iacobus Otis (Minor)]]
* [[Ioannes Jay]], primus [[Summus Iudex Civitatum Foederatarum]]
* [[Ioannes Marshall]], quartus [[Summus Iudex Civitatum Foederatarum]]
* [[Patricius Henry]]
* [[Michael Hillegas]], primus [[Praefectus Aerarii Civitatum Foederatarum]]
* [[Peytonius Randolphius]],&lt;ref&gt;Nomen attestatum (&quot;a Peytonio Randolph&quot;) in Francis Glass, ''A Life of George Washington, in Latin Prose,'' ed. J. N. Reynolds (Novi Eboraci: Harper &amp; Brothers, 1835), pagina 130. Nomen ''Randolipius'' familiae attestatum, pagina 139.&lt;/ref&gt; Praeses [[Primus Congressus Continentalis|Primi Congressus Continentalis]]
* [[Philipus Mazzei]]
* [[Ricardus Bland]]
* [[Robertus Livingston (1746–1813)|Robert R. Livingston]]
* [[Thomas Paine]]&lt;!--, who went on to champion the [[French Revolution]] in his ''[[Rights of Man]]''. He was elected to the [[National Convention]] and helped to write the constitution of [[France]]--&gt;
* [[Thomas Sim Lee]]
* [[Gulielmus Rickman]], [[medicus]], primus Director Valetudinariorum Exercitus Continentalis
* [[Luis de Unzaga y Amézaga]]&lt;ref&gt;Cazorla, Frank (2019). El gobernador Luis de Unzaga (1717-1793) Precursor en el nacimiento de los EEUU y en el liberalismo. Fundación Málaga/Ayuntamiento.&lt;/ref&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Historia Constitutionis Civitatum Foederataerum]]
* [[Index conditorum civitatum]] (totius mundi)
* [[Index legatorum Congressus Continentalis]]
* [[Iura Anglicorum]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* ''American National Biography Online,'' (2000).
* Richard B. Bernstein, ''Are We to Be a Nation? The Making of the Constitution'' (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1987).
* R. B. Bernstein, ''The Founding Fathers Reconsidered'' (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009).
* Richard D. Brown. &quot;The Founding Fathers of 1776 and 1787: A Collective View,&quot; ''William and Mary Quarterly,'' 3rd Ser., Vol. 33, No. 3 (Jul., 1976), pp. 465-480 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0043-5597(197607)3%3A33%3A3%3C465%3ATFFO1A%3E2.0.CO%3B2-G online at JSTOR].
* Henry Steele Commager, &quot;Leadership in Eighteenth-Century America and Today,&quot; ''Daedalus'' 90 (Fall 1961): 650-673, reprinted in Henry Steele Commager, ''Freedom and Order'' (New York: George Braziller, 1966).
* Joseph J. Ellis. ''Founding Brothers: The Revolutionary Generation'' (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2000), winner of the Pulitzer Prize for History.
* Joanne B. Freeman, ''Affairs of Honor: National Politics in the New Republic'' (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001).
* Jack P. Greene. &quot;The Social Origins of the American Revolution: An Evaluation and an Interpretation,&quot; ''Political Science Quarterly,'' Vol. 88, No. 1 (Mar., 1973), pp. 1-22 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0032-3195(197303)88%3A1%3C1%3ATSOOTA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-U online in JSTOR].
* P.M.G. Harris, &quot;The Social Origins of American Leaders: The Demographic Foundations, &quot; ''Perspectives in American History'' 3 (1969): 159-364.
* Mark E. Kann; ''The Gendering of American Politics: Founding Mothers, Founding Fathers, and Political Patriarchy'' (New York: Frederick Praeger, 1999). 
* Adrienne Koch; ''Power, Morals, and the Founding Fathers: Essays in the Interpretation of the American Enlightenment'' (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1961). 
* Frank Lambert. ''The Founding Fathers and the Place of Religion in America.'' (Princeton, NJ&gt; Princeton University Press, 2003).
* Martin, James Kirby. ''Men in Rebellion: Higher Governmental Leaders and the coming of the American Revolution,'' (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1973; reprint, New York: Free Press, 1976).
* Morris, Richard B. ''Seven Who Shaped Our Destiny: The Founding Fathers as Revolutionaries'' (New York: Harper &amp; Row, 1973).
* Robert Previdi; &quot;Vindicating the Founders: Race, Sex, Class, and Justice in the Origins of America,&quot; ''Presidential Studies Quarterly,'' Vol. 29, 1999 
* Cokie Roberts. ''Founding Mothers: The Women Who Raised Our Nation'' (New York: William Morrow, 2005)
* Gordon S. Wood. ''Revolutionary Characters: What Made the Founders Different'' (New York: Penguin Press, 2006)

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040623090934/http://www.archives.gov/national_archives_experience/constitution_founding_fathers.html NARA Americae patres conditores]
* [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9437376/The-Founding-Fathers-and-Slavery Encyclopaedia Britannica, Patres conditores et servitus]
* [http://www.bethlehempaonline.com/signers.html Quod accidit Libertatis Declarationis subscriptores?] What Happened to the Signers of the Declaration of Independence?

[[Categoria:Res Novae Americanae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Venkata Raman</title>
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      <comment>de vita academica</comment>
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      <text bytes="1097" sha1="9kaocqf9v4aex3cmq1czxx60sucjs88" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Sir CV Raman.JPG|thumb|Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman.]]
'''Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman''' [[Eques]] (natus in [[Tiruchirappalli]] die [[7 Novembris]] [[1888]]; [[Bengalurus|Bengaluri]] mortuus die [[21 Novembris]] [[1970]]), usitate '''C. V. Raman''' appellatus  fuit [[physicus]] [[India]]nus, qui [[Praemium Nobelianum Physicae|Nobelianum Physicae Praemium]] anno [[1930]] accepit. Studium et inventum die [[28 Februarii]] [[1928]] de mutatione [[longitudo undae|longitudinis undarum]] [[lumen|luminis]] fecit, quod diffusio Ramaniana ex eo nominatur. Et professor [[Universitas Calcuttensis|Universitatis Calcuttensi]] fuit. 

[[Subramanyan Chandrasekhar]] fuit eius [[patruus]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Spectrographia]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1930/ De Venkata Raman] in pagina Nobeliano Physicae Praemio dicata {{Ling|Anglice}}

{{scien-bio-stipula}}

{{Lifetime|1888|1970|Raman, Venkata}}

[[Categoria:Physici Indiae]]
[[Categoria:Praemium Nobelianum Physicae]]
[[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Calcuttensis]]
{{Myrias|Homines}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Fridericus Bohl</title>
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      <text bytes="1790" sha1="acp8cxfjnqrjo9zv5wvaemj2kzs1xts" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:FBOHL1.jpg|thumb|Fridericus Bohl anno 2008]]
'''Fridericus''' (vulgo: ''Friedrich'') '''Bohl''' (natus [[5 Martii]] [[1945]] [[Rosdorfium|Rosdorfii]] apud [[Goettinga]]m) vir publicus [[Germania]]e et sodalis [[Christiana Democratica Unio Germaniae|Christianae Democraticae Unionis Germaniae]] (CDU) est.

== Iuventus et Munus ==
Postquam anno [[1964]] maturitatem accepit, Bohl [[Marburgum|Marburgi]] iurisprudentiae studebat atque [[1969]] primam, [[1972]] secundam probationem adeptus est. Eodem anno iurisconsultus, anno [[1976]] notarius admissus est. Post cursum honoris nunc cum aliis societatem regit, quae hominibus in pecunia augenda consulet.

== Cursus honorum ==
Ab anno [[1963]] Bohl sodalis [[Unio iuvenilis|Unionis Iuvenilis]] et CDU est. Annis [[1970]] - [[1980]] legatus senatus terrae [[Hassia]]e fuit. 1980 legatus [[Dieta Foederalis Germaniae|Dietae Foederalis Germaniae]] creatus est. [[26 Novembris]] [[1991]] [[Helimutus Kohl]] eum [[Administer Foederalis Officiorum Praecipuorum|Administrum Foederalem Officiorum Praecipuorum]] et praesidem [[Officium Cancellarii|Officii Cancellarii]] nominavit. Hunc honorem ad finem consilii ministrorum Kohl post electionem Dietae Foederalis anni 1998 gessit. Anno [[2002]] etiam Dietam Foederalem reliquit.

== Nexus externi ==
* [http://webarchiv.bundestag.de/cgi/show.php?fileToLoad=213&amp;id=1041 Curriculum vitae in pagina Dietae Foederalis]

{{Administri Foederales Officiorum Praecipuorum (Germania)}}
{{Consilium Ministrorum Kohl IV}}
{{Consilium Ministrorum Kohl V}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bohl, Fridericus}}
[[Categoria:Nati 1945]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Marburgensis]]
[[Categoria:Legati Diaetae foederalis Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Administri Foederales Officiorum Praecipuorum]]
[[Categoria:Homines vivi]]</text>
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    <title>Bernhardus Rust</title>
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[[Fasciculus:Bundesarchiv Bild 119-1998, Bernhard Rust.jpg|thumb|left|Bernhardus Rust anno 1934]]
'''Bernhardus''' (''Bernhard'') '''Rust''' (natus [[30 Septembris]] [[1883]] [[Hannovera]]e, mortuus [[8 Maii]] [[1945]] [[Borna Castra|Bornis Castris]] ([[Saxonia Inferior]])) vir publicus [[Germania]]e et sodalis NSDAP fuit.

== Iuventus et munus ==
Rust, postquam maturitatem adeptus est, litteris Theodiscis, linguisque Latina et Graeca studebat et ab anno [[1909]] magister in gymnasio Hannoverae laboravit. [[primum bellum mundanum|Primo bello mundano]] ab anno [[1914]] miles interfuit et graviter caput vulneratus est. Post bellum iterum magister operam dedit.

== Cursus honorum ==
Iam ab anno [[1922]] Rust sodalis NSDAP fuit et mox dux regionum diversarum factionis in Germania septentrionalis factus est. Anno [[1930]] e munere magistri dimissus est. Alii ebrietatis causa, alii propter stuprum illicitum cum discipula dicunt. Eodem anno legatus [[Dieta Imperii Germanici|Dietae Imperii Germanici]] electus est. Die [[2 Februarii]] [[1933]] Rust administer educationis [[Borussia]]e pro tempore factus est. Anno [[1934]] hoc administerium Borussiae cum simili administerio Imperii nuper creato consociatum est et Rust nunc Administer Imperii factus est. Quamquam Rust acriter consuluit, ut sensus et consilia nazistarum in educatione discipulorum semper promulgarentur, tamen non multum adeptus est, quod alii duces Nazistarum plus apud [[Adolfus Hitler|Adolfum Hitler]] potuerunt. Cum Germania [[secundum bellum mundanum|secundo bello mundano]] victa esset, Rust [[8 Maii]] [[1945]] mortem sibi conscivit.

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat|Bernhard Rust|Bernhardum Rust}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090207034316/http://www.vernetztes-gedaechtnis.de/biorust.htm Curriculum vitae et imago (lingua Theodisca)]
* [http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/bsb00000005/images/index.html?nativeno=452 Biographia in Libro legatorum Dietae Imperii Germaniae]

{{Consilium Ministrorum Hitler}}

{{Lifetime|1883|1945|Rust, Bernhardus}}

[[Categoria:Participes primi belli mundani]]
[[Categoria:Administri Imperii (Germania)]]
[[Categoria:Legati Dietae Imperii Germaniae (Res publica Vimariana)]]
[[Categoria:Legati Dietae Imperii Germaniae (Dictatura Nazista)]]
[[Categoria:Homines qui sibi mortem consciverunt]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Carolus Aurelianensis</title>
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      <text bytes="2177" sha1="8lb6umfgbctef4nb32b51xcure9albd" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
'''Carolus Aurelianensis''' ([[Francogallice]] ''Charles d'Orléans''), natus [[Lutetia]]e die [[24 Novembris]] [[1394]] et mortuus [[Ambacia]]e die [[5 Ianuarii]] [[1465]], fuit princeps et [[poesis|poeta]] [[Francia|Francicus]]. Filius [[Ludovicus Aurelianensis|Ludovici]], ducis Aurelianensis, et Valentinae Vicecomitis erat.

Post [[Asincurtis]] cladem, obses in Anglia viginti quinque annos manere coactus est, et ab hac diuturna infelicitate poeseos suae materiam traxit. Eques fuit [[ordo Aurei Velleris|Ordinis Aurei Velleris]].

In [[matrimonium]] duxit
* Isabellam, filiam regis [[Carolus VI (rex Franciae)|Caroli VI]], e qua genuit filiam
* Bonnam, filiam Bernardi Armaniaci
* Mariam Cliviensem, e qua genuit [[Ludovicus XII (rex Franciae)|Ludovicum XII]] et duas filias

== Bibliographia ==
; Editiones operum
* Charles d'Héricault (ed.), ''Poésies complètes de Charles d'Orléans, revues sur les manuscrits''. 2 voll. Lutetiae: Flammarion, 1915 [https://archive.org/details/posiescomplt00charuoft 2 voll. in uno apud ''Internet Archive'']

; Editiones documentorum
* Antoine Leroux de Lincy, ed., ''La bibliothèque de Charles d'Orléans a son chateau de Blois en 1427, publiée pour la première fois d'après l'inventaire original''. Lutetiae, 1843 [https://web.archive.org/web/20250224164831/https://numelyo.bm-lyon.fr/f_view/BML:BML_00GOO0100137001103225087 Textus] apud Lugdunenses

; Eruditio
* T. Foffano, &quot;Charles d’Orléans e un gruppo di umanisti lombardi in Normandia&quot; in ''Aevum'' vol. 41 (1967) pp. 452-473
* T. Foffano, &quot;Umanisti italiani in Normandia nel secolo XV&quot; in ''Rinascimento'' vol. 15 (1964) pp. 3-34

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Charles I de Valois, Duke of Orléans|Carolum Aurelianensem}}
* [[Bibliotheca Nationalis Francica|BNF]] MS. Fr. 25458 (Poëmata Caroli Aurelianensis aliorumque a se ipso exscripta)
** [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b105325836 Catalogus et series imaginum]

[[Categoria:Nati 1394]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1465]]
[[Categoria:Poetae Franciae]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Francogallici]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Franciae]]
[[Categoria:Nobiles Franciae]]
[[Categoria:Incarcerati]]</text>
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    <title>Ioannes Gončarov</title>
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{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
'''Ioannes Alexandri filius Gončarov''' ([[Russice]] Иван Александрович Гончаров, [[translitteratio|tr.]] ''Ivan Aleksandrovič Gončarov''; [[18 Iunii]] [[1812]]–[[27 Septembris]] [[1891]]) fuit [[scriptor]] et [[criticus]] [[Russia|Russicus]], ut auctor [[prosa]]e [[realismus (artes)|realisticae]] notus, socius correspondens [[Academia Scientiarum Petropolitana|Academiae Scientiarum Petropolitanae]] (ab anno [[1860]]). 

Ioannes Gončarov in schola mercatoria et dein in [[Universitas Moscuensis|Universitate Moscuensi]] educatus est. In circumnavigatione navis ''Pallada'', annis [[1852]]–[[1855]] perfecta, ut secretarius participavit. Paulo post scriptura sua de hac re in lucem edidit. Ab anno [[1856]] censor, dein autem editor principalis diarii officialis fuit. Anno [[1859]], [[mythistoria]]m &quot;''Oblomov''&quot; (Russice: &quot;Обломов&quot;) publicavit de qua [[Theodorus Dostoevskij]] bene aestimavit.

== Opera selecta ==
* 1847: [[Обыкновенная история]] (''Historia usitata'')
* 1858: [[Фрегат «Паллада»]] (''Fregata 'Pallas' '', de circumnavigatione sua)
* 1859: [[Обломов]] (''Oblomov'')
* 1869: [[Обрыв]] (''Locus praeceps'')

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Ivan Goncharov|Ioannem Gončarov}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160701025518/http://www.goncharov.spb.ru/ Situs interretialis de Ioanne Gončarov] {{ling|Russice}}
* [http://bse.sci-lib.com/article011657.html Pagina de Ioanne Gončarov ''Encyclopaediae Sovieticae Magnae'' editionis tertiae] {{ling|Russice}}

{{scriptor-stipula}}

{{Lifetime|1812|1891|Goncarov, Ioannes}}

[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Moscuensis]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Russici]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Imperii Russici]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Russiae]]
[[Categoria:Socii Academiae Scientiarum Russicae]]</text>
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{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
'''Ioannes Alexandri filius Gončarov''' ([[Russice]] Иван Александрович Гончаров, [[translitteratio|tr.]] ''Ivan Aleksandrovič Gončarov''; [[18 Iunii]] [[1812]]–[[27 Septembris]] [[1891]]) fuit [[scriptor]] et [[criticus]] [[Russia|Russicus]], ut auctor [[prosa]]e [[realismus (artes)|realisticae]] notus, socius correspondens [[Academia Scientiarum Petropolitana|Academiae Scientiarum Petropolitanae]] (ab anno [[1860]]). 

Ioannes Gončarov in schola mercatoria et dein in [[Universitas Moscuensis|Universitate Moscuensi]] educatus est. In circumnavigatione navis ''Pallada'', annis [[1852]]–[[1855]] perfecta, ut secretarius participavit. Paulo post scriptura sua de hac re in lucem edidit. Ab anno [[1856]] censor, dein autem editor principalis diarii officialis fuit. Anno [[1859]], [[mythistoria]]m &quot;''Oblomov''&quot; (Russice: &quot;Обломов&quot;) publicavit de qua [[Theodorus Dostoevskij]] bene aestimavit.

== Opera selecta ==
* 1847: [[Обыкновенная история]] (''Historia usitata'')
* 1858: [[Фрегат «Паллада»]] (''Fregata 'Pallas' '', de circumnavigatione sua in [[fregata|navi fregata]] clara)
* 1859: [[Обломов]] (''Oblomov'')
* 1869: [[Обрыв]] (''Locus praeceps'')

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Ivan Goncharov|Ioannem Gončarov}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160701025518/http://www.goncharov.spb.ru/ Situs interretialis de Ioanne Gončarov] {{ling|Russice}}
* [http://bse.sci-lib.com/article011657.html Pagina de Ioanne Gončarov ''Encyclopaediae Sovieticae Magnae'' editionis tertiae] {{ling|Russice}}

{{scriptor-stipula}}

{{Lifetime|1812|1891|Goncarov, Ioannes}}

[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Moscuensis]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Russici]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Imperii Russici]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Russiae]]
[[Categoria:Socii Academiae Scientiarum Russicae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>David McAllister</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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'''David McAllister''' ([[Berolinum|Berolini]] patre [[Scotia|Scotico]] die [[12 Ianuarii]] [[1971]] natus), [[causidicus]], est vir publicus [[Germania]]e et sodalis [[Christiana Democratica Unio Germaniae|Christianae Democraticae Unionis Germaniae]]. A die [[1 Iulii]] [[2010]] McAllister praeses ministrorum [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] est.

== Origo, iuventus, munus ==
[[Fasciculus:A23A8739 (45389253611).jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|[[Manfredus Weber]] (ad sinistram), [[Angela Merkel]], David McAllister [[Bruxellae|Bruxellis]] ad congressum [[factio popularis Europaea|factionis popularis Europaeae]] anno 2018 colloquentes]]
Pater eius origine [[Scotia|Scotica]] centurio exercitus [[Britannia|Britannici]] erat, qui ab anno [[1953]] [[Berolinum|Berolini]] militavit, quae urbs tum inter victores [[Bellum Orbis Terrarum II|Belli Orbis Terrarum II]] divisa est. Mater magistra linguae Theodiscae et musicae fuit. Primo cum sororibus maioribus duabus Berolini vixit, anno [[1982]] familia in oppidum ''Bederkesam'' in Saxoniam Inferiorem movit. David et Theodiscam et Anglicam linguam edidiscit atque cives Britanniae ut [[Germania]]e est. Anno [[1989]] maturitatem adeptus est et deinde ipse miles conscriptus in Exercitu Germanico fuit. Ab anno [[1991]] [[Hannovera]]e iurisprudentiae studebat atque anno [[1996]] primam, [[1998]] secundam probationem accepit. Posthac causidicus operam dedit.

== Familia ==
Anno [[2003]] uxorem duxit et ex ea duas filias habet.

== Cursus honorum ==
[[Fasciculus:EPP Zagreb Congress in Croatia, 20-21 November 2019 (49100062426) cropped.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|David McAllister (ad sinistram), [[Donaldus Tusk]], [[Antonius López-Istúriz White]] [[Zagrabia]]e ad congressum [[factio popularis Europaea|factionis popularis Europaeae]] anno 2019 picti]]
McAllister ab anno [[1988]] sodalis factionis CDU est atque annis [[1991]] - [[1994]] praeses [[Unio iuvenilis|Unionis Iuvenilis]] pagi Cuxhaviae et annis 1996 - 2010 etiam legatus huius pagi erat. Annis [[1996]] - [[2002]] decurio oppidi Bederkesae et ab anno [[2001]] etiam magister civium hic erat. Ab anno [[1998]] legatus senatus terrae Saxoniae Inferioris, ab anno [[2008]] etiam praeses factionis CDU huius terrae est. Annis [[2003]] - 2010 praeses legatorum CDU in senatus terrae fuit, deinde successor [[Christianus Wulff|Christiani Wulff]] praeses ministrorum electus est. Sed die [[20 Ianuarii]] [[2013]] electionem senatus terrae perdidit&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.wahlrecht.de/ergebnisse/niedersachsen.htm http://www.wahlrecht.de/ergebnisse/niedersachsen.htm]&lt;/ref&gt; et a die [[19 Februarii]] successor eius praeses ministrorum [[Stephanus Weil]] ([[SPD]]) est&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/inland/niedersachsen-weil-zum-ministerpraesidenten-gewaehlt-12085925.html FAZ.net die 19 Februarii 2013]&lt;/ref&gt;. Die [[26 Martii]] [[2014]] legatus senatus terrae Saxoniae Inferioris se recepit&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.tagesspiegel.de/meinung/europawahl-david-mcallister-und-sein-abschied-aus-hannover/9672896.html Der Tagesspiegel (Berolinum) die 26 Martii 2014]&lt;/ref&gt; atque candidatus summus suae factionis electionis [[Parlamentum Europaeum|Parlamenti Europaei]], quae die [[25 Maii]] habenda, electus est&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.taz.de/!136237/ TAZ (Berolinum) die 5 Aprilis 2014]&lt;/ref&gt;. Hoc mense etiam sodalis praesidii summi factionis totius CDU factus est&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140528141241/http://www.cdu.de/vorstand/david-mcallister Curriculum vitae in pagina factionis CDU]&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Jennifer Rankin, &quot;[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/17/not-sad-to-do-this-job-the-merkel-ally-leading-eus-brexit-team 'Not sad to do this job': the Merkel ally leading EU's Brexit team]&quot; in ''[[The Guardian]]'' (17 Martii 2020)

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130428184436/http://www.mcallister.de/ David McAllister pagina interretialis]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140528141241/http://www.cdu.de/vorstand/david-mcallister Curriculum vitae apud paginam factionis CDU]

{{Praesides Ministrorum Saxoniae Inferioris}}

{{Lifetime|1971||Macallister, David}}

[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Hannoverensis]]
[[Categoria:Praesides ministrorum Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Causidici]]
[[Categoria:Legati Parlamenti Europaei]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Colin Maclaurin</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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'''Colin Maclaurin''' (natus in vico [[Kilmodan]] [[Argathelia]]e mense Februario [[1698]]; [[Edimburgum|Edimburgi]] mortuus die [[14 Iunii]] [[1746]]) fuit [[mathematicus]] [[Scotia|Scoticus]] qui [[puer mirabilis]] fuit. Cadogan fuit sodalis [[Regalis Societas Londini|Regalis Societatis Londiniensis]], cui anno [[1719]] cooptatus est, professorque apud [[Universitas Aberdonensis|Aberdonenses]] et [[Universitas Edinburgensis|Edinburgenses]]. Et unus qui [[Regalis Societas Edinburgensis|Regalis Societatis Edinburgensis]] constituerunt.

==Bibliographia==
*Bruneau, Olivier. [[2011]]. ''Colin Maclaurin, l'obstination mathématicienne d'un newtonien.'' Presses Universitaires de Nancy.

== Nexus externus ==
*  [https://web.archive.org/web/20060425034741/http://www.maths.tcd.ie/pub/HistMath/People/Maclaurin/RouseBall/RB_Maclaurin.html Biographia] {{Ling|Anglice}}

{{scien-bio-stipula}}
{{Lifetime|1698|1746|Maclaurin, Colin}}
[[Categoria:Incolae Argatheliae]]
[[Categoria:Eruditi Scotiae]]
[[Categoria:Mathematici Scotiae]]
[[Categoria:Socii Regalis Societatis Londiniensis]]
[[Categoria:Professores Academiae Marischallanae]]
[[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Edinburgensis]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ericus Reitzenstein</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="864" sha1="hun4jmiee1assa5eh8fn97q9rz7z4gh" xml:space="preserve">'''Ericus Reitzenstein''' ([[Argentoratum|Argentorati]] natus die [[30 Augusti]] [[1897]]; [[Moguntiacum|Moguntiaci]] die [[27 Februarii]] [[1976]] mortuus), philologi [[Ricardus Reitzenstein|Ricardi Reitzenstein]] filius et [[Franciscus Boll|Francisci Boll]] discipulus, fuit ipse sermonum antiquorum [[philologus]], [[linguista]] et [[religio]]num historiae peritus [[Germania|Germanicus]]. 

== Nexus externi ==
*{{PND|139899111}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080503192302/http://www.catalogus-professorum-halensis.de/reitzensteinerich.html De Erico Reitzenstein] in Catalogo Professurum Halensi

{{bio-stipula}}

{{Lifetime|1897|1976|Reitzenstein, Ericus}}
[[Categoria:Auctores Theodisci]]
[[Categoria:Philologi Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Hallensis]]
[[Categoria:Interpretes Graeco-Latini]]
[[Categoria:Interpretes Graeco-Theodisci]]</text>
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{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}

{{res|Andreas Gow}}, vulgo plene ''Andrew Sydenham Farrar Gow'' (natus die [[27 Augusti]] [[1886]]; mortuus die [[2 Februarii]] [[1978]]), [[philologus]], praecipue de [[litterae Graecae|litteris Graecis]] classicis operam dedit. Socius fuit ab anno [[1911]] [[Collegium Trinitatis (Cantabrigia)|Collegii Trinitatis]] apud [[Universitas Cantabrigiensis|Cantabrigienses]]. Editiones confecit textuum Graecorum [[Theocritus|Theocriti]], [[Nicander Colophonius|Nicandri]], [[Machon]]is, et [[epigramma]]tum Hellenisticorum et Romanorum ex ''[[Anthologia Palatina]]'' extractis, commentariis eruditissimis munitas. Brevem conscripsit [[Alfredus Eduardus Housman|A. E. Housman]] [[poëta]]e philologique vitam.

== De vita ==
[[Fasciculus:Degas Head of Thérèse Degas Gow Fitzwilliam.jpg|thumb|[[Edgarus Degas]], effigies sororis suae Thérèse Degas: adumbratio c. 1856 facta, iussu Andreae Gow anno 1978 [[Museum Fitzwilliamense|Museo Fitzwilliamensi]] data (PD.24-1978)]]
Filius fuit Iacobi Gow, magistri scholae [[Nottinghamia|Nottinghamiensis]]: ibi a principio sed ab anno [[1900]] apud [[schola Rugbeiensis|scholam Rugbeiensem]] educatus est. Pater postea [[Collegium Sancti Petri ad Westmonasterium|Collegii Westmonasteriensis]] magister anno [[1923]] moriturus erat.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Death of Dr. Gow&quot; in ''[[The Times]]'' (17 Februarii 1923) [https://link-gale-com.lonlib.idm.oclc.org/apps/doc/CS219485265/TTDA?u=lonlib&amp;sid=bookmark-TTDA&amp;xid=bb79c63c situs venalis]&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Fasciculus:Degas Woman bathing Gow Fitzwilliam a.jpg|thumb|[[Edgarus Degas]], ''Mulier se lavans'': adumbratio iussu Andreae Gow anno 1978 [[Museum Fitzwilliamense|Museo Fitzwilliamensi]] data (PD.33-1978)]]
Andreas Gow Rugbei haud iucunde morans, [[Rupertus Brooke|Rupertum Brooke]] poëtam primum cognovit cum quo, [[Cantabrigia]]m anno [[1905]] progressus, scholarius in Collegium Trinitatis receptus, fabulam [[Christophorus Marlowe|Marlovianam]] ''[[Doctor Faustus (Marlowe)|Doctoris Fausti]]'' docuit. Ibi amicos coaevos cognovit, ambos collegii Westmonasteriensis alumnos, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Donaldus Struan Robertson|Donaldum Robertson|en|qid=Q5295198}} regium professorem Graecitatis futurum, et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Henricus S. Ioannis Philby|Henricum Philby|en|qid=Q584868}}, linguarum Orientalium studiosum. Lecturas [[Gulielmus Ridgeway|Gulielmi Ridgeway]] de archaeologia classica, [[Arthurus Woollgar Verrall|Arthuri Verrall]] de litteris Graecis auscultavit. Dissertatione submissa de rebus philologicis variis, socius collegii Trinitatis anno [[1911]] electus est, eodem anno quo [[Alfredus Eduardus Housman|A. E. Housman]] cui longa amicitia iunctus est. Dissertatio mox in commentationibus fere quinque destillata est.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Θυμέλη 1912}}; {{qc|id=Masks 1912}}; {{qc|id=Plough 1914}}; {{qc|id=Wagon 1914}}; {{qc|id=Σύριγξ (1914)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Fasciculus:Degas Portrait of the dancer Jules Perrot Gow Fitzwilliam.jpg|thumb|[[Edgarus Degas]], ''Saltator Jules Perrot'': adumbratio iussu Andreae Gow anno 1978 [[Museum Fitzwilliamense|Museo Fitzwilliamensi]] data (PD.25-1978)]]
Lector non iam promotus, magister apud [[Collegium Etonense]] inter annos 1914 et 1925 operam dedit, ubi inter discipulos erant [[Alexander Douglas-Home]] primus minister futurus, [[Georgius Orwell]] scriptor (vero nomine Eric Blair).&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Meyers (2015)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Puerorum Etonensium plures eum timuisse dicuntur: sunt qui ''Wog'', sunt qui ''Granny Gow'' (&quot;aviam Gow&quot;) nuncupabant. Collegam {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Christie|Ioannem Christie|en|qid=Q4241259}}, qui [[theatrum]] [[Melodrama (musica)|melodramaticum]] [[Glyndebourne]] apud se conditurus erat, in amicum convertit et saepe annis insequentibus visitavit.

[[Fasciculus:Degas View of the fortress San Elmo Gow Fund Fitzwilliam.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|[[Edgarus Degas]], ''Despectus in castellum S. Elmi'' in [[Italia]]: tabula picta munificentiae Andreae Gow ope a [[Museum Fitzwilliamense|Museo Fitzwilliamensi]] empta (PD.18-2000)]]
In collegium Trinitatis revocatus, lector ab anno [[1925]] tutorque ab [[1929]] laborans (quem pauci amabant, plurimi severissimum aestimabant), inquisitiones classicas resumpsit, sed libros, quos ab initio divulgari iussit, non de his rebus sed de amicorum mortuorum studiis redoluerunt, imprimis volumen alterum operis Gulielmi Ridgeway de Graecia archaica (volumine primo ante triginta annis edita) quod e schedis sparsissimis Gow cum amico et collega Donaldo Robertson in librum contexerunt. Biographiam philologicam bibliographiamque Alfredi Housman nuper mortui edidit, de poësi Anglica vitaque sensuali sicut infandis tacens; editionem [[Manilius|Manilii]] poëtae astronomici Latini, iam ab Housman quinque voluminibus datam, recensuit. [[Secundum bellum mundanum|Secundo bello mundano]] superveniente Cantabrigiae manebat collegiumque suum contra impulsos aërios munire curabat. His annis litteras de rebus Cantabrigiensibus vitaque quotidiana discipulis et amicis qui in exercitu Britannico militabant saepe emisit.

Seriem commentationum anno [[1913]] inceptam de singulis idyliis [[Theocritus|Theocriteis]] usque in [[1943]] producebat dum editionem Theocriteam parat. Quae editio, versione Anglica commentarioque plenissimo munita, duobus voluminibus anno [[1950]] divulgari iussit. Eisdem annis textum ''Bucolicorum Graecorum'' (minori apparatu critico) versionemque separatim insuper edidit, sed laudes philologorum editioni maiori reservatae sunt. Annis insequentibus editiones divulgavit auctoris scurrilis [[Machon]]is poëtaeque didactici [[Nicander Colophonius|Nicandri Colophonii]] sed hoc casu cum amico [[Alwyn Faber Scholfield|A. F. Scholfield]] bibliothecario universitatis collaboravit: hic de re botanica, ille de re zoologica quaesivit. Denuo editionem epigrammatum Graecorum ''[[Anthologia Palatina|Anthologiae Palatinae]]'' parare suscepit, sed, magnitudinem laboris timens, collegam [[Dionysius Page|Dionysium Page]] adiutorem accepit. Primis voluminibus huius editionis, anno [[1965]] duce Gow editis, epigrammata aevi Hellenistici cum versione et commentariis divulgaverunt, quae magna parte olim a [[Meleager Gadarenus|Meleagro]] congesta fuisse censentur; voluminibus tertio et quarto, anno [[1968]] duce Page emissis, carmina aevi Romani recensa sunt, magna parte a [[Philippus Thessalonicensis|Philippo]] iamdudum congesta. Post annum 1968, magis magisque morbo arthritico aegrotans, pauca scripsit.

Hac inscriptione in sacella Collegii Trinitatis Cantabrigiensis commemoratus est:
:&lt;small&gt;ANDREW SYDENHAM FARRAR GOW&lt;/small&gt;, huius collegii discipulus et per annos &lt;small&gt;LVIII&lt;/small&gt; socius, pueros Etonenses docendo iuventutem dedit. In collegii societatem revocatus lectoris et tutoris officia diligenter praestitit, Theocriti aliorumque illius aetatis poetarum carmina accurate recensuit copiose illustravit. Idem picturae et sculpturae existimator spectatus exempla insignia a se congesta academiae legavit. Aegrotationem diuturnam constanter perpessus obiit a.s. &lt;small&gt;MCMLXXVIII&lt;/small&gt; suae aetatis &lt;small&gt;XCII&lt;/small&gt;.

== De rebus minime philologicis ==
Studiis bellarum artium [[Cantabrigia]]e a fere omnibus eo aevo spretis, Gow iam tiro aestimationem picturarum apud discipulos favebat. Annis [[1912]] et 1913 [[Germania]]m saepe petivit ad linguam Theodiscam discendam sed etiam ad artium historiam per musea imbibendam. Deinde apud illum artium amatores libros de pictoribus reperire potebant; ille lecturas de arte Graeca antiqua studentibus proferebat; cum Scholfield annis 1920 et 1930 ecclesias et pinacothecas [[Italia]]e septentrionalis quotannis visitabat. His lecturis peregrinationibusque [[Renascentia]]m favebat, [[Barocum]] stilosque recentiores reiecit, sed senescens collectum componere coepit adumbrationum statuarumque [[Edgarus Degas|Edgari Degas]] quae [[Museum Fitzwilliamense|Museo Fitzwilliamensi]] legavit.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Bequest (1978)}}; {{qc|id=Roberts (1978)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amicitias semper masculinas colebat: ad Housman et Scholfield addi oportet [[Antonius Blunt|Antonium Blunt]] artium historicus, ab anno fere 1925 discipulus, socius Collegii Trinitatis suadente Gow anno [[1932]] electus, semper amicus, qui primus, post Andreae Gow mortem, de illis bellarum artium studiis scripsit.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Blunt (1978)}}, cf. {{qc|id=Sandbach (1979)}} pp. 437-440&lt;/ref&gt; Blunt emissarius [[Unio Sovietica|Sovieticus]] iam annis 1930 et 1940 fuerat; iam mense Maio [[1970]] Gow hanc rem arcanam ad [[Brianus Sewell|Brianum Sewell]], scriptorem de arte homosexualem, revelaverat.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Sewell (2012)}} pp. 117-118; Brian Sewell, Ben MacIntyre, &quot;Anthony Blunt and Me&quot; in ''[[The Times]]'' (20 Octobris 2012) [https://link-gale-com.lonlib.idm.oclc.org/apps/doc/IF0504427558/TTDA?u=lonlib&amp;sid=bookmark-TTDA&amp;xid=22527ab0 situs venalis]&lt;/ref&gt; Anno 1979 ergo, Gow iam mortuo Bluntque iam infamo, Sewell Andream Gow secretum ducem {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Emissarii Cantabrigienses|emissariorum plurum|en|qid=Q656544}} qui e Collegio Trinitatis emerserant fuisse proposuit (i.e. [[Donaldus Maclean|Donaldum Maclean]], [[Guido Burgess|Guidonem Burgess]], [[Haroldus Philby|Haroldum Philby]] Henrici filium, Antonium Blunt, [[Ioannes Cairncross|Ioannem Cairncross]]),&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Sewell (2012)}} pp. 127-128; Brian Sewell, Ben MacIntyre, &quot;Anthony Blunt and Me&quot; in ''[[The Times]]'' (20 Octobris 2012) [https://link-gale-com.lonlib.idm.oclc.org/apps/doc/IF0504427558/TTDA?u=lonlib&amp;sid=bookmark-TTDA&amp;xid=22527ab0 situs venalis]&lt;/ref&gt; nonnullis adnuentibus,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Brian Sewell&quot; [necrologia] in ''[[The Times]]'' (21 Septembris 2015) [https://link-gale-com.lonlib.idm.oclc.org/apps/doc/BEQIAX095625557/TTDA?u=lonlib&amp;sid=bookmark-TTDA&amp;xid=1260bc2e situs venalis]&lt;/ref&gt; aliis dissentientibus.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Imaginary moles ... began to multiply in print&quot;: Christopher Andrew, &quot;The Fine Art of Lying to Yourself&quot; in ''[[The Times]]'' (7 Novembris 2001) [https://link-gale-com.lonlib.idm.oclc.org/apps/doc/IF0501463784/TTDA?u=lonlib&amp;sid=bookmark-TTDA&amp;xid=7a9ff38f situs venalis]; [[Antonius Powell|Anthony Powell]], ''Journals 1982–1986'' (Londinii, 1995) pp. 283-284 (paginae verificandae)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Placita de collegis ==
De [[Iosephus Ioannes Thomson|Iosepho Ioanne Thomson]], olim Collegii Trinitatis praeposito annoque [[1940]] mortuo, Gow [[epitaphium]] parodicum Latine composuisse refertur:
:In memoriam Josephi Thomson, qui, propter minimarum particularum scientiam maximo utriusque universitatis collegio praepositus, alteram officii partem omnino neglexit, altera ita functus est ut neglectam maluisses. Raucus, edentulus, impexus, uxorem duxit non amabilem, cuius ope et auxilio suffultus, heredibus LXXX milia librarum sterling-arum, collegio domicilium hara immundius, posteri exemplum memorabile avaritiae reliquit.&lt;ref&gt;Fide {{qc|id=Johnson (2011)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Successorem huius, [[Georgius Macaulay Trevelyan|Georgium Macaulay Trevelyan]], ab anno 1940 usque in [[1951]] praepositum, Gow in epistulis suis paucis verbis laudavit: primo prandio inter socios sumpto, contionem &quot;audibilem idoneamque&quot; habuisse &quot;id quod omnes, qui orationes in aula nostra audire soleant, rem novam gratamque aestimabunt&quot; (''audible and appropriate—and those accustomed to speeches in our Hall will welcome the innovation'').&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Letters from Cambridge}} pp. 62-63, fide W. C. Lubenow, ''The Cambridge Apostles 1820-1914'' (Cantabrigiae, 1998) p. 319&lt;/ref&gt;

De lecturis professorum Cantabrigiensium, quos discipulus olim auscultaverat, sic: [[Ricardus Claverhouse Jebb|Ricardus Jebb]], regius professor litterarum Graecarum, e schedis vel paginis impressis catenas citationum voce monotona inaudibilique enuntiabat quas nemo reperturus erat, quaeque, etiamsi quis repperisset, inutiles fuerint; [[Ioannes Eyton Bickersteth Mayor|Ioannes Mayor]], professor litterarum Latinarum, inter res vagabat quae in mentem suam subvenirent, sit nomina characterum Graecorum, sit antiquos Catholicos, sit vegetarianismum, sit aliam rem, quarum nulla ad veram materiem lecturarum pertinebat, atque ab eo die, quo e paucis auditoribus omnes simul abierunt, lecturas dare statim abstinuit.&lt;ref&gt;''[Jebb's] idea of lecturing was to read out in a monotonous inaudible voice from a notebook or proofsheets strings of references which nobody would look up and which would not have profited them if they had.'' . . . ''[Mayor's] method was to ramble from theme to theme as they came into his head—the names of the Greek letters, the Old Catholics, vegetarianism, and what not—none of them remotely connected with the subject on which he was supposed to be discoursing; then when the members of his scanty audience all chanced to absent themselves on the same day the course stopped'': {{qc|id=Letters from Cambridge}} pp. 239-240, fide ''[https://laudatortemporisacti.blogspot.com/2012/10/ Laudator Temporis Acti].''&lt;/ref&gt;

== Opera ==
; Libri
* 1931 (editor cum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Donaldus Struan Robertson|D. S. Robertson|en|qid=Q5295198}}) : [[Gulielmus Ridgeway|William Ridgeway]], ''The Early Age of Greece'' vol. 2. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.283146 Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' (– [https://archive.org/details/earlyageofgreece01ridg vol. 1])
* 1936 : ''A. E. Housman: a sketch'' (Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press) {{Google Books|FUUh_xDmPXMC|Paginae selectae}} [https://archive.org/details/aehousmansketcht0000gowa Exemplar mutuabile]
* 1937 (editor) : [[Alfredus Eduardus Housman|A. E. Housman]], ''Manilii Astronomicon libri''. 5 voll. 2a ed. (Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press) [https://archive.org/details/mmaniliiastronom0001mani Exemplar mutuabile vol. 1]
* 1945 : {{ec|id=Letters from Cambridge|c=''Letters from Cambridge 1939-1944'' (Londinii: Jonathan Cape)}}
* 1952 : ''Theocritus, edited with a translation and commentary'' (Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press)
* 1952 : ''Bucolici Graeci'' (Oxonii: Clarendon Press) (''[[Scriptorum Classicorum bibliotheca Oxoniensis]]'') ISBN 0-19-814517-9
* 1953 : ''The Greek Bucolic Poets, with brief notes'' (Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press)
* 1953 : (cum [[A. F. Scholfield]]) ''Nicander: the poems and poetical fragments'' (Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press) [https://archive.org/details/poemspoeticalfra0000nica Exemplar mutuabile]
* 1958 : ''The Greek Anthology: sources and ascriptions'' (Londinii: Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies)
* 1965 : ''Machon: The Fragments'' (Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-05631-4; ISBN 0-521-60929-1) [https://archive.org/details/fragments0000mach Exemplar mutuabile]
* 1965 (cum [[Dionysius Page|D. L. Page]]) : ''The Greek Anthology: Hellenistic Epigrams'' (Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press) 2 voll.
* 1968 (primo auctore [[Dionysius Page|D. L. Page]]) : ''The Greek Anthology: The Garland of Philip'' (Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press) 2 voll.

; Commentationes potiores
* 1912 : {{ec|id=Θυμέλη 1912|c=&quot;On the Meaning of the Word θυμέλη&quot; in ''Journal of Hellenic Studies'' vol. 32 (1912) pp. 213-238  [https://www.jstor.org/stable/624171 JSTOR]}}
* 1912 : {{ec|id=Masks 1912|c=&quot;On the Use of Masks in Roman Comedy&quot; in ''Journal of Roman Studies'' vol. 2 (1912) pp. 65-77 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/295942 JSTOR]}}
* 1913 : &quot;The Cup in the First Idyll of Theocritus&quot; in ''Journal of Hellenic Studies'' vol. 33 (1913) pp. 207-222 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/624109 JSTOR]
* 1914 : {{ec|id=Plough 1914|c=&quot;The Ancient Plough&quot; in ''Journal of Hellenic Studies'' vol. 34 (1914) pp. 249-275 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/624502 JSTOR]}}
* 1914 : {{ec|id=Σύριγξ (1914)|c=&quot;The Σύριγξ technopaegnium&quot; in ''Journal of Philology'' vol 33 (1914) pp. 128-138}}
* 1914 : {{ec|id=Wagon 1914|c=&quot;Hesiod's Wagon&quot; in ''Journal of Philology'' vol 33 (1914) pp. 145-153}}
* 1917 : {{ec|id=Works and Days 1917|c=&quot;Miscellaneous Notes on the Works and Days&quot; in ''Classical Quarterly'' vol. 11 (1917) pp. 113-118 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/636224 JSTOR]}}
* 1928 : &quot;Notes on the Persae of Aeschylus&quot; in ''Journal of Hellenic Studies'' vol. 48 (1928) pp. 133-158 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/624957 JSTOR]
* 1930 : &quot;The Methods of Theocritus and Some Problems in His Poems&quot; in ''Classical Quarterly'' vol. 24 (1930) pp. 146-153 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/637126 JSTOR]
* 1932 : &quot;Diminutives in Augustan Poetry&quot; in ''Classical Quarterly'' vol. 26 (1932) pp. 150-157 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/636754 JSTOR]
* 1934 : &quot;ΙΥΓΞ, ΡΟΜΒΟΣ, Rhombus, Turbo&quot; in ''Journal of Hellenic Studies'' vol. 54 (1934) pp. 1-13 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/626485 JSTOR]
* 1935 : &quot;Notes on the Fifth Idyll of Theocritus&quot; in ''Classical Quarterly'' vol. 29 (1935) pp. 65-71 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/636519 JSTOR]
* 1938 : &quot;The Adoniazusae of Theocritus&quot; in ''Journal of Hellenic Studies'' vol. 58 (1938) pp. 180-204 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/627302 JSTOR]
* 1938 : &quot;The Thirteenth Idyll of Theocritus&quot; in ''Classical Quarterly'' vol. 32 (1938) pp. 10-17 (8 pages) [https://www.jstor.org/stable/636533 JSTOR]
* 1940 : &quot;The Seventh Idyll of Theocritus&quot; in ''Classical Quarterly'' vol. 34 (1940) pp. 47-54 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/636785 JSTOR]
* 1942 : &quot;The Twenty-Second Idyll of Theocritus&quot; in ''Classical Review'' vol. 56 (1942) pp. 11-18 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/705181 JSTOR]
* 1942 : &quot;Theocritus, Idyll XXIV - Stars and Doors&quot; in ''Classical Quarterly'' vol. 36 (1942) pp. 104-110 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/636619 JSTOR]
* 1943 : &quot;ΗΡΑΚΛΗΣ ΛΕΟΝΤΟΦΟΝΟΣ (Theocr. Id. xxv)&quot; in ''Classical Quarterly'' vol. 37 (1943) pp. 93-100 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/637253 JSTOR]
* 1951 : &quot;Notes on Noses&quot; in ''Journal of Hellenic Studies'' vol. 71 (1951) pp. 81-84 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/628188 JSTOR]
* 1951 : &quot;Nicandrea: With Reference to Liddell and Scott, ed. 9&quot; in ''Classical Quarterly'' n.s. vol. 1 (1951) pp. 95-118 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/637258 JSTOR]
* 1954 : &quot;Antipater of Sidon: Notes and Queries&quot; in ''Classical Review'' n.s. vol. 4 (1954) pp. 1-6 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/704003 JSTOR]
* 1954 : &quot;Asclepiades and Posidippus: Notes and Queries&quot; in ''Classical Review'' n.s. vol. 4 (1954) pp. 195-200 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/703736 JSTOR]
* 1956 : &quot;Phanias: Notes and Queries&quot; in ''Classical Quarterly'' n.s. vol. 6 (1956) pp. 231-236 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/636918 JSTOR]
* 1956 : &quot;Mnasalces: Notes and Queries&quot; in ''Classical Review'' n.s. vol. 6 (1956) pp. 91-95 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/702688 JSTOR]
* 1958 : &quot;Leonidas of Tarentum: Notes and Queries&quot; in ''Classical Quarterly'' n.s. vol. 8 (1958) pp. 113-123 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/637970 JSTOR]
* 1960 : &quot;The Gallus and the Lion. ''Anth. Pal.'' vi, 217-20, 237&quot; in ''Journal of Hellenic Studies'' vol. 80 (1960) pp. 88-93 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/628378 JSTOR]
* 1966 : &quot;Antipater of Thessalonica: Notes and Queries&quot; in ''Classical Review'' n.s. vol. 16 (1966) pp. 5-9 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/706506 JSTOR]
* 1967 : &quot;Mousers in Egypt&quot; in ''Classical Quarterly'' n.s. vol. 17 (1967) pp. 195-197 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/637995 JSTOR]
* 1968 : &quot;On the Halieutica of Oppian&quot; in ''Classical Quarterly'' n.s. vol. 18 (1968) pp. 60-68 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/637686 JSTOR]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* &quot;Mr. Andrew Gow&quot; [necrologia] in ''[[The Times]]'' (4 Februarii 1978) p. 16 [https://link-gale-com.lonlib.idm.oclc.org/apps/doc/CS271155780/TTDA?u=lonlib&amp;sid=bookmark-TTDA&amp;xid=ddf687e1 situs venalis]
* {{ec|id=Bequest (1978)|c=&quot;The Andrew Gow Bequest&quot;. Cantabrigiae: Fitzwilliam Museum, 1978}}
* {{ec|id=Blunt (1978)|c=[[Antonius Blunt|Anthony Blunt]], &quot;Mr A. S. F. Gow&quot; [epistula] in ''[[The Times]]'' (11 Februarii 1978) p. 16 [https://link-gale-com.lonlib.idm.oclc.org/apps/doc/CS272073291/TTDA?u=lonlib&amp;sid=bookmark-TTDA&amp;xid=63d38e8f situs venalis]}}
* {{ec|id=Johnson (2011)|c=Paul Johnson, &quot;[https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/dirty-rotten-scholars/ Dirty rotten scholars: Brilliance, bitterness and filth in the loftiest of ivory towers]&quot; in ''[[The Spectator]]'' (26 Februarii 2011)}}
* François Lasserre, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1953_num_22_1_3476_t1_0151_0000_3 A. S. F. Gow, ''Bucolici Graeci'']&quot; [recensio] in ''L'Antiquité Classique'' vol. 22 (1953) pp. 151-152
* Ph. É. Legrand, &quot;''Theocritus'', edited with a translation and commentary by A. S. F. Gow&quot; [recensio] in ''Revue des Études Grecques'' vol. 64 (1951) pp. 371-379 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/44274085 JSTOR]
* Hugh Lloyd-Jones, &quot;Gow, Andrew Sydenham Farrar (1886–1978)&quot; in {{ODNB}}
* {{ec|id=Meyers (2015)|c=Jeffrey Meyers, &quot;[https://www.housman-society.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/housman-society.co.uk/files/pubs/2015-housman-journal.pdf Orwell, Andrew Gow and A. E. Housman]&quot; in ''Housman Society Journal'' vol. 41 (2015) pp. 46-52}}
* Karl Preisendanz, &quot;''The Greek Anthology. Sources and Ascriptions'' by A. S. F. Gow&quot; [recensio] in ''Gnomon'' vol. 34 (1962) pp. 653-659 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/27682949 JSTOR]
* {{ec|id=Roberts (1978)|c=Keith Roberts, &quot;The Gow Collection and Other Events at the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge&quot; in ''[[Burlington Magazine]]'' vol. 120 no. 902 (1978) pp. 327-328, 333-334 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/879217 JSTOR]}}
* {{ec|id=Sandbach (1979)|c=F. H. Sandbach, &quot;[https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/publishing/memoirs/pba-64/gow-andrew-sydenham-farrar-1886-1978/ Andrew Sydenham Farrar Gow, 1886-1978]&quot; (''Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the British Academy'') in ''Proceedings of the British Academy'' vol. 64 (1979) pp. 427-441 {{Penna}}}}
* {{ec|id=Sewell (2012)|c=[[Brianus Sewell|Brian Sewell]], ''Outsider II'' (Londinii: Quartet, 2012) pp. 117-118, 127-128 [https://archive.org/details/outsideriialways0000sewe Exemplar mutuabile]}}

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://archives.trin.cam.ac.uk/index.php/gow-andrew-sydenham-farrar-1886-1978-classical-scholar Epistulae et documenta] apud bibliothecam Collegii Trinitatis Cantabrigiensis
* &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20221226220054/https://www.artfund.org/supporting-museums/art-weve-helped-buy/artwork/4278/collection-of-drawings Collection of drawings, Edgar Degas, 1978, bequeathed by Andrew S. F. Gow]&quot;
* &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20221229183009/https://tksosa.dijtokyo.org/?page=collection_detail.php&amp;p_id=737 Gow Bunko]&quot; (apud bibliothecam [[universitas Waseda|universitatis Waseda]] servatum)
* &quot;[https://trinitycollegelibrarycambridge.wordpress.com/2016/09/09/photograph-of-the-month-8/ Photograph of the Month: A.S.F. Gow, classicist]&quot; (2016) apud bibliothecam Collegii Trinitatis
* &quot;[http://trinitycollegechapel.com/about/memorials/brasses/gow/ Andrew Sydenham Farrar Gow: Memorial inscription]&quot; apud cappellam Collegii Trinitatis

{{Lifetime|1886|1978|Gow, Andreas}}

[[Categoria:Alumni Scholae Rugbeiensis]]
[[Categoria:Interpretes Graeco-Anglici]]
[[Categoria:Magistri Collegii Etonensis]]
[[Categoria:Philologi Britanniae]]
[[Categoria:Recensores]]
[[Categoria:Socii Academiae Britannicae]]
[[Categoria:Socii collegiorum Cantabrigiensium]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Burgomanerum</title>
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[[Fasciculus:Collegiata di San Bartolomeo.jpg|thumb|Burgomanerum]]
'''Burgomanerum'''&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;[https://books.google.it/books?id=UvsEaRJt0ZAC&amp;dq=Il+mondo+antico,+moderno,+e+novissimo,+tomo+1&amp;hl=it&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s ''Il mondo antico, moderno, e novissimo'', Tomo primo]&lt;/ref&gt; (alia nomina:&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Goffredo Casalis}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Bormanicum'', ''Burgomanerium'') ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Borgomanero|Borgomanero]]'') est [[Urbes Italiae|Urbs]] [[Italia]]e et [[Commune Italiae|municipium]], circiter 21&amp;thinsp;500 incolarum, in [[Regio Italiae|Regione]] [[Pedemontium|Pedemontioet]] in [[Provincia Novariensis|Provincia Novariensi]] situm. Urbani ''Burgomanerenses'' appellantur.

== Insigne ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Corona di città.svg|''[[Urbs Italiae]]''
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Clari cives ==
* [[Maynus de Mayneriis]] (sed [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]] natum esse fertur)
* [[Eugenius Borgna]], psychiater

== Fractiones, vici et loci in municipio ==
=== Fractiones ===
Rivano, San Marco, Santa Cristina, Santa Croce, Santo Stefano, Vergano, Piovino.

== Municipia finitima ==
Bogogno, Briga Novarese, Cressa, Cureggio, Fontaneto d'Agogna, Gargallo, Gattico, Gozzano, Invorio, Maggiora, Veruno.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Pedemontium]] (''regio''),
* [[Provincia Novariensis]],
* [[Novaria]] (''urbs''),
* [[Urbes Italiae]].

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080101225628/http://www.comune.borgomanero.no.it/ Situs publicus] {{Ling|Lingua Italiana{{!}}Italiane}}
{{CommuniaCat|Borgomanero|Burgomanerum}}

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Imago:Coats of arms of None.svg|Collocatio finium Municipii in Provincia Novariensi.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Urbes Italiae in Pedemontio]]
[[Categoria:Municipia in provincia Novariae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Navis lusoria</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
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      <text bytes="768" sha1="3e016z2u33wc8kiuhoi9gl11tfwsdb4" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Rusalka.jpg|thumb|Navis lusoria in lacu]]
{{res|Navis lusoria}}{FD ref}}, aut simpliciter '''lusoria''' (-ae, ''f''), est navis plurimum ad delectationem adhibita, non ingens magnitudine, sic ut non solum per [[mare]], immo etiam per [[flumen|flumina]] [[lacus]]que navigare possit. Privati naves huius generis gubernant ut se cum familia aut amicis navigando delectent.

Antiquitus parvae [[navis velifera|naves veliferae]] e [[lignum|ligno]] factae pro ludo in usu erant. Hodie [[velum|velis]] aut [[motor]]is electricis ornantur naves lusoriae, ligno aut [[metallum|metallo]] instructae.        

{{NexInt}}
*[[Paulus Elvstrøm]]
*[[Navis velifera]]
*[[Glossarium nauticum]]

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{non stipula}}
[[Categoria:Genera navium|lusoria]]</text>
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      <text bytes="769" sha1="3buyaaj8egixgbqzg0hszoqlm0sehtg" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Rusalka.jpg|thumb|Navis lusoria in lacu]]
{{res|Navis lusoria}}{{FD ref}}, aut simpliciter '''lusoria''' (-ae, ''f''), est navis plurimum ad delectationem adhibita, non ingens magnitudine, sic ut non solum per [[mare]], immo etiam per [[flumen|flumina]] [[lacus]]que navigare possit. Privati naves huius generis gubernant ut se cum familia aut amicis navigando delectent.

Antiquitus parvae [[navis velifera|naves veliferae]] e [[lignum|ligno]] factae pro ludo in usu erant. Hodie [[velum|velis]] aut [[motor]]is electricis ornantur naves lusoriae, ligno aut [[metallum|metallo]] instructae.        

{{NexInt}}
*[[Paulus Elvstrøm]]
*[[Navis velifera]]
*[[Glossarium nauticum]]

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{non stipula}}
[[Categoria:Genera navium|lusoria]]</text>
      <sha1>3buyaaj8egixgbqzg0hszoqlm0sehtg</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Electronica numerica</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="5858" sha1="0l0y6zgkab9dcgjvgnku59xqbv09h05" xml:space="preserve">{{Latinitas|-3}}
[[Fasciculus:NRZcode.png|thumb|Hi monstrantes sunt pulsi electronici in forma binaria, qua computatra uti et ratiocinari artificiose possunt.]]
{{res|Electronica numerica}}{{MLAL ref|digital|223|.comp digital (opp. analog)}} seu {{res|plene=Electronica digitalis|digitalis}}&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20070122090721/http://www.obta.uw.edu.pl/%7Edraco/docs/voccomp.html Res.]&lt;/ref&gt; est pars scientiae [[electronica]]e quae pertinet ad [[circuitus electronicus|circuitos electronicos]], et artificia, et apparatus operaturque discreta signa electronica ac [[Algebra Booleana (logica)|logica Booleanis]].

Pertinentia horum apparatuum exempla sunt [[Computatrum|computatra]], apparatus [[informatica|informaticos]], camerae digitales, [[Televisio digitalis|televisorium digitale]], [[memoria fulgurea]], [[clavis memorialis USB]], [[telephonum gestabile|telephona gestabilia]], [[discus fixus|disci fixi]],[[Memoria computatralis|computatrales memoriae apparatus]].
 
== Circuitus digitalis ==
[[Fasciculus:ADC Symbol.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|ADC apparatus [[Tensio electrica|tensionem electricam]] continuam convertit ad quantitas discretas (signales digitales aut informaticos digitales).]]

Electronica numerica ramus [[electronica]]e est facta ex circuito digitalis qui adhibet [[Algebra Booleana (logica)|logicum booleanum]] enim usui portae electronico. Verus et falsus repraesentantur valoribus binaris differentibus cum 0 [[Voltium|voltes]] pro vero et 5 voltes pro falso. Minus forabilis est strepito sed magis vim consumit. Creatus in [[Saeculum 20|saeculo 20]] fundamentum est modernis digitalis machinatis, communicationibus digitalis, ordinatris. Immanes circuiti intricata cum milio portarum aedificari possunt in unum [[Circuitus integratus|circuitum]] talis ut [[Processor|microprocessor]] et decem centenum milionem operationium facere possunt.

'''ADC''' aut A/D sigla sunt Anglice Analog to Digital Conversion aut Converter, apparatus qui [[Tensio electrica|tensionem electricam]] continuam convertit ad quantitas discretas( signales digitales aut informaticos digitales). Magis elementum est circuito digitalis. Contra operatio geritur ab Digital-to-Analog Converter ('''DAC''').
[[Fasciculus:ADC-DAC.jpg|thumbnail|DAC apparatus quantitas discretas(signus digitales aut informatica digitales) mutat ad [[Tensio electrica|tensionem electricam]] continuam.]]

&quot;Digitalis&quot; etiam modum rationemque refert operandi in quo videtur haud vis quam nuntii (In [[Lingua Neolatina|novae]] [[informatica]] vel ([[data]]) anglice et alia )vehantur, vis (facilior intelligendo ut unda) per exempla gratia, [[sonus]], [[lux]], chromaticus imaginiis, etc, magnitudinem numerosi fiet in primum gradum procedendis, in vicem forma [[Systema numericum binarium|binariis]] (0,1, facilior inteligendo ut impulsus) in secundum gradum fient vehaturque. Tandem, metae advento, signum generatus est. 

&quot;Digital&quot;, origo nimirum verbo latine [[Digitus|digito]], &lt;ref&gt;http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/digital&lt;/ref&gt;iterum digitos refert manus qui in vicem numeros (1,2,3, .. etc) repraesentant et quos fiant omnes vis ob rem digiti discreto numerando usui sunt. Impulsi ipsi sunt 5 [[Voltium|volti]] vis per morem industriam hodie.

== Ratio ==
:Vide etiam [[Systema digitalis]].
[[Fasciculus:Conversion_AD_DA.png|thumb|upright=0.8|A/D et D/A conversiones.'fig.2' repraesentat formam ante porro convertitur formam pulsum(porro super vide). Etiam est forma ex circuito digitalis.]]
[[Technologia|Artificium]] digitale societate huius temporis magno subsidio est praesertim [[Saeculum 20|vicenso saeculo]]. Systemate (vero circuito )digitalis electronis usui est quantitatibus discretis (non continuus). Autem [[analogus electronicus|Analogus]] [[aggregatio (theoria classium)|aggregationibus]] continuis quantitabus usui est informaticum repraesentatum. Enim simpliciter digitalem, informaticos [[numerus]], [[sonus]], [[imago]], [[Littera|lettera]], fiant potest informaticos binarii et in contrarium cursum. 
[[Fasciculus:Componentes.JPG|thumb|upright=0.7|left|Elementa circuitorum digitalis.]]

Ratio digitalis vel [[systema digitalis]] est [[technologia]] quod nuntiis (informaticis/data) utitur ut discreta (interrupta) valores. Natura autem non digitalis (enim analogus) usum systemata perpetuo iugo valores exprimere informationem. Cum imagines digitales discretos, notitia repraesentari potest vel discreta, ut numeri literarum icons, sive continuatis, ut sonis, statua, alias mensuras continui ratio. 'Digitalis' Verbum ex eodem fonte atque verbo Digito ut adhibeantur digitis discretis numerat.

== Fontes ==
&lt;references /&gt;
* R.H. Katz, ''Contemporary Logic Design'', The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, 1994.
* P.K. Lala, ''Practical Digital Logic Design and Testing'', Prentice Hall, 1996.

{{NexInt}}
*[[instrumentum lasericum]]
*[[Integratus circuitus]]
*[[Porta logica]]
*[[Systema digitale]]
*[[Systema numericum binarium]]

== Nexus externi ==
* &quot;[http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/electrical-engineering-and-computer-science/6-004-computation-structures-spring-2009/ 6.004: Computation Structures]&quot;: pagina tironibus Massachusettensibus destinata
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110322134236/http://www.play-hookey.com/digital/experiments/ Experimenta digitalia]
* ''[http://bradwarestudios.com/downloads/fun/Digital_Logic_Simulator Digital Logic Simulator v0.3]''
* ''[http://sourceforge.net/projects/cedarlogic CEDAR Logic Simulator]''
* ''[http://www.logiccircuit.org/ LogicCircuit]''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111026071410/http://ozark.hendrix.edu/~burch/logisim/ Logisim - Instrumenti pedagogi circuitos logicos cogitationem simulationameque] {{Ling|Anglice}}

{{CommuniaCat|Digital electronics|electronica numerica}}

[[Categoria:Circuitus electronici]]
[[Categoria:Electronica]]
[[Categoria:Technologia digitalis]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Formula:Error/doc</title>
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      <text bytes="3143" sha1="0yum6j7np5pxpw94nea4qo1348ch40l" xml:space="preserve">{{Subpagina documentationis}}
{{Formula in nuntiis systematis adhibita|custodes=usores
	| r3781308 = Murmur
	| c3783006 = Usor
	| c3784336 = Versus vicitextualis
	| c3784341 = Folium vicitextuale
	| c3785495 = Capsa monitus
	| r3833519 = Tempus
	| c3912430 = Adumbratio
	| r3972818 = Monitus de pagina usoris
}}
{{Formula transitoria}}

Haec formula “statum erroris” creat (quem [[:mw:Help:Magic words|iussūs MediaViciales]] intellegere possunt), necnon nuntium rubrum ostendit (quod lectores legere possunt).

Formulae quae hac formula utuntur in [[:Categoria:Error usu formularum]] numerabuntur.

== De usu ==
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{Error|Nuntium exemplare erroris}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{error|Nuntium exemplare erroris|propositum=exhibitio}}
*:: (Conferatur cum errore per sequentem iussum mediavicialem genito: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{#expr:Euax}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; → {{#expr:Euax}})
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{#iferror:{{error|Euax}}|Ita|Minime}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{#iferror:{{error|Euax|propositum=exhibitio}}|Ita|Minime}}

=== De nota HTML ===
Nuntium erroris per diversas [[Auxilium:HTML in vicitextu|notas HTML]] ostendi potest, quas argumentum {{para|tag}} statuit. Hoc tamen tantummodo notas &lt;code&gt;span&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;div&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;p&lt;/code&gt;, et &lt;code&gt;strong&lt;/code&gt; accipit, quia haec sunt solae notae quas {{nim|#iferror}} intellegit. Argumento omisso, nota &lt;code&gt;strong&lt;/code&gt; elegetur, quae est eadem nota qua iussus {{nim|#expr}} utitur quum errorem gignit.

* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;ABC {{Error|Nuntium exemplare erroris in nota HTML “strong”}} XYZ&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ ABC {{error|Nuntium exemplare erroris in nota HTML “strong”|propositum=exhibitio}} XYZ
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;ABC {{Error|Nuntium exemplare erroris in nota HTML “strong”|tag=strong}} XYZ&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ ABC {{error|Nuntium exemplare erroris in nota HTML “strong”|tag=strong|propositum=exhibitio}} XYZ
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;ABC {{Error|Nuntium exemplare erroris in nota HTML “span”|tag=span}} XYZ&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ ABC {{error|Nuntium exemplare erroris in nota HTML “span”|tag=span|propositum=exhibitio}} XYZ
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;ABC {{Error|Nuntium exemplare erroris in nota HTML “div”|tag=div}} XYZ&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ ABC {{error|Nuntium exemplare erroris in nota HTML “div”|tag=div|propositum=exhibitio}} XYZ
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;ABC {{Error|Nuntium exemplare erroris in nota HTML “p”|tag=p}} XYZ&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ ABC {{error|Nuntium exemplare erroris in nota HTML “p”|tag=p|propositum=exhibitio}} XYZ

== Ulteriora si cupis ==
{{Categoriae vestigatoriae formulae|Error usu formularum}}
* [[:Categoria:Error usu formularum]]
* [[mw:Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##iferror:]]

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{in harenario aut alibi||
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}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
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    <title>Ein new Kochbuch</title>
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[[Fasciculus:Ein new Kochbuch, Marxen Rumpolt, 1581, Einleitung.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Titulus ''Ein new Kochbuch'']]
'''''Ein new Kochbuch''''' est liber de re coquinaria anno [[1581]] [[Francofurtum ad Moenum|Francofurti ad Moenum]] a [[Marx Rumpolt]] divulgatus, coquo principali apud aulam [[Daniel Brendel de Homburg|Danielis Brendel de Homburg]] episcopi et electoris [[Moguntiacum|Moguntiacensis]]. Hoc opus ad coquos tironibus destinatum praecepta coquinaria fere 2&amp;nbsp;000 continet. Pars ultima operis de vinis et cellariis disserit. [[Jost Ammann]] imagines 150 ad hunc librum illustrandum delineavit.

== Editiones ==
* 1581 : ''Ein new Kochbuch, das ist, Ein grundtliche Beschreibung wie man recht vnd wol, nicht allein von vierfüssigen, heymischen vnd wilden Thieren ... allerley Speiß als gesotten, gebraten, gebacken ... kochen und zubereiten solle ...'' Franckfort am Mayn: bey Johann Feyerabendt. [http://dbs.hab.de/katalog/regsearch.php?opac=wdb&amp;m1=all&amp;trunc1=?&amp;offset=0&amp;lang=&amp;range=30&amp;st1=url+diglib.hab.de%5C/drucke%5C/2-3-oec-2f%5C/start.htm? Textus interretialis] {{Nexus deficit|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* 2002 : Reimpressum. Hildesiae: Olms. ISBN 3-487-08112-1

{{NexInt}}
* [[Libri de re culinaria aevo litterarum renatarum scripti]]

== Nexus externi ==
* &quot;''[https://web.archive.org/web/20111231041318/http://groups.yahoo.com/group/cooking_rumpolt/ Cooking Rumpolt]''&quot;: versio nova, adhuc imperfecta, cum disputationibus {{Ling|Anglice}}
* [http://www.uni-giessen.de/gloning/kobu.htm Textus adhuc imperfectus] apud Thomas Gloning

== Bibliographia ==
* Ursula Heinzelmann, &quot;Marx Rumpolt&quot; in {{Arndt}} pp. 326-329

[[Categoria:Libri de re coquinaria]]
[[Categoria:Libri de vino]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Theodiscae]]
[[Categoria:Germaniae scripta]]
[[Categoria:Scripta 1581]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland</title>
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[[Fasciculus:The Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland, Holinshed, 1587 - 0001.jpg|thumb|Titulus editionis 1587]]
'''''Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland''''' sunt opus principale [[Raphaël Holinshed|Raphaëlis Holinshed]], auctoris [[Anglia|Anglici]], anno [[1577]] divulgatum, anno [[1587]] retractatum. Editio altera fuit fons quo usus est [[Gulielmus Shakesperius]] in ludis scaenicis nonnullis tam historicis quam tragicis.

== Editiones ==
* ''Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland''. 1577 [https://archive.org/details/firstevolumeofch01wolf vol. 1] [https://archive.org/details/firstevolumeofch02wolf vol. 2] apud ''Internet Archive'' 
* ''Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland''. 1587 [https://archive.org/details/firstsecondvolum00holi Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|The Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland, Holinshed, 1587|Chronica (1587)}}
*''[https://web.archive.org/web/20110912021500/http://www.cems.ox.ac.uk/holinshed/news.shtml The Holinshed Project]''
** [http://english.nsms.ox.ac.uk/holinshed/ The Texts]''
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090709160438/http://dewey.library.upenn.edu/sceti/printedbooksNew/index.cfm?textID=holinshed_chronicle&amp;PagePosition=1 ''Chronicles''] apud universitatem Pennsilvaniensem
*[http://www.gutenberg.org/browse/authors/h#a5166 Opera Holinshed] apud ''Project Gutenberg''

{{Lit-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Scripta 1577]]
[[Categoria:Scripta 1587]]
[[Categoria:Libri historici]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Anglicae]]
[[Categoria:Libri de Britannia]]
[[Categoria:Libri de Hibernia]]
[[Categoria:Gulielmus Shakesperius]]</text>
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      <text bytes="4229" sha1="g2auudoi7pfvje7kx6y3qmh23fnpuwz" xml:space="preserve">'''Die Deutschen Inschriften des Mittelalters und der Frühen Neuzeit''' (DI) (lat.: ''Germanicae Inscriptiones [[Medium Aevum|Medii Aevi]] et pristini [[Novum Aevum|Novi Aevi]]'') [[comissum]] [[Academia scientiarum|interacademiium]], anno Domini [[1934]] conditum, ad publicandum [[epigraphia|epigraphicum]] sunt. Comissum ab Karolo Panzero ([[Heidelberga]]), qui investigator [[Lingua Theodisca|Linguae Theodiscae]] erat, fundatum est. Istum historiographi Karl Brandi ([[Gottinga]]) Hans Hirschque ([[Vindobona]]) adiuvabant. Inscriptiones, qui in volumines inest, ab pristino Medio Aevo usque ad annum Domini 1650 tendint ac ex [[Germania|Germania Re Publica Foederali]], [[Austria|Austria Re Publica Foederali]] [[Provincia Libera Bauzanensis]]que prognati sunt. Interim 81 volumines advenerunt. Unum volumen inscriptiones [[civitas|civitatis]] ve regionis civilis continet. 
Comissum ab Academiis in [[Berolina]], [[Dusseldorpium|Dusseldorpia]], Gottinga, Heidelberga, [[Lipsia]], [[Moguntiacum|Moguntina]] et [[Monacum|Monaca]] Vindobonaque sitis scientiarum gerrintur.
Volumines inscriptionum in Reichert-Verlag, quod fabrica codicum est, apparet.

==Deutsche Inschriften Online (DIO)==
Comissum &quot;Deutsche Inschriften Online&quot; (lat.: ''Germanicae Inscriptiones in Interrete Conectere''), ab Academiis in Moguntina Gottingaque sitis designantur et administrantur. Finis conati instrumento computatorio reposito erat et in Interrete Conectere volumines DI 66/45/56/58/61 exhibere. Principium technicum in horreo informationum, quod ab officio inscriptionum in Moguntina Grypssilvaque tractatum est, stat. Comissum trans limites transcendit atque se, quam amplificatio conati &quot;Inschriften Mittelrhein-Hunsrück (IMH)&quot; (lat.: ''Inscriptiones Mediae Rhenae-Hunsrueckae''), quod anno Domini 2008 cum Instituto pro Historico Scientia Regionis (dt.: &quot;Institut für Geschichtliche Landeskunde an der Universität Mainz&quot;) construxitur, comprehendit. Hodie situs interretialis IMH-conati cum situ interretialis DIO-comissi confluxit.
Multa volumines in Interrete Conectere offerret.

DIO quaestionem notarum, nuntium epigraphicum, glossarum et tabulas Nexuum externorum dat. Antehac usor duodecim volumines inscriptionum cum plus 4710 nummeris indicis et plus 4000 simulacris inspicere potest.&lt;ref&gt;Schrade, ''Epigraphik im digitalen Umfeld'', Paragraphus 2.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Volumines DI-19 Gottinga (Civitas), DI-28 [[Hamala]], DI-36 [[Hannovera]], DI-42 [[Embeca]], DI-45 [[Goslaria]], DI-56 [[Brunsvicum]], DI-58 [[Hildesia]], DI-60 Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis I, DI-61 [[Helmstadium]], DI-66 Gottinga (Regio civilis), DI-46 Minden, Inscriptiones civitatis Moguntinae. Pars 1: Inscriptiones ecclesiae cathedralis et Musei ecclesiae cathedralis dioecesisque ab 800 ad 1350.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Literae ==
* Schrade, Torsten: [http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0289-2011051816 ''Epigraphik im digitalen Umfeld''] (=Epigraphia in Provincia Computatrali). (URN: urn:nbn:de:0289-2011051816). In: Skriptum 1 (2011), Nr. 1. ISSN 2192-4457. (Nota de initio progressioneque DIO-comissi sub [[Creative Commons]]-conventione est)

== Nexus externus ==

* [http://www.inschriften.net Germanicae Inscriptiones Medii Aevi et pristini Novi Aevi (DIO) - caput situs interretialis]
* [http://www.epigraphica-europea.uni-muenchen.de/ Epigraphica Europea Monacae]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120402104023/http://www.inschriften.uni-bonn.de/ Officium inscriptionum Bonnae]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120402104023/http://inschriften.info/cms/index.php Officium inscriptionum Grypssilvae]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090511183403/http://www.inschriften.uni-goettingen.de/ Officium inscriptionum Gottingae]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120402104028/http://www.inschriften.adwmainz.de/ Officium inscriptionum Moguntinae]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100226152948/http://www.oeaw.ac.at/gema/in_details.htm Officium inscriptionum Vindobonae]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060629025803/http://cgi-host.uni-marburg.de/~hlgl/gdm/gdm_xs.cgi Epitomae ex volumines conati sepulcri de Hassia]

[[Categoria:Editiones textuum]]
[[Categoria:Epigraphia]]
[[Categoria:Incepta 1934]]
[[Categoria:Series librorum]]
[[Categoria:Situs textuales]]</text>
      <sha1>g2auudoi7pfvje7kx6y3qmh23fnpuwz</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Bibliotheca Shakesperiana Folger</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>139984</id>
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      <text bytes="1133" sha1="req95yh0ya4d10ulox142cs56mrjy9q" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Folger Shakespeare Library.JPG|thumb|Bibliotheca Shakesperiana Folger]]
[[Fasciculus:Folger Library Theater.jpg|thumb|Theatrum Bibliothecae anno circiter 1932 visum]]
'''Bibliotheca Shakesperiana Folger''', vulgo ''Folger Shakespeare Library'' est bibliotheca scientifica [[Vasingtonia (D.C.)|Vasingtoniae]] sita in [[CFA|Civitatibus Foederatis]]. Bibliotheca iussu [[Henricus Clay Folger|Henrici Clay Folger]] uxorisque [[Aemilia Jordan Folger|Aemiliae]] instituta est anno [[1932]].

{{NexInt}}
* ''[[Mrs. Sarah Longe her Receipt Booke]]''

== Nexus externi ==
* [http://www.folger.edu/ De Bibliotheca]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120111035618/http://shakespeare.folger.edu/ Hamnet] (catalogus Bibliothecae)

== Bibliographia ==
* Mary Anne Caton, Joan Thirsk, edd., ''Fooles and Fricassees: food in Shakespeare's England''. University of Washington Press, 2000. ISBN 978-0-295-97926-7 [Catalogus rerum praecipue in collectu Bibliothecae Folger servatarum]

[[Categoria:Bibliotheca Shakesperiana Folger|!]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1932]]
[[Categoria:Gulielmus Shakesperius]]
[[Categoria:Musea Vasingtoniae (D.C.)]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>4416 Ramses</title>
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      <comment>de origine nominis</comment>
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      <text bytes="3762" sha1="0zmizcerpk773mpk00q8mrp47rh6rd0" xml:space="preserve">{{L1}}
&lt;!-- Cave ne astronomicas huius textus mensuras emendes; e formula {{fn|Data Asteroidum 4000}} automatice inseruntur. --&gt;
{{Capsa asteroidis
|Numerus = 4416
|Genus = Asteroides Cinguli Principalis
|Epocha = {{#time:j xg Y| {{Data Asteroidum 4000|4416|epocha}} }}
|Axis  = {{Data Asteroidum 4000|4416|axis semimaior}}
|Perihelion = {{Data Asteroidum 4000|4416|perihelion}}
|Aphelion = {{Data Asteroidum 4000|4416|aphelion}}
|Periodus = {{Data Asteroidum 4000|4416|periodus}}
|Anomalia = {{Data Asteroidum 4000|4416|anomalia media}}
|Inclinatio = {{Data Asteroidum 4000|4416|inclinatio}}
|Nodus = {{Data Asteroidum 4000|4416|omega}}
|Argumentum = {{Data Asteroidum 4000|4416|argumentum}}
|Eccentricitas = {{Data Asteroidum 4000|4416|eccentricitas}}
|Diametrum = {{Data Asteroidum 4000|4416|diametrum}}
|Massa = 
|Densitas = 
|Rotatio h = 
|Rotatio m = 
|Tholen = {{Data Asteroidum 4000|4416|spectrum tholen}}
|SMASS = {{Data Asteroidum 4000|4416|spectrum smass}}
|Magnitudo = {{Data Asteroidum 4000|4416|magnitudo}}
|Albedo = {{Data Asteroidum 4000|4416|albedo}}
|Repertor = Cornelis Iohannes van Houten
|Repertorbrevis = C. I. van Houten
|Repertor2 = Thomas Gehrels
|Repertorbrevis2 = T. Gehrels
|Repertor3 = 
|Repertorbrevis3 = 
|Repertor4 = 
|Repertorbrevis4 = ;
|Dies = {{#time:j xg| {{Data Asteroidum 4000|4416|repertum}} }}
|Annus = {{#time:Y| {{Data Asteroidum 4000|4416|repertum}} }}
|Designationes = 4530 P-L, 1979 TP1, 1981 EX47
}}

'''4416 {{Data Asteroidum 4000|4416|nomen}}''',&lt;ref&gt;[[Nomina asteroidum]] iussu [[Unio Astronomica Internationalis|Unionis Astronomicae Internationalis]] imposita sunt.&lt;/ref&gt; olim designationibus '''4530 P-L''', '''1979 TP1''', et '''1981 EX47''' agnitus, est [[asteroides]] [[Systema Solare|systematis solaris]] nostri, [[Asteroides Cinguli Principalis|asteroidibus Cinguli Principalis]] attributus. [[Astronomia|Astronomis]] terrestribus [[magnitudo absoluta|magnitudinem absolutam]] {{Data Asteroidum 4000|4416|magnitudo}} monstrat. Die [[{{#time:j xg| {{Data Asteroidum 4000|4416|repertum}} }}]] [[{{#time:Y| {{Data Asteroidum 4000|4416|repertum}} }}]] a [[Cornelis Iohannes van Houten|Cornelio Ioanne van Houten]] et [[Thomas Gehrels|Thoma Gehrels]], astronomis apud [[Observatorium Palomar|Observatorium Palomar]] versatis, repertus est.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard MPC Discovery Circumstances}}&lt;/ref&gt; In honorem [[Rhamses II]] nominatus est.&lt;!-- Hic de origine nominis scribendum est. --&gt;

Rerum orbitalium ratio [[epocha (astronomia)|epocha]]e {{#time:j xg Y| {{Data Asteroidum 4000|4416|epocha}} }} constitit. Qua epocha 4416 {{Data Asteroidum 4000|4416|nomen}} per dies {{#expr: (365.25 * {{Data Asteroidum 4000|4416|periodus}}) round 0}} circa solem movebatur. Axem orbitalem habebat [[Unitas astronomica|unitatum astronomicarum]] {{#expr: {{Data Asteroidum 4000|4416|axis semimaior}} round 2}} et eccentricitatem {{#expr: {{Data Asteroidum 4000|4416|eccentricitas}} round 2}}, distans igitur a sole [[perihelion|quam minime]] unitatibus {{#expr: {{Data Asteroidum 4000|4416|perihelion}} round 2}}, [[aphelion|quam maxime]] unitatibus {{#expr: {{Data Asteroidum 4000|4416|aphelion}} round 2}}. [[Inclinatio orbitalis]] {{#expr: {{Data Asteroidum 4000|4416|inclinatio}} round 2}}[[gradus (mensura)|&amp;deg;]] reperiebatur, [[anomalia media]] {{#expr: {{Data Asteroidum 4000|4416|anomalia media}} round 2}}&amp;deg;.

&lt;!--
Discovered 1960-Sep-24 by van Houten and Gehrels at Palomar (675)
&lt;b&gt;Reference:&lt;/b&gt; DISCOVERY.DB
&lt;b&gt;Last Updated:&lt;/b&gt; 2003-08-29
--&gt;
==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Nexus externi==
{{NASA JPL|Data=[http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=4416]}}

{{systema solare nostrum}}

[[Categoria:Asteroides anno {{#time:Y| {{Data Asteroidum 4000|4416|repertum}} }} reperti]]
[[Categoria:Asteroides Cinguli Principalis]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Robertus de Alvernia (archiepiscopus Lugdunensis)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <comment>capsa et fontes</comment>
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      <text bytes="1000" sha1="nwtjkdekl7rl3ktoukrtrfs04y809rf" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}
'''Robertus de Alvernia''' (mortuus [[Lugdunum|Lugduni]] die [[6 Ianuarii]] [[1234]]), filius tertius natu [[Robertus IV (comes Alverniae)|Roberti comitis Alverniae]], fuit episcopus [[Archidioecesis Claromontana|Claromontanus]] ab anno [[1195]], sed a die [[3 Aprilis]] [[1227]] archiepiscopus [[Lugdunum|Lugdunensis]]. Anno [[1209]] Cruce signatus in [[expeditio sacra in Albigenses|expeditione sacra contra Albigenses]] participavit.&lt;ref&gt;[[Petrus Vallium Cernaii]], ''[[Historia Albigensis]]'' 82&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes biographici}}
* {{Medlands|http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/AUVERGNE.htm#RobertIVAuvergnedied1194|Robertus IV de Alvernia [cum filiis]}}

{{Nexus absunt}}

{{Anni vitae|saeculo 12|1234|Alvernia, Robertus de}}
[[Categoria:Episcopi Claromontani]]
[[Categoria:Archiepiscopi Lugdunenses]]
[[Categoria:Cruce signati]]
[[Categoria:Participes expeditionis sacrae in Albigenses]]</text>
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        <id>54500</id>
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      <comment>/* Nexus externi */ +cH</comment>
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      <text bytes="1050" sha1="pjdcp8klaamle1ahhr9tvqgigxljfq8" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}
'''Robertus de Alvernia''' (mortuus [[Lugdunum|Lugduni]] die [[6 Ianuarii]] [[1234]]), filius tertius natu [[Robertus IV (comes Alverniae)|Roberti comitis Alverniae]], fuit episcopus [[Archidioecesis Claromontana|Claromontanus]] ab anno [[1195]], sed a die [[3 Aprilis]] [[1227]] archiepiscopus [[Lugdunum|Lugdunensis]]. Anno [[1209]] Cruce signatus in [[expeditio sacra in Albigenses|expeditione sacra contra Albigenses]] participavit.&lt;ref&gt;[[Petrus Vallium Cernaii]], ''[[Historia Albigensis]]'' 82&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes biographici}}
* {{Medlands|http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/AUVERGNE.htm#RobertIVAuvergnedied1194|Robertus IV de Alvernia [cum filiis]}}
* {{CathHierBishop|auvergr|Robertus de Alvernia}}

{{Nexus absunt}}

{{Anni vitae|saeculo 12|1234|Alvernia, Robertus de}}
[[Categoria:Episcopi Claromontani]]
[[Categoria:Archiepiscopi Lugdunenses]]
[[Categoria:Cruce signati]]
[[Categoria:Participes expeditionis sacrae in Albigenses]]</text>
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      <text bytes="1032" sha1="j0mb28diwhly7esned45mtb2k8c9u89" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}
'''Robertus de Alvernia''' (mortuus [[Lugdunum|Lugduni]] die [[6 Ianuarii]] [[1234]]), filius tertius natu [[Robertus IV (comes Alverniae)|Roberti comitis Alverniae]], fuit episcopus [[Archidioecesis Claromontana|Claromontanus]] ab anno [[1195]], sed a die [[3 Aprilis]] [[1227]] archiepiscopus [[Lugdunum|Lugdunensis]]. Anno [[1209]] Cruce signatus in [[expeditio sacra in Albigenses|expeditione sacra contra Albigenses]] participavit.&lt;ref&gt;[[Petrus Vallium Cernaii]], ''[[Historia Albigensis]]'' 82&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes biographici}}
* {{Medlands|http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/AUVERGNE.htm#RobertIVAuvergnedied1194|Robertus IV de Alvernia [cum filiis]}}
* {{CathHierBishop|auvergr|Robertus de Alvernia}}

{{Anni vitae|saeculo 12|1234|Alvernia, Robertus de}}
[[Categoria:Episcopi Claromontani]]
[[Categoria:Archiepiscopi Lugdunenses]]
[[Categoria:Cruce signati]]
[[Categoria:Participes expeditionis sacrae in Albigenses]]</text>
      <sha1>j0mb28diwhly7esned45mtb2k8c9u89</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Categoria:Episcopi Claromontani</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>156321</id>
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      <comment>+cat</comment>
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      <text bytes="173" sha1="fuvh3fm07q2y5g87z7h6imp50u3ackv" xml:space="preserve">{{Homines hac in categoria secundum annum ultimum vitae}}

[[Categoria:Episcopi Franciae|Clarus Mons]]
[[Categoria:Augustonemetum]]
[[Categoria:Archidioecesis Claromontana]]</text>
      <sha1>fuvh3fm07q2y5g87z7h6imp50u3ackv</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Bernhardus Riexinger</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157146</id>
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      <text bytes="1435" sha1="o64cr47ildcl9hrpicjmqlobed08rfy" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Bernd Riexinger (2010).jpg|thumb|Bernhardus Riexinger, anno 2010]]
'''Bernhardus''' (Theos. ''Bernd'') '''Riexinger''' secretarius collegiorum opificum et rerum politicarum peritus factionis [[Sinistra (factio politica Germaniae)|Sinistrae]] est.

== Iuventus et munus ==
Postquam scholam finivit, Riexinger tirocinium argentarii fecit et annis [[1980]] - [[1990]] in consilio opificum argentariae Leonbergi operam dedit. Ab anno [[1991]] secretarius collegiorum opificum est.

== Vita publica ==
Ab anno [[2004]] Riexinger sodalis [[Factio Alternativa Labori Rebusque Socialibus|Factionis Alternativae Labori Rebusque Socialibus]], ab anno [[2007]] Sinistrae sodalis est. Die [[2 Iunii]] 2012 Bernhardus Riexinger una cum [[Catharina Kipping]] post iurgia maxima interna praesides factionis in conventu [[Goettinga]]e electus est&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/linkspartei-kipping-und-riexinger-zu-vorsitzenden-gewaehlt-11772649.html FAZ online 3 Iunii 2012]&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Nexus externi ==
{{Commonscat|Bernd Riexinger}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120608064253/http://riexinger.die-linke-bw.de/?page_id=61 Biographia in pagina personali (lingua Theodisca scripta)]

== Notae ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

{{Ductores factionum Germani}}
{{Praesides Sinistrae Factionis (Germania)}}

{{Lifetime|1955||Riexinger, Bernhardus}}

[[Categoria:Praesides Sinistrae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Bessarabia</title>
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        <id>81729</id>
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      <comment>/* Notae */</comment>
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      <text bytes="1288" sha1="gc5db7afedj6im7oji5c0ttnt5dg8ex" xml:space="preserve">{{L}}
[[Fasciculus:Bessarabia-sce.png|thumb|Bessarabia in tabula geographica Europae]]
'''Bessarabia'''&lt;ref&gt;[[Ioannes Georgius Theodorus Graesse|J. G. Th. Graesse]], ''[[Orbis Latinus]]'', [[Brunsvicum|Brunopoli]] 1972, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050913/images/index.html?id=00050913&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=159 vol. II, p. 157]; M.J. Kaleniczenko, ''Series animalium, a defuncto professore Joan. Krynicky in itinere annis 1836-1838, ad Caucasum et Tauridem suscepto...'' (in: ''Bulletin de la Société impériale des naturalistes de Moscou'', tom. XII), p. 250. {{Google Books|rCcYAAAAYAAJ}}&lt;/ref&gt; vel '''[[Getae|Getarum]] desertum'''&lt;ref&gt;''Orbis Latinus'', ibidem.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Dacoromanice]] ''Basarabia'', [[Russice]] Бессарабия, [[Ucrainice]] Бессарабія) est regio historica in [[Europa]] meridie-orientali, inter [[Pontus Euxinus|Pontum Euxinum]] atque flumina [[Danubius|Danubium]], [[Pyretus|Pyretum]] et [[Tyras|Tyram]] sita. Nunc ad [[Respublica Moldavica|Rem Publicam Moldavicam]] et [[Ucraina]]m pertinet.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

==Nexus interni==
*[[Gubernium Bessarabiae]]

==Nexus externi==
{{fontes geographici}}
{{communiaCat|Bessarabia|Bessarabiam}}

[[Categoria:Regiones Moldaviae]]
[[Categoria:Regiones Ucrainae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Circulus terrae Cellensis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>159199</id>
    <revision>
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      <text bytes="7476" sha1="lcve285fba4oyt6ebflnjea0pjmml5k" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}}

'''Circulus terrae Cellensis'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Circulus terrae&quot;&gt;Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' -secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo- vertit&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;&gt;Quo de Latino gentilicio, vide: Egli, J. J. (1893). ''Nomina Geographica: Sprach- und Sacherklärung von 42000 Geographischen Namen aller Erdräume''. [[Lipsia]]e: Friedrich Brandstetter. Quamquam auctor Egli vocabulum “Comitatus” adhibet ad reddendum terminum Germanicum ''(Land)kreis'', in hoc articulo praeferendum est vocabulum “Circulus (terrae)”, quo utitur Petrus Lucusaltianus in suo opere ''Lexicum Latinum Hodiernum''.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Landkreis Celle''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Celle''), pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], die [[1 Aprilis]] [[1885]] conditus est. Caput circuli [[Cella (Germania)|Cella]] urbs est.

== Communia circuli ==
[[Fasciculus:Municipalities in CE.svg|300px|right|Communia in circulo Cellensi]]
Circulus Cellensis 23 communia habet, quae partim ad &quot;communia generalia&quot; (Theodisce &quot;Samtgemeinden&quot;) coniuncta sunt. Haec dunt:

* [[Cella (Germania)|Cella]] urbs
* [[Berga (Circulus Cellensis)|Berga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bruzen de La Martinière 1737&quot;&gt;Bruzen de La Martinière, A. A. (1737). ''Thesaurus geographicus criticus: in quo omnium orbis terrarum regionum, civitatum, oppidorum, nominibus antiquis, medii aevi et modernis''. Ex Officina Wetsteniana.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bargen'') [[urbs]]
* [[Escheda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Eschede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Esche'')
* [[Fassberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Faßberg'')
* [[Hambuhra]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Hambühren''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hambüren'')
* [[Südheide]]
* [[Wietze]]
* [[Winsenia ad Alaram]]

* [[Flotuvita (commune generale)|Flotuvita]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Flotuvita&quot;&gt;Vide [https://koeblergerhard.de/ZIER-HP/ZIER-HP-06-2016/AAAKoeblerGerhardpagusinderdeutschenOrtsgeschichte20161123-250.htm?utm ''koeblergerhard.de''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Flotuvita“''' (pagus), 11. Jh., zwischen Braunschweig und Celle (nach F1-913 wo der große Flotwedel und der kleine Flotwedel) (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Flotwedel'') (commune generale)
** [[Brocleda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Janicke 1896&quot;&gt;Janicke, K. (Ed.) (1896). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Band 1''. [[Lipsia]]e: S. Hirzel.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Bröckel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bräukel'')
** [[Eicklinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Eicklingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eikeln'')
** [[Langelege]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Langelege&quot;&gt;Vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20261015061819/https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/langlingen/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''ecclesia Langelege'' (Kirche Langlingen), (...) Bauern in Langlingen (''cives in Langelege'') (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Langlingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Langeln'')
** [[Wienhausen]]

* [[Lachendorfium (commune generale)|Lachendorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Lachendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lachendörp'') (commune generale)
** [[Alrebekesa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Oven 1872&quot;&gt;Oven, A. von (Ed.) (1872). ''Urkundenbuch des Herzogthums Lüneburg: Diplomata, chartae et registra historica saeculi XII (Documentum anni MCXCVII de venditione praedii Alrebekesae)'' (Vol. I). Hannoverae: Carl Rümpler.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ahnsbeck'')
** [[Bedenbostelum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NL 1924&quot;&gt;Niedersächsisches Landesarchiv (1924). ''Niedersächsisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte''. Veröffentlichungen de Historischen Kommission für Niedersachsen und Bremen.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Beedenbostel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bedenbossel'')
** [[Eldinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eldingen'')
** [[Hohna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hohne'')
** [[Lachendorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Lachendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lachendörp'')

* [[Wathlingen (commune generale)|Wathlingen]] (commune generale)
** [[Nova Indago (Circulus terrae Cellensis)|Nova Indago]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nienhagen&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Nienhagen'' seu ''Nova Indago&quot; latinizari solet. Cf. [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_WfU-AAAAcAAJ/bub_gb_WfU-AAAAcAAJ_djvu.txt ''&quot;Meklenburgisches Urkundenbuch / 4 1297-1300 ; Nachträge und Register zu Band I - IV''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Nienhagen, A. Doberan, Kspl. Lichtenhagen, 13 NO Rostock, Nigenhaghen, Noua Indago, Nygenhaghen (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Nienhagen'')
** [[Vicus Adelaidis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ALF 2016&quot;&gt;Academia Latinitati Fovendae (2016). ''Commentarii Academiae Latinitati Fovendae: De novis parochiis et communibus Saxoniae Inferioris textus'' (Vol. XXIV). Romae: Herder.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Adelheidsdorf'')
** [[Wathlingen]]

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index circulorum et liberarum urbium Saxoniae Inferioris]]

{{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris|Cella]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1885]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Brocleda</title>
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'''Brocleda'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Janicke 1896&quot;&gt;Janicke, K. (Ed.) (1896). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Band 1''. [[Lipsia]]e: S. Hirzel.&lt;/ref&gt; seu '''Brocledum'''&lt;ref name=&quot;S&quot;&gt;Sudendorf, H. (Ed.) (1859). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der Herzöge von Braunschweig und Lüneburg und ihrer Lande''. [[Hannovera]]e: Carl Rümpler.&lt;/ref&gt; seu '''Broclidum'''&lt;ref name=&quot;S&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Bröckel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bräukel'') commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] 1.796 incolarum in [[Circulus Cellensis|Circulo Cellensi]] est.

== Historia ==
Die [[15 Augusti]] [[1215]] Brocleda primo in tabulis descripta est. Ab anno [[1972]] Brocleda una cum [[Eicklinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Eicklingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eikeln''), [[Langelege]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Langelege&quot;&gt;Vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20261015061819/https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/langlingen/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''ecclesia Langelege'' (Kirche Langlingen), (...) Bauern in Langlingen (''cives in Langelege'') (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Langlingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Langeln'') atque [[Wienhausen]] ad [[Flotuvita (commune generale)|commune generale Flotuvitam]] pertinet.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Condita saeculo 13]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Eicklinga</title>
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'''Eicklinga'''&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Eicklingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eikeln'') commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] 1.796 incolarum in [[Circulus Cellensis|Circulo Cellensi]] est.

== Historia ==
Commune e compluribus vicis veteribus - quorum unus iam anno [[1196]] primo in tabulis descriptus est - anno [[1968]] coniunctum est. Ab anno [[1972]] Eicklinga una cum [[Brocleda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Janicke 1896&quot;&gt;Janicke, K. (Ed.) (1896). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Band 1''. [[Lipsia]]e: S. Hirzel.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Bröckel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bräukel''), [[Langelege]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Langelege&quot;&gt;Vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20261015061819/https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/langlingen/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''ecclesia Langelege'' (Kirche Langlingen), (...) Bauern in Langlingen (''cives in Langelege'') (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Langlingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Langeln'') atque [[Wienhausen]] ad [[Flotuvita (commune generale)|commune generale Flotuvitam]] pertinet.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Condita 1968]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Circulus Hildesiensis</title>
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'''Circulus Hildesiensis'''&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Hildesiensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Hildesheim'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Hildesiensis-e&quot; ad [[Hildesia]]m refertur. Hac de urbe, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Landkreis Hildesheim''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Hildesheim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Landkreis Hilmessen''), pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], die [[1 Augusti]] [[1977]] e circulis duobus et urbe Hildesia conditus est, quae etiam caput circuli est.

== Communia circuli ==
[[Fasciculus:Municipalities in HI.svg|300px|right|Communia in circulo Hildesiensis]]
Circulus Hildesiensis haec communia habet:

* [[Alfelda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Alfeld''; [[Saxonice]] ''Allefelle''), urbs (19.919)
* [[Algermissenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hoogeweg&quot;&gt;Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.) (1903). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Quellen und Darstellungen zur Geschichte Niedersachsens (Monimenta historica et privilegia de Algermisseno)'' (Vol. III). Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahn’sche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Algermissen'') (7892)
* [[Aulica]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Elze''), urbs (8868)
* [[Bokenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&amp;cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&amp;lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Bockenem''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bokeln''), urbs (10.464)
* [[Diekholza]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Diekholzen'') (6656)
* [[Freda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Freden'') (4477)
* [[Giesa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Giesen'') (9786)
* [[Harsum]] ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Harsum'') (11.663)
* [[Hildesia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hildesheim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hilmessen'' seu ''Hilmssen''), [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]] (102.584)
* [[Holla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Holle'') (7255)
* [[Lamespringa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamespringa&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/20vs/201_MGH/1925-1933%2C_MGH%2C_5_Antiquitates._01_Poetae_04_1._Poetae_Latini_Aevi_Carolini%2C_LT.pdf?utm ''Poetae Latini Aevi Carolini''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Agius autem Lamespringae monachus fuisse videatur'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lamspringe'') (5377)
* [[Salzdetfordium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Marcard 1805&quot;&gt;Marcard, H. M. (1805). ''De salubritate aquarum nendorpensium et de earum usu in morbis chronicis''. [[Goettinga]]e: Dieterich; et: Macard, H. M. (1805). ''De usu salutari fontium salinorum in territorio Hildesiensi sitorum''. [[Goettinga]]e: Dieterich.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Salzdetfurth''), urbs (13.525)
* [[Sarstedt]], oppidum (18.482)
* [[Schellerten]] (8138)
* [[Sibbesse]] (5301)
* [[Stemne]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Stemne&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/nordstemmen/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''] {{Nexus deficit|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''novem iugera sitam Stemne'' (...) ''novem iugeribus in Nortstempne'' (...) ''capellam in northstemne'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Nordstemmen'') (12.410)
* [[Söhlde]] (7855)

* [[Terra Montuosa Leinae (commune generale)|Terra Montuosa Leinae]]&lt;ref&gt;Nomen Theodiscum ''Leinebergland'' ex duobus elementis componitur, ''Leine-'' et ''-bergland''. Primum elementum ad fluvium ''Leine'' Theodisce nuncupatum refertur, cui Leibnitius in opere suo ''De origine Francorum disquisitio'' nomen Latinum &quot;Leina&quot; tribuit: “Ita pagus Leingau a Leina nostra dictus, postea soli parti superioris Leinae circa Gottingam mansit”. Ex hac forma &quot;Leina, -ae&quot; f. genitivus Leinae recte deducitur. Alterum elementum, ''-bergland'', regionem montuosam seu terram montuosam significat. Quare nomen ''Leinebergland'' Latine &quot;Terra Montuosa Leinae&quot; reddi potest.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Leinebergland'') (13.737, commune generale)
** [[Duthungun]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Udolph 2004&quot;&gt;Udolph, J. (2004). ''Suffixbildungen in alten Ortsnamen: Akten eines internationalen Symposiums in Uppsala''. [[Gottinga]]e: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Duingen''; [[Saxonice|Ostfalice]] ''Daujen'') oppidum (5207)
** [[Eima (Circulus Hildesiensis)|Eima]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eime'') oppidum (2696)
** [[Grona (Leina)|Grona]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gronau''), urbs (5117)

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index circulorum et liberarum urbium Saxoniae Inferioris]]

{{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris|Hildesiensis]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1977]]</text>
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      <text bytes="3516" sha1="rq1hvorqbifus5g5hbrzyrdho210alb" xml:space="preserve">'''Epistula Toletana''' fuit nuntium papae [[Clemens III|Clementi III]] missum, e [[scholae Toletanae|scholis Toletanis]] ut videtur oriundum et in quibusdam recensionibus magistro [[Ioannes Davidis Hispalensis|Ioanne Davidis Hispalensi]] adscriptum.&lt;ref&gt;Gaster (1902) p. 116&lt;/ref&gt;  In recensionibus antiquissimis huius epistulae [[syzygia anni 1186|syzygia planetaria]] anni [[1186]] praedicitur:
:''Sententia cuiusdam astrologi de plagis futuris''. Mense Septembri, duodecima indictione, sole exsistente in Libra, erit, si Dominus voluerit, coniunctio omnium planetarum in Libra et [[cauda Scorpionis]]. Sequetur enim [[terrae motus]] mirabilis, et destruentur loca consueta perditioni, per Saturnum et Martem manentes in signis aeris; et erit mortalitas et infirmitas, Ostendit etiam eadem coniunctio ventum validum, denigrantem aerem et obscurum reddentem, et venenis infectum; et in vento vox terribilis audietur, et terrebit corda hominum, et a regionibus harenosis sabulonem accipiet; harenis civitates proximas in planitie cooperiet, et primo civitates orientales, [[Mecca|Mecam]], [[Bagdatum|Baldas]] et [[Cairus|Babiloniam]] ... Erit in eodem anno, antequam planetae conveniant in Libra, [[eclipsis Solis]] ... Tunc cadet dubietas inter Iudaeos et Sarracenos, donec derelinquant penitus [[Synagoge|synagogas]] et [[meschita|mahummerias]] suas, et eorum secta iussu Dei annihilabitur ...&lt;ref&gt;[[Robertus de Torigneio]], ''[[Chronicon (Robertus de Torigneio)|Chronicon]]'' anno 1179 [http://archive.org/stream/chroniclesofreig04howl#page/282/mode/2up pp. 283-284 Howlett]&lt;/ref&gt;
Recensiones posteriores, talibus rebus anno 1186 non observatis, de annis variis malos casus praedicunt. Sub anno 1229 [[Rogerius de Wendover]] in ''[[Flores historiarum|Floribus historiarum]]'' suis de epistula refert et &quot;magistro Ioanne Toletano&quot; adscribit, qui idem fuerit ac [[Ioannes Toletanus]] cardinalis.&lt;ref&gt;Similiter [[Gervasius Cantuariensis]]. Gaster (1902) pp. 122-125&lt;/ref&gt; Annis 1322-1329 epistula fere eadem in chronicis repetitur, et mox de [[syzygia anni 1345]], deinde sub anno 1395 (sed iam magistris [[Universitas Parisiensis|Parisiensibus]] adscripta). &lt;ref&gt;Gaster (1901) pp. 125-126&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Notae ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* [[Moses Gaster]], &quot;The Letter of Toledo&quot; in ''Folk-Lore'' vol. 13 (1902) pp. 115-134
* Hermann von Grauert, &quot;Meister Johann von Toledo&quot; in ''Sitzungsberichte der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, phil.-histor. Kl.'' (Monaci, 1901) p. 165 ff.
* Guido Horn d'Arturo, &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120930021022/http://www.bo.astro.it/~biblio/Horn/Horn_page/arabi.html Numeri arabici e simboli celesti]&quot; in ''Pubblicazioni dell'Osservatorio Astronomico della R. Università di Bologna'' vol. 1 no. 7 (1925)

== Nexus externi ==
* Jonathan Green, &quot;[http://researchfragments.blogspot.fr/2010/10/toledo-letter-late-late-edition.html The Toledo Letter (late late edition)]&quot; et &quot;[http://researchfragments.blogspot.fr/2011/06/late-late-toledo-letter-again.html The late, late Toledo Letter (again)]&quot; apud ''Research Fragments''
* Nicholas Whyte, &quot;[http://www.nicholaswhyte.info/astrol.htm Astronomy and Astrology in the 12th Century]&quot;
* &quot;[http://answers.google.com/answers/threadview?id=69293 Planetary Conjunction of 1186]&quot; apud ''Google Answers''

{{Nexus absunt}}

[[Categoria:Prophetiae]]
[[Categoria:Scripta saeculo 12]]
[[Categoria:Hispaniae scripta]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]
[[Categoria:Scholae Toletanae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Praemium Sacharovianum</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <comment>Hauwa est forma Hausa praenominis Evae</comment>
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[[Fasciculus:Sakharov Prize 2009.jpg|thumb|Visio caeremoniae Praemii anno 2009]]
'''Praemium Sacharovianum'''{{Convertimus}} est [[praemium]] decretum a [[Parlamentum Europaeum|Paralamento Europaeo]] laudatur ad homines qui pro [[iura humana|iuribus hamanis]] et [[libertas sentiendi|libertate sentiendi]] conati sunt. Hoc praemium apud [[Andreas Sacharov]] qui contra regimen oppressivum [[Unio Sovietica|Unionis Sovieticae]] et pro [[exarmatio nuclearis|exarmatione nucleari]] pugnavit creatum est et primum ad [[Nelson Mandela]] et [[Anatoli Marchenko]] anno [[1988]] datum est. 

Homines ad praemium quoque anno eligentur et circa [[Dies Iurum Humanorum|Die Iurum Humanorum]] cum eo pecunia 50,000 [[euro]]es datur. Caeremonia praemii circa die [[10 Decembris]], quae [[Dies Iurum Humanorum]] fit.

== Laureati ==
*[[1988]] - [[Nelson Mandela]] et [[Anatolius Marčenko]]
*[[1989]] - [[Alexander Dubček]]
*[[1990]] - [[Aung San Suu Kyi]]
*[[1991]] - [[Adamus Demaçi]]
*[[1992]] - Matres de placia Maii
*[[1993]] - [[Oslobođeje]]
*[[1994]] - [[Taslima Nasrin]]
*[[1995]] - [[Leyla Zana]]
*[[1996]] - [[Wei Jingsheng]]
*[[1997]] - [[Salima Ghezali]]
*[[1998]] - [[Ibraimus Rugova]]
*[[1999]] - [[Xanana Gusmão]]
*[[2000]] - [[¡Basta Ya!]]
*[[2001]] - [[Nurit Peled-Elhanan]], [[Izzat Ghazzawi]] et [[Zacharias Kamwenbo]]
*[[2002]] - [[Osvaldus Payá]]
*[[2003]] - [[Kofi Annan]] et [[Nationes Unitae]]
*[[2004]] - Coolegium diurnariorum [[Belarussia]]e
*[[2005]] - [[Dominae Albae Vestitae]], [[Relatores sine finibus]] et [[Eva Ibrahim]]
*[[2006]] - [[Alexander Milinkievič]]
*[[2007]] - [[Salih Mahmoud Osman]]
*[[2008]] - [[Hu Jia]]
*[[2009]] - [[Memorial]]
*[[2010]] - [[Gulielmus Fariñas]]
*[[2011]] - Activistae [[Ver Arabicum|Veris Arabici]], [[Asmaa Mahfouz]], [[Ahmedus al-Senussi]], [[Razan Zaitouneh]], [[Ali-Farzat]] et [[Machometus Bouazizi]]
*[[2012]] - [[Nasrin Sotoudeh]] et [[Diafarus Panahi]]
*[[2013]] - [[Malala Yousafzai]]
*[[2014]] - [[Dionysius Mukwege]]
*[[2015]] - [[Raif Badwi]]
*[[2016]] - [[Nadia Murad]] et [[Lamya Haij Bashar]]
*[[2017]] - [[Oppositio (civilitas)|Oppositiones]] in [[Venetiola]]
*[[2018]] - [[Olegus Sencov]]
*[[2019]] - [[Ilham Tohti]]
*[[2020]] - Oppositiones in [[Belorussia]] (a [[Svetlana Cichanoŭskaja]], [[Maria Kalesnikava]] atque [[Sergius Cichanoŭskij|Sergio Cichanoŭskij]] ductae)
*[[2021]] - [[Alexius Navalnyj]]
*[[2022]] - Populi [[Ucraina]]e contra [[Incursio Russica in Ucrainam (2022)|Incursionem Rissicam]]
*[[2023]] - [[Mahsa Amini]] atque Motus &quot;Mulier, Vita, Libertas&quot;
*[[2024]] - [[Maria Corina Machado]]
*[[2025]] - [[Andreas Poczobut]] et [[Mzia Amaglobeli]]
*[[2026]] - [[Tribunal criminale internationale]]

{{NexInt}}
*[[Iura humana]]
*[[Libertas sentiendi]]

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi == 
*[http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sakharovprize/en/home De Praemio Sacharoviano] ([[Parlamentum Europaeum]])

[[Categoria:Iura humana]]
[[Categoria:Parlamentum Europaeum]]
[[Categoria:Praemia]]</text>
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      <text bytes="3040" sha1="18hjny9b7rigw30g20c0nx7kzw67f83" xml:space="preserve">{{Latinitas|-5}}
[[Fasciculus:Sakharov Prize 2009.jpg|thumb|Visio caeremoniae Praemii anno 2009]]
'''Praemium Sacharovianum'''{{Convertimus}} est [[praemium]] decretum a [[Parlamentum Europaeum|Paralamento Europaeo]] laudatur ad homines qui pro [[iura humana|iuribus hamanis]] et [[libertas sentiendi|libertate sentiendi]] conati sunt. Hoc praemium ab [[Andreas Sacharov|Andrea Sacharov]] qui contra regimen oppressivum [[Unio Sovietica|Unionis Sovieticae]] et pro [[exarmatio nuclearis|exarmatione nucleari]] pugnavit creatum est et primum ad [[Nelsonius Mandela|Nelsonium Mandela]] et [[Anatolium Marčenko]] anno [[1988]] datum est. 

Homines ad praemium quoque anno eligentur et circa [[Dies Iurum Humanorum|Die Iurum Humanorum]] cum eo pecunia 50,000 [[euro]]es datur. Caeremonia praemii circa die [[10 Decembris]], quae [[Dies Iurum Humanorum]] fit.

== Laureati ==
*[[1988]] - [[Nelsonius Mandela]] et [[Anatolius Marčenko]]
*[[1989]] - [[Alexander Dubček]]
*[[1990]] - [[Aung San Suu Kyi]]
*[[1991]] - [[Adamus Demaçi]]
*[[1992]] - Matres de placia Maii
*[[1993]] - [[Oslobođeje]]
*[[1994]] - [[Taslima Nasrin]]
*[[1995]] - [[Leyla Zana]]
*[[1996]] - [[Wei Jingsheng]]
*[[1997]] - [[Salima Ghezali]]
*[[1998]] - [[Ibraimus Rugova]]
*[[1999]] - [[Xanana Gusmão]]
*[[2000]] - [[¡Basta Ya!]]
*[[2001]] - [[Nurit Peled-Elhanan]], [[Izzat Ghazzawi]] et [[Zacharias Kamwenbo]]
*[[2002]] - [[Osvaldus Payá]]
*[[2003]] - [[Kofi Annan]] et [[Nationes Unitae]]
*[[2004]] - Coolegium diurnariorum [[Belarussia]]e
*[[2005]] - [[Dominae Albae Vestitae]], [[Relatores sine finibus]] et [[Eva Ibrahim]]
*[[2006]] - [[Alexander Milinkievič]]
*[[2007]] - [[Salih Mahmoud Osman]]
*[[2008]] - [[Hu Jia]]
*[[2009]] - [[Memorial]]
*[[2010]] - [[Gulielmus Fariñas]]
*[[2011]] - Activistae [[Ver Arabicum|Veris Arabici]], [[Asmaa Mahfouz]], [[Ahmedus al-Senussi]], [[Razan Zaitouneh]], [[Ali-Farzat]] et [[Machometus Bouazizi]]
*[[2012]] - [[Nasrin Sotoudeh]] et [[Diafarus Panahi]]
*[[2013]] - [[Malala Yousafzai]]
*[[2014]] - [[Dionysius Mukwege]]
*[[2015]] - [[Raif Badwi]]
*[[2016]] - [[Nadia Murad]] et [[Lamya Haij Bashar]]
*[[2017]] - [[Oppositio (civilitas)|Oppositiones]] in [[Venetiola]]
*[[2018]] - [[Olegus Sencov]]
*[[2019]] - [[Ilham Tohti]]
*[[2020]] - Oppositiones in [[Belorussia]] (a [[Svetlana Cichanoŭskaja]], [[Maria Kalesnikava]] atque [[Sergius Cichanoŭskij|Sergio Cichanoŭskij]] ductae)
*[[2021]] - [[Alexius Navalnyj]]
*[[2022]] - Populi [[Ucraina]]e contra [[Incursio Russica in Ucrainam (2022)|Incursionem Rissicam]]
*[[2023]] - [[Mahsa Amini]] atque Motus &quot;Mulier, Vita, Libertas&quot;
*[[2024]] - [[Maria Corina Machado]]
*[[2025]] - [[Andreas Poczobut]] et [[Mzia Amaglobeli]]
*[[2026]] - [[Tribunal criminale internationale]]

{{NexInt}}
*[[Iura humana]]
*[[Libertas sentiendi]]

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi == 
*[http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sakharovprize/en/home De Praemio Sacharoviano] ([[Parlamentum Europaeum]])

[[Categoria:Iura humana]]
[[Categoria:Parlamentum Europaeum]]
[[Categoria:Praemia]]</text>
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    <title>Circulus Gottingae</title>
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'''Circulus Gottingae'''&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.com/books?id=kkM-AAAAcAAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=gottingensis&amp;lr=&amp;cd=14#v=onepage&amp;q=&amp;f=false Libri Googles].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Landkreis Göttingen''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Göttingen''; [[Saxonice]] '' Landkreis Chöttingen''), nunc pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], anno [[1885]] conditus est. [[Caput (urbs)|Caput]] est [[Gottinga]].

== Historia ==
Circulus Gottingae anno [[1885]] constitutus est. Anno [[1945]] ad terram Hannoveram transiit, ab anno [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinet. Anno 2012 disputabatur, an circulus cum finitimis [[Circulus terrae Northemiensis|Northemiensi]] et [[Circulus Osteroda ad Harthicos montes|Osteroda]] coniungendus esset. Postquam Northeim e actionibus se recessit, consilium circuli Gottingae die [[6 Martii]] [[2013]] constituit, ut cum solo circulo Osteroda circulus Gottingae coniungendus sit&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.landkreis-goettingen.de/pics/medien/1_1362642492/2013_03_06_EILMELDUNG_Kreistag_beschliesst_Fusion.pdf Nuntius circuli Gottingae die 6 Martii 2013 promulgata]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Die [[1 Novembris]] [[2016]] Osteroda ad Gottingam circulum adiuncta est&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20161101125654/http://www.ndr.de/nachrichten/niedersachsen/braunschweig_harz_goettingen/Landkreise-Osterode-und-Goettingen-fusionieren,kreisfusion160.html ndr.de die 1 Novembris 2016]&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Communia circuli ==
[[Fasciculus:Municipalities_in_GÖ-2016.svg|300px|right|Communia in Circulo Gottingae]]
Circulus Gottingensis 39 communia habet, quae maxima parte ad &quot;communia generalia&quot; (Theodisce &quot;Samtgemeinden&quot;) coniuncta sunt. Haec sunt:

* [[Adelebsenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Funck 1736&quot;&gt;Funck, J. N. (1736). ''Disputatio Academica de Voluntaria Morte Judaeorum et Gentilium sub Praesidio S. R. I. Libero Baroni de Adelebsen Dedicata''. Rintelii: Typis Johannis Friderici Enax.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Adelebsen'') (6449 incolae)
* [[Aquae Lauterbergenses in Montibus Harthicis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mirus 1826&quot;&gt;Mirus, A. (1826). ''De salubritate aquarum lauterbergensium in montibus harthicis sitarum''. Typis Regiis.&lt;/ref&gt;  (Theodisce: ''Bad Lauterberg im Harz''), commune sui iuris et urbs (11.080 incolae)
* [[Bobentunum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir &amp; Ohainski &amp; Udolph&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bovenden''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Bovten'') oppidum (13.381)
* [[Duderstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Duderstadt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dustadt'') (21.609)
* [[Friedlandia (Saxonia Inferior)|Friedland]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Friedland&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Friedland' in Latinam &quot;Friedlandia&quot; verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Friedland'') (11.395)
* [[Gleicha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gleichen'') (9163)
* [[Gottinga]] (''Göttingen'', 121.364)
* [[Grundensis Civitas Metallica]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Grund'') (8824)
* [[Hertzberga ad Harthicos montes]], urbs (13.573)
* [[Mundia Hannoverana]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mundia Hannoverana&quot;&gt;Vide [https://spatial.demo.geocode.earth/explore/place/wof/101810167?utm ''Geocode Earth''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) LAT preferred '''Mundia Hannoverana''' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hann. Münden'' seu ''Hannoversch Münden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hannöversch Münnen''), urbs (24.390)
* [[Osteroda ad Harthicos montes|Osteroda ad Harthicos Montes]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Osterode am Harz&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.geonames.org/advanced-search.html?q=Goettingen ''www.geonames.org''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Osterode am Harz Osteroda ad Harthicos montes (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Osterode am Harz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ostroe'') (''Osterode am Harz''), urbs et commune sui iuris (22.987)
* [[Rosdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Rosdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Rosdörp'')(12.005)
* [[Sathsa]] vel '''Aquae Sathsieneses''' (''Bad Sachsa''), urbs (7634)
* [[Staufenberg]] (8080)
* [[Walkenried]] (4666)

* [[Gieboldehusa (commune generale)|Gieboldehusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Gieboldehausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Chiwelehusen'') commune generale (13.890)
** [[Bilshusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wolf 1819&quot;&gt;Wolf, J. (1819). ''Politische Geschichte des Eichsfeldes mit Urkunden erläutert''. Johann Georg Rosenbusch.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bilshausen'') (2348)
** [[Bodensa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir &amp; Ohainski &amp; Udolph&quot;&gt;Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2003). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Göttingen''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodensee'') (767)
** [[Gieboldehusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Gieboldehausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Chiwelehusen'') oppidum (3944)
** [[Krebecca]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-ecca&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ec(k)'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-ecca-ae&quot; seu &quot;-eca-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-ec, -eck''' : -''ecca'', -''ēca'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Krebeck'') (1116)
** [[Obernfelda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-felda&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-feld(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-felda-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Falufelda]], [[Frauenfelda]], [[Heresfelda]], [[Hirutfelda]], [[Ilfelda]], [[Mansfelda]], [[Salfelda]], [[Sualafelda]], [[Alfelda]], [[Alsfelda]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Obernfeld'') (972)
** [[Rollshusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Rollshausen'') (901)
** [[Rüdershausen]] (868)
** [[Rumispringe]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rumispringe&quot;&gt;Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2003). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Göttingen. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte'', p. 337. (Kopialbuch Katlenburg, Bd. I, S. 61f.).&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Rhumspringe'') (1883)
** [[Wollbrandshausen]] (612)
** [[Wollershausen]] (479)

* [[Radolfshusa (commune generale)|Radolfshusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Radolfshausen'', commune generale (7282)
** [[Evergoteshemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-hemiumEver&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-he(i)m'' et ''-hjem'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-hemium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ingelhemium]], [[Eboreshemium]], [[Arnhemium]], [[Oppenhemium]], [[Forchemium]], [[Gerineshemium]], [[Benthemium]], [[Buxhemium]], [[Dronthemium]], [[Enshemium]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum primae formae huius toponymi ''Euergoteshem'' testatae applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide: H. Bresslau et. al.: ''Die Urkunden Heinrichs II. und Arduins''. In: Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Die Urkunden der deutschen Könige und Kaiser, Band 3. [[Hannovera]]e 1900–1903.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ebergötzen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Ewerchötzschen'') (1790)
** [[Landolfshusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Landolfshausen'') (1132)
** [[Seeburg]] (1601)
** [[Seulingen]] (1369)
** [[Waake]] (1390)

* [[Hattorpium ad Harthicos Montes (commune generale)|Hattorpium ad Harthicos Montes]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Hattorf am Harz'') (commune generale) (7606)
** [[Elbingeroda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-roda&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-rode'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-roda-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Baceroda]], [[Gerningeroda]], [[Osteroda]], [[Werningroda]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Elbingerode'') (417)
** [[Hattorpium ad Harthicos Montes]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Hattorf am Harz'') (4177)
** [[Horda ad Harthicos Montes]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Hörden am Harz'') (1078)
** [[Wulften ad Harthicos montes]] (1934)

* [[Thransfellensis Ecclesia (commune generale)|Thransfellensis Ecclesia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dransfeld''), commune generale (9158)
** [[Buria (Saxonia Inferior)|Buria]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir &amp; Ohainski &amp; Udolph&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Bühren'') (527)
** [[Iuniun]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Iunium&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B74-6/NOB%20IV%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20G%C3%B6ttingen.pdf?utm ''NOB IV Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Göttingen'']{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) 960 Iuniun (MGH DO I. Nr. 206 S. 285) (...) 1251 (A. 14. Jh.) Johan de June (UB Göttingen I Nr. 4 S. 5) 1266 ''Godefridus de Iunen [...] sacerdos'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;  ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Jühnde'') (1062)
** [[Scheden]] (1963)
** [[Thransfellensis Ecclesia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dransfeld'') urbs (4010)
** [[Vallis Mimedensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Vallis&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Tal?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum vocabulum ''T(h)al'' aut Theodiscum suffixum ''-t(h)al'' Latino vocabulo &quot;vallis-is&quot;] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mimedensis&quot;&gt;Theodiscum hydronymicum praefixum ''Nieme-'' Latino gentilicio &quot;Mimedensis-e&quot; vertitur, quod ad flumen Mimede seu Mymede (Theodisce ''Nieme'') refertur. Quo de Latino hydronymo, vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B74-6/NOB%20IV%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20G%C3%B6ttingen.pdf?utm ''NOB IV Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Göttingen''] {{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''riuum, qui teutonice Mimede vocatur'' (...) ''riuum, qui toutonice Mymede vocatur'' (...) ''flumine Mimede'' (...) ''riuum, qui Mymede vocatur''  (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Niemetal'') (1596)

== Coniunctiones pagorum ==
Circulus Gottingensis coniunctiones cum aliis pagis Europae habet:
* [[Stegelicium-Zelendorfium]], ab anno 1962)
* [[Stroud]] ([[Glocestria]]), ab anno [[1951]]
* [[Surisna]] (praefectura [[Alta Sequanae]]), ab anno [[1959]]
* [[Hackney (Londinium)|Hackney]] ([[Londinium]]), ab anno [[1973]]
* [[Albensis Comitatus]] ([[Hungaria]]), ab anno [[2000]]

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index circulorum et liberarum urbium Saxoniae Inferioris]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gottingae circulus}}
[[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1885]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Rosdorfium</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Rosdorf]] ad [[Rosdorfium]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam</comment>
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[[Fasciculus:StJohannis Rosdorf.jpg|thumb|left|Ecclesia Sancti Ioannis]]
'''Rosdorf''' est oppidum [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in in [[Circulus Gottingae|Circulo Gottingae]]. Ad Rosdorf etiam vici Atzenhausen, Dahlenrode, Dramfeld, Klein Wiershausen, Lemshausen, Mengershausen, Obernjesa, Settmarshausen, Sieboldshausen atque Volkerode pertinent.

== Historia ==
Anno [[1004]] Rosdorf nomine ''Rasthorp'' primo in actis descripta est. Ab anno [[1946]] pars Saxoniae Inferioris et circuli Gottingae est. Anno [[1973]] vici supradicti ad Rosdorf adiuncti sunt.

== Cives clari ==
* [[Fridericus Bohl]] (*1945), rerum politicarum peritus factionis [[CDU]].

== Nexus externi ==
{{Commonscat|Rosdorf|Rosdorf}}
* [http://www.rosdorf.de Pagina communis Rosdorf (lingua Theodisca)]

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Condita saeculo 10]]</text>
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[[Fasciculus:StJohannis Rosdorf.jpg|thumb|left|Ecclesia Sancti Ioannis.]]
'''Rosdorfium'''&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Rosdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Rosdörp'') est commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Gottingae|Circulo Gottingae]]. Ad Rosdorfium etiam pagi [[Atzenhusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Atzenhausen'') cum [[Brackenberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;  (Theodisce ''Brackenberg'') ac [[Brackenburgum|Brackenburgo]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Brackenburg''); [[Dahlenroda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-roda&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-rode'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-roda-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Baceroda]], [[Gerningeroda]], [[Osteroda]], [[Werningroda]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Dahlenrode'') cum [[Wetenborne|Wetenborni]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NOB IV&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B74-6/NOB%20IV%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20G%C3%B6ttingen.pdf?utm ''NOB IV Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Göttingen''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Ekehardus sacerdos de Tranvelde'' (...) ''Wernherus de Heysendal'' (...) ''Lyammanneshusun'' (...) ''Orto sancte Marie'' (...) ''Meyngererhusun'' (...) ''Osdaghusun'' (...) ''in ecclesia Superioris ville Gese'' (...) ''Olenhus'' (...) ''que dicitur Rosa'' (...) ''Siualdeshusun'' (...) ''Wetenborne, que adiacet ville Dederode'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Gut Wetenborn''); [[Lyammanneshusun]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NOB IV&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Lemshausen'') cum [[Praedium Reibstenium|Praedio Reibstenio]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Gut&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/praedium?nr=null&amp;utm Theodiscum vocabulum ''Gut'' Latino &quot;praedium-ii&quot; vertitur].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-stein&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-stein'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stenium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Leostenium]], [[Ravenstenium]], [[Richenstenium]], [[Alienstenium]], [[Gastenium]], [[Crybenstenium]], [[Dachstenium]], [[Eberstenium]], [[Falcostenium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Gut Reibstein''); [[Meyngererhusun]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NOB IV&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Mengershausen'') cum [[Osdaghusun]]e&lt;ref name=&quot;NOB IV&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Vorwerk Örshausen'') ac [[Rosa (Meyngererhusun)|Rosa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NOB IV&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Tiefenbrunn''); [[Sidemanneshusa]]&lt;ref&gt;Hoc Latinum toponymum regressive derivatur Latino e gentilicio &quot;Sidemanneshusanus-a-um&quot;. Quo de gentilicio, vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B74-6/NOB%20IV%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20G%C3%B6ttingen.pdf?utm ''NOB IV Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Göttingen''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''bona praedicta Sidemanneshusana'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;  (Theodisce ''Settmarshausen'') cum [[Heysendal]]i&lt;ref name=&quot;NOB IV&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Vorwerk Heißental'') ac [[Olenhus|Olenho]] (Theodisce ''Olenhusen''); [[Sivaldeshusun]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NOB IV&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Sieboldshausen''); [[Superior Villa Gesa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NOB IV&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Obernjesa''; Saxonice ''Öweren Jaise''); [[Tranvelde]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NOB IV&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Dramfeld'') cum [[Ortus Sanctae Mariae|Orto Sanctae Mariae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NOB IV&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Klostergut Mariengarten''); [[Volkeroda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-roda&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Volkerode''); et [[Wiershusa Minor]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;&gt;De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum &quot;Klein&quot; et &quot;Gross&quot; per Latina &quot;Minor-us&quot; et &quot;Maior-ius&quot;, vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Klein Wiershausen''); pertinent.

== Historia ==
Anno [[1004]] Rosdorfium nomine ''Rasthorp'' primo in actis descriptum est. Ab anno [[1946]] pars Saxoniae Inferioris et circuli Gottingae est. Anno [[1973]] pagi supradicti ad Rosdorfium adiuncti sunt.

== Cives clari ==
* [[Fridericus Bohl]] (*1945), rerum politicarum peritus factionis [[CDU]].

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{Commonscat|Rosdorf|Rosdorfium}}
* [http://www.rosdorf.de Pagina communis Rosdorfii (Theodisce)]

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Condita saeculo 10]]</text>
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[[Fasciculus:StJohannis Rosdorf.jpg|thumb|left|Ecclesia Sancti Ioannis.]]
'''Rosdorfium'''&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Rosdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Rosdörp'') est commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Gottingae|Circulo Gottingae]]. Ad Rosdorfium etiam pagi [[Atzenhusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Atzenhausen'') cum [[Brackenberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;  (Theodisce ''Brackenberg'') ac [[Brackenburgum|Brackenburgo]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Brackenburg''); [[Dahlenroda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-roda&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-rode'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-roda-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Baceroda]], [[Gerningeroda]], [[Osteroda]], [[Werningroda]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Dahlenrode'') cum [[Wetenborne|Wetenborni]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NOB IV&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B74-6/NOB%20IV%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20G%C3%B6ttingen.pdf?utm ''NOB IV Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Göttingen''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Ekehardus sacerdos de Tranvelde'' (...) ''Wernherus de Heysendal'' (...) ''Lyammanneshusun'' (...) ''Orto sancte Marie'' (...) ''Meyngererhusun'' (...) ''Osdaghusun'' (...) ''in ecclesia Superioris ville Gese'' (...) ''Olenhus'' (...) ''que dicitur Rosa'' (...) ''Siualdeshusun'' (...) ''Wetenborne, que adiacet ville Dederode'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Gut Wetenborn''); [[Lyammanneshusun]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NOB IV&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Lemshausen'') cum [[Praedium Reibstenium|Praedio Reibstenio]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Gut&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/praedium?nr=null&amp;utm Theodiscum vocabulum ''Gut'' Latino &quot;praedium-ii&quot; vertitur].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-stein&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-stein'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stenium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Leostenium]], [[Ravenstenium]], [[Richenstenium]], [[Alienstenium]], [[Gastenium]], [[Crybenstenium]], [[Dachstenium]], [[Eberstenium]], [[Falcostenium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Gut Reibstein''); [[Meyngererhusun]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NOB IV&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Mengershausen'') cum [[Osdaghusun]]e&lt;ref name=&quot;NOB IV&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Vorwerk Örshausen'') ac [[Rosa (Meyngererhusun)|Rosa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NOB IV&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Tiefenbrunn''); [[Sidemanneshusa]]&lt;ref&gt;Hoc Latinum toponymum regressive derivatur Latino e gentilicio &quot;Sidemanneshusanus-a-um&quot;. Quo de gentilicio, vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B74-6/NOB%20IV%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20G%C3%B6ttingen.pdf?utm ''NOB IV Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Göttingen''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''bona praedicta Sidemanneshusana'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;  (Theodisce ''Settmarshausen'') cum [[Heysendal]]i&lt;ref name=&quot;NOB IV&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Vorwerk Heißental'') ac [[Olenhus|Olenho]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NOB IV&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Olenhusen''); [[Sivaldeshusun]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NOB IV&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Sieboldshausen''); [[Superior Villa Gesa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NOB IV&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Obernjesa''; Saxonice ''Öweren Jaise''); [[Tranvelde]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NOB IV&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Dramfeld'') cum [[Ortus Sanctae Mariae|Orto Sanctae Mariae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NOB IV&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Klostergut Mariengarten''); [[Volkeroda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-roda&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Volkerode''); et [[Wiershusa Minor]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;&gt;De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum &quot;Klein&quot; et &quot;Gross&quot; per Latina &quot;Minor-us&quot; et &quot;Maior-ius&quot;, vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Klein Wiershausen''); pertinent.

== Historia ==
Anno [[1004]] Rosdorfium nomine ''Rasthorp'' primo in actis descriptum est. Ab anno [[1946]] pars Saxoniae Inferioris et circuli Gottingae est. Anno [[1973]] pagi supradicti ad Rosdorfium adiuncti sunt.

== Cives clari ==
* [[Fridericus Bohl]] (*1945), rerum politicarum peritus factionis [[CDU]].

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{Commonscat|Rosdorf|Rosdorfium}}
* [http://www.rosdorf.de Pagina communis Rosdorfii (Theodisce)]

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Condita saeculo 10]]</text>
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'''Consus''' est perantiquus [[deus]] Latinus et [[religio Romana|Romanus]],quem eruditi hodierni putant deum [[granum|granorum]] sub terra conditorum apud [[agricola (munus)|agricolas]] fuisse&lt;ref&gt;[[Georgius Dumézil|Dumézil]], ''Religion romaine archaïque'' p.267.&lt;/ref&gt; : nam ad aram subterraneam ei sacrificabatur. At antiqui [[auctor]]es per [[Paretymologia|etymologiam populo gratam]] tamquam deum consilii eum interpretabantur.&lt;ref&gt;[[Tertullianus]], ''De Spectaculis'' V,7. [[Varro Reatinus|Varro]] ''Lingua Latina'' VI,20. [[Sanctus Augustinus|Divus Augustinus]] ''Civ. Dei'' IV,11.&lt;/ref&gt; Idem esse ac [[Neptunus (deus)|Neptunus Equester]] (Graece Ποσειδὢν ἲππιος) quoque dicebatur, quia [[equus|equorum]] cursibus in [[Circus Maximus|Circo Maximo]] honorabatur.

[[Consualia]] feriae in eius honorem bis anno celebrabantur, die XII Kal. Sept. ([[21 Augusti]]) et die XVIII Kal. Ian. ([[15 Decembris|15 decembris]]).

==De deo==
===De deo agrario===
Sine dubio fuit deus &quot;chthonius&quot; Consus cuius ara &quot;''in Circo defossa est ad primas metas sub terra...''&quot; ([[Tertullianus]]), nec detegebatur nisi festis diebus. Item et ceteri dei venerati in valle Murcia (ubi [[Circus Maximus]]  aedificatus est) omnes agrarii sunt : '''Seia''' (ad sementem), '''Segetia''' vel '''Messia''' (ad messem), '''Tutulina''' (ad fruges post messem tuendas),  mera nomina nobis sunt, sed signa in columnis possidebant intra Circum&lt;ref&gt;[[Tertullianus]] ''Spect.'' VIII,3. [[Sanctus Augustinus|Augustinus]] ''Civ. Dei'' IV,8. [[Macrobius]] ''Satur.'' I,16,8. Vide etiam [[Plinius maior|Plinium]] ''NH'' 18,8.&lt;/ref&gt;. Postremo feriae Consi cum festis [[Ops|Opis]] deae coniunctae sunt : et mense Augusto et mense Decembri [[Consualia]] intervallo quatuor dierum sacra Opis  praecedebant, cuius dies festus aestivus '''Opiconsivia''' nominabatur. Quae dea opulentiam ex agri cultura partam repraesentat. Porro ambo in serie feriarum inclusi erant mense Augusto ad messem peractam pertinentium, mense autem Decembri sive, ut alii volunt, ad sementem autumnalem peractam&lt;ref&gt;Confer etymologiam [[Saturnus (deus)|Saturni]] e satis (verbum serere). [[Saturnalia]] enim ceteras ferias mensis Decembris velut occupaverant.&lt;/ref&gt;, sive, ut alii, ad primam aperturam horreorum, cum fruges proximae messis promebantur impendebanturque&lt;ref&gt;Sic Georgius Dumézil.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Plerique igitur eruditi putant Consum esse deum qui fruges in horreis vel  sub terra reconditas tuetur.

===De deo consiliorum===
E contrario paene omnes auctores antiqui Consum consiliorum deum esse dixerunt, sive ob similitudinem vocabulorum, sive per popularem etymologiam, sive quod '''Consivium''' in '''consilium''' deformatum esset, ut nonnullis placuit&lt;ref&gt;[[Dionysius Halicarnassensis|Dion. Hal]]. ''Ant. Rom.'' II,30,3. G Radke, ''Die Götter Altitaliens'', 1965, sub verbo Consivia.&lt;/ref&gt;. Nonne ipsi arae sub Circo defossae inscriptum erat, teste [[Tertullianus|Tertulliano]]&lt;ref&gt;''Op. laud.'' V,7.&lt;/ref&gt; : CONSVS CONSILIO MARS DVELLO LARES COILLO POTENTES ? Nihilominus unum tantum consilium referunt, scilicet consilium de [[Sabinae raptae|Sabinis rapiendis]] [[Romulus|Romulo]] datum. Nam [[Consualia|Consualibus ludis]], Sabinis sub praetexto spectaculi accitis, feminas hospitum inermium ac nihil tale expectantium Romani rapuere. Haec est sola fabula quae de Conso narrabatur.
Atque arae subterraneae hanc rationem reddebant : ita ostendi consilium rem tectam secretamque esse.

===De Conso/Neptuno===
Haec adsimulatio Consi cum [[Neptunus (deus)|Neptuno]] ostendit quam levibus de causis nonnumquam, dum interpretationem Romanam deorum Graecorum quaerunt, deos parum similes Romani comparaverint&lt;ref&gt;Anne Bajard (2009).&lt;/ref&gt;. Nam [[Posidon]] a Graecis dicebatur equum hominibus donasse atque etiam illius doni causa sperasse urbem [[Athenae|Athenas]] e suo nomine appellatum iri ; [[Athena|Athenam]] vero deam eum superasse quod dis iudicibus [[Olea|olea]] equo praelata esset. Ideo Posidon &quot;''hippios''&quot;, id est ''equester'', cognominari solebat&lt;ref&gt;[[Pausanias]] VII.21.8-9.&lt;/ref&gt;. Et Romae [[Consualia|Consualibus ludis]] equorum (ac fortasse etiam asinorum mulorumque) cursus spectabantur. Nihil aliud novimus quod adsimulationem istam corroborare posset. Adeo parum ad notitiam Consi confert Neptunus !

==De cultu==
Iam die [[7 Iulii|nonis Iuliis]] sacrificium ad aram Consi per [[Pontifex|pontifices]] populi Romani fiebat&lt;ref&gt;Tertullianus V,7.&lt;/ref&gt;. Notabile est eodem die in veteribus [[Fasti|Fastis]] ferias &quot;[[Pales|Palibus II]]&quot; inscriptas esse&lt;ref&gt;[[Fasti Antiates Maiores|Fasti Antiates maiores]]&lt;/ref&gt;, quarum una equos, boves, asinos curabat. 

Deinde, ante diem XII  Kal. Septembres [[Flamen|flamen Quirinalis]] et [[Vestalis virgo|Vestales]] ibidem deum similiter litabant. Equi, asini et muli  quoque feriati erant atque coronis ornabantur et certatim currebant in valle Circi (qui mos fuit origo [[Circus Maximus|Circi Maximi]] et ludorum circensium). Etenim illa iumenta homines in operibus rusticis adiuvarant, quae tunc messe peracta (prima Consualia), necnon appropinquante solstitio hiemali,  semente peracta&lt;ref&gt;K. Latte, ''Römische Religionsgeschichte'', 1960, p.72.&lt;/ref&gt; (secunda Consualia), cessabant.

Postea et aedem in [[Mons Aventinus|monte Aventino]] habuit Consus cuius dies natalis post [[Octavianus|Augusti]] refectionem [[12 Decembris]] (pridie [[Idus]] decembres) erat&lt;ref&gt;[[Fasti Amiterni]] : &quot;''Conso in Aventin(o'')&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;. Quod templum a L. Papirio Cursore anno [[272 a.C.n.]] primum votum fuisse creditur&lt;ref&gt;Paulus Festus sub verbo ''Picta''. Filippo Coarelli (2011), ''Le Origini di Roma'', parte secunda, capitulo quarto.&lt;/ref&gt;

==De etymologia==
Hodie inter plerosque eruditos constat nomen ''Consum'' e ''condendo'' ductum esse. Potest enim  participium praeteritum breve iuxta ''conditus,a,um''  fuisse, ut ''absconsus,a,um'' iuxta ''absconditus'' ex ''abscondendo''. Nihilominus, nomen derivatum ''Consualia''  a themate *consu- (quartae declinationis) ductum est : fortasse nomen actionis quoque fuit cum suffixo -tu formatum (d+t &gt; s, ut tendo/tensus, pando/pansus vel passus, etc.)&lt;ref&gt;A M Keaney (1991).&lt;/ref&gt;.

Contra hanc originem adhuc recusabat [[Alfredus Ernout]] : malebat dicere Consum incertae originis esse atque fortasse [[Etrusci|Etruscae]]&lt;ref&gt;''Consus - Ianus - Sancus'' in '''Philologica II''', 1957, pp 173-178.&lt;/ref&gt;.
Eadem de deo [[Ianus|Iano]] dicebat cuius causa ad eandem speciem pertinere ei videbatur : nam primo Ianus quartae declinationis fuit (unde [[Ianua|ianua]], ianualis, [[Ianuarius|ianuarius]]), postea secundae (e themate Ian(e/o) ducuntur [[Ianiculum]] et ianitor).

==Fontes==
**[[Augustinus Hipponensis]], ''[[De civitate Dei|de Civitate Dei]]'' IV.11.161.
*[[Dionysius Halicarnassensis]], libro secundo ''[[Antiquitates Romanae (Dionysius Halicarnassensis)|Antiquitatum Romanarum]]'' cap. 30(3) et 31 (2-3).
*[[Plutarchus]], ''Vita Romuli'' XIV,3 et 7.
*[[Servius grammaticus|Servius]], commentarius ad Aeneidem VIII,635-636.
*[[Tertullianus]], capite quinto ''de Spectaculis'' 5-7.
*[[Titus Livius]] libro primo ''Ab Urbe condita'', capitulo nono.

==Plura legere si cupis==
* Anne Bajard,	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_2009_num_111_2_6636 Les Neptunalia et les Consualia dans l’églogue 23 d’Ausone]&quot;, ''Revue des Études Anciennes'',  2009ː 411-428
*[[Georgius Dumézil]], ''Consus et Ops'' in Idées romaines, Gallimard, 1969, pp.289-304
*Slobodan Dušanić, Žarko Petković. &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/20861291 The flamen Quirinalis at the Consualia and the horseman of the Lacus Curtius]&quot;, ''Aevum'', 2002ː 63-75
*Diane Favro, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/42622241 The City Is a Living Thing: The Performative Role of an Urban Site in Ancient Rome, the Vallis Murcia]&quot;, Studies in ''the History of Art, Vol. 56, Symposium Papers XXXIV: The Art of Ancient Spectacle'', 1999ː 204-219
*Pierre Lambrechts, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1946_num_15_1_2762 Consus et l'enlèvement des Sabines]&quot;, ''L'Antiquité Classique'', 1946ː 61-82
*Anne M. Keaney, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/40266895 Three Sabine Nomina: Clausus, Cōnsus, *Fisus]&quot;, ''Glotta'', 1991ː 202-214
* Petrus Pouthier, ''[https://www.persee.fr/doc/befar_0257-4101_1981_mon_242_1 Ops et la conception divine de l'abondance dans la religion romaine jusqu'à la mort d'Auguste]'' . - Parisiis : de Boccard, 1981. - (Bibliothèque des Écoles françaises d'Athènes et de Rome ; 242) [http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/rhr_0035-1423_1983_num_200_3_4486 Recensio critica] [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_1987_num_89_1_5552_t1_0185_0000_3 Altera recensio critica] 
* Petronella H.N.G. Stehouwer, ''Étude sur Ops et Consus'', Groningen, J.B. Wolters, 1956. (Dissertatio [[Ultraiectum|Ultraiectensis]] Universitatis)
*Stefano Tramonti, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/43605379 L'antica festività dei Consualia e il ruolo degli animali da trasporto nella fase più antica della storia di Roma]&quot;, ''Pallas'', 1996ː 101-107
*Vollmer, Wilhelm: [http://www.zeno.org/nid/20011471433 &quot;Consus&quot;.] Apud: ''Wörterbuch der Mythologie'', Stutgardiae 1874, p. 145
*Georg Wissowa, &quot;[https://archive.org/details/ausfhrlicheslexi11rosc/page/462/mode/1up Consus]&quot;. In: Wilhelm Heinrich Roscher (cur.): ''Ausführliches Lexikon der griechischen und römischen Mythologie.'' Band 1,1, Leipzig, 1886ː 924–927

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externus ==
[https://web.archive.org/web/20240506140748/https://dagr.univ-tlse2.fr/consulter/975/CONSUS Dictionnaire des antiquités de Daremberg et Saglio]

[[Categoria:Dei Romani]]</text>
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      <text bytes="3114" sha1="96jx3oniisxwalaxpcm1l5mvbk083ae" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Museo del Teatro Romano de Caesaraugusta.43.jpg|thumb|350px|[[Fasti Antiates maiores|Fasti Antiates Maiores]]: Consualia et mense sextili et mense decembri notantur (CONS).]]
'''Consualia''' erant feriae Romanae in honorem dei [[Consus|Consi]] bis in anno celebratae, et [[21 Augusti]] (a.d. XII Kal. Sept.) et [[15 Decembris|15 Decembris]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Fasti |Fasti Antiates Maiores, Fasti Praenestini, Fasti Amiterni]] etc.&lt;/ref&gt; (a.d. XVIII Kal. Ian.). [[Romulus|Romulum]] ipsum hos ludos primum instituisse plerique auctores memoriae tradiderunt, praeter unum [[Dionysius Halicarnassensis|Dionysium Halicarnassensem]]&lt;ref&gt;I,33,2 et II,31,2.&lt;/ref&gt;, qui originem illarum feriarum retro usque ad regem [[Arcadia|Arcadem]] [[Evander|Evandrum]] refert. Certe secundum historicos Latinos Consualibus ludis [[Sabinae raptae|virgines Sabinae]] raptae sunt, quae primae feminae Romanorum fuere&lt;ref&gt;[[Titus Livius]] I,9 etc. Cf Pierre Lambrechts, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1946_num_15_1_2762 Consus et l'enlèvement des Sabines]&quot;, ''L'Antiquité Classique'', 1946ː 61-82&lt;/ref&gt;.

Ludi in [[Circus Maximus|Circo Maximo]] equestribus cursibus celebrabantur. Ara dei intra Circum sita ludorum tempore detegebatur, reliquo anno sub terra latebat&lt;ref&gt;[[Plutarchus]], ''Vita Romuli'' XIV.&lt;/ref&gt;. Praeterea iumenta (equi, asini, muli) feriati illo die erant atque eorum capita coronis ornabantur&lt;ref&gt;[[Dionysius Halicarnassensis|Dion. Hal]]. I,33,2&lt;/ref&gt;
==Fontes==
*[[Cicero]], libro secundo ''de Republica'', capitulo septimo (12). 
*[[Dionysius Halicarnassensis]], libro primo ''[[Antiquitates Romanae (Dionysius Halicarnassensis)|Antiquitatum Romanarum]]'', 33,2 necnon libro secundo, 31,2.
*[[Plutarchus]], ''Quaestiones Romanae'' 48.
* [[Marcus Terentius Varro|Varro]] libro sexto ''de Lingua Latina'' capitulo 20.

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Plura legere si cupis ==
* Anne Bajard,	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_2009_num_111_2_6636 Les Neptunalia et les Consualia dans l’églogue 23 d’Ausone]&quot;, ''Revue des Études Anciennes'',  2009ː 411-428
*Slobodan Dušanić, Žarko Petković. &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/20861291 The flamen Quirinalis at the Consualia and the horseman of the Lacus Curtius]&quot;, ''Aevum'', 2002ː 63-75
*Diane Favro, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/42622241 The City Is a Living Thing: The Performative Role of an Urban Site in Ancient Rome, the Vallis Murcia]&quot;, Studies in ''the History of Art, Vol. 56, Symposium Papers XXXIV: The Art of Ancient Spectacle'', 1999ː 204-219
*Stefano Tramonti, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/43605379 L'antica festività dei Consualia e il ruolo degli animali da trasporto nella fase più antica della storia di Roma]&quot;, ''Pallas'', 1996ː 101-107

== Nexus externi ==
*[https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/RE:Consualia Consualia] apud [[Paulys Real-Enzyklopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft]] et apud [https://web.archive.org/web/20240506140748/https://dagr.univ-tlse2.fr/consulter/975/CONSUS Dictionnaire des antiquités grecques et romaines de Daremberg et Saglio]

{{Feriae Romanae}}
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[[Fasciculus:Municipalities in UE.svg|300px|right|Communia in circulo Ulsenensi.]]
'''Circulus Ulsenensis'''&lt;ref&gt;Olim &quot;res-publica Ulsenensis&quot; {{Google Books|w_tWAAAAcAAJ|vide paginam dedicationis operis}}&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Landkreis Uelzen''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Uelzen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Landkreis Ülzen'')), anno [[1885]] constitutus, usque in annum [[1945]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit, ab anno [[1946]] ad [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniam Inferiorem]]. Caput circuli est urbs [[Ulsena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]]  et [[Saxonice]] ''Uelzen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Ülz’n'').

== Historia ==
Ager circuli fuit pars [[Ducatus Luneburgensis]]. Anno [[1705]] ad Ducatum Electoralem Brunsvicum-Luneburgensem transiit. Anno [[1803]] cum toto Ducatu a copiis [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Francicis]] occupatus est. Annis [[1810]] - [[1813]] pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Tum ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]] pertinuit.

== Communia circuli ==
Haec sunt communia huius circuli, quae partim ad communia generalia coniuncti sunt:

* [[Bienenbuttelum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;&gt;Köbler, G. (2016). ''Orte in der deutschen Ortsgeschichte''. Wikiling-Zier. [[Universitas Leopoldino-Franciscea]].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Bienenbüttel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bienbüddel'') (6626 incolae)
* [[Ulsena]] (urbs, 34.055)

* [[Augia (commune generale)|Augia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Augia&quot;&gt;Lappenberg, J. M. (Ed.) (1846). ''Adami Gesta Hammaburgensis Ecclesiae Pontificum (Scriptores Rerum Germanicarum)''. Impensis Bibliopolii Hahniani. Gesta Hammaburgensis Ecclesiae en Archive.org.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Aue'')  (12.752)
** [[Bodendicum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Brosius 1985&quot;&gt;Brosius, D. (1985). ''Aus der Geschichte der Burg Bodenteich''. Ecomed Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Bodenteich''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bonndiek'') (3900)
** [[Hlutherun]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hlutherun&quot;&gt;Vide [https://koeblergerhard.de/ZIER-HP/ZIER-HP-06-2016/AAAKoeblerGerhardBodeinderdeutschenOrtsgeschichte20161221-965.htm?utm ''Koeble rGerhard Bodeinderdeutschen Ortsgeschichte''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Lüder''', 11. Jh., an einem Bache bei Bodenteich bei Uelzen, F1-1383 HLUTAR (lauter bzw. rein) Hlutherun, Hlutherun (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lüder'') (1269)
** [[Soltendieck]] (1022)
** [[Wrestedt]] (sedes administrationis 6561)

* [[Bebenhusa-Ebbestorpium (commune generale)|Bebenhusa-Ebbestorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ahlfeldt 2010&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jaitner 1985&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Bevensen-Ebstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bemsen-Ebstörp'') (26.276)
** [[Antiqua Medingha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Homeyer X 2006&quot;&gt;Homeyer, J. (Ed.) (2006). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Medingen: Lüneburger Urkundenbuch (Monimenta historica saeculi XIV de parochia Medinghae) (Vol. X)''. Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Altenmedingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ohmein'') (1541) 
** [[Bebenhusa (Saxonia Inferior)|Bebenhusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ahlfeldt 2010&quot;&gt;Ahlfeldt, J. (Ed.) (2010). ''Regnum Francorum Online: Traditio Fuldenses''. Francia-Ahlfeldt Project.&lt;/ref&gt;, ([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Bevensen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bämsen'') urbs et sedes administrationis (8693)
** [[Barum (Circulus Ulsenensis)|Barum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;AdWzG 2010&quot;&gt;Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen (2010). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter'' (K. Casemir, F. Menzel, &amp; U. Ohainski, Eds.). Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Barum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bourm'') (816)
** [[Ebbestorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Jaitner 1985&quot;&gt;Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; (5303) ([[Theodisce]] ''Ebstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ebstörp'')
** [[Emmendorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Emmendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emdörp'') (737)
** [[Hanstadium (Circulus Ulsenensis)|Hanstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Hanstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hanster'') (897)
** [[Himberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Himbergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Himbargen'') (1706)
** [[Ielmstorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Jelmstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Jelmstörp'') (809)
** [[Notendorpe]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Notendorpe&quot;&gt;Vide [https://mgh.de/storage/app/media/v-ed/Urkunden_Heinrich_VI_deut_franzoes_italien_Empfaenger_DD_Vorabedition_Pferschy-Maleczek_2020-02-16.pdf?utm ''Die Urkunden Heinrichs VI: Vorabedition''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''confirmamus ducentos mansos in Notendorpe'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Natendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Natendörp'') (806)
** [[Romstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Römstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Römst'') (784)
** [[Schwienau]] (730)
** [[Weste]] (988)
** [[Wriedel]] (2466)

* [[Roscha (commune generale)|Roscha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Rosche''; [[Saxonice]] ''Roosche'') (6921)
** [[Oetza]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Nieder&quot;&gt;Theodiscum praefixum ''Nieder-'' Latino adiectivo &quot;inferior-ius&quot; vertitur. V.gr., cf. [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniam Inferiorem]].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Oetzen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ötzen'') (1207)
** [[Ratzlinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Rätzlingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Rätzen'') (499)
** [[Roscha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Rosche''; [[Saxonice]] ''Roosche'') (2010, sedes administrationis)
** [[Stoetze]] (644)
** [[Suhlendorf]] (2561)

* [[Suderburg (commune generale)|Suderburg]] (6934)
** [[Eimka]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Eimke''; [[Saxonice]] ''Aimk'') (898)
** [[Gerdavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-avia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-au'' seu ''-aw'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-avia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Iereslavia]], [[Iunonwladislavia]], [[Labiavia]], [[Landavia]], [[Lindavia]], [[Liptavia]], [[Lobavia]], [[Lochavia]], [[Lublavia]], [[Luccavia]], [[Mitavia]], [[Multavia]], [[Namslavia]], [[Neoboleslavia]], [[Olavia]], [[Oppavia]], [[Pegavia]], [[Pillavia]], [[Premislavia]], inter alia, apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gerdau'') (1502)
** [[Suderburg]] (4534, sedes administrationis)

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}}

{{geo-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ulsenensis circulus}}
[[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1885]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Roscha (commune generale)</title>
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      <comment>Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Rosche (commune generale)]] ad [[Roscha (commune generale)]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam</comment>
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      <text bytes="1767" sha1="ojxbvzx56pv18g50zdvydi3lkb8ool1" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}

'''Rosche''' commune generale [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Uelzen|Circuli Uelzen]] est. Ad Rosche communia [[Oetza]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Nieder&quot;&gt;Theodiscum praefixum ''Nieder-'' Latino adiectivo &quot;inferior-ius&quot; vertitur. V.gr., cf. [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniam Inferiorem]].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Oetzen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ötzen'') (1207 incolae), [[Ratzlinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Rätzlingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Rätzen'') (499), [[Rosche]] (2010, sedes administrationis), [[Stoetze]] (644) atque [[Suhlendorf]] (2561) pertinent.

== Historia ==
Commune generale Rosche anno [[1972]] conditum est.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100209061323/http://www.samtgemeinde-rosche.de/ Pagina Communis generalis Rosche]

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia generalia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1972]]</text>
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      <text bytes="2238" sha1="pm7eq860hed4hn36f5dql9szxaeon26" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}

'''Roscha'''&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Rosche''; [[Saxonice]] ''Roosche'') commune generale [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Ulsenensis|Circuli Ulsenensis]] est. Ad Roscham communia [[Oetza]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Nieder&quot;&gt;Theodiscum praefixum ''Nieder-'' Latino adiectivo &quot;inferior-ius&quot; vertitur. V.gr., cf. [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniam Inferiorem]].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Oetzen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ötzen'') (1207 incolae), [[Ratzlinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Rätzlingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Rätzen'') (499), [[Roscha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Rosche''; [[Saxonice]] ''Roosche'') (2010, sedes administrationis), [[Stoetze]] (644) atque [[Suhlendorf]] (2561) pertinent.

== Historia ==
Commune generale Roscha anno [[1972]] conditum est.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100209061323/http://www.samtgemeinde-rosche.de/ Pagina Communis generalis Roschae]

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia generalia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1972]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Chelsea Manning</title>
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[[Fasciculus:Chelsea Manning on 18 May 2017.jpg|thumb|Chelsea Manning.]]

'''Chelsea Elizabetha Manning''' (nata '''Bradley Eduardus Manning''' [[Crescent]] in [[vicus|vico]] [[Oclahoma]]e die [[17 Decembris]] [[1987]], patre [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Americano]], matre [[Cambria|Cambrensi]]) est [[computator]] et [[miles]] Americana quae in [[Iraquia]] mense [[Maius|Maio]] [[2010]] in custodiam data est quia in suspicionem ceciderat se [[data classificata|materiam classificatam]] [[WikiLeaks]] situi [[interrete|interretiali]] tradidisse. Accusata est ad [[iudicium]] militare facinorum viginti duorum, inter quae [[communicatio]] [[data|datorum]] de defensione [[civitas|civitatis]] ad illicitos receptores et ad hostem adiuvandum.&lt;ref name=Nicks&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110429142813/http://thislandpress.com/09/23/2010/private-manning-and-the-making-of-wikileaks-2/ Nicks,] [[23 Septembris]] [[2010]]. 
* Pro accusationibus primis, vide [http://www.cbsnews.com/htdocs/pdf/ManningPreferralofCharges.pdf?tag=contentMain;contentBody &quot;Soldier faces criminal charges&quot;], United States Division—Center, Media Release, [[6 Iulii]] [[2010]].
* Vide etiam [https://web.archive.org/web/20100805001638/http://cryptome.org/manning-charge.pdf &quot;Charge sheet&quot;], ''Cryptome,'' accessus [[26 Decembris]] [[2010]]; et [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/lifestyle/magazine/2011/manning/manning_charges.pdf &quot;Charge sheet&quot;], ''The Washington Post.''
* Pro accusationibus additis, vide Jim Miklaszewski et Courtney Kube, [https://web.archive.org/web/20130117150635/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/41876046/ns/us_news-security &quot;Manning faces new charges, possible death penalty&quot;], MSNBC, [[2 Martii]] [[2011]].&lt;/ref&gt; Sunt qui putent eum [[cruciatus|excruciatum]] fuisse. Indicia arcana privata inlicata vulgato accusato, ei in [[carcer]]em coniectum damnatum est 35 annos [[21 Augusti]] [[2013]].&lt;ref name=Tate21Aug2013&gt;Tate, Julie. [http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/judge-to-sentence-bradley-manning-today/2013/08/20/85bee184-09d0-11e3-b87c-476db8ac34cd_story.html &quot;Judge sentences Bradley Manning to 35 years&quot;], ''The Washington Post'', 21 August 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; Nomen ''Chelsea'' [[sexus|sexumque]] [[femina (sexus)|femineum]] se assumpsisse die [[22 Augusti]] [[2013]] nuntiavit, [[transsexualitas|dysphoriae generis]] causa. Et ius therapiae [[hormon]]is in [[carcer]]e voluit.

Die [[17 Ianuarii]] [[2017]], [[Baracus Obama]], praeses Civitatum{{dubsig}} Foederatarum{{dubsig}} tempus illius in carcere commutavit et Manning libera facta est die [[17 Maii]] [[2017]]. 

==Notae==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

==Fontes==

[[Fasciculus:Manning Billboard.jpg|thumb|Signum&lt;!--Billboard--&gt; a [[Reticulum ad adiuvandum Bradleium Manning dicatum|Reticulo ad adiuvandum Bradleium Manning dicato]] [[Vasingtonia]]e [[Districtus Columbiae|D.C.]] erectum.]]
[[Fasciculus:Manning-Protest Frankfurt.jpg|thumb|[[Manifestatio]] pro Manning, [[Francofurtum|Francofurti]] [[Germania]]e Ianuario 2012 habita.]]
;Libri
*Brooke, Heather. [[2011]]. ''The Revolution Will Be Digitised''. William Heinemann.
*Domscheit-Berg, Daniel. [[2011]]. ''Inside WikiLeaks''. Doubleday.
*Fowler, Andrew. [[2011]]. ''The Most Dangerous Man in the World''. Skyhorse Publishing.
*Leigh, David, et Luke Harding. [[2011]]. ''WikiLeaks: Inside Julian Assange's War on Secrecy''. Guardian Books.
*Nicks, Denver. [[2012]]. ''Private: Bradley Manning, WikiLeaks, and the Biggest Exposure of Official Secrets in American History''. Chicago Review Press.

;Commentarii magni momenti
*Caesar, Ed. [[2010]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130514070751/http://www.edcaesar.co.uk/article.php?article_id=53 &quot;Bradley Manning: Wikileaker&quot;], ''The Sunday Times'', 9 Decembris; ex prima editione die 7 Aprilis 2012.
*Fishman, Steve. [[2011]]. [http://nymag.com/news/features/bradley-manning-2011-7/ &quot;Bradley Manning’s Army of One&quot;], ''New York Magazine,'' 3 Iulii.
*Greenwald, Glenn. [[2010]]. [https://archive.today/20130202183045/http://www.salon.com/2010/06/18/wikileaks_3/singleton/ &quot;The strange and consequential case of Bradley Manning, Adrian Lamo and WikiLeaks&quot;], ''Salon,'' 18 Iunii.
*Last, Jonathan V. [[2011]]. [http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/01/11/opinion/main7233405.shtml &quot;The Left's Canonization of St. Bradley Manning&quot;], CBS News, 11 Ianuarii.
*Manning, Bradley. [[2012]]. [https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&amp;pid=explorer&amp;chrome=true&amp;srcid=0B_zC44SBaZPoMzMyNWExZmUtZjEzMS00ZjM2LWE3OWMtM2I4NzY5NDNkMmFh&amp;hl=en&amp;authkey=CMKgiogG &quot;Memorandum&quot;], a Davide Coombs liberatum, 10 Martii 2011; [http://www.webcitation.org/66jbWvdkx archivatus] ex prima editione die 6 Aprilis 2012.
*Nakashima, Ellen. [[2011]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110622072144/http://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/magazine/who-is-wikileaks-suspect-bradley-manning/2011/04/16/AFMwBmrF_print.html &quot;Bradley Manning is at the center of the WikiLeaks controversy. But who is he?&quot;], ''The Washington Post,'' 4 Maii; ex prima editione die 7 Aprilis 2012.
*Nicks, Denver. [[2010]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110429142813/http://thislandpress.com/09/23/2010/private-manning-and-the-making-of-wikileaks-2/ &quot;Private Manning and the Making of Wikileaks&quot;], ''This Land,'' 23 Septembris.
*PBS ''Frontline.'' [[2011]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120427065524/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/wikileaks/manning-facebook-page/ &quot;Bradley Manning's Facebook Page&quot;], Martii; ex prima editione die 7 Aprilis.
*Thompson, Ginger. [[2010]]. [http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/09/us/09manning.html?_r=1&amp;scp=23&amp;sq=%22Bradley+Manning%22&amp;st=nyt &quot;Early Struggles of Soldier Charged in Leak Case&quot;], ''The New York Times,'' 8 Augusti.
*Zetter, Kim. [[2011]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130531182036/http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2011/12/manning-assange-laptop/ &quot;Jolt in WikiLeaks Case: Feds Found Manning-Assange Chat Logs on Laptop&quot;], ''Wired,'' 19 Decembris.&lt;!--

;Key articles regarding the Lamo-Manning chat log, in order of publication
*Poulsen, Kevin. [http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2010/05/lamo/ &quot;Ex-Hacker Adrian Lamo Institutionalized for Asperger’s&quot;], ''Wired'' magazine, May 20, 2010.
*Poulsen, Kevin and Zetter, Kim. [http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2010/06/leak/ &quot;U.S. Intelligence Analyst Arrested in WikiLeaks Video Probe&quot;], ''Wired'' magazine, June 6, 2010.
*Poulsen, Kevin and Zetter, Kim. [http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2010/06/wikileaks-chat/ 'I Can't Believe What I'm Confessing to You': The WikiLeaks Chats&quot;], ''Wired'' magazine, June 10, 2010.
*Nakashima, Ellen. [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/06/09/AR2010060906170.html &quot;Messages from alleged leaker Bradley Manning portray him as despondent soldier&quot;], ''The Washington Post'', June 10, 2010.
*Greenwald, Glenn. [http://utdocuments.blogspot.ca/2010/06/email-exchange-with-wireds-kevin.html Email exchange between Glenn Greenwald and Kevin Poulsen], June 14–17, 2010.
*Poulsen, Kevin and Zetter, Kim. [http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2010/06/manning-detainment/ &quot;Three Weeks After Arrest, Still No Charges in WikiLeaks Probe&quot;], ''Wired'' magazine, June 16, 2010.
*Xeni, Jardin. [http://www.boingboing.net/2010/06/19/wikileaks-a-somewhat.html &quot;WikiLeaks: a somewhat less redacted version of the Lamo/Manning logs&quot;], ''Boing Boing'', June 19, 2010.
*Greenwald, Glenn. [http://www.salon.com/news/opinion/glenn_greenwald/2010/12/27/wired &quot;The worsening journalistic disgrace at Wired&quot;], ''Salon'', December 27, 2010.
*Hansen, Evan and Poulsen, Kevin. [http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2010/12/greenwald/ &quot;Putting the Record Straight on the Lamo-Manning Chat Logs&quot;], ''Wired'' magazine, December 28, 2010.
*Greenwald, Glenn. [http://www.salon.com/news/opinion/glenn_greenwald/2010/12/29/wired_1 &quot;Wired's refusal to release or comment on the Manning chat logs&quot;], ''Salon'', December 29, 2010.
*''Firedoglake''. [http://firedoglake.com/merged-manning-lamo-chat-logs/ &quot;Manning/WikiLeaks timeline&quot;], published as a complete version of the released excerpts. Retrieved March 14, 2011; [http://www.webcitation.org/66UwxbG1l archived] from the original on March 28, 2012.
*Hansen, Evan. [http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2011/07/manning-lamo-logs/ &quot;Manning-Lamo Chat Logs Revealed&quot;], ''Wired'' magazine, July 13, 2011; [http://www.webcitation.org/66UwrlbdR archived] from the original on March 28, 2012.--&gt;

;Audio/video
*Smith, Martin. [[2011]]. [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/wikileaks/bradley-manning/ &quot;The Private Life of Bradley Manning&quot;], PBS ''Frontline,'' 7 Martii.
:*[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/wikileaks/bradley-manning/interviews/brian-manning.html &quot;Interview with Brian Manning&quot;], PBS, 7 Martii 2011 (transcriptum)
:*[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/wikileaks/bradley-manning/interviews/jordan-davis.html &quot;Interview with Jordan Davis&quot;], PBS, 7 Martii 2011 (transcriptum)
*Smith, Teresa, et al. [[2011]]. [http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/video/2011/may/27/bradley-manning-wikileaks-iraq-video &quot;The madness of Bradley Manning?&quot;], ''The Guardian,'' 17 Maii.

==Nexus externus==
{{CommuniaCat|Bradley Manning|Bradley Eduardum Manning}}

{{Lifetime|1987||Manning, Bradley}}
[[Categoria:Computatores]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Oclahomae]]
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[[Fasciculus:Mika Waltari 1939.jpg|thumb|[[Michael Waltari|Mika Waltari]], scriptor libri ''Sinuhe Egyptiläinen.'']]

{{ires|Sinuhe egyptiläinen}} ('Sinuhe Aegyptius') est [[mythistoria|liber mythistoricus]] a [[Michael Waltari|Mika Waltari]] [[Finnice]] anno [[1945]] scriptus, qui [[fabula]]m de [[Aegyptus antiqua|Aegypto antiqua]] aetatis [[pharao]]nis [[Akhenaten|Ekhnaton]] narrat. Quod opus primum est de multis libris eius [[historia|res historicas]] tractantibus. Opus inter gentes innotuit, et [[interpretatio|conversiones]] adhuc quadraginta sunt confectae.&lt;ref&gt;Vaarala 2024: 76.&lt;/ref&gt;

Persona princeps est Sinuhe, qui infans a matre sua ignota in scaphio iuncino in [[Nilus|Nili]] flumen dimissus esse fertur. Quidam Senmut, [[Thebae|Thebanus]] pauperum [[medicus]], et Kipa eius [[uxor]], [[expositio infantis|miserum puerulum]] ex undis servaverunt et, cum orbi liberis essent, eum tamquam suum filium [[educatio|educaverunt]]. Kipa eum Sinuhe nominavit ex fabella,&lt;ref&gt;Waltari hic ad fabellam quam notissimam significat, ex initio [[regnum medium Aegypti|medii regni Aegypti]] oriundam, quae res miras et [[periculum|pericula]] [[narratio de Sinuhe|narrat]], quibus vir nomine Sinuhe obicitur.&lt;/ref&gt; quae ei placebat.

== Thebis ==
Cum septem annos natus esset Sinuhe, Senmut pater eum adlocutus, quo munere fungi vellet, sciscitatus est. Cum miles fieri vellet, pater eum ad Inteb militem amicum duxit, qui diris horrendisque exemplis eum a militaribus phantasiis dehortaretur. Itaque patris voluntatem secutus Sinuhe ad scholam ire et legere discere constituit. In schola, amicitiam iunxit cum Thotmes, puero qui iam tum bonam in pingendo et fingendo indolem ostendebat. Per patrem in familiaritatem venit Ptahoris, regii [[trepanatio|trepanatoris]], quocum postea laboravit.

Die consecrationis in feminam incidit venustissimam, cui nomen erat Nefernefernefer. Iuvenis indoctus feminarum statim amore huius feminae adfabilis captus est. Sed vita et disciplina domus vitae prohibuerunt, quominus vitam Thebanam gustaret. Praeterea his temporibus pharao [[Amana Hatpa III|Amenhotep III]] morbo exitiali laborabat, et iam erat tempus trepanandi, qua ultima sanandi ratione pharaonem recreatum iri sperabant. Ptahor trepanator rem suam recte gessit, sed haud inopinate aeger vitam amisit. 

Sinuhe etiam familiaritatem iunxit cum Ekhnaton, defuncti pharaonis filio, qui ipse [[epilepsia|morbo sacro]] laborabat et ceteroqui vir mirus erat, qui novum deum [[Aton]] introducere vellet. Amicitia iunctus erat etiam cum viro bellicoso Horemheb, praefecto militum, qui, ut ipse dicebat, &quot;cum stercore in digitis natus&quot; erat. Quae cum ita sint, Sinuhe, cum audissset Horenheb de amore Baketamonis, Ekhnatonis sororis, somniare, perturbatus erat temeritate huiusmodi vanae meditationis. Sinuhe medicus privatus pharaonis factus est.

Quibus interpositis temporibus, Sinuhe in Nefernefernefer iterum incidit, et quidem in eius domo, ubi populus turbulentus epulandi causa coactus erat. Usque adhuc hac [[femina convictualis|femina convictuali]] ardebat, quae tamen primum suam agnitionem celavit. In hac renovata conventione, Sinuhe amorosus tantum impetum ostendit, ut crederes eum putare, amorem vere inter femora inveniri. Ideo Nefernefernefer nimium ardorem amaturientis frenare conata didascalicam narrat de Setne [[Chamois]] et Tabubue sacerdote fabulam.&lt;ref&gt;Reich 1924.&lt;/ref&gt; Dicit enim Tabubue ea tantum condicione se cum Setne amoribus frui velle, ut hic omnibus bonis et quidem uxore sua liberisque desistat. Setne ardore suo hoc propositum accepit. Nefernefernefer, ne de fraude amoris accusetur, se cum Tabubue confert monitionis causa. Sinuhe autem hoc documentum respuit. At Nefernefernefer mulier nobilis, aetate qua opinio muliebris quaeri non solebat, quomodo se ab ardore amatorio advenae repentini defendat?

[[Fasciculus:Middle East Levant.jpg|thumb|Regiones ubi Sinuhe versatus est.]]
Haec condicio rerum potissimum ex ratione virili intellegi videtur. Verbum amoris sensu romantico non memoratur, saltem non cum de relatione cum Nefernefernefer agitur. Sinuhe, cum edere et bibere et gaudere cum ea vehementer cupiat, reapse [[coitus|coitum]] petit. In Aegypto antiqua, [[transactio]]nes inter homines factae in dandis accipiendisque [[donum|donis]] positae erant. In ratione Tabubuensi a Nefernefernefer in rem suam conversa, oeconomia donatoria in conspectum venit.

Sinuhe quater apud Nefernefernefer ad &quot;mercatum&quot; iit. Primo tempore Sinuhe specimen gratuitum &quot;eius rei, cuius causa venerat&quot;, accipit, sine dono vicissim dato. Secundo tempore, Sinuhe domum suam cum rebus domesticis donat, fidem habens promisso a Nefernefernefer facto, sed infectis rebus exit. Tertio tempore, Sinuhe bona parentum suorum dono dat, et vicissim inanem coitum sine ardore remuneratus est. Quarto tempore, Sinuhe sepulchrum parentum dono dat, sed pro remuneratione nihil nisi natationem in piscina accipit. Tum demum intellegit fabellam de Tabubue veram esse, et paene ab ancillis vapulatur.

Sinuhe, ut parentes rite in [[Valles Regum|Vallibus Regum]] sepelire possit, dies noctesque triginta in domo mortuorum cadaverum lavator servire debet. In statum servituti similem delapsus nomen suum putat Thebis in summam infamiam cecidisse. Quae cum ita sint, consilium capit reliquum vitae tempus peregrinando consumere. Ad [[Levans|Levantem]] profecturus cum Kaptah navem conscendit. 

== Peregre ==
Sinuhe, [[Tell Kazel|Simyrae]] in oppido [[Syria]]e consessus, peritia medica famam et divitias sibi conciliat. In bello contra Chabiros gerendo rursus in Horemheb, ducem belli, incidit, qui ei mandat, ut per orbem terrarum vectus opes militares civitatum notarum exploret.

Primum invitus cum Kaptah proficiscitur [[Babylon]]em, ubi non solum de vi militari sciscitatur sed etiam artes exercet consuetudineque virorum doctorum utitur. Quodam die a [[Burna Buriash|Burraburia]] rege, qui aegrotabat, arcessitur, et eum sanat. Die tradito falsi regis – quo deprensibilis quisque per unum diem rex creatus erit deindeque occisus – Kaptah timore quassus sub lecto latens eligitur. Postquam a re inopinata convaluit, novo munere suo uti incipit. Intrat enim [[harem|gynaeceum]] regis, electurus mulierem, cum qua &quot;gaudere&quot; possit. Nimirum, pulcherrimam optat virginem, quae quidem ira incensa ictu pugni unicum ei oculum nigrat soleaque nasum percutit.

Quae Furia, virgo [[Creta|Cressa]], Minea nomine, nuper contra voluntatem suam in gynaeceum regis adquisita erat. Ab [[eunuchus|eunuchis]] gynaecei se defensura cultellum in manu habebat. Sinuhe ad eam placandam vocatus consilium capit, quo ex Babylone effugere possint. Persuadet enim [[eunuchus|spadonibus]] perturbatis gynaecei, Mineam mortem sibi conscivisse. Kaptah autem, teste medico decrepito pharaonis, veneno absumptum obisse (quaquam reapse vino ebriatus dormiebat). Amborum corpora in navem conductam portanda curat. 

[[Fasciculus:Stiersprung 01.gif|thumb|Saltus tauri (ταυροκαθάψια) coniectura repertus.]]

Ad [[Mitanni]] regnum vicinum, unde ad imperium [[Hetthaei|Hetthaeorum]] pergant, fugere constituunt. Deinde relicta Anatolia ad Cretam, Mineae patriam, navigare cogitant. In navi, Sinuhe et Minea se invicem mitigant. Sinuhe enim Mineae de tot tantisque molestiis querelas ingratas esse sentit, offensoque animo ad proram navis secedit. Mox tamen lites suas componunt, et inter se magni aestimare incipiunt. Minea est sacerdos religionis Creticae, taurocathapta sive saltatrix tauri,&lt;ref&gt;Koutantou 2021.&lt;/ref&gt; virgo sorte electa quae luna plena in domo tenebrarum deo maris [[Neptunus (deus)|Neptuno]] saltet. Praeterea Mineam observatio castitatis obligat, quapropter iterum amor mancus et devius Sinuhe obtingit. Nam Minea: &quot;Quam ob rem doleo, quod id quod vis tibi dare nequeo — nec solum propter te doleo, sed propter me ipsam.&quot; (7.1)  

Sinuhe, postquam cum Minea et Kaptah in Cretam pervenit, insulam eiusque vitam subtiliter describit, atque ambitum Mineae cognoscit. Cum alios homines tum Minotaurum convenit, summum sacerdotem dei Cretensis. Postquam magistratum illum caput tauri gerentem salutaverant, ille caput tauri detrahit dicitque Cretes vivo servire deo, contra multas alias gentes, quae inanimis deis serviunt. Demirante Sinuhe, cur nemo eorum, qui in obscuram Neptuni domum ierant, redierit, etiam si licitum esset, Minotaurus neminem ex magnis dei aulis redire velle respondet. Sed Sinuhe ad cadavera in litoribus Simyrae fluctuantia referens hoc dicit non idem de gloriosis dei marini aulis probare. Sermo subito finitur, et Minea iam paene animum amittit.

Ultima nocte ante impletionem promissi deo facti, Minea commoventem pugnam internam experitur. Amantes diu sermocinantur mutuum fatentes amorem, promittitque Minea se, postquam revenisset, Sinuhem nupturam esse. Itaque ollam frangunt signum dedicationis suae matrimonialis. 

Postero die Minea cum Minotauro sollemniter in tenebras [[labyrinthus|labyrinthi]] dei deducitur. Dum haec geruntur, Sinuhe miserabilis certus est se numquam iterum Mineam suam visurum esse. Mox autem Kaptah Minotaurum videt e labyrintho redisse, usum portula iuxta magnam portam aeneam sita. Sine mora, Sinuhe cum Kaptah statuit clam in speluncam introire, ut Mineam reduceret. Vestigia Mineae et Minotauri secutus quo longius progreditur, eo taetriorem capit foetorem putredinis. Tandem cadaver ingentis cernet beluae mortuae in aquis iactari. Et corpus Mineae a Minotauro occisum in aquis submersum a [[crustacea|crustaceis]] voratum. O quanta iactura! 

Kaptah tandem eum placat et ei persuadet optimum esse in Syriam redire. Sed Minea amissa Sinuhen diu perturbat. In Syria, Sinuhe non iam iuvenis opera medica continuat et pristinum statum adfectat. Animadvertit tamen imperium Aegyptium regionis in dubium vocari. Huius spiritus rebellis auctor esse videtur [[Aziru]] princeps Syrius, fautor Hethaeorum, cum quo Sinuhe, cum dentes illi inauravisset, amicitiam inierat. Quodam die Aziru eum sollicitus arcessit, ut suum filiolum aegrum sanaret. Sinuhe puerulo dentes erumpere animadvertit, sed simul occasonem nanciscitur de Syriorum adversus Aegyptios ira cum Aziru conloquendi. Hoc habito colloquio, et postquam de iis quae in urbe dicuntur ex Kaptah audivit, Sinuhe necessitudines inter Aegyptum et Syriam in statu vere periculoso esse intellexit, et in Aegyptum redire constituit. 

Thebis adaptatio post longum tempus nonnullas vitae mutationes adtulit. Primum omnium, Sinuhe servum suum Kaptah liberavit, qui decursu temporis magis amicus et comes itineris ei factus erat. Kaptah libertinus factus tempus suum non perdidit. Negotiis pecuniariis se implicavit et tam dives factus est, ut etiam dominum suum pristinum sustentare posset, cuius nimia liberalitas, quamvis moralis esset, solum taedium adferre videbatur. Kaptah etiam tabernam cui nomen erat &quot;Cauda Crocodili&quot; sibi comparavit, cuius res singularis eodem nomine vocata erat potio praecipue fortis quae potatori suo ictum solito maiorem praebebat. 

Sinuhi tres in vita apparuerunt feminae, quae vehemens dum vivit fecerunt momentum. Nam Nefernefernefer desiderium iuvenis inpatientis erat, Minea fatula fabulosa, sed Meret, in quam in Cauda Crocodili incidit — ministra tabernae et pulchritudo cotidiana — vera socia ei evasit, quae in Sinuhe nihil nisi hominem quaerebat. Filiolum sollertem ei, inscio quidem, peperit. Has quoque amores Sinuhe miserabiliter amisit. 

[[Fasciculus:Pharaoh Akhenaten.jpg|thumb|upright=0.5|Pharao Ekhnaton]]

In Aegypto, novus pharao [[Amenhotep IV|Ekhnaton]] [[monotheismus|monotheismum]] propagat. In hac nova religione discum solarem [[Aton]]em adorat, docetque omnes homines pares esse, neque amplius servos neque dominos in novo ordine mundi fore. Certae partes huius religionis tamen oppositionem excitant: nempe [[pacifismus]], qui [[Horemheb]] aliisque de incursione Hethaeorum et Syrorum sollicitis displicet; praeterea, novi pharaonis conatus divitias pauperibus distribuere; nec non novi dei cultus, qui detrimento deorum veterum civitatis esse putabatur. Sinuhe ad doctrinas liberales a novo rege promulgatas attrahitur, et hac de causa trepanator regius aulae pharaonis se adiungit. Horemheb autem nec Ammonem nec Atonem respectat, sed in hoc conflictu se implicare nolit, quia coram populo nullius partis nota obsignari velit. Ideo imperium Pepitoni, pingui duci felium amatori, concesserat. 

Cum in urbe potestas pharaonis periclitaretur, Ekhnaton cursorem suum mittit ut ab Horemheb auxilium petat. Horemheb se imperium Ammonis eversurum esse dicit, dum potestatem pharaonis per tres dies accipiat. Itaque propatula, horrea, stabula officinasque templi Ammonis occupavit, factoque sacerdotibus Ammonis proposito, quod recusare non possint, forum a cadaverum purgamentis erui iubet. Hoc facto, Thebarum urbs ecstasi religiosa adficitur. Dum haec geruntur, Sinuhe occasionem capit ultionem in Nefernefernefer sumendi. Nam sopitam Nefernefernefer in domum mortuorum fert, contendens eam mortuam esse, et lavatores cadaverum nihil contra corpus pulchrum habent. Haec ultio aliquam sui examinationem in Sinuhe excitat. Mox cogitationes suas in Merit convertit, quae ei tapete et gremium obfert sed propositionem Sinuhis ad ollam frngendum recusat, quia infirmitatem virorum noverat.

Post hunc casum violentissimum, Ekhnaton adversariis Thebanis pertaesus in Aegyptum mediam fugere constituit, ubi, postquam quindecim dies navigaverunt, aedificandam curat Akhetatonem, urbem caelestinae altitudunis et novum caput Atoni dedicatum. Ekhnaton urbe formanda magnopere delectabatur, sed et aedificatores et incolae renovationibus pharaonis obstant. Sed intra annum unum urbs Akhenaton e deserto conditur. Etiam Horemheb in urbe apparet, ut pharaonem dissuadeat, ne exercitum dissolvat, sed Ekhnaton pacifismum suum constanter defendit. Horemheb, cum concordiam cum pharaone adsequi nequeat, [[Memphis|Memphim]] proficiscitur, ut custodum copias denuo constituat. Ekhnaton iam nihil cum Thebis habere voluit, sed regia mater Teje filium suum in desertum sequi recusavit. Etiam Baketaton principissa cum matre sua Thebis remanet, et sacerdos Aje ibi pharaonis modo regnat.

Attamen inter Ammonem et Atonem contentiones pergunt et in bellum civile exacerbantur. Regnum Atonis in terra paulatim collabitur, et singuli aulici Ekhanaton et Akhetaton deserunt Ammonem et Thebas praeferentes. Etiam pugna finalis Thebis fit. Sinuhe pro Atone et pharaone ad extremum pugnat, sed postremo pars sacerdotii Ammonis vincit. 

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt; 

== Bibliographia ==
* Koutantou, Zoi (2021) Ταυροκαθάψια. ''YouTube'' 27 Novembris. 
* Rajala, Panu (2008) ''Unio mystica: Mika Waltarin elämä ja teokset'' (Finnice). WSOY.
* Rajala, Panu (2026) ''Sinuhen synty'' ('De ortu Sinuhe Aegyptii'). SKS Kirjat. 
* Reich, Nathaniel (1924) Marriage and Divorce in Ancient Egypt. ''Museum Journal'' XV:1.
* Silver, Minna (2024) ''Sinuhe egyptiläisen maailma arkeologin silmin'' (Finnice). SKS Kirjat. 
* Vaarala, Noora (2024) Sontakärsä japaniksi ('Sontakärsä' [''merdinasus''] Iaponice'). ''HS Teema'' 6. 

[[Categoria:Finniae scripta]]
[[Categoria:Mythistoriae]]</text>
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      <text bytes="3474" sha1="rj7g6q14cfdc4vy316jzox73747eggy" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}

'''Oetza'''&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Nieder&quot;&gt;Theodiscum praefixum ''Nieder-'' Latino adiectivo &quot;inferior-ius&quot; vertitur. V.gr., cf. [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniam Inferiorem]].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Oetzen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ötzen'') commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Ulsenensis|Circuli Ulsenensis]] est. Ad Oetzam et vici [[Bruchwedel]] (Theodisce ''Bruchwedel''), [[Dormta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Dörmte''), [[Iarlicium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-icium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-itsch'' aut ''-itz'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-icium-i&quot; aut &quot;-itium-i&quot; aut &quot;-icia-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-itsch, -itz''' : ''-icium, -itium, -icia'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Jarlitz''), [[Oetza (caput communis)|Oetza]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Oetzen''), [[Stocka (Oetza)|Stocka]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Stöcken''), [[Suttorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Süttorf'') pertinent. Ab anno [[1972]] Oetza ad [[Roscha (commune generale)|Roscham]] commune generale pertinet.

== Historia ==
[[Fasciculus:Oetzen3.jpg|thumb|left|Statio Ferroviaria Oetzensis.]]
Quando Oetza condita sit nescimus. Fuit postea pars [[Ducatus Luneburgensis]]. Anno [[1705]] ad Ducatum Electoralem Brunsvicum-Luneburgensem transiit. Anno [[1803]] cum toto Ducatu a copiis [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Francicis]] occupata est. Annis [[1810]] - [[1813]] pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Tum ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Ab anno [[1946]] Oetza pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Anno 1972 vici supra dicti cum Oetza coniuncti sunt. Anno eodem Oetza etiam pars communis generalis Roschae facta est.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat|Oetzen|Oetzam}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150403204754/http://www.samtgemeinde-rosche.de/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-4529/10007_read-42986/ Pagina communis generalis Roschae de Oetza scripta]

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ratzlinga</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>188737</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3999302</id>
      <parentid>3996489</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-04T21:22:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3999302</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1726" sha1="hhynwci5o55mlnyqzy9js7ag0kf3qfj" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}

'''Ratzlinga'''&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Rätzlingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Rätzen'') commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Ulsenensis|Circuli Ulsenensis]] est. Ab anno [[1972]] Ratzlinga ad [[Roscha (commune generale)|Roscham]] commune generale pertinet.

== Historia ==
Anno [[1032]] Ratzlinga primum in actis descripta est. Fuit postea pars [[Ducatus Luneburgensis]]. Anno [[1705]] ad Ducatum Electoralem Brunsvicum-Luneburgensem transiit. Anno [[1803]] cum toto ducatu a copiis [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Francicis]] occupata est. Annis [[1810]] - [[1813]] pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Tum ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Ab anno [[1946]] Ratzlinga pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Anno [[1972]] Ratzlinga etiam pars communis generalis Roschae factum est.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat|Rätzlingen (Lower Saxony)|Ratzlingam}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150305200838/http://www.samtgemeinde-rosche.de/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-4529/10007_read-42987 Pagina communis generalis Roschae de Ratzlinga scripta]
* [http://www.raetzlingen.de/ www.raetzlingen.de]
{{urbs-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ratzlinga}}
[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Condita saeculo 11]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Roscha</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>188841</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3999287</id>
      <parentid>3893572</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-04T20:17:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Rosche]] ad [[Roscha]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam</comment>
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      <text bytes="1390" sha1="o5azd5ylv4v0v0qrv3nu4aa9h97jq8c" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}

'''Rosche''' commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Uelzen|Circuli Uelzen]] est. Ad Rosche etiam vici Borg, Gauel, Göddenstedt, Gut Göddenstedt, Hohenweddrien, Katzien, Nateln, Neumühle, Polau, Probien, Retzien, Rosche-Prielip, Schwemlitz, Schmölau, Stütensen, Teyendorf atque Zarenthien pertinent. Ab anno [[1972]] Rosche comunis sedes administrationis [[Rosche (commune generale)|Rosche]] communis generalis est.

== Historia ==
Circa annum [[1130]] Rosche primo in actis descripta est. Fuit postea pars [[Ducatus Luneburgensis]]. Anno [[1705]] ad Ducatum Electoralem Brunsvicum-Luneburgensem transiit. Anno [[1803]] cum toto Ducato a copiis [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Francicis]] occupatum est. Annis [[1810]] - [[1813]] pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Tum ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Ab anno [[1946]] Rosche pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Anno [[1972]] Rosche caput communis generalis Rosche factum est et vici supra dicti cum Rosche coniuncti sunt.

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150408193618/http://www.samtgemeinde-rosche.de/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-4529/10007_read-42968/ Pagina communis generalis Rosche de Rosche scripta]

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Condita saeculo 12]]</text>
      <sha1>o5azd5ylv4v0v0qrv3nu4aa9h97jq8c</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3999289</id>
      <parentid>3999287</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-04T20:22:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3999289</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1836" sha1="amfxf9l1kwtv1irrvn6z63qp5k03oup" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}

'''Roscha'''&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Rosche''; [[Saxonice]] ''Roosche'') commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Ulsenensis|Circuli Ulsenensis]] est. Ad Roscham etiam vici Borg, Gauel, Göddenstedt, Gut Göddenstedt, Hohenweddrien, Katzien, Nateln, Neumühle, Polau, Probien, Retzien, Rosche-Prielip, Schwemlitz, Schmölau, Stütensen, Teyendorf atque Zarenthien pertinent. Ab anno [[1972]] Roscha comunis sedes administrationis [[Roscha (commune generale)|Roschae]] communis generalis est.

== Historia ==
Circa annum [[1130]] Roscha primo in actis descripta est. Fuit postea pars [[Ducatus Luneburgensis]]. Anno [[1705]] ad Ducatum Electoralem Brunsvicum-Luneburgensem transiit. Anno [[1803]] cum toto Ducato a copiis [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Francicis]] occupatum est. Annis [[1810]] - [[1813]] pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Tum ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Ab anno [[1946]] Roscha pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Anno [[1972]] Roscha caput communis generalis Roschae factum est et vici supra dicti cum Roscha coniuncti sunt.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat|Rosche|Roscham}}

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150408193618/http://www.samtgemeinde-rosche.de/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-4529/10007_read-42968/ Pagina communis generalis Roschae de Roscha scripta]

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Condita saeculo 12]]</text>
      <sha1>amfxf9l1kwtv1irrvn6z63qp5k03oup</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3999295</id>
      <parentid>3999289</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-04T21:16:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3999295</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6030" sha1="41fpszkkxo7rkuxckix93qkmzcwlll0" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}

'''Roscha'''&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Rosche''; [[Saxonice]] ''Roosche'') commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Ulsenensis|Circuli Ulsenensis]] est. Ad Roscham etiam vici [[Burgum (Roscha)|Burgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Borg''), [[Gauel]] (Theodisce ''Gauel''), [[Goddenstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Göddenstedt''), [[Katzia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Katzien''), [[Praedium Goddenstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Gut&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/praedium?nr=null&amp;utm Theodiscum vocabulum ''Gut'' Latino &quot;praedium-ii&quot; vertitur].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Gut Göddenstedt''), [[Natene]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nateln&quot;&gt;Vide [https://sites.google.com/site/brockhimbergen/geschichte-urkunden/urkunde-1000-jahre?utm ''Urkunde 1000 Jahre''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Aldendorp (Oldendorf), Ripthorp (Ripdorf), Natene (Nateln), Rothessen (Rosche)  (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Nateln''), [[Nova Mola (Roscha)|Nova Mola]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Neu&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Neu?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum adiectivum aut praefixum ''Neu(-)'' Latino adiectivo &quot;novus-a-um&quot;] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mola&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/mola?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum suffixum &quot;-mühle&quot; Latino vocabulo &quot;mola-ae&quot;] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt;  (Theodisce ''Neumühle''), [[Prielip]] (Theodisce ''Prielip''), [[Polavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-avia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-au'' seu ''-aw'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-avia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Iereslavia]], [[Iunonwladislavia]], [[Labiavia]], [[Landavia]], [[Lindavia]], [[Liptavia]], [[Lobavia]], [[Lochavia]], [[Lublavia]], [[Luccavia]], [[Mitavia]], [[Multavia]], [[Namslavia]], [[Neoboleslavia]], [[Olavia]], [[Oppavia]], [[Pegavia]], [[Pillavia]], [[Premislavia]], inter alia, apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Polau''), [[Probia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Probien''), [[Retzia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Retzien''), [[Schwemlicium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-icium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-itsch'' aut ''-itz'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-icium-i&quot; aut &quot;-itium-i&quot; aut &quot;-icia-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-itsch, -itz''' : ''-icium, -itium, -icia'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Schwemlitz''), [[Schmolavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-avia&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Schmölau''), [[Stutensa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Stütensen''), [[Teyendorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Teyendorf''), [[Weddria Superior]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hohe&quot;&gt;Latinum adiectivum [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/superior?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 &quot;superior-ius&quot;] Theodiscum adiectivum ''hohe(n)'' et Theodisca praefixa ''Hoh(e)(n)-'' vertit.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Hohenweddrien'') atque [[Zarenthia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Zarenthien'') pertinent. Ab anno [[1972]] Roscha comunis sedes administrationis [[Roscha (commune generale)|Roschae]] communis generalis est.

== Historia ==
Circa annum [[1130]] Roscha primo in actis descripta est. Fuit postea pars [[Ducatus Luneburgensis]]. Anno [[1705]] ad Ducatum Electoralem Brunsvicum-Luneburgensem transiit. Anno [[1803]] cum toto Ducato a copiis [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Francicis]] occupatum est. Annis [[1810]] - [[1813]] pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Tum ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Ab anno [[1946]] Roscha pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Anno [[1972]] Roscha caput communis generalis Roschae factum est et vici supra dicti cum Roscha coniuncti sunt.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat|Rosche|Roscham}}

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150408193618/http://www.samtgemeinde-rosche.de/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-4529/10007_read-42968/ Pagina communis generalis Roschae de Roscha scripta]

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Condita saeculo 12]]</text>
      <sha1>41fpszkkxo7rkuxckix93qkmzcwlll0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3999296</id>
      <parentid>3999295</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-04T21:17:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3999296</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6030" sha1="diuhv8ntm6c3p8fon201g3n3bzux1x0" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}

'''Roscha'''&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Rosche''; [[Saxonice]] ''Roosche'') commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Ulsenensis|Circuli Ulsenensis]] est. Ad Roscham etiam vici [[Burgum (Roscha)|Burgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Borg''), [[Gauel]] (Theodisce ''Gauel''), [[Goddenstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Göddenstedt''), [[Katzia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Katzien''),[[Natene]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nateln&quot;&gt;Vide [https://sites.google.com/site/brockhimbergen/geschichte-urkunden/urkunde-1000-jahre?utm ''Urkunde 1000 Jahre''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Aldendorp (Oldendorf), Ripthorp (Ripdorf), Natene (Nateln), Rothessen (Rosche)  (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Nateln''), [[Nova Mola (Roscha)|Nova Mola]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Neu&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Neu?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum adiectivum aut praefixum ''Neu(-)'' Latino adiectivo &quot;novus-a-um&quot;] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mola&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/mola?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum suffixum &quot;-mühle&quot; Latino vocabulo &quot;mola-ae&quot;] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt;  (Theodisce ''Neumühle''), [[Praedium Goddenstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Gut&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/praedium?nr=null&amp;utm Theodiscum vocabulum ''Gut'' Latino &quot;praedium-ii&quot; vertitur].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Gut Göddenstedt''),  [[Prielip]] (Theodisce ''Prielip''), [[Polavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-avia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-au'' seu ''-aw'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-avia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Iereslavia]], [[Iunonwladislavia]], [[Labiavia]], [[Landavia]], [[Lindavia]], [[Liptavia]], [[Lobavia]], [[Lochavia]], [[Lublavia]], [[Luccavia]], [[Mitavia]], [[Multavia]], [[Namslavia]], [[Neoboleslavia]], [[Olavia]], [[Oppavia]], [[Pegavia]], [[Pillavia]], [[Premislavia]], inter alia, apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Polau''), [[Probia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Probien''), [[Retzia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Retzien''), [[Schwemlicium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-icium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-itsch'' aut ''-itz'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-icium-i&quot; aut &quot;-itium-i&quot; aut &quot;-icia-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-itsch, -itz''' : ''-icium, -itium, -icia'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Schwemlitz''), [[Schmolavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-avia&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Schmölau''), [[Stutensa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Stütensen''), [[Teyendorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Teyendorf''), [[Weddria Superior]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hohe&quot;&gt;Latinum adiectivum [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/superior?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 &quot;superior-ius&quot;] Theodiscum adiectivum ''hohe(n)'' et Theodisca praefixa ''Hoh(e)(n)-'' vertit.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Hohenweddrien'') atque [[Zarenthia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Zarenthien'') pertinent. Ab anno [[1972]] Roscha comunis sedes administrationis [[Roscha (commune generale)|Roschae]] communis generalis est.

== Historia ==
Circa annum [[1130]] Roscha primo in actis descripta est. Fuit postea pars [[Ducatus Luneburgensis]]. Anno [[1705]] ad Ducatum Electoralem Brunsvicum-Luneburgensem transiit. Anno [[1803]] cum toto Ducato a copiis [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Francicis]] occupatum est. Annis [[1810]] - [[1813]] pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Tum ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Ab anno [[1946]] Roscha pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Anno [[1972]] Roscha caput communis generalis Roschae factum est et vici supra dicti cum Roscha coniuncti sunt.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat|Rosche|Roscham}}

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150408193618/http://www.samtgemeinde-rosche.de/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-4529/10007_read-42968/ Pagina communis generalis Roschae de Roscha scripta]

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Condita saeculo 12]]</text>
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'''Roscha'''&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Rosche''; [[Saxonice]] ''Roosche'') commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Ulsenensis|Circuli Ulsenensis]] est. Ad Roscham etiam vici [[Burgum (Roscha)|Burgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Borg''), [[Gauel]] (Theodisce ''Gauel''), [[Goddenstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Göddenstedt''), [[Katzia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Katzien''), [[Natene]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nateln&quot;&gt;Vide [https://sites.google.com/site/brockhimbergen/geschichte-urkunden/urkunde-1000-jahre?utm ''Urkunde 1000 Jahre''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Aldendorp (Oldendorf), Ripthorp (Ripdorf), Natene (Nateln), Rothessen (Rosche)  (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Nateln''), [[Nova Mola (Roscha)|Nova Mola]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Neu&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Neu?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum adiectivum aut praefixum ''Neu(-)'' Latino adiectivo &quot;novus-a-um&quot;] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mola&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/mola?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum suffixum &quot;-mühle&quot; Latino vocabulo &quot;mola-ae&quot;] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt;  (Theodisce ''Neumühle''), [[Praedium Goddenstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Gut&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/praedium?nr=null&amp;utm Theodiscum vocabulum ''Gut'' Latino &quot;praedium-ii&quot; vertitur].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Gut Göddenstedt''),  [[Prielip]] (Theodisce ''Prielip''), [[Polavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-avia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-au'' seu ''-aw'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-avia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Iereslavia]], [[Iunonwladislavia]], [[Labiavia]], [[Landavia]], [[Lindavia]], [[Liptavia]], [[Lobavia]], [[Lochavia]], [[Lublavia]], [[Luccavia]], [[Mitavia]], [[Multavia]], [[Namslavia]], [[Neoboleslavia]], [[Olavia]], [[Oppavia]], [[Pegavia]], [[Pillavia]], [[Premislavia]], inter alia, apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Polau''), [[Probia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Probien''), [[Retzia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Retzien''), [[Schwemlicium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-icium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-itsch'' aut ''-itz'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-icium-i&quot; aut &quot;-itium-i&quot; aut &quot;-icia-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-itsch, -itz''' : ''-icium, -itium, -icia'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Schwemlitz''), [[Schmolavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-avia&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Schmölau''), [[Stutensa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Stütensen''), [[Teyendorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Teyendorf''), [[Weddria Superior]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hohe&quot;&gt;Latinum adiectivum [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/superior?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 &quot;superior-ius&quot;] Theodiscum adiectivum ''hohe(n)'' et Theodisca praefixa ''Hoh(e)(n)-'' vertit.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Hohenweddrien'') atque [[Zarenthia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Zarenthien'') pertinent. Ab anno [[1972]] Roscha comunis sedes administrationis [[Roscha (commune generale)|Roschae]] communis generalis est.

== Historia ==
Circa annum [[1130]] Roscha primo in actis descripta est. Fuit postea pars [[Ducatus Luneburgensis]]. Anno [[1705]] ad Ducatum Electoralem Brunsvicum-Luneburgensem transiit. Anno [[1803]] cum toto Ducato a copiis [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Francicis]] occupatum est. Annis [[1810]] - [[1813]] pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Tum ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Ab anno [[1946]] Roscha pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Anno [[1972]] Roscha caput communis generalis Roschae factum est et vici supra dicti cum Roscha coniuncti sunt.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat|Rosche|Roscham}}

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150408193618/http://www.samtgemeinde-rosche.de/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-4529/10007_read-42968/ Pagina communis generalis Roschae de Roscha scripta]

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Condita saeculo 12]]</text>
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'''Roscha'''&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Rosche''; [[Saxonice]] ''Roosche'') commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Ulsenensis|Circuli Ulsenensis]] est. Ad Roscham etiam vici [[Burgum (Roscha)|Burgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Borg''), [[Gauel]] (Theodisce ''Gauel''), [[Goddenstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Göddenstedt''), [[Katzia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Katzien''), [[Natene]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nateln&quot;&gt;Vide [https://sites.google.com/site/brockhimbergen/geschichte-urkunden/urkunde-1000-jahre?utm ''Urkunde 1000 Jahre''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Aldendorp (Oldendorf), Ripthorp (Ripdorf), Natene (Nateln), Rothessen (Rosche)  (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Nateln''), [[Nova Mola (Roscha)|Nova Mola]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Neu&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Neu?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum adiectivum aut praefixum ''Neu(-)'' Latino adiectivo &quot;novus-a-um&quot;] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mola&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/mola?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum suffixum &quot;-mühle&quot; Latino vocabulo &quot;mola-ae&quot;] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt;  (Theodisce ''Neumühle''), [[Praedium Goddenstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Gut&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/praedium?nr=null&amp;utm Theodiscum vocabulum ''Gut'' Latino &quot;praedium-ii&quot; vertitur].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Gut Göddenstedt''),  [[Prielip]] (Theodisce ''Prielip''), [[Polavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-avia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-au'' seu ''-aw'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-avia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Iereslavia]], [[Iunonwladislavia]], [[Labiavia]], [[Landavia]], [[Lindavia]], [[Liptavia]], [[Lobavia]], [[Lochavia]], [[Lublavia]], [[Luccavia]], [[Mitavia]], [[Multavia]], [[Namslavia]], [[Neoboleslavia]], [[Olavia]], [[Oppavia]], [[Pegavia]], [[Pillavia]], [[Premislavia]], inter alia, apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Polau''), [[Probia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Probien''), [[Retzia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Retzien''), [[Schmolavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-avia&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Schmölau''), [[Schwemlicium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-icium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-itsch'' aut ''-itz'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-icium-i&quot; aut &quot;-itium-i&quot; aut &quot;-icia-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-itsch, -itz''' : ''-icium, -itium, -icia'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Schwemlitz''), [[Stutensa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Stütensen''), [[Teyendorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Teyendorf''), [[Weddria Superior]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hohe&quot;&gt;Latinum adiectivum [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/superior?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 &quot;superior-ius&quot;] Theodiscum adiectivum ''hohe(n)'' et Theodisca praefixa ''Hoh(e)(n)-'' vertit.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Hohenweddrien'') atque [[Zarenthia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Zarenthien'') pertinent. Ab anno [[1972]] Roscha comunis sedes administrationis [[Roscha (commune generale)|Roschae]] communis generalis est.

== Historia ==
Circa annum [[1130]] Roscha primo in actis descripta est. Fuit postea pars [[Ducatus Luneburgensis]]. Anno [[1705]] ad Ducatum Electoralem Brunsvicum-Luneburgensem transiit. Anno [[1803]] cum toto Ducato a copiis [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Francicis]] occupatum est. Annis [[1810]] - [[1813]] pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Tum ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Ab anno [[1946]] Roscha pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Anno [[1972]] Roscha caput communis generalis Roschae factum est et vici supra dicti cum Roscha coniuncti sunt.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat|Rosche|Roscham}}

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150408193618/http://www.samtgemeinde-rosche.de/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-4529/10007_read-42968/ Pagina communis generalis Roschae de Roscha scripta]

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Condita saeculo 12]]</text>
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'''Stoetze''' commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Uelzen|Circuli Uelzen]] est. Ad Stoetze et vici Hof-Rohrstorf, Bankewitz, Boecke, Groß Malchau, Nievelitz, Hohenzethen atque villae Schlankau (apud Boecke), Zieritz atque Törwe pertinent. Ab anno [[1972]] Stoetze ad [[Roscha (commune generale)|Roscham]] commune generale pertinet.

== Historia ==
[[Fasciculus:Stoetze3.jpg|thumb|left|Statio Ferroviaria Stoetze]]
Stoetze nomine ''Stotensen'' anno [[1335]] primo in actis descriptum est. Fuit postea pars [[Ducatus Luneburgensis]]. Anno [[1705]] ad Ducatum Electoralem Brunsvicum-Luneburgensem transiit. Anno [[1803]] cum toto Ducato a copiis [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Francicis]] occupatum est. Annis [[1810]] - [[1813]] pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Tum ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Ab anno [[1946]] Stoetze pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Anno 1972 vici Bankewitz, Boecke, Groß Malchau et Hohenzethen cum Stoetze coniuncti sunt. Anno eodem Stoetze etiam pars communis generalis Roschae factum est.

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140802073649/http://www.samtgemeinde-rosche.de/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-4529/10007_read-42988 Pagina communis generalis Roschae de Stoetze scripta]

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Condita saeculo 14]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Suhlendorf</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>188888</id>
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      <text bytes="1675" sha1="6vojw06ts3wr99e3n14d6kb5i88ttlk" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}

'''Suhlendorf''' commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Uelzen|Circuli Uelzen]] est. Ad Suhlendorf et vici Batensen, Dallahn, Dalldorf, Groß Ellenberg, Klein Ellenberg, Grabau, Güstau, Kölau, Molbath, Nestau, Növenthien, Rassau, Schlieckau, Wellendorf, Klein Malchau atque St. Omer. pertinent. Ab anno [[1972]] Suhlendorf ad [[Roscha (commune generale)|Roscham]] commune generale pertinet.

== Historia ==
Quando Suhlendorf conditum est, nescimus. Fuit postea pars [[Ducatus Luneburgensis]]. Anno [[1705]] ad Ducatum Electoralem Brunsvicum-Luneburgensem transiit. Anno [[1803]] cum toto Ducato a copiis [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Francicis]] occupatum est. Annis [[1810]] - [[1813]] pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Tum ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Ab anno [[1946]] Suhlendorf pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Anno 1972 vici supra dicti cum Suhlendorf coniuncti sunt. Anno eodem Suhlendorf etiam pars communis generalis Roschae factum est.

De historia locali etiam Museum Fabrorum Suhlendorf visitatores certiores facit&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.handwerksmuseum-suhlendorf.de/ Pagina Musei Fabrorum Suhlendorf]&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat}}
* [http://www.suhlendorf.de/ www.suhlendorf.de]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160501005456/https://suhlendorf.info/ suhlendorf.info]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150305195044/http://www.samtgemeinde-rosche.de/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-4529/10007_read-42985 Pagina communis generalis Roschae de Suhlendorf scripta]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Eneas</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>197517</id>
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      <text bytes="782" sha1="gznxo2nxdijjarljdv3kktpvzlw9mvp" xml:space="preserve">'''Eneas,''' ex [[Aeneas|Aenea]] appellatum, est genus [[programmatura applicativa|programmaturae]] descriptionis [[textile|textilium]] ad programmandas machinas acubus texentes adhibitum. Adhiberi potest ad fabricanda [[vestimentum|vestimenta]] peculiaria (hoc est pro [[customizatio massiva|opere usitato]]) vel cursibus partialibus.

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131013155043/http://www.wired.com/design/2012/04/luxury-knitwear-inspired-by-brains &quot;Luxury Knitwear, Inspired by Brains&quot; (''Wired'')] (cum photographematibus rerum hac programmatura designatis)
* [http://www.eneas.com Situs publicus,] www.eneas.com

{{tech-stipula}}
&lt;!-- +
[[Category:Garment industry]]--&gt;

[[Categoria:Aeneas]]
[[Categoria:Programmatura applicativa]]
[[Categoria:Textilia]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Circulus Luchoviensis et Danebergensis</title>
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      <text bytes="13256" sha1="bhm9a1hjecd6fpta9tb9tk64vtxmd12" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Municipalities in DAN.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|Communia in circulo Luchoviensi et Danebergensi.]]
'''Circulus terrae Luchoviensis et Danebergensis'''&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus terrae Luchoviensis et Danebergensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Lüchow-Dannenberg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latina gentilicia &quot;Luchoviensis-e&quot; et &quot;Danebergensis&quot; ad [[Luchovia]]m et [[Daneberga]]m repective referuntur. Primo de toponymo, vide [https://ia801403.us.archive.org/28/items/antiquitatessele00keys/antiquitatessele00keys.pdf ''Antiquitates selectae septentrionales et Celticae''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) De Venedicis aut Germanicis prope Luchoviam effossis Epistola ''Georgii Frid, Mithofii'' data Luchovia d. 17. Maji 1691 (...)&quot;; et secundo de toponymo, vide {{Hofmannus}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Landkreis Lüchow-Dannenberg''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Lüchow-Dannenberg''; [[Polabice]] ''Vokres Ljauchüw-Wajdars''), nunc pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], anno [[1932]] e circulis Luchoviensi et Dannenbergensi consociatis conditus est. Ad annum [[1945]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit, et ab anno [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem. [[Caput (urbs)|Caput]] circuli est [[Luchovia]].

== Historia ==
Ager circuli fuit pars [[Ducatus Luneburgensis]]. Anno [[1705]] ad Ducatum Electoralem Brunsvicum-Luneburgensem transiit. Anno [[1803]] cum toto Ducato a copiis [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Francicis]] occupatum est. Annis ab [[1810]] ad [[1813]] pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Tum ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Anno [[1867]] magnus circulus Danenbergensis conditus est, sed anno [[1885]] in circulos Luchoviam et Danebergam divisus est. Anno [[1932]] iterum coniunctus est. Ab anno [[1946]] Circulus Luchoviensis et Danebergensis pars Saxoniae Inferioris est.

== Coniunctiones ==
Circulus Luchoviensis et Danebergensis duas coniunctiones habet, cum
* [[Stegelicium-Zelendorfium|Stegelicio-Zelendorfio]] regione [[Berolinum|Berolini]] ab anno [[1979]], tum cum Stegelicio regione
* [[Powiat Obornicki]] ([[Polonia]], ab anno 2001)

== Communia circuli ==
Haec sunt communia huius circuli, quae omnes ad communia generalia coniuncti sunt:

* [[Gartovia (commune generale)|Gartovia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-ovia&quot;&gt;[[Linguae Germanicae|Germanica]] ac [[linguae Slavicae|Slavica]] toponyma cum suffixo ''-ov'' seu ''-öv'' seu ''ow'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-ovia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Asovia]], [[Brewnovia]], [[Czernichovia]], [[Glasgovia]], [[Golnovia]], [[Grabovia]], [[Kharkovia]], [[Laszovia]], [[Ostrovia]], [[Pscovia]], [[Racovia]], [[Sucovia]], [[Tarnovia]], [[Wengrovia]], [[Witkowa]], [[Wittovia]], [[Crovia]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gartow'') commune generale (3700)
** [[Gartovia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-ovia&quot;&gt;[[Linguae Germanicae|Germanica]] ac [[linguae Slavicae|Slavica]] toponyma cum suffixo ''-ov'' seu ''-öv'' seu ''ow'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-ovia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Asovia]], [[Brewnovia]], [[Czernichovia]], [[Glasgovia]], [[Golnovia]], [[Grabovia]], [[Kharkovia]], [[Laszovia]], [[Ostrovia]], [[Pscovia]], [[Racovia]], [[Sucovia]], [[Tarnovia]], [[Wengrovia]], [[Witkowa]], [[Wittovia]], [[Crovia]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gartow'') oppidum (1362)
** [[Gorleba]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gorleben'') (634)
** [[Hohbuoki]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hohbuoki&quot;&gt;Vide [https://oar.onroerenderfgoed.be/publicaties/RELM/7/RELM007-001.pdf?utm ''The very beginning of Europe?''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''castellum hohbuoki'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Höhbeck'') (645)
** [[Prezella]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Prezelle'') (473)
** [[Schnackenburg]], oppidum (586)

* [[Luchovia (Vandalia)|Luchovia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Luchovia&quot;&gt;Vide [https://ia801403.us.archive.org/28/items/antiquitatessele00keys/antiquitatessele00keys.pdf ''Antiquitates selectae septentrionales et Celticae''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) De Venedicis aut Germanicis prope Luchoviam effossis Epistola ''Georgii Frid, Mithofii'' data Luchovia d. 17. Maji 1691 (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lüchow''; [[Polabice]] ''Ljauchüw'') commune generale (24.675)
** [[Berga ad Dumnam]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bruzen de La Martinière 1737&quot;&gt;Bruzen de La Martinière, A. A. (1737). ''Thesaurus geographicus criticus: in quo omnium orbis terrarum regionum, civitatum, oppidorum, nominibus antiquis, medii aevi et modernis''. Ex Officina Wetsteniana.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bergen an der Dumme''; [[Polabice]] ''Djörska'') (1589)
** [[Clenza]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Janicke II 1896&quot;&gt;Janicke, K. (Ed.) (1896). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Band 2. Von 1221 bis 1260''. S. Hirzel.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Clenze''; [[Polabice]] ''Kloncka'') oppidum (2446)
** [[Kusta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Küsten'') (1362)
** [[Lemgovia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmannus&quot;&gt;{{Hofmannus}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-ovia&quot;&gt;[[Linguae Germanicae|Germanica]] ac [[linguae Slavicae|Slavica]] toponyma cum suffixo ''-ov'' seu ''-öv'' seu ''ow'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-ovia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Asovia]], [[Brewnovia]], [[Czernichovia]], [[Glasgovia]], [[Golnovia]], [[Grabovia]], [[Kharkovia]], [[Laszovia]], [[Ostrovia]], [[Pscovia]], [[Racovia]], [[Sucovia]], [[Tarnovia]], [[Wengrovia]], [[Witkowa]], [[Wittovia]], [[Crovia]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Lemgow'') (1408)
** [[Liubeme]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lübbow&quot;&gt;Vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20261015071255/https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/luebbow/?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Schriftlich ist das zweizeilige Reihendorf erstmals in einer kaiserlichen Urkunde aus dem Jahr 956 erwähnt: Ks. Otto I. († 973) schenkte dem Kloster Quedlinburg sechs Dörfer, darunter ''Liubeme'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Lübbow'') (836)
** [[Luchovia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Luchovia&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lüchow''; [[Polabice]] ''Ljauchüw''), urbs et sedes administrationis (9401)
** [[Luccavia (Saxonia Inferior)|Luccavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Luccavia&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Luckau'' forma &quot;Luccavia&quot; latinizari solet. Cf. [[Luccavia]]m apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Luckau'') (634)
** [[Schnega]] (1354)
** [[Trebel]] (953)
** [[Waddeweitz]] (906)
** [[Woltersdorf]] (939)
** [[Wustrow (Saxonia Inferior)|Wustrow]], oppidum (2847)

* [[Prata Albis (commune generale)|Prata Albis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Prata Albis&quot;&gt;Fingitur huius communis generalis Latinum nomen sic: Substantivum plurale &quot;Prata&quot; Theodiscum lexema ''-talaue'' vertit; qua de versione, vide: Georges, K. E. (1910). ''Ausführliches lateinisch-deutsches und deutsch-lateinisches Handwörterbuch: Deutsch-lateinischer Teil (VII ed., Vol. I, s.v. &quot;Aue&quot;)''. Hahnsche Buchhandlung. Et hydronymum Latinum &quot;[[Albis]]&quot; Theodiscum hydronymicum lexema ''Elb-'' vertit; quo de hydronymo, vide: {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Elbtalaue'') commune generale (20.707 incolae)
** [[Damnatzium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Garzmann LXXVI 2004&quot;&gt;Garzmann, M. R. W. (Ed.) (2004). ''Niedersächsisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte: Neue Folge der Zeitschrift des Historischen Vereins für Niedersachsen (Band 76)''. Hahnsche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Damnatz'') (317)
** [[Danneberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&amp;cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&amp;lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Dannenberg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dannenbarg''; [[Polabice]] ''Wajdars''), urbs (8081)
** [[Gorenthin]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Gorenthin&quot;&gt;Vide [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Zeitschrift_des_Historischen_Vereins_f%C3%BCr_Niedersachsen_%28IA_zeitschriftdeshi1857hist%29.pdf?utm ''Zeitschrift des Historischen Vereins für Niedersachsen''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) villam Gorenthin '' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Göhrde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Göhr''; [[Polabice]] ''Djöra'') (635)
** [[Gusbornium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-bornium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-born'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-bornium-ii&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Calenbornium (prope Aram)|Calenbornium prope Aram]] et [[Calenbornium (prope Caesariacum)|Calenbornium prope Caesariacum]] (Theodisce ''Kalenborn''); [[Calenbornium-Scheurenum]] (Theodisce ''Kalenborn-Scheuern''); [[Hasbornium (Eiflia)|Hasbornium]] (Theodisce ''Hasborn''); [[Leidenbornium]] (Theodisce ''Leidenborn''); [[Lichtenbornium]] (Theodisce ''Lichtenborn''). Quae omnia toponyma ex articulo Vicipaediae Latinae de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Rhenaniae_et_Palatinatus indice urbium et communium Rhenaniae et Palatinatus] desumpta sunt, ubi apte referuntur.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gusborn'') (1225)
** [[Hitgera]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hitzacker''; [[Polabice]] ''Ljauci''), urbs (4933)
** [[Iemela]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Iemela&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu, latinizans suffixum primae communis Theodisce ''Jameln'' dicti mentioni, quae ''Jemelen'' est, applicatur; qua de mentione, vide [https://rcin.org.pl/ihpan/Content/30940/PDF/WA303_9438_A165-8-r1929_Slavia-Occ.pdf?utm ''Slavia Occidentalis, Tomus VIII''].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Jameln'') (1071)
** [[Karwicium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-icium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-itsch'' aut ''-itz'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-icium-i&quot; aut &quot;-itium-i&quot; aut &quot;-icia-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-itsch, -itz''' : ''-icium, -itium, -icia'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Karwitz'') (742)
** [[Longa Villa (Saxonia Inferior)|Longa Villa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Longa Villa&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Langendorf'' Latino toponymo &quot;Longa Villa&quot; verti solet. Qua de correspondentia, vide [https://dbc.wroc.pl/Content/15237/PDF/17250.pdf?utm ''Das Waldhufendorf in Schlesien'', Gualterii Bernardi], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Langedorf ca. 1305 L.F.B.208 Longa villa (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Langendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Langendörp'') (719)
** [[Nova Darchavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Neu&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Neu?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum adiectivum aut praefixum ''Neu(-)'' Latino adiectivo &quot;novus-a-um&quot;] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-avia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-au'' seu ''-aw'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-avia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Iereslavia]], [[Iunonwladislavia]], [[Labiavia]], [[Landavia]], [[Lindavia]], [[Liptavia]], [[Lobavia]], [[Lochavia]], [[Lublavia]], [[Luccavia]], [[Mitavia]], [[Multavia]], [[Namslavia]], [[Neoboleslavia]], [[Olavia]], [[Oppavia]], [[Pegavia]], [[Pillavia]], [[Premislavia]], inter alia, apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Neu Darchau''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nee Darchau'') (1396)
** [[Zernien]] (1588)

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat|Landkreis Lüchow-Dannenberg|Circulum Luchoviensem et Danebergensem}}
* [http://www.luechow-dannenberg.de/ Situs interretialis circuli proprius.]

{{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Luechow-Dannenberg circulus}}
[[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1932]]</text>
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    <title>De orbe novo decades</title>
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      <text bytes="12339" sha1="is7vol4sbrxhnko2x4rwtuhmgjvhm9f" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
[[Fasciculus:De orbe nouo titulus.jpg|thumb|Titulus editionis omnium decadum primae (1530) ([[Bibliotheca Universitatis Brunensis|Bibliotheca]] [[Universitas Brunensis|Universitatis Brunensis]]).]]
'''''De orbe novo decades''''' est principale auctoris [[Petrus Martyr ab Angleria|Petri Martyris ab Angleria]] opus de exploratione et conquisitione mediae [[America]]e in octo decades divisum. Cuius operis a principio in forma epistularum et commentationum compositi, anno [[1511]] prima decas, anno [[1516]] tres decades, anno [[1521]] quarta decas, post auctoris mortem anno [[1530]] octo decades editae sunt.

== Bibliographia ==
; Editiones Latinae
[[Fasciculus:Eden tr Decades of the Newe Worlde 1555 tp.jpg|thumb|''Decades of the Newe Worlde'', 1555, interprete [[Ricardus Eden|Ricardo Eden]]: Titulus]]
* 1511 : ''P. Martyris Angli Mediolanensis opera: Legatio Babylonica, Occeani decas, Poemata, Epigrammata''. Hispali: per Iacobum Corumberger; [https://web.archive.org/web/20110909233801/http://gredos.usal.es/jspui/handle/10366/83437 Textus]; [https://archive.org/details/pmartyrisanglime00angh Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''
* 1516 : [[Antonius Nebrissensis]], ed., [Protonotari Petri Martyris] ''De orbe novo decades'' vel ''De rebus oceanis et orbe novo decades tres''. In urbe Compluto: in contubernio Arnaldi Guillelmi;  [https://archive.org/details/ioannesruffusfor00angh Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''; [https://archive.org/details/ARes593133 alius]; [https://bipadi.ub.edu/digital/collection/geoviatges/id/17063 alibi]
* 1521 : ''De nuper sub D. Carolo repertis insulis, simul[que] incolarum moribus, R. Petri Martyris enchiridion''. Basileae; [https://archive.org/details/denupersubdcaro00anglgoog Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''; [https://archive.org/details/denupersubdcarol00angh_0 aliud exemplar]
* 1524 : ''De rebus, et insulis nouiter repertis a sereniss. Carolo imperatore, et variis earum gentium moribus''. Norimbergae: F. Peypus; [https://archive.org/details/derebusetinsulis00angh/ Textus apud ''Internet Archive'']
* 1530 : ''De orbe novo Petri Martyris ab Angleria Mediolanensis, protonotarii Caesaris, senatoris, decades''. Compluti apud Michaelem d'Eguia; [http://archive.org/details/deorbenouopetrim00angh Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''
* 1532 : ''R. Petri Martyris De insulis nuper inuentis''. Coloniae: Impensis Arnoldi Birckman; [https://archive.org/details/deinsulisnuperin00angh/ Textus]
* 1533 : ''Petri Martyris ab Angleria Mediolanen. ... De rebus oceanicis &amp; Orbe nouo decades tres, quibus quicquid de inuentis nuper terris traditum; ... eiusdem præterea legationis Babylonicæ libri tres''. Basileae: apud Ioannem Bebelium [https://archive.org/details/petrimartyrisaba00angh Textus apud ''Internet Archive'']
* 1587 : [[Ricardus Hakluytus]], ed., ''De Orbe Novo Petri Martyris Anglerii Mediolanensis, protonotarii et Caroli Quinti senatoris, decades octo, diligente temporum observatione et utilissimis annotationibus illustratae, suoque nitore restitae''. Parisiis: apud Guillelmum Auvray; [https://archive.org/details/hin-wel-all-00001177-001/ Textus apud ''Internet Archive'']
* 1966 : Erich Woldan, ed., ''Petrus Martyr de Angleria: Opera''. Graecii: Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt (fac-simile editionum antiquorum)
* 2003 : [[Brigitta Gauvin|Brigitte Gauvin]], ed., ''Pierre Martyr d'Anghiera. Décades du Nouveau monde. I: La décade Océane: édition, traduction et commentaire''. Lutetiae: Les Belles Lettres. ISBN 2-251-34468-3

; Versiones
* 1532 : ''Extraict ou recueil des isles nouuellement trouvees en la grand mer oceane ou temps du roy Despaigne Fernand et Elizabeth sa femme''. Lutetiae: chez Simon de Colines; [https://archive.org/details/extraictourecuei00angh/ Textus apud Internet Archive]
* 1534 : ''Summario de la generale historia de l'Indie occidentali, cavato da libri scritti dal signor don Pietro Martyre''. Venetiis; [https://archive.org/details/svmmariodelagene00angh/ Textus apud Internet Archive]. -- Prima pars separatim: ''Libro primo della historia de l'Indie Occidentali''. Venetiis; [https://archive.org/details/libroprimodellah00angh/ Textus]
* 1555 : [[Ricardus Eden|Rycharde Eden]], interpr., ''The decades of the newe worlde or west India ... wrytten in the Latine tounge by Peter Martyr of Angleria, and translated into Englysshe''. Londini: in aedibus Guilhelmi Powell; [https://archive.org/details/decadesofnewewor00angh/ Textus apud Internet Archive]; [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.69015000005864 apud Hathi Trust];  [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/a20032.0001.001/1:14.12?rgn=div2;view=toc editio interretialis apud Michiganenses]
* 1577 : [[Ricardus Eden|Richarde Eden]], interpr.; [[Ricardus Willes|Richarde Willes]], ed., ''The History of travayle in the VVest and East Indies''. Londinii: Richard Jugge; [https://archive.org/details/historyoftrauayl00angh/ Textus apud Internet Archive]
* 1612 : [[Ricardus Eden|Richard Eden]], [[Michael Lok]], interprr., ''De Novo orbe, or, the historie of the West Indies: contayning the actes and adventures of the Spanyardes''. Londinii: Thomas Adams; [https://archive.org/details/denovoorbeorhist00angh/ Textus apud Internet Archive]; [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/103001705 idem exemplar apud Hathi Trust] {{Google Books|PWKd_Mm22gIC}}
* 1625 : [[Ricardus Eden|Richard Eden]], [[Michael Lok]], interprr.; [[Ricardus Hakluytus|Richard Hakluyt]], ed., ''The historie of the West-Indies, containing the acts and adventures of the Spaniards, which have conquered and peopled those countries''. Londinii: A. Hebb; [https://archive.org/details/b30332904 Textus apud Internet Archive]
* 1885 : [[Ricardus Eden|Richard Eden]], interpr.; Edward Arber, ed., ''The first three English books on America. [?1511]-1555 A.D.'' Birminghamiae, 1885; [https://archive.org/details/firstthreeenglis00arberich/ Textus apud Internet Archive]
* 1907 : Paul Gaffarel, Abbé Loubot, interprr., ''De orbe novo: les huit décades de Pierre Martyr Anghiera; traduits du latin, avec notes et commentaires''. Lutetiae: Leroux [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6536439b Textus apud Gallica]; [https://archive.org/details/deorbenovodepier00angh/ apud Internet Archive] 
* 1912 : Francis Augustus MacNutt, interpr., ''Peter Martyr d'Anghiera: De orbe novo''. 2 voll. Novi Eboraci: Putnam, 1912 [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/12425 Vol. 1 apud gutenberg.org] [https://archive.org/details/deorbenovoeightd01angh vol. 1] [https://archive.org/details/deorbenovoeightd02angh vol. 2 apud archive.org]
* 1944 : ''Peter Martyr d'Anghiera, Decadas del nuevo mundo''
* 1966 : [[Ricardus Eden|Richard Eden]], interpr., ''The decades of the Newe Worlde or West India''. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms;  [https://archive.org/details/decadesofnewewor0013unse/ Exemplar mutuabile]

; Refectiones
* c. 1504 : [[Angelus Trevisanus (legatus)|Angelus Trevisanus]], ''Libretto di tutta la navigazione del re di Spagna de le isole et terreni novamente trovati''; [https://www.loc.gov/item/94218598 liber manu scriptus apud Biblithecam Congressus]; [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=chi.32118655&amp;seq=193 editio 1893 imperfecta]
* 1507 : {{ec|id=Montalboddo (1507)|c=[[Francanus Montalbodus|Fracanzano Montalboddo]], ed., ''[[Itinerarium Portugallensium|Paesi novamente retrovati et novo mondo da Alberico Vesputio Florentino]]''. Vicenza: Henrico Vicentino {{Ling|Italice}}; [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k58988n Textus apud Gallica]; [https://archive.org/details/paesinouamentere00unse_0 apud Internet Archive]; [https://archive.org/details/paesinouamentere00unse aliud exemplar]. -- [https://archive.org/details/paesinouamentere00unse_1 Editio Mediolanensis 1508];  [https://archive.org/details/paesinouamentere00frac eadem rursus impressa 1916]}}
* 1508 : {{ec|id=Madrignanus (1508)|c=[[Francanus Montalbodus]], ed.; [[Archangelus Madrignanus]], interpr., ''[[Itinerarium Portugallensium|Itinerarium Portugallensium e Lusitania in Indiam et inde in occidentem et demum ad aquilonem]]'' {{Ling|Latine}}; [https://archive.org/details/itinerariumportu00unse/ Textus];  [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_OEBMA3dMZcMC aliud exemplar] apud ''Internet Archive''}}
* 1532 : [[Simon Grynaeus]], ed., ''[[Novus orbis (Grynaeus)|Novus orbis regionum ac insularum veteribus incognitarum]]''. Basileae {{Ling|Latine}} [https://archive.org/details/nouusorbisregion00hutt_1 Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''
* 1998 : G. Eatough, ''Repertorium Columbianum: Selections from Peter Martyr''. Tornaci: Brepols
* 2012 : Norbert Ankenbauer, ed., ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20260805185017/https://diglib.hab.de/edoc/ed000145/start.htm Paesi novamente retrovati - Newe unbekanthe landte. Eine digitale Edition früher Entdeckerberichte]'' (''Editiones Electronicae Guelferbytanae'', 10). Wolfenbüttel: Herzog August Bibliothek, 2012

== Bibliographia ==
* José A. Armillas Vicente, &quot;[https://ifc.dpz.es/recursos/publicaciones/33/63/10armillas.pdf Pedro Mártir de Anglería, contino real y cronista de Castilla. La invención de las nuevas Indias]&quot; in ''Jerónimo Zurita'' vol. 88 (2013) pp. 211-229
* Elise Bartosik-Vélez, &quot;Translatio imperii: Virgil and Peter Martyr's Columbus&quot; in ''Comparative Literature Studies'' vol. 46 (2009) pp. 559-588
* Mary Beagon, &quot;Peter Martyr's Use of Pliny&quot; in ''International Journal of the Classical Tradition'' vol. 21 (2014) pp. 223-244
* Michael Brennan, &quot;[https://www.connotations.de/article/michael-brennan-the-texts-of-peter-martyrs-de-orbe-novo-decades-1504-1628-a-response-to-andrew-hadfield/ The Texts of Peter Martyr's De orbe novo decades (1504-1628): A Response to Andrew Hadfield]&quot; in ''Connotations'' vol. 6 no. 2 (1996/1997) {{Penna}}
* Rita De Maeseneer, &quot;El Nuevo Mundo comestible de Colón. Los contextos culinarios en la primera Década del Nuevo Mundo de Pedro Mártir de Anglería&quot; in Rita de Maeseneer, Patrick Collard, edd., ''Saberes y sabores en México y el Caribe'' (''Foro Hispánico'' vol. 39, 2010) pp. 235–266; [https://brill.com/display/book/9789042030459/B9789042030459-s011.xml situs venalis]
* Eric Dursteler, &quot;Reverberations of the Voyages of Discovery in Venice, ca. 1501: The Trevisan Manuscript in the Library of Congress&quot; in ''Mediterranean Studies'' vol. 9 (2000) pp. 43-64; [https://www.jstor.org/stable/41166910 JSTOR]
* Carlo Frati, &quot;El mapa mas antiguo de la isla de Santo Domingo (1516) y Pedro Martir de Angleria&quot;. Florentiae: Olschki, 1929; [https://archive.org/details/elmapamasantiguo00frat/page/n7/mode/1up Textus]
* [[Brigitta Gauvin|Brigitte Gauvin]], &quot;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240634688_De_l'animal_sauvage_a_l'animal_fantastique_les_creatures_du_Nouveau_Monde_dans_les_huit_Decades_de_Pierre_Martyr_d'Anghiera De l’animal sauvage à l’animal fantastique: les créatures du Nouveau Monde dans les huit Décades de Pierre Martyr d’Anghiera]&quot; in ''Schedae'' (2009 n° 1) pp. 55-72
* Andrew Hadfield, &quot;[https://www.connotations.de/article/andrew-hadfield-peter-martyr-richard-eden-and-the-new-world-reading-experience-and-translation/ Peter Martyr, Richard Eden and the New World: Reading, Experience, and Translation]&quot; in ''Connotations'' vol. 5 no. 1 (1995/1996); &quot;[https://www.connotations.de/article/andrew-hadfield-authors-response/ Richard Eden and Peter Martyr: Author's Response]&quot; in ''Connotations'' vol. 6 no. 3 (1996/1997)
* Raymond Marcus, [https://www.persee.fr/doc/jsa_0037-9174_1967_num_56_1_2286 recensio] editionis Woldan (1966) in ''Journal de la société des américanistes'' vol. 56 (1967) pp. 273-274
* Carlos Gabriel Perna, ''Algunos problemas en torno a las &quot;Décadas del Nuevo Mundo&quot; de Pedro Mártir de Anglería''. GRIN Verlag, 2007 {{Google Books|oYTN6FKFa9cC|Paginae selectae}}
* Hermann A. Schumacher, ''Petrus Martyr, der Geschichtschreiber des Weltmeeres''. Novi Eboraci: Steiger, 1879; [https://archive.org/details/petrusmartyrderg00schu Textus]
* Henry R. Wagner, &quot;[https://www.americanantiquarian.org/node/11329 Peter Martyr and His Works]&quot; in ''Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society'' vol. 56 (1946) pp. 239-288

[[Categoria:Hispaniae scripta]]
[[Categoria:Libri de peregrinationibus]]
[[Categoria:Libri historici]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae Renascentes]]
[[Categoria:Scripta 1530]]
[[Categoria:Petrus Martyr ab Angleria]]</text>
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    <title>Bellum Franco-Indianum</title>
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      <text bytes="14292" sha1="3qgfen0g6lex74keal79n5omhp0lrsc" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox military conflict
|partof=
|conflict=Bellum Franco-Indianum
|image=[[File:French and Indian War.png|250px]]
|caption=
|date=[[1754]]–[[1763]]
|place=[[America Septentrionalis]]
|casus=
|territory=France Magnae Britanniae [[Nova Francia|Novam Franciam]] concedit, [[Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon|Sanctum Petrum et Miquelon]] retinens, et [[Ludoviciana Francica|Ludovicianam]] [[Hispaniae]] concedit
|result= Victoria Britannica; [[Foedus Lutetiae (1763)]]
|combatant2=[[Regnum Franciae]]
*[[Nova Francia]]
[[Confoederatio Wabanaki]]
:* [[Abenaki people|Abenaki]]
:* [[Mi'kmaq people|Mi'kmaq]]
[[Algonquin people|Algonquin]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Natio Mohawk|Caughnawaga Mohawk]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Lenape]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Ojibwa]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Ottawa (tribuse)|Ottawa]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Shawnee]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Wyandot people|Wyandot]]
|commander2=[[Ludovicus Iosephus de Montcalm]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Petrus Franciscus de Rigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnal|Marquis de Vaudreuil]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Ioannes Erdman, Baro Dieskau|Baro Dieskau]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Franciscus Maria Le Marchand de Lignery]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Chevalier de Lévis]]&lt;br&gt;[[Iosephus Coulon de Jumonville|Iosephus de Jumonville]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Michael Angelus Duquesne de Menneville|Marquis Duquesne]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Daniel Lienard de Beaujeu]]
|combatant1={{flagcountry|Kingdom of Great Britain}}
*{{flagicon image|British-Red-Ensign-1707.svg}} [[America Britannica]]
[[Foedus Iroquesiorum]]
[[Catawba (tribus)|Catawba]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Cherokeenses]] (ante 1758)
|commander1=[[Geoffrius Amherst, 1us Baro Amherst|Geoffrius Amherst]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Eduardus Braddock]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Iacobus Wolfe]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Ioannes Campbell, 4us Comes Loudoun|Comes Loudoun]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Iacobus Abercrombie (generalis)|Iacobus Abercrombie]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Eduardus Boscawen]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Georgius Vasingtonius]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Ioannes Forbes (praefectus Exercitus Britannici)|Ioannes Forbes]]
|strength2=10,000 regulares (''troupes de la terre'' et ''troupes de la marine,'' potestas maxima, 1757)&lt;ref name=&quot;FrenchRegStrength&quot;&gt;Brumwell, pp. 24–25.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;7,900 militia&lt;br/&gt;2,200 nativi (1759)
|strength1=42,000 regulares et militia (potestsa maxima, 1758)&lt;ref name=&quot;BritStrength&quot;&gt;Brumwell, pp. 26–31, documents the starting sizes of the expeditions against Louisbourg, Carillon, Duquesne, et West Indies.&lt;/ref&gt;
}}
'''Bellum Franco-[[Indi Americani|Indianum]]''' (1754–1763) fuit [[America Septentrionalis|Americanum Septentrionale]] [[Bellum Septem Annorum|Belli Septem Annorum]] [[theatrum belli|theatrum]]. Bellum praecipue inter [[colonia]]s [[America Britannica|Americae Britannicae]] et [[Nova Francia|Novam Franciam]] gestum est, ambabus partibus a copiis [[miles|militaribus]] ex earum [[civitas|civitatibus]] parentibus, [[Britanniarum Regnum|Britanniarum Regno]] et [[Regnum Franciae|Francia]] sustentis, qui anno [[1756]] inter se denuntiaverunt. Eodem anno, [[bellum]] a re [[regio]]nis tantum in [[bellum mundanum]] crevit.

Nomen ad duos principales [[colonia|colonorum]] Britannicorum hostes spectat: copias [[Francia|Francicas regales]] variasque copias [[Indi Americani|indigenarum]] contra eos stantes. [[Historia|Historici]] Britannici et [[Europa]]ei, cum nonnullis [[Canada|Canadianis]], nomine ''Bellum Septem Annorum'' saepe utuntur et nomen ''bellum Franco-Indianum'' vitant, nomen ''aemulatio Anglo-Francica'' anteponentes. [[Civitas]] Canada ex colonis Britannicis et Francicis et [[populi aboriginales in Canada|populis aboriginalibus]] deducitur.&lt;ref&gt;M. Brook Taylor, ''Canadian History: a Reader's Guide: Volume 1: Beginnings to Confederation'' (1994), 39-48, 72-74.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Canadenses Francogallici]] bellum ''La guerre de la Conquête'' ('Bellum Victoriae') appellant.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110806000000/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&amp;Params=a1ARTA0007300 The Canadian Encyclopedia]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110812060826/http://bataille.ccbn-nbc.gc.ca/en/guerre-de-sept-ans/contexte.php The Siege of Quebec: An episode of the Seven Years' War - Canadian National Battlefields Commission Plains of Abraham website].&lt;/ref&gt;

Gestum est bellum praecipue secundum fines qui Novam Franciam et colonias Britannicas separabat, a [[Provincia Virginia|Virginia]] ad [[Nova Scotia|Novam Scotiam]]. Francici, numero magnopere superati, permultos socios Indos usi sunt. Bellum coepit cum homines disputarent de imperio confluentiae [[flumen|fluminum]] [[Flumen Allegheny|Allegheny]] et [[Flumen Monongahela|Monongahelae]], Furcae [[Ohium (flumen)|Ohii]] appellatorum, et de situ [[Arx Duquesne|Arcis Duquesne]], castelli Francici prope hodiernum [[Pittsburgum]] [[Pennsylvania]]e. [[Violentia]] in [[Proelium Jumonville Glen|Proelio Jumonville Glen]] mense [[Maius|Maio]] [[1754]] erupit, cum [[militia]] Virginiana, [[Georgius Vasingtonius|Georgio Vasingtonio]] viginti duos annos natu duce, impetum contra circuitores Francicos fecit. Decursus Britannici annis [[1755]], [[1756]], et [[1757]] in finibus [[Pennsylvania]]e et [[Provincia Novum Eboracum|Novi Eboraci]] defecerunt omnes, ob mixturam administrationis malae, controversiarum internarum, et actionum efficacium a bellatoribus Canadianis, Francicis, Indisque gestarum. [[Proelium Arcis Beauséjour|Arce Beauséjour a Britannis capta]] in fine qui Novam Scotiam ab [[Acadia]] anno [[1755]] separavit consilia ad [[expulsio Acadianorum|expellendos Acadianos]] confirmavit. Iussa deportationis a [[Gulielmus Shirley|Gulielmo Shirley]], [[Dux Principalis Americae Septentrionalis|Duce Principali Americae Septentrionalis]], data sunt, gubernatione autem Magnae Britanniae ipsius invita, unde Acadiani, ambo bellatores proelio capti et ei qui sacramentum suae Maiestatis Britannicae dixerant, expulsi sunt. [[Americani Nativi]] similiter abacti sunt ut [[colonia|coloni]] ex [[Nova Anglia]] eorum terras occuparent.&lt;ref&gt;Eccles, France in America, p. 185.&lt;/ref&gt;
 
Post calamitosa incepta Britannica anno [[1757]], cum [[Expeditio Ludovicoburgi (1757)|expeditio contra Ludovicoburgum]] et [[obsidio Castelli Gulielmi Henrici]] deficerent atque Indi victimas Britannicas extorquerent et trucidarent, gubernatio Britannica cecidit. [[Gulielmus Pitt Senior|Gulielmus Pitt]]&lt;!--melius: G. P., primus Comes Chathamensis--&gt; nunc in imperio fuit, qui copias militares in coloniis magnopere auxit. Eodem tempore, Francia multas onerarias [[navis longa|navibus longis]] protectas in [[periculum]] adducere ad adiuvandas copias in Nova Francia non iam volebat; potius, suas copias contra [[Prussia]]m et eius socios in [[Europa]]eo [[theatrum belli|belli theatro]] conligebat. Inter [[1758]] et [[1760]], [[miles|milites]] Britannici prospere mediam Novam Franciam pervaserunt, et [[Mons Regius|Montem Regium]] mense [[September|Septembri]] 1760 occupaverunt.

Exitus militaris et [[societas humana|socialis]] fuit una ex rebus maximi momenti per [[Bellum Centum Annorum Secundum|saeculum certaminum Anglo-Francicorum perpetuorum]] gestis. Francia [[Hispania]]e suo socio [[Ludoviciana (Nova Francia)|Ludovicianam Francicam]] ad occidentem [[Flumen Mississippiense|Fluminis Mississippiensis]] concessit pro Hispaniae amissione [[Florida Hispanica|Floridae]] (quae Hispania Britanniae pro [[Havana]] reddita concesserat). Colonica Franciae praesentia ad septentriones [[Mare Caribicum|Maris Caribici]] solum ad insulas [[Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon|Sancti Petri et Miquelon]] imminuta est, statum Britanniae ut maxima potestas colonica in [[oriens|orientali]] [[America Septentrionalis|Americae Septentrionalis]] dimidio confirmans.

{{NexInt}}
*[[Bella Indorum Americanorum]]
*[[Expulsio Acadianorum]]
*[[Historia Canadae]]
*[[Magna Britannia in Bello Annorum Septem]]
*[[Magna potestas]]&lt;!--
*[[Militaris Novae Scotiae historia]]--&gt;
*[[Res Novae Diplomaticae]]
*[[Societas Franciae et Indorum]] &lt;!--
*[[French and Indian Wars]] (article to include King William's War, Queen Anne's War, King George's War, and this war.)
*[[Northwest Indian War]]
*[[New Hampshire Provincial Regiment]]--&gt;

==Adnotationes==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Bibliographia==
*Anderson, Fred. [[2000]]. [http://books.google.ca/books?id=-vMxLslZopgC&amp;lpg=PR1&amp;dq=Crucible%20of%20War%3A%20The%20Seven%20Years'%20War%20and%20the%20Fate%20of%20Empire%20in%20British%20North%20America%2C%201754-1766&amp;pg=PR1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=true ''Crucible of War: The Seven Years' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, 1754-1766.''] Novi Eboraci: Knopf. ISBN 0-375-40642-5.
*Anderson, Fred. [[2005]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130928172344/http://wqed.org/tv/specials/the-war-that-made-america/ ''The War that Made America: A Short History of the French and Indian War.''] Novi Eboraci: Viking. ISBN 0-670-03454-1.&lt;!--Released in conjunction with the 2006 [[PBS]] miniseries ''The War that Made America''--&gt;
*{{Cite book|title=Redcoats: The British Soldier and War in the Americas, 1755-1763|first=Stephen|last=Brumwell|ref=Brumwell|year=[[2006]]|location = Cantabrigiae |publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=qEZfYRuZLJQC&amp;lpg=PP1&amp;dq=%3DRedcoats%3A%20The%20British%20Soldier%20and%20War%20in%20the%20Americas%2C%201755-1763&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=true|isbn=978-0-521-67538-3}}
*{{Cite book|title=The Scratch of a Pen: 1763 and the Transformation of North America|first=Colin G|last=Calloway|ref=Calloway|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=[[2006]]|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=XtxG369-VHQC&amp;lpg=PP1&amp;dq=The%20Scratch%20of%20a%20Pen%3A%201763%20and%20the%20Transformation%20of%20North%20America&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=true|isbn=978-0-19-530071-0}}
*{{Cite book|title=The French and Indian War|last=Cave |first=Alfred A.|authorlink= |coauthors= |year=[[2004]] |publisher=Greenwood Press|location=Westport Connecticutae et Londinii|isbn=0-313-32168-X |url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=iiZoWyv77qQC&amp;lpg=PP1&amp;dq=French%20and%20Indian%20Wars&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=true |ref=Cave}}
*{{Cite book|title=His Excellency George Washington |last=Ellis |first=Joseph J. |coauthors= |year=[[2004]] |publisher=Vintage Books |location=New York |isbn=1-4000-3253-9 |url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=jdrjRMhV5PcC&amp;lpg=PP1&amp;dq=His%20Excellency%20George%20Washington&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=true |ref=Ellis}}
*{{Cite book|title=Empires at War: The French and Indian War and the Struggle for North America, 1754-1763 |url=https://archive.org/details/empiresatwarfren00fowl |last=Fowler |first=William M. | |coauthors= |year=2005 |publisher=Walker |location=Novi Eboraci |isbn=0-8027-1411-0 |ref=Fowler}}
*{{Cite book|title=Empire of Fortune: Crowns, Colonies, and Tribes in the Seven Years' War in America |last=Jennings |first=Francis |year=[[1988]] |publisher=Norton |location=Novi Eboraci |isbn=0-393-30640-2 |url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=VsBPyRfdHEAC&amp;lpg=PP1&amp;dq=Empire%20of%20Fortune%3A%20Crowns%2C%20Colonies%2C%20and%20Tribes%20in%20the%20Seven%20Years%20War%20in%20America&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=true |ref=Jennings}}
*{{cite book|last=Nester|first=William R|title=The first global war: Britain, France, and the fate of North America, 1756–1775|url=https://archive.org/details/firstglobalwarbr0000nest|location=Westport Connecticutae|publisher=Praeger|year=[[2000]]|isbn=978-0-275-96771-0|oclc=41468552}}
* O'Meara, Walter. [[1965]]. [http://books.google.com/?id=1UpMrXR3rvwC&amp;lpg=PP1&amp;dq=Guns%20at%20the%20Forks&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=true ''Guns at the Forks.''] Englewood FClioffs Novae Caesareae: Prentice Hall. OCLC 21999143. ISBN 978-0-8229-5309-8.
*{{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.ca/virtual-vault/|title=Virtual Vault|publisher=Library and Archives Canada}}

==Bibliographia addita==
*[[Alanus W. Eckert|Eckert, Allan W]]. [[1969]], [[1994]]. ''Wilderness Empire''. Bantam Books. ISBN 0-553-26488-5.&lt;!--Second vol. in series of historical narratives, with emphasis on Sir William Johnson. Academic historians often regard Eckert's books, written in the style of novels, to be unreliable, as they contain clearly fictional dialog.--&gt;
*[[Francisus Parkman|Parkman, Francis]]. [[1884]], [[1984]]. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=Z48-AAAAYAAJ&amp;dq=Montcalm%20and%20Wolfe%3A%20The%20French%20and%20Indian%20War&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=true Montcalm and Wolfe: The French and Indian War.''] Novi Eboraci: Da Capo. ISBN 0-306-81077-8.

==Nexus externi==
{{CommuniaCat|French and Indian War|Bellum Francorum et Indorum}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130511100632/http://www.history.army.mil/reference/COLON/FIcol.htm Bibliographia selecta bellorum Francicorum et Indorum,] www.history.army.mil ([[United States Army Center of Military History]])
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110304213111/http://www.forgottenwaronline.org/ Forgotten War: Struggle for North America,] www.forgottenwaronline.org ([[PBS]])
*[http://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=French+and+Indian+War+reenactments&amp;oq=French+and+Indian+War+reenactments&amp;aq=f&amp;aqi=&amp;aql=&amp;gs_l=youtube.12...293235.307220.0.310655.27.24.3.0.0.1.140.1411.23j1.24.0...0.0.4ES8o69wri8 French and Indian War Living History Reenactments (pelliculae),] www.youtube.com
*[http://www.militaryheritage.com/7yrswar.htm The French and Indian War,] www.militaryheritage.com
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20111231072654/http://ns1758.ca/parkman/14517_montcalm_and_wolfe.html Montcalm et Wolfe,] ns1758.ca (liber Francisci Parkman, liber interretialis)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20131221124712/http://ns1763.ca/remem/7yw-timeline-w.html Tempora Belli Annortum Septem,] ns1763.ca
*[http://www.pbs.org/thewarthatmadeamerica/ The War That Made America,] www.pbs.org ([[PBS]])

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bellum Francorum et Indorum}}
[[Categoria:Acadia]]&lt;!--recte: Military history of Acadia--&gt;
[[Categoria:Bellum Francorum et Indorum| ]]
[[Categoria:Canada]]&lt;!--recte: Military history of Canada--&gt;
[[Categoria:Nova Scotia]]
[[Categoria:Historia Coloniarum Tredecim]]&lt;!--recte: Military history of the Thirteen Colonies--&gt;
[[Categoria:Colonizatio]]
[[Categoria:Nova Anglia]]&lt;!--recte: Military history of New England--&gt;
[[Categoria:Nova Francia]] &lt;!--
[[Category:Conflicts in New Brunswick]]
[[Category:Wars involving the states and peoples of North America]]
[[Category:18th century in North America]]
[[Category:18th century in Canada]]
[[Category:18th century in the United States]]
[[Category:18th century in France]]
[[Category:18th century in Great Britain]]
[[Category:Wabanaki Confederacy]]
[[Category:World Digital Library related]] --&gt;

{{Myrias|Historia}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Bidon</title>
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      <text bytes="775" sha1="0kmqgvbe17jxoud1786xcpidebwbesq" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Bidon-village.jpg|thumb|250px|Bidon: despectus in vicum]]
[[Fasciculus: Map commune FR insee code 07034.png|thumb|left|250px|Bidon: communis tabula]]

''' Bidon ''' est commune [[Francia|Francicum]] 192 incolarum (anno [[2010]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Ardesca (praefectura Franciae)|Ardescae]] in regione [[Rhodano-Alpes|Rhodano-Alpibus]].
{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Ardescae|Indicem communium praefecturae Ardescae]]
== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Bidon (Ardèche)|Bidon}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100502175223/http://www.bidon.fr/ Bidon pagina interretialis]
* {{INSEE commune|07034|de=Bidon}}
{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Ardescae]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Ardescae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Carolus Robert</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>202661</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3999252</id>
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      <text bytes="1027" sha1="rus27wuvw7eti7ilz0vyfgxm33i7196" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Carl Robert.jpg|thumb| Carolus Robert]]

'''Carolus''' Georgius Ludovicus Theodorus Herwig Iosephus '''Robert''' (natus [[Marburgum|Marburgi]] die [[8 Martii]] [[1850]]; [[Salinae Saxonicae|Salinis Saxonicis]] die [[17 Ianuarii]] [[1922]] mortuus) fuit [[Philologia|philologus]] et [[Archaeologia|archaeologus]] [[Germania|Germanicus]].

== Lege etiam ==

* Otto Kern: ''Hermann Diels und Carl Robert. Ein biographischer Versuch''. Reisland, Leipzig 1927 (Jahresbericht über die Fortschritte der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft. Supplementband 215)

== Nexus externi ==
{{Communia|Carl Robert|Carolum Robert}}

{{PND|116575956}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190318003715/http://www.catalogus-professorum-halensis.de/robertcarl.html Brevis biographia in ''Catalogo Professorum Halensis'']

{{DEFAULTSORT:Robert, Carolus}}
[[Categoria:Nati 1850]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1922]]
[[Categoria:Philologi Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Historici Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Archaeologi Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Theodisci]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gubernium Stauropolitanum</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>203704</id>
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      <text bytes="1434" sha1="5ermwt2hotmd6yot3n3mmz5nd1enbr6" xml:space="preserve">{{L}}{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}}
{{res|Gubernium Stauropolitanum}} ([[Russice]]: Ставропольская губерния, [[translitteratio|tr.]] ''Stavropol'skaja gubernija'') erat [[gubernium|prisca administrativa pars]] [[Imperium Russicum|Imperii Russici]]. [[Caput (urbs)|Caput]] gubernii [[Stauropolis]] erat. In [[Caucasus Septentrionalis|Caucaso Septentrionali]] situm, ab occidente [[Regio Cubanica|regionem Cubanicam]], a septentrione [[terra Cosacorum Tanaiticorum|regionem Exercitus Tanaitici]] ([[Cosaci Tanaitici|Cosacorum Tanaiticorum]]) ac [[gubernium Astrachanense]], et a meridie orienteque [[Regio Terensis|regionem Terensem]] contingebat. E [[gubernium Caucasicum|gubernio Caucasico]] veteriore formatum est. Anno [[1897]] haec gubernium a 873 301 hominibus incolebatur. Anno [[1924]] [[territorium Caucasicum Septentrionale]] in [[Unio Rerum Publicarum Sovieticarum Socialisticarum|URSS]] diffingebatur.

== Bibliographia ==
[https://web.archive.org/web/20140204190453/http://oldbooks.ax3.net/BookLibrary/75000-Stavropolskaya-gub.html Библиотека Царское Село, книги по истории Ставропольской губернии (Памятные книжки), PDF]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Stavropol Governorate}}
{{fontes geographici}}

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Gubernia Imperii Russici|Stauropolitanum]]
[[Categoria:Stauropolis]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Semaphorum</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <comment>[[Project:HotCat|HotCat]]: +[[Categoria:Vectura]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="680" sha1="j4t1dquam02skejptkubrygewc4qset" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Modern British LED Traffic Light.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Semaphorum in Anglia.]]
'''Semaphorum''' (-i, n.),&lt;ref&gt;''Latein-Deutsch Visuelles Wörterbuch'' (Dorling Kindersley, 2010).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;John C. Traupman, ''Latin and English Dictionary,'' ed. tertia (Novi Eboraci: Bantam Press, 2007), 684, s.v. ''traffic light.''&lt;/ref&gt; est [[instrumentum]] ad [[commeatus|commeatum]] viarum [[vehiculum|vehiculorum]] tribus [[lumen|luminibus]] [[electricitas|electricis]] tractandum. Cui lumina [[color|tricolora]] saepe sunt, colorum [[ruber|rubri]], [[flavus|flavi]], [[viridis]].

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{NexInt}}
*[[Signum viale]]

[[Categoria:Via]]
[[Categoria:Vectura]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Carlopagum</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>205898</id>
    <revision>
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      <text bytes="1692" sha1="miqnjivwtse6t2rggk405vvlkad4g8u" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Karlobag (02).JPG|thumb|300 px|Despectus in Carolino Campo]] 
'''Carolinus Campus'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt; (alia nomina: ''Carlopagum''&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.it/books?id=iTwFEAoRjoQC&amp;pg=PA146&amp;lpg=PA146&amp;dq=%22Carlopagum%22&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=UecM0Hx36y&amp;sig=ebZC1Me94i_agHpbFYV8snenxcs&amp;hl=it&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=z0fUUue0J4aVyQPqiIDIDw&amp;ved=0CDMQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&amp;q=%22Carlopagum%22&amp;f=false Germania franciscana, seu chronicon geographo-historicum ordinis S. P ... - Di Vigilius Greiderer]&lt;/ref&gt;, ''Vegia''&lt;ref&gt;[http://wikinfo.org/w/Hrvatski/index.php/Anti%C4%8Dka_Hrvatska Antička Hrvatska]&lt;/ref&gt;, ''Vegium''&lt;ref&gt;[http://wikinfo.org/w/Hrvatski/index.php/Anti%C4%8Dka_Hrvatska Antička Hrvatska]&lt;/ref&gt;) ([[Croatice]]: ''[[:hr:Karlobag|Karlobag]]''; [[Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Carlopago|Carlopago]]'') est [[oppidum]] et [[Communia Croatiae|municipium]] [[Croatia|Croatiae]], in [[Regiones Croatiae|Regione]] [[Iapudiensis-Seniensis (regio Croatiae)|Iapudiensi-Seniensi]] situm. Incolunt municipium 1&amp;thinsp;019 (ab anno [[2001]]). Incolae ''Carlopagenses'' seu ''Vegienses'' appellantur.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Croatia]],
* [[Iapudiensis-Seniensis (regio Croatiae)|Regio Iapudiensis-Seniensis]],
* [[Gospitsum]] seu [[Gospicium]] (''urbs''),
* [[Municipium Croatiae]].

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Karlobag|Carolinum Campum}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20220217171313/http://www.karlobag.hr/ Pagina officialis]

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Imago:Karlobag.PNG|Collocatio finium municipii in Regione Iapudiensi-Seniensi.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Municipia regionis Iapudiensis-Seniensis]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ennodius</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="2258" sha1="093zssglxytecv1nlgxcqroqjtic1c7" xml:space="preserve">'''Ennodius''' [[Papia|Ticinensis]], plene '''Magnus Felix Ennodius''' ( [[Arelate]] natus anno [[473]] vel [[474]]; die [[17 Iulii]] [[521]] Ticini in urbe mortuus) fuit episcopus [[Dioecesis Papiensis|Papiensis]] atque scriptor Latinus.

== Vita ==
Nobili e gente natus anno [[493]] ad ecclesiam accessit et anno [[513]] episcopus Ticini electus est. Annis [[513]] et [[517]] iussu [[Hormisdas (papa)|Hormisdae]] papae [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopolim]] iter fecit ad [[Schisma Acacianum]] componendum; quod ei non contigit. Anno [[521]] mortuum esse constat ex inscriptione in sepulchro.&lt;ref&gt;[http://db.edcs.eu/epigr/epi_einzel_de.php?p_belegstelle=CIL+05%2C+06464&amp;r_sortierung=Belegstelle CIL V 6464] {{Nexus deficit|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Opera ==
* ''Epistulae'' 297
* ''Opuscula''
** ''Panegyricus regi [[Theodoricus (rex Ostrogothorum)|Theoderico]] dictus''
** ''Libellus pro synodo''
** ''Vita Epiphanii episcopi Ticinensis''
** ''Vita Antonii monachi''
** ''Eucharisticon de vita''
** ''Paraenesis didascalica''
** ''Praeceptum de cellulanis''
** ''Petitorium quo absolutus est Gerontius''
** ''Benedictio cerei I''
** ''Benedictio cerei II''
* ''Dictiones'' - 28 orationes
* ''Carmina''

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* ''[[Der Neue Pauly]]'' vol. 3 coll. 1046-1047
* Stephanie Kennell, &quot;The Letter Collection of Ennodius of Pavia&quot; in Cristiana Sogno, Bradley K. Storin, Edward J. Watts, edd., ''Late Antique Letter Collections: A Critical Introduction and Reference Guide'' (Oakland: University of California Press, 2017) pp. 369-383
* Bret Mulligan, interpr., ''The poetry of Ennodius''. Abingdon: Routledge, 2022. ISBN 9781138777576
* [[Fridericus Vogel]], ed., ''Magni Felicis Ennodii opera''. Berolini: apud Weidmannos, 1885 (''[[Monumenta Germaniae historica]]: Auctores antiquissimi'', 7); [https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_auct_ant_7/index.htm#page/(III*)/mode/1up Textus]

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://www.sbg.ac.at/ges/people/rohr/ennodius/uebersd.htm Pagina de Ennodio lingua Theodisca scripta]
{{bio-stipula}}

{{Lifetime|saeculo 5|521|Ennodius, Magnus Felix}}
[[Categoria:Episcopi Papienses]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Latini mediaevales]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Italiae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Decius Marius Venantius Basilius</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>207130</id>
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      <text bytes="2079" sha1="0aagr2o1zxl7tgujlg45cy2ah9y0vfq" xml:space="preserve">'''Decius Marius Venantius Basilius''' (natus saeculo 5, mortuus saeculo 5 aut 6) vir publicus Romanus sub regno [[Odoacer|Odoacris]] fuit.

== Familia ==
Basilius senator Italicus e gente clara [[Gens Caecina|Caecina]] erat. Pater eius [[Flavius Caecina Decius Basilius]] erat, consul anni [[463]], fratres [[Flavius Caecina Decius Maximus Basilius Iunior|Flavium Caecinam Decium Maximum Basilium Iuniorem]], consulem anni [[484]], et [[Caecina Mavortius Basilius Decius Iunior|Caecinam Mavortium Basilium Decium Iuniorem]] (consulem [[486]]) habuit.
[[Basilius Venantius Iunior]], qui anno [[508]] consulatum administravit, verisimiliter filius eius est. 

== Cursus honorum ==
[[Fasciculus:Iscrizione restauro Colosseo.jpg|thumb|Inscriptio in amphitheatro Flavio reperta de '''Decio Mario Venantio''' referens]]
Basilius anno [[484]] una cum [[Theodericus (rex Ostrogothorum)|Flavio Theoderico]] consulatum gessit et [[praefectus urbi Romae]] erat. Praeterea et ''[[patricius]]'' nominatus est. Quod [[Amphitheatrum Flavium]] terrae motu afflictum reficerat, inscriptione honoratum est:&lt;br&gt;
« DECIVS MARIVS VENANTIVS&lt;br&gt;
BASILIVS V[IR] C[LARISSIMVS] ET INL[VSTRIS] PRAEF[ECTVS]&lt;br&gt;
VRB[I] PATRICIVS CONSVL&lt;br&gt;
ORDINARIVS ARENAM ET&lt;br&gt;
PODIVM QVAE ABOMI&lt;br&gt;
NANDI TERRAEMO&lt;br&gt;
TVS RVINA PROS&lt;br&gt;
TRAVIT SVMTV PRO&lt;br&gt;
PRIO RESTITVIT »&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130514025915/http://db.edcs.eu/epigr/epi_einzel_en.php?p_belegstelle=CIL+06%2C+01716&amp;r_sortierung=Belegstelle CIL VI 1716]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores=[[Anicius Acilius Aginantius Faustus Iunior]] (in occidente, in oriente: post consulatum Trocondi)|
annus= 484&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt; [[Theodericus (rex Ostrogothorum)|Flavio Theoderico]]|
successores=[[Quintus Aurelius Memmius Symmachus Iunior]] (''sine collega'', in occidente; in oriente: ''post consulatum Fl. Theoderici'')}}

{{Lifetime|saeculo 5|saeculo 5 aut 6|Basilius, Decius Marius Venantius}}

[[Categoria:Senatores]]
[[Categoria:Praefecti urbi Romae antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Gens Caecina]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Caecina Mavortius Basilius Decius Iunior</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>207132</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3999213</id>
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        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>139091</id>
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      <text bytes="2008" sha1="laxdi2v7mh6d7kn5i171dl5adkodjsq" xml:space="preserve">'''Caecina Mavortius Basilius Decius Iunior''' (natus saeculo 5, mortuus post annum [[510]]) vir publicus Romanus sub regno [[Odoacer|Odoacris]] fuit.

== Familia ==
Basilius senator Italicus e gente clara [[Gens Caecina|Caecina]] erat. Pater eius [[Flavius Caecina Decius Basilius]] erat, consul anni [[463]], fratres [[Flavius Caecina Decius Maximus Basilius Iunior|Flavium Caecinam Decium Maximum Basilium Iuniorem]] (consulem [[486]]) et [[Flavius Caecina Decius Maximus Basilius Iunior|Flavium Caecinam Decium Maximum Basilium Iuniorem]] consulem anni [[484]] habuit. Filius eius [[Vettius Agorius Basilius Mavortius]] erat, qui anno [[527]] consulatum administravit.

== Cursus honorum ==
Basilius anno [[486]] consul una cum [[Flavius Longinus|Flavio Longino]] erat, praeterea [[praefectus urbi Romae]] et annis [[486]] - [[493]] [[praefectus praetorio]] [[Praefectura Italiae|Italiae]] fuit. Sub regno [[Theodoricus (rex Ostrogothorum)|Theoderici]] eius cursus inscriptio in [[Via Appia]] apud [[Tarracina]]m reperto laudatus est, quod partes Paludis Pomptini suo sumpto refecisset&lt;ref&gt;[http://db.edcs.eu/epigr/epi_einzel_en.php?p_belegstelle=CIL+10%2C+06850&amp;r_sortierung=Belegstelle CIL X 6850] {{Nexus deficit|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Anno [[510]] in collegio senatorum fuit, quod crimina magicarum artium contra Basilium et Praetextatum inspicerent&lt;ref&gt;[[Cassiodorus]], Variae IV 22&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores=[[Quintus Aurelius Memmius Symmachus Iunior]] (''sine collega'', in occidente; in oriente: ''post consulatum Fl. Theoderici'')|
annus= 486&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt; [[Flavius Longinus|Flavio Longino]]|
successores=[[Flavius Manlius Boethius]] ''sine collega'' (in occidente; in oriente: ''post consulatum Fl. Longini'')}}

{{Lifetime|saeculo 5|saeculo 6}}

[[Categoria:Gens Caecina]]
[[Categoria:Senatores]]
[[Categoria:Praefecti Praetorio]]
[[Categoria:Praefecti urbi Romae antiqui]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Claudius Iulius Ecclesius Dynamius</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>207183</id>
    <revision>
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      <parentid>3283339</parentid>
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      <text bytes="1043" sha1="kocak6wh2quq0mw9jobxyyrbqjha7rd" xml:space="preserve">'''Claudius Iulius Ecclesius Dynamius''' (natus saeculo 5, mortuus post annum [[488]]) vir publicus Romanus sub regno [[Odoacer|Odoacris]] fuit.

== Cursus honorum ==
Ecclesius anno [[488]] [[praefectus urbi Romae]] atque eodem anno consul erat una cum [[Rufius Achilius Sividius|Rufio Achilio Sividio]]. Praefectus urbi edictum de molinariis promulgavit&lt;ref&gt;[http://db.edcs.eu/epigr/epi_einzel_it.php?p_belegstelle=CIL+06%2C+01711&amp;r_sortierung=Belegstelle CIL VI 1711] {{Nexus deficit|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores=[[Flavius Manlius Boethius]] ''sine collega'' (in occidente; in oriente: ''post consulatum Fl. Longini'')|
annus= 488&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt; [[Rufius Achilius Sividius|Rufio Achilio Sividio]] (in occidente)|
successores=[[Petronius Probinus]] et [[Flavius Eusebius (consul 489)|Flavius Eusebius]]}}

{{Lifetime|saeculo 5|saeculo 5 aut 6}}

[[Categoria:Senatores]]
[[Categoria:Praefecti urbi Romae antiqui]]</text>
      <sha1>kocak6wh2quq0mw9jobxyyrbqjha7rd</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Crosses (Carus)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>212493</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3999377</id>
      <parentid>3436918</parentid>
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      <text bytes="689" sha1="0lfod317egw58er16d1t8e1e33tcdou" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus: Map commune FR insee code 18081.png|thumb|250px|Crosses: communis tabula]]
''' Crosses''' est commune [[Francia|Francicum]] 340 incolarum (anno [[2011]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Carus (praefectura Franciae)|Cari]] in regione [[Centrum (regio Franciae)|Media]].
{{NexInt}}

* [[Index communium praefecturae Cari|Indicem communium praefecturae Cari]]
== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Crosses|Crosses}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20210315082117/http://www.village-crosses.fr/ Crosses pagina interretialis]
* {{INSEE commune|18081|de=Crosses}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Cari]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Cari]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Index urbium, oppidorum et communium Saxoniae Inferioris</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>216135</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3999305</id>
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      <text bytes="258745" sha1="fks71kthgsta02zsym4avret2c3eh8m" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Municipalities in Lower Saxony.svg|thumb|500px|Urbes et communia Saxoniae Inferioris.]]
'''Index urbium, oppidorum et communium in [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxonia Inferiore]]''' omnia [[commune|communia]] (Theodisce ''Gemeinden''), consociationes communium (Theodisce ''Gemeindeverbände'') atque loca nulli communium adscripta (Theodisce ''gemeindefreien Gebiete''), quae hodie in [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terra]] [[Germania|Germanica]] [[Saxonia Inferior]]e exstant, complectitur.

Postremae mutationes finium territorialium in Saxonia Inferiore [[1 Novembris|Kalendis Novembribus]] anni [[2021]] effectae sunt. Ex eo tempore [[Saxonia Inferior]] 939 communia et 25 loca nulli communi adscripta (quorum duo habitantur) habet. Quibus e communibus 159 titulo [[urbs|urbis]] (Theodisce ''Stadt'') et 49 titulo [[oppidum|oppidi]] (Theodisce ''Flecken'') utuntur.

Praeterea nonnullae proprietates exstant secundum communium administrationem: Nam 939 communia in 289 communia unitaria et 650 communia membra dividuntur; quae vero in universum 114 consociationes communium constituunt, ut munera communiter administrent. Hae consociationes communium ipsa communia non sunt, sed foedera cooperationis, quae aut ex regione aut ex communitate in qua sedes administrationis sita est nomen accipiunt. Quapropter in Saxonia Inferiore idem nomen tam communi quam consociationi communium tribui potest. Agitur tamen de duobus corporibus iuridicis distinctis, quae proprias repraesentationes atque propria munera habent.

Praeterea, propter magnitudinem suam, nonnullae communium et consociationes communium peculiarem rationem cum [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulo terrae]] (Theodisce ''Landkreis'') habent:

* Decem urbes statum iuridicum [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli urbani]] (Theodisce ''kreisfreien Stadt'') obtinent, nulli circulo terrae subiiciuntur atque omnia sua munera exercent.
* Septem urbes statum iuridicum urbis magnae sui iuris (Theodisce ''Große selbständige Stadt'') obtinent atque multa, sed non omnia, munera circuli terrae cui adscribuntur exercent.
* 61 communium et tria communia generalia (Theodisce ''Samtgemeinden'') statum iuridicum communis sui iuris (Theodisce ''Selbständige Gemeinde'') obtinent atque quaedam munera districtus cui adscribuntur exercent.
* 861 ceterae communium nullam peculiarem rationem cum circulo terrae cui adscribuntur habent.

=== A ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Abensium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Apensen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Obbens'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Acheimum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Grote III 1877&quot;&gt;Grote, H. (1877). ''Münzstudien: Geschichte der älteren Münzen und Urkunden des Bisthums Verden'' (Vol. VIII). Hannoverae: Hahn’sche Hofbuchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Achim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Achem'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Achestedium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pratje 1759&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Axstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ax'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Adelebsenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Funck 1736&quot;&gt;Funck, J. N. (1736). ''Disputatio Academica de Voluntaria Morte Judaeorum et Gentilium sub Praesidio S. R. I. Libero Baroni de Adelebsen Dedicata''. Rintelii: Typis Johannis Friderici Enax.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Adelebsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Adenebutla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pischke 1998&quot;&gt;Pischke, G. (Ed.) (1998). ''Das Lehnsregister der Edelherren von Meinersen: Edition und historische Untersuchung der mittelalterlichen Besitzurkunden'' (Documentum anni MCCXX). Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Adenbüttel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Adenhusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1703&quot;&gt;Schlegel, J. C. (1703). ''Chronica Parochiarum ditionis Mindensis et Hildesiensis: De ecclesiis parochialibus et ditione antiqua oppidi Adenhusii''. Mindae: Typis Johannis Meyeri; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1703). ''Chronica Parochiarum ditionis Mindensis et Hildesiensis:...''. Mindae: Typis Johannis Meyeri.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ahnsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Adenthorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Höhbaum 1876&quot;&gt;Höhbaum, K. (Ed.) (1876). ''Hansisches Urkundenbuch: Monumenta Germaniae Historica e codicibus diplomaticis Bremensibus et Luneburgensibus'' (Vol. I). Halis Saxonum: Typis Orphanotrophei.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Adendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Adendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Affinghusia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rathlef 1766&quot;&gt;Rathlef, E. L. (1766). ''Geschichte der Grafschaften Hoya und Diepholz: Monimenta diplomatica et antiquitates ditionis Affinghusiae'' (Vol. I). Bremae: Försterischen Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Affinghausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Affinghusen'' seu ''Affjehusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Aldendorpevilla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Stadtoldendorf'')
* [[Alrebekesa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Oven 1872&quot;&gt;Oven, A. von (Ed.) (1872). ''Urkundenbuch des Herzogthums Lüneburg: Diplomata, chartae et registra historica saeculi XII (Documentum anni MCXCVII de venditione praedii Alrebekesae)'' (Vol. I). Hannoverae: Carl Rümpler.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ahnsbeck'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ahusium (Saxonia Inferior)|Ahusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;&gt;Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Bremensis et Verdensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Lunaeburgensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Parochiarum ditionis Corbeiensis et Hildesiensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ahausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ahusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alfelda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Alfeld''; [[Saxonice]] ''Allefelle'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alfhusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Alfhausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Alfhusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Algermissenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hoogeweg III 1903&quot;&gt;Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.) (1903). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Quellen und Darstellungen zur Geschichte Niedersachsens (Monimenta historica et privilegia de Algermisseno)'' (Vol. III). Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahn’sche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Algermissen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alisni (Circulus Neoburgensis Visurgensis)|Alisni]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&amp;cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&amp;lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Neoburgensis Visurgensis|Circulo Neoburgensi Visurgensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Nienburg/Weser&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Neoburgensis Visurgensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Nienburg/Weser'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus &quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latina gentilicia &quot;Neoburgensis-e&quot; et &quot;Visurgensis-e&quot; ad commune [[Nova Urbs (Saxonia Inferior)|Novam Urbem]] et flumen [[Visurgis|Visurgem]] respective referuntur. Quibus de toponymis, vide {{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Liebenau''; [[Saxonice]] ''Levenau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alisni]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus terrae Paludis Visurgensis|Circulo Paludis Visurgensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Wesermarsch&quot;&gt;Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' -secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo- vertit. De Latina autem toponymia, vide Egli, J. J. (1893). ''Nomina Geographica: Sprach- und Sacherklärung von 42000 Geographischen Namen aller Erdräume''. [[Lipsia]]e: Friedrich Brandstetter. Theodisce ''Landkreis Wesermarsch''.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Elsfleth'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Almstedium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hoogeweg II 1901&quot;&gt;Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.) (1901). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Quellen und Darstellungen zur Geschichte Niedersachsens (Monimenta historica et registra de Almstedio)'' (Vol. II). Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahn’sche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Almstedt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alorstedium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pratje 1758&quot;&gt;Pratje, J. H. (1758). ''Historische Nachrichten von dem ehemaligen berühmten Closter Harsefeld: Monumenta ac documenta saeculi XII ubi de decimis Alorstedii agitur''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ahlerstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ohlers'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alvstedium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pratje 1759&quot;&gt;Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Alfstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Alfs'' seu ''Alfst'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Amelinghusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Baring 1746&quot;&gt;Baring, E. (1746). ''Succincta Hannoverae et ditionum vicinarum Notitia Historica''. Hanoverae: Typis Nicolae Försteri.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Amelinghausen''; [[lingua Saxonica|Boreosaxonice]] ''Amekhusen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Amelkusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Anchemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ankum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Andervenia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Andervenne'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Andorlangia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pratje 1759&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Anderlingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Annerlingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ansibarium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus N-Z&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&amp;cq=M%C3%BCnchen&amp;lang=de''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Osnabrück''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ossenbrääch''; [[Saxonice]] et [[Lingua Saxonica|Westfalice]] ''Ossenbrügge'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Antiqua Medingha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Homeyer X 2006&quot;&gt;Homeyer, J. (Ed.) (2006). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Medingen: Lüneburger Urkundenbuch (Monimenta historica saeculi XIV de parochia Medinghae) (Vol. X)''. Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Altenmedingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ohmein'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Apenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Baring 1746&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Apen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Aap'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Apleremum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1703&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Apelern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Appelium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Appel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Aquae Lauterbergenses in Montibus Harthicis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mirus 1826&quot;&gt;Mirus, A. (1826). ''De salubritate aquarum lauterbergensium in montibus harthicis sitarum''. Typis Regiis.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Lauterberg im Harz'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Aquae Nendorpenses]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Marcard 1805&quot;&gt;Marcard, H. M. (1805). ''De salubritate aquarum nendorpensium et de earum usu in morbis chronicis''. [[Goettinga]]e: Dieterich; et: Macard, H. M. (1805). ''De usu salutari fontium salinorum in territorio Hildesiensi sitorum''. [[Goettinga]]e: Dieterich.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Nenndorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Aquae Zwischenahnenses]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Statisitakamt Nord 2025&quot;&gt;Statistikamt Nord (Editio Latina). ''Catalogus Urbium et Communium Germaniae''. Hamburgi, 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Zwischenahn''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Twiskenoan'' seu ''Boad Twiskenoan''; [[Saxonice]] ''Twüschenahn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Aroldishusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Arholzen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Artlenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Baring 1746&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Artlenburg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Artlissa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mader 1664&quot;&gt;Mader, J. J. (1664). ''Antiquitates Brunsvicenses: De antiquis parochiis Saxonum et finibus dioecesis Mindensis (Caput de parochia Artlissa)''. Helmestadii: Typis Henningi Mulleri.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Aerzen'': quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Ärzen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Arx Agathae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Kochen 1724&quot;&gt;Kochen, J. H. (1724). ''Introductio in Historiam Ducatus Bremensis y Verdensis: Accesserunt diplomata varia et descriptio Arcis Agathae et ditionis Stadiensis''. Stadae: Typis Caspari Holmii.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Agathenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gothenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Arx Draconis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egger 1977&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Drakenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Drakenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ascalingium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ahlden'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Asanthorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Vogell 1856&quot;&gt;Vogell, A. (Ed.) (1856). ''Urkundenbuch des Bisthums Verden und des Collegiatstifts Bardewick: Chartae, diplomata et monumenta historica saeculi XIII...''. Hannoverae: Hahn’sche Hofbuchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Harburgensis|Circulo Harburgensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Harburg&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Harburgensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Harburg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Harburgum]]&quot; -ad quod gentilicium &quot;Harburgensis-e&quot; refertur-.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Asendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Asendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Asenthorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hodenberg 1855&quot;&gt;Hodenberg, W. von (Ed.) (1855). ''Hoyer Urkundenbuch'' (Vol. I). Hannoverae: Jänecke Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus terrae Diepholtia|Circulo terrae Diepholtia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Diepholz&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus terrae Diepholtia&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Diepholz'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Diepholtia]]&quot;, vide {{Hofmannus}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Asendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Asendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Assena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Philippi &amp; Bar 1892&quot;&gt;Philippi, F., &amp; Bär, M. (Eds.) (1892). ''Osnabrücker Urkundenbuch: Die Urkunden der Jahre 772-1200'' (Vol. 1). Verein für Geschichte und Landeskunde von Osnabrück.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Essen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Assini]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Essen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Astanholteremarki-Scirnbeki]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Osterholz-Scharmbeck''; [[Saxonice]] ''Oosterholt-Scharmbeek'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Astedele]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Astedele&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/osteel/ ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''S''[igillum] ''Domini Siadonis in Astedele'' (Siegel des Herrn Syado in Osteel) (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Osteel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Oosteel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Asylum (Saxonia Inferior)|Asylum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Asylum&quot;&gt;Theodiscum nomen ''Freistatt'', quod ''Freistätte, Zufluchtsort, Asyl'' significat, Latine &quot;asylum&quot; reddi potest. Nam in ''Deutsches Wörterbuch'' de Weigand et Hirt vox Theodisca ''Asyl'' explicatur ut «Freistatt» et ipsa vox Theodisca ''Asyl'' e Latino &quot;asylum&quot; orta esse dicitur. Praeterea lexicon Germanico-Latinum, quod in traditione lexicographica Georgii continetur, directe tradit: ''Freistatt, -stätte'', &quot;asylum'&quot;. Itaque &quot;Asylum&quot; non est forma ficticia neque mera translatio nostra, sed aequivalentia lexicographice comprobata.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Freistatt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Freestatt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Aszi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hermann&quot;&gt;Hermann Abels: ''Die Ortsnamen des Emslandes in ihrer sprachlichen und kulturgeschichtlichen Bedeutung''. S. 27f.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Esche'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Attendorium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Otterndorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Oterndörp'' seu ''Otterndörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Aulica]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Elze'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Auriacum (Saxonia Inferior)|Auriacum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Aurich''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Aurk''; [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Saxonica|Eofrisosaxonice]] ''Auerk'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== B ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Badberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Badbergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Badbern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Baddekenstedium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir &amp; Menzel &amp; Ohainski X 2018&quot;&gt;Casemir, K., Menzel, F., &amp; Ohainski, U. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil X)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Baddeckenstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Barkenstäe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Balga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Udolph 1994&quot;&gt;Udolph, J. (1994). ''Namenkundliche Studien zum Germanenproblem'' (Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde, Ergänzungsbände 9). Walter de Gruyter.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Balje'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Balga Cortis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Balge'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Baltrumum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wiarda III 1792&quot;&gt;Wiarda, T. D. (1792). ''Ostfriesische Geschichte: Von den ältesten Zeiten bis zum Jahre 1648'' (Vol. 3). August Friedrich Winter.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Baltrum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bamwida]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bohmte''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baumte'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bardenuvicum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bardowick''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bewick'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bardorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sudendorf 1859&quot;&gt;Sudendorf, H. (Ed.) (1859). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der Herzöge von Braunschweig und Lüneburg und ihrer Lande'' (Vol. 1). Carl Rümpler Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bahrdorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Kolb 1712&quot;&gt;Kolb, G. (1712). ''Compendium totius orbis: partim geographicum, partim historicum, partim genealogicum''. Typis Universitatis Carolo-Francisceae&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Barenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baarnborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bargstedum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mushard 1764&quot;&gt;Mushard, M. (1764). ''Palaeogentilismus Bremensis: Monumenta ac veterum tumuli in ducatibus Bremensi et Verdensi''. Typis Andreae Vandenhoeck.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bargstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bargst'' seu ''Bars'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barnstedum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bünting &amp; Letzner 1702&quot;&gt;Bünting, H., &amp; Letzner, J. (1702). ''Braunschweig-Lüneburgische Chronica, Oder Historische Beschreibung der Durchlauchtigsten Herzogen zu Braunschweig und Lüneburg''. Gedruckt bey Caspar Johann Jakobi.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Barnstedt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barnstorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Böhmer 2007&quot;&gt;Böhmer, J. F. (2007). ''Regesta Imperii III: Salisches Haus 1024–1125. Die Regesten des Kaiserreiches unter Heinrich IV'' (T. Struve, Ed.). Böhlau Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Barnstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baarnstrup'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barsela]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;&gt;Köbler, G. (2016). ''Orte in der deutschen Ortsgeschichte''. Wikiling-Zier. [[Universitas Leopoldino-Franciscea]].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Barßel''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bäärsel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bassel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barsingehusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Harenberg 1753&quot;&gt;Harenberg, J. C. (1753). ''Historia ecclesiae Gandershemensis diplomatica''. Typis et Impensis Joannis Christophori Meisneri.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Barsinghausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baschehusen'' seu ''Basche'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barum (Luneburgum)|Barum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mindermann I II 2004&quot;&gt;Mindermann, A. (Ed.) (2004). ''Verdener Urkundenbuch, 1. Abteilung, Band 2: 1300–1380''. Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Luneburgensis|Circulo Luneburgensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landreis Lüneburg&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Luneburgensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landreis Lüneburg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Luneburgensis-e&quot; ad [[Luneburgum]] refertur. Quo de toponymo, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Barum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Boorn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barum (Circulus Ulsenensis)|Barum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;AdWzG 2010&quot;&gt;Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen (2010). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter'' (K. Casemir, F. Menzel, &amp; U. Ohainski, Eds.). Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Ulsenensis|Circulo Ulsenensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Uelzen&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Ulsenensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Uelzen'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Ulsenensis-e&quot; ad [[Ulsena]]m refertur. Quo de gentilicio, vide lemma &quot;res-publica Ulsenensis&quot; apud {{Google Books|w_tWAAAAcAAJ|vide paginam dedicationis operis}}&quot;; et de topnymo, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Barum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bourm'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barunvilla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;SdaedhdlM 1862&quot;&gt;Société d'archéologie et d'histoire de la Moselle (1862). ''Mémoires de la Société d'archéologie et d'histoire de la Moselle: Année 1860–1861''. Rousseau-Pallez.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Barendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barverum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Böhmer 1844&quot;&gt;Böhmer, J. F. (1844). ''Regesta Chronologico-Diplomatica Regum et Imperatorum Romanorum: Inde a Conrado I. Usque ad Henricum VII''. Typis et Sumtibus J. C. Hermann.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Barver'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barwedelum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Barwedel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Basdalum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Basdahl''; [[Saxonice]] ''Basdaal'' seu ''Basdohl'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bawinkelum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Moser 1738&quot;&gt;Moser, J. J. (1738). ''Bibliotheca Iuris Publici S. R. I. Germanici: Specially regarding the territories of Westphalia and Lower Saxony''. Typis Ioannis Georgii Cottae.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bawinkel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bowinkel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bebenhusa (Saxonia Inferior)|Bebenhusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ahlfeldt 2010&quot;&gt;Ahlfeldt, J. (Ed.) (2010). ''Regnum Francorum Online: Traditio Fuldenses''. Francia-Ahlfeldt Project.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Bevensen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bämsen'' seu ''Bemsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Beckdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;AdWzG 2010&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Beckdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Beekdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Beckedorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Beckedorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Biäkedörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Beckelnum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Böhmer 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Beckeln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bedenbostelum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NL 1924&quot;&gt;Niedersächsisches Landesarchiv (1924). ''Niedersächsisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte''. Veröffentlichungen de Historischen Kommission für Niedersachsen und Bremen.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Beedenbostel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bedenbossel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Beierstedum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Beierstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Barste’e'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Belmum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Moser 1738&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Belm'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Belumum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mushard 1764&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Belum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Belen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bema (Saxonia Inferior)|Bema]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sudendorf 1859&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Böhme''; [[Saxonice]] ''Böhm'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bendestorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bührmann 2005&quot;&gt;Bührmann, M. (2005). ''Suffixbildungen in alten Ortsnamen des norddeutschen Raumes''. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen. &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bendestorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bendsdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Berga (Circulus Cellensis)|Berga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bruzen de La Martinière 1737&quot;&gt;Bruzen de La Martinière, A. A. (1737). ''Thesaurus geographicus criticus: in quo omnium orbis terrarum regionum, civitatum, oppidorum, nominibus antiquis, medii aevi et modernis''. Ex Officina Wetsteniana.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Cellensis|Circulo Cellensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Celle&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Cellensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Celle'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Cella (Germania)|Cella]]&quot; -ad quod gentilicium &quot;Cellensis-e&quot; refertur-, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bargen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Berga (Circulus Osnabrugae)|Berga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Osnabrugae|Circulo Osnabrugae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Osnabrück&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Osnabrugae&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Osnabrück'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum ''LandKreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Osnabruga|Osnabruga-ae]]&quot;, vide Pertsch, Erich: ''Langenscheidts Großes Schulwörterbuch Lateinisch-Deutsch'', Berolini et Monaci 1983, ISBN 3-468-07202-3, p. 1325.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Berge'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Berga ad Dumnam]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bruzen de La Martinière 1737&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bergen an der Dumme''; [[Polabice]] ''Djörska'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bergenborstelium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hodenberg 1855&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bahrenborstel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bornbössel'' seu ''Boornbössel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bergfelda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bünting &amp; Letzner 1702&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bergfeld''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Bargfeld'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bernsium Minus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bernsium&quot;&gt;Vide [https://emslaendische-landschaft.de/images/AFEL/Publikationen/Zeitschriften/Band_22/Heft_109_Mai_2011.pdf?utm ''Emsländische Landschaft''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Berßen, Groß oder Klein''' (...) Bernsium (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;&gt;De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum &quot;Klein&quot; et &quot;Gross&quot; per Latina &quot;Minor-us&quot; et &quot;Maior-ius&quot;, vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Klein Berßen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lütke Bässen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bersenbrugum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sandhoff 1785&quot;&gt;Sandhoff, J. E. (1785). ''Antistitum Osnabrugensis ecclesiae, qui per decem saecula episcopale munus in ea gesserunt, chronotaxis''. Typis Joannis Georgii Kislingii.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bersenbrück''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bessenbrügge'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bersinium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Kaemling 1987&quot;&gt;Kaemling, ''Atlas zur Geschichte Niedersachsens'' (1987).&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Berßen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groten Bässen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Berumburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Emmius 1616&quot;&gt;Emmius, U. (1616). ''Rerum Frisicarum Historia''. [[Lugdunum Batavorum|Lugduni Batavorum]]: Elzevier.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Berumbur'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bestena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Jellinghaus 1923&quot;&gt;Jellinghaus, H. (1923). ''Die westfälischen Ortsnamen nach ihren Bestandteilen''' (III ed.). Ferdinand Schöningh.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Beesten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Betzendorfum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bünting &amp; Letzner 1702&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Betzendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bätzendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bevernense Castrum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bevern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Beverstedum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Beverstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Beverst'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bienenbuttelum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bienenbüttel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bienbüddel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bilshusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wolf 1819&quot;&gt;Wolf, J. (1819). ''Politische Geschichte des Eichsfeldes mit Urkunden erläutert''. Johann Georg Rosenbusch.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bilshausen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Binethemum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;&gt;Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: I. Historicos Germanicos, II. Historiam Helmstadensem, III. Dissertationes de utriusque Saxoniae''. Typis Georgii Wolffgangi Hammii; et: Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: Dissertationen und historische Chroniken des Herzogtums Braunschweig-Lüneburg''. Typis Georgii Wolffii.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Bentheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Binnenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Binnen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Binn’n'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bippenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bippen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bippen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Birsina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bassum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bassen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bissendorpum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bissendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bissendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Blenderum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Brosius 1993&quot;&gt;Brosius, D. (1993). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Loccum'' (Vol. 1). Wallstein Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Blender''; [[Saxonice]] ''Blenner'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bliederstorpum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Trüper 2017&quot;&gt;Trüper, H. G. (2017). ''Urkundenbuch der Herren von Zesterfleth: 1232–1657''. Wallstein Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bliedersdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bliersdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bobentunum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir &amp; Ohainski &amp; Udolph&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bovenden''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Bovten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bocensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bückeburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bückeborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bocholta (Circulus Heidensis)|Bocholta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hodenberg 1859&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Heidensis|Circulo Heidensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Heidekreis&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Heidensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Heidekreis'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum suffixum ''-kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Heidensis-e&quot; Theodiscum lexema ''Heide-'' vertit.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Buchholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bookholt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bocholta (Circulus Theorosburgensis)|Bocholta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilmans &amp; Hoogeweg VI 1898&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Theorosburgensis|Circulo Theorosburgensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Schaumburg&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Theorosburgensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Schaumburg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino gentilicio &quot;Theorosburgensis-e&quot;, quod ad [[Theorosburgum]] refertur, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Buchholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baukholt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bocholtum in Ericeto]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mindermann 2001&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Buchholz in der Nordheide''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bookholt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bochorna (Circulus Frisicus)|Bochorna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ehmck &amp; Bippen 1873&quot;&gt;Ehmck, D. R., &amp; von Bippen, W. (Ed.) (1873). ''Bremisches Urkundenbuch: Band 1. Urkunden bis zum Jahre 1300''. C. Schünemann.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Frisicus|Circulo Frisico]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Friesland&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Frisicus&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Friesland'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Frisicus-a-um&quot; ad [[Frisia (discretiva)|Frisiam]] refertur. Quod de toponymo, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bockhorn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bochorna (Circulus Vetha)|Bochorna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Vetha|Circulo Vetha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Vechta&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Vetha&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Vechta'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bakum'')&lt;/small&gt; 
* [[Bochorstia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Erhard 1851&quot;&gt;Erhard, H. A. (Ed.) (1851). ''Regesta Historiae Westfaliae: Accedit Codex Diplomaticus/Regesten der Geschichte Westfalens''. Regensberg.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bockhorst''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baukhast'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bodendicum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Brosius 1985&quot;&gt;Brosius, D. (1985). ''Aus der Geschichte der Burg Bodenteich''. Ecomed Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Bodenteich''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bonndiek'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bodenfelda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sudendorf 1859&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodenfelde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bodensa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir &amp; Ohainski &amp; Udolph&quot;&gt;Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2003). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Göttingen''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodensee'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bodonis Insula]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodenwerder'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Boffeshusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir &amp; Ohainski VI 2007&quot;&gt;Casemir, K., &amp; Ohainski, U. (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen del Landkreises Holzminden''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil VI)''. Editio ab Academia Scientiarum Gottingensi. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Boffzen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Boitersena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mindermann 2001&quot;&gt;Mindermann, A. (Ed.) (2001). ''Urkundenbuch der Bischöfe und des Domkapitels von Verden: Band 1''. Von den Anfängen bis 1300. [[Stadae|Stadis]]: Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bötersen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Boitzen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Boitzia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sudendorf 1859&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Boitze''; [[Saxonice]] ''Böhtz'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bokenstorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sudendorf 1859&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bokensdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bokensdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bokenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bockenem''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bokeln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Borchwega]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rüther 1905&quot;&gt;Rüther, H. (Ed.) (1905). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Neuenwalde''. Halle’sche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Burweg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Borkna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Borkum''; [[lingua Frisica|Frisice]] ''Boarkum''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Börkum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Borna Castra]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Berne'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Borsla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Niemeyer 2012&quot;&gt;Niemeyer, M. (Ed.) (2012). ''Deutsches Ortsnamenbuch''. De Gruyter&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bösel''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Böäsel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bäsel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Borstla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hodenberg 1842&quot;&gt;Hodenberg, W. von (Ed.) (1842). ''Diepholzer Urkundenbuch: Authentische Urkunden zur Geschichte der Grafschaft Diepholz''. [[Hannovera]]e: Hahn'schen Hofbuchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Borstel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bössel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Botela]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mindermann 2001&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bothel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bootel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brachia (Germania)|Brachia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Brake''; [[Saxonice]] ''Braak'' seu ''Broak'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Braclina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rübel 1881&quot;&gt;Rübel, K. (Ed.) (1881). ''Dortmunder Urkundenbuch: Band 1. Urkunden bis zum Jahre 1340''. [[Isarlohia]]e: J. Baedeker.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Brackel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Braackel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bracum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Kirchbrak&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica toponyma cum terminationibus ''-ac'' aut ''-ach'' aut ''-ack'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-acum-i&quot; aut &quot;-achium-i&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-ac, -ach, -ack''' : -''acum,'' -''achium'' (...)&quot;. Hoc casu, latinizantia suffixa formis antiquis huius toponymi &quot;Brac&quot; applicantur; quo de toponymo, vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B77-F/NOB%20VI%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Holzminden.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm ''NOB VI Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Holzminden'']{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Theodericus de Brach'' (...) ''Henricus de Brach'' (...) ''Henrico de Brack'' (...) ''villa Brac'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Kirchbrak''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kerkbraak'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bramascus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bramsche'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Breddenberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilmans &amp; Hoogeweg VI 1898&quot;&gt;Wilmans, R., &amp; Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.). (1898). ''Westfälisches Urkundenbuch: Band 6. Die Urkunden des Bisthums Minden und angrenzender Gebiete''. [[Monasterium (Germania)|Monasterii]]: Regensberg'schen Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Breddenberg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bredenforda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hoogeweg 1898&quot;&gt;Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.) (1898). ''Westfälisches Urkundenbuch: Band 6. Die Urkunden des Bisthums Minden vom J. 1201-1300''. [[Monasterium (Germania)|Monasterii]]: Regensberg'schen Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brevörde''¨; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Bräwer'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bredthorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ehmck &amp; Bippen 1873&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Breddorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Breddörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brestum (Saxonia Inferior)|Brestum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pratje 1759&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brest'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brincama]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Friedländer 1878&quot;&gt;Friedländer, E. (Ed.) (1878). ''Ostfriesisches Urkundenbuch: Band 1. (Jahre 787–1470)''. [[Emda]]e: Haynel.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brinkum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Britlinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Udolph 2004&quot;&gt;Udolph, J. (2004). ''Suffixbildungen in alten Ortsnamen: Akten eines internationalen Symposiums in Uppsala''. [[Gottinga]]e: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Brietlingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brietl'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brochema]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilmans &amp; Hoogeweg VI 1898&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Brockum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Broubm'' seu ''Brookm'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brocleda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Janicke 1896&quot;&gt;Janicke, K. (Ed.) (1896). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Band 1''. [[Lipsia]]e: S. Hirzel.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bröckel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bräukel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Broclina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mindermann 2001&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Brockel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brookel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Broma]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir &amp; Ohainski 2014&quot;&gt;Casemir, K., &amp; Ohainski, U. (Ed.). (2014). ''Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch: Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Gifhorn''. [[Bilivelda]]e: Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Brome''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brom'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brochusium-Vilsena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hodenberg 1855&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilmans &amp; Hoogeweg VI 1898&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bruchhausen-Vilsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brooksen-Vilsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brunsvicum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Braunschweig''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brunswiek''; [[lingua Saxonica|Brunsvicice]] dialectaliter ''Bronswiek'' seu ''Brönswiek'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bukina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilmans &amp; Hoogeweg VI 1898&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bücken'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bulcova]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ehmck &amp; Bippen 1873&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bülkau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bulsteda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ehmck &amp; Bippen 1873&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bülstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Büls'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brunla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bode 1893&quot;&gt;Bode, G. (Ed.) (1893). ''Urkundenbuch der Stadt Goslar und der in und bei Goslar belegenen geistlichen Stiftungen: Band 1 (922 bis 1250)''.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Braunlage'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bunda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Deiter&quot;&gt;Deiter, H. (1881). Oldeborchs, Pastoris zu Bunda in Reiderland, kleine ostfriesische Chronicke, betreffend die Jahre 1558 bis 1605. ''Jahrbuch de Gesellschaft für bildende Kunst und vaterländische Altertümer zu Emden''.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bunde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bunn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Burchardivillare]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Janicke 1892&quot;&gt;Janicke, K. (Ed.) (1892). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Band 1. Bis zum Jahre 1221''. S. Hirzel.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Guelpherbytensis|Circulo Guelpherbytensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Wolfenbüttel&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Guelpherbytensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Wolfenbüttel'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Guelpherbytensis-e&quot; ad [[Guelpherbytum]] refertur. Quo de toponymo, vide [https://vd18.gbv.de/viewer/fullscreen/006049869/1/ ''vd18.gbv.de''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Pro eo ac debuisti, urbs aerumnosa, infelix ac misera Guelpherbytum (...)&quot;; et quo de gentilicio, vide  [https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/item/MBRY52X6EUWPQOQRFBKHVLYBSUG4M6LS ''Carmina Votiva Honori Clarißimi atq[ue] Experientißimi Viri Dn. Samuelis Stockhausen''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Practici Guelpherbytensis (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Burgdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borgdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Burgdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Hannovera (regio)|Regione Hannovera]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Burgdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borgdörp'' seu ''Bortörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Burgium (Saxonia Inferior)|Burgium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Remling VII 2026&quot;&gt;Remling, L. (2026). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Emsland''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Börger''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borger'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Buria (Saxonia Inferior)|Buria]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir &amp; Ohainski &amp; Udolph&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bühren'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bursina (Saxonia Inferior)|Bursina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir 2003&quot;&gt;Casemir, K. (2003). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil III)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Börßum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Butiadinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ehmck &amp; Bippen II 1876&quot;&gt;Ehmck, D. R., &amp; Bippen, W. von. (Ed.) (1876). ''Bremisches Urkundenbuch: Band 2. 1301–1350''. D. Ed. Müller.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Butjadingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Buxtehuda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lappenberg 1842&quot;&gt;Lappenberg, J. M. (Ed.) (1842). ''Hamburgisches Urkundenbuch: Band 1''. Perthes-Besser &amp; Mauke.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Buxtehude''; [[Saxonice]] ''Buxthu'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Byspinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hodenberg 1859&quot;&gt;Hodenberg, W. von (Ed.) (1859). ''Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, Fünfte Abtheilung: Archiv des Klosters St. Michaelis zu Lüneburg''. Capaun-Karlowa’sche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bispingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bissen'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== C ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Calba (Saxonia Inferior)|Calba]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Kalbe&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Kalbe'' seu ''Calbe'' forma &quot;Calba&quot; latinizari solet. Cf. [[Calba ad Salam|Calbam ad Salam]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Kalbe''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kalf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Calefelda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-felda&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-feld(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-felda-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Falufelda]], [[Frauenfelda]], [[Heresfelda]], [[Hirutfelda]], [[Ilfelda]], [[Mansfelda]], [[Salfelda]], [[Sualafelda]], [[Alfelda]], [[Alsfelda]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Calefeldensis&quot;&gt;&quot;C&quot; pro &quot;K&quot; ponitur propter orthographiam gentilicii &quot;Calefeldensis-e&quot;. Quo de gentilicio, vide [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Abhandlungen_zur_geologischen_Specialkarte_von_Preussen_und_den_Th%C3%BCringischen_Staaten_%28IA_abhandlungenzurg8589preu%29.pdf?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=index&amp;utm_content=original ''Abhandlungen zur geologischen Specialkarte von Preussen und den Thüringischen Staaten''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Calefeldensis'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Kalefeld'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Campus Rufus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Stüve 1789&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Rothenfelde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Capella (Saxonia Inferior)|Capella]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Philippi II 1894&quot;&gt;Philippi, F. (Ed.) (1894). ''Osnabrücker Urkundenbuch: Band 2. Die Urkunden der Jahre 1201–1250''. H. Th. Wenner.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Cappeln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Capella Orientalis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Capella&quot;&gt;Theodiscum suffixum ''-cappel(n)'' Latino vocabulo &quot;capella-ae&quot; vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Orientalis&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ostercappeln''; [[Saxonice]] ''Austerkappeln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Castrovallium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Burgwedel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borwee'' seu ''Boorwee'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Cella (Germania)|Cella]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Celle'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Clenza]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Janicke II 1896&quot;&gt;Janicke, K. (Ed.) (1896). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Band 2. Von 1221 bis 1260''. S. Hirzel.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Clenze''; [[Polabice]] ''Kloncka'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Cloppenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Cloppenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Cloppenborg''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Kloppenbuurich'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Clusa (Saxonia Inferior)|Clusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Kluse&quot;&gt;Theodiscum Saxonicumque toponymum ''Kluse'' derivatur a Medio-Latino vocabulo &quot;clūsa&quot;, &quot;angustum montium aditum, locum clausum&quot; significante, quae ad Latinum verbum &quot;claudere&quot; refertur; cf. Kluge, ''Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache'', s.v. ''Klause'', ubi Mediaevali Theodisco vocabulo ''klûse'', Antiquo Theodisco vocabulo ''chlûsa'' ex [[Latinitas medii aevi|Mediaevali Latino vocabulo]] &quot;clausa, clusa&quot; deducitur, et Lühr, ''Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen'', V, s.v. ''klûsa'', ubi Antiquum Theodiscum vocabulum ''klûsa'', ''Einfriedung, Engpass'' significans, ex [[Latinitas medii aevi|Mediaevali Latino vocabulo]] &quot;clūsa&quot; explicatur. Inde Theodiscum Saxonicumque toponymum ''Kluse'' ortum est.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Kluse'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Coeli Porta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Himmelpforten''; [[Saxonice]] ''Himmelpoorten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Collis (Saxonia Inferior)|Collis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Erhard 1851&quot;&gt;Erhard, H. A. (Ed.) (1851). ''Regesta Historiae Westfaliae: Accedit Codex Diplomaticus/Regesten der Geschichte Westfalens''. Regensberg.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Polle'')
* [[Cornu Curvatum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cornu Curvatum&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/curvatus?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum adiectivale praefixum ''Krumm-'' Latino adiectivo &quot;curvatus-a-um&quot;] et [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/cornu?wb=gross&amp;nr=2 Theodiscum nominale suffixum ''-hörn'' Latino nomine &quot;cornu-us&quot; (n.)] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Krummhörn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Cramma]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir 2003&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Cramme'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Cranenburgum (Saxonia Inferior)|Cranenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cranenburgum&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Kranenburg'' &quot;Cranenburgum&quot; latinizari solet. Cf. [[Cranenburgum (Rhenania Septentrionalis et Vestfalia)|Cranenburgum Rhenanum]] apud ''Atlas Sive Cosmographicae Meditationes de Fabrica Mundi et Fabricati Figura'', Mercatoris.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Kranenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kronenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Curia Maiorica]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Curia Maiorica&quot;&gt;Manfred Niemeyer (Hrsg.): ''Deutsches Ortsnamenbuch''. De Gruyter, Berolini 2012, ISBN 978-3-11-018908-7, S. 298.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Jork''; [[Saxonice]] ''Jörk'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Curia Sanctae Mariae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Marienhafe&quot;&gt;Vide [https://bibliothek.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/dateiarchiv/3134/Marienhafe.pdf ''Marienhafe''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Urkundlich wird Marienhafe erstmals am 16. Februar 1250 als „curia sancte Marie“, d.h. „Hof der heiligen Maria“ erwähnt. 1362 ist von „curia Virginis gloriose“ (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Marienhafe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Cuxhavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Cuxhaven''; [[Saxonice]] ''Cuxhoben'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== D ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Dalemia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dahlem'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dalenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rzihacek &amp; Spreitzer XI 2024&quot;&gt;Rzihacek, A., &amp; Spreitzer, F. (Ed.) (2024). ''Die Urkunden Otto IV (Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Diplomata Regum et Imperatorum Germaniae, Tomus XI). Hahnsche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Dahlenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dahlenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dalum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Janicke II 1896&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Dahlum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Tahln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Damma (Saxonia Inferior)|Damma]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Philippi II 1894&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Damme'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Damnatzium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Garzmann LXXVI 2004&quot;&gt;Garzmann, M. R. W. (Ed.) (2004). ''Niedersächsisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte: Neue Folge der Zeitschrift des Historischen Vereins für Niedersachsen (Band 76)''. Hahnsche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Damnatz'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Danneberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Dannenberg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dannenbarg''; [[Polabice]] ''Wajdars'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Danthorpum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir &amp; Menzel % Udolph VII 2011&quot;&gt;Casemir, K., Menzel, F., &amp; Udolph, J. (2011). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII''). Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Danndorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dassela]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dassel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dedenhusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husaDeensen&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum primae formae huius toponymi ''Dedehusen'' testatae applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide: Casemir, K., &amp; Ohainski, U. (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Holzminden (Veröffentlichungen del Institut für Historische Landesforschung der Universität Göttingen, Vol. 51)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Deensen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Deinsta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Deinste''; [[Saxonice]] ''Deinst'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Deinstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Deinstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Deins'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Delmenhorstium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Delmenhorst''; [[Saxonice]] ''Demost'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dengdia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Denkte'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Derenthalia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-thalia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-thal'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-thalia-ae&quot; seu &quot;-dalia-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-thal''' : -''thalia'', -''dalia'' (...)&quot;. Animadvertendum est suffixum ''-thal'' veterem orthographiam hodierni suffixi ''-tal'' esse; ergo Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-tal'' quoque latinizari potest addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-thalia-ae&quot; seu &quot;-dalia-ae&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Derental'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dersum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egger 1977&quot;&gt;Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Dersum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Derßm'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dettum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egger 1977&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Dettum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Detten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dicla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mooyer 1855&quot;&gt;Mooyer, E. F. (Ed.) (1855). ''Urkundenbuch des vormaligen Stiftes Minden''. J. C. C. Bruns.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dickel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Diddersa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Didderse'' et [[Saxonice]] ''Deesse'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Diekholza]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Diekholzen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dielmissa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Dielmissen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Diepenavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-avia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-au'' seu ''-aw'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-avia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Iereslavia]], [[Iunonwladislavia]], [[Labiavia]], [[Landavia]], [[Lindavia]], [[Liptavia]], [[Lobavia]], [[Lochavia]], [[Lublavia]], [[Luccavia]], [[Mitavia]], [[Multavia]], [[Namslavia]], [[Neoboleslavia]], [[Olavia]], [[Oppavia]], [[Pegavia]], [[Pillavia]], [[Premislavia]], inter alia, apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Diepenau''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Deepnau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Diepholtia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmannus&quot;&gt;{{Hofmannus}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Diepholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Deefholt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dinklaga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Dinklage''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dinklaoge'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Disaldishusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husaDelligsen&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum primae formae huius toponymi ''Disaldishusen'' testatae applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide: Reuter, A. (Ed.) (1950). ''1100 Jahre Delligsen: Geschichte der Hilsmulde und des Ortes Delligsen''. Verlag der Gemeinde Delligsen. &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Delligsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Disna (Saxonia Inferior)|Disna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Dissen am Teutoburger Wald'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dithgherscope-Twielenflethum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hollern&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/hollern-twielenfleth/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon'']. ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Luderus in Dithgherscope'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-ethum&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-eth'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-ethum-i&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Bechtsriethum]], [[Maitenbethum]] ac [[Wiesethum]] apud Vicipaediae Latinae articulum de [[Index communium Bavariae|indice communium Bavariae]]; et [[Gransebiethum]] apud Vicipaediae Latinae articulum de [[Index Communium Megapolis et Pomeraniae Citerioris|indice communium Megapolis et Pomeraniae Citerioris]].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hollern-Twielenfleth''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hullern-Twielenfleth'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dohra (Terra Emesensis)|Dohra]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Terrae Emesensis|Terra Emesensi]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Terrae Altenburgensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Emsland'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) et Latinum &quot;terra-ae&quot; Theodiscum lexema ''-land'' vertit et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Emesensis-e&quot; ad flumen [[Amisia|Emesam]] refertur. De hoc hydronymo, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dohren '')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dohra (Circulus Harburgensis)|Dohra]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Harburgensis|Circulo Harburgensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Harburg&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Dohren''; [[Saxonice]] ''Duhrn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dolnere]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Dolnere&quot;&gt;Vide [https://adw-goe.de/fileadmin/forschungsprojekte/ortsnamen_rhein_elbe/dokumente/Publikationen_Udolph_PDF/2001-2005/315._Udolph_Anmerkungen_zum_Ortsnamen_Dollern.pdf ''Anmerkugen zum Ortsnamen Dollern''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) 1105 (Fälschung Mitte 12. Jh.) ''Dolnere'' (...) 1209 ''Johannes de dolnere'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dollern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Doristacus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dorstadt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dornum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egger 1977&quot;&gt;Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Dornum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dornm'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dorverda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Dörverden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dörbern'' seu ''Dörb'' seu ''Dörveern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dotlinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dötlingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Draga (Albis)|Draga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Drage''; [[Saxonice]] ''Draag'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Drentweda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Drentwede'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Drestadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Drestedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dreest'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Drochtersa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Drochtersen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Drochters'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dudanebutli]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lappenberg 1841&quot;&gt;Lappenberg, J. M. (Ed.) (1841). ''Hamburgisches Urkundenbuch (Band 1)''. Perthes-Besser &amp; Mauke.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Düdenbüttel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Düünbeudel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Duderstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Duderstadt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dustadt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dunsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dünsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dunum  (Saxonia Inferior)|Dunum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Houtrouw 1889&quot;&gt;Houtrouw, O. G. (1889). ''Ostfriesland: Eine geschichtlich-ortskundige Wanderung gegen Ende der Fürstenzeit (Band 1)''. Dunkmann.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dunum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Duthungun]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Udolph 2004&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Duingen''; [[Saxonice|Ostfalice]] ''Daujen'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== E ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Ebbestorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Jaitner 1985&quot;&gt;Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ebstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ebstörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ebersdorfium (Saxonia Inferior)|Ebersdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ebersdorfium&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Ebersdorf'' in Latinam &quot;Ebersdorfium&quot; verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ebersdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eversdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Echemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-hemium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-he(i)m'' et ''-hjem'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-hemium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ingelhemium]], [[Eboreshemium]], [[Arnhemium]], [[Oppenhemium]], [[Forchemium]], [[Gerineshemium]], [[Benthemium]], [[Buxhemium]], [[Dronthemium]], [[Enshemium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Echem''; [[Saxonice]] ''Echen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Edemissa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Edemissen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emisse'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Egestorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Egestorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Äästörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Edewechte]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Berger 2012&quot;&gt;Berger, D. (2012). ''Edewecht''. In ''Deutsches Ortsnamenbuch''. Walter de Gruyter.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Edewecht''; [[Saxonice]] ''Erwech''; historice ''Adewacht'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eggermuhla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Eggermühlen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eggermöhlen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ehra-Lessia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ehra-Lessien'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eicklinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Eicklingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eikeln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eildissum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Stumpf-Brentano II 1865&quot;&gt;Stumpf-Brentano, K. F. (Ed.) (1865). ''Die Reichskanzler vornehmlich des X., XI. und XII. Jahrhunderts: Acta Imperii Selecta'' (Vol. 2). [[Aeni Pons (Austria)|Aeni Ponte]]: Wagner'schen Universitäts-Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Eilsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ahlsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eima (Circulus Hildesiensis)|Eima]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;/small&gt;(in [[Circulus Hildesiensis|Circulo Hildesiensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Circulus Hildesiensis&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Hildesiensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Hildesheim'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Hildesiensis-e&quot; ad [[Hildesia]]m refertur. Hac de urbe, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eime'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eima (Circulus Holtisminnensis)|Eima]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Holtisminnensis|Circulo Holtisminnensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Circulus Holtisminnensis&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Holtisminnensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Holzminden'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Holtisminni]]&quot; -ad quod gentilicium &quot;Holtisminnensis-e&quot; refertur-, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Eimen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eimka]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Eimke''; [[Saxonice]] ''Aimk'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ekelum]]&lt;ref&gt;Vide: Von Hodenberg, W. (Ed.) (1855). ''Walsroder Urkundenbuch (Urkunde Nr. 19)''. Hahnsche Hofbuchhandlung. Quo opere &quot;proprietatem bonorum in Ekelo, que ab ecclesia Walsrodensi in feodum tenuit, pro quinquaginta marcis seriosius comparavit.&quot; dicitur.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eickeloh'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Elba (Saxonia Inferior)|Elba]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Elbe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Elbingeroda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-roda&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Elbingerode'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eldinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eldingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Elsdorfium (Saxonia Inferior)|Elsdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Elsdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Elsdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Embeca]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Embeca&quot;&gt;&quot;non ignobiles Saxoniae civitates, Embeca et Gottinga&quot; {{Google Books|I7pXAAAAcAAJ|p. 734}}. Interdum &quot;Embica&quot;, &quot;Embecka&quot; etc. reperis&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Einbeck''; [[Saxonice]] ''Aimbeck'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Embsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Embsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Emda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Emden''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Oamde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Emmelkampus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Emmelkampus&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.altreformiert.de/beuker/geschichte/grafschaft-bentheim/ERK-GRAFSCH_Classis_1625-1705_Prot_-_Plasger_2021_gjb.pdf?utm ''Protokolle der Classis der reformierten Prediger der Grafschaft Bentheim 1625–1705''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Domino Bernhardus Tinneken Pastorum Emmelkampum (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Emlichheim''; [[Saxonice]] et [[Batavice]] ''Emmelkamp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Emmendorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Emmendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Emphstece]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Emphstece&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.emstek.de/die-gemeinde/ortsteile/emstek?utm ''www.emstek.de'']; ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Urkunde aus dem Jahre 947 als „Emphstece&quot; (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Emstek''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emstäk'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Emsbura]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Emsbüren''; [[Saxonice]] ''Büren'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Emtinghusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Emtinghausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emhusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Engda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Engden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Engn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Engelschofa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-hofa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-hof(f)(e)(n)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-hofa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Hattenhofa (Bavaria)|Hattenhofa Bavarica]], [[Pfaffenhofa ad fluvium Glon]], [[Pfaffenhofa ad Rotam]], [[Poohofa]], [[Gundershofa]], [[Hattenhofa (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Hattenhofa Badeniae-Virtembergiae]], [[Pfaffenhofa (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Pfaffenhofa]], [[Matichofa]], [[Philshofa]] apud [[Google|Gugulam]].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Engelschoff''; [[Saxonice]] ''Engelschopp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Erenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Minden II 1902&quot;&gt;Minden, G. von (Ed.) (1902). ''Urkundenbuch der Bischöfe von Verden und Minden (Band 2)''. Hahn’sche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ehrenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ehrenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Erkeroda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-roda&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-rode'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-roda-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Baceroda]], [[Gerningeroda]], [[Osteroda]], [[Werningroda]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Erkerode''; [[Saxonice]] ''Erkero'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ermelstorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pratje 1759&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Armstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Armsdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ericetum Magnum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ericetum&quot;&gt;[https://woerterbuchnetz.de/?sigle=MeckWB&amp;lemid=H01756 Theodiscum toponymicum suffixum et vocabulum ''(-)Heide'' Latino nomine &quot;Ericetum-i&quot; vertitur.]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Magnus&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/magnus?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum praefixum ''Groß-'' Latino adiectivo &quot;magnus-a-um&quot; vertitur.]&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Großheide''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grootheid'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Escheda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Eschede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Esche'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eschershusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eschershausen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Esena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Esens'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Essel]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Essel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Äsel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Esterwega]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Esterwegen''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Äästerweede'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Estorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(ad [[Visurgis|Visurgem]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Estorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Esdörp'' seu ''Esdrup'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Estorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Stadae|Circulo Stadae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Stade&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Stadae&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Stade'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Stadae]]&quot;, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Estorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Esdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Evergoteshemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-hemiumEver&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-he(i)m'' et ''-hjem'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-hemium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ingelhemium]], [[Eboreshemium]], [[Arnhemium]], [[Oppenhemium]], [[Forchemium]], [[Gerineshemium]], [[Benthemium]], [[Buxhemium]], [[Dronthemium]], [[Enshemium]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum primae formae huius toponymi ''Euergoteshem'' testatae applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide: H. Bresslau et. al.: ''Die Urkunden Heinrichs II. und Arduins''. In: Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Die Urkunden der deutschen Könige und Kaiser, Band 3. [[Hannovera]]e 1900–1903.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ebergötzen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Ewerchötzschen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Everinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-ingaEvern&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum mediaevali formae huius toponymi ''Everinge'' testatae applicatur. Quo de mediaevali toponymo, vide: Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (1998). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises und der Stadt Hannover (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil I)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Deutsch Evern''; [[Saxonice]] ''Düütsch Äwern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eversmeer]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eversmeer'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Evessum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NOB 2004&quot;&gt;Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (2004). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter''' (NOB III). [[Gottinga]]e: Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Evessen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eydelstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Eydelstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eidelstee'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eyendorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Eyendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eyndörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eystharpa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-tharpa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-trup'' seu ''-drup'' seu ''-trop'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-tharpa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Butilingtharpa]], [[Graftharpa]], [[Gumorodingtharpa]], [[Haringtharpa]], [[Heppingtharpa]], [[Holttharpa]], [[Hurstharpa]], [[Kathingtharpa]], [[Kiedeningtharpa]], [[Marastharpa]], [[Markiligtharpa]], [[Meinbrahtingtharpa]], [[Peingtharpa]], [[Radistharpa]], [[Sutharpa]], [[Tettingtharpa]], [[Vilomaringtharpa]], [[Winikingtharpa]], [[Varetharpa]], [[Vrilingtharpa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eystrup''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eestrup'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== F ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Fallingbostela]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bad Fallingbostel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Fambossel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Fardium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Verden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Veern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Farva]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Farven''; [[Saxonice]] ''Farm'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Fassberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Faßberg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Filsum]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Filsum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Firrel]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Firrel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Florimontium (circulus Widmundensis)|Florimontium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Blomberg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bloombarg'' seu ''Blombarg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Flotide]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Flotide&quot;&gt;De nominibus &quot;Flotide&quot; {{caa|780|802}}, &quot;Flathi&quot; {{caa|1013}}, &quot;Flatide&quot; {{caa|1142}}, &quot;Flothethe&quot; {{caa|1187}}, &quot;Vlothe&quot; {{caa|1189}} et &quot;Flotethe&quot; {{caa|1194}}, vide: Udolph, Jürgen. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160729194352/https://www.ndr.de/ndr1niedersachsen/programm/Ortsnamen-Uebersicht-fuer-Buchstaben-F,ortsnamenforscher111.html ''Ortsnamenforscher'']. ''NDR 1 Niedersachsen''.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Flöthe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Frankenfelda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-felda&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-feld(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-felda-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Falufelda]], [[Frauenfelda]], [[Heresfelda]], [[Hirutfelda]], [[Ilfelda]], [[Mansfelda]], [[Salfelda]], [[Sualafelda]], [[Alfelda]], [[Alsfelda]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Frankenfeld'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Freda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Freden'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Fredenbiki]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-biki&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-beck'' seu ''-beek'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-biki-orum&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Aesebiki]], [[Asbiki]], [[Beverbiki]], [[Gledabiki]], [[Goltbiki]], [[Sannanabiki]], [[Trobiki]], [[Walbeka|Walbiki]], [[Winesbiki]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Fredenbeck''; [[Saxonice]] ''Freenbeek'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Frera]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Freren'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Fresenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Fresenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Fräsenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Friburgum (Albis)|Friburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Friburgum&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Freiburg'' Latino toponymo &quot;Friburgum&quot; verti solet. Cf. [[Friburgum Brisgoviae]] aut [[Friburgum Nuithonum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Freiburg/Elbe''; [[Saxonice]] ''Fryborg'' seu ''Freiborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Frideburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Frideburgum&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.heimatbund-finnentrop.de/index_htm_files/Staats-%20u.%20Reisegeogr.%205.pdf?utm ''Beschreibung derer merkwürdigsten Oerter''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Frideburg, Friedeburg, lat. Frideburgum'''. Liegt im Fürstenthum Ostfriesland, an den Grenzen der Grafschaft Oldenburg (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Friedeburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Freborg'' seu ''Freebörg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Friedlandia (Saxonia Inferior)|Friedlandia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Friedland&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Friedland' in Latinam &quot;Friedlandia&quot; verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Friedland'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Frisoyta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Frisoyta&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/363707446_Der_Status_animarum_im_Hochstift_Munster_und_die_Alphabetisierung_im_landlichen_Raum_eines_geistlichen_Furstentums_im_17_und_18_Jahrhundert ''Der Status animarum im Hochstift Münster und die Alphabetisierung im ländlichen Raum eines geistlichen Fürstentums im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Specificatio catholic[orum] et acatholicorum in Frisoyta (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Friesoythe''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ait''; [[Saxonice]] ''Aithe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Furstenavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Furstenavia&quot;&gt;Theodiscum nomen proprium ''Fürstenau'' in Latinam &quot;Furstenavia&quot; verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Hofmannus}}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) FURSTENAVIA Familia Germ. ''Furstenau'', ramus est Familiae Erpacensis (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Fürstenau''; [[Saxonice]] ''Fösnau'' seu ''Försnau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Furstenberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Fürstenberg'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== G ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Ganderkesea]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ganderkesee''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gannerseer'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gandershemium]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.fi/books?id=6kwBAAAAQAAJ&amp;pg=PA27&amp;lpg=PA27&amp;dq=Gandershemium&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=_NMr2DmhUK&amp;sig=CXPUuuKZ8W03AC7uB3YlYYNscJ4&amp;hl=fi&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=7z7WUrfrO8iC4gTGxoGYCw&amp;ved=0CDIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&amp;q=Gandershemium&amp;f=false R. p. Hertenberger: ''Historia pragmatica universalis, sacra et profana''], p.27;
[http://books.google.fi/books?id=yScyAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA58&amp;lpg=PA58&amp;dq=Gandershemium&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=ZoGX4tZRRD&amp;sig=8fUZc6grFgYD0jN-twVcDyzarYI&amp;hl=fi&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=7z7WUrfrO8iC4gTGxoGYCw&amp;ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&amp;q=Gandershemium&amp;f=false ''Acta Sanctorum, Junii'' (1698-1717), cit. in ''A Companion to Hrotsvit of Gandersheim (fl. 960)''], p. 58 n.103.&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Gandersheim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ganderssen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gandesberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gandesbergen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Gannsbargen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Garbsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Garbsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Garlstorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Garlstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Garlstörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Garrel]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Garrel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Garstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Garstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gastää'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gartovia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-ovia&quot;&gt;[[Linguae Germanicae|Germanica]] ac [[linguae Slavicae|Slavica]] toponyma cum suffixo ''-ov'' seu ''-öv'' seu ''ow'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-ovia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Asovia]], [[Brewnovia]], [[Czernichovia]], [[Glasgovia]], [[Golnovia]], [[Grabovia]], [[Kharkovia]], [[Laszovia]], [[Ostrovia]], [[Pscovia]], [[Racovia]], [[Sucovia]], [[Tarnovia]], [[Wengrovia]], [[Witkowa]], [[Wittovia]], [[Crovia]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gartow'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Geesta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Geeste''; [[Saxonice]] ''Choeiste'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Geestlandia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-landia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-land'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-landia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amelandia]], [[Bevelandia Australis]], [[Bevelandia Septentrionalis]], [[Bolandia]], [[Iutlandia]], [[Curlandia]], [[Estlandia]], [[Finlandia]], [[Flevolandia]], [[Friedlandia]], [[Islandia]], [[Gothlandia]], [[Hollandia]], [[Ingermanlandia]], [[Isalandia]] [[Lalandia]], [[Langelandia]], [[Oehtlandia]] [[Olandia]], [[Sallandia]], [[Samlandia]] [[Zelandia]], [[Selandia]] [[Fotlandia]], [[Wermelandia]] [[Withlandia]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Geestland'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gehrda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Gehrde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gährde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gemmegum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Gemmegum&quot;&gt;Vide ''Giminghem - der alte Name von Jemgum'' Gerhardi Kronsweide; ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Mittelalterliche urkundliche und einige neuzeitliche Nennungen von Jemgum''' (...) Gemmegum (Urkunde in lateinisch) (...) Gommegum (lat.) (...) Gemghum (lat.) (...) Gemmyngum (lat.) (...) Jemgum (Ubbo Emmius, lat.) (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Jemgum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Georgsdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Georgsdorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gerdavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-avia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-au'' seu ''-aw'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-avia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Iereslavia]], [[Iunonwladislavia]], [[Labiavia]], [[Landavia]], [[Lindavia]], [[Liptavia]], [[Lobavia]], [[Lochavia]], [[Lublavia]], [[Luccavia]], [[Mitavia]], [[Multavia]], [[Namslavia]], [[Neoboleslavia]], [[Olavia]], [[Oppavia]], [[Pegavia]], [[Pillavia]], [[Premislavia]], inter alia, apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gerdau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gerdinum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Gerdinium&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/gehrden/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Urkundlich ist der spätere Flecken möglicherweis erstmals als ''Gerdinum'' im Verzeichnis der Schenkungen (''Traditionen'') an das Kloster Corvey erwähnt, das um 826/76 angelegt wurde (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Gehrden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gieren'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gersta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gersten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Geteloha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-loha&quot;&gt;Germanica praesentia aut antiqua toponyma cum suffixis ''-loh(e)'' et ''-lo'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-loha-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ascloha]], [[Buohloha]], [[Eiloha]], [[Hadaloha]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Getelo''; [[Saxonice]] ''Getel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gevensleba]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-leba&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-leben'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-leba-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Hadersleba]], [[Kintileba]], [[Meresleba]], [[Mimileba]], [[Rumerestleba]], [[Wigileba]], [[Winirichileba]], [[Albgozesleba]], [[Asoltesleba]], [[Buffileba]], [[Egisleba]], [[Gorchesleba]], [[Gozzenleba]], [[Gunderichesleba]], [[Gunzenleba]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gevensleben'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gevera]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Jever'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gieboldehusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Gieboldehausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Chiwelehusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Giesa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Giesen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gifhorna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cellarius 1703&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Gifhorn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gilta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gilten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Glandorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Glandorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gleicha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gleichen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gnarrenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Gnarrenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gnarrenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Godenstorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Gödenstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gö’nstörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Goldbiki]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Golmbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Goldenstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Goldenstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gollnste'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Golencampus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;campus-i&quot;&gt;[https://ewa.saw-leipzig.de/articles/80250/en?utm Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-kamp'' seu ''-kampf'' seu ''-camp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-campus-i&quot;], quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Gölenkamp''; [[Saxonice]] ''Göllenkamp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gorenthin]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Gorenthin&quot;&gt;Vide [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Zeitschrift_des_Historischen_Vereins_f%C3%BCr_Niedersachsen_%28IA_zeitschriftdeshi1857hist%29.pdf?utm ''Zeitschrift des Historischen Vereins für Niedersachsen''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) villam Gorenthin '' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Göhrde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Göhr''; [[Polabice]] ''Djöra'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gorleba]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-leba&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-leben'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-leba-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Hadersleba]], [[Kintileba]], [[Meresleba]], [[Mimileba]], [[Rumerestleba]], [[Wigileba]], [[Winirichileba]], [[Albgozesleba]], [[Asoltesleba]], [[Buffileba]], [[Egisleba]], [[Gorchesleba]], [[Gozzenleba]], [[Gunderichesleba]], [[Gunzenleba]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gorleben'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Goslaria]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Goslar''; [[Saxonice]] ''Goslär'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gottinga]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.com/books?id=kkM-AAAAcAAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=gottingensis&amp;lr=&amp;cd=14#v=onepage&amp;q=&amp;f=false Libri Googles].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Göttingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Chöttingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Grafhorstium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-horstium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-horst'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-horstium-i&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-horst''' : -''horstium'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Grafhorst''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grafhorst'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Grasberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Grasberg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grasbarg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Grasleba]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-leba&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-leben'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-leba-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Hadersleba]], [[Kintileba]], [[Meresleba]], [[Mimileba]], [[Rumerestleba]], [[Wigileba]], [[Winirichileba]], [[Albgozesleba]], [[Asoltesleba]], [[Buffileba]], [[Egisleba]], [[Gorchesleba]], [[Gozzenleba]], [[Gunderichesleba]], [[Gunzenleba]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Grasleben''; [[Saxonice]] ''Graslewe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Grethemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-hemium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-he(i)m'' et ''-hjem'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-hemium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ingelhemium]], [[Eboreshemium]], [[Arnhemium]], [[Oppenhemium]], [[Forchemium]], [[Gerineshemium]], [[Benthemium]], [[Buxhemium]], [[Dronthemium]], [[Enshemium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Grethem''; [[Saxonice]] ''Graitn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Grona (Leina)|Grona]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gronau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Grundensis Civitas Metallica]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Grund'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Grunendicum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dicum&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Grünendeich''; [[Saxonice]] ''Greundiek'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Guderhandviertel]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Guderhandviertel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gauderhandviddel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Guelpherbytum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wolfenbüttel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wulfenbüttel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gusbornium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-bornium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-born'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-bornium-ii&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Calenbornium (prope Aram)|Calenbornium prope Aram]] et [[Calenbornium (prope Caesariacum)|Calenbornium prope Caesariacum]] (Theodisce ''Kalenborn''); [[Calenbornium-Scheurenum]] (Theodisce ''Kalenborn-Scheuern''); [[Hasbornium (Eiflia)|Hasbornium]] (Theodisce ''Hasborn''); [[Leidenbornium]] (Theodisce ''Leidenborn''); [[Lichtenbornium]] (Theodisce ''Lichtenborn''). Quae omnia toponyma ex articulo Vicipaediae Latinae de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Rhenaniae_et_Palatinatus indice urbium et communium Rhenaniae et Palatinatus] desumpta sunt, ubi apte referuntur.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gusborn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gyhum]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Gyhum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Jeem'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== H ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Hachede]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hachede&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/marschacht/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''paludem a Blekethe vsque ad Ecclesiam Hachede'' (...) ''in quorum honore est altare in prefata ecclesia Hachethe dedicatum'' (...) ''Hinricus Bartolomei plebanus in Merschhachede'' (...) ''rector parrochialis ecclesie in Merschachtede'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Marschacht''; [[Saxonice]] ''Meschacht'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hademstorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hademstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hamstorp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Haeslinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Heeslingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Heeßel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Haga (Saxonia Inferior)|Haga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Haga&quot;&gt;Vide [https://bibliothek.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/dateiarchiv/3191/Hage.pdf?utm ''Historische Ortsdatenbank für Ostfriesland''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Erscheinung trat der Ort als „curatus Hagensis“ im Jahr 1400. Spätere Bezeichnungen waren „
Haga“ (um 1409)  (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hage''; [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Saxonica|Eofrisosaxonice]] ''Haag'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Haga ad Teutoburgiensem Saltum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-haga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-hag(e)(n)'' seu ''-ha(a)g'' seu ''-hague'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-haga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Haga (Franconia Superior)|Haga Franconiae Superioris]], [[Haga ad Ambram]], [[Haga (in Bavaria superiore)|Haga in Bavaria Superiore]] apud [[Index communium Bavariae|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Bavariae]]; [[Falkenhaga (Marchia)|Falkenhaga Marchiana]] apud [[Index communium Brandenburgi|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Brandenburgi]]; [[Haga Schauenburgi]], [[Haga Promontorium]], [[Haga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Teutoburger Wald&quot;&gt;Cfr. [[Cornelius Tacitus|Taciti]], ''[[Annales (Tacitus)|Annales]]'', {{Vf|Ab excessu divi Augusti (Annales)/Liber I|LX|I, 60}}: &quot;... haud procul '''Teutoburgiensi saltu''' in quo reliquiae Vari legionumque insepultae dicebantur&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hagen am Teutoburger Wald'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Haga Bremensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-haga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-hag(e)(n)'' seu ''-ha(a)g'' seu ''-hague'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-haga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Haga (Franconia Superior)|Haga Franconiae Superioris]], [[Haga ad Ambram]], [[Haga (in Bavaria superiore)|Haga in Bavaria Superiore]] apud [[Index communium Bavariae|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Bavariae]]; [[Falkenhaga (Marchia)|Falkenhaga Marchiana]] apud [[Index communium Brandenburgi|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Brandenburgi]]; [[Haga Schauenburgi]], [[Haga Promontorium]], [[Haga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Latinum gentilicium &quot;Bremensis-e&quot; Theodiscum syntagma ''im Bremischen'' vertit.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hagen im Bremischen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hagen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Haga Schauenburgi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]]  ''Stadthagen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hagenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hagenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hagenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Halbemontium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-montium&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-mond'' aut ''-mont'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-montium-i&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-mond, mont''' : -''montium, mons'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Halbemond'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Halla (Holtisminni)|Halla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in Montibus [[Visurgis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Halle'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Halla (Comitatus Binethensis)|Halla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Halla prope Neuenhusam&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Halle'' plerumque toponymo &quot;Halla-ae&quot; latinizatur. Qua de latinizatione, vide complures Hallae apud [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(prope [[Neuenhusa]]m&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Halle'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Halvesbostel]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Halvesbostel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hassbossel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hamala]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hameln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hamberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hambergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hambargen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hambuhra]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hambühren''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hambüren'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hamele]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hamele&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/2261/NOB%20VIII_Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Peine.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm ''NOB VIII Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Peine'']{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) 1146 ''in Sutherem iuxta Hamele'' (UB H.Hild. I Nr. 239 S. 222) 1180 ''in Bikem iuxta Honhamelen'' (UB H.Hild. I Nr. 396 S. 385) 1193 ''in Honhamele'' (UB H.Hild. II Nachtrag Nr. 13 S. 580) 1198 ''apud Honhamelen'' (...) 1251 ''Sutherem apud Hoenhamale'' (UB H.Hild. II Nr. 861 S. 435) 1278-1280 ''iugera Hamelen'' (Lehnregister Meinersen II Nr. 20 S. 590) (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hohenhameln''; [[Saxonice]] ''Häogenhameln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hamelhusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hämelhausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hämelhusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hamersa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hamersen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Homersen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hamma (Saxonia Inferior)|Hamma]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-ah&quot;&gt;Germanica aut Semitica aut Indoiranica toponyma cum terminatione ''-ah'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Exempli gratiā: [[Calvela]], [[Maliana]], Parra, [[Widenla]], [[Zellia]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hammah''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hammoh'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Handeloha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-loha&quot;&gt;Germanica praesentia aut antiqua toponyma cum suffixis ''-loh(e)'' et ''-lo'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-loha-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ascloha]], [[Buohloha]], [[Eiloha]], [[Hadaloha]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Handeloh'' seu olim ''Handorf bei Tostedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Handörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Handorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Handorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Handörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hantharpa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-tharpa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-trup'' seu ''-drup'' seu ''-trop'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-tharpa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Butilingtharpa]], [[Graftharpa]], [[Gumorodingtharpa]], [[Haringtharpa]], [[Heppingtharpa]], [[Holttharpa]], [[Hurstharpa]], [[Kathingtharpa]], [[Kiedeningtharpa]], [[Marastharpa]], [[Markiligtharpa]], [[Meinbrahtingtharpa]], [[Peingtharpa]], [[Radistharpa]], [[Sutharpa]], [[Tettingtharpa]], [[Vilomaringtharpa]], [[Winikingtharpa]], [[Varetharpa]], [[Vrilingtharpa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Handrup'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hannovera]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[caput (urbs)|caput]] [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terrae foederalis]] et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hannover''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hannober'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hanstadium (Circulus Harburgensis)|Hanstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Harburgensis|Circulo Harburgensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Harburg&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hanstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hanstää'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hanstadium (Circulus Ulsenensis)|Hanstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Ulsenensis|Circulo Ulsenensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Uelzen&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hanstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hanster'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hardegsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hardegsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Harmstorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Harmstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Harmsdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Harna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Haren'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Harpstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Harpstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Harpstäe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Harsfeldum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Harsefeld''; [[Saxonice]] ''Harsfeld'' seu ''Hasfeld'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Harsum]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Harsum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hartsburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Harzburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Harzeborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hasberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hasbergen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hasburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Haßbergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Haßbargen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hasela (Saxonia Inferior)|Hasela]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hasela&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/hassel/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Dort ist die ''villa Hasela'' erwähnt, also das Dorf Hassel (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hassel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hasla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hasla&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/hesel/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Der früheste schriftliche Beleg für den Ort findet sich als ''Hasla'' in einem Urbar der Abtei Werden, das sich auf das 10. Jh. datieren lässt (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hesel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hassendorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hassendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hassendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hasta (Saxonia Inferior)|Hasta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Haste'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hatta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;&gt;De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum &quot;Klein&quot; et &quot;Gross&quot; per Latina &quot;Minor-us&quot; et &quot;Maior-ius&quot;, vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hatten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hattorpium ad Harthicos Montes]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hattorf am Harz'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hauslinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Häuslingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hüßel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Haverla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Haverla&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B73-8/NOB%20III%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Wolfenb%C3%BCttel%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Salzgitter.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter'']{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) um 941 (Fä. Mitte 12. Jh., kop. 17. Jh.) ''Haverlae'' (...) 1319 ''Haverla'' (UB H Hild. IV 464 S. 247) (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Haverlah''; [[Saxonice]] ''Haberlah'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hechthusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hechthausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Heckthusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hedebere]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hedebere&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B73-8/NOB%20III%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Wolfenb%C3%BCttel%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Salzgitter.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm ''NOB III Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter'']{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Antiquum Hedebere seu Minus, Novum Hedebere seu Maius'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hedeper''; [[Saxonice]] ''Heper'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heeda (Terra Emesensis)|Heeda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Heede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Häie'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heemsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heemsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heessa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heeßen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heidenavia (Saxonia Inferior)|Heidenavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-avia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-au'' seu ''-aw'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-avia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Iereslavia]], [[Iunonwladislavia]], [[Labiavia]], [[Landavia]], [[Lindavia]], [[Liptavia]], [[Lobavia]], [[Lochavia]], [[Lublavia]], [[Luccavia]], [[Mitavia]], [[Multavia]], [[Namslavia]], [[Neoboleslavia]], [[Olavia]], [[Oppavia]], [[Pegavia]], [[Pillavia]], [[Premislavia]], inter alia, apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heidenau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heina (Saxonia Inferior)|Heina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Heina&quot;&gt;Vide [https://hgv-hhm.de/ortsnamen-13-19-jahrhundert.html?utm ''Heimat- und Geschichtsverein für Heinade-Hellental-Merxhausen E.V.''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''villa Heina'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heinade'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heinbockel]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heinbockel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heiningensis Locus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Heiningen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Heinig'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heinsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heinsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heli (Saxonia Inferior)|Heli]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Heli&quot;&gt;Vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20241109195129/https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B73-8/NOB%20III%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Wolfenb%C3%BCttel%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Salzgitter.pdf ''NOB III Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''in villa Heli'' (...) ''Heloon'' (...) ''collatio ecclesie Helen'' (...) ''Thidericus de Helenen'' (...) ''plebanos ecclesiarum de Helen'' (...) ''in campo sive marke ville Helen'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hehlen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hellwega]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hellwege''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hellweeg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Helmstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Helmstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Helmstidde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Helpsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Helpsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Helvesiecca]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-siek&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ec(k)'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-ecca-ae&quot; seu &quot;-eca-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-ec, -eck''' : -''ecca'', -''ēca'' (...)&quot;. Hoc in casu, applicatur terminatio latinizans formae antiquae suffixi ''-siek'' -quae ''-sieck'', ut accidit in toponymis velut ''Bannensieck'', cuius hodierna forma ''Bannensiek'' est. Qua de ultima antiqua forma, vide [https://www.arcinsys.niedersachsen.de/arcinsys/showArchivalDescriptionDetails?archivalDescriptionId=2955251 ''Arcinsys''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Helvesiek''; [[Saxonice]] ''Helsch'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hemminga (Saxonia Inferior)|Hemminga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hemmingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hemmje'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hemmoor]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hemmoor'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hemsbunda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hemsbünde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Heemsbünnen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hemslinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hemslingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hemsloha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-loha&quot;&gt;Germanica praesentia aut antiqua toponyma cum suffixis ''-loh(e)'' et ''-lo'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-loha-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ascloha]], [[Buohloha]], [[Eiloha]], [[Hadaloha]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hemsloh''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hemzel'' seu ''Hemsel'' seu ''Hemßel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hepstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hepstedt''; [Saxonice]] ''Hepst'' seu ''Heps'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hepstidi Villa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hipstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hipst'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Herrum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Herrum&quot;&gt;Vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20241109195129/https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B73-8/NOB%20III%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Wolfenb%C3%BCttel%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Salzgitter.pdf ''NOB III Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter.''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Majori villa Herre'' (...) ''Maiori Here'' (...) ''Minori Herro'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heere'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hertzberga ad Harthicos Montes]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Herzberg am Harz'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Herzlaka]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Herzlake''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hässelke'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hespa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hespe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heuerssa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Heuerßen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hoarßen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heya]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heyen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Hein'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hildesia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hildesheim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hilmessen'' seu ''Hilmssen'')&lt;/small&gt; 
* [[Hilgermissa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hilgermissen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hillersa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hillerse'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hilter ad Teutoburgiensem Saltum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Teutoburger Wald&quot;&gt;Cfr. [[Cornelius Tacitus|Taciti]], ''[[Annales (Tacitus)|Annales]]'', {{Vf|Ab excessu divi Augusti (Annales)/Liber I|LX|I, 60}}: &quot;... haud procul '''Teutoburgiensi saltu''' in quo reliquiae Vari legionumque insepultae dicebantur&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hilter am Teutoburger Wald'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Himberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Himbergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Himbargen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hinuti]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hinuti&quot;&gt;Vide [https://bibliothek.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/dateiarchiv/3180/Hinte.pdf?utm ''Historische Ortsdatenbank für Ostfriesland''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Das Dorf wurde im 10. Jahrhundert als „in Hinuti“ erstmals urkundlich erfasst (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hinte''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hint'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hitgera]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hitzacker''; [[Polabice]] ''Ljauci'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hittberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hittbergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hittbargen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hlunia (commune)|Hlunia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hlunia&quot;&gt;Nomen communis Theodisce ''Lenne'' dicti suo e homonymo fluvio, Latine &quot;Hlunia&quot; nuncupato, ortum est. Latinum igitur nomen huius communis Latino ex hydronymo etiam derivandum est. Quo de Latino hydronymo, vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lenne'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hlutherun]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hlutherun&quot;&gt;Vide [https://koeblergerhard.de/ZIER-HP/ZIER-HP-06-2016/AAAKoeblerGerhardBodeinderdeutschenOrtsgeschichte20161221-965.htm?utm ''Koeble rGerhard Bodeinderdeutschen Ortsgeschichte''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Lüder''', 11. Jh., an einem Bache bei Bodenteich bei Uelzen, F1-1383 HLUTAR (lauter bzw. rein) Hlutherun, Hlutherun (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lüder'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hodenhaga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-haga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-hag(e)(n)'' seu ''-ha(a)g'' seu ''-hague'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-haga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Haga (Franconia Superior)|Haga Franconiae Superioris]], [[Haga ad Ambram]], [[Haga (in Bavaria superiore)|Haga in Bavaria Superiore]] apud [[Index communium Bavariae|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Bavariae]]; [[Falkenhaga (Marchia)|Falkenhaga Marchiana]] apud [[Index communium Brandenburgi|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Brandenburgi]]; [[Haga Schauenburgi]], [[Haga Promontorium]], [[Haga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hodenhagen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hohbuoki]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hohbuoki&quot;&gt;Vide [https://oar.onroerenderfgoed.be/publicaties/RELM/7/RELM007-001.pdf?utm ''The very beginning of Europe?''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''castellum hohbuoki'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Höhbeck'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hohna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hohne'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hohnhorstium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-horstium&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hohnhorst''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hionhoste'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hohnstorpium (Albis)|Hohnstorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hohnstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Haunstörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Holdorfium (Saxonia Inferior)|Holdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Holdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hollrup'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Holdunesteti]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hollenstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hullnst'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Holenberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Holenberg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Holla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Holle'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hollnsethum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-ethum&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-eth'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-ethum-i&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Bechtsriethum]], [[Maitenbethum]] ac [[Wiesethum]] apud Vicipaediae Latinae articulum de [[Index communium Bavariae|indice communium Bavariae]]; et [[Gransebiethum]] apud Vicipaediae Latinae articulum de [[Index Communium Megapolis et Pomeraniae Citerioris|indice communium Megapolis et Pomeraniae Citerioris]].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hollnseth'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Holsta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Holste'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Holtgaste]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Friedländer 1878&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Holtgast'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Holtisminni]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Holzminden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Holtsminne'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Holtlandia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-landia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-land'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-landia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amelandia]], [[Bevelandia Australis]], [[Bevelandia Septentrionalis]], [[Bolandia]], [[Iutlandia]], [[Curlandia]], [[Estlandia]], [[Finlandia]], [[Flevolandia]], [[Friedlandia]], [[Islandia]], [[Gothlandia]], [[Hollandia]], [[Ingermanlandia]], [[Isalandia]] [[Lalandia]], [[Langelandia]], [[Oehtlandia]] [[Olandia]], [[Sallandia]], [[Samlandia]] [[Zelandia]], [[Selandia]] [[Fotlandia]], [[Wermelandia]] [[Withlandia]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Holtland'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Holza]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Holzen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Honengesbuthele]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Honengesbuthele&quot;&gt;Vide [https://blog.slub-dresden.de/fileadmin/groups/slubsite/Blog/2015-KristinCasimir-VortragDresden.pdf?utm ''Ortsnamen zwischen Rhein und Elbe - Onomastik im europäischen Raum''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Honengesbvthele'' statt ''Honekesbutle'' (Casemir, -büttel S. 147) (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hankensbüttel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hoogsteda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hoogstede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hoogstee'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Horda ad Harthicos Montes]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hörden am Harz'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Horneburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Horneburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hornborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Horstadium (Saxonia Inferior)|Horstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Horstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Horß'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hoya]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hoya''; quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Hoya/Weser''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''de Haaien'' seu ''Hejen'' seu ''Hajen'' seu ''Heien'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hretha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hretha&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.heimatverein-rhede-ems.de/tag/ortsnamen/?utm ''Heimatverein Rhede (Ems)''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Im Jahre 829 erscheint der einstämmige Orsname als Villa (Dorf) Hretha (mit latinisierter Endung a) (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Rhede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Rheen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Huda (Circulus terrae Astanholteremarki)|Huda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Huda&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/ritterhude/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) 'Huda'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus terrae Astanholteremarki|Circulo terrae Astanholteremarkis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Ostersholz&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus terrae Astanholteremarki&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Ostersholz'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Astanholteremarki]]&quot;, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ritterhude''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hu’e'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Huda (Circulus terrae Diepholtia)|Huda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus terrae Diepholtia|Circulo terrae Diepholtia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Diepholz&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus terrae Diepholtia&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Diepholz'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Diepholtia]]&quot;, vide {{Hofmannus}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hüde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hüde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hudha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hude'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hulseda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hülsede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hülse'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Husum (prope Novam Urbem)|Husum]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Husum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Husen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hutta Georgii et Mariae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;hutta-ae&quot;&gt;Toponyma cum suffixis ''-hütte'' aut ''-hutta'' plerumque latinizari solent Latino vocabulo &quot;Hutta-ae&quot;, quamquam huius vocabuli variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Hutta vitriaria Bohemica]] apud [https://schwaben.hu/ortschaften/bohmischhutten?utm Schwaben.hu. (s. d.). ''Böhmischhütten / Csehbánya – Ortsgeschichte'']; [[Hutta Germanica]] apud [https://huta.ewk.hu/nemetbanya-1757-1781/?utm ''Németbánya. (s. s.). Németbánya története'']; [[Hutta Vitriaria]] apud https://slavistika.sk/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/2015_1.pdf?utm [Majtán, M. (1998). ''Názvy obcí Slovenskej republiky: Vývin v rokoch 1773–1997''. Bratislaviae: Veda]; Hutta apud [https://real.mtak.hu/140291/1/K%C3%A1rp%C3%A1talja%20helys%C3%A9gnevei.pdf?utm ''Kárpátalja helységnevei.'']; [[Hutta Polonica]] apud Štefánik, M. (2022). ''Italia ed Europa centro-orientale tra Medioevo ed età moderna: Economia, società, cultura''. Heidelberg University Publishing; [[Hutta (Eiflia)|Hutta Eifliae]] apud Beyer, H. (1860). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der, jetzt die Preussischen Regierungsbezirke Coblenz und Trier bildenden mittelrheinischen Territorien'' (Vol. 1). J. Hölscher, et Beyer, H. (1860). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der mittelrheinischen Territorien: Erster Band. Von den ältesten Zeiten bis zum Jahre 1169''. [[Confluentes (Germania)|Confluentibus]]: J. Hölscher.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Georgius&quot;&gt;[https://la.wiktionary.org/wiki/Georgius?utm Theodiscum praefixum ''Georg-'' Latino anthroponymo casu genetivo &quot;Georfii&quot; vertitur].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Maria&quot;&gt;[https://la.wiktionary.org/wiki/Maria?utm Theodiscum interfixum ''-marien-'' Latino anthroponymo casu genetivo &quot;Mariae&quot; vertitur].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Georgsmarienhütte'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Huvenni]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Huvenni&quot;&gt;Vide [https://dokumen.pub/suffixbildungen-in-alten-ortsnamen-akten-eines-internationalen-symposiums-in-uppsala-14-16-mai-2004-9185352578.html?utm ''Suffixbildungen in alten Ortsnamen: Akten eines internationalen Symposiums in Uppsala 14.-16. Mai 2004 9185352578''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Hüven (Kr. Emsland), 10. Jh. (Kopie 15. Jh.) in Huvenni (Möller 1998 S. 101, Udolph 2002a S. 238) (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hüven'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== I ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Iatha (Saxonia Inferior)|Iatha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Iatha&quot;&gt;Commune nomen e flumine cepit. Quo de flumine, vide [https://www.lateinlexikon.com/lexicon_latinum_hodiernum_parsgeographica.pdf?utm ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'' Petri Lucusaltiani]{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Jade'', f ''Iatha, ae'', f [WPD: Jade (Fluss) (24.11.2019); a.1314: Jatha]  (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Jade''; [[Saxonice]] ''Jaad'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Iburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Von Schaten 1714&quot;&gt;Von Schaten, N. (1714). ''Monumenta Osnabrugensia ex historia romana, francica, saxonicaque eruta''. Typis Jodoci Henrici Meyer.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Iburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Ibig'' seu ''Ibig'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ielmstorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Jelmstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Jelmstörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Iembka]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Jembke'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Iemela]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Iemela&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu, latinizans suffixum primae communis Theodisce ''Jameln'' dicti mentioni, quae ''Jemelen'' est, applicatur; qua de mentione, vide [https://rcin.org.pl/ihpan/Content/30940/PDF/WA303_9438_A165-8-r1929_Slavia-Occ.pdf?utm ''Slavia Occidentalis, Tomus VIII''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Jameln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ierichsum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Jerxheim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Jerksen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Iesteburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Jesteburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Jesborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ihlienverda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-verda-ae&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-worth'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-verda-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-worth''' : -''verda'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ihlienworth''; [[Saxonice]] ''Helmworth'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Indago Comitis Hoyae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Indago Comitis Hoyae&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/hoyerhagen/?utm ''kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''indago comitis Hoye'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hoyerhagen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Heierhagen'' seu ''Heyerhagen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Insula Iuistensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Iuistensis&quot;&gt;De Latino gentilicio, cf. [[binomen|epithetum binominale]] [https://turbellaria.umaine.edu/turbellaria/turb3.php?action=6&amp;code=598&amp;valid=618&amp;utm  &quot;juistensis&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Juist'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Insula Longa (Saxonia Inferior)|Insula Longa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Insula Longa&quot;&gt;Vocabulum ''Langeoog'', a vocibus [[Lingua Frisica|Frisicis Orientalibus]] ''lange-'' ([[Theodisce]] ''lang'') et ''-oog'' (Theodisce ''Insel'') compositum, [[Latine]] &quot;Insula Longa&quot; reddi potest: Buurman, in ''Hochdeutsch-Plattdeutsches Wörterbuch, s. v. oog, ostfrisicum -oog «Insel» significare tradit atque exempla Langeoog, Spiekeroog, Wangeroog affert; item Glossarium der Flurnamensammlung Ostfriesland'', s. v. ''Oog'', vocabulum Frisicum Orientale ''ôg, oge'' Theodisco ''Insel'' interpretatur. [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/lang?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum autem adiectivum ''lang'' Latine &quot;longus, -a, -um&quot;] redditur; [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/insula?wb=gross&amp;nr=2 nomen vero Theodiscum ''Insel'' Latine &quot;insula, -ae&quot; f.] dicitur. Quam ob rem compositum &quot;Insula Longa&quot; sensum toponymi fideliter reddit.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Langeoog''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Langeooch''; [[Saxonice]] ''Langoog'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Isernhaga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-haga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-hag(e)(n)'' seu ''-ha(a)g'' seu ''-hague'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-haga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Haga (Franconia Superior)|Haga Franconiae Superioris]], [[Haga ad Ambram]], [[Haga (in Bavaria superiore)|Haga in Bavaria Superiore]] apud [[Index communium Bavariae|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Bavariae]]; [[Falkenhaga (Marchia)|Falkenhaga Marchiana]] apud [[Index communium Brandenburgi|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Brandenburgi]]; [[Haga Schauenburgi]], [[Haga Promontorium]], [[Haga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Isernhagen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Isernhogen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Isterberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Isterberg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Isterbarg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Itterbecca]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-ecca&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ec(k)'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-ecca-ae&quot; seu &quot;-eca-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-ec, -eck''' : -''ecca'', -''ēca'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Itterbeck'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Iuniun]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Iuniun&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B74-6/NOB%20IV%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20G%C3%B6ttingen.pdf?utm ''NOB IV Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Göttingen'']{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) 960 Iuniun (MGH DO I. Nr. 206 S. 285) (...) 1251 (A. 14. Jh.) Johan de June (UB Göttingen I Nr. 4 S. 5) 1266 ''Godefridus de Iunen [...] sacerdos'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Jühnde'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== K ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Kakenstorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Kakenstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kakenstörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Karwicium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-icium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-itsch'' aut ''-itz'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-icium-i&quot; aut &quot;-itium-i&quot; aut &quot;-icia-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-itsch, -itz''' : ''-icium, -itium, -icia'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Karwitz'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Katlenburgum-Lindavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-avia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-au'' seu ''-aw'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-avia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Iereslavia]], [[Iunonwladislavia]], [[Labiavia]], [[Landavia]], [[Lindavia]], [[Liptavia]], [[Lobavia]], [[Lochavia]], [[Lublavia]], [[Luccavia]], [[Mitavia]], [[Multavia]], [[Namslavia]], [[Neoboleslavia]], [[Olavia]], [[Oppavia]], [[Pegavia]], [[Pillavia]], [[Premislavia]], inter alia, apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Katlenburg-Lindau''; [[Saxonice]] ''Katelnborg-Lindau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Kettencampus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;campus-i&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Kettenkamp''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ketenkamp '')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Kirchdorfium (Saxonia Inferior)|Kirchdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Kirchdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Karkdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Kirchgellersa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Kirchgellersen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Karkgellsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Kirchseelta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Kirchseelte''; [[Saxonice]] ''Seelte'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Kirchtimka]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Kirchtimke''; [[Saxonice]] ''Karktimk'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Kirchwalseda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Kirchwalsede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Karkwals'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Kissenbruga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Kissenbrück''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kissenbrügge'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Kneitlinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;&gt;De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum &quot;Klein&quot; et &quot;Gross&quot; per Latina &quot;Minor-us&quot; et &quot;Maior-ius&quot;, vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Kneitlingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kneitling'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Kneta Maior]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;&gt;De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum &quot;Klein&quot; et &quot;Gross&quot; per Latina &quot;Minor-us&quot; et &quot;Maior-ius&quot;, vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Großenkneten''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grotekneten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Krebecca]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-ecca&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Krebeck'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Krummendicum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dicum&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-di(e)k(e)'' aut ''-deich(e)'' aut ''-dijk'' aut ''-dyk(e)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dicum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Isendicum]] apud {{Graesse}}; aut [[Mardicum]] apud ''Dictionnaire universel françois et latin, vulgairement appelé Dictionnaire de Trévoux''.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Krummendeich''; [[Saxonice]] ''Krummendiek'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Kusta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Küsten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Kutenholtia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-holtia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-holz'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-holtia-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) -holz : -''holtia'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Kutenholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kutenhult'' seu ''Kutenholt'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== L ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Laatza]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Laatzen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lachendorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lachendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lachendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lacstidi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lacstidi&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.mundart-kommission.lwl.org/media/filer_public/ef/48/ef48ff64-c0e3-4be5-906f-7d8f27fdba18/ndw_39__scheuermann_der_often.pdf?utm ''Mundart Kommission''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''in locis quorum hec sunt nomina, Lacstidi, Romlo, Dudanebutli'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Loxstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lox'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ladorpe]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Abels 1929&quot;&gt;Abels, H. (1929). ''Die Ortsnamen des Emslandes, in ihrer sprachlichen und kulturgeschichtlichen Bedeutung''. [[Paderbronna]]e: Ferdinand Schöningh.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lorup''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loorp''; [[Saxonice]] ''Loorpe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Laerium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Stüve 1789&quot;&gt;Stüve, J. E. (1789). ''Beschreibung des Fürstenthums Osnabrück mit einigen Urkunden''. Kißling.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Laer'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Laga (Saxonia Inferior)|Laga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lage''; [[Saxonice]] ''Loage'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lahda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lähden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Löhn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lahna (Saxonia Inferior)|Lahna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lahna&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Lahn'' forma &quot;Lahna&quot; latinizari solet. Cf. [[Limburgum ad Lahnam]] et [[Laugana|Lahnam]] apud [http://www.archive.org/stream/a568395900unknuoft/a568395900unknuoft_djvu.txt ''Further correspondence respecting the relations existing between foreign governments and the court of Rome: in continuation of papers presented to the Parliament,'' March 27, 1851].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lahn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lohn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lamespringa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamespringa&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/20vs/201_MGH/1925-1933%2C_MGH%2C_5_Antiquitates._01_Poetae_04_1._Poetae_Latini_Aevi_Carolini%2C_LT.pdf?utm ''Poetae Latini Aevi Carolini''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Agius autem Lamespringae monachus fuisse videatur'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lamspringe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lamestede]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamestede&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/lamstedt/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''parochia Lamestede'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lamstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Loomst'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Landesberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Landesbergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Landsebargen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Landolfshusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Landolfshausen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langa (Circulus Terrae Emesensis)|Langa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Langen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langa Inferior]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Nieder&quot;&gt;Theodiscum praefixum ''Nieder-'' Latino adiectivo &quot;inferior-ius&quot; vertitur. V.gr., cf. [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniam Inferiorem]].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Niederlangen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nederlangen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langa Superior]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ober&quot;&gt;Theodiscum praefixum ''Ober-'' Latino adiectivo &quot;superior-ius&quot; vertitur. V.gr. Cf. [[Austria Superior|Austriam Superiorem]].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Oberlangen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langelege]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Langelege&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/langlingen/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''ecclesia Langelege'' (Kirche Langlingen), (...) Bauern in Langlingen (''cives in Langelege'') (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Langlingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Langeln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langelshemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Chemnitz 1717&quot;&gt;Chemnitz, B. P., (1717). ''Belli Sueco-Germanici Volumen Primum: In quo ostenditur, quibus de caussis Gustavus Adolphus, Suecorum Rex, in Germaniam transiverit''. Sumptibus Ioh. Caspari Meyeri.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Langelsheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langwedel (Saxonia Inferior)|Langwedel]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Langwedel&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/ZIER-HP/ZIER-HP-06-2016/AAAKoeblerGerhardLaurinderdeutschenOrtsgeschichte20161207-1612.htm?utm ''www.koeblergerhard.de''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Langwedel''', 13. Jh., bei Verden, Donb351, (Flecken in dem Landkreis Verden,) rund15000 Einwohner, (apud bzw. ad castrum) Langwedel (1220)  (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Langwedel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lare]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lare&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/3014/NOB%20XV%20Grafschaft%20Bentheim.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm ''NOB XV Grafschaft Bentheim'']{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''LAAR''' (Gem. Laar, Samtgem. Emlichheim) 1232 (A. 14. Jh.) ''totum Lare cum ecclesia'' (Gesta Episc. Traiect. S. 424 Z. 51) 1312 (Transs. 1332; A.) ''sex domos [...] de Lare'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Laar''; [[Saxonice]] ''Loar'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lasdorpe]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lasdorpe&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.lastrup.de/portal/seiten/geschichte-900000009-31120.html?utm ''Lastrup''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) „Curia Lasdorpe“ (Haupthof Lastrup) (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lastrup''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Laastrup'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lauenbruga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-bruga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-brück(e)'' aut ''-brügge'' aut ''-brugg(e)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-bruga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Steinbruga]], [[Kissenbruga]], [[Bruga]], [[Bruga ad Ederum]], [[Osnabruga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lauenbrück''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lauenbrüch'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lauenforda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lauenförde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lauenhaga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-haga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-hag(e)(n)'' seu ''-ha(a)g'' seu ''-hague'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-haga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Haga (Franconia Superior)|Haga Franconiae Superioris]], [[Haga ad Ambram]], [[Haga (in Bavaria superiore)|Haga in Bavaria Superiore]] apud [[Index communium Bavariae|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Bavariae]]; [[Falkenhaga (Marchia)|Falkenhaga Marchiana]] apud [[Index communium Brandenburgi|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Brandenburgi]]; [[Haga Schauenburgi]], [[Haga Promontorium]], [[Haga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lauenhagen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Loamharen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Leezdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Leezdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Leezdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Leha (Terrae Emesensis)|Leha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lehe''; [[Saxonice]] ''Läie'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lehrta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lehrte'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Leiferda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Leiferde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lembruchium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-bruchium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-bruch'' seu ''-broich'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-bruchium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Horbruchium]] ac [[Mosbruchium]] apud articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de [[Index urbium et communium Rhenaniae et Palatinatus|indice urbium et communium Rhenaniae et Palatinatus]]; [[Legebruchium]] apud articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de [[Index communium Brandenburgi|indice communium Brandenburgi]]; [[Grevenbruchium]] apud articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de [[Index communium Rhenaniae Septentrionalis et Vestfaliae|indice communium Rhenaniae Septentrionalis et Vestfaliae]].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lembruch''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lembrouk'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lemgovia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmannus&quot;&gt;{{Hofmannus}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-ovia&quot;&gt;[[Linguae Germanicae|Germanica]] ac [[linguae Slavicae|Slavica]] toponyma cum suffixo ''-ov'' seu ''-öv'' seu ''ow'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-ovia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Asovia]], [[Brewnovia]], [[Czernichovia]], [[Glasgovia]], [[Golnovia]], [[Grabovia]], [[Kharkovia]], [[Laszovia]], [[Ostrovia]], [[Pscovia]], [[Racovia]], [[Sucovia]], [[Tarnovia]], [[Wengrovia]], [[Witkowa]], [[Wittovia]], [[Crovia]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lemgow'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lemwerdera]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rüthning 1926&quot;&gt;Rüthning, G. (Ed.) (1926). ''Oldenburger Urkundenbuch''. Gerhard Stalling.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-ovia&quot;&gt;[[Linguae Germanicae|Germanica]] ac [[linguae Slavicae|Slavica]] toponyma cum suffixo ''-ov'' seu ''-öv'' seu ''ow'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-ovia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Asovia]], [[Brewnovia]], [[Czernichovia]], [[Glasgovia]], [[Golnovia]], [[Grabovia]], [[Kharkovia]], [[Laszovia]], [[Ostrovia]], [[Pscovia]], [[Racovia]], [[Sucovia]], [[Tarnovia]], [[Wengrovia]], [[Witkowa]], [[Wittovia]], [[Crovia]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lemwerder'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lengethe]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NOB VIII&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/2261/NOB%20VIII_Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Peine.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm ''NOB VIII_Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Peine'']{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''in Lengethe'' (UB H.Hild. I Nr. 275 S. 259) 1213 ''in Lengede'' (UB H.Hild. I Nr. 660 S. 631) um 1232 ''in Lengethe archidiaconus'' (UB Goslar I Nr. 518 S. 499) 1235 ''in Lengete'' (Orig. Guelf. IV Nr. 50 S. 144) 1256 ''in archidiaconatibus de Barem et Lengede'' (UB H.Hild. II Nr. 992 S. 497) 1311 Lenghedhe apud Vusenam (UB H.Hild. IV Nr. 85 S. 45) 1316 ''in Lengede'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lengede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lenge'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lengenbostel]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lengenbostel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lengenbossel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lengirichi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lengirichi&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/Fontes/AltdeutschesNamenbuch-Bd2OrtsnamenLbisZ-3A-1913.pdf?utm ''AltdeutschesNamenbuch''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) 2) Lengerich an der Wallage, Kr. Lingen (...) Lengirichi Osnabr. Ukb. ca. a. 1000. (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lengerich''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lengerke'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Leonis Forda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Leonis Forda&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.komoot.com/es-es/highlight/2261371 ''Iglesia Martín Lutero de Lemförde''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) La comunidad fue mencionada por primera vez en un documento en 1248. En épocas anteriores, el lugar se llamaba Löwenförde, Leonis forda (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lemförde''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Lemfouer'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Leonovia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Leonovia&quot;&gt;Vide [https://sempub.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/propylaeum_vitae/de/wisski/navigate/93514/view?utm ''Propylaeum Vitae''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Leonovia-Brunsvigius (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lauenau''; [[Saxonice]] ''Laena'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Leopolis (Saxonia Inferior)|Leopolis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ebel 1960&quot;&gt;Ebel, W. (1960). ''Lübisches Recht: Erster Band''. Hansischer Geschichtsverein.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bleckede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bleikd'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Leri]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt;  &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Leer''; [[lingua Saxonica|Eofrisosaxonice]] ''Läär''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lier'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lerin]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NOB VII&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B76-2/NOB%20VII%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Helmstedt%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Wolfsburg.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm ''NOB VII Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg'']{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''in loco Lerin provincie Saxo[n]um iuxta flumen Ouácra'' (...) ''Lerim'' (...)''in Lere'' (mGH Urk. Hdl nr. 50 s. 71) 1196-1197 ''Lere'' (schneidmüller, Kollegiatstifte s. 311) 1234 ''in Lere'' (...) ''plebano in Lere'' (UB Braunschweig iii nr. 440 s. 325) 1344 ''in villa Leere'' (Flentje / Henrichvark, lehnbücher nr. 142 s. 69) 1380 ''Lere'' (UB Braunschweig Vii nr. 351 s. 324) 1419 ''actum in Lere'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lehre'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lethi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lethi&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/lathen/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Urkundlich ist der Ort im Emsland erstmals als ''Lethi'' im Urbar der Abtei Werden erwähnt; der Eintrag lässt sich auf das 10. Jh. datieren (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lathen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Laothen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Liebenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Liebenburg''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Liebenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Liliarum Vallis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lilienthal''; [[Saxonice]] ''Leendaal'' seu ''Lelendaal'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lindduri]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lindern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lindhorstium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-horstium&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lindhorst''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lindhoste'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lindwedel]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lindwedel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Linneweh'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Linga (Amisia)|Linga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Linsburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Linsburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Linsborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lintlo]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lintlo&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/kirchlinteln/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Urkundlich ist das Dorf erstmals 1123 als ''Lintlo'' belegt (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Kirchlinteln''; [[Saxonice]] ''Karklinteln'' seu ''Kerklinteln'' seu ''Kerklinneln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Liubeme]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lübbow&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/luebbow/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Schriftlich ist das zweizeilige Reihendorf erstmals in einer kaiserlichen Urkunde aus dem Jahr 956 erwähnt: Ks. Otto I. († 973) schenkte dem Kloster Quedlinburg sechs Dörfer, darunter ''Liubeme'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lübbow'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Locus Occidentalis (Saxonia Inferior)|Locus Occidentalis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cellarius 1703&quot;&gt;Cellarius, C. (1703). ''Geographia Antiqua iuxta et Nova''. Ienae: Bielckius.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Westerstede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Westerstäe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lon]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lon&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B74-6/NOB%20IV%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20G%C3%B6ttingen.pdf?utm ''Das Güterverzeichniss Graf Heinrichs von Dale (1188)'']{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''parrochia Lon prope Vechtam'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lohne''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lohn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Longa Indago]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Longa Indago&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_bij005190401_01/_bij005190401_01_0009.php?utm ''www.dbnl.org''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''parrochianus de Longa Indagine'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Langenhagen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Langenhogen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Longa Villa (Saxonia Inferior)|Longa Villa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Longa Villa&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Langendorf'' Latino toponymo &quot;Longa Villa&quot; verti solet. Qua de correspondentia, vide [https://dbc.wroc.pl/Content/15237/PDF/17250.pdf?utm ''Das Waldhufendorf in Schlesien'', Gualterii Bernardi], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Langedorf ca. 1305 L.F.B.208 Longa villa (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Langendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Langendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Loninga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Löningen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lubberstedi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lubberstedi&quot;&gt;Vide [https://lübberstedt.de/ueber-unser-dorf/?utm ''Lübberstedt''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Der ursprüngliche Name „lubberstedi“ ist zusammengesetzt aus „stedi“ (Ort, Platz, Stelle), womit eine Ansiedlung bezeichnet wird, und „lubber“, dem Namen des (ursprünglichen) Familienoberhauptes des Einzelhofes bzw. der kleinen Gemeinschaftssiedlung, bedeutet also: „Lubbers-Stätte“. (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lübberstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lübbs'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Luccavia (Saxonia Inferior)|Luccavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Luccavia&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Luckau'' forma &quot;Luccavia&quot; latinizari solet. Cf. [[Luccavia]]m apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Luckau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Luchovia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Luchovia&quot;&gt;Vide [https://ia801403.us.archive.org/28/items/antiquitatessele00keys/antiquitatessele00keys.pdf ''Antiquitates selectae septentrionales et Celticae''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) De Venedicis aut Germanicis prope Luchoviam effossis Epistola ''Georgii Frid, Mithofii'' data Luchovia d. 17. Maji 1691 (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lüchow''; [[Polabice]] ''Ljauchüw'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ludersburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lüdersburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lüsborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ludersfelda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-felda&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-feld(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-felda-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Falufelda]], [[Frauenfelda]], [[Heresfelda]], [[Hirutfelda]], [[Ilfelda]], [[Mansfelda]], [[Salfelda]], [[Sualafelda]], [[Alfelda]], [[Alsfelda]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lüdersfeld''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lüschenfeile'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Luerdissa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lüerdissen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Luhda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Luhden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Liuen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Luneburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lüneburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lümborg'' seu ''Lünborg''; [[Lingua Saxonica antiqua|Palaeosaxonice]] ''Hliuni'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lunne]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lunne&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/haseluenne/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''civibus opidi nostri in Lunne'' (...)&quot;. Latinum autem gentilicium &quot;Haselunnensis-e&quot; est. Quo de gentilicio, vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Haselünne''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Lünne'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lunni (commune generali Spella)|Lunni]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lunni&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/Fontes/AltdeutschesNamenbuch-Bd2OrtsnamenLbisZ-3A-1913.pdf?utm ''Altdeutsches Namenbuch'']; ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Lunni.''' 9. 1) Altlünne bei Plantlünne (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lünne'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lutetsburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lütetsburg''; [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Saxonica|Eofrisosaxonice]] ''Lütsbörg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Luttera Regalis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Königslutter am Elm'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lyese]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lyese&quot;&gt;Vide [https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9783835341944_A39332036/preview-9783835341944_A39332036.pdf?utm ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Loccum''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) in marchia Lyese proprietatis iure (...) in campis de Lyese trans Werram (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Leese'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== M ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Maasa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Maasen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Magna Palus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Magna Palus&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/magnus?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum praefixum ''Große-'' Latino adiectivo &quot;magnus-a-um&quot;] et [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/germanistischewoerterbuecher/altsaechsischeswoerterbuch/asF.pdf Theodiscum suffixum ''-fehn'' Latino nomine &quot;palus paludis&quot; (f.)] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Großefehn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grootfehn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Maius Vrelstede]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Maius Vrelstede&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B76-2/NOB%20VII%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Helmstedt%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Wolfsburg.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der stadt WoLfsburg''] {{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) 1318 ''in Maiori Vrelstede'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Frellstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Frillstidde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Markloha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-loha&quot;&gt;Germanica praesentia aut antiqua toponyma cum suffixis ''-loh(e)'' et ''-lo'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-loha-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ascloha]], [[Buohloha]], [[Eiloha]], [[Hadaloha]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Marklohe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Marlare (Saxonia Inferior)|Marlare]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Marlare&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Marl'' forma &quot;Marlare&quot; latinizari solet. Cf. [[Marlare|Marlare Rhenaniae Septentrionalis et Vestfaliae]] apud [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Marl'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Marsunnon]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Marsunnon&quot;&gt;Vide [https://historischer-rueckklick-bielefeld.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/07svhvr-texte_ocr.pdf?utm ''Die Ortsnamen des Osnabrücker Raumes''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Merzen (Marsunnon)'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Merzen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Marxa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Marxen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Masingi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Messingen&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/2258/WOB%2011%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Kreises%20Paderborn.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm ''WOB 11 Die Ortsnamen des Kreises Paderborn''] {{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''silva Masingorum'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Messingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mechtersa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Mechtersen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Mechtsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Meckelsa Maior]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;&gt;De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum &quot;Klein&quot; et &quot;Gross&quot; per Latina &quot;Minor-us&quot; et &quot;Maior-ius&quot;, vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Meckelsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groot Meckels'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Meckelsa Minor]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Klein Meckelsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lütt Meckels'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Media Lu]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Media Lu&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/mittelnkirchen/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon'']. ubi &quot;(...) Mittelnkirchen ist nach 1305 und 1322 als ''medie Lu'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Mittelnkirchen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Mittelskark'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Meinersa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Meinersen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Maanze'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Melbike]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Melbeck&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.samtgemeinde-ilmenau.de/PortalData/10/Resources/historie/dokumente/Orts-_und_Gewaessernamen_im_Landkreis_Lueneburg.pdf?utm ''Orts- und Gewässernamen im Landkreis Lueneburg'']. ubi &quot;(...) Melbeck 1296 in Melbeke. 1300 in villa Melbike. 1303 in villa Melbeke (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Melbeck'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mella]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mella&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.lemgo.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Dokumente/Stadtarchiv/Bib_974.pdf?utm ''Album studiosorum Academiae'']. ubi &quot;(...) Henrich Carl Kahmann Mella-Osnabrugensis (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Melle'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mellinghusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Mellinghausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Mellgenhusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Menslaga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Menslage''; [[Saxonice]] ''Menslaoge'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Meppea]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Meppen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Möppen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Merdvelde]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Merdvelde&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/martfeld/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) 1318 ''Curtem in Merdvelde'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Martfeld''; [[Saxonice]] ''Mattfeld'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Meribiki]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meribiki&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/wikiling/index.php?f=lemmaFull&amp;langType=reviews&amp;lemmaID=3296&amp;utm ''www.koeblergerhard.de''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Meerbeck''' (...) Meribiki MGd. 3 (1013) (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Meerbeck''; [[Saxonice]] ''Mierbke'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Messencampus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;campus-i&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Messenkamp''; [[Saxonice]] ''Messenkampe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Meynum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Meine'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mittelstenaha]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Mittelstenahe''; [[Saxonice]] ''Mittelsnohn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Moisburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Moisburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Mesborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Molberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Molberga&quot;&gt;Vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camena/loescher2/loescherthreni.html ''THRENI, SEU LAMENTATIOnes Ieremiae Prophetae...''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) 1318 ''Molberga vocatur'' (...) ''Sensit et externas Molberga innoxia vires'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Molbergen''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Molbiergen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mons Catonis (Saxonia Inferior)|Mons Catonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Cadenberge''; [[Saxonice]] ''Cuddeldutt'' seu ''Kumbarg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Monstere]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Monstere&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/munster-st-urbani/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''decima in Monstere'' (...)&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Munster''; [[Saxonice]] ''Munste'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Moormerlandia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-landia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-land'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-landia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amelandia]], [[Bevelandia Australis]], [[Bevelandia Septentrionalis]], [[Bolandia]], [[Iutlandia]], [[Curlandia]], [[Estlandia]], [[Finlandia]], [[Flevolandia]], [[Friedlandia]], [[Islandia]], [[Gothlandia]], [[Hollandia]], [[Ingermanlandia]], [[Isalandia]] [[Lalandia]], [[Langelandia]], [[Oehtlandia]] [[Olandia]], [[Sallandia]], [[Samlandia]] [[Zelandia]], [[Selandia]] [[Fotlandia]], [[Wermelandia]] [[Withlandia]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Moormerland''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Moormerlound'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Moranga Curtis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Moringen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mundia Hannoverana]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mundia Hannoverana&quot;&gt;Vide [https://spatial.demo.geocode.earth/explore/place/wof/101810167?utm ''Geocode Earth''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) LAT preferred '''Mundia Hannoverana''' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hann. Münden'' seu ''Hannoversch Münden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hannöversch Münnen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Munimeri]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Dronke 1844&quot;&gt;Dronke, E. F. J. (Ed.) (1844). ''Traditiones et Antiquitates Fuldenses: Chartae et registra historica saeculi IX''. Fuldense: Typis Müllerianis.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Münder am Deister''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Münner'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mutha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mutha&quot;&gt;Vide [https://niedersaechsischer-heimatbund.de/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/1022-Die-echte-und-die-gef%C3%A4lschten-Urkunden-f%C3%BCr-das-Kloster-St.-MIchaelis-in-Hildesheim_compressed.pdf?utm ''Niedersächsischer Heimatbund''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) III. ''Mutha'' Güter (Urk. II S. 307); ''Mutha'' Güter (Urk. III S. 66) (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Müden'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== N ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Nahrendorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Nahrendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Norndörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nenndorfium (circulus Widmundensis)|Nenndorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Nenndorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nenndörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Netesse]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Netesse&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/item/WG33LCQUIIHK3OA7DR6IKIOFHW6FXKYJ?utm ''12 Lüneburger Ratsmannen bekunden, dass der Magister Bernard de Netesse (Neetze) ½ Rump Salz...''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Magister Bernard de Netesse (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Neetze''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neetz'' seu ''Näätz'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenhusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Neuenhaus''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neenhuus'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neyenkerken]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Neyenkerken&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/neuenkirchen-lueneburger-heide/ ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''bona, que Vriban vulgariter nuncupantur, in Neyenkerken et Hellewede'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Ericetum Luneburgense|Ericeto Luneburgensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ericetum&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lüneburger&quot;&gt;Theodiscum gentilicium ''Lüneburger'' Latino &quot;Luneburgensis-e&quot; vertitur, quod ad [[Luneburgum]] refertur. Quo de toponymo, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lüneburger Heide&quot;&gt;Theodisce ''Lüneburger Heide''.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Neuenkirchen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neenkerken'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Niedernwohra]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Niedernwöhren''; [[Saxonice]] ''Niernweuern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nienstide]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nienstide&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/ZIER-HP/ZIER-HP-07-2017/AAAKoeblerGerhardSamtgemeindeinderdeutschenOrtsgeschichte20170710%20-%20111.htm?utm ''www.koeblergerhard.de''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...)  (Samtgemeinde in dem Landkreis Schaumburg,) rund 11000 Einwohner, Nienstide (1153-1170) (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Nienstädt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nienstie'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nighunburni]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Negenborn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Niägenborn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Norda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Norden''; [[Saxonice]] et [[Saxonice|Eofrisicosaxonice]] ''Nörden'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nordcele]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nordcele&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/wikiling/index.php?f=lemmaFull&amp;langType=reviews&amp;lemmaID=2774&amp;utm ''www.koeblergerhard.de''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Nordsehl''', 13. Jh., Gemeinde in Schaumburg, s. GOV Schaumburg 384, (in) Nordcele Cal (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Nordsehl''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nordsiele'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nordenhamia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-ham&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-ham'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-hamia-ae&quot; aut &quot;hamium-i&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-ham''' : -''hamia,'' -''hamium'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Nordenham'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Norderneia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus N-Z&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Norderney''; [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Saxonica|Eofrisosaxonice]] ''Nördernee'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nordtmor]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nordtmor&quot;&gt;Hoc Latinum toponymum regressive derivatur Latino e gentilicio &quot;Nordtmorensis-e&quot;. Quo de gentilicio, vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20261011064228/https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/nortmoor/ ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Nordtmorensis: Hermannus Gueneranus'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Nortmoor'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Norhtunon-Hardenberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nörten&quot;&gt;Vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20261006193144/https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/noerten/ ''Kirchengemeindelexikon'']. ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Norhtunon'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Nörten-Hardenberg''; [[Saxonice]] et [[Saxonice|Ostfalice]] ''Nörten-Harenbarg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Northarpa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-tharpa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-trup'' seu ''-drup'' seu ''-trop'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-tharpa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Butilingtharpa]], [[Graftharpa]], [[Gumorodingtharpa]], [[Haringtharpa]], [[Heppingtharpa]], [[Holttharpa]], [[Hurstharpa]], [[Kathingtharpa]], [[Kiedeningtharpa]], [[Marastharpa]], [[Markiligtharpa]], [[Meinbrahtingtharpa]], [[Peingtharpa]], [[Radistharpa]], [[Sutharpa]], [[Tettingtharpa]], [[Vilomaringtharpa]], [[Winikingtharpa]], [[Varetharpa]], [[Vrilingtharpa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Nortrup''; [[Saxonice]] ''Norpen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Northemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nothemium&quot;&gt;Vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenahist/wassenberg1/Wassenberg_florus.html ''FLORUS GERMANICUS''] , ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Et VVolferbytum, Northemium, Steinbruggam, Nienburgum (...) Primo vere Tillius tribunos suos Northemium misit (...) Caesaeriani Northemium expugnant (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Northeim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nuurten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Northorna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;&gt;Egli, J. J. (1893). ''Nomina Geographica: Sprach- und Sacherklärung von 42000 Geographischen Namen aller Erdräume''. [[Lipsia]]e: Friedrich Brandstetter.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Nordhorn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nothoorn'' seu ''Notthoarn'' seu ''Netthoarn'' seu ''Noordhoorn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nortleda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nortleda&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/nordleda/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''] , ubi dicitur &quot;(...) urkundlich erstmals 1312 als ''Nortleda'' belegt (...) ''Marquardus de Nortleda'' (...) ''Thidericus rector ecclesie in Nortleda'' (...) ''rector parochialis ecclesia in Nortleda'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Nordleda''; [[Saxonice]] ''De Lee'' seu ''Lee'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Notendorpe]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Notendorpe&quot;&gt;Vide [https://mgh.de/storage/app/media/v-ed/Urkunden_Heinrich_VI_deut_franzoes_italien_Empfaenger_DD_Vorabedition_Pferschy-Maleczek_2020-02-16.pdf?utm ''Die Urkunden Heinrichs VI: Vorabedition''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''confirmamus ducentos mansos in Notendorpe'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Natendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Natendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nottensdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Nottensdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nottensdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nova Civitas (Saxonia Inferior)|Nova Civitas]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus N-Z&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Neustadt am Rübenberge'' seu ''Neustadt a. Rbge.''; [[Saxonice]] ''Niestadt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nova Darchavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Neu&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-avia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-au'' seu ''-aw'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-avia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Iereslavia]], [[Iunonwladislavia]], [[Labiavia]], [[Landavia]], [[Lindavia]], [[Liptavia]], [[Lobavia]], [[Lochavia]], [[Lublavia]], [[Luccavia]], [[Mitavia]], [[Multavia]], [[Namslavia]], [[Neoboleslavia]], [[Olavia]], [[Oppavia]], [[Pegavia]], [[Pillavia]], [[Premislavia]], inter alia, apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Neu Darchau''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nee Darchau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nova Domus (Saxonia Inferior)|Nova Domus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nova Domus&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Neuhaus'' Latino &quot;Nova Domum&quot; verti solet. Cf. Novas Domus apud {{Graesse}} aut [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&amp;cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&amp;lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Neuhaus''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neehuus'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nova Ecclesia (prope Birsinam)|Nova Ecclesia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nova Ecclesia&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Neuenkirchen'' Latino &quot;Nova Ecclesia&quot; verti solet. Cf. [[Nova Ecclesia (Liebenburgum)|Novam Ecclesiam Liebenburgensem]] apud [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/2262/NOB%20X%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Goslar.pdf?utm ''NOB X Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Goslar''] {{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}; [[Nova Ecclesia (Rugia)|Novam Ecclesiam in Rugia]] apud Fabricii (anno 1862) ''Urkunden zur Geschichte des Fürstenthums Rügen unter den eingebornen Fürsten''; [[Nova Ecclesia (prope Anclamum)|Novam Ecclesiam]] prope [[Anclamum]] apud Eggert (anno 1970) ''Geschichte Pommerns: Vol. 1. Bis zum Westfälischen Frieden''; [[Nova Ecclesia (prope Brandenburgum Novum)|Novam Ecclesiam]] prope Brandenburgum Novum apud ''Mecklenburgisches Urkundenbuch'' (Vol. 9); et Novam Ecclesiam Pomeranam apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(prope [[Birsina]]m&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Neuenkirchen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neenkarken'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nova Ecclesia-Vorda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nova Ecclesia&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Neuenkirchen-Vörden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nienkerken-Vörden'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nova Exclusa Harlingana]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Neu&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;exclusa&gt;Vocabulum et suffixum [[lingua Saxonica|Saxonicum]] ''(-)Siel'' Theodisco vocabulum ''Schleuse'' respondet, ut iam Adelungus in ''Grammatisch-kritischem Wörterbuch der Hochdeutschen Mundart'' s. v. ''Schleuse'' testatur: &quot;Im Niederdeutschen wird eine Schleuse ... ein Siel ... [vocatur]&quot;; ipsum autem Theodiscum ''Schleuse'' Latine &quot;exclusa, -ae&quot; f. redditur, nam Adelungus ibidem ''Schleuse'' inter mediae Latinitatis vocabula &quot;exclusa&quot;, &quot;inclusura&quot;, &quot;conclusio&quot;, &quot;sclusa&quot;, &quot;clusa&quot; refert, et ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'' quoque ''Schleuse'' = &quot;exclusa, -ae&quot; f. tradit.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Harlinganus-a-um&quot;&gt;Theodiscum gentilicium interfixum ''-harlinger-'' Latino &quot;harlinganus-a-um&quot; vertitur. Quo de Latino gentilicio, vide [https://bibliothek.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/dateiarchiv/3275/Altharlingersiel.pdf?utm Heinze, A. (2015). ''Altharlingersiel''. Ostfriesische Landschaft, Bibliothek/Ortsdatenbank], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) claustrum Harlinganum (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Neuharlingersiel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neeharlingersiel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nova Indago (Circulus terrae Cellensis)|Nova Indago]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nienhagen&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Nienhagen'' &quot;Nova Indago&quot; latinizari solet. Cf. [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_WfU-AAAAcAAJ/bub_gb_WfU-AAAAcAAJ_djvu.txt ''&quot;Meklenburgisches Urkundenbuch / 4 1297-1300 ; Nachträge und Register zu Band I - IV''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Nienhagen, A. Doberan, Kspl. Lichtenhagen, 13 NO Rostock, Nigenhaghen, Noua Indago, Nygenhaghen (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Nienhagen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nova Leha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Neu&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Neulehe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nova Lu]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nova Lu&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/neuenkirchen-altes-land/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) urkundlich erstmals 1274 als ''Nova Lu'' belegt (...) Landesgemeinde Altes Land (1361 eigenes Siegel, Umschrift: ''Sigillum communitates veteris terrae'') (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Vetus Terra|Vetere Terra]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nova Lu&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Vetus Terra&quot;&gt;Theodisce ''Altes Land''.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Neuenkirchen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neekark'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nova Palus Campensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Neu&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;campensis&quot;&gt;Theodiscum interfixum ''-kamper-'' Latino gentilicio &quot;campensis-e&quot; vertitur, quod ad vocabulum &quot;campus-i&quot; (Theodisce ''Kamp'') refertur. Revera, [https://ewa.saw-leipzig.de/articles/80250/en?utm Germanica toponyma cum lexemate ''-kamp'' seu ''-kampf'' seu ''-camp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-campus-i&quot;], quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-fehn&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Neukamperfehn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neeikamperfehn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nova Scona Mora]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Neu&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Scona Mora&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.holtgast-urlaub.de/cgi-bin/hvv/index.pl?gid=&amp;id=&amp;mid=40&amp;utm ''Die Benediktinerzeit''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Der Visiator fand um 1290 im Kloster &quot;Scona Mora&quot; (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Neuschoo''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neeschoo'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nova Urbs (Saxonia Inferior)|Nova Urbs]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Nienburg/Weser''; [[Saxonice]] ''Näinborg'' seu ''Nienborg'' seu ''Neenborg'' seu ''Negenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Novale Frigidum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Colnrade''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kollenroad'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Novum Burgium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Neu&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Neu?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum adiectivum aut praefixum ''Neu(-)'' Latino adiectivo &quot;novus-a-um&quot;] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Remling VII 2026&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Neubörger''; [[Saxonice]] ''Naiboorger'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Novum Wulmstorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Neu&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Neu Wulmstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Vosshusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nyenkerken (Circulus Osnabrugae)|Nyenkerken]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NyenkerkenII&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_bij005190401_01/_bij005190401_01_0009.php?utm ''dbnl''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Item curtis in Nyenkerken'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Osnabrugae|Circulo Osnabrugae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Osnabrück&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Neuenkirchen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nienkerken'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nyenkerken (Haduloha)|Nyenkerken]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nyenkerken&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/neuenkirchen-land-hadeln/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''rector parrochialis ecclesie in Nyenkerken'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Haduloha (commune generale)|Haduloha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Haduloha&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.lwl.org/westfaelische-geschichte/txt/wz-9396.pdf?utm ''Westfälische Geschichte''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) &quot;Haduloha ... - hoc enim loco nomen, ubi oceanus Saxoniam alluit (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Land Hadeln'')&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Neuenkirchen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neenkarken'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== O ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Oberndorfium (Osta)|Oberndorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Oberndorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Öberndörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Obernfelda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-felda&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-feld(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-felda-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Falufelda]], [[Frauenfelda]], [[Heresfelda]], [[Hirutfelda]], [[Ilfelda]], [[Mansfelda]], [[Salfelda]], [[Sualafelda]], [[Alfelda]], [[Alsfelda]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Obernfeld'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Obernholtia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-holtia&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Obernholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Obernholt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Obernkircha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus N-Z&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Obernkirchen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Öwernkerken'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ochtersum]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ochtersum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Odenhus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Osloß'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Oderquatum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Oderquatum&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica toponyma cum terminationibus ''-at'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-atum-i&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-at''' : -''atum'' (...)&quot;. Hoc casu, latinizantia suffixa formae antiquae huius toponymi &quot;Oderquat&quot; applicantur; quo de toponymo, vide [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Zeitschrift_des_Historischen_Vereins_f%C3%BCr_Niedersachsen_%28IA_zeitschriftdeshi1889hist%29.pdf?utm ''Zeitschrift des Historischen Vereins für Niedersachsen''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Cadenberghe, Oppele, Oderquat (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Oederquart'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Odishemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-hemium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-he(i)m'' et ''-hjem'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-hemium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ingelhemium]], [[Eboreshemium]], [[Arnhemium]], [[Oppenhemium]], [[Forchemium]], [[Gerineshemium]], [[Benthemium]], [[Buxhemium]], [[Dronthemium]], [[Enshemium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Odisheim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Godshem'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Oen (Saxonia Inferior)|Oen]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NOB XV&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/3014/NOB%20XV%20Grafschaft%20Bentheim.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm ''NOB XV Grafschaft Bentheim''] {{Nexus deficit|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}; ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''de dotali manso ecclesie Oen'' (Niesert, Beiträge I Nr. 83 S. 258) 1110 (A. 14. Jh.) ''de curia Oen'' (Niesert, Beiträge I Nr. 83 S. 258) 1110 (A. 14. Jh.) ''de domo Bernhardi Oen'' (Niesert, Beiträge I Nr. 83 S. 258) um 1150 ''in Toń'' (Urb. Werden I S. 234 Z. 19) 1188-1331 (A. 1331) ''in parrochia On'' (Philippi/Bannier, Güterverzeichnis S. 420) 1213 ''in parochia On'' (Niesert, Urkundensammlung IV Nr. 48 S. 188) 1263 ''de domo Herewici de One'' (WUB III Nr. 706 S. 366) 1282-1306 (A. Mitte 16. Jh.) ''curtem dictam Runhoff in parochia On'' (...) ''in parrochia On'' (...) ''domum des Doven in parochia Oen'' (...) ''curtem dictam Ruvenhoff, Cortehus in parochia On'' (...) ''in parochia Oen'' (Bruns, LB Steinfurt Nr. K53 S. 58) 1367 ''in parrochia, in qua et legione dictis Oen'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ohne'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Oesinga Maior]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;&gt;De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum &quot;Klein&quot; et &quot;Gross&quot; per Latina &quot;Minor-us&quot; et &quot;Maior-ius&quot;, vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Oesingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groot Oesingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Oetza]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Nieder&quot;&gt;Theodiscum praefixum ''Nieder-'' Latino adiectivo &quot;inferior-ius&quot; vertitur. V.gr., cf. [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniam Inferiorem]].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Oetzen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ötzen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ohrum]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ohrum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ohrn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Oldenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Oldenburg''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ooldenbuurich''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ollnborg'' seu ''Ollenbörg'' seu ''Ollenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Oldendorfium (Luya)|Oldendorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Oldendorfium&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Oldendorf'' in Latinam &quot;Oldendorfium&quot; verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB10932874?p=378&amp;cq=ad&amp;lang=de ''Boicae Gentis Annalium Partis III Liber XXXIII''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Ergo comperto, Vrangelium coactis ad Oldendorfium copijs (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(ad [[Luya]]m&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Oldendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Olndörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Oldendorpe]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Oldendorpe&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/oldendorf-landkreis-stade/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''dominus Hermannus, rector ecclesie in Oldendorpe'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Stadae|Circulo Stadae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Stade&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Oldendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Olendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Osta (Saxonia Inferior)|Osta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Osta&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/osten-oste/ ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''dominus Otto, rector ecclesie in Osta'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Osten''; [[Saxonice]] ''Oosten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Osterbroke]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Osterbroke&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/osterbruch/ ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''ecclesia in Osterbroke'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Osterbruch''; [[Saxonice]] ''Osterbrook'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ostereistadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ostereistedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Oostereis'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Osteroda ad Harthicos montes|Osteroda ad Harthicos Montes]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Osterode am Harz&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.geonames.org/advanced-search.html?q=Goettingen ''www.geonames.org''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Osterode am Harz Osteroda ad Harthicos montes (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Osterode am Harz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ostroe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ottenstenium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stein&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-stein'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stenium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Leostenium]], [[Ravenstenium]], [[Richenstenium]], [[Alienstenium]], [[Gastenium]], [[Crybenstenium]], [[Dachstenium]], [[Eberstenium]], [[Falcostenium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ottenstein'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Otter]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Otter'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ottersberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ottersberg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Otterbarg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ovelgonna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ovelgönne''; [[Saxonice]] ''Övelgönn'' seu ''Övelgünn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ovenhagium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1703&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Auhagen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Oytha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Oyten''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eiten'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== P ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Palus Hagensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Palus Hagensis&quot;&gt;[https://www.latin-is-simple.com/de/vocabulary/noun/13172/ Theodiscum toponymicum suffixum ''-marsch'' Latino vocabulo &quot;palus paludis&quot; vertitur] et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Hagensis-e&quot;, quod ad [[Haga (Saxonia Inferior)|Hagam]] refertur, Theodiscum gentilicium praefixum ''Hager-'' vertitur. Quo de gentilicio et toponymo, vide [https://bibliothek.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/dateiarchiv/3191/Hage.pdf?utm ''Historische Ortsdatenbank für Ostfriesland''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Erscheinung trat der Ort als „curatus Hagensis“ im Jahr 1400. Spätere Bezeichnungen waren „Haga“ (um 1409)  (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hagermarsch'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Palus Hilcae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hilkenbrook&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Hilkenbrook'', quamquam hodiernum est, syntagmate ''Palus Hilcae'' Latine verti potest. Nomen Germanicum ''Hilcke'', variatio nominis Theodisci ''Hilken-'', apud Stark ad formam Latinam &quot;Hilca-ae&quot; refertur, quae saeculo XII testata est (''Monumenta Garsensia'', n. 37; ''Monumenta Boica'' I, 27): Stark, F. (1866), ''Die Kosenamen der Germanen'', p. 318. Brook, i. e. bruoh «Sumpf, sumpfiges Gelände», Latine &quot;palus, paludis&quot; reddi potest. Itaque, anthroponomycum praefixum ''Hilken-'' ad nomen ''Hilca'' relatum et suffixum ''brook'' per vocabulum &quot;palus, paludis&quot; redditum, ''Hilkenbrook'' interpretari licet &quot;Palus Hilcae&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hilkenbrook'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Palus Regis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Palus Regis&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Moor?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum suffixum ''-moor'' Latino vocabulo &quot;palus-udis&quot; vertitur] et [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/rex?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum praefixum genetivo casu ''Königs-'' Latino genetivo &quot;regis&quot;] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Königsmoor'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Palus Rhaudensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-rhauder-&quot;&gt;Theodiscum gentilicium praefixum aut interfixum ''(-)Rhauder-'' Latino gentilicio &quot;Rhaudensis-e&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-fehn&quot;&gt;[https://www.koeblergerhard.de/germanistischewoerterbuecher/altsaechsischeswoerterbuch/asF.pdf Theodiscum suffixum ''-fehn'' Latino nomine &quot;palus paludis&quot; (f.)] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Rhauderfehn''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Rauderfeen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Palus Rhaudensis Orientalis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-rhauder-&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-fehn&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Orientalis&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ostrhauderfehn''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Aastrauderfeen''; [[lingua Saxonica|Eofrisosaxonice]] ''Ōsterfēn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Papenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Papenburg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Parsavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-avia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-au'' seu ''-aw'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-avia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Iereslavia]], [[Iunonwladislavia]], [[Labiavia]], [[Landavia]], [[Lindavia]], [[Liptavia]], [[Lobavia]], [[Lochavia]], [[Lublavia]], [[Luccavia]], [[Mitavia]], [[Multavia]], [[Namslavia]], [[Neoboleslavia]], [[Olavia]], [[Oppavia]], [[Pegavia]], [[Pillavia]], [[Premislavia]], inter alia, apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Parsau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Patthenhusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husaPattensen&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum primae formae huius toponymi ''Patthenhusen'' testatae applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B78-D/NOB%20I%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Hannover.pdf?utm ''NOB I Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises und der Stadt Hannover''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Hildebrandus de Patthenhusen'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Pattensen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Pattjehiusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Pennigsehl]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Pennigsehl''; [[Saxonice]] ''Pennigsähle'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Perdestorphe]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Perdestorphe&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B77-F/NOB%20VI%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Holzminden.pdf?sequence=1&amp;utm ''NOB VI Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Holzminden''] {{Nexus deficit|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''sitam in Perdestorphe'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Pegestorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Pästörpe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Petrimons]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Perizonius 1758&quot;&gt;Perizonius, J. (1758). ''Compendium historiarum antiquissimarum, civilium et ecclesiasticarum, usque ad seculum decimum octavum: Cum appendice de ducatu Westphaliae et comitatu Petrimontano''. Ex officina Wetsteniana.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Pyrmont''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Puurmont'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Pohla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Pohle''; [[Saxonice]] ''Peohle'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Pollhaga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-haga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-hag(e)(n)'' seu ''-ha(a)g'' seu ''-hague'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-haga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Haga (Franconia Superior)|Haga Franconiae Superioris]], [[Haga ad Ambram]], [[Haga (in Bavaria superiore)|Haga in Bavaria Superiore]] apud [[Index communium Bavariae|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Bavariae]]; [[Falkenhaga (Marchia)|Falkenhaga Marchiana]] apud [[Index communium Brandenburgi|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Brandenburgi]]; [[Haga Schauenburgi]], [[Haga Promontorium]], [[Haga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Pollhagen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Pons Cobbanus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Leuckfeld 1714&quot;&gt;Leuckfeld, J. G. (1714). ''Antiquitates Blankenburgenses, oder Historische Beschreibung derer vormals berühmten Grafen von Blankenburg, nebst dazugehörigen diplomatibus und Chartis''. Gottfried Freytag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Coppenbrügge'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Poynum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Peine''; [[Saxonice]] ''Paane''; [[Lingua Theodisca alta recens|Protoneoaltotheodisce]] ''Peina'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Praefectura Neohusana]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Grupen II 1742&quot;&gt;Grupen, C. U. (1742). ''Disceptationes Forenses cum Observationibus Juris: De originibus et iurisdictione praefecturarum ditionis Brunsvicensis (Caput de Praefectura Neohusana)'' (Vol. II). Hannoverae: Förster.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Amt Neuhaus'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Pratum Vitulorum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Calberlah'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Prezella]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Prezelle'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Prinzhofta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Prinzhöfte''; [[Saxonice]] ''Prinshööfd'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== Q ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Quakenbrugge]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Quakenbrugge&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/quakenbrueck-sylvester/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''castellanis in Quakenbrugge'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Quakenbrück''; [[Saxonice]] ''Quokenbrügge'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Quenethorpe]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Quenethorpe&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/3014/NOB%20XV%20Grafschaft%20Bentheim.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm ''NOB XV Grafschaft Bentheim.''] {{Nexus deficit|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''1197 Euerhardus de Quenethorpe'' (WUB II Cod. Nr. 564 S. 250) 1209 ''Everhardus de Quenethorp'' (INA Steinfurt Nr. 12 S. 254) 1248 ''Everhardo de Quenedorp'' (Osnabrücker UB II Nr. 525 S. 414) 1271 ''Everhadus de Quendhorpe'' (Osnabrücker UB III Nr. 443 S. 303) 1272 ''Everhardo de Quenthorpe'' (WUB III Nr. 926 S. 481) 1277 ''Everardo de Quedendorp'' (Oorkondenboek Utrecht IV Nr. 1940 S. 180) 1298 ''Frederico et Gerhardo fratribus de Quendorpe'' (WUB III Nr. 1600 S. 834) 1305 (A. 1492-1500) ''famulos de Quendorpe'' (Wilkens, Geschichte Nr. 11 S. 51) 1306 ''dicti de Quendorpe'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Quendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Quendrup'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Querenhorstium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-horstium&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Querenhorst''; [[Saxonice]] ''Quernhost'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Quernhemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-hemium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-he(i)m'' et ''-hjem'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-hemium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ingelhemium]], [[Eboreshemium]], [[Arnhemium]], [[Oppenhemium]], [[Forchemium]], [[Gerineshemium]], [[Benthemium]], [[Buxhemium]], [[Dronthemium]], [[Enshemium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Quernheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== R ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Radbruchium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-bruchium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-bruch'' seu ''-broich'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-bruchium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Horbruchium]] ac [[Mosbruchium]] apud articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de [[Index urbium et communium Rhenaniae et Palatinatus|indice urbium et communium Rhenaniae et Palatinatus]]; [[Legebruchium]] apud articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de [[Index communium Brandenburgi|indice communium Brandenburgi]]; [[Grevenbruchium]] apud articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de [[Index communium Rhenaniae Septentrionalis et Vestfaliae|indice communium Rhenaniae Septentrionalis et Vestfaliae]].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Radbruch''; [[Saxonice]] ''Radbrouk'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rastdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Rastdorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rastedensis Vicus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Rastede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Raastäe'' seu ''Raas'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ratherisdorfa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus N-Z&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Raddestorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Rastörpe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ratzlinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Rätzlingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Rätzen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rechtsupwegium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-wegium&quot;&gt;Theodiscum suffixum ''-weg'' Latino suffixo &quot;-wegium-i&quot; verti solet. V. gr. vide: [[Erdwegium]] apud ''Acta ecclesiastica dioecesis Frisingensis'' aut [[Schoefwegium]] apud ''Monumenta Boica''.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Rechtsupweg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Redun]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Redun&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.rehden.de/rathaus/gemeindeportrait/?utm ''Samtgemeinde Rehden''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) 11. Jahrhundert Redun, in den späteren Jahrhunderten stets Rehden geschrieben (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Rehden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Rehrn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Reessum]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Reeßum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Reeßen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Regesbostel]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Regesbostel'';  [[Saxonice]] ''Resbossel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rehburgum-Luca]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Luca&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/loccum/ ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''ecclesia in Luca'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Rehburg-Loccum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Rehborg-Locken'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rehlinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Rehlingen'';  [[Saxonice]] ''Rehlen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Reinstorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Reinstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Reinstörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Remlinga-Semmenstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Remlingen&quot;&gt;Theodisca vox ''Remlingen'' in Latinam &quot;Remlinga&quot; verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Graesse}} aut [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&amp;cq=M%C3%BCnchen&amp;lang=de ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z''].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Remlingen-Semmenstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Remlingen-Semmenstidde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Renkenberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Renkenberge'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rennavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-avia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-au'' seu ''-aw'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-avia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Iereslavia]], [[Iunonwladislavia]], [[Labiavia]], [[Landavia]], [[Lindavia]], [[Liptavia]], [[Lobavia]], [[Lochavia]], [[Lublavia]], [[Luccavia]], [[Mitavia]], [[Multavia]], [[Namslavia]], [[Neoboleslavia]], [[Olavia]], [[Oppavia]], [[Pegavia]], [[Pillavia]], [[Premislavia]], inter alia, apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Rennau''; [[Saxonice]] ''Rannau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Reppenstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Reppenstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Reppenstää'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rethis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rethis&quot;&gt;Vide [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Die_Kunstdenkm%C3%A4ler_der_Provinz_Hannover_%28IA_gri_33125013193475%29.pdf?utm ''Die Kunstdenkmäler der Provinz Hannover''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) in
Rethim 4. mansos quos habuit Bernhardus de Rothe miles (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Rethem''; [[Saxonice]] ''Reten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ride (Saxonia Inferior)|Ride]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ride&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/riede/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''curiam Ride'' (...) ''Volbertus de Ride'' (...) ''Rembertus de Ride'' (...) ''parrochia in Ride'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Riede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Rier'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ridepa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ridepa&quot;&gt;Vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20241207121004/https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B76-2/NOB%20VII%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Helmstedt%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Wolfsburg.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y ''NOB VII Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg.''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) 1205 ''parte ville Ridepe'' (UB H. Halb. i nr. 429 s. 383) (...) 1304 ''Henricus de Redop'' (Urk. Helmstedt ii nr. 4) 1311 ''Hinricus de Redepe'' (UB marienberg nr. 212 s. 169) 1333 ''in villa Reddop'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Räbke'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Riesta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Rieste'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rikbaldesgebutle]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ribbesbüttel&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20150119104531/http://www.isenbuettel.de/staticsite/staticsite.php?menuid=212&amp;topmenu=209 www.isenbuettel.de]&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ribbesbüttel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ringe]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ringe&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/3014/NOB%20XV%20Grafschaft%20Bentheim.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm ''NOB XV Grafschaft Bentheim''] {{Nexus deficit|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) 1209 ''Rudulfus de Ringe'' (INA Steinfurt Nr. 12 S. 254) 1328 (A.) ''apud Ringhe'' (Racer, Gedenkstukken VI S. 294) 1329 ''domum dictam Herscopinch sitam in legione Righe'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ringe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rintelia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Rinteln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rodenberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus N-Z&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Rodenberg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Rommbarje'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rodewolde]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rodewolde&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/rodewald/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Bruningus, Thidericus, Willehelmus in Rodewolde, in Giltene et in Suderbroke ecclesiarum rectores'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Rodewald''; [[Saxonice]] ''Rowohle'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rohrsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Rohrsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Rohßen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Roklum]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Roklum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rollshusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Rollshausen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Romstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Römstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Römst'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ronnenberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ronnenberg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ronnenbarg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Roscha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Rosche''; [[Saxonice]] ''Roosche'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rosdorf]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rosengarten (Landkreis Harburg)|Rosengarten]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rotenburgum ad Wemmam]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rotenburgum ad Wemmam&quot;&gt;De Latino toponymico syntagmate &quot;[[Rotenburgum ad Wemmam]]&quot; -ad quod Latinum gentilicium &quot;Rotenburgensis-e&quot; refertur-, vide homonymas urbes apud {{Graesse}} et {{Hofmannus}}. De hydronymo &quot;[[Wemma]]&quot;, etiam vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Rotenburg''; quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Rotenburg an der Wümme''; [[Saxonice]] ''Rodenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rötgesbüttel]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rotha (Saxonia Inferior)|Rotha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rotha&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.archive.nrw.de/sites/default/files/media/files/Ersterw__hnung_Rhade.pdf?utm ''Ersterwähnung des Ortes/der Orte: Rhade''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) nostre ecclesie ministerialis, super decima '''Rothe''' in parrochia Lembek (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Rhade''; [[Saxonice]] ''Rhaar'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rüdershausen]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rühen]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rullstorf]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rumispringe]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rumispringe&quot;&gt;Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2003). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Göttingen. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte'', p. 337. (Kopialbuch Katlenburg, Bd. I, S. 61f.).&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Rhumspringe'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== S ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Sachsenhagen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sagterlandia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;BOV 2013&quot;&gt;Bischöfliches Offizialat Vechta (2013). ''Findbuch des Offizialatsarchivs Vechta: Altes Archiv (Abteilung A: Saterlandia, Kirchliche Unterlagen, Akte A 8: „Informatio de Sagterlandia“ aus dem Jahre 1710)''. Vechtae, in Germania: Bischöfliches Offizialat.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Saterland''; quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Sagterland''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Seelterlound'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Salis Cancellum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cellarius 1703&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Salzgitter''; [[Saxonice]] ''Soltgitter'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Salzbergen]]
* [[Salzdetfordium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Marcard 1805&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Salzdetfurth'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Salzhausen]]
* [[Salzhemmendorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Samern]]
* [[Sandbostel]]
* [[Sande (Frisia)|Sande]]
* [[Sanctae Mariae Vallis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Mariental'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sarstedt]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sassenburg]]
* [[Sathsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Sachsa'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sauensiek]]
* [[Schapen]]
* [[Scharnebeck]]
* [[Scheden]]
* [[Scheeßel]]
* [[Schellerten]]
* [[Schiffdorf]]
* [[Schladen-Werla]]
* [[Schnackenburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schnega]]
* [[Schneverdingen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schola Dei]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus N-Z&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ihlow''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ihl'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Scholen]]
* [[Schönewörde]]
* [[Schöningen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schöppenstedt]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schortens]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schüttorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schwaförden]]
* [[Schwanewede]]
* [[Schwarme]]	
* [[Schwarmstedt]]
* [[Schweindorf]]
* [[Schweringen]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Swering'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schwerinsdorf]]
* [[Schwienau]]
* [[Schwülper]]
* [[Seeburg (Niedersachsen)|Seeburg]]
* [[Seedorf (bei Zeven)|Seedorf]]
* [[Seelze]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Seesen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Seevetal]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Seggebruch]]
* [[Sehlde]]
* [[Sehlem (Niedersachsen)|Sehlem]]
* [[Sehnde]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Seinje'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Selsingen]]
* [[Seulingen]]
* [[Sibbesse]]
* [[Sickte]]
* [[Siedenburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Silva Orientalis (Neuenhusa)|Silva Orientalis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wald&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Wald?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Latinum substantivum &quot;silva-ae&quot; Theodiscum suffixum ''-wald''] vertit.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Orientalis&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/orientalis?wb=gross&amp;nr=3 Theodiscum praefixum ''Ost(er)-'' Latino adiectivo &quot;orientalis-e&quot; vertitur.]&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Osterwald''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wauld'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sittensen]]
* [[Soderstorf]]
* [[Sögel]]	
* [[Söhlde]]
* [[Söllingen (Niedersachsen)|Söllingen]]
* [[Soltau]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Soltendieck]]
* [[Sottrum]]
* [[Spahnharrenstätte]]
* [[Spella]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Spella&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.emsland.com/la/tour/emsland-route-395-km?utm ''www.esland.com''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) A Spella ad Rhenum: circiter XVI km (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Spelle'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Spiekeroog]]
* [[Sprakensehl]]
* [[Springe]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stadae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Stade''; [[Saxonice]] ''Stood'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stadlandia]]&lt;ref&gt;Ioannes Iustus Wynkelman, [https://books.google.com/books?id=WvgaAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA617&amp;lpg=PA617&amp;dq=statlandia+saxonia&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=Ysl9JI4L06&amp;sig=2y6x3I38sU3-RcrP0HtnSkUxssI&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0CCwQ6AEwA2oVChMIwqiv-NWMxgIVQgmSCh2CZwDj#v=onepage&amp;q=statlandia%20saxonia&amp;f=false ''Notitia historico-politica veteris Saxo-Westphaliae finitimarumque regionum,''] 1667:277.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Stadland'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Staffhorst]]
* [[Staufenberg]]
* [[Stavern]]
* [[Stedesdorf]]
* [[Steimbke]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Steembke'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Steinau (Niedersachsen)|Steinau]]
* [[Steinfeld (Oldenburg)]]
* [[Steinhorst (Niedersachsen)|Steinhorst]]
* [[Steinkirchen (Altes Land)|Steinkirchen]]
* [[Stelle]]
* [[Stemmen (Landkreis Rotenburg)|Stemmen]]
* [[Stemne]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Stemne&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/nordstemmen/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''novem iugera sitam Stemne'' (...) ''novem iugeribus in Nortstempne'' (...) ''capellam in northstemne'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Nordstemmen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stemshorn]]
* [[Steyerberg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Staarbarg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stinstedt]]
* [[Stöckse]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Stöckse'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stoetze]]
* [[Stolzenau]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Stoltnaa'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stuhr]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Südbrookmerland]]
* [[Suderburg]]
* [[Südergellersen]]
* [[Südheide]]
* [[Sudwalde]]
* [[Suhlendorf]]
* [[Sulingen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Süpplingen]]
* [[Süpplingenburg]]
* [[Süstedt]]
* [[Sustrum]]
* [[Surwold]]
* [[Suthfeld]]
* [[Syke]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== T ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Tappenbeck]]
* [[Tarmstedt]]
* [[Tespe]]
* [[Teuderium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus N-Z&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Detern''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Tjootern''; [[Saxonice|Eofrisicosaxonice]] ''Däitern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Thransfellensis Ecclesia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dransfeld'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Thedinghausen]]
* [[Theodolfestorpum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Asseburg 1855&quot;&gt;Asseburg, J. von der. (1855). ''Urkundenbuch des Geschlechts von der Asseburg (Vol. 1)''. Hahnschen Hofbuchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dedelstorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Thomasburg]]
* [[Thorpum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Thorpum&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/ZIER-HP/ZIER-HP-06-2016/AAAKoeblerGerhardDorfinderdeutschenOrtsgeschichte20160831-7111.htm ''www.koeblergerhard.de''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Dörpen''', 9. Jh., bei Aschendorf nördlich Meppens, F2-1090 THURP (Dorf) Dorfa (7), Thorpum (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dörpen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Thuine]]
* [[Tiddische]]
* [[Tiste]]
* [[Toppenstedt]]
* [[Tostedt]]
* [[Tosterglope]]
* [[Trebel]]
* [[Triburi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Philippi &amp; Bar 1892&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Drebber'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Tülau]]
* [[Twieflingen]]
* [[Twilpstede Maius]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Twilpstede Maius&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B76-2/NOB%20VII%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Helmstedt%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Wolfsburg.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg'']{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) 1311 ''Twilpstede Maiori'' (...) 1311 ''Twilpstede Maiori et Minori'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Twülpstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groot Twülpstidde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Twist (Emsland)|Twist]]
* [[Twistringen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== U ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Uchte]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Uchte'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Uehrde]]
* [[Uelsen]]
* [[Uetze]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ulsena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]]  et [[Saxonice]] ''Uelzen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Ülz’n'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ummern]]
* [[Undeloh]]
* [[Upgant-Schott]]
* [[Uplengen]]
* [[Urlaha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;&quot;&gt;Vide [https://oerrel.feuerwehr-munster.de/---orla---die-kleine-oertze-.html ''Freiwillige Feuerwehr Oerre''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) „Vrlaha“ als das Kirchdorf „Oerel“ (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Oerel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Uslar]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Utarp]]
{{div col end}}

=== V ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Vahlberg]]
* [[Vahlbruch]]
* [[Vahlde]]
* [[Vallis Ambrae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ambra&quot;&gt;Latino de toponymo &quot;Ambra&quot; (Theodisce ''Emmer''), vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Vallis&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Tal?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum vocabulum ''T(h)al'' aut Theodiscum suffixum ''-t(h)al'' Latino vocabulo &quot;vallis-is&quot;] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Emmerthal''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emmerdaal'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vallis Augae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;SLH 1988&quot;&gt;Societas Latina Hannoverana (1988). ''Fasciculi geographici et historici: De parvis provinciis ditionis Hannoveranae et Schaumburgensis''. Hannoverae: Typis Exscripsit Libraria Scripturarum.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Auetal'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vallis Claustra-Cella]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Conring 1730&quot;&gt;Conring, H. (1730). ''De Antiquitatibus Academicis Dissertationes Septem''. Officina Smeinkiana.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Clausthal-Zellerfeld''; [[Supraharthice]] ''Clasthol-Zallerfall'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vallis Mimedensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Vallis&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mimedensis&quot;&gt;Theodiscum hydronymicum praefixum ''Nieme-'' Latino gentilicio &quot;Mimedensis-e&quot; vertitur, quod ad flumen Mimede seu Mymede (Theodisce ''Nieme'') refertur. Quo de Latino hydronymo, vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B74-6/NOB%20IV%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20G%C3%B6ttingen.pdf?utm ''NOB IV Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Göttingen''] {{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''riuum, qui teutonice Mimede vocatur'' (...) ''riuum, qui toutonice Mymede vocatur'' (...) ''flumine Mimede'' (...) ''riuum, qui Mymede vocatur''  (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Niemetal'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Varel]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Varrel]]
* [[Vastorf]]
* [[Vechelde]]
* [[Velpke]]
* [[Veltheim (Ohe)]]
* [[Vetha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Vechta''; [[Saxonice]] ''Vechte'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Via Paludis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Via Paludis&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Moor?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum nominale praefixum ''Moor-'' Latino substantivo casu genetivo &quot;paludis&quot; (f.)] et [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Weg?wb=gross&amp;nr=2 Theodiscum nominale suffixum ''-weg'' Latino nomine &quot;via-ae&quot; (f.)] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Moorweg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vicus Adelaidis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ALF 2016&quot;&gt;Academia Latinitati Fovendae (2016). ''Commentarii Academiae Latinitati Fovendae: De novis parochiis et communibus Saxoniae Inferioris textus'' (Vol. XXIV). Romae: Herder.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Adelheidsdorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vicus Vetus Hassicus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Vicus Vetus Hassicus&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.fallingrain.com/world/GM/06/Hessisch_Oldendorf.html?utm ''www.fallingrain''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Other (Latin) names: Vicus Vetus Hassicus,Vicus Vetus Hassicus,Hessisch-Oldendorf,Hessisch-Oldendorf''' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hessisch Oldendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eolendörpe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vierden]]
* [[Vierhöfen]]
* [[Vildhusia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmannus&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Wildeshausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wilshusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villa Cremilonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Cremlingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vintlum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Vintlum&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/schneverdingen-peter-und-paul/?utm ''Schneverdingen, Peter und Paul''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''capella in honorem sancti Anthonii in villa Vintlo parrochie Snewerdinge'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Fintel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Visbek]]
* [[Visselhövede]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vögelsen]]
* [[Vollersode]]
* [[Voltlage]]
* [[Vorda Bremensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus N-Z&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bremervörde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bremervöör'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vordorf]]
* [[Vorwerk (Niedersachsen)|Vorwerk]]
* [[Vrees]]
{{div col end}}

=== W ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Waake]]
* [[Waddeweitz]]
* [[Wagenfeld]]
* [[Wagenhoff]]
* [[Wahrenholz]]
* [[Walchum]]
* [[Walkenried]]
* [[Wallenhorst]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wallmoden]]
* [[Walsrode]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wangelnstedt]]
* [[Wangerland]]
* [[Wangerooge]]
* [[Wanna]]
* [[Warberg]]
* [[Wardenburg]]
* [[Warmsen]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Warmsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Warpe]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Warpe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wasbüttel]]
* [[Wathlingen]]
* [[Wedemark]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Weener]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Weenzen]]
* [[Wehrbleck]]
* [[Welle]]
* [[Wendeburg]]
* [[Wendisch Evern]]
* [[Wennigsen]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wenngessen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wenzendorf]]
* [[Werdum]]
* [[Werlte]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Werpeloh]]
* [[Wesendorf]]
* [[Weste (Niedersachsen)|Weste]]
* [[Westergellersen]]
* [[Westerholt]]
* [[Westertimke]]
* [[Westerwalsede]]
* [[Westfeld (Niedersachsen)|Westfeld]]
* [[Westoverledingen]]
* [[Wetschen]]
* [[Wettrup]]
* [[Weyhausen]]
* [[Weyhe]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wieda]]
* [[Wiedensahl]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wiefelstede]]
* [[Wielen]]
* [[Wienhausen]]
* [[Wiesmoor]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wietmarschen]]
* [[Wietze]]
* [[Wietzen]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wietzen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wietzendorf]]
* [[Wilhelmshaven]] &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wilstedt]]
* [[Wilsum]]
* [[Wingst]]
* [[Winkelsett]]
* [[Winnigstedt]]
* [[Winsen (Aller)]] 
* [[Winsenia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Büttner&quot;&gt;Büttner, D. S. (1710). ''Rudera Diluvii Testes, i.e. Zeichnung und Abbildung derer Columnarum Sceletonum''. Gottfried Zimmermann.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(ad [[Luya]]m&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Winsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Winzenburg]]
* [[Wippingen]]
* [[Wirdum]]
* [[Wischhafen]]
* [[Wistedt]]
* [[Witmundia]]&lt;ref&gt;E.g., [[Ioannes Luyts|Ioannis Luyts]] ''Introductio ad Geographiam novam et veterem'', Ultraiecti 1692, [https://books.google.fr/books?id=_o0YP3-9VTMC&amp;pg=PA281&amp;dq=Witmundia&amp;hl=ru&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjShLT7vdDrAhVJw4sKHZLLCokQ6AEwAnoECAMQAg#v=onepage&amp;q=Witmundia&amp;f=false p. 281].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wittmund'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wittingen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wittmar]]
* [[Wittorf]]
* [[Wohnste]]
* [[Wolfsburgum]]&lt;ref&gt;Vide nomini arcis: Samuel Pufendorfus, ''Commentariorum de rebus Suecicis libri XXVI'' {{Google Books|lV1PAAAAcAAJ|pag. 457 et 475}}, ''Nova Acta Eruditorum'' {{Google Books|eGFlITDJFSMC|pag. 487}}, Lipsiae, anno 1756, ac ''Itininerarium Thomae Carve, Tipperariensis'' ([https://archive.org/details/itinerariumthom00kerngoog/page/n182 pag. 108]).&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Wolfsburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wulfsborg''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wolfsbuurich'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wollbrandshausen]]
* [[Wollershausen]]
* [[Wölpinghausen]]
* [[Wolsdorf]]
* [[Woltersdorf (Wendland)|Woltersdorf]]
* [[Woltershausen]]
* [[Worde]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Worde&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/grossenwoerden/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Hinricus rector ecclesie in Worde'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Großenwörden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grootweurn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Worpswede]]
* [[Wremen]]
* [[Wrestedt]]
* [[Wriedel]]
* [[Wulfsen]]
* [[Wulften ad Harthicos montes]]
* [[Wunstorf]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wunsdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wurster Nordseeküste]]
* [[Wustrow (Saxonia Inferior)]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== Y ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Ylsede]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ylsede&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kleinilsede.hier-im-netz.de/historis.htm ''Historisches über Klein Ilsede''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) minori ylsede (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ilsede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ilse'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Yppenerdhe]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Yppenerdhe&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.gross-ippener.de/gemeinde/geschichte.html?utm ''Groß Ippene''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Parrochia Yppenerdhe (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Ippener''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groot Ippner'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ysinibutle]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ysinibutle&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.arcinsys.niedersachsen.de/arcinsys/showArchivalDescriptionDetails?archivalDescriptionId=5905372&amp;utm ''Arcinsys''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Isenbüttel, Kr. Gifhorn (Ysinibutle, Ysenebutle) (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Isenbüttel'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== Z ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Zernien]]
* [[Zetel]]
* [[Zeven]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Zorge]]
{{div col end}}

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris|!]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>3999326</id>
      <parentid>3999305</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-04T23:01:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
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      <text bytes="259069" sha1="9zkh0r5g8fk2xa8sbs9e4j5niqg545c" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Municipalities in Lower Saxony.svg|thumb|500px|Urbes et communia Saxoniae Inferioris.]]
'''Index urbium, oppidorum et communium in [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxonia Inferiore]]''' omnia [[commune|communia]] (Theodisce ''Gemeinden''), consociationes communium (Theodisce ''Gemeindeverbände'') atque loca nulli communium adscripta (Theodisce ''gemeindefreien Gebiete''), quae hodie in [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terra]] [[Germania|Germanica]] [[Saxonia Inferior]]e exstant, complectitur.

Postremae mutationes finium territorialium in Saxonia Inferiore [[1 Novembris|Kalendis Novembribus]] anni [[2021]] effectae sunt. Ex eo tempore [[Saxonia Inferior]] 939 communia et 25 loca nulli communi adscripta (quorum duo habitantur) habet. Quibus e communibus 159 titulo [[urbs|urbis]] (Theodisce ''Stadt'') et 49 titulo [[oppidum|oppidi]] (Theodisce ''Flecken'') utuntur.

Praeterea nonnullae proprietates exstant secundum communium administrationem: Nam 939 communia in 289 communia unitaria et 650 communia membra dividuntur; quae vero in universum 114 consociationes communium constituunt, ut munera communiter administrent. Hae consociationes communium ipsa communia non sunt, sed foedera cooperationis, quae aut ex regione aut ex communitate in qua sedes administrationis sita est nomen accipiunt. Quapropter in Saxonia Inferiore idem nomen tam communi quam consociationi communium tribui potest. Agitur tamen de duobus corporibus iuridicis distinctis, quae proprias repraesentationes atque propria munera habent.

Praeterea, propter magnitudinem suam, nonnullae communium et consociationes communium peculiarem rationem cum [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulo terrae]] (Theodisce ''Landkreis'') habent:

* Decem urbes statum iuridicum [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli urbani]] (Theodisce ''kreisfreien Stadt'') obtinent, nulli circulo terrae subiiciuntur atque omnia sua munera exercent.
* Septem urbes statum iuridicum urbis magnae sui iuris (Theodisce ''Große selbständige Stadt'') obtinent atque multa, sed non omnia, munera circuli terrae cui adscribuntur exercent.
* 61 communium et tria communia generalia (Theodisce ''Samtgemeinden'') statum iuridicum communis sui iuris (Theodisce ''Selbständige Gemeinde'') obtinent atque quaedam munera districtus cui adscribuntur exercent.
* 861 ceterae communium nullam peculiarem rationem cum circulo terrae cui adscribuntur habent.

=== A ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Abensium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Apensen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Obbens'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Acheimum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Grote III 1877&quot;&gt;Grote, H. (1877). ''Münzstudien: Geschichte der älteren Münzen und Urkunden des Bisthums Verden'' (Vol. VIII). Hannoverae: Hahn’sche Hofbuchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Achim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Achem'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Achestedium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pratje 1759&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Axstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ax'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Adelebsenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Funck 1736&quot;&gt;Funck, J. N. (1736). ''Disputatio Academica de Voluntaria Morte Judaeorum et Gentilium sub Praesidio S. R. I. Libero Baroni de Adelebsen Dedicata''. Rintelii: Typis Johannis Friderici Enax.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Adelebsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Adenebutla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pischke 1998&quot;&gt;Pischke, G. (Ed.) (1998). ''Das Lehnsregister der Edelherren von Meinersen: Edition und historische Untersuchung der mittelalterlichen Besitzurkunden'' (Documentum anni MCCXX). Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Adenbüttel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Adenhusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1703&quot;&gt;Schlegel, J. C. (1703). ''Chronica Parochiarum ditionis Mindensis et Hildesiensis: De ecclesiis parochialibus et ditione antiqua oppidi Adenhusii''. Mindae: Typis Johannis Meyeri; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1703). ''Chronica Parochiarum ditionis Mindensis et Hildesiensis:...''. Mindae: Typis Johannis Meyeri.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ahnsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Adenthorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Höhbaum 1876&quot;&gt;Höhbaum, K. (Ed.) (1876). ''Hansisches Urkundenbuch: Monumenta Germaniae Historica e codicibus diplomaticis Bremensibus et Luneburgensibus'' (Vol. I). Halis Saxonum: Typis Orphanotrophei.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Adendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Adendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Affinghusia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rathlef 1766&quot;&gt;Rathlef, E. L. (1766). ''Geschichte der Grafschaften Hoya und Diepholz: Monimenta diplomatica et antiquitates ditionis Affinghusiae'' (Vol. I). Bremae: Försterischen Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Affinghausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Affinghusen'' seu ''Affjehusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Aldendorpevilla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Stadtoldendorf'')
* [[Alrebekesa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Oven 1872&quot;&gt;Oven, A. von (Ed.) (1872). ''Urkundenbuch des Herzogthums Lüneburg: Diplomata, chartae et registra historica saeculi XII (Documentum anni MCXCVII de venditione praedii Alrebekesae)'' (Vol. I). Hannoverae: Carl Rümpler.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ahnsbeck'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ahusium (Saxonia Inferior)|Ahusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;&gt;Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Bremensis et Verdensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Lunaeburgensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Parochiarum ditionis Corbeiensis et Hildesiensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ahausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ahusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alfelda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Alfeld''; [[Saxonice]] ''Allefelle'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alfhusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Alfhausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Alfhusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Algermissenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hoogeweg III 1903&quot;&gt;Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.) (1903). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Quellen und Darstellungen zur Geschichte Niedersachsens (Monimenta historica et privilegia de Algermisseno)'' (Vol. III). Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahn’sche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Algermissen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alisni (Circulus Neoburgensis Visurgensis)|Alisni]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&amp;cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&amp;lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Neoburgensis Visurgensis|Circulo Neoburgensi Visurgensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Nienburg/Weser&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Neoburgensis Visurgensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Nienburg/Weser'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus &quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latina gentilicia &quot;Neoburgensis-e&quot; et &quot;Visurgensis-e&quot; ad commune [[Nova Urbs (Saxonia Inferior)|Novam Urbem]] et flumen [[Visurgis|Visurgem]] respective referuntur. Quibus de toponymis, vide {{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Liebenau''; [[Saxonice]] ''Levenau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alisni]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus terrae Paludis Visurgensis|Circulo Paludis Visurgensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Wesermarsch&quot;&gt;Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' -secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo- vertit. De Latina autem toponymia, vide Egli, J. J. (1893). ''Nomina Geographica: Sprach- und Sacherklärung von 42000 Geographischen Namen aller Erdräume''. [[Lipsia]]e: Friedrich Brandstetter. Theodisce ''Landkreis Wesermarsch''.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Elsfleth'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Almstedium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hoogeweg II 1901&quot;&gt;Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.) (1901). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Quellen und Darstellungen zur Geschichte Niedersachsens (Monimenta historica et registra de Almstedio)'' (Vol. II). Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahn’sche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Almstedt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alorstedium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pratje 1758&quot;&gt;Pratje, J. H. (1758). ''Historische Nachrichten von dem ehemaligen berühmten Closter Harsefeld: Monumenta ac documenta saeculi XII ubi de decimis Alorstedii agitur''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ahlerstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ohlers'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alvstedium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pratje 1759&quot;&gt;Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Alfstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Alfs'' seu ''Alfst'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Amelinghusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Baring 1746&quot;&gt;Baring, E. (1746). ''Succincta Hannoverae et ditionum vicinarum Notitia Historica''. Hanoverae: Typis Nicolae Försteri.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Amelinghausen''; [[lingua Saxonica|Boreosaxonice]] ''Amekhusen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Amelkusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Anchemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ankum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Andervenia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Andervenne'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Andorlangia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pratje 1759&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Anderlingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Annerlingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ansibarium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus N-Z&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&amp;cq=M%C3%BCnchen&amp;lang=de''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Osnabrück''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ossenbrääch''; [[Saxonice]] et [[Lingua Saxonica|Westfalice]] ''Ossenbrügge'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Antiqua Medingha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Homeyer X 2006&quot;&gt;Homeyer, J. (Ed.) (2006). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Medingen: Lüneburger Urkundenbuch (Monimenta historica saeculi XIV de parochia Medinghae) (Vol. X)''. Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Altenmedingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ohmein'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Apenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Baring 1746&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Apen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Aap'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Apleremum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1703&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Apelern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Appelium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Appel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Aquae Lauterbergenses in Montibus Harthicis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mirus 1826&quot;&gt;Mirus, A. (1826). ''De salubritate aquarum lauterbergensium in montibus harthicis sitarum''. Typis Regiis.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Lauterberg im Harz'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Aquae Nendorpenses]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Marcard 1805&quot;&gt;Marcard, H. M. (1805). ''De salubritate aquarum nendorpensium et de earum usu in morbis chronicis''. [[Goettinga]]e: Dieterich; et: Macard, H. M. (1805). ''De usu salutari fontium salinorum in territorio Hildesiensi sitorum''. [[Goettinga]]e: Dieterich.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Nenndorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Aquae Zwischenahnenses]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Statisitakamt Nord 2025&quot;&gt;Statistikamt Nord (Editio Latina). ''Catalogus Urbium et Communium Germaniae''. Hamburgi, 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Zwischenahn''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Twiskenoan'' seu ''Boad Twiskenoan''; [[Saxonice]] ''Twüschenahn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Aroldishusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Arholzen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Artlenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Baring 1746&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Artlenburg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Artlissa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mader 1664&quot;&gt;Mader, J. J. (1664). ''Antiquitates Brunsvicenses: De antiquis parochiis Saxonum et finibus dioecesis Mindensis (Caput de parochia Artlissa)''. Helmestadii: Typis Henningi Mulleri.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Aerzen'': quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Ärzen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Arx Agathae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Kochen 1724&quot;&gt;Kochen, J. H. (1724). ''Introductio in Historiam Ducatus Bremensis y Verdensis: Accesserunt diplomata varia et descriptio Arcis Agathae et ditionis Stadiensis''. Stadae: Typis Caspari Holmii.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Agathenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gothenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Arx Draconis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egger 1977&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Drakenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Drakenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ascalingium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ahlden'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Asanthorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Vogell 1856&quot;&gt;Vogell, A. (Ed.) (1856). ''Urkundenbuch des Bisthums Verden und des Collegiatstifts Bardewick: Chartae, diplomata et monumenta historica saeculi XIII...''. Hannoverae: Hahn’sche Hofbuchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Harburgensis|Circulo Harburgensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Harburg&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Harburgensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Harburg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Harburgum]]&quot; -ad quod gentilicium &quot;Harburgensis-e&quot; refertur-.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Asendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Asendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Asenthorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hodenberg 1855&quot;&gt;Hodenberg, W. von (Ed.) (1855). ''Hoyer Urkundenbuch'' (Vol. I). Hannoverae: Jänecke Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus terrae Diepholtia|Circulo terrae Diepholtia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Diepholz&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus terrae Diepholtia&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Diepholz'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Diepholtia]]&quot;, vide {{Hofmannus}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Asendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Asendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Assena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Philippi &amp; Bar 1892&quot;&gt;Philippi, F., &amp; Bär, M. (Eds.) (1892). ''Osnabrücker Urkundenbuch: Die Urkunden der Jahre 772-1200'' (Vol. 1). Verein für Geschichte und Landeskunde von Osnabrück.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Essen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Assini]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Essen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Astanholteremarki-Scirnbeki]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Osterholz-Scharmbeck''; [[Saxonice]] ''Oosterholt-Scharmbeek'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Astedele]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Astedele&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/osteel/ ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''S''[igillum] ''Domini Siadonis in Astedele'' (Siegel des Herrn Syado in Osteel) (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Osteel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Oosteel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Asylum (Saxonia Inferior)|Asylum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Asylum&quot;&gt;Theodiscum nomen ''Freistatt'', quod ''Freistätte, Zufluchtsort, Asyl'' significat, Latine &quot;asylum&quot; reddi potest. Nam in ''Deutsches Wörterbuch'' de Weigand et Hirt vox Theodisca ''Asyl'' explicatur ut «Freistatt» et ipsa vox Theodisca ''Asyl'' e Latino &quot;asylum&quot; orta esse dicitur. Praeterea lexicon Germanico-Latinum, quod in traditione lexicographica Georgii continetur, directe tradit: ''Freistatt, -stätte'', &quot;asylum'&quot;. Itaque &quot;Asylum&quot; non est forma ficticia neque mera translatio nostra, sed aequivalentia lexicographice comprobata.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Freistatt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Freestatt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Aszi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hermann&quot;&gt;Hermann Abels: ''Die Ortsnamen des Emslandes in ihrer sprachlichen und kulturgeschichtlichen Bedeutung''. S. 27f.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Esche'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Attendorium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Otterndorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Oterndörp'' seu ''Otterndörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Aulica]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Elze'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Auriacum (Saxonia Inferior)|Auriacum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Aurich''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Aurk''; [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Saxonica|Eofrisosaxonice]] ''Auerk'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== B ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Badberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Badbergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Badbern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Baddekenstedium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir &amp; Menzel &amp; Ohainski X 2018&quot;&gt;Casemir, K., Menzel, F., &amp; Ohainski, U. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil X)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Baddeckenstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Barkenstäe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Balga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Udolph 1994&quot;&gt;Udolph, J. (1994). ''Namenkundliche Studien zum Germanenproblem'' (Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde, Ergänzungsbände 9). Walter de Gruyter.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Balje'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Balga Cortis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Balge'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Baltrumum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wiarda III 1792&quot;&gt;Wiarda, T. D. (1792). ''Ostfriesische Geschichte: Von den ältesten Zeiten bis zum Jahre 1648'' (Vol. 3). August Friedrich Winter.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Baltrum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bamwida]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bohmte''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baumte'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bardenuvicum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bardowick''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bewick'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bardorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sudendorf 1859&quot;&gt;Sudendorf, H. (Ed.) (1859). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der Herzöge von Braunschweig und Lüneburg und ihrer Lande'' (Vol. 1). Carl Rümpler Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bahrdorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Kolb 1712&quot;&gt;Kolb, G. (1712). ''Compendium totius orbis: partim geographicum, partim historicum, partim genealogicum''. Typis Universitatis Carolo-Francisceae&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Barenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baarnborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bargstedum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mushard 1764&quot;&gt;Mushard, M. (1764). ''Palaeogentilismus Bremensis: Monumenta ac veterum tumuli in ducatibus Bremensi et Verdensi''. Typis Andreae Vandenhoeck.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bargstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bargst'' seu ''Bars'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barnstedum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bünting &amp; Letzner 1702&quot;&gt;Bünting, H., &amp; Letzner, J. (1702). ''Braunschweig-Lüneburgische Chronica, Oder Historische Beschreibung der Durchlauchtigsten Herzogen zu Braunschweig und Lüneburg''. Gedruckt bey Caspar Johann Jakobi.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Barnstedt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barnstorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Böhmer 2007&quot;&gt;Böhmer, J. F. (2007). ''Regesta Imperii III: Salisches Haus 1024–1125. Die Regesten des Kaiserreiches unter Heinrich IV'' (T. Struve, Ed.). Böhlau Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Barnstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baarnstrup'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barsela]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;&gt;Köbler, G. (2016). ''Orte in der deutschen Ortsgeschichte''. Wikiling-Zier. [[Universitas Leopoldino-Franciscea]].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Barßel''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bäärsel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bassel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barsingehusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Harenberg 1753&quot;&gt;Harenberg, J. C. (1753). ''Historia ecclesiae Gandershemensis diplomatica''. Typis et Impensis Joannis Christophori Meisneri.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Barsinghausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baschehusen'' seu ''Basche'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barum (Luneburgum)|Barum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mindermann I II 2004&quot;&gt;Mindermann, A. (Ed.) (2004). ''Verdener Urkundenbuch, 1. Abteilung, Band 2: 1300–1380''. Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Luneburgensis|Circulo Luneburgensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landreis Lüneburg&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Luneburgensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landreis Lüneburg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Luneburgensis-e&quot; ad [[Luneburgum]] refertur. Quo de toponymo, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Barum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Boorn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barum (Circulus Ulsenensis)|Barum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;AdWzG 2010&quot;&gt;Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen (2010). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter'' (K. Casemir, F. Menzel, &amp; U. Ohainski, Eds.). Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Ulsenensis|Circulo Ulsenensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Uelzen&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Ulsenensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Uelzen'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Ulsenensis-e&quot; ad [[Ulsena]]m refertur. Quo de gentilicio, vide lemma &quot;res-publica Ulsenensis&quot; apud {{Google Books|w_tWAAAAcAAJ|vide paginam dedicationis operis}}&quot;; et de topnymo, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Barum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bourm'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barunvilla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;SdaedhdlM 1862&quot;&gt;Société d'archéologie et d'histoire de la Moselle (1862). ''Mémoires de la Société d'archéologie et d'histoire de la Moselle: Année 1860–1861''. Rousseau-Pallez.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Barendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barverum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Böhmer 1844&quot;&gt;Böhmer, J. F. (1844). ''Regesta Chronologico-Diplomatica Regum et Imperatorum Romanorum: Inde a Conrado I. Usque ad Henricum VII''. Typis et Sumtibus J. C. Hermann.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Barver'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barwedelum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Barwedel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Basdalum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Basdahl''; [[Saxonice]] ''Basdaal'' seu ''Basdohl'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bawinkelum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Moser 1738&quot;&gt;Moser, J. J. (1738). ''Bibliotheca Iuris Publici S. R. I. Germanici: Specially regarding the territories of Westphalia and Lower Saxony''. Typis Ioannis Georgii Cottae.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bawinkel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bowinkel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bebenhusa (Saxonia Inferior)|Bebenhusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ahlfeldt 2010&quot;&gt;Ahlfeldt, J. (Ed.) (2010). ''Regnum Francorum Online: Traditio Fuldenses''. Francia-Ahlfeldt Project.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Bevensen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bämsen'' seu ''Bemsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Beckdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;AdWzG 2010&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Beckdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Beekdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Beckedorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Beckedorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Biäkedörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Beckelnum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Böhmer 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Beckeln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bedenbostelum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NL 1924&quot;&gt;Niedersächsisches Landesarchiv (1924). ''Niedersächsisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte''. Veröffentlichungen de Historischen Kommission für Niedersachsen und Bremen.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Beedenbostel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bedenbossel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Beierstedum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Beierstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Barste’e'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Belmum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Moser 1738&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Belm'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Belumum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mushard 1764&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Belum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Belen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bema (Saxonia Inferior)|Bema]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sudendorf 1859&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Böhme''; [[Saxonice]] ''Böhm'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bendestorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bührmann 2005&quot;&gt;Bührmann, M. (2005). ''Suffixbildungen in alten Ortsnamen des norddeutschen Raumes''. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen. &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bendestorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bendsdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Berga (Circulus Cellensis)|Berga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bruzen de La Martinière 1737&quot;&gt;Bruzen de La Martinière, A. A. (1737). ''Thesaurus geographicus criticus: in quo omnium orbis terrarum regionum, civitatum, oppidorum, nominibus antiquis, medii aevi et modernis''. Ex Officina Wetsteniana.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Cellensis|Circulo Cellensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Celle&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Cellensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Celle'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Cella (Germania)|Cella]]&quot; -ad quod gentilicium &quot;Cellensis-e&quot; refertur-, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bargen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Berga (Circulus Osnabrugae)|Berga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Osnabrugae|Circulo Osnabrugae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Osnabrück&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Osnabrugae&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Osnabrück'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum ''LandKreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Osnabruga|Osnabruga-ae]]&quot;, vide Pertsch, Erich: ''Langenscheidts Großes Schulwörterbuch Lateinisch-Deutsch'', Berolini et Monaci 1983, ISBN 3-468-07202-3, p. 1325.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Berge'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Berga ad Dumnam]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bruzen de La Martinière 1737&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bergen an der Dumme''; [[Polabice]] ''Djörska'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bergenborstelium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hodenberg 1855&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bahrenborstel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bornbössel'' seu ''Boornbössel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bergfelda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bünting &amp; Letzner 1702&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bergfeld''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Bargfeld'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bernsium Minus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bernsium&quot;&gt;Vide [https://emslaendische-landschaft.de/images/AFEL/Publikationen/Zeitschriften/Band_22/Heft_109_Mai_2011.pdf?utm ''Emsländische Landschaft''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Berßen, Groß oder Klein''' (...) Bernsium (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;&gt;De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum &quot;Klein&quot; et &quot;Gross&quot; per Latina &quot;Minor-us&quot; et &quot;Maior-ius&quot;, vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Klein Berßen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lütke Bässen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bersenbrugum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sandhoff 1785&quot;&gt;Sandhoff, J. E. (1785). ''Antistitum Osnabrugensis ecclesiae, qui per decem saecula episcopale munus in ea gesserunt, chronotaxis''. Typis Joannis Georgii Kislingii.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bersenbrück''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bessenbrügge'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bersinium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Kaemling 1987&quot;&gt;Kaemling, ''Atlas zur Geschichte Niedersachsens'' (1987).&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Berßen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groten Bässen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Berumburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Emmius 1616&quot;&gt;Emmius, U. (1616). ''Rerum Frisicarum Historia''. [[Lugdunum Batavorum|Lugduni Batavorum]]: Elzevier.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Berumbur'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bestena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Jellinghaus 1923&quot;&gt;Jellinghaus, H. (1923). ''Die westfälischen Ortsnamen nach ihren Bestandteilen''' (III ed.). Ferdinand Schöningh.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Beesten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Betzendorfum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bünting &amp; Letzner 1702&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Betzendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bätzendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bevernense Castrum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bevern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Beverstedum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Beverstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Beverst'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bienenbuttelum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bienenbüttel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bienbüddel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bilshusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wolf 1819&quot;&gt;Wolf, J. (1819). ''Politische Geschichte des Eichsfeldes mit Urkunden erläutert''. Johann Georg Rosenbusch.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bilshausen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Binethemum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;&gt;Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: I. Historicos Germanicos, II. Historiam Helmstadensem, III. Dissertationes de utriusque Saxoniae''. Typis Georgii Wolffgangi Hammii; et: Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: Dissertationen und historische Chroniken des Herzogtums Braunschweig-Lüneburg''. Typis Georgii Wolffii.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Bentheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Binnenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Binnen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Binn’n'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bippenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bippen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bippen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Birsina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bassum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bassen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bissendorpum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bissendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bissendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Blenderum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Brosius 1993&quot;&gt;Brosius, D. (1993). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Loccum'' (Vol. 1). Wallstein Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Blender''; [[Saxonice]] ''Blenner'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bliederstorpum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Trüper 2017&quot;&gt;Trüper, H. G. (2017). ''Urkundenbuch der Herren von Zesterfleth: 1232–1657''. Wallstein Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bliedersdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bliersdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bobentunum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir &amp; Ohainski &amp; Udolph&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bovenden''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Bovten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bocensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bückeburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bückeborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bocholta (Circulus Heidensis)|Bocholta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hodenberg 1859&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Heidensis|Circulo Heidensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Heidekreis&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Heidensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Heidekreis'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum suffixum ''-kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Heidensis-e&quot; Theodiscum lexema ''Heide-'' vertit.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Buchholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bookholt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bocholta (Circulus Theorosburgensis)|Bocholta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilmans &amp; Hoogeweg VI 1898&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Theorosburgensis|Circulo Theorosburgensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Schaumburg&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Theorosburgensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Schaumburg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino gentilicio &quot;Theorosburgensis-e&quot;, quod ad [[Theorosburgum]] refertur, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Buchholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baukholt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bocholtum in Ericeto]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mindermann 2001&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Buchholz in der Nordheide''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bookholt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bochorna (Circulus Frisicus)|Bochorna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ehmck &amp; Bippen 1873&quot;&gt;Ehmck, D. R., &amp; von Bippen, W. (Ed.) (1873). ''Bremisches Urkundenbuch: Band 1. Urkunden bis zum Jahre 1300''. C. Schünemann.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Frisicus|Circulo Frisico]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Friesland&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Frisicus&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Friesland'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Frisicus-a-um&quot; ad [[Frisia (discretiva)|Frisiam]] refertur. Quod de toponymo, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bockhorn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bochorna (Circulus Vetha)|Bochorna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Vetha|Circulo Vetha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Vechta&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Vetha&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Vechta'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bakum'')&lt;/small&gt; 
* [[Bochorstia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Erhard 1851&quot;&gt;Erhard, H. A. (Ed.) (1851). ''Regesta Historiae Westfaliae: Accedit Codex Diplomaticus/Regesten der Geschichte Westfalens''. Regensberg.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bockhorst''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baukhast'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bodendicum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Brosius 1985&quot;&gt;Brosius, D. (1985). ''Aus der Geschichte der Burg Bodenteich''. Ecomed Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Bodenteich''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bonndiek'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bodenfelda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sudendorf 1859&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodenfelde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bodensa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir &amp; Ohainski &amp; Udolph&quot;&gt;Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2003). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Göttingen''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodensee'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bodonis Insula]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodenwerder'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Boffeshusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir &amp; Ohainski VI 2007&quot;&gt;Casemir, K., &amp; Ohainski, U. (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen del Landkreises Holzminden''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil VI)''. Editio ab Academia Scientiarum Gottingensi. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Boffzen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Boitersena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mindermann 2001&quot;&gt;Mindermann, A. (Ed.) (2001). ''Urkundenbuch der Bischöfe und des Domkapitels von Verden: Band 1''. Von den Anfängen bis 1300. [[Stadae|Stadis]]: Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bötersen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Boitzen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Boitzia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sudendorf 1859&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Boitze''; [[Saxonice]] ''Böhtz'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bokenstorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sudendorf 1859&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bokensdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bokensdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bokenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bockenem''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bokeln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Borchwega]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rüther 1905&quot;&gt;Rüther, H. (Ed.) (1905). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Neuenwalde''. Halle’sche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Burweg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Borkna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Borkum''; [[lingua Frisica|Frisice]] ''Boarkum''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Börkum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Borna Castra]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Berne'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Borsla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Niemeyer 2012&quot;&gt;Niemeyer, M. (Ed.) (2012). ''Deutsches Ortsnamenbuch''. De Gruyter&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bösel''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Böäsel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bäsel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Borstla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hodenberg 1842&quot;&gt;Hodenberg, W. von (Ed.) (1842). ''Diepholzer Urkundenbuch: Authentische Urkunden zur Geschichte der Grafschaft Diepholz''. [[Hannovera]]e: Hahn'schen Hofbuchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Borstel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bössel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Botela]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mindermann 2001&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bothel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bootel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brachia (Germania)|Brachia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Brake''; [[Saxonice]] ''Braak'' seu ''Broak'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Braclina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rübel 1881&quot;&gt;Rübel, K. (Ed.) (1881). ''Dortmunder Urkundenbuch: Band 1. Urkunden bis zum Jahre 1340''. [[Isarlohia]]e: J. Baedeker.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Brackel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Braackel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bracum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Kirchbrak&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica toponyma cum terminationibus ''-ac'' aut ''-ach'' aut ''-ack'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-acum-i&quot; aut &quot;-achium-i&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-ac, -ach, -ack''' : -''acum,'' -''achium'' (...)&quot;. Hoc casu, latinizantia suffixa formis antiquis huius toponymi &quot;Brac&quot; applicantur; quo de toponymo, vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B77-F/NOB%20VI%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Holzminden.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm ''NOB VI Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Holzminden'']{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Theodericus de Brach'' (...) ''Henricus de Brach'' (...) ''Henrico de Brack'' (...) ''villa Brac'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Kirchbrak''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kerkbraak'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bramascus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bramsche'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Breddenberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilmans &amp; Hoogeweg VI 1898&quot;&gt;Wilmans, R., &amp; Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.). (1898). ''Westfälisches Urkundenbuch: Band 6. Die Urkunden des Bisthums Minden und angrenzender Gebiete''. [[Monasterium (Germania)|Monasterii]]: Regensberg'schen Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Breddenberg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bredenforda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hoogeweg 1898&quot;&gt;Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.) (1898). ''Westfälisches Urkundenbuch: Band 6. Die Urkunden des Bisthums Minden vom J. 1201-1300''. [[Monasterium (Germania)|Monasterii]]: Regensberg'schen Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brevörde''¨; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Bräwer'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bredthorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ehmck &amp; Bippen 1873&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Breddorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Breddörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brestum (Saxonia Inferior)|Brestum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pratje 1759&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brest'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brincama]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Friedländer 1878&quot;&gt;Friedländer, E. (Ed.) (1878). ''Ostfriesisches Urkundenbuch: Band 1. (Jahre 787–1470)''. [[Emda]]e: Haynel.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brinkum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Britlinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Udolph 2004&quot;&gt;Udolph, J. (2004). ''Suffixbildungen in alten Ortsnamen: Akten eines internationalen Symposiums in Uppsala''. [[Gottinga]]e: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Brietlingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brietl'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brochema]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilmans &amp; Hoogeweg VI 1898&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Brockum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Broubm'' seu ''Brookm'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brocleda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Janicke 1896&quot;&gt;Janicke, K. (Ed.) (1896). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Band 1''. [[Lipsia]]e: S. Hirzel.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bröckel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bräukel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Broclina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mindermann 2001&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Brockel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brookel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Broma]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir &amp; Ohainski 2014&quot;&gt;Casemir, K., &amp; Ohainski, U. (Ed.). (2014). ''Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch: Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Gifhorn''. [[Bilivelda]]e: Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Brome''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brom'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brochusium-Vilsena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hodenberg 1855&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilmans &amp; Hoogeweg VI 1898&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bruchhausen-Vilsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brooksen-Vilsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brunsvicum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Braunschweig''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brunswiek''; [[lingua Saxonica|Brunsvicice]] dialectaliter ''Bronswiek'' seu ''Brönswiek'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bukina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilmans &amp; Hoogeweg VI 1898&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bücken'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bulcova]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ehmck &amp; Bippen 1873&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bülkau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bulsteda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ehmck &amp; Bippen 1873&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bülstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Büls'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brunla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bode 1893&quot;&gt;Bode, G. (Ed.) (1893). ''Urkundenbuch der Stadt Goslar und der in und bei Goslar belegenen geistlichen Stiftungen: Band 1 (922 bis 1250)''.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Braunlage'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bunda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Deiter&quot;&gt;Deiter, H. (1881). Oldeborchs, Pastoris zu Bunda in Reiderland, kleine ostfriesische Chronicke, betreffend die Jahre 1558 bis 1605. ''Jahrbuch de Gesellschaft für bildende Kunst und vaterländische Altertümer zu Emden''.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bunde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bunn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Burchardivillare]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Janicke 1892&quot;&gt;Janicke, K. (Ed.) (1892). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Band 1. Bis zum Jahre 1221''. S. Hirzel.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Guelpherbytensis|Circulo Guelpherbytensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Wolfenbüttel&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Guelpherbytensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Wolfenbüttel'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Guelpherbytensis-e&quot; ad [[Guelpherbytum]] refertur. Quo de toponymo, vide [https://vd18.gbv.de/viewer/fullscreen/006049869/1/ ''vd18.gbv.de''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Pro eo ac debuisti, urbs aerumnosa, infelix ac misera Guelpherbytum (...)&quot;; et quo de gentilicio, vide  [https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/item/MBRY52X6EUWPQOQRFBKHVLYBSUG4M6LS ''Carmina Votiva Honori Clarißimi atq[ue] Experientißimi Viri Dn. Samuelis Stockhausen''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Practici Guelpherbytensis (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Burgdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borgdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Burgdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Hannovera (regio)|Regione Hannovera]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Burgdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borgdörp'' seu ''Bortörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Burgium (Saxonia Inferior)|Burgium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Remling VII 2026&quot;&gt;Remling, L. (2026). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Emsland''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Börger''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borger'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Buria (Saxonia Inferior)|Buria]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir &amp; Ohainski &amp; Udolph&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bühren'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bursina (Saxonia Inferior)|Bursina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir 2003&quot;&gt;Casemir, K. (2003). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil III)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Börßum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Butiadinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ehmck &amp; Bippen II 1876&quot;&gt;Ehmck, D. R., &amp; Bippen, W. von. (Ed.) (1876). ''Bremisches Urkundenbuch: Band 2. 1301–1350''. D. Ed. Müller.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Butjadingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Buxtehuda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lappenberg 1842&quot;&gt;Lappenberg, J. M. (Ed.) (1842). ''Hamburgisches Urkundenbuch: Band 1''. Perthes-Besser &amp; Mauke.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Buxtehude''; [[Saxonice]] ''Buxthu'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Byspinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hodenberg 1859&quot;&gt;Hodenberg, W. von (Ed.) (1859). ''Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, Fünfte Abtheilung: Archiv des Klosters St. Michaelis zu Lüneburg''. Capaun-Karlowa’sche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bispingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bissen'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== C ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Calba (Saxonia Inferior)|Calba]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Kalbe&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Kalbe'' seu ''Calbe'' forma &quot;Calba&quot; latinizari solet. Cf. [[Calba ad Salam|Calbam ad Salam]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Kalbe''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kalf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Calefelda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-felda&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-feld(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-felda-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Falufelda]], [[Frauenfelda]], [[Heresfelda]], [[Hirutfelda]], [[Ilfelda]], [[Mansfelda]], [[Salfelda]], [[Sualafelda]], [[Alfelda]], [[Alsfelda]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Calefeldensis&quot;&gt;&quot;C&quot; pro &quot;K&quot; ponitur propter orthographiam gentilicii &quot;Calefeldensis-e&quot;. Quo de gentilicio, vide [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Abhandlungen_zur_geologischen_Specialkarte_von_Preussen_und_den_Th%C3%BCringischen_Staaten_%28IA_abhandlungenzurg8589preu%29.pdf?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=index&amp;utm_content=original ''Abhandlungen zur geologischen Specialkarte von Preussen und den Thüringischen Staaten''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Calefeldensis'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Kalefeld'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Campus Rufus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Stüve 1789&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Rothenfelde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Capella (Saxonia Inferior)|Capella]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Philippi II 1894&quot;&gt;Philippi, F. (Ed.) (1894). ''Osnabrücker Urkundenbuch: Band 2. Die Urkunden der Jahre 1201–1250''. H. Th. Wenner.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Cappeln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Capella Orientalis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Capella&quot;&gt;Theodiscum suffixum ''-cappel(n)'' Latino vocabulo &quot;capella-ae&quot; vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Orientalis&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ostercappeln''; [[Saxonice]] ''Austerkappeln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Castrovallium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Burgwedel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borwee'' seu ''Boorwee'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Cella (Germania)|Cella]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Celle'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Clenza]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Janicke II 1896&quot;&gt;Janicke, K. (Ed.) (1896). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Band 2. Von 1221 bis 1260''. S. Hirzel.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Clenze''; [[Polabice]] ''Kloncka'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Cloppenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Cloppenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Cloppenborg''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Kloppenbuurich'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Clusa (Saxonia Inferior)|Clusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Kluse&quot;&gt;Theodiscum Saxonicumque toponymum ''Kluse'' derivatur a Medio-Latino vocabulo &quot;clūsa&quot;, &quot;angustum montium aditum, locum clausum&quot; significante, quae ad Latinum verbum &quot;claudere&quot; refertur; cf. Kluge, ''Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache'', s.v. ''Klause'', ubi Mediaevali Theodisco vocabulo ''klûse'', Antiquo Theodisco vocabulo ''chlûsa'' ex [[Latinitas medii aevi|Mediaevali Latino vocabulo]] &quot;clausa, clusa&quot; deducitur, et Lühr, ''Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen'', V, s.v. ''klûsa'', ubi Antiquum Theodiscum vocabulum ''klûsa'', ''Einfriedung, Engpass'' significans, ex [[Latinitas medii aevi|Mediaevali Latino vocabulo]] &quot;clūsa&quot; explicatur. Inde Theodiscum Saxonicumque toponymum ''Kluse'' ortum est.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Kluse'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Coeli Porta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Himmelpforten''; [[Saxonice]] ''Himmelpoorten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Collis (Saxonia Inferior)|Collis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Erhard 1851&quot;&gt;Erhard, H. A. (Ed.) (1851). ''Regesta Historiae Westfaliae: Accedit Codex Diplomaticus/Regesten der Geschichte Westfalens''. Regensberg.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Polle'')
* [[Cornu Curvatum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cornu Curvatum&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/curvatus?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum adiectivale praefixum ''Krumm-'' Latino adiectivo &quot;curvatus-a-um&quot;] et [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/cornu?wb=gross&amp;nr=2 Theodiscum nominale suffixum ''-hörn'' Latino nomine &quot;cornu-us&quot; (n.)] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Krummhörn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Cramma]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir 2003&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Cramme'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Cranenburgum (Saxonia Inferior)|Cranenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cranenburgum&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Kranenburg'' &quot;Cranenburgum&quot; latinizari solet. Cf. [[Cranenburgum (Rhenania Septentrionalis et Vestfalia)|Cranenburgum Rhenanum]] apud ''Atlas Sive Cosmographicae Meditationes de Fabrica Mundi et Fabricati Figura'', Mercatoris.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Kranenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kronenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Curia Maiorica]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Curia Maiorica&quot;&gt;Manfred Niemeyer (Hrsg.): ''Deutsches Ortsnamenbuch''. De Gruyter, Berolini 2012, ISBN 978-3-11-018908-7, S. 298.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Jork''; [[Saxonice]] ''Jörk'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Curia Sanctae Mariae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Marienhafe&quot;&gt;Vide [https://bibliothek.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/dateiarchiv/3134/Marienhafe.pdf ''Marienhafe''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Urkundlich wird Marienhafe erstmals am 16. Februar 1250 als „curia sancte Marie“, d.h. „Hof der heiligen Maria“ erwähnt. 1362 ist von „curia Virginis gloriose“ (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Marienhafe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Cuxhavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Cuxhaven''; [[Saxonice]] ''Cuxhoben'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== D ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Dalemia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dahlem'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dalenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rzihacek &amp; Spreitzer XI 2024&quot;&gt;Rzihacek, A., &amp; Spreitzer, F. (Ed.) (2024). ''Die Urkunden Otto IV (Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Diplomata Regum et Imperatorum Germaniae, Tomus XI). Hahnsche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Dahlenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dahlenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dalum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Janicke II 1896&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Dahlum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Tahln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Damma (Saxonia Inferior)|Damma]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Philippi II 1894&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Damme'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Damnatzium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Garzmann LXXVI 2004&quot;&gt;Garzmann, M. R. W. (Ed.) (2004). ''Niedersächsisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte: Neue Folge der Zeitschrift des Historischen Vereins für Niedersachsen (Band 76)''. Hahnsche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Damnatz'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Danneberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Dannenberg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dannenbarg''; [[Polabice]] ''Wajdars'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Danthorpum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir &amp; Menzel % Udolph VII 2011&quot;&gt;Casemir, K., Menzel, F., &amp; Udolph, J. (2011). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII''). Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Danndorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dassela]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dassel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dedenhusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husaDeensen&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum primae formae huius toponymi ''Dedehusen'' testatae applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide: Casemir, K., &amp; Ohainski, U. (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Holzminden (Veröffentlichungen del Institut für Historische Landesforschung der Universität Göttingen, Vol. 51)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Deensen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Deinsta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Deinste''; [[Saxonice]] ''Deinst'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Deinstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Deinstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Deins'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Delmenhorstium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Delmenhorst''; [[Saxonice]] ''Demost'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dengdia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Denkte'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Derenthalia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-thalia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-thal'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-thalia-ae&quot; seu &quot;-dalia-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-thal''' : -''thalia'', -''dalia'' (...)&quot;. Animadvertendum est suffixum ''-thal'' veterem orthographiam hodierni suffixi ''-tal'' esse; ergo Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-tal'' quoque latinizari potest addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-thalia-ae&quot; seu &quot;-dalia-ae&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Derental'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dersum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egger 1977&quot;&gt;Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Dersum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Derßm'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dettum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egger 1977&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Dettum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Detten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dicla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mooyer 1855&quot;&gt;Mooyer, E. F. (Ed.) (1855). ''Urkundenbuch des vormaligen Stiftes Minden''. J. C. C. Bruns.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dickel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Diddersa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Didderse'' et [[Saxonice]] ''Deesse'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Diekholza]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Diekholzen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dielmissa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Dielmissen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Diepenavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-avia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-au'' seu ''-aw'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-avia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Iereslavia]], [[Iunonwladislavia]], [[Labiavia]], [[Landavia]], [[Lindavia]], [[Liptavia]], [[Lobavia]], [[Lochavia]], [[Lublavia]], [[Luccavia]], [[Mitavia]], [[Multavia]], [[Namslavia]], [[Neoboleslavia]], [[Olavia]], [[Oppavia]], [[Pegavia]], [[Pillavia]], [[Premislavia]], inter alia, apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Diepenau''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Deepnau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Diepholtia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmannus&quot;&gt;{{Hofmannus}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Diepholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Deefholt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dinklaga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Dinklage''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dinklaoge'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Disaldishusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husaDelligsen&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum primae formae huius toponymi ''Disaldishusen'' testatae applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide: Reuter, A. (Ed.) (1950). ''1100 Jahre Delligsen: Geschichte der Hilsmulde und des Ortes Delligsen''. Verlag der Gemeinde Delligsen. &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Delligsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Disna (Saxonia Inferior)|Disna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Dissen am Teutoburger Wald'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dithgherscope-Twielenflethum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hollern&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/hollern-twielenfleth/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon'']. ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Luderus in Dithgherscope'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-ethum&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-eth'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-ethum-i&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Bechtsriethum]], [[Maitenbethum]] ac [[Wiesethum]] apud Vicipaediae Latinae articulum de [[Index communium Bavariae|indice communium Bavariae]]; et [[Gransebiethum]] apud Vicipaediae Latinae articulum de [[Index Communium Megapolis et Pomeraniae Citerioris|indice communium Megapolis et Pomeraniae Citerioris]].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hollern-Twielenfleth''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hullern-Twielenfleth'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dohra (Terra Emesensis)|Dohra]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Terrae Emesensis|Terra Emesensi]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Terrae Altenburgensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Emsland'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) et Latinum &quot;terra-ae&quot; Theodiscum lexema ''-land'' vertit et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Emesensis-e&quot; ad flumen [[Amisia|Emesam]] refertur. De hoc hydronymo, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dohren '')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dohra (Circulus Harburgensis)|Dohra]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Harburgensis|Circulo Harburgensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Harburg&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Dohren''; [[Saxonice]] ''Duhrn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dolnere]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Dolnere&quot;&gt;Vide [https://adw-goe.de/fileadmin/forschungsprojekte/ortsnamen_rhein_elbe/dokumente/Publikationen_Udolph_PDF/2001-2005/315._Udolph_Anmerkungen_zum_Ortsnamen_Dollern.pdf ''Anmerkugen zum Ortsnamen Dollern''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) 1105 (Fälschung Mitte 12. Jh.) ''Dolnere'' (...) 1209 ''Johannes de dolnere'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dollern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Doristacus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dorstadt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dornum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egger 1977&quot;&gt;Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Dornum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dornm'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dorverda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Dörverden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dörbern'' seu ''Dörb'' seu ''Dörveern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dotlinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dötlingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Draga (Albis)|Draga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Drage''; [[Saxonice]] ''Draag'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Drentweda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Drentwede'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Drestadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Drestedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dreest'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Drochtersa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Drochtersen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Drochters'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dudanebutli]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lappenberg 1841&quot;&gt;Lappenberg, J. M. (Ed.) (1841). ''Hamburgisches Urkundenbuch (Band 1)''. Perthes-Besser &amp; Mauke.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Düdenbüttel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Düünbeudel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Duderstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Duderstadt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dustadt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dunsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dünsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dunum  (Saxonia Inferior)|Dunum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Houtrouw 1889&quot;&gt;Houtrouw, O. G. (1889). ''Ostfriesland: Eine geschichtlich-ortskundige Wanderung gegen Ende der Fürstenzeit (Band 1)''. Dunkmann.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dunum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Duthungun]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Udolph 2004&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Duingen''; [[Saxonice|Ostfalice]] ''Daujen'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== E ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Ebbestorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Jaitner 1985&quot;&gt;Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ebstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ebstörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ebersdorfium (Saxonia Inferior)|Ebersdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ebersdorfium&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Ebersdorf'' in Latinam &quot;Ebersdorfium&quot; verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ebersdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eversdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Echemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-hemium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-he(i)m'' et ''-hjem'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-hemium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ingelhemium]], [[Eboreshemium]], [[Arnhemium]], [[Oppenhemium]], [[Forchemium]], [[Gerineshemium]], [[Benthemium]], [[Buxhemium]], [[Dronthemium]], [[Enshemium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Echem''; [[Saxonice]] ''Echen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Edemissa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Edemissen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emisse'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Egestorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Egestorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Äästörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Edewechte]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Berger 2012&quot;&gt;Berger, D. (2012). ''Edewecht''. In ''Deutsches Ortsnamenbuch''. Walter de Gruyter.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Edewecht''; [[Saxonice]] ''Erwech''; historice ''Adewacht'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eggermuhla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Eggermühlen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eggermöhlen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ehra-Lessia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ehra-Lessien'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eicklinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Eicklingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eikeln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eildissum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Stumpf-Brentano II 1865&quot;&gt;Stumpf-Brentano, K. F. (Ed.) (1865). ''Die Reichskanzler vornehmlich des X., XI. und XII. Jahrhunderts: Acta Imperii Selecta'' (Vol. 2). [[Aeni Pons (Austria)|Aeni Ponte]]: Wagner'schen Universitäts-Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Eilsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ahlsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eima (Circulus Hildesiensis)|Eima]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;/small&gt;(in [[Circulus Hildesiensis|Circulo Hildesiensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Circulus Hildesiensis&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Hildesiensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Hildesheim'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Hildesiensis-e&quot; ad [[Hildesia]]m refertur. Hac de urbe, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eime'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eima (Circulus Holtisminnensis)|Eima]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Holtisminnensis|Circulo Holtisminnensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Circulus Holtisminnensis&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Holtisminnensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Holzminden'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Holtisminni]]&quot; -ad quod gentilicium &quot;Holtisminnensis-e&quot; refertur-, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Eimen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eimka]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Eimke''; [[Saxonice]] ''Aimk'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ekelum]]&lt;ref&gt;Vide: Von Hodenberg, W. (Ed.) (1855). ''Walsroder Urkundenbuch (Urkunde Nr. 19)''. Hahnsche Hofbuchhandlung. Quo opere &quot;proprietatem bonorum in Ekelo, que ab ecclesia Walsrodensi in feodum tenuit, pro quinquaginta marcis seriosius comparavit.&quot; dicitur.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eickeloh'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Elba (Saxonia Inferior)|Elba]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Elbe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Elbingeroda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-roda&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Elbingerode'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eldinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eldingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Elsdorfium (Saxonia Inferior)|Elsdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Elsdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Elsdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Embeca]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Embeca&quot;&gt;&quot;non ignobiles Saxoniae civitates, Embeca et Gottinga&quot; {{Google Books|I7pXAAAAcAAJ|p. 734}}. Interdum &quot;Embica&quot;, &quot;Embecka&quot; etc. reperis&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Einbeck''; [[Saxonice]] ''Aimbeck'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Embsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Embsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Emda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Emden''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Oamde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Emmelkampus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Emmelkampus&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.altreformiert.de/beuker/geschichte/grafschaft-bentheim/ERK-GRAFSCH_Classis_1625-1705_Prot_-_Plasger_2021_gjb.pdf?utm ''Protokolle der Classis der reformierten Prediger der Grafschaft Bentheim 1625–1705''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Domino Bernhardus Tinneken Pastorum Emmelkampum (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Emlichheim''; [[Saxonice]] et [[Batavice]] ''Emmelkamp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Emmendorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Emmendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Emphstece]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Emphstece&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.emstek.de/die-gemeinde/ortsteile/emstek?utm ''www.emstek.de'']; ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Urkunde aus dem Jahre 947 als „Emphstece&quot; (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Emstek''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emstäk'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Emsbura]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Emsbüren''; [[Saxonice]] ''Büren'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Emtinghusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Emtinghausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emhusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Engda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Engden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Engn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Engelschofa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-hofa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-hof(f)(e)(n)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-hofa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Hattenhofa (Bavaria)|Hattenhofa Bavarica]], [[Pfaffenhofa ad fluvium Glon]], [[Pfaffenhofa ad Rotam]], [[Poohofa]], [[Gundershofa]], [[Hattenhofa (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Hattenhofa Badeniae-Virtembergiae]], [[Pfaffenhofa (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Pfaffenhofa]], [[Matichofa]], [[Philshofa]] apud [[Google|Gugulam]].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Engelschoff''; [[Saxonice]] ''Engelschopp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Erenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Minden II 1902&quot;&gt;Minden, G. von (Ed.) (1902). ''Urkundenbuch der Bischöfe von Verden und Minden (Band 2)''. Hahn’sche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ehrenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ehrenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Erkeroda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-roda&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-rode'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-roda-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Baceroda]], [[Gerningeroda]], [[Osteroda]], [[Werningroda]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Erkerode''; [[Saxonice]] ''Erkero'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ermelstorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pratje 1759&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Armstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Armsdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ericetum Magnum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ericetum&quot;&gt;[https://woerterbuchnetz.de/?sigle=MeckWB&amp;lemid=H01756 Theodiscum toponymicum suffixum et vocabulum ''(-)Heide'' Latino nomine &quot;Ericetum-i&quot; vertitur.]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Magnus&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/magnus?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum praefixum ''Groß-'' Latino adiectivo &quot;magnus-a-um&quot; vertitur.]&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Großheide''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grootheid'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Escheda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Eschede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Esche'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eschershusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eschershausen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Esena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Esens'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Essel]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Essel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Äsel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Esterwega]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Esterwegen''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Äästerweede'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Estorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(ad [[Visurgis|Visurgem]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Estorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Esdörp'' seu ''Esdrup'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Estorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Stadae|Circulo Stadae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Stade&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Stadae&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Stade'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Stadae]]&quot;, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Estorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Esdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Evergoteshemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-hemiumEver&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-he(i)m'' et ''-hjem'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-hemium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ingelhemium]], [[Eboreshemium]], [[Arnhemium]], [[Oppenhemium]], [[Forchemium]], [[Gerineshemium]], [[Benthemium]], [[Buxhemium]], [[Dronthemium]], [[Enshemium]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum primae formae huius toponymi ''Euergoteshem'' testatae applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide: H. Bresslau et. al.: ''Die Urkunden Heinrichs II. und Arduins''. In: Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Die Urkunden der deutschen Könige und Kaiser, Band 3. [[Hannovera]]e 1900–1903.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ebergötzen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Ewerchötzschen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Everinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-ingaEvern&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum mediaevali formae huius toponymi ''Everinge'' testatae applicatur. Quo de mediaevali toponymo, vide: Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (1998). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises und der Stadt Hannover (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil I)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Deutsch Evern''; [[Saxonice]] ''Düütsch Äwern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eversmeer]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eversmeer'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Evessum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NOB 2004&quot;&gt;Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (2004). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter''' (NOB III). [[Gottinga]]e: Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Evessen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eydelstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Eydelstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eidelstee'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eyendorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Eyendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eyndörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eystharpa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-tharpa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-trup'' seu ''-drup'' seu ''-trop'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-tharpa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Butilingtharpa]], [[Graftharpa]], [[Gumorodingtharpa]], [[Haringtharpa]], [[Heppingtharpa]], [[Holttharpa]], [[Hurstharpa]], [[Kathingtharpa]], [[Kiedeningtharpa]], [[Marastharpa]], [[Markiligtharpa]], [[Meinbrahtingtharpa]], [[Peingtharpa]], [[Radistharpa]], [[Sutharpa]], [[Tettingtharpa]], [[Vilomaringtharpa]], [[Winikingtharpa]], [[Varetharpa]], [[Vrilingtharpa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eystrup''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eestrup'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== F ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Fallingbostela]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bad Fallingbostel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Fambossel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Fardium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Verden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Veern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Farva]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Farven''; [[Saxonice]] ''Farm'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Fassberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Faßberg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Filsum]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Filsum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Firrel]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Firrel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Florimontium (circulus Widmundensis)|Florimontium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Blomberg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bloombarg'' seu ''Blombarg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Flotide]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Flotide&quot;&gt;De nominibus &quot;Flotide&quot; {{caa|780|802}}, &quot;Flathi&quot; {{caa|1013}}, &quot;Flatide&quot; {{caa|1142}}, &quot;Flothethe&quot; {{caa|1187}}, &quot;Vlothe&quot; {{caa|1189}} et &quot;Flotethe&quot; {{caa|1194}}, vide: Udolph, Jürgen. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160729194352/https://www.ndr.de/ndr1niedersachsen/programm/Ortsnamen-Uebersicht-fuer-Buchstaben-F,ortsnamenforscher111.html ''Ortsnamenforscher'']. ''NDR 1 Niedersachsen''.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Flöthe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Frankenfelda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-felda&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-feld(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-felda-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Falufelda]], [[Frauenfelda]], [[Heresfelda]], [[Hirutfelda]], [[Ilfelda]], [[Mansfelda]], [[Salfelda]], [[Sualafelda]], [[Alfelda]], [[Alsfelda]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Frankenfeld'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Freda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Freden'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Fredenbiki]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-biki&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-beck'' seu ''-beek'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-biki-orum&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Aesebiki]], [[Asbiki]], [[Beverbiki]], [[Gledabiki]], [[Goltbiki]], [[Sannanabiki]], [[Trobiki]], [[Walbeka|Walbiki]], [[Winesbiki]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Fredenbeck''; [[Saxonice]] ''Freenbeek'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Frera]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Freren'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Fresenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Fresenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Fräsenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Friburgum (Albis)|Friburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Friburgum&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Freiburg'' Latino toponymo &quot;Friburgum&quot; verti solet. Cf. [[Friburgum Brisgoviae]] aut [[Friburgum Nuithonum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Freiburg/Elbe''; [[Saxonice]] ''Fryborg'' seu ''Freiborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Frideburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Frideburgum&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.heimatbund-finnentrop.de/index_htm_files/Staats-%20u.%20Reisegeogr.%205.pdf?utm ''Beschreibung derer merkwürdigsten Oerter''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Frideburg, Friedeburg, lat. Frideburgum'''. Liegt im Fürstenthum Ostfriesland, an den Grenzen der Grafschaft Oldenburg (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Friedeburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Freborg'' seu ''Freebörg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Friedlandia (Saxonia Inferior)|Friedlandia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Friedland&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Friedland' in Latinam &quot;Friedlandia&quot; verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Friedland'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Frisoyta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Frisoyta&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/363707446_Der_Status_animarum_im_Hochstift_Munster_und_die_Alphabetisierung_im_landlichen_Raum_eines_geistlichen_Furstentums_im_17_und_18_Jahrhundert ''Der Status animarum im Hochstift Münster und die Alphabetisierung im ländlichen Raum eines geistlichen Fürstentums im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Specificatio catholic[orum] et acatholicorum in Frisoyta (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Friesoythe''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ait''; [[Saxonice]] ''Aithe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Furstenavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Furstenavia&quot;&gt;Theodiscum nomen proprium ''Fürstenau'' in Latinam &quot;Furstenavia&quot; verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Hofmannus}}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) FURSTENAVIA Familia Germ. ''Furstenau'', ramus est Familiae Erpacensis (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Fürstenau''; [[Saxonice]] ''Fösnau'' seu ''Försnau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Furstenberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Fürstenberg'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== G ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Ganderkesea]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ganderkesee''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gannerseer'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gandershemium]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.fi/books?id=6kwBAAAAQAAJ&amp;pg=PA27&amp;lpg=PA27&amp;dq=Gandershemium&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=_NMr2DmhUK&amp;sig=CXPUuuKZ8W03AC7uB3YlYYNscJ4&amp;hl=fi&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=7z7WUrfrO8iC4gTGxoGYCw&amp;ved=0CDIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&amp;q=Gandershemium&amp;f=false R. p. Hertenberger: ''Historia pragmatica universalis, sacra et profana''], p.27;
[http://books.google.fi/books?id=yScyAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA58&amp;lpg=PA58&amp;dq=Gandershemium&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=ZoGX4tZRRD&amp;sig=8fUZc6grFgYD0jN-twVcDyzarYI&amp;hl=fi&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=7z7WUrfrO8iC4gTGxoGYCw&amp;ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&amp;q=Gandershemium&amp;f=false ''Acta Sanctorum, Junii'' (1698-1717), cit. in ''A Companion to Hrotsvit of Gandersheim (fl. 960)''], p. 58 n.103.&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Gandersheim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ganderssen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gandesberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gandesbergen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Gannsbargen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Garbsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Garbsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Garlstorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Garlstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Garlstörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Garrel]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Garrel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Garstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Garstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gastää'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gartovia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-ovia&quot;&gt;[[Linguae Germanicae|Germanica]] ac [[linguae Slavicae|Slavica]] toponyma cum suffixo ''-ov'' seu ''-öv'' seu ''ow'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-ovia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Asovia]], [[Brewnovia]], [[Czernichovia]], [[Glasgovia]], [[Golnovia]], [[Grabovia]], [[Kharkovia]], [[Laszovia]], [[Ostrovia]], [[Pscovia]], [[Racovia]], [[Sucovia]], [[Tarnovia]], [[Wengrovia]], [[Witkowa]], [[Wittovia]], [[Crovia]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gartow'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Geesta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Geeste''; [[Saxonice]] ''Choeiste'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Geestlandia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-landia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-land'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-landia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amelandia]], [[Bevelandia Australis]], [[Bevelandia Septentrionalis]], [[Bolandia]], [[Iutlandia]], [[Curlandia]], [[Estlandia]], [[Finlandia]], [[Flevolandia]], [[Friedlandia]], [[Islandia]], [[Gothlandia]], [[Hollandia]], [[Ingermanlandia]], [[Isalandia]] [[Lalandia]], [[Langelandia]], [[Oehtlandia]] [[Olandia]], [[Sallandia]], [[Samlandia]] [[Zelandia]], [[Selandia]] [[Fotlandia]], [[Wermelandia]] [[Withlandia]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Geestland'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gehrda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Gehrde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gährde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gemmegum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Gemmegum&quot;&gt;Vide ''Giminghem - der alte Name von Jemgum'' Gerhardi Kronsweide; ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Mittelalterliche urkundliche und einige neuzeitliche Nennungen von Jemgum''' (...) Gemmegum (Urkunde in lateinisch) (...) Gommegum (lat.) (...) Gemghum (lat.) (...) Gemmyngum (lat.) (...) Jemgum (Ubbo Emmius, lat.) (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Jemgum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Georgsdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Georgsdorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gerdavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-avia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-au'' seu ''-aw'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-avia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Iereslavia]], [[Iunonwladislavia]], [[Labiavia]], [[Landavia]], [[Lindavia]], [[Liptavia]], [[Lobavia]], [[Lochavia]], [[Lublavia]], [[Luccavia]], [[Mitavia]], [[Multavia]], [[Namslavia]], [[Neoboleslavia]], [[Olavia]], [[Oppavia]], [[Pegavia]], [[Pillavia]], [[Premislavia]], inter alia, apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gerdau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gerdinum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Gerdinium&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/gehrden/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Urkundlich ist der spätere Flecken möglicherweis erstmals als ''Gerdinum'' im Verzeichnis der Schenkungen (''Traditionen'') an das Kloster Corvey erwähnt, das um 826/76 angelegt wurde (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Gehrden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gieren'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gersta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gersten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Geteloha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-loha&quot;&gt;Germanica praesentia aut antiqua toponyma cum suffixis ''-loh(e)'' et ''-lo'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-loha-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ascloha]], [[Buohloha]], [[Eiloha]], [[Hadaloha]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Getelo''; [[Saxonice]] ''Getel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gevensleba]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-leba&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-leben'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-leba-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Hadersleba]], [[Kintileba]], [[Meresleba]], [[Mimileba]], [[Rumerestleba]], [[Wigileba]], [[Winirichileba]], [[Albgozesleba]], [[Asoltesleba]], [[Buffileba]], [[Egisleba]], [[Gorchesleba]], [[Gozzenleba]], [[Gunderichesleba]], [[Gunzenleba]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gevensleben'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gevera]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Jever'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gieboldehusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Gieboldehausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Chiwelehusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Giesa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Giesen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gifhorna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cellarius 1703&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Gifhorn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gilta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gilten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Glandorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Glandorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gleicha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gleichen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gnarrenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Gnarrenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gnarrenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Godenstorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Gödenstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gö’nstörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Goldbiki]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Golmbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Goldenstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Goldenstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gollnste'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Golencampus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;campus-i&quot;&gt;[https://ewa.saw-leipzig.de/articles/80250/en?utm Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-kamp'' seu ''-kampf'' seu ''-camp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-campus-i&quot;], quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Gölenkamp''; [[Saxonice]] ''Göllenkamp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gorenthin]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Gorenthin&quot;&gt;Vide [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Zeitschrift_des_Historischen_Vereins_f%C3%BCr_Niedersachsen_%28IA_zeitschriftdeshi1857hist%29.pdf?utm ''Zeitschrift des Historischen Vereins für Niedersachsen''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) villam Gorenthin '' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Göhrde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Göhr''; [[Polabice]] ''Djöra'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gorleba]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-leba&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-leben'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-leba-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Hadersleba]], [[Kintileba]], [[Meresleba]], [[Mimileba]], [[Rumerestleba]], [[Wigileba]], [[Winirichileba]], [[Albgozesleba]], [[Asoltesleba]], [[Buffileba]], [[Egisleba]], [[Gorchesleba]], [[Gozzenleba]], [[Gunderichesleba]], [[Gunzenleba]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gorleben'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Goslaria]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Goslar''; [[Saxonice]] ''Goslär'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gottinga]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.com/books?id=kkM-AAAAcAAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=gottingensis&amp;lr=&amp;cd=14#v=onepage&amp;q=&amp;f=false Libri Googles].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Göttingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Chöttingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Grafhorstium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-horstium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-horst'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-horstium-i&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-horst''' : -''horstium'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Grafhorst''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grafhorst'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Grasberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Grasberg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grasbarg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Grasleba]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-leba&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-leben'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-leba-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Hadersleba]], [[Kintileba]], [[Meresleba]], [[Mimileba]], [[Rumerestleba]], [[Wigileba]], [[Winirichileba]], [[Albgozesleba]], [[Asoltesleba]], [[Buffileba]], [[Egisleba]], [[Gorchesleba]], [[Gozzenleba]], [[Gunderichesleba]], [[Gunzenleba]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Grasleben''; [[Saxonice]] ''Graslewe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Grethemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-hemium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-he(i)m'' et ''-hjem'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-hemium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ingelhemium]], [[Eboreshemium]], [[Arnhemium]], [[Oppenhemium]], [[Forchemium]], [[Gerineshemium]], [[Benthemium]], [[Buxhemium]], [[Dronthemium]], [[Enshemium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Grethem''; [[Saxonice]] ''Graitn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Grona (Leina)|Grona]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gronau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Grundensis Civitas Metallica]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Grund'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Grunendicum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dicum&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Grünendeich''; [[Saxonice]] ''Greundiek'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Guderhandviertel]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Guderhandviertel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gauderhandviddel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Guelpherbytum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wolfenbüttel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wulfenbüttel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gusbornium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-bornium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-born'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-bornium-ii&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Calenbornium (prope Aram)|Calenbornium prope Aram]] et [[Calenbornium (prope Caesariacum)|Calenbornium prope Caesariacum]] (Theodisce ''Kalenborn''); [[Calenbornium-Scheurenum]] (Theodisce ''Kalenborn-Scheuern''); [[Hasbornium (Eiflia)|Hasbornium]] (Theodisce ''Hasborn''); [[Leidenbornium]] (Theodisce ''Leidenborn''); [[Lichtenbornium]] (Theodisce ''Lichtenborn''). Quae omnia toponyma ex articulo Vicipaediae Latinae de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Rhenaniae_et_Palatinatus indice urbium et communium Rhenaniae et Palatinatus] desumpta sunt, ubi apte referuntur.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gusborn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gyhum]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Gyhum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Jeem'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== H ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Hachede]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hachede&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/marschacht/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''paludem a Blekethe vsque ad Ecclesiam Hachede'' (...) ''in quorum honore est altare in prefata ecclesia Hachethe dedicatum'' (...) ''Hinricus Bartolomei plebanus in Merschhachede'' (...) ''rector parrochialis ecclesie in Merschachtede'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Marschacht''; [[Saxonice]] ''Meschacht'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hademstorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hademstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hamstorp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Haeslinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Heeslingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Heeßel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Haga (Saxonia Inferior)|Haga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Haga&quot;&gt;Vide [https://bibliothek.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/dateiarchiv/3191/Hage.pdf?utm ''Historische Ortsdatenbank für Ostfriesland''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Erscheinung trat der Ort als „curatus Hagensis“ im Jahr 1400. Spätere Bezeichnungen waren „
Haga“ (um 1409)  (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hage''; [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Saxonica|Eofrisosaxonice]] ''Haag'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Haga ad Teutoburgiensem Saltum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-haga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-hag(e)(n)'' seu ''-ha(a)g'' seu ''-hague'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-haga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Haga (Franconia Superior)|Haga Franconiae Superioris]], [[Haga ad Ambram]], [[Haga (in Bavaria superiore)|Haga in Bavaria Superiore]] apud [[Index communium Bavariae|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Bavariae]]; [[Falkenhaga (Marchia)|Falkenhaga Marchiana]] apud [[Index communium Brandenburgi|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Brandenburgi]]; [[Haga Schauenburgi]], [[Haga Promontorium]], [[Haga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Teutoburger Wald&quot;&gt;Cfr. [[Cornelius Tacitus|Taciti]], ''[[Annales (Tacitus)|Annales]]'', {{Vf|Ab excessu divi Augusti (Annales)/Liber I|LX|I, 60}}: &quot;... haud procul '''Teutoburgiensi saltu''' in quo reliquiae Vari legionumque insepultae dicebantur&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hagen am Teutoburger Wald'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Haga Bremensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-haga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-hag(e)(n)'' seu ''-ha(a)g'' seu ''-hague'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-haga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Haga (Franconia Superior)|Haga Franconiae Superioris]], [[Haga ad Ambram]], [[Haga (in Bavaria superiore)|Haga in Bavaria Superiore]] apud [[Index communium Bavariae|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Bavariae]]; [[Falkenhaga (Marchia)|Falkenhaga Marchiana]] apud [[Index communium Brandenburgi|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Brandenburgi]]; [[Haga Schauenburgi]], [[Haga Promontorium]], [[Haga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Latinum gentilicium &quot;Bremensis-e&quot; Theodiscum syntagma ''im Bremischen'' vertit.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hagen im Bremischen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hagen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Haga Schauenburgi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]]  ''Stadthagen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hagenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hagenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hagenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Halbemontium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-montium&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-mond'' aut ''-mont'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-montium-i&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-mond, mont''' : -''montium, mons'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Halbemond'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Halla (Holtisminni)|Halla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in Montibus [[Visurgis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Halle'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Halla (Comitatus Binethensis)|Halla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Halla prope Neuenhusam&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Halle'' plerumque toponymo &quot;Halla-ae&quot; latinizatur. Qua de latinizatione, vide complures Hallae apud [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(prope [[Neuenhusa]]m&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Halle'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Halvesbostel]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Halvesbostel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hassbossel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hamala]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hameln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hamberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hambergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hambargen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hambuhra]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hambühren''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hambüren'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hamele]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hamele&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/2261/NOB%20VIII_Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Peine.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm ''NOB VIII Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Peine'']{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) 1146 ''in Sutherem iuxta Hamele'' (UB H.Hild. I Nr. 239 S. 222) 1180 ''in Bikem iuxta Honhamelen'' (UB H.Hild. I Nr. 396 S. 385) 1193 ''in Honhamele'' (UB H.Hild. II Nachtrag Nr. 13 S. 580) 1198 ''apud Honhamelen'' (...) 1251 ''Sutherem apud Hoenhamale'' (UB H.Hild. II Nr. 861 S. 435) 1278-1280 ''iugera Hamelen'' (Lehnregister Meinersen II Nr. 20 S. 590) (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hohenhameln''; [[Saxonice]] ''Häogenhameln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hamelhusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hämelhausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hämelhusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hamersa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hamersen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Homersen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hamma (Saxonia Inferior)|Hamma]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-ah&quot;&gt;Germanica aut Semitica aut Indoiranica toponyma cum terminatione ''-ah'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Exempli gratiā: [[Calvela]], [[Maliana]], Parra, [[Widenla]], [[Zellia]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hammah''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hammoh'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Handeloha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-loha&quot;&gt;Germanica praesentia aut antiqua toponyma cum suffixis ''-loh(e)'' et ''-lo'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-loha-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ascloha]], [[Buohloha]], [[Eiloha]], [[Hadaloha]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Handeloh'' seu olim ''Handorf bei Tostedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Handörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Handorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Handorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Handörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hantharpa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-tharpa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-trup'' seu ''-drup'' seu ''-trop'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-tharpa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Butilingtharpa]], [[Graftharpa]], [[Gumorodingtharpa]], [[Haringtharpa]], [[Heppingtharpa]], [[Holttharpa]], [[Hurstharpa]], [[Kathingtharpa]], [[Kiedeningtharpa]], [[Marastharpa]], [[Markiligtharpa]], [[Meinbrahtingtharpa]], [[Peingtharpa]], [[Radistharpa]], [[Sutharpa]], [[Tettingtharpa]], [[Vilomaringtharpa]], [[Winikingtharpa]], [[Varetharpa]], [[Vrilingtharpa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Handrup'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hannovera]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[caput (urbs)|caput]] [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terrae foederalis]] et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hannover''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hannober'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hanstadium (Circulus Harburgensis)|Hanstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Harburgensis|Circulo Harburgensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Harburg&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hanstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hanstää'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hanstadium (Circulus Ulsenensis)|Hanstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Ulsenensis|Circulo Ulsenensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Uelzen&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hanstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hanster'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hardegsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hardegsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Harmstorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Harmstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Harmsdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Harna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Haren'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Harpstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Harpstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Harpstäe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Harsfeldum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Harsefeld''; [[Saxonice]] ''Harsfeld'' seu ''Hasfeld'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Harsum]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Harsum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hartsburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Harzburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Harzeborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hasberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hasbergen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hasburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Haßbergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Haßbargen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hasela (Saxonia Inferior)|Hasela]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hasela&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/hassel/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Dort ist die ''villa Hasela'' erwähnt, also das Dorf Hassel (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hassel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hasla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hasla&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/hesel/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Der früheste schriftliche Beleg für den Ort findet sich als ''Hasla'' in einem Urbar der Abtei Werden, das sich auf das 10. Jh. datieren lässt (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hesel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hassendorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hassendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hassendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hasta (Saxonia Inferior)|Hasta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Haste'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hatta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;&gt;De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum &quot;Klein&quot; et &quot;Gross&quot; per Latina &quot;Minor-us&quot; et &quot;Maior-ius&quot;, vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hatten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hattorpium ad Harthicos Montes]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hattorf am Harz'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hauslinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Häuslingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hüßel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Haverla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Haverla&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B73-8/NOB%20III%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Wolfenb%C3%BCttel%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Salzgitter.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter'']{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) um 941 (Fä. Mitte 12. Jh., kop. 17. Jh.) ''Haverlae'' (...) 1319 ''Haverla'' (UB H Hild. IV 464 S. 247) (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Haverlah''; [[Saxonice]] ''Haberlah'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hechthusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hechthausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Heckthusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hedebere]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hedebere&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B73-8/NOB%20III%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Wolfenb%C3%BCttel%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Salzgitter.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm ''NOB III Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter'']{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Antiquum Hedebere seu Minus, Novum Hedebere seu Maius'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hedeper''; [[Saxonice]] ''Heper'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heeda (Terra Emesensis)|Heeda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Heede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Häie'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heemsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heemsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heessa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heeßen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heidenavia (Saxonia Inferior)|Heidenavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-avia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-au'' seu ''-aw'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-avia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Iereslavia]], [[Iunonwladislavia]], [[Labiavia]], [[Landavia]], [[Lindavia]], [[Liptavia]], [[Lobavia]], [[Lochavia]], [[Lublavia]], [[Luccavia]], [[Mitavia]], [[Multavia]], [[Namslavia]], [[Neoboleslavia]], [[Olavia]], [[Oppavia]], [[Pegavia]], [[Pillavia]], [[Premislavia]], inter alia, apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heidenau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heina (Saxonia Inferior)|Heina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Heina&quot;&gt;Vide [https://hgv-hhm.de/ortsnamen-13-19-jahrhundert.html?utm ''Heimat- und Geschichtsverein für Heinade-Hellental-Merxhausen E.V.''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''villa Heina'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heinade'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heinbockel]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heinbockel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heiningensis Locus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Heiningen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Heinig'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heinsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heinsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heli (Saxonia Inferior)|Heli]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Heli&quot;&gt;Vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20241109195129/https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B73-8/NOB%20III%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Wolfenb%C3%BCttel%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Salzgitter.pdf ''NOB III Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''in villa Heli'' (...) ''Heloon'' (...) ''collatio ecclesie Helen'' (...) ''Thidericus de Helenen'' (...) ''plebanos ecclesiarum de Helen'' (...) ''in campo sive marke ville Helen'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hehlen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hellwega]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hellwege''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hellweeg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Helmstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Helmstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Helmstidde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Helpsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Helpsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Helvesiecca]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-siek&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ec(k)'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-ecca-ae&quot; seu &quot;-eca-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-ec, -eck''' : -''ecca'', -''ēca'' (...)&quot;. Hoc in casu, applicatur terminatio latinizans formae antiquae suffixi ''-siek'' -quae ''-sieck'', ut accidit in toponymis velut ''Bannensieck'', cuius hodierna forma ''Bannensiek'' est. Qua de ultima antiqua forma, vide [https://www.arcinsys.niedersachsen.de/arcinsys/showArchivalDescriptionDetails?archivalDescriptionId=2955251 ''Arcinsys''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Helvesiek''; [[Saxonice]] ''Helsch'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hemminga (Saxonia Inferior)|Hemminga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hemmingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hemmje'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hemmoor]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hemmoor'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hemsbunda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hemsbünde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Heemsbünnen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hemslinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hemslingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hemsloha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-loha&quot;&gt;Germanica praesentia aut antiqua toponyma cum suffixis ''-loh(e)'' et ''-lo'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-loha-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ascloha]], [[Buohloha]], [[Eiloha]], [[Hadaloha]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hemsloh''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hemzel'' seu ''Hemsel'' seu ''Hemßel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hepstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hepstedt''; [Saxonice]] ''Hepst'' seu ''Heps'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hepstidi Villa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hipstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hipst'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Herrum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Herrum&quot;&gt;Vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20241109195129/https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B73-8/NOB%20III%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Wolfenb%C3%BCttel%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Salzgitter.pdf ''NOB III Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter.''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Majori villa Herre'' (...) ''Maiori Here'' (...) ''Minori Herro'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heere'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hertzberga ad Harthicos Montes]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Herzberg am Harz'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Herzlaka]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Herzlake''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hässelke'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hespa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hespe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heuerssa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Heuerßen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hoarßen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heya]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heyen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Hein'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hildesia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hildesheim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hilmessen'' seu ''Hilmssen'')&lt;/small&gt; 
* [[Hilgermissa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hilgermissen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hillersa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hillerse'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hilter ad Teutoburgiensem Saltum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Teutoburger Wald&quot;&gt;Cfr. [[Cornelius Tacitus|Taciti]], ''[[Annales (Tacitus)|Annales]]'', {{Vf|Ab excessu divi Augusti (Annales)/Liber I|LX|I, 60}}: &quot;... haud procul '''Teutoburgiensi saltu''' in quo reliquiae Vari legionumque insepultae dicebantur&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hilter am Teutoburger Wald'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Himberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Himbergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Himbargen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hinuti]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hinuti&quot;&gt;Vide [https://bibliothek.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/dateiarchiv/3180/Hinte.pdf?utm ''Historische Ortsdatenbank für Ostfriesland''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Das Dorf wurde im 10. Jahrhundert als „in Hinuti“ erstmals urkundlich erfasst (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hinte''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hint'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hitgera]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hitzacker''; [[Polabice]] ''Ljauci'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hittberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hittbergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hittbargen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hlunia (commune)|Hlunia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hlunia&quot;&gt;Nomen communis Theodisce ''Lenne'' dicti suo e homonymo fluvio, Latine &quot;Hlunia&quot; nuncupato, ortum est. Latinum igitur nomen huius communis Latino ex hydronymo etiam derivandum est. Quo de Latino hydronymo, vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lenne'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hlutherun]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hlutherun&quot;&gt;Vide [https://koeblergerhard.de/ZIER-HP/ZIER-HP-06-2016/AAAKoeblerGerhardBodeinderdeutschenOrtsgeschichte20161221-965.htm?utm ''Koeble rGerhard Bodeinderdeutschen Ortsgeschichte''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Lüder''', 11. Jh., an einem Bache bei Bodenteich bei Uelzen, F1-1383 HLUTAR (lauter bzw. rein) Hlutherun, Hlutherun (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lüder'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hodenhaga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-haga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-hag(e)(n)'' seu ''-ha(a)g'' seu ''-hague'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-haga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Haga (Franconia Superior)|Haga Franconiae Superioris]], [[Haga ad Ambram]], [[Haga (in Bavaria superiore)|Haga in Bavaria Superiore]] apud [[Index communium Bavariae|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Bavariae]]; [[Falkenhaga (Marchia)|Falkenhaga Marchiana]] apud [[Index communium Brandenburgi|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Brandenburgi]]; [[Haga Schauenburgi]], [[Haga Promontorium]], [[Haga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hodenhagen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hohbuoki]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hohbuoki&quot;&gt;Vide [https://oar.onroerenderfgoed.be/publicaties/RELM/7/RELM007-001.pdf?utm ''The very beginning of Europe?''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''castellum hohbuoki'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Höhbeck'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hohna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hohne'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hohnhorstium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-horstium&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hohnhorst''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hionhoste'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hohnstorpium (Albis)|Hohnstorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hohnstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Haunstörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Holdorfium (Saxonia Inferior)|Holdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Holdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hollrup'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Holdunesteti]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hollenstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hullnst'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Holenberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Holenberg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Holla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Holle'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hollnsethum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-ethum&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-eth'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-ethum-i&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Bechtsriethum]], [[Maitenbethum]] ac [[Wiesethum]] apud Vicipaediae Latinae articulum de [[Index communium Bavariae|indice communium Bavariae]]; et [[Gransebiethum]] apud Vicipaediae Latinae articulum de [[Index Communium Megapolis et Pomeraniae Citerioris|indice communium Megapolis et Pomeraniae Citerioris]].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hollnseth'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Holsta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Holste'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Holtgaste]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Friedländer 1878&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Holtgast'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Holtisminni]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Holzminden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Holtsminne'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Holtlandia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-landia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-land'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-landia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amelandia]], [[Bevelandia Australis]], [[Bevelandia Septentrionalis]], [[Bolandia]], [[Iutlandia]], [[Curlandia]], [[Estlandia]], [[Finlandia]], [[Flevolandia]], [[Friedlandia]], [[Islandia]], [[Gothlandia]], [[Hollandia]], [[Ingermanlandia]], [[Isalandia]] [[Lalandia]], [[Langelandia]], [[Oehtlandia]] [[Olandia]], [[Sallandia]], [[Samlandia]] [[Zelandia]], [[Selandia]] [[Fotlandia]], [[Wermelandia]] [[Withlandia]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Holtland'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Holza]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Holzen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Honengesbuthele]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Honengesbuthele&quot;&gt;Vide [https://blog.slub-dresden.de/fileadmin/groups/slubsite/Blog/2015-KristinCasimir-VortragDresden.pdf?utm ''Ortsnamen zwischen Rhein und Elbe - Onomastik im europäischen Raum''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Honengesbvthele'' statt ''Honekesbutle'' (Casemir, -büttel S. 147) (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hankensbüttel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hoogsteda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hoogstede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hoogstee'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Horda ad Harthicos Montes]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hörden am Harz'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Horneburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Horneburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hornborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Horstadium (Saxonia Inferior)|Horstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Horstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Horß'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hoya]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hoya''; quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Hoya/Weser''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''de Haaien'' seu ''Hejen'' seu ''Hajen'' seu ''Heien'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hretha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hretha&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.heimatverein-rhede-ems.de/tag/ortsnamen/?utm ''Heimatverein Rhede (Ems)''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Im Jahre 829 erscheint der einstämmige Orsname als Villa (Dorf) Hretha (mit latinisierter Endung a) (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Rhede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Rheen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Huda (Circulus terrae Astanholteremarki)|Huda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Huda&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/ritterhude/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) 'Huda'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus terrae Astanholteremarki|Circulo terrae Astanholteremarkis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Ostersholz&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus terrae Astanholteremarki&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Ostersholz'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Astanholteremarki]]&quot;, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ritterhude''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hu’e'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Huda (Circulus terrae Diepholtia)|Huda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus terrae Diepholtia|Circulo terrae Diepholtia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Diepholz&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus terrae Diepholtia&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Diepholz'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Diepholtia]]&quot;, vide {{Hofmannus}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hüde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hüde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hudha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hude'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hulseda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hülsede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hülse'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Husum (prope Novam Urbem)|Husum]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Husum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Husen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hutta Georgii et Mariae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;hutta-ae&quot;&gt;Toponyma cum suffixis ''-hütte'' aut ''-hutta'' plerumque latinizari solent Latino vocabulo &quot;Hutta-ae&quot;, quamquam huius vocabuli variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Hutta vitriaria Bohemica]] apud [https://schwaben.hu/ortschaften/bohmischhutten?utm Schwaben.hu. (s. d.). ''Böhmischhütten / Csehbánya – Ortsgeschichte'']; [[Hutta Germanica]] apud [https://huta.ewk.hu/nemetbanya-1757-1781/?utm ''Németbánya. (s. s.). Németbánya története'']; [[Hutta Vitriaria]] apud https://slavistika.sk/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/2015_1.pdf?utm [Majtán, M. (1998). ''Názvy obcí Slovenskej republiky: Vývin v rokoch 1773–1997''. Bratislaviae: Veda]; Hutta apud [https://real.mtak.hu/140291/1/K%C3%A1rp%C3%A1talja%20helys%C3%A9gnevei.pdf?utm ''Kárpátalja helységnevei.'']; [[Hutta Polonica]] apud Štefánik, M. (2022). ''Italia ed Europa centro-orientale tra Medioevo ed età moderna: Economia, società, cultura''. Heidelberg University Publishing; [[Hutta (Eiflia)|Hutta Eifliae]] apud Beyer, H. (1860). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der, jetzt die Preussischen Regierungsbezirke Coblenz und Trier bildenden mittelrheinischen Territorien'' (Vol. 1). J. Hölscher, et Beyer, H. (1860). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der mittelrheinischen Territorien: Erster Band. Von den ältesten Zeiten bis zum Jahre 1169''. [[Confluentes (Germania)|Confluentibus]]: J. Hölscher.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Georgius&quot;&gt;[https://la.wiktionary.org/wiki/Georgius?utm Theodiscum praefixum ''Georg-'' Latino anthroponymo casu genetivo &quot;Georfii&quot; vertitur].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Maria&quot;&gt;[https://la.wiktionary.org/wiki/Maria?utm Theodiscum interfixum ''-marien-'' Latino anthroponymo casu genetivo &quot;Mariae&quot; vertitur].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Georgsmarienhütte'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Huvenni]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Huvenni&quot;&gt;Vide [https://dokumen.pub/suffixbildungen-in-alten-ortsnamen-akten-eines-internationalen-symposiums-in-uppsala-14-16-mai-2004-9185352578.html?utm ''Suffixbildungen in alten Ortsnamen: Akten eines internationalen Symposiums in Uppsala 14.-16. Mai 2004 9185352578''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Hüven (Kr. Emsland), 10. Jh. (Kopie 15. Jh.) in Huvenni (Möller 1998 S. 101, Udolph 2002a S. 238) (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hüven'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== I ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Iatha (Saxonia Inferior)|Iatha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Iatha&quot;&gt;Commune nomen e flumine cepit. Quo de flumine, vide [https://www.lateinlexikon.com/lexicon_latinum_hodiernum_parsgeographica.pdf?utm ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'' Petri Lucusaltiani]{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Jade'', f ''Iatha, ae'', f [WPD: Jade (Fluss) (24.11.2019); a.1314: Jatha]  (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Jade''; [[Saxonice]] ''Jaad'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Iburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Von Schaten 1714&quot;&gt;Von Schaten, N. (1714). ''Monumenta Osnabrugensia ex historia romana, francica, saxonicaque eruta''. Typis Jodoci Henrici Meyer.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Iburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Ibig'' seu ''Ibig'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ielmstorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Jelmstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Jelmstörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Iembka]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Jembke'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Iemela]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Iemela&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu, latinizans suffixum primae communis Theodisce ''Jameln'' dicti mentioni, quae ''Jemelen'' est, applicatur; qua de mentione, vide [https://rcin.org.pl/ihpan/Content/30940/PDF/WA303_9438_A165-8-r1929_Slavia-Occ.pdf?utm ''Slavia Occidentalis, Tomus VIII''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Jameln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ierichsum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Jerxheim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Jerksen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Iesteburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Jesteburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Jesborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ihlienverda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-verda-ae&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-worth'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-verda-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-worth''' : -''verda'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ihlienworth''; [[Saxonice]] ''Helmworth'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Indago Comitis Hoyae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Indago Comitis Hoyae&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/hoyerhagen/?utm ''kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''indago comitis Hoye'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hoyerhagen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Heierhagen'' seu ''Heyerhagen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Insula Iuistensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Iuistensis&quot;&gt;De Latino gentilicio, cf. [[binomen|epithetum binominale]] [https://turbellaria.umaine.edu/turbellaria/turb3.php?action=6&amp;code=598&amp;valid=618&amp;utm  &quot;juistensis&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Juist'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Insula Longa (Saxonia Inferior)|Insula Longa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Insula Longa&quot;&gt;Vocabulum ''Langeoog'', a vocibus [[Lingua Frisica|Frisicis Orientalibus]] ''lange-'' ([[Theodisce]] ''lang'') et ''-oog'' (Theodisce ''Insel'') compositum, [[Latine]] &quot;Insula Longa&quot; reddi potest: Buurman, in ''Hochdeutsch-Plattdeutsches Wörterbuch, s. v. oog, ostfrisicum -oog «Insel» significare tradit atque exempla Langeoog, Spiekeroog, Wangeroog affert; item Glossarium der Flurnamensammlung Ostfriesland'', s. v. ''Oog'', vocabulum Frisicum Orientale ''ôg, oge'' Theodisco ''Insel'' interpretatur. [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/lang?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum autem adiectivum ''lang'' Latine &quot;longus, -a, -um&quot;] redditur; [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/insula?wb=gross&amp;nr=2 nomen vero Theodiscum ''Insel'' Latine &quot;insula, -ae&quot; f.] dicitur. Quam ob rem compositum &quot;Insula Longa&quot; sensum toponymi fideliter reddit.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Langeoog''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Langeooch''; [[Saxonice]] ''Langoog'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Isernhaga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-haga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-hag(e)(n)'' seu ''-ha(a)g'' seu ''-hague'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-haga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Haga (Franconia Superior)|Haga Franconiae Superioris]], [[Haga ad Ambram]], [[Haga (in Bavaria superiore)|Haga in Bavaria Superiore]] apud [[Index communium Bavariae|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Bavariae]]; [[Falkenhaga (Marchia)|Falkenhaga Marchiana]] apud [[Index communium Brandenburgi|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Brandenburgi]]; [[Haga Schauenburgi]], [[Haga Promontorium]], [[Haga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Isernhagen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Isernhogen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Isterberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Isterberg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Isterbarg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Itterbecca]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-ecca&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ec(k)'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-ecca-ae&quot; seu &quot;-eca-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-ec, -eck''' : -''ecca'', -''ēca'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Itterbeck'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Iuniun]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Iuniun&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B74-6/NOB%20IV%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20G%C3%B6ttingen.pdf?utm ''NOB IV Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Göttingen'']{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) 960 Iuniun (MGH DO I. Nr. 206 S. 285) (...) 1251 (A. 14. Jh.) Johan de June (UB Göttingen I Nr. 4 S. 5) 1266 ''Godefridus de Iunen [...] sacerdos'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Jühnde'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== K ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Kakenstorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Kakenstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kakenstörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Karwicium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-icium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-itsch'' aut ''-itz'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-icium-i&quot; aut &quot;-itium-i&quot; aut &quot;-icia-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-itsch, -itz''' : ''-icium, -itium, -icia'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Karwitz'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Katlenburgum-Lindavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-avia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-au'' seu ''-aw'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-avia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Iereslavia]], [[Iunonwladislavia]], [[Labiavia]], [[Landavia]], [[Lindavia]], [[Liptavia]], [[Lobavia]], [[Lochavia]], [[Lublavia]], [[Luccavia]], [[Mitavia]], [[Multavia]], [[Namslavia]], [[Neoboleslavia]], [[Olavia]], [[Oppavia]], [[Pegavia]], [[Pillavia]], [[Premislavia]], inter alia, apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Katlenburg-Lindau''; [[Saxonice]] ''Katelnborg-Lindau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Kettencampus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;campus-i&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Kettenkamp''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ketenkamp '')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Kirchdorfium (Saxonia Inferior)|Kirchdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Kirchdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Karkdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Kirchgellersa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Kirchgellersen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Karkgellsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Kirchseelta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Kirchseelte''; [[Saxonice]] ''Seelte'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Kirchtimka]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Kirchtimke''; [[Saxonice]] ''Karktimk'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Kirchwalseda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Kirchwalsede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Karkwals'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Kissenbruga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Kissenbrück''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kissenbrügge'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Kneitlinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;&gt;De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum &quot;Klein&quot; et &quot;Gross&quot; per Latina &quot;Minor-us&quot; et &quot;Maior-ius&quot;, vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Kneitlingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kneitling'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Kneta Maior]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;&gt;De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum &quot;Klein&quot; et &quot;Gross&quot; per Latina &quot;Minor-us&quot; et &quot;Maior-ius&quot;, vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Großenkneten''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grotekneten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Krebecca]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-ecca&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Krebeck'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Krummendicum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dicum&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-di(e)k(e)'' aut ''-deich(e)'' aut ''-dijk'' aut ''-dyk(e)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dicum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Isendicum]] apud {{Graesse}}; aut [[Mardicum]] apud ''Dictionnaire universel françois et latin, vulgairement appelé Dictionnaire de Trévoux''.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Krummendeich''; [[Saxonice]] ''Krummendiek'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Kusta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Küsten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Kutenholtia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-holtia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-holz'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-holtia-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) -holz : -''holtia'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Kutenholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kutenhult'' seu ''Kutenholt'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== L ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Laatza]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Laatzen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lachendorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lachendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lachendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lacstidi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lacstidi&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.mundart-kommission.lwl.org/media/filer_public/ef/48/ef48ff64-c0e3-4be5-906f-7d8f27fdba18/ndw_39__scheuermann_der_often.pdf?utm ''Mundart Kommission''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''in locis quorum hec sunt nomina, Lacstidi, Romlo, Dudanebutli'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Loxstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lox'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ladorpe]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Abels 1929&quot;&gt;Abels, H. (1929). ''Die Ortsnamen des Emslandes, in ihrer sprachlichen und kulturgeschichtlichen Bedeutung''. [[Paderbronna]]e: Ferdinand Schöningh.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lorup''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loorp''; [[Saxonice]] ''Loorpe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Laerium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Stüve 1789&quot;&gt;Stüve, J. E. (1789). ''Beschreibung des Fürstenthums Osnabrück mit einigen Urkunden''. Kißling.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Laer'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Laga (Saxonia Inferior)|Laga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lage''; [[Saxonice]] ''Loage'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lahda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lähden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Löhn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lahna (Saxonia Inferior)|Lahna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lahna&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Lahn'' forma &quot;Lahna&quot; latinizari solet. Cf. [[Limburgum ad Lahnam]] et [[Laugana|Lahnam]] apud [http://www.archive.org/stream/a568395900unknuoft/a568395900unknuoft_djvu.txt ''Further correspondence respecting the relations existing between foreign governments and the court of Rome: in continuation of papers presented to the Parliament,'' March 27, 1851].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lahn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lohn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lamespringa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamespringa&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/20vs/201_MGH/1925-1933%2C_MGH%2C_5_Antiquitates._01_Poetae_04_1._Poetae_Latini_Aevi_Carolini%2C_LT.pdf?utm ''Poetae Latini Aevi Carolini''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Agius autem Lamespringae monachus fuisse videatur'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lamspringe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lamestede]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamestede&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/lamstedt/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''parochia Lamestede'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lamstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Loomst'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Landesberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Landesbergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Landsebargen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Landolfshusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Landolfshausen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langa (Circulus Terrae Emesensis)|Langa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Langen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langa Inferior]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Nieder&quot;&gt;Theodiscum praefixum ''Nieder-'' Latino adiectivo &quot;inferior-ius&quot; vertitur. V.gr., cf. [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniam Inferiorem]].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Niederlangen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nederlangen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langa Superior]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ober&quot;&gt;Theodiscum praefixum ''Ober-'' Latino adiectivo &quot;superior-ius&quot; vertitur. V.gr. Cf. [[Austria Superior|Austriam Superiorem]].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Oberlangen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langelege]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Langelege&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/langlingen/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''ecclesia Langelege'' (Kirche Langlingen), (...) Bauern in Langlingen (''cives in Langelege'') (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Langlingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Langeln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langelshemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Chemnitz 1717&quot;&gt;Chemnitz, B. P., (1717). ''Belli Sueco-Germanici Volumen Primum: In quo ostenditur, quibus de caussis Gustavus Adolphus, Suecorum Rex, in Germaniam transiverit''. Sumptibus Ioh. Caspari Meyeri.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Langelsheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langwedel (Saxonia Inferior)|Langwedel]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Langwedel&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/ZIER-HP/ZIER-HP-06-2016/AAAKoeblerGerhardLaurinderdeutschenOrtsgeschichte20161207-1612.htm?utm ''www.koeblergerhard.de''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Langwedel''', 13. Jh., bei Verden, Donb351, (Flecken in dem Landkreis Verden,) rund15000 Einwohner, (apud bzw. ad castrum) Langwedel (1220)  (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Langwedel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lare]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lare&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/3014/NOB%20XV%20Grafschaft%20Bentheim.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm ''NOB XV Grafschaft Bentheim'']{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''LAAR''' (Gem. Laar, Samtgem. Emlichheim) 1232 (A. 14. Jh.) ''totum Lare cum ecclesia'' (Gesta Episc. Traiect. S. 424 Z. 51) 1312 (Transs. 1332; A.) ''sex domos [...] de Lare'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Laar''; [[Saxonice]] ''Loar'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lasdorpe]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lasdorpe&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.lastrup.de/portal/seiten/geschichte-900000009-31120.html?utm ''Lastrup''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) „Curia Lasdorpe“ (Haupthof Lastrup) (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lastrup''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Laastrup'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lauenbruga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-bruga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-brück(e)'' aut ''-brügge'' aut ''-brugg(e)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-bruga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Steinbruga]], [[Kissenbruga]], [[Bruga]], [[Bruga ad Ederum]], [[Osnabruga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lauenbrück''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lauenbrüch'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lauenforda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lauenförde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lauenhaga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-haga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-hag(e)(n)'' seu ''-ha(a)g'' seu ''-hague'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-haga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Haga (Franconia Superior)|Haga Franconiae Superioris]], [[Haga ad Ambram]], [[Haga (in Bavaria superiore)|Haga in Bavaria Superiore]] apud [[Index communium Bavariae|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Bavariae]]; [[Falkenhaga (Marchia)|Falkenhaga Marchiana]] apud [[Index communium Brandenburgi|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Brandenburgi]]; [[Haga Schauenburgi]], [[Haga Promontorium]], [[Haga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lauenhagen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Loamharen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Leezdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Leezdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Leezdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Leha (Terrae Emesensis)|Leha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lehe''; [[Saxonice]] ''Läie'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lehrta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lehrte'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Leiferda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Leiferde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lembruchium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-bruchium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-bruch'' seu ''-broich'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-bruchium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Horbruchium]] ac [[Mosbruchium]] apud articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de [[Index urbium et communium Rhenaniae et Palatinatus|indice urbium et communium Rhenaniae et Palatinatus]]; [[Legebruchium]] apud articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de [[Index communium Brandenburgi|indice communium Brandenburgi]]; [[Grevenbruchium]] apud articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de [[Index communium Rhenaniae Septentrionalis et Vestfaliae|indice communium Rhenaniae Septentrionalis et Vestfaliae]].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lembruch''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lembrouk'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lemgovia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmannus&quot;&gt;{{Hofmannus}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-ovia&quot;&gt;[[Linguae Germanicae|Germanica]] ac [[linguae Slavicae|Slavica]] toponyma cum suffixo ''-ov'' seu ''-öv'' seu ''ow'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-ovia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Asovia]], [[Brewnovia]], [[Czernichovia]], [[Glasgovia]], [[Golnovia]], [[Grabovia]], [[Kharkovia]], [[Laszovia]], [[Ostrovia]], [[Pscovia]], [[Racovia]], [[Sucovia]], [[Tarnovia]], [[Wengrovia]], [[Witkowa]], [[Wittovia]], [[Crovia]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lemgow'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lemwerdera]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rüthning 1926&quot;&gt;Rüthning, G. (Ed.) (1926). ''Oldenburger Urkundenbuch''. Gerhard Stalling.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-ovia&quot;&gt;[[Linguae Germanicae|Germanica]] ac [[linguae Slavicae|Slavica]] toponyma cum suffixo ''-ov'' seu ''-öv'' seu ''ow'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-ovia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Asovia]], [[Brewnovia]], [[Czernichovia]], [[Glasgovia]], [[Golnovia]], [[Grabovia]], [[Kharkovia]], [[Laszovia]], [[Ostrovia]], [[Pscovia]], [[Racovia]], [[Sucovia]], [[Tarnovia]], [[Wengrovia]], [[Witkowa]], [[Wittovia]], [[Crovia]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lemwerder'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lengethe]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NOB VIII&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/2261/NOB%20VIII_Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Peine.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm ''NOB VIII_Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Peine'']{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''in Lengethe'' (UB H.Hild. I Nr. 275 S. 259) 1213 ''in Lengede'' (UB H.Hild. I Nr. 660 S. 631) um 1232 ''in Lengethe archidiaconus'' (UB Goslar I Nr. 518 S. 499) 1235 ''in Lengete'' (Orig. Guelf. IV Nr. 50 S. 144) 1256 ''in archidiaconatibus de Barem et Lengede'' (UB H.Hild. II Nr. 992 S. 497) 1311 Lenghedhe apud Vusenam (UB H.Hild. IV Nr. 85 S. 45) 1316 ''in Lengede'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lengede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lenge'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lengenbostel]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lengenbostel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lengenbossel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lengirichi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lengirichi&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/Fontes/AltdeutschesNamenbuch-Bd2OrtsnamenLbisZ-3A-1913.pdf?utm ''AltdeutschesNamenbuch''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) 2) Lengerich an der Wallage, Kr. Lingen (...) Lengirichi Osnabr. Ukb. ca. a. 1000. (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lengerich''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lengerke'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Leonis Forda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Leonis Forda&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.komoot.com/es-es/highlight/2261371 ''Iglesia Martín Lutero de Lemförde''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) La comunidad fue mencionada por primera vez en un documento en 1248. En épocas anteriores, el lugar se llamaba Löwenförde, Leonis forda (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lemförde''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Lemfouer'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Leonovia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Leonovia&quot;&gt;Vide [https://sempub.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/propylaeum_vitae/de/wisski/navigate/93514/view?utm ''Propylaeum Vitae''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Leonovia-Brunsvigius (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lauenau''; [[Saxonice]] ''Laena'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Leopolis (Saxonia Inferior)|Leopolis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ebel 1960&quot;&gt;Ebel, W. (1960). ''Lübisches Recht: Erster Band''. Hansischer Geschichtsverein.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bleckede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bleikd'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Leri]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt;  &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Leer''; [[lingua Saxonica|Eofrisosaxonice]] ''Läär''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lier'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lerin]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NOB VII&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B76-2/NOB%20VII%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Helmstedt%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Wolfsburg.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm ''NOB VII Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg'']{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''in loco Lerin provincie Saxo[n]um iuxta flumen Ouácra'' (...) ''Lerim'' (...)''in Lere'' (mGH Urk. Hdl nr. 50 s. 71) 1196-1197 ''Lere'' (schneidmüller, Kollegiatstifte s. 311) 1234 ''in Lere'' (...) ''plebano in Lere'' (UB Braunschweig iii nr. 440 s. 325) 1344 ''in villa Leere'' (Flentje / Henrichvark, lehnbücher nr. 142 s. 69) 1380 ''Lere'' (UB Braunschweig Vii nr. 351 s. 324) 1419 ''actum in Lere'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lehre'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lethi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lethi&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/lathen/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Urkundlich ist der Ort im Emsland erstmals als ''Lethi'' im Urbar der Abtei Werden erwähnt; der Eintrag lässt sich auf das 10. Jh. datieren (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lathen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Laothen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Liebenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Liebenburg''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Liebenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Liliarum Vallis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lilienthal''; [[Saxonice]] ''Leendaal'' seu ''Lelendaal'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lindduri]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lindern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lindhorstium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-horstium&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lindhorst''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lindhoste'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lindwedel]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lindwedel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Linneweh'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Linga (Amisia)|Linga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Linsburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Linsburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Linsborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lintlo]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lintlo&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/kirchlinteln/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Urkundlich ist das Dorf erstmals 1123 als ''Lintlo'' belegt (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Kirchlinteln''; [[Saxonice]] ''Karklinteln'' seu ''Kerklinteln'' seu ''Kerklinneln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Liubeme]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lübbow&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/luebbow/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Schriftlich ist das zweizeilige Reihendorf erstmals in einer kaiserlichen Urkunde aus dem Jahr 956 erwähnt: Ks. Otto I. († 973) schenkte dem Kloster Quedlinburg sechs Dörfer, darunter ''Liubeme'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lübbow'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Locus Occidentalis (Saxonia Inferior)|Locus Occidentalis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cellarius 1703&quot;&gt;Cellarius, C. (1703). ''Geographia Antiqua iuxta et Nova''. Ienae: Bielckius.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Westerstede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Westerstäe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lon]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lon&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B74-6/NOB%20IV%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20G%C3%B6ttingen.pdf?utm ''Das Güterverzeichniss Graf Heinrichs von Dale (1188)'']{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''parrochia Lon prope Vechtam'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lohne''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lohn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Longa Indago]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Longa Indago&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_bij005190401_01/_bij005190401_01_0009.php?utm ''www.dbnl.org''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''parrochianus de Longa Indagine'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Langenhagen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Langenhogen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Longa Villa (Saxonia Inferior)|Longa Villa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Longa Villa&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Langendorf'' Latino toponymo &quot;Longa Villa&quot; verti solet. Qua de correspondentia, vide [https://dbc.wroc.pl/Content/15237/PDF/17250.pdf?utm ''Das Waldhufendorf in Schlesien'', Gualterii Bernardi], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Langedorf ca. 1305 L.F.B.208 Longa villa (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Langendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Langendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Loninga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Löningen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lubberstedi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lubberstedi&quot;&gt;Vide [https://lübberstedt.de/ueber-unser-dorf/?utm ''Lübberstedt''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Der ursprüngliche Name „lubberstedi“ ist zusammengesetzt aus „stedi“ (Ort, Platz, Stelle), womit eine Ansiedlung bezeichnet wird, und „lubber“, dem Namen des (ursprünglichen) Familienoberhauptes des Einzelhofes bzw. der kleinen Gemeinschaftssiedlung, bedeutet also: „Lubbers-Stätte“. (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lübberstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lübbs'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Luccavia (Saxonia Inferior)|Luccavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Luccavia&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Luckau'' forma &quot;Luccavia&quot; latinizari solet. Cf. [[Luccavia]]m apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Luckau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Luchovia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Luchovia&quot;&gt;Vide [https://ia801403.us.archive.org/28/items/antiquitatessele00keys/antiquitatessele00keys.pdf ''Antiquitates selectae septentrionales et Celticae''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) De Venedicis aut Germanicis prope Luchoviam effossis Epistola ''Georgii Frid, Mithofii'' data Luchovia d. 17. Maji 1691 (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lüchow''; [[Polabice]] ''Ljauchüw'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ludersburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lüdersburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lüsborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ludersfelda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-felda&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-feld(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-felda-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Falufelda]], [[Frauenfelda]], [[Heresfelda]], [[Hirutfelda]], [[Ilfelda]], [[Mansfelda]], [[Salfelda]], [[Sualafelda]], [[Alfelda]], [[Alsfelda]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lüdersfeld''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lüschenfeile'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Luerdissa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lüerdissen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Luhda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Luhden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Liuen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Luneburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lüneburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lümborg'' seu ''Lünborg''; [[Lingua Saxonica antiqua|Palaeosaxonice]] ''Hliuni'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lunne]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lunne&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/haseluenne/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''civibus opidi nostri in Lunne'' (...)&quot;. Latinum autem gentilicium &quot;Haselunnensis-e&quot; est. Quo de gentilicio, vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Haselünne''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Lünne'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lunni (commune generali Spella)|Lunni]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lunni&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/Fontes/AltdeutschesNamenbuch-Bd2OrtsnamenLbisZ-3A-1913.pdf?utm ''Altdeutsches Namenbuch'']; ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Lunni.''' 9. 1) Altlünne bei Plantlünne (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lünne'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lutetsburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lütetsburg''; [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Saxonica|Eofrisosaxonice]] ''Lütsbörg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Luttera Regalis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Königslutter am Elm'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lyese]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lyese&quot;&gt;Vide [https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9783835341944_A39332036/preview-9783835341944_A39332036.pdf?utm ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Loccum''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) in marchia Lyese proprietatis iure (...) in campis de Lyese trans Werram (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Leese'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== M ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Maasa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Maasen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Magna Palus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Magna Palus&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/magnus?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum praefixum ''Große-'' Latino adiectivo &quot;magnus-a-um&quot;] et [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/germanistischewoerterbuecher/altsaechsischeswoerterbuch/asF.pdf Theodiscum suffixum ''-fehn'' Latino nomine &quot;palus paludis&quot; (f.)] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Großefehn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grootfehn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Maius Vrelstede]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Maius Vrelstede&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B76-2/NOB%20VII%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Helmstedt%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Wolfsburg.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der stadt WoLfsburg''] {{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) 1318 ''in Maiori Vrelstede'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Frellstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Frillstidde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Markloha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-loha&quot;&gt;Germanica praesentia aut antiqua toponyma cum suffixis ''-loh(e)'' et ''-lo'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-loha-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ascloha]], [[Buohloha]], [[Eiloha]], [[Hadaloha]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Marklohe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Marlare (Saxonia Inferior)|Marlare]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Marlare&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Marl'' forma &quot;Marlare&quot; latinizari solet. Cf. [[Marlare|Marlare Rhenaniae Septentrionalis et Vestfaliae]] apud [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Marl'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Marsunnon]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Marsunnon&quot;&gt;Vide [https://historischer-rueckklick-bielefeld.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/07svhvr-texte_ocr.pdf?utm ''Die Ortsnamen des Osnabrücker Raumes''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Merzen (Marsunnon)'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Merzen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Marxa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Marxen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Masingi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Messingen&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/2258/WOB%2011%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Kreises%20Paderborn.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm ''WOB 11 Die Ortsnamen des Kreises Paderborn''] {{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''silva Masingorum'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Messingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mechtersa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Mechtersen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Mechtsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Meckelsa Maior]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;&gt;De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum &quot;Klein&quot; et &quot;Gross&quot; per Latina &quot;Minor-us&quot; et &quot;Maior-ius&quot;, vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Meckelsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groot Meckels'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Meckelsa Minor]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Klein Meckelsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lütt Meckels'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Media Lu]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Media Lu&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/mittelnkirchen/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon'']. ubi &quot;(...) Mittelnkirchen ist nach 1305 und 1322 als ''medie Lu'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Mittelnkirchen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Mittelskark'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Meinersa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Meinersen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Maanze'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Melbike]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Melbeck&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.samtgemeinde-ilmenau.de/PortalData/10/Resources/historie/dokumente/Orts-_und_Gewaessernamen_im_Landkreis_Lueneburg.pdf?utm ''Orts- und Gewässernamen im Landkreis Lueneburg'']. ubi &quot;(...) Melbeck 1296 in Melbeke. 1300 in villa Melbike. 1303 in villa Melbeke (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Melbeck'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mella]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mella&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.lemgo.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Dokumente/Stadtarchiv/Bib_974.pdf?utm ''Album studiosorum Academiae'']. ubi &quot;(...) Henrich Carl Kahmann Mella-Osnabrugensis (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Melle'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mellinghusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Mellinghausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Mellgenhusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Menslaga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Menslage''; [[Saxonice]] ''Menslaoge'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Meppea]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Meppen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Möppen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Merdvelde]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Merdvelde&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/martfeld/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) 1318 ''Curtem in Merdvelde'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Martfeld''; [[Saxonice]] ''Mattfeld'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Meribiki]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meribiki&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/wikiling/index.php?f=lemmaFull&amp;langType=reviews&amp;lemmaID=3296&amp;utm ''www.koeblergerhard.de''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Meerbeck''' (...) Meribiki MGd. 3 (1013) (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Meerbeck''; [[Saxonice]] ''Mierbke'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Messencampus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;campus-i&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Messenkamp''; [[Saxonice]] ''Messenkampe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Meynum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Meine'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mittelstenaha]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Mittelstenahe''; [[Saxonice]] ''Mittelsnohn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Moisburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Moisburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Mesborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Molberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Molberga&quot;&gt;Vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camena/loescher2/loescherthreni.html ''THRENI, SEU LAMENTATIOnes Ieremiae Prophetae...''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) 1318 ''Molberga vocatur'' (...) ''Sensit et externas Molberga innoxia vires'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Molbergen''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Molbiergen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mons Catonis (Saxonia Inferior)|Mons Catonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Cadenberge''; [[Saxonice]] ''Cuddeldutt'' seu ''Kumbarg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Monstere]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Monstere&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/munster-st-urbani/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''decima in Monstere'' (...)&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Munster''; [[Saxonice]] ''Munste'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Moormerlandia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-landia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-land'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-landia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amelandia]], [[Bevelandia Australis]], [[Bevelandia Septentrionalis]], [[Bolandia]], [[Iutlandia]], [[Curlandia]], [[Estlandia]], [[Finlandia]], [[Flevolandia]], [[Friedlandia]], [[Islandia]], [[Gothlandia]], [[Hollandia]], [[Ingermanlandia]], [[Isalandia]] [[Lalandia]], [[Langelandia]], [[Oehtlandia]] [[Olandia]], [[Sallandia]], [[Samlandia]] [[Zelandia]], [[Selandia]] [[Fotlandia]], [[Wermelandia]] [[Withlandia]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Moormerland''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Moormerlound'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Moranga Curtis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Moringen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mundia Hannoverana]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mundia Hannoverana&quot;&gt;Vide [https://spatial.demo.geocode.earth/explore/place/wof/101810167?utm ''Geocode Earth''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) LAT preferred '''Mundia Hannoverana''' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hann. Münden'' seu ''Hannoversch Münden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hannöversch Münnen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Munimeri]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Dronke 1844&quot;&gt;Dronke, E. F. J. (Ed.) (1844). ''Traditiones et Antiquitates Fuldenses: Chartae et registra historica saeculi IX''. Fuldense: Typis Müllerianis.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Münder am Deister''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Münner'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mutha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mutha&quot;&gt;Vide [https://niedersaechsischer-heimatbund.de/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/1022-Die-echte-und-die-gef%C3%A4lschten-Urkunden-f%C3%BCr-das-Kloster-St.-MIchaelis-in-Hildesheim_compressed.pdf?utm ''Niedersächsischer Heimatbund''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) III. ''Mutha'' Güter (Urk. II S. 307); ''Mutha'' Güter (Urk. III S. 66) (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Müden'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== N ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Nahrendorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Nahrendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Norndörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nenndorfium (circulus Widmundensis)|Nenndorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Nenndorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nenndörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Netesse]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Netesse&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/item/WG33LCQUIIHK3OA7DR6IKIOFHW6FXKYJ?utm ''12 Lüneburger Ratsmannen bekunden, dass der Magister Bernard de Netesse (Neetze) ½ Rump Salz...''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Magister Bernard de Netesse (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Neetze''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neetz'' seu ''Näätz'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenhusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Neuenhaus''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neenhuus'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neyenkerken]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Neyenkerken&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/neuenkirchen-lueneburger-heide/ ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''bona, que Vriban vulgariter nuncupantur, in Neyenkerken et Hellewede'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Ericetum Luneburgense|Ericeto Luneburgensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ericetum&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lüneburger&quot;&gt;Theodiscum gentilicium ''Lüneburger'' Latino &quot;Luneburgensis-e&quot; vertitur, quod ad [[Luneburgum]] refertur. Quo de toponymo, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lüneburger Heide&quot;&gt;Theodisce ''Lüneburger Heide''.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Neuenkirchen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neenkerken'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Niedernwohra]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Niedernwöhren''; [[Saxonice]] ''Niernweuern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nienstide]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nienstide&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/ZIER-HP/ZIER-HP-07-2017/AAAKoeblerGerhardSamtgemeindeinderdeutschenOrtsgeschichte20170710%20-%20111.htm?utm ''www.koeblergerhard.de''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...)  (Samtgemeinde in dem Landkreis Schaumburg,) rund 11000 Einwohner, Nienstide (1153-1170) (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Nienstädt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nienstie'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nighunburni]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Negenborn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Niägenborn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Norda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Norden''; [[Saxonice]] et [[Saxonice|Eofrisicosaxonice]] ''Nörden'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nordcele]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nordcele&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/wikiling/index.php?f=lemmaFull&amp;langType=reviews&amp;lemmaID=2774&amp;utm ''www.koeblergerhard.de''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Nordsehl''', 13. Jh., Gemeinde in Schaumburg, s. GOV Schaumburg 384, (in) Nordcele Cal (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Nordsehl''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nordsiele'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nordenhamia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-ham&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-ham'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-hamia-ae&quot; aut &quot;hamium-i&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-ham''' : -''hamia,'' -''hamium'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Nordenham'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Norderneia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus N-Z&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Norderney''; [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Saxonica|Eofrisosaxonice]] ''Nördernee'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nordtmor]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nordtmor&quot;&gt;Hoc Latinum toponymum regressive derivatur Latino e gentilicio &quot;Nordtmorensis-e&quot;. Quo de gentilicio, vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20261011064228/https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/nortmoor/ ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Nordtmorensis: Hermannus Gueneranus'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Nortmoor'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Norhtunon-Hardenberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nörten&quot;&gt;Vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20261006193144/https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/noerten/ ''Kirchengemeindelexikon'']. ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Norhtunon'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Nörten-Hardenberg''; [[Saxonice]] et [[Saxonice|Ostfalice]] ''Nörten-Harenbarg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Northarpa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-tharpa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-trup'' seu ''-drup'' seu ''-trop'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-tharpa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Butilingtharpa]], [[Graftharpa]], [[Gumorodingtharpa]], [[Haringtharpa]], [[Heppingtharpa]], [[Holttharpa]], [[Hurstharpa]], [[Kathingtharpa]], [[Kiedeningtharpa]], [[Marastharpa]], [[Markiligtharpa]], [[Meinbrahtingtharpa]], [[Peingtharpa]], [[Radistharpa]], [[Sutharpa]], [[Tettingtharpa]], [[Vilomaringtharpa]], [[Winikingtharpa]], [[Varetharpa]], [[Vrilingtharpa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Nortrup''; [[Saxonice]] ''Norpen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Northemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nothemium&quot;&gt;Vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenahist/wassenberg1/Wassenberg_florus.html ''FLORUS GERMANICUS''] , ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Et VVolferbytum, Northemium, Steinbruggam, Nienburgum (...) Primo vere Tillius tribunos suos Northemium misit (...) Caesaeriani Northemium expugnant (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Northeim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nuurten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Northorna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;&gt;Egli, J. J. (1893). ''Nomina Geographica: Sprach- und Sacherklärung von 42000 Geographischen Namen aller Erdräume''. [[Lipsia]]e: Friedrich Brandstetter.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Nordhorn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nothoorn'' seu ''Notthoarn'' seu ''Netthoarn'' seu ''Noordhoorn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nortleda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nortleda&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/nordleda/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''] , ubi dicitur &quot;(...) urkundlich erstmals 1312 als ''Nortleda'' belegt (...) ''Marquardus de Nortleda'' (...) ''Thidericus rector ecclesie in Nortleda'' (...) ''rector parochialis ecclesia in Nortleda'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Nordleda''; [[Saxonice]] ''De Lee'' seu ''Lee'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Notendorpe]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Notendorpe&quot;&gt;Vide [https://mgh.de/storage/app/media/v-ed/Urkunden_Heinrich_VI_deut_franzoes_italien_Empfaenger_DD_Vorabedition_Pferschy-Maleczek_2020-02-16.pdf?utm ''Die Urkunden Heinrichs VI: Vorabedition''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''confirmamus ducentos mansos in Notendorpe'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Natendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Natendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nottensdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Nottensdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nottensdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nova Civitas (Saxonia Inferior)|Nova Civitas]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus N-Z&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Neustadt am Rübenberge'' seu ''Neustadt a. Rbge.''; [[Saxonice]] ''Niestadt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nova Darchavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Neu&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-avia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-au'' seu ''-aw'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-avia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Iereslavia]], [[Iunonwladislavia]], [[Labiavia]], [[Landavia]], [[Lindavia]], [[Liptavia]], [[Lobavia]], [[Lochavia]], [[Lublavia]], [[Luccavia]], [[Mitavia]], [[Multavia]], [[Namslavia]], [[Neoboleslavia]], [[Olavia]], [[Oppavia]], [[Pegavia]], [[Pillavia]], [[Premislavia]], inter alia, apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Neu Darchau''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nee Darchau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nova Domus (Saxonia Inferior)|Nova Domus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nova Domus&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Neuhaus'' Latino &quot;Nova Domum&quot; verti solet. Cf. Novas Domus apud {{Graesse}} aut [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&amp;cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&amp;lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Neuhaus''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neehuus'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nova Ecclesia (prope Birsinam)|Nova Ecclesia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nova Ecclesia&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Neuenkirchen'' Latino &quot;Nova Ecclesia&quot; verti solet. Cf. [[Nova Ecclesia (Liebenburgum)|Novam Ecclesiam Liebenburgensem]] apud [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/2262/NOB%20X%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Goslar.pdf?utm ''NOB X Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Goslar''] {{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}; [[Nova Ecclesia (Rugia)|Novam Ecclesiam in Rugia]] apud Fabricii (anno 1862) ''Urkunden zur Geschichte des Fürstenthums Rügen unter den eingebornen Fürsten''; [[Nova Ecclesia (prope Anclamum)|Novam Ecclesiam]] prope [[Anclamum]] apud Eggert (anno 1970) ''Geschichte Pommerns: Vol. 1. Bis zum Westfälischen Frieden''; [[Nova Ecclesia (prope Brandenburgum Novum)|Novam Ecclesiam]] prope Brandenburgum Novum apud ''Mecklenburgisches Urkundenbuch'' (Vol. 9); et Novam Ecclesiam Pomeranam apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(prope [[Birsina]]m&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Neuenkirchen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neenkarken'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nova Ecclesia-Vorda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nova Ecclesia&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Neuenkirchen-Vörden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nienkerken-Vörden'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nova Exclusa Harlingana]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Neu&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;exclusa&gt;Vocabulum et suffixum [[lingua Saxonica|Saxonicum]] ''(-)Siel'' Theodisco vocabulum ''Schleuse'' respondet, ut iam Adelungus in ''Grammatisch-kritischem Wörterbuch der Hochdeutschen Mundart'' s. v. ''Schleuse'' testatur: &quot;Im Niederdeutschen wird eine Schleuse ... ein Siel ... [vocatur]&quot;; ipsum autem Theodiscum ''Schleuse'' Latine &quot;exclusa, -ae&quot; f. redditur, nam Adelungus ibidem ''Schleuse'' inter mediae Latinitatis vocabula &quot;exclusa&quot;, &quot;inclusura&quot;, &quot;conclusio&quot;, &quot;sclusa&quot;, &quot;clusa&quot; refert, et ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'' quoque ''Schleuse'' = &quot;exclusa, -ae&quot; f. tradit.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Harlinganus-a-um&quot;&gt;Theodiscum gentilicium interfixum ''-harlinger-'' Latino &quot;harlinganus-a-um&quot; vertitur. Quo de Latino gentilicio, vide [https://bibliothek.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/dateiarchiv/3275/Altharlingersiel.pdf?utm Heinze, A. (2015). ''Altharlingersiel''. Ostfriesische Landschaft, Bibliothek/Ortsdatenbank], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) claustrum Harlinganum (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Neuharlingersiel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neeharlingersiel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nova Indago (Circulus terrae Cellensis)|Nova Indago]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nienhagen&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Nienhagen'' &quot;Nova Indago&quot; latinizari solet. Cf. [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_WfU-AAAAcAAJ/bub_gb_WfU-AAAAcAAJ_djvu.txt ''&quot;Meklenburgisches Urkundenbuch / 4 1297-1300 ; Nachträge und Register zu Band I - IV''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Nienhagen, A. Doberan, Kspl. Lichtenhagen, 13 NO Rostock, Nigenhaghen, Noua Indago, Nygenhaghen (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Nienhagen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nova Leha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Neu&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Neulehe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nova Lu]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nova Lu&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/neuenkirchen-altes-land/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) urkundlich erstmals 1274 als ''Nova Lu'' belegt (...) Landesgemeinde Altes Land (1361 eigenes Siegel, Umschrift: ''Sigillum communitates veteris terrae'') (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Vetus Terra|Vetere Terra]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nova Lu&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Vetus Terra&quot;&gt;Theodisce ''Altes Land''.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Neuenkirchen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neekark'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nova Palus Campensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Neu&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;campensis&quot;&gt;Theodiscum interfixum ''-kamper-'' Latino gentilicio &quot;campensis-e&quot; vertitur, quod ad vocabulum &quot;campus-i&quot; (Theodisce ''Kamp'') refertur. Revera, [https://ewa.saw-leipzig.de/articles/80250/en?utm Germanica toponyma cum lexemate ''-kamp'' seu ''-kampf'' seu ''-camp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-campus-i&quot;], quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-fehn&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Neukamperfehn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neeikamperfehn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nova Scona Mora]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Neu&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Scona Mora&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.holtgast-urlaub.de/cgi-bin/hvv/index.pl?gid=&amp;id=&amp;mid=40&amp;utm ''Die Benediktinerzeit''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Der Visiator fand um 1290 im Kloster &quot;Scona Mora&quot; (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Neuschoo''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neeschoo'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nova Urbs (Saxonia Inferior)|Nova Urbs]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Nienburg/Weser''; [[Saxonice]] ''Näinborg'' seu ''Nienborg'' seu ''Neenborg'' seu ''Negenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Novale Frigidum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Colnrade''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kollenroad'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Novum Burgium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Neu&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Neu?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum adiectivum aut praefixum ''Neu(-)'' Latino adiectivo &quot;novus-a-um&quot;] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Remling VII 2026&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Neubörger''; [[Saxonice]] ''Naiboorger'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Novum Wulmstorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Neu&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Neu Wulmstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Vosshusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nyenkerken (Circulus Osnabrugae)|Nyenkerken]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NyenkerkenII&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_bij005190401_01/_bij005190401_01_0009.php?utm ''dbnl''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Item curtis in Nyenkerken'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Osnabrugae|Circulo Osnabrugae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Osnabrück&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Neuenkirchen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nienkerken'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nyenkerken (Haduloha)|Nyenkerken]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nyenkerken&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/neuenkirchen-land-hadeln/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''rector parrochialis ecclesie in Nyenkerken'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Haduloha (commune generale)|Haduloha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Haduloha&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.lwl.org/westfaelische-geschichte/txt/wz-9396.pdf?utm ''Westfälische Geschichte''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) &quot;Haduloha ... - hoc enim loco nomen, ubi oceanus Saxoniam alluit (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Land Hadeln'')&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Neuenkirchen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neenkarken'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== O ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Oberndorfium (Osta)|Oberndorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Oberndorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Öberndörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Obernfelda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-felda&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-feld(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-felda-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Falufelda]], [[Frauenfelda]], [[Heresfelda]], [[Hirutfelda]], [[Ilfelda]], [[Mansfelda]], [[Salfelda]], [[Sualafelda]], [[Alfelda]], [[Alsfelda]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Obernfeld'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Obernholtia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-holtia&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Obernholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Obernholt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Obernkircha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus N-Z&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Obernkirchen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Öwernkerken'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ochtersum]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ochtersum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Odenhus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Osloß'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Oderquatum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Oderquatum&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica toponyma cum terminationibus ''-at'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-atum-i&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-at''' : -''atum'' (...)&quot;. Hoc casu, latinizantia suffixa formae antiquae huius toponymi &quot;Oderquat&quot; applicantur; quo de toponymo, vide [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Zeitschrift_des_Historischen_Vereins_f%C3%BCr_Niedersachsen_%28IA_zeitschriftdeshi1889hist%29.pdf?utm ''Zeitschrift des Historischen Vereins für Niedersachsen''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Cadenberghe, Oppele, Oderquat (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Oederquart'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Odishemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-hemium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-he(i)m'' et ''-hjem'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-hemium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ingelhemium]], [[Eboreshemium]], [[Arnhemium]], [[Oppenhemium]], [[Forchemium]], [[Gerineshemium]], [[Benthemium]], [[Buxhemium]], [[Dronthemium]], [[Enshemium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Odisheim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Godshem'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Oen (Saxonia Inferior)|Oen]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NOB XV&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/3014/NOB%20XV%20Grafschaft%20Bentheim.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm ''NOB XV Grafschaft Bentheim''] {{Nexus deficit|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}; ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''de dotali manso ecclesie Oen'' (Niesert, Beiträge I Nr. 83 S. 258) 1110 (A. 14. Jh.) ''de curia Oen'' (Niesert, Beiträge I Nr. 83 S. 258) 1110 (A. 14. Jh.) ''de domo Bernhardi Oen'' (Niesert, Beiträge I Nr. 83 S. 258) um 1150 ''in Toń'' (Urb. Werden I S. 234 Z. 19) 1188-1331 (A. 1331) ''in parrochia On'' (Philippi/Bannier, Güterverzeichnis S. 420) 1213 ''in parochia On'' (Niesert, Urkundensammlung IV Nr. 48 S. 188) 1263 ''de domo Herewici de One'' (WUB III Nr. 706 S. 366) 1282-1306 (A. Mitte 16. Jh.) ''curtem dictam Runhoff in parochia On'' (...) ''in parrochia On'' (...) ''domum des Doven in parochia Oen'' (...) ''curtem dictam Ruvenhoff, Cortehus in parochia On'' (...) ''in parochia Oen'' (Bruns, LB Steinfurt Nr. K53 S. 58) 1367 ''in parrochia, in qua et legione dictis Oen'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ohne'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Oesinga Maior]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;&gt;De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum &quot;Klein&quot; et &quot;Gross&quot; per Latina &quot;Minor-us&quot; et &quot;Maior-ius&quot;, vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Oesingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groot Oesingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Oetza]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Nieder&quot;&gt;Theodiscum praefixum ''Nieder-'' Latino adiectivo &quot;inferior-ius&quot; vertitur. V.gr., cf. [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniam Inferiorem]].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Oetzen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ötzen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ohrum]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ohrum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ohrn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Oldenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Oldenburg''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ooldenbuurich''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ollnborg'' seu ''Ollenbörg'' seu ''Ollenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Oldendorfium (Luya)|Oldendorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Oldendorfium&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Oldendorf'' in Latinam &quot;Oldendorfium&quot; verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB10932874?p=378&amp;cq=ad&amp;lang=de ''Boicae Gentis Annalium Partis III Liber XXXIII''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Ergo comperto, Vrangelium coactis ad Oldendorfium copijs (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(ad [[Luya]]m&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Oldendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Olndörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Oldendorpe]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Oldendorpe&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/oldendorf-landkreis-stade/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''dominus Hermannus, rector ecclesie in Oldendorpe'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Stadae|Circulo Stadae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Stade&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Oldendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Olendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Osta (Saxonia Inferior)|Osta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Osta&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/osten-oste/ ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''dominus Otto, rector ecclesie in Osta'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Osten''; [[Saxonice]] ''Oosten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Osterbroke]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Osterbroke&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/osterbruch/ ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''ecclesia in Osterbroke'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Osterbruch''; [[Saxonice]] ''Osterbrook'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ostereistadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ostereistedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Oostereis'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Osteroda ad Harthicos montes|Osteroda ad Harthicos Montes]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Osterode am Harz&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.geonames.org/advanced-search.html?q=Goettingen ''www.geonames.org''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Osterode am Harz Osteroda ad Harthicos montes (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Osterode am Harz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ostroe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ottenstenium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stein&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-stein'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stenium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Leostenium]], [[Ravenstenium]], [[Richenstenium]], [[Alienstenium]], [[Gastenium]], [[Crybenstenium]], [[Dachstenium]], [[Eberstenium]], [[Falcostenium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ottenstein'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Otter]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Otter'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ottersberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ottersberg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Otterbarg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ovelgonna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ovelgönne''; [[Saxonice]] ''Övelgönn'' seu ''Övelgünn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ovenhagium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1703&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Auhagen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Oytha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Oyten''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eiten'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== P ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Palus Hagensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Palus Hagensis&quot;&gt;[https://www.latin-is-simple.com/de/vocabulary/noun/13172/ Theodiscum toponymicum suffixum ''-marsch'' Latino vocabulo &quot;palus paludis&quot; vertitur] et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Hagensis-e&quot;, quod ad [[Haga (Saxonia Inferior)|Hagam]] refertur, Theodiscum gentilicium praefixum ''Hager-'' vertitur. Quo de gentilicio et toponymo, vide [https://bibliothek.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/dateiarchiv/3191/Hage.pdf?utm ''Historische Ortsdatenbank für Ostfriesland''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Erscheinung trat der Ort als „curatus Hagensis“ im Jahr 1400. Spätere Bezeichnungen waren „Haga“ (um 1409)  (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hagermarsch'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Palus Hilcae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hilkenbrook&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Hilkenbrook'', quamquam hodiernum est, syntagmate ''Palus Hilcae'' Latine verti potest. Nomen Germanicum ''Hilcke'', variatio nominis Theodisci ''Hilken-'', apud Stark ad formam Latinam &quot;Hilca-ae&quot; refertur, quae saeculo XII testata est (''Monumenta Garsensia'', n. 37; ''Monumenta Boica'' I, 27): Stark, F. (1866), ''Die Kosenamen der Germanen'', p. 318. Brook, i. e. bruoh «Sumpf, sumpfiges Gelände», Latine &quot;palus, paludis&quot; reddi potest. Itaque, anthroponomycum praefixum ''Hilken-'' ad nomen ''Hilca'' relatum et suffixum ''brook'' per vocabulum &quot;palus, paludis&quot; redditum, ''Hilkenbrook'' interpretari licet &quot;Palus Hilcae&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hilkenbrook'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Palus Regis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Palus Regis&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Moor?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum suffixum ''-moor'' Latino vocabulo &quot;palus-udis&quot; vertitur] et [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/rex?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum praefixum genetivo casu ''Königs-'' Latino genetivo &quot;regis&quot;] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Königsmoor'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Palus Rhaudensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-rhauder-&quot;&gt;Theodiscum gentilicium praefixum aut interfixum ''(-)Rhauder-'' Latino gentilicio &quot;Rhaudensis-e&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-fehn&quot;&gt;[https://www.koeblergerhard.de/germanistischewoerterbuecher/altsaechsischeswoerterbuch/asF.pdf Theodiscum suffixum ''-fehn'' Latino nomine &quot;palus paludis&quot; (f.)] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Rhauderfehn''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Rauderfeen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Palus Rhaudensis Orientalis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-rhauder-&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-fehn&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Orientalis&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ostrhauderfehn''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Aastrauderfeen''; [[lingua Saxonica|Eofrisosaxonice]] ''Ōsterfēn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Papenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Papenburg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Parsavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-avia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-au'' seu ''-aw'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-avia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Iereslavia]], [[Iunonwladislavia]], [[Labiavia]], [[Landavia]], [[Lindavia]], [[Liptavia]], [[Lobavia]], [[Lochavia]], [[Lublavia]], [[Luccavia]], [[Mitavia]], [[Multavia]], [[Namslavia]], [[Neoboleslavia]], [[Olavia]], [[Oppavia]], [[Pegavia]], [[Pillavia]], [[Premislavia]], inter alia, apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Parsau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Patthenhusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husaPattensen&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum primae formae huius toponymi ''Patthenhusen'' testatae applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B78-D/NOB%20I%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Hannover.pdf?utm ''NOB I Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises und der Stadt Hannover''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Hildebrandus de Patthenhusen'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Pattensen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Pattjehiusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Pennigsehl]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Pennigsehl''; [[Saxonice]] ''Pennigsähle'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Perdestorphe]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Perdestorphe&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B77-F/NOB%20VI%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Holzminden.pdf?sequence=1&amp;utm ''NOB VI Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Holzminden''] {{Nexus deficit|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''sitam in Perdestorphe'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Pegestorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Pästörpe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Petrimons]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Perizonius 1758&quot;&gt;Perizonius, J. (1758). ''Compendium historiarum antiquissimarum, civilium et ecclesiasticarum, usque ad seculum decimum octavum: Cum appendice de ducatu Westphaliae et comitatu Petrimontano''. Ex officina Wetsteniana.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Pyrmont''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Puurmont'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Pohla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Pohle''; [[Saxonice]] ''Peohle'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Pollhaga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-haga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-hag(e)(n)'' seu ''-ha(a)g'' seu ''-hague'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-haga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Haga (Franconia Superior)|Haga Franconiae Superioris]], [[Haga ad Ambram]], [[Haga (in Bavaria superiore)|Haga in Bavaria Superiore]] apud [[Index communium Bavariae|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Bavariae]]; [[Falkenhaga (Marchia)|Falkenhaga Marchiana]] apud [[Index communium Brandenburgi|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Brandenburgi]]; [[Haga Schauenburgi]], [[Haga Promontorium]], [[Haga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Pollhagen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Pons Cobbanus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Leuckfeld 1714&quot;&gt;Leuckfeld, J. G. (1714). ''Antiquitates Blankenburgenses, oder Historische Beschreibung derer vormals berühmten Grafen von Blankenburg, nebst dazugehörigen diplomatibus und Chartis''. Gottfried Freytag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Coppenbrügge'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Poynum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Peine''; [[Saxonice]] ''Paane''; [[Lingua Theodisca alta recens|Protoneoaltotheodisce]] ''Peina'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Praefectura Neohusana]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Grupen II 1742&quot;&gt;Grupen, C. U. (1742). ''Disceptationes Forenses cum Observationibus Juris: De originibus et iurisdictione praefecturarum ditionis Brunsvicensis (Caput de Praefectura Neohusana)'' (Vol. II). Hannoverae: Förster.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Amt Neuhaus'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Pratum Vitulorum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Calberlah'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Prezella]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Prezelle'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Prinzhofta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Prinzhöfte''; [[Saxonice]] ''Prinshööfd'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== Q ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Quakenbrugge]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Quakenbrugge&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/quakenbrueck-sylvester/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''castellanis in Quakenbrugge'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Quakenbrück''; [[Saxonice]] ''Quokenbrügge'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Quenethorpe]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Quenethorpe&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/3014/NOB%20XV%20Grafschaft%20Bentheim.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm ''NOB XV Grafschaft Bentheim.''] {{Nexus deficit|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''1197 Euerhardus de Quenethorpe'' (WUB II Cod. Nr. 564 S. 250) 1209 ''Everhardus de Quenethorp'' (INA Steinfurt Nr. 12 S. 254) 1248 ''Everhardo de Quenedorp'' (Osnabrücker UB II Nr. 525 S. 414) 1271 ''Everhadus de Quendhorpe'' (Osnabrücker UB III Nr. 443 S. 303) 1272 ''Everhardo de Quenthorpe'' (WUB III Nr. 926 S. 481) 1277 ''Everardo de Quedendorp'' (Oorkondenboek Utrecht IV Nr. 1940 S. 180) 1298 ''Frederico et Gerhardo fratribus de Quendorpe'' (WUB III Nr. 1600 S. 834) 1305 (A. 1492-1500) ''famulos de Quendorpe'' (Wilkens, Geschichte Nr. 11 S. 51) 1306 ''dicti de Quendorpe'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Quendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Quendrup'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Querenhorstium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-horstium&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Querenhorst''; [[Saxonice]] ''Quernhost'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Quernhemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-hemium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-he(i)m'' et ''-hjem'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-hemium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ingelhemium]], [[Eboreshemium]], [[Arnhemium]], [[Oppenhemium]], [[Forchemium]], [[Gerineshemium]], [[Benthemium]], [[Buxhemium]], [[Dronthemium]], [[Enshemium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Quernheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== R ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Radbruchium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-bruchium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-bruch'' seu ''-broich'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-bruchium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Horbruchium]] ac [[Mosbruchium]] apud articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de [[Index urbium et communium Rhenaniae et Palatinatus|indice urbium et communium Rhenaniae et Palatinatus]]; [[Legebruchium]] apud articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de [[Index communium Brandenburgi|indice communium Brandenburgi]]; [[Grevenbruchium]] apud articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de [[Index communium Rhenaniae Septentrionalis et Vestfaliae|indice communium Rhenaniae Septentrionalis et Vestfaliae]].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Radbruch''; [[Saxonice]] ''Radbrouk'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rastdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Rastdorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rastedensis Vicus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Rastede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Raastäe'' seu ''Raas'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ratherisdorfa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus N-Z&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Raddestorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Rastörpe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ratzlinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Rätzlingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Rätzen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rechtsupwegium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-wegium&quot;&gt;Theodiscum suffixum ''-weg'' Latino suffixo &quot;-wegium-i&quot; verti solet. V. gr. vide: [[Erdwegium]] apud ''Acta ecclesiastica dioecesis Frisingensis'' aut [[Schoefwegium]] apud ''Monumenta Boica''.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Rechtsupweg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Redun]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Redun&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.rehden.de/rathaus/gemeindeportrait/?utm ''Samtgemeinde Rehden''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) 11. Jahrhundert Redun, in den späteren Jahrhunderten stets Rehden geschrieben (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Rehden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Rehrn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Reessum]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Reeßum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Reeßen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Regesbostel]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Regesbostel'';  [[Saxonice]] ''Resbossel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rehburgum-Luca]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Luca&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/loccum/ ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''ecclesia in Luca'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Rehburg-Loccum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Rehborg-Locken'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rehlinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Rehlingen'';  [[Saxonice]] ''Rehlen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Reinstorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Reinstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Reinstörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Remlinga-Semmenstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Remlingen&quot;&gt;Theodisca vox ''Remlingen'' in Latinam &quot;Remlinga&quot; verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Graesse}} aut [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&amp;cq=M%C3%BCnchen&amp;lang=de ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z''].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Remlingen-Semmenstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Remlingen-Semmenstidde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Renkenberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Renkenberge'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rennavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-avia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-au'' seu ''-aw'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-avia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Iereslavia]], [[Iunonwladislavia]], [[Labiavia]], [[Landavia]], [[Lindavia]], [[Liptavia]], [[Lobavia]], [[Lochavia]], [[Lublavia]], [[Luccavia]], [[Mitavia]], [[Multavia]], [[Namslavia]], [[Neoboleslavia]], [[Olavia]], [[Oppavia]], [[Pegavia]], [[Pillavia]], [[Premislavia]], inter alia, apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Rennau''; [[Saxonice]] ''Rannau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Reppenstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Reppenstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Reppenstää'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rethis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rethis&quot;&gt;Vide [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Die_Kunstdenkm%C3%A4ler_der_Provinz_Hannover_%28IA_gri_33125013193475%29.pdf?utm ''Die Kunstdenkmäler der Provinz Hannover''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) in
Rethim 4. mansos quos habuit Bernhardus de Rothe miles (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Rethem''; [[Saxonice]] ''Reten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ride (Saxonia Inferior)|Ride]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ride&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/riede/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''curiam Ride'' (...) ''Volbertus de Ride'' (...) ''Rembertus de Ride'' (...) ''parrochia in Ride'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Riede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Rier'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ridepa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ridepa&quot;&gt;Vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20241207121004/https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B76-2/NOB%20VII%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Helmstedt%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Wolfsburg.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y ''NOB VII Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg.''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) 1205 ''parte ville Ridepe'' (UB H. Halb. i nr. 429 s. 383) (...) 1304 ''Henricus de Redop'' (Urk. Helmstedt ii nr. 4) 1311 ''Hinricus de Redepe'' (UB marienberg nr. 212 s. 169) 1333 ''in villa Reddop'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Räbke'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Riesta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Rieste'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rikbaldesgebutle]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ribbesbüttel&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20150119104531/http://www.isenbuettel.de/staticsite/staticsite.php?menuid=212&amp;topmenu=209 www.isenbuettel.de]&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ribbesbüttel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ringe]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ringe&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/3014/NOB%20XV%20Grafschaft%20Bentheim.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm ''NOB XV Grafschaft Bentheim''] {{Nexus deficit|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) 1209 ''Rudulfus de Ringe'' (INA Steinfurt Nr. 12 S. 254) 1328 (A.) ''apud Ringhe'' (Racer, Gedenkstukken VI S. 294) 1329 ''domum dictam Herscopinch sitam in legione Righe'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ringe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rintelia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Rinteln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rodenberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus N-Z&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Rodenberg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Rommbarje'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rodewolde]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rodewolde&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/rodewald/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Bruningus, Thidericus, Willehelmus in Rodewolde, in Giltene et in Suderbroke ecclesiarum rectores'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Rodewald''; [[Saxonice]] ''Rowohle'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rohrsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Rohrsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Rohßen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Roklum]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Roklum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rollshusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Rollshausen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Romstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Römstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Römst'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ronnenberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ronnenberg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ronnenbarg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Roscha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Rosche''; [[Saxonice]] ''Roosche'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rosdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Rosdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Rosdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rosengarten (Landkreis Harburg)|Rosengarten]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rotenburgum ad Wemmam]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rotenburgum ad Wemmam&quot;&gt;De Latino toponymico syntagmate &quot;[[Rotenburgum ad Wemmam]]&quot; -ad quod Latinum gentilicium &quot;Rotenburgensis-e&quot; refertur-, vide homonymas urbes apud {{Graesse}} et {{Hofmannus}}. De hydronymo &quot;[[Wemma]]&quot;, etiam vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Rotenburg''; quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Rotenburg an der Wümme''; [[Saxonice]] ''Rodenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rötgesbüttel]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rotha (Saxonia Inferior)|Rotha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rotha&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.archive.nrw.de/sites/default/files/media/files/Ersterw__hnung_Rhade.pdf?utm ''Ersterwähnung des Ortes/der Orte: Rhade''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) nostre ecclesie ministerialis, super decima '''Rothe''' in parrochia Lembek (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Rhade''; [[Saxonice]] ''Rhaar'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rüdershausen]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rühen]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rullstorf]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rumispringe]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rumispringe&quot;&gt;Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2003). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Göttingen. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte'', p. 337. (Kopialbuch Katlenburg, Bd. I, S. 61f.).&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Rhumspringe'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== S ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Sachsenhagen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sagterlandia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;BOV 2013&quot;&gt;Bischöfliches Offizialat Vechta (2013). ''Findbuch des Offizialatsarchivs Vechta: Altes Archiv (Abteilung A: Saterlandia, Kirchliche Unterlagen, Akte A 8: „Informatio de Sagterlandia“ aus dem Jahre 1710)''. Vechtae, in Germania: Bischöfliches Offizialat.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Saterland''; quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Sagterland''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Seelterlound'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Salis Cancellum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cellarius 1703&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Salzgitter''; [[Saxonice]] ''Soltgitter'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Salzbergen]]
* [[Salzdetfordium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Marcard 1805&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Salzdetfurth'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Salzhausen]]
* [[Salzhemmendorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Samern]]
* [[Sandbostel]]
* [[Sande (Frisia)|Sande]]
* [[Sanctae Mariae Vallis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Mariental'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sarstedt]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sassenburg]]
* [[Sathsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Sachsa'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sauensiek]]
* [[Schapen]]
* [[Scharnebeck]]
* [[Scheden]]
* [[Scheeßel]]
* [[Schellerten]]
* [[Schiffdorf]]
* [[Schladen-Werla]]
* [[Schnackenburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schnega]]
* [[Schneverdingen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schola Dei]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus N-Z&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ihlow''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ihl'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Scholen]]
* [[Schönewörde]]
* [[Schöningen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schöppenstedt]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schortens]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schüttorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schwaförden]]
* [[Schwanewede]]
* [[Schwarme]]	
* [[Schwarmstedt]]
* [[Schweindorf]]
* [[Schweringen]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Swering'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schwerinsdorf]]
* [[Schwienau]]
* [[Schwülper]]
* [[Seeburg (Niedersachsen)|Seeburg]]
* [[Seedorf (bei Zeven)|Seedorf]]
* [[Seelze]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Seesen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Seevetal]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Seggebruch]]
* [[Sehlde]]
* [[Sehlem (Niedersachsen)|Sehlem]]
* [[Sehnde]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Seinje'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Selsingen]]
* [[Seulingen]]
* [[Sibbesse]]
* [[Sickte]]
* [[Siedenburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Silva Orientalis (Neuenhusa)|Silva Orientalis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wald&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Wald?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Latinum substantivum &quot;silva-ae&quot; Theodiscum suffixum ''-wald''] vertit.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Orientalis&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/orientalis?wb=gross&amp;nr=3 Theodiscum praefixum ''Ost(er)-'' Latino adiectivo &quot;orientalis-e&quot; vertitur.]&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Osterwald''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wauld'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sittensen]]
* [[Soderstorf]]
* [[Sögel]]	
* [[Söhlde]]
* [[Söllingen (Niedersachsen)|Söllingen]]
* [[Soltau]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Soltendieck]]
* [[Sottrum]]
* [[Spahnharrenstätte]]
* [[Spella]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Spella&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.emsland.com/la/tour/emsland-route-395-km?utm ''www.esland.com''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) A Spella ad Rhenum: circiter XVI km (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Spelle'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Spiekeroog]]
* [[Sprakensehl]]
* [[Springe]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stadae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Stade''; [[Saxonice]] ''Stood'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stadlandia]]&lt;ref&gt;Ioannes Iustus Wynkelman, [https://books.google.com/books?id=WvgaAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA617&amp;lpg=PA617&amp;dq=statlandia+saxonia&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=Ysl9JI4L06&amp;sig=2y6x3I38sU3-RcrP0HtnSkUxssI&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0CCwQ6AEwA2oVChMIwqiv-NWMxgIVQgmSCh2CZwDj#v=onepage&amp;q=statlandia%20saxonia&amp;f=false ''Notitia historico-politica veteris Saxo-Westphaliae finitimarumque regionum,''] 1667:277.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Stadland'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Staffhorst]]
* [[Staufenberg]]
* [[Stavern]]
* [[Stedesdorf]]
* [[Steimbke]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Steembke'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Steinau (Niedersachsen)|Steinau]]
* [[Steinfeld (Oldenburg)]]
* [[Steinhorst (Niedersachsen)|Steinhorst]]
* [[Steinkirchen (Altes Land)|Steinkirchen]]
* [[Stelle]]
* [[Stemmen (Landkreis Rotenburg)|Stemmen]]
* [[Stemne]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Stemne&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/nordstemmen/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''novem iugera sitam Stemne'' (...) ''novem iugeribus in Nortstempne'' (...) ''capellam in northstemne'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Nordstemmen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stemshorn]]
* [[Steyerberg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Staarbarg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stinstedt]]
* [[Stöckse]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Stöckse'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stoetze]]
* [[Stolzenau]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Stoltnaa'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stuhr]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Südbrookmerland]]
* [[Suderburg]]
* [[Südergellersen]]
* [[Südheide]]
* [[Sudwalde]]
* [[Suhlendorf]]
* [[Sulingen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Süpplingen]]
* [[Süpplingenburg]]
* [[Süstedt]]
* [[Sustrum]]
* [[Surwold]]
* [[Suthfeld]]
* [[Syke]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== T ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Tappenbeck]]
* [[Tarmstedt]]
* [[Tespe]]
* [[Teuderium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus N-Z&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Detern''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Tjootern''; [[Saxonice|Eofrisicosaxonice]] ''Däitern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Thransfellensis Ecclesia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dransfeld'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Thedinghausen]]
* [[Theodolfestorpum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Asseburg 1855&quot;&gt;Asseburg, J. von der. (1855). ''Urkundenbuch des Geschlechts von der Asseburg (Vol. 1)''. Hahnschen Hofbuchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dedelstorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Thomasburg]]
* [[Thorpum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Thorpum&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/ZIER-HP/ZIER-HP-06-2016/AAAKoeblerGerhardDorfinderdeutschenOrtsgeschichte20160831-7111.htm ''www.koeblergerhard.de''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Dörpen''', 9. Jh., bei Aschendorf nördlich Meppens, F2-1090 THURP (Dorf) Dorfa (7), Thorpum (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dörpen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Thuine]]
* [[Tiddische]]
* [[Tiste]]
* [[Toppenstedt]]
* [[Tostedt]]
* [[Tosterglope]]
* [[Trebel]]
* [[Triburi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Philippi &amp; Bar 1892&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Drebber'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Tülau]]
* [[Twieflingen]]
* [[Twilpstede Maius]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Twilpstede Maius&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B76-2/NOB%20VII%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Helmstedt%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Wolfsburg.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg'']{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) 1311 ''Twilpstede Maiori'' (...) 1311 ''Twilpstede Maiori et Minori'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Twülpstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groot Twülpstidde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Twist (Emsland)|Twist]]
* [[Twistringen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== U ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Uchte]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Uchte'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Uehrde]]
* [[Uelsen]]
* [[Uetze]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ulsena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]]  et [[Saxonice]] ''Uelzen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Ülz’n'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ummern]]
* [[Undeloh]]
* [[Upgant-Schott]]
* [[Uplengen]]
* [[Urlaha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;&quot;&gt;Vide [https://oerrel.feuerwehr-munster.de/---orla---die-kleine-oertze-.html ''Freiwillige Feuerwehr Oerre''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) „Vrlaha“ als das Kirchdorf „Oerel“ (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Oerel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Uslar]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Utarp]]
{{div col end}}

=== V ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Vahlberg]]
* [[Vahlbruch]]
* [[Vahlde]]
* [[Vallis Ambrae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ambra&quot;&gt;Latino de toponymo &quot;Ambra&quot; (Theodisce ''Emmer''), vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Vallis&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Tal?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum vocabulum ''T(h)al'' aut Theodiscum suffixum ''-t(h)al'' Latino vocabulo &quot;vallis-is&quot;] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Emmerthal''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emmerdaal'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vallis Augae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;SLH 1988&quot;&gt;Societas Latina Hannoverana (1988). ''Fasciculi geographici et historici: De parvis provinciis ditionis Hannoveranae et Schaumburgensis''. Hannoverae: Typis Exscripsit Libraria Scripturarum.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Auetal'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vallis Claustra-Cella]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Conring 1730&quot;&gt;Conring, H. (1730). ''De Antiquitatibus Academicis Dissertationes Septem''. Officina Smeinkiana.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Clausthal-Zellerfeld''; [[Supraharthice]] ''Clasthol-Zallerfall'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vallis Mimedensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Vallis&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mimedensis&quot;&gt;Theodiscum hydronymicum praefixum ''Nieme-'' Latino gentilicio &quot;Mimedensis-e&quot; vertitur, quod ad flumen Mimede seu Mymede (Theodisce ''Nieme'') refertur. Quo de Latino hydronymo, vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B74-6/NOB%20IV%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20G%C3%B6ttingen.pdf?utm ''NOB IV Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Göttingen''] {{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''riuum, qui teutonice Mimede vocatur'' (...) ''riuum, qui toutonice Mymede vocatur'' (...) ''flumine Mimede'' (...) ''riuum, qui Mymede vocatur''  (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Niemetal'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Varel]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Varrel]]
* [[Vastorf]]
* [[Vechelde]]
* [[Velpke]]
* [[Veltheim (Ohe)]]
* [[Vetha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Vechta''; [[Saxonice]] ''Vechte'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Via Paludis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Via Paludis&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Moor?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum nominale praefixum ''Moor-'' Latino substantivo casu genetivo &quot;paludis&quot; (f.)] et [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Weg?wb=gross&amp;nr=2 Theodiscum nominale suffixum ''-weg'' Latino nomine &quot;via-ae&quot; (f.)] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Moorweg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vicus Adelaidis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ALF 2016&quot;&gt;Academia Latinitati Fovendae (2016). ''Commentarii Academiae Latinitati Fovendae: De novis parochiis et communibus Saxoniae Inferioris textus'' (Vol. XXIV). Romae: Herder.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Adelheidsdorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vicus Vetus Hassicus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Vicus Vetus Hassicus&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.fallingrain.com/world/GM/06/Hessisch_Oldendorf.html?utm ''www.fallingrain''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Other (Latin) names: Vicus Vetus Hassicus,Vicus Vetus Hassicus,Hessisch-Oldendorf,Hessisch-Oldendorf''' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hessisch Oldendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eolendörpe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vierden]]
* [[Vierhöfen]]
* [[Vildhusia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmannus&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Wildeshausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wilshusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villa Cremilonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Cremlingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vintlum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Vintlum&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/schneverdingen-peter-und-paul/?utm ''Schneverdingen, Peter und Paul''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''capella in honorem sancti Anthonii in villa Vintlo parrochie Snewerdinge'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Fintel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Visbek]]
* [[Visselhövede]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vögelsen]]
* [[Vollersode]]
* [[Voltlage]]
* [[Vorda Bremensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus N-Z&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bremervörde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bremervöör'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vordorf]]
* [[Vorwerk (Niedersachsen)|Vorwerk]]
* [[Vrees]]
{{div col end}}

=== W ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Waake]]
* [[Waddeweitz]]
* [[Wagenfeld]]
* [[Wagenhoff]]
* [[Wahrenholz]]
* [[Walchum]]
* [[Walkenried]]
* [[Wallenhorst]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wallmoden]]
* [[Walsrode]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wangelnstedt]]
* [[Wangerland]]
* [[Wangerooge]]
* [[Wanna]]
* [[Warberg]]
* [[Wardenburg]]
* [[Warmsen]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Warmsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Warpe]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Warpe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wasbüttel]]
* [[Wathlingen]]
* [[Wedemark]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Weener]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Weenzen]]
* [[Wehrbleck]]
* [[Welle]]
* [[Wendeburg]]
* [[Wendisch Evern]]
* [[Wennigsen]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wenngessen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wenzendorf]]
* [[Werdum]]
* [[Werlte]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Werpeloh]]
* [[Wesendorf]]
* [[Weste (Niedersachsen)|Weste]]
* [[Westergellersen]]
* [[Westerholt]]
* [[Westertimke]]
* [[Westerwalsede]]
* [[Westfeld (Niedersachsen)|Westfeld]]
* [[Westoverledingen]]
* [[Wetschen]]
* [[Wettrup]]
* [[Weyhausen]]
* [[Weyhe]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wieda]]
* [[Wiedensahl]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wiefelstede]]
* [[Wielen]]
* [[Wienhausen]]
* [[Wiesmoor]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wietmarschen]]
* [[Wietze]]
* [[Wietzen]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wietzen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wietzendorf]]
* [[Wilhelmshaven]] &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wilstedt]]
* [[Wilsum]]
* [[Wingst]]
* [[Winkelsett]]
* [[Winnigstedt]]
* [[Winsen (Aller)]] 
* [[Winsenia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Büttner&quot;&gt;Büttner, D. S. (1710). ''Rudera Diluvii Testes, i.e. Zeichnung und Abbildung derer Columnarum Sceletonum''. Gottfried Zimmermann.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(ad [[Luya]]m&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Winsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Winzenburg]]
* [[Wippingen]]
* [[Wirdum]]
* [[Wischhafen]]
* [[Wistedt]]
* [[Witmundia]]&lt;ref&gt;E.g., [[Ioannes Luyts|Ioannis Luyts]] ''Introductio ad Geographiam novam et veterem'', Ultraiecti 1692, [https://books.google.fr/books?id=_o0YP3-9VTMC&amp;pg=PA281&amp;dq=Witmundia&amp;hl=ru&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjShLT7vdDrAhVJw4sKHZLLCokQ6AEwAnoECAMQAg#v=onepage&amp;q=Witmundia&amp;f=false p. 281].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wittmund'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wittingen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wittmar]]
* [[Wittorf]]
* [[Wohnste]]
* [[Wolfsburgum]]&lt;ref&gt;Vide nomini arcis: Samuel Pufendorfus, ''Commentariorum de rebus Suecicis libri XXVI'' {{Google Books|lV1PAAAAcAAJ|pag. 457 et 475}}, ''Nova Acta Eruditorum'' {{Google Books|eGFlITDJFSMC|pag. 487}}, Lipsiae, anno 1756, ac ''Itininerarium Thomae Carve, Tipperariensis'' ([https://archive.org/details/itinerariumthom00kerngoog/page/n182 pag. 108]).&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Wolfsburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wulfsborg''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wolfsbuurich'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wollbrandshausen]]
* [[Wollershausen]]
* [[Wölpinghausen]]
* [[Wolsdorf]]
* [[Woltersdorf (Wendland)|Woltersdorf]]
* [[Woltershausen]]
* [[Worde]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Worde&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/grossenwoerden/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Hinricus rector ecclesie in Worde'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Großenwörden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grootweurn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Worpswede]]
* [[Wremen]]
* [[Wrestedt]]
* [[Wriedel]]
* [[Wulfsen]]
* [[Wulften ad Harthicos montes]]
* [[Wunstorf]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wunsdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wurster Nordseeküste]]
* [[Wustrow (Saxonia Inferior)]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== Y ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Ylsede]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ylsede&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kleinilsede.hier-im-netz.de/historis.htm ''Historisches über Klein Ilsede''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) minori ylsede (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ilsede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ilse'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Yppenerdhe]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Yppenerdhe&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.gross-ippener.de/gemeinde/geschichte.html?utm ''Groß Ippene''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Parrochia Yppenerdhe (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Ippener''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groot Ippner'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ysinibutle]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ysinibutle&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.arcinsys.niedersachsen.de/arcinsys/showArchivalDescriptionDetails?archivalDescriptionId=5905372&amp;utm ''Arcinsys''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Isenbüttel, Kr. Gifhorn (Ysinibutle, Ysenebutle) (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Isenbüttel'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== Z ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Zernien]]
* [[Zetel]]
* [[Zeven]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Zorge]]
{{div col end}}

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris|!]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Dada</title>
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      <text bytes="10848" sha1="cirjn1mjwf3mycgav4omsgxor014ucl" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Duchamp Fountaine.jpg|thumb|[[Marcellus Duchamp]], ''[[Fons (Duchamp)|Fons]],'' 1917. Photographema [[Alfredus Stieglitz|Alfredi Stieglitz]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Label for the Belle Haleine cropped.png|thumb|upright|''[[Rrose Sélavy]],'' [[alter ego]] [[Marcellus Duchamp|Marcelli Duchamp]], Dadaistae celeberrimi.]]
[[Fasciculus:En hod dada museum.jpg|thumb|[[Museum Dada Janco]], ex [[Marcellus Janco|Marcello Janco]] appellatum, in oppido [[Ein Hod]] [[Israel (civitas)|Israelis]].]]

'''Dada,''' sive '''Dadaismus,''' fuit [[motus artis]] [[avant-garde]] [[Europa]]ei [[saeculum 20|saeculo vicensimo ineunte]] mromotus. Multi postulant Dadam [[Turicum|Turici]] in [[Helvetia]] coepisse anno [[1916]], unde [[Berolinum|Berolini]] mox percrebuit, sed summa Dada [[Urbs Novum Eboracum|Novi Eboraci]] a [[Hugo Ball]] et Cabaret Voltaire anno superiore fuit, anno [[1915]].&lt;ref&gt;Mario de Micheli, ''Las vanguardias artísticas del siglo XX'' (Alianza Forma, 2006), 135–137.&lt;/ref&gt; Apud ''The Language of Art Knowledge'' Donae Budd legitur:
&lt;blockquote&gt;Dada ex responso negante horroribus [[Bellum Orbis Terrarum I|Belli Orbis Terrarum]]&lt;!--N.B. &quot;World War One,&quot; non &quot;the first world war&quot; (bellum mundanum primum)--&gt; natum est. Hic motus inter civitates a grege [[artifex|artificum]] et [[poeta]]rum cum [[Cabaret Voltaire (Turicum)|Cabaret Voltaire]] [[Turicum|Turici]] consociatorum coeptus est. Dada [[ratio]]nem et [[logica]]m negavit, nugas, irrationalitatem, et [[intuitus|intuitum]] magni aestimans. Origo nominis ''Dada'' non est manifesta; nonnulli credunt id esse [[vocabulum]] nugatorium. Alii tenent id ex ''da, da'' ('ita, ita' in [[lingua Dacoromanica|Dacoromanice]] significantium) oriri, [[vocabulum|verbo]] a [[Tristanus Tzara|Tristano Tzarae]] et [[Marcellus Janco|Marcello Janco]] [[artifex|artificibus]] [[Romania]]nis crebro adhibito. Alia coniectura adfirmat nomen ''Dada'' per congressionem gregis factus esse cum [[culter]] [[charta]]ceus in [[dictionarium]] Francicum-Theodiscum insertus ad ''dada,'' vocabulum [[Francice|Francicum]] pro ''[[harundo (ludus equinus)|harundine]]''&lt;!--hobbyhorse--&gt; casu indicaret.&lt;ref&gt;[[Anglice]]: &quot;Dada was born out of negative reaction to the horrors of [[World War I]]. This international movement was begun by a group of artists and poets associated with the Cabaret Voltaire in Zurich. Dada rejected reason and logic, prizing nonsense, irrationality and intuition. The origin of the name Dada is unclear; some believe that it is a nonsensical word. Others maintain that it originates from the Romanian artists Tristan Tzara's and Marcel Janco's frequent use of the words &quot;da, da,&quot; meaning &quot;yes, yes&quot; in the Romanian language. Another theory says that the name &quot;Dada&quot; came during a meeting of the group when a paper knife stuck into a French-German dictionary happened to point to 'dada', a French word for 'hobbyhorse'.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Dona Budd, ''The Language of Art Knowledge'' (Pomegranate Communications, Inc.).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt; Motus praecipue se cum [[ars oculorum|artibus oculorum]], [[litterae|litteris]], [[poesis|poesi]], [[edictum artis|edictis artis]]&lt;!--art manifestos--&gt;, [[aesthetica|doctrinis artis]], [[theatrum|theatro]], et [[designatio graphica|designatione graphica]] implicavit, et eius animum civilem [[contra bellum]] intendit in obtinentibus [[ars|artis]] normis per opera culturalia [[contra artem]] reiectis. Dada, praeter [[bellum]] reprehensum, contra habitus ''[[bourgeois]]'' fuit, se in rebus [[civilitas|civilibus]] cum sinistro rerum novarum cupido&lt;!--the radical left--&gt; coniungens.
 
=== Novum Eboracum ===
Sicut Turicum, [[Urbs Novum Eboracum|Novum Eboracum]] pro refugio fuit [[scriptor]]um et [[artifex|artificum]] [[Bellum Orbis Terrarum I|bellum Europaeanum]] fugientium. [[Marcellus Duchamp]] et [[Franciscus Picabia]] non ita multo postquam a [[Francia]] advecti erant, in [[Man Ray]], artificem [[Civitates Foederatae|Americanum]] inciderunt. Ante [[1916]], hi tres centrum agitationum extremarum contra artem in [[Civitates Foederatae|Civitatibus Foederatis]] fuerunt. [[Beatrice Wood]], Americana quae in Francia rebus variis studuerat, se cum eis mox coniunxit; pariter [[Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven]]. [[Arthurus Cravan]], [[conscriptio]]nem militarem in [[Francia]] fugens, ad tempus aderat. Multum eorum agitationis in 291, [[pinacotheca]] [[Alfredus Stieglitz|Alfredi Stieglitz]], et in [[domus|domu]] [[Gualterius Conradus Arensberg|Gualterii et Ludovicae Arensberg]] nisum est.
 
== Poesis, musica, sonus ==
Dada magnum non solum apud [[ars|artes]] [[ars oculorum|oculorum]] et [[litterae|litterarum]] potuit, sed se in [[sonus|sonos]] et [[musica]]m extendit. [[Curtius Schwitters]] [[poema]]ta excogitavit quae [[poesis sonorum|poemata sonorum]] appellavit, cum [[Franciscus Picabia]] et [[Georgius Ribemont-Dessaignes]] musicam Dada componerent, quae in Festo Dada, [[Lutetia]]e die [[26 Maii]] [[1920]] habito, peracta est. [[Erwinus Schulhoff]], Ioannes Heusser, Albertus Savinio, aliisque [[compositor]]es musicam Dada appellatam fecerunt, cum [[Sexviri]]&lt;!--Les Six--&gt; notissimi, participibus motus Dada adiuvantibus, vicissim facerent ut sua opera in conventibus Dada peragerentur. Praeterea, [[Ericus Satie]] notiones Dada per suum curriculum leviter attigit, sed se cum [[impressionismus musicus|impressionismo musico]] praecipue consociavit.

In prima re Dada edita, [[Hugo Ball]] &quot;[[orchestra]]m [[balalaika]]rum&quot; descripsit quae &quot;suavia [[carmen vulgare|carmina vulgaria]] psallerat.&quot; [[Musica Africana]] et [[iaz]] in conventibus Dada saepe audita sunt, reditum ad [[natura]]m et [[primitivismus|primitivismum]] simplicem significantia.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Avant-garde]]
* [[Bonzo Dog Doo-Dah Band]]
* ''[[Épater la bourgeoisie]]''
* [[Futurismus]]
* [[Internationalis Situationista]]
* [[Surrealismus]]
* [[Happening]]&lt;!--
*[[The Central Council of Dada for the World Revolution]]
*[[Interventio artis]]--&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

==Bibliographia==&lt;!--
*''The Dada Almanac'', ed. Richard Huelsenbeck [1920], re-edited and translated by Malcolm Green et al., [[Atlas Press]], with texts by Hans Arp, Johannes Baader, Hugo Ball, Paul Citröen, Paul Dermée, Daimonides, Max Goth, John Heartfield, Raoul Hausmann, Richard Huelsenbeck, Vincente Huidobro, Mario D'Arezzo, Adon Lacroix, Walter Mehring, Francis Picabia, Georges Ribemont-Dessaignes, Alexander Sesqui, Philippe Soupault, Tristan Tzara. ISBN 0-947757-62-7.
*''Blago Bung, Blago Bung'', Hugo Ball's Tenderenda, Richard Huelsenbeck's Fantastic Prayers, &amp; Walter Serner's Last Loosening - three key texts of Zurich ur-Dada. Translated and introduced by Malcolm Green. [[Atlas Press]], ISBN 0-947757-86-4.--&gt;

* ''Archives Dada / Chronique.'' [[2005]]. Lutetiae: Hazan.
* [[Hugo Ball|Ball, Hugo]]. [[1996]]. ''Flight Out Of Time.'' Berkeleiae et Angelopoli: University of California Press.
* Jones, Dafydd. [[2014]]. ''Dada 1916 in Theory: Practices of Critical Resistance.'' Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. ISBN 978-1-78138-020-8.
* Biro, M. [[2009]]. ''The Dada Cyborg: Visions of the New Human in Weimar Berlin.'' Minneapoli: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 0-8166-3620-6.
* Dachy, Marc. [[1989]]. ''Journal du mouvement Dada 1915-1923.'' Genève: Albert Skira.&lt;!--Grand Prix du Livre d'Art, 1990--&gt;
* ''Dada &amp; les dadaïsmes.'' [[1994]]. Folio Essais, 257. Lutetiae: Gallimard.
* Jovanov, Jasna. [[1999]]. ''Demistifikacija apokrifa: Dadaizam na jugoslovenskim prostorima.'' Novi Sad: Apostrof.
* ''Dada, la révolte de l'art.'' [[2005]]. Lutetiae: Gallimard / Centre Pompidou, [[Découvertes Gallimard]] (n° 476).
* ''Dada, catalogue d'exposition.'' [[2005]]. Centre Pompidou.
* Durozoi, Gérard. [[2005]]. ''Dada et les arts rebelles.'' Lutetiae: Hazan, Guide des Arts.
* Gammel, Irene. [[2002]]. ''Baroness Elsa: Gender, Dada and Everyday Modernity.'' Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: MIT Press.
* Hoffman, Irene. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110513235907/http://www.artic.edu/reynolds/essays/hofmann.php ''Documents of Dada and Surrealism: Dada and Surrealist Journals in the Mary Reynolds Collection.''] Ryerson and Burnham Libraries, The Art Institute of Chicago.
* Huelsenbeck, Richard. [[1991]]. ''Memoirs of a Dada Drummer.'' Berkeleiae et Angelopoli: University of California Press.
* Jones, Dafydd. [[2006]]. ''Dada Culture.'' Novi Eboraci et Amstelodami: Rodopi Verlag.
* Lavin, Maud. [[1993]]. ''Cut With the Kitchen Knife: The Weimar Photomontages of Hannah Höch.'' Portu Novo: Yale University Press.
* Lemoine, Serge. ''Dada.'' Lutetiae: Hazan, coll. L'Essentiel.
* Lista, Giovanni. [[2005]]. ''Dada libertin &amp; libertaire.'' Lutetiae: L'insolite.
* Melzer, Annabelle. [[1976]], [[1994]]. ''Dada and Surrealist Performance.'' Baltimorae et Londinii: PAJ Books, ser. Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-4845-8.
* Novero, Cecilia. [[2010]]. ''Antidiets of the Avant-Garde: From Futurist Cooking to Eat Art... University of Minnesota Press.
* Richter, Hans. [[1965]]. ''Dada: Art and Anti-Art.'' Londinii: Thames and Hudson.
* Sanouillet, Michel. [[1965]], [[1993]]. [[2005]]. ''Dada à Paris.'' Lutetiae: Jean-Jacques Pauvert. &lt;!--Flammarion, 1993, CNRS, 2005--&gt;
* Sanouillet, Michel. [[2009]]. ''Dada in Paris.'' Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: MIT Press.
* Schneede, Uwe M. [[1979]]. ''George Grosz, His life and Work.'' Novi Eboraci: Universe Books.
* Verdier, Aurélie. [[2005]]. ''L'ABCdaire de Dada.'' Lutetiae: Flammarion.

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Dada|Dadam}}
* [http://www.lib.uiowa.edu/dada/ Archivum Dada Internationale,] eee.lib.uiowa.edu
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080810230829/http://www.peak.org/~dadaist/Art/index.html Ars Dada,] www.peak.org
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110729051100/http://www.ossilegium.com/dada/one/ Magazina ''Dada,'' Anglice conversa,] www.ossilegium.com&lt;!--
*{{dmoz|Arts/Art_History/Periods_and_Movements/Dada/|Dada}}
*[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/149499/Dada Britannica.com]
*[http://www.dadart.com/dadaism/dada/index.html Dadart]
*[http://www.guardian.co.uk/artanddesign/2011/jul/19/dada-to-surrealism-dagen-review From Dada to surrealism] review from The Guardian
*[http://www.ltmrecordings.com/fdrcat.html Dada audio recordings at LTM]--&gt;

;Edicta
* [[Wikisource:Dada Manifesto (1916, Hugo Ball)|Text of Hugo Ball's 1916 ''Dada Manifesto'']]
* [http://www.391.org/manifestos/19180323tristantzara_dadamanifesto.htm Text of Tristan Tzara's 1918 ''Dada Manifesto'']
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120209031207/http://www.english.upenn.edu/~jenglish/English104/tzara.html Excerpts of Tristan Tzara's ''Dada Manifesto'' (1918) and ''Lecture on Dada'' (1922)]

&lt;!--
[[Category:20th-century German literature]]--&gt;
{{Myrias|Ars}}

[[Categoria:Ars avant-garde]]
[[Categoria:Dada| ]]
[[Categoria:Motus artis]]
[[Categoria:Nugae]]</text>
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    <title>Ecclesia Syrorum Orientalium</title>
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      <text bytes="6653" sha1="htmc3z4f7wqzxtxspz84tymgdmfuawq" xml:space="preserve">'''Ecclesia Syrorum Orientalium'''&lt;ref&gt;Vide: Sancta Evangelia Quae Per Totum Anni Decursum Ab Ecclesia Syrorum Orientalium Id est Chaldaeorum In Missa leguntur, Typis Fratrum Praedicatorum, 1900. In interrete: [https://web.archive.org/web/20210620161308/https://www.zvdd.de/dms/load/met/?PPN=urn%3Anbn%3Ade%3Ahbz%3A5%3A1-8950 zvdd]&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Lingua Syriaca]]: ܥܕܬܐ ܩܕܝܫܬܐ ܘܫܠܝܚܝܬܐ ܩܬܘܠܝܩܝ ܕܡܕܢܚܐ ܕܐܬܘܪ̈ܝܐ), sive '''Chaldaeorum''' &lt;ref&gt;ibidem&lt;/ref&gt;, etiam '''Ecclesia Apostolica Orientis''', plenius: '''Sancta Apostolica et Catholica Ecclesia Syrorum Orientis''' est ecclesia [[Autocephalia|autocepha]] prorsusque [[sui iuris]], una ex illis ecclesiis, quae ex [[Liturgia Syro-Orientalis|traditione syriaca]] [[Catholicatus]] antiqui [[Seleucia]]e-[[Ctesiphon]]tis ortae sunt.

Ecclesia Syrorum Orientalium sic dictorum [[Nestorianismus|Nestorianorum]] ab annis 1960 in duos greges scissa est: „Sancta Apostolica et Catholica Ecclesia Syrorum Orientis“, cuius sedes principalis est [[Sicagum|Sicagi]], et „Antiqua Ecclesia Orientis“, cuius sedes est [[Bagdatum|Bagdati]]. A die [[16 Septembris]] [[2015]] patriarcha [[Mar Gewargis III]] est.

[[Fasciculus:Церковь Мат Марьям на Дубровке.jpg|thumb|Ecclesia Syrorum Sanctae Mariae (Mat Marjam) [[Moscua]]e.]]

== Nomen ==
Nomen antiquum fuit &quot;Ecclesia Orientis&quot;, quod significavit eam fuisse ecclesiam [[religio Christiana|Christianorum]], qui in regionibus orientalibus extra fines [[Imperium Romanum|Imperii Romani]] vixerunt. Caput ecclesiae [[Catholicus (titulus)|Catholicus]] vocatur, cuius sedes olim fuit [[Seleucia]]e et [[Ctesiphon]]te, unde ecclesia et „[[Catholicatus]] Seleuciae-Ctesiphontis“ appellatur. Semper regiminibus non-Christianis subdita erat. Sunt et alia nomina, quae pristinam diffusionem demonstrant ut puta „Ecclesia Persica“ vel „Ecclesia Mesopotamica“. Nomina &quot;Chaldaeica&quot; vel &quot;Chaldaeo-Syriaca&quot; his diebus plerumque pro [[Ecclesia Chaldaeorum Catholica]] cum [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Roma]] unita in usu sunt. 

Addidamenta &quot;chaldaeica“ (chaldaica) a saeculo XV. et „syriaca“ a saeculo XIX. a scriptoribus [[Europa]]eis creata sunt, imprimis ut notionem &quot;nestoriani&quot; pro illis, qui se ecclesiis occidentalibus coniunxerunt, vitarent. His diebus haec notio, quamquam in libris adhuc inveniatur, ab omnibus fidelibus ecclesiarum traditionis syriacae respuitur. 

Hodie fideles huius ecclesiae etiam &quot;Aramaei&quot; vocantur.

== Diffusio ==
Hodie 300.000-400.000 hominum, ut conicitur, in [[Irania]], [[Iracum|Iraco]], [[Syria]], [[Turcia]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitaibus Foederatis Americae]], [[Europa]] et [[Australia]] Ecclesiae Syrorum Orientalium adhaerunt. Quorum fere dimidia pars non iam in Mesopotamia, sed in [[diaspora]] vivit.

== Bibliographia ==
* Helga Anschütz: ''Die Gegenwartslage der „Apostolischen Kirche des Ostens“ und ihre Beziehungen zur „assyrischen“ Nationalbewegung''. In: ''Ostkirchliche Studien.'' No. 18, 1969, p. 122–145.
* Wilhelm Baum, Dietmar W. Winkler: ''Die Apostolische Kirche des Ostens''. Kitab, Clagenfurti 2000, ISBN 3-902005-05-X. 
* Christoph Baumer: ''Frühes Christentum zwischen Euphrat und Jangtse.'' Urachhaus, Stuttgardiae 2005, ISBN 3-8251-7450-6.
* J. F. Coakley: ''The Church of the East and the Church of England.'' Clarendon Press, Oxoniae 1992, ISBN 0-19-826744-4.
* Raymond Le Coz: ''Les médecins nestoriens au Moyen Âge: les maîtres des Arabes.'' L’Harmattan (col. Comprendre le Moyen-Orient), Parisiis 2004, ISBN 2-7475-6483-5.
* Raymond Le Coz: ''L’Église d’Orient. Chrétiens d’Irak, d’Iran et de Turquie''. Du Cerf, Parisiis 1995, ISBN 2-204-05114-4.
* Jean Étèvenaux: ''Chap. V: les missions de l’Église de l’Est en Asie jusqu’au XIVe siècle.'' In: ''Histoire des missions chrétiennes.'' Éd. Saint-Augustin, Parisiis 2004, ISBN 2-88011-333-4.
* Wolfgang Hage: ''Nestorianische Kirche''. In: ''[[Theologische Realenzyklopädie]].'' Vol. 24, de Gruyter, Berolini 1994, ISBN 3-11-014596-0, p. 264–276.
* Friedrich Huber: ''Das Christentum in Ost-, Süd- und Südostasien sowie Australien.'' Evangelische Verlagsanstalt, Lipsiae 2005, ISBN 3-374-02119-0.
* John Joseph: ''The Modern Assyrians of the Middle East''. Brill, Lugduni Batavorum/Bostoniae 2000. 
* Caspar Detlef G. Müller: ''Geschichte der orientalischen Nationalkirchen.'' Vandenhoeck &amp; Ruprecht, Gottingae 1981, ISBN 3-525-52314-9.
* H. L. Murre-Van den Berg: ''The Church of the East in the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century: World Church or Ethnic Community?'' In: J. J. Van Ginkel u.&amp;nbsp;a. (Ed.): ''Redefining Christian Identity'' (= ''Orientalia Lovanensia Analecta.'' Vol. 134). Peeters, Lovanii 2005, ISBN 90-429-1418-1, p. 301–320.
* Karl Pinggéra: ''Die Apostolische Kirche des Ostens der Assyrer.'' In: ''Die altorientalischen Kirchen. Glaube und Geschichte''. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadiae 2010, p. 21–40, ISBN=978-3-534-22052-6
* J. C. J. Sanders: ''Assyro-chaldese christenen in oost-Turkije en Iran: hun laatste vaderland opnieuw in kaart gebracht''. A. A. Brediusstichting, Hernen 1997, ISBN 90-71460-07-X.
* John Stewart: ''Nestorian Missionary Enterprise.'' T. &amp; T. Clark, Edinburgi 1928.
* Jean-Pierre Valognes: ''Vie et mort des Chrétiens d’Orient.'' Fayard, Parisiis 1994, ISBN 2-213-03064-2.
* Klaus Wetzel: ''Kirchengeschichte Asiens.'' Brockhaus, Wuppertal 1995, ISBN 3-417-29398-7.
* David Wilmshurst: ''The Ecclesiastical Organisation of the Church of the East, 1318–1913.'' (Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium 582 / Subs. 104). Peeters, Lovanii 2000, ISBN 90-429-0876-9.
* Joseph Yacoub: ''Babylone chrétienne. Géopolitique de l’Église de Mésopotamie''. Desclée de Brouwer, Parisiis 1996, ISBN 2-220-03772-X.
* Gabriele Yonan: ''Assyrer heute''. Gesellschaft für bedrohte Völker, Hamburgi 1978, ISBN 3-922197-00-0.

{{NexInt}}
*[[Ecclesia Chaldaeorum Catholica]], ramus [[Ecclesiae Catholicae Orientales|Catholicus]] Syrorum sive Chaldaeorum 
*[[Ecclesia Syrorum Malabarensium]], ramus [[India|Indicus]] Ecclesiae Chaldaeorum Catholicae
*[[Nestorianismus]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Assyrian Church of the East|Ecclesiam Syrorum Orientalium}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20151104132456/http://assyrianchurch-europe.org/ Publica Ecclesiae Syrorum Orientalium pagina in Europa]
* [http://news.assyrianchurch.com/ Pagina publica]

== Notae ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

[[Categoria:Divisiones Christianorum]]
[[Categoria:Ecclesiae Orientales]]
[[Categoria:Nestorianismus]]
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      <text bytes="11744" sha1="keyqpbomwyfanfxnm2061uz5o8r2uh7" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Humanités Numériques.JPG|thumb|Exemplum studii per rationes digitales: [[enodatio interretium socialium]] ut instrumentum archivale.&lt;ref&gt;League of Nations archives, United Nations Office in Geneva.&lt;/ref&gt;]]

{{res|Humanitates digitales}}&lt;ref&gt;John C. Traupman, ''New Collegiate Latin and English Dictionary,'' ed. tertia (Novi Eboraci: Bantam Books, 2007), 565, s.v. ''humanity.''&lt;/ref&gt;{{TraupConv ref|digital|260}} sunt [[regio]] investigationis, rationis docendi, et creationis quae intersectionem [[computatio]]nis et disciplinarum [[humanitates|humanitatum]] tractat. Humanitates digitales, ex campis {{res|computationis humanitatum}}, computationis humanisticae,&lt;ref&gt;''Humanistic Computing, Proceedings of the IEEE,'' 86, no.11 (November) 1998: 2123–-51.&lt;/ref&gt; et {{res|praxis humanitatum digitalium}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://dhpraxisf13.commons.gc.cuny.edu/tag/dhpraxis De praxi].&lt;/ref&gt; extractae, varias res comprehendunt, inter quas curatio corporum interretialium et magna copia [[datum|datorum]] [[cultura]]lium effossa&lt;!--data mining large cultural data sets--&gt;. Humanitates digitales materias digitizatas et [[digitalis natus|digitales natos]] amplectuntur, rationesque disciplinarum humanitatum a maioribus traditas (sicut [[historia]], [[philosophia]], [[linguistica]], [[litterae]], [[ars]], [[archaeologia]], [[musica]], [[studia culturalia]]) et [[scientiae sociales|scientiarum socialium]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.digitalhumanities.cam.ac.uk Digital Humanities Network], Universitas Cantabrigiensis, 27 Decembris 2012 accessum.&lt;/ref&gt; cum [[instrumentum|instrumentis]] a [[computatio]]ne suppeditatis (sicut [[visualisatio datorum]], [[recuperatio informationis]], [[datorum repositorium]], [[fodina datorum]], [[statistica]], [[fodina textuum]], [[publicatio electronica]]) coniungens. Subcampi humanitatum digitalium orti sunt, inter quos [[studia programmaturae computatralis]], {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|studia suggestuum||en=Platform studies}}, et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|studia codicum criticorum||en|qid=Q5186700}}.

==Circumiecta et instrumenta==
Humanitates digitales se cum creatione programmaturae implicat, praebens &quot;circumiecta et instrumenta ad producendam et curandam scientiam, et cum scientia interagens quae 'digitalis nascitur' et in variis contextibus digitalibus superest.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Anglice]]: &quot;environments and tools for producing, curating, and interacting with knowledge that is 'born digital' and lives in various digital contexts.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Todd Presner, [http://cnx.org/content/m34246/latest &quot;Digital Humanities 2.0: A Report on Knowledge,&quot; ''Connexions'' (2010).&lt;/ref&gt; Hoc in contextu, campus aliquando humanitates computationales appellatur. Multa talia proposita sese &quot;[[normae apertae|normis apertis]] et [[fons apertus|fontibus apertis]] una obligaverunt.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;John Bradley, &quot;No job for techies: Technical contributions to research in digital humanities,&quot; in ''Collaborative Research in the Digital Humanities,'' ed. Marilyn Deegan et Willard McCarty Farnham et Burlington: Ashgate, 2012, ISBN 9781409410683), 11–26.&lt;/ref&gt; 

==Historia==
Humanitates digitales a campo [[computatio]]nis [[humanitates|humanitatum]] descendit, cui &quot;formalibus monumenti humani repraesentationibus&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Anglice]]: &quot;formal representations of the human record.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; computationem datur.&lt;ref name=unsworth-humanities-computing&gt;John Unsworth, [https://web.archive.org/web/20141028064321/http://computerphilologie.tu-darmstadt.de/jg02/unsworth.html &quot;What Is Humanities Computing and What Is Not?&quot; ''Jahrbuch für Computerphilologie'' 4 (8 Nov 2002).&lt;/ref&gt; Campus ante [[1950]] ortus est, in praecursoriali [[Robertus Busa|Roberti Busa]] opere conditus.&lt;ref name=svensson&gt;Patrik Svensson, [http://digitalhumanities.org/dhq/vol/3/3/000065/000065.html &quot;Humanities Computing as Digital Humanities,&quot;] ''Digital Humanities Quarterly'' 3(3) (2009). ISSN 1938-4122.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=hockney&gt;Susan Hockney, [https://web.archive.org/web/20201114003034/http://www.digitalhumanities.org/companion/view?docId=blackwell%2F9781405103213%2F9781405103213.xml&amp;chunk.id=ss1-2-1&amp;toc.depth=1&amp;toc.id=ss1-2-1&amp;brand=9781405103213_brand &quot;The History of Humanities Computing,&quot;] in &quot;Companion to Digital Humanities,&quot; ed. Susan Schreibman, Ray Siemens, et John Unsworth (Oxoniae: Blackwell, ISBN 1405103213), Blackwell Companions to Literature and Culture, 2004.&lt;/ref&gt; Aliae partes humanitatum digitalium a Proposito IRIS de [[hypertextus|hypertextu]] in [[Universitas Brunensis|Universitate Brunensi]] annos inter [[1980]] et [[1990]] descenderunt. [[Initium Textuum Programmatorum]]&lt;!--Text Encoding Initiative--&gt;, a desiderio schematis programmaturae normalis pro textibus electronicis in humanitatibus instituendi natum, est egregia primae computationis humanitatum res gesta; propositum, anno [[1987]] coeptum, primum editionem plenam ''TEI Guidelines'' Maio [[1994]]] protulit.&lt;ref name=hockney /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
===Periodica===
*''[[Digital Medievalist]]''
*''[[Digital Humanities Quarterly]]''
*''[http://journalofdigitalhumanities.org Journal of Digital Humanities]''
*''[[Literary and Linguistic Computing]]''
*''[[Southern Spaces]]''
*''[https://journals.openedition.org/revuehn/ Humanités numériques]''

===Miscellanea===
{{div col|3}}
*{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Analytica culturalis||en|qid=Q5193251}}
*[[Archaeologia computatralis]]
*[[Bibliotheca digitalis]]
*[[Computatra et scriptura]]
*[[Cybertextus]]
*[[Dies Archaeologiae]]
*[[Exhibitio interretialis]]
*[[Historia digitalis]]
*[[Informatica]]
*{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Informatica humanistica||en|qid=Q5939396}}
*[[Ius digitale]]
*[[Liber electronicus]]
*[[Litterae electronicae]]
*[[Perseus (situs interretialis)]]
*[[Rhetorica digitalis]]
*[[Stylometria]]
*{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Theoria systematum||en|qid=Q269699}}
{{div col end}}

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Bibliographia==
*Beagle, Donald. [[2014]]. ''[http://acrl.ala.org/dh/2014/01/30/digital-humanities-in-the-research-commons-precedents-prospects-3/ Digital Humanities in the Research Commons: Precedents &amp; Prospects]'', Association of College &amp; Research Libraries: dh+lib.
*Berry, D. M., ed. [[2012]]. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140619062844/http://www.palgrave.com/products/title.aspx?pid=493310 Understanding Digital Humanities.]'' Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
*Burdick, Anne, Johanna Drucker, Peter Lunenfeld, Todd Presner, et Jeffrey Schnap. [[2012]]. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20131023012128/http://mitpress.mit.edu/sites/default/files/titles/content/9780262018470_Open_Access_Edition.pdf Digital Humanities.]'' Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: MIT Press.
*Busa, Roberto. [[1980]]. The Annals of Humanities Computing: The Index Thomisticus. In ''Computers and the Humanities'' 14:83–90.&lt;!-- Computers and the Humanities (1966-2004)--&gt;
*Celentano A., A. Cortesi, et P. Mastandrea. [[2004]]. Informatica Umanistica: una disciplina di confine. ''Mondo Digitale'' 4:44–55.
*Classen, Christoph, Susanne Kinnebrock, et Maria Löblich, eds. [[2012]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131217165942/http://www.gesis.org/hsr/aktuelle-ausgaben/aktuelle-hefte-2010-2012/374-the-economie-des-conventions/ Towards Web History: Sources, Methods, and Challenges in the Digital Age.] ''Historical Social Research'' 37 (4): 97–-188.
*Condron Frances, Michael Fraser, et Stuart Sutherland, eds. [[2001]]. [http://users.ox.ac.uk/~ctitext2/resguide2000/contents.shtml ''Oxford University Computing Services Guide to Digital Resources for the Humanities.''] West Virginia University Press.
*Fitzpatrick, Kathleen. [[2011]]. [http://nyupress.org/books/book-details.aspx?bookId=4998 ''Planned Obsolescence: Publishing, Technology, and the Future of the Academy.''] Novi Eboraci: NYU Press.
*Gold, Matthew K., ed. [[2012]]. [http://www.upress.umn.edu/book-division/books/debates-in-the-digital-humanities ''Debates In the Digital Humanities.''] Minneapoli: University of Minnesota Press.
*Hancock, B., et M. J. Giarlo. [[2001]]. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/07378830110405139 Moving to XML: Latin texts XML conversion project at the Center for Electronic Texts in the Humanities.] ''Library Hi Tech'' 19 (3): 257–264.
*Hockey, Susan. [[2001]]. ''Electronic Text in the Humanities: Principles and Practice.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press.
*Honing, Henkjan. [[2008]]. The role of ICT in music research: A bridge too far? ''International Journal of Humanities and Arts Computing'' 1 (1): 67–75.
*Inman James, Cheryl Reed, et Peter Sands, eds. [[2003]]. ''Electronic Collaboration in the Humanities: Issues and Options.'' Mahwah Novae Caesareae: Lawrence Erlbaum.
*Kenna, Stephanie, et Seamus Ross, eds. [[1995]]. ''Networking in the Humanities: Proceedings of the Second Conference on Scholarship and Technology in the Humanities held at Elvetham Hall, Hampshire, UK 13–16 April 1994.'' Londinii: Bowker-Saur.
*Kirschenbaum, Matthew. [[2008]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120609161059/http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&amp;tid=11336 ''Mechanisms: New Media and the Forensic Imagination.''] Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: MIT Press.
*McCarty, Willard. [[2005]]. ''Humanities Computing.'' Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
*Moretti, Franco. [[2007]]. [http://www.versobooks.com/books/261-graphs-maps-trees ''Graphs, Maps, Trees: Abstract Models for Literary History.''] Novi Eboraci: Verso.
*Mullings, Christine, Stephanie Kenna, Marilyn Deegan, et Seamus Ross, eds. [[1996]]. ''New Technologies for the Humanities.'' Londinii: Bowker-Saur.
*Newell, William H., ed. [[1998]]. ''Interdisciplinarity: Essays from the Literature.'' Novi Eboraci: College Entrance Examination Board.
*Nowviskie, Bethany, ed. [[2011]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140802115507/http://mediacommons.futureofthebook.org/alt-ac/ ''Alt-Academy: Alternative Academic Careers for Humanities Scholars.''] Novi Eboraci: MediaCommons.
*Ramsay, Steve. [[2011]]. [http://www.press.uillinois.edu/books/catalog/75tms2pw9780252036415.html ''Reading Machines: Toward an Algorithmic Criticism.''] Urbanae: University of Illinois Press.
*Schreibman Susan, Ray Siemens, et John Unsworth, eds. [[2004]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140720035938/http://www.digitalhumanities.org/companion/ ''A Companion To Digital Humanities.''] Blackwell Publishers.
*Selfridge-Field, Eleanor, ed. [[1997]]. ''Beyond MIDI: The Handbook of Musical Codes.'' Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: MIT Press.
*Thaller, Manfred, ed. [[2012]]. [http://www.gesis.org/en/hsr/aktuelle-ausgaben/aktuelle-hefte-2010-2012/373-digital-humanities Controversies around the Digital Humanities]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. ''Historical Social Research'' 37 (3): 7–229.
*Unsworth, John. [[2005]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080623040839/http://jefferson.village.virginia.edu/~jmu2m/Kings.5-00/primitives.html ''Scholarly Primitives: What methods do humanities researchers have in common, and how might our tools reflect this?'']
*Warwick C., M. Terras, et J. Nyhan, eds. [[2012]]. ''Digital Humanities in Practice.''

==Nexus externi==
*[http://www.adho.org Alliance of Digital Humanities Organizations,] www.adho.org.
*[http://digitalhumanities.org/centernet/ CenterNet,] digitalhumanities.org.
*[http://tapor.ualberta.ca/taporwiki/index.php/Day_in_the_Life_of_the_Digital_Humanities &quot;A Day in the Life of the Digital Humanities,&quot;] tapor.ualberta.ca.
*Manovich, Lev. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140620000959/http://lab.softwarestudies.com/2012/03/computational-humanities-vs-digital.html &quot;Computational Humanities vs. Digital Humanities,&quot;] labsoftwarestudies.com.

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      <text bytes="11740" sha1="tlagrwyitwy6vpu93ektzwcglej0etk" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Humanités Numériques.JPG|thumb|Exemplum studii per rationes digitales: [[enodatio interretium socialium]] ut instrumentum archivale.&lt;ref&gt;League of Nations archives, United Nations Office in Geneva.&lt;/ref&gt;]]

{{res|Humanitates digitales}}&lt;ref&gt;John C. Traupman, ''New Collegiate Latin and English Dictionary,'' ed. tertia (Novi Eboraci: Bantam Books, 2007), 565, s.v. ''humanity.''&lt;/ref&gt;{{TraupConv ref|digital|260}} sunt [[regio]] investigationis, rationis docendi, et creationis quae intersectionem [[computatio]]nis et disciplinarum [[humanitates|humanitatum]] tractat. Humanitates digitales, ex campis '''computationis humanitatum''', computationis humanisticae,&lt;ref&gt;''Humanistic Computing, Proceedings of the IEEE,'' 86, no.11 (November) 1998: 2123–-51.&lt;/ref&gt; et '''praxis humanitatum digitalium'''&lt;ref&gt;[http://dhpraxisf13.commons.gc.cuny.edu/tag/dhpraxis De praxi].&lt;/ref&gt; extractae, varias res comprehendunt, inter quas curatio corporum interretialium et magna copia [[datum|datorum]] [[cultura]]lium effossa&lt;!--data mining large cultural data sets--&gt;. Humanitates digitales materias digitizatas et [[digitalis natus|digitales natos]] amplectuntur, rationesque disciplinarum humanitatum a maioribus traditas (sicut [[historia]], [[philosophia]], [[linguistica]], [[litterae]], [[ars]], [[archaeologia]], [[musica]], [[studia culturalia]]) et [[scientiae sociales|scientiarum socialium]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.digitalhumanities.cam.ac.uk Digital Humanities Network], Universitas Cantabrigiensis, 27 Decembris 2012 accessum.&lt;/ref&gt; cum [[instrumentum|instrumentis]] a [[computatio]]ne suppeditatis (sicut [[visualisatio datorum]], [[recuperatio informationis]], [[datorum repositorium]], [[fodina datorum]], [[statistica]], [[fodina textuum]], [[publicatio electronica]]) coniungens. Subcampi humanitatum digitalium orti sunt, inter quos [[studia programmaturae computatralis]], {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|studia suggestuum||en=Platform studies}}, et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|studia codicum criticorum||en|qid=Q5186700}}.

==Circumiecta et instrumenta==
Humanitates digitales se cum creatione programmaturae implicat, praebens &quot;circumiecta et instrumenta ad producendam et curandam scientiam, et cum scientia interagens quae 'digitalis nascitur' et in variis contextibus digitalibus superest.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Anglice]]: &quot;environments and tools for producing, curating, and interacting with knowledge that is 'born digital' and lives in various digital contexts.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Todd Presner, [http://cnx.org/content/m34246/latest &quot;Digital Humanities 2.0: A Report on Knowledge,&quot; ''Connexions'' (2010).&lt;/ref&gt; Hoc in contextu, campus aliquando humanitates computationales appellatur. Multa talia proposita sese &quot;[[normae apertae|normis apertis]] et [[fons apertus|fontibus apertis]] una obligaverunt.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;John Bradley, &quot;No job for techies: Technical contributions to research in digital humanities,&quot; in ''Collaborative Research in the Digital Humanities,'' ed. Marilyn Deegan et Willard McCarty Farnham et Burlington: Ashgate, 2012, ISBN 9781409410683), 11–26.&lt;/ref&gt; 

==Historia==
Humanitates digitales a campo [[computatio]]nis [[humanitates|humanitatum]] descendit, cui &quot;formalibus monumenti humani repraesentationibus&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Anglice]]: &quot;formal representations of the human record.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; computationem datur.&lt;ref name=unsworth-humanities-computing&gt;John Unsworth, [https://web.archive.org/web/20141028064321/http://computerphilologie.tu-darmstadt.de/jg02/unsworth.html &quot;What Is Humanities Computing and What Is Not?&quot; ''Jahrbuch für Computerphilologie'' 4 (8 Nov 2002).&lt;/ref&gt; Campus ante [[1950]] ortus est, in praecursoriali [[Robertus Busa|Roberti Busa]] opere conditus.&lt;ref name=svensson&gt;Patrik Svensson, [http://digitalhumanities.org/dhq/vol/3/3/000065/000065.html &quot;Humanities Computing as Digital Humanities,&quot;] ''Digital Humanities Quarterly'' 3(3) (2009). ISSN 1938-4122.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=hockney&gt;Susan Hockney, [https://web.archive.org/web/20201114003034/http://www.digitalhumanities.org/companion/view?docId=blackwell%2F9781405103213%2F9781405103213.xml&amp;chunk.id=ss1-2-1&amp;toc.depth=1&amp;toc.id=ss1-2-1&amp;brand=9781405103213_brand &quot;The History of Humanities Computing,&quot;] in &quot;Companion to Digital Humanities,&quot; ed. Susan Schreibman, Ray Siemens, et John Unsworth (Oxoniae: Blackwell, ISBN 1405103213), Blackwell Companions to Literature and Culture, 2004.&lt;/ref&gt; Aliae partes humanitatum digitalium a Proposito IRIS de [[hypertextus|hypertextu]] in [[Universitas Brunensis|Universitate Brunensi]] annos inter [[1980]] et [[1990]] descenderunt. [[Initium Textuum Programmatorum]]&lt;!--Text Encoding Initiative--&gt;, a desiderio schematis programmaturae normalis pro textibus electronicis in humanitatibus instituendi natum, est egregia primae computationis humanitatum res gesta; propositum, anno [[1987]] coeptum, primum editionem plenam ''TEI Guidelines'' Maio [[1994]]] protulit.&lt;ref name=hockney /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
===Periodica===
*''[[Digital Medievalist]]''
*''[[Digital Humanities Quarterly]]''
*''[http://journalofdigitalhumanities.org Journal of Digital Humanities]''
*''[[Literary and Linguistic Computing]]''
*''[[Southern Spaces]]''
*''[https://journals.openedition.org/revuehn/ Humanités numériques]''

===Miscellanea===
{{div col|3}}
*{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Analytica culturalis||en|qid=Q5193251}}
*[[Archaeologia computatralis]]
*[[Bibliotheca digitalis]]
*[[Computatra et scriptura]]
*[[Cybertextus]]
*[[Dies Archaeologiae]]
*[[Exhibitio interretialis]]
*[[Historia digitalis]]
*[[Informatica]]
*{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Informatica humanistica||en|qid=Q5939396}}
*[[Ius digitale]]
*[[Liber electronicus]]
*[[Litterae electronicae]]
*[[Perseus (situs interretialis)]]
*[[Rhetorica digitalis]]
*[[Stylometria]]
*{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Theoria systematum||en|qid=Q269699}}
{{div col end}}

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Bibliographia==
*Beagle, Donald. [[2014]]. ''[http://acrl.ala.org/dh/2014/01/30/digital-humanities-in-the-research-commons-precedents-prospects-3/ Digital Humanities in the Research Commons: Precedents &amp; Prospects]'', Association of College &amp; Research Libraries: dh+lib.
*Berry, D. M., ed. [[2012]]. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140619062844/http://www.palgrave.com/products/title.aspx?pid=493310 Understanding Digital Humanities.]'' Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
*Burdick, Anne, Johanna Drucker, Peter Lunenfeld, Todd Presner, et Jeffrey Schnap. [[2012]]. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20131023012128/http://mitpress.mit.edu/sites/default/files/titles/content/9780262018470_Open_Access_Edition.pdf Digital Humanities.]'' Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: MIT Press.
*Busa, Roberto. [[1980]]. The Annals of Humanities Computing: The Index Thomisticus. In ''Computers and the Humanities'' 14:83–90.&lt;!-- Computers and the Humanities (1966-2004)--&gt;
*Celentano A., A. Cortesi, et P. Mastandrea. [[2004]]. Informatica Umanistica: una disciplina di confine. ''Mondo Digitale'' 4:44–55.
*Classen, Christoph, Susanne Kinnebrock, et Maria Löblich, eds. [[2012]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131217165942/http://www.gesis.org/hsr/aktuelle-ausgaben/aktuelle-hefte-2010-2012/374-the-economie-des-conventions/ Towards Web History: Sources, Methods, and Challenges in the Digital Age.] ''Historical Social Research'' 37 (4): 97–-188.
*Condron Frances, Michael Fraser, et Stuart Sutherland, eds. [[2001]]. [http://users.ox.ac.uk/~ctitext2/resguide2000/contents.shtml ''Oxford University Computing Services Guide to Digital Resources for the Humanities.''] West Virginia University Press.
*Fitzpatrick, Kathleen. [[2011]]. [http://nyupress.org/books/book-details.aspx?bookId=4998 ''Planned Obsolescence: Publishing, Technology, and the Future of the Academy.''] Novi Eboraci: NYU Press.
*Gold, Matthew K., ed. [[2012]]. [http://www.upress.umn.edu/book-division/books/debates-in-the-digital-humanities ''Debates In the Digital Humanities.''] Minneapoli: University of Minnesota Press.
*Hancock, B., et M. J. Giarlo. [[2001]]. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/07378830110405139 Moving to XML: Latin texts XML conversion project at the Center for Electronic Texts in the Humanities.] ''Library Hi Tech'' 19 (3): 257–264.
*Hockey, Susan. [[2001]]. ''Electronic Text in the Humanities: Principles and Practice.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press.
*Honing, Henkjan. [[2008]]. The role of ICT in music research: A bridge too far? ''International Journal of Humanities and Arts Computing'' 1 (1): 67–75.
*Inman James, Cheryl Reed, et Peter Sands, eds. [[2003]]. ''Electronic Collaboration in the Humanities: Issues and Options.'' Mahwah Novae Caesareae: Lawrence Erlbaum.
*Kenna, Stephanie, et Seamus Ross, eds. [[1995]]. ''Networking in the Humanities: Proceedings of the Second Conference on Scholarship and Technology in the Humanities held at Elvetham Hall, Hampshire, UK 13–16 April 1994.'' Londinii: Bowker-Saur.
*Kirschenbaum, Matthew. [[2008]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120609161059/http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&amp;tid=11336 ''Mechanisms: New Media and the Forensic Imagination.''] Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: MIT Press.
*McCarty, Willard. [[2005]]. ''Humanities Computing.'' Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
*Moretti, Franco. [[2007]]. [http://www.versobooks.com/books/261-graphs-maps-trees ''Graphs, Maps, Trees: Abstract Models for Literary History.''] Novi Eboraci: Verso.
*Mullings, Christine, Stephanie Kenna, Marilyn Deegan, et Seamus Ross, eds. [[1996]]. ''New Technologies for the Humanities.'' Londinii: Bowker-Saur.
*Newell, William H., ed. [[1998]]. ''Interdisciplinarity: Essays from the Literature.'' Novi Eboraci: College Entrance Examination Board.
*Nowviskie, Bethany, ed. [[2011]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140802115507/http://mediacommons.futureofthebook.org/alt-ac/ ''Alt-Academy: Alternative Academic Careers for Humanities Scholars.''] Novi Eboraci: MediaCommons.
*Ramsay, Steve. [[2011]]. [http://www.press.uillinois.edu/books/catalog/75tms2pw9780252036415.html ''Reading Machines: Toward an Algorithmic Criticism.''] Urbanae: University of Illinois Press.
*Schreibman Susan, Ray Siemens, et John Unsworth, eds. [[2004]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140720035938/http://www.digitalhumanities.org/companion/ ''A Companion To Digital Humanities.''] Blackwell Publishers.
*Selfridge-Field, Eleanor, ed. [[1997]]. ''Beyond MIDI: The Handbook of Musical Codes.'' Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: MIT Press.
*Thaller, Manfred, ed. [[2012]]. [http://www.gesis.org/en/hsr/aktuelle-ausgaben/aktuelle-hefte-2010-2012/373-digital-humanities Controversies around the Digital Humanities]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. ''Historical Social Research'' 37 (3): 7–229.
*Unsworth, John. [[2005]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080623040839/http://jefferson.village.virginia.edu/~jmu2m/Kings.5-00/primitives.html ''Scholarly Primitives: What methods do humanities researchers have in common, and how might our tools reflect this?'']
*Warwick C., M. Terras, et J. Nyhan, eds. [[2012]]. ''Digital Humanities in Practice.''

==Nexus externi==
*[http://www.adho.org Alliance of Digital Humanities Organizations,] www.adho.org.
*[http://digitalhumanities.org/centernet/ CenterNet,] digitalhumanities.org.
*[http://tapor.ualberta.ca/taporwiki/index.php/Day_in_the_Life_of_the_Digital_Humanities &quot;A Day in the Life of the Digital Humanities,&quot;] tapor.ualberta.ca.
*Manovich, Lev. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140620000959/http://lab.softwarestudies.com/2012/03/computational-humanities-vs-digital.html &quot;Computational Humanities vs. Digital Humanities,&quot;] labsoftwarestudies.com.

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    <title>Civitates Foederatae Occidentales</title>
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      <text bytes="16318" sha1="3wc7ehgn3wzbvjorgzbbg7c0dmhm2ys" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Map of USA highlighting West.png|thumb|325px|Definitiones regionales inter fontes variant. Haec tabula Civitates Foederatas Occidentales ostendit secundum definitionem [[Ministerium Census Civitatum Foederatarum|Ministerium Census]], quae civitates comprehendit [[tredecim]]: [[Alasca]], [[Arizona]], [[California]], [[Coloratum]], [[Havaii]], [[Idahum]], [[Montana]], [[Nivata]], [[Novum Mexicum]], [[Oregonia]], [[Uta]], [[Vasingtonia]], et [[Vyomina]]. Haec regio in partes [[mons|montanas]] et [[Oceanus Pacificus|pacificas]] vicissim dividitur.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.census.gov/econ/census07/www/geography/regions_and_divisions.html Census Civitatum Foederatarum.]&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[Fasciculus:Gateway arch.jpg|thumb|left|100px|[[Arcus Aditalis]]&lt;!--Gateway Arch--&gt; [[Ludovicopolis|Ludovicopoli]], etiam Aditus ad Occidentem appellatus, progressum Civitatum Foederatarum in occasum commemorat.]]

'''Civitates Foederatae Occidentales,''' saepissime '''Occidens Americanus''' et '''Occidens''' tantum appellatae, sunt [[regio]] quae occidentalissimas [[Civitates Foederatae|Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Civitatum Foederatarum civitas|civitates]] a maioribus traditas comprehendit. Quia [[Civitates Foederatae|respublica condita]] [[Fatum Manifestum|ad occidentem processit]], significatio notionis occidentis per tempus mutata est. Ante circa [[1800]], iugum [[Montes Appalachiani|Montium Appalachianorum]] [[Occidens Vetus|limes occidentalis]] videbatur. Ex quo tempore, limites ulterius processerunt, et [[Flumen Mississippiense]] orientalissimus Occidentis limes qui fieri poterat appellabatur.
[[Fasciculus:Trip 179.jpg|thumb|Strata autocinetica et spatium apertum in [[Arizona]] septentrionali.]]

Occidens [[aequum|aequa]]&lt;!--plateaus--&gt; et [[planities]] aridas et semiaridas et [[mons|montes]] [[silva|silvosos]] plerumque comprehendit.

[[Saeculum 21|Saeculo vicensimo uno]], civitates quae regionem a [[Montes Saxosi|Montibus Saxosis]] et [[Pelvis Magna|Pelvi Magna]] ad [[Ora Occidentalis Civitatum Foederatarum|Oram Occidentalem]] amplectuntur Occidentem Americanum constituere plerumque habentur.

Maxima [[urbs]] in [[regio]]ne est [[Angelopolis]], in [[Ora Occidentalis Civitatum Foederatarum|Ora Occidentali]] sita. Aliae Orae Occidentalis urbes maiores sunt [[Didacopolis]], [[Bernardinopolis (California)|Bernardinopolis]], [[Iosephopolis (California)|Iosephopolis]], [[Franciscopolis]], [[Quercupolis]], [[Bakersfieldia (California)| Bakersfieldia]], [[Sacramentum (California)|Sacramentum]], [[Seattlum]], [[Tacoma (Vasingtonia)|Tacoma]], et [[Portlandia (Oregonia)|Portlandia]]. Urbes in civitatibus [[mons|montanis]] prominentes sunt [[Denverium]], [[Fontes Coloratenses]], [[Phoenix (Arizona)|Phoenix]], [[Tucson]], [[Albuquerque (Novum Mexicum)|Albuquerque]], [[Campi]], [[Urbs Lacus Salsi]], [[Boise (Idahum)|Boise]], [[El Paso (Texia)|El Paso]], et [[Cheyenne]].

==Maiores areae metropolitae==
Hae sunt maximae Areae Statisticae Metropolitae in [[tredecim]] civitatibus occidentalibus, quarum numeri hominum die [[1 Iulii]] [[2011]], a [[Ministerium Census Civitatum Foederatarum|Ministerio Census Civitatum Foederatarum]] definiti, sunt:&lt;ref name=PopEstCBSA&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/popest/data/metro/totals/2011/tables/CBSA-EST2011-01.csv|title=Annual Estimates of the Population of Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas: ab 1 Aprilis 2010 ad 1 Iulii 2011|format=[[comma-separated values|CSV]]|work=2011 Population Estimates|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]], Population Division|date=Aprili 2012}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|-
! Gradus&lt;br/&gt;(Occidens) !! Gradus&lt;br/&gt;(CFA) !! Area statistica metropolita !! Numerus incolae !! Civitas/Civitates !! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;!--imago--&gt;
|-
| 1 || 2 ||align=left | [[Angelopolis]]-[[Litus Longum (California)|Litus Longum]]-[[Annapolis (California)|Annapolis]] [[Area metropolita Angelopolis]] || '''12&amp;thinsp;944&amp;thinsp;801''' || [[California]] || [[Fasciculus:LA Skyline Mountains2.jpg|150px|Scaena urbana Angelopolis]]
|-
| 2 || 11 ||align=left | [[Franciscopolis]]-[[Quercupolis]]-[[Fremont (California)|Fremont]] [[Area Sinus Franciscopolis]]  || '''4&amp;thinsp;391&amp;thinsp;037''' || [[California]] || [[Fasciculus:Lightmatter sanfrancisco.jpg|150px|Scaena urbana Franciscopolis]]
|-
| 3 || 12 ||align=left | [[Bernardinopolis (California)|Bernardinopolis]]-[[Riverside (California)|Riverside]]-[[Ontario (California)|Ontario]] [[Inland Empire (California)|MSA]] || '''4&amp;thinsp;304&amp;thinsp;997''' || [[California]] || [[Fasciculus:Downtown San Bernardino.jpg|150px|Caelum Bernardinopolis]]
|-
| 4 || 14 ||align=left | [[Phoenix (Arizona)|Phoenix]]-[[Mesa (Arizona)|Mesa]]-[[Glendale (Arizona)|Glendale]] [[Phoenix metropolitan area|MSA]] || '''4&amp;thinsp;263&amp;thinsp;236''' || [[Arizona]] || [[File:Downtown Phoenix Aerial Looking Northeast.jpg|150px|Phoenix cityscape]]
|-
| 5 || 15 ||align=left | [[Seattlum]]-[[Tacoma (Vasingtonia)|Tacoma]]-[[Bellevue (Vasingtonia)|Bellevue]] [[Seattle metropolitan area|MSA]]  || '''3&amp;thinsp;500&amp;thinsp;026''' || [[Vasingtonia]] || [[File:Seattleskyline1cropped.JPG|150px|Seattle skyline]]
|-
| 6 || 17 ||align=left | [[Didacopolis]]-[[Carlsbad (California)|Carlsbad]]-[[Sanctus Marcus (California)|Sanctus Marcus]] [[San Diego metropolitan area|MSA]] || '''3,140,069''' || [[California]] || [[File:Sandiego 1 bg 071302.jpg|150px|Downtown San Diego]]
|-
| 7 || 21 ||align=left | [[Denverium]]-[[Aurora (Coloratum)|Aurora]]-[[Broomfield (Coloratum)|Broomfield]] [[Denverium-Aurora-Broomfield, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area|MSA]] || '''2&amp;thinsp;599&amp;thinsp;504''' || [[Colorado]] || [[File:DENM.JPG|150px|Downtown Denver]]
|-
| 8 || 23 ||align=left | [[Portlandia (Oregonia)|Portlandia]]-[[Vancuverium (Vasingtonia)|Vancuverium]]-[[Hillsboro (Oregonia)|Hillsboro]] [[Portland metropolitan area|MSA]] || '''2&amp;thinsp;262&amp;thinsp;605''' || [[Oregonia]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Vasingtonia]] || [[File:Portland panorama3.jpg|150px|Portland, Oregon, from the east]]
|-
| 9 || 25 ||align=left | [[Sacramentum (California)|Sacramentum]]-[[Arden Arcade (California)|Arden Arcade]]-[[Roseville (California)|Roseville]] [[Sacramento metropolitan area|MSA]] || '''2&amp;thinsp;176&amp;thinsp;235''' || [[California]] || [[File:Sacramento Riverfront.jpg|150px|The Sacramento Riverfront]]
|-
| 10 || 30 ||align=left | [[Campi]]-[[Paradisus (Nivata)|Paradisus]] [[Las Vegas metropolitan area|MSA]] || '''1&amp;thinsp;969&amp;thinsp;975''' || [[Nivata]] || [[File:Las Vegas Strip.png|150px|The Las Vegas Strip]]
|-
| 11 || 31 ||align=left | [[Iosephopolis (California)|Iosephopolis]]-[[Sunnyvale (California)|Sunnyvale]]-[[Sancta Clara (California)|Sancta Clara]] [[San Jose metropolitan area|MSA]] || '''1&amp;thinsp;865&amp;thinsp;450''' || [[California]] || [[File:Downtown san jose south market st.jpg|150px|Downtown San Jose]]
|-
| 12 || 48 ||align=left | [[Civitas Lacus Salsi]] [[Wasatch Front|MSA]] || '''1&amp;thinsp;145&amp;thinsp;905''' || [[Uta]] || [[File:Salt Lake City panorama.jpg|150px|Salt Lake City]]
|-
| 13 || 52 ||align=left | [[Tucson (Arizona)|Tucson]] MSA || '''989&amp;thinsp;569''' || [[Arizona]] || [[File:CatalinasAndTusconAZ.JPG|150px|Tucson, Arizona]]
|-
| 14 || 53 ||align=left | [[Honolulu]] MSA || '''963&amp;thinsp;607''' || [[Hawaii]] || [[File:Honolulu01.JPG|150px|Media urbs Honolulu]]
|-
| 15 || 55 ||align=left | [[Fresno]] [[Metropolitan Fresno|MSA]] || '''942&amp;thinsp;904''' || [[California]] || [[Fasciculus:Downtownfresno.jpg|150px|Scaena urbana Fresnonis]]
|-
| 16 || 57 ||align=left | [[Albuquerque (Novum Mexicum)|Albuquerque]] [[Albuquerque metropolitan area|MSA]] || '''898&amp;thinsp;642'''|| [[Novum Mexicum]] || [[File:Downtown Albuquerque 2.jpg|150px|Scaena urbana Albuquerque]]
|-
| 17 || 61 ||align=left | [[Bakersfield (California)|Bakersfield]]-[[Delano (California)|Delano]] MSA || '''851&amp;thinsp;710''' || [[California]] || [[File:DowntownBakersfield.jpg|150px|Scaena urbana Bakersfieldiae]]
|-
| 18 || 63 ||align=left | [[Oxnard (California)|Oxnard]]-[[Thousand Oaks (California)|Thousand Oaks]]-[[Ventura (California)|Ventura]] [[Ventura Comitatus (California)|MSA]]
|| '''831&amp;thinsp;771''' || [[California]] || [[File:VenturaNW.jpg|150px|Aerial view of Ventura]]
|-
| 19 || 76 ||align=left | [[Stockton (California)|Stockton]] MSA || '''696&amp;thinsp;214''' || [[California]] || [[File:UOP-burnstower.jpg|150px|The [[University of the Pacific (United States)|University of the Pacific]] in Stockton]]
|-
| 20 || 81 ||align=left | [[Fontes Coloratenses]] [[Colorado Springs Metropolitan Statistical Area|MSA]] || '''660&amp;thinsp;319''' || [[Coloratum]] || [[Fasciculus:CC COSPRINGS.jpg|150px|Downtown Colorado Springs]]
|-
| 21 || 85 ||align=left | [[Boise|Urbs Boise]]-[[Nampa, Idaho|Nampa]] [[Boise metropolitan area|MSA]] || '''627&amp;thinsp;664''' || [[Idahum]] || [[File:Boise Idaho.jpg|150px|The # Idaho State Capitol building in Boise]]
|-
| 22 || 93 ||align=left | [[Ogden, Utah|Ogden]]-[[Clearfield, Utah|Clearfield]] [[Ogden-Clearfield metropolitan area|MSA]] || '''555&amp;thinsp;916''' || [[Utah]] ||
|-
| 23 || 97 ||align=left | [[Provo (Uta)|Provo]]-[[Orem (Utah)|Orem]] [[Provo-Orem metropolitan area|MSA]] || '''540&amp;thinsp;834''' || [[Utah]] ||
|-
| 24 || 100 ||align=left | [[Modesto (California)|Modesto]] [[Stanislaus Comitatus (California)|MSA]] || '''518&amp;thinsp;522''' || [[California]] || [[File:Modesto Arch.JPG|150px|The Modesto Arch]]
|-
| 25 || 104 ||align=left | [[Sancta Rosa (California)|Sancta Rosa]]-[[Petaluma (California)|Petaluma]] [[Sonoma Comitatus (California)|MSA]] || '''488&amp;thinsp;116''' || [[California]] || [[File:Old Courthouse Square, Downtown Santa Rosa (Smaller Version).jpg|150px|Old Courthouse Square in Downtown Santa Rosa]]
|-
| 26 || 108 ||align=left | [[Spokane (Vasingtonia)|Spokane]] MSA || '''473&amp;thinsp;761''' || [[Vasingtonia]] || [[File:SpokaneFromPalisades 20070614.jpg|150px|Media urbs Spokane]]
|-
| 27 || 111 ||align=left | [[Visalia (California)|Visalia]]-[[Porterville (California)|Porterville]] [[Tulare Comitatus (California)|MSA]] || '''449&amp;thinsp;253''' || [[California]] ||
|-
|| 28 || 115 ||align=left | [[Reno, Nevada|Reno]]-[[Sparks, Nevada|Sparks]] [[Reno metropolitan area|MSA]] || '''429&amp;thinsp;606''' || [[Nevada]] || [[File:Reno with mountains.png|150px|View of Reno]]
|-
|| 29 || 118 ||align=left | [[Sancta Barbara (California)|Sancta Barbara]]-[[Sancta Maria (California)|Sancta Maria]]-[[Goleta (California)|Goleta]] [[Sancta Barbara Comitatus (California)|MSA]] || '''426&amp;thinsp;878''' || [[California]] || [[Fasciculus:Aerial-SantaBarbaraCA10-28-08.jpg|150px|Aerial view of Santa Barbara]]
|-
| 30 || 121 ||align=left | [[Salinas (California)|Salinas]] [[Monterey Comitatus (California)|MSA]] || '''421&amp;thinsp;898''' || [[California]] || [[Fasciculus:Main Street, Salinas.jpg|150px|Main Street in Downtown Salinas]]
|-
| 31 || 123 ||align=left | [[Vallejo (California)|Vallejo]]-[[Fairfieldia (California)|Fairfieldia]] [[Solano County, California|MSA]] || '''416,471''' || [[California]] || [[Fasciculus:Downtown Fairfield.jpg|150px|Urbs Fairfieldia]]
|}
[[Fasciculus:Zion angels landing view.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Vivarium Nationale Sion]] in [[Uta]] meridiana est unum ex quinque vivariis nationalibus in civitate sitis.]]
[[Fasciculus:Big Sur June 2008.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Magnus Meridies]]&lt;!--Big Sur--&gt; Californiae.]]
[[Fasciculus:Oregon High Desert.jpg|thumb|200px|Regio [[Deserta Alta (Oregonia)|Desertorum Altorum]] Oregoniae.]]
[[Fasciculus:View of Doso Doyabi from Wheeler Peak.jpg|thumb|200px|Quartzitum Formationis Montanae Prospectus in Cacumine Ieffersonii Davis in Nivata.]]&lt;!--
[[File:Feral horses - Pryor Mountain Wild Horse Range - Montana.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Pryor Mountains]] in Montana, feral horses]]
[[File:Mt Herard sand.JPG|thumb|200px|[[Great Sand Dunes National Park]] in Colorado]]
[[File:Chugach_mountains_over_Anchorage_rooftops.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Chugach Mountains]] over Anchorage rooftops, Alaska]]
[[File:Grandcanyon view5.jpg|thumb|200px|Grand Canyon, Arizona]]
[[File:hollywood.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Hollywood]] is a well-known area of Los Angeles and the symbolic center of the [[American film industry]].]]
[[File:Newspaperrock.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Newspaper Rock State Historic Monument]], [[Utah]] contains petroglyphs left by the first inhabitants of the American Southwest.]]
[[File:Map of USA medicinal marijuana.svg|thumb|200px|US States where state-level laws allowed legalized medicinal marijuana [[Gonzales v. Raich|before 2005]].]]
[[File:Map of USA highlighting euthanasia.svg|thumb|200px|US States with legalized [[assisted suicide|physician-assisted suicide]]]]
[[File:Map of USA highlighting states with no income tax.svg|thumb|200px|US States that have no [[income tax]] at the [[State income tax|state level]].]]--&gt;

{{NexInt}}
*[[Aedes Albae Occidentales]]
*[[Canada Occidentalis]]
*[[Eruditio vulgaris Civitatum Foederatarum]]
*[[Sunset (magazina)|''Sunset'']]&lt;!--
*[[Art of the West (magazine)]]
*[[Autry National Center]]
*[[California cuisine]]
*[[High Country News]]
*[[History of the west coast of North America]]
*[[History of the Jews in the American West]]
*[[Intermountain West]]
*[[Professional sports in the Western United States]] 
*[[Territories of the United States on stamps]]--&gt;

==Notae==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

==Bibliographia==
*Beck, Warren A., et Ynez D. Haase. [[1989]]. ''Historical Atlas of the American West.'' University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-2193-9.
*Lamar, Howard. [[1998]]. ''The New Encyclopedia of the American West.'' Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-07088-8.
*Milner II, Clyde A, Carol A. O'Connor, et Martha A. Sandweiss. [[1996]]. ''The Oxford History of the American West.'' Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-511212-1.
*Phillips, Charles, et Alan Axlerod, eds. [[1996]]. ''The Encyclopedia of the American West.'' Novi Ebroaci: Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN 0-02-897495-6.
*Pomeroy, Earl. [[2008]]. ''The American Far West in the Twentieth Century.''
*Turner, Frederick Jackson. [[1998]]. ''Rereading Frederick Jackson Turner: 'The Significance of the Frontier in American History' and Other Essays.'' Commentarius John Mack Faragher. Portu Novo: Yale University Press. ISBN  978-0-3000-07593-9.
*White, Richard. [[1993]]. ''&quot;It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own&quot;&quot;: A New History of the American West.'' University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-2567-5.

==Nexus externi==
*[http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/award97/codhtml/hawphome.html Historia Occidentis Americani,] memory.loc.gov (Photographemata in Bibliotheca Congressionali)
*[http://www.vlib.us/americanwest/ Historia Occidentis Americani,] www.vlib.us
*[http://www.theautry.org/ Institutum Studiorum Occidentis Americani,] www.theautry.org
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20041111040611/http://www.museumoftheamericanwest.org/museum/ Museum Occidentis Americani,] www.museumoftheamericanwest.org
*[http://www.americanwest.com/ Occidens Americanus,] www.americanwest.com
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080517053715/http://www.archives.gov/research_room/research_topics/american_west/american_west.html Photographemata Occidentia Americani: 1861-1912,] www.archives.gov (US National Archives &amp; Records Administration)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20141111015527/http://www.bls.gov/ro9/ Statistica Laboris Regionis Occidentalis,] www.bls.gov (Bureau of Labor Statistics)&lt;!--
* [http://www.kansasmemory.org/ Access documents, photographs, and other primary sources on Kansas Memory, the Kansas State Historical Society's digital portal]
*[http://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/briefs.html Census 2000 Briefs and Special Reports] at the website of the [[US Census Bureau]]
*[http://www.carnet2voyages.com Guide to the American West]
*[http://www.westernheritagecenter.com/index.html High Plains Western Heritage Center]
*[http://www.nationalcowboymuseum.org/index2.html National Cowboy &amp; Western Heritage Museum]
*[http://centerwest.org/ Center of the American West]
*[http://digitalcollections.smu.edu/all/cul/wes/ U.S. West: Photographs, Manuscripts, and Imprints] SMU Central University Libraries--&gt;

[[Categoria:Civitates Foederatae Occidentales| ]]
[[Categoria:Regiones Civitatum Foederatarum]]&lt;!--
[[Category:Lists of cities in the United States]]
[[Category:Census regions of the United States]]--&gt;</text>
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    <title>Circulus Auriacum</title>
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      <text bytes="10458" sha1="0tmix0e29fqixq1o5f1f8fkegpwyptt" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}}

[[Fasciculus:Municipalities in AUR.svg|thumb|Communia in Auriaco Circulo.]]
'''Circulus Auriacum'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Landkreis Aurich''), nunc pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], anno [[1885]] conditus est. Usque ad annum [[1945]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit, et ex anno [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinet. [[Caput (urbs)|Caput]] circuli est [[Auriacum (Saxonia Inferior)|Auriacum]] urbs.&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia ==
Ager circuli ab anno [[1815]] ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Anno [[1885]] circulus conditus est. Ab anno [[1946]] pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Anno [[1977]], [[ager]] antiqui circuli Nordensis cum Auriaco consociatus est.

== Communia circuli ==
Haec sunt communia huius circuli, quae partim ad communia generalia coniuncti sunt:
* [[Auriacum (Saxonia Inferior)|Auriacum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&amp;cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&amp;lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Aurich''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Aurk''; [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Saxonica|Orientofrisosaxonice]] ''Auerk'') (urbs et caput circuli, 40&amp;thinsp;637 incolae)
* [[Baltrumum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wiarda III 1792&quot;&gt;Wiarda, T. D. (1792). ''Ostfriesische Geschichte: Von den ältesten Zeiten bis zum Jahre 1648'' (Vol. 3). August Friedrich Winter.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Baltrum'') (insula, 564)
* [[Cornu Curvatum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cornu Curvatum&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/curvatus?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum adiectivale praefixum ''Krumm-'' Latino adiectivo &quot;curvatus-a-um&quot;] et [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/cornu?wb=gross&amp;nr=2 Theodiscum nominale suffixum ''-hörn'' Latino nomine &quot;cornu-us&quot; (n.)] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Krummhörn'') (12&amp;thinsp;228)
* [[Dornum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egger 1977&quot;&gt;Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Dornum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dornm'') (4525)
* [[Ericetum Magnum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ericetum&quot;&gt;[https://woerterbuchnetz.de/?sigle=MeckWB&amp;lemid=H01756 Theodiscum toponymicum suffixum ''-heide'' Latino nomine &quot;Ericetum-i&quot; vertitur.]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Magnus&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/magnus?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum praefixum ''Groß-'' Latino adiectivo &quot;magnus-a-um&quot; vertitur.]&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Großheide''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grootheid'') (8563)
* [[Hinuti]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hinuti&quot;&gt;Vide [https://bibliothek.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/dateiarchiv/3180/Hinte.pdf?utm ''Historische Ortsdatenbank für Ostfriesland''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Das Dorf wurde im 10. Jahrhundert als „in Hinuti“ erstmals urkundlich erfasst (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hinte''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hint'') (6906)
* [[Insula Iuistensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Iuistensis&quot;&gt;De Latino gentilicio, cf. [[binomen|epithetum binominale]] [https://turbellaria.umaine.edu/turbellaria/turb3.php?action=6&amp;code=598&amp;valid=618&amp;utm  &quot;juistensis&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Juist'') (insula, 1540)
* [[Magna Palus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Magna Palus&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/magnus?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum toponymicum praefixum ''Große-'' Latino adiectivo &quot;magnus-a-um&quot;] et [[https://www.koeblergerhard.de/germanistischewoerterbuecher/altsaechsischeswoerterbuch/asF.pdf Theodiscum suffixum ''-fehn'' Latino nomine &quot;palus paludis&quot; (f.)] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Großefehn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grootfehn'') (13&amp;thinsp;646)
* [[Norda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Norden''; [[Saxonice]] et [[Saxonice|Eofrisicosaxonice]] ''Nörden'') (commune sui iuris et [[urbs]], 24&amp;thinsp;887)
* [[Norderneia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus N-Z&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&amp;cq=M%C3%BCnchen&amp;lang=de''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z''].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Norderney''; [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Saxonica|Eofrisosaxonice]] ''Nördernee'') (insula et urbs, 5845)
* [[Schola Dei]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus N-Z&quot;/&gt; (sedes administrationis: Ihlowerfehn) (12&amp;thinsp;139)
* [[Südbrookmerland]]{{dubsig}} (18&amp;thinsp;509)
* [[Wiesmoor]]{{dubsig}} (oppidum 12&amp;thinsp;887)

* [[Brocmannia (commune generale)|Brocmannia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Brocmannia&quot;&gt;Vide [https://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/drwOstfrUrkunde1881/0666/image,info ''Ostfriesisches Urkundenbuch''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) in Brocmannia, Haro Ayldysna, capitalis in Falerna, ac Folcmarus, capitaneus (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brookmerland'')  commune generale (13&amp;thinsp;204)
** [[Astedele]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Astedele&quot;&gt;Vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20261011031720/https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/osteel/ ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''S''[igillum] ''Domini Siadonis in Astedele'' (Siegel des Herrn Syado in Osteel) (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Osteel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Oosteel'') (2201)
** [[Curia Sanctae Mariae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Marienhafe&quot;&gt;Vide [https://bibliothek.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/dateiarchiv/3134/Marienhafe.pdf ''Marienhafe''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Urkundlich wird Marienhafe erstmals am 16. Februar 1250 als „curia sancte Marie“, d.h. „Hof der heiligen Maria“ erwähnt. 1362 ist von „curia Virginis gloriose“ (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Marienhafe'')  (oppidum et sedes administrationis, 2253)
** [[Leezdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Leezdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Leezdörp'') (1859)
** [[Rechtsupwegium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-wegium&quot;&gt;Theodiscum suffixum ''-weg'' Latino suffixo &quot;-wegium-i&quot; verti solet. V. gr. vide: [[Erdwegium]] apud ''Acta ecclesiastica dioecesis Frisingensis'' aut [[Schoefwegium]] apud ''Monumenta Boica''.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Rechtsupweg'')  (2060)
** [[Upgant-Schott]]{{dubsig}}  (3802)
** [[Wirdum]]{{dubsig}}  (1029)
* [[Haga (commune generale)|Haga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Haga&quot;&gt;Vide [https://bibliothek.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/dateiarchiv/3191/Hage.pdf?utm ''Historische Ortsdatenbank für Ostfriesland''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Erscheinung trat der Ort als „curatus Hagensis“ im Jahr 1400. Spätere Bezeichnungen waren „
Haga“ (um 1409)  (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hage''; [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Saxonica|Orientofrisosaxonice]] ''Haag'' ) commune generale (10&amp;thinsp;978)
** [[Berumburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Emmius 1616&quot;&gt;Emmius, U. (1616). ''Rerum Frisicarum Historia''. [[Lugdunum Batavorum|Lugduni Batavorum]]: Elzevier.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Berumbur'') (2620)
** [[Haga (Saxonia Inferior)|Haga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Haga&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hage''; [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Saxonica|Orientofrisosaxonice]] ''Haag'' ) (oppidum et sedes administrationis, 6162)
** [[Halbemontium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-montium&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-mond'' aut ''-mont'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-montium-i&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-mond, mont''' : -''montium, mons'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Halbemond'') (993)
** [[Lutetsburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lütetsburg''; [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Saxonica|Eofrisosaxonice]] ''Lütsbörg'') (758)
** [[Palus Hagensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Palus Hagensis&quot;&gt;[https://www.latin-is-simple.com/de/vocabulary/noun/13172 Theodiscum toponymicum suffixum ''-marsch'' Latino vocabulo &quot;palus paludis&quot; vertitur] et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Hagensis-e&quot;, quod ad [[Haga (Saxonia Inferior)|Hagam]] refertur, Theodiscum gentilicium praefixum ''Hager-'' vertitur. Quo de gentilicio et toponymo, vide [https://bibliothek.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/dateiarchiv/3191/Hage.pdf?utm ''Historische Ortsdatenbank für Ostfriesland''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Erscheinung trat der Ort als „curatus Hagensis“ im Jahr 1400. Spätere Bezeichnungen waren „Haga“ (um 1409)  (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hagermarsch'') (445)
* Ager ad commune non pertinens:
** [[Memmert]] (insula, 5,17 km² non habitata)

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Landkreis Aurich|Circulum Auriacum}}
[http://www.landkreis-aurich Situs interretialis Auriaci proprius.]{{Nexus deficit|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}}
{{geo-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Circulus Auriacum}}
[[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1885]]
[[Categoria:Frisia orientalis]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Balnea prope Arulas</title>
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      <text bytes="2515" sha1="kam7y2cohsq3zcqu2ymns3l72oy9ig4" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}

{{res|Balnea prope Arulas}}&lt;ref&gt;“Balnea prope Arulas” {{Google Books|M9tEAAAAcAAJ|vide indicem s.v.}}; fortasse non nomen sed definitio. Cf. autem “monasterium in Arulas” (i.e. iuxta urbiculam [[Arulas]]) quod monachi, hinc expulsi, loco remotiori posuerunt&lt;/ref&gt; seu fortasse {{res|Balnea Amelia}}, [[Catalane]] ''els Banys d'Arles'', [[Francogallice]] ''Amélie-les-Bains'' est oppidum [[Pyrenaei orientales|Pyrenaeorum orientalium]] et [[locus thermalis]].

[[Fasciculus:Am%C3%A9lie-les-Bains-Palalda_-_vue_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_d%27Am%C3%A9lie-les-Bains_depuis_les_thermes.jpg|thumb|250 px|Amélie-les-Bains-Palalda: despectus in vicum e thermis]]
Nomen Francogallicum anno [[1840]] datum est ad honorem reginae [[Maria Amalia de Neapoli-SiciliaAmalaiae]] qui thermas frequentabat. Fuit eo aevo et usque in annum [[1942]] commune a se ipso. Ab hoc anno locus est capitalis [[commune|communis]] maioris cui nomen est ''Amélie-les-Bains-Palalda'', communi [[Palaldanum|Palaldano]] adiuncto. Anno [[1962]] commune {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Mons Albanus Balneorum||ca|qid=Q16011505}} (Francogallice ''Montalba d'Amélie'') insuper adiunctum est. Communi bis aucto erant anno 2012 incolae 3&amp;nbsp;680.

Ad [[fons calidus|fontem calidum]], e quo nomen loci deducitur, [[thermae]] a saeculo XVIII frequentatissimae elaboratae sunt. Aquae Amélie saeculo XIX medio analysatae sunt;&lt;ref&gt;[[Maximus Durand-Fardel]], ''Dictionnaire général des eaux minérales et d'hydrologie médicale'' (Lutetiae, 1860) [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k2013645/f110.image vol. 1 p. 79]&lt;/ref&gt; hodie hyperthermales sulphidicae sodicae chloridicae valde silicicae reportantur.&lt;ref&gt;''[https://web.archive.org/web/20190710174041/https://www.medecinethermale.fr/medecins/les-stations/details-station/amelie-les-bains-palalda.html La médecine thermale]''&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Pyrenaei Orientalis]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Amélie-les-Bains-Palalda|Balnea prope Arulas}}
* {{INSEE commune|66003|de=Amélie-les-Bains-Palalda}}
* [http://cassini.ehess.fr/cassini/fr/html/fiche.php?select_resultat=2441 De hoc commune apud cassini.ehess.fr]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20211123021727/https://www.amelie-les-bains.com/ Huius communis pagina interretialis]

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Pyrenaeorum orientalium]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Pyrenaeorum orientalium]]
[[Categoria:Thermae Franciae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Dodecaphonia</title>
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      <text bytes="13589" sha1="ai7sbn6uqcqqaeexgt9b6agntscnzxr" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Arnold Schoenberg la 1948.jpg|thumb|Schoenberg, rationis tonorum duodecim.]]
{{Res|Dodecaphonia}}, seu {{Res|ratio tonorum duodecim}} vel {{Res|serialismus duodecim tonorum}}, in [[musica]] est ratio compositionis ab [[Arnoldus Schoenberg|Arnoldo Schoenberg]] [[compositor]]e [[Austria]]co (1874–1951) excogitata, quae facit ut omnes duodecim [[tonus|toni]] [[diagramma chromaticum|diagrammatis chromatici]] aeque saepe sonentur in [[compositio]]ne data cum vim ullius [[nota (musica)|notae]] singularis prohibet&lt;ref&gt;Perle 1977:2.&lt;/ref&gt; per [[ordo tonorum|ordines tonorum]] adhibitos, certas duodecim [[classis tonorum|classium tonorum]] series. Omnes toni duodecim ergo gravitatem plus minus parem sic accipiunt, et musica igitur in voculatione non est. Haec [[ars]] compositores medio [[saeculum 20|saeculo XX]] movit.

Schoenberg ipse modum rationis descripsit &quot;rationem componendi tonis duodecim qui solum inter se cognati sunt.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Anglice]]: &quot;Method of composing with twelve tones which are related only with one another.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schoenberg 1975, 218&quot;&gt;Schoenberg 1975:218.&lt;/ref&gt; Ratio late habetur genus [[serialismus|serialismi]].

[[Iosephus Matthias Hauer]], civis et aequaevus Schoenbergianus, rationem similem excogitavit, [[hexachorda]]s vel [[tropus|tropos]] inordinatos adhibens—sed ad rationem tonorum duodecim Schoenbergianam haud pertinentia. Alii compositores diagrammte chromatico rationaliter usi sunt, sed ratio Schoenbergiana in [[historia]] et [[aesthetica]] maximi momenti habetur.&lt;ref&gt;Whittall 2008:25.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia ==
[[Fasciculus:Alban Berg Bueste Schiefling 01.jpg|thumb|100px|left|[[Monumentum]] [[Albanus Berg|Albani Berg]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Hanns Eisler 1917.jpg|thumb|175px|[[Ioannes Eisler]] [[miles]] ([[1917]]), primus discipulus [[Arnoldus Schoenberg|Arnoldi Schoenberg]] qui ratione tonorum duodecim usus est.]]
[[Fasciculus:Anton Webern in Stettin, October 1912.jpg|175px|thumb|[[Antonius Webern]] [[Stettinum|Stettini]], Octobri [[1912]].]]
Ratio tonorum duodecim, ab [[Arnoldus Schoenberg|Arnoldo Schoenberg]] compositore Austriaco anno [[1921]] et primum anno [[1923]] ad suos privatim descripta,&lt;ref&gt;Schoenberg 1975:213.&lt;/ref&gt; proximis viginti annis paene solum adbibebatur a compositoribus [[Schola Vindobonensis Secunda|Scholae Vindobonensis Secundae]]: [[Albanus Berg]], [[Ioannes Eisler]], [[Antonius Webern]], et Schoenberg ipse. Haec ratio a rebus libere [[atonalitas|atonalibus]] annorum ab [[1908]] ad [[1923]] antecedebatur, quae, quamquam plus minus liberae, minutas [[intervallum (musica)|intervallorum]] [[cellula (musica)|cellulas]] pro elementis solidante saepe habent, quae praeter expansionem ut cum [[ordo tonorum|ordine tonorum]] commutari possunt, et in qua [[nota (musica)|notae]] singulares fungi possunt &quot;elementa cardinalia, ad convenientes cellulae primae iterationes vel duarum vel plurium cellularum primarum nexum sinendum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Anglice]]: &quot;as pivotal elements, to permit overlapping statements of a basic cell or the linking of two or more basic cells.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Perle 1977:9–10.&lt;/ref&gt; Ratio tonorum duodecim etiam antecedebatur a &quot;compositione seriali non dodecaphonica&quot; libere in operibus [[Alexander Skrjabin|Alexandri Skrjabin]], [[Inguarus Stravinsky|Inguari Stravinsky]], [[Adalbertus Bartók|Belae Bartók]], [[Carolus Ruggles|Caroli Ruggles]], et aliorum adhibita.&lt;ref&gt;Perle 1977:37.&lt;/ref&gt; Oliver Neighbour affirmat Bartók fuisse &quot;primus compositor qui gregem notarum duodecim pro fine structurali consulto adhibuit,&lt;ref&gt;[[Anglice]]: &quot;the first composer to use a group of twelve notes consciously for a structural purpose.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; anno [[1908]] in tertia ex quartis decimis bagatellis.&lt;ref&gt;Neighbour 1955:53.&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Schoenberg et Hauer necessarie in ordinem redegerunt et pro suis finibus dodecaphonicis definierunt [[obstinatum]], technicam [[musica moderna|musicae modernae]] proprietatem undique circumfusum.&lt;ref&gt;[[Anglice]]: &quot;Essentially, Schoenberg and Hauer systematized and defined for their own dodecaphonic purposes a pervasive technical feature of 'modern' musical practice, the ostinato.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Perle 1977:37.&lt;/ref&gt; Praeterea, Ioannes Covach strictam horum virorum distinctionem, a Perle et aliis [[auctor]]ibus expressam, nimis exprimi putavit:
&lt;blockquote&gt;Distinctio scholarum Haueranae et Schoenbergianae saepe facta—musicam illius in hexachordis inordinatos condi cum musicam huius in serie ordinata condi—falsa est: cum Hauer res quae res troparum describi possunt, multum musicae tonorum duodecim Haueranorum seriem ordinatam adhibet.&lt;ref&gt;John Covach, citatus in Whittall 2008:24.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Stricta autem scholae Vindobonensis secundae ordinatio, &quot;per res utiles necessario temperata est: per interactionem inter congeries tonorum ordinatorum et non ordinatorum operabantur.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Anglice]]: &quot;was inevitably tempered by practical considerations: they worked on the basis of an interaction between ordered and unordered pitch collections.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Whittall 2008:24.&lt;/ref&gt;

Haec ratio ante [[decennium 196|annos 1950]] a [[Milton Babbitt]], [[Lucianus Berio|Luciano Berio]], [[Petrus Boulez|Petro Boulez]], [[Ludovicus Dallapiccola|Ludovico Dallapiccola]], [[Ernestus Krenek|Ernesto Krenek]], [[Ricardus Malipiero|Ricardo Malipiero]], ac Schoenberg mortuo, [[Inguarus Stravinsky|Inguaro Stravinsky]] late adhibebatur, nonnulli ex quibus rationem extenderunt, res praeter tonos notarum (ut [[duratio]] et ratio impetus) imperandas, sic [[serialismus|musicam serialem]] efficientes. Nonnulli etiam omnia elementa musica sub rationem serialem subiecerunt.

[[Carolus Wuorinen]] in colloquio interrogatorio anno [[1962]] affirmavit &quot;plurimi [[Europa]]ei,&quot; cum in [[Civitates Foederatae|America]] sint, &quot;dicunt se rationem tonorum duodecim 'excessisse' et 'confecisse,'&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Anglice]]: &quot;most of the Europeans say that they have 'gone beyond' and 'exhausted' the twelve-tone system.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; sed &quot;ratio tonorum duodecim diligenter investigata et in [[aedificium]] generale commutata est gravius quam ullum adhuc notum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Anglice]]: &quot;the twelve-tone system has been carefully studied and generalized into an edifice more impressive than any hitherto known.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Chase 1987:587.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

=== Bibliographia ===
[[Fasciculus:Schoenberg - Piano Piece op.33a tone row.png|thumb|350px|Principales formae, P1 et I6, [[ordo tonorum|ordinis tonorum]] in ''Piano Piece'' Schoenbergiana, op. 33a, {{audio|Schoenberg - Piano Piece op.33a tone row.mid|Play}} combinatorialitatem hexachordarum imprimunt, ternosque quintos perfectos continent, quae coniunctio inter P1 et I6 et origo comparationis inter &quot;accumulationes quintorum&quot; est, et &quot;simultaneitatem plerumque multiplicorem&quot; habet (Leeuw 2005:155–157). Exempli gratia, grex A in B♭-C-F-B♮ consistit, et grex B, maior mixtura, in A-C♯-D♯-F♯ consistit.]]
* Alegant, Brian. [[2010]]. ''The Twelve-Tone Music of Luigi Dallapiccola.'' Eastman Studies in Music, 76. Rochester Novi Eboraci: University of Rochester Press. ISBN 978-1-58046-325-6.
* Babbitt, Milton. [[1960]]. Twelve-Tone Invariants as Compositional Determinants. ''Musical Quarterly'' 46(2):246–259. Fasciculus praecipuus: ''Problems of Modern Music: The Princeton Seminar in Advanced Musical Studies.'' DOI 10.1093/mq/XLVI.2.246. JSTOR 740374 (situs venalis).
* Babbitt, Milton. [[1961]]. Set Structure as a Compositional Determinant. ''Journal of Music Theory'' 5(1):72–94. JSTOR 842871 (situs venalis).
* Benson, Dave. [[2007]] [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ko1NsIq4qLIC&amp;pg=PA348#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false ''Music: A Mathematical Offering.''] Cantabrigiae et Novi Eboraci: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-85387-3.
* Brett, Philip. Britten, Benjamin. ''Grove Music Online'' ed. L. Macy. https://web.archive.org/web/20080516041031/http://www.grovemusic.com/.
* Chase, Gilbert. [[1987]]. ''America's Music: From the Pilgrims to the Present.'' Ed. 3a. Music in American Life. Urbanae: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-00454-X; ISBN 0-252-06275-2.
* Haimo, Ethan. [[1990]]. ''Schoenberg's Serial Odyssey: The Evolution of his Twelve-Tone Method, 1914–1928.'' Oxoniae: Clarendon Press; Novi Eboraci: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-315260-6.
* Hill, Richard S. [[1936]]. Schoenberg's Tone-Rows and the Tonal System of the Future. ''Musical Quarterly'' 22(1):14–37. DOI 10.1093/mq/XXII.1.14. JSTOR 739013 (situs venalis).
* Lansky, Paul, George Perle, et Dave Headlam. [[2001]]. Twelve-Note Composition. ''The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians,'' ed. 2a, ed. Stanley Sadie et John Tyrrell. Londinii: Macmillan Publishers.
* Leeuw, Ton de. [[2005]]. ''Music of the Twentieth Century: A Study of Its Elements and Structure.'' Ex Nederlandico a Stephano Taylor conversus. Amstelodami: Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 90-5356-765-8. Primus textus: ''Muziek van de twintigste eeuw: een onderzoek naar haar elementen en structuur'' (Traiecti: Oosthoek, 1964). Ed. 3a, Traiecti: Bohn, Scheltema &amp; Holkema, 1977. ISBN 90-313-0244-9.
* Loy, D. Gareth. [[2007]]. ''Musimathics: The Mathematical Foundations of Music.'' Vol. 1. Cantabrigiae Massachusettae et Londinii: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-12282-5.
* Neighbour, Oliver. [[1954]]. The Evolution of Twelve-Note Music. ''Proceedings of the Royal Musical Association'' 81(1):49–61. DOI 10.1093/jrma/81.1.49.
* Perle, George. [[1977]]. ''Serial Composition and Atonality: An Introduction to the Music of Schoenberg, Berg, and Webern.'' Ed. 4a., retractata. Berkeleiae, Angelopoliti, et Londinii: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-03395-7.
* Perle, George. [[1991]]. ''Serial Composition and Atonality: An Introduction to the Music of Schoenberg, Berg, and Webern.'' Ed. 6a, retractata. Berkeleiae: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-07430-9.
* Reti, Rudolph. [[1958]]. ''Tonality, Atonality, Pantonality: A Study of Some Trends in Twentieth Century Music.'' Westport Connecticutae: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-20478-0.
* Rufer, Josef. [[1954]]. ''Composition with Twelve Notes Related Only to One Another,'' conv. Humphrey Searle. Novi Eboraci: Macmillan. Prima editio Theodisca, 1952.
* Schoenberg, Arnold. [[1975]]. ''Style and Idea,'' ed. Leonard Stein cum translationibus Leonis Black. Berkeleiae et Angelopoli: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-05294-3.
** 207–208 Twelve-Tone Composition. 1923.
** 214–245 Composition with Twelve Tones (1). 1941.
** 245–249 Composition with Twelve Tones (2). Circa 1948.
* Solomon, Larry. [[1973]]. New Symmetric Transformations. ''Perspectives of New Music'' 11(2):257–264. JSTOR 832323 (situs venalis).
* Spies, Claudio. [[1965]]. Notes on Stravinsky's ''Abraham and Isaac.'' ''Perspectives of New Music'' 3(2):104–126. JSTOR 832508 (situs venalis).
* Whittall, Arnold. [[2008]]. ''The Cambridge Introduction to Serialism.'' Cambridge Introductions to Music. Novi Eboraci: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-86341-4; ISBN 978-0-521-68200-8.

== Bibliographia addita ==
* Covach, John. [[1992]]. The Zwölftonspiel of Josef Matthias Hauer. ''Journal of Music Theory'' 36(1):149–84. JSTOR 843913 (situs venalis).
* Covach, John. [[2000]]. Schoenberg's &quot;Poetics of Music,&quot; the Twelve-Tone Method, and the Musical Idea. In ''Schoenberg and Words: The Modernist Years,'' ed. Russell A. Berman et Charlotte M. Cross. Novi Eboraci: Garland. ISBN 0-8153-2830-3.
* Covach, John. [[2002]]. Twelve-Tone Theory. In ''The Cambridge History of Western Music Theory,'' ed. Thomas Christensen, 603–627. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-62371-5.
* Krenek, Ernst. [[1953]]. Is the Twelve-Tone Technique on the Decline? ''The Musical Quarterly'' 39(4):513–527.
* Šedivý, Dominik. [[2011]]. ''Serial Composition and Tonality: An Introduction to the Music of Hauer and Steinbauer,'' ed. Günther Friesinger, Helmut Neumann, et Dominik Šedivý. Vindobonae: Edition Mono. ISBN 3-902796-03-0.
* Sloan, Susan L. [[1989]]. [http://www.schoenberg.at/library/index.php/attachments/single/244 Archival Exhibit: Schoenberg’s Dodecaphonic Devices.] ''Journal of the Arnold Schoenberg Institute'' 12(2):202–205.
* Starr, Daniel. [[1978]]. Sets, Invariance and Partitions. ''Journal of Music Theory'' 22(1):1–42. JSTOR 843626 (situs venalis).
* Wuorinen, Charles. [[1979]]. ''Simple Composition.'' Novi Eboraci: Longman. ISBN 0-582-28059-1. Reimpressus 1991, Novi Eboraci: C. F. Peters. ISBN 0-938856-06-5.

== Nexus externi ==
{{Wikiquote}}
* Adams, Ricci. [http://www.musictheory.net/utilities/html/id98_en.html Generator matricum,] www.musictheory.net
* Román, Dan. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150928215754/http://musike.cmpr.edu/docs/v001/roman-eng.pdf Ars tonorum duodecim,] musike.cmpr.edu
* Solomon, Larry. [https://web.archive.org/web/20151219231023/http://solomonsmusic.net/diss8.htm Novae Transformationes: Praeter P, I, R, et RI,] solomonsmusic.net
* Jedrzejewski, Franck. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052149/http://recherche.ircam.fr/equipes/repmus/mamux/documents/fjPisa.pdf Bodi dodecaphonici et topologia verborum,] recherche.ircam.fr 
* [http://composertools.com/Tools/ Javascript calculator tonorum duodecim et explicator ordinis tonorum,] composertools.com
* [http://www.andreaslehmann.com/musik-tools/reihenquadrat/ Quadratum tonorum duodecim,] www.andreaslehmann.com
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140522213508/http://www.uni-graz.at/~fripert/db/ Repositorium datorum de ordinibus tonotrum et troporum,] www.uni-graz.at

{{Myrias|Ars}}

[[Categoria:Musica| ]]
[[Categoria:Res enumeratae|12]]</text>
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    <title>Brocmannia (commune generale)</title>
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      <text bytes="2910" sha1="m7r8g98byulopuu3d6z6e38ie4x9ens" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}

[[Fasciculus:Rathaus_Marienhafe44.jpg|thumb|left|Curia communis generalis Brocmanniae in communi [[Curia Sanctae Mariae]] sita.]]
'''Brocmannia'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Brocmannia&quot;&gt;Vide [https://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/drwOstfrUrkunde1881/0666/image,info ''Ostfriesisches Urkundenbuch''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) in Brocmannia, Haro Ayldysna, capitalis in Falerna, ac Folcmarus, capitaneus (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brookmerland'') commune generale [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Auriacum|Circuli Auriaci]] est. Ad Brocmanniam communia [[Curia Sanctae Mariae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Marienhafe&quot;&gt;Vide [https://bibliothek.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/dateiarchiv/3134/Marienhafe.pdf ''Marienhafe''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Urkundlich wird Marienhafe erstmals am 16. Februar 1250 als „curia sancte Marie“, d.h. „Hof der heiligen Maria“ erwähnt. 1362 ist von „curia Virginis gloriose“ (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Marienhafe'') (sedes administrationis et oppidum, 2253), [[Leezdorfium]] (1859 incolae), [[Astedele]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Astedele&quot;&gt;Vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20261011031720/https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/osteel/ ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''S''[igillum] ''Domini Siadonis in Astedele'' (Siegel des Herrn Syado in Osteel) (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Osteel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Oosteel'') (2201), [[Rechtsupwegium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-wegium&quot;&gt;Theodiscum suffixum ''-weg'' Latino suffixo &quot;-wegium-i&quot; verti solet. V. gr. vide: [[Erdwegium]] apud ''Acta ecclesiastica dioecesis Frisingensis'' aut [[Schoefwegium]] apud ''Monumenta Boica''.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Rechtsupweg'') (2060), [[Upgant-Schott]] (3802) atque [[Wirdum]] (1029) pertinent.

== Historia ==
Commune generale Brocmannia die [[1 Augusti]] [[1969]] e communibus parvis septem constitutum est. Anno [[1971]] et Wirdum commune accessit. Anno [[1972]] duo minora communia cum maioribus coniuncta sunt:
[[Tiucha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Tjüche'') pars communis [[Curia Sanctae Mariae|Curiae Sanctae Mariae]] factum est et Siegelsum ad commune Upgang-Schott se adiunxit, ut nunc sex communia in Brocmannia essent.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{Commonscat|Brookmerland|Brocmanniam}}
* [http://www.marienhafe.de/ www.marienhafe.de]

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia generalia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1969]]</text>
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    <title>Circulus Lerensis</title>
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      <text bytes="8919" sha1="4ucgi9jxbdwbedn1eipzr0qtpyg6bpu" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}}

[[Fasciculus:Municipalities in LER.svg|300px|right|Communia in circulo Lerensi]]
'''Circulus Lerensis'''&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Lerensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Leer'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Lerensis-e&quot; ad [[Leri|Leros]] refertur. Quo de toponymo, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Landkreis Leer''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Lier''), nunc pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], anno [[1885]] conditus est et ad annum [[1945]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit et deinde ab anno [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem. Caput circuli urbs [[Leri]] est.

== Historia ==
Ager circuli ab anno [[1815]] ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Anno [[1885]] circulus conditus et anno [[1932]] circulo dissoluto Weener auctus est. Ab anno [[1946]] Circulus Lerensis pars Saxoniae Inferioris est.

== Communia circuli ==
Haec sunt communia huius circuli, quae partim ad communia generalia coniuncti sunt:

* [[Borkna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Borkum''; [[lingua Frisica|Frisice]] ''Boarkum''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Börkum'') urbs (5175 incolae)
* [[Bunda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Deiter&quot;&gt;Deiter, H. (1881). Oldeborchs, Pastoris zu Bunda in Reiderland, kleine ostfriesische Chronicke, betreffend die Jahre 1558 bis 1605. ''Jahrbuch de Gesellschaft für bildende Kunst und vaterländische Altertümer zu Emden''.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bunde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bunn'') (7566)
* [[Gemmegum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Gemmegum&quot;&gt;Vide ''Giminghem - der alte Name von Jemgum'' Gerhardi Kronsweide; ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Mittelalterliche urkundliche und einige neuzeitliche Nennungen von Jemgum''' (...) Gemmegum (Urkunde in lateinisch) (...) Gommegum (lat.) (...) Gemghum (lat.) (...) Gemmyngum (lat.) (...) Jemgum (Ubbo Emmius, lat.) (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Jemgum'') (3597)
* [[Leri]] (33.891, caput circuli)
* [[Moormerlandia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-landia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-land'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-landia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amelandia]], [[Bevelandia Australis]], [[Bevelandia Septentrionalis]], [[Bolandia]], [[Iutlandia]], [[Curlandia]], [[Estlandia]], [[Finlandia]], [[Flevolandia]], [[Friedlandia]], [[Islandia]], [[Gothlandia]], [[Hollandia]], [[Ingermanlandia]], [[Isalandia]] [[Lalandia]], [[Langelandia]], [[Oehtlandia]] [[Olandia]], [[Sallandia]], [[Samlandia]] [[Zelandia]], [[Selandia]] [[Fotlandia]], [[Wermelandia]] [[Withlandia]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Moormerland''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Moormerlound'') (sedes administrationis [[Palus Warsingana]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Palus Warsingana&quot;&gt;Theodiscum anthroponymicum praefixum casu genetivo ''Warsings-'' Latino adiectivo &quot;Warsinganus-a-um&quot; et [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/germanistischewoerterbuecher/altsaechsischeswoerterbuch/asF.pdf Theodiscum suffixum ''-fehn'' Latino nomine &quot;palus paludis&quot; (f.)] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt; -Theodisce ''Warsingsfehn''-, 22.667)
* [[Palus Rhaudensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-rhauder-&quot;&gt;Theodiscum gentilicium praefixum aut interfixum ''(-)Rhauder-'' Latino gentilicio &quot;Rhaudensis-e&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-fehn&quot;&gt;[https://www.koeblergerhard.de/germanistischewoerterbuecher/altsaechsischeswoerterbuch/asF.pdf Theodiscum suffixum ''-fehn'' Latino nomine &quot;palus paludis&quot; (f.)] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Rhauderfehn''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Rauderfeen''), sedes [[Palus Rhaudensis Occidentalis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-rhauder-&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-fehn&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Occidentalis&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/occidentalis?wb=gross&amp;nr=5 Theodiscum praefixum ''West-'' Latino adiectivo &quot;occidentalis-e&quot; vertitur.]&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Westrhauderfehn''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wäästrauderfeen'';  [[Saxonice]] ''Westerfehn''), (17.162)
* [[Palus Rhaudensis Orientalis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-rhauder-&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-fehn&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Orientalis&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/orientalis?wb=gross&amp;nr=3 Theodiscum praefixum ''Ost(er)-'' Latino adiectivo &quot;orientalis-e&quot; vertitur.]&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ostrhauderfehn''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Aastrauderfeen''; [[lingua Saxonica|Eofrisosaxonice]] ''Ōsterfēn'') (10.750)
* [[Uplengen]] (sedes: Remels, 11.503)
* [[Weener]], oppidum (15.430)
* [[Westoverledingen]] (sedes: Ihrhove, 20.036)

* [[Hasla (commune generale)|Hasla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hasla&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/hesel/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''] {{Nexus deficit|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Der früheste schriftliche Beleg für den Ort findet sich als ''Hasla'' in einem Urbar der Abtei Werden, das sich auf das 10. Jh. datieren lässt (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hesel'') commune generale (10.595)
** [[Brincama]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Friedländer 1878&quot;&gt;Friedländer, E. (Ed.) (1878). ''Ostfriesisches Urkundenbuch: Band 1. (Jahre 787–1470)''. [[Emda]]e: Haynel.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brinkum'') (700)
** [[Firrel]] ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Firrel'') (816)
** [[Hasla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hasla&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hesel'') (sedes administrationis, 4520)
** [[Holtlandia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-landia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-land'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-landia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amelandia]], [[Bevelandia Australis]], [[Bevelandia Septentrionalis]], [[Bolandia]], [[Iutlandia]], [[Curlandia]], [[Estlandia]], [[Finlandia]], [[Flevolandia]], [[Friedlandia]], [[Islandia]], [[Gothlandia]], [[Hollandia]], [[Ingermanlandia]], [[Isalandia]] [[Lalandia]], [[Langelandia]], [[Oehtlandia]] [[Olandia]], [[Sallandia]], [[Samlandia]] [[Zelandia]], [[Selandia]] [[Fotlandia]], [[Wermelandia]] [[Withlandia]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Holtland'') (2260)
** [[Nova Palus Campensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Neu&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Neu?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum adiectivum aut praefixum ''Neu(-)'' Latino adiectivo &quot;novus-a-um&quot;] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;campensis&quot;&gt;Theodiscum interfixum ''-kamper-'' Latino gentilicio &quot;campensis-e&quot; vertitur, quod ad vocabulum &quot;campus-i&quot; (Theodisce ''Kamp'') refertur. Revera, [https://ewa.saw-leipzig.de/articles/80250/en?utm Germanica toponyma cum lexemate ''-kamp'' seu ''-kampf'' seu ''-camp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-campus-i&quot;], quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-fehn&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Neukamperfehn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neeikamperfehn'') (1594)
** [[Schwerinsdorf]] (705)

* [[Iummium (commune generale)|Iummium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egger 1977&quot;&gt;Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Jümme'') commune generale (6420)
** [[Filsum]] ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Filsum'') sedes administraionis (2094)
** [[Nordtmor]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nordtmor&quot;&gt;Hoc Latinum toponymum regressive derivatur Latino e gentilicio &quot;Nordtmorensis-e&quot;. Quo de gentilicio, vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20261011064228/https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/nortmoor/ ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Nordtmorensis: Hermannus Gueneranus'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Nortmoor'') (1653)
** [[Teuderium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus N-Z&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&amp;cq=M%C3%BCnchen&amp;lang=de''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z''].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Detern''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Tjootern''; [[Saxonice|Orientalifrisicosaxonice]] ''Däitern'') oppidum (2673)

* Ager ad commune non pertinens:
** [[Lütje Hörn]] insula inhabitata

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat|Landkreis Leer|circulum Lerensem}}
[http://www.landkreis-leer.de Pagina officialis]

{{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}}

{{geo-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lerensis circulus}}
[[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1885]]
[[Categoria:Frisia orientalis]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Burgellum</title>
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      <text bytes="1436" sha1="fqcwln9s1d86dc6rl8qq8ouaobzclkw" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Map commune FR insee code 93013.png|left|thumb|Communis tabula]]

'''Burgellum'''&lt;ref&gt;Situs interretialis Burgelli proprius https://www.le-bourget.fr/Un-peu-d-histoire.html&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Lingua Francogallica|Francogallice]] ''Le Bourget'') est [[urbs]] et [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] 15'695 incolarum&lt;ref&gt;Secundum [https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6676182?geo=COM-93013 censum anno 2020 factum] &lt;/ref&gt; [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Sequana et Sanctus Dionysius|Sequanae et Sancti Dionysii]] in regione [[Insula Franciae (regio Franciae)|Insula Franciae]].

== Coniunctiones communium ==

* Amityville (''Urbs Amicitiae'') {{CFAVex}}
* Cullera (''Collaria''&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20231128105051/https://cvc.cervantes.es/el_rinconete/anteriores/junio_03/13062003_01.htm&lt;/ref&gt;) {{HispaniaVex}}
* Little Falls (''Cataractulae'') {{CFAVex}}
* Žukovskij (''Zucovscijacum''&lt;ref&gt;a [[Nicolaus Žukovskij|Nicolaum Žukovskij]]&lt;/ref&gt;) {{RussiaVex}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{NexInt}}
* &lt;nowiki&gt;[[Index communium praefecturae Sequanae et Sancti Dionysii|Indicem communium praefecturae Sequanae et SanctiDionysii]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Le Bourget|Burgellum}}
* {{INSEE commune|93013|de=Le Bourget}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Sequanae et Sancti Dionysii]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Sequanae et Sancti Dionysii]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ericus Polz</title>
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{{Latinitas|-1}}
'''Ericus Polz''' ([[Lingua Theodisca|Theodisce]]: ''Erich Polz'') est iuvenis gregis canentium dux Austriacus, natus in [[Styria]] anno 1985, qui duarum canentium gregum principatum tenet quarum altera Societas Concentuum Vindobonensis ([http://www.konzertvereinigung.at ''Wiener Konzertvereinigung'']), altera Modus XXI nuncupatur.

Filius viticolarum, iam a teneris unguiculis allectus musicae pulchritudine, constituit se, etiamsi parentium vestigia eum, vini expertum, ad viam vinitori stratam duci incitaverant, incitatum ac inflammatum musicae arte, de hac vitis cultorum via deflecturum, seque potius quam vinearum colendarum artis [[musica]]e studio totum daturum.

Cum nomen [[schola musica|conservatorio]] Vindobonensi dedisset ut suum studium musicae arti impenderet, se egregii Georgi Marci, professoris magni nominis, tutelae commendabat.
Laurea dein summa cum laude impetrata, in suam venit tutelam atque anno 2014 electus est dux Societatis Concentuum Vindobonensis (''[http://www.konzertvereinigung.at Wiener Konzertvereinigung]'').

Musicale gregis canentium regendae stipendium praeterea merebat apud canentium gregem a [[Gustavus Mahler|Gustavo Mahler]] nuncupatam (''Gustav Mahler Jugendorchester''). Ita evenit ut talibus fama notissimis ducibus adstaret quales [[Colin Davis|Sir Colin Davis]], David Afkham atque Daniele Gatti .

Anno 2013 condendam curavit propriam suam canentium gregem c.n. Modus XXI, quae constat ex symphoniacis quorum multi variis in canentium gregibus munere iam funguntur sicut apud canentium greges quae Theodisce ''[[Wiener Philharmoniker]]'', ''Staatskapelle Dresden'' (Dresdae) et ''Bruckner Orchester Linz'' vocantur. Cum hac sua grege operam dat operibus non modo praeteritorum saeculorum verum etiam eis quae nostris temporibus conscribuntur.

Inde ab anno 2013 apud Ludos Tirolenses qui in oppidulo nomine Erl quotannis bis commituntur (Theodisce [http://www.tiroler-festspiele.at ''Tiroler Festpiele Erl'']) primum [[Chorus|chori]] ducis munere fungebatur Ericus. Deinde anno 2014 aestate sua ope adstabat duci Gustavo Kuhn moderans [[Ricardus Wagner|Ricardi Wagner]] “[[Der Ring des Nibelungen|Anuli Nibelungensis]]” meditationes. Quin etiam se ineuntis ludis coram publico ducem protulit. Ea quae secuta est hieme Ericus Polz invitatus est ut integrum illic regeret melodrama. Anno 2014 aestate munus exsecutus est [[Ricardus Wagner|Ricardi Wagner]] [[Melodrama (musica)|melodramatum]] regendorum quibus nomina “Cantores periti Norimbergenses” atque “Tristanus et Isolda”.

Habitat cum uxore atque filiolo [[Vindobona]]e.

== Nexus externus ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20211129162547/http://erichpolz.at/ Situs officialis]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170706064755/https://www.polz.co.at/en/ De vinea]

{{Lifetime|1985||Polz, Ericus}}

{{Nexus desiderati}}

[[Categoria:Musici Austriae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cabbala</title>
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      <text bytes="6232" sha1="tq4gpo47ym2la9flolu8yymfhganb4g" xml:space="preserve">{{Videhom|Cabala}}
[[Fasciculus:Kabbalistic Tree of Life (Sephiroth).svg|thumb|[[Arbor vitae]] cabbalistica]]
'''Cabbala'''&lt;ref&gt;Iohannis Micraelii ''Lexicon Philosophicum Terminorum Philosophis Usitatorum'', editio secunda (Stetini: Mamphrasius, 1661), [https://web.archive.org/web/20200926221321/http://diglib.hab.de/wdb.php?dir=drucke/201-29-quod&amp;lang=en&amp;end=867&amp;changeToXSL=&amp;changeToXML=&amp;imgtyp=0&amp;distype=img&amp;pointer=7 p. 224].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Hebraice]] {{lang|he|קַבָּלָה‬}}, &quot;traditio&quot;) est ratio [[mystica]] vel arcana a [[rabbi]]nis exculta, quae [[saeculum|saeculis]] [[saeculum 12|duodecimo]] vel [[saeculum 13|tredecimo]] [[floruit]]. Cabbala funditur pacto interpretandi [[Torah]] cuius sectatores arcana penetrare confirmaverunt.
==Historia==
[[File:Kabbalistic creator.png|thumb|Creator cabbalisticus in interpretatione christiana mediaevali]]
Doctrina ista secreta mysticaque habet elementa quaedam qui certe iam ante [[religio christiana|christianismum]] excogitata erant (speculationes de angelis; thronum Dei cum ''nive'' circumcirca; meta-thronum etc.). Tamen res ipsa non ante saeculum IX orta est praesertim propter [[neoplatonismus|Neoplatonisum]] et symbola numeralia [[pythagoras|Pythagorea]]. Compendium doctrinae e libris ''Jezirah'' et ''Sohar'' circa annum 1300 ab Iudaeo [[hispania|Hispanico]] Moseh ben Sehm Tob de Leon scriptum est. Fundamento erant doctrinae [[isaac Caecus|Isaac Caeci]], eiusque discipulorum et adversariorum [[moses Maimonides|Maimonidis]]. Rem continuabant et commentariis auxerunt Isaac Luria (+1572) et Horwitz (+1622). Liber ''Jezira'' lingua Hebraica edita est anno 1562, lingua Latina anno 1654. Liber Sohar editus est Hebraice anno 1558 et Latine 1684. 

Primus in Europa qui Cabbala multis notum fecit fuit Raimundus Lullus, cuius doctrina et historia multitudine narrationum incredibilium cum [[cosmogonia|cosmogoniis]], angelogiis, [[daemonologia|daemonologiis]], praesagiis necnon superstitione [[magia (mystica)|magica]]que uniebantur.

==Notiones==
Agitur de mixtura quasi inter philosophiam Graeco-[[alexandria|Alexandrinam]], Neoplatonismum, Neopythagorismum et [[gnosticismus|gnosticismum]]. Doctrina omnis emanans est: mundus spiritalis et sensualis exeunt in radiis ex illo unico Divino, fere in creatione per se. Deus illud infinitum est, ''Hen-Soph'', illud nihil quod infinitum est et ingeniis caret. Illud in principio omnia dederat, lux originalis omnia illuminans est et celatum.

Revelationis causa sinitur mundum ex se ire. Mundus ex illo eo emanat luce originali creante et non creante; omnia illuminantur unitate perpetua conservata. Limitem habet in se, e quo spatium vacuum fit in quod lux originalis/mundus (sive mundi plures) lucem mittit (mittunt). Mediatio inter Deum et mundum sensualem formant fortitudines spiritales, quae a Deo sunt respective ex ''Adam Kadmon'', prototypo hominis caelestis et exemplo hominis terrestris, filii Dei.

Istarum fortitudinum decem sunt, ''sephiroth'', circuli clari qui fiunt quia lux divina se ipsam benevola refrenat. Primae tres sephiroth vocantur ''corona'', ''sapientia'' et '' intelligentia'' (logos). Sephiroth communiter creant mundum ''Aziluth'' qui etiam corpus Adam Kadmon nuncupatur. Alii mundi ex isto Hensoph emanantes sunt ''Beriah'' (mundus idearum quae phantasmatibus similes esse putantur), ''Jezirah'' (mundus animarum), ''Asijjah'' (mundus creaturarum cum sensibus). Homo pars trium ultimorum mundorum simul est. Uniones fiunt cum secundo mundo anima rationali (neshama), quae [[vita aeterna|immortalis]] est; cum tertio spiramine vitae (nephesh). Et praeexistentia et [[metempsychosis|metempsychosa]] creduntur.

Cabbalah multos philosophos christianos movit: istis doctrinis studebant e.g. [[Raimundus Lullus]], [[Ioannes Picus Mirandula]], [[Marsilius Ficinus]], [[Ioannes Reuchlin]], [[Henricus Cornelius Agrippa de Nettesheim]], [[Paracelsus]], [[Iacobus Böhme]].

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Veronique Altglas: ''From Yoga to Kabbalah.'' Religious Exoticism And The Logics Of Bricolage. Oxford University Press, 2014 ISBN 978-0-19-999763-3
* Nicole Maria Bauer: ''Zwischen Tradition und Transformation. Kabbalistische Vorstellungen und Praktiken in der religiösen Gegenwartskultur''. In: ''Zeitschrift für Anomalistik'', tomus 14, 2014, p. 224–247,[https://www.anomalistik.de/images/pdf/zfa/zfa2014_23_224_bauer.pdf anomalistik.de] (PDF)
* Nicole Maria Bauer: ''Kabbala und religiöse Integrität.'' Eine religionswissenschaftliche Analyse des deutschsprachigen Kabbalah Centre. Transcript-Verlag, Mai 2017 ISBN 978-3-8376-3699-4
* John W. McGinley: ''„The Written“ as the Vocation of Conceiving Jewishly.'' To Excel/Kaleidoscope Sof, 2006, ISBN 0-595-40488-X.
* Karl Erich Grözinger: ''Jüdisches Denken.'' Tomus 2: ''Von der mittelalterlichen Kabbala zum Hasidismus.'' Campus, Francofurti ad Moenum 2005, ISBN 3-593-37513-3. 
* Boaz Huss: ''Kabbalah and Modernity.'' Interpretations, Transformations, Adaptions. Brill Academic Publishers, 2010 ISBN 978-90-04-18284-4 
* Johann Maier: ''Die Kabbalah. Einführung – Klassische Texte – Erläuterungen.'' Beck, Monaci 2004, ISBN 3-406-39659-3. 
* Gershom Scholem: ''Zur Kabbala und ihrer Symbolik.'' Suhrkamp, Francofurti 1973, ISBN 3-518-27613-1. 
* Gershom Scholem: ''Jewish Gnosticism, Merkabah Mysticism and Talmudic Tradition.'' The Jewish Theological Seminary of America, Neoeboraci 1965.

== Nexus externi ==
{{Commonscat|Cabalism|Cabbala}}  
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110116052016/http://www.rodurago.net/index.php?site=details&amp;link=cabbalah Glossarium cum terminis technicis] 
* Centrum educatorium Iudaicum Hesychocarolinum: [http://www.synagoge-karlsruhe.de/library/article_cdo/aid/480210/jewish/Kabbala.htm Quid sit Cabbala?]
* [http://www.kabbala-info.net/ Deutschsprachiges Textarchiv]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100825165032/http://www.hagalil.com/judentum/kabbala/kabbala.htm Die mystische Seite im Judentum: Kabbala / Kabalah...]
*[http://www.britannica.com/topic/Kabbala De cabbala] In ''Encyclopaedia Britannica''

[[Categoria:Kabala|*]]
[[Categoria:Mysticismus]]
[[Categoria:Panentheismus]]
[[Categoria:Religio Iudaica]]
[[Categoria:Scholae esotericae cogitationis]]</text>
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      <comment>Grufo movit paginam [[Formula:CommuniaCat/doc]] ad [[Formula:Categoria apud Communia/doc]] sine redirectione: Nomen plenum</comment>
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      <text bytes="1499" sha1="8o86qodppaud7k16jv1y2779rnaf6si" xml:space="preserve">{{Subpagina documentationis}}
{{High-use}}
{{Formula indicia e Vicidatis reperiens|P373}}

== Prospectum ==
; &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{CommuniaCat|Wikimedia Commons logos|insigne Vicimediorum Communium}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
: reddit
{{CommuniaCat|Wikimedia Commons logos|insigne Vicimediorum Communium}}

== De usu ==
Haec formula ad categoriam apud [[Vicipaedia:Communia|Communia]] nectit.

Ut hanc formulam adhibeas, scribe:

; &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{CommuniaCat|Nomen categoriae in Vicimediis Communibus (sine &quot;Category:&quot;)}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
: aut
; &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{CommuniaCat|Nomen categoriae in Vicimediis Communibus (sine &quot;Category:&quot;)|Nomen monstrandum}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
: si vis aliud nomen in formula monstrari. ''Nomen monstrandum'' casu accusativo regnari debet.

Haec formula monstrat magnam capsam in paginis categoriarum, et parvum nexum (sicut infra) aliis in paginis.

== Ulteriora si cupis ==
{{Categoriae vestigatoriae formulae
	| Paginae cum nexu ad Communia rupto
	| Error formulae CommuniaCat
}}

* [[:Categoria:Formulae interviciales]]
* {{fn|Communia}}
* [[d:Property:P373]]

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{in harenario aut alibi||
&lt;!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --&gt;
[[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae quae seorsos versus creant|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae Vicidatorum|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae nexuales|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae interviciales|{{PAGENAME}}]]
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>8o86qodppaud7k16jv1y2779rnaf6si</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3999106</id>
      <parentid>3999105</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-04T12:20:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Documentationem redintegravi</comment>
      <origin>3999106</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1604" sha1="p2povy158vyu18u68ki7qdgg3o5kyx4" xml:space="preserve">{{Subpagina documentationis}}
{{High-use}}
{{Formula indicia e Vicidatis reperiens|P373}}
{{Compendia formulae|communiaCat|communiacat}}

== Prospectum ==
; &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{CommuniaCat|Wikimedia Commons logos|insigne Vicimediorum Communium}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
: reddit
{{CommuniaCat|Wikimedia Commons logos|insigne Vicimediorum Communium}}

== De usu ==
Haec formula ad categoriam apud [[Vicipaedia:Communia|Communia]] nectit.

Ut hanc formulam adhibeas, scribe:

; &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{CommuniaCat|Nomen categoriae in Vicimediis Communibus (sine &quot;Category:&quot;)}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
: aut
; &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{CommuniaCat|Nomen categoriae in Vicimediis Communibus (sine &quot;Category:&quot;)|Nomen monstrandum}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
: si vis aliud nomen in formula monstrari. ''Nomen monstrandum'' casu accusativo regnari debet.

Haec formula monstrat magnam capsam in paginis categoriarum, et parvum nexum (sicut infra) aliis in paginis.

== Synonyma ==
* {{Nf|CommuniaCat}}
* {{Nf|Communiacat}}

== Ulteriora si cupis ==
{{Categoriae vestigatoriae formulae
	| Paginae cum nexu ad Communia rupto
	| Error formulae CommuniaCat
}}

* [[:Categoria:Formulae interviciales]]
* {{Nf|Communia}}
* [[d:Property:P373]]

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{in harenario aut alibi||
&lt;!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --&gt;
[[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae quae seorsos versus creant|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae Vicidatorum|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae nexuales|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae interviciales|{{PAGENAME}}]]
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>p2povy158vyu18u68ki7qdgg3o5kyx4</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>3999115</id>
      <parentid>3999106</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-04T12:22:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>+{{[[Formula:Formula numquam substituenda|Formula numquam substituenda]]}}</comment>
      <origin>3999115</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1667" sha1="8mr304jdd825jduy3vz6bmglz7lrjrp" xml:space="preserve">{{Subpagina documentationis}}
{{Formula in multis paginis adhibita}}
{{Formula numquam substituenda|...}}
{{Formula indicia e Vicidatis reperiens|P373}}
{{Compendia formulae|communiaCat|communiacat}}

== Prospectum ==
; &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{CommuniaCat|Wikimedia Commons logos|insigne Vicimediorum Communium}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
: reddit
{{CommuniaCat|Wikimedia Commons logos|insigne Vicimediorum Communium}}

== De usu ==
Haec formula ad categoriam apud [[Vicipaedia:Communia|Communia]] nectit.

Ut hanc formulam adhibeas, scribe:

; &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{CommuniaCat|Nomen categoriae in Vicimediis Communibus (sine &quot;Category:&quot;)}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
: aut
; &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{CommuniaCat|Nomen categoriae in Vicimediis Communibus (sine &quot;Category:&quot;)|Nomen monstrandum}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
: si vis aliud nomen in formula monstrari. ''Nomen monstrandum'' casu accusativo regnari debet.

Haec formula monstrat magnam capsam in paginis categoriarum, et parvum nexum (sicut infra) aliis in paginis.

== Synonyma ==
* {{Nf|CommuniaCat}}
* {{Nf|Communiacat}}

== Ulteriora si cupis ==
{{Categoriae vestigatoriae formulae
	| Paginae cum nexu ad Communia rupto
	| Error formulae CommuniaCat
}}

* [[:Categoria:Formulae interviciales]]
* {{Nf|Communia}}
* [[d:Property:P373]]

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{in harenario aut alibi||
&lt;!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --&gt;
[[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae quae seorsos versus creant|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae Vicidatorum|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae nexuales|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae interviciales|{{PAGENAME}}]]
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>8mr304jdd825jduy3vz6bmglz7lrjrp</sha1>
    </revision>
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  <page>
    <title>Circulus in Comitatu Binethensi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>254622</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3999347</id>
      <parentid>3998362</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-05T00:01:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>139091</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
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      <text bytes="12284" sha1="58wvt9ra429z8g7gz27fs1yn1jvre5r" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}}

[[Fasciculus:Municipalities in NOH.svg|300px|right|Communia in circulo in comitatu Binethensi]]
'''Circulus in Comitatu Binethensi'''&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus in Comitatũ Binethensi&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Grafschaft Bentheim'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) et Latinum syntagma &quot;in Comitatũ Binethensi&quot; Theodiscum ''Grafschaft Bentheim'' vertit.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Landkreis Grafschaft Bentheim''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Grafskup Bentheim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Landkreis Groafschup Bentem''), nunc pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], anno [[1885]] conditus est et ad annum [[1945]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit et deinde ab anno [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem. Caput circuli urbs [[Northorna]] est.

== Historia ==
Comitatus Binethensis anno [[1015]] primo in actis descriptum est. Ab anno [[1815]] ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Anno [[1885]] circulus conditus est. Post [[Secundum Bellum Mundanum]] [[Nederlandia]] agrum circuli reparationis causa postulavit neque tamen multum adipisci potuit&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-44435312.html Der Spiegel die 1 Ianuarii 1949]&lt;/ref&gt;. Ab anno [[1946]] Circulus Binethensis pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Numerus incolarum tum multis hominibus auctus est, qui e Germania Orientali fugati erant. Annis [[1974]], [[1977]] atque [[1978]] fines circuli paulum mutatae sunt.

== Communia circuli ==
Haec sunt 25 communia huius circuli, quae partim ad communia generalia coniuncti sunt:

* [[Binethemum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;&gt;Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: I. Historicos Germanicos, II. Historiam Helmstadensem, III. Dissertationes de utriusque Saxoniae''. Typis Georgii Wolffgangi Hammii; et: Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: Dissertationen und historische Chroniken des Herzogtums Braunschweig-Lüneburg''. Typis Georgii Wolffii.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Bentheim''), urbs (15.104 incolae)
* [[Northorna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;&gt;Egli, J. J. (1893). ''Nomina Geographica: Sprach- und Sacherklärung von 42000 Geographischen Namen aller Erdräume''. [[Lipsia]]e: Friedrich Brandstetter.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Nordhorn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nothoorn'' seu ''Notthoarn'' seu ''Netthoarn'' seu ''Noordhoorn''), urbs et caput circuli (52.579)
* [[Wietmarschen]] (11.765)

* [[Emmelkampus (commune generale)|Emmelkampus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Emmelkampus&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.altreformiert.de/beuker/geschichte/grafschaft-bentheim/ERK-GRAFSCH_Classis_1625-1705_Prot_-_Plasger_2021_gjb.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Protokolle der Classis der reformierten Prediger der Grafschaft Bentheim 1625–1705''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Domino Bernhardus Tinneken Pastorum Emmelkampum (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Emlichheim''; [[Saxonice]] et [[Batavice]] ''Emmelkamp'') commune generale (14.428)
** [[Emmelkampus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Emmelkampus&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Emlichheim''; [[Saxonice]] et [[Batavice]] ''Emmelkamp''), sedes administrationis (7.288)
** [[Hoogstede]] (2.883)
** [[Lare]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lare&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/3014/NOB%20XV%20Grafschaft%20Bentheim.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm ''NOB XV Grafschaft Bentheim'']{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''LAAR''' (Gem. Laar, Samtgem. Emlichheim) 1232 (A. 14. Jh.) ''totum Lare cum ecclesia'' (Gesta Episc. Traiect. S. 424 Z. 51) 1312 (Transs. 1332; A.) ''sex domos [...] de Lare'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Laar''; [[Saxonice]] ''Loar'') (2.176)
** [[Ringe]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ringe&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/3014/NOB%20XV%20Grafschaft%20Bentheim.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm ''NOB XV Grafschaft Bentheim''] {{Nexus deficit|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) 1209 ''Rudulfus de Ringe'' (INA Steinfurt Nr. 12 S. 254) 1328 (A.) ''apud Ringhe'' (Racer, Gedenkstukken VI S. 294) 1329 ''domum dictam Herscopinch sitam in legione Righe'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ringe'') (2.081)

* [[Neuenhusa (commune generale)|Neuenhusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Neuenhaus''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neenhuus'') commune generale (13.896)
** [[Aszi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hermann&quot;&gt;Hermann Abels: ''Die Ortsnamen des Emslandes in ihrer sprachlichen und kulturgeschichtlichen Bedeutung''. S. 27f.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Esche'') (573)
** [[Georgsdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Georgsdorf'') (1.280)
** [[Laga (Saxonia Inferior)|Laga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Lage''; [[Saxonice]] ''Loage'') (1.059)
** [[Neuenhusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Neuenhaus''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neenhuus''), urbs et sedes administrationis (9813)
** [[Silva Orientalis (Neuenhusa)|Silva Orientalis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wald&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Wald?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Latinum substantivum &quot;silva-ae&quot; Theodiscum suffixum ''-wald''] vertit.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Orientalis&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/orientalis?wb=gross&amp;nr=3 Theodiscum praefixum ''Ost(er)-'' Latino adiectivo &quot;orientalis-e&quot; vertitur.]&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Osterwald''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wauld'') (1.171)

* [[Schüttorf (commune generale)|Schüttdorf]] commune generale (15.388)
** [[Engda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Engden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Engn'') (432)
** [[Isterberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;  ([[Theodisce]] ''Isterberg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Isterbarg'') (581)
** [[Oen (Saxonia Inferior)|Oen]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NOB XV&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/3014/NOB%20XV%20Grafschaft%20Bentheim.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm ''NOB XV Grafschaft Bentheim''] {{Nexus deficit|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}; ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''de dotali manso ecclesie Oen'' (Niesert, Beiträge I Nr. 83 S. 258) 1110 (A. 14. Jh.) ''de curia Oen'' (Niesert, Beiträge I Nr. 83 S. 258) 1110 (A. 14. Jh.) ''de domo Bernhardi Oen'' (Niesert, Beiträge I Nr. 83 S. 258) um 1150 ''in Toń'' (Urb. Werden I S. 234 Z. 19) 1188-1331 (A. 1331) ''in parrochia On'' (Philippi/Bannier, Güterverzeichnis S. 420) 1213 ''in parochia On'' (Niesert, Urkundensammlung IV Nr. 48 S. 188) 1263 ''de domo Herewici de One'' (WUB III Nr. 706 S. 366) 1282-1306 (A. Mitte 16. Jh.) ''curtem dictam Runhoff in parochia On'' (...) ''in parrochia On'' (...) ''domum des Doven in parochia Oen'' (...) ''curtem dictam Ruvenhoff, Cortehus in parochia On'' (...) ''in parochia Oen'' (Bruns, LB Steinfurt Nr. K53 S. 58) 1367 ''in parrochia, in qua et legione dictis Oen'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ohne'') (572)
** [[Quenethorpe]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Quenethorpe&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/3014/NOB%20XV%20Grafschaft%20Bentheim.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm ''NOB XV Grafschaft Bentheim.''] {{Nexus deficit|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''1197 Euerhardus de Quenethorpe'' (WUB II Cod. Nr. 564 S. 250) 1209 ''Everhardus de Quenethorp'' (INA Steinfurt Nr. 12 S. 254) 1248 ''Everhardo de Quenedorp'' (Osnabrücker UB II Nr. 525 S. 414) 1271 ''Everhadus de Quendhorpe'' (Osnabrücker UB III Nr. 443 S. 303) 1272 ''Everhardo de Quenthorpe'' (WUB III Nr. 926 S. 481) 1277 ''Everardo de Quedendorp'' (Oorkondenboek Utrecht IV Nr. 1940 S. 180) 1298 ''Frederico et Gerhardo fratribus de Quendorpe'' (WUB III Nr. 1600 S. 834) 1305 (A. 1492-1500) ''famulos de Quendorpe'' (Wilkens, Geschichte Nr. 11 S. 51) 1306 ''dicti de Quendorpe'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Quendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Quendrup'') (548)
** [[Samern]] (745)
** [[Schüttorf]], oppidum et sedes administrationis (12.510)

* [[Uelsen (commune generale)|Uelsen]] commune generale (11.169)
** [[Geteloha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-loha&quot;&gt;Germanica praesentia aut antiqua toponyma cum suffixis ''-loh(e)'' et ''-lo'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-loha-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ascloha]], [[Buohloha]], [[Eiloha]], [[Hadaloha]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Getelo''; [[Saxonice]] ''Getel'') (550)
** [[Golencampus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;campus-i&quot;&gt;[https://ewa.saw-leipzig.de/articles/80250/en?utm Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-kamp'' seu ''-kampf'' seu ''-camp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-campus-i&quot;], quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Gölenkamp''; [[Saxonice]] ''Göllenkamp'') (588)
** [[Halla (Comitatus Binethensis)|Halla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Halla prope Neuenhusam&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Halle'' plerumque toponymo &quot;Halla-ae&quot; latinizatur. Qua de latinizatione, vide complures Hallae apud [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Halle'') (663)
** [[Itterbecca]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-ecca&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ec(k)'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-ecca-ae&quot; seu &quot;-eca-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-ec, -eck''' : -''ecca'', -''ēca'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Itterbeck'') (1.760)
** [[Uelsen]], sedes administrationis (5.468)
** [[Wielen]] (551)
** [[Wilsum]] (1.589)

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat|Landkreis Grafschaft Bentheim|circulum in comitatu Binethensi}}
[http://www.grafschaft-bentheim.de Pagina officialis]


{{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}}

{{geo-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Binethensis comitatus circulus}}
[[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1885]]</text>
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    <title>Circulus Terrae Emesensis</title>
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{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}}

[[Fasciculus:Hoeltingmuehle_Meppen.jpg|thumb|left|In urbe [[Meppea]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; flumina [[Amisia]] et [[Hasa]] confluunt.]]
[[Fasciculus:Municipalities in EL.svg|300px|right|Communia in circulo Terrae Emesensis]]

'''Circulus Terrae Emesensis'''&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Terrae Altenburgensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Emsland'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) et Latinum &quot;terra,-ae&quot; Theodiscum lexema ''-land'' vertit et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Emesensis,-e&quot; ad flumen [[Amisia|Emesam]] refertur. De hoc hydronymo, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Landkreis Emsland''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Oamselound''), pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], anno [[1977]] conditus est e pristinis circulis Aschendorfensi-Humlingensi, Meppea atque partibus circuli Lingae. Caput circuli urbs [[Meppea]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; est.

== Historia ==
Terra Emesensis a medioaevo ad annum [[1802]] ad [[Dioecesis Monasteriensis|principatum episcopalem Monasterii]] pertinebat. Ab anno [[1806]] ad [[Magnus Ducatus Montensis|Magnum Ducatum Montensem]] pertinebat, ab anno [[1810]] ad [[Primum Imperium Francicum]]. [[Napoleo I (imperator Franciae)|Napoleone]] imperatore victo Terra Emesensis ab anno [[1814]] ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinebat. Anno [[1885]] circuli Aschendorfensis, Humlingensis, Meppea et Linga conditi sunt. Anno [[1932]] circuli Aschendorfensis et Humlingensis coniuncti sunt. Tempore dictaturae [[NSDAP|Nazistarum]] in Terra Emesensi multa castra carceralia condita sunt. Post [[Secundum Bellum Mundanum]] [[Nederlandia]] agrum circuli reparationis causa postulavit neque tamen multum adipisci potuit&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-44435312.html Der Spiegel die 1 Ianuarii 1949]&lt;/ref&gt;. Pars Terrae Emesensis etiam a captivis liberatis Polonicis ad annum [[1948]] ut &quot;Area occupationis Polonica&quot; administrabatur&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.deutschlandradiokultur.de/1945-als-das-emsland-polnisch-war.1001.de.html?dram:article_id=155820 deutschlandradiokultur.de die 24 Iunii 2005]&lt;/ref&gt;. Ab anno [[1946]] Circulus Binethensis pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Numerus incolarum tum multis hominibus auctus est, qui e Germania Orientali fugati erant. Anno [[1977]] circulus Terrae Emesensis conditus est ex antiquis circulis Aschendorfensi-Humlingensi, Meppea atque partibus circuli Lingae.

== Communia circuli ==
Haec sunt 60 communia huius circuli, quae partim ad communia generalia coniuncti sunt:

* [[Emsbura]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Emsbüren''; [[Saxonice]] ''Büren'') (9903 incolae)
* [[Geesta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Geeste''; [[Saxonice]] ''Choeiste'') (11.260)
* [[Harna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Haren''), urbs (23.255)
* [[Hretha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hretha&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.heimatverein-rhede-ems.de/tag/ortsnamen/?utm ''Heimatverein Rhede (Ems)''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Im Jahre 829 erscheint der einstämmige Orsname als Villa (Dorf) Hretha (mit latinisierter Endung -a) (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Rhede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Rheen'') (4175)
* [[Linga (Amisia)|Linga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lingen''), magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] (52.503)
* [[Lunne]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lunne&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/haseluenne/?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''] {{Nexus deficit|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''civibus opidi nostri in Lunne'' (...)&quot;. Latinum autem gentilicium &quot;Haselunnensis-e&quot; est. Quo de gentilicio, vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Haselünne''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Lünne''), urbs (12.504)
* [[Meppea]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Meppen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Möppen''), commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]] (34.549)
* [[Papenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum,-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Papenburg''), urbs (35.981)
* [[Salzbergen]] (7535)
* [[Twist]] (9499)

* [[Frera (commune generale)|Frera]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Freren'') commune generale (10.304)
** [[Andervenia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;&gt;Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Bremensis et Verdensis: De ecclesiis, archidiaconatuis et pagis ditionis Rotenburgensis (Caput de parochia Ahusii)''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Lunaeburgensis: De ecclesiis, archidiaconatuis et parochiis ditionis Osnabrugensis (Caput de antiqua parochia Alfhusii)''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Lunaeburgensis: De ecclesiis, archidiaconatuis et parochiis ditionis Osnabrugensis et Comitatus Lingensis (Caput de parochia Anderveniae)''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Andervenne'') (879)
** [[Bestena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Jellinghaus 1923&quot;&gt;Jellinghaus, H. (1923). ''Die westfälischen Ortsnamen nach ihren Bestandteilen''' (III ed.). Ferdinand Schöningh.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Beesten'') (1597)
** [[Frera]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Freren''), urbs et sedes administrationis (5000)
** [[Masingi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Messingen&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/2258/WOB%2011%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Kreises%20Paderborn.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm ''WOB 11 Die Ortsnamen des Kreises Paderborn''] {{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''silva Masingorum'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Messingen'') (1058)
** Thuine (1770)

* [[Herzlaka (commune generale)|Herzlaka]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Herzlake''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hässelke'') commune generale (10.050)
** [[Dohra (Terra Emesensis)|Dohra]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dohren '') (1097)
** [[Herzlaka]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Herzlake''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hässelke''), sedes administrationis (4248)
** [[Lahda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Lähden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Löhn'') (4705)

* [[Lengirichi (commune generale)|Lengirichi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lengirichi&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/Fontes/AltdeutschesNamenbuch-Bd2OrtsnamenLbisZ-3A-1913.pdf?utm ''AltdeutschesNamenbuch''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) 2) Lengerich an der Wallage, Kr. Lingen (...) Lengirichi Osnabr. Ukb. ca. a. 1000. (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Lengerich''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lengerke'') commune generale (9093)
** [[Bawinkelum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Moser 1738&quot;&gt;Moser, J. J. (1738). ''Bibliotheca Iuris Publici S. R. I. Germanici: Specially regarding the territories of Westphalia and Lower Saxony''. Typis Ioannis Georgii Cottae.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Bawinkel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bowinkel'') (2359)
** [[Gersta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a,-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gersten'') (1209)
** [[Hantharpa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-tharpa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-trup'' seu ''-drup'' seu ''-trop'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-tharpa,-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Butilingtharpa]], [[Graftharpa]], [[Gumorodingtharpa]], [[Haringtharpa]], [[Heppingtharpa]], [[Holttharpa]], [[Hurstharpa]], [[Kathingtharpa]], [[Kiedeningtharpa]], [[Marastharpa]], [[Markiligtharpa]], [[Meinbrahtingtharpa]], [[Peingtharpa]], [[Radistharpa]], [[Sutharpa]], [[Tettingtharpa]], [[Vilomaringtharpa]], [[Winikingtharpa]], [[Varetharpa]], [[Vrilingtharpa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Handrup'') (841)
** [[Langa (Circulus Terrae Emesensis)|Langa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Langen'') (1451)
** [[Lengirichi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lengirichi&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Lengerich''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lengerke''), sedes administrationis (2658)
** [[Wettrup]] (575)

* [[Lethi (commune generale)|Lethi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lethi&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/lathen/?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Kkirchengemeindelexikon''] {{Nexus deficit|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Urkundlich ist der Ort im Emsland erstmals als ''Lethi'' im Urbar der Abtei Werden erwähnt; der Eintrag lässt sich auf das 10. Jh. datieren (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Lathen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Laothen'') commune generale (11.237)
** [[Fresenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum,-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Fresenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Fräsenborg'') (909)
** [[Langa Inferior]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Nieder&quot;&gt;Theodiscum praefixum ''Nieder-'' Latino adiectivo &quot;inferior-ius&quot; vertitur. V.gr., cf. [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniam Inferiorem]].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Niederlangen''; [[[Saxonice]] ''Nederlangen'') (1208)
** [[Langa Superior]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ober&quot;&gt;Theodiscum praefixum ''Ober-'' Latino adiectivo &quot;superior-ius&quot; vertitur. V.gr. Cf. [[Austria Superior|Austriam Superiorem]].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Oberlangen'') (951)
** [[Lethi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lethi&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Lathen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Laothen''), sedes administrationis (6159)
** [[Renkenberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga,-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Renkenberge'') (715)
** [[Sustrum]] (1295)

* [[Nordhummlinga (commune generale)|Nordhummlinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga,-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Nordhümmling'') commune generale (12.005)
** [[Bochorstia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Erhard 1851&quot;&gt;Erhard, H. A. (Ed.) (1851). ''Regesta Historiae Westfaliae: Accedit Codex Diplomaticus/Regesten der Geschichte Westfalens''. Regensberg.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bockhorst''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baukhast'')(987)
** [[Breddenberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilmans &amp; Hoogeweg VI 1898&quot;&gt;Wilmans, R., &amp; Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.). (1898). ''Westfälisches Urkundenbuch: Band 6. Die Urkunden des Bisthums Minden und angrenzender Gebiete''. [[Monasterium (Germania)|Monasterii]]: Regensberg'schen Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Breddenberg'') (788)
** [[Esterwega]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Esterwegen''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Äästerweede''), sedes administrationis (5179)
** [[Palus Hilcae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hilkenbrook&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Hilkenbrook'', quamquam hodiernum est, syntagmate ''Palus Hilcae'' Latine verti potest. Nomen Germanicum ''Hilcke'', variatio nominis Theodisci ''Hilken-'', apud Stark ad formam Latinam &quot;Hilca,-ae&quot; refertur, quae saeculo XII testata est (''Monumenta Garsensia'', n. 37; ''Monumenta Boica'' I, 27): Stark, F. (1866), ''Die Kosenamen der Germanen'', p. 318. Brook, i. e. bruoh «Sumpf, sumpfiges Gelände», Latine &quot;palus, paludis&quot; reddi potest. Itaque, anthroponomycum praefixum ''Hilken-'' ad nomen ''Hilca'' relatum et suffixum ''-brook'' per vocabulum &quot;palus, paludis&quot; redditum, ''Hilkenbrook'' interpretari licet &quot;Palus Hilcae&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hilkenbrook'') (806)
** [[Surwold]] (4245)

* [[Sögel (commune generale)|Sögel]] commune generale (15.997)
** [[Bernsium Minus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bernsium&quot;&gt;Vide [https://emslaendische-landschaft.de/images/AFEL/Publikationen/Zeitschriften/Band_22/Heft_109_Mai_2011.pdf?utm ], ubi dicitur &quot;(...)Berßen, Groß oder Klein(...) Bernsium (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;&gt;De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum &quot;Klein&quot; et &quot;Gross&quot; per Latina &quot;Minor,-oris&quot; et &quot;Maior, maius&quot;, vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Klein Berßen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lütke Bässen'') (1127)
** [[Bernsium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Kaemling 1987&quot;&gt;Kaemling, ''Atlas zur Geschichte Niedersachsens'' (1987).&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Berßen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groten Bässen'') (656)
** [[Burgium (Saxonia Inferior)|Burgium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Remling VII 2026&quot;&gt;Remling, L. (2026). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Emsland''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Börger''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borger'') (2747)
** [[Huvenni]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Huvenni&quot;&gt;Vide [https://dokumen.pub/suffixbildungen-in-alten-ortsnamen-akten-eines-internationalen-symposiums-in-uppsala-14-16-mai-2004-9185352578.html?utm ''Suffixbildungen in alten Ortsnamen: Akten eines internationalen Symposiums in Uppsala 14.-16. Mai 2004 9185352578''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Hüven (Kr. Emsland), 10. Jh. (Kopie 15. Jh.) in Huvenni (Möller 1998 S. 101, Udolph 2002a S. 238) (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hüven'') (519)
** [[Sögel]], sedes administrationis (7335)
** [[Spahnharrenstätte]] (1511)
** [[Stavern]] (1066)
** [[Werpeloh]] (1036)

* [[Spella (commune generale)|Spella]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Spella&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.emsland.com/la/tour/emsland-route-395-km?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''www.esland.com''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) A Spella ad Rhenum: circiter XVI km (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Spelle'') commune generale (13.018)
** [[Lunni (commune generale Spella)|Lunni]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lunni&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/Fontes/AltdeutschesNamenbuch-Bd2OrtsnamenLbisZ-3A-1913.pdf?utm ''Altdeutsches Namenbuch''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Lunni.''' 9. 1) Altlünne bei Plantlünne (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lünne'') (1877)
** [[Schapen]] (2327)
** [[Spella]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Spella&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Spelle''), sedes administrationis (8814)

* [[Thorpum (commune generale)|Thorpum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Thorpum&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/ZIER-HP/ZIER-HP-06-2016/AAAKoeblerGerhardDorfinderdeutschenOrtsgeschichte20160831-7111.htm ''www.koeblergerhard.de''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Dörpen''', 9. Jh., bei Aschendorf nördlich Meppens, F2-1090 THURP (Dorf) Dorfa (7), Thorpum (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dörpen'') commune generale (16.140)
** [[Clusa (Saxonia Inferior)|Clusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Kluse&quot;&gt;Theodiscum Saxonicumque toponymum ''Kluse'' derivatur a Medio-Latino vocabulo &quot;clūsa&quot;, &quot;angustum montium aditum, locum clausum&quot; significante, quae ad Latinum verbum &quot;claudere&quot; refertur; cf. Kluge, ''Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache'', s.v. ''Klause'', ubi Mediaevali Theodisco vocabulo ''klûse'', Antiquo Theodisco vocabulo ''chlûsa'' ex [[Latinitas medii aevi|Mediaevali Latino vocabulo]] &quot;clausa, clusa&quot; deducitur, et Lühr, ''Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen'', V, s.v. ''klûsa'', ubi Antiquum Theodiscum vocabulum ''klûsa'', ''Einfriedung, Engpass'' significans, ex [[Latinitas medii aevi|Mediaevali Latino vocabulo]] &quot;clūsa&quot; explicatur. Inde Theodiscum Saxonicumque toponymum ''Kluse'' ortum est.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Kluse'') (1587)
** [[Dersum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egger 1977&quot;&gt;Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Dersum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Derßm'') (1466)
** [[Heeda (Terra Emesensis)|Heeda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Heede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Häie'') (2419)
** [[Leha (Terrae Emesensis)|Leha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a,-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Lehe''; [[Saxonice]] ''Läie'') (999)
** [[Nova Leha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Neu&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Neulehe'') (762)
** [[Novum Burgium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Neu&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Neu?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum adiectivum aut praefixum ''Neu(-)'' in Latinum adiectivum &quot;novus,-a,-um&quot;] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Remling VII 2026&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Neubörger''; [[Saxonice]] ''Naiboorger'') (1544)
** [[Thorpum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Thorpum&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dörpen''), sedes administrationis (4983)
** [[Walchum]] (1457)
** [[Wippingen]] (923)

* [[Werlte]] commune generale (16.749)
** [[Ladorpe]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Abels 1929&quot;&gt;Abels, H. (1929). ''Die Ortsnamen des Emslandes, in ihrer sprachlichen und kulturgeschichtlichen Bedeutung''. [[Paderbronna]]e: Ferdinand Schöningh.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Lorup''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loorp''; [[Saxonice]] ''Loorpe'') (3184)
** [[Lahna (Saxonia Inferior)|Lahna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lahna&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Lahn'' forma &quot;Lahna&quot; latinizari solet. Cf. [[Limburgum ad Lahnam]] et [[Laugana|Lahnam]] apud [http://www.archive.org/stream/a568395900unknuoft/a568395900unknuoft_djvu.txt ''Further correspondence respecting the relations existing between foreign governments and the court of Rome: in continuation of papers presented to the Parliament,'' March 27, 1851].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Lahn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lohn'') (897)
** [[Rastdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium,-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Rastdorf'') (1015)
** [[Vrees]] (1695)
** [[Werlte]], sedes administrationis (9958), sed etiam oppidum ab anno 2017 est.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat|Landkreis Emsland|circulum Terrae Emesensis}}
* [http://www.emsland.de Pagina officialis circuli]

{{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}}

{{geo-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Binethensis comitatus circulus}}
[[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1977]]</text>
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    <title>Antonius Piso</title>
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{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}

{{res|Antonius Piso}} ([[Francogallice]] ''Antoine Le Pois'' natus [[Nanceium|Nancei]] circa [[1515]]; ibidem mortuus anno [[1575]]) fuit primus [[medicus]] [[Carolus III (dux Lotharingiae)|Caroli III]] [[Lotharingia]]e&lt;ref&gt;Illo tempore Lotharingia nondum pars Franciae erat.&lt;/ref&gt; ducis, et [[nummus|numismatista]].

Antonius, cuiusdam Ludovici {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Apothecarius|apothecarii|en|qid=Q1131236}} [[filius]], medicinae [[Lutetia]]e studuit, ubi [[discipulus]] [[Iacobus Sylvius|Iacobi Sylvii]] fuit. Postea [[Nanceium]] rediit, ubi numismata et antiquas [[gemma (lapis)|gemmas]] incisas colligere coepit. De ea re in honorem patroni sui, qui eodem studio delectabatur, librum Francogallice composuit ''Discours sur les médalles et graveures antiques, principalement romaines'' inscriptum,&lt;ref&gt;''Discours sur les médalles et graveures antiques, principalement romaines: Plus une exposition particuliere de quelques planches ou tables''. A Paris, Par Mamert Patisson Imprimeur du Roy, au logis de Robert Estienne M.D.LXXIX.&lt;/ref&gt; quem frater minor Nicolaus (et ipse medicus) post [[auctor]]is mortem anno 1579 Lutetiae publicavit.

Hic liber est prima dissertatio Francogallica quae non tam testimoniis auctorum antiquorum quam ipsis numismatibus in cimeliarchio&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.dicolatin.com/Latin/Lemme/0/CIMELIARCHIUM/index.html Ad usum tironum]&lt;/ref&gt; auctoris collectis innititur. Ante Pisonem [[Aeneas Vicus]] (''Discorsi sopra le medaglie de gli antichi'', 1555) et [[Sebastianus Erizzo]] (''Discorso sopra le medaglie degli antichi'', 1559) dissertationes eiusdem generis, siquidem gemmas exceperis, [[Italiane]] ediderant. In praefatione Piso confitetur sibi expeditius fuisse de tali argumento [[Latine]] scribere, quoniam ipsa verba e fontibus repetisset, aliter tamen fecisse quia non tantum a doctis sed ab omnibus antiquitatum amatoribus intelligi voluerat. Ut Sebastianus Erizzo Piso secundam partem addidit, qua commentariis suis nummos et gemmas e sua collectione selectas illustrat, quae quidem aliquid ad antiquitatem cognoscendam conferant.

Illa numismata et gemmae aeri incisae viginti tabulis exeunte volumine positis conspiciuntur. In quibus tabulis monogramma chalcographi [[Petrus Woeriot|Petri Woeriot]] agnoscitur. Praestantis operis sunt illae [[chalcographia]]e et, quia magno constabant, ipsum ducem Carolum III impensis de suo contulisse ex epistola dedicatoria accepimus. Praeterea nonnulli buxei&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.dicolatin.com/Latin/Lemme/0/BUXEUS/index.html Ad usum tironum qui Latine nondum sciunt.]&lt;/ref&gt; typi (sigilla et nummi) intra textum impressi sunt.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Robertus Brun, ''Le livre français illustré de la Renaissance : étude suivie du catalogue des principaux livres à figures du XVIe siècle'', A. et J. Picard, 1969 : 97-99, 237-238.
* Alain Cullière, «[https://www.academia.edu/119432981/Le_go%C3%BBt_des_m%C3%A9dailles_en_Lorraine_au_temps_de_Charles_III_Antoine_Le_Pois_et_Cl%C3%A9ment_Th%C3%A9venin  Le goût des médailles en Lorraine au temps de Charles III. Antoine Le Pois et Clément Thévenin] », ''Annales de l’Est,'' 73&lt;sup&gt;e&lt;/sup&gt; année, 2023, n° 1, p. 283-313.
*C.E. Dekesel, ''Bibliotheca nummaria : bibliography of 16th century numismatic books : illustrated and annotated catalogue'',  London : Spink, 1997
* Leopoldus Iosephus Renauldin, ''Etudes historiques et critiques sur les médecins numismatistes, contenant leur biographie et l'analyse de leurs écrits'', Parisiis, 1851 : 71-75. [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101017409580;view=1up;seq=9 Hic legere potes]
* Iohannes-Michael Simon, ''Le monnayage gentilice de la République romaine vu par les érudits des XVIe et XVIIe siècles'' , [[Schola Chartarum (Lutetia)|Schola Chartarum]], 1989. [http://catalogue.enc.sorbonne.fr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=94166&amp;shelfbrowse_itemnumber=125365] [https://books.google.fr/books?id=jQG8-b8IT2AC&amp;pg=PA197&amp;lpg=PA197&amp;dq=simon+jean+michel+monnayage+gentili Nonnullae paginae huius dissertationis breviarii apud Googlebooks]

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5861244r/f401.item.r=bibliotheque%20lorraine ''Bibliothèque lorraine'' (1751) : biographia Pisonum]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20260402064555/https://numelyo.bm-lyon.fr/f_view/BML:BML_02EST01000F16WOE000237 Vultus Antonii Pisonis aeri incisus]
* [https://books.google.fr/books?id=ew9cAAAAcAAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Textus tractatus ''Discours sur les medalles''...]

{{Lifetime|1525|1578|Piso, Antonius}}
[[Categoria:Auctores Latini]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Lotharingiae]]
[[Categoria:Medici Franciae]]
[[Categoria:Numismatistae]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Franciae]]</text>
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    <title>De origine actibusque Getarum</title>
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[[Fasciculus:Bav pal lat 920 f 49r.jpeg|thumb|Titulus operis ''De origine actibusque Getarum'' in libro manu scripto saec. IX ([[Bibliotheca Apostolica Vaticana]] MS Pal. lat. 920 f. 49r)]]

{{ores|De origine actibusque Getarum}} vel {{ores|Getica}} est opus de [[Historia|rebus gestis]] [[Gothi|Gothorum]], [[Latine]] anno [[551]] ab [[Iordanes|Iordane]] scriptum.

Summarium est [[Cassiodorus|Cassiodori]] perditi operis ''[[Historia Gothorum (Cassiodorus)|Libri XII De Rebus Gestis Gothorum]]'' titulo, rege [[Theodericus (rex Ostrogothorum)|Theodorico]] iubente compositi. Iordanis documentum magni momenti est ad clarandam historiam populorum «barbaricorum» dictorum et ad sciendam [[Antiquitas posterior|antiquitatem Romanam posteriorem]].&lt;ref&gt;Katalin Escher, ''Le dossier Attila'', Errance, 2007, p. 30&lt;/ref&gt; Inter illustria proelia quae ibi descripta sunt, inveniuntur [[direptio Romae (410)|direptio Romae]] ab [[Alaricus I (rex Visigothorum)|Alarico I]] atque [[Pugna Catalaunica]] quae, anno [[451]], opposuit [[Attila (rex Hunnorum)|Attilae]] [[Hunni|Hunnos]] gregibus ad [[Flavius Aetius|Aetii]] Romanos iunctis. Ad illa ''Getica'', ''[[De origine actibusque Romanorum (Iordanes)|De summa temporum vel origine actibusque gentis Romanorum]]'' vel ''Romana'' eiusdem [[Historicus|historici]] annexa est.

== Editiones et versiones&lt;ref&gt;Indicem editionum locupletiorem habes apud {{qc|id= Mommsen, ed. (1882)}} [https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_auct_ant_5_1/index.htm#page/LXX/mode/1up pp. lxx-lxxi]&lt;/ref&gt; ==
* 1515 : [[Conradus Peutingerus]], ed. Augustae Vindelicorum
* 1531 : [[Beatus Rhenanus]], ed. Basileae
* 1531 : {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Leunclavius||de|qid=Q96077}}, ed. Basileae
* 1579, deinde 1583 : {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Gulielmus Fornerius|G. Fornerius|d|qid=Q61475936}}, &amp;#91;{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Petrus Pithoeus||fr|qid=Q2093849}},&amp;#93; edd., ''Magni Aurelii Cassiodori Senatoris v.c. Variarum libri XII &amp; Chronicon, ad Theodericum regem; Jordani episcopi Ravennatis De origine actibusque Getarum ...'' Parisiis: apud Sebastianum Nivellium; [https://numelyo.bm-lyon.fr/f_view/BML:BML_00GOO0100137001101380389# Textus apud Lugdunenses] {{Nexus deficit|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
** editio 1589 aliis textibus aucta; [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k8707382c Textus apud Gallica] 
** editio 1595 iterum aucta; [https://www.e-rara.ch/doi/10.3931/e-rara-6768 Textus apud e-Rara]
* 1594 : {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Simon Goulart||fr|qid=Q685610}}, ed., ''Iustiniani Augusti historia, in qua bellum Persicum in Asia, Vandilicum in Africa, Gothicum in Europa ... opera autem et studio Procopii Caesariensis, Agathiae Myrrinaei, Iornandis Alani descriptum continetur, quibus subiuncti sunt Procopiis De Iustiniani aedificiis et Iornandis De regnorum et temporum successione liber''. Genevae : apud Franciscum Le Preux, 1594; [https://www.e-rara.ch/gep_g/content/titleinfo/1752504 Textus apud e-Rara]
* 1609 : &amp;#91;{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Petrus Brosseus||d|qid=Q120897812}}, ed.,&amp;#93;&lt;ref&gt;[https://bureaudumercure.org/mercure/person/147039 De Petro Brosseo]{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; “Chronica Iordani episcopi Ravennatis civitatis De origine et vocabulis gentis Gothorum” in ''M. Aurelii Cassiodori Senatoris v.c. opera omnia'' (Aureliae Allobrogum [i.e. Genavae]: Chouët) pp. 1370-1475; [https://www.e-rara.ch/zut/content/zoom/10606914 Textus apud e-Rara]. — Reimpressum 1622, 1637, 1656
* 1603 [re vera 1703] : &amp;#91;{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Jean-Baptiste Drouet de Maupertuy||d|qid=Q56064726}}, interpr.,&amp;#93; ''Histoire générale des Goths, traduite du latin de Jornandès archevêque de Ravenne''. Lutetiae: chez la veuve de Claude Barbin; [https://numelyo.bm-lyon.fr/f_view/BML:BML_00GOO0100137001101914880# Textus apud Lugdunenses] {{Nexus deficit|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* 1842 : {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Augustus Savagner||fr|qid=Q4403673}}, interpr., ''Jornandès: De la succession des royaumes et des temps et De l'origine et des actes des Goths''. Lutetiae: Panckoucke; [https://numelyo.bm-lyon.fr/f_view/BML:BML_00GOO0100137001100092662# Textus apud Lugdunenses] {{Nexus deficit|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}; [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1421292x apud Gallica]; [[:c:File:De la succession des royaumes et des temps et de l'origine et des actes des Goths (IA b29338992).pdf|apud Communia]]
* 1851 : G. Fournier de Moujan, interpr., “Jornandès”, in [[Carolus Nisard|Charles Nisard]], ed., ''Ammien Marcellin, Jornandès, Frontin (les Stratagèmes), Végèce, Modestus, avec la traduction en français'' (Lutetiae: Dubochet, Le Chevalier et comp.) [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6148645p/f430.item pp. 411-500]. — Reimpressum 1869?
* 1882 : Alfred Holder, ed., ''Iordanis De origine actibusque Getarum''. Freiburg i. B.: Mohr [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1421292x/ Textus]
* 1882 : {{ec|id= Mommsen, ed. (1882)|c= [[Theodorus Mommsenus|Theodorus Mommsen]], ed., ''Iordanis Romana et Getica'' (''[[Monumenta Germaniae Historica]]: Auctores antiquissimi'' 5 i). Berolini: apud Weidmannos, 1882 }};  [https://www.mgh.de/dmgh/resolving/MGH_Auct._Ant._5,1 Textus]
* 1884 : Wilhelm Martens, interpr., ''Jordanes Gotengeschichte nebst Auszügen aus seiner Römischen Geschichte.'' Lipsiae: Franz Duncker. — Reimpressum: Lipsiae, 1913; Assindiae, 1985/1986. ISBN 3-88851-076-7 {{Ling|Theodisce}}; [[:c:File:Jordanes Gothengeschichte, nebst Auszügen aus seiner römischen Geschichte, übers von Wilhelm Martens, Leipzig, Duncker 1884 ,VIII, 124 S, Die Geschichtschreiber der deutschen Vorzeit, 5, Sechstes Jahrhundert.pdf|Textus apud Communia]] 
* 1908 : Charles C. Mierow, ed., ''Jordanes: The Origin and Deeds of the Goths in English version: part of a thesis''. Princetoniae; [https://archive.org/details/origindeedsofgot00jord/ Textus]
* 1915 : Charles Christopher Mierow, ed., ''The Gothic History of Jordanes''. Princetoniae: Princeton University Press; [https://archive.org/details/gothichistoryofj00jord_0/ Textus]
* 1960 : Е. Ч. Скржинской, ed., ''Иордан. О происхождении и деяниях гетов''. Moscuae: Издательство восточной литературы, 1960. — 2a ed.: Petroburgi: Алетейя, 1997. ISBN 5-89329-030-1
* 1991 : Francesco Giunta, Antonino Grillone, edd., ''Iordanis de origine actibusque Getarum'' (''Fonti per la Storia d’Italia'', 117). Romae: Istituto Storico Italiano per il Medio Evo,1991
* 1995 : Olivier Devillers, interpr., ''Jordanès, Histoire des Goths''. Lutetiae: Les Belles Lettres. ISBN 9782251339276
* 2012 : Lenelotte Möller, interpr., ''Jordanes: Die Gotengeschichte''. Aquis Mattiacis: Marix, 2012. ISBN 978-3-86539-288-6
* 2017 : Antonino Grillone, ed. et interpr, ''Iordanes: Getica''. Lutetiae
* 2020 : Peter Van Nuffelen, Lieve Van Hoof, interprr., ''Jordanes: Romana and Getica'' (''Translated texts for historians''). Liverpolii: Liverpool University Press, 2020

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Barry Baldwin, &quot;The Purpose of the &quot;Getica&quot;&quot; in ''Hermes'' vol. 107 (1979) pp. 489-492; [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4476137 JSTOR]
* Dennis R. Bradley, &quot;&quot;In Altum Laxare Vela Compulsus&quot;: The 'Getica' of Jordanes&quot; in ''Hermes'' vol. 121 (1993) pp. 211-236; [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4476955 JSTOR]
* {{ec|id= Christensen (2002)|c= Arne Søby Christensen, ''Cassiodorus, Jordanes, and the History of the Goths. Studies in a Migration Myth''. Hauniae: Museum Tusculanum Press, 2002. ISBN 978-87-7289-710-3 }}
* Marco Cristini, “Vergil among the Goths: a Note on Iordanes, Getica 44” in ''Rheinisches Museum für Philologie'' vol. 163 (2020) pp. 235–240; [https://www.jstor.org/stable/45387783 JSTOR]
* Brian Croke, “Cassiodorus and the Getica of Jordanes” in ''Classical Philology'' vol. 82 (1987); [https://www.jstor.org/stable/270102 JSTOR]
* Brian Croke, “Jordanes and the immediate past” in ''Historia'' vol. 54 (2005)
* Florin Curta, &quot;Hiding Behind a Piece of Tapestry: Jordanes and the Slavic Venethi&quot; in ''Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas'' n.s. vol. 47 (1999) pp. 321-340; [https://www.jstor.org/stable/41050400 JSTOR]
* Gilbert Dagron, “[https://www.persee.fr/doc/ahess_0395-2649_1971_num_26_2_422358 Une lecture de Cassiodore-Jordanès: les Goths de Scandza à Ravenne]” in ''Annales'' vol. 26 (1971) pp. 290-305
* Patrick Gautier Dalché, “[https://www.academia.edu/79353522/Cassiodore_Jordanès_et_les_Getica Cassiodore, Jordanès et les Getica]” in ''Revue d'Histoire des Textes'' n.s. vol. 4 (2009) pp. 277-287 
* F. Giunta, ''Jordanes e la cultura dell'alto medio evo: contributo allo studio del problema gotico''. Palermo, 1952; [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2847039 recensio huius operis]
* Walter Goffart, &quot;Jordanes's &quot;Getica&quot; and the Disputed Authenticity of Gothic Origins from Scandinavia&quot; in ''Speculum'' vol. 80 (2005) pp. 379-398; [https://www.jstor.org/stable/20463271 JSTOR]
* Peter Heather, ''Goths and Romans, 332–489''. Oxonii: Oxford University Press, 1991; [https://www.jstor.org/stable/710673 recensio huius operis apud JSTOR]; [https://www.jstor.org/stable/301042 alia]; [https://www.jstor.org/stable/24449540 alia]; [https://www.jstor.org/stable/23040997 alia]
* Hans-Jürgen Hube, ed., ''Ostgoten-Saga''. Aquis Mattiacis: Marix-Verlag, 2010. ISBN 978-3-86539-248-0
* Michael Kulikowski, ''Die Goten vor Rom''. Stutgardiae: Theiss, 2009. ISBN 978-3-8062-2198-5
* John H. W. G. Liebeschuetz, “Making a Gothic History: does the Getica of Jordanes preserve genuinely Gothic Traditions?” in ''Journal of Late Antiquity'' vol. 4 (2011) pp. 185–216
* A. H. Merrills, ''History and Geography in Late Antiquity''. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press, 2005
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Arnaldus Momigliano|Arnaldo Momigliano|it|qid=Q644418}}, &quot;Cassiodorus and Italian culture of his time&quot; in ''Proceedings of the British Academy'' vol. 41 (1955) pp. 207-245
* James J. O'Donnell, “[https://web.archive.org/web/20060323010029/http://it.geocities.com/paginedistoria/odonnell.html The aims of Jordanes]” in ''Historia'' vol. 31 (1982) pp. 223–240 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4435803 JSTOR]
* Brian Swain, &quot;Jordanes and Virgil: a case study of intertextuality in the Getica&quot; in ''Classical Quarterly'' vol. 60 (May 2010) pp. 243-249; [https://www.jstor.org/stable/40984752 JSTOR]
* Lieve Van Hoof, &quot;Vergilian Allusions in the Getica of Jordanes&quot; in ''Latomus'' vol. 78 (2019) pp. 170-185 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/48764036 JSTOR]
* Herwig Wolfram; Thomas J. Dunlap, interpr., ''History of the Goths''. Berkeleiae: University of California Press, 1988. ISBN 0-520-06 983-8
* Ian Wood, recensio operis {{qc|id= Christensen (2002)}} in ''Historisk Tidsskrift'' vol. 103 (2003) pp. 465-484 [https://tidsskrift.dk/historisktidsskrift/article/view/56078 Textus]

== Nexus externi ==
* [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/iordanes.html Textus Iordanis] in www.theLatinLibrary.com {{Ling|Latine}}
* ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20000815215108/http://www.acs.ucalgary.ca/~vandersp/Courses/texts/jordgeti.htm The Origin and Deeds of the Goths]'' a Carolo C. Mierow conversum {{Ling|Anglice}}
* [https://bkv.unifr.ch/de/works/cpl-913/versions/das-buch-des-jordanis-von-der-herkunft-und-den-taten-der-goten/divisions/2 Versio Theodisca]
* [[Bibliotheca Apostolica Vaticana]] MS Pal. lat. 920: [https://bibliotheca-laureshamensis-digital.de/bav/bav_pal_lat_920 catalogus] et [https://bibliotheca-laureshamensis-digital.de/bav/bav_pal_lat_920/0105/image,info,thumbs series imaginum]

[[Categoria:551]]
[[Categoria:Antiquitas Posterior]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae]]
[[Categoria:Libri historici]]
[[Categoria:Iordanes]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Disputatio Formulae:Categoria apud Communia</title>
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      <comment>Grufo movit paginam [[Disputatio Formulae:CommuniaCat]] ad [[Disputatio Formulae:Categoria apud Communia]]: Nomen plenum</comment>
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      <text bytes="7386" sha1="k5a3dzbbkrir2qyczz8sdble4kc2o46" xml:space="preserve">== Wikidata ==
When a Wikidata item has more than one value for P373, this formula always reports a bad commons link.  For example in page [[Agronomia]], we have &lt;nowiki&gt;{{CommuniaCat|Agronomy|agronomiam}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;, which is correct, but the formula reports an error.  Commons does have a category called Agronomy, and Agronomy is the first value for P373 in the Wikidata item for agronomy ([[:d:Q173113]]), but there is ''also a second value,'' Agriculture.  The result of this formula on the page is link 1 to commons category Agronomy (as desired) and link 2 to commons category &quot;Agronomy, Agriculture&quot; which doesn't exist.  [[Usor:Amahoney|A. Mahoney]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Amahoney|disputatio]]) 14:20, 16 Maii 2016 (UTC)
: You are right. In my view, each Wikidata item should have at most one value for P373. Still, among the currently 17,521,851 Wikidata items (or: among the currently 1,443,649 Wikidata items with a P373 statement), there are currently 601 Wikidata items with more than one value for P373 (for a list, see [[d:Wikidata:Database reports/Constraint violations/P373#&quot;Single value&quot; violations]]), among those the Wikidata item for agronomy ([[:d:Q173113]]). I have now removed the &quot;Agriculture&quot; value from this Wikidata item. Greetings, --[[Usor:UV|UV]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:UV|disputatio]]) 15:28, 16 Maii 2016 (UTC)
:: Well, that's certainly the easiest fix! Thanks.  [[Usor:Amahoney|A. Mahoney]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Amahoney|disputatio]]) 17:10, 16 Maii 2016 (UTC)

== Drop the parameter? ==

Since this formula now always uses Wikidata to determine the category to link to, and you can't override it, why do we even allow a parameter at all any more?  If we just ignore the category parameter, we can instantly get rid of the errors.  (We do have to keep the name-of-page-in-accusative parameter, of course.)  There are some pages for which I'd prefer a link to a different category, overriding what's in Wikidata -- for example [[Acroterium (Thera)]] probably should link to the &quot;Akrotiri Minoan site&quot; category in Commons rather than to the main Akrotiri category, because our page is much more about the ancient site than about the modern town.  But I don't see a problem with automatically using the Wikidata value and only reporting an error if there happens not to be one there.  [[Usor:Amahoney|A. Mahoney]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Amahoney|disputatio]]) 20:02, 7 Decembris 2016 (UTC)
: Well, there is a number of cases we would have to think about:
:* Not all wikidata items specify their corresponding commons category yet. We should, therefore, in any case refrain from blindly removing CommuniaCat parameter values.
:* Keeping the local parameter allows us to detect vandalism on wikidata. If the statement value on wikidata changes, the page will pop up in our error category, and we can decide whether the change is justified or whether there is some problem that needs to be corrected.
:* With the current template, when no parameter is specified, the template will pick the commons category that corresponds to the lawiki page name (and report an error if the wikidata statement value differs from that). With the proposed change, we would lose that functionality.
: Regarding overriding/Acroterium: While it would be easy to add functionality to the template so that e. g. &lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;CommuniaCat|Akrotiri minoan site|Acroterium'''|comparewithwikidata=no'''}} would suppress the error and allow overriding the wikidata entry, I am not sure that this is the way we should go: If our article deals mostly with the Minoan site and mostly not with the modern town, wouldn't it be better to detach our article from the wikidata item about the modern town, and create a new wikidata item for the ancient site, adding thereto our article and the &quot;Akrotiri minoan site&quot; commons category?
: Greetings, --[[Usor:UV|UV]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:UV|disputatio]]) 21:26, 7 Decembris 2016 (UTC)
::On the particular case of Akrotiri, when I wrote this article I made a redlink to a future article about the modern village, but it's hardly a notable place. However, there is already a different Wikidata entry [[:d:Q24475205]] for the modern village (with existing articles in English and Finnish only). I haven't checked further, I expect there is some cross-linking, but really the entry [[:d:Q42123]] ought to deal with the Minoan site only (as the English, German, French and Latin articles do) and ought to be connected with the Commons category &quot;Akrotiri minoan site&quot; already. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 21:52, 7 Decembris 2016 (UTC)
:::So, there are several things going on here -- as always!  I agree, UV, that if the Wikidata property changes to something random, it's nice to have a way to find that out.  Right now, though, we have so many pages in the error category (over 1800 at the moment, plus some categories) that we won't recognize changes.  And most of those 1800 pages involve things like old links to categories that have been renamed in Wikidata;  often the difference is merely capitalization.  (I suppose ''those'' could be fixed automatically, and perhaps I should take that up as my semester winds down.)  Then there's the general problem that our view of what articles are about doesn't always match the view in English WP, and Wikidata tends to follow English.  Since English isn't always internally consistent (if there ''could'' be two different articles on a topic, it will have at least two), we can't exactly take them as a model, nor should we try, ''mea sententia'' (though I know some editors disagree).  Finally, there are particular cases like Akrotiri, which we can deal with as they come up -- here, perhaps changing Wikidata is the right move.  Also I'd rename the category in Commons to &quot;Akrotiri '''M'''inoan site,&quot; pedantically. :-)  [[Usor:Amahoney|A. Mahoney]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Amahoney|disputatio]]) 19:40, 8 Decembris 2016 (UTC)
:::: Well, luckily, there is no set date by which we would have to have dealt with all 1800 pages in the error category – whenever an editor comes around to improve one of those pages, he/she will hopefully notice the two commonscat links, check the two and make the necessary changes.
:::: I agree that a bot would be great that would check whether the wrong link is a &quot;category redirect&quot; on commons (example: our article [[Séné]] links to [[commons:Category:Séné]], which is a &quot;category redirect&quot; on commons to [[commons:Category:Séné (Morbihan)]]), '''and''' check whether this redirect target equals the property value at wikidata (&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;#property:P373|from=Q128078}}: {{#property:P373|from=Q128078}})), and if both conditions are met, change the link in our article accordingly. Such a bot could reduce the number of pages in our error category, but I currently do not have sufficient time to do this myself.
:::: I have now changed the wikidata items about Akrotiri, and nominated the commons category for renaming at commons.
:::: Greetings, --[[Usor:UV|UV]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:UV|disputatio]]) 23:05, 8 Decembris 2016 (UTC)
:::::Thanks, UV, for making the necessary changes at Wikidata. I didn't attempt it because at that moment I just didn't have time to do the job properly! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 12:06, 9 Decembris 2016 (UTC)</text>
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    <title>Bellum Septem Annorum</title>
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      <text bytes="11109" sha1="hm55mtimf1zu0m074tmtk4ylq9m7b6x" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Seven Years' War Collage.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Motus horologii|Modo horologii]] a laeva superiori: [[Proelium Plasseianum]] (23 Iunii 1757); [[Proelium Castelli Carillon]] (6–8 Iulii 1758); [[Proelium Zorndorfianum]] (25 Augusti 1758); [[Proelium Kunersdorfianum]] (12 Augusti 1759).]]
[[Fasciculus:Schlacht-Kolin-1.jpg|thumb|[[Proelium Kolinianum]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Batte of Leuthen.jpg|thumb|[[Proelium Leuthenianum]] a [[Carolus Röchling|Carolo Röchling]] pictum.]]
[[Fasciculus:Frederick the Great and his staff at the Battle of Leuthen by Hugo Ungewitter.jpg|thumb|[[Fridericus Magnus]] et eius praefectu ad Leuthen.]]
[[Fasciculus:Bataille des Cardinaux en 1759 peinte par Richard Paton.jpg|thumb|[[Proelium Sinus Quiberon]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Battle of Krefeld - Map of the area printed in The Gentleman's Magazine.jpg|thumb|Proelium Krefeldianum. Tabula regionis in ''The Gentleman's Magazine'' edita.]]
[[Fasciculus:Fall of Kolberg in 1761.jpg|thumb|[[Obsidio Kolbergi (1761)]].]]
'''Bellum Septem Annorum''' fuit [[bellum]] ab anno [[1754]] ad annum [[1763]] gestum, cuius principalia proelia annos septem ab [[1756]] ad [[1763]] commissa sunt. Quod omnem illius temporis amplectum est [[magna potestas|magnam potestatem]] [[Europa]]eam praeter [[Imperium Ottomanicum]], quinque [[continens|continentes]] attingens, magnasque Europae, [[America|Americarum]], [[Africa Occidentalis|Africae Occidentalis]], [[India]]e, [[Insulae Philippinae|Philippinarum]] [[regio]]nes afficiens. Europam in duas coniunctiones fidit certamen, quarum alia a [[Britanniarum Regnum|Britanniarum Regno]] (cum [[Prussia]], [[Portugallia]], [[Electoratus Brunsvici-Luneburgi|Hanoveria]], aliisque parvis [[civitas|civitatibus]] [[Germania|Germanicis]]), atque alia a [[Francia]] (cum [[Sacrum Imperium Romanum|Sacro Imperio Romano]], [[Imperium Russicum|Russia]], [[Hispania]], et [[Suecia]]) ducta est. Interim in India, [[Imperium Mogolicum]], Francicis adiuvantibus, conatu Britannico ad [[Bengalia]]m vincendam frustrari conabatur. 

Quamquam levia certamina Anglicorum et Francicorum de [[colonia|coloniis]] [[America]]nis anno [[1754]] coeperant, lata luctatio quae plurimas potestates Europaeas contraxit in consilium [[Austria]]cum ad [[Silesia]]m a dicione Prussica recuperandam nata est. Francia et Austria, inter se reconciliantes ut gratiam Britanniae et Prussiae minuerent, coniunctionem grandem constituerunt, quae plurimas ex aliis [[potestas|potestatibus]] Europaeis traxit; Britannia vicissim, hanc acerbitatem subitam bene intellegens, se cum Prussia consociavit, eventuum conficiens seriem quae [[Res Novae Diplomaticae]] postea appellabatur. Defecerunt autem conatus Francici, cum coniunctio Anglo-Prussica superaret, ortusque Britanniae [[superpotentia|potestatis praevalentis]] dominatum Francicum in [[continens|continente]] destruxit, [[aequilibrium potestatis Europaeum]] magnopere mutans.

{{NexInt}}
*[[Bellum Franco-Indianum]]&lt;!--

==Notae==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;--&gt;

==Bibliographia==
*Anderson, Fred. [[2000]]. ''Crucible of War: The Seven Years' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, 1754–1766.'' Faber and Faber. [http://www.amazon.com/Crucible-War-British-America-1754-1766/dp/0375706364/ Pars et investigatio textualis.]
*Anderson, Fred. [[2006]]. ''The War That Made America: A Short History of the French and Indian War.''
*Asprey, Robert B. [[1986]]. ''Frederick the Great: The Magnificent Enigma.'' Novi Eboraci: Ticknor &amp; Field Publishing.
*Baugh, Daniel. [[2011]]. ''The Global Seven Years War, 1754–1763.'' Pearson Press.&lt;!-- [http://www.h-france.net/vol13reviews/vol13no5osman.pdf online review in H-FRANCE]; [https://www.amazon.com/Global-Seven-Years-War-1754-1763/dp/0582092396/ excerpt]--&gt;
*Blanning, Tim. [[2016]]. ''Frederick the Great: King of Prussia.''
*Browning, Reed. [[1971]]. The Duke of Newcastle and the Financing of the Seven Years’ War. ''Journal of Economic History'' 31(2):344-377. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2117049 JSTOR.]
*Browning, Reed. [[1975]]. ''The Duke of Newcastle.'' Yale University Press.
*Carter, Alice Clare. [[1971]]. ''The Dutch Republic in Europe in the Seven Years' War.'' MacMillan.
*Charters, Erica. [[2014]]. ''Disease, War, and the Imperial State: The Welfare of the British Armed Forces During the Seven Years' War.'' University of Chicago Press.
*Crouch, Christian Ayne. [[2014]]. ''Nobility Lost: French and Canadian Martial Cultures, Indians, and the End of New France.'' Ithacae Novi Eboraci: Cornell University Press.
*Dodge, Edward J. [[1998]]. ''Relief Is Greatly Wanted: the Battle of Fort William Henry.'' Heritage Books. ISBN 9780788409325. OCLC 39400729.
*Duffy, Christopher. [[2000]]. ''Instrument of War: The Austrian Army in the Seven Years War.'' The Austrian Army in the Seven Years War, 1.
*Duffy, Christopher. [[2008]]. ''By Force of Arms.'' The Austrian Army in the Seven Years War, 2.
*Dull, Jonathan R. [[2009]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=4ns-VTh45SMC&amp;pg=PA88 ''The Age of the Ship of the Line: the British and French navies, 1650–1851.''] University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 9780803219304.
*Dull, Jonathan R. [[2005]]. ''The French Navy and the Seven Years' War.'' University of Nebraska Press.
*Fish, Shirley. [[2003]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ROGYubVVtVIC ''When Britain ruled the Philippines, 1762–1764: the story of the 18th-century British invasion of the Philippines during the Seven Years' War.''] 1stBooks Library. ISBN 1410710696, ISBN 9781410710697.
*Fowler, William H. [[2005]]. ''Empires at War: The Seven Years' War and the Struggle for North America.'' Vancuverii: Douglas &amp; McIntyre. ISBN 1553650964.
*Füssel, Marian. [[2010]]. ''Der Siebenjährige Krieg: Ein Weltkrieg im 18. Jahrhundert.'' Monaci: Beck. ISBN 9783406606953.
*García Arenas, Mar. [[2004]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20250401003348/https://rua.ua.es/dspace/bitstream/10045/1369/1/RHM_22_14.pdf El periplo ibérico del general Dumouriez: Una aproximación a las relaciones diplomáticas hispano-portuguesas (1765–1767).] ''Revista de Historia Moderna, Anales de la Universidad de Alicante'' 22:403–430. ISSN 0212-5862.
*Keay, John. [[1993]]. ''The Honourable Company: A History of the English East India Company.'' Harper Collins.
*de Ligne, Prince Charles-Joseph. [[2008]]. ''Mon Journal de la guerre de Sept Ans.'' Ed. Jeroom Vercruysse et Bruno Colson. L'Âge des Lumières, 44. Lutetiae: Editions Honoré Champion. {{ling|Francice}} 
*Marston, Daniel. [[2001]]. ''The Seven Years' War.'' Essential Histories. Osprey. ISBN 1841761915. [http://www.amazon.com/Seven-Years-War-Daniel-Marston/dp/1579583431/ Excerptum et investigatio textualis.]
*McLynn, Frank. [[2004]]. ''1759: The Year Britain Became Master of the World.'' Jonathan Cape. ISBN 022406245X.
*Middleton, Richard. [[1985]]. ''Bells of Victory: The Pitt-Newcastle Ministry &amp; the Conduct of the Seven Years' War.''
*Nester, William R. [[2014]]. ''The French and Indian War and the Conquest of New France.'' University of Oklahoma Press.
*Redman, Herbert J. [[2014]]. ''Frederick the Great and the Seven Years' War, 1756-1763.''
*Robson, Martin. [[2015]]. ''A History of the Royal Navy: The Seven Years War.'' I. B. Tauris.
*Rodger, N. A. M. [[2006]]. ''Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain 1649–1815.'' Penguin Books.
*Schumann, Matt, et Karl W. Schweizer. [[2012]]. ''The Seven Years War: A Transatlantic History.'' Routledge.
*Smith, Digby George. [[2012]]. ''Armies of the Seven Years' War: Commanders, Equipment, Uniforms and Strategies of the &quot;First World War.&quot;''
*Syrett, David. [[2005]]. ''Shipping and Military Power in the Seven Year War, 1756-1763: The Sails of Victory.''
*Szabo, Franz A. J. [[2007]]. ''The Seven Years' War in Europe 1756–1763.'' Longman. ISBN 0582292727. [https://www.amazon.com/Seven-Years-War-Europe-1756-1763/dp/0582292727/ Pars.]
*Terrage, Marc de Villiers du. [[1904]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=L_1YAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22d%C3%A9faites+en+Allemagne+et+en+Portugal%22&amp;dq=%22d%C3%A9faites+en+Allemagne+et+en+Portugal%22 ''Les dernières années de la Louisiane française.''] E. Guilmoto. {{ling|Francice}}

===Fictio===
*[[Gulielmus Makepeace Thackeray|Thackeray, William M.]] [[2001]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=hyK19Yj0eu4C ''The Luck of Barry Lyndon.''] [[Mythistoria]].

==Nexus externi==
{{CommuniaCat|Seven Years' War|Bellum Septem Annorum}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150224020731/http://www.heritage.nf.ca/exploration/7years.html De bello.] Memorial University of Newfoundland.
*[http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/ Seven Years' War Knowledge Base.]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20190519073106/http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/quebechistory/encyclopedia/SevenYearsWar-FrenchandIndianWar-TheWaroftheConquest.htm Bellum Septem Annorum in Canada.]
*[http://www.civilization.ca/cwm/exhibitions/gallery1/clash_e.shtml Clash of Empires and The Battle of the Plains of Abraham.] The Canadian War Museum]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20190519073106/http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/quebechistory/encyclopedia/SevenYearsWar-FrenchandIndianWar-TheWaroftheConquest.htm Events and the participants in the Seven Years' War.]
*[http://napoleonistyka.atspace.com/FRENCH_ARMY.htm The French Army 1600–1900.]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080404000807/http://leuthenjournal.com/ ''Leuthen Journal.'']
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110806000000/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&amp;Params=a1ARTA0007300 The Seven Years' War.] ''The Canadian Encyclopedia.''
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20131221124712/http://ns1763.ca/remem/7yw-timeline-w.html Tempora Belli Septem Annorum.]
*[http://1759.ccbn-nbc.gc.ca 1759: From the Warpath to the Plains of Abraham.] [[Exhibitio]] virtualis.

[[Categoria:Bellum Septem Annorum| ]]
[[Categoria:Historia Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Tredecim Coloniae]]&lt;!--
[[Category:1750s in France]]
[[Category:1750s in Austria]]
[[Category:1750s in Great Britain]]
[[Category:1750s in Canada]]
[[Category:1750s in the United States]]
[[Category:1750s in the British Empire]]
[[Category:1750s in the Thirteen Colonies]]
[[Category:1760s in France]]
[[Category:1760s in Austria]]
[[Category:1760s in Great Britain]]
[[Category:1760s in the British Empire]]
[[Category:1760s in Canada]]
[[Category:1760s in the United States]]
[[Category:1760s in the Thirteen Colonies]]
[[Category:18th-century conflicts]]
[[Category:Anglo-French wars]]
[[Category:Colonization history of the United States]]
[[Category:Global conflicts]]
[[Category:1750s in the Habsburg Monarchy]]
[[Category:1760s in the Habsburg Monarchy]]
[[Category:1754 in the Habsburg Monarchy]]
[[Category:1763 in the Habsburg Monarchy]]
[[Category:1754 in the British Empire]]
[[Category:1763 in the British Empire]]
[[Category:1754 in Austria]]
[[Category:1763 in Austria]]
[[Category:1754 in France]]
[[Category:1763 in France]]
[[Category:1754 in Canada]]
[[Category:1763 in Canada]]
[[Category:1754 in the Thirteen Colonies]]
[[Category:1763 in the Thirteen Colonies]]--&gt;

{{Myrias|Historia}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Dacryodes edulis</title>
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| name = ''Cola''
|image  = Safoutier.jpg
| image_caption = Folia et fructus ''Dacryodes edulis''
| regnum = [[Plantae]]
| unranked_divisio = [[Angiospermae]]
| unranked_classis = [[Eudicotyledones]]
| unranked_ordo = [[Rosidae]]
|ordo     = [[Sapindales]]
|familia  = [[Burseraceae]]
|genus    = ''[[Dacryodes]]''
|species  = '''''D. edulis'''''
|binomial = ''Dacryodes edulis''
|binomial_authority = ([[Georgius Don|G. Don]]) [[Hermannus Iohannes Lam|H.J. Lam]]
|synonyma = ''Pachylobus edulis'' G. Don 
| range_map     = Africa-Dacryodes_edulis.png
| range_map_alt = Regio nativa ''Dacryodes edulis''
| range_map_caption = Regio nativa ''Dacryodes edulis''&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.worldagroforestry.org/treedb/AFTPDFS/Dacryodes_edulis.pdf ''Dacryodes edulis''] apud '''worldagroforestry.org'''&lt;/ref&gt;|outline=gray}}
'''''Dacryodes edulis''''' ([[binomen]] anno [[1932]] ab [[Hermannus Iohannes Lam|Hermanno Iohanne Lam]] statutum post [[Georgius Don|Georgio Don]], qui ''Pachylobus edulis'' scripserat) est arbor fructifera familiae [[Burseraceae|Burseracearum]], in silvis pluviosis mediae [[Africa]]e sponte crescens.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* P. O. Anegbeh, &quot;[http://www.worldagroforestry.org/downloads/Publications/PDFS/ja05019.pdf Domestication of ''Dacryodes edulis'', 1: Phenotypic variation of fruit traits from 100 trees in southeast Nigeria]&quot; in ''New Forest'' vol. 29 (2005) pp. 149–160
* Koen Bostoen, &quot;[https://www.academia.edu/8388068/Bostoen_K._2014._Wild_trees_in_the_subsistence_economy_of_early_Bantu_speech_communities_a_historical-linguistic_approach._In_Fuller_D._Q._and_M._A._Murray_eds._African_Flora_Past_Cultures_and_Archaeobotany_129-140._Walnut_Creek_Left_Coast_Press Wild trees in the subsistence economy of early Bantu speech communities: a historical-linguistic approach]&quot; in Chris J. Stevens, Sam Nixon, Mary Anne Murray, Dorian Q. Fuller, edd., ''Archaeology of African Plant Use'' (Walnut Creek: Left Coast Press, 2014) pp. 129-140
* George Don, ''A General History of the Dichlamydeous Plants'' vol. 2 (1832) p. 89
* ''Fruit-bearing Forest Trees: technical notes''. (''FAO Forestry Paper'', 34.) Romae: Food and Agriculture Organization, 1982. [http://www.fao.org/docrep/015/T0006e/T0006e00.pdf Textus]
* H. J. Lam in ''Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg'' ser. 3 vol. 12 (1932) p. 336
* R. R. B. Leakey et al., &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20170812080010/http://www.envirobase.info/PDF/R7190_Domestication_of_Dacryodes_edulis_in_West_and_Central_Africa.pdf Domestication of ''Dacryodes edulis'' in west and central Africa: characterisation of genetic variation]&quot; in ''Forests, Trees and Livelihoods'' vol. 12 (2002) pp. 57-71
* René Noel Poligui, Isaac Mouaragadja, Éric Haubruge, Frédéric Francis, &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20170111162624/http://popups.ulg.ac.be/1780-4507/index.php?id=9624 La culture du safoutier (Dacryodes edulis (G.Don) H.J.Lam (Burseraceae)) : enjeux et perspectives de valorisation au Gabon (synthèse bibliographique)]&quot; in ''BASE'' vol. 17 (2013)
* Dorothy Tchapda Tchatchoua, Zac Tchoundjeu, Roseline Gusua Caspa, &quot;[http://academicjournals.org/journal/AJB/article-full-text-pdf/D1039FE58856 Application of biotechnology for the domestication of Dacryodes edulis (G. Don) H. J. Lam in Cameroon: A review]&quot; in ''African Journal of Biothechnology'' vol. 15 (2016) pp. 1177-1183
* Z. Tchoundjeu, J. Kengue, R. R. B. Leakey, &quot;[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/57a08d2ae5274a31e00016b0/R7190_-_Domestication_of_Dacryodes_edulis_state_of_the_art.pdf Domestication of ''Dacryodes edulis'': state-of-the-art]&quot; in ''Forests, Trees and Livelihoods'' vol. 12 (2002) pp. 3-13
* Annabelle N. Waruhiu et al., &quot;Domestication of Dacryodes edulis. 2. Phenotypic variation of fruit traits in 200 trees from four populations in the humid lowlands of Cameroon&quot; in ''Journal: Food, Agriculture and Environment'' vol. 2 (2004) pp. 340-346 [http://world-food.net/domestication-of-dacryodes-edulis-2-phenotypic-variation-of-fruit-traits-in-200-trees-from-four-populations-in-the-humid-lowlands-of-cameroon/ Epitome]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat}}
{{Vicispecies}}
{{Fontes de plantis}}
{{Titulus italicus}}

[[Categoria:Species plantarum]]
[[Categoria:Taxa 1932]]
[[Categoria:Taxa H. J. Lam]]
[[Categoria:Sapindales]]
[[Categoria:Fructus]]
[[Categoria:Fruges Africae mediae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Circulus Cuxhavensis</title>
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      <text bytes="12202" sha1="rbhjuo8r2kkrysn82z1q2a9dmh2ows0" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}}

[[Fasciculus:Municipalities in CUX.svg|300px|right|Communia in circulo Cuxhavensi]]
'''Circulus Cuxhavensis'''&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Cuxhavensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Cuxhaven'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Cuxhavia]]&quot; -ad quod gentilicium &quot;Cuxhavensis-e&quot; refertur-, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Landkreis Cuxhaven''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Cuxhaven''; [[Saxonice]] ''Landkreis Cuxhoben''), pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], anno [[1977]] conditus est et circulis pristinis Hadeln et Wesermünde atque urbe [[Cuxhavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; conditus est.

== De rebus gestis ==
Ager circuli partim ad [[Ducatus Bremensis|Ducatum Bremensem]] pertinet, cum urbs [[Cuxhavia]] pars [[Hamburgum|Hamburgi]] fuit. Anno [[1715]] Ducatus Bremensem ad Ducatum Electoralem Brunsvicum-Luneburgensem transiit. Anno [[1803]] cum toto Ducato a copiis [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Francicis]] occupatum est. Ab anno [[1810]] ad [[1813]] pars [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Imperii Francici]] erat. Tum ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Anno [[1937]] etiam [[Cuxhavia]] urbs pars Borussiae facta est. Ab anno [[1946]] totus ager circuli futuri pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Anno [[1977]] circulus conditus est.

== Communia circuli ==
Haec sunt communia huius circuli, quae partim ad communia generalia coniuncti sunt:

* [[Beverstedum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;&gt;Köbler, G. (2016). ''Orte in der deutschen Ortsgeschichte''. Wikiling-Zier. [[Universitas Leopoldino-Franciscea]].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Beverstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Beverst'') (13.503 incolae)
* [[Cuxhavia]], caput circuli (48.264)
* [[Geestlandia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-landia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-land'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-landia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amelandia]], [[Bevelandia Australis]], [[Bevelandia Septentrionalis]], [[Bolandia]], [[Iutlandia]], [[Curlandia]], [[Estlandia]], [[Finlandia]], [[Flevolandia]], [[Friedlandia]], [[Islandia]], [[Gothlandia]], [[Hollandia]], [[Ingermanlandia]], [[Isalandia]] [[Lalandia]], [[Langelandia]], [[Oehtlandia]] [[Olandia]], [[Sallandia]], [[Samlandia]] [[Zelandia]], [[Selandia]] [[Fotlandia]], [[Wermelandia]] [[Withlandia]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Geestland'') commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] (30.936)
* [[Haga Bremensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;&gt;De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum &quot;Klein&quot; et &quot;Gross&quot; per Latina &quot;Minor-us&quot; et &quot;Maior-ius&quot;, vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Latinum gentilicium &quot;Bremensis-e&quot; Theodiscum syntagma ''im Bremischen'' vertit.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Hagen im Bremischen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hagen'') (10.991)
* [[Lacstidi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lacstidi&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.mundart-kommission.lwl.org/media/filer_public/ef/48/ef48ff64-c0e3-4be5-906f-7d8f27fdba18/ndw_39__scheuermann_der_often.pdf?utm ''Mundart Kommission''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''in locis quorum hec sunt nomina, Lacstidi, Romlo, Dudanebutli'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Loxstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lox'') (15.980)
* [[Schiffdorf]] (14.095)
* [[Wurster Nordseeküste]] (16.965)

* [[Districtus Lamestede (commune generale)|Districtus Lamestede]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Börde&quot;&gt;Theodiscum vocabulum ''Börde'' Latino &quot;districtus-us&quot; vertitur. Qua de correspondentia, vide [https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/61948/pg61948-images.html?utm ''Mittelniederdeutsches Handwörterbuch''], ubi dicitur &quot; (...) '''borde'', ''f. (eig. districtus judicii temporalis; dann überh.:) Bezirk, Landschaft (Börde)'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamestede&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Börde Lamstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Loomst'') commune generale (6052)
** [[Ermelstorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pratje 1759&quot;&gt;Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Armstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Armsdörp'') (646)
** [[Hollnsethum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-ethum&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-eth'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-ethum-i&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Bechtsriethum]], [[Maitenbethum]] ac [[Wiesethum]] apud Vicipaediae Latinae articulum de [[Index communium Bavariae|indice communium Bavariae]]; et [[Gransebiethum]] apud Vicipaediae Latinae articulum de [[Index Communium Megapolis et Pomeraniae Citerioris|indice communium Megapolis et Pomeraniae Citerioris]].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hollnseth'') (898)
** [[Lamestede]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamestede&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/lamstedt/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''] {{Nexus deficit|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''parochia Lamestede'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Lamstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Loomst'') (sedes administrationis) (3349)
** [[Mittelstenaha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (601)
** [[Stinstedt]] (558)

* [[Haduloha (commune generale)|Haduloha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Haduloha&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.lwl.org/westfaelische-geschichte/txt/wz-9396.pdf?utm ''Westfälische Geschichte''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) &quot;Haduloha ... - hoc enim loco nomen, ubi oceanus Saxoniam alluit (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Land Hadeln'') commune generale (27.128)
** [[Attendorium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Otterndorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Oterndörp'' seu ''Otterndörp''), urbs, sedes administrationis (7230)
** [[Belumum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mushard 1764&quot;&gt;Mushard, M. (1764). ''Palaeogentilismus Bremensis: Monumenta ac veterum tumuli in ducatibus Bremensi et Verdensi''. Typis Andreae Vandenhoeck.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Belum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Belen'') (838)
** [[Bulcova]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ehmck &amp; Bippen 1873&quot;&gt;Ehmck, D. R., &amp; von Bippen, W. (Ed.) (1873). ''Bremisches Urkundenbuch: Band 1. Urkunden bis zum Jahre 1300''. C. Schünemann.&lt;/ref&gt;  ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bülkau'') (884)
** [[Ihlienverda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-verda-ae&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-worth'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-verda-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-worth''' : -''verda'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Ihlienworth''; [[Saxonice]] ''Helmworth'') (1588)
** [[Mons Catonis (Saxonia Inferior)|Mons Catonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;&gt;Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: I. Historicos Germanicos, II. Historiam Helmstadensem, III. Dissertationes de utriusque Saxoniae''. Typis Georgii Wolffgangi Hammii; et: Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: Dissertationen und historische Chroniken des Herzogtums Braunschweig-Lüneburg''. Typis Georgii Wolffii.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Cadenberge''; [[Saxonice]] ''Cuddeldutt'' seu ''Kumbarg'') (4126)
** [[Nortleda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nortleda&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/nordleda/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''] {{Nexus deficit|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} , ubi dicitur &quot;(...) urkundlich erstmals 1312 als ''Nortleda'' belegt (...) ''Marquardus de Nortleda'' (...) ''Thidericus rector ecclesie in Nortleda'' (...) ''rector parochialis ecclesia in Nortleda'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Nordleda''; [[Saxonice]] ''De Lee'' seu ''Lee'') (1084)
** [[Nova Domus (Saxonia Inferior)|Nova Domus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nova Domus&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Neuhaus'' Latino &quot;Nova Domum&quot; verti solet. Cf. Novas Domus apud {{Graesse}} aut [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&amp;cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&amp;lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Neuhaus''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neehuus''), oppidum (1186)
** [[Nyenkerken (Haduloha)|Nyenkerken]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nyenkerken&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/neuenkirchen-land-hadeln/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''] {{Nexus deficit|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''rector parrochialis ecclesie in Nyenkerken'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Neuenkirchen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neenkarken'') (1378)
** [[Oberndorfium (Osta)|Oberndorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Oberndorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Öberndörp'') (1359)
** [[Odishemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-hemium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-he(i)m'' et ''-hjem'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-hemium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ingelhemium]], [[Eboreshemium]], [[Arnhemium]], [[Oppenhemium]], [[Forchemium]], [[Gerineshemium]], [[Benthemium]], [[Buxhemium]], [[Dronthemium]], [[Enshemium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Odisheim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Godshem'') (497)
** [[Osterbroke]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Osterbroke&quot;&gt;Vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20261009200920/https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/osterbruch/ ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''ecclesia in Osterbroke'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Osterbruch''; [[Saxonice]] ''Osterbrook'') (520)
** [[Steinau]] (845)
** [[Wanna]] (2179)
** [[Wingst]] (3414)

* [[Hemmoor (commune generale)|Hemmor]] ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hemmoor'') commune generale (14.189)
** [[Hechthusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Hechthausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Heckthusen'') (3500)
** [[Hemmoor]] ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hemmoor''), urbs et sedes administrationis (8861)
** [[Osta (Saxonia Inferior)|Osta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Osta&quot;&gt;Vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20261010140422/https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/osten-oste/ ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''dominus Otto, rector ecclesie in Osta'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Osten''; [[Saxonice]] ''Oosten'') (1828)

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index circulorum et liberarum urbium Saxoniae Inferioris]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat|Landkreis Cuxhaven|Circulum Cuxhavensem}}
* [http://www.landkreis-cuxhaven.de/ Pagina officialis]

{{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}}

{{geo-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cuxhavensis circulus}}
[[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1977]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Circulus terrae Diepholtia</title>
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[[Fasciculus:Municipalities in DH.svg|300px|right|Communia in circulo Diepholtia.]]
'''Circulus terrae Diepholtia'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmannus&quot;&gt;{{Hofmannus}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Landkreis Diepholz''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Diepholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Landkreis Deefholt''), pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], anno [[1977]] conditus est et circulis pristinis comitatibus Diepholtia&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmannus&quot;/&gt; et Hoya.

== De rebus gestis ==
Ager circuli maxima ex parte ad [[Electoratus Brunsvici-Luneburgi|Electoratum Brunsvici-Luneburgi]] pertinuit. Anno [[1803]] cum toto Ducato a copiis [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Francicis]] occupatum est. Ab anno [[1810]] ad [[1813]] pars [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Imperii Francici]] erat. Tum ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Anno [[1977]] circulus conditus est (vide supra).

== Communia circuli ==
Haec sunt communia huius circuli, quae partim ad communia generalia coniuncti sunt:

* [[Birsina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&amp;cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&amp;lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bassum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bassen''), [[urbs]] (15.768 incolae)
* [[Diepholtia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmannus&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Diepholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Deefholt''), urbs et caput circuli (16.692)
* [[Stuhr]] (33.083)
* [[Sulingen]], oppidum (12.681)
* [[Syke]], oppidum (24.018)
* [[Twistringen]], oppidum (12.219)
* [[Wagenfeld]] (7102)
* [[Weyhe]] (30.388)

* [[Barnstorfium (commune generale)|Barnstorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Böhmer 2007&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Barnstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baarnstrup'') (12.016)
** [[Barnstorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Böhmer 2007&quot;&gt;Böhmer, J. F. (2007). ''Regesta Imperii III: Salisches Haus 1024–1125. Die Regesten des Kaiserreiches unter Heinrich IV'' (T. Struve, Ed.). Böhlau Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Barnstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baarnstrup'') (sedes administrationis, 6292)
** [[Drentweda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Drentwede'') (994)
** [[Eydelstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Eydelstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eidelstee'') (1759)
** [[Triburi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Philippi &amp; Bar 1892&quot;&gt;Philippi, F., &amp; Bär, M. (Eds.) (1892). ''Osnabrücker Urkundenbuch: Die Urkunden der Jahre 772-1200'' (Vol. 1). Verein für Geschichte und Landeskunde von Osnabrück.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Drebber'') (2971)

* [[Brochusium-Vilsena (commune generale)|Brochusium-Vilsena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hodenberg 1855&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilmans &amp; Hoogeweg VI 1898&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bruchhausen-Vilsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brooksen-Vilsen'') (16.971)
** [[Asenthorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hodenberg 1855&quot;&gt;Hodenberg, W. von (Ed.) (1855). ''Hoyer Urkundenbuch:'' (Vol. I). Hannoverae: Jänecke Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Asendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Asendörp'') (2919)
** [[Brochusium-Vilsena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hodenberg 1855&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilmans &amp; Hoogeweg VI 1898&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bruchhausen-Vilsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brooksen-Vilsen'') (sedes administrationis et oppidum, 8837)
** [[Merdvelde]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Merdvelde&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/martfeld/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''] {{Nexus deficit|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) 1318 ''Curtem in Merdvelde'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Martfeld''; [[Saxonice]] ''Mattfeld'') (2681)
** Schwarme (2534)

* [[Kirchdorfium (commune generale)|Kirchdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Kirchdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Karkdörp'') (7444)
** [[Asylum (Saxonia Inferior)|Asylum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Asylum&quot;&gt;Theodiscum nomen ''Freistatt'', quod ''Freistätte, Zufluchtsort, Asyl'' significat, Latine &quot;asylum&quot; reddi potest. Nam in ''Deutsches Wörterbuch'' de Weigand et Hirt vox Theodisca ''Asyl'' explicatur ut «Freistatt» et ipsa vox Theodisca ''Asyl'' e Latino &quot;asylum&quot; orta esse dicitur. Praeterea lexicon Germanico-Latinum, quod in traditione lexicographica Georgii continetur, directe tradit: ''Freistatt, -stätte'', &quot;asylum'&quot;. Itaque &quot;Asylum&quot; non est forma ficticia neque mera translatio nostra, sed aequivalentia lexicographice comprobata.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Freistatt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Freestatt'') (632)
** [[Barenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Kolb 1712&quot;&gt;Kolb, G. (1712). ''Compendium totius orbis: partim geographicum, partim historicum, partim genealogicum''. Typis Universitatis Carolo-Francisceae&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Barenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baarnborg'') (1242)
** [[Bergenborstelium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hodenberg 1855&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Bahrenborstel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bornbössel'' seu ''Boornbössel'') (1134)
** [[Kirchdorfium (Saxonia Inferior)|Kirchdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Kirchdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Karkdörp'') (sedes administrationis, 2145)
** Varrel (1504)
** Wehrbleck (787)

* [[Redun (commune generale)|Redun]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Redun&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.rehden.de/rathaus/gemeindeportrait/?utm ''Samtgemeinde Rehden''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) 11. Jahrhundert Redun, in den späteren Jahrhunderten stets Rehden geschrieben (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Rehden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Rehrn'') (5887)
** [[Barverum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Böhmer 1844&quot;&gt;Böhmer, J. F. (1844). ''Regesta Chronologico-Diplomatica Regum et Imperatorum Romanorum: Inde a Conrado I. Usque ad Henricum VII''. Typis et Sumtibus J. C. Hermann. &lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Barver'') (1049)
** [[Dicla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mooyer 1855&quot;&gt;Mooyer, E. F. (Ed.) (1855). ''Urkundenbuch des vormaligen Stiftes Minden''. J. C. C. Bruns.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dickel'') (462)
** [[Hemsloha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-loha&quot;&gt;Germanica praesentia aut antiqua toponyma cum suffixis ''-loh(e)'' et ''-lo'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-loha-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ascloha]], [[Buohloha]], [[Eiloha]], [[Hadaloha]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;  ([[Theodisce]] ''Hemsloh''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hemzel'' seu ''Hemsel'' seu ''Hemßel'') (563)
** [[Redun]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Redun&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Rehden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Rehrn'') (sedes administrationis, 2055)
** Wetschen (1758)

* [[Schwaförden (commune generale)|Schwaförden]] (6892)
** [[Affinghusia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rathlef 1766&quot;&gt;Rathlef, E. L. (1766). ''Geschichte der Grafschaften Hoya und Diepholz: Monimenta diplomatica et antiquitates ditionis Affinghusiae'' (Vol. I). Bremae: Försterischen Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Affinghausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Affinghusen'' seu ''Affjehusen'') (832)
** [[Erenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Minden II 1902&quot;&gt;Minden, G. von (Ed.) (1902). ''Urkundenbuch der Bischöfe von Verden und Minden (Band 2)''. Hahn’sche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Ehrenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ehrenborg'') (1510)
** [[Nova Ecclesia (prope Birsinam)|Nova Ecclesia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nova Ecclesia&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Neuenkirchen'' Latino &quot;Nova Ecclesia&quot; verti solet. Cf. [[Nova Ecclesia (Liebenburgum)|Novam Ecclesiam Liebenburgensem]] apud [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/2262/NOB%20X%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Goslar.pdf?utm ''NOB X Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Goslar'']{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}; [[Nova Ecclesia (Rugia)|Novam Ecclesiam in Rugia]] apud Fabricii (anno 1862) ''Urkunden zur Geschichte des Fürstenthums Rügen unter den eingebornen Fürsten''; [[Nova Ecclesia (prope Anclamum)|Novam Ecclesiam]] prope [[Anclamum]] apud Eggert (anno 1970) ''Geschichte Pommerns: Vol. 1. Bis zum Westfälischen Frieden''; [[Nova Ecclesia (prope Brandenburgum Novum)|Novam Ecclesiam]] prope Brandenburgum Novum apud ''Mecklenburgisches Urkundenbuch'' (Vol. 9); et Novam Ecclesiam Pomeranam apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Neuenkirchen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neenkarken'') (1163)
** Scholen (808)
** Schwaförde (sedes administrationis, 1523)
** Sudwalde (1056)

* [[Siedenburg (commune generale)|Siedenburg]] (4604)
** [[Borstla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hodenberg 1842&quot;&gt;Hodenberg, W. von (Ed.) (1842). ''Diepholzer Urkundenbuch: Authentische Urkunden zur Geschichte der Grafschaft Diepholz''. [[Hannovera]]e: Hahn'schen Hofbuchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Borstel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bössel'') (1249)
** [[Maasa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Maasen'') (469)
** [[Mellinghusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Mellinghausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Mellgenhusen'') (1075)
** Siedenburg (sedes administrationis, 1278)

* [[Vetus Officium Lemfordense (commune generale)|Vetus Officium Lemfordense]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Vetus Officium Lemfordense&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/alt?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum adiectivum ''Altes'' Latino &quot;vetus veteris&quot;], [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Amt?wb=gross&amp;nr=2 Theodiscum substantivum ''Amt'' Latino &quot;officium-ii&quot; vertitur] et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Lemfordensis-e&quot;, quod ad [[Leonis Forda]]m refertur, Theodiscum toponymum ''Lemförde'' vertitur. Quo de Latino gentilicio, confer [[binomen]] [https://opac.geologie.ac.at/ais312/dokumente/Jukes-Browne_1912_Recognition.pdf &quot;Hoplites lemfordensis&quot;]; et quo de Latino toponymo, vide [https://www.komoot.com/es-es/highlight/2261371 ''Iglesia Martín Lutero de Lemförde''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) La comunidad fue mencionada por primera vez en un documento en 1248. En épocas anteriores, el lugar se llamaba Löwenförde, Leonis forda (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Altes Amt Lemförde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Oolt Amt Lemförde'') (8211)
** [[Brochema]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilmans &amp; Hoogeweg VI 1898&quot;&gt;Wilmans, R., &amp; Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.). (1898). ''Westfälisches Urkundenbuch: Band 6. Die Urkunden des Bisthums Minden und angrenzender Gebiete''. [[Monasterium (Germania)|Monasterii]]: Regensberg'schen Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Brockum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Broubm'' seu ''Brookm'') (1021)
** [[Huda (Circulus terrae Diepholtia)|Huda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Hüde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hüde'') (1131)
** [[Lembruchium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-bruchium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-bruch'' seu ''-broich'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-bruchium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Horbruchium]] ac [[Mosbruchium]] apud articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de [[Index urbium et communium Rhenaniae et Palatinatus|indice urbium et communium Rhenaniae et Palatinatus]]; [[Legebruchium]] apud articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de [[Index communium Brandenburgi|indice communium Brandenburgi]]; [[Grevenbruchium]] apud articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de [[Index communium Rhenaniae Septentrionalis et Vestfaliae|indice communium Rhenaniae Septentrionalis et Vestfaliae]].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Lembruch''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lembrouk'') (1148)
** [[Leonis Forda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Leonis Forda&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.komoot.com/es-es/highlight/2261371 ''Iglesia Martín Lutero de Lemförde''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) La comunidad fue mencionada por primera vez en un documento en 1248. En épocas anteriores, el lugar se llamaba Löwenförde, Leonis forda (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lemförde''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Lemfouer'') ([[oppidum]] et sedes administrationis, 3105)
** [[Marlare (Saxonia Inferior)|Marlare]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Marlare&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Marl'' forma &quot;Marlare&quot; latinizari solet. Cf. [[Marlare|Marlare Rhenaniae Septentrionalis et Vestfaliae]] apud [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Marl'') (718)
** [[Quernhemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-hemium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-he(i)m'' et ''-hjem'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-hemium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ingelhemium]], [[Eboreshemium]], [[Arnhemium]], [[Oppenhemium]], [[Forchemium]], [[Gerineshemium]], [[Benthemium]], [[Buxhemium]], [[Dronthemium]], [[Enshemium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Quernheim'') (424)
** Stemshorn (664)

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index circulorum et liberarum urbium Saxoniae Inferioris]]

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat|Landkreis Diepholz|Circulum Diepholtiam}}
* [http://www.diepholz.de/ Pagina officialis]

{{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Diepholz circulus}}
[[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1977]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Circulus Heidensis</title>
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      <text bytes="8529" sha1="nzhv9ru6q8waxmr95mjjs6wtlota1qw" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}}

[[Fasciculus:Municipalities in HK.svg|300px|right|Communia in circulo Heidensi]]
'''Circulus Heidensis'''&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Heidensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Heidekreis'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum suffixum ''-kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Heidensis-e&quot; Theodiscum lexema ''Heide-'' vertit.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heidekreis''), pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], anno [[1977]] conditus est et circulis pristinis Soltau et [[Fallingbostela]].

== De rebus gestis ==
Ager circuli maxima ex parte ad [[Electoratus Brunsvici-Luneburgi|Electoratum Brunsvici-Luneburgi]] pertinuit. Anno [[1805]] cum toto Ducato a copiis [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Francicis]] occupatum est. Ab anno [[1807]] ad [[1813]] pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Tum ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Anno [[1885]] circuli Soltau et [[Fallingbostela]]e conditi sunt, anno [[1932]] hi coniuncti, sed anno sequente civibus rebellantibus iterum divisi sunt&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20161005142500/http://www.heidekreis.de/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-11042/13722_read-55182/ heidekreis.de]&lt;/ref&gt;. Ab anno [[1946]] circuli ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinent et anno [[1977]] circulus Soltau-Fallingbostela iterum conditus est. Hic anno [[2011]] nomen circuli Heidensi accepit.

== Communia circuli ==
Haec sunt communia huius circuli, quae partim ad communia generalia coniuncti sunt:

* [[Byspinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hodenberg 1859&quot;&gt;Hodenberg, W. von (Ed.) (1859). ''Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, Fünfte Abtheilung: Archiv des Klosters St. Michaelis zu Lüneburg''. Capaun-Karlowa’sche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Bispingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bissen'') (6404)
* [[Fallingbostela]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;&gt;Egli, J. J. (1893). ''Nomina Geographica: Sprach- und Sacherklärung von 42000 Geographischen Namen aller Erdräume''. [[Lipsia]]e: Friedrich Brandstetter.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bad Fallingbostel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Fambossel''), (urbs et caput circuli, 11.044 incolae)
* [[Monstere]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Monstere&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/munster-st-urbani/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''] {{Nexus deficit|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''decima in Monstere'' (...)&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Munster''; [[Saxonice]] ''Munste''), urbs (15.091)
* [[Neyenkerken]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Neyenkerken&quot;&gt;Vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20260420041501/https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/neuenkirchen-lueneburger-heide/ ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''bona, que Vriban vulgariter nuncupantur, in Neyenkerken et Hellewede'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Neuenkirchen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neenkerken'') (5570)
* [[Schneverdingen]] oppidum (18.729)
* [[Soltau]], oppidum (21.414)
* [[Walsrode]], oppidum (23.219)
* [[Wietzendorf]] (4105)

* [[Ascalingium (commune generale)|Ascalingium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ahlden'') commune generale (7034)
** [[Ascalingium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ahlden'') (1518)
** [[Ekelum]]&lt;ref&gt;Vide: Von Hodenberg, W. (Ed.) (1855). ''Walsroder Urkundenbuch (Urkunde Nr. 19)''. Hahnsche Hofbuchhandlung. Quo opere &quot;proprietatem bonorum in Ekelo, que ab ecclesia Walsrodensi in feodum tenuit, pro quinquaginta marcis seriosius comparavit.&quot; dicitur.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eickeloh'') (781)
** [[Grethemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-hemium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-he(i)m'' et ''-hjem'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-hemium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ingelhemium]], [[Eboreshemium]], [[Arnhemium]], [[Oppenhemium]], [[Forchemium]], [[Gerineshemium]], [[Benthemium]], [[Buxhemium]], [[Dronthemium]], [[Enshemium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Grethem''; [[Saxonice]] ''Graitn'')&lt;/small&gt; (646)
** [[Hademstorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Hademstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hamstorp'') (834)
** [[Hodenhaga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hodenhagen''), sedes administrationis (3255)

* [[Rethis (commune generale)|Rethis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rethis&quot;&gt;Vide [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Die_Kunstdenkm%C3%A4ler_der_Provinz_Hannover_%28IA_gri_33125013193475%29.pdf?utm ''Die Kunstdenkmäler der Provinz Hannover''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) in
Rethim 4. mansos quos habuit Bernhardus de Rothe miles (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Rethem''; [[Saxonice]] ''Reten'') commune generale (4594)
** [[Bema (Saxonia Inferior)|Bema]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sudendorf 1859&quot;&gt;Sudendorf, H. (Ed.) (1859). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der Herzöge von Braunschweig und Lüneburg und ihrer Lande'' (Vol. 1). Carl Rümpler Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Böhme''; [[Saxonice]] ''Böhm'') (920)
** [[Frankenfelda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-felda&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-feld(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-felda-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Falufelda]], [[Frauenfelda]], [[Heresfelda]], [[Hirutfelda]], [[Ilfelda]], [[Mansfelda]], [[Salfelda]], [[Sualafelda]], [[Alfelda]], [[Alsfelda]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Frankenfeld'') (522)
** [[Hauslinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Häuslingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hüßel'') (795)
** [[Rethis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rethis&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Rethem''; [[Saxonice]] ''Reten''), urbs et sedes administrationis (2357)

* [[Schwarmstedt (commune generale)|Schwarmstedt]] (12.545)
** [[Bocholta (Circulus Heidensis)|Bocholta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hodenberg 1859&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Buchholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bookholt'') (2133)
** [[Essel]] ([[Theodisce]] ''Essel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Äsel'') (1100)
** [[Gilta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gilten'') (1205)
** [[Lindwedel]] ([[Theodisce]] ''Lindwedel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Linneweh'') (2618)
** [[Schwarmstedt]], sedes administrationis (5489)

* [[Ericetum Orientale]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ericetum&quot;&gt;[https://woerterbuchnetz.de/?sigle=MeckWB&amp;lemid=H01756 Theodiscum toponymicum suffixum ''-heide'' Latino nomine &quot;Ericetum-i&quot; vertitur.]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Orientalis&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/orientalis?wb=gross&amp;nr=3 Theodiscum praefixum ''Ost-'' Latino adiectivo &quot;orientalis-e&quot; vertitur.]&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Osterheide''; [[Saxonice]] ''Oosterheid''), districtus communi exemptus, cuius caput vicus [[Oerbke]] est ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Oerbke'') (3564)

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index circulorum et liberarum urbium Saxoniae Inferioris]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat|Landkreis Heidekreis|Circulum Heidensem}}
* [http://www.heidekreis.de/ Pagina officialis]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}}

{{geo-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Heidensis circulus}}
[[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1977]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Circulus Neoburgensis Visurgensis</title>
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      <id>3999340</id>
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      <text bytes="13141" sha1="b7zeevea4jvbduwdi96bd6w0qw2joei" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}}

'''Circulus Neoburgensis Visurgensis'''&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Neoburgensis Visurgensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Nienburg/Weser'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus &quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latina gentilicia &quot;Neoburgensis-e&quot; et &quot;Visurgensis-e&quot; ad commune [[Nova Urbs (Saxonia Inferior)|Novam Urbem]] et flumen [[Visurgis|Visurgem]] respective referuntur. Quibus de toponymis, vide {{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Landkreis Nienburg/Weser''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Nienburg/Weser''; [[Saxonice]] ''Landkreis Nienborg/Werser''), pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], anno [[1885]] conditus est et finibus mutatis ad diem hodiernum exstat.

== De rebus gestis ==
Ager circuli maxima ex parte ad [[Electoratus Brunsvici-Luneburgi|Electoratum Brunsvici-Luneburgi]] olim pertinuit; anno autem [[1805]] cum toto electoratu a copiis [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Francicis]] occupatum est. Ab anno [[1807]] ad [[1813]] pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Tum ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Es anno [[1946]], circulus ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinet, et anno [[1977]] fines hodiernas accepit

== Communia circuli ==
Haec sunt communia huius circuli, quae partim ad communia generalia coniunguntur:
{{div col|2}}

* [[Nova Urbs (Saxonia Inferior)|Nova Urbs]], Germanice ''Nienburg/Weser'', caput circuli (31.193 incolae)
* [[Rehburgum-Luca]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Luca&quot;&gt;Vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20260422081432/https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/loccum/ ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''ecclesia in Luca'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;, urbs (10.154)
* [[Steyerberg]] (5262)

* [[Alisni (commune generale)|Alisni]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&amp;cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&amp;lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Liebenau''; [[Saxonice]] ''Levenau'') commune generale (5.950)
** [[Alisni (Circulus Neoburgensis Visurgensis)|Alisni]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Liebenau''; [[Saxonice]] ''Levenau''), oppidum et sedes administrationis (3688)
** [[Binnenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;&gt;Köbler, G. (2016). ''Orte in der deutschen Ortsgeschichte''. Wikiling-Zier. [[Universitas Leopoldino-Franciscea]].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Binnen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Binn’n'') (1010)
** [[Pennigsehl]] ([[Theodisce]] ''Pennigsehl''; [[Saxonice]] ''Pennigsähle'') (1252)

* [[Comitatus Hoya (commune generale)|Comitatus Hoya]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Grafschaft Hoya''; [[Saxonice]] ''Graafschop Hoya'') commune generale (16.757)
** [[Bukina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilmans &amp; Hoogeweg VI 1898&quot;&gt;Wilmans, R., &amp; Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.). (1898). ''Westfälisches Urkundenbuch: Band 6. Die Urkunden des Bisthums Minden und angrenzender Gebiete''. [[Monasterium (Germania)|Monasterii]]: Regensberg'schen Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bücken'') oppidum (2139)
** [[Eystharpa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-tharpa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-trup'' seu ''-drup'' seu ''-trop'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-tharpa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Butilingtharpa]], [[Graftharpa]], [[Gumorodingtharpa]], [[Haringtharpa]], [[Heppingtharpa]], [[Holttharpa]], [[Hurstharpa]], [[Kathingtharpa]], [[Kiedeningtharpa]], [[Marastharpa]], [[Markiligtharpa]], [[Meinbrahtingtharpa]], [[Peingtharpa]], [[Radistharpa]], [[Sutharpa]], [[Tettingtharpa]], [[Vilomaringtharpa]], [[Winikingtharpa]], [[Varetharpa]], [[Vrilingtharpa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eystrup''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eestrup'') (3251)
** [[Gandesberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;  ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gandesbergen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Gannsbargen'') (478)
** [[Hamelhusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Hämelhausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hämelhusen'') (571)
** [[Hasela (Saxonia Inferior)|Hasela]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hasela&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/hassel/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''] {{Nexus deficit|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Dort ist die ''villa Hasela'' erwähnt, also das Dorf Hassel (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hassel'') (1856)
** [[Hilgermissa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hilgermissen'') (2181)
** [[Hoya]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hoya''; quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Hoya/Weser''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''de Haaien'' seu ''Hejen'' seu ''Hajen'' seu ''Heien''), urbs et sedes administrationis (3.772)
** [[Indago Comitis Hoyae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Indago Comitis Hoyae&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/hoyerhagen/?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''kirchengemeindelexikon''] {{Nexus deficit|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''indago comitis Hoye'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hoyerhagen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Heierhagen'' seu ''Heyerhagen'') (953)
** [[Schweringen]] (800)
** [[Warpe]] (756)

* [[Heemsa (commune generale)|Heemsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heemsen'') commune generale (6.019)
** [[Arx Draconis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egger 1977&quot;&gt;Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Drakenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Drakenborg'') oppidum (1734)
** [[Hasburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Haßbergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Haßbargen'') (1559)
** [[Heemsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heemsen'') (1706)
** [[Rohrsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Rohrsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Rohßen''), sedes administrationis (1020)

* [[Markloha (commune generale)|Markloha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-loha&quot;&gt;Germanica praesentia aut antiqua toponyma cum suffixis ''-loh(e)'' et ''-lo'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-loha-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ascloha]], [[Buohloha]], [[Eiloha]], [[Hadaloha]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Marklohe'') commune generale (8.349)
** [[Balga Cortis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Balge'') (1752)
** [[Markloha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-loha&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Marklohe''), sedes administrationis (4432)
** [[Wietzen]] (2165)

* [[Steimbke (commune generale)|Steimbke]] commune generale (7.186)
** [[Linsburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Linsburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Linsborg'') (922)
** [[Rodewolde]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rodewolde&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/rodewald/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Bruningus, Thidericus, Willehelmus in Rodewolde, in Giltene et in Suderbroke ecclesiarum rectores'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Rodewald''; [[Saxonice]] ''Rowohle'') (2496)
** [[Steimbke]], sedes administrationis (2466)
** [[Stöckse]] (1302)

* [[Uchte (commune generale)|Uchte]] commune generale (13.932)
** [[Diepenavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-avia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-au'' seu ''-aw'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-avia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Iereslavia]], [[Iunonwladislavia]], [[Labiavia]], [[Landavia]], [[Lindavia]], [[Liptavia]], [[Lobavia]], [[Lochavia]], [[Lublavia]], [[Luccavia]], [[Mitavia]], [[Multavia]], [[Namslavia]], [[Neoboleslavia]], [[Olavia]], [[Oppavia]], [[Pegavia]], [[Pillavia]], [[Premislavia]], inter alia, apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Diepenau''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Deepnau'') oppidum (3883)
** [[Ratherisdorfa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus N-Z&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&amp;cq=M%C3%BCnchen&amp;lang=de''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z''].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Raddestorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Rastörpe'') (1886)
** [[Uchte]] (4882)
** [[Warmsen]] (3281)

* [[Visurgis Medius (commune generale)|Visurgis Medius]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mittelweser&quot;&gt;[Theodiscum praefixum &quot;Mittel-'' Latino adiectivo &quot;medius-a-um&quot;] et Theodiscum toponymicum suffixum ''-weser'' Latino hydronymo &quot;[[Visurgis|Visurgis-is]]&quot; vertitur. Quo de hydronymo, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Mittelweser'') commune generale (15.830)
** [[Estorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Estorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Esdörp'' seu ''Esdrup'') (1668)
** [[Husum (prope Novam Urbem)|Husum]] ([[Theodisce]] ''Husum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Husen'') (2338)
** [[Landesberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;  ([[Theodisce]] ''Landesbergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Landsebargen'') (2730)
** [[Lyese]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lyese&quot;&gt;Vide [https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9783835341944_A39332036/preview-9783835341944_A39332036.pdf?utm ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Loccum''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) in marchia Lyese proprietatis iure (...) in campis de Lyese trans Werram (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Leese'')&lt;/small&gt; (1638)
** [[Stolzenau]], sedes administrationis (7456)

{{div col end}}

== Notae ==
[[Fasciculus:Municipalities in NI.svg|right|300px|Communia in circulo Neoburgensi.]]
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index circulorum et liberarum urbium Saxoniae Inferioris]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat|Landkreis Nienburg/Weser|Circulum Neoburgensem}}
* [http://www.lk-nienburg.de/ Pagina officialis]

{{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Neoburgensis circulus}}
[[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1885]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Circulus Osnabrugae</title>
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[[Fasciculus:Municipalities in OS.svg|upright=1|right|Communia in circulo Osnabrugensi]]
'''Circulus Osnabrugae'''&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Osnabrugae&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Osnabrück'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum ''LandKreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Osnabruga|Osnabruga-ae]]&quot;, vide Pertsch, Erich: ''Langenscheidts Großes Schulwörterbuch Lateinisch-Deutsch'', Berolini et Monaci 1983, ISBN 3-468-07202-3, p. 1325.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Landkreis Osnabrück''; [[Saxonice]] ''Landkreis Ossenbrügge''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Ossenbrääch''), pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], anno [[1885]] conditus est et finibus mutatis ad diem hodiernum exstat.

== De rebus gestis ==
Ager circuli ab anno [[1803]] ad [[Ducatus Luneburgensis|Ducatum Luneburgensem]] pertinuit. Anno [[1805]] cum toto Ducatu a copiis [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Francicis]] occupatum est. Ab anno [[1810]] ad [[1813]] ad [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Franciam]] pertinuit. Ab anno [[1814]] ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Anno [[1946]] circulus ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinet et anno [[1974]] fines hodiernas accipit.

== Communia circuli ==
Haec sunt communia huius circuli, quae partim ad communia generalia coniuncta sunt:

* [[Assena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Philippi &amp; Bar 1892&quot;&gt;Philippi, F., &amp; Bär, M. (Eds.) (1892). ''Osnabrücker Urkundenbuch: Die Urkunden der Jahre 772-1200'' (Vol. 1). Verein für Geschichte und Landeskunde von Osnabrück. &lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Essen'') (15.263 incolae)
* [[Bamwida]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Bohmte''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baumte'') (12.637)
* [[Belmum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Moser 1738&quot;&gt;Moser, J. J. (1738). ''Bibliotheca Iuris Publici S. R. I. Germanici: Specially regarding the territories of Westphalia and Lower Saxony''. Typis Ioannis Georgii Cottae.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Belm'') (13.581)
* [[Bissendorpum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Bissendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bissendörp'') (14.370)
* [[Bramascus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bramsche''), urbs (36.013)
* [[Campus Rufus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Stüve 1789&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Rothenfelde'') (7839)
* [[Capella Orientalis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Capella&quot;&gt;Theodiscum suffixum ''-cappel(n)'' Latino vocabulo &quot;capella-ae&quot; vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Orientalis&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/orientalis?wb=gross&amp;nr=3 Theodiscum praefixum ''Ost(er)-'' Latino adiectivo &quot;orientalis-e&quot; vertitur.]&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Ostercappeln''; [[Saxonice]] ''Austerkappeln'') (9566)
* [[Disna (Saxonia Inferior)|Disna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Dissen am Teutoburger Wald''), urbs (9390)
* [[Glandorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Glandorf'') (6664)
* [[Haga ad Teutoburgiensem Saltum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;&gt;De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum &quot;Klein&quot; et &quot;Gross&quot; per Latina &quot;Minor-us&quot; et &quot;Maior-ius&quot;, vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Teutoburger Wald&quot;&gt;Cfr. [[Cornelius Tacitus|Taciti]], ''[[Annales (Tacitus)|Annales]]'', {{Vf|Ab excessu divi Augusti (Annales)/Liber I|LX|I, 60}}: &quot;... haud procul '''Teutoburgiensi saltu''' in quo reliquiae Vari legionumque insepultae dicebantur&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Hagen am Teutoburger Wald'') (13.475)
* [[Hasberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;  ([[Theodisce]] ''Hasbergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hasbergen'') (10.901)
* [[Hilter ad Teutoburgiensem Saltum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Teutoburger Wald&quot;&gt;Cfr. [[Cornelius Tacitus|Taciti]], ''[[Annales (Tacitus)|Annales]]'', {{Vf|Ab excessu divi Augusti (Annales)/Liber I|LX|I, 60}}: &quot;... haud procul '''Teutoburgiensi saltu''' in quo reliquiae Vari legionumque insepultae dicebantur&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Hilter am Teutoburger Wald'') (10.243)
* [[Hutta Georgii et Mariae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;hutta-ae&quot;&gt;Toponyma cum suffixis ''-hütte'' aut ''-hutta'' plerumque latinizari solent Latino vocabulo &quot;Hutta-ae&quot;, quamquam huius vocabuli variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Hutta vitriaria Bohemica]] apud [https://schwaben.hu/ortschaften/bohmischhutten?utm Schwaben.hu. (s. d.). ''Böhmischhütten / Csehbánya – Ortsgeschichte'']; [[Hutta Germanica]] apud [https://huta.ewk.hu/nemetbanya-1757-1781/?utm ''Németbánya. (s. s.). Németbánya története'']; [[Hutta Vitriaria]] apud https://slavistika.sk/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/2015_1.pdf?utm [Majtán, M. (1998). ''Názvy obcí Slovenskej republiky: Vývin v rokoch 1773–1997''. Bratislaviae: Veda]; Hutta apud [https://real.mtak.hu/140291/1/K%C3%A1rp%C3%A1talja%20helys%C3%A9gnevei.pdf?utm ''Kárpátalja helységnevei.'']; [[Hutta Polonica]] apud Štefánik, M. (2022). ''Italia ed Europa centro-orientale tra Medioevo ed età moderna: Economia, società, cultura''. Heidelberg University Publishing; [[Hutta (Eiflia)|Hutta Eifliae]] apud Beyer, H. (1860). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der, jetzt die Preussischen Regierungsbezirke Coblenz und Trier bildenden mittelrheinischen Territorien'' (Vol. 1). J. Hölscher, et Beyer, H. (1860). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der mittelrheinischen Territorien: Erster Band. Von den ältesten Zeiten bis zum Jahre 1169''. [[Confluentes (Germania)|Confluentibus]]: J. Hölscher.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Georgius&quot;&gt;[https://la.wiktionary.org/wiki/Georgius?utm Theodiscum praefixum ''Georg-'' Latino anthroponymo casu genetivo &quot;Georfii&quot; vertitur].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Maria&quot;&gt;[https://la.wiktionary.org/wiki/Maria?utm Theodiscum interfixum ''-marien-'' Latino anthroponymo casu genetivo &quot;Mariae&quot; vertitur].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Georgsmarienhütte''), commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] (31.520)
* [[Iburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Von Schaten 1714&quot;&gt;Von Schaten, N. (1714). ''Monumenta Osnabrugensia ex historia romana, francica, saxonicaque eruta''. Typis Jodoci Henrici Meyer.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Iburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Ibig'' seu ''Ibig''), urbs (10.548)
* [[Laerium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Stüve 1789&quot;&gt;Stüve, J. E. (1789). ''Beschreibung des Fürstenthums Osnabrück mit einigen Urkunden''. Kißling.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Laer'') (9268)
* [[Mella]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mella&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.lemgo.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Dokumente/Stadtarchiv/Bib_974.pdf?utm ''Album studiosorum Academiae'']. ubi &quot;(...) Henrich Carl Kahmann Mella-Osnabrugensis (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Melle'')&lt;/small&gt;, commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] (46.039)
* [[Wallenhorst]] (23.018)

* [[Artlandia (commune generale)|Artlandia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-landia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-land'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-landia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amelandia]], [[Bevelandia Australis]], [[Bevelandia Septentrionalis]], [[Bolandia]], [[Iutlandia]], [[Curlandia]], [[Estlandia]], [[Finlandia]], [[Flevolandia]], [[Friedlandia]], [[Islandia]], [[Gothlandia]], [[Hollandia]], [[Ingermanlandia]], [[Isalandia]] [[Lalandia]], [[Langelandia]], [[Oehtlandia]] [[Olandia]], [[Sallandia]], [[Samlandia]] [[Zelandia]], [[Selandia]] [[Fotlandia]], [[Wermelandia]] [[Withlandia]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Artland'') commune generale (22.839)
** [[Badberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Badbergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Badbern'') (4572)
** [[Menslaga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Menslage''; [[Saxonice]] ''Menslaoge'') (2462)
** [[Northarpa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-tharpa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-trup'' seu ''-drup'' seu ''-trop'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-tharpa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Butilingtharpa]], [[Graftharpa]], [[Gumorodingtharpa]], [[Haringtharpa]], [[Heppingtharpa]], [[Holttharpa]], [[Hurstharpa]], [[Kathingtharpa]], [[Kiedeningtharpa]], [[Marastharpa]], [[Markiligtharpa]], [[Meinbrahtingtharpa]], [[Peingtharpa]], [[Radistharpa]], [[Sutharpa]], [[Tettingtharpa]], [[Vilomaringtharpa]], [[Winikingtharpa]], [[Varetharpa]], [[Vrilingtharpa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Nortrup''; [[Saxonice]] ''Norpen'') (2960)
** [[Quakenbrugge]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Quakenbrugge&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/quakenbrueck-sylvester/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''] {{Nexus deficit|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''castellanis in Quakenbrugge'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Quakenbrück''; [[Saxonice]] ''Quokenbrügge''), urbs et sedes administrationis (12.845)

* [[Bersenbrugum (commune generale)|Bersenbrugum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sandhoff 1785&quot;&gt;Sandhoff, J. E. (1785). ''Antistitum Osnabrugensis ecclesiae, qui per decem saecula episcopale munus in ea gesserunt, chronotaxis''. Typis Joannis Georgii Kislingii.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Bersenbrück''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bessenbrügge'') commune generale (28.870)
** [[Alfhusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;&gt;Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Bremensis et Verdensis: De ecclesiis, archidiaconatuis et pagis ditionis Rotenburgensis (Caput de parochia Ahusii)''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Lunaeburgensis: De ecclesiis, archidiaconatuis et parochiis ditionis Osnabrugensis (Caput de antiqua parochia Alfhusii)''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Lunaeburgensis: De ecclesiis, archidiaconatuis et parochiis ditionis Osnabrugensis et Comitatus Lingensis (Caput de parochia Anderveniae)''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Lunaeburgensis: De ecclesiis, archidiaconatuis et parochiis ditionis Osnabrugensis (Caput de antiquo archidiaconatu Anchemii)''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis.&lt;/ref&gt; (3910) ([[Theodisce]] ''Alfhausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Alfhusen'')
** [[Anchemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;/&gt; (7314) ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ankum'')
** [[Bersenbrugum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sandhoff 1785&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Bersenbrück''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bessenbrügge''), urbs et sedes administrationis (8315)
** [[Eggermuhla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Eggermühlen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eggermöhlen'') (1703)
** [[Gehrda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Gehrde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gährde'') (2504)
** [[Kettencampus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;campus-i&quot;&gt;[https://ewa.saw-leipzig.de/articles/80250/en?utm Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-kamp'' seu ''-kampf'' seu ''-camp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-campus-i&quot;], quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Kettenkamp''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ketenkamp '') (1688)
** [[Riesta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Rieste'') (3436)

* [[Furstenavia (commune generale)|Furstenavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Furstenavia&quot;&gt;Theodiscum nomen proprium ''Fürstenau'' in Latinam &quot;Furstenavia&quot; verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Hofmannus}}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) FURSTENAVIA Familia Germ. ''Furstenau'', ramus est Familiae Erpacensis (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Fürstenau''; [[Saxonice]] ''Fösnau'' seu ''Försnau'') commune generale (15.873)
** [[Berga (Circulus Osnabrugae)|Berga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&amp;cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&amp;lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Berge'') (3518)
** [[Bippenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;&gt;Köbler, G. (2016). ''Orte in der deutschen Ortsgeschichte''. Wikiling-Zier. [[Universitas Leopoldino-Franciscea]].&lt;/ref&gt;  ([[Theodisce]] ''Bippen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bippen'') (2945)
** [[Furstenavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Furstenavia&quot;&gt;Theodiscum nomen proprium ''Fürstenau'' in Latinam &quot;Furstenavia&quot; verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Hofmannus}}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) FURSTENAVIA Familia Germ. ''Furstenau'', ramus est Familiae Erpacensis (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Fürstenau''; [[Saxonice]] ''Fösnau'' seu ''Försnau''), urbs et sedes administraionis (9410)

* [[Nyenkerken (commune generale)|Nyenkerken]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NyenkerkenII&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Neuenkirchen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nienkerken'') commune generale (10.162)
** [[Merzen]] (3921)
** [[Nyenkerken (Circulus Osnabrugae)|Nyenkerken]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NyenkerkenII&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_bij005190401_01/_bij005190401_01_0009.php?utm ''dbnl''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Item curtis in Nyenkerken'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Neuenkirchen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nienkerken''), sedes administrationis * (4498)
** [[Voltlage]] (1743)


{{NexInt}}
* [[Index circulorum et liberarum urbium Saxoniae Inferioris]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat|Landkreis Osnabrück|Circulum Osnabrugensem}}
* [http://landkreis-osnabrueck/ Pagina officialis]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Osnabrugensis circulus}}
[[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1885]]</text>
      <sha1>1svxq5o8sp5ju2f5pt47neigflsncob</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Circulus Stadae</title>
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      <text bytes="17731" sha1="8qlmm6cb12x4gyia3x790gvhe0jzr6p" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}}

'''Circulus Stadae'''&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Stadae&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Stade'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Stadae]]&quot;, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Landkreis Stade''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Stade''; [[Saxonice]] ''Landkreis Stood''), pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], anno [[1885]] conditus est et finibus mutatis ad diem hodiernum exstat.

== De rebus gestis ==
Ager circuli ab anno [[1719]] ad [[Electoratus Brunsvici-Luneburgi|Electoratum Brunsvici-Luneburgi]] pertinuit, post [[Bella Coalitionum|Bella Napoleonica]] ad novum [[Regnum Hannoveranum]]. Ab anno [[1866]] pars [[Borussia]]e fuit. Anno [[1932]] fines circuli aucti sunt. Ab anno [[1946]] circulus ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinet et anno [[1972]] fines hodiernas accipit.

== Communia circuli ==
Haec sunt communia huius circuli, quae partim ad communi generalia coniuncta sunt:

* [[Buxtehuda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lappenberg 1842&quot;&gt;Lappenberg, J. M. (Ed.) (1842). ''Hamburgisches Urkundenbuch: Band 1''. Perthes-Besser &amp; Mauke.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Buxtehude''; [[Saxonice]] ''Buxthu''), urbs Hanseatica et commune sui iuris (40.173 incolae)
* [[Curia Maiorica]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Curia Maiorica&quot;&gt;Manfred Niemeyer (Hrsg.): ''Deutsches Ortsnamenbuch''. De Gruyter, Berolini 2012, ISBN 978-3-11-018908-7, S. 298.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Jork''; [[Saxonice]] ''Jörk'') (12.050)
* [[Drochtersa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Drochtersen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Drochters'') (11.292)
* [[Stadae]] caput circuli et urbs Hanseatica (46.378)

* [[Abensium (commune generale)|Abensium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;&gt;Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Bremensis et Verdensis: De ecclesiis, archidiaconatuis et pagis ditionis Rotenburgensis (Caput de parochia Ahusii)''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Lunaeburgensis: De ecclesiis, archidiaconatuis et parochiis ditionis Osnabrugensis (Caput de antiqua parochia Alfhusii)''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Lunaeburgensis: De ecclesiis, archidiaconatuis et parochiis ditionis Osnabrugensis et Comitatus Lingensis (Caput de parochia Anderveniae)''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Lunaeburgensis: De ecclesiis, archidiaconatuis et parochiis ditionis Osnabrugensis (Caput de antiquo archidiaconatu Anchemii)''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Bremensis et Verdensis: De ecclesiis, archidiaconatuis, decimis et pagis ditionis Stadiensis (Caput de parochia Abensii)''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis.&lt;/ref&gt;  commune generale (8958)
** [[Abensium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Apensen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Obbens''), sedes administrationis (3945)
** [[Beckdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;AdWzG 2010&quot;&gt;Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen (2010). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter'' (K. Casemir, F. Menzel, &amp; U. Ohainski, Eds.). Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Beckdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Beekdörp'') (2660)
** [[Sauensiek]] (2353)

* [[Fredenbiki (commune generale)|Fredenbiki]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-biki&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-beck'' seu ''-beek'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-biki-orum&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Aesebiki]], [[Asbiki]], [[Beverbiki]], [[Gledabiki]], [[Goltbiki]], [[Sannanabiki]], [[Trobiki]], [[Walbeka|Walbiki]], [[Winesbiki]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Fredenbeck''; [[Saxonice]] ''Freenbeek'') commune generale (12.704)
** [[Deinsta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Deinste''; [[Saxonice]] ''Deinst)'') (1999)
** [[Fredenbiki]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-biki&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Fredenbeck''; [[Saxonice]] ''Freenbeek''), sedes administrationis (6072)
** [[Kutenholtia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-holtia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-holz'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-holtia-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) -holz : -''holtia'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Kutenholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kutenhult'' seu ''Kutenholt'') (4633)

* [[Harsefeld (commune generale)|Harsfeldum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Harsefeld''; [[Saxonice]] ''Harsfeld'' seu ''Hasfeld'') commune generale (20.929)
** [[Alorstedium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pratje 1758&quot;&gt;Pratje, J. H. (1758). ''Historische Nachrichten von dem ehemaligen berühmten Closter Harsefeld: Monumenta ac documenta saeculi XII ubi de decimis Alorstedii agitur''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Ahlerstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ohlers'') (5273)
** [[Bargstedum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mushard 1764&quot;&gt;Mushard, M. (1764). ''Palaeogentilismus Bremensis: Monumenta ac veterum tumuli in ducatibus Bremensi et Verdensi''. Typis Andreae Vandenhoeck.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Bargstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bargst'' seu ''Bars'') (1987)
** [[Brestum (Saxonia Inferior)|Brestum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pratje 1759&quot;&gt;Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brest'') (795)
** [[Harsfeldum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Harsefeld''; [[Saxonice]] ''Harsfeld'' seu ''Hasfeld''), oppidum et sedes administrationis (12.874)

* [[Horneburgum (commune generale)|Horneburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Horneburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hornborg'') commune generale (12.388)
** [[Arx Agathae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Kochen 1724&quot;&gt;Kochen, J. H. (1724). ''Introductio in Historiam Ducatus Bremensis y Verdensis: Accesserunt diplomata varia et descriptio Arcis Agathae et ditionis Stadiensis''. Stadae: Typis Caspari Holmii.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Agathenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gothenborg'') (1180)
** [[Bliederstorpum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Trüper 2017&quot;&gt;Trüper, H. G. (2017). ''Urkundenbuch der Herren von Zesterfleth: 1232–1657''. Wallstein Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Bliedersdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bliersdörp'') (1717)
** [[Dolnere]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Dolnere&quot;&gt;Vide [https://adw-goe.de/fileadmin/forschungsprojekte/ortsnamen_rhein_elbe/dokumente/Publikationen_Udolph_PDF/2001-2005/315._Udolph_Anmerkungen_zum_Ortsnamen_Dollern.pdf ''Anmerkugen zum Ortsnamen Dollern''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) 1105 (Fälschung Mitte 12. Jh.) ''Dolnere'' (...) 1209 ''Johannes de dolnere'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dollern'') (2034)
** [[Horneburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Horneburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hornborg''), oppidum et sedes administrationis (6026)
** [[Nottensdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Nottensdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nottensdörp'') (1431)

* [[Kadingia Septentrionalis (commune generale)|Kadingia Septentrionalis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Kadingia&quot;&gt;Vide [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Zeitschrift_des_Historischen_Vereins_f%C3%BCr_Niedersachsen_%28IA_zeitschriftdeshi1868hist%29.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Zeitschrift des Historischen Vereins für Niedersachsen''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ad eundem Gerlagum pertinentium, seu ultra Albiam seu in Kadingia sitorum (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Septentrionalis&quot;&gt;Latinum adiectivum [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/septentrionalis?wb=gross&amp;nr=3 &quot;septentrionalis-e&quot;] Theodiscum praefixum aut vocabulum  ''Nord(-)'' vertit.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Nordkehdingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Noordkeden'') commune generale (7375)
** [[Balga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Udolph 1994&quot;&gt;Udolph, J. (1994). ''Namenkundliche Studien zum Germanenproblem'' (Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde, Ergänzungsbände 9). Walter de Gruyter.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Balje'') (1017)
** [[Friburgum (Albis)|Friburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Friburgum&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Freiburg'' Latino toponymo &quot;Friburgum&quot; verti solet. Cf. [[Friburgum Brisgoviae]] aut [[Friburgum Nuithonum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Freiburg/Elbe''; [[Saxonice]] ''Fryborg'' seu ''Freiborg'') oppidum (1872)
** [[Krummendicum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dicum&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Krummendeich''; [[Saxonice]] ''Krummendiek'') (490)
** [[Oderquatum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Oderquatum&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica toponyma cum terminationibus ''-at'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-atum-i&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-at''' : -''atum'' (...)&quot;. Hoc casu, latinizantia suffixa formae antiquae huius toponymi &quot;Oderquat&quot; applicantur; quo de toponymo, vide [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Zeitschrift_des_Historischen_Vereins_f%C3%BCr_Niedersachsen_%28IA_zeitschriftdeshi1889hist%29.pdf?utm ''Zeitschrift des Historischen Vereins für Niedersachsen''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Cadenberghe, Oppele, Oderquat (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Oederquart'') (1040)
** [[Wischhafen]] (2956)

* [[Lu (commune generale)|Lu]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nova Lu&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Lühe''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lüh'') commune generale (9844)
** [[Dithgherscope-Twielenflethum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hollern&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/hollern-twielenfleth/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''] {{Nexus deficit|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Luderus in Dithgherscope'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-ethum&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-eth'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-ethum-i&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Bechtsriethum]], [[Maitenbethum]] ac [[Wiesethum]] apud Vicipaediae Latinae articulum de [[Index communium Bavariae|indice communium Bavariae]]; et [[Gransebiethum]] apud Vicipaediae Latinae articulum de [[Index Communium Megapolis et Pomeraniae Citerioris|indice communium Megapolis et Pomeraniae Citerioris]].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Hollern-Twielenfleth''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hullern-Twielenfleth'') (3360)
** [[Grunendicum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dicum&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-di(e)k(e)'' aut ''-deich(e)'' aut ''-dijk'' aut ''-dyk(e)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dicum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Isendicum]] apud {{Graesse}}; aut [[Mardicum]] apud ''Dictionnaire universel françois et latin, vulgairement appelé Dictionnaire de Trévoux''.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Grünendeich''; [[Saxonice]] ''Greundiek'') (1871)
** [[Guderhandviertel]] ([[Theodisce]] ''Guderhandviertel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gauderhandviddel'') (1111)
** [[Media Lu]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Media Lu&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/mittelnkirchen/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''] {{Nexus deficit|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. ubi &quot;(...) Mittelnkirchen ist nach 1305 und 1322 als ''medie Lu'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Mittelnkirchen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Mittelskark'') (1076)
** [[Nova Lu]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nova Lu&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/neuenkirchen-altes-land/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''] {{Nexus deficit|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Papst Innozenz III. (amt. 1198–1216) bestätigte dem Kloster Harsefeld u. a. den Besitz des Zehnten in ''Lu'' (...) urkundlich erstmals 1274 als ''Nova Lu'' belegt (...) Landesgemeinde Altes Land (1361 eigenes Siegel, Umschrift: ''Sigillum communitates veteris terrae'') (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Neuenkirchen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neekark'') (838)
** [[Steinkirchen]], sedes administrationis (1588)

* [[Oldendorpe-Coeli Porta (commune generale)|Oldendorpe-Coeli Porta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Oldendorpe&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/oldendorf-landkreis-stade/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''] {{Nexus deficit|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''dominus Hermannus, rector ecclesie in Oldendorpe'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Oldendorf-Himmelpforten''; [[Saxonice]] ''Olendörp-Himmelpoorten'') commune generale (17.963)
** [[Borchwega]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rüther 1905&quot;&gt;Rüther, H. (Ed.) (1905). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Neuenwalde''. Halle’sche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Burweg'') (1007)
** [[Coeli Porta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Himmelpforten''; [[Saxonice]] ''Himmelpoorten''), sedes administrationis (5127)
** [[Cranenburgum (Saxonia Inferior)|Cranenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cranenburgum&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Kranenburg'' &quot;Cranenburgum&quot; latinizari solet. Cf. [[Cranenburgum (Rhenania Septentrionalis et Vestfalia)|Cranenburgum Rhenanum]] apud ''Atlas Sive Cosmographicae Meditationes de Fabrica Mundi et Fabricati Figura'', Mercatoris.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Kranenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kronenborg'')&lt;/small&gt; (726)
** [[Dudanebutli]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lappenberg 1841&quot;&gt;Lappenberg, J. M. (Ed.) (1841). ''Hamburgisches Urkundenbuch (Band 1)''. Perthes-Besser &amp; Mauke.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Düdenbüttel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Düünbeudel'') (990)
** [[Engelschofa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-hofa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-hof(f)(e)(n)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-hofa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Hattenhofa (Bavaria)|Hattenhofa Bavarica]], [[Pfaffenhofa ad fluvium Glon]], [[Pfaffenhofa ad Rotam]], [[Poohofa]], [[Gundershofa]], [[Hattenhofa (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Hattenhofa Badeniae-Virtembergiae]], [[Pfaffenhofa (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Pfaffenhofa]], [[Matichofa]], [[Philshofa]] apud [[Google|Gugulam]].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Engelschoff''; [[Saxonice]] ''Engelschopp'') (763)
** [[Estorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Estorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Esdörp'') (1428)
** [[Hamma (Saxonia Inferior)|Hamma]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-ah&quot;&gt;Germanica aut Semitica aut Indoiranica toponyma cum terminatione ''-ah'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Exempli gratiā: [[Calvela]], [[Maliana]], Parra, [[Widenla]], [[Zellia]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Hammah''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hammoh'') (3066)
** [[Heinbockel]] ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heinbockel'') (1420)
** [[Oldendorpe]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Oldendorpe&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Oldendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Olendörp'') (2982)
** [[Worde]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Worde&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/grossenwoerden/?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Hinricus rector ecclesie in Worde'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Großenwörden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grootweurn'') (454)

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index circulorum et liberarum urbium Saxoniae Inferioris]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat|Landkreis Stade|Circulum Stadae}}
* [http://www.landkreis-stade.de/ Pagina officialis]


{{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Stadae circulus}}
[[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1885]]</text>
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    <title>Circulus Fardensis</title>
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      <text bytes="5628" sha1="mhedfe0n8ubyt4bw3rl7xnech5vu350" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}}

[[Fasciculus:Municipalities in VER.svg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Communia in circulo Fardensi.]]
'''Circulus terrae Fardensis'''&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus terrae Fardensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Verden'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino gentilicio &quot;Fardensis-e&quot;, quod ad [[Fardium]] refertur, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Landkreis Verden''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Verden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Landkreis Veern''), est pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], anno [[1885]] conditus.

== De rebus gestis ==
Ager huius circuli post [[Bellum triginta annorum]] anno [[1648]] finitum pars [[Suecia]]e factus est. Tum anno [[1714]] ad [[Electoratus Brunsvici-Luneburgi|Electoratum Brunsvici-Luneburgi]] translatus est. Anno [[1801]] copiae [[Borussia]]e invaserunt. Annis [[1810]] - [[1814]] [[Primum Imperium Francicum]] eam regionem usurpavit. Anno [[1814]] [[Regnum Hannoveranum]] hanc regionem suscepit. Tum anno [[1866]] [[Borussia]] regnum Hannoveranum subegit et circulus Fardensis pars huius civitatis factus est. Anno [[1946]] tota regio pars Saxoniae Inferioris facta est. Anno [[1972]] et [[2006]] circulus Fardensis fines hodiernas accepit.

== Communia circuli ==
Haec sunt communia huius circuli, quae partim ad commune generale coniuncti sunt:

* [[Acheimum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Grote III 1877&quot;&gt;Grote, H. (1877). ''Münzstudien: Geschichte der älteren Münzen und Urkunden des Bisthums Verden'' (Vol. VIII). Hannoverae: Hahn’sche Hofbuchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Achim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Achem''), commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] (31.156 incolae)
* [[Dorverda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Dörverden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dörbern'' seu ''Dörb'' seu ''Dörveern'') (8993)
* [[Fardium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Verden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Veern''), urbs et caput circuli (26.997)
* [[Langwedel (Saxonia Inferior)|Langwedel]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Langwedel&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/ZIER-HP/ZIER-HP-06-2016/AAAKoeblerGerhardLaurinderdeutschenOrtsgeschichte20161207-1612.htm?utm ''www.koeblergerhard.de''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Langwedel''', 13. Jh., bei Verden, Donb351, (Flecken in dem Landkreis Verden,) rund15000 Einwohner, (apud bzw. ad castrum) Langwedel (1220)  (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Langwedel'') [[oppidum]] (14.414)
* [[Lintlo]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lintlo&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/kirchlinteln/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''] {{Nexus deficit|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Urkundlich ist das Dorf erstmals 1123 als ''Lintlo'' belegt (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Kirchlinteln''; [[Saxonice]] ''Karklinteln'' seu ''Kerklinteln'' seu ''Kerklinneln'')&lt;/small&gt; (10.132)
* [[Ottersberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Ottersberg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Otterbarg'') oppidum (12.443)
* [[Oytha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Oyten''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eiten'') (15.604)


* [[Thedinghausen (commune generale)|Thedinghausen]] commune generale (14.906)
** [[Blenderum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Brosius 1993&quot;&gt;Brosius, D. (1993). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Loccum'' (Vol. 1). Wallstein Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Blender''; [[Saxonice]] ''Blenner'') (2856)
** [[Emtinghusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Emtinghausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emhusen'') (1504)
** [[Ride (Saxonia Inferior)|Ride]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ride&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/riede/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''curiam Ride'' (...) ''Volbertus de Ride'' (...) ''Rembertus de Ride'' (...) ''parrochia in Ride'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Riede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Rier'') (2742)
** [[Thedinghausen]], sedes administrationis (7804)

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index circulorum et liberarum urbium Saxoniae Inferioris]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat|Landkreis Verden|Circulum Fardensem}}
* [http://www.landkreis-verden.de/ Pagina officialis]

{{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vechta circulus}}
[[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1885]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Consilium cardinalium</title>
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      <text bytes="1664" sha1="dwk2ypnw4uxypvq2ta3lnlmqkdt18dq" xml:space="preserve">'''Consilium cardinalium Summo Pontifici''' a [[Franciscus (papa)|Francisco]] papa die [[13 Aprilis]] [[2013]] convocatum est, die [[28 Septembris]] [[2013|huius anni]] rite creatum est, membris octo, secretario [[Marcellus Semeraro|Marcello Semeraro]] episcopo [[Albanum|Albanensi]], &quot; ad adiuvandum Romanum Pontificem in Universali Ecclesia gubernanda adque suscipiendum consilium emendationis Constitutionis Apostolicae ''[[Pastor Bonus]]'' de Curia Romana&quot;. Anno [[2014]] membrum nonum invocatum est. Congrediuntur a principio:
* [[Anscharius Andreas Rodríguez Maradiaga]] praeses
* [[Ioannes Patricius O'Malley]]
* [[Iosephus Bertello]]
* [[Franciscus Xaverius Errázuriz Ossa]]
* [[Osvaldus Gracias]]
* [[Reinardus Marx]]
* [[Laurentius Monsengwo Pasinya]]
* [[Georgius Pell]]
A mense Iulio [[2014]]:
* [[Petrus Parolin]]

== Bibliographia ==
* [[Franciscus (papa)|Franciscus PP.]], &quot;Chirographum quo instituitur Consilium Cardinalium ad adiuvandum Romanum Pontificem in Universali Ecclesia gubernanda adque suscipiendum consilium emendationis Constitutionis Apostolicae «Pastor Bonus» de Curia Romana (28.09.2013)&quot; in ''Acta Apostolicae Sedis'' vol. 105 (2013) pp. 875-876
* Agnieszka Romanko, &quot;[http://czasopisma.uksw.edu.pl/index.php/pk/article/view/1071 Reforma Urzędu Informacji Finansowej i Instytutu Dzieł Religijnych]&quot; in ''Prawo Kanoniczne'' vol. 59 no. 3 (2016)
 
== Nexus externi ==
* &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20200806095531/https://www.rkdocumenten.nl/rkdocs/index.php?mi=600&amp;doc=6559&amp;id=10914 Stappen die al genomen zijn]&quot; apud ''RK Documenten''

[[Categoria:Curia Romana]]
[[Categoria:Franciscus (papa)]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 2013]]</text>
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    <title>ENIAC</title>
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      <text bytes="11541" sha1="n56tp7dejhrz1889dav9irvsyl5g1p3" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:ENIAC Penn1.jpg|thumb|Quattuor lamina ENIAC et una ex eius tribus tabulis in Schola Artis Ingeniariae et Scientiae Adhibitae in [[Universitas Pennsylvaniensis|Universitate Pennsylvanieni]] visa.]]
[[Fasciculus:Glen Beck and Betty Snyder program the ENIAC in building 328 at the Ballistic Research Laboratory.jpg|thumb|Glen Beck (in scaena) et [[Francisca Elizabetha Holberton|Betty Holberton]] (a fronte) ENIAC in Ballistic Research Laboratory, [[aedificium|aedificio]] 328, [[programma]]ta faciunt. [[Photographema]] [[Exercitus Civitatum Foederatarum]].]]
[[Fasciculus:ENIAC function table at Aberdeen.jpg|thumb|Index functionum ex ENIAC in [[museum|museo]] Aberdeen Proving Ground visus.]]
[[Fasciculus:ENIAC Penn2.jpg|thumb|Singula e tergo cuiusdam partis ENIAC [[tubus vacuus|tubos vacuos]] patefaciunt.]]

'''ENIAC''' ([[IPA]] |ˈɛni.æk|, [[Anglice]] ''Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer'')&lt;ref&gt;John Presper Eckert, Jr., et John W. Mauchly, ''Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer,'' United States Patent Office, US Patent 3,120,606, filed 1947-06-26, issued 1964-02-04; invalidated 1973-10-19 after court ruling on [[Honeywell v. Sperry Rand]].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ENIACstory&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author-last1=Weik |author-first1=Martin H. |title=The ENIAC Story |journal=O R D N A N C E |issue=Ianuarius–Februarius [[1961]] |url=http://ftp.arl.mil/~mike/comphist/eniac-story.html |publisher=American Ordnance Association |location=708 Mills Building - Washington, DC |dead-url=yes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814181522/http://ftp.arl.mil/~mike/comphist/eniac-story.html |archive-date=2011-08-14}}.&lt;/ref&gt; fuit inter prima [[computatrum|computatra]] [[electronica]] propositis generalibus dicata, [[systema digitale|apparatus digitalis]] [[completio modo Truiongensi|modoque Turingensi completus]], qui &quot;magnam classem [[problema]]tum numeralium&quot; per [[programma]]ta solvere poterat.&lt;ref&gt;Goldstine et Goldstine 1946: 97.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author-last=Shurkin |author-first=Joel |title=Engines of the mind: the evolution of the computer from mainframes to microprocessors |url=https://archive.org/details/enginesofmindevo0000shur |date=[[1996]] |publisher=Norton |location=Novi Eboraci |isbn=0393314715}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

ENIAC in [[Universitas Pennsylvaniensis|Universitate Pennsylvaniensi]] die [[15 Februarii]] [[1946]] constituta est. [[Pretium]] designationis et constructionis persolutum est ab [[Exercitus Civitatum Foederatarum|Exercitu Civitatum Foederatarum]], Corpore Aparatus Belli&lt;!--Ordnance--&gt;, Imperio Investigationis et Progressus, [[Gladeon M. Barnes]] Legato Maiori duce. [[Pretium]] fuit $487,000 fere.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://history-computer.com/ModernComputer/Electronic/ENIAC.html |title=ENIAC |author-last=Dalakov |author-first=Georgi |website=History of Computers |publisher=Georgi Dalakov}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 

{{NexInt}}
{{div col|2}}
* [[Kathleen Antonelli|Kathleen Antonelli (Kay McNulty)]] 
* [[Ioanna Bartik]]
* [[Arthurus Burks]]
* [[Computatra militaria]]
* [[Historia copmputationis]]
* [[Elizabetha Holberton]]
* [[Marilyn Meltzer]]
* [[Francisca Spence]]&lt;!--Frances Bilas Spence--&gt;
* [[Ruth Lichterman Teitelbaum]]
* [[Unisys Corporation]]&lt;!--
*[[History of computing hardware]]
*[[List of vacuum tube computers]]--&gt;
{{div col end}}

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Bibliographia==
*[[Arthurus Burks|Burks, Arthur]]. [[1947]]. Electronic Computing Circuits of the ENIAC. ''Proceedings of the I.R.E.'' 35 (8): 756–767. doi:10.1109/jrproc.1947.234265.
*Burks, Alice R. [[1981]]. The ENIAC: The First General-Purpose Electronic Computer. ''Annals of the History of Computing'' 3 (4):310–389. doi:10.1109/mahc.1981.10043.
* {{Citation |title=Colossus: The Secrets of Bletchley Park's Codebreaking Computers |date=[[2006]] |place=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |editor-last=Copeland |editor-first=B. Jack |isbn=9780192840554}}.
*Eckert, J. Presper. [[1980]]. The ENIAC. In ''A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century,'' ed. Nicholas Metropolis Jack Howlett, et Gian-Carlo Rota, 525–540. Novi Eboraci Academic Press.
*Eckert, J. Presper, et John Mauchly. [[1946]]. ''Outline of plans for development of electronic computers.'' Textus fundamentalis in industria computatrorum electronicorum. Sex paginae.
*Fritz, W. Barkley. [[1996]]. The Women of ENIAC. ''IEEE Annals of the History of Computing'' 18: 13–28.
* {{Citation |author-last1=Goldstine |author-first1=Herman H. |title=The Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) |date=Iulius [[1946]] |author-last2=Goldstine |author-first2=Adele |journal=Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation |volume=2 |issue=15 |pages=97–110 |doi=10.2307/2002620 |issn=0891-6837}}. (Etiam in ''The Origins of Digital Computers: Selected Papers'' iterum impressus (Novi Eboraci: Springer-Verlag, 1982), 359–373.)
*{{cite book |title=The Computer: from Pascal to von Neumann |url=https://archive.org/details/computerfrompasc0000gold |author-last=Goldstine |author-first=Herman H. |publisher=Princeton University Press |date=[[1972]] |isbn=0-691-02367-0 |location=Princetoniae in ova Caesarea}} 
*Mauchly, John. [[1980]]. The ENIAC. In ''A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century,'' ed. Nicholas Metropolis, Jack Howlett, et Gian-Carlo Rota, 541–550,. Novi Eboraci: Academic Press. ISBN 0124916503. &quot;Original versions of these papers were presented at the International Research Conference on the History of Computing, held at the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, 10–15 June 1976.&quot;
*McCartney, Scott. [[1999]]. ''ENIAC: The Triumphs and Tragedies of the World's First Computer.' Walker &amp; Co. ISBN 0802713483.
*Rojas, Raúl, et Ulf Hashagen, eds. [[2000]]. ''The First Computers: History and Architectures.'' Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: MIT Press. ISBN 0262181975.

==Bibliographia addita==
*Berkeley, Edmund. [[1949]]. 5000 Additions a Second: Moore School's ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer). In ''GIANT BRAINS or machines that think.'' John Wiley &amp; Sons.
*Dyson, George.[[2012]]. ''Turing's Cathedral: The Origins of the Digital Universe.'' Novi Eboraci: Pantheon Books. ISBN 9780375422775.
*Hally, Mike. [[2005]]. ''Electronic Brains: Stories from the Dawn of the Computer Age.'' Joseph Henry Press. ISBN 0309096308.
*Lukoff, Herman. [[1979]]. ''From Dits to Bits: A personal history of the electronic computer.'' Portlandiae Oregoniae: Robotics Press. ISBN 0896610020. LCCN 79-90567.
*Tompkins, C. B., et J. H. Wakelin. [[1950]]. ''High-Speed Computing Devices.'' McGraw-Hill.
*Stern, Nancy. [[1981]]. ''From ENIAC to UNIVAC: An Appraisal of the Eckert-Mauchly Computers. Digital Press. ISBN 0932376142.''

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|ENIAC}}
* [http://zuse-z1.zib.de/simulations/eniac/ Simulatio ENIAC.]
* [http://www.historicsimulations.com/eniac.html Alia simulatio ENIAC.]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170825174535/https://www.cs.drexel.edu/~bls96/eniac/eniac.html Alia simulatio ENIAC.]
* [http://www.computerworld.com/article/2561813/computer-hardware/q-a--a-lost-interview-with-eniac-co-inventor-j--presper-eckert.html &quot;Q&amp;A: A lost interview with ENIAC co-inventor J. Presper Eckert.&quot;] ''ComputerWorld.''
* [http://americanhistory.si.edu/comphist/eckert.htm Interview with Eckert.]&lt;!-- Transcript of a video interview with Eckert by David Allison for the National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution on February 2, 1988.--&gt;
* [http://purl.umn.edu/107275 Oral history interview with J. Presper Eckert], Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota.&lt;!-- Eckert, a co-inventor of ENIAC, discusses its development at the University of Pennsylvania's Moore School of Electrical Engineering; describes difficulties in securing patent rights for ENIAC and the problems posed by the circulation of John von Neumann's 1945 First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC, which placed the ENIAC inventions in the public domain. Interview by Nancy Stern, 28 October 1977.--&gt;
* [http://purl.umn.edu/107216 Oral history interview with Carl Chambers], Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota.&lt;!-- Chambers discusses the initiation and progress of the ENIAC project at the University of Pennsylvania Moore School of Electrical Engineering (1941–46). Oral history interview by Nancy B. Stern, 30 November 1977.--&gt;
* [http://purl.umn.edu/107688 Oral history interview with Irven A. Travis], Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota.&lt;!-- Travis describes the ENIAC project at the University of Pennsylvania (1941–46), the technical and leadership abilities of chief engineer Eckert, the working relations between John Mauchly and Eckert, the disputes over patent rights, and their resignation from the university. Oral history interview by Nancy B. Stern, 21 October 1977.--&gt;
* [http://purl.umn.edu/107704 Oral history interview with S. Reid Warren], Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota.&lt;!-- Warren served as supervisor of the EDVAC project; central to his discussion are J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly and their disagreements with administrators over patent rights; discusses John von Neumann's 1945 draft report on the EDVAC, and its lack of proper acknowledgment of all the EDVAC contributors.--&gt;
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090123114642/http://www.eniacprogrammers.org/index.shtml ENIAC Programmers Project.]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070211012627/http://www.wired.com/news/culture/0,1284,3711,00.html Mulieres ENIAC.]
* [http://www.columbia.edu/acis/history/eniac.html Programming ENIAC.]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20041014180109/http://www4.wittenberg.edu/academics/mathcomp/bjsdir/ENIACSquareRoot.htm How ENIAC took a Square Root.]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060909174756/http://ftp.arl.army.mil/~mike/comphist/48eniac-coding/.. Mike Muuss: Collected ENIAC documents.]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040803150905/http://ftp.arl.mil/~mike/comphist/61ordnance/chap2.html ENIAC] chapter in Karl Kempf, ''Electronic Computers Within The Ordnance Corps'', November 1961
*Weik, Martin H. [[1961]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110814181522/http://ftp.arl.mil/~mike/comphist/eniac-story.html The ENIAC Story.] Ordnance Ballistic Research Laboratories.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100412230035/http://www.seas.upenn.edu/~museum/index.html ENIAC museum] at the University of Pennsylvania
* [http://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/BRL-e-h.html#ENIAC ENIAC specifications] from Ballistic Research Laboratories Report No. 971 December 1955, (A Survey of Domestic Electronic Digital Computing Systems)
*Kanellos, Michael. [[2006]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131020050815/http://news.cnet.com/2009-1006_3-6037980.html A Computer Is Born.] ''CNet,'' 13 Februarii.
* {{Cite news
| author-last = Gumbrecht
| author-first = Jamie
| title = Rediscovering WWII's 'computers'
| publisher = CNN.com
| date = 8 Februarii [[2011]]
| url = http://www.cnn.com/2011/TECH/innovation/02/08/women.rosies.math/index.html?hpt=C2
}}

[[Categoria:ENIAC| ]]
[[Categoria:Inventiones Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:1946]]&lt;!-- =Computer-related introductions in 1946--&gt;
[[Categoria:Universitas Pennsylvaniensis]]&lt;!--
[[Category:1940s computers]]
[[Category:Early computers]]
[[Category:Military computers]]
[[Category:One-of-a-kind computers]]
[[Category:Vacuum tube computers]]
[[Category:Artillery components]]
[[Category:Artillery operation]]
[[Category:Military electronics of the United States]]
[[Category:History of electronic engineering]]
[[Category:Decimal computers]]--&gt;

{{Myrias|Technologia}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ialta</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="1122" sha1="ibqd5cns14007qrszn82x01y71rm3n6" xml:space="preserve">{{L}}
{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
'''Ialta'''&lt;ref&gt;[[Carolus Egger|Caroli Egger]] ''[[Lexicon Nominum Locorum]]: Supplementum referens nomina Latina vulgaria'', 1985, p. 341.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Russice]], [[Tatarice Taurice]] et [[Ucrainice]] Ялта) est [[urbs]] in litore meridionali [[Crimaea]]e (cuius adiunctio ad [[Russia]]m, anno [[2014]] perfecta, non recognita est ab [[Ucraina]], Crimaeam adhoc sibi postulanti). Plus 79 milia incolarum (anno [[2017]]) habet. Locus curationis notus et [[portus]] valens ad [[Pontus Euxinus|Pontum Euxinum]] est.

[[Hortus botanicus]] [[Hortus Nikitensis|Nikitensis]]&lt;ref&gt;{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Christianus Steven|Christiani Steven|ru|qid=Q967040}} [https://books.google.ru/books?hl=ru&amp;id=4oxfAAAAcAAJ&amp;q=horto+Nikitense#v=snippet&amp;q=horto%20Nikitense&amp;f=false ''Enumeratio plantarum phanerogamarum in Tauria sponte crescentium'', 1856, pp. 282, 329].&lt;/ref&gt; famosus prope ad Ialtam situs est.

== Nota ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Yalta|Ialtam}}
{{Fontes geographici}}

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Urbes Crimaeae]]
[[Categoria:Urbes Ucrainae]]</text>
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    <title>Cutis gularis</title>
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      <text bytes="2275" sha1="h9y20sr6fw3kg9dw75q7kp6bt8ezivx" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Centrocercus minimus.jpg|thumb|''[[Centrocercus]]'' [[mas (sexus)|mas]] binos saccos gulares habet, quos ad coniunges attrahandas inflat.]]
[[Fasciculus:Male Frigate bird.jpg|thumb|upright|''[[fregata (genus)|Fregata]]'' mas saccum gularem inflat.]]
'''Cutis gularis''' vel '''saccus gularis''' in [[ornithologia]] est regio [[cutis|cuticularis]] plerumque [[penna|pennis]] carens quae inferius [[rostrum|rostri]] [[mandibulum]] ad [[collum]] [[avis]] coniungit.&lt;ref name=&quot;gloss&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.virtualmuseum.ca/Exhibitions/Birds/MMMN/English/glossary_data.html|title=Glossary of Ornithology Terms|publisher=[[Manitoba Museum of Man and Nature]]|year=2008|author=Manitoba Museum of Man and Nature|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080521071024/http://www.virtualmuseum.ca/Exhibitions/Birds/MMMN/English/glossary_data.html|archivedate=May 21, 2008|df=}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Alia [[vertebrata|vertebratorum]] [[taxon|taxa]] similem structuram [[anatomia|anatomicam]] habent, quae etiam [[saccus vocalis]] vel [[sinus gularis]] appellatur.&lt;!--The [[theropod]] [[dinosaur]] [[Pelecanimimus]], which lived in the early [[Cretaceous|Cretaceous Period]] 130 million years ago, also had a gular pouch, similar to the pelican after which it is named. The [[conus#Harpoon and venoms|conus]] snail inter [[invertibrata]] has a throat sac.--&gt;

{{NexInt}}
*[[Anhingidae]]
*[[Fregatidae]]
*[[Ingluvies]]
*[[Pelecanidae]]
*[[Phalacrocoraciformes]]
*[[Sacci aerii]]
*[[Sulidae]]

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Bibliographia==
*Baumel, Julian J., et al., eds. [[1993]]. ''Handbook of avian anatomy: nomina anatomica avium.'' Ed. 2a. Effectus ab International Committee on Avian Anatomical Nomenclature, parte World Association of Veterinary Anatomists. Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: Nuttall Ornithological Club.
*Frank, Charles W. [[1982]]. ''Anatomy of a waterfowl, for carvers and painters.'' Gretna Ludovicianae: Pelican Publishing Company. ISBN 0882892908.
*Lynch, Patrick J., et Noble S. Proctor. [[1993]]. ''Bird anatomy II [fasciculus computatralis]: the surface anatomy of birds.'' Editio 1.0 pro Macintosh. Portu Novo: Yale University Press. ISBN 0300054033.

[[Categoria:Anatomia animalium]]
[[Categoria:Morphologia animalium]]
[[Categoria:Anatomia avium]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Pelecanidae</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="25357" sha1="1dh9cli4zgabunqpdfndkdae10q34a7" xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox
| name = Pelecanidae
| fossil_range = {{fossilrange|28.1|0|r=[[Oligocaenum]] inferius &gt; [[Recens]]}}
| image = Pelikan Walvis Bay.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Pelecanus onocrotalus]]'' super [[Walvis Bay]] [[Namibia]]e volat.&lt;br&gt;[[File:Baby pelican.ogg|thumb]]
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
| classis = [[Aves]]
| ordo = [[Pelecaniformes]]
| familia = '''Pelecanidae'''
| genus = '''''Pelecanus'''
| family authority = [[Constantinus Samuel Rafinesque|Rafinesque]], [[1815]]
| genus authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[1758]]
| type_species = ''[[Pelecanus onocrotalus]]''
| type_species_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[1758]]
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
| subdivision = 8, ''vide commentarium.''
}}
'''Pelecanidae''' ([[Graece]] πελεκάν&lt;ref&gt;Jobling 1992:296.&lt;/ref&gt; &gt; πέλεκυς '[[securis]]'&lt;ref&gt;Partridge 1983:479.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nomen in [[Graecia|Graecia]] [[antiquitas|classica]] ad pelecanos et [[Picidae|picidas]] adhibebatur (Simpson et Weiner 1989:1299).&lt;/ref&gt;) sunt [[familia (taxinomia)|familia]] magnarum [[avis aquatica|avium aquaticarum]], inter quarum proprietates sunt [[rostrum]] longum et [[saccus gularis]] magnus, qui ad [[praeda]]s capiendas [[aqua]]mque expellendam adhibetur antequam res contentae vorantur. Eis sunt [[penna]]e plerumque pallidae, pelecanis [[Pelecanus occidentalis|occidentalibus]] [[Pelecanus thagus|thagisque]] exceptis. Omnium specierum rostra, sacculi, [[cutis]]que [[facies|faciei]] nuda clarissime ante tempus [[fetus|feturae]] [[color]]antur. [[Octo]] [[species|speciebus]] vivis est [[distributio geographica]] latissima, quae autem [[latitudo|latitudine]] a [[zona tropica|tropicis]] ad [[zona temperata|zonam temperatam]] extenditur, quamquam hae [[avis|aves]] ab interioribus [[America Australis|Americae Australis]] [[regio]]nibus, [[arctica|regionibus polaribus]], [[mare|marique]] aperto absunt.

Pelecani ad [[fregata (genus)|fregata]]s, [[Phalacrocorax|phalacrocoraces]], [[Phaethon (genus)|phaethones]]s, [[Sulidae|sulidasque]] coniuncti olim habebantur, sed potius hodie constat inter [[ornithologia|ornithologos]] ei artissime cum ''[[Scopus umbretta|Scopo umbretta]]'' et ''[[Balaeniceps rex|Balaenicipite regi]]'' coniungi, et in [[ordo (taxinomia)|ordine]] [[Pelecaniformes|Pelecaniformium]] ponuntur. [[Threskiornithinae]], [[plataleinae]], et [[ardeidae]] (inter quas [[botaurinae]]) in eodem ordine digeruntur. [[Fossile|Fossilia]] pelicanorum indicia abhinc annorum saltem 30 milliones reperiuntur, ad reliquias rostri specierum hodiernarum simillimis in stratis [[Oligocaenum|Oligocaenis]] in [[Francia]] repertis. Putantur se evolvisse in [[Mundus Vetus|Mundo Vetere]], tum in [[America]]m migravisse; quod in coniunctionibus intra genus videtur, quia octo species in stirpes mundorum Veteris et [[Mundus Novus|Novi]] digeruntur.

Pelecani aquas interiores et [[litus|litorales]] frequentant, ubi praecipue [[piscis|piscibus]] [[victus|vescuntur]], quos ad vel prope [[superficies|superficiem]] aquae capiunt. [[Aves]] gregarii sunt.&lt;!--, travelling in flocks, [[Cooperative hunting|hunting cooperatively]] and breeding [[colonia avium|colonially]].--&gt; Quattuor species [[penna|pennis]] albis super [[solum|humum]], quattuorque species pennis [[fuscus|fuscis]] vel [[canus|canis]] plerumque in [[arbor|ibus]] [[nidus|nidificare]] solent. Coniunctio inter pelecanos et [[homo sapiens|homines]] pugnax aliquando est; nam [[piscator]]es eos alacriter insectantur. Eorum numeri decreverunt ob [[habitatio]]nem destructam perturbatamque et [[circumiecta]] [[pollutio|polluta]], ac tres species in periculo putantur. Significationem [[cultura]]lem in [[mythologia]] atque in [[iconographia]] [[Christianitas|Christiana]] [[scientia heraldica|heraldicaque]] diu habent.

==Cladogramma==
Coniunctiones evolutionariae inter species exstantes, in Kennedy, Taylor, Nádvorník, et Spencer (2013) conditae.
{{clade|style=line-height:75%
|label1= 
|1={{clade
|label1= 
|1={{clade
|label1= 
|1={{clade
|label1= 
|1={{clade
|label1= 
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Pelecanus crispus|P. crispus]]''
|2=''[[Pelecanus philippensis|P. philippensis]]''
}}
|2=''[[Pelecanus rufescens|P. rufescens]]''
}}
|2=''[[Pelecanus conspicillatus|P. conspicillatus]]''
}}
|2=''[[Pelecanus onocrotalus|P. onocrotalus]]''
|label2= 
|2={{clade
|label1= 
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Pelecanus occidentalis|P. occidentalis]]''
|2=''[[Pelecanus thagus|P. thagus]]''
}}
|2=''[[Pelecanus erythrorhynchos|P. erythrorhynchos]]''
}}
}}
}}
}}
{|
|-
| style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|{{Clade|style=font-size:90%
|label1=
|1={{Clade
|1=[[Suliformes]]
|label2=[[Pelecaniformes]]
|2={{Clade
|label1=
|1={{Clade
|1=[[Ardeidae]]
|2=[[Threskiornithidae]]
}}
|label2=
|2={{Clade
|label1=
|1={{Clade
|1=''[[Scopus umbretta]]''
|2=''[[Balaeniceps rex]]''
}}
|2=''Pelecanidae''
}}
}}
}}
}}
[[Cladogramma]] etiam in Hackett et al. (2008) conditum.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hackett&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author1=Hackett, S. J. |author2=Kimball, R. T. |author3=Reddy, S. |author4=Bowie, R. C. K. |author5=Braun, E. L. |author6=Braun, M. J. |author7=Chojnowski, J. L. |author8=Cox, W. A. |author9=Han, K.-L. |author10=Harshman, J. |author11=Huddleston, C. J. |author12=Marks, B. D. |author13=Miglia, K. J. |author14=Moore, W. A. |author15=Sheldon, F. H. |author16=Steadman, D. W. |author17=Witt, C. C. |author18=Yuri, T. |year= 2008|title= A Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals Their Evolutionary History |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2008-06-27_320_5884/page/1763 |journal= Science |volume= 320|issue= 5884|pages= 1763–68 |doi=10.1126/science.1157704 |pmid=18583609|bibcode=2008Sci...320.1763H }}.&lt;/ref&gt;
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| header = Cognati vivi artissime conecti
| width =150
| image1 = Hammerkopf2.jpg
| alt1 = Head of a hamerkop
| caption1 = ''[[Scopus umbretta]]''
| image2 = Balaeniceps rex -Ueno Zoo, Tokyo, Japan -upper body-8a.jpg
| alt2 = Head of a shoebill
| caption2 = ''[[Balaeniceps rex]]''
}}
|}

{| style=&quot;width:98%;&quot; class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#d3d3a4;&quot; colspan=&quot;4&quot;|Vivae generis ''Pelecani'' species
|-
! style=&quot;width:18%;&quot;|[[Binomen|Binomina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;zoonomen&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url =http://www.zoonomen.net/avtax/pele.html |title = Zoological Nomenclature Resource: Pelecaniformes (Version 2.003) |date =14 Decembris 2011|publisher = www.zoonomen.net }}.&lt;/ref&gt;;
! Imago
! style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|Descriptio
! style=&quot;width:20%;&quot;|Spatium et status
|-
|''[[Pelecanus erythrorhynchos]]''&lt;br /&gt;Gmelin, [[1789]]
|&lt;center&gt;[[Fasciculus:Mikebaird - American White Pelican (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos ) (bird) in Mo (by).jpg|185px|alt=American white pelican]]&lt;/center&gt;
|Longitudo 1.3–1.8 m, spatium [[ala]]rum 2.44–2.9 m, pondus 5–9 kg.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nellis01&quot;&gt;{{cite book| last = Nellis| first = David W.| title = Common Coastal Birds of Florida &amp; the Caribbean| url = https://books.google.com/?id=-REZ4R8wBg4C|year = 2001| publisher = Pineapple Press| location = Sarasotae Floridae| isbn = 1-56164-191-X| page = 11}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Pinnae paene omnino alibae, praeter [[pennae volatus|pennas volatus]] primarias et secundarias&lt;!--[[Flight feather#Remiges|remiges]]--&gt; solum [[volatus|volatu]] visibiles.
|Species monotypica. [[America Septentrionalis]] interior, in [[Mexicum|Mexico]] [[hiems|hiemans]].&lt;ref name=sibleymonroe/&gt; Status: Least Concern. &lt;!--&lt;ref name=&quot;iucnerythrorhynchos&quot;&gt;{{IUCN2010 |assessor=BirdLife International |year=2011 |id=106003814 |title=Pelecanus erythrorhynchos |version=2011.2 |downloaded=19 Iunii 2012}}.&lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
|-
|''[[Pelecanus occidentalis]]''&lt;br /&gt;Linnaeus, [[1766]]
|&lt;center&gt;[[Fasciculus:Pelecanus Occidentalis KW 1.JPG|185px|alt=''Pelecanus occidentalis.'']]&lt;/center&gt;
|Longitudo ad 1.4 m, spatium alarum 2–2.3 m, pondus 3.6–4.5 kg.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.fws.gov/contaminants/pdf/brown_pelicanfactsheet09.pdf|title=BrownPelican|accessdate=9 Iunii 2012 |work=Endangered Species Program information sheet |publisher=US Fish &amp; Wildlife Service |date=November 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111133115/http://www.fws.gov/contaminants/pdf/brown_pelicanfactsheet09.pdf|archivedate=11Novembris2012}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Minimus pelicanus.&lt;!--; distinguished by brown plumage; feeds by plunge-diving.--&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author1=Ridgely, Robert S. |author2=Gwynne, John A. | title = A Guide to the Birds of Panama: With Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and Honduras| url = https://books.google.com/?id=H9INVOMUgOAC| year = 1992| publisher = Princeton University Press| location = Princetoniae Novae Caesareae| isbn = 0691025126| page = 63}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
|Quinque [[subspecies]]. Distributio litoralis, ab America Septentrionali et Mari Caribico ad Americam Australem septentrionalem et [[Insulae Galapagenses|Insulas Galapagenses]].&lt;ref name=sibleymonroe/&gt; Status: Least Concern.&lt;!--&lt;ref name=&quot;iucnoccidentalis&quot;&gt;{{IUCN2010 |assessor=BirdLife International |year=2011 |id=160032208 |title=Pelecanus occidentalis |version=2011.2 |downloaded=19 Iunii 2012}}.&lt;/ref&gt;--&gt;
|-
|''[[Pelecanus thagus]]''&lt;br /&gt;Molina, [[1782]]
|&lt;center&gt;[[Fasciculus:Pelícano en Pucusana.JPG|185px|alt=Peruvian pelican]]&lt;/center&gt;
|Longitudo ad 1.52 m, spatium alarum 2.48 m,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book| author = Chester, Sharon R.| title = A Wildlife Guide to Chile: Continental Chile, Chilean Antarctica, Easter Island, Juan Fernández Archipelago| url = https://books.google.com/?id=qrI5ph6BWiIC| year = 2008| publisher = Princeton University Press| location = Princetoniae Novae Caesareae| isbn = 0691129762| pages = 174–75 }}.&lt;/ref&gt; pondus 7 kg.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://mundoazul.org/habitats-species/marine-birds/peruvian-pelican-pelecanus-thagus/|title=PeruvianPelican |first= Stefan |last= Austermühle |publisher=Mundo Azul |date=17 Octobris 2010}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;!--Dark with a white stripe from the crown down the sides of the neck.--&gt;
|Species monotypica. Litus [[Oceanus Pacificus|Pacificum]] Americae Australis ab [[Aequator]]e et [[Peruvia]] ad meridiem ad [[Tsilia]]m australem.&lt;ref name=&quot;sibleymonroe&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=Sibley, Charles Gald |author2=Monroe, Burt Leavelle | title = Distribution and Taxonomy of Birds of the World| url = https://books.google.com/?id=Wk-vyrNVAccC| year= 1990| publisher = Yale University Press| isbn = 0300049692| pages = 314–15}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Status: Near Threatened.&lt;!-- &lt;ref name=&quot;iucnthagus&quot;&gt;{{IUCN2010 |assessor=BirdLife International |year=2011 |id=106003816 |title=Pelecanus thagus |version=2011.2 |downloaded=19 Iunii 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;--&gt;
|-
|''[[Pelecanus onocrotalus]]''&lt;br /&gt;[[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[1758]]
|&lt;center&gt;[[Fasciculus:Whitepelican edit shadowlift edit.jpg|185px|alt=Great white pelican]]&lt;/center&gt;
|Longitudo 1.40–1.75 m, spatium alarum 2.45–2.95 m, pondus 10–11 kg.&lt;ref name=&quot;BWP&quot;&gt;{{cite book|editor1=Snow, David |editor2=Perrins, Christopher M | title = The Birds of the Western Palearctic concise edition (2 volumes)| year = 1998| publisher = Oxford University Press| location = Oxoniae| isbn = 019854099X| pages = 93–98}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mullarney &quot;&gt;{{cite book| last = Mullarney| first = Killian| author2 = Svensson, Lars| author3 = Zetterström, Dan| author4 = Grant, Peter| title = [[Collins Bird Guide]]| year = 1999| publisher = Collins| isbn = 0-00-219728-6| page = [https://archive.org/details/collinsbirdguide0000sven/page/n79 76] }}.&lt;/ref&gt; Pennae albae, parte faciali et [[crus|cruribus]] [[roseus|roseis]].
|Species monotypica. Distributio rara ab [[Mare Mediterraneum|Mediterraneo]] orientali ad orientem ad [[Indosina]]m et [[Aurea Chersonesus|Paeninsulam Malayanam]] et ad [[meridies|meridiem]] ad [[Africa Australis|Africam Australem]].&lt;ref name=sibleymonroe/&gt; Status: Least Concern.&lt;!-- &lt;ref name=&quot;iucnonocrot&quot;&gt;{{IUCN2010 |assessor=BirdLife International |year=2011 |id=106003809 |title=Pelecanus onocrotalus |version=2011.2 |downloaded=19 Iunii 2012}}.&lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
|-
|''[[Pelecanus conspicillatus]]''&lt;br /&gt;Temminck, [[1824]]
|&lt;center&gt;[[Fasciculus:Pelecanus conspicillatus -Australia -8.jpg|185px|alt=Australian pelican]]&lt;/center&gt;
|Longitudo 1.60–1.90 m, spatium alarum 2.5–3.4 m, pondus 4–8.2 kg.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://australian-animals.net/pelican.htm|title=Australian Pelican|publisher=Unique Australian Animals}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Plerumque albus, partibus nigris inter pinnas primarias et rostro magno, roseo pallido.
|Species monotypica. [[Australia ]] et [[Nova Guinea]]; errans in [[Nova Zelandia|Novam Zelandiam]], [[Insulae Salomonis|Insulas Salomonis]], [[Archipelagus Bismarckianus|Archipelagum Bismarckianum]], [[Viti|Vitios]], et [[Wallacea]]m.&lt;ref name=sibleymonroe/&gt; Status: Least Concern.&lt;!-- &lt;ref name=&quot;iucnconspic&quot;&gt;{{IUCN2010 |assessor=BirdLife International |year=2011 |id=106003813 |title=Pelecanus conspicillatus |version=2011.2 |downloaded=19 Iunii 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
|-
|''[[Pelecanus rufescens]]''&lt;br /&gt;Gmelin, [[1789]]
|&lt;center&gt;[[Fasciculus:Pink-backed Pelican - Naivasha - Kenya 50276 (15205474549).jpg|185px|alt=Pink-backed pelican]]&lt;/center&gt;
|Longitudo 1.25–1.32 m, spatium alarum 2.65–2.9 m,&lt;ref name=&quot;beaman&quot;/&gt; pondus 3.9–7 kg.&lt;ref&gt;Elliott (1992), p. 309.&lt;/ref&gt; Canus, pinnis albis, aliquando roseis in tergo, [[mandibulum|mandibulo]] [[flavus|flavo]] et sacculo cano.&lt;ref name=&quot;beaman&quot;/&gt;
|Species monotypica. [[Africa]], [[Insulae Seisellenses]], et [[Arabia]] meridio-occidentalis;&lt;ref name=sibleymonroe/&gt; [[exstinctio|exstinctus]] in [[Madagascaria]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book| last = Langrand| first = Olivier| title = Guide to the Birds of Madagascar| url = https://books.google.com/?id=VYVqhOqS2WEC| year = 1990| publisher = Yale University Press| location = Portu Novo Connecticutae |isbn = 0300043104| page = 96}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Status: Least Concern.&lt;!-- &lt;ref name=&quot;iucnrufescens&quot;&gt;{{IUCN2010 |assessor=BirdLife International |year=2011 |id=106003810 |title=Pelecanus rufescens |version=2011.2 |downloaded=19 Iunii 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
|-
|''[[Pelecanus crispus]]''&lt;br /&gt;Bruch, [[1832]]
|&lt;center&gt;[[Fasciculus:Pelecanus crispus at Beijing Zoo crop.JPG|185px|alt=Dalmatian pelican]]&lt;/center&gt;
|Longitudo 1.60–1.80 m, spatium alarum 2.70–3.20 m, pondus 10–12 kg.&lt;ref name=BWP/&gt;&lt;ref name= Mullarney/&gt; Maximus pelicanus; a ''Pelecano onocrotalo'' variat ob pinnas [[collis]] crispas, cruribus canis, et pinnis a cana ad albam.&lt;ref name=&quot;beaman&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=Beaman, Mark |author2=Madge, Steve | title = The Handbook of Bird Identification: For Europe and the Western Palearctic| url = https://books.google.com/?id=M_RpY0i2blYC| year = 2010| publisher = A&amp;C Black| location = Londinii| isbn = 1408134942| pages = 83–85}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
|Species monotypica. Ab [[Europa]] meridio-orientali ad [[India]]m et [[Sinae|Sinas]].&lt;ref name=sibleymonroe/&gt; Status: Near Threatened.&lt;!-- &lt;ref name=iucncrispus/&gt; --&gt;
|-
|''[[Pelecanus philippensis]]''&lt;br /&gt;Gmelin, [[1789]]
|&lt;center&gt;[[Fasciculus:Pelecanus Philippensis.JPG|185px|alt=Spot-billed pelican]]&lt;/center&gt;
|Longitudo 1.27–1.52 m, spatium alarum 2.5 m, pondus circa 5 kg.&lt;ref name=&quot;brazil09&quot;&gt;{{cite book| author = Brazil, Mark| title = Birds of East Asia| url = https://books.google.com/?id=7-GgBoivL70C| year = 2009| publisher = A&amp;C Black| location = Londinii| isbn = 0713670401| page = 110 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Plerumque canus et albus,&lt;!-- with a grey hindneck crest in breeding season,--&gt; clunibus roseis et sacculo maculato.&lt;ref name=brazil09/&gt;
|Species monotypica. [[Asia]] meridiana a [[Pakistania]] trans [[India]]m ad orientem ad [[Indonesia]]m;&lt;ref name=sibleymonroe/&gt; [[exstinctio|exstinctus]] in [[Philippinae|Philippinis]] et fortasse Sinis orientalibus.&lt;ref name=brazil09/&gt; Status: Near Threatened.&lt;!-- &lt;ref name=iucnphillippenis/&gt; --&gt;
|}
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| header =
| width = 250
| image1 = Spot-billed Pelican (Pelecanus philippensis) at nest with chicks in Uppalpadu W IMG 2663.jpg
| alt1 =
| caption1 = Nidificans ''[[Pelecanus philippensis|Pelecanorum philippensium]]'' colonia [[Uppalapadu]] in vico [[Āndhra Pradeśa]] civitatis [[India]]e. Haec species in [[arbor]]ibus nidiciat.
| image2 = Spot-billed Pelican (Pelecanus philippensis) feeding a juvenile in Garapadu, AP W IMG 5362.jpg
| alt2 =
| caption2 = ''[[Pelecanus philippensis]]'' avem iuvenem nutrit in nido arboreo [[Garapadu]] in vico [[Āndhra Pradeśa]] civitatis [[India]]e.
| image3 =Pelecanus conspicillatus -Brisbane Water, Broken Bay, New South Wales, Australia -colony-8.jpg
| alt3 =
| caption3 = Nidificans ''[[Pelecanus conspicillatus|Pelecanorum conspicillatorum]]'' colonia in litore [[Nova Cambria Australis|Novae Cambriae Australis]]. Haec species super humum nidificat.
}}

==Fossilia==
Inter [[fossile|fossilia]] pelecanorum repertorum sunt:
*''[[Pelecanus cadimurka]]'', Rich &amp; van Tets, 1981 (Pliocaeno exeunte in [[Australia Australis|Australia Australi]])&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author1=Rich, P. V. |author2=van Tets, J. |year=1981 |title= The Fossil Pelicans of Australia |journal= Records of the South Australian Museum (Adelaide) |volume=18 |issue=12 |pages= 235–64}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
*''[[Pelecanus cautleyi]]'', Davies, 1880 (Pliocaeno ineunte in Siwalik Hills Indiae)&lt;!-- &lt;ref name=fbbm/&gt; --&gt;
*''[[Pelecanus fraasi]]'', [[Ricardus Lydekker|Lydekker]], 1891 (Medio Miocaeno in [[Bavaria]])&lt;!-- &lt;ref name=fbbm/&gt; --&gt;
*''[[Pelecanus gracilis]]'', Milne-Edwards, 1863 (Miocaeno ineunte in Francia) (vide ''[[Miopelecanus]]'')&lt;!-- &lt;ref name=fbbm/&gt; --&gt;
*''[[Pelecanus halieus]]'', Wetmore, 1933 (Pliocaeno exeunte in Idaho)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Wetmore, A. |year=1933 |title= Pliocene Bird Remains from Idaho |journal= Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections |volume=87 |issue=20|pages=1–12 |url= https://archive.org/details/cbarchive_36794_pliocenebirdremainsfromidaho1862}}.&lt;/ref&gt;;;
*''Pelecanus intermedius'', Fraas, 1870 (Miocaeno medio in [[Bavaria]])&lt;!-- &lt;ref name=fbbm/&gt; --&gt; (ad ''Miopelecanos'' a Cheneval anno 1984 translatus)
*''[[Pelecanus odessanus]]'', Widhalm, 1886 (Miocaeno exeunte, prope [[Odessa]] [[Ukraina]]e)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author= Widhalm, J.|year=1886 |title= Die Fossilen Vogel-Knochen der Odessaer-Steppen-Kalk-Steinbrüche an der Neuen Slobodka bei Odessa |journal= Schriften der Neurussische Gesellschaft der Naturforscher zu Odessa |volume=10|pages=3–9}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
*''[[Pelecanus schreiberi]]'', Olson, 1999 (Pliocaene ineunte in [[Carolina Septentrionalis|Carolina Septentrionali]])&lt;!-- &lt;ref name=pbsw/&gt; --&gt;
*''[[Pelecanus sivalensis]]'', Davies, 1880 (Pliocaeno ineunte in Siwalik Hills Indiae)&lt;!-- &lt;ref name=fbbm/&gt; --&gt;
*''[[Pelecanus tirarensis]]'', Miller, 1966 (Oligocaeno exeunte ad Miocaenuim medium in Australia Australi)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Miller, A.H. |year= 1966|title= The Fossil Pelicans of Australia |journal= Memoirs of the Queensland Museum |volume=14 |pages= 181–90}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

==In societatae humana==
''[[Pelecanus onocrotalus]]'' est [[avis civitatis]] [[Romania]]e.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.eupedia.com/europe/national_birds_flowers_europe.shtml|title=NationalBirds|work=List of national birds and flowers or plants of European countries|publisher=Eupedia}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Pelecanus occidentalis]]'' est avis civitatis trium civitatum [[Mare Caribicum|Caribicorum]]: [[Sanctus Christophorus et Nives|Sancti Christophori et Nivis]], [[Barbata]]e, et [[Sanctus Martinus (insula)|Sancti Martini]] , quorum [[insigne|insignibus]] exornat.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bidc.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=115&amp;Itemid=96|title=PelicanCraft Centre: Overviewpublisher=Barbados Investment and Development Corporation}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://stkittsheritage.com/historic_heritage.asp|title=NationalSymbols: The Coat of Arms |work=Historic Heritage |publisher=St Christopher National Trust |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120713073043/http://stkittsheritage.com/historic_heritage.asp|archivedate=13July2012 |df= }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.museumsintmaarten.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=91&amp;Itemid=124|title=CoatofArms|work=St Maarten Museum website|publisher=Sint Maarten National Heritage Foundation|}}&lt;/ref&gt; Qui etiam est avis civitatis [[Ludoviciana]]e, quae vulgo appellatur ''Pelican State'' ('Civitas Pelecanorum'); quae avis in [[vexillum|vexillo]] et [[sigillum Ludovicianae|sigillo civitatis]] videri potest. Sigilla [[Universitas Civica Ludovicianae|Universitatis Civicae Ludovicianae]] et [[Universitas Tulane|Universitatis Tulane]] exornat, et est ''mascot'' [[New Orleans Pelicans]] turma NBA, Universitatis Tulane, et [[Universitas Indorum Occidentalium|Universitatis Indorum Occidentalium]]. [[Logotypus]] pelecani albi adhibetur a [[Montepio Geral]], [[argentaria]] [[Portugallia|Portugallica]],&lt;ref name=&quot;montepio&quot;&gt;{{cite web| title= Montepio institutional | work= Montepio Bank website | url= http://www.montepio.pt/SitePublico/pt_PT/institucional.page?|publisher= Montepio}}.&lt;/ref&gt; et pelecanus in [[obversus et reversus|reverso]] [[nummus|nummi]] [[Albanian lek|unius lek]] [[Albania|Albanici]] depingitur, anno [[1996]] facti.&lt;ref name=&quot;coin&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title= Albanian coins in issue in 1995, 1996 and 2000| url= http://www.bankofalbania.org/web/Albanian_coins_of_circulation_43_2.php|publisher=BankofAlbania|year=2009}}.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Nomen proprium|Nomen]] et [[imago]] adhibentur a [[Pelican Books]], [[impressio (nomen commerciale)|impressione]] librorum non [[fictio]]nalium a Penguin Books editorum. Sigillum [[Institutum Collegiatum Packeranum|Instituti Collegiati Packerani]], quod pelecanum iuvenem nutrientem depingit in usu est ex anno [[1885]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://fc.packer.edu/Websites/MSHandbook/mshb2003.htm|title=MiddleSchoolHandbook|work=packer.edu|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20130217094354/https://fc.packer.edu/Websites/MSHandbook/mshb2003.htm|archivedate=17February2013|df=dmy-all}}.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Factio Solidaritatis Americana]], [[factio politica]] [[Democratia Christiana|Democratica Christiana]], pelecano pro suo signo animali utitur, sua fundamenta socialis doctrinae [[Ecclesia Catholica|Catholicae]] attingens.

[[Fasciculus:Pelican-Gaping-Aruba.JPG|thumb|''[[Pelecanus occidentalis]]'' [[os]] aperit faucisque sacculum inflat ad [[lingua]]m et [[anatomia]]m rostri interni monstrandam.]]
[[Fasciculus:Pelecanus erythrorhynchos -Tulsa Zoo, Oklahoma, USA-8c.jpg|thumb|upright|In ''[[Pelecanus erythrorhynchos|Pelecano erythrorhyncho]],'' tuber in rostro ante tempus [[fetus|feturae]] crescit.]]
[[Fasciculus:Pelecanus occidentalis -Smith Island, Chesapeake Bay, Maryland, USA -nest-8cr.jpg|thumb|''[[Pelecanus occidentalis]]'' adultus cum pullo in [[nidus|nido]] in [[Sinus Chesapeacus|Sinu Chesapeaco]] [[Terra Mariae|Terrae Mariae]]. Haec species nidos in [[solum|humo]] facit, [[arbor]]ibus idoneis absentibus.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.floridawildlifeviewing.com/florida_animals_wildlife/PelicanNesting.htm&quot;Brown Pelican breeding and nesting habits,&quot;] ''Florida Wildlife Viewing'' (M. Timothy O’Keefe).&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[Fasciculus:Pelecanus occidentalis -Jamaica -fishing-8.ogv|thumb|upright=1|''[[Pelecanus occidentalis|Pelecani occidentales]]'' in [[mare]] ante [[Iamaica]]m praecipites desiliunt.]]
[[Fasciculus:Pelecanus onocrotalus -Kenya -several-8.jpg|thumb|''[[Pelecanus onocrotalus|Pelecani onocrotali]] in [[Kenia]] quiescunt.]]
[[Fasciculus:Ägyptische Sammlung 08.jpg|upright|thumb|Pelicani in ''[[relief]]'' in [[templum|templo]] [[Abu Gorab]] [[Domus quinta Aegypti|Domus quintae]] in [[Aegyptus|Aegypto]] monstrantur.]]

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Bibliographia==
*Elliott, Andrew. [[1992]]. Family Pelecanidae (Pelicans). In ''Handbook of the Birds of the World, Volume 1: Ostrich to Ducks,'' ed. Josep del Hoyo, Andrew Elliott, et Jordi Sargatal, 290–311. Barcinonae: Lynx Edicions. ISBN 9788487334108.
*Jobling, James A. [[2010]]. ''The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names.'' Londinii: Christopher Helm. ISBN 9781408125014.
* Kennedy, Martyn, Scott A. Taylor, Petr Nádvorník, et Hamish G. Spencer. [[2013]]. The phylogenetic relationships of the extant pelicans inferred from DNA sequence data. ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution'' 66(1):215–22. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2012.09.034. PMID 23059726.
*Marchant, S., et P. J. Higgins. [[1990]]. ''Ratites to Ducks.'' Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds, vol. 1. Melburni Victoriae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195530683.
*Nelson, J. Bryan. [[2005]]. ''Pelicans, cormorants and their relatives: Pelecanidae, Sulidae, Phalacrocoracidae, Anhingidae, Fregatidae, Phaethontidae.'' Illustrationes Andrew MacKay; adumbrationes John Busby. Oxoniae et Novi Eboraci: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198577273.
*Partridge, Eric. [[1983]]. ''Origins: a Short Etymological Dictionary of Modern English.'' Novi Eboraci: Greenwich House. ISBN 0-517-414252.
*Simpson, J. et E. Weiner, eds. [[1989]]. ''Oxford English Dictionary.'' Ed. 2a. Oxoniae: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0198611862.

==Nexus externi==
{{CommuniaCat|Pelecanus|pelecanum}}
{{Wikiquote|Pelicans}}
*[http://ibc.lynxeds.com/family/pelicans-pelecanidae Pelliculaepelicanorum.] Internet Bird Collection.

[[Categoria:Fossilia viva]]
[[Categoria:Monotypicae avium familiae]]
[[Categoria:Pelecanidae|*]]
[[Categoria:Taxa Linnaei]]
[[Categoria:Taxa 1758]]&lt;!--
[[Category:Animal culling]]
[[Category:Extant Chattian first appearances]]
[[Category:National symbols of Barbados]]--&gt;

{{Myrias|Biologia}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gubernium Tauricum</title>
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      <text bytes="2240" sha1="aoy0g16o20yzc08uhny2cmchqzl3x73" xml:space="preserve">{{L}}{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}}
{{res|Gubernium Tauricum}}&lt;ref&gt;{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Christianus Steven|Christiani Steven|ru|qid=Q967040}} [https://books.google.ru/books?id=4oxfAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=RA1-PA330&amp;dq=&quot;gubernio+taurico&quot;&amp;hl=ru&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjqm7bjxajZAhWKzKQKHTRaBFkQ6AEIKTAA#v=snippet&amp;q=gubernio%20taurico&amp;f=false ''Enumeratio plantarum phanerogamarum in Tauria sponte crescentium'', 1856, p. 330]; [https://books.google.ru/books?id=gshFAQAAMAAJ&amp;q=&quot;gubernii+taurici&quot;&amp;dq=&quot;gubernii+taurici&quot;&amp;hl=ru&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwiR1vboxajZAhWBGuwKHawuARMQ6AEIJzAA ''Acta Horti Petropolitani'', vol. 8. 1883, p. 74].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Russice]] Таврическая губерния, [[translitteratio|tr.]] ''Tavričeskaja gubernija'') fuit [[gubernium|pars administrativa]] [[Imperium Russicum|Imperii Russici]], in [[Crimaea]] ([[Chersonesus Taurica|Chersoneso Taurica]]) atque in terris ad eam in septentrione adiacentibus sita, metropolim habens [[Sympheropolis|Sympheropolim]], anno [[1802]] creata et paulo post dissolutionem Imperii Russici iam in [[RSFSR|Re Publica Sovietica Foederativa Socialistica Russica]] anno [[1921]] abolita.

[[Eupatoria]], [[Hygres]], [[Ialta]], [[Melitopolis]], [[Sympheropolis]], [[Theodosia (urbs)|Theodosia]] capits [[ujezd|circulorum]] gubernii Taurici fuerunt.

[[Fasciculus:Санкт-Петербург, гений на аттике Московских ворот (19).jpg|thumb|left|Genius gubernii Taurici in [[porta Mosquensis|porta Mosquensi]] Petropolitana]]
==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

==Nexus externi==
{{CommuniaCat|Tavria Governorate}}
{{fontes geographici}}
* [[:s:ru:ЭСБЕ/Таврическая губерния|Gubernium Tauricum]] in ''[[Lexicon encyclopaedicum Brockhaus et Efron|Lexico encyclopaedico Brockhaus et Efron]]'' {{ling|Russice}}
* [http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?Z21ID=&amp;I21DBN=EIU&amp;P21DBN=EIU&amp;S21STN=1&amp;S21REF=10&amp;S21FMT=eiu_all&amp;C21COM=S&amp;S21CNR=20&amp;S21P01=0&amp;S21P02=0&amp;S21P03=TRN=&amp;S21COLORTERMS=0&amp;S21STR=Tavrijska_huberniia Pagina de gubernio Taurico ''Encyclopaediae historiae Ucrainae''] {{ling|Ucrainice}}

[[Categoria:Crimaea]]
[[Categoria:Historia Ucrainae]]
[[Categoria:Gubernia Imperii Russici|Tauricum]]
[[Categoria:Sympheropolis]]</text>
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      <text bytes="2115" sha1="p6tqiuvfznw2s9j7xytfux3a63gq5vz" xml:space="preserve">{{L}}{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}}
{{res|Gubernium Tauricum}}&lt;ref&gt;{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Christianus Steven|Christiani Steven|ru|qid=Q967040}} [https://books.google.ru/books?id=4oxfAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=RA1-PA330&amp;dq=#v=onepage&amp;q=gubernio%20taurico&amp;f=false ''Enumeratio plantarum phanerogamarum in Tauria sponte crescentium'', 1856, p. 330]; [https://books.google.ru/books?hl=ru&amp;id=gshFAQAAMAAJ&amp;focus=searchwithinvolume&amp;q=gubernii+taurici ''Acta Horti Petropolitani'', vol. 8. 1883, p. 74].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Russice]] Таврическая губерния, [[translitteratio|tr.]] ''Tavričeskaja gubernija'') fuit [[gubernium|pars administrativa]] [[Imperium Russicum|Imperii Russici]], in [[Crimaea]] ([[Chersonesus Taurica|Chersoneso Taurica]]) atque in terris ad eam in septentrione adiacentibus sita, metropolim habens [[Sympheropolis|Sympheropolim]], anno [[1802]] creata et paulo post dissolutionem Imperii Russici iam in [[RSFSR|Re Publica Sovietica Foederativa Socialistica Russica]] anno [[1921]] abolita.

[[Eupatoria]], [[Hygres]], [[Ialta]], [[Melitopolis]], [[Sympheropolis]], [[Theodosia (urbs)|Theodosia]] capits [[ujezd|circulorum]] gubernii Taurici fuerunt.

[[Fasciculus:Санкт-Петербург, гений на аттике Московских ворот (19).jpg|thumb|left|Genius gubernii Taurici in [[porta Mosquensis|porta Mosquensi]] Petropolitana]]
==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

==Nexus externi==
{{CommuniaCat|Tavria Governorate}}
{{fontes geographici}}
* [[:s:ru:ЭСБЕ/Таврическая губерния|Gubernium Tauricum]] in ''[[Lexicon encyclopaedicum Brockhaus et Efron|Lexico encyclopaedico Brockhaus et Efron]]'' {{ling|Russice}}
* [http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?Z21ID=&amp;I21DBN=EIU&amp;P21DBN=EIU&amp;S21STN=1&amp;S21REF=10&amp;S21FMT=eiu_all&amp;C21COM=S&amp;S21CNR=20&amp;S21P01=0&amp;S21P02=0&amp;S21P03=TRN=&amp;S21COLORTERMS=0&amp;S21STR=Tavrijska_huberniia Pagina de gubernio Taurico ''Encyclopaediae historiae Ucrainae''] {{ling|Ucrainice}}

[[Categoria:Crimaea]]
[[Categoria:Historia Ucrainae]]
[[Categoria:Gubernia Imperii Russici|Tauricum]]
[[Categoria:Sympheropolis]]</text>
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{{res|Gubernium Tauricum}}&lt;ref&gt;{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Christianus Steven|Christiani Steven|ru|qid=Q967040}} [https://books.google.ru/books?id=4oxfAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=RA1-PA330&amp;dq=#v=onepage&amp;q=gubernio%20taurico&amp;f=false ''Enumeratio plantarum phanerogamarum in Tauria sponte crescentium'', 1856, p. 330]; [https://books.google.ru/books?hl=ru&amp;id=gshFAQAAMAAJ&amp;focus=searchwithinvolume&amp;q=gubernii+taurici ''Acta Horti Petropolitani'', vol. 8. 1883, p. 74].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Russice]] Таврическая губерния, [[translitteratio|tr.]] ''Tavričeskaja gubernija'') fuit [[gubernium|pars administrativa]] [[Imperium Russicum|Imperii Russici]], in [[Crimaea]] ([[Chersonesus Taurica|Chersoneso Taurica]]) atque in terris ad eam in septentrione adiacentibus sita, urbem capitalem habens [[Sympheropolis|Sympheropolim]], anno [[1802]] creata et paulo post dissolutionem Imperii Russici iam in [[RSFSR|Re Publica Sovietica Foederativa Socialistica Russica]] anno [[1921]] abolita.

[[Eupatoria]], [[Hygres]], [[Ialta]], [[Melitopolis]], [[Sympheropolis]], [[Theodosia (urbs)|Theodosia]] capits [[ujezd|circulorum]] gubernii Taurici fuerunt.

[[Fasciculus:Санкт-Петербург, гений на аттике Московских ворот (19).jpg|thumb|left|Genius gubernii Taurici in [[porta Mosquensis|porta Mosquensi]] Petropolitana]]
==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

==Nexus externi==
{{CommuniaCat|Tavria Governorate}}
{{fontes geographici}}
* [[:s:ru:ЭСБЕ/Таврическая губерния|Gubernium Tauricum]] in ''[[Lexicon encyclopaedicum Brockhaus et Efron|Lexico encyclopaedico Brockhaus et Efron]]'' {{ling|Russice}}
* [http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?Z21ID=&amp;I21DBN=EIU&amp;P21DBN=EIU&amp;S21STN=1&amp;S21REF=10&amp;S21FMT=eiu_all&amp;C21COM=S&amp;S21CNR=20&amp;S21P01=0&amp;S21P02=0&amp;S21P03=TRN=&amp;S21COLORTERMS=0&amp;S21STR=Tavrijska_huberniia Pagina de gubernio Taurico ''Encyclopaediae historiae Ucrainae''] {{ling|Ucrainice}}

[[Categoria:Crimaea]]
[[Categoria:Historia Ucrainae]]
[[Categoria:Gubernia Imperii Russici|Tauricum]]
[[Categoria:Sympheropolis]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Emptio Ludoviciana</title>
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      <text bytes="13021" sha1="bq6ti1qxxzpxvrp0pdglr0nvg9kmtzn" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Louisiana Purchase.png|thumb|Civitates Foederatae hodiernae, cum Emptione Ludoviciana colore pallido pictae.]]
[[Fasciculus:Louisiana1804a.jpg|thumb|[[Tabula geographica]] &quot;[[Ludoviciana (Nova Francia)|Ludovicianae]]&quot; (1804), [[Montes Saxosi|Montibus Saxosis]] ad fines occidentales positis.]]
[[Fasciculus:louisiana purchase treaty.jpg|thumb|Primum pagina foederis Emptionis Ludovicianae.]]
[[Fasciculus:Louisiana Purchase 1953 Issue-3c.jpg|thumb|[[Pittacium cursuale]] festum diem anniversarium centesimum quinquagensimum foederis [[subscriptio|subscripti]]  (1953) commemorat.]]
[[Fasciculus:Louisiana Purchase New Orleans Thure de Thulstrup.jpg|thumb|[[Vexillum]] in [[Quadratum Iacksonianum (Nova Aurelia)|Place d'Armes]] [[Nova Aurelia|Novae Aureliae]] sublatum, abalienationem principatus Ludovicianae Francicae ad Civitates Foederatas significans, die 20 Decembris 1803, a [[Thure de Thulstrup]] pictum.]]
[[Fasciculus:UnitedStatesExpansion.png|thumb|upright=1.5|Emptio Ludoviciana fuit una e nonnullis accessionibus terrestribus Civitatum Foederatarum.]]
'''Emptio Ludoviciana'''{{Convertimus}} ([[Anglice]] ''Louisiana Purchase''; [[Francice]] ''Vente de la Louisiane'') fuit magna terrarum alienatio cum [[Civitates Foederatae]] amplas [[Ludoviciana (Nova Francia)|territorii Ludoviciani]] terras in media [[America Septentrionalis|Americae Septentrionalis]] [[regio]]ne, in 828 000 milibus quadratis (2 140 000 [[chiliometrum quadratum|km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;]], 530 000 00 [[acra (mensura)|acris]]) consistente, a [[prima res publica (Francia)|Francia]] emeret per foedus [[Lutetia]]e die [[30 Aprilis]] [[1803]] ictum et a [[Senatus Civitatum Foederatarum|Senatu]] [[Vasingtonia (DC)|Vasingtoniae]] die [[20 Octobris]] [[1803]] sanctum, [[Thomas Jefferson|Thoma Ieffersonio]] [[praeses Civitatum Foederatarum|praeside]]. Civitates Foederatae quingenties centena milia [[francus Francicus|francorum]] ($11&amp;thinsp;250&amp;thinsp;000) solverunt, et aes alienum francorum duodevicies centena milium ($3 750 000) ignoverunt, quod erat summa sexcenties octogies centena milia franca ($15&amp;thinsp;000&amp;thinsp;000), quod anno 2017 pro $600&amp;thinsp;000&amp;thinsp;000&amp;thinsp;000 valuit.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.measuringworth.com/calculators/uscompare/result.php?year_source=1803&amp;amount=15000000&amp;year_result=2017. Pro singulis usus partis GDP, videhttps://www.measuringworth.com/indicator.php.&lt;/ref&gt; Territorium Ludovicianum terras comprehendebat in quindecim [[Civitatum Foederatarum civitas|Civitatum Foederatarum civitatibus]] hodiernis et duabus [[provinciae et territoria Canadae|provinciis Canadiensibus]] sitas, inter quas [[Arcansia]], [[Missuria]], [[Iova]], [[Oclahoma]], [[Kansia]], et [[Nebrasca]]; pars [[Minnesota]]e ad occidentem [[Flumen Mississippiense|Fluminis Mississipiensis]]; magnae partes [[Dacota Septentrionalis|Dacotae Septentrionalis]] et [[Dacota Meridiana|Meridianae]]; pars boreorientalis [[Novum Mexicum|Novi Mexici]]; pars septentrionalis [[Texia]]e; partes [[Montana]]e, [[Vyomina]]e, et [[Coloratum|Colorati]] ad orientem [[Divortium continentale Americae|Divortii continentalis Americae]]; [[Ludoviciana]] ad occidentem Fluminis Mississippiensis (cum [[Insula Aureliana]]&lt;!--Île d'Orléans, Louisiana = New Orleans--&gt;); ac parvae regiones intra [[Alberta]]m et [[Saskatchewan]]m, provincias [[Canada|Canadenses]]. Numerus incolarum non indigenarum erat circa sexaginta milia, quorum dimidium fere erant [[servus|servi Africani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PHhHAQAAIAAJ&amp;pg=RA5-PA56 |title=Congressional series of United States public documents|date=1 Ianuarii 1864|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|via=Google Books}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Territorium Ludovicianum in dicione [[Regnum Franciae|Regni Franciae]] ab anno [[1699]] fuerat donec [[Imperium Hispanicum|Imperio Hispanico]] per [[Foedus Fontis Bleaudi (1762)|Foedus Fontis Bleaudi]] anno [[1762]] concessum est. Anno autem [[1800]], [[Napoleo]], tum Primus Consul Reipublicae Francicae, [[imperium]] in America Septentrionali restituere sperans, possessionem Ludovicianae recuperavit. Qui autem, cum [[res novae Haitianae|rebellionem in Sancto Dominico]] comprimere offenderet, [[bellum|belloque]] [[Britanniarum Regnum|Britannorum]] in conspectu prodiente, ad Ludovicianam Civitatibus Foederatis vendendam urgebatur, ut [[res militaris|rem militarem]] [[pecunia]] sustineret. Americani initio solum [[Nova Aurelia|Novam Aureliam]], [[portus|portum]] terrasque adiacentis, emere conabantur, sed cito convenit inter eos emptionem secundam recipere. Foedus, antequam perfici esset, a fautoribus [[Factio Foederalistica|Factionis Foederalisticae]] reiciebatur; qui arguebant foedus contra [[Constitutio Civitatum Foederatarum|constitutionem]] esse. Iefferson eis de hoc assentivit, [[Constitutio Civitatum Foederatarum|constitutionem]] apertam territorii adipiscendi permissionem non continere agnoscens, sed asseruit suam potestatem constitutionalem foederum negotiandorum sufficere.

{{NexInt}}
*[[Cessio Mexicana]]
*[[Emptio Alascana]]
*[[Emptio Floridiana]]
*[[Nova Francia]]

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Bibliographia==
*[[Henricus Adams|Adams, Henry]]. (1889), [[2011]]. ''History of the United States of America (1801–1817),'' vol. 2: During the First Administration of Thomas Jefferson. [https://books.google.com/books?id=LZdBTEL26OAC&amp;pg=PA56 Google Books.] Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781108033039.
*Banning, Lance. [[1995]]. ''The Sacred Fire of Liberty: James Madison and the Founding of the Federal Republic.'' Ithacae Novi Eboraci: Cornell University Press.
*Burgan, Michael. [[2002]]. ''The Louisiana Purchase.'' Capstone. ISBN 9780756502102. [https://books.google.com/books?id=pFc4NvjxsZQC&amp;dq=%22Louisiana+Purchase%22 Google Books.]
*Cerami, Charles A. [[2003]]. ''Jefferson's Great Gamble.'' Sourcebooks. ISBN 9781402234354. [https://books.google.com/books?id=BjOdgR5s72wC Google Books.]
*Duke,  Marc. [[1977]]. ''The du Ponts: Portrait of a Dynasty.'' Saturday Review Press. ISBN 0-8415-0429-6.
*Fleming, Thomas J. [[2003]]. ''The Louisiana Purchase.'' John Wiley &amp; Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-26738-6. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ILeXYsMEFd8C&amp;pg=PA149 Google Books.] 
*Gayarre, Charles. [[1867]]. ''History of Louisiana.'' [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/America/United_States/Louisiana/_Texts/GAYHLA/4/9*.html Liber interretialis.]
*Hämäläinen, Pekka|. [[2008]]. ''The Comanche Empire.'' Portu Novo: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-12654-9.
*Haynes, Robert V. [[2010]]. ''The Mississippi Territory and the Southwest Frontier, 1795–1817.'' University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-2577-0. [https://books.google.com/books?id=PygOrpm2E64C Google Books.]
*Herring, George. [[2008]]. ''From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-976553-7.
*Ketcham, Ralph. [[2003]]. ''James Madison: A Biography.'' Newtown Connecticutae: American Political Biography Press.[https://books.google.com/books?id=hCAjgs4mmQ4C|isbn=9780813912653 Google Books.]{{Nexus deficitur|date=January 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*Kennedy, David M., Lizabeth Cohen, et Thomas Andrew Bailey. [[2008]]. ''The American Pageant: A History of the American People.'' Wadsworth. ISBN 978-0-547-16654-4. [https://books.google.com/books?id=L0wgPAAACAAJ Google Books.]
*Lawson, Gary, et Guy Seidman. [[2008]]. ''The Constitution of Empire: Territorial Expansion and American Legal History.'' Portu Novo: Yale University Press. ISBN 0300128967.[https://books.google.com/books?id=c3uboehs0zUC&amp;pg=PA21 Google Books.]
*Lewis, James E., Jr. [[2003]]. ''The Louisiana Purchase: Jefferson's Noble Bargain?'' UNC Press Books.
*Luttig, John C. [[1920]]. ''Journal of a Fur-trading Expedition on the Upper Missouri: 1812–1813.'' Kansiopoli Missuriae: The Missouri Historical Society. [https://books.google.com/books?id=r2o1AAAAMAAJ Google Books.]
*Malone, Michael P., Richard B. Roeder,  et William L. Lang. [[1991]]. ''Montana: A History of Two Centuries.'' Seattli: University of Washington Press. ISBN 0-295-97129-0.
*Meinig, D. W. [[1995]]. ''The Shaping of America: Volume 2.'' Portu Novo: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300062908. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Rk-LFPFl_3YC Google Books.]
*Matthewson, Tim. [[1995]]. Jefferson and Haiti. ''The Journal of Southern History'' 61 (2): 209–48. JSTOR 2211576.
*Matthewson, Tim. [[1996]]. Jefferson and the Non-Recognition of Haiti. ''American Philosophical Society'' 140 (1): 22–48. JSTOR 987274.
*Nugent, Walter. [[2009]]. ''Habits of Empire: A History of American Expansionism.'' Random House. ISBN 978-1-4000-7818-9. [https://books.google.com/books?id=4DAvNnBOufUC Google Books.]
*Prucha, Francis P. [[1969]]. ''The Sword of the Republic: The United States Army on the Frontier 1783–1846.'' Novi Eboraci: Macmillan.
*Rodriguez, Junius P. [[2002]]. ''The Louisiana Purchase: A Historical and Geographical Encyclopedia.'' ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781576071885.[https://books.google.com/books?id=Qs7GAwwdzyQC&amp;pg=PA139 Google Books.]
*Schoultz, Lars. [[1998]]. ''Beneath the United States. Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-92276-1. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Qxhd5QIQGQcC Google Books.]
*Thompson, Linda. [[2006]]. ''The Louisiana Purchase.'' Rourke Publishing. ISBN 978-1-59515-513-9.
*Weber, David J. [[1994]]. ''The Spanish Frontier in North America.'' Portu Novo: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-05917-5. [https://books.google.com/books?id=KOPdX2qaVrkC Google Books.]
*Ziegler, Philip. [[1988]]. ''The Sixth Great Power: Barings 1762–1929/'' Londinii: Collins. ISBN 0-00-217508-8.

==Bibliographia addita==
*Hermann. [[1900]]. ''The Louisiana Purchase and our title west of the Rocky Mountains: with a review of annexation by the United States. [https://books.google.com/books?id=P6JYAAAAMAAJ Google Books.]
*Hosmer,  James Kendall. [[1902]]. ''Louisiana Purchase. Novi Eboraci: D. Appleton &amp; Co. [https://books.google.com/books?id=zup2AAAAMAAJ Google Books.]
*Lass, William E. [[2015]]. The Northern Boundary of the Louisiana Purchase. ''Great Plains Quarterly'' 35 (1): 27–50. [[doi:10.1353/gpq.2015.0006]].
*Marshall. [[1914]]. ''A History of the Western Boundary of the Louisiana Purchase, 1819–1841.'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=l363ei31ILoC Google Books.]
*U.S. Dept. of State. [[1903]]. ''State papers and correspondence bearing upon the purchase of the territory of Louisiana.'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=LlIMAAAAYAAJ Google Books.]

==Nexus externi==
{{CommuniaCat|Louisiana Purchase|Emptionem Ludoviciana,}}&lt;!--
{{Wikisource|Louisiana Purchase Treaty}}--&gt;
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110521230337/http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/american_originals/louistxt.html Verba foederis emptionis Ludovicianae.]
*[https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/Louisiana.html Foedus Emptionis Ludovicianae.] [[Bibliotheca Congressionalis]].
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20210505001848/http://www.ericdigests.org/2004-1/purchase.htm Docere de Emptione Ludoviciana.]
*[http://www.louisianapurchase2003.com/ Bicentenniale Emptionis Ludovicianae, 1803–2003]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080820232356/http://www.lewisandclarktrail.org/ Trames Lewis et Clark.]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20190219215342/https://www.shmoop.com/louisiana-purchase-lewis-clark/ Emptio Ludoviciana ac Lewis et Clark.]&lt;!--student and teacher guide: dates, people, analysis, multimedia--&gt;
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20180809112522/http://louisiana-purchase.org/ Nova Aurelia et Emptio Ludoviciana.]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20051105061841/http://www.thelouvertureproject.org/wiki/index.php?title=The_Revolution_and_the_Louisiana_Purchase ''The Haitian Revolution and the Louisiana Purchase.'']
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=-tCqM8cGzBEC&amp;pg=PA42&amp;lpg=PA42&amp;dq=louisiana+purchase+constitution+controversy&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=Td_7NYHy4W&amp;sig=AyJ7nNxWQIn1YjRcJDHdI2_pgSU&amp;hl=en&amp;ei=Bq1ETM-wLoe-sQOQms3TDA&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=9&amp;ved=0CDQQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&amp;q=louisiana%20purchase%20constitution%20controversy&amp;f=false ''Case and Controversies in U.S. History,'' pagina 42.] Senator Pickering explicat cur Emptionem Ludovicianam adversatur.
*[https://www.c-span.org/video/?176834-1/wilderness-immense-louisiana-purchase Colloquium cum Jon Kukla de ''A Wilderness So Immense: The Louisiana Purchase and the Destiny of America.''] ''Booknotes,'' 6 Iulii 2003.

[[Categoria:Emptio Ludoviciana| ]]
[[Categoria:Foedera]]
[[Categoria:Historia Franciae]]
[[Categoria:Historia Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Ludoviciana]]
[[Categoria:Magnae Planities]]
[[Categoria:Territorium Ludovicianum|*]]
[[Categoria:Urbs Sancti Ludovici]]
[[Categoria:1803]]&lt;!--
[[Category:Colonial United States (French)]]
[[Category:History of United States expansionism]]
[[Category:Treaties involving territorial changes]]
[[Category:Midwestern United States]]
[[Category:History of St. Louis]]--&gt;</text>
      <sha1>bq6ti1qxxzpxvrp0pdglr0nvg9kmtzn</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Lua (lingua programmationis)</title>
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      <comment>Sermo; minutiae</comment>
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      <text bytes="1724" sha1="ophvfozy0k0a41eppokof9mpjdoiu02" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Lua-Logo.svg|thumb|[[Logotypus]] [[Lua (lingua programmationis)|Luae]] linguae programmationis]]

{{res|Lua}} ([[Portugallice]] ''lua'' ‘[[luna]]’&lt;ref&gt;Roberto Ierusalimschy, Luiz Henrique de Figueiredo, et Waldemar Celes Filho (1996), [https://www.lua.org/spe.html “Lua—An Extensible Extension Language,”] ''Software: Practice and Experience,'' 26, no. 6 (Iunius): 635–652, doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-024X(199606)26:6&lt;635::AID-SPE26&gt;3.0.CO;2-P.&lt;/ref&gt;) est [[lingua programmationis]], anno [[1993]] divulgata, codice secundum rationem {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|ANSI C||en|qid=Q1931402}}&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.lua.org/about.html#why Quid est Lua? {{Ling|Anglice}}]&lt;/ref&gt; scripto.

“''Scribunto''” extensionis ope,&lt;ref&gt;Ita, appellatio [[imperativus|imperativum]] Latinum memorat, item ut “Scribunto omnes!”. De ratione nominis videatur [[:mw:Extension:Scribunto|pagina MediaVicialis]].&lt;/ref&gt; Lua intra [[corpus programmatum]] [[MediaVici]]ale inclusa est {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|lingua ad codicillos instruendos adhibita|lingua codicillaris|en|qid=Q187432}}. Hoc modo, exempli gratia, [[data|indicia]] in [[Vicidata|Vicidatis]] reperta in paginis [[Vicipaedia]]e addi possunt.

== “Salve, munde!” ==
Hic textus singulam lineam exhibet qua nuntium &quot;Salve, munde!&quot; in [[monitrum]] ostenditur.

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot;&gt;print(&quot;Salve, munde!&quot;)&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

seu

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot;&gt;print 'Salve, munde!'&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Vicipaedia:Lua]]

== Nexus externi ==
* ''lua.org'' de [https://www.lua.org/spe.html lingua Lua, situs interretialis]. {{Ling|Anglice}}

[[Categoria:Linguae programmationis]]</text>
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    <title>Formula:Commons category</title>
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    <title>Commissio Communitaria Francica</title>
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      <text bytes="1715" sha1="8rl7ley4ovk7c2fncs92q075s5lp6ro" xml:space="preserve">{{Latinitas|-2}}
{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Logo Francophones Bruxelles.png|thumb|Signum Commissionis Communitariae Francicae.]]
'''Commissio Communitaria Francica'''{{convertimus}} ([[Francogallice]] ''Commission communautaire française (Cocof)''), est entitas quae in [[Bruxellae (regio)|Regione Bruxellana Capitali]] auctoritatem habet quod attinet ad res &quot;[[Belgica#Communitates regionesque|communitarias]]&quot; dictas, e.g. valetudinaria vel auxilium individuis, si eae res manifeste [[Communitas Francica Belgicae|Communitatem Francicam]] ascribi possunt. Cocof deinde sicut auctoritas inferior (ut municipium vel provincia) Communitatis Francicae agit.

Nihilominus, Communitas Francica, [[Wallonia|Regio Wallonica]] et Commissio Communitaria Francica composuerunt certas res communitarias a Regione Wallonica et a Commissione Communitaria Francica regulari. In eis rebus Commissio Communitaria Francica ergo etiam potestatem legiferam habet.

Institutum exsecutivum suum est ''Collegium'' cuius membri sunt rectionis Regionis Bruxellanae Capitalis ministri ac secretarii civitatis sermonis Francogallici.

Consilium legiferum suum est ''Conventus Commissionis Communitariae Francicae'' sive - sed non rite - ''Parlamentum francophonum Bruxellanum'', id est legati gregis sermonis Francogallici parlamenti regionis Bruxellanae.

Administrationi suae etiam nomen ''Officium Publicum Francophonum Bruxellanum'' (Francogallice ''Service public francophone bruxellois'') datur. 

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;


== Nexus externus ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20190516034407/https://www.spfb.brussels/ Situs interretialis]

{{Sectiones et provinciae Belgicae}}
{{stipula}}
[[Categoria:Bruxellae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Equus October</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="4215" sha1="8q267efjc5j30llcpxwl7jtjqp2yrat" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Cosa Mars horse 590003.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|Nummus Martis et Equi frenati ([[Cosa]], Etruria, 273-250 a.C.n.)]]
'''Equus October''' fuit cursus equester, qui quotannis [[15 Octobris|idibus Octobribus]] [[Campus Martius|campo in Martio]] certabatur.

== Sacrificium ==
Equus dexter [[bigae|bigarum]] victricum necabatur. Quius caput panibus aut pannibus involvebatur. Animale iactu [[hasta]]e interfecto cives [[Subura]]e et [[Via Sacra|Viae Sacrae]] inter se de equi capite rapiendo certabant. Si Suburanenses vincebant, caput ad [[turris Mamila|turrim Mamiliam]] ferebatur. Si Sacravienses vincebant, caput ad [[Regia|Regiam]] apud [[Forum Romanum]] portabatur. Cauda equi desecta ad Regiam gerebatur, &quot;ut ex ea sanguis destillet in focum,&quot; ut apud [[Sextus Pompeius Festus|Pompeium Festum]] legimus.

== Causa ==
Causa a scriptoribus antiquis coniectabatur, sed adhuc obscura est:
* ad sacrificium [[Mars|Marti]] faciendum (apud Pompeium Festum)
* ob frugum eventum (apud Paul. Fest. 246 L.)
* ad exitium [[Troia]]e monendum (apud Timaeum rerum scriptorem) &lt;ref&gt;Siebert, Anne Viola (Hannover), “Equus October”, in: Brill’s New Pauly, Antiquity volumes edited by: Hubert Cancik and , Helmuth Schneider, English Edition by: Christine F. Salazar, Classical Tradition volumes edited by: Manfred Landfester, English Edition by: Francis G. Gentry. Consulted online on 31 July 2019 &lt;http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e829670&gt; First published online: 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Origo ==
Romani nihil nisi animalia, quae edere solent, sacrificabant. Solum eo die equus molebatur.

Apud [[India|Indos]] aśvamedha invenitur et scriptor Giraldus Camprensis ritum [[Hibernicus|Hibernicum]] equi describit. In parte est similitudo inter eos. Fortasse Equus October reliquiae [[Linguae Indoeuropaeae|indoeuropaei]] ritūs ad regnum renovandum est, sed adhuc eius origo nescitur. &lt;ref&gt;&quot;C. Bennett Pascal, &quot;October Horse,&quot; Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 85 (1981), p. 287ff.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*James H. Dee, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4430261 Propertius IV I, 20: curtus equus and the Equus October]&quot;, ''Mnemosyne'', Fourth Series, 1973: 289 
*George Devereux, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4429877 The &quot;Equus October&quot; Ritual Reconsidered]&quot;, ''Mnemosyne'', 1970: 297-301
* [[Georgius Dumézil|Georges Dumézil]], &quot;Le Cheval d'octobre October eqvvs&quot; in	''Fêtes romaines d'été et d'automne ; suivi de Dix questions romaines'', Gallimard, 1975: 145-156 et  &quot;Derniers soubresauts du cheval d'octobre&quot;, ibidem pp.177-219. [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rhr_0035-1423_1977_num_191_1_6571 Recensio critica] [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_1977_num_55_2_3150_t1_0524_0000_2 Altera recensio critica] [https://books.google.fr/books?id=jbodAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT1&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_selected_pages&amp;cad=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]
* Attilio Mastrocinque, «[https://iris.univr.it/bitstream/11562/968232/1/October%20Equus%20helade_v2_n2.pdf  October Equus ]», ''Hélade'',  2016(2): 35-42
* C. Bennett Pascal, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/311177 October Horse]&quot;, ''Harvard Studies in Classical Philology'', 1981: 261-291 
* Gerhard Radke, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/41535709 October equus]&quot;, ''Latomus'', 1990: 343-351 
* Michel Rousseau, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/bavf_0001-4192_1976_num_129_1_6713 Le cheval d’octobre (October equus) éclairé par M. Georges Dumézil]&quot;, ''Bulletin de l'Académie Vétérinaire de France'',  1976: 125-127
**&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/bavf_0001-4192_1974_num_127_2_6368 Note sur la caudectomie rituelle de l’october equus]&quot;, ''Bulletin de l'Académie Vétérinaire de France'',  1974: 79-81

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20240730155022/https://dagr.univ-tlse2.fr/consulter/2213/OCTOBER%20EQUUS/page_153 ''Le Dictionnaire des Antiquités Grecques et Romaines de Daremberg et Saglio'']
*[https://archibibscdf.hypotheses.org/845 Enquête sur une enquête dans le fonds Georges Dumézil : les mystères du Cheval d’Octobre (3e et dernier épisode)]
{{Feriae Romanae}}

[[Categoria:Equi]]
[[Categoria:October]]
[[Categoria:Feriae Romanae]]
[[Categoria:Ritus Octobris]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Beniaminus Spock</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="7419" sha1="hw6c6156oyxbddfwz21q1fvhzhssxkp" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Benjamin McLane Spock (1976).jpg|thumb|Spock die [[21 Aprilis]] [[1976]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Benjamin Spock signature.svg|thumb|[[Subscriptio]].]]
[[Fasciculus:BenjaminSpock1968.jpg|thumb|Spock Susanam [[neptis|neptem]] anno [[1967]] tenet.]]

'''Beniaminus Spock''' (natus ''Benjamin McLane Spock'' [[Portus Novus|Portu Novo]] [[Connecticuta]]e die [[2 Maii]] [[1903]]; mortuus [[La Jolla]] [[California]]e die [[15 Martii]] [[1998]]) fuit [[paediatria|paediatrus]] [[Civitates Foederatae|Americanus]], cuius [[liber]] ''[[The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care|Baby and Child Care]]'' (1946) est unum ex libris optime venientibus in [[historia]], cuius [[doctrina]] [[mater|matres]] sic confirmat: &quot;Scis plus quam scire putas.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Anglice]] &quot;you know more than you think you do.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=bbc&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-14534094|title=Dr Spock's Baby and Child Care at 65|author=Hidalgo, Louise|date=23 Augusti 2011|publisher=[[BBC News]]|accessdate=24 Octobris 2019}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Spock fuit primus paediatrus qui [[psychoanalysis|psychoanalysin]] investigavit ut necessitates [[puer]]orum [[ratio]]nesque [[familia]]rum intellegeret. Eius [[theoria]]e de pueris [[educatio|educandis]] nonnullas [[parens|parentium]] aetates docebant flexibiliores puerisque magis amantes esse, ac pueros ut homines singulos tractare. Quae autem theoriae late a collegis reprehendebantur, quia nimis indiciis [[fabula]]ribus nitebantur, contra investigationes [[academia|academicas]].&lt;ref&gt;Maier 1998: 260.&lt;/ref&gt;

Spock [[activista]] in [[Laeva Nova]] et [[motus contra bellum Vietnamense|motu contra bellum Vietnamiense]] [[anni 1960|annis 1960]] et [[anni 1970|1970]] inientibus fuit, quo tempore [[conservatismus|conservativi]] eius scripta vituperabant, quae credebant veniam nimis indulgenter dedisse, exspectationem [[gratificatio dilata|praesentis gratificationis]] nimis libenter praebuisse, atque [[iuvenis|iuvenes]] suasisse ut cum his motibus [[liberalismus|liberalibus]] coniungerentur—quam autem accusationem Spock vehementer negavit.

Spock [[clipeus aureus|clipeum aureum]] [[Olympia (certamina)|Olympicum]] in [[remigatio]]ne anno [[1924]] vicit, cum scholasticus in [[Universitas Yalensis|Universitate Yalensi]] iam esset.

== Libri Beniamini Spock ==
* ''[[The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care|Baby and Child Care]]'' (1946, cum retractiones usque ad editionem decimam, 2018)
* ''A Baby's First Year'' (1954)
* ''Feeding Your Baby and Child'' (1955)
* ''Dr. Spock Talks With Mothers'' (1961)
* ''Problems of Parents'' (1962)
* ''Caring for Your Disabled Child'' (1965)
* ''Dr. Spock on Vietnam'' (1968)
* ''Decent and Indecent'' (1970)
* ''A Teenager's Guide to Life and Love'' (1970)
* ''Raising Children in a Difficult Time'' (1974)
* ''Spock on Parenting'' (1988)
* ''Spock on Spock: a Memoir of Growing Up With the Century'' (1989)
* ''A Better World for Our Children'' (1994)&lt;ref&gt;Pace 1998.&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Dr. Spock's the School Years: The Emotional and Social Development of Children 01 Edition'' (2001)

{{NexInt}}
* [[Bellum Indosinense II]]
* [[Circumcisio]]
* [[Martinus Lutherus King Jr.]]
* [[Libertarianismus]]
* [[Psychologia cognitiva]]
* [[Fridericus Rogers]] (Mister Rogers)

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Bloom, Lynn Z. [[1972]]. ''Doctor Spock: Biography of a Conservative Radical.'' Indianapoli: The Bobbs-Merrill Company.
* Bortstein, Larry. [[1978]]. ''After Olympic glory: the lives of ten outstanding medalists.'' Novi Eboraci: F. Warne. ISBN 0723261350.
* Kaye, J. Leonard. [[1997]]. ''Life of Benjamin Spock.'' Novi Eboraci: Twenty-First Century Books. ISBN 0-8050-2301-1.
* Maier, Thomas. [[2003]]. ''Dr. Spock: an American life.'' Novi Eboraci: Basic Books. ISBN 0465043151.
* Mitford, Jessica. [[1969]]. ''The trial of Dr. Spock, the Rev. William Sloane Coffin Jr, Michael Goodman and Marcus Raskin.'' Londinii: Macdonald &amp; Co. ISBN 0356030490.
* Pace, Eric. [[1998]]. &quot;Benjamin Spock, World's Pediatrician, Dies at 94.&quot; ''The New York Times,'' 17 Martii 1998.
* Simmons, John Galbraith. [[2002]].l ''Doctors and discoveries: lives that created today's medicine.'' Bostoniae: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0618152768.
* Spock, Benjamin, cum Mary Morgan. [[1989]]. ''Spock on Spock: a memoir of growing up with the century.'' Novi Eboraci: Pantheon Books. ISBN 0394578139.

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Benjamin Spock|Beniaminum Spock}}
{{wikiquote|Benjamin Spock|Beniaminum Spock}}
* {{IMDb name|0819280}}
* Spock, Benjamin. [[1972]]. Colloquium in ''The Libertarian Forum'' 4, no. 12 (December). [https://web.archive.org/web/20060706204809/https://www.mises.org/journals/lf/1972/1972_12.pdf PDF.]
* Spock, Benjamin. [https://library.syr.edu/digital/guides/s/spock_b.htm &quot;Benjamin Spock Papers.&quot;] [[Universitas Syracusana]].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927004052/http://www.mansionbooks.com/BookDetail.php?bk=272 Photographemata.] In prima editione ''The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care.''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050110172314/http://www3.niu.edu/~td0raf1/history468/feb2602.htm Singula causae anni 1968.]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080227102850/http://www.yale.edu/rowing/media/Spock.jpg Imago photographica.]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080911014039/http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/videodir/pacificaviet/spock.ram Audio: acroasis Beniamini Spock in &quot;Vietnam Teach-In&quot; ad Universitatem Californiae Berkleiensem, 1965.] RealAudio per UC Berkeley Media Resources Center.&lt;!--
*{{Internet Archive film clip|id=openmind_ep1330|description=&quot;The Open Mind - American Values and the College Generation (1974)&quot;}}--&gt;

{{Lifetime|1903|1998|Spock, Beniaminus}}
&lt;!-- Civitatum Foederatarum = melius: Memorists C.F.--&gt;
&lt;!-- Civitatum Foederatarum--&gt;
&lt;!--Medalists at the 1924 Summer Olympics--&gt;
&lt;!--
[[Category:American anti–nuclear weapons activists]]
[[Category:American anti–Vietnam War activists]]
[[Category:American family and parenting writers]]
[[Category:American pediatricians]]
[[Category:American people of Dutch descent]]
[[Category:Analysands of Sándor Radó]]
[[Category:Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons alumni]]
[[Category:Drug policy reform activists]]
[[Category:New Left]]
[[Category:Non-interventionism]]
[[Category:Olympic gold medalists for the United States in rowing]]
[[Category:Olympic rowers of the United States]]
[[Category:People's Party (United States, 1971) politicians]]
[[Category:Physicians from New Haven, Connecticut]]
[[Category:Politicians from New Haven, Connecticut]]
[[Category:Rowers at the 1924 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:United States Navy officers]]
[[Category:Writers from New Haven, Connecticut]]
[[Category:Yale School of Medicine alumni]]
[[Category:Hamden Hall Country Day School alumni]]--&gt;

{{Myrias|Homines}}

[[Categoria:Alumni Academiae Phillipianae (Andoveria)]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Columbiae]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Yalensis]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Anglici]]
[[Categoria:Autobiographi]]
[[Categoria:Humanistae Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Medici Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Nautae]]
[[Categoria:Olympionicae]]
[[Categoria:Participes secundi belli mundani]]
[[Categoria:Politici Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Pittsburgensis]]
[[Categoria:Repugnatores vectigalium Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Civitatum Foederatarum]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Curlandia</title>
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      <text bytes="2678" sha1="5bzbdx4qo3fs17r03h5v9srq07yl3o5" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:1706 Livoniæ de Wit- Mortier.jpg|thumb|Curlandiae et Livoniae [[tabula geographica|tabula]] (Amstelodami, 1706.)]]
[[Fasciculus:Kurland Karte.jpg|thumb|Curlandiae tabula (saeculi XVIII).]]
'''Curlandia'''&lt;ref&gt;Vide tabulas et, e.g., [[Ioannes Iacobus Haake|Ioannis Iacobi Haake]] [https://books.google.ru/books?id=4mTScQAACAAJ ''Curlandia bona spe in reduce duce suo recreata ac per anagramma repraesentata'', 1709]; [https://search.rsl.ru/ru/record/01004791273 ''Privilegia et jura praecipua Ducatus Curlandiae et Semigalliae cum suo indice'', 1727].&lt;/ref&gt; vel '''Curonia'''&lt;ref&gt;[[Carolus Pantenius|Caroli Pantenii]] ([https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd1053500033.html D.B.]) [https://books.google.ru/books?id=c-JOAAAAcAAJ ''De morbis Curoniae vernaculis'', Dorpati 1838]/&lt;/ref&gt; est [[historia|historica]] [[Lettonia]]e [[regio]]. Sensu lato, a ripa laeva [[Duina Occidentalis|Duinae Occidentalis]] usque ad [[mare Balticum]] patet; sensu autem strictiore, territorii huius pars occidentalis est, quae nunc [[Lettonice]] ''Kurzeme'' (vel [[paeninsula Kurzemensis]]) nominatur. [[Semigallia]]e contermina est, quae saepe pars Curlandiae esse putatur.

==Historia==
Nomen Curlandiae a [[Curones|Curonibus]] gente Baltica originem habet, qui [[lingua Curonica]] utebantur. Ab anno 1267 terra [[Ordo Livonicus|Ordinis Livonici]] Curlandia facta est. Gotthardus Kettler, Ordinis magister ultimus, [[Ducatus Curlandiae et Semigalliae]] condidit, ubi domus Kettler usque ad annum 1771 regnabat. Ad [[Magnus Ducatus Lituaniae|Magnum Ducatum Lithuaniae]] Curlandia tunc pertinebat. Dux e domo Kettler ultimus, Fredericus Gulielmus, [[Anna (imperatrix Russiae)|Annam]] filiam [[Ioannes V (tzar Russiae)|Ioannis V]] nupsit et mortuus est; Anna, imperatrix Russiae facta, Curlandiae ducem [[Ernestus de Biron|Ernestum de Biron]]&lt;ref&gt;Cf. &quot;Bironius&quot;, — [[Ioannes Bernardus Basedow|Ioannis Bernardi Basedow]] [https://books.google.ru/books?id=dN5MAAAAYAAJ&amp;q=bironius#v=snippet&amp;q=bironius&amp;f=false ''Operis elementaris pars tertia'', Dessaviae 1774, pp. 134, 140].&lt;/ref&gt; fecit, sed ''de facto'' Curlandia et duces eius e domo Bironis iam sub imperio Russico erant. Anno 1795, [[Polonia ter divisa|Polonia divisa]], ''de iure'' ad [[Imperium Russicum]] Curlandia adiuncta est et [[gubernium Curlandicum]] ibi conditum erat. Ab anno 1918 Curlandia [[Lettonia]]e pars est.

==Urbes==
[[Liba]] et [[Vindovia]] Curlandiae urbes magnae sunt. [[Goldinga]] et [[Piltynum]] aliae urbes Curlandiae sunt, [[Alvanga]], [[Ervalia]], [[Sarnitus]] et [[Wasa]] vici antiqui.

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Nexus externi==
{{fontes geographici}}

[[Categoria:Balticum]]
[[Categoria:Curlandia|!]]</text>
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* [[Catharinopolis]], urbs Russiae, vulgo ''Ekaterinburg''
* [[Catharinopolis Germanorum]], urbs Russiae, vulgo ''Marx''
* [[Catharinopolis Caucasica]], urbs prisca Russiae, vulgo ''Ekaterinograd'', nunc [[stanitsa]] Catharinopolitana (''Ekaterinogradskaia'')</text>
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* [[Catharinopolis]], urbs Russiae, vulgo ''Ekaterinburg''
* [[Catharinopolis Germanorum]], urbs Russiae, vulgo ''Marx'', antea ''Katharinenstadt''
* [[Catharinopolis Caucasica]], urbs prisca Russiae, vulgo ''Ekaterinograd'', nunc [[stanitsa]] Catharinopolitana (''Ekaterinogradskaia'')</text>
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    <title>Carolus Theodorus Körner</title>
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      <text bytes="9117" sha1="6vhrz2tatjs3jr9zr29rd8e8c4ie8pz" xml:space="preserve">{{videhom|Theodorus Körner}}
[[File:Theodor Körner by JB.jpg|thumb|Theodorus Körner, poeta libertatis Germanicus]]
'''Carolus Theodorus''' vulgo ''Karl Theodor'' '''Körner''' (natus die [[23 Septembris]] [[1791]] [[Dresda]]e, mortuus die [[26 Augusti]] [[1813]] [[Dei Lucus|Dei Luci]] -Theodisce ''Gadebusch''- prope [[Suerinum]]) fuit poeta libertatis [[Germania|Germanicus]].

==Vita==
[[File:EinfDresden Theodor Körner Denkmal.jpg|thumb|Monumentum Dresdae]]
[[File:Rosenow Körnerdenkmal 1813 (1).jpg|thumb|Locus ubi Körner animam efflavit]]
[[File:Die Gartenlaube (1863) b 781.jpg|thumb|[[Baltimora (Terra Mariae)|Baltimorae]] dies mortis L herois et poetae celebratur anno 1863]]
Filius iuristae et [[Fridericus Schiller|Schillerii]] amici Christiani Godofredi Körner in loco ambienti studiis propitio pueritiam habuit. Annis inter 1808 et 1810 [[Friberga]]e Academiam metallicae frequentavit cui tunc praefuit [[Abraham Gottlieb Werner]] antequam [[Lipsia]]m iret studii iurisprudentiae caussa. Inde autem anno 1811 ob compugnationem studenticam ab Alma Matre relegatus [[Berolinum]] pergebat ubi historiae philosophiaeque studere coepit. Insanus aestate 1811 [[thermae Carolinae|Thermas Carolinas]] morbo medendo iit unde mense Augusto [[Vindobona]]m contendit. Sponsalibus cum actrice [[Antonia Adamberger]] celebratis mense Ianuario 1813 velut poeta theatralis aulicus institutus est. Iam Lipsiae animos excitaverat collectione poeseos praetitulata »Knospen« (1810) quam sequebantur annis inter 1811 et 1813 vicissim [[fabulae libellus|fabulae libelli]] et dramatica ut »Die Braut«, »Der grüne Domino«, »Der Nachtwächter«, »Toni« (inspirante [[henricus de Kleist|Henrico Kleist]] cum »Die Verlobung in St. Domingo«), »Die Sühne«, »Zriny«, »Hedwig«. In his praeter Schillerum et [[Augustus de Kotzebue]] sentitur. 

Cum [[Borussia]] [[napoleo I (imperator Franciae)|Napoleoni]] tyranno bellum indixisset Körner die 19.3.1813 [[Vratislavia]]e se scribere sinebat pro manipulo libero [[ludovicus Adolphus Gulielmus de Lützow|Ludovici Adolphi Lützow]], in quo mox locumtenens factus est. Quando zetarius Ludovici Lützow die 17.6.1813 in impetu apud Kitzen (in [[Saxonia]]) graviter feritus est, amicis adiuvantibus Lipsiam et Thermas Carolinas se confugit ante reditum ad commilitones. Indutiis die 17.8. terminatis manipulus citatus primas acies adire mandatus est itaque fere quotidie acriter pugnatum est. Körner, qui duos dies antea carmen suum novissimum »Schwertlied« exaraverat, die 26.8. in rixis ad viam inter [[Dei Lucus|Dei Lucum]] (Theodisce ''Gadebusch'') et Suerinum morte violenta periit. Apud vicum Wöbbelin sub querco vetere sepultus est. Dux Fredericus Franciscus de [[Megalopolis-Suerinum|Megalopoli-Suerino]] aream circa quercum tatae dono donavit; postea cippos monumentum ferro fuso clare significavit et saepes circumdedit. Eodem loco iacent soror una Emma, quae mense Martio 1815 dolore confecta animam efflavit, necnon pater (1831) et amita Theodora Stock (1832).

==Gravitudo==
Ut poeta gloriam aeternam sibi paravit carminibus pugnatorum intrepidorum quae legeris apud »Leier und Schwert« (Berolini 1814). Dramata eius prima vice edita sunt in »Dramatische Beiträgen« (Vindobonae 1814) et inter nondum impressa »Poetischen Nachlaß« (Lipsiae 1814; patre disponente). Opera omnia cum praefatione [[Christophorus Augustus Tiedge|Christophori Augusti Tiedge]] edita sunt Berolini anno 1834 (Streckfuß). Museum cum rebus relictis et epistulis et Theodori Körner eiusque familiarium necnon cum aliis historiam, litteras, artem spectantibus (e.g. delineationibus, tabulis, effigiebus, monetis, impressis, manuscriptis, autographis) temporis liberationis Germanicae anno 1873 E. Peschel curante in casa natali Dresdensi inauguratum est (destructum anno 1945). Magistratus autem anno 1885 omnia acquisivit; anno 1871 Dresdae statua in Platea Sancti Georgii erecta est; heroum alterum [[Brema]]e fecit Deneys, tertium anno 1895 in vertice montis ''Landeskrone'' apud [[Gorlicium Germaniae|Gorlicium]] in [[lusatia superior|Lusatia superiore]]. In (hodierno) [[circulus Altenburger Land|Circulo Altenburger Land]] in Castello Löbichau ducissa Dorothea de Kurland memoriam pro Körner quoque in altum tollebat.

== Bibliographia ==
* Karl Berger: ''Theodor Koerner.'' Biliveldae 1912 
* Hartmut Brun: ''Theodor Körner und der Krieg an der Niederelbe.'' Mahn- und Gedenkstätten Wöbbelin – Theodor-Körner-Gedenkstätte (1991)
* Erhard Jöst: ''Der Heldentod des Dichters Theodor Körner. Der Einfluß eines Mythos auf die Rezeption einer Lyrik und ihre literarische Kritik''. In: ''Orbis litterarum'' 32 (1977), p. 310–340
* Erhard Jöst: Der Dichter als Idol. Zum zweihundertsten Geburtstag von Theodor Körner (23. September 1991). In: Der Deutschunterricht, Heft 4/1991, p. 90–99
* Erhard Jöst: ''„Die Kunst verlangt ein Vaterland“. Theodor Körner und die Wirkungsweise patriotischer Literatur''. Broschüre, hrsg. von der Projektgruppe Gedenkstättenarbeit in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Suerini 1997
* Erhard Jöst: ''„Weint nicht um mich, beneidet mir mein Glück!“ Die Erinnerung an Theodor Körner und der Stellenwert seiner Lyrik''. In: Österreich in Geschichte und Literatur, Heft 4–5, 2002, p. 295–308
* Erhard Jöst: „Vaterland! dir woll’n wir sterben!“ Theodor Körner: Dichter, Freiheitskämpfer, Patriot und Idol. In: Einst und Jetzt Band 58 (2013), p. 13–48
* Erhard Jöst: Opfertod fürs Vaterland. Der literarische Agitator Theodor Körner. In: Dichtung und Wahrheit. Jahrbuch „Krieg und Literatur“ XXI/2015, p. 7–46
* Adolf Kohut: Theodor Körner: Sein Leben und seine Dichtungen: Eine Säcularschrift auf Grund der besten und zuverlässigsten Quellen, Berolini 1890
* Fritz Löffler: ''Theodor Körner. Dichter und Freiheitsheld.'' Dresden: Heimatwerk Sachsen, v.-Baensch-Stiftung 1938. (= Große Sachsen – Diener des Reiches; 9)
* Emil Peschel, Eugen Wildenow: ''Theodor Körner und die Seinen''. Lipsiae 1898
* Emil Peschel, Eugen Wildenow: ''Theodor Körner und die Seinen. Zweiter Band''. Lipsiae 1898
* Emil Peschel: ''Körner-Bibliographie: Zum 23. Sept. 1891, dem 100jähr. Geburtstage Theodor Körners zsgest''. Lipsiae 1891.
* Albert Portmann-Tinguely: ''Romantik und Krieg. Eine Untersuchung zum Bild des Krieges bei deutschen Romantikern und „Freiheitssängern“. Adam Müller, Joseph Görres, Friedrich Schlegel, Achim von Arnim, Max von Schenkendorf und Theodor Körner.'' Friburgi, Schweiz: Univ.-Verl. 1989. (= Historische Schriften der Universität Freiburg; 12), ISBN 3-7278-0634-6
* Oskar F. Scheuer: ''Theodor Körner als Student.'' Bonnae 1924 
* Maximilian Schmitz-Mancy: ''Erläuterungen zu Körners 'Zriny'.'' Paderbronnae: Schöningh (1916) (= Schöninghs Erläuterungsschriften zu deutschen und ausländischen Schriftstellern; 25)
* Till Gerrit Waidelich: Der vierjährige Posten von Theodor Körner als Libretto „in der Art eines Finales“ für 21 Opern, Bericht über den Internationalen Schubert-Kongreß Duisburg 1997 Franz Schubert – Werk und Rezeption Teil II: Bühnen- und Orchesterwerke, Kammer- und Klaviermusik (Schubert-Jahrbuch 1998), Cassellae 2000, p. 57–77
* Ernst Weber: Der Krieg und die Poeten. Theodor Körners Kriegsdichtung und ihre Rezeption im Kontext des reformpolitischen Bellizismus der Befreiungskriegslyrik. In: Die Wiedergeburt des Krieges aus dem Geist der Revolution, hg. v. Johannes Kunisch und Herfried Münkler, Berolni 1999, p. 285–325 
* Heinrich Weber: ''Theodor Körner als Freiberger Montane, Leipziger Thüringer und Berliner Westphale.'' In: Einst und Jetzt, Bd. 4 (1959), p. 5–41.
* Artur Wenke: ''Theodor Körner. Ein Dichter- und Heldenleben.'' Dresdae 1913
* Albert Zipper: ''Theodor Körner.'' Lipsiae 1900. (= Dichter-Biographien; 4)
* Frank Bauer: Carl Theodor Körner. Poet-Patriot-Freiheitskämpfer (Kleine Reihe Geschichte der Befreiungskriege 1813–1815, SH 10 (Doppelheft)), Altenburgi in Misnia 2017.

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Theodor Körner|Theodorum Körner}}
{{Fontes biographici}}
* [https://www.projekt-gutenberg.org/autoren/namen/koerner.html Opera selecta in interreti] 
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20200819233425/http://ammermann.de/19Jahrhundert/an_mein_volk.htm ''An mein Volk'']
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090609032605/http://www.epoche-napoleon.net/geschichte/koerner.html Testes de articulo mortis] 
* [http://www.gedenkstaetten-woebbelin.de Locus memorialis Wöbbelin cum museo]
* [http://www.goethezeitportal.de/index.php?id=3679 Imagines decorativae variae]  
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20200701042916/http://www.luzicke-hory.cz/mista/index.php?pg=zmdutkd Effigies in Bohemia septentrionali]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20151201013745/http://www.volksliederarchiv.de/lexikon-661.html Cantilenae cum textibus Theodori Körner apud ''volksliederarchiv.de'']
* [http://www.zeit.de/zeitlaeufte/koerner Commentatio in actis diurnis ''Die Zeit''] 

{{Lifetime|1791|1813|Korner, Theodor}}
[[Categoria:Poetae Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Victimae bellorum Napoleonicorum]]</text>
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    <title>Currus solis Trundholmiensis</title>
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      <text bytes="4481" sha1="ssp7xifn8x27dpmdpg8laga1o4fm40u" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Solvognen - Do 2010 1276.jpg|thumb|Currus solis]]
'''Currus solis Trundholmiensis''' ([[Danice]] ''Solvognen'') est votum sculptile ab [[aetas aenea|aetate aenea]] [[Scandinavia|Scandinavica]] oriundum, quod anno [[1902]] in palude caesposa prope [[Trundholmia]]m commune in [[Selandia]] septentrionali sita repertum est. Quod opus ad [[canon culturalis Daniae|canona culturalem Daniae]] pertinens in [[Museum nationale Daniae|Museo nationali Daniae]] conservatur. Secundum rerum peritos musei currus solis ex anno fere [[1350 a.C.n.]] est.&lt;ref&gt;Nationalmuseet (a); Kaul &amp; Harding 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

Inspector [[Dania|regni]], cum anno [[1902]] primam arationem paludis siccatae Trundholmiensis in [[Højby]], vico in [[Odsherred]] paeninsula sito, faciebat, fragmenta currus solis ex terra arata surgere vidit. Conlectis quae reppererat fragmentis rerum peritos musei adiit auxiliumque petivit.

Deinde anno [[1998]] locus, ubi currus solis repertus erat, denuo [[metallorum detectorium|metallorum detectorio]] investigatus est. Qua ratione adhuc una et viginti partes currus solis repertae sunt. Quae particulae erant [[axis (rota)|axes]] et [[radius (rota)|radii]] rotarum ac fragmenta orbium. Quibus particulis conservatis exemplar currus solis paene centum annis antea repertum suppletum est.&lt;ref&gt;Nationalnuseet (b).&lt;/ref&gt;

== De opere ==
Currus solis est opusculum artis ex aere et auro confectum, 54 cm longum, 29 cm latum, 35 cm altum; ''[[cire perdue]]'' ex pluribus particulis confectum. Opusculum ad sacrificium adhibitum, antequam in paludem demersum esset, diffactum esse videtur. Pars postica currus lancem rotundam habet 24 cm in diametro, auratam dextro tantum latere. Confectus est ex duabus laminis convexis, quae externo circulo supra commissuram circumducto inter se conexae sunt. [[Auratura]] in exteriora laminae aeneae fixa est ac figuris ornata. Figurae in decorativis consistunt orbiculis, quibus cochleatae orbiculataeque figurae interiacent. Caput equi oculis saetaque extusis ornatum est. Cauda autem trunculus in formam infundibuli factus. Sex habet rotas quaternis radiis. 

Currus esse putatur solis equo vecti: solem equo mythico vehi aeternum in caelo iter facienti. Interdiu in caelo solem vehit, nocte per viam subterraneam ex occasu ad orientem reversus eundem cursum iterans.&lt;ref&gt;Odsherreds Museum.&lt;/ref&gt; In hoc opere artis equus et sol superpositi sunt currui sex rotarum, qui fune trahi possit.&lt;ref&gt;Nationalmuseet (a).&lt;/ref&gt;
 
== Ubi et quando confectus sit ==
Cum figurae cochleariae in auratura adhibitae propriae sint aetatis aeneae [[Scandinavia|Scandinavicae]], opinio est currum solis in Scandinavia confectum esse. In Selandia septentrionali ([[Dyrehaven|Jægersborg Hegn]]) alia quoque reperta est lamina, quae similis est laminae in curru solis repertae. &lt;ref&gt;Odsherreds Museum.&lt;/ref&gt; Si plura exemplaria currus confecta sunt, fieri potest, ut in Selandiae regionibus officina horum fuerit.&lt;ref&gt;Nationalmuseet (a); Odsherreds Museum.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Quando confectus sit currus solis, ambiguum est. Rerum periti musei nationalis Daniae, comparatis aliorum aeneorum operum ornamentis, fere annum [[1350 a.C.n.]] posuerunt, nam ea aetate figurae cochleatae rotundaeque magnopere in usu erant. 

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Flemming, Kaul (2004) Der Sonnenwagen von Trundholm. ''Der geschmiedete Himmel: Die weite Welt im Herzen Europas vor 3600 Jahren'', ed. Harald Meller, 54-57. Theiss. 
* Kaul, Flemming &amp; Harding, Merete (2016) [https://denstoredanske.lex.dk/Solvognen_-_kultbillede?utm_source=denstoredanske.dk&amp;utm_medium=redirect&amp;utm_campaign=DSDredirect Solvognen Den Store Danske]. Gyldendal.
* Nationalmuseet (a): [https://web.archive.org/web/20220509162114/https://en.natmus.dk/historical-knowledge/denmark/prehistoric-period-until-1050-ad/the-bronze-age/the-sun-chariot/ Currus solis]
* Nationalmuseet (b): [https://web.archive.org/web/20200811215830/https://en.natmus.dk/historical-knowledge/denmark/prehistoric-period-until-1050-ad/the-bronze-age/the-sun-chariot/new-parts-for-the-sun-chariot/ &quot;Novae&quot; partes]
* Odsherreds Museum: [https://web.archive.org/web/20200926115557/https://www.vestmuseum.dk/viden/odsherreds-historie/oldtid/solvognen Solvognen fra Trundholm Mose].
* Sandars, Nancy K. (1992) ''Prehistoric Art in Europe.'' Editio altera. Yale University Press.

[[Categoria:Equi in arte]]
[[Categoria:Res archaeologicae]]
[[Categoria:Confecta saeculo 14 a.C.n.]]
[[Categoria:Historia Daniae]]</text>
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    <title>Sloboda Alexandri</title>
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'''Sloboda Alexandri'''&lt;ref&gt;[[Antonius Possevinus|Antonii Possevini]] ''de Moscovia'', 1587, [https://books.google.ru/books?hl=ru&amp;id=LBVEirr2skcC&amp;q=Sloboda#v=snippet&amp;q=Sloboda&amp;f=false pp. 17, 28, 102]. De nomine priore ''Александровская слобода''. Saepe simipliciter ''Sloboda'' vel etiam ''Slaboda'' ([[Ludovicus Septalius|Ludovici Septalii]], patricii Mediolanensis,  ''De ratione status libri septem...'', Hamburgi 1659, p. 504 {{Google Books|i9yUqChrGKoC}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Russice]] ''Александров, Aleksandrov'') est urbs [[regio Volodimiriensis|regionis Volodimiriensis]] [[Russia]]e. In ripis ''Seraia'' fluminis patet. Incolas 57 899 anno 2020 habuit.

[[Fasciculus:Распятская церковь-колокольня.jpg|thumb|left|Ecclesia [[Crucifixio]]nis in monasterio [[Dormitio]]nis Slobodae Alexandri]]

==Historia==
Primo ''[[Sloboda]] magna'' appellabatur. Annis a 1509 ad 1515 ab [[Aloysius Novus|Aloysio Novo]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Russice]] ''Алевиз Новый''.&lt;/ref&gt; palatia et ecclesiae [[Basilius III (magnus dux Moscoviae)|Basilio III]] aedificata sunt. [[Ioannes Severus]] Slobodam Alexandri amabat et ''opritchninae'' caput hic fecit.  Anno 1778 in numero urbium relata est. [[Ferrivia]] anno 1870 constructa est.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

==Nexus interni==
* [[Alexandropolis (discretiva)]]

==Nexus externi==
{{fontes geographici}}
*[http://kreml-alexandrov.ru/ Cremlini Slobodae Alexandri] situs officialis {{ling|Russice}}

[[Categoria:Condita 1434]]
[[Categoria:Urbes regionis Volodimiriensis]]</text>
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'''Sloboda Alexandri'''&lt;ref&gt;[[Antonius Possevinus|Antonii Possevini]] ''de Moscovia'', 1587, [https://books.google.ru/books?hl=ru&amp;id=LBVEirr2skcC&amp;q=Sloboda#v=snippet&amp;q=Sloboda&amp;f=false pp. 17, 28, 102]. De nomine priore ''Александровская слобода''. Saepe simipliciter ''Sloboda'' vel etiam ''Slaboda'' ([[Ludovicus Septalius|Ludovici Septalii]], patricii Mediolanensis,  ''De ratione status libri septem...'', Hamburgi 1659, p. 504 {{Google Books|i9yUqChrGKoC}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Russice]] ''Александров, Aleksandrov'') est urbs [[regio Volodimiriensis|regionis Volodimiriensis]] [[Russia]]e. In ripis ''Seraia'' fluminis patet. Incolas 57 899 anno 2020 habuit.

[[Fasciculus:Распятская церковь-колокольня.jpg|thumb|left|Ecclesia [[Crucifixio]]nis in monasterio [[Dormitio]]nis Slobodae Alexandri]]

==Historia==
Primo ''[[Sloboda]] magna'' appellabatur. Annis a 1509 ad 1515 ab [[Aloysius Novus|Aloysio Novo]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Russice]] ''Алевиз Новый''.&lt;/ref&gt; palatia et ecclesiae [[Basilius III (magnus dux Moscoviae)|Basilio III]] aedificata sunt. [[Ioannes Severus]] Slobodam Alexandri amabat et [[opricznina]]e caput hic fecit.  Anno 1778 in numero urbium relata est. [[Ferrivia]] anno 1870 constructa est.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

==Nexus interni==
* [[Alexandropolis (discretiva)]]

==Nexus externi==
{{fontes geographici}}
*[http://kreml-alexandrov.ru/ Cremlini Slobodae Alexandri] situs officialis {{ling|Russice}}

[[Categoria:Condita 1434]]
[[Categoria:Urbes regionis Volodimiriensis]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cambyses II</title>
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      <text bytes="16174" sha1="jwpsx0shfnflh8mvyru3w64xsm84kzs" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Bisotun Iran Relief Achamenid Period.JPG|thumb|[[Inscriptio Behistunia|Inscriptio &quot;Behistunia&quot;]] in Irania. [[Darius I (rex Persarum)|Darii]] iussu in saxo scalpta ː coniurationem [[Magus|magi]] Gaumata narrat qui Smerdis esse, frater Cambysi,  simulasse dicitur.]]
'''Cambyses II''' (mortuus mense Iulio [[522 a.C.n.]] in Syria) e gente [[Achaemenidae|Achaemenidarum]] fuit rex [[Persae|Persarum]] ab anno [[530 a.C.n.|530]] aut [[529 a.C.n.]] usque ad mortem. Patri [[Cyrus II (rex Persarum)|Cyro II Magno]] successit. Praecipue notus est quod [[Aegyptus antiqua|Aegyptios]] Persis subegit atque [[Pharao|Pharaonis]] titulum sibi adrogavit ([[525 a.C.n.]]).
== De familia ==
Secundum [[Herodotus|Herodotum]] Cambyses filius maior erat Cyri Magni et eius uxoris Cassandanae. Secundum [[Ctesias|Ctesian]] eius mater fuit Amytis, ultimi regis [[Media|Medorum]], [[Astyages (rex Medorum)|Astyagis]],  filia. Herodotus alias genealogias in Aegypto divulgatas refert, quibus ipse non fidem habebat sed eas tacere nolebat ne quid praetermittere videretur, quae matrem ex Aegypto ortam Cambysi adsignabant&lt;ref&gt;''[[Historiae Herodoti|Thalia]]'' 3.&lt;/ref&gt;. Certe frater ei fuit Smerdis quem rex factus&lt;ref&gt;Sic inscriptio Behistunia. Secundum Herodotum iam in Aegypto erat Cambyses cum fratrem necandum iussit.&lt;/ref&gt; occulte necari iussisse dicebatur. Phaedymiam Otanis filiam uxorem duxisse dicitur, atque insuper duas e sororibus&lt;ref&gt;[[Herodotus]], ''[[Historiae (Herodotus)|Thalia]]'' 31-32 et 68.&lt;/ref&gt;. Altera e sororibus a [[Strabo|Strabone]] Meroe appellata&lt;ref&gt; [[Strabo]], ''[[Geographica (Strabo)|Geographica]]'' XVII.1.5&lt;/ref&gt; et in Aegypto mortua nomen suum Aegyptiacae urbi indidit quamquam, si quidem Herodoto credimus, ipsius fratris/mariti ictibus periit. Altera cui nomen [[Atossa]] erat postea [[Darius I (rex Persarum)|Dario I]] nupsit&lt;ref&gt;[[Herodotus]], ''[[Historiae (Herodotus)|Thalia]]'' 88&lt;/ref&gt;. Nihilominus Cambysi cum obiit nec filius nec filia erat.

== Antequam rex Persarum fieret ==
Ex nomine quo annus in [[Babylonia]] designata est scimus anno [[539 a.C.n.]]/[[538 a.C.n.]], hoc est primo anno post Babyloniam captam, Cambysum titulo &quot;Babyloniorum regis&quot; ornatum esse et novi anni feriis interfuisse ([[Accadice]] ''Akîtum'')&lt;ref&gt;Chronica Nabonidi.&lt;/ref&gt;. Cur postea hunc titulum amiserit nescitur. Fortasse [[Satrapiae Imperii Achaemenidarum|satrapiae]] aliquae praepositus est. Certe antequam in Massagetas exercitum duceret Cyrus filium maiorem Cambysen ut sibi succederet designavit.
== De regno et bellis ==
[[Fasciculus:Museo Gregoriano 004a.jpg|thumb|Statua nobilis Aegypti Udjahorresnet cuius titulus de Cambyse Pharaone nos certiores facit.]]
Pharao [[Amasis II]] medio sexto saeculo societatem cum [[Croesus|Croeso]] [[Lydia (regnum)|Lydiorum]] rege adversus Cyrum inierat&lt;ref&gt;[[Herodotus]] I.77.&lt;/ref&gt; atque postea minacem et crescentem  potentiam Persarum varie coercere conabatur. Itaque iam Cyro regnante bellum cum ultima magna monarchia quae nondum Persis oboediens erat parabatur. Cambyses pactum cum [[Arabes|Arabis]] fecit ne spatiis arenosis desertisque quae ad Aegypti ianuam ducerent prohiberetur&lt;ref&gt;''[[Historiae (Herodotus)|Thalia]]'' 5-9&lt;/ref&gt;. Simul plures Amasis socii defecerunt et ad Persas transfugerunt ut [[Polycrates Samius]]&lt;ref&gt;''[[Historiae (Herodotus)|Thalia]]'' 40-44&lt;/ref&gt; navibus pollens aut Phanes [[Caria|Cariorum]] mercennariorum dux&lt;ref&gt;''[[Historiae (Herodotus)|Thalia]]'' 4 et 11&lt;/ref&gt; qui consilia Pharaonis optime cognorat et Persis patefecit. Dux classis Udjahorresnet quoque sese Persis vendidisse videtur quoniam post victoriam Cambyses eius consiliis magna fiducia utebatur. [[Amasis II|Amasi]] [[526 a.C.n.]] mortuo successerat [[Psammetichus III]] cuius exercitus ad [[Pelusium]] victus est. Deinde Cambyses Memphim facile expugnavit ([[525 a.C.n.]]) et Psammetichum captivum fecit quem primo servatum postea seditionem parantem necari iussit. Econtra si Herodoto credimus [[Mumia|mumiam]] Amasis odio maximo motus profanavit &lt;ref&gt;''[[Historiae (Herodotus)|Thalia]]'' 16&lt;/ref&gt;. Cambyses rex Aegypti renuntiatus est et nomen Mesuti-Rê (hoc est filius [[Ra|dei Ra]]) sibi assumpsit. Quae omnia per titulum nota exaratum in statua [[Udjahorresnet]]  ducis classis Psammetichi  ac postea praecipui consiliarii Aegytii Cambysis. Narrabat enim quomodo mores Aegyptios et officia religiosa regis  novum Pharaonem docuisset.

Colonia Graeca [[Cyrene]] et proximum Libycum litus ne a Persis vastarentur statim se dederunt&lt;ref&gt;''[[Historiae (Herodotus)|Thalia]]'' 13&lt;/ref&gt;. Secundum Herodotum Cambyses expeditionem adversus Carthaginienses in animo habebat quae adversantibus nautis Phoenicibus non facta est&lt;ref&gt;''[[Historiae (Herodotus)|Thalia]]'' 17 et 19&lt;/ref&gt;. Exercitum in [[Ammon|Ammonis]] [[Oasis|oasem]] ubi celeberrimum oraculum erat misit qui tempestate arenosa sepulta omnino sublatus est nec quicquam de fortuna illorum militum postea cognitum&lt;ref&gt;''[[Historiae (Herodotus)|Thalia]]'' 26&lt;/ref&gt;. Ipse exercitum in Aethiopes duxit qui mox inedia vexatus in Aegyptum redire coactus est&lt;ref&gt;''[[Historiae (Herodotus)|Thalia]]'' 17-25 qui culpam in ipsum Cambysen reiciebat qui ob iracundiam imparate et incaute hoc iter susceperat. Nihilominus capite 97 nonnullos Aethiopes eum subegisse fatebatur. [[Seneca]], ''De ira'' III.20 hoc exemplum irae ab Herodoto sumpsit.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Quamquam magnam partem regni a Perside longissime afuit Persae solebant dicere Cyrum  patrem sibi fuisse, Cambysen dominum, Darium cauponem&lt;ref&gt;''[[Historiae (Herodotus)|Thalia]]'' 89&lt;/ref&gt; hoc verbo duritiam et superbiam Cambysi obicientes.

== An demens fuerit ==
In Herodoti ''Historiis'' Cambyses est homo iracundus et crudelis, [[Morbus comitialis|sacro morbo]] a pueritia corripi solitus, qui familiares subito furore commotus saepe necabat. Sacerdotes -quos virgis caedere non dubitabat- et sacra Aegyptia ita contemnebat ut postquam gladiolo bovem [[Apis (discretiva)|Apim]] vulnerasset Aegyptios vituperarit qui animalia e carne et sanguine constantia velut deos adorabant. Simul eorum statuas et [[Obeliscus|obeliscos]] deici comburique iubebat&lt;ref&gt;''[[Historiae Herodoti|Historiae]]'' III.30-35 et 38.&lt;/ref&gt;. Eadem de monumentis religiosis profanatis apud [[Diodorus Siculus|Diodorum Siculum]]&lt;ref&gt;''[[Bibliotheca historica (Diodorus)|Bibliotheca Historica]]'' I.46.4&lt;/ref&gt; et [[Strabo|Strabonem]]&lt;ref&gt;''[[Geographica (Strabo)|Geographica]]'' XVII.1.46&lt;/ref&gt; leguntur qui res ab ipsis sacerdotibus traditas repetisse videntur. Historici moderni de tanta malignitate dubitare coeperunt postquam inscriptiones Cambysen funus bovis Apis celebrantem describentes in Aegypto invenerunt. Coniecerunt ipsos sacerdotes fortasse odio Persarum et regis qui eorum privilegia imminuerat illas narrationes divulgasse et  quae ad iniurias vetustatis referenda essent ad vandalismum Cambysis rettulisse. 
Potuit etiem fieri ut Persae initio mores et sacra Aegyptiorum respexerint et post seditionem aliquam demum  insane saevire coeperint. Certe de insania Cambysis non dubitabat Herodotus. Fabulae ab historico Graeco narratae in litteris philosophicis, praecipue apud [[Stoici|Stoicos]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Seneca]], ''De ira'' III.14 et 20. De quo vide etiam ː B. Lavery, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1987_num_56_1_2218?q=cambyses Sons and Rulers : Paradox in Seneca's De Ira]&quot;, ''L'Antiquité Classique'', 1987 ː 279-283&lt;/ref&gt;, exempla insaniae tyrannorum fiunt. Item pictor [[Gerardus David]] exeunte quinto decimo saeculo Herodotum&lt;ref&gt;''[[Historiae (Herodotus)|Historiae]]'' V.25.&lt;/ref&gt; secutus in diptycho ''Iudicium Cambysis'' inscripto saevitiam regis depingebat ac simul praevaricatores monebat ː etenim Cambyses patri Otanis Sisamni, rerum repetundarum convicto cum iudex esset, cutem detrahi iussit qua cute sellam in qua iudicare solebat texit. Ac deinde eius filium Otanem iudicem in eius locum fecit qui in exuviis patris sederet, memor poenarum quas daturus esset si iudicia vendidisset. E talibus locis Herodoteis nonnulli indagatores moderni coniecerunt Cambysen in nobiles Persicos praecipue saevisse  qui provincias non administrabant sed diripiebant atque privilegia paucorum maioris faciebant quam felicitatem publicam. Illorum maledicta regnante Dario causam fuisse cur tam mala fama apud posteros fuerit Cambyses (et Smerdis ?)&lt;ref&gt;Dandamaev (1963)&lt;/ref&gt;, ut postea [[Imperatores Romani|imperatores Romani]] a quibusdam [[Senatus Romanus|senatoribus]] plerumque denigrabantur..

== De coniuratione magorum et morte ==
Rem obscurissimam narrant et Herodotus et Ctesias  [[Darius I (rex Persarum)|Darii]]  [[Inscriptio Behistunia|inscriptione Behistuni reperta]] confirmatam, qui tamen fons communis esse potuit amborum scriptorum Graecorum (si non ipsa inscriptio at saltem res  a regibus Persicis late divulgata)ː Cambysen fratrem Smerdin (vel ''Bardya'' in textu Persico) ita occulte necasse ut omnes Persae rem nescierint atque eum vivere pro certo habuerint. Etenim in Bactria [[Satrapes|satrapes]] erat nec reges Persici subiectos  adire ad se sinebant sed per nuntios cum eis communicabant. Itaque unus e paucissimis consciis [[Magi|magus]] Gaumata cui aspectus vero Smerdi simillimus erat Smerdin se esse proclamavit atque regnum sibi vindicavit. Quae &quot;coniuratio magorum&quot; nonne tamen potuit ab ipsis interfectoribus, in primis Dareio cui scelus bono vertit,  confingi ut caedem legitimi regis, Cyri Magni filii, specie honesta occultarent?&lt;ref&gt;Clarisse Herrenschmidt, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/ahess_0395-2649_1982_num_37_5_282905?q=cambyse Les historiens de l'Empire achéménide et l'inscription de Bisotun]&quot;, ''Annales''  1982 ː 813-823&lt;/ref&gt;

Secundum autem Herodotum cum rem novam cognovit Cambyses iratus in Persiam adversus usurpatorem cum exercitu iter facere voluit. At cum equum conscenderet se ipse gladio suo vulneravit ac post nonnullos dies tabescente vulnere obiit. Aegyptii quia vulnus in femore accepit dicebant eo ipso membro corporis perisse quod in bove Api cecidisset ita iram divinam manifestam facientes. Cambyses in parva Syriaca urbe Ecbatanis dicta mortuus est. Oraculum tum Herodotus referebat  Ecbatanis moriturum esse Cambysi praenuntians quod ille semper prave interpretatus esset tamquam [[Media|Medica]] [[Ecbatana]]. Cum vero nomen loci accepit intellexit fatum ibi expleturum esse. Comites convocavit,  effusis lacrimis fratris occultam et vanam&lt;ref&gt;Etenim ex somnio quo Smerdin in throno sedentem et capite caelum tangentem viderat hoc decreverat. At si Herodoto credimus ipsi usurpatori quoque nomen Smerdis erat.&lt;/ref&gt; necem  confessus eos hortabatur ut suppositum Smerdin necarent nec regem appellarent sed coniurationem comprimerent quam ad Medorum a Cyro nuper subiectorum ultionem referebat. Sic Herodotus&lt;ref&gt;[[Historiae (Herodotus)|Thalia]] 61-66&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Fontes ==
[[Fasciculus:Gerard David - Judgement of Cambyses (1498).jpg|thumb|300px|''Iudicium Cambysis'' a pictore [[Flandria|Flandrico]] [[Gerardus David|Gerardo David]] circa [[1488]] pictum. Hodie [[Brugae|Brugis]] servatum in domo communi. In altera tabula Sisannes comprehenditur, in altera cute spoliatur.]]
=== Auctores Graeci ===
* [[Ctesias]], ''Persica'' abbreviata in [[Photius I (patriarcha Constantinopolitanus)|Photii]] [[Bibliotheca (Photius)|Bibliotheca]] 72.8-12 [http://remacle.org/bloodwolf/historiens/ctesias/medes.htm] 
*[[Flavius Iosephus]], libro undecimo [[Antiquitates Iudaicae|Antiquitatum Iudaicarum]] cap. 2.
*[[Herodotus]], ''[[Historiae (Herodotus)|Thalia]]'' 1-66 et 89
*[[Gnaeus Pompeius Trogus|Trogus Pompeius]] a [[Marcus Iunianus Iustinus|Iustino]] abbreviatus, libro primo capite 9.
=== Inscriptiones ===
* [[Inscriptio Behistunia]] ([[Persice]], [[Lingua Elamitica|Elamitice]], [[Accadice]])  [https://www.livius.org/articles/place/behistun/behistun-3/ Textus Anglice versus apud Livium.org]
* Titulus Udjahorresnet ([[Lingua Aegyptia|lingua Aegyptia antiqua]])

== Plura legere si cupis ==
* Pierre Briant, ''Histoire de l'empire perse : de Cyrus à Alexandre'', Fayard, 1996.
* Truesdell S. Brown, &quot;Herodotus' Portrait of Cambyses&quot;, ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 1982 ː 387-403
* M. A. Dandamaev, ''Persien unter den ersten Achämeniden (6. Jahrhundert v. Chr.)'', Wiesbaden, 1976. Versio Germana libri [[Russice|Russici]] ː ''Иран при Первых Ахеменидах'', [[Moscua|Moscuae]], 1963. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201113212414/https://fr.b-ok.cc/book/2770662/146157]
*John Dillery, &quot;[https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/38004153/Cambyses_CQ.pdf?1435251631=&amp;response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DCambyses_Chaosbeschreibung.pdf&amp;Expires=1604830258&amp;Signature=UBHQ1jp-nHDGCyM1fDmTd1Z1rKhPdk79WP5-kXuMAhaedit0BFiJa7JCPAumZ1fmus7IMWG0De7-YGcmU75POnxkyCDQllE4d5ovwBmTtjryNi6x2AAseExegNFO5tBTzDgKG1newzt9RndvtD~8ktesTpUxc-Mbq7ED5zCeS~6edeamb8V7P5b~gO~IbIPZfFOzmt9ocajWRBF6Vt8QrjKP6~uVLRTrNcAwvcZmhD8zWF6lrlPhjNBMcrpEEX8wWx4Zb7XqKckcrM-kgwErVEM-9awcNj0l3S7bP2bJ6~jy21b8JB77mBmpVSS~sYAjZoleACqmN~b8rd6Uc5nLmQ__&amp;Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA Cambyses and the Egyptian Chaosbeschreibung Tradition]&quot;, ''The Classical Quarterly'', 2005 ː387-406
* Edwin Evers, ''Der historische Wert der griechischen Berichte über Cyrus und Cambyses'',  Berolini,  R. Gaertner, 1888
* Franciscus Joannes, &quot;[https://egyptianexpedition.org/articles/les-soutiens-de-cambyse-en-babylonie-de-539-a-522-av-e-c-the-supports-of-cambyses-in-babylonia-from-539-to-522-bce/ Les Soutiens de Cambyse en Babylonie, de 539 à 522 av. è. c.]&quot;, in ''[https://egyptianexpedition.org/volumes/vol-26-udjahorresnet-and-his-world/ Udjahorresnet and the royal Name of Cambyses: Udjahorresnet and his world]'', ''Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections'', 2020 (26) ː 75-87
*Ivan Ladynin, &quot;[https://egyptianexpedition.org/articles/udjahorresnet-and-the-royal-name-of-cambyses-the-derivative-sacrality-of-achaemenids-in-egypt/ Udjahorresnet and the Royal Name of Cambyses: The “Derivative Sacrality” of Achaemenids in Egypt]&quot;, in ''[https://egyptianexpedition.org/volumes/vol-26-udjahorresnet-and-his-world/ Udjahorresnet and the royal Name of Cambyses: Udjahorresnet and his world]'', ''Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections'', 2020 (26) ː 88-99
*Alfredo Luvino, ''Il re dei re nella terra nera : la Persia scopre l'Egitto : Cambise e Dario faraoni'', Augusrae Taurinorum, L'Angolo Manzoni Editrice, 1993
* Leslie S. B. MacCoull, &quot;[https://grbs.library.duke.edu/article/viewFile/6321/5157 The Coptic Cambyses Narrative Reconsidered]&quot;, ''Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies'', 1982 ː 185-188
* Rosa V. Munson &quot;The Madness of Cambyses (Herodotus 3.16-38)&quot;, ''Arethusa'', 1991, 43-65
* Sir Flinders Petrie, ''A history of Egypt. Vol. 3 : from the XIXth to the XXXth dynasties'', Londini, Methuen, 1925
* G. Posener, ''[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k91064254/f7.item.texteImage La première domination perse en Egypte]'', Le Caire, Imprimerie de l'Institut français d'archéologie orientale, 1936 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/syria_0039-7946_1937_num_18_3_8361_t1_0310_0000_4 Recensio critica]
* Thomas Preston, ''Cambyses King of Persia'', AMS, 1970
*Pierre Sauzeau, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/gaia_1287-3349_2007_num_11_1_1519?q=cambyses L'archer, le roi, la folie ː De Cambyse à Guillaume Tell]&quot;, ''GAIA. Revue interdisciplinaire sur la Grèce ancienne'', 2007 ː 175-192
*J.N. Strassmaier, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?hl=fr&amp;lr=&amp;id=ZYtDAAAAYAAJ&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PA6&amp;dq=cambyses&amp;ots=wvoVTCRyft&amp;sig=N6fW6V6zoKtW3KN0RN2a1moCJeo#v=onepage&amp;q=cambyses&amp;f=false Inschriften von Cambyses, König von Babylon, 529-521  von den Thontafeln des Britischen Museums]'', Lipsiae, Eduard Pfeiffer, 1890 [https://web.archive.org/web/20201109211734/http://www.achemenet.com/en/results/?3349245==Strassmaier%20--Inschriften%20von%20Cambyses&amp;l=a&amp;c=1&amp;t=1.4/1/96/1 Transcriptio apud Achemenet]

== Nexus externi ==
*[https://www.livius.org/articles/person/cambyses-ii/ Cambyses apud Livium.org]
*[https://iranicaonline.org/articles/cambyses-opers Cambyses in encyclopaedia Iranica]
{{Lifetime|saeculo 6 a.C.n.|522 a.C.n.|Cambyses II}}
[[Categoria:Reges Persarum]]
[[Categoria:Reges Aegypti]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Navis traiectoria</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>294465</id>
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      <id>3999116</id>
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        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
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      <comment>[[Project:HotCat|HotCat]]: -[[Categoria:Navigatio]]; +[[Categoria:Genera navium]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="1447" sha1="1gwzkbfxyrf3p29x6capat5zlhneibi" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Ferry.bristol.arp.jpg|thumb|Navis traiectoria in portu [[Bristolium|Bristolii]].]]
'''Navis traiectoria'''&lt;ref&gt;{{DAEL|Transbordador|1073}}; cf. {{Morgan}}&lt;/ref&gt; est [[navigium|navigium]] quod pro [[pons|ponte]] usurpatur certo loco [[flumen|fluminis]], [[canalis]], [[fretum|freti]], vel [[lacus]]. Hic locus ''traiectus'' nominatur. Hodie [[ponto]]nes saepius pro navigiis traiectoriis usurpantur, qui per [[funis|funem]] trans flumen vel canalem protensum prorsus et rursus sine mora eunt. In aliis traiectibus aliae naves et parvae et magnae, quae onera gravissima vel [[tramen|tramina]] [[ferrivia]]ria transportare possint, laborem illum ferunt.

==Notae==
[[Fasciculus:Gulf in Sands.jpg|thumb|left|Traiectus cum pontone [[Charkovia]]e.]]
&lt;references /&gt;

==Bibliographia==

* Robins, Nick (1996). The Evolution of the British Ferry. Kilgetty, Pembrokeshire: Ferry Publications. {{ling|Anglice}}

==Nexus externi==
{{CommuniaCat|Ferries|naves traiectorias}}
*[[:s:en:1911_Encyclopædia_Britannica/Ferry|De traiectibus]] in ''[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]]'' {{ling|Anglice}}
*[[:s:ru:ЭСБЕ/Паром|De traiectibus]] in ''[[Lexicon encyclopaedicum Brockhaus et Efron|Lexico encyclopaedico Brockhaus et Efron]]''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20201026195959/https://www.parovoz.com/spravka/ferries.html Traiectuum ferrivialium URSS index] {{ling|Russice}}

[[Categoria:Genera navium]]
[[Categoria:Flumina]]
[[Categoria:Vectura]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Domus Romanovia</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>296298</id>
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      <text bytes="4031" sha1="pmbhb2pa26ylf67ux3vm83yucxfptlp" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:House of Romanoff.svg|thumb|[[Gryps]] [[Tinctura heraldica|rubeus]] est [[insigne]] gentis Romanoviae.]]
'''Domus Romanovia'''&lt;ref&gt;[[Iosephus Biner|Iosephi Biner]] [[Societas Iesu|SI]] [http://books.google.ru/books?id=aN1HGaJHWvsC&amp;pg=PA336&amp;dq=%22Romanoviam%22&amp;hl=ru&amp;ei=EW4-Te3IKMiEOqyC5c0L&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=2&amp;ved=0CC0Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&amp;q=%22Romanoviam%22&amp;f=false ''Apparatus eruditionis praesertim ad jurisprudentiam'', p. 336].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Russice]] Дом Романовых) est [[gens]] [[nobilis]] (''bojarskij'') [[Russia|Russica]], quae ab anno [[1613]] usque ad annum [[1917]] regnatrix [[Russia]]e domus fuit. 

== Domus Romanovia ante annum 1613 ==
Maiores Romanov a saeculo XIV, cum [[Andreas Kobyla]] (scilicet ''Andreas Equa'', anno 1347 mortuus, [[Ioannes Bursa|Ioannis Bursae]] et [[Simeon Superbus|Simeonis Superbi]] aulicus), vixisset, noti sunt, sed solum a saeculo XVI nomine gentilicio ''Romanov'' utuntur. [[Theodorus Koška]] (scilicet ''Theodorus feles'') filius Kobylae fuit; eius filius [[Ioannes Koškin]] fuit, Ioannis [[Zacharias Koškin]], Zachariae [[Georgius Koškin]] (''Jurij''). Georgii [[Romanus Zachar'in-Koškin]]. Filia Romani [[Anastasia Zachar'ina-Jur'eva]] [[Ioannes Severus|Ioannis Severi]] uxor prima et carissima fuit. Theodorus Nicetae fratris Anastasiae filius, qui primus se ''Romanov'' (vel ''Romanov-Jur'ev''') nominabat, [[patriarcha Moscuensis]] [[Philaretus (patriarcha Moscuensis)|Philaretus]] factus est; [[Michael (tzar Russiae)|Michael]] eius filius anno 1613 [[tzar]] electus est. 

Ab Andrea Kobyla et Theodoro Koška etiam permultae familiae nobiles originem ducunt, quorum ''Lodygin, Konovnitsyn, Gorbunov, Kokorev, Obraztsov, Kolyčëv, Chludenev, Sterbeev, Nepljuev, Boborykin, Šeremetev, Goltjaev, Bezzubtsev'' nominandi sunt. Α [[Iacobus Koškin-Zachar'in|Iacobo Koškin-Zachar'in]], Zachariae filio altero et duce militum famoso, alia gens exstetit, ''Jakovle'v'', quorum et [[Alexander Herzen]] fuit.

== Domus regnatrix Romanovia ==
[[Alexius (tzar Russiae)|Alexius Clementissimus]] filius Michaelis fuit; filii Alexii fuerunt [[Theodorus III (tzar Russiae)|Theodorus III]], [[Ioannes V (tzar Russiae)|Ioannes V]] et [[Petrus Magnus]]; [[Sophia Alexii filia]] soror eorum. [[Anna (imperatrix Russiae)|Anna]] imperatrix  [[Ioannes V (tzar Russiae)|Ioannis V]] filia fuit; [[Catharina Ioannis filia|Catharinae]] sororis eius filia [[Anna Leopoldi filia]] fuit, mater [[Ioannes VI (imperator Russiae)|Ioannis VI]]. [[Elisabetha (imperatrix Russiae)|Elisabetha]] Petri et [[Catharina I (imperatrix Russiae)|Catharinae I]] filia ultima Romanova genuina fuit.

==Domus Romanovia Holsatiensis Gottorpensis==

[[Anna Petri filia]], Elisabethae imperatricis soror, duci [[Holsatia]]e Slesvicensis [[Carolus Fridericus (dux Holsatiae)|Carolo Friderico]] nupsit, qui e domo [[domus Holsatiensis Gottorpensis|Holsatiensi Gottorpensi]] (ramo [[domus Oldenburgensis]]) erat; qua de causa Romanovi posteriores interdum ''Romanov Holsatienses Gottorpenses'' nuncupantur. Carolo Friderico et Annae Petri filiae [[Petrus III (imperator Russiae)|Petrus III]] filius fuit, cui [[Catharina II]] nupta est, quae [[Paulus I (imperator Russiae)|Paulum]] imperatorem genuit. [[Alexander I (imperator Russiae)|Alexander I]] et [[Nicolaus I (imperator Russiae)|Nicolaus I]] filii Pauli fuerunt. [[Alexander II (imperator Russiae)|Alexander II]] Nicolai I filius, [[Alexander III (imperator Russiae)|Alexander III]] nepos, [[Nicolaus II (imperator Russiae)|Nicolaus II]] pronepos fuerunt.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
* [[:s:ru:ЭСБЕ/Романовы|De domo Romanov]] in ''[[Lexicon encyclopaedicum Brockhaus et Efron|Lexico encyclopaedico Brockhaus et Efron]]'' {{ling|Russice}}
* [http://www.romanovfamily.org/ Situs officialis gentis hodiernae] {{ling|Russice}} {{ling|Anglice}}
* [http://www.imperialhouse.ru/rus/ Situs domus imperatoriae] {{ling|Russice}}

{{Myrias|Historia}}

[[Categoria:Historia Russiae]]
[[Categoria:Romanov|!]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mitavia</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>296628</id>
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      <text bytes="1040" sha1="d6hhjlsmz30wqbjif482r5ou6494dsu" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
'''Mitavia'''&lt;ref&gt;[[Ioannes Georgius Theodorus Graesse|J. G. Th. Graesse]], ''[[Orbis Latinus]]'', [[Brunsvicum|Brunopoli]] 1972, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050913/images/index.html?id=00050913&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=qrswxdsydsdasyztseayayztsyztseayafsdrsdas&amp;no=5&amp;seite=573 vol. II, p. 571]. Vel '''Mita. Mithavia, Mittovium'''.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Lettonice]] ''Jelgava'', [[Theodisce]] antea ''Mitau'') est urbs [[Lettonia]]e, [[Semigallia]]e caput antiquum. Incolas 56&amp;thinsp;062 anno 2020 habuit.

==Historia==
Ab anno 1226 nota est. Castellum [[Ordo Livonicus|Ordinis Livonici]] anno 1265 aedificatum est. Ab anno 1578 usque ad annum 1795 caput [[ducatus Curlandiae et Semigalliae]] Mitavia fuit. Collegium [[Societas Iesu|Societatis Iesu]] saeculis XVII et XVIII Mitaviae situm erat, postea in [[Imperium Russicum|Imperio Russico]] caput [[gubernium Curlandicum|gubernii Curlandici]].

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

==Nexus externi==
{{fontes geographici}}

[[Categoria:Urbes Lettoniae]]
[[Categoria:Semigallia]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cerealia</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>298639</id>
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      <text bytes="2877" sha1="s32lmkhm0zwshclp6sdskbcu8gwqzmt" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Alma Tadema Spring.jpg|thumb|Sic [[Laurentius Alma-Tadema]] Cerealia anno 1894 fingebat]]
'''Cerealia''' (vel '''Cerialia'''&lt;ref&gt;Quod [[Theodorus Mommsen]] affirmabat correctius esse.&lt;/ref&gt;) erant [[feriae Romanae|festum Romanum]], [[Ceres (dea)|Cereri]] et [[Liber Pater|Libero Patri]] et [[Libera]]e dedicatum, quod [[Aprilis|Aprili]] mense medio celebrabatur. 

Anno 493 a.C.n. [[Libri Sibyllini|libris Sibyllinis]] suadentibus, cum et aedes Cereris Romana aedificata esset, Cerealia instituta sunt. Ritus et sacerdotes Graeci erant&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero|Cic.]] ''[[Pro Balbo]]'' 24, 55; [[de legibus (Cicero)|de legibus]] 2.9, 21; 15.&lt;/ref&gt;. [[Mel]] in favis et fructus deae sacrificatur, animal solum permissum erat [[sus]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Ovidius]], [[Fasti (Ovidius)|Fasti]]'' IV 414.&lt;/ref&gt;. Sacerdotes et matronae vestibus albis induebantur&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, IV 619.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Ludi publici Romani|Ludos publicos]] Cereales [[aedilis|aediles]] plebis diebus [[12 Aprilis|12]] — [[19 Aprilis]] instruebant ab anno 202 a.C.n. &lt;ref&gt;[[Tacitus|Taciti]] ''[[Annales (Tacitus)|Annales]]'' XV 53.&lt;/ref&gt;, qui antea interdum instructae erant&lt;ref&gt;[[Titus Livius]], X 23; XXX 39.&lt;/ref&gt;; die ultima Cerealia ipsa celebrabantur.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Bayet, Jean.	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/crai_0065-0536_1950_num_94_3_78565 La détérioration des Cerialia par le mythe grec]&quot;, ''Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres'', 1950: 297-303
**	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_1951_num_29_1_2078 Les « Cerialia » altération d'un culte latin par le mythe grec]&quot;, ''Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire'', 1951: 5-32

==Nexus externi==
[[Fasciculus:Denarius C. Memmius C. F. Romulus.jpg|thumb|left|[[Denarius]] circa [[56 a.C.n.]] percussus Cerealia creata celebrans. In aversa parte videmus deam Cererem sedentem et spicas frumenti manu tenentem cum dracone ante pedes. Titulus circumscriptusː MEMMIVS AED(ilis) CERIALIA PREIMVS FECIT.]]
[[Fasciculus:Museo del Teatro Romano de Caesaraugusta.43.jpg|thumb|upright=1.6|[[Fasti Antiates maiores|Fasti Antiates Maiores]]: Cerialia mense Aprili notantur (CERIA). Adduntur parvis litteris: CERERI LIB LIB.]]

* [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/SMIGRA*/Cerealia.html De Cerealibus]  in ''[[Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities]]'', 1875 {{ling|Anglice}}
* [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0063:id=cerialia-cn De Cerealibus]  in ''[[Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities]]'',1890 {{ling|Anglice}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20240807171859/https://dagr.univ-tlse2.fr/consulter/787/CEREALIA Cerealia] apud ''Le Dictionnaire des Antiquités Grecques et Romaines de Daremberg et Saglio''

{{Feriae Romanae}}

[[Categoria:Feriae Romanae]]
[[Categoria:Ritus Aprilis]]
[[Categoria:Ceres (dea)]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Caristia</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="1074" sha1="j1hrlaldj5dnnhzgkc7ig61c2ggexfq" xml:space="preserve">'''Caristia''' (vel '''Charistia, Cara Cognatio''') erant [[feriae Romanae|festum Romanum]], quod die [[22 Februarii]] post [[Parentalia]] celebrabatur. 

Caristia feriae privatae fuerunt; familiae ad cenam coibant, [[Lar]]es et [[Concordia]]m colebant donaque mutua familiares dabant (quae [[Martialis]]&lt;ref&gt;IX 54, IX 55.&lt;/ref&gt; memorat). 

Etiam saeculis V et VI Caristia a Christianis celebrabantur, [[Polemius Silvius|Polemio Silvio]] et [[Caesarius Arelatensis|Caesario Arelatensi]] testificantibus. 

==Fontes==
* [[Ovidius]], ''[[Fasti (Ovidius)|Fasti]]'', II, 623–626, 631–632

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

==Nexus externi==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20240806153503/https://dagr.univ-tlse2.fr/consulter/720/CARISTIA Le Dictionnaire des Antiquités Grecques et Romaines de Daremberg et Saglio]
* [[:s:ru:ЭСБЕ/Харистии|De Caristiis]] in  ''[[Lexicon encyclopaedicum Brockhaus et Efron|Lexico encyclopaedico Brockhaus et Efron]]'' {{ling|Russice}}


{{Feriae Romanae}}

[[Categoria:Feriae Romanae]]
[[Categoria:Ritus Februarii]]
[[Categoria:Familia]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Equirria</title>
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      <text bytes="3021" sha1="myhsluhromc8girxgq1os9ybncp4edb" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Museo del Teatro Romano de Caesaraugusta.43.jpg|thumb|upright=1.6|[[Fasti Antiates maiores|Fasti Antiates Maiores]]: Equirria mense Februario et iterum mense Martio notantur (EQVIR).]]
'''Equirria''' (vel '''Equria''' et '''Ecurria''', de ''Equicurria'') erant [[feriae Romanae|festum Romanum]], [[Mars (deus)|Marti deo]] dedicatum. A [[Romulus|Romulo]] instituta sunt&lt;ref&gt;[[Tertullianus]] (''De spectaculis'', 5) Romulum dicit [[Consualia]] die Equirribus destinato removisse.&lt;/ref&gt;; equi [[bigae|bigis]] iuncti in [[Campus Martius|Campo Martio]] trans [[pomerium]] cursu certabant. Inter sacra ponebantur quae mense Martio militiae tempus inibant, quae usque ad mensem Octobrem durabat (illius mensis [[Idus|idibus]] dies festus ''[[Equus October|October equus]]'' annuam militiam equorum claudebat et eos lustrabat).

Bis Equirria instituebantur: [[27 Februarii]] et [[14 Martii]], hoc est antiquitus tum cum annus die [[1 Martii]] incipiebat, exeunte vetere anno et ineunte novo. Die mensis pari (scilicet infelici) Equirria secunda fiebant, sicut et [[regifugium]]; ceterae feriae publicae Romanae diebus mensis imparibus celebrabantur.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

==Alii fontes==
[[Fasciculus:Serratus.wmt.jpg|thumb|[[Victoria (dea)|Victoria]] alata [[bigae|bigis]] vecta, qui typus monetarius in [[Denarius|denariis]] [[Libera res publica Romana|reipublicae Romanae]] maxime communis erat]]
* [[Sextus Pompeius Festus|Festi]] ''de verborum significatione'' s.v.
* [[Marcus Terentius Varro|Varronis]] ''[[De lingua Latina]]'' VI 13
* [[Ovidius|Ovidii]] ''[[Fasti (Ovidius)|Fastorum]]'' II.857-864 et III.517-522

== Plura legere si cupis ==
* [[Georgius Dumézil|Georges Dumézil]], &quot;Les chars concurrents. Ecvrria.&quot; in	''Fêtes romaines d'été et d'automne ; suivi de Dix questions romaines'', Gallimard, 1975: 161-5. [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rhr_0035-1423_1977_num_191_1_6571 Recensio critica] [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_1977_num_55_2_3150_t1_0524_0000_2 Altera recensio critica] [https://books.google.fr/books?id=jbodAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT1&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_selected_pages&amp;cad=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]
*Jean Loicq, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/41522951 Le témoignage de Varron sur les « Ecurria »]&quot;, ''Latomus'', 1964: 491-501
*Elizabeth Rawson, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/40310870 Chariot-Racing in the Roman Republic]&quot;, ''Papers of the British School at Rome'', 1981: 1-16

==Nexus externi==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20240731134201/https://dagr.univ-tlse2.fr/consulter/1397/EQUIRRIA ''Le Dictionnaire des Antiquités Grecques et Romaines de Daremberg et Saglio'']
* [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0063:id=equirria-cn De Equirribus] in [[Gulielmus Smith|Gulielmi Smith]] ''[[Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities]]'' (1890) {{ling|Anglice}}


{{Feriae Romanae}}

[[Categoria:Feriae Romanae]]
[[Categoria:Equus]]
[[Categoria:Campus Martius]]
[[Categoria:Ritus Februarii]]
[[Categoria:Ritus Martii]]</text>
      <sha1>myhsluhromc8girxgq1os9ybncp4edb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Alexandropolis (discretiva)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>299013</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3999344</id>
      <parentid>3998902</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-04T23:58:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3999344</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="468" sha1="g94kmxi15swlu1ankg5hb3dm9q44hxk" xml:space="preserve">{{Pagina discretiva|etiam=Alexandria (discretiva)}}

{{res|Alexandropolis}} haec dissimilia esse potest:
* [[Alexandropolis]],  urbs [[Graecia]]e
* [[Alexandropolis (Armenia)|Alexandropolis]], urbs [[Armenia]]e
* [[Alexandropolis Sachalinensis]], urbs Russiae, vulgo ''Aleksandrovsk Sachalinskij''
* [[Alexandropolis Caucsacica]], urbs prisca Russiae, vulgi ''Alexandrov'', nunc [[stanitsa]] Alexandrina (''Aleksandrovskaia'')

==Nexus interni==
*[[Sloboda Alexandri]]</text>
      <sha1>g94kmxi15swlu1ankg5hb3dm9q44hxk</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3999346</id>
      <parentid>3999344</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-04T23:59:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3999346</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="468" sha1="0lm9jz9ppqztle2cml4tuhyoow1badr" xml:space="preserve">{{Pagina discretiva|etiam=Alexandria (discretiva)}}

{{res|Alexandropolis}} haec dissimilia esse potest:
* [[Alexandropolis]],  urbs [[Graecia]]e
* [[Alexandropolis (Armenia)|Alexandropolis]], urbs [[Armenia]]e
* [[Alexandropolis Sachalinensis]], urbs Russiae, vulgo ''Aleksandrovsk Sachalinskij''
* [[Alexandropolis Caucasica]], urbs prisca Russiae, vulgo ''Aleksandrov'', nunc [[stanitsa]] Alexandrina (''Aleksandrovskaia'')

==Nexus interni==
*[[Sloboda Alexandri]]</text>
      <sha1>0lm9jz9ppqztle2cml4tuhyoow1badr</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3999422</id>
      <parentid>3999346</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-05T09:25:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3999422</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="496" sha1="t59w7fwp3j8h9nr0eg9o6z0l6p0qhnu" xml:space="preserve">{{Pagina discretiva|etiam=Alexandria (discretiva)}}

{{res|Alexandropolis}} haec dissimilia esse potest:
* [[Alexandropolis]],  urbs [[Graecia]]e
* [[Alexandropolis (Armenia)|Alexandropolis]], urbs [[Armenia]]e
* [[Alexandropolis Sachalinensis]], urbs Russiae, vulgo ''Aleksandrovsk Sachalinskij''
* [[Alexandropolis Caucasica]], urbs prisca Russiae, vulgo ''Aleksandrov'', nunc [[stanitsa]] Alexandrina (''Aleksandrovskaia'')

==Nexus interni==
*[[Sloboda Alexandri]], nunc vulgo ''Aleksandrov''</text>
      <sha1>t59w7fwp3j8h9nr0eg9o6z0l6p0qhnu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gubernium</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>299046</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3999234</id>
      <parentid>3885280</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-04T17:56:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3999234</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4038" sha1="38ap1j4fckgfyco3qmtupzfe4xy4yfo" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Subdivisions of the Russian Empire in 1914.svg|thumb|Gubernia Imperii Russici anno 1914]]
'''Gubernium''' vel '''praefectura'''&lt;ref&gt;[http://international.loc.gov/service/ndlpcoop/mtfxtx/txg/g348207778/0011.jpg ''Atlas Russicus'' (Petropoli, 1745), p. 11]: &quot;''Gubernija,'' Praefectura, gubernium&quot;. Vel '''gubernatio''', — [[Immanuel Godofredus Göz|Immanuelis Godofredi Goezii]] [https://books.google.ru/books?hl=fr&amp;id=Mu9BAAAAcAAJ&amp;q=Archangelopolitana#v=snippet&amp;q=Archangelopolitana&amp;f=false ''Geographia Academica'', Norimbergae 1789, p. 133], ubi et indicem guberniorum ad hoc annum videas.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Russice]] губерния, [[translitteratio|tr.]] ''gubernija''), erat [[divisio administrativa]] [[Imperium Russicum|Imperii Russici]], quae et post [[Res novae Octobres|Res novas Octobres]] usque ad annum 1929 servabatur. 

Anno [[1708]] decretum [[tzares Russiae|tzaris]] [[Petrus I (imperator Russiae)|Petri I]] gubernia introduxit, quo anno Russia divisa est in gubernia octo: 
{{div col|2}}
* [[Gubernium Archangelopolitanum|Archangelopolitanum]]
* [[Gubernium Asoviense|Asoviense]]
* [[Gubernium Casanense|Casanense]]
* [[Ingermanlandia|Ingermanlandicum]] (anno [[1710]] in [[Gubernium Petropolitanum|Petropolitanum]] transformatum)
* [[Gubernium Kioviense|Kioviense]]
* [[Gubernium Moscuense|Moscuense]]
* [[Gubernium Smolenscense|Smolenscense]]
* [[Gubernium Siberiense|Siberiense]]
{{div col end}}
Saeculis sequentibus tamen multa gubernia nova in [[Imperium Russicum|Imperio Russico]] formata sunt. Anno 1917 gubernia 78 in imperio erant. Guberniorum variis temporibus exsistentium nominari possunt:
{{div col|3}}
*[[Gubernium Astrachanense|Astrachanense]]
*[[Пubernium Bessarabiae|Bessarabiae]] 
*[[Gubernium Calugense|Calugense]]
*[[Gubernium Catharinoslaviense|Catharinoslaviense]]
*[[Gubernium Caucasi|Caucasi]] 
*[[Gubernium Charcoviense|Charcoviense]]
*[[Gubernium Chersonense|Chersonense]]
*[[gubernium Costromense|Costromense]]
*[[Gubernium Curlandiae|Curlandiae]] 
*[[Gubernium Estlandiae|Estlandiae]]
*[[gubernium Grodnense|Grodnense]]
*[[Gubernium Iaroslaviense|Iaroslaviense]]
*[[Gubernium Ieniseense|Ieniseense]]
*[[Gubernium Ircutense|Ircutense]]
*[[Gubernium Liflandiae|Liflandiae]] 
*[[Gubernium Minscense|Minscense]]
*[[Nova Russia|Novae Russiae]]
*[[gubernium Novogardiense|Novogardiense]]
* [[gubernium Novogardiense Inferius|Novogardiense Inferius]]
*[[Gubernium Olonecense|Olonecense]]
*[[Gubernium Orelense|Orelense]]
*[[Gubernium Orenburgense|Orenburgense]]
*[[Gubernium Pensense|Pensense]]
*[[Gubernium Permiense|Permiense]]
*[[Gubernium Podoliense|Podoliense]]
*[[Gubernium Poltavense|Poltavense]]
*[[Gubernium Pscoviense|Pscoviense]]
*[[Gubernium Resaniense|Resaniense]]
*[[Gubernium Russiae Minoris|Russiae Minoris]]
*[[Gubernium Samarense|Samarense]]
*[[Gubernium Saratoviense|Saratoviense]]
*[[Gubernium Simbiriense|Simbiriense]]
*[[Gubernium Stauropolitanum|Stauropolitanum]]
*[[Gubernium Tamboviense|Tamboviense]]
*[[Gubernium Tauricum|Tauricum]]
*[[Gubernium Toboliense|Toboliense]]
*[[Gubernium Tomense|Tomense]]
*[[Gubernium Tueriense|Tueriense]]
*[[Gubernium Tulense|Tulense]]
*[[Gubernium Viatcense|Viatcense]]
*[[Gubernium Viburgense|Viburgense]]
*[[gubernium Vitebscense|Vitebscense]]
*[[Gubernium Volhyniense|Volhyniense]]
*[[Gubernium Volodimiriense|Volodimiriense]]
*[[Gubernium Vologdense|Vologdense]]
{{div col end}}
In [[Circulus (Russia)|circulos]] gubernia (annis ab [[1719]] ad [[1775]] etiam provinciae&lt;ref&gt;[http://international.loc.gov/service/ndlpcoop/mtfxtx/txg/g348207778/0013.jpg ''Atlas Russicus'' (Petropoli, 1745), p. 13]: &quot;''Prowincija,'' Provincia&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; guberniorum) dividebantur. 

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

==Nexus externi==
*[[:s:ru:ЭСБЕ/Губерния|De guberniis]] in ''[[Lexicon encyclopaedicum Brockhaus et Efron|Lexico encyclopaedico Brockhaus et Efron]]'' {{ling|Russice}}

[[Categoria:Divisiones administrativae]]
[[Categoria:Historia Russiae]]
[[Categoria:Gubernia Imperii Russici| ]]
[[Categoria:Indices regionum et provinciarum]]</text>
      <sha1>38ap1j4fckgfyco3qmtupzfe4xy4yfo</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3999237</id>
      <parentid>3999234</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-04T17:59:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3999237</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="4036" sha1="842xb1o5u6pytju4vsuya06tnpxeldh" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Subdivisions of the Russian Empire in 1914.svg|thumb|Gubernia Imperii Russici anno 1914]]
'''Gubernium''' vel '''praefectura'''&lt;ref&gt;[http://international.loc.gov/service/ndlpcoop/mtfxtx/txg/g348207778/0011.jpg ''Atlas Russicus'' (Petropoli, 1745), p. 11]: &quot;''Gubernija,'' Praefectura, gubernium&quot;. Vel '''gubernatio''', — [[Immanuel Godofredus Göz|Immanuelis Godofredi Goezii]] [https://books.google.ru/books?hl=fr&amp;id=Mu9BAAAAcAAJ&amp;q=Archangelopolitana#v=snippet&amp;q=Archangelopolitana&amp;f=false ''Geographia Academica'', Norimbergae 1789, p. 133], ubi et indicem guberniorum ad hoc annum videas.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Russice]] губерния, [[translitteratio|tr.]] ''gubernija''), erat [[divisio administrativa]] [[Imperium Russicum|Imperii Russici]], quae et post [[Res novae Octobres|Res novas Octobres]] usque ad annum 1929 servabatur. 

Anno [[1708]] decretum [[tzares Russiae|tzaris]] [[Petrus I (imperator Russiae)|Petri I]] gubernia introduxit, quo anno Russia divisa est in gubernia octo: 
{{div col|2}}
* [[Gubernium Archangelopolitanum|Archangelopolitanum]]
* [[Gubernium Asoviense|Asoviense]]
* [[Gubernium Casanense|Casanense]]
* [[Ingermanlandia|Ingermanlandicum]] (anno [[1710]] in [[Gubernium Petropolitanum|Petropolitanum]] transformatum)
* [[Gubernium Kioviense|Kioviense]]
* [[Gubernium Moscuense|Moscuense]]
* [[Gubernium Smolenscense|Smolenscense]]
* [[Gubernium Siberiense|Siberiense]]
{{div col end}}
Saeculis sequentibus tamen multa gubernia nova in [[Imperium Russicum|Imperio Russico]] formata sunt. Anno 1917 gubernia 78 in imperio erant. Guberniorum variis temporibus exsistentium nominari possunt:
{{div col|3}}
*[[Gubernium Astrachanense|Astrachanense]]
*[[Gubernium Bessarabiae|Bessarabiae]] 
*[[Gubernium Calugense|Calugense]]
*[[Gubernium Catharinoslaviense|Catharinoslaviense]]
*[[Gubernium Caucasi|Caucasi]] 
*[[Gubernium Charcoviense|Charcoviense]]
*[[Gubernium Chersonense|Chersonense]]
*[[Gubernium Costromense|Costromense]]
*[[Gubernium Curlandiae|Curlandiae]] 
*[[Gubernium Estlandiae|Estlandiae]]
*[[Gubernium Grodnense|Grodnense]]
*[[Gubernium Iaroslaviense|Iaroslaviense]]
*[[Gubernium Ieniseense|Ieniseense]]
*[[Gubernium Ircutense|Ircutense]]
*[[Gubernium Liflandiae|Liflandiae]] 
*[[Gubernium Minscense|Minscense]]
*[[Nova Russia|Novae Russiae]]
*[[gubernium Novogardiense|Novogardiense]]
*[[Gubernium Novogardiense Inferius|Novogardiense Inferius]]
*[[Gubernium Olonecense|Olonecense]]
*[[Gubernium Orelense|Orelense]]
*[[Gubernium Orenburgense|Orenburgense]]
*[[Gubernium Pensense|Pensense]]
*[[Gubernium Permiense|Permiense]]
*[[Gubernium Podoliense|Podoliense]]
*[[Gubernium Poltavense|Poltavense]]
*[[Gubernium Pscoviense|Pscoviense]]
*[[Gubernium Resaniense|Resaniense]]
*[[Gubernium Russiae Minoris|Russiae Minoris]]
*[[Gubernium Samarense|Samarense]]
*[[Gubernium Saratoviense|Saratoviense]]
*[[Gubernium Simbiriense|Simbiriense]]
*[[Gubernium Stauropolitanum|Stauropolitanum]]
*[[Gubernium Tamboviense|Tamboviense]]
*[[Gubernium Tauricum|Tauricum]]
*[[Gubernium Toboliense|Toboliense]]
*[[Gubernium Tomense|Tomense]]
*[[Gubernium Tueriense|Tueriense]]
*[[Gubernium Tulense|Tulense]]
*[[Gubernium Viatcense|Viatcense]]
*[[Gubernium Viburgense|Viburgense]]
*[[gubernium Vitebscense|Vitebscense]]
*[[Gubernium Volhyniense|Volhyniense]]
*[[Gubernium Volodimiriense|Volodimiriense]]
*[[Gubernium Vologdense|Vologdense]]
{{div col end}}
In [[Circulus (Russia)|circulos]] gubernia (annis ab [[1719]] ad [[1775]] etiam provinciae&lt;ref&gt;[http://international.loc.gov/service/ndlpcoop/mtfxtx/txg/g348207778/0013.jpg ''Atlas Russicus'' (Petropoli, 1745), p. 13]: &quot;''Prowincija,'' Provincia&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; guberniorum) dividebantur. 

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

==Nexus externi==
*[[:s:ru:ЭСБЕ/Губерния|De guberniis]] in ''[[Lexicon encyclopaedicum Brockhaus et Efron|Lexico encyclopaedico Brockhaus et Efron]]'' {{ling|Russice}}

[[Categoria:Divisiones administrativae]]
[[Categoria:Historia Russiae]]
[[Categoria:Gubernia Imperii Russici| ]]
[[Categoria:Indices regionum et provinciarum]]</text>
      <sha1>842xb1o5u6pytju4vsuya06tnpxeldh</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3999311</id>
      <parentid>3999237</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-04T22:25:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3999311</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4042" sha1="ebzp94vmjfkqn5zgpef665rop575uaj" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Subdivisions of the Russian Empire in 1914.svg|thumb|Gubernia Imperii Russici anno 1914]]
'''Gubernium''' vel '''praefectura'''&lt;ref&gt;[http://international.loc.gov/service/ndlpcoop/mtfxtx/txg/g348207778/0011.jpg ''Atlas Russicus'' (Petropoli, 1745), p. 11]: &quot;''Gubernija,'' Praefectura, gubernium&quot;. Vel '''gubernatio''', — [[Immanuel Godofredus Göz|Immanuelis Godofredi Goezii]] [https://books.google.ru/books?hl=fr&amp;id=Mu9BAAAAcAAJ&amp;q=Archangelopolitana#v=snippet&amp;q=Archangelopolitana&amp;f=false ''Geographia Academica'', Norimbergae 1789, p. 133], ubi et indicem guberniorum ad hoc annum videas.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Russice]] губерния, [[translitteratio|tr.]] ''gubernija''), erat [[divisio administrativa]] [[Imperium Russicum|Imperii Russici]], quae et post [[Res novae Octobres|Res novas Octobres]] usque ad annum 1929 servabatur. 

Anno [[1708]] decretum [[tzares Russiae|tzaris]] [[Petrus I (imperator Russiae)|Petri I]] gubernia introduxit, quo anno Russia divisa est in gubernia octo: 
{{div col|2}}
* [[Gubernium Archangelopolitanum|Archangelopolitanum]]
* [[Gubernium Asoviense|Asoviense]]
* [[Gubernium Casanense|Casanense]]
* [[Ingermanlandia|Ingermanlandicum]] (anno [[1710]] in [[Gubernium Petropolitanum|Petropolitanum]] transformatum)
* [[Gubernium Kioviense|Kioviense]]
* [[Gubernium Moscuense|Moscuense]]
* [[Gubernium Smolenscense|Smolenscense]]
* [[Gubernium Siberiense|Siberiense]]
{{div col end}}
Saeculis sequentibus tamen multa gubernia nova in [[Imperium Russicum|Imperio Russico]] formata sunt. Anno 1917 gubernia 78 in imperio erant. Guberniorum variis temporibus exsistentium nominari possunt:
{{div col|3}}
*[[Gubernium Astrachanense|Astrachanense]]
*[[Gubernium Bessarabiae|Bessarabiae]] 
*[[Gubernium Calugense|Calugense]]
*[[Gubernium Catharinoslaviense|Catharinoslaviense]]
*[[Gubernium Caucasicum|Caucasicum]] 
*[[Gubernium Charcoviense|Charcoviense]]
*[[Gubernium Chersonense|Chersonense]]
*[[Gubernium Costromense|Costromense]]
*[[Gubernium Curlandiae|Curlandiae]] 
*[[Gubernium Estlandiae|Estlandiae]]
*[[Gubernium Grodnense|Grodnense]]
*[[Gubernium Iaroslaviense|Iaroslaviense]]
*[[Gubernium Ieniseense|Ieniseense]]
*[[Gubernium Ircutense|Ircutense]]
*[[Gubernium Liflandiae|Liflandiae]] 
*[[Gubernium Minscense|Minscense]]
*[[Nova Russia|Novae Russiae]]
*[[gubernium Novogardiense|Novogardiense]]
*[[Gubernium Novogardiense Inferius|Novogardiense Inferius]]
*[[Gubernium Olonecense|Olonecense]]
*[[Gubernium Orelense|Orelense]]
*[[Gubernium Orenburgense|Orenburgense]]
*[[Gubernium Pensense|Pensense]]
*[[Gubernium Permiense|Permiense]]
*[[Gubernium Podoliense|Podoliense]]
*[[Gubernium Poltavense|Poltavense]]
*[[Gubernium Pscoviense|Pscoviense]]
*[[Gubernium Resaniense|Resaniense]]
*[[Gubernium Russiae Minoris|Russiae Minoris]]
*[[Gubernium Samarense|Samarense]]
*[[Gubernium Saratoviense|Saratoviense]]
*[[Gubernium Simbiriense|Simbiriense]]
*[[Gubernium Stauropolitanum|Stauropolitanum]]
*[[Gubernium Tamboviense|Tamboviense]]
*[[Gubernium Tauricum|Tauricum]]
*[[Gubernium Toboliense|Toboliense]]
*[[Gubernium Tomense|Tomense]]
*[[Gubernium Tueriense|Tueriense]]
*[[Gubernium Tulense|Tulense]]
*[[Gubernium Viatcense|Viatcense]]
*[[Gubernium Viburgense|Viburgense]]
*[[gubernium Vitebscense|Vitebscense]]
*[[Gubernium Volhyniense|Volhyniense]]
*[[Gubernium Volodimiriense|Volodimiriense]]
*[[Gubernium Vologdense|Vologdense]]
{{div col end}}
In [[Circulus (Russia)|circulos]] gubernia (annis ab [[1719]] ad [[1775]] etiam provinciae&lt;ref&gt;[http://international.loc.gov/service/ndlpcoop/mtfxtx/txg/g348207778/0013.jpg ''Atlas Russicus'' (Petropoli, 1745), p. 13]: &quot;''Prowincija,'' Provincia&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; guberniorum) dividebantur. 

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

==Nexus externi==
*[[:s:ru:ЭСБЕ/Губерния|De guberniis]] in ''[[Lexicon encyclopaedicum Brockhaus et Efron|Lexico encyclopaedico Brockhaus et Efron]]'' {{ling|Russice}}

[[Categoria:Divisiones administrativae]]
[[Categoria:Historia Russiae]]
[[Categoria:Gubernia Imperii Russici| ]]
[[Categoria:Indices regionum et provinciarum]]</text>
      <sha1>ebzp94vmjfkqn5zgpef665rop575uaj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3999318</id>
      <parentid>3999311</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-04T22:56:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3999318</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4042" sha1="4npk45vs03u7molmixjjja5zpg1rbxj" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Subdivisions of the Russian Empire in 1914.svg|thumb|Gubernia Imperii Russici anno 1914]]
'''Gubernium''' vel '''praefectura'''&lt;ref&gt;[http://international.loc.gov/service/ndlpcoop/mtfxtx/txg/g348207778/0011.jpg ''Atlas Russicus'' (Petropoli, 1745), p. 11]: &quot;''Gubernija,'' Praefectura, gubernium&quot;. Vel '''gubernatio''', — [[Immanuel Godofredus Göz|Immanuelis Godofredi Goezii]] [https://books.google.ru/books?hl=fr&amp;id=Mu9BAAAAcAAJ&amp;q=Archangelopolitana#v=snippet&amp;q=Archangelopolitana&amp;f=false ''Geographia Academica'', Norimbergae 1789, p. 133], ubi et indicem guberniorum ad hoc annum videas.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Russice]] губерния, [[translitteratio|tr.]] ''gubernija''), erat [[divisio administrativa]] [[Imperium Russicum|Imperii Russici]], quae et post [[Res novae Octobres|Res novas Octobres]] usque ad annum 1929 servabatur. 

Anno [[1708]] decretum [[tzares Russiae|tzaris]] [[Petrus I (imperator Russiae)|Petri I]] gubernia introduxit, quo anno Russia divisa est in gubernia octo: 
{{div col|2}}
* [[Gubernium Archangelopolitanum|Archangelopolitanum]]
* [[Gubernium Asoviense|Asoviense]]
* [[Gubernium Casanense|Casanense]]
* [[Ingermanlandia|Ingermanlandicum]] (anno [[1710]] in [[Gubernium Petropolitanum|Petropolitanum]] transformatum)
* [[Gubernium Kioviense|Kioviense]]
* [[Gubernium Moscuense|Moscuense]]
* [[Gubernium Smolenscense|Smolenscense]]
* [[Gubernium Siberiense|Siberiense]]
{{div col end}}
Saeculis sequentibus tamen multa gubernia nova in [[Imperium Russicum|Imperio Russico]] formata sunt. Anno 1917 gubernia 78 in imperio erant. Guberniorum variis temporibus exsistentium nominari possunt:
{{div col|3}}
*[[Gubernium Astrachanense|Astrachanense]]
*[[Gubernium Bessarabiae|Bessarabiae]] 
*[[Gubernium Calugense|Calugense]]
*[[Gubernium Catharinoslaviense|Catharinoslaviense]]
*[[Gubernium Caucasicum|Caucasicum]] 
*[[Gubernium Charcoviense|Charcoviense]]
*[[Gubernium Chersonense|Chersonense]]
*[[Gubernium Costromense|Costromense]]
*[[Gubernium Curlandicum|Curlandicum]] 
*[[Gubernium Estlandiae|Estlandiae]]
*[[Gubernium Grodnense|Grodnense]]
*[[Gubernium Iaroslaviense|Iaroslaviense]]
*[[Gubernium Ieniseense|Ieniseense]]
*[[Gubernium Ircutense|Ircutense]]
*[[Gubernium Livonicum|Livonicum]] 
*[[Gubernium Minscense|Minscense]]
*[[Nova Russia|Novae Russiae]]
*[[gubernium Novogardiense|Novogardiense]]
*[[Gubernium Novogardiense Inferius|Novogardiense Inferius]]
*[[Gubernium Olonecense|Olonecense]]
*[[Gubernium Orelense|Orelense]]
*[[Gubernium Orenburgense|Orenburgense]]
*[[Gubernium Pensense|Pensense]]
*[[Gubernium Permiense|Permiense]]
*[[Gubernium Podoliense|Podoliense]]
*[[Gubernium Poltavense|Poltavense]]
*[[Gubernium Pscoviense|Pscoviense]]
*[[Gubernium Resaniense|Resaniense]]
*[[Gubernium Russiae Minoris|Russiae Minoris]]
*[[Gubernium Samarense|Samarense]]
*[[Gubernium Saratoviense|Saratoviense]]
*[[Gubernium Simbiriense|Simbiriense]]
*[[Gubernium Stauropolitanum|Stauropolitanum]]
*[[Gubernium Tamboviense|Tamboviense]]
*[[Gubernium Tauricum|Tauricum]]
*[[Gubernium Toboliense|Toboliense]]
*[[Gubernium Tomense|Tomense]]
*[[Gubernium Tueriense|Tueriense]]
*[[Gubernium Tulense|Tulense]]
*[[Gubernium Viatcense|Viatcense]]
*[[Gubernium Viburgense|Viburgense]]
*[[gubernium Vitebscense|Vitebscense]]
*[[Gubernium Volhyniense|Volhyniense]]
*[[Gubernium Volodimiriense|Volodimiriense]]
*[[Gubernium Vologdense|Vologdense]]
{{div col end}}
In [[Circulus (Russia)|circulos]] gubernia (annis ab [[1719]] ad [[1775]] etiam provinciae&lt;ref&gt;[http://international.loc.gov/service/ndlpcoop/mtfxtx/txg/g348207778/0013.jpg ''Atlas Russicus'' (Petropoli, 1745), p. 13]: &quot;''Prowincija,'' Provincia&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; guberniorum) dividebantur. 

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

==Nexus externi==
*[[:s:ru:ЭСБЕ/Губерния|De guberniis]] in ''[[Lexicon encyclopaedicum Brockhaus et Efron|Lexico encyclopaedico Brockhaus et Efron]]'' {{ling|Russice}}

[[Categoria:Divisiones administrativae]]
[[Categoria:Historia Russiae]]
[[Categoria:Gubernia Imperii Russici| ]]
[[Categoria:Indices regionum et provinciarum]]</text>
      <sha1>4npk45vs03u7molmixjjja5zpg1rbxj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Opricznina</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>299430</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3999421</id>
      <parentid>3762740</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-05T09:24:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3999421</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2134" sha1="32pandq2umowq7w2x9fkhpb420dwg2s" xml:space="preserve">{{Myrias|Historia}}[[Fasciculus:Muscovy in the era oprichnina.jpg|thumb|In Moscoviae tabula terrae opriczninae viridi delineatae sunt]]
'''Opricznina'''&lt;ref&gt;''Historica Russiae Monumenta...'', ab [[Alexander Turgenev|Alexandro Turgenev]] edita, [https://books.google.ru/books?id=hb7KtC6nsXsC&amp;pg=PA388&amp;dq=opriczninae&amp;hl=la&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwiX8IjU9NHzAhWKyosKHRDYA34Q6AF6BAgGEAI#v=onepage&amp;q=opriczninae&amp;f=false pars 2, Petropoli 1842, p. 388].Cf. ''Aprisna'' in [[Paulus Oderbornius|Pauli Oderbornii]] [https://books.google.ru/books?id=kWY8AAAAcAAJ&amp;q=ita+inuicta+militum#v=snippet&amp;q=ita%20inuicta%20militum&amp;f=false ''Ioannis Basilidis ... vita'', 1585]&lt;/ref&gt;, vel Latine '''pars separata, seorsiva'''&lt;ref&gt;Cf. ''Opryzna, hoc est separata habitatio''  = ''опричный двор'' ([[Abraham Göllnitz]] [https://books.google.ru/books?id=DvFCAAAAcAAJ&amp;q=opryzna#v=snippet&amp;q=opryzna&amp;f=false ''Compendium geographicum'', Amstelodami 1649, p. 192]); ''Opriczna, id est, seorsiva habitatio'', de eodem ([[Adrianus Romanus|Adriani Romani]] [https://books.google.ru/books?id=xx1aAAAAQAAJ&amp;q=Opriczna#v=snippet&amp;q=Opriczna&amp;f=false ''Parvum theatrum urbium...'', Francoforti 1595, p. 286]). &lt;/ref&gt; fuit pars civitatis [[Moscovia|Moscoviticae]], quam [[Ioannes Severus]] ut propriam suam a civitate communi (''zemščina'') separavit anno 1565. Non solum territoriis magnis opricznina constabat, sed et exercitum proprium habebat, qui exercitus saepius opricznina nomine nuncupabatur. Usque ad annum 1572 de iure et usque ad 1584 de facto opricznina exsistebat. [[Malutus Scrutovius]]&lt;ref&gt;Sic [https://books.google.ru/books?id=kWY8AAAAcAAJ&amp;q=cere+conatus+est.#v=snippet&amp;q=cere%20conatus%20est.&amp;f=false in Oderbornii vita]. Gregorius Luciani filius cognomine ''Maluta'' Skuratov-Bel'skij.&lt;/ref&gt; ducum Opriczninae notissimus et ferocissimus fuit.

[[Sloboda Alexandri]] opriczninae [[Caput (urbs)|caput]] fuit.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

==Nexus externi==
* [[:s:ru:ЭСБЕ/Опричнина|Opricznina]] in ''[[Lexicon encyclopaedicum Brockhaus et Efron|Lexico encyclopaedico Brockhaus et Efron]]'' {{ling|Russice}}

[[Categoria:Historia Russiae]]</text>
      <sha1>32pandq2umowq7w2x9fkhpb420dwg2s</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Casa hortensis Schilleriana</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>299577</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3999214</id>
      <parentid>3648134</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-04T16:45:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3999214</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3059" sha1="15wyc1h5owa612hlp5dftb2raqzxxcp" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Schillers Garten House.jpg|thumb|Casa hortensis, retro videtur [[Turris Ienensis]]]]
'''Casa hortensis Schilleriana''' (Theodisce: ''Schillers Gartenhaus'') invenitur media in urbe [[Iena]] in Germania (in via Schillergäßchen nr 2). Agitur de signum grave [[fridericus Schillerus|Schilleri]] in urbe, ubi olim professoris historiae munere fungebatur.
==Historia==
[[File:Schillers-Gartenhaus02.JPG|thumb|Pinnae ''(Gartenzinne)'' reconstructae]]
Schillerus domunculam anno 1797 emit, quae medio in saeculo XVII constructa erat. Esset ei habitatio altera atque casella hortensis. Aeris salubrioris caussa aestate annorum inter 1797 et 1799 una cum uxore et duabus filiolis in ista domuscula mansit. Septem annis ante ductitaverat [[Carlotta Ludovica Antonetta von Schiller|Carlottam]] cum nuptiarum caeremoniis in oratorio Ienae-Weningenjena sito quod fanum nunc ''Schillerkirche'' nuncupatur. Area comparata mutationes cito factae sunt et anno 1798 domus novum in modum constructa est ita ut odores vicinitatis nasum Schilleri offendere non possent: quae res vel [[Ioannes Volfgangus Goethius|Goethium]]ad risum movit. Namque papilio novus pinnis in soli fundamento insitis similis erat. In turricula balneum erat et scalae exteriores aditum rectum ad laboratorium Schilleri permiserunt. Hic [[carmen epicolyricum|carmina epicolyrica]] plura, tragoedia ''Wallenstein'' et actus primus dramatis ''Maria Stuart'' scripta sunt. 

Postquam Schillerus cum familiaribus [[Vimaria]]m commigravit area locata est. Aetate ultima anni 1801 qua Schillerus ibi mansit versus dramatis ''Die Jungfrau von Orleans'' exarati sunt. Anno insequenti res venum datae sunt.

==Possessores novi ==
Anno 1811 ducatus Vimariensis rem emit ad observatorium instituendum ut dux [[Carolus Augustus (Saxonia-Vimarii-Eisenach)]] iusserat. Annis inter 1878 et 1886 [[Ernestus Abbe]] physicus illustris domum incoluit, quando partes duorum tabulatorum additae sunt. Abbe observatorio praefuit et anno 1881 in situ conventum cum [[Otho Schott|Othone Schott]] chemico habuit unde cooperationes fecundissimae natae sunt. Nostris temporibus grapheum quoddam inest operis fundati de pace internationali concilianda atque hominum iuribus servandis ''Ulrich Zwiener-Stiftung für internationale Verständigung und Menschenrechte''. Pinnae saeculo XIX remotae interdum reconstructae sunt. Usus musei ex anno 1924 fit: expositio decennium frugiferum, quod Schillerus Ienae degebat, illuminat. Iam Goethius eum locum memoria Schilleriana dignissimum censuerat.

==Nexus externi==
{{Commonscat|Schillers Gartenhaus (Jena)|Casam hortensem Schillerianam}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150914182109/http://www.uni-jena.de/Gartenhaus.html De domo in paginis universitariis]  
*[https://www.rooom.com/360-view/7nKWZHdiiqN?__hstc=78119627.0d92ca0dc77fc439fe8ba68b5a55acf8.1607495375084.1611123264443.1611124005915.3&amp;__hssc=78119627.1.1611124005915&amp;__hsfp=3262109729 Mystagogia interretialis]

[[categoria:Iena]]
[[categoria:Fridericus Schiller]]
[[categoria:Musea Germanica]]
[[categoria:Horti]]</text>
      <sha1>15wyc1h5owa612hlp5dftb2raqzxxcp</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3999215</id>
      <parentid>3999214</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-04T16:45:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Demetrius Talpa movit paginam [[Casa hortensia Schilleriana]] ad [[Casa hortensis Schilleriana]]: ars grammatica</comment>
      <origin>3999214</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3059" sha1="15wyc1h5owa612hlp5dftb2raqzxxcp" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Schillers Garten House.jpg|thumb|Casa hortensis, retro videtur [[Turris Ienensis]]]]
'''Casa hortensis Schilleriana''' (Theodisce: ''Schillers Gartenhaus'') invenitur media in urbe [[Iena]] in Germania (in via Schillergäßchen nr 2). Agitur de signum grave [[fridericus Schillerus|Schilleri]] in urbe, ubi olim professoris historiae munere fungebatur.
==Historia==
[[File:Schillers-Gartenhaus02.JPG|thumb|Pinnae ''(Gartenzinne)'' reconstructae]]
Schillerus domunculam anno 1797 emit, quae medio in saeculo XVII constructa erat. Esset ei habitatio altera atque casella hortensis. Aeris salubrioris caussa aestate annorum inter 1797 et 1799 una cum uxore et duabus filiolis in ista domuscula mansit. Septem annis ante ductitaverat [[Carlotta Ludovica Antonetta von Schiller|Carlottam]] cum nuptiarum caeremoniis in oratorio Ienae-Weningenjena sito quod fanum nunc ''Schillerkirche'' nuncupatur. Area comparata mutationes cito factae sunt et anno 1798 domus novum in modum constructa est ita ut odores vicinitatis nasum Schilleri offendere non possent: quae res vel [[Ioannes Volfgangus Goethius|Goethium]]ad risum movit. Namque papilio novus pinnis in soli fundamento insitis similis erat. In turricula balneum erat et scalae exteriores aditum rectum ad laboratorium Schilleri permiserunt. Hic [[carmen epicolyricum|carmina epicolyrica]] plura, tragoedia ''Wallenstein'' et actus primus dramatis ''Maria Stuart'' scripta sunt. 

Postquam Schillerus cum familiaribus [[Vimaria]]m commigravit area locata est. Aetate ultima anni 1801 qua Schillerus ibi mansit versus dramatis ''Die Jungfrau von Orleans'' exarati sunt. Anno insequenti res venum datae sunt.

==Possessores novi ==
Anno 1811 ducatus Vimariensis rem emit ad observatorium instituendum ut dux [[Carolus Augustus (Saxonia-Vimarii-Eisenach)]] iusserat. Annis inter 1878 et 1886 [[Ernestus Abbe]] physicus illustris domum incoluit, quando partes duorum tabulatorum additae sunt. Abbe observatorio praefuit et anno 1881 in situ conventum cum [[Otho Schott|Othone Schott]] chemico habuit unde cooperationes fecundissimae natae sunt. Nostris temporibus grapheum quoddam inest operis fundati de pace internationali concilianda atque hominum iuribus servandis ''Ulrich Zwiener-Stiftung für internationale Verständigung und Menschenrechte''. Pinnae saeculo XIX remotae interdum reconstructae sunt. Usus musei ex anno 1924 fit: expositio decennium frugiferum, quod Schillerus Ienae degebat, illuminat. Iam Goethius eum locum memoria Schilleriana dignissimum censuerat.

==Nexus externi==
{{Commonscat|Schillers Gartenhaus (Jena)|Casam hortensem Schillerianam}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150914182109/http://www.uni-jena.de/Gartenhaus.html De domo in paginis universitariis]  
*[https://www.rooom.com/360-view/7nKWZHdiiqN?__hstc=78119627.0d92ca0dc77fc439fe8ba68b5a55acf8.1607495375084.1611123264443.1611124005915.3&amp;__hssc=78119627.1.1611124005915&amp;__hsfp=3262109729 Mystagogia interretialis]

[[categoria:Iena]]
[[categoria:Fridericus Schiller]]
[[categoria:Musea Germanica]]
[[categoria:Horti]]</text>
      <sha1>15wyc1h5owa612hlp5dftb2raqzxxcp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Modulus:Harenarium</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>299792</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3999442</id>
      <parentid>3972798</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-05T10:38:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Hunc modulum feci exemplar ad novos modulos creandos</comment>
      <origin>3999442</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="194" sha1="jqpmqrm3rqvy5lwukuyqg81l5qj1gdm" xml:space="preserve">require[[strict]]


local ifacies = {}


ifacies.de_bello_gallico = function (frame)

	-- local argg = frame.args
	-- ...

	return 'Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres.'

end


return ifacies</text>
      <sha1>jqpmqrm3rqvy5lwukuyqg81l5qj1gdm</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3999444</id>
      <parentid>3999442</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-05T10:43:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Protected &quot;[[Modulus:Harenarium]]&quot;: Modulus in nuntiis systematis adhibitus ([Recensio=Sinere solum usores adfirmati automaticale] (infinita) [Motio=Sinere solum usores adfirmati automaticale] (infinita))</comment>
      <origin>3999442</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="194" sha1="jqpmqrm3rqvy5lwukuyqg81l5qj1gdm" xml:space="preserve">require[[strict]]


local ifacies = {}


ifacies.de_bello_gallico = function (frame)

	-- local argg = frame.args
	-- ...

	return 'Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres.'

end


return ifacies</text>
      <sha1>jqpmqrm3rqvy5lwukuyqg81l5qj1gdm</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3999447</id>
      <parentid>3999444</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-05T10:47:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3999447</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="248" sha1="9rhxpnng92eubdm7mzketc8m71j0j1y" xml:space="preserve">require[[strict]]


local ifacies = {}


ifacies.de_bello_gallico = function (frame)

	local argg = frame.args

	return 'Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres.' ..
		(argg.postillla ~= nil and '&lt;br /&gt;' .. argg.postilla or '')

end


return ifacies</text>
      <sha1>9rhxpnng92eubdm7mzketc8m71j0j1y</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Usor:Demetrius Talpa/Harenarium</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>300124</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3999235</id>
      <parentid>3998304</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-04T17:56:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Miscellanea */</comment>
      <origin>3999235</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7134" sha1="580s7har1qwlggg6at58hgafy29q5wn" xml:space="preserve">&lt;small&gt;[[Fasciculus:Versiculi mnemonici.jpg|right|200px]]
''[[Magna charta libertatum|Magnam chartam libertatum]] talparum'' compositurus sum. Haec sunt libertates maximae includendae:
*[[Libertas fodiendi]]
*[[Libertas rodendi]]
*[[Libertas caecuttiendi]]
*[[Libertas dormiendi]]


====incolis abundant, nomine carent====
{{div col|4}}&lt;small&gt;
*''Ačinsk''
*''Al'met'evsk''
*''Angarsk'' Angaropolis
*''Artëm''
*''Balakovo'' 
*Balaschicha
*''Barentsburg'' Barentiopolis
*''Batajsk''
*''Berdsk''
*''Berezniki''
*''Čerkessk''
*''Chasavjurt''
*Chimkae
*''Dimitrovgrad'' 
*''Domodedovo''
*''Dzeržinsk'' Nigrum (de priore ''Tschernoje'')
*''Èlektrostal' '' Electrichalybs
*''Essentuki''
*''Kamensk-Ural'skij'' Petra Uralensis
*''Kaspijsk'' Caspia
*''Kopejsk''
*''Kovrov''
*''Krasnogorsk'' 
*''Ljubercy''
*''Neftejugansk''
*''Neftekamsk'' Naphticamium ut Solicamium
*''Nevinnomyssk''
*''Nižnekamsk'' Utbs Camae Inferioris
*''Nižnevartovsk'' Ripa Vartovensis Inferior
*''Nojabr'sk''
*''Novočeboksarsk'' Tscheboxari Novi
*''Novočersassk'' Circassium Novum
*''Novokujbyševsk''
*''Novomoskovsk'' Mosqua Nova
*''Novošachtinsk'' Fodinae Novae
*''Novyj Urengoj''
*''Obninsk''
*''Oktjabr'skij''
*''Orechovo-Zuevo''
*''Pervoural'sk''
*''[[Podolsk]]''
*''Prokop'evsk'' Procopiopolis
*''Puškino''
*''Ramenskoe''
*''Rubcovsk''
*''Šachty'' Fodinae
*''Salavat''
*''Ščëlkovo''
*''Severodvinsk'' Urbs Duinae Borealis (''in Urbe Duinae Boreali'') 
*''Seversk''
*''Železnodorožnyj'' Ferriviarium
*''Železnogorsk'' Ferrimontium
*''Žukovskij''
&lt;/small&gt;{{div col end}}


===Miscellanea===
&lt;div style=&quot;width:100%&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;float:left; width:90%&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:130%; padding:0.2em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em; border-right:1px solid #BEBEBE; background:#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;float:left; width:10%&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;mw-customtoggle-1&quot; style=&quot;cursor:pointer; text-align:center; padding:0.2em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em; border-right:1px solid #BEBEBE; background:white; color:#495388&quot;&gt;monstrentur&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot; id=&quot;mw-customcollapsible-1&quot;&gt;
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[[Imago:Novies toties.png|thumb|e ''[https://books.google.ru/books?id=8A0Cp0_WNdMC Capistrano triumphante]'']]
{{coord|55|29|24|N|28|45|35|E|display=title}}
{{Creanda|sv|Erik Väderhatt|Ericus Ventosi Pilei}}&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.ru/books?id=uEFSAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=Ventosi+pilei#v=snippet&amp;q=Ventosi%20pilei&amp;f=false ''Saxonis Grammatici Historia Danica'', vol. I, Hauniae 1839].&lt;/ref&gt; — {{Creanda|ru|Клейнмихель, Пётр Андреевич|Petrus Kleinmichel|Petrus Andreides comes Kleinmichel}}&lt;ref&gt;[[Eduardus Eichwald]], [https://books.google.ru/books?hl=fr&amp;id=fGlxVUvGpBQC&amp;q=Andreidi#v=snippet&amp;q=Andreidi&amp;f=false ''Fauna Caspio-Caucasica'', Petropoli 1841, dedicatio].&lt;/ref&gt; [https://books.google.ru/books?hl=ru&amp;id=9IJnAAAAcAAJ&amp;q=Catcovius#v=snippet&amp;q=Catcovius&amp;f=false Michael Nicephorides Catcovius]  [https://books.google.ru/books?id=Mz1GAAAAcAAJ&amp;q=pristavorum#v=snippet&amp;q=pristavorum&amp;f=false Pristavus] — [https://old-smolensk.ru/?p=12670 Smolenscensis obsidionis...] [https://rusneb.ru/catalog/000200_000018_RU_NLR_DIGIT_75071/ idem]  
[https://books.google.fr/books?id=uGV3SHOFe8YC ''Relationes status dioecesium in magno ducatu Lituaniae''] [https://digital.ub.uni-duesseldorf.de/ihd/content/structure/1598225 ''Etymologica Vandalica et Slavica Megapolitana''] — [https://books.google.ru/books?id=iznC2Z7suJAC&amp;pg=PA293&amp;dq=regiopolitana&amp;hl=fr&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjBl8eXzt-AAxV-JxAIHZSGBpUQ6AF6BAgBEAI#v=onepage&amp;q=regiopolitana&amp;f=false Regiopolitana] [[:commons:File:Heinrich_Kiepert._Asia_citerior.jpg|Asia Citerior]] — [https://web.archive.org/web/20070302034320/http://www.yunanmitolojisi.net/ilyada-1bolum/ Μῆνιν ἄειδε Turcice] [[:el:Αγίες_Τεσσαράκοντα_Παρθένες_και_Αμμούν_ο_διδάσκαλος|παρθένοι μ']]  [https://linguax.com/lexica/forc.php?searchedLG=crepido crepidines]&lt;ref&gt;{{Symeon|набережная}}&lt;/ref&gt; [https://www.reddit.com/r/asklinguistics/comments/771hro/latinization_of_indigenous_place_names/ tabula deperdita] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Lazar|Ioannis Lazar|hu|qid=Q1160374}} [https://www.google.ru/books/edition/Versus_Mnemonici_Ad_ductum_Ausonii_Popm/t0_BkmJToH8C?hl=ru&amp;gbpv=0 ''versus mnemonici'']  {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Andreas Cricius|Andreae Cricii|pl|qid=Q515151}} [https://www.google.ru/books/edition/Corpus_antiquissimorum_poetarum_Poloniae/z6qhNLHehlEC?hl=ru&amp;gbpv=0 ''carmina''] [[meta:Death_anomalies_table|viciČičikov]]

Alliteratio&lt;ref&gt;Carolus Boetticher, [https://books.google.ru/books?id=L6xDAAAAIAAJ ''De alliterationis apud Romanos vi et usu'', 1884]; Ferdinandus Mering, [https://books.google.ru/books?id=EEo8AQAAMAAJ ''De alliteratione Luciliana'', 1891]. [[Pontanus]] primus vocabulum usus esse dicitur, — [[Ioannes Christophorus Adelung]], [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=inu.30000108984414&amp;seq=316 ''Über den Deutschen Styl'', Berolini, 1789—90, p. 282]. (in ''Actio'')&lt;/ref&gt; [[Giraldus Cambrensis]] [https://archive.org/details/giraldicambrensi06gira/page/187/mode/1up?q=Cassandra de adnominatione]  {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ricardus Rolle|Ricardi Rolle|en|qid=Q2345308}} [https://www.google.ru/books/edition/Richard_Rolle_of_Hampole/3D_LATbZr8cC?hl=ru&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Cogitavi+in+claustro+cordis+mei+constans+esse+in+caritate&amp;pg=PR18&amp;printsec=frontcover ''melus''?] 
&lt;references /&gt;

'''Tassus''': [https://books.google.ru/books?id=pi2xDwAAQBAJ Sense] [https://oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/bitstream/handle/1969.1/192737/SCN%2079%201%262%20Complete%20%281%29.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y recensio] [https://books.google.ru/books?id=QXV42_oywj0C&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=gbs_atb&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false vindicata] [https://books.google.ru/books?id=hWBUAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA17&amp;dq=hierosolymae+liberatae&amp;hl=ru&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;sa=X&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=hierosolymae%20liberatae&amp;f=false xvi] [https://books.google.ru/books?id=WIt4Jjo_my4C&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=gbs_atb&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false solymeis] [[:it:Scipione Gentili|scipione]]


&lt;hr&gt;
hic volucres armenta viros genus omne ferarum&lt;br&gt;
ne quid diluvii perdat violentia, Noe&lt;br&gt;
colligit atque vnam tot condita condit in arcam

[[Fasciculus:Stefanos Stournaras Pharsala No121 c1910.jpg|225px|top]]
[https://photos.wikimapia.org/p/00/07/49/37/47_960.jpg ]
[https://photos.wikimapia.org/p/00/02/53/52/27_big.jpg ]
[[Fasciculus:Exit from Noah's Ark - British Library Add MS 18850 f16v (detail).jpg|100px]]
[[Fasciculus:Autumn leaves in a rainy day at Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park.jpg|108px|top]]
[[Fasciculus:Новочеркасск Вид с горы 3.jpg|68px|top]]
[[Fasciculus:Lieutenant Schmidt Bridge - grating.jpg|60px|top]]


[[Fasciculus:Anagramma Quid est veritas = Est vir qui adest.gif||60px|right]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
[[ru:Участник:Demetrius Talpa]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Formula:Documentatio/exemplar documentationis moduli</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>De prima littera tituli</comment>
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      <text bytes="1512" sha1="5qukgc5janqre8mzqtoco0u0mwg7441" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{Subpagina documentationis}}

== De usu ==
&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;#invoke:{{subst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;lcfirst:{{subst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;BASEPAGENAME}}}}|''nomen functionis''&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;

== De functionibus ==
Moduli functiones hic numerantur.

=== &lt;code&gt;prima_functio&lt;/code&gt; ===
Descriptio functionis &lt;code&gt;prima_functio&lt;/code&gt; hic scribenda est.

==== De usu ====
'''Vicitextus:'''

{{subst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;fvt|{{#invoke:{{subst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;lcfirst:{{subst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;BASEPAGENAME}}}}|prima_functio
	| 1 = Gallia est
	| 2 = omnis divisa
	| 3 = in partes tres
}}}}

'''Effectus:'''

{{#invoke:{{subst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;lcfirst:{{subst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;BASEPAGENAME}}}}|prima_functio
	| 1 = Gallia est
	| 2 = omnis divisa
	| 3 = in partes tres
}}

=== &lt;code&gt;secunda_functio&lt;/code&gt; ===
Descriptio functionis &lt;code&gt;secunda_functio&lt;/code&gt; hic scribenda est.

==== De usu ====
'''Vicitextus:'''

{{subst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;fvt|{{#invoke:{{subst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;lcfirst:{{subst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;BASEPAGENAME}}}}|secunda_functio
	| 1 = Gallia est
	| 2 = omnis divisa
	| 3 = in partes tres
}}}}

'''Effectus:'''

{{#invoke:{{subst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;lcfirst:{{subst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;BASEPAGENAME}}}}|secunda_functio
	| 1 = Gallia est
	| 2 = omnis divisa
	| 3 = in partes tres
}}

== Ulteriora si cupis ==

&lt;include&lt;noinclude /&gt;only&gt;{{in harenario aut alibi||
&lt;!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --&gt;
[[Categoria:Moduli|{{PAGENAME}}]]
}}&lt;/include&lt;noinclude /&gt;only&gt;&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Hoc est exemplar|argumenta=nulla}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="1534" sha1="lqa6jk15opt1u9dbeicl2azj0zq11gy" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{Subpagina documentationis}}

== De usu ==
; Syntaxis communis
: &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;#invoke:{{subst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;lcfirst:{{subst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;BASEPAGENAME}}}}|''nomen functionis''&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;

== De functionibus ==
Moduli functiones hic numerantur.

=== &lt;code&gt;prima_functio&lt;/code&gt; ===
Descriptio functionis &lt;code&gt;prima_functio&lt;/code&gt; hic scribenda est.

==== De usu ====
'''Vicitextus:'''

{{subst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;fvt|{{#invoke:{{subst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;lcfirst:{{subst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;BASEPAGENAME}}}}|prima_functio
	| 1 = Gallia est
	| 2 = omnis divisa
	| 3 = in partes tres
}}}}

'''Effectus:'''

{{#invoke:{{subst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;lcfirst:{{subst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;BASEPAGENAME}}}}|prima_functio
	| 1 = Gallia est
	| 2 = omnis divisa
	| 3 = in partes tres
}}

=== &lt;code&gt;secunda_functio&lt;/code&gt; ===
Descriptio functionis &lt;code&gt;secunda_functio&lt;/code&gt; hic scribenda est.

==== De usu ====
'''Vicitextus:'''

{{subst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;fvt|{{#invoke:{{subst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;lcfirst:{{subst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;BASEPAGENAME}}}}|secunda_functio
	| 1 = Gallia est
	| 2 = omnis divisa
	| 3 = in partes tres
}}}}

'''Effectus:'''

{{#invoke:{{subst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;lcfirst:{{subst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;BASEPAGENAME}}}}|secunda_functio
	| 1 = Gallia est
	| 2 = omnis divisa
	| 3 = in partes tres
}}

== Ulteriora si cupis ==

&lt;include&lt;noinclude /&gt;only&gt;{{in harenario aut alibi||
&lt;!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --&gt;
[[Categoria:Moduli|{{PAGENAME}}]]
}}&lt;/include&lt;noinclude /&gt;only&gt;&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Hoc est exemplar|argumenta=nulla}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cellula microglialis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="4088" sha1="rin93asgwxwsp9abbn942irx3fokj0i" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Mikroglej 1.jpg|thumb|Microglia quiescens cum multis ramis.]]
[[Fasciculus:Makrofagi 2.jpg|thumb|Cellulae microgliales traumate cerebrali accitae macrophagorum vice funguntur.]]
'''Cellulae microgliales''' alias '''microglia''' alias '''cellulae Hortegae''' sunt genus [[Cellula glialis|cellularum glialium]] quae eodem munere in [[Systema nervosum centrale|systemate nervoso centrali]] funguntur atque [[Macrophagocytus|macrophagocyti]] in cetero corpore hoc est corpora aliena adoriuntur et phagocytant, sorbent etiam detrimenta aliarum cellularum. Non ex ectodermate [[Embryo|embryonis]] oriuntur ut ceterae cellulae nervosae sed ut [[Monocytus|monocyti]] e [[mesoderma|mesodermate]] et organo [[Haematopoiesis|hematopoietico]]ː ita ad [[Systema immunitatis|systema immunitatis]] potius quam ad systema nervosum pertinere videre possunt&lt;ref&gt;Sherwood, Klandorf, Yancey, ''Animal physiologyː from Genes to Organisms'', 2013ː 5.3. Interpretatio Francogallicaː De Boeck, 2016 p.169. &lt;/ref&gt;.

Non unum munus eis estː substantias chemicas quoque emittunt quae ceteras cellulas in cerebro crescentes moderantur. Sed substantiae toxicae quas contra corpora aliena immittunt damna cellulis circumiacentibus inicere possunt. Inter alia si nervus laeditur ''tumor necrosis factorem α'' (TNF) et ''neurotrophicum cerebro coniunctum factorem'' (Anglice abbreviatum BDNF) emittunt qui doloris sensum ampliant&lt;ref&gt;Masquelier, Etienne. &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20260915044014/https://research.dial.uclouvain.be/entities/publication/37eac7c2-5fff-4d23-8e03-14a12f149f18 Implications des cellules gliales dans la douleur chronique et perspectives thérapeutiques]&quot;,  ''Louvain médical'', 2023: 29-34. Bernard Calvino, &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1624568711001946 Les cellules gliales : leur rôle dans la douleur chronique&quot;, ''Douleurs : Evaluation - Diagnostic - Traitement]'', 2011: 299-303. Pascale Vergne-Salle, Philippe Bertin. &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1169833021001861 Douleur chronique et neuroinflammation]&quot;, ''Revue du Rhumatisme'', 2021: 417-423&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Dolor neuropathicus|dolor neuropathicus]]).

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Étienne Audinat, Isabelle Arnoux. &quot;[https://ipubli.inserm.fr/bitstream/handle/10608/8318/MS_2014_02_153.pdf?sequence=6 La microglie. Des cellules immunitaires qui sculptent et contrôlent les synapses neuronales] {{Nexus deficit|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&quot;, ''m/s médecine/sciences'', 2014(30) : 153-9
*	Anne-Laure Hemonnot-Girard , ''[https://theses.hal.science/tel-03343947 Implication de nouvelles cibles microgliales, Cst7 et Clec7a/Dectin-1, dans le développement et la progression de la maladie d'Alzheimer]'', Montepessulani, 2021 (Dissertatio academica).
*Ines Hristovska, ''[https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03462627/document Dynamique microgliale en conditions physiologiques : un mécanisme contrôlé par les états de vigilance et l'activité neuronale]'', Lugduni, 2019 (Dissertatio academica).  
*''Microglia : methods and protocols'' curantibus Olga Garaschuk et Alexei Verkhratsky. Humana Press, 2019.
*Thomas Roux, ''[https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03278910/document Microglia-nodes of Ranvier interaction during repair]'', Parisiis, 2020 (Dissertatio academica).
*Sarah Taves, Temugin Berta, Gang Chen, Ru-Rong Ji. &quot;[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1155/2013/753656?msockid=2a059abc712d66fc0f948d6e70db67e0 Microglia and Spinal Cord Synaptic Plasticity in Persistent Pain]&quot;, ''Neural Plasticity'', 2013

== Nexus externi ==
*[https://www.aquaportail.com/definition-12286-microglie.html ''Microglie : définition, explications'' apud Aquaportail] {{Nexus deficit|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*[https://neurosciencenews.com/microglia-amyloid-beta-microbiome-19739/ ''Immune Cells in the Brain Play Key Role...'' apud Neurosciencenews.com]
[[Categoria:Textus nervosi]]
[[Categoria:Cellulae gliales]]
[[Categoria:Immunitatis systema|!]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Big Al</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="2768" sha1="by5pm47wbznlwrksjryt5lo4ykvs4gs" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Big Al Allosaurus.jpg|thumb|sceletus in aedibus ''Museum of the Rockies'', Bozeman in [[Montana]]]]
'''Big Al''' fuit [[allosaurus]] fragilis. Hodie valde notus est quia invenimus ossa eius optime servata.&lt;ref&gt;Hanna, R. R. 2002. „Multiple injury and infection in a sub-adult theropod dinosaur ''Allosaurus fragilis'' with comparisons to allosaur pathology in the Cleveland Lloyd Dinosaur Quarry collection“. Apud: ''Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology'' 22(1):76-90. [http://www.bioone.org/doi/pdf/10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022%5B0076:MIAIIA%5D2.0.CO%3B2 commentatio ipsa]&lt;/ref&gt; Anno 2020 ''Allosaurus jimmadseni'' nomen suum officiale accepit. Statim exemplaria ''Big Al'' et ''Big Al alter'' isti novae speciei sunt adscripta. 

==Vita==
Perspicientes ossa eius, possumus multa scire de vita eius.  
Ille numquam potuit fieri infeliciter adultus quia est vulneratus pluries: primum, cum appropinquaret [[Allosaurus|allosauro]] feminino ut coirent, [[allosaurus]] femininus eum vehementer affecit et compluria ossa adhuc iuvenis Big Al sunt fracta; denique, cum venaretur, fame scilicet oppressus, rursus est vulneratus in ungue. [[Infectio]] dira unguis eius fuit letalis: defessus vulneribus fameque cecidit humi et mortuus est.
==Praesentatio==
*Ossa eius Bozeman in Montana admirari possumus in collectione quadam quam Universitas [[Vyomina|Vyominae]] curat. 
*[[Pellicula documentaria]] praetitulata ''[[:en:The Ballad of Big Al|The Ballad of Big Al]]'' nos certiores de istius speciei feris facit.
*Ludus interactivus ''Planet Dinosaur'' incitat ad rem melius cognoscendam.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120302022959/http://www.jellyfishpictures.co.uk/job/planet-dinosaur in paginis BBC]&lt;/ref&gt;

==Nexus externi== 
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20220709184341/http://imens.lahn-dill-kreis.de/FWUBeihefte/4202717.pdf ''Allosaurus'' - Vom Fossil zum Lebensbild] (PDF; 201&amp;nbsp;kB) – Die Welt der Saurier 4 – FWU Institut für Film und Bild, 2002.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20230208131930/https://www.geologie.uni-halle.de/igw/allgeo/staff/Haubold/Report%2002-03.pdf „Literaturbericht Dinosauria 2002-2003: 636. Hanna, R. R. (2002).“] (PDF; 412&amp;nbsp;kB) – Hartmut Haubold:  ''Zbl. Geol. Paläont. Teil II''. 2003, fasciculus 5/6, (impressio specialis ante editionem), p. 467–524.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035213/http://www.nature.nps.gov/geology/paleontology/pub/fossil_conference_6/breithaupt.htm The Case of &quot;Big Al&quot; the ''Allosaurus'': A Study in Paleodetective Partnerships] – Brent H. Breithaupt, Geological Museum, University of Wyoming, Laramie.
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/sn/prehistoric_life/tv_radio/big_al/ statio BBC de pellicula]

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;
[[categoria:Theropoda]]
[[Categoria:Animalia celebria]]</text>
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    <title>Bessastadae</title>
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      <text bytes="5133" sha1="e7z3u9w0fk7a055n9v54l3ickw667uy" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:IS-bessastadastofa.jpg|thumb|Villa Bessastadensis]]

{{res|Bessastadae}} {{victio|Bessastadae|arum|f}}&lt;ref&gt;Finni Iohannaei ''Historia ecclesiastica Islandiae,'' tom. 3, Hafniae 1775, [https://www.google.de/books/edition/Responsio_apologetica_ad_Johannis_Erici/6LobAAAAMAAJ?hl=de&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=bessastadas&amp;pg=PA446&amp;printsec=frontcover p. 446.]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gerhard Schøning (ed.): ''Heimskringla edr Noregs Konunga-Sögor, af Snorra Sturlusyni; Snorre Sturlesøns Norske Kongers Historie; Historia Regum Norvegicorum conscripta a Snorrio Sturlae filio,'' tom. 1, Hafniae 1777, [https://www.google.de/books/edition/Heimskringla_edr_Noregs_Konungasogor_af/jWUnZLOqqdUC?hl=de&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=bessastadas&amp;pg=PR41&amp;printsec=frontcover p. XLI.]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''Kormáks saga, sive Kormaki Oegmundi filii vita.'' Hafniae 1832, [https://www.google.de/books/edition/Kormaks_saga_sive_Kormaki_Œgmundi_filii/hT69UkcNqF8C?hl=de&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=bessastadas&amp;pg=RA3-PA254&amp;printsec=frontcover p. 253.]&lt;/ref&gt; (seu rarius {{res|Bessastadi}} {{victio|Bessastadi|orum|m}}&lt;ref&gt;Sveinbjörn Egilsson (ed.): ''Edda Snorra Sturlusonar; Edda Snorronis Sturlaei,'' tom. 3, Hafniae 1880-87, p. 658; Pétur Pétursson: ''Historia ecclesiastica Islandiae. Ab anno 1740, ad annum 1840,'' Hafniae 1841, pp. 365, 387; vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20220801004102/https://baekur.is/search?facetBook=&amp;facetAuthor=&amp;facetVolume=&amp;facetFromTo=&amp;searchType=TEXT&amp;titleSearchText=bessastadae&amp;authorSearchText=&amp;keywordSearchText=&amp;searchText=bessastados hic] in interreti.&lt;/ref&gt; et rarissime {{res|Bessastadium}}&lt;ref&gt;Hieronymus Freyer: ''Erster Abriß der Geographie nach der neuen Zeit für die anfangende Jugend.'' Halae Saxonum 1733, [https://www.google.de/books/edition/Abriß_der_Geographie/3T5hAAAAcAAJ?hl=de&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=scalotum&amp;pg=RA16-PP3&amp;printsec=frontcover p. 161]; Johann Joachim Schwabe: ''Vollständige Einleitung zur Geographischen Wissenschaft, nach der neuen und alten Zeit.'' Regiomontii 1782, [https://www.google.de/books/edition/Vollständige_Einleitung_zur_Geographisc/6xipcHHazcwC?hl=de&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=scalotum&amp;pg=PA168&amp;printsec=frontcover p. 168]&lt;/ref&gt;, quamvis nomen [[Lingua Islandica|Islandicum]] sit masculini generis ''Bessastaðir''), sunt [[villa]] in [[commune|communi]] [[Islandia|Islandico]] Garðabær sita (usque ad annum [[2012]] communi [[Álftanes]] addicta), parvo intervallo a [[Reykiavica]] [[caput (urbs)|capite]] distans. 

Effossionibus [[archaeologia|archaeologicis]] planum factum est eum locum [[saeculum 9|saeculo nono]] inhabitari coepisse. [[Saeculum 13|Saeculo tertio decimo]], [[Snorrus Sturlaeus]] ibi [[fundus|fundum]] habebat, qui anno [[1241]], Snorro occiso, in possessionem [[Hacon IV (rex Norvegiae)|Haconis IV]], Norvegiae regis, transiit. Ex eo tempore usque ad iniens [[saeculum 19]] villa Bessastadensis fuit sedes praefectorum insulae, qui quotannis administrationis causa in Islandiam mittebantur: primum praefectorum [[Norvegia|Norvegicorum]] [[Medium aevum|aetate media]], deinde [[Dania|Danicorum]] a [[Saeculum 16|saeculo 16]] mediante. Villa cum exornata esset munimento tormentis bellicis instructo (Islandice ''Bessastaðaskans''), feliciter restitit repentino [[Abductio Turcica|impetui]] anno [[1627]] a [[Pirata|piratis]] in Bessastadas temptato.

Villa Bessastadensis ''(Bessastaðastofa)'', quae nunc est, inde ab anno [[1761]] usque ad annum [[1766]] aedificata est. In hoc aedificio inter annos [[1805]] et [[1846]] fuit Schola Bessastadensis ''(Bessastaðaskóla)'', ubi nonnulli hominum amplissimorum Islandiae studiorum causa versabantur. Bessastadae anno [[1867]] emptae sunt a [[Grimus Thomsen|Grimo Thomsen]], [[Politicus|viro rerum civilium perito]] et [[Poesis|poeta]] Islandico, qui ibidem usque ad mortem vixit. Inter eos, qui postea Bessastadas possederunt, fuerunt editor et senator Skulius Thoroddsen eiusque uxor Theodora, poetria Islandica, et Sigurdus Ionae filius, qui villam Bessastadensem cum omnibus aedificiis adiacentibus anno [[1941]] civitati donavit.&lt;ref&gt;De formis Latinis nominum Islandorum, vide [[Index formarum Latinarum nominum Islandicorum|Indicem formarum Latinarum nominum Islandicorum]].&lt;/ref&gt;

Postquam libera res publica Islandiae anno [[1944]] condita est, [[Praeses Islandiae|praeses Islandiae]] in villa Bessastadensi residere solet.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20150723020443/http://english.forseti.is/ThePresidentialResidence/ The Presidential Residence]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Homines clari ==
* [[Sveinbiörn Egilssonius]], {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Rector (academia)|rector|en|qid=Q212071}}
* [[Benedictus Gröndal]], [[auctor]]
* [[Grímur Thomsen]], [[poeta]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Bessastaðir|Bessastadas}}
{{Fontes geographici}}
* Situs publicus: [https://web.archive.org/web/20230522060945/https://www.forseti.is/premises/bessastadir/ Forsetasetrið á Bessastöðum (Sedes praesidis Bessastadis)] {{ling|Islandice|Anglice|Polonice|Danice}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150723020443/http://english.forseti.is/ThePresidentialResidence/ ''Bessastaðir, the Presidential Residence'']

[[Categoria:Islandia]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Carmen solutum</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>303499</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3999242</id>
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      <text bytes="3819" sha1="0dvj8sx8ncboafnhgf0pg5d6naysp3p" xml:space="preserve">'''Carmen solutum'''{{convertimus}}&lt;ref&gt;&quot;'''Vísa''', f. ''versus'', ''&lt;u&gt;carmen&lt;/u&gt;'', en Vise.&quot; Vide ''Lexicon Islandico-Latino-Danicum Biörnonis Haldorsonii'', vol. 2 (Hafniae: 1814), [https://www.google.de/books/edition/Lexicon_Islandico_Latino_Danicum_Biörno/_2hNAAAAcAAJ?hl=de&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=vísa,+f.+versus,+carmen&amp;pg=RA1-PA446&amp;printsec=frontcover 446].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;'''Laus''', ''liber'', fri. 2) ''solutus'', ''laxus'', løs.&quot; Vide ''Lexicon Islandico-Latino-Danicum Biörnonis Haldorsonii'', vol. 2 (Hafniae: 1814), [https://www.google.de/books/edition/Lexicon_Islandico_Latino_Danicum/4xUGAAAAQAAJ?hl=de&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq= 15.]&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Lingua Nordica antiqua|Nordice]] ''lausavísa'' [ˈlɒus̺aˌwiːs̺a], [[Islandice]] ''lausavísa'' [ˈløyːs̺aˌviːs̺a], plurali numero ''lausavísur'') est [[carmen|carminis]] genus [[poesis Scaldica|poeseos Scaldicae]]. Carmina soluta constare possunt aut ex unica [[stropha]] aut e serie stropharum, quibus necesse non est continuata [[narratio]]ne inter se conexae esse. 

Pleraque huius generis carmina videntur esse ex tempore facta, quae primum memoriá tradita et deinde [[saeculum|saeculis]] [[saeculum 13|tertio decimo]] [[saeculum 14|quarto decimoque]] in [[Islandia|Islandorum]] narrationes ([[Lingua Islandica|Islandice]] ''sögur'' dictas) inserta sunt, ubi per formulam ''þá kvað'' (‘tum dixit’ vel ‘tum cecinit’) introducuntur.

== Exemplum ==
[[Fasciculus:Egil Skallagrimsson 17c manuscript.jpg|thumb|Egillus Skallagrimi filius.]]
Ut alia [[poema]]tum genera [[litterae Nordicae antiquae|litterarum Nordicarum antiquarum]], ita et carmina soluta hoc habent, ut litteras initiales plane similes et [[syllaba]]s internas inter se consonantes contineant. Ecce igitur carmen solutum [[saeculum 10|saeculo 10]] ab [[Egillus Skallagrimi filius|Egillo Skallagrimi filio]]&lt;ref&gt;''Egils-saga sive Egilli Skallagrimi filii vita'' (Hafniae: 1809), [https://www.google.de/books/edition/Egils_saga/TSNbAAAAQAAJ?hl=de&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=egillus+skallagrimi+filius&amp;pg=PA754&amp;printsec=frontcover variis paginis.]&lt;/ref&gt; compositum, quod omnium, quae exstant, fortasse est clarissimum:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
![[Lingua Nordica antiqua]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://heimskringla.no/wiki/Lausavísur:_Egill_Skallagrímsson_(B1) Textus apud situm heimskringla.no.]&lt;/ref&gt;
![[Lingua Latina|Latine]]
|-
|
Þat '''m'''ælti mín '''m'''óðir,&lt;br&gt;
at '''m'''ér skyldi kaupa&lt;br&gt;
'''f'''ley ok '''f'''ag&lt;u&gt;rar&lt;/u&gt; á&lt;u&gt;rar&lt;/u&gt;,&lt;br&gt;
'''f'''ara á brott með víkingum,&lt;br&gt;
'''st'''anda upp í '''st'''afni,&lt;br&gt;
'''st'''&lt;u&gt;ýr&lt;/u&gt;a d&lt;u&gt;ýr&lt;/u&gt;um knerri,&lt;br&gt;
'''h'''alda svá til '''h'''afnar,&lt;br&gt;
'''h'''ǫggva m&lt;u&gt;ann&lt;/u&gt; ok &lt;u&gt;ann&lt;/u&gt;an.
|
Id '''m'''onuit&lt;sup&gt;&lt;small&gt;1&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; mea '''m'''ater,&lt;br&gt;
quod '''m'''ihi deberem emere&lt;br&gt;
'''r'''atem ac '''r'''emos pulchros,&lt;br&gt;
'''r'''emigare hinc cum piratis,&lt;br&gt;
'''s'''tare in trabe '''s'''umma,&lt;br&gt;
'''s'''plendidam navim gubernare,&lt;br&gt;
'''p'''etere ita in '''p'''ortum,&lt;br&gt;
'''p'''ercutere virum ac alterum.
|-
|}

# mælti = ''dixit''

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus interni ==
*[[Litterae Nordicae antiquae]]

== Bibliographia ==
* Margaret Clunies Ross: ''A History of Old Norse Poetry and Poetics''. DS Brewer 2011, ISBN 1843842793.
* Rudolf Simek, Hermann Pálsson (edd.): ''Lexikon der altnordischen Literatur''. Stutgardiae 1987, ISBN 3-520-49001-3.

== Nexus externi ==
*[http://www.heimskringla.no/wiki/Carmina_Scaldica Carmina Scaldica] apud ''heimskringla.no''
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20250123115056/https://skaldic.org/db.php?id=3063&amp;if=default&amp;table=text Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages]
*Rauðir Fiskar (Poisson Rouge): [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0WcmgDQc7jE ''Það mælti mín móðir''] apud YouTube {{ling|Islandice}}

[[Categoria:Islandia]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Islandicae]]
[[Categoria:Poesis]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Caseus Salernensis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>303692</id>
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      <text bytes="1478" sha1="edcdp3cwrm8pippx1phbrd2qmwgj67u" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Tradition-Salers.jpg|thumb|Forma casei Salernensis]]
'''Caseus Salernensis'''{{Convertimus}} ([[Francogallice]] ''Salers'', nonnumquam ''fourme de Salers'') est varietas [[caseus|casei]] bubuli in [[Francia]] inventa. Ab oppido [[Salernum (Francia)|Salerno]] praefecturae [[Mons Cantalinus|montis Cantalini]] appellatur.

==Appellatio Originis Protecta==
[[Fasciculus:Salers (fromage) 04.jpg|thumb|Caseus Salernensis vetulus]]
Caseus sub nomine ''Salers''ab anno [[1961]] appellationem Francicam portabat; ab anno [[2009]] [[Appellatio Originis Protecta|appellationem in Europa protectam]] habent.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Angelique Chrisafis, &quot;[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/aug/13/production-french-salers-cheese-halted-drought Production of French salers cheese halted due to drought]&quot; in ''[[The Guardian]]'' (13 Augusti 2022)
* J.-Cl. Rocher, ''L'Art de la fourme''. Ostal del Libre, 1990. ISBN 2-85910-093-8

==Nexus externi==
{{Commonscat|Salers (cheese)|caseum Salernensem}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081202012709/http://www.cniel.com/site.asp?where=prodlait/appell/AOC31.html De appellationibus lacticiniis Francicis] {{Ling|Francogallice}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080913083008/http://www.fromages-aop.com/ De appellationibus lacticiniis] {{Ling|Francogallice}}

{{Alimenta-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Casei Francici]]
[[Categoria:Salernum (Francia)]]
[[Categoria:Casei bubuli]]
[[Categoria:Gastronomia Arverna]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Caseus de Gleola</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>303694</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3999276</id>
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      <text bytes="3309" sha1="muij9kkx9o5m97sgtel5zkut5z5h4uy" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Laguiole (cheese).jpg|thumb|Segmentum casei de Gleola]]
'''Caseus de Gleola'''{{Convertimus}} ([[Francogallice]] ''Laguiole'', nonnumquam ''fourme de Laguiole'') est varietas [[caseus|casei]] bubuli in planitie [[Albracum|Albraco]] [[Francia]]e a saeculo fere XVI confecta eisdem fere modis quibus [[caseus Cantalinus]] iam antea paratus erat. Ab oppido de [[Gleola]] praefecturae [[Avario (praefectura Franciae)|Avarionis]] appellatur, ubi venditari solebat, sed per saltus montanos [[Albracum|Albracenses]], dum pecora et bubulci aestate ibi morabant, conficiebatur.

==Appellatio Originis Protecta==
[[Fasciculus:Laguiole SISQA 2013 3.JPG|thumb|upright=1.25|Forma casei de Gleola]]
Caseus sub nomine ''Laguiole'' ab anno [[1961]] appellationem Francicam portabat. Hi casei ab anno [[2009]] [[Appellatio Originis Protecta|appellationem in Europa protectam]] habet. Caseus bubulus eodem loco extra normas appellationis confectus ''fourme d'Aubrac'', scilicet &quot;forma Albracensis&quot;, appellari solet.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Rocher (1990)}} p. 10&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Jacinthe Bessière, ''Valorisation du patrimoine gastronomique et dynamiques de développement territorial: le haut plateau de l'Aubrac, le pays de Roquefort et le Périgord noir''. Lutetiae: l'Harmattan, 2001. ISBN 2-7475-1261-4 {{Google Books|7RhCn4dZBhoC|Paginae selectae}}
* Éric Bordessoule, ''Les montagnes du Massif central: espaces pastoraux et transformation du milieu rural dans les monts d'Auvergne''. Claro Monte: Presses universitaires Blaise Pascal, 2001. ISBN 2-84516-166-2 {{Google Books|qZEtUPGLNDQC|Paginae selectae}}
* Daniel Crozes; Jean Ribière, photogr., ''Dans les burons de l'Aubrac, 1950-1960''. Arelate: Rouergue, 2013. ISBN 978-2-8126-0554-3
* Alfred Durand, ''La vie rurale dans les Massifs volcaniques des Dores, du Cézallier, du Cantal et de l'Aubrac''. Aurillac: Impr. moderne, 1946 {{Google Books|CiK2Eqdm0ZgC|Paginae selectae}}
* Laurent Fau, ed., ''Les monts d'Aubrac au Moyen âge: genèse d'un monde agropastoral''. Lutetiae: Maison des sciences de l'homme, 2006. ISBN 978-2-7351-1117-6 [https://books.openedition.org/editionsmsh/19288?lang=fr Textus]. Praesertim Étienne Hamon et al., &quot;[https://books.openedition.org/editionsmsh/19428 L’habitat temporaire]&quot;, pp. 147-171
* Yves Garric; André Molinier, photogr., ''Paroles de burons''. Segoduni: Fil d'Ariane, 2001. SBN 2-912470-23-4
* Eugène Marre, ''La race d'Aubrac et le fromage de Laguiole''. Segoduni: E. Carrère, 1904
* {{ec|id=Rézeau (2001)|c= &quot;Fourme&quot;, &quot;Laguiole&quot; in Pierre Rézeau, ed., ''Dictionnaire des régionalismes de France'' (Bruxelles: Duculot, 2001) pp. 489-492, 603-606}}
* {{ec|id=Rocher (1990)|c= J.-Cl. Rocher, ''L'Art de la fourme''. Ostal del Libre, 1990. ISBN 2-85910-093-8}}

==Nexus externi==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081202012709/http://www.cniel.com/site.asp?where=prodlait/appell/AOC31.html De appellationibus lacticiniis Francicis] {{Ling|Francogallice}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080913083008/http://www.fromages-aop.com/ De appellationibus lacticiniis] {{Ling|Francogallice}}
{{Commonscat|Laguiole (cheese)|caseum de Gleola}}

{{Alimenta-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Casei Francici]]
[[Categoria:Gleola]]
[[Categoria:Casei bubuli]]
[[Categoria:Gastronomia Guiennensis]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Vicipaedia:Index paginarum cottidianarum/Anno 2023 promotae</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
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        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
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      <comment>/* Mense Novembri 2023 promotae */</comment>
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      <text bytes="9976" sha1="ln1a3m43xgur9qgnajf9ovkftc4hxsk" xml:space="preserve">== Mense Ianuario 2023 promotae ==
# [[Annus]]
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== Mense Februario 2023 promotae ==
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    <title>Ecclesia (Athenae antiquae)</title>
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      <text bytes="9571" sha1="ekr24u5bb2kw46phcsq5figxg4w2pzc" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Pnyx-berg2.png|thumb|Oratorum tribunal in colle [[Pnyx|Pycne]].]]
'''Ecclesia''' ([[Graece]] ἐκκλησία) [[Athenae|Athenis]] [[antiquitas|antiquitus]] fuit civium populus in unum convocatus ut de rebus publicis deliberaret, nam summa [[potestas]] penes populum ibi [[saeculum 5 a.C.n.|quinto]] et [[saeculum 4 a.C.n.|quarto saeculo a.C.n.]] erat.

== De iure ==
In ecclesia manu levanda (χειροτονία) de [[pax|pace]] [[bellum|belloque]] decernebant, legatos ad externas civitates mittebant&lt;ref&gt;[[Aeschines]], ''[[De falsa legatione (Aeschines)|De falsa legatione]]'' 47-54.&lt;/ref&gt;, [[lex|leges]] sanciebant, decreta (ψηφίσματα) edicebant, [[Strategus|strategos]] ceterosque duces militares designabant&lt;ref&gt;[[Aristoteles]], ''[[De republica Atheniensium (Aristoteles)|De republica Atheniensium]]'' 44.4 et 61.&lt;/ref&gt;, causas politicas ipsi iudicare poterant&lt;ref&gt;Exempli gratia, strategos [[Pugna apud Arginusas commissa|apud Arginusas]] victores capitis damnaveruntː [[Xenophon]], ''[[Hellenica (Xenophon)|Hellenica]]'' I.7. Vide etiam [[Lysias|Lysian]] 28, ''In Ergoclem.'' et [[Plato]], ''[[Apologia Socratis (Plato)|Apologia Socratis]]'' 32b.&lt;/ref&gt;, secretis [[suffragium|suffragiis]] homines quos [[periculum]] [[democratia]]e facere existimabant [[ostracismus|ostracizabant]]. Magistratus munere submovere si peccassent poterant&lt;ref&gt;[[Demosthenes]], ''[[In Aristocratem|In Aristocratem]]'' 167-9 de stratego Cephisodoto.&lt;/ref&gt; et legatos e civitatibus externis venientes audiebant et civitatem Atheniensem peregrinis ob insignia merita eis dare&lt;ref&gt;[[Andocides]], ''De Reditu'' 23.&lt;/ref&gt; licebat. De illis rebus tantum suffragium ferebant quas praeparaverat (προβούλευμα)  quingentorum consilium (''[[bule|bule]]'')&lt;ref&gt;[[Aristoteles]], ''[[De republica Atheniensium (Aristoteles)|De republica Atheniensium]]'' 45.4.&lt;/ref&gt; et quinquaginta ex illis consiliariis ex eadem tribu, quos [[prytaneum|prytanes]] (πρυτάνεις) appellabant&lt;ref&gt;[[Aeschines]], ''[[De falsa legatione (Aeschines)|De falsa legatione]]'' 53.&lt;/ref&gt;, alii aliis succedentes decima parte anni ecclesiae praesidebant. Sic quidem quinto saeculo. Postea illa dispositio non satis democratica visa est, et [[Demosthenes|Demosthenis]] tempore ecclesiae cuiusque initio novem praesides (προέδροι)&lt;ref&gt;[[Aeschines]], ''[[De falsa legatione (Aeschines)|De falsa legatione]]'' 65 et 82-3.&lt;/ref&gt; sorte ducebantur (unus per tribum, praetermissa tribu prytanum) et ex illis novem hominibus unus sorte ducebatur qui ceteros moderaretur (ἐπιστἀτης τῶν προέδρων)&lt;ref&gt;[[Aristoteles]], ''[[De republica Atheniensium (Aristoteles)|De republica Atheniensium]]'' 44. [[Aeschines]], ''[[Contra Ctesiphontem]]'' 39.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== De coetibus ==
[[Saeculum 6 a.C.n.|Sexto saeculo a.C.n.]], [[Solon|Solonis]] aetate, ecclesia semel aut bis in anno in [[agora|agoram]] (hoc est in Forum) coibat. Quinto saeculo et prima quarti saeculi parte in collem [[Pnyx]] coibantː tum tres aut quattuor ecclesiae ordinariae (κυρίαι ἐκκλησίαι) per mensem fiebant, quibus extraodinarias (σύγκλητος ἐκκλησία) addere licebat si qua necessitas oreretur&lt;ref&gt;[[Aeschines]], ''[[De falsa legatione (Aeschines)|De falsa legatione]]'' 53.&lt;/ref&gt;. Secunda quarti saeculi a.C.n. parte in novum [[theatrum]] [[Dionysus|Dionysi]] coire solebant&lt;ref&gt;[[Aeschines]], ''[[De falsa legatione (Aeschines)|De falsa legatione]]'' 72ː ''πλείους δὲ ἐκκλησίας συγκλήτους ἠναγκάζεσθε ἐκκλησιάζειν μετὰ φόβου καὶ θορύβου, ἢ τὰς τεταγμένας ἐκ τῶν νόμων''.&lt;/ref&gt;. Quinto die ante ecclesiam πρόγραμμα, hoc est res in hoc concilio ad populum referendae, in publico proscribi debebat. Quinto saeculo [[sagittarius (pugnator)|sagittarii]] [[Thracia|Thracii]] qui servi publici erant disciplinam in coetu imponebant&lt;ref&gt;''[[Acharnenses]]'' 54. [[Plato]], ''[[Protagoras (Plato)|Protagoras]]'' 319c.&lt;/ref&gt;. Tempore Demosthenis cives tribus unius sorte ductae hoc officium implebant&lt;ref&gt;[[Aeschines]], ''[[Contra Timarchum]]'' 33. ''[[Contra Ctesiphontem]]'' 4.&lt;/ref&gt;

== De ecclesiastis ==
Omnes cives masculi generis matre patreque Atheniensi nati&lt;ref&gt;''[[De republica Atheniensium (Aristoteles)|De republica Atheniensium]]'' 42.1.&lt;/ref&gt; et adulti&lt;ref&gt;Circiter viginti annos nati, post militarem educationem ([[Ephebia|ephebiam]]).&lt;/ref&gt;, nisi deminutione capitis (ἀτιμία) adfecti essent (quae [[Poena|poena]] in [[Ius poenale|iure]] Attico erat), ecclesiae adesse poterant vel potius debebant. Si apud praeconem sese praenuntiassent etiam tribunal ascendere poterant et coronam myrteam capiti imponere&lt;ref&gt;''[[Ecclesiazusae]]'' 131, 148, 163.&lt;/ref&gt; et contionem libere adloqui. Nam relatione a prytanibus facta praeco hanc formulam praenuntiare solebatː &quot;Quis ex iis qui annos amplius quinquaginta nati sunt, quis rursus ex aliis Atheniensibus suo quisque loco sententiam vult dicere?&quot;&lt;ref&gt; [[Aeschines]], ''[[Contra Ctesiphontem]]'' 4, interprete [[Dionysius Lambinus|Dionysio Lambino]] in [[Henricus Stephanus (mortuus 1598)|Henrici Stephani]] editione ''Veterum oratorum Atticorum'', 1575 p.55.&lt;/ref&gt;  Re vera pauci ex civibus, quos oratores appellabant, hoc facere audebant. Ob ecclesiarum frequentiam et quorundam [[Demos|demorum]] longinquitatem cives absentes plurimi erant. Ad absentiam minuendam quarto saeculo ineunte trium [[Obolus|obolorum]] stipendium (μισθὸς ἐκκλησιαστικός) instituerunt&lt;ref&gt;''[[De republica Atheniensium (Aristoteles)|De republica Atheniensium]]'' 41.3&lt;/ref&gt; eis qui ad ecclesiam venissent. Ita pauperes minus timebant ne diem laboris perderent sed [[Comoedia|poeta comicus]] [[Aristophanes]] hoc institutum velut flagitium irridebat&lt;ref&gt; ''Ecclesiazusae'' 308-10ː ''νυνὶ δὲ τριώβολον
ζητοῦσι λαβεῖν, ὅταν
πράττωσί τι κοινὸν ὥσ-
περ πηλοφοροῦντες'' = nunc triobolum quaerunt cum  communia agunt ut illi qui caenum transportant. Cf ibidem 547-8.&lt;/ref&gt;. Revera sex milia civium tantummodo ad decreta maximi momenti necessaria erant&lt;ref&gt;[[Plutarchus]], ''Vita Aristidis'' 7.6.&lt;/ref&gt;, plerumque ecclesiastae multo pauciores erant quamquam numerus civium nonnumquam ad quadraginta milia crevisse existimatur. Ita Aristophanes in ''[[Acharnenses|Acharnensibus]]'' nobis collem desertum depingit&lt;ref&gt;Versus 19-20ː ''ὡς νῦν, ὁπότ᾽ οὔσης κυρίας ἐκκλησίας // 
ἑωθινῆς ἔρημος ἡ πνὺξ αὑτηί,''&lt;/ref&gt;.

== De etymologia ==
Populi concilia in aliis civitatibus Graecis antiquis plerumque eodem nomine appellantur, etiam si nonnumquam propria nomina habebant. Illa concilia ex [[Homerus|Homericis]] [[Agora|agoris]] orta esse videntur. Nomen ecclesia e verbo Graeco καλεῖν, &quot;vocare&quot; ductum est cum praefixo ἐκ velut ac si dicas &quot;evocatio, evocati&quot;&lt;ref&gt;P. Chantraine, ''Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue grecque'' p. 485.&lt;/ref&gt;. Compara Latine &quot;classem&quot;.

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Fontes ==
*[[Aeschines]], ''[[Contra Timarchum]]'' 23-34
*[[Aristophanes]], ''[[Ecclesiazusae]]'' et ''[[Acharnenses]]'' (1-173) quae sunt comicae [[Parodia|parodiae]] ecclesiarum illius temporis.
*[[Aristoteles]],  ''[[De republica Atheniensium (Aristoteles)|De republica Atheniensium]]'' necnon ''[[Politica (Aristoteles)|Politica]]'' IV.13.1-5
* Nonnullae orationes in ecclesia habitae postea rescriptae ad nos pervenerunt, in primis [[Demosthenes|Demosthenis]] ''[[Olynthiacae orationes|Olynthiacae]]'' et ''[[Philippicae (Demosthenes)|Philippicae]]''.

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Gaëlle Demelemestre, &quot;[https://www.cairn.info/revue-cites-2010-4-page-137.htm La démocratie directe athénienne]&quot;, ''Cités'', 2010ː 137-158
*Mogens Herman Hansen, ''Die athenische Volksversammlung im Zeitalter des Demosthenes'', Konstanz, 1984 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_1987_num_65_1_5617_t1_0185_0000_2 Recensio critica]
**	''The Athenian Ecclesia. a collection of articles'' : [https://books.google.fr/books?id=-zcgQxIJ41EC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ViewAPI&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false I(1976-1983)], Museum Tusculanum Press, 1983 et [https://books.google.fr/books?id=DJloIPeq-LIC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ViewAPI&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false II(1983-1989)], ibidem, 1989.
* Claude Mossé, ''Les Institutions grecques à l'époque classique'', Paris, Armand Colin, 1967. [https://www.persee.fr/doc/bude_0004-5527_1969_num_1_1_3044_t1_0132_0000_1 Recensio critica]
*Martin Ostwald,	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/metis_1105-2201_1992_num_7_1_975 La Démocratie athénienne. Réalité ou illusion?]&quot;, ''Mètis. Anthropologie des mondes grecs anciens'', 1992ː 7-24
* Georg. Frider. Schömann,	''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=K8I_AQAAIAAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ViewAPI&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false De comitiis Atheniensium. Libri tres.]'', Gryphiswaldiae, 1819
*Chester G. Starr,	''The birth of Athenian democracy : the Assembly in the fifth century B. C.'', Oxonii, 1990 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/reg_0035-2039_1992_num_105_500_2548_t1_0278_0000_2 Recensio critica] [https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/1991/1991.01.17/ Altera recensio critica]

== Nexus externi ==
*[https://dagr.univ-tlse2.fr/consulter/1290/ECHEION/page_515 ''Ekklesia'' apud Daremberg et Saglio.] {{Nexus deficit|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

[[Categoria:Athenae antiquae]]
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      <text bytes="11550" sha1="1xsr8teq70l5kk3k0ukrvlvpcujoav1" xml:space="preserve">'''Būlē''' (-ēs, ''f.'', Graece βουλή)&lt;ref&gt;[[Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus|Plinius]] X.81.1.&lt;/ref&gt; in [[Graecia antiqua|antiquis Graeciae]] [[civitas|civitatibus]] fuit paucorum hominum consilium cui [[munus]] de [[lex|legibus]] et rebus gerendis deliberandi tradebatur. Sic in [[democratia Atheniensis|Atheniensi democratia]] '''quingentorum consilium''' leges et decreta praeparabat de quibus totus populus decernebat et res in unaquaque [[Ecclesia (Athenae antiquae)|ecclesia]] deliberandas proponebat. Nisi res prius in bule deliberata esset (probuleuma) a populo iuberi nequibat. Item buleutae exterarum civitatum legatos necnon suos legatos peregre redeuntes primi audiebant&lt;ref&gt;[[Aeschines]], ''[[De falsa legatione (Aeschines)|De falsa legatione]]'' 16-17, 53, 55&lt;/ref&gt; atque in ecclesiam postea introducebant&lt;ref&gt;Ibid. 58ː ''ταῖς δὲ ξενικαῖς πρεσβείαις ἡ βουλὴ τὰς εἰς τὸν δῆμον προσόδους προβουλεύει''. &lt;/ref&gt;. E quingentis quinquaginta ([[Prytaneum|prytanes]] appellati) ex eadem tribu&lt;ref&gt;[[Plato]], ''[[Apologia Socratis (Plato)|Apologia Socratis]]'' 32b et ''[[Gorgias (Plato)|Gorgias]]'' 473e.&lt;/ref&gt; vicissim ecclesiae praesidebant. Ita totam rempublicam tum moderabantur.

== De compositione ==
[[Clisthenes Atheniensis|Clisthenes]] quingentivirum consilium circa annum [[507 a.C.n.]] creavit tum cum populum in decem tribus (φυλάς) divisit. Nam quotannis ex unaquaque tribu quinquaginta cives plus quam triginta annos nati in candidatorum catalogo sorte ducebantur. Antequam munus suscipere eis liceret futuri consiliarii a praesentibus consiliariis probabantur (δοκιμασία) atque si mores displicuissent repelli poterant&lt;ref&gt;[[Lysias]], Oratio XXXIː ''In Philonem''.&lt;/ref&gt;. Insuper cum officium inibant iureiurando adigebantur. Bis tantum in vita civis buleuta esse poterat. In buleuterio quotidie (praeter dies religiosos) sedebant ubi [[Hestia|Hestiae]] ara&lt;ref&gt;[[Aeschines]], ''[[De falsa legatione (Aeschines)|de falsa legatione]]'' 45. [[Andocides]], ''De Mysteriis'' 44.&lt;/ref&gt; posita erat velut civitatis focus. Quarto saeculo buleutae quinqe [[Obolus|obolos]] per sessionem de publico accipiebant. Quinquaginta prytanes, qui decima anni parte rempublicam gubernabant et inter coetus publicae actionis continuitatem praestabant, in prytaneo omnes de publico una cenabant&lt;ref&gt;[[Demosthenes]], ''[[De falsa legatione (Demosthenes)|De falsa legatione]]'' 190ː  ''οἱ πρυτάνεις θύουσιν ἑκάστοτε κοινῇ, καὶ συνδειπνοῦσιν ἀλλήλοις καὶ συσπένδουσιν''. Cf ''[[De corona (Demosthenes)|De Corona]]'' 169.&lt;/ref&gt;. Omnes cum annus peractus erat, de rebus gestis rationem reddere debebant&lt;ref&gt;[[Aeschines]], ''[[Contra Ctesiphontem]]'' 20.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== De potestate ==
Prytanes ecclesiam et boulen convocabant&lt;ref&gt;[[Aeschines]], ''[[De falsa legatione (Aeschines)|De falsa legatione]]'' 53 et 60.&lt;/ref&gt; et res deliberandas praefiniebant. De omnibus rebus decernendis bule sententiam suam dabat (probuleuma)&lt;ref&gt;Demosthenes, ''[[De falsa legatione (Demosthenes)|De falsa legatione]]'' 185ː ''τὴν βουλὴν ἀκοῦσαι περὶ πάντων καὶ προβουλεῦσαι δεῖ''&lt;/ref&gt; antequam ad populum deferrentur&lt;ref&gt;Demosthenes, ''[[De falsa legatione (Demosthenes)|De falsa legatione]]''  34-5.&lt;/ref&gt;. Non tantum futuros consiliarios sed omnes magistratus, etiam archontes&lt;ref&gt;[[Lysias]], Oratio XXVIː ''In Evandrum''.&lt;/ref&gt;, antequam magistratum inirent examinabant (δοκιμασία). In nonnullis iudiciariis actionibus quoque sententiam suam dabant ut in actione laesarum legum (γραφή παρανόμων) cum quis orator decretum aliquod contra leges in ecclesiam tulerat&lt;ref&gt;Huius actionis exemplum est Aeschinis oratio ''[[Contra Ctesiphontem]]'' vel Demosthenis ''[[In Aristocratem]]'' aut ''[[In Androtionem]]''.&lt;/ref&gt; aut εἰσαγγελία (&quot;denuntiatio&quot;)&lt;ref&gt;[[Isocrates]], ''[[De permutatione]]'' 314. ''[[De republica Atheniensium (Aristoteles)|De republica Atheniensium]]'' 40.2 ubi bule ipsa sine iudicio morte damnavit. [[Demosthenes|Demosthene]]s, ''[[In Midiam]]'' 116-7 et ''[[In Timocratem]]'' 63.&lt;/ref&gt;, qua actione accusabantur ei qui coniurationem contra democratiam fecerant aut alioqui civitatem prodiderant. Ita decretum (ψήφισμα) quo [[Lysias]] [[Logographus (ius)|logographus]] civitate Atheniensi, suffragante [[Thrasybulus Atheniensis|Thrasybulo]], a populo donatus erat per laesarum legum actionem abrogatum est quia bule consulta non esset (διὰ τὸ ἀπροβούλευτον)&lt;ref&gt;''Vita Lysiae'' [[Plutarchus|Plutarchi]] inscripta cap. IVː ὁ μὲν δῆμος ἐκύρωσε τὴν δωρεάν, ἀπενεγκαμένου δ´ Ἀρχίνου γραφὴν παρανόμων διὰ τὸ ἀπροβούλευτον εἰσαχθῆναι, ἑάλω τὸ ψήφισμα. ''[[De republica Atheniensium (Aristoteles)|De republica Atheniensium]]'' 40.2 et 45.4. &lt;/ref&gt;. Ita bule senatus genus erat quae populares furores aliquo modo moderari debebat. Simul in tumultuosis rebus gubernaculum reipublicae sumebat&lt;ref&gt;[[Andocides]], ''De Mysteriis'' 45.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia ==
[[Homerus|Homericis]] temporibus reges seniorum aut gentiliciorum ducum consilia iam convocabant quae ''boule'' appellari poterant.

=== Solonis bule ===
Secundum [[Aristoteles|Aristotelem]]&lt;ref&gt;''[[De republica Atheniensium (Aristoteles)|De republica Atheniensium]]'' 8.4. Cf [[Plutarchus]], ''Vita Solonis'' 19. &lt;/ref&gt; [[Solon]] quadringentorum virum consilium creavit (quattuor tum tribus erant), quod magis populare foret quam Areopagus, aristocraticum et antiquum consilium. An iam quadringenti sorte ducti essent potius quam electi, ut adfirmabat Aristoteles, dubitare licet. Certe de hoc consilio nihil accepimus nisi forte quod circa [[507 a.C.n.]] [[Reges Spartae|Spartanorum regi]] [[Cleomenes I|Cleomeni]] [[Alcmeonides]] et Clisthenem et eorum fautores ex urbe expellenti restiterit&lt;ref&gt;[[Herodotus]] V.72. ''[[De republica Atheniensium (Aristoteles)|De republica Atheniensium]]'' 20.3. Paul Cloché (1924).&lt;/ref&gt; atque ita Clistheni victoriam obtulerit. Qui Clisthenes, statim atque Athenas rediit, novam bulen, quingentivirum consilium, creavit.

=== Bule sine populo gubernans (411 et 404 a.C.n.) ===
Anno [[462 a.C.n.]] Ephialtes legem tulit qua politica Areopago munera adimebat. Ab illo anno quingentiviri praecipuum consilium in republica fuerunt. Sed  post [[Expeditio  in Siciliam|cladem in Sicilia acceptam]] diuturnitate belli confecto populo nonnulli homines nobiles (Pisander, [[Antiphon]], [[Theramenes]]...) persuaserunt ut pacis cum Lacedaemoniis faciendae causa rempublicam mutarentː consilium tum regens dimiserunt et novum consilium quadringentivirum cooptarunt, ita veterem Solonis rempublicam restituere simulantes. Hoc consilium per paucos menses anno [[411 a.C.n.]] omnipotens fuit donec a classe in insula [[Samus|Samo]] commorante everteretur et coniurationis duces morte adficerentur&lt;ref&gt;''[[De republica Atheniensium (Aristoteles)|De republica Atheniensium]]'' 29-33. [[Thucydides]], libro octavo ''[[Historiae (Thucydides)|Historiarum]]''.&lt;/ref&gt;. Item [[Triginta Tyranni|trigintaviri]] postquam anno 404 a.C.n. rerum potiti sunt [[Oligarchia|oligarchiam]] instituerunt et novam bulen quingentivirum cooptarunt quibuscum spreto populo [[Tyrannis|tyrannice]] gubernabant&lt;ref&gt;''[[De republica Atheniensium (Aristoteles)|De republica Atheniensium]]'' 35.1. [[Lysias]] XIII ''Contra Agoratum'' 35-8.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== In aliis civitatibus ==
In ceteris Graecis civitatibus quoque talia consilia fuere sive bule sive gerusia ut [[Sparta|Spartae]] appellata (Graece Γέρων = senex, Γερουσία = senatus). Praesertim in confoederatis civitatibus ([[Foedus Achaicum]], [[Boeoticum Foedus|Boeoticum]], [[Arcadia|Arcadicum]]&lt;ref&gt;Eorum bule 'decem milia' appellabaturː [[Aeschines]], ''[[De falsa legatione (Aeschines)|de falsa legatione]]'' 157.&lt;/ref&gt;...) magni momenti fuerunt. In [[Imperium Romanum|Imperio Romano]] civitates Graecae bulen adhuc habebant quae de rebus municipalibus deliberarent.

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Fontes ==
*[[Andocides]], ''De Mysteriis'' 37-46
*[[Aristoteles]],  ''[[De republica Atheniensium (Aristoteles)|De republica Atheniensium]]'' et ''[[Politica (Aristoteles)|Politica]]'' IV.15.11-13
*[[Demosthenes|Demosthene]]s, ''[[In Midiam]]'' 114-9, ''[[In Androtionem]]'' 5-20 et 35-41, ''[[In Timocratem]]'' 96-101, 147-8

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Monica Berti, &quot;[https://www.monicaberti.com/contents/DogmaEgemoniaAreopago.pdf Il «dogma» e l’egemonia dell’Areopago ad Atene]&quot;, ''Dike. Rivista di storia del diritto greco ed ellenistico'', 2003ː 115-138.
*Pierre Briant,	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_1968_num_70_1_3807 La Boulé et l'élection des ambassadeurs à Athènes au IVe siècle]&quot;, ''Revue des Études Anciennes'', 1968ː 7-31
*Paul Cloché,	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/reg_0035-2039_1924_num_37_169_5125 La Boulé d'Athènes en 508/507 av. J. C.]&quot;, ''Revue des Études Grecques'', 1924ː 1-26
**	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/reg_0035-2039_1922_num_35_162_7703 Le Conseil athénien des Cinq-Cents et les partis]&quot;, ''Revue des Études Grecques'', 1922ː 269-295
** &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/reg_0035-2039_1921_num_34_158_7656 L'importance des pouvoirs de la Boulé athénienne au Ve et IVe siècles avant J.-C]&quot;, ''Revue des Études Grecques'', 1921ː 233-265
*Gaëlle Demelemestre, &quot;[https://www.cairn.info/revue-cites-2010-4-page-137.htm La démocratie directe athénienne]&quot;, ''Cités'', 2010ː 137-158
*C. Hignett, ''A History of the Athenian Constitution to the End of the Fifth Century B. C'', Clarendon Press, 1953 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1953_num_22_2_3224_t1_0502_0000_1 Recensio critica]
* Claude Mossé, ''Les Institutions grecques à l'époque classique'', Paris, Armand Colin, 1967. [https://www.persee.fr/doc/bude_0004-5527_1969_num_1_1_3044_t1_0132_0000_1 Recensio critica]
*Martin Ostwald,	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/metis_1105-2201_1992_num_7_1_975 La Démocratie athénienne. Réalité ou illusion?]&quot;, ''Mètis. Anthropologie des mondes grecs anciens'', 1992ː 7-24
*Fr. Paenhuysen,	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/bude_0004-5527_1964_num_1_3_4087 Parallèle entre les institutions de Sparte et d'Athènes]&quot;, ''Bulletin de l'Association Guillaume Budé'', 1964ː 342-355
* P.J. Rhodes, ''The Athenian Boule'', Clarendon Press, 1972 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1976_num_45_1_1823_t1_0334_0000_1 Recensio critica] [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_1973_num_75_3_3946_t1_0418_0000_2 Altera recensio critica]
* Georg. Frider. Schömann,	''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=K8I_AQAAIAAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ViewAPI&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false De comitiis Atheniensium. Libri tres.]'', Gryphiswaldiae, 1819
*Michael Weissenberger, ''Die Dokimasiereden des Lysias (or. 16, 25, 26, 31)'', Francofurti, 1987 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1989_num_58_1_2274_t1_0273_0000_2 Recensio critica].

== Nexus externi ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20230329105935/https://dagr.univ-tlse2.fr/consulter/626/BOUL%C3%88 ''Boulè'' apud Daremberg et Saglio]
*[https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/RE:%CE%92%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%AE Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft]
*[https://www.britannica.com/topic/boule-ancient-Greek-council Encyclopaedia Britannica]
[[Categoria:Athenae antiquae]]
[[Categoria:Democratia]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Semigallia</title>
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'''Semigallia'''&lt;ref&gt;E,g., [https://books.google.ru/books?id=pfpYAAAAcAAJ ''Ius eligendi ducem, statibus Curlandiae et Semigalliae ex principiis iuris naturalis vindicatum'', 1736].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Lettonice]] ''Zemgale'') est [[historia|historica]] [[Lettonia]]e [[regio]]. In ripa laeva [[Duna|Duinae Occidentalis]] sita et cum [[Curlandia|Curonia]], [[Selonia]], [[Samogitia]] et [[Lituania]] (Aukštaitia) contermina est. [[Missa (flumen)|Missa]] flumen per Semigalliam fluit.

==Historia==

A saeculo XIII Semigallorum nomen, in ''[[Annales Ryenses|Annalibus Ryensibus]]'' memoratum, notum est. Saeculo XIII ab [[Fratres militiae Christi Livoniae|Ordine Livonico]] occupata est. Gotthardus Kettler, Ordinis magister ultimus, [[Ducatus Curlandiae et Semigalliae]] condidit, ubi domus Kettler usque ad annum 1771 regnabat. Ad [[Magnus Ducatus Lituaniae|Magnum Ducatum Lithuaniae]] Curlandia tunc pertinebat. Ab anno 1596 usqua ad 1617 ducatus Semigalliae sui iuris exsistebat. Dux e domo Kettler ultimus, Fredericus Gulielmus, [[Anna (imperatrix Russiae)|Annam]] filiam [[Ioannes V (tzar Russiae)|Ioannis V]] nupsit et mortuus est; Anna, imperatrix Russiae facta, Curlandiae et Semigalliae ducem [[Ernestus de Biron|Ernestum de Biron]] fecit, sed ''de facto'' duces e domo Bironis iam sub imperio Russico erant. Anno 1795, [[Polonia ter divisa|Polonia divisa]], ''de iure'' ad [[Imperium Russicum]] Semigallia adiuncta est et [[gubernium Curlandicum]] ibi conditum erat. Ab anno 1918 Semigallia [[Lettonia]]e pars est.

==Urbes==
[[Mitavia]] est Semigalliae urbs maxima.

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Nexus externi==
{{fontes geographici}}

[[Categoria:Balticum]]
[[Categoria:Semigallia|!]]</text>
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    <title>Cavalcans dei Cavalcanti</title>
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      <text bytes="3595" sha1="pt5cilczb3xy41a83gr9akeeejhh62k" xml:space="preserve">{{Movenda|Cavalcans de Cavalcantibus}}
{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
'''Cavalcans''' '''de Cavalcantibus''',&lt;ref name=&quot;stephanus-talice&quot;&gt;De nomina vide {{cite book
	| last = Alagherius
	| first = Dantes
	| editor-last = Talice Da Ricaldone
	| editor-first = Stephanus
	| editor-link = Stephanus Talice
	| author-link = Dantes Alagherius
	| year = 1888
	| title = La Commedia di Dante Alighieri
	| url = https://archive.org/details/lacommediadidan00carbgoog/page/146/mode/2up?view=theater
	| location = [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]]
	| publisher = Ulricus Hoepli
	| page = 147
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Ad cuius cognitionem est sciendum, quod iste secundus spiritus fuit quidam miles florentinus nomine Cavalcante de Cavalcantibus&quot;; ''Benevenuti de Rambaldis de Imola Comentum super Dantis Aldigherij Comoediam, Tomus I'' (Florentiae, 1887): 305 [https://www.google.it/books/edition/Benevenuti_de_Rambaldis_de_Imola_Comentu/DJEvFiAnavoC?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=nomine+Cavalcante+de+Cavalcantibus&amp;pg=PA340&amp;printsec=frontcover].&lt;/ref&gt; vulgo ''Cavalcante dei Cavalcanti'' vel ''de' Cavalcanti'' (natus [[Florentia|Florentiae]] anno 1220 circa atque mortuus ibidem anno 1280 circa), fuit [[philosophus]] [[Epicurus|epicureus]] Italicus qui in [[Medium aevum|Medio aevo]] tardo vixit. Pater poëtae [[Guido Cavalcans|Guidonis Cavalcantis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;stephanus-talice&quot; /&gt; fuit.

E familia [[Guelphi et Ghibellini|guelpha]] {{Creanda|d|Q3663868|Cavalcanti (gens)|Cavalcanti}} ortus, Cavalcans omnia ad rationem revocabat atque de immortalitate animae, putans solam rerum naturam eam esse [[Materia (physica)|materiei]] ex [[atomus|atomis]] factae, dubitabat. In canto X ''Infernorum'', scriptor poëtaque [[Dantes Alagherius]] in eum incidit apud civitatem {{Creanda|d|Q106418754|Dis|Ditem}}, ubi [[Haeresis|haeretici]] at epicurei [[Sepulcrum|sepulcris]] candentis puniuntur: Cavalcans dei Cavalcanti in sepulcrum contiguum {{Creanda|d|Q2721219|Farinata de Ubertis|Farinatae de Ubertis}} (cuius filia Beatrix, vulgo ''Bice'', Guidonem Cavalcantem nupserat) retentus erat. Haereticus Dantem agnoscit atque nuntia filii Guidonis ei quaerit. Dantes respondit: &quot;Non per me haec regna subivi; / est mihi dux, illic qui praestolatur, et ille est, / cujus fors vester despexit carmina Guidus.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;caietanus-dalla-piazza&quot;&gt;{{cite book
	| last = Dalla Piazza
	| first = Caietanus
	| author-link = Caietanus Dalla Piazza
	| year = 1848
	| title = Dantis Alligherii Divina comoedia hexametris latinis reddita
	| url = https://archive.org/details/DivinaComoediaDantisLatineReductaAbAbbateDallaPiazza/page/n91/mode/2up?view=theater
	| location = [[Lipsia|Lipsiae]]
	| publisher = Ioannes Ambr. Barth
	| page = 38-39
}}&lt;/ref&gt; At [[perfectum narrativum]] &quot;despexit&quot; in verbis Alagherii Cavalcantem quatit: &quot;Heu, quid ais, vester despexit? An ille superstes / non est? Illi oculos non icit amabile lucem?&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;caietanus-dalla-piazza&quot; /&gt; Poëta Florentinus eum non respondit (Guido Cavalcans mortuus est anno [[1300]], mense [[Augustus|Augusti]], sed Dantes Infernum visitat mense [[Martius|Martii]] vel [[Aprilis]]) et Cavalcans, omni spe deiecta, in sepulcro recidit.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==

* Bosco, Umberto et Reggio, Giovanni, ''La Divina Commedia - Inferno'', Le Monnier, 1988.
* Sermonti, Vittorio, ''Inferno'', Rizzoli, 2001.

== Nexus externus ==
{{CommuniaCat|Cavalcante dei Cavalcanti|Cavalcantem dei Cavalcanti}}

[[Categoria:Viri]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Tusciae]]
[[Categoria:Philosophi Italiae]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1220]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1280]]
[[Categoria:Personae Divinae Comoediae (Inferna)]]</text>
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{{Metaformula quoque|Formulae monituum nuntiorumque}}

Utere hac formula ut quendam monitum ostendas.

== De usu ==

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== De formula adhibenda ==

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			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;#cccccc&quot;
		}
	}
}&lt;/templatedata&gt;

== Ulteriora si cupis ==
* {{Fn|Capsa annuntiationis}}
* {{Fn|Capsa notionis}}
* {{Fn|Capsa lateralis}}
* {{Fn|Capsa disputationis}}
* {{Fn|Capsa documentationis}}
* {{Fn|Capsa paginae}}
* {{Fn|Capsa tabellaria}}
* {{Fn|Metacapsa tabellaria}}

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{in harenario aut alibi||
&lt;!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --&gt;
[[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae administrationis Vicipaediae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae capsarum|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae quae seorsos versus creant|{{PAGENAME}}]]
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>ts0el4z9edyk60jmf27ia8tmwkb7nzt</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3999209</id>
      <parentid>3999205</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-04T16:04:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Documentationem redintegravi</comment>
      <origin>3999209</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1646" sha1="4quew8co8bescj8mokk9xe9k38hffnz" xml:space="preserve">{{Subpagina documentationis}}
{{Formula in nuntiis systematis adhibita|custodes=usores
	| c3785508 = Mone si formula neglegitur
	| c3949392 = Monitus de adumbratione recensenda/capsa
	| Error
}}
{{Metaformula quoque|Formulae monituum nuntiorumque}}

Utere hac formula ut quendam monitum ostendas.

== De usu ==

'''Vicitextus:'''

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;{{Capsa monitus|Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

'''Effectus:'''

{{Capsa monitus|Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.}}

== De formula adhibenda ==

&lt;templatedata&gt;{
	&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Utere hac formula ut quendam monitum ostendas.&quot;,
	&quot;params&quot;: {
		&quot;1&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Contenta&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Nuntius in capsa ostendendus&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;content&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: true,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.&quot;
		},
		&quot;ancora&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Ancora&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Ancora capsae&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;lorem-ipsum&quot;
		},
		&quot;color&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Color&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Color capsae&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;#cccccc&quot;
		}
	}
}&lt;/templatedata&gt;

== Ulteriora si cupis ==
* {{Fn|Capsa annuntiationis}}
* {{Fn|Capsa notionis}}
* {{Fn|Capsa lateralis}}
* {{Fn|Capsa disputationis}}
* {{Fn|Capsa documentationis}}
* {{Fn|Capsa paginae}}
* {{Fn|Capsa tabellaria}}
* {{Fn|Metacapsa tabellaria}}

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{in harenario aut alibi||
&lt;!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --&gt;
[[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae administrationis Vicipaediae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae capsarum|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae quae seorsos versus creant|{{PAGENAME}}]]
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>4quew8co8bescj8mokk9xe9k38hffnz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Formula:Metaformula semper metasubstituenda</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>308564</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3999096</id>
      <parentid>3920410</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-04T11:59:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>De categoriis vestigatoriis</comment>
      <origin>3999096</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="657" sha1="4j89ljddsycc4gxs2z248ovdgkjjig6" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{Capsa lateralis
	| color = #ffcc33
	| imago = Warn subst.svg
	| 1 = |Haec est metaformula tantum quae '''semper''' [[Vicipaedia:Substitutio|metasubstituenda]] est. Noli directe eam invocare, sed potius scribe (in quandam formulam) &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|doc|{{BASEPAGENAME}}|{{PAGENAME}}}}{{#ifeq:{{{1|!}}}{{{1|}}}|!||&lt;wbr /&gt;&amp;#124;{{{1}}}}}&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;.
}}{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||{{in harenario aut alibi||{{In his categoriis secundum partem alphanumericam nominis|Formulae semper substituendae|Metaformulae}}}}}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentatio}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>4j89ljddsycc4gxs2z248ovdgkjjig6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Formula:Documentatio monitus recensionis</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>308640</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3999480</id>
      <parentid>3951836</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-05T11:41:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3999480</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2316" sha1="iwx9nkx663xl7u8hk749xnky7ni7oll" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{Capsa documentationis
| color = var(--background-color-progressive-subtle, #e8eeff)
| titulus = Hic est monitus recensionis
| postilla = ''Hanc paginam documentationis formula &amp;#123;&amp;#123;[[Formula:Documentatio monitus recensionis|Documentatio monitus recensionis]]&amp;#125;&amp;#125; creavit.''
| 1 =

{{#ifeq:{{{1|!}}}{{{1|}}}|!|Quaedam formula vel pagina|[[#Paginae et formulae quae hoc monitu utuntur|Quaedam formula vel pagina]]}} (per formulam {{Fn|Nexus ad recensendum}} vel {{Fn|Creetur}} vel {{Fn|Creetur caput}} vel aliam similem machinationem) hunc monitum prope quadrum recensionis aliquando ostendit. [[Vicipaedia:Monitus recensionis|Monitūs recensionum]] sunt semper formulae sine argumentis.

== Prospectus huius monitus ==
{{Pagella|{{ {{FULLPAGENAME}} }}}}

== De ostensione huius monitus ==
Si hunc monitum prope quadrum recensionis ostendere vis, adde &lt;code style=&quot;word-break: break-all;&quot;&gt;&amp;editintro={{urlencode:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|QUERY}}&lt;/code&gt; URL recensionis. Exempli gratia:
* &lt;code style=&quot;word-break: break-all;&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://la.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Specialis:Pagina_Mea/Experimentum_&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{CURRENTDAY}}_{{CURRENTMONTHNAMEGEN}}_{{CURRENTYEAR}}&amp;action=edit&lt;/code&gt;
*: ↳ &lt;code style=&quot;word-break: break-all;&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://la.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Specialis:Pagina_Mea/Experimentum_&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{CURRENTDAY}}_{{CURRENTMONTHNAMEGEN}}_{{CURRENTYEAR}}&amp;action=edit'''&amp;editintro={{urlencode:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|QUERY}}'''&lt;/code&gt;

Formulae {{Fn|Nexus ad recensendum}}, {{Fn|Creetur}}, et {{Fn|Creetur caput}} ostensionem monituum facile expediunt.{{#ifeq:{{{1|!}}}{{{1|}}}|!||&lt;nowiki /&gt;

== Paginae et formulae quae hoc monitu utuntur ==
{{#if:{{{1|}}}|
* [[{{{1}}}]]}}{{#if:{{{2|}}}|
* [[{{{2}}}]]}}{{#if:{{{3|}}}|
* [[{{{3}}}]]}}{{#if:{{{4|}}}|
* [[{{{4}}}]]}}{{#if:{{{5|}}}|
* [[{{{5}}}]]}}{{#if:{{{6|}}}|
* [[{{{6}}}]]}}{{#if:{{{7|}}}|
* [[{{{7}}}]]}}{{#if:{{{8|}}}|
* [[{{{8}}}]]}}{{#if:{{{9|}}}|
* [[{{{9}}}]]}}{{#if:{{{10|}}}|
* [[{{{10}}}]]}}
}}

== Ulteriora si cupis ==
* {{Fn|Nexus ad recensendum}}
* {{Fn|Creetur}}
* {{Fn|Creetur caput}}

}}[[Categoria:Monitus recensionum|{{PAGENAME}}]][[Categoria:Formulae quae nullum argumentum accipiunt|{{PAGENAME}}]]&lt;nowiki /&gt;__EXPECTED_UNCONNECTED_PAGE__&lt;nowiki /&gt;&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentatio}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>iwx9nkx663xl7u8hk749xnky7ni7oll</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Formula:Nexus ad recensendum/doc</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>308666</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3999194</id>
      <parentid>3989897</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-04T15:42:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Documentationem redintegravi</comment>
      <origin>3999194</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9933" sha1="dsvt7inr0qiscb2u1rafjgvms0cpct0" xml:space="preserve">{{Subpagina documentationis}}
{{Formula in nuntiis systematis adhibita
	| custodes = usores
	| c3951354 = Formula:Textus paginarum absentium
	| Textus planus
	| Modulus:Params
}}
{{Formula substituibilis|...}}
{{Formula tabularia|censens=parametra API MediaVici “[[:mw:API:Edit|Edit]]”|prodens=introrsum}}
{{Lua|Params}}
{{Compendia formulae|recenseatur|rn|nr}}

Utere hac formula ut nexum ad recensionem cuiusvis paginae crees.

== De usu ==
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{Nexus ad recensendum}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{Nexus ad recensendum}}
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{Nexus ad recensendum|Vicipaedia:Harenarium}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{Nexus ad recensendum|Vicipaedia:Harenarium}}
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{Nexus ad recensendum|Vicipaedia:Harenarium|Recense nostrum harenarium!}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{Nexus ad recensendum|Vicipaedia:Harenarium|Recense nostrum harenarium!}}
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{Nexus ad recensendum|Vicipaedia:Harenarium|Recense nostrum harenarium!|monitus=Formula:Vicipaedia:Monitus recensionum communes/Cave apterygem}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{Nexus ad recensendum|Vicipaedia:Harenarium|Recense nostrum harenarium!|monitus=Vicipaedia:Monitus recensionum communes/Cave apterygem}}
* etc.

'''Codex manuscriptus cum pluribus argumentis:'''

{{fvt|&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;Nexus ad recensendum{{!}}Specialis:Pagina Mea/Experimentum {{CURRENTDAY}} {{CURRENTMONTHNAMEGEN}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}{{!}}Crea!
	{{!}} exemplar {{=}} Formula:Creetur/exemplar
	{{!}} monitus {{=}} Vicipaedia:Monitus recensionum communes/Cave apterygem
	{{!}} arg1 {{=}} Salve, munde!
	{{!}} arg2 {{=}} Vicipaedia
&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;}}

'''Effectus:'''

{{Nexus ad recensendum|Specialis:Pagina Mea/Experimentum {{CURRENTDAY}} {{CURRENTMONTHNAMEGEN}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}|Crea!
	| exemplar = Formula:Creetur/exemplar
	| monitus = Vicipaedia:Monitus recensionum communes/Cave apterygem
	| arg1 = Salve, munde!
	| arg2 = Vicipaedia
}}

=== Omnia argumenta ===

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;{{Nexus ad recensendum
	| 1 =
	| 2 =
	| pars =
	| caput =
	| summarium =
	| mutatio =
	| exemplar =
	| monitus =
	| exordium =
	| appendix =
	| textum =
	| auctor =
	| abrogata =
	| servata =
	| tesserae =
	| origo =
	| labente =
	| ineunte =
	| creatio =
	| custodia =
	| redirectiones =
	| mime =
	| specimen =
	| ostendens =
	| class =
}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

{{Videatur etiam|mw:API:Edit}}

== De argumentis ==

&lt;templatedata&gt;{
	&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Haec formula nexum ad recensionem paginae creat.&quot;,
	&quot;params&quot;: {
		&quot;1&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Pagina&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Nomen paginae recensendae&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;default&quot;: &quot;{{FULLPAGENAME}}&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;Vicipaedia:Harenarium&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;2&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Verba ostendenda&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Verba ostendenda&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;default&quot;: &quot;Recensio huius paginae&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;Recense nostrum harenarium!&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;pars&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Pars&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Numerus capitis recensendi aut ‘nova’, si novam partem creare vis&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;3&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;caput&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Caput&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Titulus novae partis (argumentum ‘|pars=nova’ requiritur)—quem usori mutare licet&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;summarium&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Summarium&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Summarium recensionis—quod usori mutare licet&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;Mendas correxi&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;mutatio&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Mutatio&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;‘minor’/‘maior’/‘omissa’—vide tabellam sub capite § Argumenta optionibus finitis&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;minor&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;exemplar&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Exemplar&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Exemplar imitandum (tantummodo in creatio paginarum vel cum ‘|pars=nova’ scribatur)&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;Formula:Creetur/exemplar&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;monitus&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Pagina monitus&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Quaedam pagina transclusa ad dissertandum de nova recensione (saepe quendam monitum profans)&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;Vicipaedia:Monitus recensionum communes/Cave apterygem&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;exordium&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Exordium&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;&amp;prependtext=...&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;Lorem ipsum&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;appendix&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Appendix&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;&amp;appendtext=...&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;dolor sit amet&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;textum&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Textum&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;&amp;text=...&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;auctor&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Auctor&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;‘automaton’/‘omissus’—vide tabellam sub capite § Argumenta optionibus finitis&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;automaton&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;abrogata&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Abrogata&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;&amp;undo=...&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;number&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;3787066&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;servata&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Servata&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;&amp;undoafter=...&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;number&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;3787066&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;tesserae&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Tesserae&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;&amp;tags=...&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;origo&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Origo&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;&amp;baserevid=&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;number&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;3787066&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;labente&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Labente&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;&amp;basetimestamp=...&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;number&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;20230925015750&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;ineunte&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Ineunte&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;&amp;starttimestamp=...&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;number&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;20230925015750&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;creatio&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Creatio&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;‘quoque’/‘tantum’/‘numquam’/‘omissa’—vide tabellam sub capite § Argumenta optionibus finitis&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;quoque&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;custodia&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Custodia&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;‘observanda’/‘neglegenda’/‘servanda’/‘praeferentiae’/‘omissa’—vide tabellam sub capite § Argumenta optionibus finitis&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;observanda&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;neglegetur&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Neglegetur&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;&amp;watchlistexpiry=...&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;number&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;20230925015750&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;redirectiones&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Redirectiones&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;‘solvendae’/‘omissae’—vide tabellam sub capite § Argumenta optionibus finitis&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;solvendae&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;mime&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;MIME&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Genus MIME novae paginae (&amp;contentformat=...)&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;text/css&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;specimen&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Specimen&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Specimen novae paginae (&amp;contentmodel=...)&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;Json.JsonConfig&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;class&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Classis HTML&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;HTML attributio ‘class’&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;nexus-ad-recensendum&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;ancora&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Ancora&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Attributio HTML ‘id’&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;lorem-ipsum&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;annotatio&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Annotatio&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Attributio HTML ‘title’&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;Recensere paginam disputatam&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;style&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;CSS&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Attributio HTML ‘style’&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;font-family: monospace;&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		}
	}
}&lt;/templatedata&gt;

=== Argumenta optionibus finitis ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;
|-
! Argumentum
! Optio
! Effectus
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | {{para|mutatio}}
| &lt;code&gt;minor&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;code&gt;&amp;minor=1&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;maior&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;code&gt;&amp;minor=0&amp;notminor=1&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | {{para|creatio}}
| &lt;code&gt;quoque&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;code&gt;&amp;recreate=1&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;tantum&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;code&gt;&amp;createonly=1&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;numquam&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;code&gt;&amp;nocreate=1&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | {{para|custodia}}
| &lt;code&gt;observanda&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;code&gt;&amp;watchlist=watch&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;neglegenda&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;code&gt;&amp;watchlist=unwatch&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;servanda&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;code&gt;&amp;watchlist=nochange&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;praeferentiae&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;code&gt;&amp;watchlist=preferences&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| {{para|redirectiones}}
| &lt;code&gt;solvendae&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;code&gt;&amp;redirect=1&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| {{para|auctor}}
| &lt;code&gt;automaton&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;code&gt;&amp;bot=1&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| {{para|redirectiones}}
| &lt;code&gt;solvendae&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;code&gt;&amp;redirect=1&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; | {{para|ostendens}}
| &lt;code&gt;pergamenam&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;code&gt;#editform&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;summarium&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;code&gt;#wpSummary&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;introspectiones&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;code&gt;#mw-editTools&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;fundum&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;code&gt;#footer&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;categorias&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;code&gt;#catlinks&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| ''Aliud responsum''
| &lt;code&gt;#&amp;#123;&amp;#123;&amp;#123;ostendens&amp;#125;&amp;#125;&amp;#125;&lt;/code&gt;
|}

== Synonyma ==
* {{Fn|Rn}}
* {{Fn|Nr}}
* {{Fn|Recenseatur}}

== Ulteriora si cupis ==
* [[Specialis:EditPage]]
* {{Fn|Creetur}}
* {{Fn|Creetur caput}}
* {{Fn|Hoc est exemplar}}
* {{Fn|Creanda}}
* [[:Categoria:Monitus recensionum]]
* [[:Categoria:Exemplaria Vicipaediana]]

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{in harenario aut alibi||
&lt;!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --&gt;
[[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae intra versum accommodandae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae administrationis Vicipaediae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae nexuales|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae variadicae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae de paginis specialibus|{{PAGENAME}}]]
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>dsvt7inr0qiscb2u1rafjgvms0cpct0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3999199</id>
      <parentid>3999194</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-04T15:53:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Documentationem redintegravi</comment>
      <origin>3999199</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9970" sha1="rasyenc7hj6mjhl8kewrkcxvx31ea22" xml:space="preserve">{{Subpagina documentationis}}
{{Formula in nuntiis systematis adhibita
	| custodes = usores
	| c3946072 = MediaWiki:Editnotice-0
	| c3951354 = Formula:Textus paginarum absentium
	| Textus planus
	| Modulus:Params
}}
{{Formula substituibilis|...}}
{{Formula tabularia|censens=parametra API MediaVici “[[:mw:API:Edit|Edit]]”|prodens=introrsum}}
{{Lua|Params}}
{{Compendia formulae|recenseatur|rn|nr}}

Utere hac formula ut nexum ad recensionem cuiusvis paginae crees.

== De usu ==
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{Nexus ad recensendum}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{Nexus ad recensendum}}
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{Nexus ad recensendum|Vicipaedia:Harenarium}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{Nexus ad recensendum|Vicipaedia:Harenarium}}
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{Nexus ad recensendum|Vicipaedia:Harenarium|Recense nostrum harenarium!}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{Nexus ad recensendum|Vicipaedia:Harenarium|Recense nostrum harenarium!}}
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{Nexus ad recensendum|Vicipaedia:Harenarium|Recense nostrum harenarium!|monitus=Formula:Vicipaedia:Monitus recensionum communes/Cave apterygem}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{Nexus ad recensendum|Vicipaedia:Harenarium|Recense nostrum harenarium!|monitus=Vicipaedia:Monitus recensionum communes/Cave apterygem}}
* etc.

'''Codex manuscriptus cum pluribus argumentis:'''

{{fvt|&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;Nexus ad recensendum{{!}}Specialis:Pagina Mea/Experimentum {{CURRENTDAY}} {{CURRENTMONTHNAMEGEN}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}{{!}}Crea!
	{{!}} exemplar {{=}} Formula:Creetur/exemplar
	{{!}} monitus {{=}} Vicipaedia:Monitus recensionum communes/Cave apterygem
	{{!}} arg1 {{=}} Salve, munde!
	{{!}} arg2 {{=}} Vicipaedia
&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;}}

'''Effectus:'''

{{Nexus ad recensendum|Specialis:Pagina Mea/Experimentum {{CURRENTDAY}} {{CURRENTMONTHNAMEGEN}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}|Crea!
	| exemplar = Formula:Creetur/exemplar
	| monitus = Vicipaedia:Monitus recensionum communes/Cave apterygem
	| arg1 = Salve, munde!
	| arg2 = Vicipaedia
}}

=== Omnia argumenta ===

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;{{Nexus ad recensendum
	| 1 =
	| 2 =
	| pars =
	| caput =
	| summarium =
	| mutatio =
	| exemplar =
	| monitus =
	| exordium =
	| appendix =
	| textum =
	| auctor =
	| abrogata =
	| servata =
	| tesserae =
	| origo =
	| labente =
	| ineunte =
	| creatio =
	| custodia =
	| redirectiones =
	| mime =
	| specimen =
	| ostendens =
	| class =
}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

{{Videatur etiam|mw:API:Edit}}

== De argumentis ==

&lt;templatedata&gt;{
	&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Haec formula nexum ad recensionem paginae creat.&quot;,
	&quot;params&quot;: {
		&quot;1&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Pagina&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Nomen paginae recensendae&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;default&quot;: &quot;{{FULLPAGENAME}}&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;Vicipaedia:Harenarium&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;2&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Verba ostendenda&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Verba ostendenda&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;default&quot;: &quot;Recensio huius paginae&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;Recense nostrum harenarium!&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;pars&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Pars&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Numerus capitis recensendi aut ‘nova’, si novam partem creare vis&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;3&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;caput&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Caput&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Titulus novae partis (argumentum ‘|pars=nova’ requiritur)—quem usori mutare licet&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;summarium&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Summarium&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Summarium recensionis—quod usori mutare licet&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;Mendas correxi&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;mutatio&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Mutatio&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;‘minor’/‘maior’/‘omissa’—vide tabellam sub capite § Argumenta optionibus finitis&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;minor&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;exemplar&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Exemplar&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Exemplar imitandum (tantummodo in creatio paginarum vel cum ‘|pars=nova’ scribatur)&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;Formula:Creetur/exemplar&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;monitus&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Pagina monitus&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Quaedam pagina transclusa ad dissertandum de nova recensione (saepe quendam monitum profans)&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;Vicipaedia:Monitus recensionum communes/Cave apterygem&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;exordium&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Exordium&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;&amp;prependtext=...&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;Lorem ipsum&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;appendix&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Appendix&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;&amp;appendtext=...&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;dolor sit amet&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;textum&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Textum&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;&amp;text=...&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;auctor&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Auctor&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;‘automaton’/‘omissus’—vide tabellam sub capite § Argumenta optionibus finitis&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;automaton&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;abrogata&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Abrogata&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;&amp;undo=...&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;number&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;3787066&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;servata&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Servata&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;&amp;undoafter=...&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;number&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;3787066&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;tesserae&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Tesserae&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;&amp;tags=...&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;origo&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Origo&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;&amp;baserevid=&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;number&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;3787066&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;labente&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Labente&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;&amp;basetimestamp=...&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;number&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;20230925015750&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;ineunte&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Ineunte&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;&amp;starttimestamp=...&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;number&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;20230925015750&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;creatio&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Creatio&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;‘quoque’/‘tantum’/‘numquam’/‘omissa’—vide tabellam sub capite § Argumenta optionibus finitis&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;quoque&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;custodia&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Custodia&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;‘observanda’/‘neglegenda’/‘servanda’/‘praeferentiae’/‘omissa’—vide tabellam sub capite § Argumenta optionibus finitis&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;observanda&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;neglegetur&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Neglegetur&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;&amp;watchlistexpiry=...&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;number&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;20230925015750&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;redirectiones&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Redirectiones&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;‘solvendae’/‘omissae’—vide tabellam sub capite § Argumenta optionibus finitis&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;solvendae&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;mime&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;MIME&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Genus MIME novae paginae (&amp;contentformat=...)&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;text/css&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;specimen&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Specimen&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Specimen novae paginae (&amp;contentmodel=...)&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;Json.JsonConfig&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;class&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Classis HTML&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;HTML attributio ‘class’&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;nexus-ad-recensendum&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;ancora&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Ancora&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Attributio HTML ‘id’&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;lorem-ipsum&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;annotatio&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Annotatio&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Attributio HTML ‘title’&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;Recensere paginam disputatam&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;style&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;CSS&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Attributio HTML ‘style’&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;font-family: monospace;&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		}
	}
}&lt;/templatedata&gt;

=== Argumenta optionibus finitis ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;
|-
! Argumentum
! Optio
! Effectus
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | {{para|mutatio}}
| &lt;code&gt;minor&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;code&gt;&amp;minor=1&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;maior&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;code&gt;&amp;minor=0&amp;notminor=1&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | {{para|creatio}}
| &lt;code&gt;quoque&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;code&gt;&amp;recreate=1&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;tantum&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;code&gt;&amp;createonly=1&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;numquam&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;code&gt;&amp;nocreate=1&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | {{para|custodia}}
| &lt;code&gt;observanda&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;code&gt;&amp;watchlist=watch&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;neglegenda&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;code&gt;&amp;watchlist=unwatch&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;servanda&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;code&gt;&amp;watchlist=nochange&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;praeferentiae&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;code&gt;&amp;watchlist=preferences&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| {{para|redirectiones}}
| &lt;code&gt;solvendae&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;code&gt;&amp;redirect=1&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| {{para|auctor}}
| &lt;code&gt;automaton&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;code&gt;&amp;bot=1&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| {{para|redirectiones}}
| &lt;code&gt;solvendae&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;code&gt;&amp;redirect=1&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; | {{para|ostendens}}
| &lt;code&gt;pergamenam&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;code&gt;#editform&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;summarium&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;code&gt;#wpSummary&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;introspectiones&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;code&gt;#mw-editTools&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;fundum&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;code&gt;#footer&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;categorias&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;code&gt;#catlinks&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| ''Aliud responsum''
| &lt;code&gt;#&amp;#123;&amp;#123;&amp;#123;ostendens&amp;#125;&amp;#125;&amp;#125;&lt;/code&gt;
|}

== Synonyma ==
* {{Fn|Rn}}
* {{Fn|Nr}}
* {{Fn|Recenseatur}}

== Ulteriora si cupis ==
* [[Specialis:EditPage]]
* {{Fn|Creetur}}
* {{Fn|Creetur caput}}
* {{Fn|Hoc est exemplar}}
* {{Fn|Creanda}}
* [[:Categoria:Monitus recensionum]]
* [[:Categoria:Exemplaria Vicipaediana]]

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{in harenario aut alibi||
&lt;!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --&gt;
[[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae intra versum accommodandae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae administrationis Vicipaediae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae nexuales|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae variadicae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae de paginis specialibus|{{PAGENAME}}]]
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>rasyenc7hj6mjhl8kewrkcxvx31ea22</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Vicipaedia:Lua</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>309152</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3999176</id>
      <parentid>3791741</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-04T15:02:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Prima adumbratio</comment>
      <origin>3999176</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3310" sha1="as1s69zyp62y6my5mnpjm2qx926epsf" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Lua-Logo.svg|thumb|[[Logotypus]] [[Lua (lingua programmationis)|Luae]] linguae programmationis]]

{{res|[[Lua (lingua programmationis)|Lua]]}} est parva [[lingua programmationis]] qua speciales {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|lingua ad codicillos instruendos adhibita|codicilli|en|qid=Q187432}} Vicipaediani, {{res|moduli}} appellati, scribuntur, quorum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|functio (programmatio)|functionibus|en|qid=Q190686}}, ope extensionis MediaVicialis “[[mw:Extension:Scribunto|Scribunto]]” appellatae,&lt;ref&gt;Ita, appellatio [[imperativus|imperativum]] Latinum memorat, item ut “Scribunto omnes!”.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Auxilium:Formulae|formulae Vicipaedianae]] fungi possunt.

Moduli in proprio [[Vicipaedia:Spatium nominale|spatio nominali]] servantur.&lt;ref&gt;Id est spatium nominale numeri 828, &lt;code&gt;Modulus:&lt;/code&gt; appellatum.&lt;/ref&gt; Exempli gratia, nomen “[[Modulus:Vicidata]]” modulum “Vicidata” appellatum designat.

Ad quamlibet functionem invocandam vicitextus &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{#invoke:nomen moduli|nomen functionis|...}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; adhibetur, cuius syntaxis invocationi formularum simillima est.&lt;ref&gt;Praecipua differentia hoc est, quod formulae integrae invocantur, at moduli non integri, sed tantummodo eorum functiones.&lt;/ref&gt;

Aliter ac in multis aliis Vicipaediis, ubi complures formulae suos modulos peculiares, pro iis tantum paratos, adhibent, in Vicipaedia Latina perpaucos tantum versutos modulos, ad usum generalem destinatos, adhibere solemus (praesertim [[Modulus:Params]]); hoc modo ratio programmationis per vicitextum intra ipsas formulas contentum, non per linguam programmationis intra separatos modulos stipatam, exprimitur.

== De functionibus modulorum invocandis ==
Exempli gratia, hic vicitextus functionem &lt;code&gt;[[Modulus:Vicidata#titulus_barbarus|titulus_barbarus]]&lt;/code&gt; moduli &lt;code&gt;[[Modulus:Vicidata|vicidata]]&lt;/code&gt; invocat ad titulum [[lingua Theodisca|Theodiscum]] paginae “[[Spatiplanum]]” inveniendum:

* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{#invoke:vicidata|titulus_barbarus|dewiki|pagina=Spatiplanum}} &lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: {{@*@.|↳}}{{#invoke:vicidata|titulus_barbarus|dewiki|pagina=Spatiplanum}}

== De modulis experiendis ==
Qui modulos experiri vel novas functiones temptare cupit, submodulos paginae [[Modulus:Harenarium]] (formā &lt;code&gt;Modulus:Harenarium/NOMEN USORIS&lt;/code&gt; vel &lt;code&gt;Modulus:Harenarium/NOMEN USORIS/submodulus XXX&lt;/code&gt;) libere creare potest.

== De usu modulorum in formulis indicando ==
Quotienscumque aliqua formula modulo nititur, pittacium {{Nf|Lua}} in pagina eius documentationis ostendere solemus:

{|
|-
| {{Lua|Pagina|Vicidata|propositum=exhibitio}}
|}

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Lua (lingua programmationis)]]
* {{Nexus cum parametris|Special:Allpages|Omnes paginae in spatio nominali modulorum|namespace=828}}
* [[Auxilium:Formulae]]
* [[:Categoria:Moduli]]
* [[:Categoria:Formulae quae modulis utuntur]]

=== Formulae documentationis ===
* {{Nf|Modulus in nuntiis systematis adhibitus}}
* {{Nf|Modulus tabularius}}
* {{Nf|Hic TemplateStyles adhibentur}}
* {{Nf|Lua}}
* {{Nf|Formula delegata moduli}}
* {{Nf|Formula moduli tabularii}}

== Nexus externi ==
* [[mw:Lua/Tutorial]]
* [[mw:Extension:Scribunto]]</text>
      <sha1>as1s69zyp62y6my5mnpjm2qx926epsf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3999186</id>
      <parentid>3999176</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-04T15:15:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3999186</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3388" sha1="nyg7wxo5rnu90v5o6zuk8j4114rf2i7" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Lua-Logo.svg|thumb|[[Logotypus]] [[Lua (lingua programmationis)|Luae]] linguae programmationis]]

{{res|[[Lua (lingua programmationis)|Lua]]}} est parva [[lingua programmationis]] qua speciales {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|lingua ad codicillos instruendos adhibita|codicilli|en|qid=Q187432}} Vicipaediani, {{res|moduli}} appellati, scribuntur, quorum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|functio (programmatio)|functionibus|en|qid=Q190686}}, ope extensionis MediaVicialis “[[mw:Extension:Scribunto|Scribunto]]” appellatae,&lt;ref&gt;Ita, appellatio [[imperativus|imperativum]] Latinum memorat, item ut “Scribunto omnes!”. De ratione nominis videatur [[:mw:Extension:Scribunto|pagina MediaVicialis]].&lt;/ref&gt; [[Auxilium:Formulae|formulae Vicipaedianae]] fungi possunt.

Moduli in proprio [[Vicipaedia:Spatium nominale|spatio nominali]] servantur.&lt;ref&gt;Id est spatium nominale numeri 828, &lt;code&gt;Modulus:&lt;/code&gt; appellatum.&lt;/ref&gt; Exempli gratia, nomen “[[Modulus:Vicidata]]” modulum “Vicidata” appellatum designat.

Ad quamlibet functionem invocandam vicitextus &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{#invoke:nomen moduli|nomen functionis|...}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; adhibetur, cuius syntaxis invocationi formularum simillima est.&lt;ref&gt;Praecipua differentia hoc est, quod formulae integrae invocantur, at moduli non integri, sed tantummodo eorum functiones.&lt;/ref&gt;

Aliter ac in multis aliis Vicipaediis, ubi complures formulae suos modulos peculiares, pro iis tantum paratos, adhibent, in Vicipaedia Latina perpaucos tantum versutos modulos, ad usum generalem destinatos, adhibere solemus (praesertim [[Modulus:Params]]); hoc modo ratio programmationis per vicitextum intra ipsas formulas contentum, non per linguam programmationis intra separatos modulos stipatam, exprimitur.

== De functionibus modulorum invocandis ==
Exempli gratia, hic vicitextus functionem &lt;code&gt;[[Modulus:Vicidata#titulus_barbarus|titulus_barbarus]]&lt;/code&gt; moduli &lt;code&gt;[[Modulus:Vicidata|vicidata]]&lt;/code&gt; invocat ad titulum [[lingua Theodisca|Theodiscum]] paginae “[[Spatiplanum]]” inveniendum:

* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{#invoke:vicidata|titulus_barbarus|dewiki|pagina=Spatiplanum}} &lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: {{@*@.|↳}}{{#invoke:vicidata|titulus_barbarus|dewiki|pagina=Spatiplanum}}

== De modulis experiendis ==
Qui modulos experiri vel novas functiones temptare cupit, submodulos paginae [[Modulus:Harenarium]] (formā &lt;code&gt;Modulus:Harenarium/NOMEN USORIS&lt;/code&gt; vel &lt;code&gt;Modulus:Harenarium/NOMEN USORIS/submodulus XXX&lt;/code&gt;) libere creare potest.

== De usu modulorum in formulis indicando ==
Quotienscumque aliqua formula modulo nititur, pittacium {{Nf|Lua}} in pagina eius documentationis ostendere solemus:

{|
|-
| {{Lua|Pagina|Vicidata|propositum=exhibitio}}
|}

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Lua (lingua programmationis)]]
* {{Nexus cum parametris|Special:Allpages|Omnes paginae in spatio nominali modulorum|namespace=828}}
* [[Auxilium:Formulae]]
* [[:Categoria:Moduli]]
* [[:Categoria:Formulae quae modulis utuntur]]

=== Formulae documentationis ===
* {{Nf|Modulus in nuntiis systematis adhibitus}}
* {{Nf|Modulus tabularius}}
* {{Nf|Hic TemplateStyles adhibentur}}
* {{Nf|Lua}}
* {{Nf|Formula delegata moduli}}
* {{Nf|Formula moduli tabularii}}

== Nexus externi ==
* [[mw:Lua/Tutorial]]
* [[mw:Extension:Scribunto]]</text>
      <sha1>nyg7wxo5rnu90v5o6zuk8j4114rf2i7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3999188</id>
      <parentid>3999186</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-04T15:17:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Formulae documentationis */</comment>
      <origin>3999188</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3414" sha1="1pdev3bbwe2t59rqk88bfb7ctpzn20x" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Lua-Logo.svg|thumb|[[Logotypus]] [[Lua (lingua programmationis)|Luae]] linguae programmationis]]

{{res|[[Lua (lingua programmationis)|Lua]]}} est parva [[lingua programmationis]] qua speciales {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|lingua ad codicillos instruendos adhibita|codicilli|en|qid=Q187432}} Vicipaediani, {{res|moduli}} appellati, scribuntur, quorum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|functio (programmatio)|functionibus|en|qid=Q190686}}, ope extensionis MediaVicialis “[[mw:Extension:Scribunto|Scribunto]]” appellatae,&lt;ref&gt;Ita, appellatio [[imperativus|imperativum]] Latinum memorat, item ut “Scribunto omnes!”. De ratione nominis videatur [[:mw:Extension:Scribunto|pagina MediaVicialis]].&lt;/ref&gt; [[Auxilium:Formulae|formulae Vicipaedianae]] fungi possunt.

Moduli in proprio [[Vicipaedia:Spatium nominale|spatio nominali]] servantur.&lt;ref&gt;Id est spatium nominale numeri 828, &lt;code&gt;Modulus:&lt;/code&gt; appellatum.&lt;/ref&gt; Exempli gratia, nomen “[[Modulus:Vicidata]]” modulum “Vicidata” appellatum designat.

Ad quamlibet functionem invocandam vicitextus &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{#invoke:nomen moduli|nomen functionis|...}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; adhibetur, cuius syntaxis invocationi formularum simillima est.&lt;ref&gt;Praecipua differentia hoc est, quod formulae integrae invocantur, at moduli non integri, sed tantummodo eorum functiones.&lt;/ref&gt;

Aliter ac in multis aliis Vicipaediis, ubi complures formulae suos modulos peculiares, pro iis tantum paratos, adhibent, in Vicipaedia Latina perpaucos tantum versutos modulos, ad usum generalem destinatos, adhibere solemus (praesertim [[Modulus:Params]]); hoc modo ratio programmationis per vicitextum intra ipsas formulas contentum, non per linguam programmationis intra separatos modulos stipatam, exprimitur.

== De functionibus modulorum invocandis ==
Exempli gratia, hic vicitextus functionem &lt;code&gt;[[Modulus:Vicidata#titulus_barbarus|titulus_barbarus]]&lt;/code&gt; moduli &lt;code&gt;[[Modulus:Vicidata|vicidata]]&lt;/code&gt; invocat ad titulum [[lingua Theodisca|Theodiscum]] paginae “[[Spatiplanum]]” inveniendum:

* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{#invoke:vicidata|titulus_barbarus|dewiki|pagina=Spatiplanum}} &lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: {{@*@.|↳}}{{#invoke:vicidata|titulus_barbarus|dewiki|pagina=Spatiplanum}}

== De modulis experiendis ==
Qui modulos experiri vel novas functiones temptare cupit, submodulos paginae [[Modulus:Harenarium]] (formā &lt;code&gt;Modulus:Harenarium/NOMEN USORIS&lt;/code&gt; vel &lt;code&gt;Modulus:Harenarium/NOMEN USORIS/submodulus XXX&lt;/code&gt;) libere creare potest.

== De usu modulorum in formulis indicando ==
Quotienscumque aliqua formula modulo nititur, pittacium {{Nf|Lua}} in pagina eius documentationis ostendere solemus:

{|
|-
| {{Lua|Pagina|Vicidata|propositum=exhibitio}}
|}

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Lua (lingua programmationis)]]
* {{Nexus cum parametris|Special:Allpages|Omnes paginae in spatio nominali modulorum|namespace=828}}
* [[Auxilium:Formulae]]
* [[:Categoria:Moduli]]
* [[:Categoria:Formulae quae modulis utuntur]]

=== Formulae documentationis ===
* {{Nf|Modulus in nuntiis systematis adhibitus}}
* {{Nf|Modulus tabularius}}
* {{Nf|Hic TemplateStyles adhibentur}}
* {{Nf|Lua}}
* {{Nf|Formula delegata moduli}}
* {{Nf|Formula moduli tabularii}}
* {{Nf|Servatio concors}}

== Nexus externi ==
* [[mw:Lua/Tutorial]]
* [[mw:Extension:Scribunto]]</text>
      <sha1>1pdev3bbwe2t59rqk88bfb7ctpzn20x</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3999190</id>
      <parentid>3999188</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-04T15:25:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* De usu modulorum in formulis indicando */</comment>
      <origin>3999190</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3567" sha1="34a4mxwx5vu0oi2dpjio51gzo9xnuqj" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Lua-Logo.svg|thumb|[[Logotypus]] [[Lua (lingua programmationis)|Luae]] linguae programmationis]]

{{res|[[Lua (lingua programmationis)|Lua]]}} est parva [[lingua programmationis]] qua speciales {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|lingua ad codicillos instruendos adhibita|codicilli|en|qid=Q187432}} Vicipaediani, {{res|moduli}} appellati, scribuntur, quorum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|functio (programmatio)|functionibus|en|qid=Q190686}}, ope extensionis MediaVicialis “[[mw:Extension:Scribunto|Scribunto]]” appellatae,&lt;ref&gt;Ita, appellatio [[imperativus|imperativum]] Latinum memorat, item ut “Scribunto omnes!”. De ratione nominis videatur [[:mw:Extension:Scribunto|pagina MediaVicialis]].&lt;/ref&gt; [[Auxilium:Formulae|formulae Vicipaedianae]] fungi possunt.

Moduli in proprio [[Vicipaedia:Spatium nominale|spatio nominali]] servantur.&lt;ref&gt;Id est spatium nominale numeri 828, &lt;code&gt;Modulus:&lt;/code&gt; appellatum.&lt;/ref&gt; Exempli gratia, nomen “[[Modulus:Vicidata]]” modulum “Vicidata” appellatum designat.

Ad quamlibet functionem invocandam vicitextus &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{#invoke:nomen moduli|nomen functionis|...}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; adhibetur, cuius syntaxis invocationi formularum simillima est.&lt;ref&gt;Praecipua differentia hoc est, quod formulae integrae invocantur, at moduli non integri, sed tantummodo eorum functiones.&lt;/ref&gt;

Aliter ac in multis aliis Vicipaediis, ubi complures formulae suos modulos peculiares, pro iis tantum paratos, adhibent, in Vicipaedia Latina perpaucos tantum versutos modulos, ad usum generalem destinatos, adhibere solemus (praesertim [[Modulus:Params]]); hoc modo ratio programmationis per vicitextum intra ipsas formulas contentum, non per linguam programmationis intra separatos modulos stipatam, exprimitur.

== De functionibus modulorum invocandis ==
Exempli gratia, hic vicitextus functionem &lt;code&gt;[[Modulus:Vicidata#titulus_barbarus|titulus_barbarus]]&lt;/code&gt; moduli &lt;code&gt;[[Modulus:Vicidata|vicidata]]&lt;/code&gt; invocat ad titulum [[lingua Theodisca|Theodiscum]] paginae “[[Spatiplanum]]” inveniendum:

* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{#invoke:vicidata|titulus_barbarus|dewiki|pagina=Spatiplanum}} &lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: {{@*@.|↳}}{{#invoke:vicidata|titulus_barbarus|dewiki|pagina=Spatiplanum}}

== De modulis experiendis ==
Qui modulos experiri vel novas functiones temptare cupit, submodulos paginae [[Modulus:Harenarium]] (formā &lt;code&gt;Modulus:Harenarium/NOMEN USORIS&lt;/code&gt; vel &lt;code&gt;Modulus:Harenarium/NOMEN USORIS/submodulus XXX&lt;/code&gt;) libere creare potest.

== De usu modulorum in formulis indicando ==
Quotienscumque aliqua formula modulo nititur, pittacium {{Nf|Lua}} in pagina eius documentationis ostendere solemus. Exempli gratia, vicitextus &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{Lua|Pagina|Vicidata}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; hoc pittacium apud marginem dextrum gignit:

{|
|-
| {{Lua|Pagina|Vicidata|propositum=exhibitio}}
|}

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Lua (lingua programmationis)]]
* {{Nexus cum parametris|Special:Allpages|Omnes paginae in spatio nominali modulorum|namespace=828}}
* [[Auxilium:Formulae]]
* [[:Categoria:Moduli]]
* [[:Categoria:Formulae quae modulis utuntur]]

=== Formulae documentationis ===
* {{Nf|Modulus in nuntiis systematis adhibitus}}
* {{Nf|Modulus tabularius}}
* {{Nf|Hic TemplateStyles adhibentur}}
* {{Nf|Lua}}
* {{Nf|Formula delegata moduli}}
* {{Nf|Formula moduli tabularii}}
* {{Nf|Servatio concors}}

== Nexus externi ==
* [[mw:Lua/Tutorial]]
* [[mw:Extension:Scribunto]]</text>
      <sha1>34a4mxwx5vu0oi2dpjio51gzo9xnuqj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3999351</id>
      <parentid>3999190</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-05T01:03:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Minora</comment>
      <origin>3999351</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3535" sha1="kfa4b3ywwkow6qfeq5zhh8zfxofjgg9" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Lua-Logo.svg|thumb|[[Logotypus]] [[Lua (lingua programmationis)|Luae]] linguae programmationis]]

{{res|[[Lua (lingua programmationis)|Lua]]}} est parva [[lingua programmationis]] qua speciales {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|lingua ad codicillos instruendos adhibita|codicilli|en|qid=Q187432}} Vicipaediani, {{res|moduli}} appellati, scribuntur; quorum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|functio (programmatio)|functionibus|en|qid=Q190686}}, ope extensionis MediaVicialis “[[mw:Extension:Scribunto|Scribunto]]” appellatae,&lt;ref&gt;Ita, appellatio [[imperativus|imperativum]] Latinum memorat, item ut “Scribunto omnes!”. De ratione nominis videatur [[:mw:Extension:Scribunto|pagina MediaVicialis]].&lt;/ref&gt; [[Auxilium:Formulae|formulae Vicipaedianae]] fungi possunt.

Moduli in proprio [[Vicipaedia:Spatium nominale|spatio nominali]] servantur.&lt;ref&gt;Id est spatium nominale numeri 828, &lt;code&gt;Modulus:&lt;/code&gt; appellatum.&lt;/ref&gt; Exempli gratia, nomen “[[Modulus:Vicidata]]” modulum “Vicidata” appellatum designat.

Aliter ac in multis aliis Vicipaediis, ubi complures formulae suos modulos peculiares, pro iis tantum paratos, adhibent, in Vicipaedia Latina perpaucos tantum versutos modulos, ad usum generalem destinatos, adhibere solemus; hoc modo ratio programmationis per vicitextum intra ipsas formulas contentum, non per linguam programmationis intra separatos modulos stipatam, exprimitur.

== De functionibus modulorum invocandis ==
Ad quamlibet functionem invocandam vicitextus &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{#invoke:nomen moduli|nomen functionis|...}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; adhibetur, cuius syntaxis invocationi formularum simillima est.&lt;ref&gt;Praecipua differentia hoc est, quod formulae integrae invocantur, at moduli non integri, sed tantummodo eorum functiones.&lt;/ref&gt;

Exempli gratia, hic vicitextus functionem &lt;code&gt;[[Modulus:Vicidata#titulus_barbarus|titulus_barbarus]]&lt;/code&gt; moduli &lt;code&gt;[[Modulus:Vicidata|vicidata]]&lt;/code&gt; invocat ad titulum [[lingua Theodisca|Theodiscum]] paginae “[[Spatiplanum]]” inveniendum:

* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{#invoke:vicidata|titulus_barbarus|dewiki|pagina=Spatiplanum}} &lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: {{@*@.|↳}}{{#invoke:vicidata|titulus_barbarus|dewiki|pagina=Spatiplanum}}

== De modulis experiendis ==
Qui modulos experiri vel novas functiones temptare cupit, submodulos paginae [[Modulus:Harenarium]] (formā &lt;code&gt;Modulus:Harenarium/NOMEN USORIS&lt;/code&gt; vel &lt;code&gt;Modulus:Harenarium/NOMEN USORIS/submodulus XXX&lt;/code&gt;) libere creare potest.

== De usu modulorum in formulis indicando ==
Quotienscumque aliqua formula modulo nititur, pittacium {{Nf|Lua}} in pagina eius documentationis ostendere solemus. Exempli gratia, vicitextus &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{Lua|Pagina|Vicidata}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; hoc pittacium apud marginem dextrum gignit:

{|
|-
| {{Lua|Pagina|Vicidata|propositum=exhibitio}}
|}

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Lua (lingua programmationis)]]
* {{Nexus cum parametris|Special:Allpages|Omnes paginae in spatio nominali modulorum|namespace=828}}
* [[Auxilium:Formulae]]
* [[:Categoria:Moduli]]
* [[:Categoria:Formulae quae modulis utuntur]]

=== Formulae documentationis ===
* {{Nf|Modulus in nuntiis systematis adhibitus}}
* {{Nf|Modulus tabularius}}
* {{Nf|Hic TemplateStyles adhibentur}}
* {{Nf|Lua}}
* {{Nf|Formula delegata moduli}}
* {{Nf|Formula moduli tabularii}}
* {{Nf|Servatio concors}}

== Nexus externi ==
* [[mw:Lua/Tutorial]]
* [[mw:Extension:Scribunto]]</text>
      <sha1>kfa4b3ywwkow6qfeq5zhh8zfxofjgg9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3999470</id>
      <parentid>3999351</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-05T11:29:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* De modulis experiendis */ Schedulam petitoriam addidi</comment>
      <origin>3999470</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3807" sha1="e085e80pfl6kjp7htbuyyd5odq1xxw3" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Lua-Logo.svg|thumb|[[Logotypus]] [[Lua (lingua programmationis)|Luae]] linguae programmationis]]

{{res|[[Lua (lingua programmationis)|Lua]]}} est parva [[lingua programmationis]] qua speciales {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|lingua ad codicillos instruendos adhibita|codicilli|en|qid=Q187432}} Vicipaediani, {{res|moduli}} appellati, scribuntur; quorum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|functio (programmatio)|functionibus|en|qid=Q190686}}, ope extensionis MediaVicialis “[[mw:Extension:Scribunto|Scribunto]]” appellatae,&lt;ref&gt;Ita, appellatio [[imperativus|imperativum]] Latinum memorat, item ut “Scribunto omnes!”. De ratione nominis videatur [[:mw:Extension:Scribunto|pagina MediaVicialis]].&lt;/ref&gt; [[Auxilium:Formulae|formulae Vicipaedianae]] fungi possunt.

Moduli in proprio [[Vicipaedia:Spatium nominale|spatio nominali]] servantur.&lt;ref&gt;Id est spatium nominale numeri 828, &lt;code&gt;Modulus:&lt;/code&gt; appellatum.&lt;/ref&gt; Exempli gratia, nomen “[[Modulus:Vicidata]]” modulum “Vicidata” appellatum designat.

Aliter ac in multis aliis Vicipaediis, ubi complures formulae suos modulos peculiares, pro iis tantum paratos, adhibent, in Vicipaedia Latina perpaucos tantum versutos modulos, ad usum generalem destinatos, adhibere solemus; hoc modo ratio programmationis per vicitextum intra ipsas formulas contentum, non per linguam programmationis intra separatos modulos stipatam, exprimitur.

== De functionibus modulorum invocandis ==
Ad quamlibet functionem invocandam vicitextus &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{#invoke:nomen moduli|nomen functionis|...}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; adhibetur, cuius syntaxis invocationi formularum simillima est.&lt;ref&gt;Praecipua differentia hoc est, quod formulae integrae invocantur, at moduli non integri, sed tantummodo eorum functiones.&lt;/ref&gt;

Exempli gratia, hic vicitextus functionem &lt;code&gt;[[Modulus:Vicidata#titulus_barbarus|titulus_barbarus]]&lt;/code&gt; moduli &lt;code&gt;[[Modulus:Vicidata|vicidata]]&lt;/code&gt; invocat ad titulum [[lingua Theodisca|Theodiscum]] paginae “[[Spatiplanum]]” inveniendum:

* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{#invoke:vicidata|titulus_barbarus|dewiki|pagina=Spatiplanum}} &lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: {{@*@.|↳}}{{#invoke:vicidata|titulus_barbarus|dewiki|pagina=Spatiplanum}}

== De modulis experiendis ==
Qui modulos experiri vel novas functiones temptare cupit, submodulos paginae [[Modulus:Harenarium]] (formā &lt;code&gt;Modulus:Harenarium/NOMEN USORIS&lt;/code&gt; vel &lt;code&gt;Modulus:Harenarium/NOMEN USORIS/submodulus XXX&lt;/code&gt;) libere creare potest.

{| style=&quot;margin: 2em auto;&quot;
! style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | Novum harenarii submodulum creare
|-
| {{Novus harenarii submodulus creandus|amplitudo=41}}
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: x-small&quot; | (litterae capitaneae minusculaeque recto modo scribendae sunt)
|}

== De usu modulorum in formulis indicando ==
Quotienscumque aliqua formula modulo nititur, pittacium {{Nf|Lua}} in pagina eius documentationis ostendere solemus. Exempli gratia, vicitextus &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{Lua|Pagina|Vicidata}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; hoc pittacium apud marginem dextrum gignit:

{|
|-
| {{Lua|Pagina|Vicidata|propositum=exhibitio}}
|}

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Lua (lingua programmationis)]]
* {{Nexus cum parametris|Special:Allpages|Omnes paginae in spatio nominali modulorum|namespace=828}}
* [[Auxilium:Formulae]]
* [[:Categoria:Moduli]]
* [[:Categoria:Formulae quae modulis utuntur]]

=== Formulae documentationis ===
* {{Nf|Modulus in nuntiis systematis adhibitus}}
* {{Nf|Modulus tabularius}}
* {{Nf|Hic TemplateStyles adhibentur}}
* {{Nf|Lua}}
* {{Nf|Formula delegata moduli}}
* {{Nf|Formula moduli tabularii}}
* {{Nf|Servatio concors}}

== Nexus externi ==
* [[mw:Lua/Tutorial]]
* [[mw:Extension:Scribunto]]</text>
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Modulus:Params/doc</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>311170</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3999203</id>
      <parentid>3993979</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-04T15:56:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Documentationem redintegravi</comment>
      <origin>3999203</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="892" sha1="febg3m6ue6oz0hlrfdo2ld3a2i4ux18" xml:space="preserve">{{Modulus in nuntiis systematis adhibitus
	| custodes = usores
	| r3829269 = Creetur caput
	| c3831556 = Nexus ad recensendum
	| c3847320 = Nexus cum parametris
	| r3943202 = Monitus de harenario usoris
	| c3948019 = Postilla redirectionis/arbiter
	| c3949390 = Monitus de adumbratione recensenda
	| c3950626 = Quaerebasne forte
	| c3950631 = Quaerebasne forte eodem titulo
}}
{{Modulus in multis paginis adhibitus}}
{{Servatio concors}}

Documentatio Anglica hic inveniri potest:
{{Redirectio obliqua|:mw:Module:Params}}

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{in harenario aut alibi||
&lt;!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --&gt;
[[Categoria:Moduli]]
[[Categoria:Moduli in formulis adhibendi|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Moduli utilitatis generalis|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Moduli utilitatis generalis in formulis adhibendi|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Moduli quae argumenta formulae gerunt|{{PAGENAME}}]]
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Constans electrica</title>
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      <text bytes="9204" sha1="i4h4fq7r01str1n4mlcu8jx3xuzuvs7" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa tabellaria
	|; Constans electrica
	| Dimensiones: {{Dimensiones|−3|−1|2|2}}
	| Magnitudo: {{val|8.8541878188|(14)|e=-12|u=[[coulomb (unitas)|C]]&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;thinsp;[[chiliogramma|kg]]&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;thinsp;[[metrum|m]]&lt;sup&gt;−3&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;thinsp;[[secundum|s]]&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;}}
}}

{{Res|Constans electrica}} vel {{Res|permittivitas vacui}} vel {{Res|constans dielectrica vacui}} ({{mvar/epsilon_0}} notata) est [[quantitas constans|constans]] [[physica]] quae, [[dimensio]]nes [[onus electricum|oneris electrici]], [[longitudo|longitudinis]] et [[vis|roboris]] inter eas nectendo, mētītur quam densus [[campus electricus]], propter quoddam onus, oriri possit&lt;!-- indir. interr. --&gt; (idcirco magnitudinem {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|permittivitas electrica|permittivitatis electricae|en|qid=Q211569}} [[vacuum|vacui]] statuit).

Constans electrica sic definiri potest,

:&lt;math&gt;\varepsilon_{0}=\frac{1}{4\pi k_{e}}=\frac{1}{\mu_{0}c^{2}}=\frac{e^{2}}{2\alpha hc}=\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\alpha\hbar c}&lt;/math&gt;

ubi

* {{mvar/k_e}} est [[constans Coulombiana]]
* {{mvar/mu_0}} est {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|constans magnetica||en|qid=Q1515261}}
* {{mvar/c}} est [[celeritas lucis]] in vacuo
* {{mvar/Planck}} et {{mvar/hbar}} sunt [[constans Planckiana]] et [[constans Planckiana minuta]]
* {{mvar/phyalpha}} est [[constans structurae subtilis]]
* {{mvar/phye}} est onus electricum elementare ({{*ie}} onus [[proton]]is vel [[electron]]is)

Secundum unitates [[Systema internationale unitatum|Systematis internationalis unitatum]], constanti electricae {{val|8.8541878188|(14)|e=-12|u=[[coulomb (unitas)|C]]&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;thinsp;[[chiliogramma|kg]]&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;thinsp;[[metrum|m]]&lt;sup&gt;−3&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;thinsp;[[secundum|s]]&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;}} congruunt.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
	| url = https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?ep0
	| title = 2022 CODATA Value: vacuum electric permittivity
	| date = [[Maius|Maio]] [[2024]]
	| work = The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty
	| publisher = [[National Institute of Standards and Technology|NIST]]
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Exempli gratia, vis inter duo onera electrica punctiformia, secundum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|lex Coulombiana|legem Coulombianam|en|qid=Q83152}}, sic scribi potest,

:&lt;math&gt;F_\text{C} = \frac{1} {4 \pi \varepsilon_0} \frac{q_1 q_2} {r^2}&lt;/math&gt;

ubi {{mvar|1=q&lt;sub style=&quot;font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;}} et {{mvar|1=q&lt;sub style=&quot;font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;}} sunt onera electrica, {{mvar|r}} est eorum mutua separatio, et {{math|{{vfrac|1|4{{mvar/pi}}{{mvar/epsilon_0}}}}}} est alius modus [[constans Coulombiana|constantem Coulombianam]] scribendi.

Eadem constans in [[aequationes Maxwellianae|aequationibus Maxwellianis]] quoque, quae faciem campi electrici [[campus magneticus|magnetici]]&lt;nowiki /&gt;que et [[radiatio electromagnetica|radiationis electromagneticae]] describunt, incurritur.

In [[ars electrica|arte electrica]], ad permittivitatem variarum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|materies dielectrica|dielectricarum materierum|en|qid=Q184996}} mētiendam, constans {{mvar/epsilon_0}} saepe adhibetur [[unitas mensuralis]].

== Historia ==
[[Fasciculus:Inverse square law.svg|thumb|upright=1|In hac imagine {{mvar|S}} est onus electricum punctiforme. Sive fons sive superficies [[sphaera]]rum quae fontem circumdant eandem quantitatem habent, sed quanto magis superficies a fonte distat, tanto magis eadem quantitas per maiorem [[area (geometria)|aream]] diluitur (secundum [[lex quadratica inversa|legem quadraticam inversam]]). Area sphaerae per aequationem {{math|1={{mvar|S}} = 4{{mvar/pi}}{{mvar|r}}&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;}} computatur.]]

[[Carolus de Coulomb]] primum intellexit vim inter duo onera electrica punctiformia {{mvar|1=q&lt;sub style=&quot;font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;}} et {{mvar|1=q&lt;sub style=&quot;font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;}}, in spatio vacuo posita atque quoddam intervallum {{mvar|r}} inter se distantia, hanc formam habere:

: &lt;math&gt; F = k_{\text{e}} \frac{q_1 q_2}{r^2} &lt;/math&gt;

Postea, intellectum est in condicionibus geometriae [[sphaera|sphaericae]] oportere factorem {{math|4{{mvar/pi}}}} in [[computatio]]ne includere, dehinc quandam constantem {{mvar|1=k&lt;sub&gt;e&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;′&lt;/span&gt;}} in locum constantis Coulombianae ({{mvar/k_e}}) substituere, et eidem aequationi sequentem formam dare:

: &lt;math&gt; F = k'_{\text{e}} \frac{q_1 q_2}{4 \pi r^2} &lt;/math&gt;

Haec ratio computandi appellatur “rationalizatio”, quia si novae constanti {{mvar|1=k&lt;sub&gt;e&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;′&lt;/span&gt;}} eadem magnitudo constantis {{mvar/k_e}} assignatur, onera electrica cessant esse [[numerus irrationalis|numeri irrationales]].

In locum constantis {{mvar|1=k&lt;sub&gt;e&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;′&lt;/span&gt;}} eius inversio {{math|1={{mvar/epsilon_0}} = {{vfrac|1|{{mvar|1=k&lt;sub&gt;e&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;′&lt;/span&gt;}}}} = {{vfrac|1|4{{mvar/pi}}{{mvar/k_e}}}}}} postremo substituta est constans primaria suo iure, quae formam hodiernam legis Coulombianae gignit:

:&lt;math&gt;F=\frac{q_1 q_2}{4\pi r^2 \varepsilon_0}&lt;/math&gt;

Anno [[1893]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Oliverius Heaviside||en|qid=Q154345}}, in suo libro {{Op|Theoria electromagnetica}}, talem methodum sic descripsit:&lt;ref name=&quot;heaviside-x-xi&quot;&gt;{{qc|id=Heaviside, 1893}}, [https://archive.org/details/electromagnetict01heavuoft/page/n15/mode/2up pp. x–xi]. Alius fons eiusdem textūs et [https://web.archive.org/web/20240617142252/https://wiki.opensourceecology.de/Heaviside_1893 apud Open Source Ecology Germany (wiki.opensourceecology.de)] inveniri potest.&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Folium memoratum|
{{Barbarice|lingua=en|It is not long since it was taken for granted that the common electrical units were correct. That curious and obtrusive constant {{math|4{{mvar/pi}}}} was considered by some to be a sort of blessed dispensation, without which all electrical theory would fall to pieces. I believe that this view is now nearly extinct, and that it is well recognised that the {{math|4{{mvar/pi}}}} was an unfortunate and mischievous mistake, the source of many evils.}}

{{Barbarice|lingua=en|In plain English, the common system of electrical units involves an irrationality of the same kind as would be brought into the metric system of weights and measures, were we to define the unit area to be the area, not of a square with unit side, but of a circle of unit diameter. The constant {{mvar/pi}} would then obtrude itself into the area of a rectangle, and everywhere it should not be, and be a source of great confusion and inconvenience. So it is in the common electrical units, which are truly irrational.}}

{{Barbarice|lingua=en|Now, to make a mistake is easy and natural to man. But that is not enough. The next thing is to correct it: When a mistake has once been started, it is not necessary to go on repeating it for ever and ever with cumulative inconvenience.}}

{{Ast}}

Non pridem pro concesso sumebatur unitates oneris electrici esse rectas. Illa curiosa et molesta [[quantitas constans|constans]] {{math|4{{mvar/pi}}}} a multis putabatur quasi quaedam benedicta dispensatio, sine qua quaecumque theoria electrica dilapsura erat. Credo hodie hanc opinionem esse paene exstinctam, et constantem {{math|4{{mvar/pi}}}} bene agnosci esse infelix perniciosumque mendum ac fontem multorum malorum.

Id est, commune systema unitatum electricarum quandam irrationalitatem servat eodem genere quod introduceretur si in [[mensura metrica|systemate metrico ponderum et mensurarum]] unitatem [[area (geometria)|areae]] definiremus haud [[quadrum]] latere unius unitatis, sed [[circulus|circulum]] [[diametros|diametro]] unius unitatis. Ideo numerus {{mvar/pi}} se obtruderet in aream [[rectangulum|rectanguli]] et ubicumque esse non oporteat, atque fieret fons magnae confusionis et incommodi. Sic evenit in communibus unitatibus electricis, quae vere sunt [[numerus irrationalis|irrationales]].

Facile autem est, et naturale, [[Errare human est|homini errare]]. Sed postea error corrigendus est: Cum quidem semel occeptus sit error, non necesse est semper et semper, crescente incommodo, eum iterare.

}}

{{Norma dextra|
―[[Oliverius Heaviside]] (1893). {{Op|Theoria electromagnetica}}. Tom. 1.&lt;ref name=&quot;heaviside-x-xi&quot; /&gt;
}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Heaviside, 1893
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen auctoris = Heaviside
		| nomen auctoris = Oliverius
		| commentatio de auctore = Oliverius Heaviside
		| titulus = Theoria electromagnetica
		| volumen = 1
		| annus = 1893
		| locus = [[Londinium|Londinii]]
		| domus editoria = “The Electrician” Printing and Publishing Company
		| url = https://archive.org/details/electromagnetict01heavuoft
	}}.
}}

{{NexInt}}
* [[Ars electrica]]
* [[Constans gravitatis]]
* [[Constans Boltzmanniana]]
* [[Constans Coulombiana]]
* [[Constans Planckiana]]
* [[Carolus de Coulomb]]
* [[Electrificina]]
* [[Electricitas]]
* [[Electrochemia]]
* [[Electron]]
* [[Unitates Planckianae]]
* [[Unitates Stoneyanae]]

[[Categoria:Electricitas]]
[[Categoria:Notiones in physica]]
[[Categoria:Physica]]
[[Categoria:Quantitates constantes physicae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Formula:Nexus cum parametris/doc</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>313904</id>
    <revision>
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      <parentid>3994383</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-04T15:55:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Documentationem redintegravi</comment>
      <origin>3999202</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3347" sha1="rssdw9v0th94k6ph1h8hht3mggxrvea" xml:space="preserve">{{Subpagina documentationis}}
{{Formula in nuntiis systematis adhibita
	| custodes = usores
	| c3946072 = MediaWiki:Editnotice-0
	| r3949415 = MediaWiki:Newarticletext
	| c3949392 = Formula:Monitus de adumbratione recensenda/capsa
	| c3951354 = Formula:Textus paginarum absentium
	| Modulus:Params
}}
{{Formula substituibilis|...}}
{{Lua|Module:Params}}

Utere hac formula ut nexum internum cum parametris crees.

Haec formula est similis iussui MediaViciali {{nim|fullurl}}, sed
* sinit parametros nexuales scribi singula argumenta
* argumenta omnia per iussum MediaVicialem {{verba machinaria|{{nim|urlencode|...|QUERY}}}} sua sponte interpretatur
* nexus sic creatos intra elementa HTML &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;html&quot; inline&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;...&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; ponit – scribe vacuum argumentum {{para|&amp;#35;class}} si elementum {{verba machinaria|span}} creare nolis

== De usu ==
'''Vicitextus:'''

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;{{Nexus cum parametris | Specialis:Nuper mutata | Lorem ipsum
	| namespace = 0
	| hidebots = 1
	| hidepageedits = 1
	| hidecategorization = 1
	| hideWikibase = 1
	| hidelog = 1
	| hidenewuserlog = 1
	| tagfilter = mw-new-redirect
	| inverttags = 1
	| limit = 1000
	| days = 30
	| urlversion = 2
}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

'''Effectus:'''

{{Nexus cum parametris | Specialis:Nuper mutata | Lorem ipsum
	| namespace = 0
	| hidebots = 1
	| hidepageedits = 1
	| hidecategorization = 1
	| hideWikibase = 1
	| hidelog = 1
	| hidenewuserlog = 1
	| tagfilter = mw-new-redirect
	| inverttags = 1
	| limit = 1000
	| days = 30
	| urlversion = 2
}}

{{Ast}}

'''Vicitextus:'''

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;{{Nexus cum parametris|Specialis:Nuper mutata|Lorem ipsum}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

'''Effectus:'''

{{Nexus cum parametris|Specialis:Nuper mutata|Lorem ipsum}}

== De argumentis ==

&lt;templatedata&gt;{
	&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Haec formula nexum internum cum parametris creat.&quot;,
	&quot;params&quot;: {
		&quot;1&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Pagina&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Pagina nectenda&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;Specialis:Nuper mutata&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;2&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Verba ostendenda&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Verba ostendenda&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;Lorem ipsum&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;#class&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;HTML class&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Attributio ‘class’ elementi ‘span’ quod nexum continet (‘&lt;span class=\&quot;plainlinks\&quot;&gt;...&lt;/span&gt;’ si argumentum omittitur; nullum elementum ‘span’ nexum circumdabit si argumentum datur vacuum!)&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;plainlinks user-show&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		}
	}
}&lt;/templatedata&gt;

== Ulteriora si cupis ==
* [[:Categoria:Formulae nexuales]]
* {{nim|fullurl|}}
* {{Fn|Nexus ad quaerendum}}
* {{Fn|Nexus planus}}
* {{Fn|Nexus ad recensendum}}
* {{Fn|Nexus ad historiam paginae}}
* {{Fn|Nexus ad redirectionem non sequendam}}
* {{Fn|Nexus perpetuus}}
* {{Fn|Nexus ad indicem subpaginarum}}
* {{Fn|Nexus ad formulas resolvendas}}
* {{Fn|Nexus ad indicem nexuum ad paginam}}

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{in harenario aut alibi||
&lt;!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --&gt;
[[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae variadicae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae intra versum accommodandae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae administrationis Vicipaediae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae nexuales|{{PAGENAME}}]]
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="2032" sha1="l82pl7wuq83o0efokh33jah5lrof1qo" xml:space="preserve">{{Pagina discretiva nominis}}
{{Nomen
	| genus = Femininum
	| origo = Hebraica
	| significatio = fortasse “amata” et “mulier Magdalae nata”
	| imago = Saint Mary Magdalen dei Pazzi. Etching by G. Fabbri, 1757. Wellcome V0032624.jpg
	| capitulum = [[Sancta Maria Magdalena de Pazzis]], monacha Italica
	| dies = 22 Iulii
}}

{{res|Maria Magdalena}}, vel {{res|Maria Magdalene}}&lt;ref&gt;“Mariam Magdalene et foeminam criminosam unam singularem foeminam esse, a Maria sorore Marthae distinctam”; Vespasianus Giordani, ''Dizionario universale della Sacra Bibbia Vulgata, Volume 2'' (Venetiis, 1854): 1191 [https://www.google.it/books/edition/Dizionario_universale_della_Sacra_Bibbia/WJ8uTadQKP0C?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Mariam+Magdalenem&amp;pg=PA1191&amp;printsec=frontcover].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Graece]] Μαρία Μαγδαληνή), est [[Nomen proprium|nomen]] femininum quod e nominibus [[Hebraice|Hebraicis]] ''[[Maria]]'' atque ''[[Magdalena]]'' componitur. In [[Novum Testamentum|novo Testamento]], [[Maria Magdalena]] est praeclara discipula [[Iesu]], ex urbe Iudaica [[Magdala]] oriunda:&lt;ref&gt;''Behind the Name'', s.v. “[https://www.behindthename.com/name/magdalene Magdalene]”. {{Ling|Anglice}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Eius [[dies festus]] celebratur die 22 Iulii.

== Mulieres ==
* [[Sancta Maria Magdalena]]
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Maria Magdalena Bull||no|qid=Q15980566}}
* [[Maria Magdalena Dietrich]]
* [[Ioanna Maria Magdalena Goebbels]]
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Maria Magdalena Morelli||it|qid=Q3847408}}
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Maria Magdalena de Pazzis||it|qid=Q242040}}
* [[Iohanna Maria Magdalena van Tilburg]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Maria-Magdalenen-Gymnasium Breslau]]

[[Categoria:Nomina composita]]
[[Categoria:Praenomina feminina]]
[[Categoria:Praenomina Dacoromanica]]
[[Categoria:Praenomina Hispanica]]
[[Categoria:Praenomina Norvegica]]
[[Categoria:Praenomina Polonica]]
[[Categoria:Praenomina Suecica]]
[[Categoria:Praenomina Theodisca]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ioannes Schicchius</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="3612" sha1="nplhybdlxxwvk57c8wuyaz4rtm7rwoh" xml:space="preserve">{{latinitas|-2}}
{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
'''Ioannes Schicchius''',&lt;ref&gt;Cognomen Latinum nuncupatur apud ''[https://www.google.it/books/edition/Dissertationes_Homericae/LI1AAAAAcAAJ?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Ioannes+Schicchius&amp;pg=PA321&amp;printsec=frontcover Dissertationes Homericas]'' (1741): &quot;Ioannes Schicchius callidissimus impostor apud Dantem&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; vulgo plene ''Gianni Schicchi de' Cavalcanti'' (nescimus, quando natus sit mortuusve), fuit [[Eques (medium aevum)|eques mediae aetatis]] [[Italicus]], ut videtur [[Florentia|Florentinus]], qui etiam est persona in ''[[Divina comoedia]]'' a [[Dantes Alagherius|Dante Alagherio]] scripta.

== In ''Divina comoedia'' ==
[[Fasciculus:Inferno Canto 30 verses 33-34.jpg|thumb|Ioannes Schicchius atque Capocchius a [[Gustavus Doré|Gustavo Doré]] picti in illustratione ''Divinae comoediae''.]]
Pauca sunt nota de eius vita, sed primi commentatores carminis epici biographiam invenerunt quod suam descriptionem apud ''Inferna'' Dantis imitat. In bulga falsariorum (decima atque ultima octavi circuli infernali) ille damnatur quia [[testamentum]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Buosus Donati Senior|Buosi Donati Senioris|it|qid=Q3647179}} patris familias {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Donati|&lt;&gt;|it|qid=Q287327}} (qui non confundendus est cum alio [[Buosus Donati|Buoso Donati]] ab Alagherio nominato in carmine XXV ''Infernorum'') subiectus erat, igitur &quot;falsarius personae&quot; fuit.&lt;ref&gt;De Buoso Donati Seniore vide etiam [https://dante.princeton.edu/cgi-bin/dante/DispToynbeeByTitOrId.pl?INP_ID=212208 paginam ei dicatam] apud situm interretiale ''The Princeton Dante Project''. {{Ling|Anglice}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sic poëta Florentinus scripsit: &quot;Fingi se Buosum Donati passus, [[Equus|equarum]] / ut grege de toto reginam acquireret, ausus / testari hunc simulans, simul et tabulis dare normam.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;caietanus-dalla-piazza&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Dalla Piazza|first=Caietanus|author-link=Caietanus Dalla Piazza|year=1848|title=Dantis Alligherii Divina comoedia hexametris latinis reddita|url=https://www.google.it/books/edition/Dantis_Alligherii_Divina_Comoedia_hexame/6RNFAQAAMAAJ?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=divinae+comoedia+della+piazza&amp;printsec=frontcover|location=[[Lipsia|Lipsiae]]|publisher=Ioannes Ambr. Barth|page=115}}.&lt;/ref&gt; In XXX cantu ''Infernorum'', Ioannes Schicchius atque [[Myrrha (mythologia)|Myrrha]], persona mythologica Graeca antiqua, furiose adveniunt apud Dantem, quia [[Rabies|rabie]] inficiuntur, atque impostor Florentinus alchemistam [[Leprosus|leprosum]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Capocchius|Capocchium|it|qid=Q3657220}} crudeliter adoritur.&lt;ref name=&quot;caietanus-dalla-piazza&quot; /&gt;

== Fortuna ==
Pictor Francogallicus [[Gulielmus Adolphus Bouguereau]] tabulam de rixa inter Ioannem Schicchium Capocchiumque, ''{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Dantes et Virgilius|&lt;&gt;|fr|qid=Q2665048}}'' (vulgo ''Dante et Virgile'') appellatam, anno [[1850]] pinxit. Ex hac mythistoria compositor Italicus [[Iacobus Puccini]] creavit [[Opera comica|operam comicam]] ''[[Gianni Schicchi]]'', quod primum acta est anno [[1918]].

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==

* Bosco, Umberto et Reggio, Giovanni, ''La Divina Commedia - Inferno'', Le Monnier, 1988.
* Sermonti, Vittorio, ''Inferno'', Rizzoli, 2001.

== Nexus externus ==
{{CommuniaCat|Gianni Schicchi de' Cavalcanti|Ioannem Schicchium}}
{{Fontes biographici}}

[[Categoria:Viri]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Tusciae]]
[[Categoria:Equites]]
[[Categoria:Nati saeculo 12]]
[[Categoria:Mortui saeculo 12]]
[[Categoria:Personae Divinae Comoediae (Inferna)]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Georgius J. F. Köhler</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="1245" sha1="j7q3rsqr8ridymqklj79r1mihbfo4nh" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:40. Tagung 1990 Mediziner Portraits; Prof. Köhler (Freiburg) - W134Nr.126381c1 - Willy Pragher (cropped).jpg|thumb|Georgius J. F. Köhler cum Caesaro Milstein (1990)]]

'''Georgius Jean Franz Köhler''' (natus [[Monacum|Monaci]] die [[17 Aprilis]] [[1947]] et mortuus die [[1 Martii]] [[1995]]) fuit [[biologia|biologus]] [[Germania|Germanicus]] qui anno [[1982]], [[Praemium Nobelianum physiologiae et medicinae]] cum [[Nicolaus K. Jerne|Nicolao Kaj Jerne]] et [[Caesar Milstein|Caesare Milstein]] accepit, ratione studii [[systema immunitatis|immonologiae]] et [[antibioticum|antibiotici]] [[clonizatio|monoclonalis]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1984/kohler/facts/ Georges J. F. Köhler]&lt;/ref&gt; Et anno 1986 socius Instituti Maximiliani Plank de Immnobiologia factus fuit.

Alumnus [[Universitas studiorum Friburgensis Brisgaudiae|Universitatis studiorum Friburgensis Brisgaudiae]] deinde professor eius universitatis fuit.

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Nexus externi==
{{CommuniaCat|Georges Köhler|Georgius J. F. Köhler}}

[[Categoria:Biologi Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Praemium Nobelianum Medicinae]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Friburgensis Brisgaudiae]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1947]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1995]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Index cognominum Anglicorum</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>316140</id>
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      <text bytes="7871" sha1="niyynd8nyva0au9lah0nzc4a5un9b2s" xml:space="preserve">Hic est '''index cognominum [[Anglice|Anglicorum]]''' in nostris commentationibus perscriptorum. Adde quae invenias.

== De hoc indice ==
* ''italic'' . . . est forma Latina cognominis.
* * . . .  est alia forma Anglica.

{{div col|4}}
=== A ===
* [[Allison]]
* [[Allyson]]*
* [[Anderson]]
* ''[[Andersonius]]''
* ''[[Andersonus]]''
* [[Angus]]
* [[Armstrong]]
* ''[[Armstrongius]]''
* ''[[Ashleia]]''
* ''[[Ashleius]]''
* [[Ashley]]
* [[Ashton]]
* ''[[Ashtonius]]''

=== B ===
* [[Bailey]]
* [[Barry]]
* [[Benson]]
* ''[[Bensonius]]''
* [[Beverly]]
* [[Beverley]]*
* [[Blake]]
* ''[[Blakius]]''
* ''[[Bolena (cognomen)|Bolena]]''
* ''[[Bolenus]]''
* [[Boleyn]]
* [[Bradford]]
* ''[[Bradfordius]]''
* ''[[Bradfordus]]''
* ''[[Bradleius]]''
* [[Bradley]]
* ''[[Bradlius]]''
* [[Brandon]]
* ''[[Brandonus]]''
* [[Brett]]
* [[Brody]]
* [[Burton]]
* ''[[Burtonius]]''
* ''[[Burtonus]]''

=== C ===
* [[Cameron]]
* ''[[Cameronus]]''
* [[Carter]]
* [[Casey]]
* [[Chandler]]
* ''[[Chandlerus]]''
* [[Charles]]
* [[Chester]]
* ''[[Chesterus]]''
* [[Clark]]
* [[Clarke]]*
* [[Clinton]]
* ''[[Clintonia]]''
* ''[[Clintonius]]''
* [[Clyde]]
* [[Cody]]
* [[Cory]]
* [[Craig]]
* ''[[Craigius]]''
* ''[[Craigus]]''

=== D ===
* [[Darrell]]
* [[Darren]]
* [[Dean]]
* [[Denzel]]
* [[Desmond]]
* [[Dexter]]
* [[Dixon]]
* [[Douglas]]
* [[Douglass]]*
* ''[[Duglassius]]''
* [[Duncan]]
* ''[[Dunecanus]]''
* [[Dylan]]
* [[Dwight]]
* ''[[Dwightius]]''
* ''[[Dwightus]]''

=== E ===
* [[Eden (nomen)|Eden]]
* [[Edgar]]
* [[Edison]]
* ''[[Edisonius]]''
* [[Edson]]
* ''[[Edsonus]]''
* [[Elliot]]
* [[Elliott]]*
* ''[[Elliotus]]''
* [[Erastus]]
* [[Evelyn]]
* [[Everett]]
* ''[[Everettius]]''
* ''[[Everettus]]''&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Amyclis in Apollinis, ex schedis Fourmonti; misit Everettus Americanus&quot;; ''Corpus inscriptionum Graecarum. Volume 2'' (Berolini, 1828): 93 [https://www.google.it/books/edition/Corpus_inscriptionum_Graecarum/5PNfAAAAcAAJ?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Everettus+Americanus&amp;pg=PA93&amp;printsec=frontcover].&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Ewing]]

=== F ===
* [[Fitzgerald]]
* ''[[Fitzgeraldius]]''
* ''[[Fitzgeraldus]]''
* [[Fitzroy]]
* [[Floyd]]
* [[Ford (cognomen)|Ford]]
* [[Fowler]]
* ''[[Franclinius]]''
* ''[[Franclinus]]''
* [[Franklin]]
* ''[[Franklinius]]''
* ''[[Franklinus]]''
* [[Fraser]]
* [[Fulton]]

=== G ===
* [[Garrett]]
* [[Gary]]
* [[Gifford]]
* ''[[Giffordius]]''
* [[Glenn]]
* [[Godwin]]
* [[Gordon]]
* ''[[Gordonus]]''
* [[Graham]]
* ''[[Grahamius]]''
* ''[[Grahamus]]''
* [[Grant]]
* ''[[Grantius]]''
* ''[[Guasintonius]]''

=== H ===
* [[Hamilton]]
* ''[[Hamiltonia (cognomen)|Hamiltonia]]''
* ''[[Hamiltonius]]''
* ''[[Harveus]]''
* [[Harvey]]
* [[Harrison]]
* ''[[Harrisonius]]'' → [[Gulielmus Henricus Harrisonius]]
* ''[[Harrisonus]]''
* [[Hastings]]
* ''[[Hauardus]]''
* [[Hayden]]
* [[Hoover]]
* ''[[Hooverus]]''
* [[Howard]]
* ''[[Howardus]]''
* ''[[Huardus]]''
* [[Hudson]]
* [[Hudsonius]]
* [[Hudsonus]] → [[Henricus Hudsonus]]
* [[Humfrey]]
* ''[[Hunfridus]]''
* [[Hunter]]

=== I ===
* ''[[Iackson]]''
* ''[[Iacksonius]]''
* ''[[Iacksonus]]''
* ''[[Iacso]]''
* ''[[Ieffersonia (cognomen)|Ieffersonia]]''
* ''[[Ieffersonius]]''
* [[Irvine]]*
* [[Irving]]
* ''[[Irvingus]]''
* ''[[Irvinus]]''

=== J ===
* [[Jackson (cognomen)|Jackson]]
* ''[[Jacksonius]]''
* ''[[Jacksonus]]''
* [[Jefferson]]
* ''[[Jeffersonia]]''
* ''[[Jeffersonius]]''
* [[John]]
* [[Jones]]
* [[Joyce]]

=== K ===
* [[Keaton]]
* [[Keith]]
* ''[[Keithius]]''
* ''[[Keithus]]''
* ''[[Kellaeus]]''
* [[Kelley]]*
* [[Kelly]]
* [[Kennedy]]
* [[Kimberly]]
* [[King]]
* [[Kirk]]
* ''[[Kirkius]]''
* [[Knight]]

=== L ===
* [[Lee (cognomen Anglicum)|Lee]]
* [[Lincoln]]
* ''[[Lincolnus]]''
* ''[[Lincolnius]]''
* [[Lindsay]]
* [[Lindsey]]*
* [[Lloyd]]
* ''[[Lloydus]]''
* [[Luther (nomen)|Luther]]
* [[Lyndon]]
* ''[[Lyndonius]]''

=== M ===
* [[Madison (cognomen)|Madison]]
* ''[[Madisonus]]''
* ''[[Madisonius]]''
* ''[[Marishallus]]''
* ''[[Marscallus]]''
* [[Marshall]]
* ''[[Marshallus]]''
* [[Marvin]]
* ''[[Marvinus]]''
* [[May]]
* [[Melville]]
* [[Melvin]]
* ''[[Melvinus]]''
* [[Melvyn]]*
* [[Milton]]
* ''[[Miltonius]]''
* ''[[Miltonus (cognomen)|Miltonus]]''
* [[Monroe]]
* ''[[Monrovius]]'' → [[Iacobus Monrovius]]
* [[Montague]]
* [[Morton]]
* ''[[Mortonius]]''
* ''[[Mortonus]]''
* ''[[Murraius]]''
* [[Murray]]
* ''[[Murrayus]]''

=== N ===
* ''[[Nelso]]''
* [[Nelson]]
* ''[[Nelsonius]]''
* ''[[Nelsonus]]''
* [[Neville]]
* ''[[Nevillus]]''
* [[Newton (cognomen)|Newton]]
* ''[[Neutonus (cognomen)|Neutonus]]''
* ''[[Newtonus (cognomen)|Newtonus]]''

=== O ===
* [[Ogilby (discretiva)|Ogilby]]
* [[Osborn]]
* [[Osborne]]*
* [[Owen]]

=== P ===
* [[Parker]]
* ''[[Parkerus]]''
* [[Percy]]
* [[Perry]]
* ''[[Praestonus]]''
* [[Preston]]
* ''[[Prestonius]]''
* ''[[Prestonus]]''
* [[Price]]

=== Q ===
* [[Quinn]]

=== R ===
* [[Ray]]
* [[Robinson]]
* ''[[Robinsonius]]''
* ''[[Robinsonus]]''
* [[Rockefeller]]
* ''[[Rockefellerus]]''&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Carrel medicus, natione Gallus, qui rector est instituti Novo-Eboracensis a Rockefellero, viro divitissimo sustentati&quot;; ''Iuventus'', ann. IV, n. 13 (Budapestini, 1913): 102 [https://arxlatina.org/pegmata/periodica/iuventus/Iuventus.1913.ann04.num13.Cal_Mart.avent.pdf].&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Roosevelt]]
* ''[[Rooseveltius]]''
* [[Ross]]
* ''[[Rossius]]''
* ''[[Rossus]]''
* [[Roy]]
* [[Russ]]
* [[Russell]]
* [[Ryan]]

=== S ===
* [[Sampson]]
* [[Sanford]]
* ''[[Sanfordius]]''
* ''[[Sanfordus]]''
* [[Scott]]
* ''[[Seimorus]]''
* [[Sheldon]]
* ''[[Sheldonius]]''
* ''[[Sheldonus]]''
* [[Shelley]]
* [[Shelly]]*
* ''[[Shirleia]]''
* ''[[Shirleius]]''
* [[Shirley]]
* ''[[Sidneia]]''
* ''[[Sidneius]]''
* [[Sidney]]
* [[Simpson (cognomen)|Simpson]]
* ''[[Simpsonus]]''
* ''[[Simpsonius]]''
* [[Smith]]
* ''[[Smithius]]'' → [[Ioannes Smithius]]
* ''[[Smithus]]'' 
* [[Sowerby (discretiva)|Sowerby]]
* [[Spencer]]
* ''[[Spencerius]]''
* ''[[Spencerus]]''
* ''[[Spenserius]]''
* [[Stacey]]
* [[Stafford]]
* ''[[Staffordius]]''
* ''[[Staffordus]]''
* ''[[Stanleius]]''
* [[Stanley]]
* ''[[Stanleyus]]''
* [[Stevenson]]
* [[Stirling]]
* ''[[Stuarda]]''
* ''[[Stuardus]]''
* [[Stuart]]
* ''[[Stuarta]]''
* ''[[Stuartus]]''
* [[Sumner]]
* ''[[Sumnerus]]''
* [[Sydney (nomen)|Sydney]]*

=== T ===
* [[Taylor]]
* [[Tracey]]*
* [[Tracy]]
* [[Trent]]
* [[Truman]]
* ''[[Trumanus]]''
* [[Tucker]]
* ''[[Tuckerus]]''&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Post hæc in hanc insulam venit Tuckerus&quot;; ''Historiae Americanae, Decimatertia pars'' (Francofurti ad Moenum, 1634): 34 [https://www.google.it/books/edition/Collectio_peregrinationum_in_Indiam_occi/eURbAAAAcAAJ?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=tuckerus+est&amp;pg=PA34&amp;printsec=frontcover].&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Tyler]]
* ''[[Tylerus]]''

=== V ===
* [[Vance]]
* ''[[Vanceus]]''
* ''[[Varrenius]]''
* ''[[Vashingtonius]]''&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Martha Vashingtonii uxor fuit mulier alta mente&quot;; ''First Lessons in Latin'' (Philadelphiae, 1846): 120 [https://archive.org/details/firstlessonsinla00broo/page/120/mode/2up?q=Vashingtonii].&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''[[Vasingto]]''
* ''[[Vasingtonius]]''
* ''[[Vasintonius]]''
* [[Vaughn]]
* ''[[Vaynius]]''
* ''[[Vesleius (nomen)|Vesleius]]''

=== W ===
* [[Wallace]]
* ''[[Wallaceus]]''
* ''[[Wallax]]''
* [[Walker]]
* [[Warren]]
* ''[[Warrenius]]''
* ''[[Warrenus]]''
* [[Washington (cognomen)|Washington]]
* ''[[Washingtonius]]''
* [[Watson]]
* [[Wayne]]
* [[Weaver]]
* [[Wendell]]
* [[Wesley]]
* [[Weston]]
* ''[[Westonia]]''
* ''[[Whitneius]]''
* [[Whitney]]
* ''[[Whitneyus]]''&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Orbitolina Whitneyi Carsey&quot;; ''Alma Roma'', ann. XIX, n. II (Romae, mense Februarii 1932): 28 [https://arxlatina.org/pegmata/periodica/almaroma/AlmaRoma.1932.ann19.fasc02.Feb.vat.pdf].&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Willard]]
* ''[[Willardus]]''
* [[Wilson]]
* ''[[Wilsonius]]''
* ''[[Wilsonus]]''
* [[Winston]]
* ''[[Winstonius]]''
* ''[[Winstonus]]''
{{div col end}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Cognomen]]
* [[Index praenominum]]

[[Categoria:Cognomina Anglica|!]]
[[Categoria:Indices nominum]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Christianus Henricus Persoon</title>
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      <text bytes="3764" sha1="mck9z6fbcjlwuo29zubugrx4xxetdhm" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Christiaan Hendrik Persoon.jpg|thumb|Christianus Henricus Persoon]]
'''Christianus Henricus Persoon''' (in Provincia [[Promontorium Bonae Spei|Capitis Bonae Spei]] die [[31 Decembris]] [[1761]] natus; [[Lutetia]]e mense Novembri [[1836]] mortuus&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Ainsworth, G. C. (1962) [https://www.nature.com/articles/193022a0 Christiaan Hendrik Persoon] (1761–1836). ''Nature'', 193: 22–23.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;De die nativitatis mortisve eius non constat: natus est vel die 31 Decembris 1761, vel 1762, vel etiam die 1 Ianuarii 1763; mortuus est, iuxta varios auctores, die 14, 15, vel 16 Novembris 1836.&lt;/ref&gt;) fuit [[Botanice|botanicus]] Germano-Batavus, qui ob opera praeclara pater [[mycologia]]e appellatur.

Anno 1775 [[Europa|Europam]] studiorum causa petiit, ubi [[Salinae Saxonicae|Halae]] [[Theologia|theologiae]] operam dedit, medicinae vero [[Lugdunum Batavorum|Lugduni Batavorum]] et [[Gottinga|Gottingae]]. Postquam lauream doctoralem [[Erlanga|Erlangae]] obtinuisset, anno 1803 Lutetiam Parisiorum venit, ibique usque ad finem vitae remansurus. Ad [[Fungi|fungos]] investigandos sese vertit, eo quod, ut ipse confessus est, haec studia domi peragere potuerit.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Inter opera eius praesertim ''Synopsis methodica Fungorum'' nominatur.&lt;ref&gt;Persoon, C. H. (1801) ''[https://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/records/item/12263-synopsis-methodica-fungorum-pars-prima &lt;nowiki&gt;Synopsis methodica fungorum [...] Pars prima.&lt;/nowiki&gt;]'' Gottingae : apud Henricum Dieterich.&lt;/ref&gt; Qui liber tam magni momenti in mycologia censetur, ut omnia nomina [[Pucciniales|Uredinalium]], Ustilaginalium, Gasteromycetumque qui in eo continentur, contra principium generale prioritatis omnibus aliis nominibus horum [[Taxinomia|taxorum]], etiam anterioribus, praeferuntur. Quae nomina ‘sanctionata’&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20230322162852/https://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/pages/main/glossary.html Glossary.] In: C. Turland (ed.), ''International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code), adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress, Shenzhen, China, July 2017.''&lt;/ref&gt; dicuntur, exempli gratia [[Genus (taxinomia)|genus]] ''[[Puccinia]]'' Pers.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/pages/main/art_f3.html Chapter F: Names of organisms treated as Fungi. Section 1: Limitation of the principle of priority. Article F.3: Sanctioned names.] {{Nexus deficit|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} In: C. Turland (ed.), ''International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code), adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress, Shenzhen, China, July 2017.''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Korf, R. P. (1983) [http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59575/0016/002/0341.htm Sanctioned epithets, sanctioned names, and cardinal principles in &quot;: Pers.&quot; and &quot;: Fr.&quot; citations&quot;.] ''Mycotaxon'', '''16''' (2): 341–52.&lt;/ref&gt;

Persoon 2296 [[Species (taxinomia)|species]] novas fungorum descripsit nominavitque.&lt;ref&gt;Lücking, R. (2020) [https://www.biotaxa.org/megataxa/article/view/megataxa.1.1.16 Three challenges to contemporaneous taxonomy from a licheno-mycological perspective.] ''Megataxa'', 1 (1): 73–103.&lt;/ref&gt; Herbarium eius Lugduni Batavorum osservatur.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

In eius honorem ''[[Persoonia]]'', genus [[Proteaceae|Proteacearum]] nomen accepit.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Burkhardt, L. (2022) ''[https://www.bgbm.org/de/eine-enzyklopadie-zu-eponymischen-pflanzennamen Eine Enzyklopädie zu eponymischen Pflanzennamen: Von Menschen &amp; ihren Pflanzen.]'' Berolini: Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin. ISBN 978-3-946292-41-8&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{Lifetime|1761|1836|Persoon, Christianus Henricus}}
[[Categoria:Mycologi]]</text>
      <sha1>mck9z6fbcjlwuo29zubugrx4xxetdhm</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Delta Cephei</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>320228</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3999353</id>
      <parentid>3913648</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-05T01:13:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Minutiae</comment>
      <origin>3999353</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1870" sha1="ak8b3sozvrdccodbhkqgkcnr2wmfzrk" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Dceph.jpg|thumb|Delta Cephei]]

{{res|Delta Cephei}} (indecl. ''f.'', {{*scilicet}} ‘stella’) est [[stella]] [[Stella supergigantea flava|supergigantea flava]], fere nongentos [[annus luce mensus|annos luce mensos]] distans, in [[Constellatio|constellatione]] [[Cepheus (constellatio)|Cephei]] sita.&lt;ref&gt;[https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0206214, https://arxiv.org/abs/1201.0993 Res.]&lt;/ref&gt; Praecipue nota est quod primum exemplum fuit [[stella variabilis Cepheis|variabilis Cepheidis]], generis specialis supergiganteae flavae. Temperaturam [[Sol|Soli]] similem habet, sed fere bis milliens clarior est, quadragiens sexiens latior, et non est physice stabilis.&lt;ref&gt;[https://doi.org/10.3847%2F1538-3881%2Fac2431 Res], [https://arxiv.org/abs/2105.12197 Res.]&lt;/ref&gt; Eius [[massa]] quinquiens maior est quam massa Solis.

Variabiles Cepheides sunt supergiganteae flavae quae regulariter claritate et magnitudine pulsant. Periodus pulsationis est proportionalis earum intrinsecae claritati ([[magnitudo absoluta|magnitudini absolutae]]), ita astronomi qui et periodum pulsationis et [[Magnitudo apparens|magnitudinem apparentem]] Cepheidum in caelo noscunt, computare possunt quam sint remotae, ergo Cepheides ita adhibent ut distantias [[galaxias|galaxiarum]] extra [[Via lactea|Viam Lacteam]] inveniant. In casu Delta Cephei, periodus variabilitatis eius est circiter quinque dierum&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20231226040748/http://www.sai.msu.su/gcvs/cgi-bin/search2.cgi?search=del+cep Res.]&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;[https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.01851 Res.]&lt;/ref&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Cepheus (constellatio)]]
* [[Nu Cephei]]
* [[Zeta Cephei]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Delta Cephei|Delta Cephei}}

[[Categoria:Cepheus (constellatio)]]
[[Categoria:Stellae]]
[[Categoria:Stellae variabiles]]
[[Categoria:Stellae variabiles Cepheides]]</text>
      <sha1>ak8b3sozvrdccodbhkqgkcnr2wmfzrk</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3999357</id>
      <parentid>3999353</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-05T02:06:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>3999357</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1870" sha1="4i3yil25jwl962ipazqvmj8r9i1qp9s" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Dceph.jpg|thumb|Delta Cephei]]

{{res|Delta Cephei}} (indecl. ''f.'', {{*scilicet}} ‘stella’) est [[stella]] [[Stella supergigantea flava|supergigantea flava]], fere nongentos [[annus luce mensus|annos luce mensos]] distans, in [[Constellatio|constellatione]] [[Cepheus (constellatio)|Cephei]] sita.&lt;ref&gt;[https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0206214, https://arxiv.org/abs/1201.0993 Res.]&lt;/ref&gt; Praecipue nota est quod primum exemplum fuit [[stella variabilis Cepheis|variabilis Cepheidis]], generis specialis supergiganteae flavae. Temperaturam [[Sol|Soli]] similem habet, sed fere bis milliens clarior est, quadragiens sexiens latior, et non est physice stabilis.&lt;ref&gt;[https://doi.org/10.3847%2F1538-3881%2Fac2431 Res], [https://arxiv.org/abs/2105.12197 Res.]&lt;/ref&gt; Eius [[massa]] quinquiens maior est quam massa Solis.

Variabiles Cepheides sunt supergiganteae flavae quae regulariter claritate et magnitudine pulsant. Periodus pulsationis est proportionalis earum intrinsecae claritati ([[magnitudo absoluta|magnitudini absolutae]]), ita astronomi qui et periodum pulsationis et [[Magnitudo apparens|magnitudinem apparentem]] Cepheidum in caelo noscunt, computare possunt quam sint remotae, ergo Cepheides ita adhibent ut distantias [[galaxias|galaxiarum]] extra [[Via lactea|Viam Lacteam]] inveniant. In casu Delta Cephei, periodus variabilitatis eius est circiter quinque dierum.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20231226040748/http://www.sai.msu.su/gcvs/cgi-bin/search2.cgi?search=del+cep Res.]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.01851 Res.]&lt;/ref&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Cepheus (constellatio)]]
* [[Nu Cephei]]
* [[Zeta Cephei]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Delta Cephei|Delta Cephei}}

[[Categoria:Cepheus (constellatio)]]
[[Categoria:Stellae]]
[[Categoria:Stellae variabiles]]
[[Categoria:Stellae variabiles Cepheides]]</text>
      <sha1>4i3yil25jwl962ipazqvmj8r9i1qp9s</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Formula:Petitio novae adumbrationis/doc</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>320315</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3999487</id>
      <parentid>3946767</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-05T11:51:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Minutiae</comment>
      <origin>3999487</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3620" sha1="6gt2q9gyu6tvt9c9112q6tf8eqojvrq" xml:space="preserve">{{Subpagina documentationis}}
{{Formula substituibilis|...}}

Haec formula schedulam petitoriam de [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio|adumbratione]] in [[Specialis:Pagina mea/Harenarium|harenario usoris]] (vel alibi) creanda ostendit.

== De usu ==
Formula quinque argumenta voluntaria accipit: {{para|praefixum}}, quod spatium nominale paginamque superiorem indicat (spatio nominali encyclopaedico vetato), {{para|exemplar}}, quod aliquod [[Auxilium:Exemplaria|exemplar]] eligere sinit, {{para|amplitudo}}, quae indicat quam lata ipsa schedula creanda sit, {{para|suasio}}, quae textum suasum definit, et {{para|versus}}, qui utram tesserarum “singulus” et “plures” accipit, statuens utrum formula per singulam lineam disponenda sit necne.

'''Vicitextus:'''

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;{{Petitio novae adumbrationis}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

'''Effectus:'''

{{Petitio novae adumbrationis}}

{{Ast}}

'''Vicitextus:'''

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;{{Petitio novae adumbrationis|amplitudo=100%}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

'''Effectus:'''

{{Petitio novae adumbrationis|amplitudo=100%}}

{{Ast}}

'''Vicitextus:'''

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;{{Petitio novae adumbrationis
	| exemplar = Vicipaedia:Exemplaria communia/Adumbratio
	| praefixum = Vicipaedia:Harenarium/
	| amplitudo = 40
	| suasio = Lorem ipsum
	| versus = plures
}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

'''Effectus:'''

{{Petitio novae adumbrationis
	| exemplar = Vicipaedia:Exemplaria communia/Adumbratio
	| praefixum = Vicipaedia:Harenarium/
	| amplitudo = 40
	| suasio = Lorem ipsum
	| versus = plures
}}

== De argumentis ==

&lt;templatedata&gt;{
	&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Haec formula schedulam petitoriam de adumbratione in harenario usoris (vel alibi) creanda ostendit.&quot;,
	&quot;params&quot;: {
		&quot;praefixum&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Praefixum&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Spatium nominale paginaque superior (spatium nominale encyclopaedicum vetatur),&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;default&quot;: &quot;Specialis:Pagina mea/Harenarium/&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;Vicipaedia:Harenarium/&quot;
		},
		&quot;exemplar&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Exemplar&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Exemplar adumbrationis,&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;default&quot;: &quot;Vicipaedia:Exemplaria communia/Adumbratio&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;Vicipaedia:Exemplaria communia/Pagina Vicipaediana&quot;
		},
		&quot;amplitudo&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Amplitudo&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Quam lata ipsa schedula creanda sit&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;20&quot;
		},
		&quot;suasio&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Suasio&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Suasio ostenta&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;default&quot;: &quot;Scribe hic nomen paginae cuius adumbrationem creare vis&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;Lorem ipsum&quot;
		},
		&quot;versus&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Versus&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Utrum ‘singulus’ aut ‘plures’ versūs schedulam componant.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;default&quot;: &quot;singulus&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;plures&quot;
		}
	}
}&lt;/templatedata&gt;

== Subpaginae ==
* [[:Categoria:Monitus recensionum|Monitus recensionum]]:
** {{Fn|Petitio novae adumbrationis/monitus}}

== Ulteriora si cupis ==
* [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio]]
* [[:Categoria:Formulae schedularum petitoriarum]]
* {{Fn|Capsa adumbrationum usoris}}
* {{Fn|Adumbratio}}
* [[Vicipaedia:Porta eruditionis/Scriptorium]]
* [[Vicipaedia:Harenarium]]
* [[Vicipaedia:Exemplaria communia/Adumbratio]]

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{in harenario aut alibi||
&lt;!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --&gt;
[[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae quae seorsos versus creant|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae administrationis Vicipaediae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae schedularum petitoriarum|{{PAGENAME}}]]
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>6gt2q9gyu6tvt9c9112q6tf8eqojvrq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Archidioecesis Claromontana</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>321654</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3999225</id>
      <parentid>3998912</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-04T17:27:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Nexus externi */ cat</comment>
      <origin>3999225</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1967" sha1="ji9y5u6kyfi6nwhiv4owur28xl0j6pb" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidatorum}} 
{{res|Archidioecesis Claromontana}} ([[Francogallice]] {{barbarice|lingua=fr|Archidiocèse de Clermont}}) est [[archidioecesis]] [[metropolita]]na [[Ecclesia Latina|Ecclesiae Latinae]] [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Catholicae Romanae]] in [[Francia]], cuius sedes [[Augustonemetum|Claromontii]] est. [[saeculum 3|Saeculo tertio]] condita, dioecesis ''Arverniae'' appellabatur usque ad divisionem et creationem [[Dioecesis Sancti Flori]] anno [[1317]].&lt;ref name=histoire /&gt; Dioecesis suffraganea [[Archidioecesis Bituricensis]] erat.&lt;ref name=histoire /&gt; Anno [[2002]], per reorganizationem provinciarum ecclesiasticarum Francicarum, ad gradum archidioecesis [[metropolita]]nae evecta est.&lt;ref name=histoire&gt;{{opus|url=https://clermont.catholique.fr/le-diocese-de-clermont-un-archidiocese/|titulus=Le diocèse de Clermont : un archidiocèse|domus editoria=clermont.catholique.fr}} {{ling|Francogallice}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Provincia ecclesiastica ==
[[Fasciculus:Province ecclésiastique de Clermont.svg|thumb|left|upright=0.7|Provincia ecclesiastica Claromontana]]
Tres dioeceses suffraganeas habet :
* [[dioecesis Aniciensis]]
* [[dioecesis Molinensis]]
* [[dioecesis Sancti Flori]].

== Ecclesia cathedralis ==
[[Fasciculus:Cathedrale vue de montjuzet detail.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.7|Ecclesia cathedralis [[Maria (mater Iesu)|Nostrae Dominae]] [[Assumptio]]nis dicata.]]
[[Ecclesia cathedralis]] Nostrae Dominae Assumptionis dicata in [[Augustonemetum|Claromontii]], sedes archidioecesis est.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
* {{Opus|url=https://clermont.catholique.fr/ |titulus=Situs officialis}} {{ling|Francogallice}}
{{CommuniaCat|Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Clermont|Archidioecesem Claromontana}}
{{Fontes geographici}}

{{RC-stipula}}
{{Dioeceses archidioeceses catholicae Franciae}}
[[Categoria:Dioeceses Ecclesiae Catholicae in Francia]]
[[Categoria:Archidioecesis Claromontana|!]]
[[Categoria:Augustonemetum]]</text>
      <sha1>ji9y5u6kyfi6nwhiv4owur28xl0j6pb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Formula:Schedula/doc</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>323753</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3999196</id>
      <parentid>3999009</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-04T15:48:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Documentationem redintegravi</comment>
      <origin>3999196</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3304" sha1="h1inmudgb65tiud0363lp4pk3kq76y7" xml:space="preserve">{{Subpagina documentationis}}
{{Formula in nuntiis systematis adhibita
	| custodes = usores
	| r3946084 = MediaWiki:Noarticletext
	| c3951354 = Textus paginarum absentium
	| Idcirco verbatim
}}
{{Formula substituibilis|...}}
{{Metaformula quoque|Formulae monituum nuntiorumque}}

Utere hac formula ut quandam schedulam exhibeas.

== De usu ==
'''Vicitextus:'''

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;{{Schedula|imago=Photo icon.svg|Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

'''Effectus:'''

{{Schedula|imago=Photo icon.svg|titulus=Lorem ipsum|Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.}}

{{ast}}

'''Vicitextus:'''

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;{{Schedula|Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

'''Effectus:'''

{{Schedula|Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.}}

== De argumentis ==

&lt;templatedata&gt;{
	&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Haec formula schedulam exhibet.&quot;,
	&quot;params&quot;: {
		&quot;1&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Contenta&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Nuntius in capsa ostendendus&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;content&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: true,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.&quot;
		},
		&quot;ancora&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Ancora&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Ancora capsae&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;lorem-ipsum&quot;
		},
		&quot;postilla&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Postilla&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Postilla (in eadem capsa ostenta)&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;content&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;color&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Color&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Color marginis sinistri capsae (nullus margo ostendetur si hoc argumentum datur vacuum)&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;default&quot;: &quot;var(--background-color-progressive, #36c)&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;#cccccc&quot;
		},
		&quot;imago&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Imago&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Imago capsae&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;Photo icon.svg&quot;
		},
		&quot;pigmentum&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Pigmentum&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Color ipsius capsae (CSS: ‘background-color’) – argumentum ignorabitur si ‘|trama=’ datur&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;default&quot;: &quot;var(--background-color-progressive-subtle, #e8eeff)&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;#f6e4e4&quot;
		},
		&quot;atramentum&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Atramentum&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Color textūs (CSS: ‘color’)&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;default&quot;: &quot;var(--color-base, #202122)&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;#f00&quot;
		},
		&quot;titulus&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Titulus&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Titulus capsae&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;Photo icon.svg&quot;
		},
		&quot;classis-imaginis&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Classis imaginis&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Attributio HTML imaginis ‘class’&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;skin-invert&quot;
		}
	}
}&lt;/templatedata&gt;

== Ulteriora si cupis ==
* {{Fn|Pagella}}
* {{Fn|Pagella fugax}}
* {{Fn|Capsa annuntiationis}}
* {{Fn|Capsa notionis}}
* {{Fn|Capsa lateralis}}
* {{Fn|Capsa disputationis}}
* {{Fn|Capsa documentationis}}
* {{Fn|Capsa paginae}}
* {{Fn|Capsa monitus}}
* {{Fn|Capsa recensionis}}
* {{Fn|Capsa tabellaria}}
* {{Fn|Metacapsa tabellaria}}

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{in harenario aut alibi||
&lt;!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --&gt;
[[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae administrationis Vicipaediae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae capsarum|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae quae seorsos versus creant|{{PAGENAME}}]]
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>h1inmudgb65tiud0363lp4pk3kq76y7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Formula:Monitus de adumbratione recensenda/capsa</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>323978</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3999204</id>
      <parentid>3989907</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-04T16:00:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Documentationem redintegravi</comment>
      <origin>3999204</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4505" sha1="oeeoqdkekmyeq33d91te5us0d58k0qx" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#if:{{#if:{{{adumbratio-abest}}}||!}}{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME:{{{pagina}}}}}|||!}}
	| {{#if:{{{pagina-abest|}}}{{{redirectio-paginae|}}}{{{capitulum|}}}
		| {{Capsa recensionis
			| titulus = {{#if:{{{adumbratio-abest|}}}|Nova|Haec est}} [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio|adumbratio]] {{#if:{{{capitulum|}}}|capituli}}
			| imago = Twemoji2 1f4dd.svg
			| color = #607D8B
			| pigmentum = var(--background-color-warning-subtle, #fdf2d5)
			| 1 =

{{#if:{{{capitulum|}}}
	| Capitulum “[[{{{pagina}}}#{{{capitulum}}}|{{{pagina}}} §&amp;nbsp;{{{capitulum}}}]]”
	| {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACENUMBER:{{{pagina}}}}}|0|Commentatio|Pagina}} “[[{{{pagina}}}]]{{#if:{{{redirectio-paginae|}}}
		| ” (quae {{#ifeq:{{{redirectio-paginae|}}}|{{{adumbratio|}}}
			| huc
			| ad “[[{{{redirectio-paginae}}}]]”
		}} redigit)
		| ”
	}}
}}, nomine caduco “'''{{{adumbratio}}}'''”, hic {{#if:{{{adumbratio-abest|}}}
	| parabitur. Adumbratio creata, aucta
	| paratur. Adumbratio aucta
}} et demum finita ponitor in spatium nominale {{Sin secus|{{NAMESPACE:{{{pagina}}}}}|encyclopaedicum|&lt;code&gt;|:&lt;/code&gt;}}.

{{#if:{{{capitulum|}}}
	| {{#if:{{{redirectio-paginae|}}}{{{pagina-abest|}}}
		| {{Capsa monitus
			| 1 = [[Imago:Simple warning.svg|20px|link=|alt=]] Pagina “[[{{{pagina}}}]]” {{#if:{{{redirectio-paginae|}}}
				| {{#ifeq:{{{redirectio-paginae|}}}|{{{adumbratio|}}}
					| hic
					| ad “[[{{{redirectio-paginae}}}]]”
				}} redigit.
				| abest.
			}}
		}}
	}}
}}

		}}
		| {{Capsa recensionis
			| imago = Important2.svg
			| color = var(--background-color-content-removed, #ffe49c)
			| pigmentum = var(--background-color-warning-subtle, #fdf2d5)
			| titulus = {{#if:{{{adumbratio-abest|}}}
				| Novum testimonium [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio|adumbrationis]] perfectae
				| {{#if:{{{redirectio-adumbrationis|}}}
					| Hoc est testimonium [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio|adumbrationis]] perfectae
					| Oportet hanc adumbrationem facere [[Vicipaedia:Redirectio|redirectionem]]!
				}}
			}}
			| 1 =

Cave! Pagina “[[{{Sin secus|{{{redirectio-adumbrationis}}}|{{{pagina}}}}}]]” iam creata est! {{#if:{{{adumbratio-abest|}}}
	| Si hic parata erat, tibi licet tantummodo sequentem vicitextum hic scribere:
	| {{#if:{{{redirectio-adumbrationis|}}}
		| Nisi deleri cupitur, oportet hanc paginam manere [[Vicipaedia:Redirectio|redirectionem]]. Tibi licet tantummodo sequentem vicitextum hic scribere:
		| Scribe:
	}}
}}

{{Folium vicitextuale|#REDIRECT [[{{Sin secus|{{{redirectio-adumbrationis|}}}|{{{pagina}}}}}]]&lt;nowiki&gt;

{{De hac redirectione}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

{{murmur|(Aliae formulae, velut &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Confestim delenda}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;, &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Pagina retracta}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;, etc., vel categoriae)}}}}

Si pagina “[[{{Sin secus|{{{redirectio-adumbrationis|}}}|{{{pagina}}}}}]]” nondum quartum mensem egit, etiam potes {{Nexus cum parametris
	| wpReason = Locus opportunior
	| prefix = {{ns:118}}:
	| wpNewTitle = {{{pagina}}}
	| 1 = Special:MovePage/{{{pagina}}}
	| 2 = huc eam movere
}}{{Idcirco verbatim|{{{redirectio-adumbrationis|}}}| (si huic redirectioni sunt emendationes, in pagina movenda tibi scribendum erit: {{Versus vicitextualis|&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Confestim movenda praeter redirectionem|&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{{adumbratio}}}&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;}})}}{{#if:{{#if:{{{adumbratio-abest|}}}|+|{{#if:{{{redirectio-adumbrationis|}}}|+}}}}

	|

. Si autem novam sectionem paginae in spatium adumbrationum parare vis, scribe nomen capituli hic infra.

{{{!}} style=&quot;margin: 2em auto;&quot;
! style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; {{!}} Novum capitulum paginae “[[{{{pagina}}}]]” adumbrandum:
{{!}}-
{{!}} {{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#tag:inputbox|
	type = create
	break = no
	width = 48em
	prefix = {{{adumbratio}}}/§&amp;#32;
	summary = Prima adumbratio
	preload = Vicipaedia:Exemplaria communia/Adumbratio capituli
	placeholder = Scribe hic nomen capituli adumbrandi (e.g. “Nexus externi”)
	buttonlabel = Parare
}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: x-small&quot; {{!}} (litterae capitaneae minusculaeque capituli recto modo scribendae sunt)
{{!}}}

	| .

}}

		}}
	}}
	| {{Monitus de titulo per virgulam obliquam finito}}
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentatio|contenta={{Formula machinaria}}{{Formula in nuntiis systematis adhibita|custodes=usores
	| c3949391 = Monitus de adumbratione recensenda/inspectio
	| Capsa monitus
	| Capsa recensionis
	| Folium vicitextuale
	| Idcirco verbatim
	| Monitus de titulo per virgulam obliquam finito
	| Murmur
	| Nexus cum parametris
	| Sin secus
	| Versus vicitextualis
}}}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>oeeoqdkekmyeq33d91te5us0d58k0qx</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Formula:Substitutio quae suam transclusionem protrahit</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>324092</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3999098</id>
      <parentid>3999089</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-04T12:00:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>De categoriis vestigatoriis</comment>
      <origin>3999098</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2165" sha1="k7dxrk10zzq0kg14t9p1agqm9vg2ulo" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{Capsa notionis
	| color = #ffcc33
	| imago = Warn subst.svg
	| 1 =

Haec formula '''semper''' [[Vicipaedia:Substitutio|substituenda]] est. Noli directe eam invocare, sed potius scribe &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{subst:&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{#if:{{{formula|}}}|{{{formula}}}|{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|doc|{{BASEPAGENAME}}|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}{{#ifeq:{{{1|!}}}{{{1|}}}|!||&lt;wbr /&gt;&amp;#124;{{P1|1={{{1}}}}}}}&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;.

{{#tag:span|'''Ad magistratum:''' Haec est [[:Categoria:Substitutiones quae suas transclusiones protrahunt|substitutio quae suam transclusionem protrahit]]: tibi explorandum est num {{Nexus cum parametris
	| 1 = Specialis:Quaerere
	| 2 = aliquam transclusionem
	| search = insource:/\{\{\s*{{#invoke:params|
		with_name_matching|^seu%s*[1-9]%d*$|or|seu|strict|
		renaming_by_replacing|seu|seu 1|1|strict|
		renaming_by_replacing|$seu%s*||1|
		mapping_to_lowercase|
		mapping_by_replacing|[%(%)%{%}%[%]{{!}},%.%?%*%+%-%^%$%{{=}}%&lt;%&gt;\/!:]|\%0|
		setting|h/i/f/n|({{#invoke:params|new|imposing|nomen|{{lc:{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|doc|{{BASEPAGENAME}}|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}|mapping_by_replacing|[%(%)%{%}%[%]{{!}},%.%?%*%+%-%^%$%{{=}}%&lt;%&gt;\/!:]|\%0|value_of|nomen}}{{!}}|{{!}}|)|{{#invoke:params|new|imposing|nomen|{{lc:{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|doc|{{BASEPAGENAME}}|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}|mapping_by_replacing|[%(%)%{%}%[%]{{!}},%.%?%*%+%-%^%$%{{=}}%&lt;%&gt;\/!:]|\%0|value_of|nomen}}|
		all_sorted|
		list_values
	}}\s*\{{!}}/i
	| sort = last_edit_desc
	| profile = advanced
	| fulltext = 1
	| limit = 500
	| ns0 = 1
	| ns1 = 1
	| ns2 = 1
	| ns3 = 1
	| ns4 = 1
	| ns5 = 1
	| ns6 = 1
	| ns7 = 1
	| ns8 = 1
	| ns9 = 1
	| ns10 = 1
	| ns11 = 1
	| ns12 = 1
	| ns13 = 1
	| ns14 = 1
	| ns15 = 1
	| ns100 = 1
	| ns101 = 1
	| ns828 = 1
	| ns829 = 1
}} habeat, et si nonnullas invenias modus invocationis tibi corrigendus est ({{*ie}} &lt;code&gt;subst:&lt;/code&gt; tibi addendum est).|class=plainlinks|style=font-size: .75em;}}

}}{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||{{in harenario aut alibi||{{In his categoriis secundum partem alphanumericam nominis|Formulae semper substituendae|Substitutiones quae suas transclusiones protrahunt}}}}}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentatio}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>k7dxrk10zzq0kg14t9p1agqm9vg2ulo</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Formula:Textus paginarum absentium</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>324099</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3999443</id>
      <parentid>3997740</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-05T10:42:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Modulus:Harenarium|Modulum:Harenarium]] feci exemplar ad novos modulos creandos</comment>
      <origin>3999443</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12495" sha1="ep1ugd3uayxwexchwo6iiyag05mye8q" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|
	| {{#ifexist:{{NAMESPACE}}:{{BASEPAGENAME}}
		| {{Quaerebasne forte|{{NAMESPACE}}:{{BASEPAGENAME}}}}
		| {{Quaerebasne forte eodem titulo|{{NAMESPACE}}:{{BASEPAGENAME}}}}
	}}{{Schedula
		| imago = Important2.svg
		| color = var(--background-color-content-removed, #ffe49c)
		| pigmentum = var(--background-color-warning-subtle, #fdf2d5)
		| titulus = Malus titulus
		| 1 = Per errorem ad paginam malo titulo advenisti. Paginae Vicipaedianae in nominibus suis numquam virgulam obliquam (&lt;code&gt;/&lt;/code&gt;) posponunt, praeterquam si sunt commentationes [[Vicipaedia:Spatium nominale|spatii]] encyclopaedici et sic eorum tituli petunt{{#if:{{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACENUMBER}}|0|/|{{#ifexist:{{NAMESPACE}}:{{BASEPAGENAME}}||/}}}}
			| .
			| {{Sin secus
				| 1 = {{Special:PrefixIndex/{{NAMESPACE}}:{{BASEPAGENAME}}/}}
				| 2 = . Pagina “[[{{NAMESPACE}}:{{BASEPAGENAME}}]]” nullam subpaginam habet.
				| 3 = . Si subpaginam quaerebas et pagina “[[{{NAMESPACE}}:{{BASEPAGENAME}}]]” subpaginas habet, hic infra invenietur.
			}}
		}}
	}}
	| {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACENUMBER}}|118
		| {{#ifexist:{{PAGENAME}}
			| {{Quaerebasne forte|{{PAGENAME}}}}{{Schedula
				| imago = Important2.svg
				| color = var(--background-color-content-removed, #ffe49c)
				| pigmentum = var(--background-color-warning-subtle, #fdf2d5)
				| titulus = Pagina iam perfecta
				| 1 =

'''Haec adumbratio non exstat.''' Fortasse olim pagina “[[{{PAGENAME}}]]” hic suam adumbrationem habuit, sed nunc in spatio {{Sin secus|{{NAMESPACE:{{PAGENAME}}}}|encyclopaedico|&lt;code&gt;|:&lt;/code&gt;}} invenitur. Si nondum quartum mensem egit, tibi licet {{Nexus cum parametris
	| wpReason = Locus opportunior
	| prefix = {{ns:118}}:
	| wpNewTitle = {{PAGENAME}}
	| 1 = Special:MovePage/{{PAGENAME}}
	| 2 = huc eam movere
}}. Si autem novam sectionem paginae in spatium adumbrationum parare vis, scribe nomen novi capituli hic infra.

{{{!}} style=&quot;margin: 2em auto;&quot;
! style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; {{!}} Novum capitulum paginae “[[{{PAGENAME}}]]” adumbrandum:
{{!}}-
{{!}} {{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#tag:inputbox|
	type = create
	break = no
	width = 48em
	prefix = {{FULLPAGENAME}}/§&amp;#32;
	summary = Prima adumbratio
	preload = Vicipaedia:Exemplaria communia/Adumbratio capituli
	placeholder = Scribe hic nomen capituli adumbrandi (e.g. “Nexus externi”)
	buttonlabel = Parare
}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: x-small&quot; {{!}} (litterae capitaneae minusculaeque capituli recto modo scribendae sunt)
{{!}}}

			}}
			| {{Quaerebasne forte eodem titulo|{{PAGENAME}}}}{{Schedula
				| imago = Text document with 2red question marks.svg
				| color = var(--background-color-neutral, #eaecf0)
				| pigmentum = var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa)
				| 1 =

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
{{Buto|{{Nexus ad recensendum
	| 1 = {{FULLPAGENAME}}
	| 2 = Hanc adumbrationem creare
	| exemplar = Formula:Textus paginarum absentium/exemplaria/adumbratio
	| summarium = Prima adumbratio
	| arg1 = {{PAGENAME}}
}}}}
&lt;/div&gt;

'''Haec adumbratio non exstat.''' Forsitan deleta est—vide {{Nexus cum parametris|Special:Log|acta deletionum huius paginae|page={{FULLPAGENAME}}}}. Si vis, potes [[Special:Search/{{PAGENAME}}|hanc rem in aliis paginis quaerere]], vel [[Special:WhatLinksHere/{{FULLPAGENAME}}|quid huic rei nectat inspicere]], vel {{Nexus cum parametris|Special:Log|acta huius paginae legere|page={{FULLPAGENAME}}}}, vel {{Nexus ad recensendum
	| 1 = {{FULLPAGENAME}}
	| 2 = hanc adumbrationem creare
	| exemplar = Formula:Textus paginarum absentium/exemplaria/adumbratio
	| summarium = Prima adumbratio
	| arg1 = {{PAGENAME}}
}}.

{{Textus paginarum absentium/postilla|{{SUBPAGENAME}}}}

			}}
		}}
		| {{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|{{TALKPAGENAME}}
			| {{#ifexist:{{SUBJECTPAGENAME}}
				| {{Schedula
					| imago = Course page talk Notification v1 vector.svg
					| color = var(--background-color-content-added, #a3d3ff)
					| pigmentum = var(--background-color-content-removed, #ffe49c)
					| titulus = 
					| 1 =

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
{{Buto|{{Nexus ad recensendum|pars=nova|{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Quaestio nova}}}}
&lt;/div&gt;

Hic nondum quisquam disputavit—tu primus aut prima esse potes! Si quid de hoc argumento sentis, sententiam tuam infra scribe. Libenter etiam aliis opinionibus responde vel novam disputationem incipe, ut hic locus colloquio utilis fiat.

				}}
				| {{#ifexist:{{NAMESPACE}}:{{BASEPAGENAME}}
					| {{Schedula
						| imago = Replacement filing cabinet.svg
						| color = var(--background-color-content-added, #a3d3ff)
						| pigmentum = var(--background-color-content-removed, #ffe49c)
						| titulus = 
						| 1 = '''Haec subpagina disputationis non exstat.''' Si putas opportunum, potes [[Auxilium:De veteribus disputationibus ad tabularium movendis|veteres disputationes hic movere]] (sed, quaesumus, sequere nomenclaturam paginarum tabulariarum). Si autem cupis capitulum [[{{SUBJECTPAGENAME:{{NAMESPACE}}:{{BASEPAGENAME}}}}|paginae coniunctae superiori]] hic [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio|adumbrare]], suademus ut facias in {{Nexus ad recensendum
							| 1 = {{ns:118}}:{{SUBJECTPAGENAME:{{NAMESPACE}}:{{BASEPAGENAME}}}}/§ {{SUBPAGENAME}}
							| 2 = pagina opportuniore
							| exemplar = Formula:Textus paginarum absentium/exemplaria/capitulum
							| summarium = Prima adumbratio
							| arg1 = {{SUBJECTPAGENAME:{{NAMESPACE}}:{{BASEPAGENAME}}}}
							| arg2 = {{SUBPAGENAME}}
						}}. Si aliam subpaginam quaerebas et pagina “[[{{NAMESPACE}}:{{BASEPAGENAME}}]]” subpaginas habet, hic infra invenietur.{{Special:PrefixIndex/{{NAMESPACE}}:{{BASEPAGENAME}}/}}
					}}
					| {{Quaerebasne forte eodem titulo|{{FULLPAGENAME}}|ns=1, 5, 7, 11, 13, 15, 101, 119}}{{Schedula
						| imago = Important2.svg
						| color = var(--background-color-content-removed, #ffe49c)
						| pigmentum = var(--background-color-warning-subtle, #fdf2d5)
						| titulus = Malus titulus
						| 1 = Per errorem ad {{#ifeq:{{BASEPAGENAME}}|{{SUBPAGENAME}}
							| paginam disputationis nullius paginae
							| subpaginam nullius disputationis
						}} advenisti.
					}}
				}}
			}}
			| {{Quaerebasne forte eodem titulo|{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}{{Schedula
				| imago = Text document with 2red question marks.svg
				| color = var(--background-color-neutral, #eaecf0)
				| pigmentum = var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa)
				| 1 =

{{#ifexist:{{ns:118}}:{{FULLPAGENAME}}
	|

'''{{#switch:{{NAMESPACENUMBER}}
	| 0 = Haec commentatio
	| 6 = Hic fasciculus
	| 10 = Haec formula
	| 828 = Hic modulus
	| 14 = Haec categoria
	| #default = Haec pagina
}} non exstat.''' Est tamen [[{{ns:118}}:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|adumbratio eodem nomine]]:

{{Pagella|1={{{{ns:118}}:{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}|color-marginum=#fc3}}

Si vis, adumbrationem adeo {{Nexus ad recensendum|{{FULLPAGENAME}}|emendare atque augere}} potes ut huc {{Nexus cum parametris
	| wpReason = Demum {{#switch:{{NAMESPACENUMBER}}
		| 0 = commentatio parata
		| 6 = fasciculus paratus
		| 10 = formula parata
		| 828 = modulus paratus
		| 14 = categoria parata
		| #default = pagina parata
	}} est
	| prefix = 
	| wpNewTitle = {{FULLPAGENAME}}
	| 1 = Special:MovePage/{{ns:118}}:{{FULLPAGENAME}}
	| 2 = moveatur
}}. Vide etiam

	| 

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
{{#switch:{{NAMESPACENUMBER}}
	| 0 = {{Buto|{{Nexus ad recensendum
		| 1 = {{FULLPAGENAME}}
		| 2 = Hanc commentationem creare
		| exemplar = Formula:Textus paginarum absentium/exemplaria/pagina
		| summarium = Prima adumbratio
		| arg1 = {{SUBPAGENAME}}
	}}}} {{Buto|{{Nexus ad recensendum
		| 1 = {{ns:118}}:{{FULLPAGENAME}}
		| 2 = Adumbrationem creare
		| exemplar = Formula:Textus paginarum absentium/exemplaria/adumbratio
		| summarium = Prima adumbratio
		| arg1 = {{FULLPAGENAME}}
	}}}}
	| 2 = {{Buto|{{Nexus ad recensendum
		| 1 = {{FULLPAGENAME}}
		| 2 = Hanc paginam usoris creare
		| exemplar = {{#if:{{#ifeq:{{#invoke:string|find|{{lc:{{PAGENAME}}}}&lt;&gt;|{{lc:{{ROOTPAGENAME}}}}/harenarium[&lt;/]|1|false}}|1|+}}{{#ifeq:{{#invoke:string|find|{{lc:{{PAGENAME}}}}&lt;&gt;|{{lc:{{ROOTPAGENAME}}}}/harenaria[&lt;/]|1|false}}|1|+}}
			| Vicipaedia:Exemplaria communia/Harenarium usoris
			| Vicipaedia:Exemplaria communia/Pagina usoris
		}}
		| summarium = Prima adumbratio
	}}}}
	| 6 = {{Buto|{{Nexus ad recensendum|{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Hunc fasciculum creare|summarium=Prima adumbratio}}}}
	| 10 = {{#ifeq:{{#invoke:string|find|{{FULLPAGENAME}}|%.css$|2|false}}|0
		| {{Buto|{{Nexus ad recensendum
			| 1 = {{FULLPAGENAME}}
			| 2 = Hanc formulam creare
			| exemplar = Vicipaedia:Exemplaria communia/Formula
			| summarium = Prima adumbratio
		}}}} {{Buto|{{Nexus ad recensendum
			| 1 = {{ns:118}}:{{FULLPAGENAME}}
			| 2 = Adumbrationem creare
			| exemplar = Vicipaedia:Exemplaria communia/Formula
			| summarium = Prima adumbratio
		}}}}
		| {{Buto|{{Nexus ad recensendum|{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Hoc folium CSS creare|summarium=Prima adumbratio}}}}
	}}
	| 14 = {{Buto|{{Nexus ad recensendum|{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Hanc categoriam creare|summarium=Prima adumbratio}}}}
	| 710 = {{Buto|{{Nexus ad recensendum|{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Hanc paginam caducam creare|summarium=Prima adumbratio}}}}
	| 828 = {{#ifeq:{{#invoke:string|find|{{FULLPAGENAME}}|%.css$|2|false}}|0
		| {{Buto|{{Nexus ad recensendum
			| 1 = {{FULLPAGENAME}}
			| 2 = Hunc modulum creare
			| exemplar = Modulus:Harenarium
			| summarium = Prima adumbratio
		}}}}
		| {{Buto|{{Nexus ad recensendum|{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Hoc folium CSS creare|summarium=Prima adumbratio}}}}
	}}
	| #default = {{Buto|{{Nexus ad recensendum
		| 1 = {{FULLPAGENAME}}
		| 2 = Hanc paginam creare
		| exemplar = Formula:Textus paginarum absentium/exemplaria/pagina
		| summarium = Prima adumbratio
		| arg1 = {{SUBPAGENAME}}
	}}}} {{Buto|{{Nexus ad recensendum
		| 1 = {{ns:118}}:{{FULLPAGENAME}}
		| 2 = Adumbrationem creare
		| exemplar = Formula:Textus paginarum absentium/exemplaria/adumbratio
		| summarium = Prima adumbratio
		| arg1 = {{FULLPAGENAME}}
	}}}}
}}
&lt;/div&gt;

{{#switch:{{NAMESPACENUMBER}}
	| 0 = '''Haec commentatio non exstat.''' Forsitan deleta
	| 6 = '''Hic fasciculus non exstat.''' Forsitan deletus
	| 10 = '''Haec formula non exstat.''' Forsitan deleta
	| 828 = '''Hic modulus non exstat.''' Forsitan deletus
	| 14 = '''Haec categoria non exstat.''' Forsitan deleta
	| #default = '''Haec pagina non exstat.''' Forsitan deleta
}} est—vide

}} {{Nexus cum parametris|Special:Log|acta deletionum huius paginae|page={{FULLPAGENAME}}}}. Si vis, potes [[Special:Search/{{PAGENAME}}|hanc rem in aliis paginis quaerere]], vel [[Special:WhatLinksHere/{{FULLPAGENAME}}|quid huic rei nectat inspicere]], vel {{Nexus cum parametris|Special:Log|acta huius paginae legere|page={{FULLPAGENAME}}}}, vel {{#ifexist:{{ns:118}}:{{PAGENAME}}
	|
	| {{#switch:{{NAMESPACENUMBER}}
		| 0 = {{Nexus ad recensendum
			| 1 = {{FULLPAGENAME}}
			| 2 = hanc commentationem creare
			| exemplar = Formula:Textus paginarum absentium/exemplaria/pagina
			| summarium = Prima adumbratio
			| arg1 = {{SUBPAGENAME}}
		}}
		| 2 = {{Nexus ad recensendum
			| 1 = {{FULLPAGENAME}}
			| 2 = hanc paginam usoris creare
			| exemplar = {{#if:{{#ifeq:{{#invoke:string|find|{{lc:{{PAGENAME}}}}&lt;&gt;|{{lc:{{ROOTPAGENAME}}}}/harenarium[&lt;/]|1|false}}|1|+}}{{#ifeq:{{#invoke:string|find|{{lc:{{PAGENAME}}}}&lt;&gt;|{{lc:{{ROOTPAGENAME}}}}/harenaria[&lt;/]|1|false}}|1|+}}
				| Vicipaedia:Exemplaria communia/Harenarium usoris
				| Vicipaedia:Exemplaria communia/Pagina usoris
			}}
			| summarium = Prima adumbratio
		}}
		| 6 = {{Nexus ad recensendum|{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Hunc fasciculum creare|summarium=Prima adumbratio}}
		| 10 = {{Nexus ad recensendum
			| 1 = {{FULLPAGENAME}}
			| 2 = hanc formulam creare
			| exemplar = Vicipaedia:Exemplaria communia/Formula
			| summarium = Prima adumbratio
		}}
		| 14 = {{Nexus ad recensendum|{{FULLPAGENAME}}|hanc categoriam creare|summarium=Prima adumbratio}}
		| 710 = {{Nexus ad recensendum|{{FULLPAGENAME}}|hanc paginam caducam creare|summarium=Prima adumbratio}}
		| 828 = {{Nexus ad recensendum
			| 1 = {{FULLPAGENAME}}
			| 2 = hunc modulum creare
			| exemplar = Modulus:Harenarium
			| summarium = Prima adumbratio
		}}
		| #default = {{Nexus ad recensendum
			| 1 = {{FULLPAGENAME}}
			| 2 = hanc paginam creare
			| exemplar = Formula:Textus paginarum absentium/exemplaria/pagina
			| summarium = Prima adumbratio
			| arg1 = {{SUBPAGENAME}}
		}}
	}}
}}.

{{Textus paginarum absentium/postilla|{{SUBPAGENAME}}}}

			}}
		}}
	}}
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentatio}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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	| Buto
	| Idcirco verbatim
	| Modulus:String
	| Nexus ad recensendum
	| Nexus cum parametris
	| Pagella
	| Quaerebasne forte
	| Quaerebasne forte eodem titulo
	| Schedula
	| Sin secus
	| Vicipaedia:Exemplaria communia/Adumbratio capituli
	| Vicipaedia:Exemplaria communia/Formula
	| Vicipaedia:Exemplaria communia/Harenarium usoris
	| Vicipaedia:Exemplaria communia/Pagina usoris
	| Textus paginarum absentium/postilla
	| Textus paginarum absentium/exemplaria/adumbratio
	| Textus paginarum absentium/exemplaria/capitulum
	| Textus paginarum absentium/exemplaria/pagina
}}
{{Formula solitaria|MediaWiki:Noarticletext}}

Haec est formula peculiaris tantummodo in pagina [[MediaWiki:Editnotice-118]] adhibita. Usoribus non est eā utendum.

== De usu ==
'''Vicitextus:'''

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;{{Textus paginarum absentium}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

'''Effectus:'''

{{Textus paginarum absentium}}

== Subpaginae, subformulae et exemplaria ==
* {{relfn|Formula:Textus paginarum absentium/postilla}}
* {{rel|Formula:Textus paginarum absentium/exemplaria}}
* {{rel|Formula:Textus paginarum absentium/exemplaria/adumbratio}}
* {{rel|Formula:Textus paginarum absentium/exemplaria/capitulum}}
* {{rel|Formula:Textus paginarum absentium/exemplaria/pagina}}

== Ulteriora si cupis ==
* [[MediaWiki:Noarticletext]]
* {{Fn|Quaerebasne forte}}
* {{Fn|Quaerebasne forte eodem titulo}}

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{in harenario aut alibi||
&lt;!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --&gt;
[[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae quae seorsos versus creant|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae quae nullum argumentum accipiunt|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae administrationis Vicipaediae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae monituum nuntiorumque|{{PAGENAME}}]]
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
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      <origin>3999445</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1918" sha1="d4aqakm91jc62zvgfus1m1c8tmbor0e" xml:space="preserve">{{Subpagina documentationis}}
{{Formula in nuntiis systematis adhibita
	| custodes = usores
	| r3951355 = MediaWiki:Noarticletext
	| Buto
	| Idcirco verbatim
	| Modulus:Harenarium
	| Modulus:String
	| Nexus ad recensendum
	| Nexus cum parametris
	| Pagella
	| Quaerebasne forte
	| Quaerebasne forte eodem titulo
	| Schedula
	| Sin secus
	| Vicipaedia:Exemplaria communia/Adumbratio capituli
	| Vicipaedia:Exemplaria communia/Formula
	| Vicipaedia:Exemplaria communia/Harenarium usoris
	| Vicipaedia:Exemplaria communia/Pagina usoris
	| Textus paginarum absentium/postilla
	| Textus paginarum absentium/exemplaria/adumbratio
	| Textus paginarum absentium/exemplaria/capitulum
	| Textus paginarum absentium/exemplaria/pagina
}}
{{Formula solitaria|MediaWiki:Noarticletext}}

Haec est formula peculiaris tantummodo in pagina [[MediaWiki:Editnotice-118]] adhibita. Usoribus non est eā utendum.

== De usu ==
'''Vicitextus:'''

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;{{Textus paginarum absentium}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

'''Effectus:'''

{{Textus paginarum absentium}}

== Subpaginae, subformulae et exemplaria ==
* {{relfn|Formula:Textus paginarum absentium/postilla}}
* {{rel|Formula:Textus paginarum absentium/exemplaria}}
* {{rel|Formula:Textus paginarum absentium/exemplaria/adumbratio}}
* {{rel|Formula:Textus paginarum absentium/exemplaria/capitulum}}
* {{rel|Formula:Textus paginarum absentium/exemplaria/pagina}}

== Ulteriora si cupis ==
* [[MediaWiki:Noarticletext]]
* {{Fn|Quaerebasne forte}}
* {{Fn|Quaerebasne forte eodem titulo}}

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{in harenario aut alibi||
&lt;!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --&gt;
[[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae quae seorsos versus creant|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae quae nullum argumentum accipiunt|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae administrationis Vicipaediae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae monituum nuntiorumque|{{PAGENAME}}]]
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Modulus:Redirection/doc</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>324144</id>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2748" sha1="qbwvi9xynnhimym90x6ekn5t85db6vc" xml:space="preserve">{{Subpagina documentationis}}
{{Modulus in nuntiis systematis adhibitus|custodes=usores
	| r3948292 = MediaWiki:Editnotice-0
	| c3949391 = Formula:Monitus de adumbratione recensenda/inspectio
}}

== De usu ==
&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;#invoke:Redirection|''nomen functionis''&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;

== De functionibus ==
Moduli functiones hic numerantur.

=== &lt;code&gt;call_info_template&lt;/code&gt; ===
Functio &lt;code&gt;call_info_template&lt;/code&gt;, indiciis paginae redirectionis collectis, [[Auxilium:Formulae|formulam]] invocat.

==== De usu ====
'''Vicitextus:'''

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:Redirection|call_info_template
	| 1 = Debug
	| 2 = Pagina prima
	| Lorem = ipsum
	| Dolor = sit amet
}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

'''Effectus:'''

{{#invoke:Redirection|call_info_template
	| 1 = Debug
	| 2 = Pagina prima
	| Lorem = ipsum
	| Dolor = sit amet
}}

=== &lt;code&gt;get_target_page&lt;/code&gt; ===
Functio &lt;code&gt;get_target_page&lt;/code&gt; scopum redirectionis reddit.

==== De usu ====
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{#invoke:Redirection|get_target_page|Pagina prima}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{#invoke:Redirection|get_target_page|Pagina prima}}
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{#invoke:Redirection|get_target_page|Vicipaedia:Pagina prima}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{#invoke:Redirection|get_target_page|Vicipaedia:Pagina prima}}

=== &lt;code&gt;walk_through&lt;/code&gt; ===
Functio &lt;code&gt;walk_through&lt;/code&gt; plerumque item ut &lt;code&gt;get_target_page&lt;/code&gt; se gerit, sed si redirectio ad aliam redirectionem redigit, ultimam paginam ostendit.

==== De usu ====
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{#invoke:Redirection|walk_through|Pagina prima}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{#invoke:Redirection|walk_through|Pagina prima}}
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{#invoke:Redirection|walk_through|Vicipaedia:Pagina prima}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{#invoke:Redirection|walk_through|Vicipaedia:Pagina prima}}

=== &lt;code&gt;if_redirect&lt;/code&gt; ===
Functio &lt;code&gt;if_redirect&lt;/code&gt; inspicit utrum pagina sit redirectio necne.

==== De usu ====
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{#invoke:Redirection|if_redirect|Pagina prima|AAAA|BBBB}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{#invoke:Redirection|if_redirect|Pagina prima|AAAA|BBBB}}
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{#invoke:Redirection|if_redirect|Vicipaedia:Pagina prima|AAAA|BBBB}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{#invoke:Redirection|if_redirect|Vicipaedia:Pagina prima|AAAA|BBBB}}

== Ulteriora si cupis ==
* {{nm|params}}

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{in harenario aut alibi||
&lt;!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --&gt;
[[Categoria:Moduli|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Moduli in formulis adhibendi|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Moduli utilitatis generalis in formulis adhibendi|{{PAGENAME}}]]
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  <page>
    <title>Ericus Barone</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>324869</id>
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      <text bytes="2136" sha1="oc3vxjz90rhr1a9459daqznwcnqxzru" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}

{{res|Ericus Laurentius Barone}} (vulgo ''Eric Lorenz Barone''; natus [[Angelopolis|Angelopolii]] die [[3 Decembris]] [[1987]]), {{res|ConcernedApe}} tantum se appellans, est [[programmatio computatralis|programmator]] [[ludus electronicus|ludorum electronicorum]] Americanus atque [[compositor|compositor musicus]].

Maxime innotuit anno [[2016]], quum ludum electronicum {{Op|{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Stardew Valley||en|qid=Q23013817}}}} solus creavisset.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen auctricis = Summers
	| nomen auctricis = Ioanna
	| titulus = The creator of video game ‘Stardew Valley’ talks its legacy and future
	| tempus = 2024-12-19
	| lingua = en
	| domus editoria = [[NPR]]
	| url = https://www.npr.org/transcripts/nx-s1-5217754
	| tempus inspectionis = 2025-05-19
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Laurea|Laureā]] in [[informatica]] instructus,&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Auburn-area students to graduate from UW on Saturday
	| tempus = 2011-06-06
	| lingua = en-US
	| domus editoria = Auburn Reporter
	| url = https://www.auburn-reporter.com/news/auburn-area-students-to-graduate-from-uw-on-saturday/
	| salus url = vivit
	| retrospectio = 20241213172025
	| tempus inspectionis = 2024-12-12
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; omnem partem ludi ipse curavit, a programmando ad [[musica]]m componendam. Post primam editionem per aliquot annos ludum renovavit solus; deinde parvam turmam constituit ut adiuvaretur ad ulterius progrediendum.

Dum in altero opere suo, {{Op|{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Haunted Chocolatier||en|qid=Q109520747}}}}, laborat, {{Op|Stardew Valley}} curare pergit.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Ludus computatralis]]
* [[Informatica]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20260430201732/https://www.concernedape.com/ Situs interretialis]
* {{Nomen in Indice Interretiali Pellicularum|8021626|Erico Barone}}

{{Bio-stipula}}

{{Lifetime|1987||Barone, Ericus Laurentius}}
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Vasingtoniensis]]
[[Categoria:Compositores Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Angelopolis]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Vasingtoniae civitatis]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>De origine actibusque Romanorum (Iordanes)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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[[Fasciculus:Incipit de summa temporum Vat. Pal. lat. 920 f 1v.jpg|thumb|Titulus operis ''De summa temporum'' in libro manu scripto saec. IX ([[Bibliotheca Apostolica Vaticana]] MS Pal. lat. 920 f. 1v)]]

{{ores|De origine actibusque gentis Romanorum}}, aliter ''De summa temporum'' (interdum ''Historia Romana'' nuncupatum) est opus breve [[Latine]] ab [[Iordanes|Iordane]] scriptum, [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopoli]] degente; qui etiam anno [[551]] librum suum ''[[De origine actibusque Getarum]]'' vel Gothorum componebat.

== Editiones et versiones&lt;ref&gt;Indicem editionum locupletiorem habes apud {{qc|id= Mommsen, ed. (1882)}} [https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_auct_ant_5_1/index.htm#page/LXX/mode/1up pp. lxx-lxxi]&lt;/ref&gt; ==
* 1531 : [[Beatus Rhenanus]], ed. Basileae
* 1531 : {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Leunclavius||de|qid=Q96077}}, ed. Basileae
* 1594 : {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Simon Goulart||fr|qid=Q685610}}, ed., ''Iustiniani Augusti historia, in qua bellum Persicum in Asia, Vandilicum in Africa, Gothicum in Europa ... opera autem et studio Procopii Caesariensis, Agathiae Myrrinaei, Iornandis Alani descriptum continetur, quibus subiuncti sunt Procopiis De Iustiniani aedificiis et Iornandis De regnorum et temporum successione liber''. Genevae : apud Franciscum Le Preux, 1594; [https://www.e-rara.ch/gep_g/content/titleinfo/1752504 Textus apud e-Rara]
* 1842 : {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Augustus Savagner||fr|qid=Q4403673}}, interpr., ''Jornandès: De la succession des royaumes et des temps et De l'origine et des actes des Goths''. Lutetiae: Panckoucke; [https://numelyo.bm-lyon.fr/f_view/BML:BML_00GOO0100137001100092662# Textus apud Lugdunenses] {{Nexus deficit|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}; [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1421292x apud Gallica]; [[:c:File:De la succession des royaumes et des temps et de l'origine et des actes des Goths (IA b29338992).pdf|apud Communia]]
* 1882 : {{ec|id= Mommsen, ed. (1882)|c= [[Theodorus Mommsenus|Theodorus Mommsen]], ed., ''Iordanis Romana et Getica'' (''[[Monumenta Germaniae Historica]]: Auctores antiquissimi'' 5 i). Berolini: apud Weidmannos, 1882 }};  [https://www.mgh.de/dmgh/resolving/MGH_Auct._Ant._5,1 Textus]
* 2020 : Peter Van Nuffelen, Lieve Van Hoof, interprr., ''Jordanes: Romana and Getica'' (''Translated texts for historians''). Liverpolii: Liverpool University Press, 2020

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Brian Croke, “Jordanes and the immediate past” in ''Historia'' vol. 54 (2005)
* A. H. Merrills, ''History and Geography in Late Antiquity''. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press, 2005
* James J. O'Donnell, “[https://web.archive.org/web/20060323010029/http://it.geocities.com/paginedistoria/odonnell.html The aims of Jordanes]” in ''Historia'' vol. 31 (1982) pp. 223–240 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4435803 JSTOR]
* Lieve Van Hoof, Peter Van Nuffelen, &quot;The Historiography of Crisis: Jordanes, Cassiodorus and Justinian in mid-sixth-century Constantinople&quot; in ''Journal of Roman Studies'' vol. 107 (2017) pp. 275-300; [https://www.jstor.org/stable/26576052 JSTOR]

[[Categoria:Scripta saeculo 6]]
[[Categoria:Constantinopoleos scripta]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]
[[Categoria:Libri historici]]
[[Categoria:Iordanes]]</text>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Minutiae</comment>
      <origin>3999354</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="92368" sha1="edjjks8ayvjip4tl4xpkdb2en7irkcr" xml:space="preserve">require[[strict]]


	---                                        ---
	---     PRIVATE ENVIRONMENT                ---
	---    ________________________________    ---
	---                                        ---


	--[[ Abstract utilities ]]--
	----------------------------


-- Helper function for `string.gsub()` (for managing zero-padded numbers)
local function zero_padded (str)
	return ('%03d%s'):format(#str, str)
end


-- Helper function for `table.sort()` (for natural sorting)
local function natural_sort (var1, var2)
	return var1:gsub('%d+', zero_padded) &lt; var2:gsub('%d+', zero_padded)
end


-- Return a copy or a reference to a table
local function copy_or_ref_table (src, refonly)
	if refonly then return src end
	local newtab = {}
	for key, val in pairs(src) do newtab[key] = val end
	return newtab
end


-- Copy at most N items (of all kinds) from `src` to `dest` and return `dest`
local function copy_table_maxn (dest, src, len)
	local idx = 1
	for key, val in pairs(src) do
		dest[key], idx = val, idx + 1
		if idx &gt; len then break end
	end
	return dest
end


-- Remove some numeric elements from a table, shifting everything to the left
local function remove_numeric_keys (tbl, idx, len)
	local cache, tmp = {}, idx + len - 1
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		if type(key) == 'number' and key &gt;= idx then
			if key &gt; tmp then cache[key - len] = val end
			tbl[key] = nil
		end
	end
	for key, val in pairs(cache) do tbl[key] = val end
end


-- Make a reduced copy of a table (shifting in both directions if necessary)
local function copy_table_reduced (tbl, idx, len)
	local ret, tmp = {}, idx + len - 1
	if idx &gt; 0 then
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			if type(key) ~= 'number' or key &lt; idx then
				ret[key] = val
			elseif key &gt; tmp then ret[key - len] = val end
		end
	elseif tmp &gt; 0 then
		local nshift = 1 - idx
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			if type(key) ~= 'number' then ret[key] = val
			elseif key &gt; tmp then ret[key - tmp] = val
			elseif key &lt; idx then ret[key + nshift] = val end
		end
	else
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			if type(key) ~= 'number' or key &gt; tmp then
				ret[key] = val
			elseif key &lt; idx then ret[key + len] = val end
		end
	end
	return ret
end


-- Make an expanded copy of a table (shifting in both directions if necessary)
local function copy_table_expanded (tbl, idx, len)
	local ret, tmp = {}, idx + len - 1
	if idx &gt; 0 then
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			if type(key) ~= 'number' or key &lt; idx then
				ret[key] = val
			else ret[key + len] = val end
		end
	elseif tmp &gt; 0 then
		local nshift = idx - 1
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			if type(key) ~= 'number' then ret[key] = val
			elseif key &gt; 0 then ret[key + tmp] = val
			elseif key &lt; 1 then ret[key + nshift] = val end
		end
	else
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			if type(key) ~= 'number' or key &gt; tmp then
				ret[key] = val
			else ret[key - len] = val end
		end
	end
	return ret
end


-- Given a table, create two new tables containing the sorted list of keys
local function get_sorted_key_list (tbl, sort_fn)
	local nums, words, nn, nw = {}, {}, 1, 1
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then nums[nn], nn = key, nn + 1
		else words[nw], nw = key, nw + 1 end
	end
	table.sort(nums)
	table.sort(words, sort_fn)
	return nums, words, nn - 1, nw - 1
end


-- Parse a parameter name string and return it as a string or a number
local function get_param_name (par_str)
	local ret = par_str:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'
	if ret ~= '0' and ret:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' == nil then return ret end
	return tonumber(ret)
end


-- Move a key from a table to another, but only if under a different name and
-- always parsing numeric strings as numbers
local function steal_if_renamed (val, src, skey, dest, dkey)
	local realkey = get_param_name(dkey)
	if skey ~= realkey then dest[realkey], src[skey] = val, nil end
end


	--[[ Public strings ]]--
	------------------------


-- Special match keywords (functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names)
local mkeywords = {
	['or'] = 0,
	pattern = 1,
	plain = 2,
	strict = 3
}


-- Sort functions (functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names)
local sortfunctions = {
	alphabetically = false,
	naturally = natural_sort
}


-- Callback styles for the `mapping_*` and `renaming_*` class of modifiers
-- (functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names)
--[[

Meanings of the columns:

  col[1] = Loop type (0-3)
  col[2] = Number of module arguments that the style requires (1-3)
  col[3] = Minimum number of sequential parameters passed to the callback
  col[4] = Name of the callback parameter where to place each parameter name
  col[5] = Name of the callback parameter where to place each parameter value
  col[6] = Argument in the modifier's invocation that will override `col[4]`
  col[7] = Argument in the modifier's invocation that will override `col[5]`

A value of `-1` indicates that no meaningful value is stored (i.e. `nil`)

]]--
local mapping_styles = {
	names_and_values = { 3, 2, 2, 1, 2, -1, -1 },
	values_and_names = { 3, 2, 2, 2, 1, -1, -1 },
	values_only = { 1, 2, 1, -1, 1, -1, -1 },
	names_only = { 2, 2, 1, 1, -1, -1, -1 },
	names_and_values_as = { 3, 4, 0, -1, -1, 2, 3 },
	names_only_as = { 2, 3, 0, -1, -1, 2, -1 },
	values_only_as = { 1, 3, 0, -1, -1, -1, 2 },
	blindly = { 0, 2, 0, -1, -1, -1, -1 }
}


-- Memory slots (functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names)
local memoryslots = {
	h = 'header',
	f = 'footer',
	i = 'itersep',
	l = 'lastsep',
	n = 'ifngiven',
	p = 'pairsep',
	s = 'oxfordsep'
}


-- Possible trimming modes for the `parsing` modifier
local trim_parse_opts = {
	trim_none = { false, false },
	trim_positional = { false, true },
	trim_named = { true, false },
	trim_all = { true, true }
}


-- Possible string modes for the iteration separator in the `parsing` and
-- `reinterpreting` modifiers
local isep_parse_opts = {
	splitter_pattern = false,
	splitter_string = true
}


-- Possible string modes for the key-value separator in the `parsing` and
-- `reinterpreting` modifiers
local psep_parse_opts = {
	setter_pattern = false,
	setter_string = true
}


-- Possible position references for the `splicing` modifier
local position_references = {
	add_nothing = 0,
	add_smallest_number = 1,
	add_last_of_sequence = 2,
	add_largest_number = 3
}


-- Possible modes for the `reassigning` modifier
local a_modes = {
	transfer = 0,
	clone = 1,
	rename = 2,
	copy = 3,
	sacrifice = 4,
	provide = 5,
	spare = 7
}


-- Functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names too: `here`, `in_substack`,
-- `let`, `expose`, `use`, `with_flushed_glue`, `without_flushed_glue`
-- `without_sorting`


	--[[ Private constants ]]--
	---------------------------


-- Hard-coded name of the module (to avoid going through `frame:getTitle()`)
local modulename = 'Module:Params'


-- The functions listed here declare that they don't need the
-- `frame:getParent().args` metatable to be copied into a regular table; if 
-- they are modifiers they also guarantee that they will make their own
-- (modified) copy available
local refparams = {
	call_for_each_group = true,
	combining = true,
	combining_by_calling = true,
	combining_values = true,
	concat_and_call = true,
	concat_and_invoke = true,
	concat_and_magic = true,
	count = true,
	grouping_by_calling = true,
	mixing_names_and_values = true,
	keeping_at_most = true,
	renaming_by_mixing = true,
	renaming_to_sequence = true,
	renaming_to_uppercase = true,
	renaming_to_lowercase = true,
	shifting = true,
	splicing = true,
	value_of = true,
	with_name_matching = true
}


-- Maximum number of numeric parameters that can be filled, if missing (we
-- chose an arbitrary number for this constant; you can discuss about its
-- optimal value at Module talk:Params)
local maxfill = 1024


-- The private table of functions
local library = {}


-- Functions and modifiers that can only be invoked in first position
local static_iface = {}


	--[[ Private functions ]]--
	---------------------------


-- Create a new context
local function context_new (child_frame, first_fn_name)
	local main_frame, tpipe = child_frame:getParent(), { first_fn_name }
	for key, val in pairs(child_frame.args) do
		if type(key) == 'number' and key &gt; 0 then tpipe[key + 1] = val
		else tpipe[key] = val end
	end
	return {
		frame = main_frame,
		pipe = tpipe,
		oparams = main_frame.args,
		firstposonly = static_iface,
		iterfunc = pairs,
		fnpos = 1,
		sorttype = 0,
		n_parents = 0,
		n_children = 0,
		n_available = maxfill
	}
end


-- Move to the next action within the user-given list
local function context_iterate (ctx, next_fn_pos, trimmed_fname)
	local fname = trimmed_fname or ctx.pipe[next_fn_pos] and
		ctx.pipe[next_fn_pos]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if fname == nil then error(modulename ..
		': You must specify a function to call', 0) end
	if library[fname] == nil then
		if ctx.firstposonly[fname] == nil then error(modulename ..
			': The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0)
		else error(modulename .. ': The ‘' .. fname ..
			'’ directive can only appear in first position', 0)
		end
	end
	ctx.fnpos = next_fn_pos
	return library[fname]
end


-- Main loop
local function main_loop (ctx, start_with)
	local fn = start_with
	repeat fn = fn(ctx) until not fn
	if ctx.n_parents &gt; 0 then error(modulename ..
		': One or more ‘merging_substack’ directives are missing', 0) end
	if ctx.n_children &gt; 0 then error(modulename ..
		', For some of the snapshots either the ‘flushing’ directive is missing or a group has not been properly closed with ‘merging_substack’', 0) end
end


-- Load a `setting`-like directive string into the `dest` table
local function set_strings_from_opts (dest, opts, offs)
	local cmd
	if opts[offs] == nil then return offs - 1 end
	cmd = opts[offs]:gsub('%s+', ''):gsub('/+', '/'):match'^/*(.*[^/])'
	if cmd == nil then return offs end
	local vname, chr
	local amap, sep, argc = {}, string.byte('/'), offs + 1
	for idx = 1, #cmd do
		chr = cmd:byte(idx)
		if chr == sep then
			for key, val in ipairs(amap) do
				dest[val], amap[key] = opts[argc], nil
			end
			argc = argc + 1
		else
			vname = memoryslots[string.char(chr)]
			if vname == nil then error(modulename ..
				', ‘setting’: Unknown slot ‘' .. string.char(chr) .. '’', 0) end
			table.insert(amap, vname)
		end
	end
	for key, val in ipairs(amap) do dest[val] = opts[argc] end
	return argc
end


-- Add a new stack of parameters to `ctx.children`
local function new_substack (ctx)
	local currsnap, newparams = ctx.n_children + 1, {}
	if ctx.children == nil then ctx.children = { newparams }
	else ctx.children[currsnap] = newparams end
	ctx.n_children = currsnap
	return newparams
end


-- Parse a raw argument containing a `sortfunctions` directive, or
-- `'without_sorting'`, or `nil`
local function load_sort_opt (raw_arg)
	local trarg
	if raw_arg ~= nil then trarg = raw_arg:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if trarg == nil then return nil, 1, false, nil end
	if trarg == 'without_sorting' then return nil, 2, false, nil end
	local tmp = sortfunctions[trarg]
	if tmp == nil then return nil, 1, false, trarg end
	return tmp or nil, 2, true, nil
end


-- Parse optional user arguments of type `...|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|
-- [number of additional parameters]|[parameter 1]|[parameter 2]|[...]`
local function load_child_opts (src, start_from, append_after, params)
	local tnamed, tmp1, tmp2
	local pin, tbl, mem = start_from, {}, {}
	while src[pin] ~= nil and src[pin + 1] ~= nil do
		tmp1 = src[pin]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
		if tmp1 == 'let' and src[pin + 2] ~= nil then
			tmp1 = get_param_name(src[pin + 1])
			tbl[tmp1], pin = src[pin + 2], pin + 3
--[[
		elseif tmp1 == 'expose' then
			tmp1 = get_param_name(src[pin + 1])
			tmp2 = params[tmp1]
			mem[tmp1], tbl[tmp1], pin = tmp2, tmp2, pin + 2
]]--
		elseif tmp1 == 'use' and src[pin + 2] ~= nil then
			tmp1 = get_param_name(src[pin + 2])
			tmp2 = params[tmp1]
			mem[tmp1], tbl[get_param_name(src[pin + 1])], pin =
				tmp2, tmp2, pin + 3
		else break end
	end
	local tnew = copy_or_ref_table(params, next(mem) == nil)
	for key in pairs(mem) do tnew[key] = nil end
	if pin ~= start_from then tnamed, tbl = tbl, {} end
	tmp1 = tonumber(src[pin])
	if tmp1 ~= nil and math.floor(tmp1) == tmp1 then
		if tmp1 &lt; 0 then tmp1 = -1 end
		tmp2 = append_after - pin
		for idx = pin + 1, pin + tmp1 do tbl[idx + tmp2] = src[idx] end
		pin = pin + tmp1 + 1
	end
	if tnamed ~= nil then
		for key, val in pairs(tnamed) do tbl[key] = val end
	end
	return tbl, pin, tnew, mem
end


-- Load the optional arguments of some of the `mapping_*` and `renaming_*`
-- class of modifiers
local function load_callback_opts (src, start_from, default_style, params)
	local style, shf
	local tmp = src[start_from + 1]
	if tmp ~= nil then style = mapping_styles[tmp:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'] end
	if style == nil then style, shf = default_style, start_from - 1
	else shf = start_from end
	local n_exist, karg, varg = style[3], style[4], style[5]
	tmp = style[6]
	if tmp &gt; -1 then
		karg = src[tmp + shf]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'
		if karg == '0' or karg:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then
			karg = tonumber(karg)
			n_exist = math.max(n_exist, karg)
		end
	end
	tmp = style[7]
	if tmp &gt; -1 then
		varg = src[tmp + shf]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'
		if varg == '0' or varg:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then
			varg = tonumber(varg)
			n_exist = math.max(n_exist, varg)
		end
	end
	tmp = style[1]
	local dest, argc, tnew, mem = load_child_opts(src, style[2] + shf,
		n_exist, params)
	if (tmp == 3 or tmp == 2) and dest[karg] ~= nil then
		tmp = tmp - 2 end
	if (tmp == 3 or tmp == 1) and dest[varg] ~= nil then
		tmp = tmp - 1 end
	return dest, argc, tmp, karg, varg, tnew, mem
end


-- Parse the arguments of some of the `mapping_*` and `renaming_*` class of
-- modifiers
local function load_replace_args (opts, offs, whoami)
	if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No pattern string was given', 0) end
	if opts[offs + 2] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No replacement string was given', 0) end
	local tn, flg
	local ptn, repl, nmax, argc =
		opts[offs + 1], opts[offs + 2], tonumber(opts[offs + 3]), 3
	if nmax ~= nil then argc = 4
	elseif opts[offs + 3] ~= nil then
		tn = opts[offs + 3]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
		if tn == nil then argc = 4 end
	end
	if tn == nil and opts[offs + argc] ~= nil then
		tn = opts[offs + argc]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	end
	if tn ~= nil then
		flg = mkeywords[tn]
		if flg ~= nil then tn = nil end
	end
	if flg == 0 then flg = nil elseif flg ~= nil then argc = argc + 1 end
	return ptn, repl, nmax, flg, offs + argc, (nmax ~= nil and nmax &lt; 1) or
		(flg == 3 and ptn == repl), tn
end


-- Parse the arguments of the `with_*_matching` class of modifiers
local function load_pattern_args (opts, offs, whoami)
	local tn, kwid
	local ptns, arg, state, nptns, idx = {}, opts[offs + 1], 0, 0, offs + 2
	while arg ~= nil do
		if state == 0 then
			nptns, state = nptns + 1, -1
			ptns[nptns] = { arg, false, false }
		else
			tn = arg:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
			kwid = tn and mkeywords[tn]
			if kwid == nil or (state &gt; 0 and kwid &gt; 0) then break
			else
				state = kwid
				if state &gt; 1 then ptns[nptns][2] = true end
				if state == 3 then ptns[nptns][3] = true end
			end
		end
		arg, idx = opts[idx], idx + 1
	end
	if state == 0 then error(modulename ..
		', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No pattern was given', 0) end
	return ptns, nptns, idx - 1, kwid == nil and tn or nil
end


-- Load the optional arguments of the `parsing`, `reinterpreting` and
-- `evaluating` modifiers
local function load_parse_opts (opts, offs, isp, psp)
	local tn, tmp
	local optslots, noptslots, argc, trimn, trimu, iplain, pplain =
		{ true, true, true }, 3, offs, true, false, true, true
	repeat
		noptslots, tmp = noptslots - 1, opts[argc]
		tn = tmp and tmp:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
		if tn == nil then break end
		if optslots[1] ~= nil and trim_parse_opts[tn] ~= nil then
			tmp = trim_parse_opts[tn]
			trimn, trimu, optslots[1] = tmp[1], tmp[2], nil
		elseif optslots[2] ~= nil and isep_parse_opts[tn] ~= nil then
			argc = argc + 1
			iplain, isp, optslots[2] = isep_parse_opts[tn],
				opts[argc], nil
		elseif optslots[3] ~= nil and psep_parse_opts[tn] ~= nil then
			argc = argc + 1
			pplain, psp, optslots[3] = psep_parse_opts[tn],
				opts[argc], nil
		else break end
		argc, tn = argc + 1, nil
	until noptslots &lt; 1
	return isp, iplain, psp, pplain, trimn, trimu, argc, tn
end


-- Map parameters' values using a custom callback and a referenced table
local value_maps = {
	[0] = function (tbl, margs, karg, varg, fn)
		for key in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = fn() end
	end,
	[1] = function (tbl, margs, karg, varg, fn)
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			margs[varg] = val
			tbl[key] = fn()
		end
	end,
	[2] = function (tbl, margs, karg, varg, fn)
		for key in pairs(tbl) do
			margs[karg] = key
			tbl[key] = fn()
		end
	end,
	[3] = function (tbl, margs, karg, varg, fn)
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			margs[karg], margs[varg] = key, val
			tbl[key] = fn()
		end
	end
}


-- Private table for `map_names()`
local name_thieves = {
	[0] = function (cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn)
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache, fn())
		end
	end,
	[1] = function (cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn)
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			rargs[varg] = val
			steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache, fn())
		end
	end,
	[2] = function (cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn)
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			rargs[karg] = key
			steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache, fn())
		end
	end,
	[3] = function (cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn)
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			rargs[karg], rargs[varg] = key, val
			steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache, fn())
		end
	end
}


-- Map parameters' names using a custom callback and a referenced table
local function map_names (tbl, rargs, karg, varg, looptype, fn)
	local cache = {}
	name_thieves[looptype](cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn)
	for key, val in pairs(cache) do tbl[key] = val end
end


-- Return a new table that contains `src` regrouped according to the numeric
-- suffixes in its keys
local function make_groups (src)
	-- NOTE: `src` might be the original metatable!
	local prefix, gid
	local groups = {}
	for key, val in pairs(src) do
		-- `key` must only be a string or a number...
		if type(key) == 'string' then
			prefix, gid = key:match'^%s*(.-)%s*(%-?%d*)%s*$'
			gid = tonumber(gid) or ''
		else prefix, gid = '', key end
		if groups[gid] == nil then groups[gid] = {} end
		if prefix == '0' or prefix:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then
			prefix = tonumber(prefix)
			if prefix &lt; 1 then prefix = prefix - 1 end
		end
		groups[gid][prefix] = val
	end
	return groups
end


-- Split into parts a string containing the `$#` and `$@` placeholders and
-- return the information as a skeleton table, a canvas table and a length
local function parse_placeholder_string (target)
	local skel, canvas, idx, s_pos, e_pos =
		{}, {}, 1, 1, string.find(target, '%$[@#]', 1, false)
	while e_pos ~= nil do
		canvas[idx], skel[idx + 1] =
			target:sub(s_pos, e_pos - 1),
			target:sub(e_pos, e_pos + 1) == '$@'
		idx, s_pos = idx + 2, e_pos + 2
		e_pos = string.find(target, '%$[@#]', s_pos, false)
	end
	if (s_pos &gt; target:len()) then idx = idx - 1
	else canvas[idx] = target:sub(s_pos) end
	return skel, canvas, idx
end


-- Populate a table by parsing a parameter string (heavy lifting for `parsing`,
-- `reinterpreting` and `evaluating`)
local function parse_parameter_string (tbl, str, isp, ipl, psp, ppl, trn, tru)
	local key, val, spos1, spos2, pos1, pos2
	local pos3, idx, lenplone = 0, 1, #str + 1
	if isp == nil or isp == '' then
		if psp == nil or psp == '' then
			if tru then tbl[idx] = str:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'
			else tbl[idx] = str end
			return
		end
		spos1, spos2 = str:find(psp, 1, ppl)
		if spos1 == nil then
			key = idx
			if tru then val = str:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'
			else val = str end
		else
			key = get_param_name(str:sub(1, spos1 - 1))
			val = str:sub(spos2 + 1)
			if trn then val = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end
		end
		tbl[key] = val
		return
	end
	if psp == nil or psp == '' then
		repeat
			pos1 = pos3 + 1
			pos2, pos3 = str:find(isp, pos1, ipl)
			val = str:sub(pos1, (pos2 or lenplone) - 1)
			if tru then val = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end
			tbl[idx], idx = val, idx + 1
		until pos2 == nil
		return
	end
	repeat
		pos1 = pos3 + 1
		pos2, pos3 = str:find(isp, pos1, ipl)
		val = str:sub(pos1, (pos2 or lenplone) - 1)
		spos1, spos2 = val:find(psp, 1, ppl)
		if spos1 == nil then
			key = idx
			if tru then val = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end
			idx = idx + 1
		else
			key = get_param_name(val:sub(1, spos1 - 1))
			val = val:sub(spos2 + 1)
			if trn then val = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end
		end
		tbl[key] = val
	until pos2 == nil
	return
end


-- Heavy lifting for `snapshotting` and `remembering`
local function make_child (ctx, src, whoami)
	local len = tonumber(ctx.pipe[ctx.fnpos + 1])
	if len == nil or len == 0 then
		local stack = new_substack(ctx)
		for key, val in pairs(src) do stack[key] = val end
		return len == nil and 1 or 2
	end
	if len &lt; 0 or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename .. ', ‘' ..
		whoami .. '’: The number of parameters to copy must be an integer greater than zero', 0) end
	copy_table_maxn(new_substack(ctx), src, len)
	return 2
end


-- Heavy lifting for `setting_by_flushing`, `combining` and `combining_values`
local function set_strings_from_substack (ctx, dest, whoami)
	if ctx.n_children &lt; 1 then error(modulename ..
		', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: There are no substacks to flush', 0) end
	local currsnap = ctx.n_children
	local stack = ctx.children[currsnap]
	for key, val in pairs(memoryslots) do
		if stack[key] ~= nil then dest[val] = stack[key] end
	end
	ctx.children[currsnap], ctx.n_children = nil, currsnap - 1
end


-- Heavy lifting for `combining` and `combining_values`
local function combine_parameters (ctx, keyval_fn, whoami)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! This function
	-- MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end
	local argc
	local tbl, vars = ctx.params, {}
	local sortfn, ivar0, dosort, tmp = load_sort_opt(opts[offs + 2])
	if ivar0 == 2 then
		tmp = opts[offs + 3] ~= nil and opts[offs + 3]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	end
	ivar0 = ivar0 + offs
	if tmp == 'with_flushed_glue' then
		ivar0 = ivar0 + 1
		argc = set_strings_from_opts(vars, opts, ivar0 + 1)
		set_strings_from_substack(ctx, vars, whoami)
	else
		if tmp == 'without_flushed_glue' then ivar0 = ivar0 + 1 end
		argc = set_strings_from_opts(vars, opts, ivar0 + 1)
	end
	if argc &lt; ivar0 then error(modulename ..
		', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No setting directive was given', 0) end
	if next(tbl) == nil then
		if vars.ifngiven ~= nil then ctx.params =
			{ [get_param_name(opts[offs + 1])] = vars.ifngiven }
		elseif tbl == ctx.oparams then ctx.params = {} end
		return argc + 1
	end
	local cache, len
	if dosort then
		local words
		cache, words, len, tmp = get_sorted_key_list(tbl, sortfn)
		for idx = 1, tmp do cache[len + idx] = words[idx] end
		len = len + tmp
	else
		cache, len = {}, 1
		for key in pairs(tbl) do cache[len], len = key, len + 1 end
		len = len - 1
	end
	local pmap, nss, kvs, pps =
		{}, 0, vars.pairsep or '', vars.itersep or ''
	for idx = 1, len do
		tmp, pmap[nss + 1] = cache[idx], pps
		pmap[nss + 2] = keyval_fn(tmp, tbl[tmp], kvs)
		nss = nss + 2
	end
	tmp = vars.oxfordsep or vars.lastsep
	if tmp ~= nil and nss &gt; 4 then pmap[nss - 1] = tmp
	elseif nss &gt; 2 and vars.lastsep ~= nil then
		pmap[nss - 1] = vars.lastsep
	end
	pmap[1] = vars.header or ''
	if vars.footer ~= nil then pmap[nss + 1] = vars.footer end
	ctx.params = { [get_param_name(opts[offs + 1])] = table.concat(pmap) }
	return argc + 1
end


-- Concatenate the numeric keys from the table of parameters to the numeric
-- keys from the table of options; non-numeric keys from the table of options
-- will prevail over colliding non-numeric keys from the table of parameters
local function concat_params (ctx, offs)
	local tbl, retval, cache, nmax = ctx.params, {}, {}, 0
	for key, val in pairs(ctx.pipe) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then
			if key &lt; 1 then cache[key] = val
			elseif key &gt; offs then cache[key - offs] = val end
			if key &gt; nmax then nmax = key end
		else cache[key] = val end
	end
	nmax = nmax - offs
	if ctx.subset == 1 then
		-- We need only the sequence
		for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do retval[key + nmax] = val end
	else
		if ctx.subset == -1 then
			for key in ipairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = nil end
		end
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			if type(key) == 'number' and key &gt; 0 then
				retval[key + nmax] = val
			else retval[key] = val end
		end
	end
	for key, val in pairs(cache) do retval[key] = val end
	return retval
end


-- Flush the parameters by calling a custom function for each value (after this
-- function has been invoked `ctx.params` will be no longer usable)
local function flush_params (ctx, fn)
	local tmp
	local tbl = ctx.params
	if ctx.subset == -1 then
		for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = nil end
	elseif ctx.subset == 1 then
		if ctx.pins == nil then
			for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do fn(key, val) end
			return
		end
		tmp = {}
		for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do tmp[key] = val end
		tbl = tmp
	end
	if ctx.pins ~= nil then
		local marker = ctx.sorttype &lt; 1 and ctx.subset ~= -1 or nil
		for idx = 1, #ctx.pins do
			tmp = ctx.pins[idx]
			if tbl[tmp] ~= nil then
				fn(tmp, tbl[tmp])
				tbl[tmp] = marker
			end
		end
		if ctx.subset == 1 then
			for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do
				if val ~= true then fn(key, val) end
			end
			return
		end
	end
	if ctx.sorttype &gt; 0 then
		local nums, words, nn, nw =
			get_sorted_key_list(tbl, natural_sort)
		if ctx.sorttype == 2 then
			for idx = 1, nw do fn(words[idx], tbl[words[idx]]) end
			for idx = 1, nn do fn(nums[idx], tbl[nums[idx]]) end
			return
		end
		for idx = 1, nn do fn(nums[idx], tbl[nums[idx]]) end
		for idx = 1, nw do fn(words[idx], tbl[words[idx]]) end
		return
	end
	if ctx.subset == -1 or ctx.pins == nil then
		for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do
			fn(key, val)
			tbl[key] = nil
		end
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do fn(key, val) end
		return
	end
	for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do
		if val ~= true then fn(key, val) end
		tbl[key] = nil
	end
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		if val ~= true then fn(key, val) end
	end
end


-- Flush the parameters by calling one of two custom functions for each value
-- (after this function has been invoked `ctx.params` will be no longer usable)
local function mixed_flush_params (ctx, fn_seq, fn_oth)
	if ctx.subset == 1 then
		flush_params(ctx, fn_seq)
		return
	end
	if ctx.subset == -1 then
		flush_params(ctx, fn_oth)
		return
	end
	local tbl = ctx.params
	if ctx.pins == nil and ctx.sorttype &lt; 1 then
		for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do
			fn_seq(key, val)
			tbl[key] = nil
		end
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do fn_oth(key, val) end
		return
	end
	local tseq = {}
	for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do tseq[key] = val end
	if ctx.pins ~= nil then
		local tmp
		local marker = ctx.sorttype &lt; 1 or nil
		for idx = 1, #ctx.pins do
			tmp = ctx.pins[idx]
			if tseq[tmp] ~= nil then
				fn_seq(tmp, tbl[tmp])
				tbl[tmp], tseq[tmp] = nil, marker
			elseif tbl[tmp] ~= nil then
				fn_oth(tmp, tbl[tmp])
				tbl[tmp] = nil
			end
		end
	end
	if ctx.sorttype &gt; 0 then
		local nums, words, nn, nw =
			get_sorted_key_list(tbl, natural_sort)
		if ctx.sorttype == 2 then
			for idx = 1, nw do
				fn_oth(words[idx], tbl[words[idx]])
			end
		end
		for idx = 1, nn do
			if tseq[nums[idx]] ~= nil then
				fn_seq(nums[idx], tseq[nums[idx]])
			else fn_oth(nums[idx], tbl[nums[idx]]) end
		end
		if ctx.sorttype ~= 2 then
			for idx = 1, nw do
				fn_oth(words[idx], tbl[words[idx]])
			end
		end
		return
	end
	for key, val in ipairs(tseq) do
		if val ~= true then
			fn_seq(key, val)
			tbl[key] = nil
		end
	end
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do fn_oth(key, val) end
end


-- Finalize and return a concatenated list
local function finalize_and_return_concatenated_list (ctx, lst, len, modsize)
	if len &gt; 0 then
		local tmp = ctx.oxfordsep or ctx.lastsep
		if tmp ~= nil and len &gt; modsize * 2 then
			lst[len - modsize + 1] = tmp
		elseif len &gt; modsize and ctx.lastsep ~= nil then
			lst[len - modsize + 1] = ctx.lastsep
		end
		lst[1] = ctx.header or ''
		if ctx.footer ~= nil then lst[len + 1] = ctx.footer end
		ctx.text = table.concat(lst)
	else ctx.text = ctx.ifngiven or '' end
end


	---                                        ---
	---     PUBLIC ENVIRONMENT                 ---
	---    ________________________________    ---
	---                                        ---


	--[[ Modifiers ]]--
	-------------------


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|sequential|pipe to
library.sequential = function (ctx)
	if ctx.subset == 1 then error(modulename ..
		': The ‘sequential’ directive has been provided more than once', 0) end
	if ctx.subset == -1 then error(modulename ..
		': The two directives ‘non-sequential’ and ‘sequential’ are in contradiction with each other', 0) end
	if ctx.sorttype &gt; 0 then error(modulename ..
		': The ‘all_sorted’ and ‘reassorted’ directives are redundant when followed by ‘sequential’', 0) end
	ctx.iterfunc, ctx.subset = ipairs, 1
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|non-sequential|pipe to
library['non-sequential'] = function (ctx)
	if ctx.subset == -1 then error(modulename ..
		': The ‘non-sequential’ directive has been provided more than once', 0) end
	if ctx.subset == 1 then error(modulename ..
		': The two directives ‘sequential’ and ‘non-sequential’ are in contradiction with each other', 0) end
	ctx.iterfunc, ctx.subset = pairs, -1
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|all_sorted|pipe to
library.all_sorted = function (ctx)
	if ctx.sorttype == 1 then error(modulename ..
		': The ‘all_sorted’ directive has been provided more than once', 0) end
	if ctx.subset == 1 then error(modulename ..
		': The ‘all_sorted’ directive is redundant after ‘sequential’', 0) end
	if ctx.sorttype == 2 then error(modulename ..
		': The two directives ‘reassorted’ and ‘sequential’ are in contradiction with each other', 0) end
	ctx.sorttype = 1
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|reassorted|pipe to
library.reassorted = function (ctx)
	if ctx.sorttype == 2 then error(modulename ..
		': The ‘reassorted’ directive has been provided more than once', 0) end
	if ctx.subset == 1 then error(modulename ..
		': The ‘reassorted’ directive is redundant after ‘sequential’', 0) end
	if ctx.sorttype == 1 then error(modulename ..
		': The two directives ‘sequential’ and ‘reassorted’ are in contradiction with each other', 0) end
	ctx.sorttype = 2
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|pinned_until|sentinel|[parameter name 1]|[parameter
--            name 2]|...|parameter name N|sentinel|pipe to
library.pinned_until = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘pinned_until’: No sentinel was provided', 0) end
	local tmp, bucket, curr, ncurr
	local sntl, idx = opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$', 2
	if ctx.pin_bucket == nil then
		bucket, curr, ncurr = {}, {}, 0
		ctx.pin_bucket, ctx.pins = bucket, curr
	else bucket, curr, ncurr = ctx.pin_bucket, ctx.pins, ctx.npins end
	while opts[offs + idx] ~= nil do
		tmp = opts[offs + idx]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'
		if tmp == sntl then
			if idx == 2 then error(modulename ..
				', ‘pinned_until’: No parameters to pin were provided', 0) end
			ctx.npins = ncurr + idx - 2
			return context_iterate(ctx, offs + idx + 1)
		end
		if tmp == '0' or tmp:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then
			tmp = tonumber(tmp)
		end
		if bucket[tmp] then error(modulename ..
			', ‘pinned_until’: Duplicate pinned parameter ‘' .. tostring(tmp) .. '’', 0) end
		curr[ncurr + idx - 1], bucket[tmp], idx = tmp, true, idx + 1
	end
	error(modulename .. ', ‘pinned_until’: Missing sentinel in position #' .. tostring(idx), 0)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|setting|directives|...|pipe to
library.setting = function (ctx)
	local new_offs = set_strings_from_opts(ctx, ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos + 1)
	if new_offs - ctx.fnpos &lt; 2 then error(modulename ..
		', ‘setting’: No directive was given', 0) end
	return context_iterate(ctx, new_offs + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|scoring|new parameter name|[container]|pipe to
library.scoring = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs, retval = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos, 0
	if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘scoring’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end
	for _ in pairs(ctx.params) do retval = retval + 1 end
	local tn = opts[offs + 2] and opts[offs + 2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if tn == 'in_substack' then
		new_substack(ctx)[get_param_name(opts[offs + 1])] =
			tostring(retval)
		return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3)
	end
	ctx.params[get_param_name(opts[offs + 1])] = tostring(retval)
	return tn == 'here' and context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3) or
		context_iterate(ctx, offs + 2, tn)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|squeezing|pipe to
library.squeezing = function (ctx)
	local store, indices, tbl, newlen = {}, {}, ctx.params, 0
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then
			newlen = newlen + 1
			indices[newlen], store[key], tbl[key] = key, val, nil
		end
	end
	table.sort(indices)
	for idx = 1, newlen do tbl[idx] = store[indices[idx]] end
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|filling_the_gaps|pipe to
library.filling_the_gaps = function (ctx)
	local newval, tbl, tmp, nmin, nmax, nnums =
		ctx.pipe[ctx.fnpos + 1], ctx.params, {}, 1, nil, -1
	if newval == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘filling_the_gaps’: No value was provided', 0) end
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then
			if nmax == nil then
				if key &lt; nmin then nmin = key end
				nmax = key
			elseif key &gt; nmax then nmax = key
			elseif key &lt; nmin then nmin = key end
			tmp[key], nnums = val, nnums + 1
		end
	end
	if nmax ~= nil and nmax - nmin &gt; nnums then
		ctx.n_available = ctx.n_available + nmin + nnums - nmax
		if ctx.n_available &lt; 0 then error(modulename ..
			', ‘filling_the_gaps’: It is possible to fill at most ' .. tostring(maxfill) .. ' parameters', 0) end
		for idx = nmin, nmax do tbl[idx] = newval end
		for key, val in pairs(tmp) do tbl[key] = val end
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 2)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|clearing|pipe to
library.clearing = function (ctx)
	local tbl, numerics = ctx.params, {}
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then
			numerics[key], tbl[key] = val, nil
		end
	end
	for key, val in ipairs(numerics) do tbl[key] = val end
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|cutting|left cut|right cut|pipe to
library.cutting = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local lcut = tonumber(opts[offs + 1])
	if lcut == nil or math.floor(lcut) ~= lcut then error(modulename ..
		', ‘cutting’: Left cut must be an integer number', 0) end
	local rcut = tonumber(opts[offs + 2])
	if rcut == nil or math.floor(rcut) ~= rcut then error(modulename ..
		', ‘cutting’: Right cut must be an integer number', 0) end
	local tbl = ctx.params
	local len = #tbl
	if lcut &lt; 0 then lcut = len + lcut end
	if rcut &lt; 0 then rcut = len + rcut end
	local tot = lcut + rcut
	if tot &gt; 0 then
		local cache = {}
		if tot &gt;= len then
			for key in ipairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = nil end
			tot = len
		else
			for idx = len - rcut + 1, len do tbl[idx] = nil end
			for idx = 1, lcut do tbl[idx] = nil end
		end
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			if type(key) == 'number' and key &gt; 0 then
				if key &gt; len then cache[key - tot] = val
				else cache[key - lcut] = val end
				tbl[key] = nil
			end
		end
		for key, val in pairs(cache) do tbl[key] = val end
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|cropping|left crop|right crop|pipe to
library.cropping = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local lcut = tonumber(opts[offs + 1])
	if lcut == nil or math.floor(lcut) ~= lcut then error(modulename ..
		', ‘cropping’: Left crop must be an integer number', 0) end
	local rcut = tonumber(opts[offs + 2])
	if rcut == nil or math.floor(rcut) ~= rcut then error(modulename ..
		', ‘cropping’: Right crop must be an integer number', 0) end
	local tbl = ctx.params
	local nmin, nmax
	for key in pairs(tbl) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then
			if nmin == nil then nmin, nmax = key, key
			elseif key &gt; nmax then nmax = key
			elseif key &lt; nmin then nmin = key end
		end
	end
	if nmin ~= nil then
		local len = nmax - nmin + 1
		if lcut &lt; 0 then lcut = len + lcut end
		if rcut &lt; 0 then rcut = len + rcut end
		if lcut + rcut - len &gt; -1 then
			for key in pairs(tbl) do
				if type(key) == 'number' then tbl[key] = nil end
			end
		elseif lcut + rcut &gt; 0 then
			for idx = nmax - rcut + 1, nmax do tbl[idx] = nil end
			for idx = nmin, nmin + lcut - 1 do tbl[idx] = nil end
			local lshift = nmin + lcut - 1
			if lshift &gt; 0 then
				for idx = lshift + 1, nmax do
					tbl[idx - lshift], tbl[idx] =
						tbl[idx], nil
				end
			end
		end
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|purging|start offset|length|pipe to
library.purging = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local idx = tonumber(opts[offs + 1])
	if idx == nil or math.floor(idx) ~= idx then error(modulename ..
		', ‘purging’: Start offset must be an integer number', 0) end
	local len = tonumber(opts[offs + 2])
	if len == nil or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename ..
		', ‘purging’: Length must be an integer number', 0) end
	local tbl = ctx.params
	if len &lt; 1 then
		len = len + table.maxn(tbl)
		if idx &gt; len then return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3) end
		len = len - idx + 1
	end
	ctx.params = copy_table_reduced(tbl, idx, len)
	return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|backpurging|start offset|length|pipe to
library.backpurging = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local last = tonumber(opts[offs + 1])
	if last == nil or math.floor(last) ~= last then error(modulename ..
		', ‘backpurging’: Start offset must be an integer number', 0) end
	local len = tonumber(opts[offs + 2])
	if len == nil or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename ..
		', ‘backpurging’: Length must be an integer number', 0) end
	local idx
	local tbl = ctx.params
	if len &gt; 0 then idx = last - len + 1
	else
		for key in pairs(tbl) do
			if type(key) == 'number' and (idx == nil or
				key &lt; idx) then idx = key end
		end
		if idx == nil then return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3) end
		idx = idx - len
		if last &lt; idx then return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3) end
		len = last - idx + 1
	end
	ctx.params = copy_table_reduced(ctx.params, idx, len)
	return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|shifting|addend|pipe to
library.shifting = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local nshift = tonumber(ctx.pipe[ctx.fnpos + 1])
	if nshift == nil or nshift == 0 or math.floor(nshift) ~= nshift then
		error(modulename .. ', ‘shifting’: A non-zero integer number must be provided', 0) end
	local tbl = {}
	for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then tbl[key + nshift] = val
		else tbl[key] = val end
	end
	ctx.params = tbl
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 2)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|reversing_numeric_names|pipe to
library.reversing_numeric_names = function (ctx)
	local tbl, numerics, nmax = ctx.params, {}, 0
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then
			numerics[key], tbl[key] = val, nil
			if key &gt; nmax then nmax = key end
		end
	end
	for key, val in pairs(numerics) do tbl[nmax - key + 1] = val end
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|pivoting_numeric_names|pipe to
--[[
library.pivoting_numeric_names = function (ctx)
	local tbl = ctx.params
	local shift = #tbl + 1
	if shift &lt; 2 then return library.reversing_numeric_names(ctx) end
	local tmp = {}
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then tmp[key], tbl[key] = val, nil end
	end
	for key, val in pairs(tmp) do tbl[shift - key] = val end
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1)
end
]]--


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|mirroring_numeric_names|pipe to
--[[
library.mirroring_numeric_names = function (ctx)
	local nmax, nmin
	local tbl, tmp = ctx.params, {}
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then
			tmp[key], tbl[key] = val, nil
			if nmax == nil then nmin, nmax = key, key
			elseif key &gt; nmax then nmax = key
			elseif key &lt; nmin then nmin = key end
		end
	end
	for key, val in pairs(tmp) do tbl[nmax + nmin - key] = val end
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1)
end
]]--


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|swapping_numeric_names|pipe to
--[[
library.swapping_numeric_names = function (ctx)
	local tmp
	local tbl, cache, nsize = ctx.params, {}, 1
	for key in pairs(tbl) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then
			cache[nsize], nsize = key, nsize + 1
		end
	end
	table.sort(cache)
	for idx = math.floor((nsize - 1) / 2), 1, -1 do
		tmp = tbl[cache[idx] ]
		tbl[cache[idx] ] = tbl[cache[nsize - idx] ]
		tbl[cache[nsize - idx] ] = tmp
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1)
end
]]--


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|sorting_sequential_values|[criterion]|pipe to
library.sorting_sequential_values = function (ctx)
	local sortfn
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local tn = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if tn ~= nil then sortfn = sortfunctions[tn] end
	if sortfn then table.sort(ctx.params, sortfn)
	else table.sort(ctx.params) end -- i.e. either `false` or `nil`
	if sortfn == nil then return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 1, tn) end
	return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 2)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|splicing|[add to position]|position|increment|
--            [number of elements to write]|...|pipe to
library.splicing = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local tmp2, argc, pos, refp
	local tbl, opts, offs = ctx.params, ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local tmp1 = opts[offs + 1]
	if tmp1 ~= nil then
		tmp2 = tonumber(tmp1)
		if tmp2 == nil or math.floor(tmp2) ~= tmp2 then
			pos, argc, tmp2 = tonumber(opts[offs + 2]), offs + 4,
				tmp1:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
			if tmp2 ~= nil then
				refp = position_references[tmp2]
				if refp == nil then error(modulename ..
					', ‘splicing’: ‘' .. tostring(tmp2) .. '’ is not a valid first argument', 0) end
			else refp = 0 end
		else pos, argc, refp = tmp2, offs + 3, 0 end
	else pos, argc, refp = tonumber(opts[offs + 2]), offs + 4, 0 end
	if pos == nil or math.floor(pos) ~= pos then error(modulename ..
		', ‘splicing’: The position must be an integer number', 0) end
	local len = tonumber(opts[argc - 1])
	if len == nil or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename ..
		', ‘splicing’: The increment must be an integer number', 0) end
	local insn = tonumber(opts[argc])
	if len == 0 and (insn == nil or insn &lt; 1) then error(modulename ..
		', ‘splicing’: When the increment is zero the number of elements to write cannot be zero', 0) end
	if refp == 2 then
		for _ in ipairs(tbl) do pos = pos + 1 end
		refp = 0
	end
	tmp1, tmp2 = nil, nil
	if refp ~= 0 or len ~= 0 then
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			if type(key) == 'number' then
				if tmp1 == nil then tmp1, tmp2 = key, key
				elseif key &lt; tmp1 then tmp1 = key
				elseif key &gt; tmp2 then tmp2 = key end
			end
		end
	end
	if tmp2 == nil then len = 0
	elseif refp == 3 then pos = pos + tmp2
	elseif refp == 1 then pos = pos + tmp1 end
	if len &gt; 0 and pos + len &gt; tmp1 and pos &lt;= tmp2 then
		tbl = copy_table_expanded(tbl, pos, len)
	elseif len &lt; 0 and pos - len &gt; tmp1 and pos &lt;= tmp2 then
		tbl = copy_table_reduced(tbl, pos, -len)
	else tbl = copy_or_ref_table(tbl, tbl ~= ctx.oparams) end
	ctx.params = tbl
	if insn == nil or insn &lt; 0 or math.floor(insn) ~= insn then
		return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
	end
	tmp1 = argc - offs - pos + 1
	for key = pos, pos + insn - 1 do tbl[key] = opts[offs + key + tmp1] end
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc + insn + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|imposing|name|value|pipe to
library.imposing = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘imposing’: Missing parameter name to impose', 0) end
	ctx.params[get_param_name(opts[offs + 1])] = opts[offs + 2]
	return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|providing|name|value|pipe to
library.providing = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘providing’: Missing parameter name to provide', 0) end
	local key = get_param_name(opts[offs + 1])
	if ctx.params[key] == nil then ctx.params[key] = opts[offs + 2] end
	return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|reassigning|source|destination|[mode]|pipe to
library.reassigning = function (ctx)
	local tbl, opts, offs = ctx.params, ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘reassigning’: Missing source parameter', 0) end
	if opts[offs + 2] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘reassigning’: Missing destination parameter', 0) end
	local mode, argc
	local src, tn = get_param_name(opts[offs + 1]),
		opts[offs + 3] ~= nil and opts[offs + 3]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	local val = tbl[src]
	if tn ~= nil then mode = a_modes[tn] end
	if mode == nil then mode, argc = 0, offs + 3
	else argc, tn = offs + 4, nil end
	if val == nil and mode &gt; 1 then
		return context_iterate(ctx, argc, tn)
	end
	local dest = get_param_name(opts[offs + 2])
	local tmp = tbl[dest] == nil
	if mode % 2 == 0 or (mode == 7 and tmp) then tbl[src] = nil end
	if tmp or mode &lt; 4 then tbl[dest] = val end
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc, tn)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|discarding|name|[how many]|pipe to
library.discarding = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘discarding’: Missing parameter name to discard', 0) end
	local len = tonumber(opts[offs + 2])
	if len == nil then
		ctx.params[get_param_name(opts[offs + 1])] = nil
		return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 2)
	end
	local key = tonumber(opts[offs + 1])
	if key == nil or math.floor(key) ~= key then error(modulename ..
		', ‘discarding’: A range was provided, but the initial parameter name is not an integer number', 0) end
	if len &lt; 1 or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename ..
		', ‘discarding’: A range can only be an integer number greater than zero', 0) end
	for idx = key, key + len - 1 do ctx.params[idx] = nil end
	return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|excluding_non-numeric_names|pipe to
library['excluding_non-numeric_names'] = function (ctx)
	local tmp = ctx.params
	for key, val in pairs(tmp) do
		if type(key) ~= 'number' then tmp[key] = nil end
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|excluding_numeric_names|pipe to
library.excluding_numeric_names = function (ctx)
	local tmp = ctx.params
	for key, val in pairs(tmp) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then tmp[key] = nil end
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|with_name_matching|target 1|[plain flag 1]|[or]|
--            [target 2]|[plain flag 2]|[or]|[...]|[target N]|[plain flag
--            N]|pipe to
library.with_name_matching = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local tmp, ptn
	local tbl, newparams, opts, offs = ctx.params, {}, ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local targets, nptns, argc, tn = load_pattern_args(opts, offs,
		'with_name_matching')
	for idx = 1, nptns do
		ptn = targets[idx]
		if ptn[3] then
			tmp = ptn[1]
			if tmp == '0' or tmp:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then
				tmp = tonumber(tmp)
			end
			newparams[tmp] = tbl[tmp]
		else
			for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
				if tostring(key):find(ptn[1], 1, ptn[2]) then
					newparams[key] = val
				end
			end
		end
	end
	ctx.params = newparams
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc, tn)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|with_name_not_matching|target 1|[plain flag 1]|
--            [and]|[target 2]|[plain flag 2]|[and]|[...]|[target N]|[plain
--            flag N]|pipe to
library.with_name_not_matching = function (ctx)
	local tbl, opts, offs = ctx.params, ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local targets, nptns, argc, tn = load_pattern_args(opts, offs,
		'with_name_not_matching')
	if nptns == 1 and targets[1][3] then
		local tmp = targets[1][1]
		if tmp == '0' or tmp:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then
			tbl[tonumber(tmp)] = nil
		else tbl[tmp] = nil end
		return context_iterate(ctx, argc, tn)
	end
	local yesmatch, ptn
	for key in pairs(tbl) do
		yesmatch = true
		for idx = 1, nptns do
			ptn = targets[idx]
			if ptn[3] then
				if tostring(key) ~= ptn[1] then
					yesmatch = false
					break
				end
			elseif not tostring(key):find(ptn[1], 1, ptn[2]) then
				yesmatch = false
				break
			end
		end
		if yesmatch then tbl[key] = nil end
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc, tn)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|with_value_matching|target 1|[plain flag 1]|[or]|
--            [target 2]|[plain flag 2]|[or]|[...]|[target N]|[plain flag
--            N]|pipe to
library.with_value_matching = function (ctx)
	local nomatch, ptn
	local tbl, opts, offs = ctx.params, ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local targets, nptns, argc, tn = load_pattern_args(opts, offs,
		'with_value_matching')
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		nomatch = true
		for idx = 1, nptns do
			ptn = targets[idx]
			if ptn[3] then
				if val == ptn[1] then
					nomatch = false
					break
				end
			elseif val:find(ptn[1], 1, ptn[2]) then
				nomatch = false
				break
			end
		end
		if nomatch then tbl[key] = nil end
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc, tn)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|with_value_not_matching|target 1|[plain flag 1]|
--            [and]|[target 2]|[plain flag 2]|[and]|[...]|[target N]|[plain
--            flag N]|pipe to
library.with_value_not_matching = function (ctx)
	local yesmatch, ptn
	local tbl, opts, offs = ctx.params, ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local targets, nptns, argc, tn = load_pattern_args(opts, offs,
		'with_value_not_matching')
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		yesmatch = true
		for idx = 1, nptns do
			ptn = targets[idx]
			if ptn[3] then
				if val ~= ptn[1] then
					yesmatch = false
					break
				end
			elseif not val:find(ptn[1], 1, ptn[2]) then
				yesmatch = false
				break
			end
		end
		if yesmatch then tbl[key] = nil end
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc, tn)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|keeping_at_most|number of parameters to pick|pipe to
library.keeping_at_most = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local len = tonumber(ctx.pipe[ctx.fnpos + 1])
	if len == nil or len &lt; 1 or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename ..
		', ‘keeping_at_most’: The number of parameters to keep must be an integer greater than zero', 0) end
	ctx.params = copy_table_maxn({}, ctx.params, len)
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 2)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|trimming_values|pipe to
library.trimming_values = function (ctx)
	local tbl = ctx.params
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|mapping_to_lowercase|pipe to
library.mapping_to_lowercase = function (ctx)
	local tbl = ctx.params
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = val:lower() end
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|mapping_to_uppercase|pipe to
library.mapping_to_uppercase = function (ctx)
	local tbl = ctx.params
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = val:upper() end
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|mapping_by_calling|template name|[call
--            style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional
--            parameters]|[parameter 1]|[parameter 2]|[...]|[parameter N]|pipe to
library.mapping_by_calling = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local tname = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if tname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘mapping_by_calling’: No template name was provided', 0) end
	local margs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem =
		load_callback_opts(opts, offs + 1, mapping_styles.values_only,
			ctx.params)
	local model = { title = tname, args = margs }
	value_maps[looptype](tbl, margs, karg, varg, function ()
		return ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model)
	end)
	for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end
	ctx.params = tbl
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|mapping_by_invoking|module name|function name|[call
--            style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional
--            arguments]|[argument 1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument N]|pipe to
library.mapping_by_invoking = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local mname = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if mname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘mapping_by_invoking’: No module name was provided', 0) end
	local fname = opts[offs + 2] and opts[offs + 2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if fname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘mapping_by_invoking’: No function name was provided', 0) end
	local margs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem =
		load_callback_opts(opts, offs + 2, mapping_styles.values_only,
			ctx.params)
	local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = margs }
	local mfunc = require(model.title)[fname]
	if mfunc == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘mapping_by_invoking’: The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end
	value_maps[looptype](tbl, margs, karg, varg, function ()
		return tostring(mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model)))
	end)
	for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end
	ctx.params = tbl
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|mapping_by_magic|parser function|[call
--            style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional
--            arguments]|[argument 1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument N]|pipe to
library.mapping_by_magic = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local magic = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if magic == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘mapping_by_magic’: No parser function was provided', 0) end
	local margs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem =
		load_callback_opts(opts, offs + 1, mapping_styles.values_only,
			ctx.params)
	value_maps[looptype](tbl, margs, karg, varg, function ()
		return ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, margs)
	end)
	for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end
	ctx.params = tbl
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|mapping_by_replacing|target|replace|[count]|[plain
--            flag]|pipe to
library.mapping_by_replacing = function (ctx)
	local ptn, repl, nmax, flg, argc, die, tn =
		load_replace_args(ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos, 'mapping_by_replacing')
	if die then return context_iterate(ctx, argc, tn) end
	local tbl = ctx.params
	if flg == 3 then
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			if val == ptn then tbl[key] = repl end
		end
	else
		if flg == 2 then
			-- Copied from Module:String's `str._escapePattern()`
			ptn = ptn:gsub('[%(%)%.%%%+%-%*%?%[%^%$%]]', '%%%0')
		end
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			tbl[key] = val:gsub(ptn, repl, nmax)
		end
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc, tn)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|mapping_by_mixing|mixing string|pipe to
library.mapping_by_mixing = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘mapping_by_mixing’: No mixing string was provided', 0) end
	local tbl, mix = ctx.params, opts[offs + 1]
	if mix == '$#' then
		for key in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = tostring(key) end
		return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 2)
	end
	local skel, cnv, n_parts = parse_placeholder_string(mix)
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		for idx = 2, n_parts, 2 do
			if skel[idx] then cnv[idx] = val
			else cnv[idx] = tostring(key) end
		end
		tbl[key] = table.concat(cnv)
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 2)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|renaming_to_lowercase|pipe to
library.renaming_to_lowercase = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local cache = {}
	for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do
		if type(key) == 'string' then cache[key:lower()] = val else
		cache[key] = val end
	end
	ctx.params = cache
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|renaming_to_uppercase|pipe to
library.renaming_to_uppercase = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local cache = {}
	for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do
		if type(key) == 'string' then cache[key:upper()] = val else
		cache[key] = val end
	end
	ctx.params = cache
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|renaming_to_sequence|[sort order]|pipe to
library.renaming_to_sequence = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local cache, len
	local tbl = ctx.params
	local sortfn, argc, dosort, tn = load_sort_opt(ctx.pipe[ctx.fnpos + 1])
	if dosort then
		local words, wl
		cache, words, len, wl = get_sorted_key_list(tbl, sortfn)
		for idx = 1, len do cache[idx] = tbl[cache[idx]] end
		for idx = 1, wl do cache[len + idx] = tbl[words[idx]] end
	else
		cache, len = {}, 1
		for _, val in pairs(tbl) do cache[len], len = val, len + 1 end
	end
	ctx.params = cache
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + argc, tn)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|renaming_by_calling|template name|[call
--            style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional
--            parameters]|[parameter 1]|[parameter 2]|[...]|[parameter N]|pipe to
library.renaming_by_calling = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local tname = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if tname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘renaming_by_calling’: No template name was provided', 0) end
	local rargs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem =
		load_callback_opts(opts, offs + 1, mapping_styles.names_only,
			ctx.params)
	local model = { title = tname, args = rargs }
	map_names(tbl, rargs, karg, varg, looptype, function ()
		return ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model)
	end)
	for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end
	ctx.params = tbl
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|renaming_by_invoking|module name|function
--            name|[call style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of
--            additional arguments]|[argument 1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument
--            N]|pipe to
library.renaming_by_invoking = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local mname = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if mname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘renaming_by_invoking’: No module name was provided', 0) end
	local fname = opts[offs + 2] and opts[offs + 2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if fname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘renaming_by_invoking’: No function name was provided', 0) end
	local rargs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem =
		load_callback_opts(opts, offs + 2, mapping_styles.names_only,
			ctx.params)
	local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = rargs }
	local mfunc = require(model.title)[fname]
	if mfunc == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘renaming_by_invoking’: The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end
	map_names(tbl, rargs, karg, varg, looptype, function ()
		return tostring(mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model)))
	end)
	for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end
	ctx.params = tbl
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|renaming_by_magic|parser function|[call
--            style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional
--            arguments]|[argument 1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument N]|pipe to
library.renaming_by_magic = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local magic = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if magic == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘renaming_by_magic’: No parser function was provided', 0) end
	local rargs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem =
		load_callback_opts(opts, offs + 1, mapping_styles.names_only,
			ctx.params)
	map_names(tbl, rargs, karg, varg, looptype, function ()
		return ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, rargs)
	end)
	for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end
	ctx.params = tbl
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|renaming_by_replacing|target|replace|[count]|[plain
--            flag]|pipe to
library.renaming_by_replacing = function (ctx)
	local ptn, repl, nmax, flg, argc, die, tn =
		load_replace_args(ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos, 'renaming_by_replacing')
	if die then return context_iterate(ctx, argc, tn) end
	local tbl = ctx.params
	if flg == 3 then
		ptn = get_param_name(ptn)
		local val = tbl[ptn]
		if val ~= nil then
			tbl[ptn], tbl[get_param_name(repl)] = nil, val
		end
	else
		if flg == 2 then
			-- Copied from Module:String's `str._escapePattern()`
			ptn = ptn:gsub('[%(%)%.%%%+%-%*%?%[%^%$%]]', '%%%0')
		end
		local cache = {}
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache,
				tostring(key):gsub(ptn, repl, nmax))
		end
		for key, val in pairs(cache) do tbl[key] = val end
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc, tn)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|renaming_by_mixing|mixing string|pipe to
library.renaming_by_mixing = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local mix = ctx.pipe[ctx.fnpos + 1]
	if mix == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘renaming_by_mixing’: No mixing string was provided', 0) end
	local cache = {}
	mix = mix:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'
	if mix == '$@' then
		for _, val in pairs(ctx.params) do
			cache[get_param_name(val)] = val
		end
	else
		local skel, canvas, n_parts = parse_placeholder_string(mix)
		for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do
			for idx = 2, n_parts, 2 do
				if skel[idx] then canvas[idx] = val
				else canvas[idx] = tostring(key) end
			end
			cache[get_param_name(table.concat(canvas))] = val
		end
	end
	ctx.params = cache
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 2)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|grouping_by_calling|template
--            name|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional
--            arguments]|[argument 1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument N]|pipe to
library.grouping_by_calling = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local tmp, argc, tbl, mem =
		load_child_opts(opts, offs + 2, 0, ctx.params)
	local gargs = {}
	for key, val in pairs(tmp) do
		if type(key) == 'number' and key &lt; 1 then gargs[key - 1] = val
		else gargs[key] = val end
	end
	tmp = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if tmp == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘grouping_by_calling’: No template name was provided', 0) end
	local model = { title = tmp }
	local groups = make_groups(tbl)
	for gid, group in pairs(groups) do
		for key, val in pairs(gargs) do group[key] = val end
		group[0], model.args = gid, group
		groups[gid] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model)
	end
	for key, val in pairs(mem) do groups[key] = val end
	ctx.params = groups
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|parsing|string to parse|[trim flag]|[iteration
--            delimiter setter]|[...]|[key-value delimiter setter]|[...]|pipe to
library.parsing = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘parsing’: No string to parse was provided', 0) end
	local isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed, argc, tn =
		load_parse_opts(opts, offs + 2, '|', '=')
	parse_parameter_string(ctx.params, opts[offs + 1], isep, iplain, psep,
		pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed)
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc, tn)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|reinterpreting|parameter to reinterpret|[trim
--            flag]|[iteration delimiter setter]|[...]|[key-value delimiter
--            setter]|[...]|pipe to
library.reinterpreting = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘reinterpreting’: No parameter to reinterpret was provided', 0) end
	local isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed, argc, tn =
		load_parse_opts(opts, offs + 2, '|', '=')
	local tbl, tmp = ctx.params, get_param_name(opts[offs + 1])
	local str = tbl[tmp]
	if str ~= nil then
		tbl[tmp] = nil
		parse_parameter_string(tbl, str, isep, iplain, psep, pplain,
			trimnamed, trimunnamed)
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc, tn)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|evaluating|string to parse|[trim flag]|[iteration
--            delimiter setter]|[...]|[key-value delimiter setter]|[...]|pipe to
library.evaluating = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘evaluating’: No string to parse was provided', 0) end
	local isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed, repos, tn =
		load_parse_opts(opts, offs + 2, '!', ':')
	if opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' == nil then
		remove_numeric_keys(opts, offs, repos - offs)
		return context_iterate(ctx, offs, tn)
	end
	local new_opts, cache = {}, {}
	parse_parameter_string(cache, opts[offs + 1], isep, iplain, psep,
		pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed)
	local shift = #cache + offs - repos + 1
	for key, val in pairs(opts) do
		if type(key) ~= 'number' or key &lt; offs then new_opts[key] = val
		elseif key &gt;= repos then new_opts[key + shift] = val end
	end
	for key, val in pairs(cache) do
		if type(key) ~= 'number' or key &lt; 1 then new_opts[key] = val
		else new_opts[key + offs] = val end
	end
	ctx.pipe = new_opts
	return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|mixing_names_and_values|mixing string|pipe to
library.mixing_names_and_values = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘mixing_names_and_values’: No mixing string was provided for parameter names', 0) end
	if opts[offs + 2] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘mixing_names_and_values’: No mixing string was provided for parameter values', 0) end
	local tmp
	local cache, mix_k, mix_v =
		{}, opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$', opts[offs + 2]
	if mix_k == '$@' and mix_v == '$@' then
		for _, val in pairs(ctx.params) do
			cache[get_param_name(val)] = val
		end
	elseif mix_k == '$@' and mix_v == '$#' then
		for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do
			cache[get_param_name(val)] = tostring(key)
		end
	elseif mix_k == '$#' and mix_v == '$#' then
		for key in pairs(ctx.params) do cache[key] = tostring(key) end
	else
		local skel_k, cnv_k, n_parts_k = parse_placeholder_string(mix_k)
		local skel_v, cnv_v, n_parts_v = parse_placeholder_string(mix_v)
		for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do
			tmp = tostring(key)
			for idx = 2, n_parts_k, 2 do
				if skel_k[idx] then cnv_k[idx] = val
				else cnv_k[idx] = tmp end
			end
			for idx = 2, n_parts_v, 2 do
				if skel_v[idx] then cnv_v[idx] = val
				else cnv_v[idx] = tmp end
			end
			cache[get_param_name(table.concat(cnv_k))] =
				table.concat(cnv_v)
		end
	end
	ctx.params = cache
	return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|combining|new parameter name|[sort
--            order]|[with/without flushed glue]|setting directives|...|pipe to
library.combining = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	return context_iterate(ctx, combine_parameters(
		ctx,
		function (key, val, kvs) return key .. kvs .. val end,
		'combining'
	))
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|combining_values|new parameter name|[sort
--            order]|[with/without flushed glue]|setting directives|...|pipe to
library.combining_values = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	return context_iterate(ctx, combine_parameters(
		ctx,
		function (key, val, kvs) return val end,
		'combining_values'
	))
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|combining_by_calling|template name|new parameter
--            name|pipe to
library.combining_by_calling = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local tname = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if tname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘combining_by_calling’: No template name was provided', 0) end
	if opts[offs + 2] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘combining_by_calling’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end
	ctx.params = {
		[get_param_name(opts[offs + 2])] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate{
			title = tname,
			args = ctx.params
		}
	}
	return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|combining_by_invoking|module name|function name|new
--            parameter name|pipe to
library.combining_by_invoking = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local mname = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if mname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘combining_by_invoking’: No module name was provided', 0) end
	local fname = opts[offs + 2] and opts[offs + 2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if fname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘combining_by_invoking’: No function name was provided', 0) end
	if opts[offs + 3] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘combining_by_invoking’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end
	local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = ctx.params }
	local mfunc = require(model.title)[fname]
	if mfunc == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘mapping_by_invoking’: The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end
	ctx.params = {
		[get_param_name(opts[offs + 3])] =
			tostring(mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model)))
	}
	return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 4)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|combining_by_magic|parser function|new parameter
--            name|pipe to
library.combining_by_magic = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local magic = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if magic == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘combining_by_magic’: No parser function was provided', 0) end
	if opts[offs + 2] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘combining_by_magic’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end
	ctx.params = {
		[get_param_name(opts[offs + 2])] =
			ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, ctx.params)
	}
	return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|snapshotting|[maximum number]|pipe to
library.snapshotting = function (ctx)
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos +
		make_child(ctx, ctx.params, 'snapshotting'))
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|remembering|[maximum number]|pipe to
library.remembering = function (ctx)
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos +
		make_child(ctx, ctx.oparams, 'remembering'))
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|entering_substack|[new]|pipe to
library.entering_substack = function (ctx)
	local tbl, opts, offs, ncurrparent =
		ctx.params, ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos, ctx.n_parents + 1
	local tn = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if ctx.parents == nil then ctx.parents = { tbl }
	else ctx.parents[ncurrparent] = tbl end
	ctx.n_parents = ncurrparent
	if tn == 'new' then
		ctx.params = {}
		return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 2)
	end
	local currsnap = ctx.n_children
	if currsnap &gt; 0 then
		ctx.params, ctx.children[currsnap], ctx.n_children =
			ctx.children[currsnap], nil, currsnap - 1
	else
		local newparams = {}
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do newparams[key] = val end
		ctx.params = newparams
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 1, tn)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|pulling|parameter name|pipe to
library.pulling = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘pulling’: No parameter to pull was provided', 0) end
	local tmp = ctx.n_parents
	local parent = tmp &lt; 1 and ctx.oparams or ctx.parents[tmp]
	tmp = get_param_name(opts[offs + 1])
	if parent[tmp] ~= nil then ctx.params[tmp] = parent[tmp] end
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 2)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|recalling|parameter name|pipe to
library.recalling = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘recalling’: No parameter to recall was provided', 0) end
	local arg = get_param_name(opts[offs + 1])
	if ctx.oparams[arg] ~= nil then ctx.params[arg] = ctx.oparams[arg] end
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 2)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|finding|parameter name|pipe to
--[[
library.finding = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘finding’: No parameter to find was provided', 0) end
	local arg = get_param_name(opts[offs + 1])
	local parent
	for idx = ctx.n_parents, 1, -1 do
		parent = ctx.parents[idx]
		if parent[arg] ~= nil then
			ctx.params[arg] = parent[arg]
			return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 2)
		end
	end
	if ctx.oparams[arg] ~= nil then ctx.params[arg] = ctx.oparams[arg] end
	return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 2)
end
]]--


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|picking|number of parameters to pick|pipe to
--[[
library.picking = function (ctx)
	local len = tonumber(ctx.pipe[ctx.fnpos + 1])
	if len == nil or len &lt; 1 or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename ..
		', ‘picking’: The number of parameters to pick must be an integer greater than zero', 0) end
	if ctx.n_parents &lt; 1 then copy_table_maxn(ctx.params, ctx.oparams, len)
	else copy_table_maxn(ctx.params, ctx.parents[ctx.n_parents], len) end
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 2)
end
]]--


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|detaching_substack|pipe to
library.detaching_substack = function (ctx)
	local ncurrparent = ctx.n_parents
	if ncurrparent &lt; 1 then error(modulename ..
		', ‘detaching_substack’: No substacks have been created', 0) end
	local parent = ctx.parents[ncurrparent]
	for key in pairs(ctx.params) do parent[key] = nil end
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|dropping_substack|pipe to
library.dropping_substack = function (ctx)
	local ncurrparent = ctx.n_parents
	if ncurrparent &lt; 1 then error(modulename ..
		', ‘dropping_substack’: No substacks have been created', 0) end
	ctx.params, ctx.parents[ncurrparent], ctx.n_parents =
		ctx.parents[ncurrparent], nil, ncurrparent - 1
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|leaving_substack|pipe to
library.leaving_substack = function (ctx)
	local ncurrparent = ctx.n_parents
	if ncurrparent &lt; 1 then error(modulename ..
		', ‘leaving_substack’: No substacks have been created', 0) end
	local currsnap = ctx.n_children + 1
	if ctx.children == nil then ctx.children = { ctx.params }
	else ctx.children[currsnap] = ctx.params end
	ctx.params, ctx.parents[ncurrparent], ctx.n_parents, ctx.n_children =
		ctx.parents[ncurrparent], nil, ncurrparent - 1, currsnap
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|merging_substack|pipe to
library.merging_substack = function (ctx)
	local ncurrparent = ctx.n_parents
	if ncurrparent &lt; 1 then error(modulename ..
		', ‘merging_substack’: No substack has been created', 0) end
	local parent, child = ctx.parents[ncurrparent], ctx.params
	ctx.params, ctx.parents[ncurrparent], ctx.n_parents = parent, nil,
		ncurrparent - 1
	for key, val in pairs(child) do parent[key] = val end
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|rearranging_substacks|...|pipe to
library.rearranging_substacks = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local tmp = tonumber(opts[offs + 1])
	if tmp == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘rearranging_substacks’: You must specify at least one substack', 0) end
	local argc
	local oldchdn, newchdn, ntot, sid = ctx.children, {}, ctx.n_children, 1
	repeat
		if tmp &gt; ntot or tmp &lt; 1 or math.floor(tmp) ~= tmp then error(modulename ..
			', ‘rearranging_substacks’: Substack #' .. tostring(tmp) .. ' does not exist', 0) end
		if oldchdn[ntot - tmp + 1] == nil then error(modulename ..
			', ‘rearranging_substacks’: Substack #' .. tostring(tmp) .. ' appears multiple times', 0) end
		newchdn[ntot - sid + 1], oldchdn[ntot - tmp + 1], sid =
			oldchdn[ntot - tmp + 1], nil, sid + 1
		tmp = tonumber(opts[offs + sid])
	until tmp == nil
	ctx.children, argc, sid = newchdn, offs + sid, 1
	for idx = 1, ntot do
		tmp = oldchdn[idx]
		if tmp ~= nil then newchdn[sid], sid = tmp, sid + 1 end
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|flushing|pipe to
library.flushing = function (ctx)
	if ctx.n_children &lt; 1 then error(modulename ..
		', ‘flushing’: There are no substacks to flush', 0) end
	local parent, currsnap = ctx.params, ctx.n_children
	for key, val in pairs(ctx.children[currsnap]) do parent[key] = val end
	ctx.children[currsnap], ctx.n_children = nil, currsnap - 1
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|setting_by_flushing|pipe to
library.setting_by_flushing = function (ctx)
	set_strings_from_substack(ctx, ctx, 'setting_by_flushing')
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1)
end


	--[[ Functions ]]--
	-----------------------------


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|count
library.count = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable!
	local retval = 0
	for _ in ctx.iterfunc(ctx.params) do retval = retval + 1 end
	if ctx.subset == -1 then retval = retval - #ctx.params end
	ctx.text = retval
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:args|concat_and_call|template name|[prepend 1]|[prepend 2]|
--            [...]|[item n]|[named item 1=value 1]|[...]|[named item n=value
--            n]|[...]
library.concat_and_call = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable!
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local tname = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if tname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘concat_and_call’: No template name was provided', 0) end
	ctx.text = ctx.frame:expandTemplate{
		title = tname,
		args = concat_params(ctx, offs + 1)
	}
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:args|concat_and_invoke|module name|function name|[prepend
--            1]|[prepend 2]|[...]|[item n]|[named item 1=value 1]|[...]|[named
--            item n=value n]|[...]
library.concat_and_invoke = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable!
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local mname = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if mname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘concat_and_invoke’: No module name was provided', 0) end
	local fname = opts[offs + 2] and opts[offs + 2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if fname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘concat_and_invoke’: No function name was provided', 0) end
	local mfunc = require('Module:' .. mname)[fname]
	if mfunc == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘concat_and_invoke’: The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end
	ctx.text = mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild{
		title = 'Module:' .. mname,
		args = concat_params(ctx, offs + 2)
	})
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:args|concat_and_magic|parser function|[prepend 1]|[prepend
--            2]|[...]|[item n]|[named item 1=value 1]|[...]|[named item n=
--            value n]|[...]
library.concat_and_magic = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable!
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local magic = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if magic == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘concat_and_magic’: No parser function was provided', 0) end
	ctx.text = ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic,
		concat_params(ctx, offs + 1))
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|value_of|parameter name
library.value_of = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable!
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘value_of’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end
	local val
	local key = opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'
	if key == '0' or key:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then
		key = tonumber(key)
		val = ctx.params[key]
		-- No worries: #ctx.params is unused when the modifier is in
		-- first position (and therefore `ctx.params` is a metatable)
		if val ~= nil and (
			ctx.subset ~= -1 or key &gt; #ctx.params or key &lt; 1
		) and (
			ctx.subset ~= 1 or (key &lt;= #ctx.params and key &gt; 0)
		) then
			ctx.text = (ctx.header or '') .. val ..
				(ctx.footer or '')
		else ctx.text = ctx.ifngiven or '' end
	else
		val = ctx.params[key]
		if ctx.subset ~= 1 and val ~= nil then ctx.text = (ctx.header
			or '') .. val .. (ctx.footer or '')
		else ctx.text = ctx.ifngiven or '' end
	end
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|list
library.list = function (ctx)
	local ret, nss, kvs, pps = {}, 0, ctx.pairsep or '', ctx.itersep or ''
	flush_params(ctx, function (key, val)
		ret[nss + 1], ret[nss + 2], ret[nss + 3], ret[nss + 4], nss =
			pps, key, kvs, val, nss + 4
	end)
	finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 4)
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|list_values
library.list_values = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `library.coins()` and `library.unique_coins()` rely on us
	local ret, nss, pps = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or ''
	flush_params(ctx, function (key, val)
		ret[nss + 1], ret[nss + 2], nss = pps, val, nss + 2
	end)
	finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2)
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|list_maybe_with_names
library.list_maybe_with_names = function (ctx)
	local ret, nss, kvs, pps = {}, 0, ctx.pairsep or '', ctx.itersep or ''
	mixed_flush_params(
		ctx,
		function (key, val)
			ret[nss + 1], ret[nss + 2], ret[nss + 3],
				ret[nss + 4], nss = pps, '', '', val, nss + 4
		end,
		function (key, val)
			ret[nss + 1], ret[nss + 2], ret[nss + 3],
				ret[nss + 4], nss = pps, key, kvs, val, nss + 4
		end
	)
	finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 4)
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|for_each|wikitext
library.for_each = function (ctx)
	local ret, nss, pps, txt =
		{}, 0, ctx.itersep or '', ctx.pipe[ctx.fnpos + 1] or ''
	local skel, cnv, n_parts = parse_placeholder_string(txt)
	flush_params(ctx, function (key, val)
		for idx = 2, n_parts, 2 do
			if skel[idx] then cnv[idx] = val
			else cnv[idx] = tostring(key) end
		end
		ret[nss + 1], nss = pps, nss + 2
		ret[nss] = table.concat(cnv)
	end)
	finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2)
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|call_for_each|template name|[append 1]|[append 2]|
--            [...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param
--            n=value n]|[...]
library.call_for_each = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local tname = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if tname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘call_for_each’: No template name was provided', 0) end
	local cargs = copy_table_reduced(opts, 1, offs - 1)
	local model, ret, nss, ccs =
		{ title = tname, args = cargs }, {}, 0, ctx.itersep or ''
	flush_params(ctx, function (key, val)
		cargs[1], cargs[2], ret[nss + 1], nss = key, val, ccs, nss + 2
		ret[nss] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model)
	end)
	finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2)
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|invoke_for_each|module name|module function|[append
--            1]|[append 2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|
--            [named param n=value n]|[...]
library.invoke_for_each = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local mname = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if mname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘invoke_for_each’: No module name was provided', 0) end
	local fname = opts[offs + 2] and opts[offs + 2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if fname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘invoke_for_each’: No function name was provided', 0) end
	local iargs = copy_table_reduced(ctx.pipe, 1, offs)
	local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = iargs }
	local mfunc, ret, nss, ccs =
		require(model.title)[fname], {}, 0, ctx.itersep or ''
	if mfunc == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘invoke_for_each’: The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end
	flush_params(ctx, function (key, val)
		iargs[1], iargs[2], ret[nss + 1], nss = key, val, ccs, nss + 2
		ret[nss] = mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model))
	end)
	finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2)
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|magic_for_each|parser function|[append 1]|[append
--            2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param
--            n=value n]|[...]
library.magic_for_each = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local magic = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if magic == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘magic_for_each’: No parser function was provided', 0) end
	local ret, nss, ccs, cargs = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '',
		copy_table_reduced(opts, 1, offs - 1)
	flush_params(ctx, function (key, val)
		cargs[1], cargs[2], ret[nss + 1], nss = key, val, ccs, nss + 2
		ret[nss] = ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, cargs)

	end)
	finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2)
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|call_for_each_value|template name|[append 1]|[append
--            2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param
--            n=value n]|[...]
library.call_for_each_value = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local tname = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if tname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘call_for_each_value’: No template name was provided', 0) end
	local cargs = copy_table_reduced(ctx.pipe, 1, offs)
	local model = { title = tname, args = cargs }
	local ret, nss, ccs = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or ''
	flush_params(ctx, function (key, val)
		cargs[1], ret[nss + 1], nss = val, ccs, nss + 2
		ret[nss] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model)
	end)
	finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2)
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|invoke_for_each_value|module name|[append 1]|[append
--            2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param
--            n=value n]|[...]
library.invoke_for_each_value = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local mname = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if mname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘invoke_for_each_value’: No module name was provided', 0) end
	local fname = opts[offs + 2] and opts[offs + 2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if fname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘invoke_for_each_value’: No function name was provided', 0) end
	local iargs = copy_table_reduced(ctx.pipe, 1, offs + 1)
	local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = iargs }
	local mfunc, ret, nss, ccs =
		require(model.title)[fname], {}, 0, ctx.itersep or ''
	if mfunc == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘invoke_for_each_value’: The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end
	flush_params(ctx, function (key, val)
		iargs[1], ret[nss + 1], nss = val, ccs, nss + 2
		ret[nss] = mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model))
	end)
	finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2)
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|magic_for_each_value|parser function|[append 1]|
--            [append 2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named
--            param n=value n]|[...]
library.magic_for_each_value = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local magic = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if magic == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘magic_for_each_value’: No parser function was provided', 0) end
	local cargs, ret, nss, ccs =
		copy_table_reduced(opts, 1, offs), {}, 0, ctx.itersep or ''
	flush_params(ctx, function (key, val)
		cargs[1], ret[nss + 1], nss = val, ccs, nss + 2
		ret[nss] = ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, cargs)
	end)
	finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2)
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|call_for_each_group|template name|[append 1]|[append
--            2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param
--            n=value n]|[...]
library.call_for_each_group = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable!
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local tmp = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if tmp == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘call_for_each_group’: No template name was provided', 0) end
	local model = { title = tmp }
	local bargs, ret, nss, ccs = {}, {}, 0, ctx.itersep or ''
	for key, val in pairs(opts) do
		if type(key) ~= 'number' then bargs[key] = val
		elseif key &gt; offs then bargs[key - offs - 1] = val
		elseif key &lt; 1 then bargs[key - 1] = val end
	end
	ctx.params = make_groups(ctx.params)
	flush_params(ctx, function (gid, group)
		for key, val in pairs(bargs) do group[key] = val end
		group[0], model.args, ret[nss + 1], nss = gid, group, ccs,
			nss + 2
		ret[nss] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model)
	end)
	finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2)
	return false
end


	--[[ First-position-only modifiers ]]--
	---------------------------------------


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|new|pipe to
static_iface.new = function (child_frame)
	local ctx = context_new(child_frame, 'new')
	ctx.params = {}
	main_loop(ctx, context_iterate(ctx, 2))
	return ctx.text
end


	--[[ First-position-only functions ]]--
	---------------------------------------


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|self
static_iface.self = function (child_frame)
	return child_frame:getParent():getTitle()
end


	--[[ Public metatable of functions ]]--
	---------------------------------------


return setmetatable({}, {
	__index = function (_, query)
		local fname = query:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
		if fname == nil then error(modulename ..
			': You must specify a function to call', 0) end
		local func = static_iface[fname]
		if func ~= nil then return func end
		func = library[fname]
		if func == nil then error(modulename ..
			': The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end
		return function (child_frame)
			local ctx = context_new(child_frame, fname)
			ctx.params = copy_or_ref_table(ctx.oparams,
				refparams[fname])
			main_loop(ctx, func)
			return ctx.text
		end
	end
})</text>
      <sha1>edjjks8ayvjip4tl4xpkdb2en7irkcr</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Erlingus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>326613</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3999486</id>
      <parentid>3971053</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-05T11:49:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>139091</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>3999486</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1069" sha1="1o9mw0zs6d52pqsfl8k02vgwx0m8sjm" xml:space="preserve">{{Nomen|genus=Masculinum|origo=Nordica antiqua|significatio=cognatum iarli|imago=Erling Haaland France v Norway 26 June 26-008.jpg|capitulum=Erlingus Haaland}}

{{res|Erlingus}}&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20220718163211/https://baekur.is/search?facetBook=&amp;facetAuthor=&amp;facetVolume=&amp;facetFromTo=&amp;searchType=TEXT&amp;titleSearchText=Magni&amp;authorSearchText=&amp;keywordSearchText=&amp;searchText=Erlingus Res.]&lt;/ref&gt; est [[nomen]] masculinum, originem [[Lingua Nordica antiqua|linguae Nordicae antiquae]] ''Erlingr'', significans &quot;cognatum [[iarlus|iarli]].&quot;

==In linguis frequentibus formae==
* [[Danice]]: Erling
* [[Lingua Faeroensis|Faeroenice]]: Erlingur
* [[Islandice]]: Erlingur
* [[Norvegice]]: Erling, Elling
* [[Lingua Suecica antiqua|Suecice antique]]: Ærlinger, Arlingus, Yrling, Herlingus
** [[Suecice]]: Erling, Elling

== Homines ==
* [[Erlingus Haaland]]
* [[Erlingus Persson]]
* [[Erlingus Skakke]]
* [[Erlingus Steinvegg]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Paginae de nominibus discretivae]]
[[Categoria:Praenomina]]
[[Categoria:Praenomina masculina]]</text>
      <sha1>1o9mw0zs6d52pqsfl8k02vgwx0m8sjm</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Benedictus Iosephus Labre</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>327787</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3999474</id>
      <parentid>3981938</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-05T11:35:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-58674-06</username>
        <id>217304</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>De forma Latina cognominis</comment>
      <origin>3999474</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1676" sha1="6nudaphaqin32d5f4xclmaldlcautvj" xml:space="preserve">{{Movenda|Benedictus Josephus Labrus}}
{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}

[[Sanctus]] {{res|Benedictus Josephus Labreus}}&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Si Benedictus Josephus Labrus vere extitit, si talis fuit qualem eum descripsi&quot;; ''Tractatus historico-asceticus de SS. eucharistiæ sacramento, sive Jesus in sacramento amoris sui præcipui patiens, triumphans &amp; de injuriis per veros suos adoratores se vindicans, Tomus II'' (Mechliniae, 1784): 496 [https://www.google.it/books/edition/Tractatus_historico_asceticus_de_SS_euch/dpq7_khTTd4C?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=benedictus+josephus+Labrus&amp;pg=PA513&amp;printsec=frontcover].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Francogallice]] ''Benoît-Joseph Labre''; [[Italice]] ''Benedetto Giuseppe Labre''; natus [[Amettes]] in [[oppidum|oppido]] [[Artesia]]e die [[26 Martii]] [[1748]]; mortuus [[Roma]]e die [[16 Aprilis]] [[1783]]) fuit [[Franciscanus]] tertiarius [[Francia|Francicus]]. A [[monasterium|monasteriis]] recusatus, [[mendicus]] et [[peregrinus]] factus est. A [[Leo XIII|Leone XIII]] [[papa]] die [[9 Decembris]] [[1881]] sanctus [[canonizatio|canonizatus]] est. [[Sanctus patronus]] est [[domo carens|vagabundorum]] et [[morbus mentis|aegrotorum mente captorum]].

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* De la Gorce, Agnes (1952). ''St Benedict Joseph Labre''. Londinii: Sheed &amp; Ward. {{ling|Anglice}}
* Desnoyers, F. M. J. (1862). ''Le bienheureux Benoît-Joseph Labre''. Insulae: 2 Tomes. {{ling|Francogallice}}

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Benoît Joseph Labre|Benedictum Iosephum Labrum}}
{{Fontes biographici}}

{{sanctus-stipula}}

{{Anni vitae|1748|1783|Labre, Benedictus Iosephus}}
[[Categoria:Franciscani]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Franciae]]
[[Categoria:Sancti]]</text>
      <sha1>6nudaphaqin32d5f4xclmaldlcautvj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3999476</id>
      <parentid>3999474</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-05T11:38:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-58674-06</username>
        <id>217304</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3999476</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1944" sha1="6vdpebjq2tbjvdl4f29gi0k8kf5h8kn" xml:space="preserve">{{Movenda|Benedictus Josephus Labrus}}
{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}

[[Sanctus]] {{res|Benedictus Josephus Labrus}}&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Si Benedictus Josephus Labrus vere extitit, si talis fuit qualem eum descripsi&quot;; ''Tractatus historico-asceticus de SS. eucharistiæ sacramento, sive Jesus in sacramento amoris sui præcipui patiens, triumphans &amp; de injuriis per veros suos adoratores se vindicans, Tomus II'' (Mechliniae, 1784): 496 [https://www.google.it/books/edition/Tractatus_historico_asceticus_de_SS_euch/dpq7_khTTd4C?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=benedictus+josephus+Labrus&amp;pg=PA513&amp;printsec=frontcover].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Francogallice]] ''Benoît-Joseph Labre''; [[Italice]] ''Benedetto Giuseppe Labre''; natus [[Amettes]] in [[oppidum|oppido]] [[Artesia]]e die [[26 Martii]] [[1748]]; mortuus [[Roma]]e die [[16 Aprilis]] [[1783]]) fuit [[Franciscanus]] tertiarius [[Francia|Francicus]]. A [[monasterium|monasteriis]] recusatus, [[mendicus]] et [[peregrinus]] factus est. Sepultus est in [[ecclesia Sanctae Mariae Montium]] (''Santa Maria dei Monti''), Romae sita.
[[Fasciculus:Gisant de Saint Benoit Joseph Labre (église Sainte Marie des Monts, Rome, Italie).jpg|thumb|Sculptura funebris Labro dicata in ecclesia Sanctae Mariae Montium.]]
A [[Leo XIII|Leone XIII]] [[papa]] die [[9 Decembris]] [[1881]] sanctus [[canonizatio|canonizatus]] est. [[Sanctus patronus]] est [[domo carens|vagabundorum]] et [[morbus mentis|aegrotorum mente captorum]].

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* De la Gorce, Agnes (1952). ''St Benedict Joseph Labre''. Londinii: Sheed &amp; Ward. {{ling|Anglice}}
* Desnoyers, F. M. J. (1862). ''Le bienheureux Benoît-Joseph Labre''. Insulae: 2 Tomes. {{ling|Francogallice}}

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Benoît Joseph Labre|Benedictum Iosephum Labrum}}
{{Fontes biographici}}

{{sanctus-stipula}}

{{Anni vitae|1748|1783|Labre, Benedictus Iosephus}}
[[Categoria:Franciscani]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Franciae]]
[[Categoria:Sancti]]</text>
      <sha1>6vdpebjq2tbjvdl4f29gi0k8kf5h8kn</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Index nominum Latinorum Iaponicorum, Mongolorum et Sinicorum</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>328506</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3999440</id>
      <parentid>3987883</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-05T10:32:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-58674-06</username>
        <id>217304</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3999440</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="23360" sha1="ltys2cbclnhzvwmecti3zhnie3nrrbo" xml:space="preserve">{{Index imperfectus}}

{{A-Z}}

== A ==
*[[Georgius Acafoxi]] (Akahoshi Tarōbyōe) (...-1614)
*[[Thomas Acafoxius]] (Tomasu Akahoshi) (1565-1622)
*[[Ioannes Acascicamon]] (Akashi Takenori) (1569?–1618?)
*[[Afauus]] (Zhōu Yàfū) (...-143 a.C.n.)
*[[Aliaptu]] (Öljaitü) (1282-1316)
*[[Aquecius]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:Papebrochius&quot;&gt;Daniel Papebrochius, ''Acta sanctorum quotquot toto orbe coluntur, vel a catholicis scriptoribus celebrantur, quae ex latinis et graecis, tomus secundus'' (Parisiis, 1863): 765 [https://www.google.it/books/edition/Acta_sanctorum_quotquot_toto_orbe_colunt/22n91tzTnNgC?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Gratia+Jacundonus&amp;pg=PA765&amp;printsec=frontcover].&lt;/ref&gt; (Akechi Mitsuhide) (1528-1582)
*[[Amavangus]] (Dorgon) (1612-1650)
*[[Michaël Arimandonus]] (Arima Naozumi) (1586-1641)
*[[Protasius Arimondonus]] (Arima Harunobu) (1567-1612)
*[[Asonodangius]] (Asano Nagamasa) (1547-1611)

== B ==
*[[Batus]] seu Bathus (Batu) (1205-1255)
*[[Melchior Bugendonus]] (Kumagai Motonao) (1555-1605)

== C ==
[[Fasciculus:Qin Shi Huang.jpg|thumb|Chingus]]
[[Fasciculus:Portrait of Chinggis Khan at Chinggis Khaan National Museum in Mongolia.jpg|thumb|Cingischam]]
*[[Cacubau]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:Varenius&quot;&gt;Berhardus Varenius, ''Tractatus in quo agitur de Japoniorum religione, de Christianae religionis introductione in ea loca, de eiusdem exstirpatione'' (Amstelodami 1649): 17 [https://www.google.it/books/edition/Tractatus_in_quo_agitur_de_Japoniorum_re/6P1AAAAAcAAJ?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=cacubau+Combadaxi&amp;pg=PA17&amp;printsec=frontcove].&lt;/ref&gt; (Kakuban) (1095-1144)
*[[Cainocamus]] (Kuroda Nagamasa) (1568-1623)
*[[Canzuiendonus]] (Katō Kiyomasa, cuius titulus erat Kazue-no-Kami) (1562-1611)
*Canzusandonus, vide: [[Index nominum Latinorum Iaponicorum, Mongolorum et Sinicorum#Nobunanga|Nobunanga]]
*Caozuus, vide: [[Index nominum Latinorum Iaponicorum, Mongolorum et Sinicorum#Lieupangus|Lieupangus]]
*[[Caus]] (Gāo) (...-1747 a.C.n.)
*[[Ludovicus Cavara]] (Kawara Rokuemon) (...-1622)
*[[Cham Colaus]] (Zhāng Jūzhèng) (1525-1582)
*[[Changhienchungus]] (Zhang Xianzhong) (1606-1647)
*[[Changkiengus]] (Zhāng Qiān) (195 a.C.n.-114 a.C.n.)
*[[Changleangus]] (Zhang Liang) (251 a.C.n. circa-189 a.C.n.)
*[[Chaocaus]] (Zhao Gao) (...207 a.C.n.)
*[[Cheus]] (Dì Xīn) (1105 a.C.n.-1046 a.C.n.)
*[[Leonardus Chimura]] (Reonarudo Kimura) (1575-1619)
*[[Sebastianus Chimura]] (Sebasuchan Kimura) (1565-1622)
*{{ancora|Chingus}}[[Chingus]] (Qín Shǐ Huáng) (259 a.C.n.-210 a.C.n.)
*[[Chingus (51 a.C.n.)|Chingus]] (Cheng) (51 a.C.n.-17 a.C.n.)
*[[Chuangus]] (Zhuāng) (...-682 a.C.n.)
*[[Chuus]] (Zhù) (...-...)
*Cicugendonus, vide: [[Index nominum Latinorum Iaponicorum, Mongolorum et Sinicorum#Taicosama|Taicosama]]
*[[Cienus]] (Sīmǎ Qiān) (145 sive 135 a.C.n.-86 a.C.n.)
*[[Cingischam]] (Činggis Qaɣan, sed natus Temüjin) (probabiliter 1162–1227)
*[[Franciscus Ciuan]] (Ōtomo Sōrin) (1530-1587)
*{{ancora|Petrus Ciunangodonus}}[[Petrus Ciunangodonus]] (Oda Hidenobu) (1580-1605)
*[[Cobila]] (Kublai Khan) (1215-1294)
*Combadaxi,&lt;ref name=&quot;:Varenius&quot; /&gt; vide: [[Index nominum Latinorum Iaponicorum, Mongolorum et Sinicorum#Combodasci|Combodasci]]
*{{ancora|Combodasci}}[[Combodasci]]&lt;ref&gt;Daniel Bartoli, ''De Vita et gestis S. Francisci Xaverii'' (Lugduni 1666): 149 [https://www.google.it/books/edition/De_Vita_Et_Gestis_S_Francisci_Xaverii_E/hzllAAAAcAAJ?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=De+Vita+et+gestis+S.+Francisci+Xaverii+Combodafci&amp;pg=PA149&amp;printsec=frontcover].&lt;/ref&gt; (Kūkai, qui dicitur Kōbō Daishi) (774-835)
*[[Condochisanus]] (Kondō Kisan) (saeculo XVII)
*[[Confucius]] (Kǒng Qiu, qui dicitur Kǒng Fū Zǐ) (551–479 a.C.n.)
*[[Hieronymus Cotendadonus]] (Koteda Yasukazu) (1553-XVII saeculo)
*[[Chungtingus]] (Zhòng Dīng) (...-...)
*[[Cumata Chusaiemonus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Philippus Alegambe, ''Mortes illustres et gesta eorum de Societate Iesu qui in odium fidei, pietatis, aut cuiuqunque virtutis, occasionum Missionum, Sacramentorum administratorum, fidei, aut virtutis propugnatae, ab ethnicis, haereticis, vel alijs, veneno, igne, ferro, aut morte alia necati, aerumnisùe confecti sunt'' (Romae, 1657): 369 [https://www.google.it/books/edition/Mortes_illustres_et_gesta_eorum_de_Socie/Aqm2XVn1e-4C?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Tonus+Matauntra&amp;pg=PA369&amp;printsec=frontcover].&lt;/ref&gt; (Kumata Chūzaemon) (XVIII saeculo)
*[[Cungkia]] (Kǒng Jiǎ) (...-1758 a.C.n.)

== D ==
*{{ancora|Ieiasus Daifusama}}[[Ieiasus Daifusama]] (Tokugawa Ieyasu) (1543-1616)
*[[Dajondonus]] (Matsunaga Hisahide) (1508-1577)
*[[Paulus Dayfachius]] (Okamoto Daihachi) (...-1612)
*Dschudschius, vide: [[Index nominum Latinorum Iaponicorum, Mongolorum et Sinicorum#Zuzi|Zuzi]]

== E ==
*Augustinus Ecunocamindonus, vide: [[Index nominum Latinorum Iaponicorum, Mongolorum et Sinicorum#Augustinus Tzunocamindonus|Augustinus Tzunocamindonus]]

== F ==
[[Fasciculus:Hasekura Tsunenaga Portrait by Raphael Sadeler II 1615.png|thumb|Faxecura Rocuyemon]]
*[[Fancenus]] (Fan Zeng) (277 a.C.n. circa-204 a.C.n.)
*[[Fancius]] (Fàn Jū) (...-...)
*[[Ioannes Faramondus]] (Hara Tanenobu, cuius titulus erat &quot;Mondo-no-Suke&quot;) (1587-1623)
*[[Fascegava Gonrocuus]] (Hasegawa Fujimasa, seu Gonroku) (...-1630)
*[[Fasciegaua Safiogius]] (Hasegawa Fujihirō, seu Sahyōe) (1567-1617)
*[[Faxecura Rocuyemon]] (Hasekura Rokuemon) (1571-1622)
*Faxiba, vide: [[Index nominum Latinorum Iaponicorum, Mongolorum et Sinicorum#Taicosama|Taicosama]]
*[[Fauus]] (Fā) (...-1728 a.C.n.)
*[[Feizò]] (Suetsugu Masanao, seu Heizō) (1546 circa-1630)
*[[Fideyorus]] (Toyotomi Hideyori) (1593-1615)
*[[Leo Findadonus]] (Gamō Ujisato) (1556-1595)
*[[Findefira]] (Fujiwara no Hidehira) (1122-1187)
*[[Figendonus]] (Matsūra Takanobu) (1592-1637)
*{{ancora|Fucuscima Masanori}}[[Fucuscima Masanori]] (Fukushima Masanori) (1561-1624)
*Fucuscimandonus, vide: [[Index nominum Latinorum Iaponicorum, Mongolorum et Sinicorum#Fucuscima Masanori|Fucuscima Masanori]]
*[[Dionysius Fugixima]] (Fujishima Jubyōe) (1604-1622)
*[[Oquaxen Fungedonus]] (Oda Nobukatsu) (1558-1630)
*[[Gundisalvus Fusaius]] (Fusai Chōzō) (...-1622)

== G ==
*Gemonongius, vide: [[Index nominum Latinorum Iaponicorum, Mongolorum et Sinicorum#Maxita Yemondonus|Maxita Yemondonus]]
*Genefoin,&lt;ref&gt;Ludovicus Frois, ''De rebus Iaponicis historica relatio'' (Moguntiae, 1599): 115 [https://www.google.it/books/edition/De_rebus_Iaponicis_historica_relatio/qMYWAAAAQAAJ?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Genefoin&amp;pg=PA115&amp;printsec=frontcover].&lt;/ref&gt; vide: [[Index nominum Latinorum Iaponicorum, Mongolorum et Sinicorum#Ghenifoin|Ghenifoin]]
* {{ancora|Ghenifoin}}[[Ghenifoin]] (Maeda Gen'i, seu Gen'i Hōin) (1539-1602)
* [[Gibunoscius]] (Ishida Mitsunari) (1559-1600)
* [[Gotondonus]] (Gotō Harumasa) (1548-1612)
* [[Gueicingus]] (Wei Qing) (...-fortasse 106 a.C.n.)
* [[Gueius]] (Wèi Zhōngxián) (1568-1627)
* [[Paus Gueius]] (Wei Bao) (...-204 a.C.n.)
* [[Iulianus Guembadonus]] (Naitō Genba) (saeculo XVI)

== H ==
*[[Hansinius]] (Hán Xìn) (231 a.C.n.-196 a.C.n. circa)
*[[Hiangyus]] (Xiàng Yǔ) (232 a.C.n.-202 a.C.n.)
*[[Hiaochaus]] (Zhao) (94 a.C.n.-74 a.C.n.)
*[[Hiaokingus]] (Jing) (188 a.C.n.-141 a.C.n.)
*[[Hiaouus]] (Wu) (156 a.C.n.-87 a.C.n.)
*[[Hienus]] (Xiǎn) (...-321 a.C.n.)
*[[Hoaius]] (Huái) (...-...)
*[[Hoeius]] (Hàn Huì) (210 a.C.n.-188 a.C.n.)
*[[Hotankiaus]] (Hé Dǎnjiǎ) (...-...)
*[[Hungquangus]] (Hongguang) (1607-1646)

== I ==
* [[Ludovicus Ibarchi]] (Rudobiko Ibaraki) (1586 circa-1597)
* [[Iaenoquida Cambioie]] (Yonekitsu Tadamasa) (1563-1625)
* [[Georgius Iafensidonus]] (Yūki Yaheiji) (1544-...)
* [[Idates Massamunes]] (Date Masamune) (1567-1636)
* [[Ieus (imperator Cheu)|Ieus]] (You) (795 a.C.n.-771 a.C.n.)
* [[Iezabel (uxor Francisci Ciuan)|Iezabel]] (Nada-Fujin) (...-1587)
* [[Ingus]] (Ying Ziying) (...-206 a.C.n.)
* {{ancora|Ionoschedonus}}[[Ionoschedonus]] (Oda Nobutada) (1557-1582)
* [[Simeon Iquenda Tangodonus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:Sacchinus&quot;&gt;Franciscus Sacchinus, ''Historiae Societatis Iesu pars quarta siue Euerardus. Auctore R.P. Francisco Sacchino Societatis eiusdem sacerdote'' (Romae, 1652): 131 [https://www.google.it/books/edition/Historiae_Societatis_Iesu_pars_quarta_si/KZ2pJNs4iFQC?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Sancius+Tangodonus&amp;pg=PA131&amp;printsec=frontcover].&lt;/ref&gt; (Ikeda Norimasa) (saeculo XVI)
* [[Is]] (Xiè) (...-...)
* [[Isafaydonus]] (Ryūzōji Ieharu) (saeculo XVI-1613)
* [[Iuenus]] (Yuan) (75 a.C.n.-8  a.C.n.)
* [[Iungieus]] (Yong Ji) (...-...)
* [[Iungleius]] (Yǒnglì) (1623-1662)

== J ==
* [[Jacondonus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:Papebrochius&quot; /&gt; (Hosokawa Tadaoki) (1563-1646)
* Jonosquedonus, vide: [[Index nominum Latinorum Iaponicorum, Mongolorum et Sinicorum#Ionoschedonus|Ionoschedonus]]

== K ==
[[Fasciculus:清康熙书房坐像.jpg|thumb|Kam-Hi]]
*[[Imperator Kam-Hi|Kam-Hi]] (Kāngxī) (1654-1722)
*[[Kengtingus]] (Kang Ding) (...-1148 a.C.n.)
*[[Kicius]] (Jīzǐ) (saeculo 11 a.C.n.)
*[[Kieus]] (Jié) (...-1675 a.C.n.)
*[[Kimus Kiaotung]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;''Martini Martinii, Tridentini, e Societate Iesu, Sinicae historiae decas prima, res à gentis origine ad Christum natum in exstrema Asia, sive Magno Sinarum Imperio gestas complexa'' (Amstelaedami, 1659): 336 [https://www.google.it/books/edition/Martini_Martinii_Sinicae_historiae_decas/6JhpAAAAcAAJ?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Kiungus+Kiaosi&amp;pg=PA336&amp;printsec=frontcover].&lt;/ref&gt; (Liu Xiongqu) (...-154 a.C.n.)
*[[Kinus]] (Jǐn) (...-1789 a.C.n. circa)
*[[Iacobus Kisai]] (Ichikawa Kizaemon) (1533-1597)
*[[Kiungus Kiaosi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; (Liu Ang) (...-154 a.C.n.)
*[[Kiupingus]] (Huo Qubing) (140- 117 a.C.n. circa)
*[[Kungus]] (Jiōng) (...-...)

== L ==
*[[Laocius]] (Lǎozǐ aut Lao Zi) (VI saeculo a.C.n.)
*[[Licungzus]] (Li Zicheng) (1606-1645)
*{{ancora|Lieupangus}}[[Lieupangus]] (Liu Bang) (256 a.C.n.-195 a.C.n.)
*[[Linsinus]] (Lin Xin) (...-1100 a.C.n. circa)
*[[Liquangus]] (Lǐ Guǎng) (...-119 a.C.n.)
*[[Lisuus]] (Li Si) (280 a.C.n.-208 a.C.n.)
*[[Lovangus]] (Longwu) (1602-1646)

== M ==
[[Fasciculus:Yodo no Kimi.jpg|thumb|Mandorocosamia]]
*[[Mandorocosamia]]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mandorocosamia quondam Tayci coniunx &amp; mater Fideyori&quot;; ''Francisci Pasii Relatio historica rerum in Iaponiae gestarum anno 1603, 1604, 1605 et parte 1606'' (Moguntiae, 1610): 6 [https://www.google.it/books/edition/Franc_Pasii_Relatio_historica_rerum_in_I/Em5GAAAAcAAJ?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=mater+Fideyori&amp;pg=PA6&amp;printsec=frontcover].&lt;/ref&gt; (Yodo-dono) (1569-1615)
*[[Mangu Cham]] (Möngke) (1209-1259)
*[[Mangus (rex Sinarum)|Mangus]] (Máng) (...-...)
*[[Maovenlungus]]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Sed maxime Tartaros inhibuit fortissimus Dux Maovenlungus&quot;; Martinus Martinius, ''De bello Tartarico'' (Amstelodami, 1610): 59 [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_ifmgTrrELjQC/page/n59/mode/2up?q=Maovenlungus].&lt;/ref&gt; (Máo Wénlóng) (1576-1629)
*{{ancora|Matsucuza Bungodonus}}[[Matsucuza Bungodonus]] (Matsukura Shigemasa) (1574-1630)
*Matauntra Bungus,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; vide: [[Index nominum Latinorum Iaponicorum, Mongolorum et Sinicorum#Matsucuza Bungodonus|Matsucuza Bungodonus]]
*[[Maxentia (filia Francisci Ciuan)|Maxentia]] (Katsura-hime) (1570-1648)
*{{ancora|Maxita Yemondonus}}[[Maxita Yemondonus]] (Mashita Nagamori, cuius titolo erat Uemon-no-jō) (1545-1615)
*[[Mencia (filia Bartholomaei Omurandoni)|Mencia]] (Shōtō-in) (1571?-1656)
*[[Mencius]] (Mèngzǐ) (ca. 370-[[290 a.C.n.]])
*[[Mentangkiunius]] (Mèngcháng Jūn) (...-279 a.C.n.)
*[[Micius]] (Mòzi) (479 a.C.n.-381 a.C.n.)
*Midsunus Cavachius, vide: [[Index nominum Latinorum Iaponicorum, Mongolorum et Sinicorum#Mizzumus Cauachius|Mizzumus Cauachius]]
*Minaminobo, vide: [[Index nominum Latinorum Iaponicorum, Mongolorum et Sinicorum#Iustus Ucondonus|Iustus Ucondonus Tacayama]]
*{{ancora|Mizzumus Cauachius}}[[Mizzumus Cauachius]] (Mizuno Morinobu) (1577-1637)
*[[Paulus Mikius]] (Pauro Miki) (1565-1597)
*[[Mimbudonus]] (Ōmura Sumiyori) (1592-1616)
*[[Mioxindonus]] (Miyoshi Yoshitsugu) (1549-1573)

== N ==
[[Fasciculus:Miguel Nakashima.jpg|thumb|Michaël Nacaxima]]
* [[Nabescima Naoshige]] (Nabeshima Naoshige) (1538-1618)
* [[Iulianus Nacaura]] (Jurian Nakaura Jingorō) (1568-1633)
* [[Michaël Nacaxima]] (Nakashima Saburōemon) (1583-1628)
* [[Naichidonus]] (Hosokawa Tadatoshi) (1586-1641)
* [[Ioannes Naitodonus]] (Naitō Yukiyasu) (1550-1626)
* [[Nangatodonus]] (Matsukura Katsuie, cuius titulus erat Nagato-no-Kami) (1598-1638)
* [[Nankengus]] (Nan Geng) (...-...)
* [[Ngayus]] (Ai) (25 a.C.n.-1 a.C.n.)
* [[Gaspar Nixiguenca]]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Gaspar Nixiguenca, Jamandæ dynaftes, genere ac pietate Christiana nobilissimus&quot;: Josephus Juvencius, ''Historiæ Societatis Jesu pars quinta. Tomus posterior ab anno Christi 1591. ad 1616'' (Romae, 1710): 629 [https://www.google.it/books/edition/Histori%C3%A6_Societatis_Jesu_pars_quinta_To/fAp6T_O7llAC?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=gaspar+nixiguenca&amp;pg=PA629&amp;printsec=frontcover].&lt;/ref&gt; (Nishi Genka) (1556-1609)
* [[Ioannes Niximataiquus]] (Nishi Mataichi) (...-1609)
* [[Nobexima Xinanonus]]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Præcipuus Dynastarum, qui sunt in regno Figensi, est Nobexima Xinanonus&quot;: Ioannes Rodrigues, ''Historia Japonensis a. 1624'' (Moguntiae, 1624): 46 [https://www.google.it/books/edition/Historia_Japonensis_a_1624/GDw8AAAAcAAJ?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Nobexima+Xinanonus&amp;pg=PA46&amp;printsec=frontcover].&lt;/ref&gt; (Nabeshima Katsushige, cuius titulus erat &quot;Shinano-no-Kami&quot;) (1580-1657)
* {{ancora|Nobunanga}}[[Nobunanga]] (Oda Nobunaga) (1534-1582)

== O ==
*Oda Nabunaga, vide: [[Index nominum Latinorum Iaponicorum, Mongolorum et Sinicorum#Nobunanga|Nobunanga]]
*{{ancora|Bartholomaeus Omurandonus}}[[Bartholomaeus Omurandonus]] (Ōmura Sumitada) (1533-1587)
*[[Petrus Onizuccha]] (Onizuka Sadayū) (1604 circa-1622)
*Ongoschio, vide: [[Index nominum Latinorum Iaponicorum, Mongolorum et Sinicorum#Ieiasus Daifusama|Ieiasus Daifusama]]

== P ==
[[Fasciculus:Bao Si - Bai Mei Xin Yong.JPG|thumb|Paosua]]
*[[Paosua]] (Bāo Sì) (VIII saeculo a.C.n.)
*[[Paus U]] (Liú Pì) (215 a.C.n.-154 a.C.n.)
*[[Pecanius]] (Bǐ Gān) (saeculo 11 a.C.n.)
*[[Pefoeus]] (Bofu) (...-771 a.C.n.)
*[[Pieus Cinan]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; (Liu Piguang) (...-154 a.C.n.)
*[[Pingus]] (Píng) (...-720 a.C.n.)
*[[Pingyuenus]] (Píngyuán Jūn) (308 a.C.n. circa-251 a.C.n.)
*[[Antonius Pintus Ixida]] (Ishida Kyūtaku) (1569-1632)
*[[Puonkengus]] (Pán Gēng) (...-1263 a.C.n.)
*[[Pukiangus]] (Bù Jiàng) (...-1831 a.C.n. circa)

== Q ==
* [[Simon Quambioiendonus]] (Kuroda Yoshitaka) (1546-1587)
* [[Queixin]] (Uesugi Kenshin) (1530-1578)
* [[Quingodonus]] (Kobayakawa Hideaki, cuius titulus erat ''Kingo Chūnagon'')
* Quinoxita Toquixirus, vide: [[Index nominum Latinorum Iaponicorum, Mongolorum et Sinicorum#Taicosama|Taicosama]]
* [[Quitano Mandocoro]] (Kōdai-in, cuius titulus erat ''Kita no Mandokoro'') (16 saeculo-1624)

== R ==

*[[Riosogi]]&lt;ref&gt;Ioannes Hayus, ''De Rebus Iaponicis, Indicis et Peruanis Epistolae Recentiores'' (Antverpiae, 1605): 123 [https://www.google.it/books/edition/De_Rebvs_Iaponicis_Indicis_Et_Pervanis_E/f79GAAAAcAAJ?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=riofogi+Arimenfem&amp;pg=PA123&amp;printsec=frontcover].&lt;/ref&gt; (Ryūzōji Takanobu) (1530-1584)
*[[Ioachimus Riusa]] (Konishi Ryūsa) (...-1592)

== S ==
[[Fasciculus:MU 20 H 23 - Philippe Couplet - Historie van eene groote, christene mevrouwe van China (Candida Hiu) - 015.jpg|thumb|Candida Siu]]
* Saburondonus, vide: [[Index nominum Latinorum Iaponicorum, Mongolorum et Sinicorum#Petrus Ciunangodonus|Petrus Ciunangodonus]]
* [[Paulus Sacondonus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:Papebrochius&quot; /&gt; (Maeda Hidenori) (1576-1601)
* [[Sacumandonus]] (Sakuma Nobumori) (1528-1582)
* [[Saihous]] (Xiao He) (257 a.C.n.-193 a.C.n.)
* [[Saisciodonus]] (Kyōgoku Takatsugu) (1560-1609)
* [[Gonajus Saitus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Josephus Juvencius, ''Historiae societatis Jesu pars quinta, tom. posterior ab auno christi 1591 ad ann. 1616, Tomus secundus'' (Romae, 1859): 682 [https://www.google.it/books/edition/Historiae_societatis_Jesu_pars_quinta_to/wJScgg9re0QC?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=saitum+gonajum&amp;pg=PA682&amp;printsec=frontcover].&lt;/ref&gt; (Saitō Gonnai) (saeculo XVII)
* [[Sanandadonus]] (Sanada Yukimura) (1567-1615)
* [[Sancius]] (Zhuāngzǐ) (369 a.C.n. circa-286 a.C.n. circa)
* [[Sancius Sangandonus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:Sacchinus&quot; /&gt; (Sanga Yoriteru) (1510-post 1587)
* [[Sanxius Chindonus]] (Oda Nobutaka) (1558-1583)
* Scimandonus, vide: [[Index nominum Latinorum Iaponicorum, Mongolorum et Sinicorum#Augustinus Tarazavandonus|Augustinus Tarazavandonus]]
* [[Ioannes Sciurinodonus]] (Kyōgoku Takatomo) (1572-1622)
* [[Siangus]] (Xiang) (...-619 a.C.n.)
* [[Siaokiaus]] (Xiǎo Jiǎ) (...-...)
* [[Siaosinus]] (Xiao Xin) (...-1260 a.C.n.)
* [[Siaoyeus]] (Xiao Yi) (...-1250 a.C.n.)
* [[Candida Siu]] (Xǔ-Xú Gāndìdà) (1607-1680)
* [[Paulus Siu]] (Xú Guāngqǐ) (1562-1633)
* [[Siuenius]] (Xuan) (91 a.C.n.-10 a.C.n.)
* [[Petrus Suchegirus]] (Petoro Sukejirō) (...1597)
* [[Sunlungus]] (Gōngsūn Lóng) (325 a.C.n.-250 a.C.n.)
* [[Suncius]] (Sun Tzu) (544 a.C.n.-496 a.C.n.)
* Sungteius, vide: [[Index nominum Latinorum Iaponicorum, Mongolorum et Sinicorum#Xunchius|Xunchius]]

== T ==
[[Fasciculus:Toyotomi Hideyoshi on his horse.jpg|thumb|Taicosama]]
[[Fasciculus:Daji 1963.jpg|thumb|Taquia]]
* {{ancora|Darius Tacaiama Fidanus}}[[Darius Tacaiama Fidanus]] (Takayama Momoteru) (1531-1595)
* Tacaiamandonus Darius,&lt;ref name=&quot;:Sacchinus&quot; /&gt; vide: [[Index nominum Latinorum Iaponicorum, Mongolorum et Sinicorum#Darius Tacaiama Fidanus|Darius Tacaiama Fidanus]]
* {{ancora|Iustus Ucondonus}}[[Iustus Ucondonus Tacayama]] (Takayama Ukon) (1552-1612)
* [[Taichangus]] (Taichang) (1582-1620)
* {{ancora|Taicosama}}[[Taicosama]] (Toyotomi Hideyoshi) (1537-1598)
* [[Taikengus]] (Tài Gēng) (...-1567 a.C.n.)
* [[Taikiaus]] (Tai Jia) (...-...)
* [[Taitingus]] (Wen Wu Ding) (...-1106/1102 a.C.n.)
* [[Taiuus]] (Tài Wù) (...-...)
* [[Sancius Tangadonus]] (Ōmura Yoshiaki) (1599-1616)
* [[Tangamondus]] (Taga Mondo) (saeculo XVII)
* [[Tangus]] (Tang) (1670 a.C.n. circa-1587 a.C.n. circa)
* [[Taqua Nombo]] (Matsūra Takanobu) (1529-1599)
* {{ancora|Taquenaca Unemeus}}[[Taquenaca Unemius|Taquenaca Unemeus]] (Takenaka Shigeyoshi, cuius titulus erat Uneme-no-Shō) (XVI saeculo-1633)
* [[Taquia]] (Dájǐ) (1076 a.C.n.-1046 a.C.n.)
* {{ancora|Augustinus Tarazavandonus}}[[Augustinus Tarazavandonus]] (Terazawa Hirotaka) (1563-1633)
* Ximanocamius Terasaua,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Habet Ximanocamius Terasaua Princeps Amacusæ, arcis Xiqui Præfectum, illarumque insularum Gubernatorem, clientem quendam suum, virum nobilem, Tobioium Miaquem&quot;; Christophorus Ferreira, ''Narratio persecutionis adversus christianos excitatae in variis Japoniae regnis ann. 1628, 1629, 1630'' (1635): 127 [https://www.google.it/books/edition/Narratio_persecutionis_adversus_christia/X2Y1w1bbifMC?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=ximanocamius&amp;pg=PA127&amp;printsec=frontcover].&lt;/ref&gt; vide: [[Index nominum Latinorum Iaponicorum, Mongolorum et Sinicorum#Augustinus Tarazavandonus|Augustinus Tarazavandonus]]
* [[Thienkius]] (Tianqi) (1605-1627)
* [[Thienmingus]] (Nurhaci) (1559-1626)
* Thienzungus, vide: [[Index nominum Latinorum Iaponicorum, Mongolorum et Sinicorum#Zungteus|Zungteus]]
* {{ancora|Thomas Tosa Naitodonus}}[[Thomas Tosa Naitodonus]] (Naitō Sadanobu, cuius titulus erat Tosa-no-Kami) (saeculo XVI)
* Thomas Tosadonus, vide: [[Index nominum Latinorum Iaponicorum, Mongolorum et Sinicorum#Thomas Tosa Naitodonus|Thomas Tosa Naitodonus]]
* [[Tiyeus]] (Di Yi) (...-1076 a.C.n.)
* [[Simon Toscirondonus Findenanus]] (Mōri Hidekane) (1567-1601)
* [[Toxogunsama]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:Biner&quot;&gt;&quot;Xogunsamæ tyranno sanguinario anno 1629 successit barbaræ crudelitatis &amp; Imperii hæres Toxogunsama filius&quot;; Josephus Biner, ''Apparatus eruditionis ad jurisprudentiam praesertim ecclesiasticam'' (Augustae Vindelicorum et Friburgi Brisgojae, 1766): 182 [https://www.google.it/books/edition/Apparatus_eruditionis_ad_jurisprudentiam/PeoYYeuN0PUC?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Xogunsam%C3%A6&amp;pg=RA1-PA182&amp;printsec=frontcover].&lt;/ref&gt; (Tokugawa Iemitsu) (1604-1651)
* [[Tuctais]] (Toqta) (ante 1282-1312)
* [[Tumchungus]] (Dong Zhongshu) (179 a.C.n.-104 a.C.n.)
* [[Thomas Tzugi]] (Tomasu Tsūji) (1571-1627)
* {{ancora|Augustinus Tzunocamindonus}}[[Augustinus Tzunocamindonus]] (Konishi Yukinaga) (1558-1600)

== U ==
*[[Uanglinius]] (Wang Ling) (II saeculo a.C.n.)
*[[Paulus Uciborius]] (Uchibori Sakuemon) (1587-1627)
*[[Uenius]] (Wen) (203/202 a.C.n.-157 a.C.n.)
*[[Ugadai]] (Ögedei) (1186 circa-1241)
*{{ancora|Uiesuqui Caguecatsu}}[[Uiesuqui Caguecatsu]] (Uesugi Kagekatsu) (1556-1623)
*[[Uiesuqui Danion]] (Uesugi Sadakatsu) (1604-1645)
*[[Ulxius]] (Qin Er Shi) (229 a.C.n.-207 a.C.n.)
*Unemius,&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; vide: [[Index nominum Latinorum Iaponicorum, Mongolorum et Sinicorum#Taquenaca Unemeus|Taquenaca Unemeus]]
*[[Uonus]] (Huán) (...-697 a.C.n.)
*[[Usangueius]] (Wú Sānguì) (1612-1678)
*[[Usbecus]] (Özbeg) (1282-1341)
*[[Uukius]] (Wei Wuji) (...-243 a.C.n.)
*[[Uutingus]] (Wu Ding) (...-1192 a.C.n.)
*[[Uuyeus]] (Wu Yi) (...-1112 a.C.n.)
*[[Uxuiacandonus]] (Minamoto no Yoshitsune) (1159-1189)

== V ==
*[[Vaignius]] (Wài Rén) (...-...)
*[[Vanleius]] (Wanli) (1563-1620)
*[[Vatadonus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:Juvencius&quot;&gt;Josephus Juvencius, ''Epitome Historiae Sociatatis Jesu. Ab anno Christi MDLVII ad annum MDLXXXI · Volume 2'' (Gandavi, 1853): 229 [https://www.google.it/books/edition/Epitome_Historiae_Sociatatis_Jesu/9L9GAAAAcAAJ?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Zamalucus&amp;pg=PA229&amp;printsec=frontcover].&lt;/ref&gt; (Wada Koremasa) (1536-1571)
*[[Canadonus Voiacata]] (Ashikaga Yoshiaki) (1537-1597)
*[[Vokiaus]] (Wo Jia) (...-...)
*[[Votingus]] (Wo Ding) (...-...)

== W ==
*[[Accius Watanabeus]] (Akihiko Watanabe) (1973-)

== X ==
[[Fasciculus:Shibata katuie otiai.jpg|thumb|Xibatadonus]]
* [[Yoxinobus Xadaquedonus]] (Satake Yoshinobu) (1570-1633)
* [[Xaokangus]] (Shào Kāng) (...-...)
* [[Xengandonus]] (Arima Haruzumi) (1483-1566)
* [[Xibatadonus]] (Shibata Katsuie) (1522-1583)
* [[Xicinius]] (Shènjìng) (...-315 a.C.n.)
* Ximandonus, vide: [[Index nominum Latinorum Iaponicorum, Mongolorum et Sinicorum#Augustinus Tarazavandonus|Augustinus Tarazavandonus]]
* Xiumitanda, vide: [[Index nominum Latinorum Iaponicorum, Mongolorum et Sinicorum#Bartholomaeus Omurandonus|Bartholomaeus Omurandonus]]
* [[Ximonda Daisem]] (Ishimoda Muneyori) (1584-1647)
* [[Constantinus Xiungendonus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:Papebrochius&quot; /&gt; (Maeda Shigekatsu) (1852-1621)
* Xius, vide: [[Index nominum Latinorum Iaponicorum, Mongolorum et Sinicorum#Chingus|Chingus]]
* [[Fidetadda Xogunsama]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:Biner&quot; /&gt; (Tokugawa Hidetada) (1579-1632)
* [[Michaël Xumpò]] (Satō Shunpō) (...-1622)
* {{ancora|Xunchius}}[[Xunchius]] (Shùnzhì) (1638-1611)

== Y ==
*[[Yangkiaus]] (Yang Jia) (...-1290 a.C.n.)
*[[Yenyuenius]] (Yan Hui) (521 a.C.n. circa-481 a.C.n.)
*[[Yoritomus]] (Minamoto no Yoritomo) (1147-1199)
*[[Yvenus]] (Yuán Chónghuàn) (1584-1630)

== Z ==
[[Fasciculus:Juchi Khan (cropped).JPG|thumb|Zuzi]]
* [[Zagatai]] (Tsagadaj) (1183-1242)
* [[Zuieus]] (Zǔ Yǐ) (...-1409 a.C.n.)
* [[Zukengus]] (Zu Geng) (...-1184 a.C.n.)
* [[Zukiaus]] (Zu Jia) (...-...)
* [[Zuluus]] (Zhong You) (542 a.C.n.-480 a.C.n.)
* [[Zungchinius]] (Chongzhen) (1611-1644)
* {{ancora|Zungteus}}[[Zungteus]] (Huang Taiji) (1592–1643)
* [[Zusinius]] (Zu Xin) (...-...)
* [[Zutingus]] (Zu Ding) (...-...)
* {{ancora|Zuzi}}[[Zuzi]] (Zuči) (1182 seu 1184-1225 sive 1227)

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Nexus interni==
*[[Index nominum Latinorum hominum praeclarorum]]
*[[Index nominum Latinorum Arabum Persarumque Medii Aevi]]

[[Categoria:Indices hominum]]</text>
      <sha1>ltys2cbclnhzvwmecti3zhnie3nrrbo</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ionoschedonus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>328556</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3999483</id>
      <parentid>3988138</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-05T11:45:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-58674-06</username>
        <id>217304</id>
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      <text bytes="6066" sha1="aagrr1mp4c7trndgufnp4ez6j098e8m" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}
{{res|Ionoschedonus}},&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;“In aula Taici agunt duo nepotes Nobunangae, filij Ionoschedoni primogeniti (qui eodem die cum patre occubuerat)”; Ludovicus Frois, ''De Rebus Iaponicis Historica Relatio Eaque Triplex'' (1599): 250 [https://www.google.it/books/edition/De_Rebvs_Iaponicis_Historica_Relatio_Eaq/6QY8AAAAcAAJ?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Ionoschedoni&amp;pg=PA250&amp;printsec=frontcover].&lt;/ref&gt; vel {{res|Jonosquedonus}},&lt;ref&gt;“Ille [Faxiba] ad occupandum Japoniæ imperium curas intendere: tantisper tamen ambitionem dissimulandam ratus, tutorem se futurum filio Jonosquedoni [...] profitetur”; ''Acta sanctorum quotquot toto orbe coluntur, vel a catholicis scriptoribus celebrantur, quae ex latinis et graecis'' (1863): caput II, 731 [https://www.google.it/books/edition/Acta_sanctorum_quotquot_toto_orbe_colunt/22n91tzTnNgC?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=sanxi+chindonis&amp;pg=PA731&amp;printsec=frontcover].&lt;/ref&gt; sive {{res|Jonoschedonus}} aut {{Res|Jono Suquendonus}},&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;“Nobunanga [...] trucidatus est cum filio Jonoschedono, aut Jono Suquendono, Rege Voaris et Mino”; ''Acta sanctorum quotquot toto orbe coluntur, vel a catholicis scriptoribus celebrantur, quae ex latinis et graecis'' (1863): caput II, 731 [https://www.google.it/books/edition/Acta_sanctorum_quotquot_toto_orbe_colunt/U5xOAQAAMAAJ?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Jonoschedono&amp;pg=PA731&amp;printsec=frontcover].&lt;/ref&gt; vulgo ''Oda Nobutada'' ([[Iaponice]] 織田 信忠'','' natus [[1557]]; mortuus [[21 Iunii]] [[1582]]), fuit [[samuraeus]] [[Iaponia|Iaponensis]], filius primogenitus [[Nobunanga|Nobunangae]]&lt;ref&gt;Petrus Franciscus Xaverius de Charlevoix, ''Histoire et description générale du Japon avec les fastes chronologiques de la découverte du nouveau monde. Enrichie de figures en taille-douce, Volume 3'' (Lutetiae, 1736): 260 [https://www.google.it/books/edition/Histoire_et_description_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_du_Ja/lmZOAAAAcAAJ?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Jono+suquendono&amp;pg=PA260&amp;printsec=frontcover]. {{Ling|Francogallice}}&lt;/ref&gt; et pater [[Saburondonus|Saburondoni]] atque [[Oda Hidenori]].

Nomen Latinum &quot;Ionoschedonus&quot; e titulo ''Akita Jō-no-suke'' (秋田城介) ductum est.

== Biographia ==
Oda Nobutada natus est, nomine Kimyōmaru (奇妙丸), in {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|provincia Voarii|&lt;&gt;|ja|qid=Q514506}} circiter anno 1557: erat filius primogenitus Odae Nobunangae ac [[Concubinatus|concubinae]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ikoma Kitsuno|&lt;&gt;|ja|qid=Q4327464}}. [[Nutrix]] sua fuit Jotoku-in, filia clientis Nobunangae {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Takigawa Kazumasu|&lt;&gt;|ja|qid=Q953624}} (滝川一益). Adulta aetate, primum novum nomen Oda Kankuro Nobushige (織田勘九郎信重) adsumpsit, deinde nomen Nobutada se imposuit.

Anno 1567, foedus inter {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|familia Oda|&lt;&gt;|ja|qid=Q1132077}} atque {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|familia Takeda|&lt;&gt;|ja|qid=Q1210114}} celebratum est cum [[Desponsatio|desponsatione]] Nobutada atque Matsuhime, filia ducis [[Takedae Xinguen]], sed anno 1572 Xinguen pactum violavit atque invasit regionem orientalem provinciae [[Micava|Micavae]],&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;''Lexicon Geographicum in quo Universi Orbis Urbes, Provinciæ, Regna, Maria, &amp; Flumina recensetur'' (Parisiis, 1670): 367 [https://www.google.it/books/edition/Lexicon_Geographicvm_in_qvo_Vniversi_Orb/fWexRyIvl1YC?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=regnum+iyo+Iaponia&amp;pg=PA367&amp;printsec=frontcover].&lt;/ref&gt; a [[familia Tokugawa]] dominata. Tamen, Xinguen morbo mortuus est atque rectio [[Sciogunus|sciogunorum]] [[Ashikaga]] finem habuit. Anno 1580, [[Sacumandonus]], qui gubernabat partem meridionalem Voarii, atque [[Ando Morinari]], triumvir [[Provincia Mini|Mini]], exiliati sunt, igitur dominium a Nobutada administratum expansus est in eorum regionibus.
[[Fasciculus:Utagawa Kuniteru II - The Death in Battle of Katsuyori on Mount Tenmoku.jpg|thumb|Pugna apud montem Tenmoku in illustratione ''[[ukiyo-e]]'' ab [[Utagawa Kuniteru II]] picta, anno 1861]]
Anno decimo aetatis [[Tenshō]] (1582), Ionoschedonus fecit incursionem in {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|provincia Caii|&lt;&gt;|ja|qid=Q858076}}&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; (territorium familiae Takeda) atque duxit exercitus 50.000 copiarum Mini atque Voarii. Brevi tempore copiae familiae Oda, etiam a ducibus [[Tokugawa Ieyasu|Tokugawa Ieiaso]] [[Hōjō Ujimasa|Hōjōque Ujimasa]] ductae, expugnaverunt castra in parte meridionali {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|provincia Xinani|provinciae Xinani|ja|qid=Q289250}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Ionoschedonus copias Takeda proelio provocavit apud montem Tenmoku: victi, [[Takeda Katsuyori]] atque filius [[Takeda Nobuyuki|Nobuyuki]] mortem ritualem voluntariam appellatam ''[[seppuku]]'' fecerunt: sic finem habuit familia Takeda.

Tamen, eodem anno, cum Nobunanga requieverit apud {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Honnō-ji|&lt;&gt;|ja|qid=Q626535}}, templum [[Buddhismus|Buddhisticum]] [[Meacum|Meacense]], cliens eius [[Aquecius Mitsuhide]] eum prodidit atque rebellionem contra eum fecit: dux familiae Oda mortem voluntariam petivit.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Eodem die Ionoschedonus fugit apud [[castrum Azuchi]], ubi se occidit. Igitur Saburondonus atque Oda Hidenori patre orbati sunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Ludovicus de Guzman, ''[https://www.google.it/books/edition/Historia_de_las_misiones_de_la_Compa%C3%B1ia/zG4gQAzpzRsC?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Jono+suquendono&amp;pg=PA403&amp;printsec=frontcover Historia de las misiones de la Compañia de Jesus en la India oriental, en la China y Japon desde 1540 hasta 1600]'' (Bilbai, 1891): 403. {{Ling|Hispanice}}
* Edmondus Papinot, ''[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6548379d/f575.item Dictionnaire d'histoire et de géographie du Japon]'' (1906): 546. {{Ling|Francogallice}}

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Oda Nobutada|Ionoschedonum}}
{{Fontes biographici}}

{{Lifetime|1557|1582}}
[[Categoria:Milites Iaponiae]]
[[Categoria:Homines qui sibi mortem consciverunt]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Index formarum Latinarum nominum Lituanicorum</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>328681</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3999398</id>
      <parentid>3989194</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-05T08:50:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-58674-06</username>
        <id>217304</id>
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      <text bytes="14552" sha1="kfqfjy1ap9vm3aeelhsi3x1rlo8a9w9" xml:space="preserve">{{Index imperfectus}}
== Tabula ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; border=&quot;border&quot;
!Nomen Lituanicum
!Forma Latina
!Fontes
|-
|''Aleksandas''
|[[Alexander (nomen)|Alexander]]
|-
|''Algimantas''
|Algimundus; Algimuntus
|([https://www.google.it/books/edition/Historiae_Lituanae_pars_prior_altera_Auc/IzoJsxeS108C?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Algimundus+mindovus&amp;pg=PA169&amp;printsec=frontcover pag. 169]); ([https://www.google.it/books/edition/Theatrum_genealogicum_ostentans_omnes_om/ndhZEadRqTMC?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Algimuntus+dux+mingailus&amp;pg=PA318&amp;printsec=frontcover pag. 318])
|-
|''Anelė''
|[[Angela]]
|
|-
|''Antanas''
|[[Antonius]]
|
|-
|''Auktumas''
|Aucto
|([https://www.google.it/books/edition/Historia_Prussiae/J-JOAAAAcAAJ?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=fiue+linconem&amp;pg=PA98&amp;printsec=frontcover pag. 98 (acc.)])
|-
|''Kantigirdas''
|Candigendus; Cantegerda
|([https://www.google.it/books/edition/Historia_Prussi%C3%A6/xuNWAAAAcAAJ?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=candigendus+ducem&amp;pg=PA114&amp;printsec=frontcover pag. 114]); ([https://www.google.it/books/edition/Historia_Ordinis_Equitum_Teutonicorum_ho/ov_GfIyy6dAC?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=cantegerdae&amp;pg=PA23&amp;printsec=frontcover pag. 23])
|-
|''Kazimieras''
|[[Casimirus]]
|
|-
|''Ginvila''
|Cinuilo; Ginuilo
|([https://www.google.it/books/edition/Historiarum_Poloniae_Et_Magni_Ducatus_Li/d7tMAAAAcAAJ?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=mingailus+vero+Cinuilo&amp;pg=PA198&amp;printsec=frontcover pag. 198]); ([https://www.google.it/books/edition/Theatrum_genealogicum_ostentans_omnes_om/ndhZEadRqTMC?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Algimuntus+dux+mingailus&amp;pg=PA318&amp;printsec=frontcover pag. 318])
|-
|''Kaributas''
|Coributhus, Korybutus
|([https://www.google.it/books/edition/Scriptores_rerum_Lusaticarum_Antiqui_rec/LalKIs6yHzwC?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Coributhus&amp;pg=RA1-PA346&amp;printsec=frontcover pag. 346]); ([https://www.google.it/books/edition/Historiae_Lituanae_pars_prior_altera_Auc/IzoJsxeS108C?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=korybutus&amp;pg=PA395&amp;printsec=frontcover pag. 395])
|-
|''Daumantas''
|Daumondus; Dowmantus
|([https://www.google.it/books/edition/Historiae_Lituanae_pars_prior_altera_Auc/IzoJsxeS108C?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Daumondo+ingenium&amp;pg=PA153&amp;printsec=frontcover pag. 153]); ([https://www.google.it/books/edition/Polonicae_historiae_corpus_hoc_est_Polon/b4RFAAAAcAAJ?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=dowmanto&amp;pg=RA2-PA384&amp;printsec=frontcover pag. 384 (abl.)])
|-
|''Dovydas''
|[[David]]
|
|-
|''Elžbieta''
|[[Elisabetha]]
|
|-
|''Erdvilas''
|Erdivilus
|([https://www.google.it/books/edition/Historiarum_Poloniae_Et_Magni_Ducatus_Li/9bpMAAAAcAAJ?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=erdivilus+lituania&amp;pg=PA565&amp;printsec=frontcover pag. 565])
|-
|''Gabrielius''
|[[Gabriel]]
|
|-
|''Gediminas''
|Gedeminus; [[Gediminus (nomen)|Gediminus]]
|([https://www.google.it/books/edition/Historiarum_poloniae_et_magni_ducatus_Li/apjB-K59t7UC?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=gedeminum&amp;pg=PA201&amp;printsec=frontcover pag. 201])
|-
|''Jurgis''
|[[Georgius]]
|
|-
|''Giedrius''
|Giedrus
|([https://www.google.it/books/edition/Historiae_Lituanae_pars_prior_altera_Auc/IzoJsxeS108C?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=ex+giedro&amp;pg=PA169&amp;printsec=frontcover pag. 169 (nom. et abl.)])
|-
|''Girmantas''
|Giermondus
|([https://www.google.it/books/edition/Historiae_Lituanae_pars_prior_altera_Auc/IzoJsxeS108C?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Giermondus+Leonem&amp;pg=PA141&amp;printsec=frontcover pag. 141])
|-
|''Gimbutas''
|Gimbutus
|([https://www.google.it/books/edition/Historiarum_Poloniae_Et_Magni_Ducatus_Li/d7tMAAAAcAAJ?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=gimbuto+hlebus&amp;pg=PA494&amp;printsec=frontcover pag. 494])
|-
|''Glapas''
|Glappo
|([https://www.google.it/books/edition/Historia_Prussi%C3%A6/xuNWAAAAcAAJ?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=glappo+dux&amp;pg=PA109&amp;printsec=frontcover pag. 109])
|-
|''Jadvyga''
|[[Hedvigis]]
|
|-
|''Jokūbas''
|[[Iacobus]]
|
|-
|''Jogaila''
|[[Iagaelo]]; Iagello
|([https://www.google.it/books/edition/Stanislai_Sarnicii_Annales_sive_de_origi/IVBSbGUr4ZMC?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=mindacus+dux&amp;pg=PA1097&amp;printsec=frontcover pag. 1098 (acc.)])
|-
|''Jaroslavas''
|[[Iaroslaus]]
|
|-
|''Jaunutis''
|[[Iaunutus]]
|
|-
|''Jonas''
|[[Ioannes]]
|
|-
|''Juozapas''
|[[Iosephus]]
|
|-
|''Gedėtas''
|Jodecus
|([https://www.google.it/books/edition/Historia_Prussi%C3%A6/xuNWAAAAcAAJ?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=candigendus+ducem&amp;pg=PA114&amp;printsec=frontcover pag. 114])
|-
|''Kęstutis''
|Keistutus; Keystuthus; [[Keystutus]]; Kieystutus; Kinstudtus; Kinstutus
|([https://www.google.it/books/edition/Theatrum_genealogicum/Y1dOAAAAcAAJ?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Jaunutus+rex&amp;pg=PA374&amp;printsec=frontcover pag. 374]); [https://www.google.it/books/edition/Dzie%C5%82a_wszystkie/x_kDAAAAYAAJ?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=olgerdus&amp;pg=PA405&amp;printsec=frontcover (pag. 405]); ([https://www.google.it/books/edition/Regni_Poloniae_magnique_ducatus_Lituania/n_IOAAAAQAAJ?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Kieystuti&amp;pg=PA265&amp;printsec=frontcover pag. 265 (nom. et gen.)]); ([https://www.google.it/books/edition/Pomniki_dziejowe_wiek%C3%B3w_%C5%9Brednich_do_ob/bjYhAQAAMAAJ?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=witoldus&amp;pg=PA157&amp;printsec=frontcover pag. 158 (gen.)]); ([https://www.google.it/books/edition/O_znaczeniu_Prus_dawnych/WRtbAAAAcAAJ?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Kinstutus+rex&amp;pg=PA150&amp;printsec=frontcover pag. 150])
|-
|''Kęsgaila''
|Kesgello
|([https://www.google.it/books/edition/Historia_Prussi%C3%A6/xuNWAAAAcAAJ?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=kesgellone&amp;pg=PA215&amp;printsec=frontcover pag. 215 (abl.)])
|-
|''Kukovaitis''
|Kukovoites, Kukovoitis, Kukovoitus
|([https://www.google.it/books/edition/Historiarum_Poloniae_et_magni_ducatus_Li/KMBIAAAAcAAJ?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Kukovoites+samogiti%C3%A6+Dux&amp;pg=PA565&amp;printsec=frontcover pag. 565]); ([https://www.google.it/books/edition/Historiae_Lituanae_pars_prior_altera_Auc/IzoJsxeS108C?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=kukovoitis&amp;pg=PA71&amp;printsec=frontcover pag. 71]); ([https://www.google.it/books/edition/Theatrum_genealogicum_ostentans_omnes_om/guNDAAAAcAAJ?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=kukovoitus&amp;pg=RA1-PA374&amp;printsec=frontcover pag. 374])
|-
|''Laurynas''
|[[Laurentius]]
|
|-
|''Linkas''
|Linco
|([https://www.google.it/books/edition/Historia_Prussiae/J-JOAAAAcAAJ?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=fiue+linconem&amp;pg=PA98&amp;printsec=frontcover pag. 98 (acc.)])
|-
|''Marija''
|[[Maria]]
|
|-
|''Martynas''
|[[Martinus]]
|
|-
|''Mindaugas''
|Mendocus; [[Mendogus (dux Lituaniae)|Mendogus]]; Mendolfus; Mindacus; Mindogus; Mindovus
|([https://www.google.it/books/edition/Polonicae_historiae_corpus_hoc_est_Polon/JG0xMJk5JskC?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=glando+dux+sambiensis&amp;pg=RA2-PA551&amp;printsec=frontcover pag. 350]); ([https://www.google.it/books/edition/Historiae_lituanae_pars_prior_de_rebus_L/FVsVAAAAQAAJ?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=mendogus+rex&amp;pg=PA90&amp;printsec=frontcover pag. 90]); ([https://www.google.it/books/edition/Stanislai_Sarnicii_Annales_sive_de_origi/IVBSbGUr4ZMC?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=mindacus+dux&amp;pg=PA1097&amp;printsec=frontcover pag. 1098]); ([https://www.google.it/books/edition/Historiarum_poloniae_et_magni_ducatus_Li/apjB-K59t7UC?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Mindogum+ora-+tione+eo&amp;pg=PA351&amp;printsec=frontcover pag. 351 (acc.)]); ([https://www.google.it/books/edition/Historiae_Lituanae_pars_prior_altera_Auc/IzoJsxeS108C?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Algimundus+mindovus&amp;pg=PA169&amp;printsec=frontcover pag. 169])
|-
|''Mečislovas''
|[[Miecislaus I (dux Polanorum)|Miecislaus]]
|
|-
|''Mingaila''
|Mingailus
|([https://www.google.it/books/edition/Theatrum_genealogicum_ostentans_omnes_om/ndhZEadRqTMC?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Algimuntus+dux+mingailus&amp;pg=PA318&amp;printsec=frontcover pag. 318])
|-
|''Montvilas''
|Montwilo
|([https://www.google.it/books/edition/Historiarum_poloniae_et_magni_ducatus_Li/apjB-K59t7UC?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=montwilo+Samogitiae+Dux&amp;pg=PA493&amp;printsec=frontcover pag. 493])
|-
|''Narimantas''
|Narimundus; Narimuntus
|([https://www.google.it/books/edition/Historiae_Lituanae_pars_prior_altera_Auc/IzoJsxeS108C?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=troidenus+dux+lituaniae&amp;pg=PA162&amp;printsec=frontcover pag. 162 (abl.)]); ([https://www.google.it/books/edition/Sarmatiae_europeae_descriptio_quae_regnu/VntUAAAAcAAJ?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Narimuntus+postea+cum&amp;pg=PA48&amp;printsec=frontcover pag. 48])
|-
|''Mykolas''
|[[Nicolaus]]
|
|-
|''Algirdas''
|[[Olgerdus (nomen)|Olgerdus]]; Olgierdus
|([https://www.google.it/books/edition/Synowie_Gedymina/k9lbAAAAcAAJ?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=troidenis+dux&amp;pg=PA40&amp;printsec=frontcover pag. 41])
|-
|''Alšis''
|Olsa
|([https://www.google.it/books/edition/Historiae_Lituanae_pars_prior_altera_Auc/IzoJsxeS108C?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Algimundus+mindovus&amp;pg=PA169&amp;printsec=frontcover pag. 169])
|-
|''Paraskevė''
|[[Parasceue]]; Poroscopia
|([https://www.google.it/books/edition/Historiarum_Poloniae_Et_Magni_Ducatus_Li/9bpMAAAAcAAJ?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=poroscopia+lituania&amp;pg=PA565&amp;printsec=frontcover pag. 565])
|-
|''Paulius''
|[[Paulus (nomen)|Paulus]]
|
|-
|''Petrius''
|[[Petrus (nomen)|Petrus]]
|
|-
|''Pipinas''
|[[Pippinus]]
|
|-
|''Pisimantas''
|Pisimundus
|([https://www.google.it/books/edition/HISTORIAE_LITVANAE/pQp_NbsD2QQC?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=pisimundus&amp;pg=PA80&amp;printsec=frontcover pag. 80])
|-
|''Ringaudas''
|Ringoldus; Ringoltus
|([https://www.google.it/books/edition/Historiae_lituanae_pars_prior_de_rebus_L/FVsVAAAAQAAJ?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=mendogus+rex&amp;pg=PA90&amp;printsec=frontcover pag. 90]); ([https://www.google.it/books/edition/Theatrum_genealogicum/Y1dOAAAAcAAJ?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Jaunutus+rex&amp;pg=PA374&amp;printsec=frontcover pag. 374])
|-
|''Rupeikis''
|Repicus
|([https://www.google.it/books/edition/Historiarum_poloniae_et_magni_ducatus_Li/apjB-K59t7UC?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=repicus+ruclius+Lituania&amp;pg=PA421&amp;printsec=frontcover pag. 421])
|-
|''Rūklys''
|Ruclius
|([https://www.google.it/books/edition/Historiarum_poloniae_et_magni_ducatus_Li/apjB-K59t7UC?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=repicus+ruclius+Lituania&amp;pg=PA421&amp;printsec=frontcover pag. 421])
|-
|''Skomantas''
|Scumandus
|([https://www.google.it/books/edition/Historia_Prussi%C3%A6/xuNWAAAAcAAJ?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=scumandus&amp;pg=PA113&amp;printsec=frontcover pag. 113])
|-
|''Žygimantas''
|[[Sigismundus]]
|
|-
|''Simonas''
|[[Simon]] 
|
|-
|''Skirgaila''
|Skirgailus; Skirgalo; Skirgello; Skirgelo
|([https://www.google.it/books/edition/Regni_Poloni%C3%A6_Magnique_Ducatus_Lituani/4xNmAAAAcAAJ?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Skirgailum&amp;pg=PA268&amp;printsec=frontcover pag. 268]); ([https://www.google.it/books/edition/Lexicon_universale_historiam_sacram_et_p/1BBEAAAAcAAJ?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=mendogus+rex&amp;pg=PA128&amp;printsec=frontcover pag. 128]); ([https://www.google.it/books/edition/Pomniki_dziejowe_wiek%C3%B3w_%C5%9Brednich_do_ob/bjYhAQAAMAAJ?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=witoldus&amp;pg=PA157&amp;printsec=frontcover pag. 157]); ([https://www.google.it/books/edition/Historiae_Lituanae_pars_prior_altera_Auc/IzoJsxeS108C?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=skirgelo+trocenfis&amp;pg=PA395&amp;printsec=frontcover pag. 395])
|-
|''Skirmantas''
|Skirmundus
|([https://www.google.it/books/edition/Historiae_Lituanae_pars_prior_altera_Auc/IzoJsxeS108C?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Skirmundus&amp;pg=PA73&amp;printsec=frontcover pag. 73])
|-
|''Stanislovas''
|[[Stanislaus]]
|
|-
|''Steponas''
|[[Stephanus]]
|
|-
|''Sventopolkas''
|Suentopelcus; [[Sventopolcus]]
|([https://www.google.it/books/edition/Martini_Cromeri_De_origine_et_rebus_gest/Tk5gqoktPysC?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Varcislaus+Mefciugi+Frater&amp;pg=PA110&amp;printsec=frontcover pag. 110])
|-
|''Švitrigaila''
|Suidrigello; Suitrigello; Suttrigello; [[Swidrigelo]]
|([https://www.google.it/books/edition/Historiae_rerum_Polonicarum_libri_quinqu/wRhhAAAAcAAJ?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=suidrigello&amp;pg=PA286&amp;printsec=frontcover pag. 286]); ([https://www.google.it/books/edition/Martini_Cromeri_de_origine_et_rebus_gest/Qr0gpbiauCAC?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=suitrigello&amp;pg=PA455&amp;printsec=frontcover pag. 455 (nom. et acc.)]); ([https://www.google.it/books/edition/Theatrum_genealogicum/Y1dOAAAAcAAJ?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Jaunutus+rex&amp;pg=PA374&amp;printsec=frontcover pag. 374])
|-
|''Šventaragis''
|Suintorogus
|([https://www.google.it/books/edition/Historiarum_Poloniae_Et_Magni_Ducatus_Li/9bpMAAAAcAAJ?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=suintorogus&amp;pg=PA565&amp;printsec=frontcover pag. 565])
|-
|''Survabūnas''
|Survabuno
|([https://www.google.it/books/edition/Preu%C3%9Fisches_Urkundenbuch/nzvMr2xI2w0C?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=survabuno&amp;pg=PA7&amp;printsec=frontcover pag. 7])
|-
|''Tautvilas''
|Totivilus
|([https://www.google.it/books/edition/Historiae_Lituanae_pars/ZjRNAAAAcAAJ?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=totivilus+Woydatus&amp;pg=PA354&amp;printsec=frontcover pag. 354])
|-
|''Traidenis''
|Troidenis; Troidenus
|([https://www.google.it/books/edition/Synowie_Gedymina/k9lbAAAAcAAJ?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=troidenis+dux&amp;pg=PA40&amp;printsec=frontcover pag. 41]); ([https://www.google.it/books/edition/Historiae_Lituanae_pars_prior_altera_Auc/IzoJsxeS108C?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=troidenus+dux+lituaniae&amp;pg=PA162&amp;printsec=frontcover pag. 162 (nom. et acc.)])
|-
|''Valdomaras''
|[[Valdemarus]]
|
|-
|''Vartislavas''
|Varcislaus
|([https://www.google.it/books/edition/Martini_Cromeri_De_origine_et_rebus_gest/Tk5gqoktPysC?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Varcislaus+Mefciugi+Frater&amp;pg=PA110&amp;printsec=frontcover pag. 110])
|-
|''Vaclovas''
|[[Venceslaus]]
|
|-
|''Vykintas''
|Vikinto
|([https://www.google.it/books/edition/Historiarum_Poloniae_Et_Magni_Ducatus_Li/d7tMAAAAcAAJ?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Vikinto+lituania&amp;pg=PA197&amp;printsec=frontcover pag. 197])
|-
|''Vytenis''
|[[Vitenes]]; Vithenes
|([https://www.google.it/books/edition/Historiarum_Poloniae_Et_Magni_Ducatus_Li/d7tMAAAAcAAJ?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=gedeminum&amp;pg=PA201&amp;printsec=frontcover pag. 201])
|-
|''Vytautas''
|[[Vitoldus]]; Witoldus; Wygandus
|([https://www.google.it/books/edition/Pomniki_dziejowe_wiek%C3%B3w_%C5%9Brednich_do_ob/bjYhAQAAMAAJ?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=witoldus&amp;pg=PA157&amp;printsec=frontcover pag. 157]); ([https://www.google.it/books/edition/Pomniki_dziejowe_wiek%C3%B3w_%C5%9Brednich_do_ob/bjYhAQAAMAAJ?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=witoldus&amp;pg=PA157&amp;printsec=frontcover pag. 158])
|-
|''Vaišvilkas''
|Volsticinius
|([https://www.google.it/books/edition/Historiarum_Poloniae_et_magni_ducatus_Li/KMBIAAAAcAAJ?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=volstinicius&amp;pg=PA566&amp;printsec=frontcover pag. 566])
|-
|''Vladimiras''
|[[Vladimirus]]
|
|-
|''Visvaldas''
|[[Vsevolodus]]
|
|-
|''Živinbudas''
|Ziuibundus; Zivibundus
|([https://www.google.it/books/edition/Historiarum_Poloniae_Et_Magni_Ducatus_Li/d7tMAAAAcAAJ?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Vikinto+lituania&amp;pg=PA197&amp;printsec=frontcover pag. 197]); ([https://www.google.it/books/edition/Historiarum_Poloniae_Et_Magni_Ducatus_Li/9bpMAAAAcAAJ?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=zivibundus+lituania&amp;pg=PA565&amp;printsec=frontcover pag. 565])
|}

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index formarum Latinarum nominum Arabicorum Persicorumque]]
* [[Index formarum Latinarum nominum Iaponicorum]]
* [[Index formarum Latinarum nominum Islandicorum]]

== Nexus externi ==
* Vide [https://www.behindthename.com/names/usage/lithuanian paginam nominum Lituanicorum] apud situm interretiale ''Behind the Name''. {{Ling|Anglice}}

[[Categoria:Indices nominum]]
[[Categoria:Lingua Lituana]]</text>
      <sha1>kfqfjy1ap9vm3aeelhsi3x1rlo8a9w9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Abdelmagidus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>3999477</id>
      <parentid>3989255</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-05T11:39:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-58674-06</username>
        <id>217304</id>
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      <text bytes="1401" sha1="gcqtlv4fk3p8b6stzt4ee5784ndqfsu" xml:space="preserve">{{Pagina discretiva nominis}}
{{Nomen
	| genus = Masculinum
	| origo = Arabica
	| significatio = “servus Gloriosi”
	| imago = Luigi Rubio Portrait of Sultan Abdül Mecid I.jpg
	| capitulum = [[Abdelmagidus I]], sultanus Ottomanicus
}}

{{res|Abdelmagidus}}&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Post hunc Regis insigna induit Alhaphedus Abdelmagidus&quot;; Michaël Casiri, ''Bibliotheca arabico-hispana escurialensis'' (Matriti, 1770): 196 [https://www.google.it/books/edition/Bibliotheca_arabico_hispana_Escurialensi/DaEDob3f6IwC?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=abdelmagidus&amp;pg=PA196&amp;printsec=frontcover].&lt;/ref&gt; est nomen atque [[praenomen]] masculinum Arabicum ([[Arabice]] عبد المجيد, ''ʿAbd al-Maǧīd''), quod e vocabulis ''ʿabd'' (عبد, 'servus') et ''maǧīd'' (مجيد, 'gloriosus') originem ducit.&lt;ref&gt;''Behind the Name'', s.v. &quot;[https://www.behindthename.com/name/abd00al01majid Abd al-Majid]&quot;. {{Ling|Anglice}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Al-Maǧīd'' est inter 99 nomina [[Allāh]], igitur significatio praenominis est &quot;servus (Dei) Gloriosi&quot;.

== Qui hoc nomen habuerint ==
* [[Abdelmagidus I]]
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Abdelmagidus II|&lt;&gt;|tr|qid=Q203768}}

== Qui hoc praenomen habuerint ==

* [[Abdelmagidus Lakḥal]]
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Abdelmagidus Mirza|&lt;&gt;|fa|qid=Q308247}}
* [[Abdelmagidus Tabūn]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Categoria:Nomina]]
[[Categoria:Praenomina masculina]]</text>
      <sha1>gcqtlv4fk3p8b6stzt4ee5784ndqfsu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ingrida Alexandra</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>328824</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3999412</id>
      <parentid>3997240</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-05T09:05:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-58674-06</username>
        <id>217304</id>
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      <text bytes="1070" sha1="scinzu73ih074cs7rnikp6y42ekwhtn" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Prinsesse Ingrid Alexandra Kadettangen 03.jpg|thumb|Ingrida Alexandra anno 2025.]]
'''Ingrida Alexandra de Norvegia''' (nata [[Osloa|Osloae]] die [[21 Ianuarii]] [[2004]]) est [[principissa]] [[Norvegia]]e ex die [[1 Septembris]] anno [[2026]],&lt;ref&gt;Post mortem [[Haraldus V (rex Norvegiae)|Haraldi V]], avi eius.&lt;/ref&gt; cuius pater [[Hacon VIII]] [[Rex]] Norvegiae et mater [[Margarita-Marit de Norvegia|Margarita-Marit Regina]] sunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.snl.no/Ingrid_Alexandra De Ingrida Alexandra] {{Ling|Norvegice}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Alumna [[Universitas Sidneiensis|Universitatis Sidneiensis]] ex anno [[2025]] facta est, post officium [[miles|militare]] Norvegiae per [[conscriptio]]nem effectum.&lt;ref&gt;A mense [[Ianuarius|Ianuario]] anno [[2024]] ad mensem [[Aprilis]] annum 2025 factum.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Princess Ingrid Alexandra of Norway|Ingridam Alexandram}}
{{Fontes biographici}}

{{Anni vitae|2004||Ingrida Alexandra de Norvegia}}
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Sidneiensis]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Norvegiae]]</text>
      <sha1>scinzu73ih074cs7rnikp6y42ekwhtn</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3999413</id>
      <parentid>3999412</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-05T09:05:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-58674-06</username>
        <id>217304</id>
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      <origin>3999413</origin>
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      <text bytes="1091" sha1="6bt3417spo4z9tjm2lz4kjypfsry08v" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Prinsesse Ingrid Alexandra Kadettangen 03.jpg|thumb|Ingrida Alexandra anno 2025.]]
'''Ingrida Alexandra de Norvegia''' (nata ''Ingrid Alexandra'' [[Osloa|Osloae]] die [[21 Ianuarii]] [[2004]]) est [[principissa]] [[Norvegia]]e ex die [[1 Septembris]] anno [[2026]],&lt;ref&gt;Post mortem [[Haraldus V (rex Norvegiae)|Haraldi V]], avi eius.&lt;/ref&gt; cuius pater [[Hacon VIII]] [[Rex]] Norvegiae et mater [[Margarita-Marit de Norvegia|Margarita-Marit Regina]] sunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.snl.no/Ingrid_Alexandra De Ingrida Alexandra] {{Ling|Norvegice}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Alumna [[Universitas Sidneiensis|Universitatis Sidneiensis]] ex anno [[2025]] facta est, post officium [[miles|militare]] Norvegiae per [[conscriptio]]nem effectum.&lt;ref&gt;A mense [[Ianuarius|Ianuario]] anno [[2024]] ad mensem [[Aprilis]] annum 2025 factum.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Princess Ingrid Alexandra of Norway|Ingridam Alexandram}}
{{Fontes biographici}}

{{Anni vitae|2004||Ingrida Alexandra de Norvegia}}
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Sidneiensis]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Norvegiae]]</text>
      <sha1>6bt3417spo4z9tjm2lz4kjypfsry08v</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lacus Silvestris</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>328987</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3999390</id>
      <parentid>3993262</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-05T08:20:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-58674-06</username>
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      <text bytes="1510" sha1="clvoiynblegmvca9nv8n4ifk0gzvyt5" xml:space="preserve">[[Imago:Lake fall.jpg|thumb|Lacus Silvestris in parte Canadensi anno 2008]]
{{res|Lacus Silvestris}}{{Convertimus}} ([[Anglice]] ''Lake of the Woods'', [[Francogallice]] ''Lac des Bois'') est lacus in [[America Septentrionalis|America Serptentrionali]]. Pars lacus borealis in provinciis Canadensibus [[Ontario]]ne et [[Manitoba]] sita est, pars australis in civitate [[Minnesota]] ([[CFA]]); ripae occidentali adiacet pars Minnesotae terris Canadensibus circumcincta, quae ''Angulus Boreoccidentalis'' (''Northwest Angle'') nominatur.

[[Area (geometria)|Aream]] habet 4350 [[chiliometrum quadratum|chm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;]]; pars austroccidentalis aperta est, sed partes ceterae labyrinthum perplexissimum fretorum, sinuum, insularum paeninsularum praebet. Circa 14 milia insularum per lacum Silvestrem dispersa sunt. 

In silvis desertis et paludinosis lacus situs est. [[Vinnipega (flumen)|Vinnipega flumen]] e parte lacus boreali oritur prope ad urbem [[Kenora]]m et in [[Lacus Vinnipega|lacum eiusdem niminis]] quam lacus Silvestris aufert.

Lacus Silvestris et lacus [[Manitoba]]e magni reliquiae sunt lacus praehistorici [[Agassiz (lacus)|Agassiz]] vel [[systema fluviorum|systematis]] eius, quem [[Aevum glaciale|glaciarium]] recedens alebat; ante 10 vel 12 milia annorum aquae Agassiz per [[Nelson (flumen)|flumen Nelson]] novum demissae sunt.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes geographici}}

[[Categoria:Lacus Ontarionis]]
[[Categoria:Lacus Manitobae]]
[[Categoria:Lacus Minnesotae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Quintus Pomponius Musa</title>
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      <text bytes="2952" sha1="eu4l4czpbsjz3g26ejanuznsdb9m6hc" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Hercules Musagetes, Denarius, 56 B.C., Rome (2).jpg|thumb|In hoc denario ex una parte Apollinis caput, ex altera Hercules lyra canens.]]
[[Fasciculus:Muse Euterpe, Denarius, 56 B.C., Rome.jpg|thumb|Ex una parte caput Apollinis laureatum, pone caput [[tibiae]]. Ex altera [[Euterpe]], musicae Musa tibias tenens.]]
'''Quintus Pomponius Musa''' fuit [[Triumvir monetalis|triumvir monetalis]] Romanus qui circa [[66 a.C.n.]] in [[Cognomen|cognominis]] sui honorem seriem [[Denarius|denariorum]] [[Musae (deae)|Musis]] dicatam signavit. Decimum denarium [[Hercules Musarum|Herculi Musarum]] consecravit unde liquet effigies Musarum in nummis imitari statuas quas [[Marcus Fulvius Nobilior (consul 189 a.C.n.)|Marcus Fulvius Nobilior]] circa [[187 a.C.n.]] ex spoliis [[Bellum Aetolicum|belli Aetolici]] in aede Herculis Musarum a se in [[Circus Flaminius|Circo Flaminio]] dedicato posuit&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero]], ''[[Pro Archia]]'' 27. [[Macrobius]], ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalia]]'' I.12. [[Suetonius]], ''Divus Augustus'' 29.5.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Nihil aliud de hoc triumviro monetali accepimus sed nomen suum in denariis nobis reliquit legendum: Q. POMPONI MÝSA. Alii Pomponii Musae non inveniuntur nisi [[Imperatores Romani|imperatorum]] tempore.

== De denariis ==
Quintus Pomponius inucuique Musarum suum denarium dicavit: in omnibus ex una parte caput laureatum dei Apollinis videmus sine litteris sed symbolum vel instrumentum Musae pone caput variatur et cum altera parte coniungitur ubi invenimus feminam stolatam et stantem quae instrumentum tenet et Musam aliquam figurat. Ex ista parte nomen lonetalis sic ut supra legitur. Ita habemus:
*Clavis [[Lyra|lyrae]] pone caput cum femina fidibus supra cippum positis canente = [[Calliope]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*E. Babelon, ''Description historique et chronologique des monnaies de la République romaine,'' 1885 t.2 pp.[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k97393391/f370. 360-365]
*Francesco De Stefano, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/27120540 Aedes Herculis Musarum in circo Flaminio. Connotati cultuali, ideologici e architettonici del monumentum di M. Fulvio Nobiliore]&quot;, ''Bullettino della Commissione Archeologica Comunale di Roma'', 2019: 141-158 
*Alex Hardie, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/27566676 Juno, Hercules, and the Muses at Rome]&quot;, ''The American Journal of Philology'', 2007: 551-592
*Francesco Marcattili, &quot;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/373898318_Hercules_Musarum_in_Circo_Flaminio_Dalla_dedica_di_Fulvio_Nobiliore_alla_Porticus_Philippi L'«aedes Herculis Musarum», l'«armonia delle sfere», il calendario]&quot;, ''Revue Archéologique'', 2021: 327-348
*L. Richardson, Jr., &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/503009 Hercules Musarum and the Porticus Philippi in Rome]&quot;, ''American Journal of Archaeology'', 1977: 355-361

[[Categoria:Gens Pomponia|Musa, Quintus Pomponius]]
[[Categoria:Triumviri monetales|Pomponius Musa, Quintus]]</text>
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      <text bytes="3074" sha1="ezsa22a8d1m6gfpoapemi5bsvso8egt" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Hercules Musagetes, Denarius, 56 B.C., Rome (2).jpg|thumb|In hoc denario ex una parte Apollinis caput, ex altera Hercules lyra canens.]]
[[Fasciculus:Muse Euterpe, Denarius, 56 B.C., Rome.jpg|thumb|Ex una parte caput Apollinis laureatum, pone caput [[tibiae]]. Ex altera [[Euterpe]], musicae Musa tibias tenens.]]
'''Quintus Pomponius Musa''' fuit [[Triumvir monetalis|triumvir monetalis]] Romanus qui circa [[66 a.C.n.]] in [[Cognomen|cognominis]] sui honorem seriem [[Denarius|denariorum]] [[Musae (deae)|Musis]] dicatam signavit. Decimum denarium [[Hercules Musarum|Herculi Musarum]] consecravit unde liquet effigies Musarum in nummis imitari statuas quas [[Marcus Fulvius Nobilior (consul 189 a.C.n.)|Marcus Fulvius Nobilior]] circa [[187 a.C.n.]] ex spoliis [[Bellum Aetolicum|belli Aetolici]] in aede Herculis Musarum a se in [[Circus Flaminius|Circo Flaminio]] dedicato posuit&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero]], ''[[Pro Archia]]'' 27. [[Macrobius]], ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalia]]'' I.12. [[Suetonius]], ''Divus Augustus'' 29.5.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Nihil aliud de hoc triumviro monetali accepimus sed nomen suum in denariis nobis reliquit legendum: Q. POMPONI MÝSA. Alii Pomponii Musae non inveniuntur nisi [[Imperatores Romani|imperatorum]] tempore.

== De denariis ==
[[Fasciculus:Https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Muse Calliope, Denarius, 56 B.C, Rome.jpg|thumb|Denarius Calliopae]]
Quintus Pomponius inucuique Musarum suum denarium dicavit: in omnibus ex una parte caput laureatum dei Apollinis videmus sine litteris sed symbolum vel instrumentum Musae pone caput variatur et cum altera parte coniungitur ubi invenimus feminam stolatam et stantem quae instrumentum tenet et Musam aliquam figurat. Ex ista parte nomen lonetalis sic ut supra legitur. Ita habemus:
*Clavis [[Lyra|lyrae]] pone caput cum femina fidibus supra cippum positis canente = [[Calliope]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*E. Babelon, ''Description historique et chronologique des monnaies de la République romaine,'' 1885 t.2 pp.[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k97393391/f370. 360-365]
*Francesco De Stefano, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/27120540 Aedes Herculis Musarum in circo Flaminio. Connotati cultuali, ideologici e architettonici del monumentum di M. Fulvio Nobiliore]&quot;, ''Bullettino della Commissione Archeologica Comunale di Roma'', 2019: 141-158 
*Alex Hardie, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/27566676 Juno, Hercules, and the Muses at Rome]&quot;, ''The American Journal of Philology'', 2007: 551-592
*Francesco Marcattili, &quot;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/373898318_Hercules_Musarum_in_Circo_Flaminio_Dalla_dedica_di_Fulvio_Nobiliore_alla_Porticus_Philippi L'«aedes Herculis Musarum», l'«armonia delle sfere», il calendario]&quot;, ''Revue Archéologique'', 2021: 327-348
*L. Richardson, Jr., &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/503009 Hercules Musarum and the Porticus Philippi in Rome]&quot;, ''American Journal of Archaeology'', 1977: 355-361

[[Categoria:Gens Pomponia|Musa, Quintus Pomponius]]
[[Categoria:Triumviri monetales|Pomponius Musa, Quintus]]</text>
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      <text bytes="3074" sha1="c1wras8vu3ebus81n7a19790lapcavi" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Hercules Musagetes, Denarius, 56 B.C., Rome (2).jpg|thumb|In hoc denario ex una parte Apollinis caput, ex altera Hercules lyra canens.]]
[[Fasciculus:Muse Euterpe, Denarius, 56 B.C., Rome.jpg|thumb|Ex una parte caput Apollinis laureatum, pone caput [[tibiae]]. Ex altera [[Euterpe]], musicae Musa tibias tenens.]]
'''Quintus Pomponius Musa''' fuit [[Triumvir monetalis|triumvir monetalis]] Romanus qui circa [[66 a.C.n.]] in [[Cognomen|cognominis]] sui honorem seriem [[Denarius|denariorum]] [[Musae (deae)|Musis]] dicatam signavit. Decimum denarium [[Hercules Musarum|Herculi Musarum]] consecravit unde liquet effigies Musarum in nummis imitari statuas quas [[Marcus Fulvius Nobilior (consul 189 a.C.n.)|Marcus Fulvius Nobilior]] circa [[187 a.C.n.]] ex spoliis [[Bellum Aetolicum|belli Aetolici]] in aede Herculis Musarum a se in [[Circus Flaminius|Circo Flaminio]] dedicato posuit&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero]], ''[[Pro Archia]]'' 27. [[Macrobius]], ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalia]]'' I.12. [[Suetonius]], ''Divus Augustus'' 29.5.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Nihil aliud de hoc triumviro monetali accepimus sed nomen suum in denariis nobis reliquit legendum: Q. POMPONI MÝSA. Alii Pomponii Musae non inveniuntur nisi [[Imperatores Romani|imperatorum]] tempore.

== De denariis ==
[[Fasciculus:https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Muse Calliope, Denarius, 56 B.C, Rome.jpg|thumb|Denarius Calliopae]]
Quintus Pomponius inucuique Musarum suum denarium dicavit: in omnibus ex una parte caput laureatum dei Apollinis videmus sine litteris sed symbolum vel instrumentum Musae pone caput variatur et cum altera parte coniungitur ubi invenimus feminam stolatam et stantem quae instrumentum tenet et Musam aliquam figurat. Ex ista parte nomen lonetalis sic ut supra legitur. Ita habemus:
*Clavis [[Lyra|lyrae]] pone caput cum femina fidibus supra cippum positis canente = [[Calliope]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*E. Babelon, ''Description historique et chronologique des monnaies de la République romaine,'' 1885 t.2 pp.[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k97393391/f370. 360-365]
*Francesco De Stefano, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/27120540 Aedes Herculis Musarum in circo Flaminio. Connotati cultuali, ideologici e architettonici del monumentum di M. Fulvio Nobiliore]&quot;, ''Bullettino della Commissione Archeologica Comunale di Roma'', 2019: 141-158 
*Alex Hardie, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/27566676 Juno, Hercules, and the Muses at Rome]&quot;, ''The American Journal of Philology'', 2007: 551-592
*Francesco Marcattili, &quot;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/373898318_Hercules_Musarum_in_Circo_Flaminio_Dalla_dedica_di_Fulvio_Nobiliore_alla_Porticus_Philippi L'«aedes Herculis Musarum», l'«armonia delle sfere», il calendario]&quot;, ''Revue Archéologique'', 2021: 327-348
*L. Richardson, Jr., &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/503009 Hercules Musarum and the Porticus Philippi in Rome]&quot;, ''American Journal of Archaeology'', 1977: 355-361

[[Categoria:Gens Pomponia|Musa, Quintus Pomponius]]
[[Categoria:Triumviri monetales|Pomponius Musa, Quintus]]</text>
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      <text bytes="3034" sha1="2z5fhbjcn08v35g26bwjiln1dn16lpn" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Hercules Musagetes, Denarius, 56 B.C., Rome (2).jpg|thumb|In hoc denario ex una parte Apollinis caput, ex altera Hercules lyra canens.]]
[[Fasciculus:Muse Euterpe, Denarius, 56 B.C., Rome.jpg|thumb|Ex una parte caput Apollinis laureatum, pone caput [[tibiae]]. Ex altera [[Euterpe]], musicae Musa tibias tenens.]]
'''Quintus Pomponius Musa''' fuit [[Triumvir monetalis|triumvir monetalis]] Romanus qui circa [[66 a.C.n.]] in [[Cognomen|cognominis]] sui honorem seriem [[Denarius|denariorum]] [[Musae (deae)|Musis]] dicatam signavit. Decimum denarium [[Hercules Musarum|Herculi Musarum]] consecravit unde liquet effigies Musarum in nummis imitari statuas quas [[Marcus Fulvius Nobilior (consul 189 a.C.n.)|Marcus Fulvius Nobilior]] circa [[187 a.C.n.]] ex spoliis [[Bellum Aetolicum|belli Aetolici]] in aede Herculis Musarum a se in [[Circus Flaminius|Circo Flaminio]] dedicato posuit&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero]], ''[[Pro Archia]]'' 27. [[Macrobius]], ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalia]]'' I.12. [[Suetonius]], ''Divus Augustus'' 29.5.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Nihil aliud de hoc triumviro monetali accepimus sed nomen suum in denariis nobis reliquit legendum: Q. POMPONI MÝSA. Alii Pomponii Musae non inveniuntur nisi [[Imperatores Romani|imperatorum]] tempore.

== De denariis ==
[[Fasciculus:Muse Calliope, Denarius, 56 B.C, Rome.jpg|thumb|Denarius Calliopae]]
Quintus Pomponius inucuique Musarum suum denarium dicavit: in omnibus ex una parte caput laureatum dei Apollinis videmus sine litteris sed symbolum vel instrumentum Musae pone caput variatur et cum altera parte coniungitur ubi invenimus feminam stolatam et stantem quae instrumentum tenet et Musam aliquam figurat. Ex ista parte nomen lonetalis sic ut supra legitur. Ita habemus:
*Clavis [[Lyra|lyrae]] pone caput cum femina fidibus supra cippum positis canente = [[Calliope]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*E. Babelon, ''Description historique et chronologique des monnaies de la République romaine,'' 1885 t.2 pp.[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k97393391/f370. 360-365]
*Francesco De Stefano, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/27120540 Aedes Herculis Musarum in circo Flaminio. Connotati cultuali, ideologici e architettonici del monumentum di M. Fulvio Nobiliore]&quot;, ''Bullettino della Commissione Archeologica Comunale di Roma'', 2019: 141-158 
*Alex Hardie, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/27566676 Juno, Hercules, and the Muses at Rome]&quot;, ''The American Journal of Philology'', 2007: 551-592
*Francesco Marcattili, &quot;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/373898318_Hercules_Musarum_in_Circo_Flaminio_Dalla_dedica_di_Fulvio_Nobiliore_alla_Porticus_Philippi L'«aedes Herculis Musarum», l'«armonia delle sfere», il calendario]&quot;, ''Revue Archéologique'', 2021: 327-348
*L. Richardson, Jr., &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/503009 Hercules Musarum and the Porticus Philippi in Rome]&quot;, ''American Journal of Archaeology'', 1977: 355-361

[[Categoria:Gens Pomponia|Musa, Quintus Pomponius]]
[[Categoria:Triumviri monetales|Pomponius Musa, Quintus]]</text>
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      <text bytes="3263" sha1="bz92tphphztpqn3sgi9pffy3opqnjql" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Hercules Musagetes, Denarius, 56 B.C., Rome (2).jpg|thumb|In hoc denario ex una parte Apollinis caput, ex altera Hercules lyra canens.]]
[[Fasciculus:Muse Euterpe, Denarius, 56 B.C., Rome.jpg|thumb|Ex una parte caput Apollinis laureatum, pone caput [[tibiae]]. Ex altera [[Euterpe]], musicae Musa tibias tenens.]]
'''Quintus Pomponius Musa''' fuit [[Triumvir monetalis|triumvir monetalis]] Romanus qui circa [[66 a.C.n.]] in [[Cognomen|cognominis]] sui honorem seriem [[Denarius|denariorum]] [[Musae (deae)|Musis]] dicatam signavit. Decimum denarium [[Hercules Musarum|Herculi Musarum]] consecravit unde liquet effigies Musarum in nummis imitari statuas quas [[Marcus Fulvius Nobilior (consul 189 a.C.n.)|Marcus Fulvius Nobilior]] circa [[187 a.C.n.]] ex spoliis [[Bellum Aetolicum|belli Aetolici]] in aede Herculis Musarum a se in [[Circus Flaminius|Circo Flaminio]] dedicato posuit&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero]], ''[[Pro Archia]]'' 27. [[Macrobius]], ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalia]]'' I.12. [[Suetonius]], ''Divus Augustus'' 29.5.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Nihil aliud de hoc triumviro monetali accepimus sed nomen suum in denariis nobis reliquit legendum: Q. POMPONI MÝSA. Alii Pomponii Musae non inveniuntur nisi [[Imperatores Romani|imperatorum]] tempore.

== De denariis ==
[[Fasciculus:Muse Calliope, Denarius, 56 B.C, Rome.jpg|thumb|Denarius Calliopae]]
Quintus Pomponius inucuique Musarum suum denarium dicavit: in omnibus ex una parte caput laureatum dei Apollinis videmus sine litteris sed symbolum vel instrumentum Musae pone caput variatur et cum altera parte coniungitur ubi invenimus feminam stolatam et stantem quae instrumentum tenet et Musam aliquam figurat. Ex ista parte nomen lonetalis sic ut supra legitur. Ita habemus:
*Clavis [[Lyra|lyrae]] pone caput cum femina fidibus supra cippum positis canente = [[Calliope]]
*Volumen in capsa pone caput cum femina cippo adnixa quae [[volumen]] evolvit = [[Clio]]
*Flos pone caput cum femina [[lyra|fidibus]] canente = Erato
*[[Tibiae]] pone caput cum femina cippo adnixa et tibias tenente = [[Euterpe]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*E. Babelon, ''Description historique et chronologique des monnaies de la République romaine,'' 1885 t.2 pp.[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k97393391/f370. 360-365]
*Francesco De Stefano, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/27120540 Aedes Herculis Musarum in circo Flaminio. Connotati cultuali, ideologici e architettonici del monumentum di M. Fulvio Nobiliore]&quot;, ''Bullettino della Commissione Archeologica Comunale di Roma'', 2019: 141-158 
*Alex Hardie, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/27566676 Juno, Hercules, and the Muses at Rome]&quot;, ''The American Journal of Philology'', 2007: 551-592
*Francesco Marcattili, &quot;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/373898318_Hercules_Musarum_in_Circo_Flaminio_Dalla_dedica_di_Fulvio_Nobiliore_alla_Porticus_Philippi L'«aedes Herculis Musarum», l'«armonia delle sfere», il calendario]&quot;, ''Revue Archéologique'', 2021: 327-348
*L. Richardson, Jr., &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/503009 Hercules Musarum and the Porticus Philippi in Rome]&quot;, ''American Journal of Archaeology'', 1977: 355-361

[[Categoria:Gens Pomponia|Musa, Quintus Pomponius]]
[[Categoria:Triumviri monetales|Pomponius Musa, Quintus]]</text>
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      <text bytes="3348" sha1="2guqrs24049wgbe0al1oka4bggweyq1" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Hercules Musagetes, Denarius, 56 B.C., Rome (2).jpg|thumb|In hoc denario ex una parte Apollinis caput, ex altera Hercules lyra canens.]]
[[Fasciculus:Muse Euterpe, Denarius, 56 B.C., Rome.jpg|thumb|Ex una parte caput Apollinis laureatum, pone caput [[tibiae]]. Ex altera [[Euterpe]], musicae Musa tibias tenens.]]
'''Quintus Pomponius Musa''' fuit [[Triumvir monetalis|triumvir monetalis]] Romanus qui circa [[66 a.C.n.]] in [[Cognomen|cognominis]] sui honorem seriem [[Denarius|denariorum]] [[Musae (deae)|Musis]] dicatam signavit. Decimum denarium [[Hercules Musarum|Herculi Musarum]] consecravit unde liquet effigies Musarum in nummis imitari statuas quas [[Marcus Fulvius Nobilior (consul 189 a.C.n.)|Marcus Fulvius Nobilior]] circa [[187 a.C.n.]] ex spoliis [[Bellum Aetolicum|belli Aetolici]] in aede Herculis Musarum a se in [[Circus Flaminius|Circo Flaminio]] dedicato posuit&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero]], ''[[Pro Archia]]'' 27. [[Macrobius]], ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalia]]'' I.12. [[Suetonius]], ''Divus Augustus'' 29.5.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Nihil aliud de hoc triumviro monetali accepimus sed nomen suum in denariis nobis reliquit legendum: Q. POMPONI MÝSA. Alii Pomponii Musae non inveniuntur nisi [[Imperatores Romani|imperatorum]] tempore.

== De denariis ==
[[Fasciculus:Muse Calliope, Denarius, 56 B.C, Rome.jpg|thumb|Denarius Calliopae]]
[[Fasciculus:Muse Melpomene, Denarius, 56 B.C., Rome.jpg|thumb|Denarius Melpomenae]]
Quintus Pomponius inucuique Musarum suum denarium dicavit: in omnibus ex una parte caput laureatum dei Apollinis videmus sine litteris sed symbolum vel instrumentum Musae pone caput variatur et cum altera parte coniungitur ubi invenimus feminam stolatam et stantem quae instrumentum tenet et Musam aliquam figurat. Ex ista parte nomen lonetalis sic ut supra legitur. Ita habemus:
*Clavis [[Lyra|lyrae]] pone caput cum femina fidibus supra cippum positis canente = [[Calliope]]
*Volumen in capsa pone caput cum femina cippo adnixa quae [[volumen]] evolvit = [[Clio]]
*Flos pone caput cum femina [[lyra|fidibus]] canente = Erato
*[[Tibiae]] pone caput cum femina cippo adnixa et tibias tenente = [[Euterpe]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*E. Babelon, ''Description historique et chronologique des monnaies de la République romaine,'' 1885 t.2 pp.[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k97393391/f370. 360-365]
*Francesco De Stefano, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/27120540 Aedes Herculis Musarum in circo Flaminio. Connotati cultuali, ideologici e architettonici del monumentum di M. Fulvio Nobiliore]&quot;, ''Bullettino della Commissione Archeologica Comunale di Roma'', 2019: 141-158 
*Alex Hardie, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/27566676 Juno, Hercules, and the Muses at Rome]&quot;, ''The American Journal of Philology'', 2007: 551-592
*Francesco Marcattili, &quot;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/373898318_Hercules_Musarum_in_Circo_Flaminio_Dalla_dedica_di_Fulvio_Nobiliore_alla_Porticus_Philippi L'«aedes Herculis Musarum», l'«armonia delle sfere», il calendario]&quot;, ''Revue Archéologique'', 2021: 327-348
*L. Richardson, Jr., &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/503009 Hercules Musarum and the Porticus Philippi in Rome]&quot;, ''American Journal of Archaeology'', 1977: 355-361

[[Categoria:Gens Pomponia|Musa, Quintus Pomponius]]
[[Categoria:Triumviri monetales|Pomponius Musa, Quintus]]</text>
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[[Fasciculus:Muse Euterpe, Denarius, 56 B.C., Rome.jpg|thumb|Ex una parte caput Apollinis laureatum, pone caput [[tibiae]]. Ex altera [[Euterpe]], musicae Musa tibias tenens.]]
'''Quintus Pomponius Musa''' fuit [[Triumvir monetalis|triumvir monetalis]] Romanus qui circa [[66 a.C.n.]] in [[Cognomen|cognominis]] sui honorem seriem [[Denarius|denariorum]] [[Musae (deae)|Musis]] dicatam signavit. Decimum denarium [[Hercules Musarum|Herculi Musarum]] consecravit unde liquet effigies Musarum in nummis imitari statuas quas [[Marcus Fulvius Nobilior (consul 189 a.C.n.)|Marcus Fulvius Nobilior]] circa [[187 a.C.n.]] ex spoliis [[Bellum Aetolicum|belli Aetolici]] in aede Herculis Musarum a se in [[Circus Flaminius|Circo Flaminio]] dedicato posuit&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero]], ''[[Pro Archia]]'' 27. [[Macrobius]], ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalia]]'' I.12. [[Suetonius]], ''Divus Augustus'' 29.5.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Nihil aliud de hoc triumviro monetali accepimus sed nomen suum in denariis nobis reliquit legendum: Q. POMPONI MÝSA. Alii Pomponii Musae non inveniuntur nisi [[Imperatores Romani|imperatorum]] tempore.

== De denariis ==
[[Fasciculus:Muse Calliope, Denarius, 56 B.C, Rome.jpg|thumb|Denarius Calliopae]]
[[Fasciculus:Muse Melpomene, Denarius, 56 B.C., Rome.jpg|thumb|Denarius Melpomenae]]
Quintus Pomponius inucuique Musarum suum denarium dicavit: in omnibus ex una parte caput laureatum dei Apollinis videmus sine litteris sed symbolum vel instrumentum Musae pone caput variatur et cum altera parte coniungitur ubi invenimus feminam stolatam et stantem quae instrumentum tenet et Musam aliquam figurat. Ex ista parte nomen lonetalis sic ut supra legitur. Ita habemus:
*Clavis [[Lyra|lyrae]] pone caput cum femina fidibus supra cippum positis canente = [[Calliope]]
*Volumen in capsa pone caput cum femina cippo adnixa quae [[volumen]] evolvit = [[Clio]]
*Flos pone caput cum femina [[lyra|fidibus]] canente = Erato
*[[Tibiae]] pone caput cum femina cippo adnixa et tibias tenente = [[Euterpe]]
*[[Sceptrum]] pone caput (quia [[tragoedia]] plerumque ad reges pertinet) cum femina clavae (hoc est symbolo Herculeo) adnixa et personam tragicam altera panu tenente

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*E. Babelon, ''Description historique et chronologique des monnaies de la République romaine,'' 1885 t.2 pp.[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k97393391/f370. 360-365]
*Francesco De Stefano, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/27120540 Aedes Herculis Musarum in circo Flaminio. Connotati cultuali, ideologici e architettonici del monumentum di M. Fulvio Nobiliore]&quot;, ''Bullettino della Commissione Archeologica Comunale di Roma'', 2019: 141-158 
*Alex Hardie, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/27566676 Juno, Hercules, and the Muses at Rome]&quot;, ''The American Journal of Philology'', 2007: 551-592
*Francesco Marcattili, &quot;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/373898318_Hercules_Musarum_in_Circo_Flaminio_Dalla_dedica_di_Fulvio_Nobiliore_alla_Porticus_Philippi L'«aedes Herculis Musarum», l'«armonia delle sfere», il calendario]&quot;, ''Revue Archéologique'', 2021: 327-348
*L. Richardson, Jr., &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/503009 Hercules Musarum and the Porticus Philippi in Rome]&quot;, ''American Journal of Archaeology'', 1977: 355-361

[[Categoria:Gens Pomponia|Musa, Quintus Pomponius]]
[[Categoria:Triumviri monetales|Pomponius Musa, Quintus]]</text>
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[[Fasciculus:Muse Euterpe, Denarius, 56 B.C., Rome.jpg|thumb|Ex una parte caput Apollinis laureatum, pone caput [[tibiae]]. Ex altera [[Euterpe]], musicae Musa tibias tenens.]]
'''Quintus Pomponius Musa''' fuit [[Triumvir monetalis|triumvir monetalis]] Romanus qui circa [[66 a.C.n.]] in [[Cognomen|cognominis]] sui honorem seriem [[Denarius|denariorum]] [[Musae (deae)|Musis]] dicatam signavit. Decimum denarium [[Hercules Musarum|Herculi Musarum]] consecravit unde liquet effigies Musarum in nummis imitari statuas quas [[Marcus Fulvius Nobilior (consul 189 a.C.n.)|Marcus Fulvius Nobilior]] circa [[187 a.C.n.]] ex spoliis [[Bellum Aetolicum|belli Aetolici]] in aede Herculis Musarum a se in [[Circus Flaminius|Circo Flaminio]] dedicato posuit&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero]], ''[[Pro Archia]]'' 27. [[Macrobius]], ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalia]]'' I.12. [[Suetonius]], ''Divus Augustus'' 29.5.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Nihil aliud de hoc triumviro monetali accepimus sed nomen suum in denariis nobis reliquit legendum: Q. POMPONI MÝSA. Alii Pomponii Musae non inveniuntur nisi [[Imperatores Romani|imperatorum]] tempore.

== De denariis ==
[[Fasciculus:Muse Calliope, Denarius, 56 B.C, Rome.jpg|thumb|Denarius Calliopae]]
[[Fasciculus:Muse Melpomene, Denarius, 56 B.C., Rome.jpg|thumb|Denarius Melpomenae]]
Quintus Pomponius inucuique Musarum suum denarium dicavit: in omnibus ex una parte caput laureatum dei Apollinis videmus sine litteris sed symbolum vel instrumentum Musae pone caput variatur et cum altera parte coniungitur ubi invenimus feminam stolatam et stantem quae instrumentum tenet et Musam aliquam figurat. Ex ista parte nomen lonetalis sic ut supra legitur. Ita habemus:
*Clavis [[Lyra|lyrae]] pone caput cum femina fidibus supra cippum positis canente = [[Calliope]]
*Volumen in capsa pone caput cum femina cippo adnixa quae [[volumen]] evolvit = [[Clio]]
*Flos pone caput cum femina [[lyra|fidibus]] canente = Erato
*[[Tibiae]] pone caput cum femina cippo adnixa et tibias tenente = [[Euterpe]]
*[[Sceptrum]] pone caput (quia [[tragoedia]] plerumque ad reges pertinet) cum femina clavae (hoc est symbolo Herculeo) adnixa et personam tragicam altera panu tenente = Melpomene
* Corona pone caput cum femina stante et coronata = [[Polyhymnia|Polymnia]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*E. Babelon, ''Description historique et chronologique des monnaies de la République romaine,'' 1885 t.2 pp.[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k97393391/f370. 360-365]
*Francesco De Stefano, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/27120540 Aedes Herculis Musarum in circo Flaminio. Connotati cultuali, ideologici e architettonici del monumentum di M. Fulvio Nobiliore]&quot;, ''Bullettino della Commissione Archeologica Comunale di Roma'', 2019: 141-158 
*Alex Hardie, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/27566676 Juno, Hercules, and the Muses at Rome]&quot;, ''The American Journal of Philology'', 2007: 551-592
*Francesco Marcattili, &quot;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/373898318_Hercules_Musarum_in_Circo_Flaminio_Dalla_dedica_di_Fulvio_Nobiliore_alla_Porticus_Philippi L'«aedes Herculis Musarum», l'«armonia delle sfere», il calendario]&quot;, ''Revue Archéologique'', 2021: 327-348
*L. Richardson, Jr., &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/503009 Hercules Musarum and the Porticus Philippi in Rome]&quot;, ''American Journal of Archaeology'', 1977: 355-361

[[Categoria:Gens Pomponia|Musa, Quintus Pomponius]]
[[Categoria:Triumviri monetales|Pomponius Musa, Quintus]]</text>
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      <text bytes="3774" sha1="1ecoe0r2n80rdnreu0ldnsqkmue7nw3" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Hercules Musagetes, Denarius, 56 B.C., Rome (2).jpg|thumb|In hoc denario ex una parte Apollinis caput, ex altera Hercules lyra canens.]]
[[Fasciculus:Muse Euterpe, Denarius, 56 B.C., Rome.jpg|thumb|Ex una parte caput Apollinis laureatum, pone caput [[tibiae]]. Ex altera [[Euterpe]], musicae Musa tibias tenens.]]
'''Quintus Pomponius Musa''' fuit [[Triumvir monetalis|triumvir monetalis]] Romanus qui circa [[66 a.C.n.]] in [[Cognomen|cognominis]] sui honorem seriem [[Denarius|denariorum]] [[Musae (deae)|Musis]] dicatam signavit. Decimum denarium [[Hercules Musarum|Herculi Musarum]] consecravit unde liquet effigies Musarum in nummis imitari statuas quas [[Marcus Fulvius Nobilior (consul 189 a.C.n.)|Marcus Fulvius Nobilior]] circa [[187 a.C.n.]] ex spoliis [[Bellum Aetolicum|belli Aetolici]] in aede Herculis Musarum a se in [[Circus Flaminius|Circo Flaminio]] dedicato posuit&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero]], ''[[Pro Archia]]'' 27. [[Macrobius]], ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalia]]'' I.12. [[Suetonius]], ''Divus Augustus'' 29.5.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Nihil aliud de hoc triumviro monetali accepimus sed nomen suum in denariis nobis reliquit legendum: Q. POMPONI MÝSA. Alii Pomponii Musae non inveniuntur nisi [[Imperatores Romani|imperatorum]] tempore.

== De denariis ==
[[Fasciculus:Muse Calliope, Denarius, 56 B.C, Rome.jpg|thumb|Denarius Calliopae]]
[[Fasciculus:Muse Melpomene, Denarius, 56 B.C., Rome.jpg|thumb|Denarius Melpomenae]]
Quintus Pomponius inucuique Musarum suum denarium dicavit: in omnibus ex una parte caput laureatum dei Apollinis videmus sine litteris sed symbolum vel instrumentum Musae pone caput variatur et cum altera parte coniungitur ubi invenimus feminam stolatam et stantem quae instrumentum tenet et Musam aliquam figurat. Ex ista parte nomen lonetalis sic ut supra legitur. Ita habemus:
*Clavis [[Lyra|lyrae]] pone caput cum femina fidibus supra cippum positis canente = [[Calliope]]
*Volumen in capsa pone caput cum femina cippo adnixa quae [[volumen]] evolvit = [[Clio]]
*Flos pone caput cum femina [[lyra|fidibus]] canente = Erato
*[[Tibiae]] pone caput cum femina cippo adnixa et tibias tenente = [[Euterpe]]
*[[Sceptrum]] pone caput (quia [[tragoedia]] plerumque ad reges pertinet) cum femina clavae (hoc est symbolo Herculeo) adnixa et personam tragicam altera panu tenente = Melpomene
* Corona pone caput cum femina stante et coronata = [[Polyhymnia|Polymnia]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*E. Babelon, ''Description historique et chronologique des monnaies de la République romaine,'' 1885 t.2 pp.[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k97393391/f370. 360-365]
*P. Decharme, ''[https://dn790000.ca.archive.org/0/items/lesmusesetudedem00dech/lesmusesetudedem00dech.pdf Les Muses. Etudes de mythologie grecque]'', Ernest Thorin, 1869
*Francesco De Stefano, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/27120540 Aedes Herculis Musarum in circo Flaminio. Connotati cultuali, ideologici e architettonici del monumentum di M. Fulvio Nobiliore]&quot;, ''Bullettino della Commissione Archeologica Comunale di Roma'', 2019: 141-158 
*Alex Hardie, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/27566676 Juno, Hercules, and the Muses at Rome]&quot;, ''The American Journal of Philology'', 2007: 551-592
*Francesco Marcattili, &quot;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/373898318_Hercules_Musarum_in_Circo_Flaminio_Dalla_dedica_di_Fulvio_Nobiliore_alla_Porticus_Philippi L'«aedes Herculis Musarum», l'«armonia delle sfere», il calendario]&quot;, ''Revue Archéologique'', 2021: 327-348
*L. Richardson, Jr., &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/503009 Hercules Musarum and the Porticus Philippi in Rome]&quot;, ''American Journal of Archaeology'', 1977: 355-361

[[Categoria:Gens Pomponia|Musa, Quintus Pomponius]]
[[Categoria:Triumviri monetales|Pomponius Musa, Quintus]]</text>
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      <text bytes="3865" sha1="ma9hminx9xz6a2e57rid81g5tgia1cd" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Hercules Musagetes, Denarius, 56 B.C., Rome (2).jpg|thumb|In hoc denario ex una parte Apollinis caput, ex altera Hercules lyra canens.]]
[[Fasciculus:Muse Euterpe, Denarius, 56 B.C., Rome.jpg|thumb|Ex una parte caput Apollinis laureatum, pone caput [[tibiae]]. Ex altera [[Euterpe]], musicae Musa tibias tenens.]]
'''Quintus Pomponius Musa''' fuit [[Triumvir monetalis|triumvir monetalis]] Romanus qui circa [[66 a.C.n.]] in [[Cognomen|cognominis]] sui honorem seriem [[Denarius|denariorum]] [[Musae (deae)|Musis]] dicatam signavit. Decimum denarium [[Hercules Musarum|Herculi Musarum]] consecravit unde liquet effigies Musarum in nummis imitari statuas quas [[Marcus Fulvius Nobilior (consul 189 a.C.n.)|Marcus Fulvius Nobilior]] circa [[187 a.C.n.]] ex spoliis [[Bellum Aetolicum|belli Aetolici]] in aede Herculis Musarum a se in [[Circus Flaminius|Circo Flaminio]] dedicato posuit&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero]], ''[[Pro Archia]]'' 27. [[Macrobius]], ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalia]]'' I.12. [[Suetonius]], ''Divus Augustus'' 29.5.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Nihil aliud de hoc triumviro monetali accepimus sed nomen suum in denariis nobis reliquit legendum: Q. POMPONI MÝSA. Alii Pomponii Musae non inveniuntur nisi [[Imperatores Romani|imperatorum]] tempore.

== De denariis ==
[[Fasciculus:Muse Calliope, Denarius, 56 B.C, Rome.jpg|thumb|Denarius Calliopae]]
[[Fasciculus:Muse Melpomene, Denarius, 56 B.C., Rome.jpg|thumb|Denarius Melpomenae]]
Quintus Pomponius inucuique Musarum suum denarium dicavit: in omnibus ex una parte caput laureatum dei Apollinis videmus sine litteris sed symbolum vel instrumentum Musae pone caput variatur et cum altera parte coniungitur ubi invenimus feminam stolatam et stantem quae instrumentum tenet et Musam aliquam figurat. Ex ista parte nomen lonetalis sic ut supra legitur. Ita habemus:
*Clavis [[Lyra|lyrae]] pone caput cum femina fidibus supra cippum positis canente = [[Calliope]]
*Volumen in capsa pone caput cum femina cippo adnixa quae [[volumen]] evolvit = [[Clio]]
*Flos pone caput cum femina [[lyra|fidibus]] canente = Erato
*[[Tibiae]] pone caput cum femina cippo adnixa et tibias tenente = [[Euterpe]]
*[[Sceptrum]] pone caput (quia [[tragoedia]] plerumque ad reges pertinet) cum femina clavae (hoc est symbolo Herculeo) adnixa et personam tragicam altera panu tenente = Melpomene
* Corona pone caput cum femina stante et coronata = [[Polyhymnia|Polymnia]]
* [[Plectrum]] pone caput cum femina fidibus canente et plectrum tenente = [[Terpsichore]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*E. Babelon, ''Description historique et chronologique des monnaies de la République romaine,'' 1885 t.2 pp.[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k97393391/f370. 360-365]
*P. Decharme, ''[https://dn790000.ca.archive.org/0/items/lesmusesetudedem00dech/lesmusesetudedem00dech.pdf Les Muses. Etudes de mythologie grecque]'', Ernest Thorin, 1869
*Francesco De Stefano, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/27120540 Aedes Herculis Musarum in circo Flaminio. Connotati cultuali, ideologici e architettonici del monumentum di M. Fulvio Nobiliore]&quot;, ''Bullettino della Commissione Archeologica Comunale di Roma'', 2019: 141-158 
*Alex Hardie, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/27566676 Juno, Hercules, and the Muses at Rome]&quot;, ''The American Journal of Philology'', 2007: 551-592
*Francesco Marcattili, &quot;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/373898318_Hercules_Musarum_in_Circo_Flaminio_Dalla_dedica_di_Fulvio_Nobiliore_alla_Porticus_Philippi L'«aedes Herculis Musarum», l'«armonia delle sfere», il calendario]&quot;, ''Revue Archéologique'', 2021: 327-348
*L. Richardson, Jr., &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/503009 Hercules Musarum and the Porticus Philippi in Rome]&quot;, ''American Journal of Archaeology'', 1977: 355-361

[[Categoria:Gens Pomponia|Musa, Quintus Pomponius]]
[[Categoria:Triumviri monetales|Pomponius Musa, Quintus]]</text>
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      <text bytes="4064" sha1="hwrvbdt9r4lmq3c6o77ndcm9egtkrku" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Hercules Musagetes, Denarius, 56 B.C., Rome (2).jpg|thumb|In hoc denario ex una parte Apollinis caput, ex altera Hercules lyra canens.]]
[[Fasciculus:Muse Euterpe, Denarius, 56 B.C., Rome.jpg|thumb|Ex una parte caput Apollinis laureatum, pone caput [[tibiae]]. Ex altera [[Euterpe]], musicae Musa tibias tenens.]]
'''Quintus Pomponius Musa''' fuit [[Triumvir monetalis|triumvir monetalis]] Romanus qui circa [[66 a.C.n.]] in [[Cognomen|cognominis]] sui honorem seriem [[Denarius|denariorum]] [[Musae (deae)|Musis]] dicatam signavit. Decimum denarium [[Hercules Musarum|Herculi Musarum]] consecravit unde liquet effigies Musarum in nummis imitari statuas quas [[Marcus Fulvius Nobilior (consul 189 a.C.n.)|Marcus Fulvius Nobilior]] circa [[187 a.C.n.]] ex spoliis [[Bellum Aetolicum|belli Aetolici]] in aede Herculis Musarum a se in [[Circus Flaminius|Circo Flaminio]] dedicato posuit&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero]], ''[[Pro Archia]]'' 27. [[Macrobius]], ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalia]]'' I.12. [[Suetonius]], ''Divus Augustus'' 29.5.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Nihil aliud de hoc triumviro monetali accepimus sed nomen suum in denariis nobis reliquit legendum: Q. POMPONI MÝSA. Alii Pomponii Musae non inveniuntur nisi [[Imperatores Romani|imperatorum]] tempore.

== De denariis ==
[[Fasciculus:Muse Calliope, Denarius, 56 B.C, Rome.jpg|thumb|Denarius Calliopae]]
[[Fasciculus:Muse Melpomene, Denarius, 56 B.C., Rome.jpg|thumb|Denarius Melpomenae]]
Quintus Pomponius inucuique Musarum suum denarium dicavit: in omnibus ex una parte caput laureatum dei Apollinis videmus sine litteris sed symbolum vel instrumentum Musae pone caput variatur et cum altera parte coniungitur ubi invenimus feminam stolatam et stantem quae instrumentum tenet et Musam aliquam figurat. Ex ista parte nomen lonetalis sic ut supra legitur. Ita habemus:
*Clavis [[Lyra|lyrae]] pone caput cum femina fidibus supra cippum positis canente = [[Calliope]]
*Volumen in capsa pone caput cum femina cippo adnixa quae [[volumen]] evolvit = [[Clio]]
*Flos pone caput cum femina [[lyra|fidibus]] canente = Erato
*[[Tibiae]] pone caput cum femina cippo adnixa et tibias tenente = [[Euterpe]]
*[[Sceptrum]] pone caput (quia [[tragoedia]] plerumque ad reges pertinet) cum femina clavae (hoc est symbolo Herculeo) adnixa et personam tragicam altera panu tenente = Melpomene
* Corona pone caput cum femina stante et coronata = [[Polyhymnia|Polymnia]]
* [[Plectrum]] pone caput cum femina fidibus canente et plectrum tenente = [[Terpsichore]]
* [[Persona]] comica pone caput cum femina cippo adnixa et personam porrigente. In nonnullis exemplaribus altera manu [[Pedum (ars pastoricia)|pedum]] quoque tenet (poesis  pastoralis?) = [[Thalia]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*E. Babelon, ''Description historique et chronologique des monnaies de la République romaine,'' 1885 t.2 pp.[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k97393391/f370. 360-365]
*P. Decharme, ''[https://dn790000.ca.archive.org/0/items/lesmusesetudedem00dech/lesmusesetudedem00dech.pdf Les Muses. Etudes de mythologie grecque]'', Ernest Thorin, 1869
*Francesco De Stefano, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/27120540 Aedes Herculis Musarum in circo Flaminio. Connotati cultuali, ideologici e architettonici del monumentum di M. Fulvio Nobiliore]&quot;, ''Bullettino della Commissione Archeologica Comunale di Roma'', 2019: 141-158 
*Alex Hardie, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/27566676 Juno, Hercules, and the Muses at Rome]&quot;, ''The American Journal of Philology'', 2007: 551-592
*Francesco Marcattili, &quot;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/373898318_Hercules_Musarum_in_Circo_Flaminio_Dalla_dedica_di_Fulvio_Nobiliore_alla_Porticus_Philippi L'«aedes Herculis Musarum», l'«armonia delle sfere», il calendario]&quot;, ''Revue Archéologique'', 2021: 327-348
*L. Richardson, Jr., &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/503009 Hercules Musarum and the Porticus Philippi in Rome]&quot;, ''American Journal of Archaeology'', 1977: 355-361

[[Categoria:Gens Pomponia|Musa, Quintus Pomponius]]
[[Categoria:Triumviri monetales|Pomponius Musa, Quintus]]</text>
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      <text bytes="4157" sha1="ireaokshea04j2astacs3ko2nigih9u" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Hercules Musagetes, Denarius, 56 B.C., Rome (2).jpg|thumb|In hoc denario ex una parte Apollinis caput, ex altera Hercules lyra canens.]]
[[Fasciculus:Muse Euterpe, Denarius, 56 B.C., Rome.jpg|thumb|Ex una parte caput Apollinis laureatum, pone caput [[tibiae]]. Ex altera [[Euterpe]], musicae Musa tibias tenens.]]
'''Quintus Pomponius Musa''' fuit [[Triumvir monetalis|triumvir monetalis]] Romanus qui circa [[66 a.C.n.]] in [[Cognomen|cognominis]] sui honorem seriem [[Denarius|denariorum]] [[Musae (deae)|Musis]] dicatam signavit. Decimum denarium [[Hercules Musarum|Herculi Musarum]] consecravit unde liquet effigies Musarum in nummis imitari statuas quas [[Marcus Fulvius Nobilior (consul 189 a.C.n.)|Marcus Fulvius Nobilior]] circa [[187 a.C.n.]] ex spoliis [[Bellum Aetolicum|belli Aetolici]] in aede Herculis Musarum a se in [[Circus Flaminius|Circo Flaminio]] dedicato posuit&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero]], ''[[Pro Archia]]'' 27. [[Macrobius]], ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalia]]'' I.12. [[Suetonius]], ''Divus Augustus'' 29.5.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Nihil aliud de hoc triumviro monetali accepimus sed nomen suum in denariis nobis reliquit legendum: Q. POMPONI MÝSA. Alii Pomponii Musae non inveniuntur nisi [[Imperatores Romani|imperatorum]] tempore.

== De denariis ==
[[Fasciculus:Muse Calliope, Denarius, 56 B.C, Rome.jpg|thumb|Denarius Calliopae]]
[[Fasciculus:Muse Melpomene, Denarius, 56 B.C., Rome.jpg|thumb|Denarius Melpomenae]]
Quintus Pomponius inucuique Musarum suum denarium dicavit: in omnibus ex una parte caput laureatum dei Apollinis videmus sine litteris sed symbolum vel instrumentum Musae pone caput variatur et cum altera parte coniungitur ubi invenimus feminam stolatam et stantem quae instrumentum tenet et Musam aliquam figurat. Ex ista parte nomen lonetalis sic ut supra legitur. Ita habemus:
*Clavis [[Lyra|lyrae]] pone caput cum femina fidibus supra cippum positis canente = [[Calliope]]
*Volumen in capsa pone caput cum femina cippo adnixa quae [[volumen]] evolvit = [[Clio]]
*Flos pone caput cum femina [[lyra|fidibus]] canente = Erato
*[[Tibiae]] pone caput cum femina cippo adnixa et tibias tenente = [[Euterpe]]
*[[Sceptrum]] pone caput (quia [[tragoedia]] plerumque ad reges pertinet) cum femina clavae (hoc est symbolo Herculeo) adnixa et personam tragicam altera panu tenente = Melpomene
* Corona pone caput cum femina stante et coronata = [[Polyhymnia|Polymnia]]
* [[Plectrum]] pone caput cum femina fidibus canente et plectrum tenente = [[Terpsichore]]
* [[Persona]] comica pone caput cum femina cippo adnixa et personam porrigente. In nonnullis exemplaribus altera manu [[Pedum (ars pastoricia)|pedum]] quoque tenet (poesis  pastoralis?) = [[Thalia]]
* Stella pone caput cum femina virgam tenente qua globum ostrndit = [[Urania (Musa)|Urania]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*E. Babelon, ''Description historique et chronologique des monnaies de la République romaine,'' 1885 t.2 pp.[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k97393391/f370. 360-365]
*P. Decharme, ''[https://dn790000.ca.archive.org/0/items/lesmusesetudedem00dech/lesmusesetudedem00dech.pdf Les Muses. Etudes de mythologie grecque]'', Ernest Thorin, 1869
*Francesco De Stefano, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/27120540 Aedes Herculis Musarum in circo Flaminio. Connotati cultuali, ideologici e architettonici del monumentum di M. Fulvio Nobiliore]&quot;, ''Bullettino della Commissione Archeologica Comunale di Roma'', 2019: 141-158 
*Alex Hardie, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/27566676 Juno, Hercules, and the Muses at Rome]&quot;, ''The American Journal of Philology'', 2007: 551-592
*Francesco Marcattili, &quot;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/373898318_Hercules_Musarum_in_Circo_Flaminio_Dalla_dedica_di_Fulvio_Nobiliore_alla_Porticus_Philippi L'«aedes Herculis Musarum», l'«armonia delle sfere», il calendario]&quot;, ''Revue Archéologique'', 2021: 327-348
*L. Richardson, Jr., &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/503009 Hercules Musarum and the Porticus Philippi in Rome]&quot;, ''American Journal of Archaeology'', 1977: 355-361

[[Categoria:Gens Pomponia|Musa, Quintus Pomponius]]
[[Categoria:Triumviri monetales|Pomponius Musa, Quintus]]</text>
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      <text bytes="4196" sha1="tdwn75hbolfaq7v5ynyq5qsvis2ax2m" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Hercules Musagetes, Denarius, 56 B.C., Rome (2).jpg|thumb|In hoc denario ex una parte Apollinis caput, ex altera Hercules lyra canens.]]
[[Fasciculus:Muse Euterpe, Denarius, 56 B.C., Rome.jpg|thumb|Ex una parte caput Apollinis laureatum, pone caput [[tibiae]]. Ex altera [[Euterpe]], musicae Musa tibias tenens.]]
'''Quintus Pomponius Musa''' fuit [[Triumvir monetalis|triumvir monetalis]] Romanus qui circa [[66 a.C.n.]] in [[Cognomen|cognominis]] sui honorem seriem [[Denarius|denariorum]] [[Musae (deae)|Musis]] dicatam signavit. Decimum denarium [[Hercules Musarum|Herculi Musarum]] consecravit unde liquet effigies Musarum in nummis imitari statuas quas [[Marcus Fulvius Nobilior (consul 189 a.C.n.)|Marcus Fulvius Nobilior]] circa [[187 a.C.n.]] ex spoliis [[Bellum Aetolicum|belli Aetolici]] in aede Herculis Musarum a se in [[Circus Flaminius|Circo Flaminio]] dedicato posuit&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero]], ''[[Pro Archia]]'' 27. [[Macrobius]], ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalia]]'' I.12. [[Suetonius]], ''Divus Augustus'' 29.5.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Nihil aliud de hoc triumviro monetali accepimus sed nomen suum in denariis nobis reliquit legendum: Q. POMPONI MÝSA. Alii Pomponii Musae non inveniuntur nisi [[Imperatores Romani|imperatorum]] tempore.

== De denariis ==
[[Fasciculus:Muse Calliope, Denarius, 56 B.C, Rome.jpg|thumb|Denarius Calliopae]]
[[Fasciculus:Muse Melpomene, Denarius, 56 B.C., Rome.jpg|thumb|Denarius Melpomenae]]
Quintus Pomponius inucuique Musarum suum denarium dicavit: in omnibus ex una parte caput laureatum dei Apollinis videmus sine litteris sed symbolum vel instrumentum Musae pone caput variatur et cum altera parte coniungitur ubi invenimus feminam stolatam et stantem quae instrumentum tenet et Musam aliquam figurat. Ex ista parte nomen lonetalis sic ut supra legitur. Ita habemus:
*Clavis [[Lyra|lyrae]] pone caput cum femina fidibus supra cippum positis canente = [[Calliope]]
*Volumen in capsa pone caput cum femina cippo adnixa quae [[volumen]] evolvit = [[Clio]]
*Flos pone caput cum femina [[lyra|fidibus]] canente = Erato
*[[Tibiae]] pone caput cum femina cippo adnixa et tibias tenente = [[Euterpe]]
*[[Sceptrum]] pone caput (quia [[tragoedia]] plerumque ad reges pertinet) cum femina clavae (hoc est symbolo Herculeo) adnixa et personam tragicam altera panu tenente = Melpomene
* Corona pone caput cum femina stante et coronata = [[Polyhymnia|Polymnia]]
* [[Plectrum]] pone caput cum femina fidibus canente et plectrum tenente = [[Terpsichore]]
* Soccus [[comoedia|histrionis comici]] pone caput cum femina cippo adnixa et [[persona|personam comicam]] porrigente. In nonnullis exemplaribus altera manu [[Pedum (ars pastoricia)|pedum]] quoque tenet (poesis  pastoralis?) = [[Thalia]]
* Stella pone caput cum femina virgam tenente qua globum ostrndit = [[Urania (Musa)|Urania]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*E. Babelon, ''Description historique et chronologique des monnaies de la République romaine,'' 1885 t.2 pp.[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k97393391/f370. 360-365]
*P. Decharme, ''[https://dn790000.ca.archive.org/0/items/lesmusesetudedem00dech/lesmusesetudedem00dech.pdf Les Muses. Etudes de mythologie grecque]'', Ernest Thorin, 1869
*Francesco De Stefano, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/27120540 Aedes Herculis Musarum in circo Flaminio. Connotati cultuali, ideologici e architettonici del monumentum di M. Fulvio Nobiliore]&quot;, ''Bullettino della Commissione Archeologica Comunale di Roma'', 2019: 141-158 
*Alex Hardie, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/27566676 Juno, Hercules, and the Muses at Rome]&quot;, ''The American Journal of Philology'', 2007: 551-592
*Francesco Marcattili, &quot;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/373898318_Hercules_Musarum_in_Circo_Flaminio_Dalla_dedica_di_Fulvio_Nobiliore_alla_Porticus_Philippi L'«aedes Herculis Musarum», l'«armonia delle sfere», il calendario]&quot;, ''Revue Archéologique'', 2021: 327-348
*L. Richardson, Jr., &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/503009 Hercules Musarum and the Porticus Philippi in Rome]&quot;, ''American Journal of Archaeology'', 1977: 355-361

[[Categoria:Gens Pomponia|Musa, Quintus Pomponius]]
[[Categoria:Triumviri monetales|Pomponius Musa, Quintus]]</text>
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      <text bytes="4275" sha1="dezi4et2juiaz173f4pnpphnw8ojpli" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Hercules Musagetes, Denarius, 56 B.C., Rome (2).jpg|thumb|In hoc denario ex una parte Apollinis caput, ex altera Hercules lyra canens.]]
[[Fasciculus:Muse Euterpe, Denarius, 56 B.C., Rome.jpg|thumb|Ex una parte caput Apollinis laureatum, pone caput [[tibiae]]. Ex altera [[Euterpe]], musicae Musa tibias tenens.]]
'''Quintus Pomponius Musa''' fuit [[Triumvir monetalis|triumvir monetalis]] Romanus qui circa [[66 a.C.n.]] in [[Cognomen|cognominis]] sui honorem seriem [[Denarius|denariorum]] [[Musae (deae)|Musis]] dicatam signavit. Decimum denarium [[Hercules Musarum|Herculi Musarum]] consecravit unde liquet effigies Musarum in nummis imitari statuas quas [[Marcus Fulvius Nobilior (consul 189 a.C.n.)|Marcus Fulvius Nobilior]] circa [[187 a.C.n.]] ex spoliis [[Bellum Aetolicum|belli Aetolici]] in aede Herculis Musarum a se in [[Circus Flaminius|Circo Flaminio]] dedicato posuit&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero]], ''[[Pro Archia]]'' 27. [[Macrobius]], ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalia]]'' I.12. [[Suetonius]], ''Divus Augustus'' 29.5.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Nihil aliud de hoc triumviro monetali accepimus sed nomen suum in denariis nobis reliquit legendum: Q. POMPONI MÝSA. Alii Pomponii Musae non inveniuntur nisi [[Imperatores Romani|imperatorum]] tempore.

== De denariis ==
[[Fasciculus:Muse Calliope, Denarius, 56 B.C, Rome.jpg|thumb|Denarius Calliopae]]
[[Fasciculus:Muse Melpomene, Denarius, 56 B.C., Rome.jpg|thumb|Denarius Melpomenae]]
[[Fasciculus:Muse Thalia, Denarius, 56 B.C., Rome.jpg|thumb|Denarius Thaliae]]
Quintus Pomponius inucuique Musarum suum denarium dicavit: in omnibus ex una parte caput laureatum dei Apollinis videmus sine litteris sed symbolum vel instrumentum Musae pone caput variatur et cum altera parte coniungitur ubi invenimus feminam stolatam et stantem quae instrumentum tenet et Musam aliquam figurat. Ex ista parte nomen lonetalis sic ut supra legitur. Ita habemus:
*Clavis [[Lyra|lyrae]] pone caput cum femina fidibus supra cippum positis canente = [[Calliope]]
*Volumen in capsa pone caput cum femina cippo adnixa quae [[volumen]] evolvit = [[Clio]]
*Flos pone caput cum femina [[lyra|fidibus]] canente = Erato
*[[Tibiae]] pone caput cum femina cippo adnixa et tibias tenente = [[Euterpe]]
*[[Sceptrum]] pone caput (quia [[tragoedia]] plerumque ad reges pertinet) cum femina clavae (hoc est symbolo Herculeo) adnixa et personam tragicam altera panu tenente = Melpomene
* Corona pone caput cum femina stante et coronata = [[Polyhymnia|Polymnia]]
* [[Plectrum]] pone caput cum femina fidibus canente et plectrum tenente = [[Terpsichore]]
* Soccus [[comoedia|histrionis comici]] pone caput cum femina cippo adnixa et [[persona|personam comicam]] porrigente. In nonnullis exemplaribus altera manu [[Pedum (ars pastoricia)|pedum]] quoque tenet (poesis  pastoralis?) = [[Thalia]]
* Stella pone caput cum femina virgam tenente qua globum ostrndit = [[Urania (Musa)|Urania]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*E. Babelon, ''Description historique et chronologique des monnaies de la République romaine,'' 1885 t.2 pp.[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k97393391/f370. 360-365]
*P. Decharme, ''[https://dn790000.ca.archive.org/0/items/lesmusesetudedem00dech/lesmusesetudedem00dech.pdf Les Muses. Etudes de mythologie grecque]'', Ernest Thorin, 1869
*Francesco De Stefano, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/27120540 Aedes Herculis Musarum in circo Flaminio. Connotati cultuali, ideologici e architettonici del monumentum di M. Fulvio Nobiliore]&quot;, ''Bullettino della Commissione Archeologica Comunale di Roma'', 2019: 141-158 
*Alex Hardie, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/27566676 Juno, Hercules, and the Muses at Rome]&quot;, ''The American Journal of Philology'', 2007: 551-592
*Francesco Marcattili, &quot;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/373898318_Hercules_Musarum_in_Circo_Flaminio_Dalla_dedica_di_Fulvio_Nobiliore_alla_Porticus_Philippi L'«aedes Herculis Musarum», l'«armonia delle sfere», il calendario]&quot;, ''Revue Archéologique'', 2021: 327-348
*L. Richardson, Jr., &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/503009 Hercules Musarum and the Porticus Philippi in Rome]&quot;, ''American Journal of Archaeology'', 1977: 355-361

[[Categoria:Gens Pomponia|Musa, Quintus Pomponius]]
[[Categoria:Triumviri monetales|Pomponius Musa, Quintus]]</text>
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      <text bytes="4484" sha1="oxcx7tvwc1kdxl3j1m3s3kz8w70o9a4" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Hercules Musagetes, Denarius, 56 B.C., Rome (2).jpg|thumb|In hoc denario ex una parte Apollinis caput, ex altera Hercules lyra canens.]]
[[Fasciculus:Muse Euterpe, Denarius, 56 B.C., Rome.jpg|thumb|Ex una parte caput Apollinis laureatum, pone caput [[tibiae]]. Ex altera [[Euterpe]], musicae Musa tibias tenens.]]
'''Quintus Pomponius Musa''' fuit [[Triumvir monetalis|triumvir monetalis]] Romanus qui circa [[66 a.C.n.]] in [[Cognomen|cognominis]] sui honorem seriem [[Denarius|denariorum]] [[Musae (deae)|Musis]] dicatam signavit. Decimum denarium [[Hercules Musarum|Herculi Musarum]] consecravit unde liquet effigies Musarum in nummis imitari statuas quas [[Marcus Fulvius Nobilior (consul 189 a.C.n.)|Marcus Fulvius Nobilior]] circa [[187 a.C.n.]] ex spoliis [[Bellum Aetolicum|belli Aetolici]] in aede Herculis Musarum a se in [[Circus Flaminius|Circo Flaminio]] dedicato posuit&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero]], ''[[Pro Archia]]'' 27. [[Macrobius]], ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalia]]'' I.12. [[Suetonius]], ''Divus Augustus'' 29.5.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Nihil aliud de hoc triumviro monetali accepimus sed nomen suum in denariis nobis reliquit legendum: Q. POMPONI MÝSA. Alii Pomponii Musae non inveniuntur nisi [[Imperatores Romani|imperatorum]] tempore.

== De denariis ==
[[Fasciculus:Muse Calliope, Denarius, 56 B.C, Rome.jpg|thumb|Denarius Calliopae]]
[[Fasciculus:Muse Melpomene, Denarius, 56 B.C., Rome.jpg|thumb|Denarius Melpomenae]]
[[Fasciculus:Muse Thalia, Denarius, 56 B.C., Rome.jpg|thumb|Denarius Thaliae]]
Quintus Pomponius inucuique Musarum suum denarium dicavit: in omnibus ex una parte caput laureatum dei Apollinis videmus sine litteris sed symbolum vel instrumentum Musae pone caput variatur et cum altera parte coniungitur ubi invenimus feminam stolatam et stantem quae instrumentum tenet et Musam aliquam figurat. Ex ista parte nomen lonetalis sic ut supra legitur. Ita habemus:
*Clavis [[Lyra|lyrae]] pone caput cum femina fidibus supra cippum positis canente = [[Calliope]]
*Volumen in capsa pone caput cum femina cippo adnixa quae [[volumen]] evolvit = [[Clio]]
*Flos pone caput cum femina [[lyra|fidibus]] canente = Erato
*[[Tibiae]] pone caput cum femina cippo adnixa et tibias tenente = [[Euterpe]]
*[[Sceptrum]] pone caput (quia [[tragoedia]] plerumque ad reges pertinet) cum femina clavae (hoc est symbolo Herculeo) adnixa et personam tragicam altera panu tenente = Melpomene
* Corona pone caput cum femina stante et coronata = [[Polyhymnia|Polymnia]]
* [[Plectrum]] pone caput cum femina fidibus canente et plectrum tenente = [[Terpsichore]]
* Soccus [[comoedia|histrionis comici]] pone caput cum femina cippo adnixa et [[persona|personam comicam]] porrigente. In nonnullis exemplaribus altera manu [[Pedum (ars pastoricia)|pedum]] quoque tenet (poesis  pastoralis?) = [[Thalia]]
* Stella pone caput cum femina virgam tenente qua globum ostendit = [[Urania (Musa)|Urania]]

Decimum quoque signavit in quo ex una parte Apollinis caput calamistratum videmus cum nomine magistratus monetalis et ex altera Herculem fidibus canentem cum leonte et clava et inscriptione HERCULES MVSARVM.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*E. Babelon, ''Description historique et chronologique des monnaies de la République romaine,'' 1885 t.2 pp.[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k97393391/f370. 360-365]
*P. Decharme, ''[https://dn790000.ca.archive.org/0/items/lesmusesetudedem00dech/lesmusesetudedem00dech.pdf Les Muses. Etudes de mythologie grecque]'', Ernest Thorin, 1869
*Francesco De Stefano, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/27120540 Aedes Herculis Musarum in circo Flaminio. Connotati cultuali, ideologici e architettonici del monumentum di M. Fulvio Nobiliore]&quot;, ''Bullettino della Commissione Archeologica Comunale di Roma'', 2019: 141-158 
*Alex Hardie, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/27566676 Juno, Hercules, and the Muses at Rome]&quot;, ''The American Journal of Philology'', 2007: 551-592
*Francesco Marcattili, &quot;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/373898318_Hercules_Musarum_in_Circo_Flaminio_Dalla_dedica_di_Fulvio_Nobiliore_alla_Porticus_Philippi L'«aedes Herculis Musarum», l'«armonia delle sfere», il calendario]&quot;, ''Revue Archéologique'', 2021: 327-348
*L. Richardson, Jr., &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/503009 Hercules Musarum and the Porticus Philippi in Rome]&quot;, ''American Journal of Archaeology'', 1977: 355-361

[[Categoria:Gens Pomponia|Musa, Quintus Pomponius]]
[[Categoria:Triumviri monetales|Pomponius Musa, Quintus]]</text>
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      <text bytes="4515" sha1="lo26f36pg1at0ev0sji9q0rcv6rdxg1" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Hercules Musagetes, Denarius, 56 B.C., Rome (2).jpg|thumb|In hoc denario ex una parte Apollinis caput, ex altera Hercules lyra canens.]]
[[Fasciculus:Muse Euterpe, Denarius, 56 B.C., Rome.jpg|thumb|Ex una parte caput Apollinis laureatum, pone caput [[tibiae]]. Ex altera [[Euterpe]], musicae Musa tibias tenens.]]
'''Quintus Pomponius Musa''' fuit [[Triumvir monetalis|triumvir monetalis]] Romanus qui circa [[66 a.C.n.]] in [[Cognomen|cognominis]] sui honorem seriem [[Denarius|denariorum]] [[Musae (deae)|Musis]] dicatam signavit. Decimum denarium [[Hercules Musarum|Herculi Musarum]] consecravit unde liquet effigies Musarum in nummis imitari statuas quas [[Marcus Fulvius Nobilior (consul 189 a.C.n.)|Marcus Fulvius Nobilior]] circa [[187 a.C.n.]] ex spoliis [[Bellum Aetolicum|belli Aetolici]] in aede Herculis Musarum a se in [[Circus Flaminius|Circo Flaminio]] dedicato posuit&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero]], ''[[Pro Archia]]'' 27. [[Macrobius]], ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalia]]'' I.12. [[Suetonius]], ''Divus Augustus'' 29.5.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Nihil aliud de hoc triumviro monetali accepimus sed nomen suum in denariis nobis reliquit legendum: Q. POMPONI MÝSA. Alii Pomponii Musae non inveniuntur nisi [[Imperatores Romani|imperatorum]] tempore.

== De denariis ==
[[Fasciculus:Muse Calliope, Denarius, 56 B.C, Rome.jpg|thumb|Denarius Calliopae]]
[[Fasciculus:Muse Melpomene, Denarius, 56 B.C., Rome.jpg|thumb|Denarius Melpomenae]]
[[Fasciculus:Muse Thalia, Denarius, 56 B.C., Rome.jpg|thumb|Denarius Thaliae]]
Quintus Pomponius Musa unicuique novem Musarum suum denarium dicavit: in omnibus ex una parte caput laureatum dei Apollinis videmus sine litteris sed symbolum vel instrumentum Musae pone caput positum variatur et cum alteri parti respondet ubi invenimus feminam stolatam et stantem quae instrumentum tenet et Musam aliquam figurat. Ex ista parte nomen monetalis triumviri sic ut supra legitur. Ita habemus:
*Clavis [[Lyra|lyrae]] pone caput cum femina fidibus supra cippum positis canente = [[Calliope]]
*Volumen in capsa pone caput cum femina cippo adnixa quae [[volumen]] evolvit = [[Clio]]
*Flos pone caput cum femina [[lyra|fidibus]] canente = [[Erato]]
*[[Tibiae]] pone caput cum femina cippo adnixa et tibias tenente = [[Euterpe]]
*[[Sceptrum]] pone caput (quia [[tragoedia]] plerumque ad reges pertinet) cum femina clavae (hoc est symbolo Herculeo) adnixa et personam tragicam altera panu tenente = Melpomene
* Corona pone caput cum femina stante et coronata = [[Polyhymnia|Polymnia]]
* [[Plectrum]] pone caput cum femina fidibus canente et plectrum tenente = [[Terpsichore]]
* Soccus [[comoedia|histrionis comici]] pone caput cum femina cippo adnixa et [[persona|personam comicam]] porrigente. In nonnullis exemplaribus altera manu [[Pedum (ars pastoricia)|pedum]] quoque tenet (poesis  pastoralis?) = [[Thalia]]
* Stella pone caput cum femina virgam tenente qua globum ostendit = [[Urania (Musa)|Urania]]

Decimum quoque signavit in quo ex una parte Apollinis caput calamistratum videmus cum nomine magistratus monetalis et ex altera Herculem fidibus canentem cum leonte et clava et inscriptione HERCULES MVSARVM.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*E. Babelon, ''Description historique et chronologique des monnaies de la République romaine,'' 1885 t.2 pp.[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k97393391/f370. 360-365]
*P. Decharme, ''[https://dn790000.ca.archive.org/0/items/lesmusesetudedem00dech/lesmusesetudedem00dech.pdf Les Muses. Etudes de mythologie grecque]'', Ernest Thorin, 1869
*Francesco De Stefano, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/27120540 Aedes Herculis Musarum in circo Flaminio. Connotati cultuali, ideologici e architettonici del monumentum di M. Fulvio Nobiliore]&quot;, ''Bullettino della Commissione Archeologica Comunale di Roma'', 2019: 141-158 
*Alex Hardie, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/27566676 Juno, Hercules, and the Muses at Rome]&quot;, ''The American Journal of Philology'', 2007: 551-592
*Francesco Marcattili, &quot;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/373898318_Hercules_Musarum_in_Circo_Flaminio_Dalla_dedica_di_Fulvio_Nobiliore_alla_Porticus_Philippi L'«aedes Herculis Musarum», l'«armonia delle sfere», il calendario]&quot;, ''Revue Archéologique'', 2021: 327-348
*L. Richardson, Jr., &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/503009 Hercules Musarum and the Porticus Philippi in Rome]&quot;, ''American Journal of Archaeology'', 1977: 355-361

[[Categoria:Gens Pomponia|Musa, Quintus Pomponius]]
[[Categoria:Triumviri monetales|Pomponius Musa, Quintus]]</text>
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      <text bytes="4619" sha1="h9a2z3b74den7k80nti7v15z05bbkp3" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Hercules Musagetes, Denarius, 56 B.C., Rome (2).jpg|thumb|In hoc denario ex una parte Apollinis caput, ex altera Hercules lyra canens.]]
[[Fasciculus:Muse Euterpe, Denarius, 56 B.C., Rome.jpg|thumb|Ex una parte caput Apollinis laureatum, pone caput [[tibiae]]. Ex altera [[Euterpe]], musicae Musa tibias tenens.]]
'''Quintus Pomponius Musa''' fuit [[Triumvir monetalis|triumvir monetalis]] Romanus qui circa [[66 a.C.n.]] in [[Cognomen|cognominis]] sui honorem seriem [[Denarius|denariorum]] [[Musae (deae)|Musis]] dicatam signavit. Decimum denarium [[Hercules Musarum|Herculi Musarum]] consecravit unde liquet effigies Musarum in nummis imitari statuas quas [[Marcus Fulvius Nobilior (consul 189 a.C.n.)|Marcus Fulvius Nobilior]] circa [[187 a.C.n.]] ex spoliis [[Bellum Aetolicum|belli Aetolici]] in aede Herculis Musarum a se in [[Circus Flaminius|Circo Flaminio]] dedicato posuit&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero]], ''[[Pro Archia]]'' 27. [[Macrobius]], ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalia]]'' I.12. [[Suetonius]], ''Divus Augustus'' 29.5.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Nihil aliud de hoc triumviro monetali accepimus sed nomen suum in denariis nobis reliquit legendum: Q. POMPONI MÝSA. Alii Pomponii Musae non inveniuntur nisi [[Imperatores Romani|imperatorum]] tempore.

== De denariis ==
[[Fasciculus:Muse Urania, Denarius, 56 B.C., Rome.jpg|thumb|left|Denarius Uraniae]]
[[Fasciculus:Muse Calliope, Denarius, 56 B.C, Rome.jpg|thumb|Denarius Calliopae]]
[[Fasciculus:Muse Melpomene, Denarius, 56 B.C., Rome.jpg|thumb|Denarius Melpomenae]]
[[Fasciculus:Muse Thalia, Denarius, 56 B.C., Rome.jpg|thumb|Denarius Thaliae]]

Quintus Pomponius Musa unicuique novem Musarum suum denarium dicavit: in omnibus ex una parte caput laureatum dei Apollinis videmus sine litteris sed symbolum vel instrumentum Musae pone caput positum variatur et cum alteri parti respondet ubi invenimus feminam stolatam et stantem quae instrumentum tenet et Musam aliquam figurat. Ex ista parte nomen monetalis triumviri sic ut supra legitur. Ita habemus:
*Clavis [[Lyra|lyrae]] pone caput cum femina fidibus supra cippum positis canente = [[Calliope]]
*Volumen in capsa pone caput cum femina cippo adnixa quae [[volumen]] evolvit = [[Clio]]
*Flos pone caput cum femina [[lyra|fidibus]] canente = [[Erato]]
*[[Tibiae]] pone caput cum femina cippo adnixa et tibias tenente = [[Euterpe]]
*[[Sceptrum]] pone caput (quia [[tragoedia]] plerumque ad reges pertinet) cum femina clavae (hoc est symbolo Herculeo) adnixa et personam tragicam altera panu tenente = Melpomene
* Corona pone caput cum femina stante et coronata = [[Polyhymnia|Polymnia]]
* [[Plectrum]] pone caput cum femina fidibus canente et plectrum tenente = [[Terpsichore]]
* Soccus [[comoedia|histrionis comici]] pone caput cum femina cippo adnixa et [[persona|personam comicam]] porrigente. In nonnullis exemplaribus altera manu [[Pedum (ars pastoricia)|pedum]] quoque tenet (poesis  pastoralis?) = [[Thalia]]
* Stella pone caput cum femina virgam tenente qua globum in tripode positum ostendit = [[Urania (Musa)|Urania]]

Decimum quoque signavit in quo ex una parte Apollinis caput calamistratum videmus cum nomine magistratus monetalis et ex altera Herculem fidibus canentem cum leonte et clava et inscriptione HERCULES MVSARVM.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*E. Babelon, ''Description historique et chronologique des monnaies de la République romaine,'' 1885 t.2 pp.[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k97393391/f370. 360-365]
*P. Decharme, ''[https://dn790000.ca.archive.org/0/items/lesmusesetudedem00dech/lesmusesetudedem00dech.pdf Les Muses. Etudes de mythologie grecque]'', Ernest Thorin, 1869
*Francesco De Stefano, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/27120540 Aedes Herculis Musarum in circo Flaminio. Connotati cultuali, ideologici e architettonici del monumentum di M. Fulvio Nobiliore]&quot;, ''Bullettino della Commissione Archeologica Comunale di Roma'', 2019: 141-158 
*Alex Hardie, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/27566676 Juno, Hercules, and the Muses at Rome]&quot;, ''The American Journal of Philology'', 2007: 551-592
*Francesco Marcattili, &quot;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/373898318_Hercules_Musarum_in_Circo_Flaminio_Dalla_dedica_di_Fulvio_Nobiliore_alla_Porticus_Philippi L'«aedes Herculis Musarum», l'«armonia delle sfere», il calendario]&quot;, ''Revue Archéologique'', 2021: 327-348
*L. Richardson, Jr., &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/503009 Hercules Musarum and the Porticus Philippi in Rome]&quot;, ''American Journal of Archaeology'', 1977: 355-361

[[Categoria:Gens Pomponia|Musa, Quintus Pomponius]]
[[Categoria:Triumviri monetales|Pomponius Musa, Quintus]]</text>
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      <text bytes="4619" sha1="hog3388zeigprdxjn6mho6vk6s80898" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Hercules Musagetes, Denarius, 56 B.C., Rome (2).jpg|thumb|In hoc denario ex una parte Apollinis caput, ex altera Hercules lyra canens.]]
[[Fasciculus:Muse Euterpe, Denarius, 56 B.C., Rome.jpg|thumb|Ex una parte caput Apollinis laureatum, pone caput [[tibiae]]. Ex altera [[Euterpe]], musicae Musa tibias tenens.]]
'''Quintus Pomponius Musa''' fuit [[Triumvir monetalis|triumvir monetalis]] Romanus qui circa [[66 a.C.n.]] in [[Cognomen|cognominis]] sui honorem seriem [[Denarius|denariorum]] [[Musae (deae)|Musis]] dicatam signavit. Decimum denarium [[Hercules Musarum|Herculi Musarum]] consecravit unde liquet effigies Musarum in nummis imitari statuas quas [[Marcus Fulvius Nobilior (consul 189 a.C.n.)|Marcus Fulvius Nobilior]] circa [[187 a.C.n.]] ex spoliis [[Bellum Aetolicum|belli Aetolici]] in aede Herculis Musarum a se in [[Circus Flaminius|Circo Flaminio]] dedicato posuit&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero]], ''[[Pro Archia]]'' 27. [[Macrobius]], ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalia]]'' I.12. [[Suetonius]], ''Divus Augustus'' 29.5.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Nihil aliud de hoc triumviro monetali accepimus sed nomen suum in denariis nobis reliquit legendum: Q. POMPONI MÝSA. Alii Pomponii Musae non inveniuntur nisi [[Imperatores Romani|imperatorum]] tempore.

== De denariis ==
[[Fasciculus:Muse Urania, Denarius, 56 B.C., Rome.jpg|thumb|left|Denarius Uraniae]]
[[Fasciculus:Muse Calliope, Denarius, 56 B.C, Rome.jpg|thumb|Denarius Calliopae]]
[[Fasciculus:Muse Melpomene, Denarius, 56 B.C., Rome.jpg|thumb|Denarius Melpomenae]]
[[Fasciculus:Muse Thalia, Denarius, 56 B.C., Rome.jpg|thumb|Denarius Thaliae]]

Quintus Pomponius Musa unicuique novem Musarum suum denarium dicavit: in omnibus ex una parte caput laureatum dei Apollinis videmus sine litteris sed symbolum vel instrumentum Musae pone caput positum variatur et cum alteri parti respondet ubi invenimus feminam stolatam et stantem quae instrumentum tenet et Musam aliquam figurat. Ex ista parte nomen monetalis triumviri sic ut supra legitur. Ita habemus:
*Clavis [[Lyra|lyrae]] pone caput cum femina fidibus supra cippum positis canente = [[Calliope]]
*Volumen in capsa pone caput cum femina cippo adnixa quae [[volumen]] evolvit = [[Clio]]
*Flos pone caput cum femina [[lyra|fidibus]] canente = [[Erato]]
*[[Tibiae]] pone caput cum femina cippo adnixa et tibias tenente = [[Euterpe]]
*[[Sceptrum]] pone caput (quia [[tragoedia]] plerumque ad reges pertinet) cum femina clavae (hoc est symbolo Herculeo) adnixa et personam tragicam altera manu tenente = Melpomene
* Corona pone caput cum femina stante et coronata = [[Polyhymnia|Polymnia]]
* [[Plectrum]] pone caput cum femina fidibus canente et plectrum tenente = [[Terpsichore]]
* Soccus [[comoedia|histrionis comici]] pone caput cum femina cippo adnixa et [[persona|personam comicam]] porrigente. In nonnullis exemplaribus altera manu [[Pedum (ars pastoricia)|pedum]] quoque tenet (poesis  pastoralis?) = [[Thalia]]
* Stella pone caput cum femina virgam tenente qua globum in tripode positum ostendit = [[Urania (Musa)|Urania]]

Decimum quoque signavit in quo ex una parte Apollinis caput calamistratum videmus cum nomine magistratus monetalis et ex altera Herculem fidibus canentem cum leonte et clava et inscriptione HERCULES MVSARVM.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*E. Babelon, ''Description historique et chronologique des monnaies de la République romaine,'' 1885 t.2 pp.[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k97393391/f370. 360-365]
*P. Decharme, ''[https://dn790000.ca.archive.org/0/items/lesmusesetudedem00dech/lesmusesetudedem00dech.pdf Les Muses. Etudes de mythologie grecque]'', Ernest Thorin, 1869
*Francesco De Stefano, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/27120540 Aedes Herculis Musarum in circo Flaminio. Connotati cultuali, ideologici e architettonici del monumentum di M. Fulvio Nobiliore]&quot;, ''Bullettino della Commissione Archeologica Comunale di Roma'', 2019: 141-158 
*Alex Hardie, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/27566676 Juno, Hercules, and the Muses at Rome]&quot;, ''The American Journal of Philology'', 2007: 551-592
*Francesco Marcattili, &quot;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/373898318_Hercules_Musarum_in_Circo_Flaminio_Dalla_dedica_di_Fulvio_Nobiliore_alla_Porticus_Philippi L'«aedes Herculis Musarum», l'«armonia delle sfere», il calendario]&quot;, ''Revue Archéologique'', 2021: 327-348
*L. Richardson, Jr., &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/503009 Hercules Musarum and the Porticus Philippi in Rome]&quot;, ''American Journal of Archaeology'', 1977: 355-361

[[Categoria:Gens Pomponia|Musa, Quintus Pomponius]]
[[Categoria:Triumviri monetales|Pomponius Musa, Quintus]]</text>
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      <text bytes="4711" sha1="qlznbd1trivxkarzkd01crxbskh7sm6" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Hercules Musagetes, Denarius, 56 B.C., Rome (2).jpg|thumb|In hoc denario ex una parte Apollinis caput, ex altera Hercules lyra canens.]]
[[Fasciculus:Muse Euterpe, Denarius, 56 B.C., Rome.jpg|thumb|Ex una parte caput Apollinis laureatum, pone caput [[tibiae]]. Ex altera [[Euterpe]], musicae Musa tibias tenens.]]
'''Quintus Pomponius Musa''' fuit [[Triumvir monetalis|triumvir monetalis]] Romanus qui circa [[66 a.C.n.]] in [[Cognomen|cognominis]] sui honorem seriem [[Denarius|denariorum]] [[Musae (deae)|Musis]] dicatam signavit. Decimum denarium [[Hercules Musarum|Herculi Musarum]] consecravit unde liquet effigies Musarum in nummis imitari statuas quas [[Marcus Fulvius Nobilior (consul 189 a.C.n.)|Marcus Fulvius Nobilior]] circa [[187 a.C.n.]] ex spoliis [[Bellum Aetolicum|belli Aetolici]] in aede Herculis Musarum a se in [[Circus Flaminius|Circo Flaminio]] dedicato posuit&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero]], ''[[Pro Archia]]'' 27. [[Macrobius]], ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalia]]'' I.12. [[Suetonius]], ''Divus Augustus'' 29.5.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Nihil aliud de hoc triumviro monetali accepimus sed nomen suum in denariis nobis reliquit legendum: Q. POMPONI MÝSA. Alii Pomponii Musae non inveniuntur nisi [[Imperatores Romani|imperatorum]] tempore.

== De denariis ==
[[Fasciculus:Muse Urania, Denarius, 56 B.C., Rome.jpg|thumb|left|Denarius Uraniae]]
[[Fasciculus:Muse Polyhymnia, Denarius, 56 B.C., Rome.jpg|thumb|left|Denarius Polyhymniae]]
[[Fasciculus:Muse Calliope, Denarius, 56 B.C, Rome.jpg|thumb|Denarius Calliopae]]
[[Fasciculus:Muse Melpomene, Denarius, 56 B.C., Rome.jpg|thumb|Denarius Melpomenae]]
[[Fasciculus:Muse Thalia, Denarius, 56 B.C., Rome.jpg|thumb|Denarius Thaliae]]

Quintus Pomponius Musa unicuique novem Musarum suum denarium dicavit: in omnibus ex una parte caput laureatum dei Apollinis videmus sine litteris sed symbolum vel instrumentum Musae pone caput positum variatur et cum alteri parti respondet ubi invenimus feminam stolatam et stantem quae instrumentum tenet et Musam aliquam figurat. Ex ista parte nomen monetalis triumviri sic ut supra legitur. Ita habemus:
*Clavis [[Lyra|lyrae]] pone caput cum femina fidibus supra cippum positis canente = [[Calliope]]
*Volumen in capsa pone caput cum femina cippo adnixa quae [[volumen]] evolvit = [[Clio]]
*Flos pone caput cum femina [[lyra|fidibus]] canente = [[Erato]]
*[[Tibiae]] pone caput cum femina cippo adnixa et tibias tenente = [[Euterpe]]
*[[Sceptrum]] pone caput (quia [[tragoedia]] plerumque ad reges pertinet) cum femina clavae (hoc est symbolo Herculeo) adnixa et personam tragicam altera manu tenente = Melpomene
* Corona pone caput cum femina stante et coronata = [[Polyhymnia|Polymnia]]
* [[Plectrum]] pone caput cum femina fidibus canente et plectrum tenente = [[Terpsichore]]
* Soccus [[comoedia|histrionis comici]] pone caput cum femina cippo adnixa et [[persona|personam comicam]] porrigente. In nonnullis exemplaribus altera manu [[Pedum (ars pastoricia)|pedum]] quoque tenet (poesis  pastoralis?) = [[Thalia]]
* Stella pone caput cum femina virgam tenente qua globum in tripode positum ostendit = [[Urania (Musa)|Urania]]

Decimum quoque signavit in quo ex una parte Apollinis caput calamistratum videmus cum nomine magistratus monetalis et ex altera Herculem fidibus canentem cum leonte et clava et inscriptione HERCULES MVSARVM.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*E. Babelon, ''Description historique et chronologique des monnaies de la République romaine,'' 1885 t.2 pp.[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k97393391/f370. 360-365]
*P. Decharme, ''[https://dn790000.ca.archive.org/0/items/lesmusesetudedem00dech/lesmusesetudedem00dech.pdf Les Muses. Etudes de mythologie grecque]'', Ernest Thorin, 1869
*Francesco De Stefano, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/27120540 Aedes Herculis Musarum in circo Flaminio. Connotati cultuali, ideologici e architettonici del monumentum di M. Fulvio Nobiliore]&quot;, ''Bullettino della Commissione Archeologica Comunale di Roma'', 2019: 141-158 
*Alex Hardie, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/27566676 Juno, Hercules, and the Muses at Rome]&quot;, ''The American Journal of Philology'', 2007: 551-592
*Francesco Marcattili, &quot;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/373898318_Hercules_Musarum_in_Circo_Flaminio_Dalla_dedica_di_Fulvio_Nobiliore_alla_Porticus_Philippi L'«aedes Herculis Musarum», l'«armonia delle sfere», il calendario]&quot;, ''Revue Archéologique'', 2021: 327-348
*L. Richardson, Jr., &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/503009 Hercules Musarum and the Porticus Philippi in Rome]&quot;, ''American Journal of Archaeology'', 1977: 355-361

[[Categoria:Gens Pomponia|Musa, Quintus Pomponius]]
[[Categoria:Triumviri monetales|Pomponius Musa, Quintus]]</text>
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      <comment>/* De denariis */</comment>
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      <text bytes="4785" sha1="tv9gg74wzht7f0lu7ulf4st3qva6z1r" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Hercules Musagetes, Denarius, 56 B.C., Rome (2).jpg|thumb|In hoc denario ex una parte Apollinis caput, ex altera Hercules lyra canens.]]
[[Fasciculus:Muse Euterpe, Denarius, 56 B.C., Rome.jpg|thumb|Ex una parte caput Apollinis laureatum, pone caput [[tibiae]]. Ex altera [[Euterpe]], musicae Musa tibias tenens.]]
'''Quintus Pomponius Musa''' fuit [[Triumvir monetalis|triumvir monetalis]] Romanus qui circa [[66 a.C.n.]] in [[Cognomen|cognominis]] sui honorem seriem [[Denarius|denariorum]] [[Musae (deae)|Musis]] dicatam signavit. Decimum denarium [[Hercules Musarum|Herculi Musarum]] consecravit unde liquet effigies Musarum in nummis imitari statuas quas [[Marcus Fulvius Nobilior (consul 189 a.C.n.)|Marcus Fulvius Nobilior]] circa [[187 a.C.n.]] ex spoliis [[Bellum Aetolicum|belli Aetolici]] in aede Herculis Musarum a se in [[Circus Flaminius|Circo Flaminio]] dedicato posuit&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero]], ''[[Pro Archia]]'' 27. [[Macrobius]], ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalia]]'' I.12. [[Suetonius]], ''Divus Augustus'' 29.5.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Nihil aliud de hoc triumviro monetali accepimus sed nomen suum in denariis nobis reliquit legendum: Q. POMPONI MÝSA. Alii Pomponii Musae non inveniuntur nisi [[Imperatores Romani|imperatorum]] tempore.

== De denariis ==
[[Fasciculus:Muse Urania, Denarius, 56 B.C., Rome.jpg|thumb|left|Denarius Uraniae]]
[[Fasciculus:Muse Polyhymnia, Denarius, 56 B.C., Rome.jpg|thumb|left|Denarius Polyhymniae]]
[[Fasciculus:Pomponio Musa Erato 83000281.jpg|thumb|left|Denarius Erato]]
[[Fasciculus:Muse Calliope, Denarius, 56 B.C, Rome.jpg|thumb|Denarius Calliopae]]
[[Fasciculus:Muse Melpomene, Denarius, 56 B.C., Rome.jpg|thumb|Denarius Melpomenae]]
[[Fasciculus:Muse Thalia, Denarius, 56 B.C., Rome.jpg|thumb|Denarius Thaliae]]

Quintus Pomponius Musa unicuique novem Musarum suum denarium dicavit: in omnibus ex una parte caput laureatum dei Apollinis videmus sine litteris sed symbolum vel instrumentum Musae pone caput positum variatur et cum alteri parti respondet ubi invenimus feminam stolatam et stantem quae instrumentum tenet et Musam aliquam figurat. Ex ista parte nomen monetalis triumviri sic ut supra legitur. Ita habemus:
*Clavis [[Lyra|lyrae]] pone caput cum femina fidibus supra cippum positis canente = [[Calliope]]
*Volumen in capsa pone caput cum femina cippo adnixa quae [[volumen]] evolvit = [[Clio]]
*Flos pone caput cum femina [[lyra|fidibus]] canente = [[Erato]]
*[[Tibiae]] pone caput cum femina cippo adnixa et tibias tenente = [[Euterpe]]
*[[Sceptrum]] pone caput (quia [[tragoedia]] plerumque ad reges pertinet) cum femina clavae (hoc est symbolo Herculeo) adnixa et personam tragicam altera manu tenente = Melpomene
* Corona pone caput cum femina stante et coronata = [[Polyhymnia|Polymnia]]
* [[Plectrum]] pone caput cum femina fidibus canente et plectrum tenente = [[Terpsichore]]
* Soccus [[comoedia|histrionis comici]] pone caput cum femina cippo adnixa et [[persona|personam comicam]] porrigente. In nonnullis exemplaribus altera manu [[Pedum (ars pastoricia)|pedum]] quoque tenet (poesis  pastoralis?) = [[Thalia]]
* Stella pone caput cum femina virgam tenente qua globum in tripode positum ostendit = [[Urania (Musa)|Urania]]

Decimum quoque signavit in quo ex una parte Apollinis caput calamistratum videmus cum nomine magistratus monetalis et ex altera Herculem fidibus canentem cum leonte et clava et inscriptione HERCULES MVSARVM.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*E. Babelon, ''Description historique et chronologique des monnaies de la République romaine,'' 1885 t.2 pp.[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k97393391/f370. 360-365]
*P. Decharme, ''[https://dn790000.ca.archive.org/0/items/lesmusesetudedem00dech/lesmusesetudedem00dech.pdf Les Muses. Etudes de mythologie grecque]'', Ernest Thorin, 1869
*Francesco De Stefano, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/27120540 Aedes Herculis Musarum in circo Flaminio. Connotati cultuali, ideologici e architettonici del monumentum di M. Fulvio Nobiliore]&quot;, ''Bullettino della Commissione Archeologica Comunale di Roma'', 2019: 141-158 
*Alex Hardie, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/27566676 Juno, Hercules, and the Muses at Rome]&quot;, ''The American Journal of Philology'', 2007: 551-592
*Francesco Marcattili, &quot;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/373898318_Hercules_Musarum_in_Circo_Flaminio_Dalla_dedica_di_Fulvio_Nobiliore_alla_Porticus_Philippi L'«aedes Herculis Musarum», l'«armonia delle sfere», il calendario]&quot;, ''Revue Archéologique'', 2021: 327-348
*L. Richardson, Jr., &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/503009 Hercules Musarum and the Porticus Philippi in Rome]&quot;, ''American Journal of Archaeology'', 1977: 355-361

[[Categoria:Gens Pomponia|Musa, Quintus Pomponius]]
[[Categoria:Triumviri monetales|Pomponius Musa, Quintus]]</text>
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      <text bytes="4785" sha1="69ylhxx7hppixcw0d3uix8ri4iqnlmj" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Hercules Musagetes, Denarius, 56 B.C., Rome (2).jpg|thumb|In hoc denario ex una parte Apollinis caput, ex altera Hercules lyra canens.]]
[[Fasciculus:Muse Euterpe, Denarius, 56 B.C., Rome.jpg|thumb|Ex una parte caput Apollinis laureatum, pone caput [[tibiae]]. Ex altera [[Euterpe]], musicae Musa tibias tenens.]]
'''Quintus Pomponius Musa''' fuit [[Triumvir monetalis|triumvir monetalis]] Romanus qui circa [[66 a.C.n.]] in [[Cognomen|cognominis]] sui honorem seriem [[Denarius|denariorum]] [[Musae (deae)|Musis]] dicatam signavit. Decimum denarium [[Hercules Musarum|Herculi Musarum]] consecravit unde liquet effigies Musarum in nummis imitari statuas quas [[Marcus Fulvius Nobilior (consul 189 a.C.n.)|Marcus Fulvius Nobilior]] circa [[187 a.C.n.]] ex spoliis [[Bellum Aetolicum|belli Aetolici]] in aede Herculis Musarum a se in [[Circus Flaminius|Circo Flaminio]] dedicato posuit&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero]], ''[[Pro Archia]]'' 27. [[Macrobius]], ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalia]]'' I.12. [[Suetonius]], ''Divus Augustus'' 29.5.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Nihil aliud de hoc triumviro monetali accepimus sed nomen suum in denariis nobis reliquit legendum: Q. POMPONI MÝSA. Alii Pomponii Musae non inveniuntur nisi [[Imperatores Romani|imperatorum]] tempore.

== De denariis ==
[[Fasciculus:Muse Urania, Denarius, 56 B.C., Rome.jpg|thumb|left|Denarius Uraniae]]
[[Fasciculus:Muse Polyhymnia, Denarius, 56 B.C., Rome.jpg|thumb|left|Denarius Polyhymniae]]
[[Fasciculus:Muse Calliope, Denarius, 56 B.C, Rome.jpg|thumb|Denarius Calliopae]]
[[Fasciculus:Pomponio Musa Erato 83000281.jpg|thumb|left|Denarius Erato]]
[[Fasciculus:Muse Melpomene, Denarius, 56 B.C., Rome.jpg|thumb|Denarius Melpomenae]]
[[Fasciculus:Muse Thalia, Denarius, 56 B.C., Rome.jpg|thumb|Denarius Thaliae]]

Quintus Pomponius Musa unicuique novem Musarum suum denarium dicavit: in omnibus ex una parte caput laureatum dei Apollinis videmus sine litteris sed symbolum vel instrumentum Musae pone caput positum variatur et cum alteri parti respondet ubi invenimus feminam stolatam et stantem quae instrumentum tenet et Musam aliquam figurat. Ex ista parte nomen monetalis triumviri sic ut supra legitur. Ita habemus:
*Clavis [[Lyra|lyrae]] pone caput cum femina fidibus supra cippum positis canente = [[Calliope]]
*Volumen in capsa pone caput cum femina cippo adnixa quae [[volumen]] evolvit = [[Clio]]
*Flos pone caput cum femina [[lyra|fidibus]] canente = [[Erato]]
*[[Tibiae]] pone caput cum femina cippo adnixa et tibias tenente = [[Euterpe]]
*[[Sceptrum]] pone caput (quia [[tragoedia]] plerumque ad reges pertinet) cum femina clavae (hoc est symbolo Herculeo) adnixa et personam tragicam altera manu tenente = Melpomene
* Corona pone caput cum femina stante et coronata = [[Polyhymnia|Polymnia]]
* [[Plectrum]] pone caput cum femina fidibus canente et plectrum tenente = [[Terpsichore]]
* Soccus [[comoedia|histrionis comici]] pone caput cum femina cippo adnixa et [[persona|personam comicam]] porrigente. In nonnullis exemplaribus altera manu [[Pedum (ars pastoricia)|pedum]] quoque tenet (poesis  pastoralis?) = [[Thalia]]
* Stella pone caput cum femina virgam tenente qua globum in tripode positum ostendit = [[Urania (Musa)|Urania]]

Decimum quoque signavit in quo ex una parte Apollinis caput calamistratum videmus cum nomine magistratus monetalis et ex altera Herculem fidibus canentem cum leonte et clava et inscriptione HERCULES MVSARVM.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*E. Babelon, ''Description historique et chronologique des monnaies de la République romaine,'' 1885 t.2 pp.[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k97393391/f370. 360-365]
*P. Decharme, ''[https://dn790000.ca.archive.org/0/items/lesmusesetudedem00dech/lesmusesetudedem00dech.pdf Les Muses. Etudes de mythologie grecque]'', Ernest Thorin, 1869
*Francesco De Stefano, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/27120540 Aedes Herculis Musarum in circo Flaminio. Connotati cultuali, ideologici e architettonici del monumentum di M. Fulvio Nobiliore]&quot;, ''Bullettino della Commissione Archeologica Comunale di Roma'', 2019: 141-158 
*Alex Hardie, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/27566676 Juno, Hercules, and the Muses at Rome]&quot;, ''The American Journal of Philology'', 2007: 551-592
*Francesco Marcattili, &quot;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/373898318_Hercules_Musarum_in_Circo_Flaminio_Dalla_dedica_di_Fulvio_Nobiliore_alla_Porticus_Philippi L'«aedes Herculis Musarum», l'«armonia delle sfere», il calendario]&quot;, ''Revue Archéologique'', 2021: 327-348
*L. Richardson, Jr., &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/503009 Hercules Musarum and the Porticus Philippi in Rome]&quot;, ''American Journal of Archaeology'', 1977: 355-361

[[Categoria:Gens Pomponia|Musa, Quintus Pomponius]]
[[Categoria:Triumviri monetales|Pomponius Musa, Quintus]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Taslima Nasrin</title>
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        <id>18316</id>
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      <comment>de humanismo seculari</comment>
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      <text bytes="973" sha1="ds4fzs03j2ep3ilivvnzery3uh7s6uu" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Taslima Nasrin 2019.jpg|thumb|Taslima Nasrin anno 2019]]
'''Taslima Nasrin''' (nata die [[25 Augusti]] [[1962]]) est [[scriptor|scriptrix]], [[medicus|medica]], [[feminismus|feminista]] et [[humanismus saecularis|humanista saecularis]] [[Bangladesa|Bangladesina]] qui [[gynaecologia]]m studiut et criticam [[religio Islamica|religionis Isralicae]] in libro ''Lajja''&lt;ref&gt;Latine &quot;[[pudor]]&quot; signat.&lt;/ref&gt; anno 1993 scripsit, quod ira et [[timor|metus]] populi et ducis Islamici parent. Anno [[1994]], [[Praemium Sacharovianum]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.europarl.europa.eu/sakharovprize/en/laureates/1988-2000 Sakharov Prize 1988-2000]&lt;/ref&gt; accepit post [[exsul|refugium]] ad [[Suecia]]m.

Et anno 2008, Praemium [[Simona de Beauvoir|Simonae de Beauveoir]] accepit.

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Taslima Nasrin|Taslima Nasrin}}

[[Categoria:Mulieres]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Bangladeshae]]
[[Categoria:Atheismus]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1962]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Leonardus Nobiliacensis</title>
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      <comment>~</comment>
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{{Latinitas|-2}}
{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}
{{res|Leonardus Nobiliacensis}}, etiam '''Leonardus de Nobiliaco''', '''Leonardus Lemovicensis''', et '''Sanctus Leonardus''' appellatus, ([[Aurelianum|Aureliani]] circa annum [[496]] natus; [[Villa Sancti Leonardi Nobiliacensis|Nobiliaci]] die 6 Novembris, anno [[545]] vel, ut alii tradunt, [[559]] mortuus), fuit [[eremita]] [[Francia|Francus]], quem [[Ecclesia Catholica]] et aliae [[ecclesia]]e Christianae inter [[sanctus|sanctos]] venerantur. Maiorem [[vita]]e suae partem in solitudine degisse traditur.&lt;ref&gt;Vita Sancti Leonardi, monita Sancti Leonardi ad discipulos suos.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Medium Aevum|Medio Aevo]] inter sanctos in [[Europa]] maxime veneratos numerabatur. Eius [[memoria]] liturgica die sexto mensis Novembris celebratur.
[[Fasciculus:SaintLeonardus.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Sanctus Leonardus ante Clodoveum I (Saeculum XIII).]]

==Vita==
Leonardus in [[Francia]] ex nobili [[Franci|Francorum]] [[familia]] natus est, in castro Vendonicensi, sive castello Vindocini, in vico Corroi prope Aurelianos, imperante [[Anastasius I (imperator)|Anastasio I Dicoro]] (annis [[491]]–[[518]]).Eius [[pater]] Rumonius [[rex]] fuisse traditur, qui [[Chlodovechus I (rex Francorum)|Clodoveum]], [[rex Francorum|Francorum regem]], in [[prolium|proelio]] adversus [[Syagrius|Syagrium]] anno [[486]] adiuvasse dicitur.

Clodoveus autem rex, qui cum parentibus Leonardi familiariter utebatur, eum [[nox|nocte]] [[Nativitas Domini|Nativitatis Domini]] anno [[496]] de sacro fonte suscepisse traditur. Eadem nocte Clodoveus, ut fidem [[Clotildis (regina Francorum)|Clotildi]] [[uxor]]i ante proelium [[Tulpiacum|Tolbiacense]] datam servaret, cum suis [[paganismus|paganismo]] renuntiavit et [[Durocortorum |Remis]] a [[Remigius|Remigio]] [[episcopus|episcopo]] [[baptismus|baptizatus est]], qui haec ei dixisse traditur: &quot;Mitis depone colla, [[Sicambri|Sicamber]]; adora quod incendisti, incende quod adorasti.&quot;

De [[pueritia]] et [[iuventus|iuventute]] Leonardi pauca tantum tradita sunt. Constat tamen eum, cum adulescens esset, [[equitatus|militiam equestrem]] recusavisse, ut [[doctrina]]m Remigii, tunc [[archiepiscopus Remensis|archiepiscopi Remensis]], a quo baptizatus erat, sequeretur.

Aula regia relicta, una cum Lifardo [[frater|fratre]] ad [[monasterium Miciacense]] prope [[Aurelianum]] se recepit, ubi aliquamdiu commoratus est. Ibi [[diaconus]] ordinatus primum [[miraculum]] patravisse fertur, [[aqua]]m in [[vinum]] convertens.

Clodoveus, rex Francorum Saliorum, ei idem privilegium concessit quod antea Remigio tribuerat: ut captivos quos invenisset atque innocentes iudicavisset e vinculis liberare posset. Leonardus, hac facultate usus, multos e vinculis liberavit. Traditur etiam Leonardum sedem episcopalem sibi oblatam recusavisse, maluisseque in monasterium se recipere, his verbis: &quot;Princeps, [[mitra]]m pontificalem iis tribue qui eam desiderant. Mihi satis est [[Dominus|Dominum]] laudare, vitam eremiticam agendo.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Vita Sancti Leonardi, monita Sancti Leonardi ad discipulos suos.''&lt;/ref&gt;

Mortuo [[Maximinus Miciacensis|Sancto Maximino], circa annum, ut videtur, [[520]], Leonardus [[meridies|meridiem]] versus profectus in [[silva Pauvain]] apud [[Lemovices]] [[eremitorium]] condere statuit. Multi [[discipulus|discipuli]] circa eum ibi congregati sunt, et fama sanctitatis eius usque ad regem pervenit.

Cum [[regina]] Clotildis per illam [[regio]]nem [[iter]] faciens [[dolor]]ibus [[partus]] subito correpta esset, rex auxilium Leonardi imploravit. Leonardus [[prex|precibus]] suis dolores reginae lenivit, ita ut filium incolumem parere posset.

Clodoveus, gratiam Leonardo referre cupiens, tantum [[silva]]e ei concessit quantum uno die [[asinus|asino]] vectus circumire posset. Ibi Leonardus [[oratorium]] in honorem [[Maria (mater Iesu)|Beatae Mariae Virginis]] sub [[arbor]]ibus aedificavit, atque [[altare]] Sancto Remigio, magistro suo, qui interea mortuus erat, dedicavit.

Eremitae autem captivique liberati, qui ad Leonardum undique confluebant, aquae inopia laborabant, quod [[Vigenna (flumen)|Vigenna]] procul aberat. Tum Leonardus, ut traditur, terram fodit, unde divinitus aqua prorupit; ibi postea [[puteus]] factus est. Deinde captivis a se liberatis, qui apud eum manere statuerant, partem silvae distribuit, ut terram excolerent atque inde [[victus|victum]] sibi compararent. Eos his verbis admonebat:
:Mementote scriptum esse melius esse modicum iusto super divitias peccatorum multas; frustulumque panis duri, cum gaudio purae conscientiae sumptum, praeferendum esse copiosis variisque epulis domorum in quibus discordia regnat.&lt;ref&gt;''Vita Sancti Leonardi, monita Sancti Leonardi ad discipulos suos.''&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Colonia]]e, quam captivi liberati aliique discipuli circa oratorium condiderant, Nobiliacum nomen datum est, ut regis beneficii memoria servaretur. Circa monasterium paulatim [[oppidum]] exortum est, quod a colonia illa nomen [[Nobiliacum|Nobiliaci]] accepit. Id postea Noblac, deinde Noblat appellatum est, quod hodie Saint-Léonard-de-Noblat vocatur in honorem Sancti Leonardi.

[[Traditio]] narrat sanctum die sexto mensis Novembris, [[vesper]]i, obiisse. Quo anno obierit, incertum est; medio tamen fere saeculo sexto mortuus esse creditur. Eius [[corpus]] in Oratorio Beatae Mariae Virginis sub Arboribus, quod ipse condiderat, [[sepulcrum|sepultum est]].

In quadam hagiographia ultimae sancti horae his verbis describuntur:
:Quadam die, cum [[vis|vires]] sibi deficere sentiret, socios rogavit ut eum in parvam ecclesiam, quam aedificari iusserat, deferrent, ut, sicut ipse dicebat, inter [[bracchium|brachia]] Beatae Virginis Mariae moreretur. . . “Domine,” voce languida susurravit, “ecce servus servorum tuorum iam moritur. Solve vincula quae me adhuc terrae alligant, et [[sacrificium]] laudis tibi offeram. . . . Domine [[Iesu]], suscipe [[anima]]m meam.” Haec dicens [[spiritus|spiritum]] [[Deus|Deo]] reddidit.

==Cultus==
Ad oratorium, in quo reliquiae Sancti Leonardi quiescebant, brevi multi fideles [[peregrinatio]]nis causa confluere coeperunt. Traditur etiam [[Pippinus III (maior domus)|Pippinum Brevem]], post victoriam in obsidione Lemovicensi reportatam, eo peregrinationis causa venisse. Cum peregrinorum numerus in dies cresceret, placuit ecclesiam ampliorem exstruere. Itaque, regnante [[Ludovicus I Pius (imperator)|Ludovico Pio]], reliquiae sancti in novam ecclesiam, quae tum exstruebatur, translatae sunt. Sanctus ipse, ut fertur, locum quo corpus suum transferretur miraculo indicavit. Cum incolae per triduum ieiunassent atque oravissent, totus [[vicus]] [[nix|nive]] coopertus est; unus tantum locus sine nive mansit.

Prima certa testimonia de cultu huius sancti in historiis {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ademarus Cabannensis|Ademari Cabannensis|fr|qid=Q4267}}, anno [[1028]] conscriptis, reperiuntur. Ibi legitur iam anno [[1017]]:
:Sanctus Leonardus confessor in Lemocino miraculis coruscabat et undique populi eo confluebant.

Eodem anno [[Hildegarius]], [[episcopus Laronensis]], [[Fulbertus Carnotensis|Fulbertum Carnotensem]] rogavit ut vitam sancti conscriberet. Fulbertus autem paulo post mortuus est, opere imperfecto relicto. Circa annum [[1030]] vita anonymi [[auctor]]is, ''Vita Sancti Leonardi'' inscripta, quae novem miracula sancto attributa narrabat, divulgari coepit. Hac vita in vulgus edita, cultus Sancti Leonardi brevi per totam Europam mirifice propagatus est.

Anno [[1094]], grassante [[epidemia]] quae [[morbus ardentium]] appellabatur, reliquiae sancti sollemni supplicatione circumlatae sunt. Secundum traditionem, epidemia tum cessavit.

[[Boamundus Tarentinus|Boamundus quoque I Antiochenus]], cum anno [[1106]] ad sancti [[sepulcrum]] peregrinatus esset, multum contulit ad eius cultum propagandum. Boamundus, ab infidelibus captivus detentus et post tres annos liberatus, [[liberatio]]nem suam intercessioni Sancti Leonardi, quem in captivitate invocaverat, tribuebat.

Etiam [[Ricardus I (rex Angliae)|Richardus I, rex Angliae, Cor Leonis]] appellatus, anno [[1197]] ad sepulcrum sancti venisse traditur, ut gratias ageret pro liberatione sua e [[carcer]]e [[Imperator Sacri Romani Imperii|imperatoris Sacri Romani Imperii[[.

[[Anna Austriae (regina Franciae)|Anna Austriaca]], regina Franciae et [[Navarra]]e, quae per sedecim annos [[matrimonium|matrimonii]] prole caruerat, mense Ianuario anni [[1638]] reliquiam Sancti Leonardi ad se afferri iussit, ut eius intercessione filium concipere ac parere posset. Mense Septembri eiusdem anni, [[Ludovicus XIV]] natus est.

Nobiliacum quoque inter loca numerabatur in quibus peregrini [[Compostella]]m ad sepulcrum [[Iacobus Maior (apostolus)|Sancti Iacobi]] proficiscentes consistere solebant. Eo igitur multi peregrini confluebant, praesertim ex [[Media Europa|Media]] atque [[Europa Orientalis|Europa Orientali]].

===Cultus in Italia===
Non certo constat quo tempore cultus Sancti Leonardi Lemovicensis in [[Italia]]m pervenerit; antiquissimus tamen esse videtur. Quam late per Italiam cultus Sancti Leonardi propagatus sit, testantur plus ducentae viginti quinque ecclesiae atque sacella ei dicata.

====In Italia Septentrionali====
Cultus Sancti Leonardi in Italiam fortasse a Francis introductus est. Prima enim ecclesia Italica sancto captivorum patrono dicata, Cavalici apud [[Tavaniacum (Forum Iulii-Venetia Iulia)|Tavagnaccum]] sita, ad annum [[774]] refertur, quo Franci regno [[Langobardi|Langobardorum]] finem imposuerunt.

[[Normanni]] quoque cultum Sancti Leonardi auxerunt eumque per regna sua propagaverunt.

====In Italia Media====
Prima testimonia devotionis erga sanctum Francum in Italia Media ad [[saeculum|saecula]] [[saeculum 8|octavum]] et [[saeculum 9|nonum]] pertinent. In [[ager|agro]] [[Reatinus|Reatino]] vetustissimum huius cultus vestigium est eremitorium Sancti Leonardi in rupe apud [[Roccantica]]m situm.

====In Italia Meridiana=====
Iam [[antiquitus]] Sanctus Leonardus in [[Ducatus Neapolitanus|Ducatu Neapolitano[[]] colebatur.

Fontes saeculorum [[saeculum 17|septimi decimi]], [[saeculum 18|duodevicesimi]], et [[saeculum 19|undevicesimi]] memorant ecclesiam Sancto Leonardo dicatam in parva [[insula]] sitam, haud procul ab hodierna via Chiaia. Ibi, anno [[1028]], Leonardus de Orio, sive de Iorio aut Doria, [[mercator]] Castilianus, cum tempestate in [[mare|mari]] prope [[Neapolis|Neapolim]] deprehensus esset, votum fecisse traditur se sacellum Sancto Leonardo aedificaturum esse in primo loco tuto ad quem [[navis]] sua appulisset.

Ex eo loco, diebus festis sancto dicatis, [[rex Andegavensis|reges Andegavenses]] indulgentiam publicam concedere atque captivos venia liberare solebant. Ecclesia illa, postea in monasterium conversa, ineunte saeculo undevicesimo diruta est; ne insula quidem hodie superest. Eius loco hodie area circularis exstat, in qua monumentum [[Armandus Diaz|Armandi Diaz]] erectum est.

Saeculo duodecimo Abbatia Sancti Leonardi de [[Manfredonia|Siponto]] in [[provincia Fodiana]] condita est.

==Iconographia==
Sanctus Leonardus saepe catenis compedibusque insignis pingitur, quippe qui captivorum, praesertim iniuste inclusorum, patronus habeatur.

Interdum veste diaconali vel episcopali indutus repraesentatur; saepius tamen habitu monastico [[Ordo Sancti Benedicti|Benedictino]], nonnumquam etiam [[Ordo Cisterciensis|Cisterciensi]], effingitur.

[[Tunica]]m [[albus|albam]] gerit, puritatis animi insigne, lumbos autem funiculo vel zona coriacea cingit in [[signum]] paenitentiae.
Super tunicam scapulare [[niger|nigrum]] gestat, quod vitam contemplativam significat.

Apud [[Germani|populos Germanicos]] saepe cum [[bos|bove]] pingitur.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

==Nexus externi==
{{Fontes biographici}}
{{anni vitae|496|545}}

[[Categoria:Sancti]]</text>
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    <title>Anatolius Marčenko</title>
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{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}

{{res|Anatolius Tychonis filius Marčenko}} ([[Russice]] Анатолй Тихонович Магченко, ''Anatolij Tichonovič Marčenko''; natus in oppido [[Barabinsk]] [[regio Novogardiensis|regionis Novgardiensis]] die [[23 Ianuarii]] [[1938]]; mortuus in urbe [[Čistopol']] die [[8 Decembris]] [[1986]]) fuit [[activista]] anti-rectionis, [[scriptor]], et [[iurum humanorum defensor]] [[Unio Sovietica|Unionis Sovieticae]], qui in [[carcer]]e datur{{dubsig}} ratione oppositionis contra [[rectio]]nem et accusationes de &quot;[[gulagia|regione gulagia]]&quot; in libro eius ''Testimonium meum'' anno [[1967]].

Marčenko die 8 Decembris [[1986]] in valetudinario mortuus est, ratione{{dubsig}} [[morbus|morbo]] ex [[apocarteresis|apocarteresi]] in carcero, ad omnes [[captivus conscientiae|captivos conscientiae]] liberandos.

Post mortem, anno [[1988]], Marčenko [[Praemium Sacharovianum]] cum [[Nelsonius Mandela|Nelsonio Mandela]] laudatus est.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.europarl.europa.eu/sakharovprize/en/laureates/1988-2000 Sakharov Prize 1988-2000]. {{Ling|Anglice}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes biographici}}

{{Anni vitae|1938|1985|Marchenko, Anatolius Tychonis filius}}
[[Categoria:Eruditi Unionis Sovieticae]]
[[Categoria:Pacis fautores]]</text>
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      <comment>Demetrius Talpa movit paginam [[Anatolius Marchenko]] ad [[Anatolius Marčenko]] praeter redirectionem: ut omnes</comment>
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      <text bytes="1338" sha1="tp9sjn0nbfzjxt77v46n8rwwym1yf07" xml:space="preserve">{{Movenda|Anatolius Marčenko}}
{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}

{{res|Anatolius Tychonis filius Marčenko}} ([[Russice]] Анатолй Тихонович Магченко, ''Anatolij Tichonovič Marčenko''; natus in oppido [[Barabinsk]] [[regio Novogardiensis|regionis Novgardiensis]] die [[23 Ianuarii]] [[1938]]; mortuus in urbe [[Čistopol']] die [[8 Decembris]] [[1986]]) fuit [[activista]] anti-rectionis, [[scriptor]], et [[iurum humanorum defensor]] [[Unio Sovietica|Unionis Sovieticae]], qui in [[carcer]]e datur{{dubsig}} ratione oppositionis contra [[rectio]]nem et accusationes de &quot;[[gulagia|regione gulagia]]&quot; in libro eius ''Testimonium meum'' anno [[1967]].

Marčenko die 8 Decembris [[1986]] in valetudinario mortuus est, ratione{{dubsig}} [[morbus|morbo]] ex [[apocarteresis|apocarteresi]] in carcero, ad omnes [[captivus conscientiae|captivos conscientiae]] liberandos.

Post mortem, anno [[1988]], Marčenko [[Praemium Sacharovianum]] cum [[Nelsonius Mandela|Nelsonio Mandela]] laudatus est.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.europarl.europa.eu/sakharovprize/en/laureates/1988-2000 Sakharov Prize 1988-2000]. {{Ling|Anglice}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes biographici}}

{{Anni vitae|1938|1985|Marchenko, Anatolius Tychonis filius}}
[[Categoria:Eruditi Unionis Sovieticae]]
[[Categoria:Pacis fautores]]</text>
      <sha1>tp9sjn0nbfzjxt77v46n8rwwym1yf07</sha1>
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{{res|Anatolius Tychonis filius Marčenko}} ([[Russice]] Анатолий Тихонович Марченко, ''Anatolij Tichonovič Marčenko''; natus in oppido [[Barabinsk]] [[regio Novogardiensis|regionis Novogardiensis]] die [[23 Ianuarii]] [[1938]]; mortuus in urbe [[Čistopol']] die [[8 Decembris]] [[1986]]) fuit [[activista]] anti-rectionis, [[scriptor]], et [[iurum humanorum defensor]] [[Unio Sovietica|Unionis Sovieticae]], qui in [[carcer]]e datur{{dubsig}} ratione oppositionis contra [[rectio]]nem et accusationes de &quot;[[gulagia|regione gulagia]]&quot; in libro eius ''Testimonium meum'' anno [[1967]].

Marčenko die 8 Decembris [[1986]] in valetudinario mortuus est, ratione{{dubsig}} [[morbus|morbo]] ex [[apocarteresis|apocarteresi]] in carcero, ad omnes [[captivus conscientiae|captivos conscientiae]] liberandos.

Post mortem, anno [[1988]], Marčenko [[Praemium Sacharovianum]] cum [[Nelsonius Mandela|Nelsonio Mandela]] laudatus est.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.europarl.europa.eu/sakharovprize/en/laureates/1988-2000 Sakharov Prize 1988-2000]. {{Ling|Anglice}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes biographici}}

{{Anni vitae|1938|1985|Marchenko, Anatolius Tychonis filius}}
[[Categoria:Eruditi Unionis Sovieticae]]
[[Categoria:Pacis fautores]]</text>
      <sha1>7ihvukr7vhsupn2wnlsz88ye8uxy4jg</sha1>
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        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
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      <comment>[[Project:HotCat|HotCat]]: +[[Categoria:Incarcerati]]</comment>
      <origin>3999405</origin>
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      <text bytes="1334" sha1="k2zs4z6jvk93dyuvztlbpg3sjrrz5pi" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}
{{res|Anatolius Tychonis filius Marčenko}} ([[Russice]] Анатолий Тихонович Марченко, ''Anatolij Tichonovič Marčenko''; natus in oppido [[Barabinsk]] [[regio Novogardiensis|regionis Novogardiensis]] die [[23 Ianuarii]] [[1938]]; mortuus in urbe [[Čistopol']] die [[8 Decembris]] [[1986]]) fuit [[activista]] anti-rectionis, [[scriptor]], et [[iurum humanorum defensor]] [[Unio Sovietica|Unionis Sovieticae]], qui in [[carcer]]e datur{{dubsig}} ratione oppositionis contra [[rectio]]nem et accusationes de &quot;[[gulagia|regione gulagia]]&quot; in libro eius ''Testimonium meum'' anno [[1967]].

Marčenko die 8 Decembris [[1986]] in valetudinario mortuus est, ratione{{dubsig}} [[morbus|morbo]] ex [[apocarteresis|apocarteresi]] in carcero, ad omnes [[captivus conscientiae|captivos conscientiae]] liberandos.

Post mortem, anno [[1988]], Marčenko [[Praemium Sacharovianum]] cum [[Nelsonius Mandela|Nelsonio Mandela]] laudatus est.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.europarl.europa.eu/sakharovprize/en/laureates/1988-2000 Sakharov Prize 1988-2000]. {{Ling|Anglice}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes biographici}}

{{Anni vitae|1938|1985|Marchenko, Anatolius Tychonis filius}}
[[Categoria:Eruditi Unionis Sovieticae]]
[[Categoria:Pacis fautores]]
[[Categoria:Incarcerati]]</text>
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      <text bytes="1334" sha1="f5r9a6wa5swputbor20p01pse95rtqz" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}
{{res|Anatolius Tychonis filius Marčenko}} ([[Russice]] Анатолий Тихонович Марченко, ''Anatolij Tichonovič Marčenko''; natus in oppido [[Barabinsk]] [[regio Novogardiensis|regionis Novogardiensis]] die [[23 Ianuarii]] [[1938]]; mortuus in urbe [[Čistopol']] die [[8 Decembris]] [[1986]]) fuit [[activista]] anti-rectionis, [[scriptor]], et [[iurum humanorum defensor]] [[Unio Sovietica|Unionis Sovieticae]], qui in [[carcer]]e datur{{dubsig}} ratione oppositionis contra [[rectio]]nem et accusationes de &quot;[[gulagia|regione gulagia]]&quot; in libro eius ''Testimonium meum'' anno [[1967]].

Marčenko die 8 Decembris [[1986]] in valetudinario mortuus est, ratione{{dubsig}} [[morbus|morbo]] ex [[apocarteresis|apocarteresi]] in carcero, ad omnes [[captivus conscientiae|captivos conscientiae]] liberandos.

Post mortem, anno [[1988]], Marčenko [[Praemium Sacharovianum]] cum [[Nelsonius Mandela|Nelsonio Mandela]] laudatus est.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.europarl.europa.eu/sakharovprize/en/laureates/1988-2000 Sakharov Prize 1988-2000]. {{Ling|Anglice}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes biographici}}

{{Anni vitae|1938|1985|Marčenko, Anatolius Tychonis filius}}
[[Categoria:Eruditi Unionis Sovieticae]]
[[Categoria:Pacis fautores]]
[[Categoria:Incarcerati]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Theatrum Pompeium</title>
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      <text bytes="5570" sha1="b4hqvh9z6ff1nvyqjnpuyuhcrx24jkt" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Het Theater van Pompeius te Rome Theatrum Pompeii (titel op object) Livre des edifices antiques romains (serietitel) Magesyn der Italiaense gebouwen (serietitel), RP-P-1957-653-85-3.jpg|thumb|Theatrum Pompei sedecimo saeculo excogitatum.]]
[[Fasciculus:Campus Martius - Theatre of Pompeius.jpg|thumb|Theatrum Pompeium hodie restitutum in forma Urbis.]]
{{res|Theatrum Pompeium}}&lt;ref&gt;[[Res gestae Divi Augusti]] 20&lt;/ref&gt; vel {{res|Theatrum Pompei}} vel '''theatrum Pompeianum''' vel {{res|Theatrum Marmoreum}}&lt;ref&gt;Richardson, L (1992). ''A new topographical dictionary of ancient Rome''. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-4300-6.&lt;/ref&gt; est primum theatrum lapideum perenne Romae in [[Campus Martius|Campo Martio]] a [[Pompeius|Pompeio]] e praeda [[Bella Mithridatica|belli Mithridatici]] aedificatum et anno [[55 a.C.n.]] secundo [[Consulatus|consulatu]] Pompei dedicatum. Fortasse iam anno [[61 a.C.n.]] coeptum est tum cum dux [[Triumphus|triumphans]] ex Asia rediit. Quia tale theatrum Romae aedificare leges vetabant Pompeius id extra [[Pomerium|pomoerium]] et instar templi exstruxit: nam summa [[Cavea (discretiva)|cavea]] templum [[Venus Victrix|Veneris Victricis]] aedificio impendebat&lt;ref&gt;[[Plinius Maior]] VIII.20. Cf [[Aulus Gellius]] X.1.7.&lt;/ref&gt;. Pars erat maioris corporis [[Architectura Romana (antiquitas)|architecturalis]], cum hortis, [[Porticus|porticibus]], [[Curia Pompeia|curia]]  domoque coniunctum.

Nam usque adhuc, si quidem [[Circus Flaminius|Circum Flaminium]] excipias, Campus Martius fuerat area publica exercitationibus militaribus dedita, tunc primum monumentorum  impleri coepit et pars Urbis fieri. Siquidem [[Plutarchus|Plutarcho]] credimus Pompeius theatrum [[Mytilene|Mytilenaeum]] imitatus est quod apud amicum [[Theophanes Mytilenaeus|Theophanem]] viderat&lt;ref&gt;Plutarchus, ''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 42.7-9&lt;/ref&gt; sed theatrum Pompeium dimensionibus maximum fuit in toto orbe antiquo. Augustus id refecit et multi alii imperatores usque ad quintum saeculum post incendia aut ob vetustatem; itaque  [[Cassius Dio|Dio Cassius]] historicus testatur tertio saeculo monumentum magnificentiam suam nondum amisisse&lt;ref&gt;[[Dio Cassius]] XXXIX.38&lt;/ref&gt;.

Paene nihil de antiquo theatro hodie exstat nisi lapides in proximis aedificiis incorporati aut curvatura domuum quae antiquae caveae formam restituit.
== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

==Plura legere si cupis ==
[[Fasciculus:Parione - via di Grottapinta e largo del Pallaro case sul teatro di Pompeo 1010680.JPG|thumb|In via de ''Grottapinta'' aedificiorum frons veteris caveae circinationem patefacit.]]
*Jon Albers, ''Campus Martius. Die urbane Entwicklung des Marsfeldes von der Republik bis zur mittleren Kaiserzeit'', Reichert, Wiesbaden 2013 [https://ahnp.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/journals/jfk/article/download/43915/37405/141378 Recensio critica]
[[Fasciculus:Theatre of Pompey 3D cut out.png|thumb|Theatrum Pompeium computatro restitutum]]
*Filippo Coarelli, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/dha_0755-7256_1997_num_23_2_2353 Le théâtre de Pompée]&quot;, ''Dialogues d'histoire ancienne'', 1997: 105-124
*Philippe Fleury,	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/bsnaf_0081-1181_2015_num_2010_1_12087 La restitution virtuelle du théâtre de Pompée à Rome]&quot;, ''Bulletin de la Société nationale des Antiquaires de France'', 2015: 212-222
* Pierre Gros,	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/mom_1955-4982_2009_act_52_1_2743v Les sanctuaires in summa cavea. L’enseignement des recherches récentes sur le Théâtre de Pompée à Rome]&quot; in  ''Fronts de scène et lieux de culte dans le théâtre antique'', 2009: 53-64
**	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0000-0000_1987_act_98_1_2975 La fonction symbolique des édifices théâtraux dans le paysage urbain de la Rome augustéenne]&quot;, ''Publications de l'École française de Rome'', 1987: 319-346
*Éloïse Letellier-Taillefer, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_2016_num_118_2_6790 Le complexe pompéien du Champ de Mars : enquêtes récentes et questions ouvertes. À propos de S. Madeleine, Le théâtre de Pompée à Rome : restitution de l’architecture ...]&quot;, ''Revue des Études Anciennes'', 2016: 573-599
*Sophie Madeleine, ''Le théâtre de Pompée à Rome : restitution de l’architecture et des systèmes mécaniques'', Presses Universitaires de Caen, 2014 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2018_num_87_1_3976_t14_0632_0000_2 Recensio critica]
*Antonio Monterroso Checa, ''Theatrum Pompei: forma y arquitectura de la génesis del modelo teatral de Roma'', Matriti, 2010 [https://shs.cairn.info/revue-archeologique-2012-2-page-335zf?lang=fr Recensio critica]
*Gilles Sauron,	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0000-0000_1987_act_98_1_2981 Le complexe pompéien du Champ de Mars : nouveauté urbanistique à finalité idéologique]&quot;, ''Publications de l'École française de Rome'', 1987:  457-473
*Jean-Joseph De Witte,	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/crai_0065-0536_1867_num_11_1_67361 Le colosse d'Hercule trouvé au théâtre de Pompée à Rome]&quot;, ''Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres'', 1867:  293-299

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes geographici}}
* [[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Theatre_of_Pompey theatrum Pompeium] spectant
* [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/PLATOP*/Theatrum_Pompei.html Topographical dictionary of ancient Rome]
[[Categoria:Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus]]
[[Categoria:Theatrum]]
[[Categoria:Monumenta Romae Antiquae]]</text>
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      <text bytes="5634" sha1="trnop9o4jwkoixlmt036ym16srkokor" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Het Theater van Pompeius te Rome Theatrum Pompeii (titel op object) Livre des edifices antiques romains (serietitel) Magesyn der Italiaense gebouwen (serietitel), RP-P-1957-653-85-3.jpg|thumb|Theatrum Pompei sedecimo saeculo excogitatum.]]
[[Fasciculus:Campus Martius - Theatre of Pompeius.jpg|thumb|Theatrum Pompeium hodie restitutum in forma Urbis.]]
{{res|Theatrum Pompeium}}&lt;ref&gt;[[Res gestae Divi Augusti]] 20&lt;/ref&gt; vel {{res|Theatrum Pompei}} vel '''theatrum Pompeianum''' vel {{res|Theatrum Marmoreum}}&lt;ref&gt;Richardson, L (1992). ''A new topographical dictionary of ancient Rome''. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-4300-6.&lt;/ref&gt; est primum theatrum lapideum perenne Romae in [[Campus Martius|Campo Martio]] a [[Pompeius|Pompeio]] e praeda [[Bella Mithridatica|belli Mithridatici]] aedificatum et anno [[55 a.C.n.]] secundo [[Consulatus|consulatu]] Pompei dedicatum. Fortasse iam anno [[61 a.C.n.]] coeptum est tum cum dux [[Triumphus|triumphans]] ex Asia rediit. Quia tale theatrum Romae aedificare leges aut certe mos maiorum vetabant&lt;ref&gt;[[Velleius Paterculus]] I.15.3.&lt;/ref&gt; Pompeius id extra [[Pomerium|pomoerium]] et instar templi exstruxit: nam summa [[Cavea (discretiva)|cavea]] templum [[Venus Victrix|Veneris Victricis]] aedificio impendebat&lt;ref&gt;[[Plinius Maior]] VIII.20. Cf [[Aulus Gellius]] X.1.7.&lt;/ref&gt;. Pars erat maioris corporis [[Architectura Romana (antiquitas)|architecturalis]], cum hortis, [[Porticus|porticibus]], [[Curia Pompeia|curia]]  domoque coniunctum.

Nam usque adhuc, si quidem [[Circus Flaminius|Circum Flaminium]] excipias, Campus Martius fuerat area publica exercitationibus militaribus dedita, tunc primum monumentorum  impleri coepit et pars Urbis fieri. Siquidem [[Plutarchus|Plutarcho]] credimus Pompeius theatrum [[Mytilene|Mytilenaeum]] imitatus est quod apud amicum [[Theophanes Mytilenaeus|Theophanem]] viderat&lt;ref&gt;Plutarchus, ''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 42.7-9&lt;/ref&gt; sed theatrum Pompeium dimensionibus maximum fuit in toto orbe antiquo. Augustus id refecit et multi alii imperatores usque ad quintum saeculum post incendia aut ob vetustatem; itaque  [[Cassius Dio|Dio Cassius]] historicus testatur tertio saeculo monumentum magnificentiam suam nondum amisisse&lt;ref&gt;[[Dio Cassius]] XXXIX.38&lt;/ref&gt;.

Paene nihil de antiquo theatro hodie exstat nisi lapides in proximis aedificiis incorporati aut curvatura domuum quae antiquae caveae formam restituit.
== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

==Plura legere si cupis ==
[[Fasciculus:Parione - via di Grottapinta e largo del Pallaro case sul teatro di Pompeo 1010680.JPG|thumb|In via de ''Grottapinta'' aedificiorum frons veteris caveae circinationem patefacit.]]
*Jon Albers, ''Campus Martius. Die urbane Entwicklung des Marsfeldes von der Republik bis zur mittleren Kaiserzeit'', Reichert, Wiesbaden 2013 [https://ahnp.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/journals/jfk/article/download/43915/37405/141378 Recensio critica]
[[Fasciculus:Theatre of Pompey 3D cut out.png|thumb|Theatrum Pompeium computatro restitutum]]
*Filippo Coarelli, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/dha_0755-7256_1997_num_23_2_2353 Le théâtre de Pompée]&quot;, ''Dialogues d'histoire ancienne'', 1997: 105-124
*Philippe Fleury,	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/bsnaf_0081-1181_2015_num_2010_1_12087 La restitution virtuelle du théâtre de Pompée à Rome]&quot;, ''Bulletin de la Société nationale des Antiquaires de France'', 2015: 212-222
* Pierre Gros,	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/mom_1955-4982_2009_act_52_1_2743v Les sanctuaires in summa cavea. L’enseignement des recherches récentes sur le Théâtre de Pompée à Rome]&quot; in  ''Fronts de scène et lieux de culte dans le théâtre antique'', 2009: 53-64
**	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0000-0000_1987_act_98_1_2975 La fonction symbolique des édifices théâtraux dans le paysage urbain de la Rome augustéenne]&quot;, ''Publications de l'École française de Rome'', 1987: 319-346
*Éloïse Letellier-Taillefer, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_2016_num_118_2_6790 Le complexe pompéien du Champ de Mars : enquêtes récentes et questions ouvertes. À propos de S. Madeleine, Le théâtre de Pompée à Rome : restitution de l’architecture ...]&quot;, ''Revue des Études Anciennes'', 2016: 573-599
*Sophie Madeleine, ''Le théâtre de Pompée à Rome : restitution de l’architecture et des systèmes mécaniques'', Presses Universitaires de Caen, 2014 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2018_num_87_1_3976_t14_0632_0000_2 Recensio critica]
*Antonio Monterroso Checa, ''Theatrum Pompei: forma y arquitectura de la génesis del modelo teatral de Roma'', Matriti, 2010 [https://shs.cairn.info/revue-archeologique-2012-2-page-335zf?lang=fr Recensio critica]
*Gilles Sauron,	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0000-0000_1987_act_98_1_2981 Le complexe pompéien du Champ de Mars : nouveauté urbanistique à finalité idéologique]&quot;, ''Publications de l'École française de Rome'', 1987:  457-473
*Jean-Joseph De Witte,	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/crai_0065-0536_1867_num_11_1_67361 Le colosse d'Hercule trouvé au théâtre de Pompée à Rome]&quot;, ''Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres'', 1867:  293-299

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes geographici}}
* [[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Theatre_of_Pompey theatrum Pompeium] spectant
* [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/PLATOP*/Theatrum_Pompei.html Topographical dictionary of ancient Rome]
[[Categoria:Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus]]
[[Categoria:Theatrum]]
[[Categoria:Monumenta Romae Antiquae]]</text>
      <sha1>trnop9o4jwkoixlmt036ym16srkokor</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Usor:Zåiromos</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>329781</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3999327</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-04T23:15:16Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Zåiromos</username>
        <id>216309</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>File:Mozart - Eine kleine Nachtmusik - 1. Allegro.ogg</comment>
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      <text bytes="3342" sha1="j2mt4xnhd2gq9b3vp126qidbbdjcmbo" xml:space="preserve">Salve, ego sum Zåiromos.

Ego novi omnes:
* 193 civitates sociae [[Consociatio Nationum|Consociationis Nationum (CN)]] [[Fasciculus:Flag of the United Nations.svg|22x20px|border|]];
* Territoria a [[Consociatio Nationum|Consociatione Nationum]] non agnita [[Fasciculus:Flag of the United Nations.svg|22x20px|border|]];
* Territoria transmarina;
* [[Insulae deminutae externae Civitatum Foederatarum|Insulae incorporatae]] a [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|CFA]] [[Fasciculus:Flag of the United States.svg|22x20px|border|]];
* Territoria cum [[Regnum Nederlandense|titulo municipii]] ut [[Saba]] [[Fasciculus:Flag of Saba.svg|22x20px|border|]].
Novi omnia eorum vexilla, urbes capitales, et historias.

[[Fasciculus:Flag Map of The World (2025).png|350px|right|thumb|Tabula vexillorum mundi (Stilo ab usore [https://youtube.com/@geographyandspace?si=6jtfjPgYYl0AXHbK Geography and Space] designata).]]

&lt;center&gt;[[Fasciculus:Gatto zzz.gif|Felis dormiens]]&lt;/center&gt;


Atque etiam multas antiquas civitates ut [[Imperium|Imperia]], Regna, [[Res publica|Res publicas]], [[Caliphatus|Caliphatus]], [[Sultanatus|Sultanatus]], Chanatus, [[Dynastiae Sinicae|Dynastias]], Populos, [[Cultura|Culturas]] etc. Item eorum urbes capitales, vexilla, insignia et symbola quae hunc locum significabant.

Vexillologiae [[Fasciculus:Flag of FIAV.svg|22x20px|border|]] et cartographiae peritissimus sum.

[[File:Mozart - Eine kleine Nachtmusik - 1. Allegro.ogg]]

=== Collectio Tabularum Geographicarum ===
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;210px&quot;&gt;
Roman Empire Trajan 117AD.png|Tabula Imperii Romani[[File:Vexilloid of the Roman Empire.svg|svg|22px|border]] in maxima potestate aetate Traiani (anno 117).
Vatican City location map.svg|Tabula hodierna Civitatis Vaticanae[[File:Flag of Vatican City (2023–present).svg|22px|border]].
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==&lt;center&gt;[[Fasciculus:Gatto zzz.gif|Felis dormiens]]&lt;/center&gt;==


==Zåiromos in aliis Vicipaediis==
Haec est pagina mea in Vicipaedia Latina. Potes ire ad alias paginas meas in aliis linguis Vicipaediae:
* [[Fasciculus:Flag of Portugal.svg|22px|border]] [[:pt:User:Zåiromos|Vicipaedia Lusitana]]
* [[Fasciculus:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|22px|border]] [[:en:User:Zåiromos|Vicipaedia Anglica]]
* [[Fasciculus:Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg|22px|border]] [[:bs:User:Zåiromos|Vicipaedia Bosnica]]
* [[Fasciculus:Flag of Shan State.svg|22px|border]] [[:shn:User:Zåiromos|Vicipaedia Shan]]
* [[Fasciculus:Flag of Esperanto.svg|22px|border]] [[:eo:User:Zåiromos|Vicipaedia Esperantica]]
* [[Fasciculus:Flag of Wessex.svg|22px|border]] [[:ang:User:Zåiromos|Vicipaedia Anglica Antiqua]]
* [[Fasciculus:Flag of Egypt (darker shade of gold).svg|22px|border]] [[:arz:User:Zåiromos|Vicipaedia Arabica Aegyptia]]
*[[File:Toki Pona flag.svg|22px|border]][[:tok:User:Zåiromos|Vicipaedia Toki Pona]]
*[[File:Flag of Nunavut.svg|22px|border]][[:iu:User:Zåiromos|Vicipaedia Inuktitut]]
*[[File:Bandeira-de-Miranda-do-Douro.png|22px|border]][[:mwl:User:Zåiromos|Vicipaedia Mirandensis]]
*[[File:Gothic flag.svg|22px|border]][[:got:User:Zåiromos|Vicipaedia Gothica]]

[[pt:User:Zåiromos]]
[[en:User:Zåiromos]]
[[bs:User:Zåiromos]]
[[shn:User:Zåiromos]]
[[eo:User:Zåiromos]]
[[ang:User:Zåiromos]]
[[arz:User:Zåiromos]]
[[tok:User:Zåiromos]]
[[iu:User:Zåiromos]]
[[mwl:User:Zåiromos]]
[[got:User:Zåiromos]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Curia Pompeia</title>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>2059</id>
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      <text bytes="2580" sha1="bp6kptbtprt0qkqpiww6wievddqie6u" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Curia Pompey.jpg|thumb|Curia Pompei computatro restituta]]
[[Fasciculus:Curia Pompeia te Rome Magni Pompei Curia ad Theatrum eiusdem (titel op object) Antieke monumenten (serietitel) Antiquae Urbis Splendor (serietitel) Magesyn der Italiaense gebouwen (serietitel), RP-P-1957-653-71-3.jpg|thumb|Curia Pompeia ineunte septimo decimo saeculo excogitata]]
'''Curia Pompeia''' vel '''curia Pompei''' fuit curia a [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Gnaeo Pompeio Magno]] prope [[theatrum Pompeium|theatrum suum]] in [[Campus Martius|Campo Martio]] paulo post [[55 a.C.n.]] exstructa. Pars erat corporis [[Architectura|architecturalis]] maioris: nam cum theatro per [[porticus]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Plinius Maior]] 35.59&lt;/ref&gt; et hortos coniuncta erat. Utile enim fuit Pompeio senatum extra [[Pomerium|pomoerium]] haberi posse tum cum [[proconsul]] Hispaniarum ad portas Urbis manebat nec sacrum Urbis limitem intrare nisi imperio deposito ei licebat. Praeterea curiam anteriorem [[Curia Hostilia|Hostiliam]] aut Corneliam dictam incendit [[plebs]] [[Publius Clodius Pulcher|Clodio]] occiso irata (52 a.C.n.).

In usu fuit inter 52 et 43 a.C.n.: ibi enim [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Caesar]] telis coniuratorum succubuit idibus Martii 44 a.C.n. ante statuam Magni Pompei&lt;ref&gt;[[Suetonius]], ''Divus Iulius'' 80. ''Divus Augustus'' 31.&lt;/ref&gt;. Ob caedem patris [[Octavianus]] eam obstrui iussit&lt;ref&gt;[[Cassius Dio]] 47.19. [[Plutarchus]], ''Vita Bruti'' 14.2-3 et ''[[Vita Iulii Caesaris (Plutarchus)|Vita Caesaris]]'' 66.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Jon Albers, ''Campus Martius. Die urbane Entwicklung des Marsfeldes von der Republik bis zur mittleren Kaiserzeit'', Reichert, Wiesbaden 2013 [https://ahnp.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/journals/jfk/article/download/43915/37405/141378 Recensio critica]
* P. Bigot,	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/mefr_0223-4874_1908_num_28_1_6979 L'identification d'un fragment du plan de marbre et la curie de Pompée]&quot;, ''Mélanges de l'école française de Rome'', 1908: 225-228
*George Graham Mason, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3297956 Senacula and Meeting Places of the Roman Senate]&quot;, ''The Classical Journal'', 1987: 39-50

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Curia_Pompeia curiam Pompeiam] spectant
* [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/PLATOP*/Curia_Pompei.html Topographical dictionary of Ancient Rome]


[[Categoria:Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus]]
[[Categoria:Monumenta Romae Antiquae]]</text>
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      <text bytes="2580" sha1="32i6bws6e36pfwjuzztkzx3177l1k16" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Curia Pompey.jpg|thumb|Curia Pompei computatro restituta]]
[[Fasciculus:Curia Pompeia te Rome Magni Pompei Curia ad Theatrum eiusdem (titel op object) Antieke monumenten (serietitel) Antiquae Urbis Splendor (serietitel) Magesyn der Italiaense gebouwen (serietitel), RP-P-1957-653-71-3.jpg|thumb|Curia Pompeia ineunte septimo decimo saeculo excogitata]]
'''Curia Pompeia''' vel '''curia Pompei''' fuit curia a [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Gnaeo Pompeio Magno]] prope [[theatrum Pompeium|theatrum suum]] in [[Campus Martius|Campo Martio]] paulo post [[55 a.C.n.]] exstructa. Pars erat corporis [[Architectura|architecturalis]] maioris: nam cum theatro per [[porticus]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Plinius Maior]] 35.59&lt;/ref&gt; et hortos coniuncta erat. Utile enim fuit Pompeio senatum extra [[Pomerium|pomoerium]] haberi posse tum cum [[proconsul]] Hispaniarum ad portas Urbis manebat nec sacrum Urbis limitem intrare nisi imperio deposito ei licebat. Praeterea curiam anteriorem [[Curia Hostilia|Hostiliam]] aut Corneliam dictam incendit [[plebs]] [[Publius Clodius Pulcher|Clodio]] occiso irata (52 a.C.n.).

In usu fuit inter 52 et 43 a.C.n.: ibi enim [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Caesar]] telis coniuratorum succubuit idibus Martii 44 a.C.n. ante statuam Magni Pompei&lt;ref&gt;[[Suetonius]], ''Divus Iulius'' 80. ''Divus Augustus'' 31. [[Plutarchus]], ''Vita Bruti'' 14.2-3 et ''[[Vita Iulii Caesaris (Plutarchus)|Vita Caesaris]]'' 66.&lt;/ref&gt;. Ob caedem patris [[Octavianus]] eam obstrui iussit&lt;ref&gt;[[Cassius Dio]] 47.19.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Jon Albers, ''Campus Martius. Die urbane Entwicklung des Marsfeldes von der Republik bis zur mittleren Kaiserzeit'', Reichert, Wiesbaden 2013 [https://ahnp.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/journals/jfk/article/download/43915/37405/141378 Recensio critica]
* P. Bigot,	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/mefr_0223-4874_1908_num_28_1_6979 L'identification d'un fragment du plan de marbre et la curie de Pompée]&quot;, ''Mélanges de l'école française de Rome'', 1908: 225-228
*George Graham Mason, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3297956 Senacula and Meeting Places of the Roman Senate]&quot;, ''The Classical Journal'', 1987: 39-50

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Curia_Pompeia curiam Pompeiam] spectant
* [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/PLATOP*/Curia_Pompei.html Topographical dictionary of Ancient Rome]


[[Categoria:Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus]]
[[Categoria:Monumenta Romae Antiquae]]</text>
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      <text bytes="2617" sha1="6gottej4mzhob2zaz5czzfopcobssnc" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Curia Pompey.jpg|thumb|Curia Pompei computatro restituta]]
[[Fasciculus:Curia Pompeia te Rome Magni Pompei Curia ad Theatrum eiusdem (titel op object) Antieke monumenten (serietitel) Antiquae Urbis Splendor (serietitel) Magesyn der Italiaense gebouwen (serietitel), RP-P-1957-653-71-3.jpg|thumb|Curia Pompeia ineunte septimo decimo saeculo excogitata]]
'''Curia Pompeia''' vel '''curia Pompei''' fuit curia a [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Gnaeo Pompeio Magno]] prope [[theatrum Pompeium|theatrum suum]] in [[Campus Martius|Campo Martio]] paulo post [[55 a.C.n.]] exstructa. Pars erat corporis [[Architectura|architecturalis]] maioris: nam cum theatro per [[porticus]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Plinius Maior]] 35.59&lt;/ref&gt; et hortos coniuncta erat. Utile enim fuit Pompeio senatum extra [[Pomerium|pomoerium]] haberi posse tum cum [[proconsul]] Hispaniarum ad portas Urbis manebat nec sacrum Urbis limitem intrare nisi imperio deposito ei licebat. Praeterea curiam anteriorem [[Curia Hostilia|Hostiliam]] aut Corneliam dictam incendit [[plebs]] [[Publius Clodius Pulcher|Clodio]] occiso irata (52 a.C.n.).

In usu fuit inter 52 et 43 a.C.n.: ibi enim [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Caesar]] telis coniuratorum succubuit idibus Martii 44 a.C.n. ante statuam Magni Pompei&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero]], ''De divinatione'' II.23.[[Suetonius]], ''Divus Iulius'' 80. ''Divus Augustus'' 31. [[Plutarchus]], ''Vita Bruti'' 14.2-3 et ''[[Vita Iulii Caesaris (Plutarchus)|Vita Caesaris]]'' 66.&lt;/ref&gt;. Ob caedem patris [[Octavianus]] eam obstrui iussit&lt;ref&gt;[[Cassius Dio]] 47.19.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Jon Albers, ''Campus Martius. Die urbane Entwicklung des Marsfeldes von der Republik bis zur mittleren Kaiserzeit'', Reichert, Wiesbaden 2013 [https://ahnp.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/journals/jfk/article/download/43915/37405/141378 Recensio critica]
* P. Bigot,	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/mefr_0223-4874_1908_num_28_1_6979 L'identification d'un fragment du plan de marbre et la curie de Pompée]&quot;, ''Mélanges de l'école française de Rome'', 1908: 225-228
*George Graham Mason, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3297956 Senacula and Meeting Places of the Roman Senate]&quot;, ''The Classical Journal'', 1987: 39-50

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Curia_Pompeia curiam Pompeiam] spectant
* [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/PLATOP*/Curia_Pompei.html Topographical dictionary of Ancient Rome]


[[Categoria:Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus]]
[[Categoria:Monumenta Romae Antiquae]]</text>
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      <text bytes="2678" sha1="d97yfnslho9qjj9bt9bdp5cvjzup3x8" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Curia Pompey.jpg|thumb|Curia Pompei computatro restituta]]
[[Fasciculus:Curia Pompeia te Rome Magni Pompei Curia ad Theatrum eiusdem (titel op object) Antieke monumenten (serietitel) Antiquae Urbis Splendor (serietitel) Magesyn der Italiaense gebouwen (serietitel), RP-P-1957-653-71-3.jpg|thumb|Curia Pompeia ineunte septimo decimo saeculo excogitata]]
'''Curia Pompeia'''&lt;ref&gt;[[Aulus Gellius]], ''[[Noctes Atticae]]'' XIV.7.7.&lt;/ref&gt; vel '''curia Pompei''' fuit curia a [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Gnaeo Pompeio Magno]] prope [[theatrum Pompeium|theatrum suum]] in [[Campus Martius|Campo Martio]] paulo post [[55 a.C.n.]] exstructa. Pars erat corporis [[Architectura|architecturalis]] maioris: nam cum theatro per [[porticus]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Plinius Maior]] 35.59&lt;/ref&gt; et hortos coniuncta erat. Utile enim fuit Pompeio senatum extra [[Pomerium|pomoerium]] haberi posse tum cum [[proconsul]] Hispaniarum ad portas Urbis manebat nec sacrum Urbis limitem intrare nisi imperio deposito ei licebat. Praeterea curiam anteriorem [[Curia Hostilia|Hostiliam]] aut Corneliam dictam incendit [[plebs]] [[Publius Clodius Pulcher|Clodio]] occiso irata (52 a.C.n.).

In usu fuit inter 52 et 43 a.C.n.: ibi enim [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Caesar]] telis coniuratorum succubuit idibus Martii 44 a.C.n. ante statuam Magni Pompei&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero]], ''De divinatione'' II.23.[[Suetonius]], ''Divus Iulius'' 80. ''Divus Augustus'' 31. [[Plutarchus]], ''Vita Bruti'' 14.2-3 et ''[[Vita Iulii Caesaris (Plutarchus)|Vita Caesaris]]'' 66.&lt;/ref&gt;. Ob caedem patris [[Octavianus]] eam obstrui iussit&lt;ref&gt;[[Cassius Dio]] 47.19.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Jon Albers, ''Campus Martius. Die urbane Entwicklung des Marsfeldes von der Republik bis zur mittleren Kaiserzeit'', Reichert, Wiesbaden 2013 [https://ahnp.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/journals/jfk/article/download/43915/37405/141378 Recensio critica]
* P. Bigot,	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/mefr_0223-4874_1908_num_28_1_6979 L'identification d'un fragment du plan de marbre et la curie de Pompée]&quot;, ''Mélanges de l'école française de Rome'', 1908: 225-228
*George Graham Mason, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3297956 Senacula and Meeting Places of the Roman Senate]&quot;, ''The Classical Journal'', 1987: 39-50

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Curia_Pompeia curiam Pompeiam] spectant
* [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/PLATOP*/Curia_Pompei.html Topographical dictionary of Ancient Rome]


[[Categoria:Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus]]
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[[Fasciculus:Curia Pompeia te Rome Magni Pompei Curia ad Theatrum eiusdem (titel op object) Antieke monumenten (serietitel) Antiquae Urbis Splendor (serietitel) Magesyn der Italiaense gebouwen (serietitel), RP-P-1957-653-71-3.jpg|thumb|Curia Pompeia ineunte septimo decimo saeculo excogitata]]
'''Curia Pompeia'''&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero]], ''de Divinatione'' II.23. [[Aulus Gellius]], ''[[Noctes Atticae]]'' XIV.7.7.&lt;/ref&gt; vel '''curia Pompei''' fuit curia a [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Gnaeo Pompeio Magno]] prope [[theatrum Pompeium|theatrum suum]] in [[Campus Martius|Campo Martio]] paulo post [[55 a.C.n.]] exstructa. Pars erat corporis [[Architectura|architecturalis]] maioris: nam cum theatro per [[porticus]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Plinius Maior]] 35.59&lt;/ref&gt; et hortos coniuncta erat. Utile enim fuit Pompeio senatum extra [[Pomerium|pomoerium]] haberi posse tum cum [[proconsul]] Hispaniarum ad portas Urbis manebat nec sacrum Urbis limitem intrare nisi imperio deposito ei licebat. Praeterea curiam anteriorem [[Curia Hostilia|Hostiliam]] aut Corneliam dictam incendit [[plebs]] [[Publius Clodius Pulcher|Clodio]] occiso irata (52 a.C.n.).

In usu fuit inter 52 et 43 a.C.n.: ibi enim [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Caesar]] telis coniuratorum succubuit idibus Martii 44 a.C.n. ante statuam Magni Pompei&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero]], ''De divinatione'' II.23.[[Suetonius]], ''Divus Iulius'' 80. ''Divus Augustus'' 31. [[Plutarchus]], ''Vita Bruti'' 14.2-3 et ''[[Vita Iulii Caesaris (Plutarchus)|Vita Caesaris]]'' 66.&lt;/ref&gt;. Ob caedem patris [[Octavianus]] eam obstrui iussit&lt;ref&gt;[[Cassius Dio]] 47.19.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Jon Albers, ''Campus Martius. Die urbane Entwicklung des Marsfeldes von der Republik bis zur mittleren Kaiserzeit'', Reichert, Wiesbaden 2013 [https://ahnp.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/journals/jfk/article/download/43915/37405/141378 Recensio critica]
* P. Bigot,	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/mefr_0223-4874_1908_num_28_1_6979 L'identification d'un fragment du plan de marbre et la curie de Pompée]&quot;, ''Mélanges de l'école française de Rome'', 1908: 225-228
*George Graham Mason, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3297956 Senacula and Meeting Places of the Roman Senate]&quot;, ''The Classical Journal'', 1987: 39-50

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Curia_Pompeia curiam Pompeiam] spectant
* [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/PLATOP*/Curia_Pompei.html Topographical dictionary of Ancient Rome]


[[Categoria:Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus]]
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[[Fasciculus:Curia Pompeia te Rome Magni Pompei Curia ad Theatrum eiusdem (titel op object) Antieke monumenten (serietitel) Antiquae Urbis Splendor (serietitel) Magesyn der Italiaense gebouwen (serietitel), RP-P-1957-653-71-3.jpg|thumb|Curia Pompeia ineunte septimo decimo saeculo excogitata]]
'''Curia Pompeia'''&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero]], ''de Divinatione'' II.23. [[Aulus Gellius]], ''[[Noctes Atticae]]'' XIV.7.7.&lt;/ref&gt; vel '''curia Pompei''' fuit curia a [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Gnaeo Pompeio Magno]] prope [[theatrum Pompeium|theatrum suum]] in [[Campus Martius|Campo Martio]] paulo post [[55 a.C.n.]] exstructa. Pars erat corporis [[Architectura|architecturalis]] maioris: nam cum theatro per [[porticus]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Plinius Maior]] 35.59&lt;/ref&gt; et hortos coniuncta erat. Utile enim fuit Pompeio senatum extra [[Pomerium|pomoerium]] haberi posse tum cum [[proconsul]] Hispaniarum ad portas Urbis manebat nec sacrum Urbis limitem intrare nisi imperio deposito ei licebat. Praeterea curiam anteriorem [[Curia Hostilia|Hostiliam]] aut Corneliam dictam incendit [[plebs]] [[Publius Clodius Pulcher|Clodio]] occiso irata (52 a.C.n.).

In usu fuit inter 52 et 43 a.C.n.: ibi enim [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Caesar]] telis coniuratorum succubuit idibus Martii 44 a.C.n. ante statuam Magni Pompei&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero]], ''De divinatione'' II.23. [[Titus Livius]], ''Periocha'' 116.[[Suetonius]], ''Divus Iulius'' 80. ''Divus Augustus'' 31. [[Plutarchus]], ''Vita Bruti'' 14.2-3 et ''[[Vita Iulii Caesaris (Plutarchus)|Vita Caesaris]]'' 66.&lt;/ref&gt;. Ob caedem patris [[Octavianus]] eam obstrui iussit&lt;ref&gt;[[Cassius Dio]] 47.19.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Jon Albers, ''Campus Martius. Die urbane Entwicklung des Marsfeldes von der Republik bis zur mittleren Kaiserzeit'', Reichert, Wiesbaden 2013 [https://ahnp.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/journals/jfk/article/download/43915/37405/141378 Recensio critica]
* P. Bigot,	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/mefr_0223-4874_1908_num_28_1_6979 L'identification d'un fragment du plan de marbre et la curie de Pompée]&quot;, ''Mélanges de l'école française de Rome'', 1908: 225-228
*George Graham Mason, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3297956 Senacula and Meeting Places of the Roman Senate]&quot;, ''The Classical Journal'', 1987: 39-50

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Curia_Pompeia curiam Pompeiam] spectant
* [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/PLATOP*/Curia_Pompei.html Topographical dictionary of Ancient Rome]


[[Categoria:Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus]]
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[[Fasciculus:Curia Pompeia te Rome Magni Pompei Curia ad Theatrum eiusdem (titel op object) Antieke monumenten (serietitel) Antiquae Urbis Splendor (serietitel) Magesyn der Italiaense gebouwen (serietitel), RP-P-1957-653-71-3.jpg|thumb|Curia Pompeia ineunte septimo decimo saeculo excogitata]]
'''Curia Pompeia'''&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero]], ''de Divinatione'' II.23. [[Aulus Gellius]], ''[[Noctes Atticae]]'' XIV.7.7.&lt;/ref&gt; vel '''curia Pompei''' fuit curia a [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Gnaeo Pompeio Magno]] prope [[theatrum Pompeium|theatrum suum]] in [[Campus Martius|Campo Martio]] paulo post [[55 a.C.n.]] exstructa. Pars erat corporis [[Architectura|architecturalis]] maioris: nam cum theatro per [[porticus]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Plinius Maior]] 35.59&lt;/ref&gt; et hortos coniuncta erat. Utile enim fuit Pompeio senatum extra [[Pomerium|pomoerium]] haberi posse tum cum [[proconsul]] Hispaniarum ad portas Urbis manebat nec sacrum Urbis limitem intrare nisi imperio deposito ei licebat. Praeterea curiam anteriorem [[Curia Hostilia|Hostiliam]] aut Corneliam dictam incendit [[plebs]] [[Publius Clodius Pulcher|Clodio]] occiso irata (52 a.C.n.).

In usu fuit inter 52 et 43 a.C.n.: ibi enim [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Caesar]] telis coniuratorum succubuit idibus Martii 44 a.C.n. ante statuam Magni Pompei&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero]], ''De divinatione'' II.23. [[Titus Livius]], ''Periocha'' 116.[[Suetonius]], ''Divus Iulius'' 80. ''Divus Augustus'' 31. [[Plutarchus]], ''Vita Bruti'' 14.2-3 et ''[[Vita Iulii Caesaris (Plutarchus)|Vita Caesaris]]'' 66.&lt;/ref&gt;. Ob caedem patris [[Octavianus]] eam obstrui iussit&lt;ref&gt;Suetonius, ''Divus Iulius'' 88. [[Cassius Dio]] 47.19.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Jon Albers, ''Campus Martius. Die urbane Entwicklung des Marsfeldes von der Republik bis zur mittleren Kaiserzeit'', Reichert, Wiesbaden 2013 [https://ahnp.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/journals/jfk/article/download/43915/37405/141378 Recensio critica]
* P. Bigot,	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/mefr_0223-4874_1908_num_28_1_6979 L'identification d'un fragment du plan de marbre et la curie de Pompée]&quot;, ''Mélanges de l'école française de Rome'', 1908: 225-228
*George Graham Mason, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3297956 Senacula and Meeting Places of the Roman Senate]&quot;, ''The Classical Journal'', 1987: 39-50

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Curia_Pompeia curiam Pompeiam] spectant
* [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/PLATOP*/Curia_Pompei.html Topographical dictionary of Ancient Rome]


[[Categoria:Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus]]
[[Categoria:Monumenta Romae Antiquae]]</text>
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      <text bytes="2803" sha1="fkp8bymooxb6v2w8i4o6xk5bay3pc30" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Curia Pompey.jpg|thumb|Curia Pompei computatro restituta]]
[[Fasciculus:Curia Pompeia te Rome Magni Pompei Curia ad Theatrum eiusdem (titel op object) Antieke monumenten (serietitel) Antiquae Urbis Splendor (serietitel) Magesyn der Italiaense gebouwen (serietitel), RP-P-1957-653-71-3.jpg|thumb|Curia Pompeia ineunte septimo decimo saeculo excogitata]]
'''Curia Pompeia'''&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero]], ''de Divinatione'' II.23. [[Aulus Gellius]], ''[[Noctes Atticae]]'' XIV.7.7.&lt;/ref&gt; vel '''curia Pompei''' fuit curia a [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Gnaeo Pompeio Magno]] prope [[theatrum Pompeium|theatrum suum]] in [[Campus Martius|Campo Martio]] paulo post [[55 a.C.n.]] exstructa. Pars erat corporis [[Architectura|architecturalis]] maioris: nam cum theatro per [[porticus]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Plinius Maior]] 35.59&lt;/ref&gt; et hortos coniuncta erat. Utile enim fuit Pompeio senatum extra [[Pomerium|pomoerium]] haberi posse tum cum [[proconsul]] Hispaniarum ad portas Urbis manebat nec sacrum Urbis limitem intrare nisi imperio deposito ei licebat. Praeterea curiam anteriorem [[Curia Hostilia|Hostiliam]] aut Corneliam dictam incendit [[plebs]] [[Publius Clodius Pulcher|Clodio]] occiso irata (52 a.C.n.).

In usu fuit inter 52 et 43 a.C.n.: ibi enim [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Caesar]] telis coniuratorum succubuit idibus Martii 44 a.C.n. ante statuam Magni Pompei&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero]], ''De divinatione'' II.23. [[Titus Livius]], ''Periocha'' 116.[[Suetonius]], ''Divus Iulius'' 80. ''Divus Augustus'' 31. [[Plutarchus]], ''Vita Bruti'' 14.2-3 et ''[[Vita Iulii Caesaris (Plutarchus)|Vita Caesaris]]'' 66. Dio Cassius 44.16.&lt;/ref&gt;. Ob caedem patris [[Octavianus]] eam obstrui iussit&lt;ref&gt;Suetonius, ''Divus Iulius'' 88. [[Cassius Dio]] 47.19.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Jon Albers, ''Campus Martius. Die urbane Entwicklung des Marsfeldes von der Republik bis zur mittleren Kaiserzeit'', Reichert, Wiesbaden 2013 [https://ahnp.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/journals/jfk/article/download/43915/37405/141378 Recensio critica]
* P. Bigot,	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/mefr_0223-4874_1908_num_28_1_6979 L'identification d'un fragment du plan de marbre et la curie de Pompée]&quot;, ''Mélanges de l'école française de Rome'', 1908: 225-228
*George Graham Mason, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3297956 Senacula and Meeting Places of the Roman Senate]&quot;, ''The Classical Journal'', 1987: 39-50

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Curia_Pompeia curiam Pompeiam] spectant
* [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/PLATOP*/Curia_Pompei.html Topographical dictionary of Ancient Rome]


[[Categoria:Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus]]
[[Categoria:Monumenta Romae Antiquae]]</text>
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      <text bytes="2817" sha1="fxh61emh31gool8pc0e0ftnv92h5cpx" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Curia Pompey.jpg|thumb|Curia Pompei computatro restituta]]
[[Fasciculus:Curia Pompeia te Rome Magni Pompei Curia ad Theatrum eiusdem (titel op object) Antieke monumenten (serietitel) Antiquae Urbis Splendor (serietitel) Magesyn der Italiaense gebouwen (serietitel), RP-P-1957-653-71-3.jpg|thumb|Curia Pompeia ineunte septimo decimo saeculo excogitata]]
'''Curia Pompeia'''&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero]], ''de Divinatione'' II.23. [[Aulus Gellius]], ''[[Noctes Atticae]]'' XIV.7.7.&lt;/ref&gt; vel '''curia Pompei''' fuit curia a [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Gnaeo Pompeio Magno]] prope [[theatrum Pompeium|theatrum suum]] in [[Campus Martius|Campo Martio]] paulo post [[55 a.C.n.]] exstructa. Pars erat corporis [[Architectura|architecturalis]] maioris: nam cum theatro per [[porticus]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Plinius Maior]] 35.59&lt;/ref&gt; et hortos coniuncta erat. Utile enim fuit Pompeio senatum extra [[Pomerium|pomoerium]] haberi posse tum cum [[proconsul]] Hispaniarum ad portas Urbis manebat nec sacrum Urbis limitem intrare nisi imperio deposito ei licebat. Praeterea curiam anteriorem [[Curia Hostilia|Hostiliam]] aut Corneliam dictam incendit [[plebs]] [[Publius Clodius Pulcher|Clodio]] occiso irata (52 a.C.n.).

In usu fuit inter 52 et 43 a.C.n.: ibi enim [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Caesar]] telis coniuratorum succubuit [[Idus|idibus]] Martiis [[44 a.C.n.]] ante statuam Magni Pompei&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero]], ''De divinatione'' II.23. [[Titus Livius]], ''Periocha'' 116.[[Suetonius]], ''Divus Iulius'' 80. ''Divus Augustus'' 31. [[Plutarchus]], ''Vita Bruti'' 14.2-3 et ''[[Vita Iulii Caesaris (Plutarchus)|Vita Caesaris]]'' 66. Dio Cassius 44.16.&lt;/ref&gt;. Ob caedem patris [[Octavianus]] eam obstrui iussit&lt;ref&gt;Suetonius, ''Divus Iulius'' 88. [[Cassius Dio]] 47.19.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Jon Albers, ''Campus Martius. Die urbane Entwicklung des Marsfeldes von der Republik bis zur mittleren Kaiserzeit'', Reichert, Wiesbaden 2013 [https://ahnp.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/journals/jfk/article/download/43915/37405/141378 Recensio critica]
* P. Bigot,	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/mefr_0223-4874_1908_num_28_1_6979 L'identification d'un fragment du plan de marbre et la curie de Pompée]&quot;, ''Mélanges de l'école française de Rome'', 1908: 225-228
*George Graham Mason, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3297956 Senacula and Meeting Places of the Roman Senate]&quot;, ''The Classical Journal'', 1987: 39-50

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Curia_Pompeia curiam Pompeiam] spectant
* [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/PLATOP*/Curia_Pompei.html Topographical dictionary of Ancient Rome]


[[Categoria:Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus]]
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      <text bytes="2846" sha1="fp618tci3mvy95chtaucn11xd0ba0t7" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Curia Pompey.jpg|thumb|Curia Pompei computatro restituta]]
[[Fasciculus:Curia Pompeia te Rome Magni Pompei Curia ad Theatrum eiusdem (titel op object) Antieke monumenten (serietitel) Antiquae Urbis Splendor (serietitel) Magesyn der Italiaense gebouwen (serietitel), RP-P-1957-653-71-3.jpg|thumb|Curia Pompeia ineunte septimo decimo saeculo excogitata]]
'''Curia Pompeia'''&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero]], ''de Divinatione'' II.23. [[Aulus Gellius]], ''[[Noctes Atticae]]'' XIV.7.7.&lt;/ref&gt; vel '''curia Pompei''' fuit curia a [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Gnaeo Pompeio Magno]] prope [[theatrum Pompeium|theatrum suum]] in [[Campus Martius|Campo Martio]] paulo post [[55 a.C.n.]] exstructa. Pars erat corporis [[Architectura|architecturalis]] maioris: nam cum theatro per [[porticus]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Plinius Maior]] 35.59&lt;/ref&gt; et hortos coniuncta erat. Utile enim fuit Pompeio senatum extra [[Pomerium|pomoerium]] haberi posse tum cum [[proconsul]] Hispaniarum ad portas Urbis manebat nec sacrum Urbis limitem intrare nisi imperio deposito ei licebat. Praeterea curiam anteriorem [[Curia Hostilia|Hostiliam]] aut Corneliam dictam incendit [[plebs]] [[Publius Clodius Pulcher|Clodio]] occiso irata (52 a.C.n.)&lt;ref&gt;Dio Cassius 40.49.&lt;/ref&gt;.

In usu fuit inter 52 et 43 a.C.n.: ibi enim [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Caesar]] telis coniuratorum succubuit [[Idus|idibus]] Martiis [[44 a.C.n.]] ante statuam Magni Pompei&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero]], ''De divinatione'' II.23. [[Titus Livius]], ''Periocha'' 116.[[Suetonius]], ''Divus Iulius'' 80. ''Divus Augustus'' 31. [[Plutarchus]], ''Vita Bruti'' 14.2-3 et ''[[Vita Iulii Caesaris (Plutarchus)|Vita Caesaris]]'' 66. Dio Cassius 44.16.&lt;/ref&gt;. Ob caedem patris [[Octavianus]] eam obstrui iussit&lt;ref&gt;Suetonius, ''Divus Iulius'' 88. [[Cassius Dio]] 47.19.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Jon Albers, ''Campus Martius. Die urbane Entwicklung des Marsfeldes von der Republik bis zur mittleren Kaiserzeit'', Reichert, Wiesbaden 2013 [https://ahnp.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/journals/jfk/article/download/43915/37405/141378 Recensio critica]
* P. Bigot,	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/mefr_0223-4874_1908_num_28_1_6979 L'identification d'un fragment du plan de marbre et la curie de Pompée]&quot;, ''Mélanges de l'école française de Rome'', 1908: 225-228
*George Graham Mason, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3297956 Senacula and Meeting Places of the Roman Senate]&quot;, ''The Classical Journal'', 1987: 39-50

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Curia_Pompeia curiam Pompeiam] spectant
* [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/PLATOP*/Curia_Pompei.html Topographical dictionary of Ancient Rome]


[[Categoria:Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus]]
[[Categoria:Monumenta Romae Antiquae]]</text>
      <sha1>fp618tci3mvy95chtaucn11xd0ba0t7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3999148</id>
      <parentid>3999147</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-04T13:29:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3999148</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2850" sha1="9zqfxnu36bfgzozr0m5yheoqgfiv8au" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Curia Pompey.jpg|thumb|Curia Pompei computatro restituta]]
[[Fasciculus:Curia Pompeia te Rome Magni Pompei Curia ad Theatrum eiusdem (titel op object) Antieke monumenten (serietitel) Antiquae Urbis Splendor (serietitel) Magesyn der Italiaense gebouwen (serietitel), RP-P-1957-653-71-3.jpg|thumb|Curia Pompeia ineunte septimo decimo saeculo excogitata]]
'''Curia Pompeia'''&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero]], ''de Divinatione'' II.23. [[Aulus Gellius]], ''[[Noctes Atticae]]'' XIV.7.7.&lt;/ref&gt; vel '''curia Pompei''' fuit curia a [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Gnaeo Pompeio Magno]] prope [[theatrum Pompeium|theatrum suum]] in [[Campus Martius|Campo Martio]] paulo post [[55 a.C.n.]] exstructa. Pars erat corporis [[Architectura|architecturalis]] maioris: nam cum theatro per [[porticus]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Plinius Maior]] 35.59&lt;/ref&gt; et hortos coniuncta erat. Utile enim fuit Pompeio senatum extra [[Pomerium|pomoerium]] haberi posse tum cum [[proconsul]] Hispaniarum ad portas Urbis manebat nec sacrum Urbis limitem intrare nisi imperio deposito ei licebat. Praeterea curiam anteriorem [[Curia Hostilia|Hostiliam]] aut Corneliam dictam incendit [[plebs]] [[Publius Clodius Pulcher|Clodio]] occiso irata (52 a.C.n.)&lt;ref&gt;[[Dio Cassius]] 40.49.&lt;/ref&gt;.

In usu fuit inter 52 et 43 a.C.n.: ibi enim [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Caesar]] telis coniuratorum succubuit [[Idus|idibus]] Martiis [[44 a.C.n.]] ante statuam Magni Pompei&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero]], ''De divinatione'' II.23. [[Titus Livius]], ''Periocha'' 116.[[Suetonius]], ''Divus Iulius'' 80. ''Divus Augustus'' 31. [[Plutarchus]], ''Vita Bruti'' 14.2-3 et ''[[Vita Iulii Caesaris (Plutarchus)|Vita Caesaris]]'' 66. Dio Cassius 44.16.&lt;/ref&gt;. Ob caedem patris [[Octavianus]] eam obstrui iussit&lt;ref&gt;Suetonius, ''Divus Iulius'' 88. [[Cassius Dio]] 47.19.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Jon Albers, ''Campus Martius. Die urbane Entwicklung des Marsfeldes von der Republik bis zur mittleren Kaiserzeit'', Reichert, Wiesbaden 2013 [https://ahnp.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/journals/jfk/article/download/43915/37405/141378 Recensio critica]
* P. Bigot,	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/mefr_0223-4874_1908_num_28_1_6979 L'identification d'un fragment du plan de marbre et la curie de Pompée]&quot;, ''Mélanges de l'école française de Rome'', 1908: 225-228
*George Graham Mason, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3297956 Senacula and Meeting Places of the Roman Senate]&quot;, ''The Classical Journal'', 1987: 39-50

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Curia_Pompeia curiam Pompeiam] spectant
* [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/PLATOP*/Curia_Pompei.html Topographical dictionary of Ancient Rome]


[[Categoria:Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus]]
[[Categoria:Monumenta Romae Antiquae]]</text>
      <sha1>9zqfxnu36bfgzozr0m5yheoqgfiv8au</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3999149</id>
      <parentid>3999148</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-04T13:35:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
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      <origin>3999149</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2891" sha1="75dwh27r1njmbpgk35krza848unkdf9" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Curia Pompey.jpg|thumb|Curia Pompei computatro restituta]]
[[Fasciculus:Curia Pompeia te Rome Magni Pompei Curia ad Theatrum eiusdem (titel op object) Antieke monumenten (serietitel) Antiquae Urbis Splendor (serietitel) Magesyn der Italiaense gebouwen (serietitel), RP-P-1957-653-71-3.jpg|thumb|Curia Pompeia ineunte septimo decimo saeculo excogitata]]
'''Curia Pompeia'''&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero]], ''de Divinatione'' II.23. [[Aulus Gellius]], ''[[Noctes Atticae]]'' XIV.7.7.&lt;/ref&gt; vel '''curia Pompei''' fuit curia a [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Gnaeo Pompeio Magno]] prope [[theatrum Pompeium|theatrum suum]] in [[Campus Martius|Campo Martio]] paulo post [[55 a.C.n.]] exstructa. Pars erat corporis [[Architectura|architecturalis]] maioris: nam cum theatro per [[porticus]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Plinius Maior]] 35.59. Exedra in porticu fuisse curia videtur.&lt;/ref&gt; et hortos coniuncta erat. Utile enim fuit Pompeio senatum extra [[Pomerium|pomoerium]] haberi posse tum cum [[proconsul]] Hispaniarum ad portas Urbis manebat nec sacrum Urbis limitem intrare nisi imperio deposito ei licebat. Praeterea curiam anteriorem [[Curia Hostilia|Hostiliam]] aut Corneliam dictam incendit [[plebs]] [[Publius Clodius Pulcher|Clodio]] occiso irata (52 a.C.n.)&lt;ref&gt;[[Dio Cassius]] 40.49.&lt;/ref&gt;.

In usu fuit inter 52 et 43 a.C.n.: ibi enim [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Caesar]] telis coniuratorum succubuit [[Idus|idibus]] Martiis [[44 a.C.n.]] ante statuam Magni Pompei&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero]], ''De divinatione'' II.23. [[Titus Livius]], ''Periocha'' 116.[[Suetonius]], ''Divus Iulius'' 80. ''Divus Augustus'' 31. [[Plutarchus]], ''Vita Bruti'' 14.2-3 et ''[[Vita Iulii Caesaris (Plutarchus)|Vita Caesaris]]'' 66. Dio Cassius 44.16.&lt;/ref&gt;. Ob caedem patris [[Octavianus]] eam obstrui iussit&lt;ref&gt;Suetonius, ''Divus Iulius'' 88. [[Cassius Dio]] 47.19.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Jon Albers, ''Campus Martius. Die urbane Entwicklung des Marsfeldes von der Republik bis zur mittleren Kaiserzeit'', Reichert, Wiesbaden 2013 [https://ahnp.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/journals/jfk/article/download/43915/37405/141378 Recensio critica]
* P. Bigot,	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/mefr_0223-4874_1908_num_28_1_6979 L'identification d'un fragment du plan de marbre et la curie de Pompée]&quot;, ''Mélanges de l'école française de Rome'', 1908: 225-228
*George Graham Mason, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3297956 Senacula and Meeting Places of the Roman Senate]&quot;, ''The Classical Journal'', 1987: 39-50

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Curia_Pompeia curiam Pompeiam] spectant
* [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/PLATOP*/Curia_Pompei.html Topographical dictionary of Ancient Rome]


[[Categoria:Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus]]
[[Categoria:Monumenta Romae Antiquae]]</text>
      <sha1>75dwh27r1njmbpgk35krza848unkdf9</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Categoria:Dioecesis Molinensis</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>329817</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3999226</id>
      <parentid>3998930</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-04T17:28:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>typo</comment>
      <origin>3999226</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="153" sha1="hzogbs4y3q04zhg87z9gt4iuja0mi2z" xml:space="preserve">
[[Categoria:Dioeceses Ecclesiae Catholicae in Francia|Molinensis]]
[[Categoria:Elaver (praefectura Franciae)]]
[[Categoria:Archidioecesis Claromontana]]</text>
      <sha1>hzogbs4y3q04zhg87z9gt4iuja0mi2z</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Andreas Quélen</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>329825</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3999146</id>
      <parentid>3999057</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-04T13:27:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>IacobusAmor</username>
        <id>1163</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>3999146</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="918" sha1="ezj1rhmhwspl9z68zt9b99o2fk8v6ql" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}
'''Andreas Bernardus Michael Quélen''' (Francogallice ''André Bernard Michel Quélen''; natus [[Brestia]]e die [[29 Novembris]] [[1922]]; mortuus [[Molinae|Molinarum]] die [[20 Iulii]] [[2006]]) fuit episcopus [[Dioecesis Molinensis]] ab [[1975]] ad [[1998]].&lt;ref name=CH&gt;{{CathHierBishop|quelen}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==De vita==
Fuit [[episcopus auxiliaris]] [[Dioecesis Andegavensis]] ab [[1969]] ad [[1974]]. Postea [[episcopus adiutor|coadiutorem episcopum]] [[Franciscus Bougon|Francisci Bougon]] [[episcopus Molinensis|episcopi Molinensis]] a [[Paulus VI|Paulo VI]] die [[17 Septembris]] [[1974]] nominatus,&lt;ref name=CH /&gt; ei anno 1975 successit. Munus renuntiavit anno 1998.

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes biographici}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{RC-stipula}}
{{Episcopi Molinenses}}

{{Anni vitae|1922|2006|Quelen, Andreas}}
[[Categoria:Episcopi Molinenses]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Franciae]]</text>
      <sha1>ezj1rhmhwspl9z68zt9b99o2fk8v6ql</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Constantinus Nicolai filius</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>329827</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3999134</id>
      <parentid>3999095</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-04T13:17:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3999134</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1458" sha1="m5thv1ac42qem98a1kvohfzych76v33" xml:space="preserve">{{capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}
{{res|Constantinus Nicolai filius}} ([[Russice]] ''Константин Николаевич'', [[9 Septembris]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Greg|[[21 Septembris]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; anno [[1827]] [[Petropolis|Petropoli]] natus et [[13 Ianuarii]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Greg|[[25 Ianuarii]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[1892]] in [[villa Paulopolitana]] mortuus) fuit magnus dux [[Russicus]] e domo [[Romanov]]ia, [[Nicolaus I (imperator Russiae)|Nicolai I imperatoris]] et [[Alexandra Theodori filia  (senior)|Alexandrae Theodori filiae]] filius secundus. A [[Theodorus Litke|Theodoro Litke]] educatus in classe navali militiam gerit et [[fregata]]e [[Pallas (navis fregata)|&quot;Palladis&quot;]] dux erat. Diu libertatis fautor in familia imperatoris strenuissimus habebatur; consilio de servis liberandis ante annum 1861 praeses fuit et [[regnum Poloniae (1815–1915)|regni Poloniae]] praepositus annis 1863–1864, ubi sine successu rem gessit (nam rebellio Polonica anno 1864 inflammavit).

Liberos multos cum [[Alexandra Iosephi filia]] habuit, quorum notiores [[Olga (regina Graeciae)|Helga]] regina [[Graecia]]e et [[Constantinus Constantini filius]], ut poeta ''C.R.'' notus. [[Strelna]] et [[Palatium Marmoreum (Petropolis)|Palatium Marmoreum]]  et  [[villa Pawlowskensis|villa Paulopolitana]] sedes Constantini fuerunt.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

==Nexus externi==
{{fontes biographici}}

{{anni vitae|1827|1892|Constantinus Nicolai filius}}
[[Categoria:Romanov]]
[[Categoria:Politici Russiae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Formula:CommuniaCat</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>329830</id>
    <redirect title="Formula:Categoria apud Communia" />
    <revision>
      <id>3999102</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-04T12:17:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Grufo movit paginam [[Formula:CommuniaCat]] ad [[Formula:Categoria apud Communia]]: Nomen plenum</comment>
      <origin>3999102</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="45" sha1="jc0ggk6p29nfxay9melg2cnxtb9qk18" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Formula:Categoria apud Communia]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Disputatio Formulae:CommuniaCat</title>
    <ns>11</ns>
    <id>329831</id>
    <redirect title="Disputatio Formulae:Categoria apud Communia" />
    <revision>
      <id>3999104</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-04T12:17:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Grufo movit paginam [[Disputatio Formulae:CommuniaCat]] ad [[Disputatio Formulae:Categoria apud Communia]]: Nomen plenum</comment>
      <origin>3999104</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="82" sha1="3uobswc2lze72sxsd61f7onpt8xdiq8" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Disputatio Formulae:Categoria apud Communia]]

{{De hac redirectione}}</text>
      <sha1>3uobswc2lze72sxsd61f7onpt8xdiq8</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Formula:Communiacat</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>329832</id>
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    <revision>
      <id>3999108</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-04T12:20:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirectionem creavi</comment>
      <origin>3999108</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="45" sha1="jc0ggk6p29nfxay9melg2cnxtb9qk18" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Formula:Categoria apud Communia]]</text>
      <sha1>jc0ggk6p29nfxay9melg2cnxtb9qk18</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Navis fregata</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>329833</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3999129</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-04T13:15:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>nova</comment>
      <origin>3999129</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2396" sha1="c9l1liqk8g2molzrvrvnq3a6a1dud9i" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Recherche and Espérance-François Roux mg 0574.jpg|thumb|Fregatae Francogallicae ''Recherche'' (''Investigatio'') et ''Espérance'' (''Spes''; pictura {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Franciscus Godefridus Roux|Francisci Godefridi Roux|fr|qid=Q3084719}}, 1827]]
{{res|Navis fregata}}&lt;ref&gt;{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Bernardus Graser|Bernardi Graser|de|qid=Q825116}} [https://www.google.ru/books/edition/De_veterum_re_navali/aocOAAAAQAAJ?hl=ru&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=navis+fregata&amp;pg=PA44&amp;printsec=frontcover ''De veterum re navali'', 1864, p. 44]; [https://www.google.ru/books/edition/Hierolexicon_polymathicum_latino_hungari/pNJUAAAAcAAJ?hl=ru&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=navis+fregata&amp;pg=PA243&amp;printsec=frontcover ''Hierolexicon polymathicum latino-hungaricum'', 1845, p. 244]; [https://www.google.ru/books/edition/Mathematikai_müszótár/6XhJAAAAYAAJ?hl=ru&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=navis+fregata&amp;pg=PA59&amp;printsec=frontcover ''Mathematikai müszótár'', 1834, p. 59].&lt;/ref&gt; vel '''fregatta'''&lt;ref&gt;{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Christophorus Weigenseilius|Ioannis Christophori Weigenseilii|de|qid=Q68309}} [https://www.google.ru/books/edition/Pera_librorum_juvenilium/xb_yuYLrUmcC?hl=ru&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=navis+fregatta&amp;pg=RA1-PA44&amp;printsec=frontcover ''Pera librorum juvenilium'', 1695, p. 44] (sed Wagenseilius fregattam navem onerariam duobus malis appellat); [[Franciscus Xaverius Kropf|Francisci Xaverii Kropf]] [https://www.google.ru/books/edition/Amaltea_italiana_e_latina_cioe_indice_co/9uf-g9NRElAC?hl=ru&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=navis+fregatta&amp;pg=PA523&amp;printsec=frontcover ''Amalthea Italiana et Latina''. 1737, p. 523] (=''liburnica'').&lt;/ref&gt; est genus [[navis]] [[navis bellica|bellicae]], [[navis velifera|veliferae]], tribus [[Malus (navigatio)|malis]], saeculis XVIII et XIX vulgatum, cum fregatae maiorem velocitatem magnamque vim bellicam habere putabantur. Nomen de [[Batave|Batavo]] ''vrijgetten schip'', &quot;navis libere navigans&quot;, originem ducit. Sed diversis temporibus diversis terris variae naves sic nuncupabantur, interdum et [[navis oneraria|onerariae]], et duobus malis; aliquae naves non veliferae et nunc in classibus aliquarum nationum &quot;fregatae&quot; appellantur.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

==Nexus externi==
* [https://www.britannica.com/technology/frigate De fregatis] in ''Britannica'' {{ling|Anglice}}

[[Categoria:Genera navium]]
[[Categoria:Naves bellicae]]</text>
      <sha1>c9l1liqk8g2molzrvrvnq3a6a1dud9i</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3999144</id>
      <parentid>3999129</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-04T13:25:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3999144</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2440" sha1="7hpcf2s6f3oj2xkvd6xcxlwlg4a34in" xml:space="preserve">{{disambig2|navibus|avem|Fregata (genus)}}
[[Fasciculus:Recherche and Espérance-François Roux mg 0574.jpg|thumb|Fregatae Francogallicae ''Recherche'' (''Investigatio'') et ''Espérance'' (''Spes''; pictura {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Franciscus Godefridus Roux|Francisci Godefridi Roux|fr|qid=Q3084719}}, 1827)]]
{{res|Navis fregata}}&lt;ref&gt;{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Bernardus Graser|Bernardi Graser|de|qid=Q825116}} [https://www.google.ru/books/edition/De_veterum_re_navali/aocOAAAAQAAJ?hl=ru&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=navis+fregata&amp;pg=PA44&amp;printsec=frontcover ''De veterum re navali'', 1864, p. 44]; [https://www.google.ru/books/edition/Hierolexicon_polymathicum_latino_hungari/pNJUAAAAcAAJ?hl=ru&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=navis+fregata&amp;pg=PA243&amp;printsec=frontcover ''Hierolexicon polymathicum latino-hungaricum'', 1845, p. 244]; [https://www.google.ru/books/edition/Mathematikai_müszótár/6XhJAAAAYAAJ?hl=ru&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=navis+fregata&amp;pg=PA59&amp;printsec=frontcover ''Mathematikai müszótár'', 1834, p. 59].&lt;/ref&gt; vel '''fregatta'''&lt;ref&gt;{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Christophorus Weigenseilius|Ioannis Christophori Weigenseilii|de|qid=Q68309}} [https://www.google.ru/books/edition/Pera_librorum_juvenilium/xb_yuYLrUmcC?hl=ru&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=navis+fregatta&amp;pg=RA1-PA44&amp;printsec=frontcover ''Pera librorum juvenilium'', 1695, p. 44] (sed Wagenseilius fregattam navem onerariam duobus malis appellat); [[Franciscus Xaverius Kropf|Francisci Xaverii Kropf]] [https://www.google.ru/books/edition/Amaltea_italiana_e_latina_cioe_indice_co/9uf-g9NRElAC?hl=ru&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=navis+fregatta&amp;pg=PA523&amp;printsec=frontcover ''Amalthea Italiana et Latina''. 1737, p. 523] (=''liburnica'').&lt;/ref&gt; est genus [[navis]] [[navis bellica|bellicae]], [[navis velifera|veliferae]], tribus [[Malus (navigatio)|malis]], saeculis XVIII et XIX vulgatum, cum fregatae maiorem velocitatem magnamque vim bellicam habere putabantur. Nomen de [[Batave|Batavo]] ''vrijgetten schip'', &quot;navis libere navigans&quot;, originem ducit. Sed diversis temporibus diversis terris variae naves sic nuncupabantur, interdum et [[navis oneraria|onerariae]], et duobus malis; aliquae naves non veliferae et nunc in classibus aliquarum nationum &quot;fregatae&quot; appellantur.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

==Nexus externi==
* [https://www.britannica.com/technology/frigate De fregatis] in ''Britannica'' {{ling|Anglice}}

[[Categoria:Genera navium]]
[[Categoria:Naves bellicae]]</text>
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    <title>Fregatta</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <redirect title="Navis fregata" />
    <revision>
      <id>3999132</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-04T13:16:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
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      <comment>nova</comment>
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      <text bytes="27" sha1="oji4ddoa64ujp5a02ee4ytzcke78522" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[navis fregata]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Fregata</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>329835</id>
    <redirect title="Navis fregata" />
    <revision>
      <id>3999133</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-04T13:17:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
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      <comment>nova</comment>
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      <text bytes="27" sha1="rad5ss9ommzqewsodxofck56egj44mz" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Navis fregata]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Constantinus Constantini filius</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>329836</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3999165</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-04T14:36:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>nova</comment>
      <origin>3999165</origin>
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      <text bytes="1709" sha1="o6kn7hsmd3tqmcw5awufa30kzqe78mj" xml:space="preserve">{{capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}
{{res|Constantinus Constantini filius}} ([[Russice]] ''Константин Константинович''), ut {{res|C. R.}}&lt;ref&gt;Id est ''Constantinus Romanov'', [[Russice]] ''К. Р.''&lt;/ref&gt; poeta notus, [[10 Augusti]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Greg|[[22 Augusti]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; anno [[1858]] [[Strelna]]e natus et [[2 Iunii]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Greg|[[15 Iunii]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[1915]] in [[villa Paulopolitana]] mortuus) fuit magnus dux [[Russicus]] e domo [[Romanov]]ia, [[Constantinus Nicolai filius|Constantini Nicolai filii]] et [[Alexandra Iosephi filia|Alexandrae Iosephi filiae]] filius secundus. In classe navali militiam gerit; ab anno [[1889]] usque ad mortem [[Academia Scientiarum Petropolitana|Academiae Scientiarum Petropolitanae]] praeses fuit. Carmina sua multa sub [[pseudonymum|pseudonymo]] ''C. R,'' edidit, quorum nonnula et cantica popularia facta sunt, atque multa opera aliena Russice vertit, e.g. ''Raptores'' [[Fridericus Schillerus|Friderici Schilleri]] et ''[[Hamlet|Amlethum]]'' [[Gulielmus Shakesperius|Shakesperii]]. [[Palatium Marmoreum (Petropolis)|Palatium Marmoreum]] et [[villa Paulopolitana]] sedes Constantini fuerunt.

Liberos multos cum [[Alexandra Mauricii filia]] habuit, sed et [[Homosexualitas|amore iuvenum]] notus est. Ultimus est e domo Romanovia, qui ante [[res novae Russiae (1917)|res novas]] mortuus est et in [[Ecclesia cathedralis Petri et Pauli|ecclesia cathedrali Petri et Pauli]] Petropolitana sepultus.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

==Nexus externi==
{{fontes biographici}}

{{anni vitae|1827|1892|Constantinus Constantini filius}}

[[Categoria:Romanov]]
[[Categoria:Poetae Russiae]]
[[Categoria:Interpretes Anglo-Russici]]
[[Categoria:Interpretes Theodisco-Russici]]</text>
      <sha1>o6kn7hsmd3tqmcw5awufa30kzqe78mj</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>3999168</id>
      <parentid>3999165</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-04T14:38:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3999168</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1709" sha1="9066fuly4ua6mwx373kncce2lkc80px" xml:space="preserve">{{capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}
{{res|Constantinus Constantini filius}} ([[Russice]] ''Константин Константинович''), ut {{res|C. R.}}&lt;ref&gt;Id est ''Constantinus Romanov'', [[Russice]] ''К. Р.''&lt;/ref&gt; poeta notus, [[10 Augusti]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Greg|[[22 Augusti]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; anno [[1858]] [[Strelna]]e natus et [[2 Iunii]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Greg|[[15 Iunii]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[1915]] in [[villa Paulopolitana]] mortuus, fuit magnus dux [[Russicus]] e domo [[Romanov]]ia, [[Constantinus Nicolai filius|Constantini Nicolai filii]] et [[Alexandra Iosephi filia|Alexandrae Iosephi filiae]] filius secundus. In classe navali militiam gerit; ab anno [[1889]] usque ad mortem [[Academia Scientiarum Petropolitana|Academiae Scientiarum Petropolitanae]] praeses fuit. Carmina sua multa sub [[pseudonymum|pseudonymo]] ''C. R,'' edidit, quorum nonnula et cantica popularia facta sunt, atque multa opera aliena Russice vertit, e.g. ''Raptores'' [[Fridericus Schillerus|Friderici Schilleri]] et ''[[Hamlet|Amlethum]]'' [[Gulielmus Shakesperius|Shakesperii]]. [[Palatium Marmoreum (Petropolis)|Palatium Marmoreum]] et [[villa Paulopolitana]] sedes Constantini fuerunt.

Liberos multos cum [[Alexandra Mauricii filia]] habuit, sed et [[Homosexualitas|amore iuvenum]] notus est. Ultimus est e domo Romanovia, qui ante [[res novae Russiae (1917)|res novas]] mortuus est et in [[Ecclesia cathedralis Petri et Pauli|ecclesia cathedrali Petri et Pauli]] Petropolitana sepultus.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

==Nexus externi==
{{fontes biographici}}

{{anni vitae|1827|1892|Constantinus Constantini filius}}

[[Categoria:Romanov]]
[[Categoria:Poetae Russiae]]
[[Categoria:Interpretes Anglo-Russici]]
[[Categoria:Interpretes Theodisco-Russici]]</text>
      <sha1>9066fuly4ua6mwx373kncce2lkc80px</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3999172</id>
      <parentid>3999168</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-04T14:44:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3999172</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1719" sha1="redzs01qre2vztuh8vsh1po2rj7p3ae" xml:space="preserve">{{capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}
{{res|Constantinus Constantini filius}} ([[Russice]] ''Константин Константинович''), ut {{res|C. R.}}&lt;ref&gt;Id est ''Constantinus Romanov'', [[Russice]] ''К. Р.''&lt;/ref&gt; poeta notus, [[10 Augusti]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Greg|[[22 Augusti]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; anno [[1858]] [[Strelna]]e natus et [[2 Iunii]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Greg|[[15 Iunii]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[1915]] in [[villa Paulopolitana]] mortuus, fuit magnus dux [[Russicus]] e domo [[Romanov]]ia, [[Constantinus Nicolai filius|Constantini Nicolai filii]] et [[Alexandra Iosephi filia|Alexandrae Iosephi filiae]] filius secundus. In classe navali militiam gerit; ab anno [[1889]] usque ad mortem [[Academia Scientiarum Petropolitana|Academiae Scientiarum Petropolitanae]] praeses fuit. Carmina sua multa sub [[pseudonymum|pseudonymo]] ''C. R,'' edidit, quorum nonnula et cantica popularia facta sunt, atque multa opera aliena Russice vertit, e.g. ''Raptores'' [[Fridericus Schillerus|Friderici Schilleri]] et ''[[Hamlet|Amlethum]]'' [[Gulielmus Shakesperius|Shakesperii]]. 

Liberos multos cum [[Alexandra Mauricii filia]] habuit, sed et [[Homosexualitas|amore iuvenum]] notus est. Ultimus est e domo Romanovia fuit, qui ante [[res novae Russiae (1917)|res novas]] mortuus est et in [[Ecclesia cathedralis Petri et Pauli|ecclesia cathedrali Petri et Pauli]] Petropolitana sepultus est. [[Palatium Marmoreum (Petropolis)|Palatium Marmoreum]] et [[villa Paulopolitana]] sedes Constantini fuerunt.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

==Nexus externi==
{{fontes biographici}}

{{anni vitae|1827|1892|Constantinus Constantini filius}}

[[Categoria:Romanov]]
[[Categoria:Poetae Russiae]]
[[Categoria:Interpretes Anglo-Russici]]
[[Categoria:Interpretes Theodisco-Russici]]</text>
      <sha1>redzs01qre2vztuh8vsh1po2rj7p3ae</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>3999175</id>
      <parentid>3999172</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-04T14:51:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3999175</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1715" sha1="em4l7uz3rwfgoicod1ofnkdbiodk3ft" xml:space="preserve">{{capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}
{{res|Constantinus Constantini filius}} ([[Russice]] ''Константин Константинович''), ut {{res|C. R.}}&lt;ref&gt;Id est ''Constantinus Romanov'', [[Russice]] ''К. Р.''&lt;/ref&gt; poeta notus, [[10 Augusti]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Greg|[[22 Augusti]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; anno [[1858]] [[Strelna]]e natus et [[2 Iunii]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Greg|[[15 Iunii]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[1915]] in [[villa Paulopolitana]] mortuus, fuit magnus dux [[Russicus]] e domo [[Romanov]]ia, [[Constantinus Nicolai filius|Constantini Nicolai filii]] et [[Alexandra Iosephi filia|Alexandrae Iosephi filiae]] filius secundus. In classe navali militiam gerit; ab anno [[1889]] usque ad mortem [[Academia Scientiarum Petropolitana|Academiae Scientiarum Petropolitanae]] praeses fuit. Carmina sua multa sub [[pseudonymum|pseudonymo]] ''C. R,'' edidit, quorum nonnula et cantica popularia facta sunt, atque multa opera aliena Russice vertit, e.g. ''Raptores'' [[Fridericus Schillerus|Friderici Schilleri]] et ''[[Hamlet|Amlethum]]'' [[Gulielmus Shakesperius|Shakesperii]]. 

Liberos multos cum [[Alexandra Mauricii filia]] habuit, sed et [[Homosexualitas|amore iuvenum]] notus est. Ultimus e domo Romanovia fuit, qui ante [[res novae Russiae (1917)|res novas]] mortuus est et in [[Ecclesia cathedralis Petri et Pauli|ecclesia cathedrali Petri et Pauli]] Petropolitana sepultus est. [[Palatium Marmoreum (Petropolis)|Palatium Marmoreum]] et [[villa Paulopolitana]] sedes Constantini fuerunt.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

==Nexus externi==
{{fontes biographici}}

{{anni vitae|1827|1892|Constantinus Constantini filius}}

[[Categoria:Romanov]]
[[Categoria:Poetae Russiae]]
[[Categoria:Interpretes Anglo-Russici]]
[[Categoria:Interpretes Theodisco-Russici]]</text>
      <sha1>em4l7uz3rwfgoicod1ofnkdbiodk3ft</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>C. R.</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>329837</id>
    <redirect title="Constantinus Constantini filius" />
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      <id>3999167</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-04T14:38:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
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      <comment>nova</comment>
      <origin>3999167</origin>
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      <text bytes="45" sha1="mfo0w488550i927e5bflb7h1ynkckwz" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Constantinus Constantini filius]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Transitus pedestris</title>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-04T15:28:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-58511-79</username>
        <id>217264</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Paginam instituit, scribens '[[Fasciculus: Intersection 4way overview.jpg|thumb|Transitus pedestris.]] '''Transitus pedestris''' est superficies viae picta ubi peditrs viam transite possunt. Pars sunt systematis salutis uqod hominibus permittit vias transire cum tutum est id facere. In oppidis et urbibus, et commeatus et pedites utuntur viarum. Regulae esse debent quae pedites tutos servent, sed permittant commeatum quam lenissime fluere.  Transitus pedestres luminibus negotiationis vel al...'</comment>
      <origin>3999191</origin>
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      <text bytes="606" sha1="5ehaaxcghjestg6a5w5kern1xw8c3mu" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus: Intersection 4way overview.jpg|thumb|Transitus pedestris.]]
'''Transitus pedestris''' est superficies viae picta ubi peditrs viam transite possunt. Pars sunt systematis salutis uqod hominibus permittit vias transire cum tutum est id facere. In oppidis et urbibus, et commeatus et pedites utuntur viarum. Regulae esse debent quae pedites tutos servent, sed permittant commeatum quam lenissime fluere.

Transitus pedestres luminibus negotiationis vel aliis instrumentis regi possunt. Leges de transitibus pedestribus secundum nationes variantum. Signa sonora in quibussam nationibus incluntdur.</text>
      <sha1>5ehaaxcghjestg6a5w5kern1xw8c3mu</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>3999207</id>
      <parentid>3999191</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-04T16:02:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Project:HotCat|HotCat]]: +[[Categoria:Via]]; +[[Categoria:Vectura]]</comment>
      <origin>3999207</origin>
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      <text bytes="647" sha1="f2xy5k7fr9y6moejcn0zv5k3p3x3lgo" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus: Intersection 4way overview.jpg|thumb|Transitus pedestris.]]
'''Transitus pedestris''' est superficies viae picta ubi peditrs viam transite possunt. Pars sunt systematis salutis uqod hominibus permittit vias transire cum tutum est id facere. In oppidis et urbibus, et commeatus et pedites utuntur viarum. Regulae esse debent quae pedites tutos servent, sed permittant commeatum quam lenissime fluere.

Transitus pedestres luminibus negotiationis vel aliis instrumentis regi possunt. Leges de transitibus pedestribus secundum nationes variantum. Signa sonora in quibussam nationibus incluntdur.

[[Categoria:Via]]
[[Categoria:Vectura]]</text>
      <sha1>f2xy5k7fr9y6moejcn0zv5k3p3x3lgo</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>3999220</id>
      <parentid>3999207</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-04T16:54:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-58511-79</username>
        <id>217264</id>
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      <origin>3999220</origin>
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      <text bytes="1105" sha1="3ykcmqlz6u6oeizw85y9r4b6uzd1xks" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus: Intersection 4way overview.jpg|thumb|Transitus pedestris.]]
'''Transitus pedestris''' est superficies viae picta ubi peditrs viam transite possunt. Pars sunt systematis salutis uqod hominibus permittit vias transire cum tutum est id facere. In oppidis et urbibus, et commeatus et pedites utuntur viarum. Regulae esse debent quae pedites tutos servent, sed permittant commeatum quam lenissime fluere.

Transitus pedestres luminibus negotiationis vel aliis instrumentis regi possunt. Leges de transitibus pedestribus secundum nationes variantum. Signa sonora in quibussam nationibus incluntdur.

Transitus peditum signati saepe in compitis inveniuntur, sed etiam in aliis locis viarum frequentium esse possunt. Eriam collocantur ubi multi pedites transire conantur (ut in locis mercatoriis) vel ubi vulnerabiles utentes viae (ut pueri scholares) regulariter transeunt. Regulae usum transituum peditum regunt ad salutem praestandam. Exempli gratia, in quibusdam locis, peditrs plus quam medium transitum percurrere debet antequam auriga progredi possit.

[[Categoria:Via]]
[[Categoria:Vectura]]</text>
      <sha1>3ykcmqlz6u6oeizw85y9r4b6uzd1xks</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3999328</id>
      <parentid>3999220</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-04T23:18:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>IacobusAmor</username>
        <id>1163</id>
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      <minor />
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      <text bytes="1293" sha1="nhgu5ijm7tgf38mqutjy00ckzecfyk8" xml:space="preserve">{{Latinitas|-3}}
[[Fasciculus: Intersection 4way overview.jpg|thumb|Despectus in transitum pedestrem.]]
'''Transitus pedestris'''{{FD ref}} est [[superficies]] [[via]]e picta ubi peditrs{{dubsig}} viam transite{{dubsig}} possunt. Pars sunt systematis salutis quod hominibus vias transire permittit cum tutum sit id facere.{{dubsig}} In oppidis et urbibus, et [[commeatus]] et pedites utuntur viarum.{{dubsig}} Regulae esse debent{{dubsig}} quae pedites tutos servent, sed permittant commeatum quam lenissime fluere.

Transitus pedestres luminibus [[negotium|negotiationis]] vel aliis instrumentis regi possunt. Leges de transitibus pedestribus secundum [[civitas|civitates]] variantum.{{dubsig}} Signa sonora in quibusdam civitatibus incluntdur.{{dubsig}}

Transitus peditum signati saepe in compitis inveniuntur, sed etiam in aliis locis viarum frequentium esse possunt. Etiam collocantur ubi multi pedites transire conantur (ut in locis mercatoriis) vel ubi vulnerabiles utentes viae (ut [[puer]]i) regulariter{{dubsig}} transeunt. Regulae usum transituum peditum regunt ad salutem praestandam. Exempli gratia, in quibusdam locis, peditrs{{dubsig}} plus quam medium transitum percurrere debet antequam auriga progredi possit.

==Nexus==
&lt;references/&gt;

[[Categoria:Vectura]]
[[Categoria:Via]]</text>
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    <title>Magnus Dux Finniae</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
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      <text bytes="39" sha1="rouwgpijsiysvyg6rmfpld9ofljyj6r" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Magnus Ducatus Finlandiae]]</text>
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    <title>Categoria:Archidioecesis Claromontana</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>329841</id>
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      <id>3999224</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-04T17:26:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>creatio</comment>
      <origin>3999224</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="184" sha1="i2n7s707xu270i9ujug2knd8v6g2797" xml:space="preserve">[[Categoria:Dioeceses Ecclesiae Catholicae in Francia|Claramontana]]
[[Categoria:Archidioeceses Ecclesiae Catholicae|Claramontan]]
[[Categoria:Augustonemetum]]
[[Categoria:Mons Dumae]]</text>
      <sha1>i2n7s707xu270i9ujug2knd8v6g2797</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3999227</id>
      <parentid>3999224</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-04T17:28:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Pippobuono movit paginam [[Categoria:Archidioecesis Claramontana]] ad [[Categoria:Archidioecesis Claromontana]]: error typographica</comment>
      <origin>3999224</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="184" sha1="i2n7s707xu270i9ujug2knd8v6g2797" xml:space="preserve">[[Categoria:Dioeceses Ecclesiae Catholicae in Francia|Claramontana]]
[[Categoria:Archidioeceses Ecclesiae Catholicae|Claramontan]]
[[Categoria:Augustonemetum]]
[[Categoria:Mons Dumae]]</text>
      <sha1>i2n7s707xu270i9ujug2knd8v6g2797</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Categoria:Archidioecesis Claramontana</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>329842</id>
    <redirect title="Categoria:Archidioecesis Claromontana" />
    <revision>
      <id>3999228</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-04T17:28:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Pippobuono movit paginam [[Categoria:Archidioecesis Claramontana]] ad [[Categoria:Archidioecesis Claromontana]]: error typographica</comment>
      <origin>3999228</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="186" sha1="bvom6g40mmi0latjir45quh5jjitl35" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[:Categoria:Archidioecesis Claromontana]]

{{Confestim delenda|Redirectio redundans. &lt;small&gt;(Pittacium [[Formula:Postilla redirectionis/arbiter|systemate]] additum.)&lt;/small&gt;}}</text>
      <sha1>bvom6g40mmi0latjir45quh5jjitl35</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gubernium Bessarabiae</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>329843</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3999244</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-04T18:26:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>nova</comment>
      <origin>3999244</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1803" sha1="sglsrgb6jfrgl7dtbkjwq9rmdlsswvo" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}}
{{res|Gubernium Bessarabiae}}&lt;ref&gt;O. Werner [[Societas Iesu|SI]], [https://www.google.ru/books/edition/Orbis_terrarum_Catholicus/leMTzPLoEiwC?hl=ru&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=gubernium+bessarabiae&amp;pg=PA115&amp;printsec=frontcover ''Orbis terrarum Catholicus...'', 1890, p. 115]. [[Russice]] ''Бессарабская губерния''.&lt;/ref&gt; vel {{res|regio Bessarabiae}} (ante annum 1873) fuit [[Imperium Russicum|Imperii Russici]] [[gubernium|pars administrativa]], quae post [[Bella inter Russos et Turcas|bellum Turcicum]] anno [[1812]] creata est et annum [[1917]] abolita. In terris inter [[delta Danubii]], [[Pyretus|Pyretum]], [[Tyras|Tyram]] et [[Pontus Euxinus|Pontum Euxinum]] sita erat, ubi nunc [[Moldavia]] et partes regionum [[regio Odessana|Odessanae]] et [[Regio Czernovicensis|Czernovicensis]] [[Ucraina]]e, [[Scythia Minor|Scythiae Minori]], [[Romania]]e, [[Bucovina]]e tunc [[Austro-Hungaria|Austro-Hungaricae]] et guberniis [[Gubernium Chersonense|Chersonensi]] et [[Gubernium Podoliense|Podoliensi]] contermina.

[[Fasciculus:Санкт-Петербург, гений на аттике Московских ворот (2).jpg|thumb|left|Genius gubernii Bessarabiae in [[porta Mosquensis|porta Mosquensi]] Petropolitana]]
Caput gubernii [[Chisinovia]] fuit, capita [[Circulus (Russia)|circulorum]] [[Benderum]], [[Chotinum]], [[Bialogroda]] (tunc ''Akkerman'') etc.
== Nota ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Bessarabia Governorate}}
{{fontes geographici}}
* [[:s:ru:ЭСБЕ/Бессарабская губерния|Gubernium Bessarabiae]]  ''[[Lexicon encyclopaedicum Brockhaus et Efron|Lexico encyclopaedico Brockhaus et Efron]]'' {{ling|Russice}}

[[Categoria:Moldavia]]
[[Categoria:Chisinovia]]
[[Categoria:Gubernia Imperii Russici|Bessarabia]]</text>
      <sha1>sglsrgb6jfrgl7dtbkjwq9rmdlsswvo</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3999246</id>
      <parentid>3999244</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-04T18:28:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3999246</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1802" sha1="ij3jdfacib0vlnu6workth5t1gkkqso" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}}
{{res|Gubernium Bessarabiae}}&lt;ref&gt;O. Werner [[Societas Iesu|SI]], [https://www.google.ru/books/edition/Orbis_terrarum_Catholicus/leMTzPLoEiwC?hl=ru&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=gubernium+bessarabiae&amp;pg=PA115&amp;printsec=frontcover ''Orbis terrarum Catholicus...'', 1890, p. 115]. [[Russice]] ''Бессарабская губерния''.&lt;/ref&gt; vel {{res|regio Bessarabiae}} (ante annum 1873) fuit [[Imperium Russicum|Imperii Russici]] [[gubernium|pars administrativa]], quae post [[Bella inter Russos et Turcas|bellum Turcicum]] anno [[1812]] creata est et anno [[1917]] abolita. In terris inter [[delta Danubii]], [[Pyretus|Pyretum]], [[Tyras|Tyram]] et [[Pontus Euxinus|Pontum Euxinum]] sita erat, ubi nunc [[Moldavia]] et partes regionum [[regio Odessana|Odessanae]] et [[Regio Czernovicensis|Czernovicensis]] [[Ucraina]]e, [[Scythia Minor|Scythiae Minori]], [[Romania]]e, [[Bucovina]]e tunc [[Austro-Hungaria|Austro-Hungaricae]] et guberniis [[Gubernium Chersonense|Chersonensi]] et [[Gubernium Podoliense|Podoliensi]] contermina.

[[Fasciculus:Санкт-Петербург, гений на аттике Московских ворот (2).jpg|thumb|left|Genius gubernii Bessarabiae in [[porta Mosquensis|porta Mosquensi]] Petropolitana]]
Caput gubernii [[Chisinovia]] fuit, capita [[Circulus (Russia)|circulorum]] [[Benderum]], [[Chotinum]], [[Bialogroda]] (tunc ''Akkerman'') etc.
== Nota ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Bessarabia Governorate}}
{{fontes geographici}}
* [[:s:ru:ЭСБЕ/Бессарабская губерния|Gubernium Bessarabiae]]  ''[[Lexicon encyclopaedicum Brockhaus et Efron|Lexico encyclopaedico Brockhaus et Efron]]'' {{ling|Russice}}

[[Categoria:Moldavia]]
[[Categoria:Chisinovia]]
[[Categoria:Gubernia Imperii Russici|Bessarabia]]</text>
      <sha1>ij3jdfacib0vlnu6workth5t1gkkqso</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3999247</id>
      <parentid>3999246</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-04T18:30:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3999247</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1807" sha1="1otwajvq3r4l04cnvgltt6obynz6zpy" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}}
{{res|Gubernium Bessarabiae}}&lt;ref&gt;O. Werner [[Societas Iesu|SI]], [https://www.google.ru/books/edition/Orbis_terrarum_Catholicus/leMTzPLoEiwC?hl=ru&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=gubernium+bessarabiae&amp;pg=PA115&amp;printsec=frontcover ''Orbis terrarum Catholicus...'', 1890, p. 115]. [[Russice]] ''Бессарабская губерния''.&lt;/ref&gt; vel {{res|regio Bessarabiae}} (ante annum 1873) fuit [[Imperium Russicum|Imperii Russici]] [[gubernium|pars administrativa]], quae post [[Bella inter Russos et Turcas|bellum Turcicum]] anno [[1812]] creata est et anno [[1917]] abolita. In terris inter [[delta Danubii]], [[Pyretus|Pyretum]], [[Tyras|Tyram]] et [[Pontus Euxinus|Pontum Euxinum]] sita erat, ubi nunc [[Moldavia]] et partes regionum [[regio Odessana|Odessanae]] et [[Regio Czernovicensis|Czernovicensis]] [[Ucraina]]e. [[Scythia Minor|Scythiae Minori]], [[Romania]]e, [[Bucovina]]e tunc [[Austro-Hungaria|Austro-Hungaricae]] et guberniis [[Gubernium Chersonense|Chersonensi]] et [[Gubernium Podoliense|Podoliensi]] contermina fuit.

[[Fasciculus:Санкт-Петербург, гений на аттике Московских ворот (2).jpg|thumb|left|Genius gubernii Bessarabiae in [[porta Mosquensis|porta Mosquensi]] Petropolitana]]
Caput gubernii [[Chisinovia]] fuit, capita [[Circulus (Russia)|circulorum]] [[Benderum]], [[Chotinum]], [[Bialogroda]] (tunc ''Akkerman'') etc.
== Nota ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Bessarabia Governorate}}
{{fontes geographici}}
* [[:s:ru:ЭСБЕ/Бессарабская губерния|Gubernium Bessarabiae]]  ''[[Lexicon encyclopaedicum Brockhaus et Efron|Lexico encyclopaedico Brockhaus et Efron]]'' {{ling|Russice}}

[[Categoria:Moldavia]]
[[Categoria:Chisinovia]]
[[Categoria:Gubernia Imperii Russici|Bessarabia]]</text>
      <sha1>1otwajvq3r4l04cnvgltt6obynz6zpy</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3999249</id>
      <parentid>3999247</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-04T18:38:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3999249</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1833" sha1="eydkfjlcsuaacggeaev440abu92fdyx" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}}
{{res|Gubernium Bessarabiae}}&lt;ref&gt;O. Werner [[Societas Iesu|SI]], [https://www.google.ru/books/edition/Orbis_terrarum_Catholicus/leMTzPLoEiwC?hl=ru&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=gubernium+bessarabiae&amp;pg=PA115&amp;printsec=frontcover ''Orbis terrarum Catholicus...'', 1890, p. 115]. [[Russice]] ''Бессарабская губерния''.&lt;/ref&gt; vel {{res|regio Bessarabiae}} (ante annum 1873) fuit [[Imperium Russicum|Imperii Russici]] [[gubernium|pars administrativa]], quae post [[Bella inter Russos et Turcas|bellum Turcicum]] anno [[1812]] creata est et anno [[1917]] abolita. In regione historica [[Bessarabia]] inter [[delta Danubii]], [[Pyretus|Pyretum]], [[Tyras|Tyram]] et [[Pontus Euxinus|Pontum Euxinum]] sita erat, ubi nunc [[Moldavia]] et partes regionum [[regio Odessana|Odessanae]] et [[Regio Czernovicensis|Czernovicensis]] [[Ucraina]]e. [[Scythia Minor|Scythiae Minori]], [[Romania]]e, [[Bucovina]]e tunc [[Austro-Hungaria|Austro-Hungaricae]] et guberniis [[Gubernium Chersonense|Chersonensi]] et [[Gubernium Podoliense|Podoliensi]] contermina fuit.

[[Fasciculus:Санкт-Петербург, гений на аттике Московских ворот (2).jpg|thumb|left|Genius gubernii Bessarabiae in [[porta Mosquensis|porta Mosquensi]] Petropolitana]]
Caput gubernii [[Chisinovia]] fuit, capita [[Circulus (Russia)|circulorum]] [[Benderum]], [[Chotinum]], [[Bialogroda]] (tunc ''Akkerman'') etc.
== Nota ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Bessarabia Governorate}}
{{fontes geographici}}
* [[:s:ru:ЭСБЕ/Бессарабская губерния|Gubernium Bessarabiae]]  ''[[Lexicon encyclopaedicum Brockhaus et Efron|Lexico encyclopaedico Brockhaus et Efron]]'' {{ling|Russice}}

[[Categoria:Moldavia]]
[[Categoria:Chisinovia]]
[[Categoria:Gubernia Imperii Russici|Bessarabia]]</text>
      <sha1>eydkfjlcsuaacggeaev440abu92fdyx</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3999250</id>
      <parentid>3999249</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-04T18:42:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3999250</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1852" sha1="93zqfos5t8rqm5x7hprnahitoauz7fn" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}}
{{res|Gubernium Bessarabiae}}&lt;ref&gt;O. Werner [[Societas Iesu|SI]], [https://www.google.ru/books/edition/Orbis_terrarum_Catholicus/leMTzPLoEiwC?hl=ru&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=gubernium+bessarabiae&amp;pg=PA115&amp;printsec=frontcover ''Orbis terrarum Catholicus...'', 1890, p. 115]. [[Russice]] ''Bessarabskaja gubernija''.&lt;/ref&gt; vel {{res|regio Bessarabiae}}&lt;ref&gt;''Bessarabskaja oblast'''.&lt;/ref&gt; (ante annum 1873) fuit [[Imperium Russicum|Imperii Russici]] [[gubernium|pars administrativa]], quae post [[Bella inter Russos et Turcas|bellum Turcicum]] anno [[1812]] creata est et anno [[1917]] abolita. In regione historica [[Bessarabia]] inter [[delta Danubii]], [[Pyretus|Pyretum]], [[Tyras|Tyram]] et [[Pontus Euxinus|Pontum Euxinum]] sita erat, ubi nunc [[Moldavia]] et partes regionum [[regio Odessana|Odessanae]] et [[Regio Czernovicensis|Czernovicensis]] [[Ucraina]]e. [[Scythia Minor|Scythiae Minori]], [[Romania]]e, [[Bucovina]]e tunc [[Austro-Hungaria|Austro-Hungaricae]] et guberniis [[Gubernium Chersonense|Chersonensi]] et [[Gubernium Podoliense|Podoliensi]] contermina fuit.

[[Fasciculus:Санкт-Петербург, гений на аттике Московских ворот (2).jpg|thumb|left|Genius gubernii Bessarabiae in [[porta Mosquensis|porta Mosquensi]] Petropolitana]]
Caput gubernii [[Chisinovia]] fuit, capita [[Circulus (Russia)|circulorum]] [[Benderum]], [[Chotinum]], [[Bialogroda]] (tunc ''Akkerman'') etc.
== Nota ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Bessarabia Governorate}}
{{fontes geographici}}
* [[:s:ru:ЭСБЕ/Бессарабская губерния|Gubernium Bessarabiae]]  ''[[Lexicon encyclopaedicum Brockhaus et Efron|Lexico encyclopaedico Brockhaus et Efron]]'' {{ling|Russice}}

[[Categoria:Moldavia]]
[[Categoria:Chisinovia]]
[[Categoria:Gubernia Imperii Russici|Bessarabia]]</text>
      <sha1>93zqfos5t8rqm5x7hprnahitoauz7fn</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3999251</id>
      <parentid>3999250</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-04T18:43:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Nexus externi */</comment>
      <origin>3999251</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1854" sha1="b0ohip5lwlk7tcckz183jw4a8uvbyu1" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}}
{{res|Gubernium Bessarabiae}}&lt;ref&gt;O. Werner [[Societas Iesu|SI]], [https://www.google.ru/books/edition/Orbis_terrarum_Catholicus/leMTzPLoEiwC?hl=ru&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=gubernium+bessarabiae&amp;pg=PA115&amp;printsec=frontcover ''Orbis terrarum Catholicus...'', 1890, p. 115]. [[Russice]] ''Bessarabskaja gubernija''.&lt;/ref&gt; vel {{res|regio Bessarabiae}}&lt;ref&gt;''Bessarabskaja oblast'''.&lt;/ref&gt; (ante annum 1873) fuit [[Imperium Russicum|Imperii Russici]] [[gubernium|pars administrativa]], quae post [[Bella inter Russos et Turcas|bellum Turcicum]] anno [[1812]] creata est et anno [[1917]] abolita. In regione historica [[Bessarabia]] inter [[delta Danubii]], [[Pyretus|Pyretum]], [[Tyras|Tyram]] et [[Pontus Euxinus|Pontum Euxinum]] sita erat, ubi nunc [[Moldavia]] et partes regionum [[regio Odessana|Odessanae]] et [[Regio Czernovicensis|Czernovicensis]] [[Ucraina]]e. [[Scythia Minor|Scythiae Minori]], [[Romania]]e, [[Bucovina]]e tunc [[Austro-Hungaria|Austro-Hungaricae]] et guberniis [[Gubernium Chersonense|Chersonensi]] et [[Gubernium Podoliense|Podoliensi]] contermina fuit.

[[Fasciculus:Санкт-Петербург, гений на аттике Московских ворот (2).jpg|thumb|left|Genius gubernii Bessarabiae in [[porta Mosquensis|porta Mosquensi]] Petropolitana]]
Caput gubernii [[Chisinovia]] fuit, capita [[Circulus (Russia)|circulorum]] [[Benderum]], [[Chotinum]], [[Bialogroda]] (tunc ''Akkerman'') etc.
== Nota ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Bessarabia Governorate}}
{{fontes geographici}}
* [[:s:ru:ЭСБЕ/Бессарабская губерния|Gubernium Bessarabiae]] in ''[[Lexicon encyclopaedicum Brockhaus et Efron|Lexico encyclopaedico Brockhaus et Efron]]'' {{ling|Russice}}

[[Categoria:Moldavia]]
[[Categoria:Chisinovia]]
[[Categoria:Gubernia Imperii Russici|Bessarabia]]</text>
      <sha1>b0ohip5lwlk7tcckz183jw4a8uvbyu1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3999263</id>
      <parentid>3999251</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-04T19:24:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Project:HotCat|HotCat]]: +[[Categoria:Regiones Imperii Russici]]</comment>
      <origin>3999263</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1893" sha1="8pjo7gz025e7yxybgnekuifzixf8zy9" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}}
{{res|Gubernium Bessarabiae}}&lt;ref&gt;O. Werner [[Societas Iesu|SI]], [https://www.google.ru/books/edition/Orbis_terrarum_Catholicus/leMTzPLoEiwC?hl=ru&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=gubernium+bessarabiae&amp;pg=PA115&amp;printsec=frontcover ''Orbis terrarum Catholicus...'', 1890, p. 115]. [[Russice]] ''Bessarabskaja gubernija''.&lt;/ref&gt; vel {{res|regio Bessarabiae}}&lt;ref&gt;''Bessarabskaja oblast'''.&lt;/ref&gt; (ante annum 1873) fuit [[Imperium Russicum|Imperii Russici]] [[gubernium|pars administrativa]], quae post [[Bella inter Russos et Turcas|bellum Turcicum]] anno [[1812]] creata est et anno [[1917]] abolita. In regione historica [[Bessarabia]] inter [[delta Danubii]], [[Pyretus|Pyretum]], [[Tyras|Tyram]] et [[Pontus Euxinus|Pontum Euxinum]] sita erat, ubi nunc [[Moldavia]] et partes regionum [[regio Odessana|Odessanae]] et [[Regio Czernovicensis|Czernovicensis]] [[Ucraina]]e. [[Scythia Minor|Scythiae Minori]], [[Romania]]e, [[Bucovina]]e tunc [[Austro-Hungaria|Austro-Hungaricae]] et guberniis [[Gubernium Chersonense|Chersonensi]] et [[Gubernium Podoliense|Podoliensi]] contermina fuit.

[[Fasciculus:Санкт-Петербург, гений на аттике Московских ворот (2).jpg|thumb|left|Genius gubernii Bessarabiae in [[porta Mosquensis|porta Mosquensi]] Petropolitana]]
Caput gubernii [[Chisinovia]] fuit, capita [[Circulus (Russia)|circulorum]] [[Benderum]], [[Chotinum]], [[Bialogroda]] (tunc ''Akkerman'') etc.
== Nota ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Bessarabia Governorate}}
{{fontes geographici}}
* [[:s:ru:ЭСБЕ/Бессарабская губерния|Gubernium Bessarabiae]] in ''[[Lexicon encyclopaedicum Brockhaus et Efron|Lexico encyclopaedico Brockhaus et Efron]]'' {{ling|Russice}}

[[Categoria:Moldavia]]
[[Categoria:Chisinovia]]
[[Categoria:Gubernia Imperii Russici|Bessarabia]]
[[Categoria:Regiones Imperii Russici]]</text>
      <sha1>8pjo7gz025e7yxybgnekuifzixf8zy9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3999283</id>
      <parentid>3999263</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-04T19:29:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Project:HotCat|HotCat]]: -[[Categoria:Regiones Imperii Russici]]</comment>
      <origin>3999283</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1854" sha1="b0ohip5lwlk7tcckz183jw4a8uvbyu1" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}}
{{res|Gubernium Bessarabiae}}&lt;ref&gt;O. Werner [[Societas Iesu|SI]], [https://www.google.ru/books/edition/Orbis_terrarum_Catholicus/leMTzPLoEiwC?hl=ru&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=gubernium+bessarabiae&amp;pg=PA115&amp;printsec=frontcover ''Orbis terrarum Catholicus...'', 1890, p. 115]. [[Russice]] ''Bessarabskaja gubernija''.&lt;/ref&gt; vel {{res|regio Bessarabiae}}&lt;ref&gt;''Bessarabskaja oblast'''.&lt;/ref&gt; (ante annum 1873) fuit [[Imperium Russicum|Imperii Russici]] [[gubernium|pars administrativa]], quae post [[Bella inter Russos et Turcas|bellum Turcicum]] anno [[1812]] creata est et anno [[1917]] abolita. In regione historica [[Bessarabia]] inter [[delta Danubii]], [[Pyretus|Pyretum]], [[Tyras|Tyram]] et [[Pontus Euxinus|Pontum Euxinum]] sita erat, ubi nunc [[Moldavia]] et partes regionum [[regio Odessana|Odessanae]] et [[Regio Czernovicensis|Czernovicensis]] [[Ucraina]]e. [[Scythia Minor|Scythiae Minori]], [[Romania]]e, [[Bucovina]]e tunc [[Austro-Hungaria|Austro-Hungaricae]] et guberniis [[Gubernium Chersonense|Chersonensi]] et [[Gubernium Podoliense|Podoliensi]] contermina fuit.

[[Fasciculus:Санкт-Петербург, гений на аттике Московских ворот (2).jpg|thumb|left|Genius gubernii Bessarabiae in [[porta Mosquensis|porta Mosquensi]] Petropolitana]]
Caput gubernii [[Chisinovia]] fuit, capita [[Circulus (Russia)|circulorum]] [[Benderum]], [[Chotinum]], [[Bialogroda]] (tunc ''Akkerman'') etc.
== Nota ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Bessarabia Governorate}}
{{fontes geographici}}
* [[:s:ru:ЭСБЕ/Бессарабская губерния|Gubernium Bessarabiae]] in ''[[Lexicon encyclopaedicum Brockhaus et Efron|Lexico encyclopaedico Brockhaus et Efron]]'' {{ling|Russice}}

[[Categoria:Moldavia]]
[[Categoria:Chisinovia]]
[[Categoria:Gubernia Imperii Russici|Bessarabia]]</text>
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    <revision>
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[[Fasciculus:Санкт-Петербург, гений на аттике Московских ворот (2).jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|left|Genius gubernii Bessarabiae in [[porta Mosquensis|porta Mosquensi]] Petropolitana.]]
{{res|Gubernium Bessarabiae}}&lt;ref&gt;O. Werner [[Societas Iesu|SI]], [https://www.google.ru/books/edition/Orbis_terrarum_Catholicus/leMTzPLoEiwC?hl=ru&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=gubernium+bessarabiae&amp;pg=PA115&amp;printsec=frontcover ''Orbis terrarum Catholicus...'', 1890, p. 115]. [[Russice]] ''Bessarabskaja gubernija''.&lt;/ref&gt; vel {{res|regio Bessarabiae}}&lt;ref&gt;''Bessarabskaja oblast'''.&lt;/ref&gt; (ante annum 1873) fuit [[Imperium Russicum|Imperii Russici]] [[gubernium|pars administrativa]], quae, post [[Bella inter Russos et Turcas|bellum Turcicum]] anno [[1812]] creata, anno [[1917]] abolita est. In [[regio historica|regione historica]] [[Bessarabia]] inter [[delta Danubii]], [[Pyretus|Pyretum]], [[Tyras|Tyram]], et [[Pontus Euxinus|Pontum Euxinum]] sita est, ubi nunc [[Moldavia]] et partes regionum [[regio Odessana|Odessanae]] et [[Regio Czernovicensis|Czernovicensis]] [[Ucraina]]e sunt. [[Scythia Minor|Scythiae Minori]], [[Romania]]e, [[Bucovina]]e tunc [[Austro-Hungaria|Austro-Hungaricae]] et guberniis [[Gubernium Chersonense|Chersonensi]] et [[Gubernium Podoliense|Podoliensi]] contermina fuit.

[[Caput (urbs)|Caput]] gubernii [[Chisinovia]] fuit, capita [[Circulus (Russia)|circulorum]] [[Benderum]], [[Chotinum]], [[Bialogroda]] (tunc ''Akkerman''), etc.

== Nota ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Bessarabia Governorate|Gubernium Bessarabiae}}
{{fontes geographici}}
* [[:s:ru:ЭСБЕ/Бессарабская губерния|Gubernium Bessarabiae]] in ''[[Lexicon encyclopaedicum Brockhaus et Efron|Lexico encyclopaedico Brockhaus et Efron]]'' {{ling|Russice}}

[[Categoria:Chisinovia]]
[[Categoria:Gubernia Imperii Russici|Bessarabia]]
[[Categoria:Moldavia]]</text>
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    <title>Regio Bessarabiae</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
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      <comment>Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Rosche]] ad [[Roscha]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam</comment>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Rosche (commune generale)]] ad [[Roscha (commune generale)]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam</comment>
      <origin>3999291</origin>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
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      <comment>Redirigens ad [[Roscha]]</comment>
      <origin>3999299</origin>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Rosdorf]] ad [[Rosdorfium]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam</comment>
      <origin>3999309</origin>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
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      <comment>Redirigens ad [[Rosdorfium]]</comment>
      <origin>3999323</origin>
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    <title>Anatolius Marchenko</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
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      <comment>Demetrius Talpa movit paginam [[Anatolius Marchenko]] ad [[Anatolius Marčenko]] praeter redirectionem: ut omnes</comment>
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    <title>Condolentia Rice</title>
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      <comment>Redirigens ad [[Condoleezza Rice]]</comment>
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    <title>Albertus Goreus</title>
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  <page>
    <title>Buosus Donati</title>
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{{res|Buosus Donati}}&lt;ref&gt;Forma Latina praenominis invenitur apud ''[[s:Divina_Comoedia_(Marinellius)#(Infernorum_XXV)|editionem Latinam Divinae Comoediae]]'' a [[Iosephus Paschalius Marinellius|Iosepho Paschalio Marinellio]] ex Italico sermone versa (1874): &quot;Deinde novum obvertit tergum, dixitque recedens: / Nunc volo per vallem currat reptetque '''Buosus''', / Ac, velut ipse, sŏlum sinuoso corpore verrat&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (vulgo ''Buoso Donati'', natus fortasse [[Florentia|Florentiae]] anno ignoto atque mortuus post [[1280]], sed ante [[1300]]) fuit vir [[Italicus]], fortasse [[Furtum|fur]], a poëta [[Dantes Alagherius|Dante Alagherio]] nominato in canto vigesimoquinto ''[[Inferna (Divina Comoedia)|Infernorum]]''.

== In ''Divina comoedia'' ==
Buosus est inter quinque Florentinos ab Alagherio nominatos in septima [[bulga]] (vulgo ''bolgia'') octavi circuli Inferni, ubi puniuntur fures, a [[Serpentes|serpentibus]] tormentati. Alii quattuor sunt [[Ciampha Donati]], [[Angelus Brunelleschius]], [[Puccius Sciancatus]] atque [[Franciscus Cavalcans]].&lt;ref&gt;De cognominibus Latinis vide notas 17 atque 21 carminis XXV ''Infernorum'' in editione Latina ''Divinae comoediae'' a Marinellio facta.&lt;/ref&gt; Secundum nonnullos commentatores antiquos, hic Buosus identificatur cum Buoso Donati, qui (ut videtur) anno [[1280]] firmavit reconciliationem inter [[Guelphi et Ghibellini|Guelphos et Ghibellinos]] atque erat nepos [[Buosus Donati Senior|Buosi Donati Senioris]] ab illo [[Ioannes Schicchius|Ioanne Schicchio]] (alia persona ''Infernorum'') subdole imitati.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Vide paginam &quot;[https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/buoso-donati_(Enciclopedia-Dantesca)/ Donati, Buoso]&quot; apud ''Enciclopedia Dantesca'', in sito interretiale Treccani. {{Ling|Italice}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hic Buosus Bellam uxorem duxit atque habuit duo liberos, Gasdia Thaddaeumque appellatos.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Tamen, secundum Iacobum della Lana atque Petrum filium Dantis, Buosus oriundus e familia ex Abbatis (''degli Abati'') erat.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; De furtiis eius non scimus.
[[Fasciculus:Inf. 25, anaonimo pisano 1345.jpg|thumb|Metamorphosis Buosi Franciscique Cavalcantis in [[minuta tabula]] ''Infernorum'', circiter anno 1345 picta]]
Post [[Metamorphosis (mythologia)|metamorphosyn]] inter Ciampham atque Angelum, serpens niger &quot;ut [[Piper|piperis]] granum&quot; ([[Italice]] ''nero come un gran di pepe''), quae est [[anima]] mutata Francisci Cavalcantis, Buosum dente mordet. Igitur, duplex metamorphosis inter duo animas damnatas mutat serpens Cavalcans in hominem, atque Buosus in serpentem. Deinde Buosus effugit in valle infernali.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Dalla Piazza|first=Caietanus|author-link=Caietanus Dalla Piazza|year=1848|title=Dantis Alligherii Divina comoedia hexametris latinis reddita|url=https://www.google.it/books/edition/Dantis_Alligherii_Divina_Comoedia_hexame/6RNFAQAAMAAJ?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Buosus&amp;printsec=frontcover|location=[[Lipsia|Lipsiae]]|publisher=Ioannes Ambr. Barth|page=97-99}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
*Humbertus Bosco et Ioannes Reggio, ''La Divina Commedia - Inferno'', Le Monnier, 1988.
*Victorius Sermonti, ''Inferno'', Rizzoli, 2001.

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes biographici}}

[[Categoria:Incolae Italiae]]
[[Categoria:Nati saeculo 13]]
[[Categoria:Mortui saeculo 13]]
[[Categoria:Personae Divinae Comoediae (Inferna)]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Stella Mwangi</title>
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{{res|Stella Nyambura Mwangi}} (nata [[Murang'a]] die [[1 Septembris]] [[1986]]) est [[cantrix]] atque [[Recitatio rapiana|recitatrix rapiana]] [[Norvegia|Norvegica]]-[[Kenia|Keniensis]]. Repraesentavit Norvegiam [[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis|certamine cantionum Eurovisionis]] anni 2011 cum carmine ''Haba Haba''.

== Biographia ==
[[Fasciculus:Mwangi 2011.jpg|thumb|Stella Mwangi, anno 2011.]]
Stella Mwangi nata est in oppido Keniense [[Murang'a]] (iuxta [[Nairobia|Nairobiam]]) anno 1986. Quinque annos post, migravit cum familia in commune Norvegico [[Eidsvoll]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.nrk.no/kultur/stella-mwangi-om-livet-uten-faren-1.11305123 Stella Mwangi: – Nå føler jeg meg fri] &quot;, in ''RNK,'' 21 Octobris 2013. {{Ling|Norvegice}}&lt;/ref&gt; Octo annos nata, musicam sonare coepit.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120704203831/http://niaje.com/exclusive-interview-with-stella-mwangi-a-few-things-you-did-not-know-about-her/ Exclusive Interview With Stella Mwangi – A Few Things You Did Not Know About Her] &quot;, in ''Niaje!,'' 19 Iunii 2012. {{Ling|Anglice}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pater eam fratesque instruxit in [[lingua Suahelica]] atque [[lingua Kikuyu]] cum musica atque [[Poëma|poëmata]] Keniae.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; 

Anno 2007, Mwangi primum carmen protulit, ''Take It Back'' appellatum. Anno 2011 vicit [[Melodi Gran Prix]], certamen cantionum Norvegicum, cum carmine Anglico-Suahelico ''Haba Haba'', igitur civitatem Norvegicam repraesentavit [[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis|Certamine cantionum Eurovisionis]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.sanmarinortv.sm/news/cultura-c6/eurovision-song-contest-2011-dopo-lavoro-tutti-euroclub-dusseldorf-a107692 Eurovision Song Contest 2011: dopo il lavoro, tutti all'Euroclub di Dusseldorf]&quot;, in ''San Marino RTV,'' 5 Maii 2011. {{Ling|Italice}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tamen, in editione certaminis mense Maio apud [[Dusseldorpium]] facta, non superavit certationes semifinales.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.dagbladet.no/kultur/hva-skjer-med-stella-na/63682103 Hva skjer med Stella nå?] &quot;, in ''Kjendis,'' 11 Maii 2011. {{Ling|Norvegice}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anno 2018 denuo interfuit apud Melodi Grand Prix, cantans cum [[Alexandra Rotan]] carmen ''You Got Me''.

== Opera sua ==
=== Alba ===
* 2008 - ''Living for Music''
* 2011 - ''Kinada''
* 2021 - ''Eyes Off Me''
* 2022 - ''Icon''

=== Carmina ===
[[Fasciculus:Stella &amp; Alexandra Melodi Grand Prix 2018.jpg|thumb|Stella Mwangi atque [[Alexandra Rolan]] editione anni 2018 certaminis melodiarum Norvegiae.]]
* 2007 - ''Take It Back''
* 2008 - ''The Dreamer''
* 2008 - ''Makelele Remix''
* 2010 - ''Smile''
* 2011 - ''Haba Haba''
* 2011 - ''Lookie Lookie''
* 2011 - ''Take My Time'' &lt;small&gt;(cum Mohombi)&lt;/small&gt;
* 2011 - ''Hula Hoop''
* 2012 - ''Bad As I Wanna Be''
* 2013 - ''Shut It Down''
* 2014 - ''Stella Stella Stella''
* 2014 - ''Koolio''
* 2014 - ''Biashara'' &lt;small&gt;(cum Kristoff et Khaligraph Jones)&lt;/small&gt;
* 2015 - ''Chukhua Hatua''
* 2015 - ''Obe Baba'' &lt;small&gt;(cum Rajiv Okemwa)&lt;/small&gt;
* 2016 - ''Identify Yourself''
* 2016 - ''Big Girl''
* 2017 - ''Work''
* 2017 - ''Kuchizi''
* 2017 - ''Not Your Ordinary''
* 2018 - ''You Got Me'' &lt;small&gt;(cum Alexandra Rolan)&lt;/small&gt;
* 2018 - ''10 Toes''
* 2019 - ''F.I.L.'' &lt;small&gt;(cum Alexandra Rotan)&lt;/small&gt;
* 2018 - ''Repeat''
* 2019 - ''So What''
* 2019 - ''Number 1'' &lt;small&gt;(cum Victoria Kimani)&lt;/small&gt;
* 2019 - ''Ma Itū''
* 2020 - In the Spot &lt;small&gt;(cum JS16)&lt;/small&gt;
* 2020 - ''Long Way Coming'' &lt;small&gt;(cum Aarone Salovaara)&lt;/small&gt;
* 2021 - ''Eyes Off Me''
* 2021 - ''Watch'' &lt;small&gt;(cum Valorant)&lt;/small&gt;
* 2021 - ''Naughty''
* 2022 - ''Icon''
* 2022 - ''I Do What I Want''
* 2024 - ''Talk That Talk''

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi==
{{CommuniaCat|Stella Mwangi|Stellam Mwangi}}
{{Fontes biographici}}

{{Lifetime|1986||Mwangi, Stella}}
[[Categoria:Cantores Keniae]]
[[Categoria:Cantores Norvegiae]]
[[Categoria:Rapiani]]</text>
      <sha1>aor44x8k08nf580uj4dudfpjo5pt9ag</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Stella Nyambura Mwangi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>329857</id>
    <redirect title="Stella Mwangi" />
    <revision>
      <id>3999425</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-05T09:32:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-58674-06</username>
        <id>217304</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirigens ad [[Stella Mwangi]]</comment>
      <origin>3999425</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27" sha1="oklz6wzqe2n04wq1oxkb5mp8bet14dz" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Stella Mwangi]]</text>
      <sha1>oklz6wzqe2n04wq1oxkb5mp8bet14dz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Categoria:Cantores Keniae</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>329858</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3999426</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-05T09:35:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-58674-06</username>
        <id>217304</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Paginam instituit, scribens '{{Homines hac in categoria secundum annum ultimum vitae}}  [[Categoria:Cantores per civitates digesti|Keniae]] [[Categoria:Incolae Keniae|Cantores]]'</comment>
      <origin>3999426</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="148" sha1="6d2mjbapya4u52izp2shkmauahxzfsw" xml:space="preserve">{{Homines hac in categoria secundum annum ultimum vitae}}

[[Categoria:Cantores per civitates digesti|Keniae]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Keniae|Cantores]]</text>
      <sha1>6d2mjbapya4u52izp2shkmauahxzfsw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Categoria:Cantores Norvegiae</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>329859</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3999427</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-05T09:38:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-58674-06</username>
        <id>217304</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Paginam instituit, scribens '{{Homines hac in categoria secundum annum ultimum vitae}}  [[Categoria:Cantores per civitates digesti|Norvegiae]] [[Categoria:Musici Norvegiae|Cantores]]'</comment>
      <origin>3999427</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="153" sha1="bf68a8lennv6hrj6ixzl55iw82dzwx2" xml:space="preserve">{{Homines hac in categoria secundum annum ultimum vitae}}

[[Categoria:Cantores per civitates digesti|Norvegiae]]
[[Categoria:Musici Norvegiae|Cantores]]</text>
      <sha1>bf68a8lennv6hrj6ixzl55iw82dzwx2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Murat (discretiva)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>329860</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3999432</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-05T09:59:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-58674-06</username>
        <id>217304</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Paginam instituit, scribens '{{Pagina discretiva}}  {{res|Murat}} potest esse:  * Forma [[Turcice|Turcica]] praenominis [[Muradus|Muradi]] * Cognomen marescalci Francici [[Ioachim Murat]]'</comment>
      <origin>3999432</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="158" sha1="hey4nd10216a8it7qld6pix7knsc9an" xml:space="preserve">{{Pagina discretiva}}

{{res|Murat}} potest esse:

* Forma [[Turcice|Turcica]] praenominis [[Muradus|Muradi]]
* Cognomen marescalci Francici [[Ioachim Murat]]</text>
      <sha1>hey4nd10216a8it7qld6pix7knsc9an</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Formula:Novus harenarii submodulus creandus</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>329861</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3999458</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-05T11:12:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Prima adumbratio</comment>
      <origin>3999458</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="334" sha1="9lrcs16wgbgcjp4vbm4ckfdvmeu4ajq" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;&lt;inputbox&gt;
	type = create
	break = no
	prefix = Modulus:Harenarium/
	editintro = Formula:Novus harenarii submodulus creandus/monitus
	preload = Modulus:Harenarium
	placeholder = Scribe hic tuum nomen usoris
	buttonlabel = Parare
	summary = Prima adumbratio
&lt;/inputbox&gt;&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentatio}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>9lrcs16wgbgcjp4vbm4ckfdvmeu4ajq</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3999461</id>
      <parentid>3999458</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-05T11:18:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>+‘|amplitudo=’; +‘|versus=’</comment>
      <origin>3999461</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="525" sha1="8uexyogsd7a997757tb1yfrm9v8vbly" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;&lt;inputbox&gt;
	type = create
	prefix = Modulus:Harenarium/
	editintro = Formula:Novus harenarii submodulus creandus/monitus
	preload = Modulus:Harenarium
	placeholder = Scribe hic tuum nomen usoris
	buttonlabel = Parare
	summary = Prima adumbratio{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;P{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#if:{{{amplitudo|}}}|1|2}}|
	width {{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;=}} {{{amplitudo|}}}}}
	break = {{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#ifeq:{{{versus|}}}|plures|yes|no}}
&lt;/inputbox&gt;&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentatio}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>8uexyogsd7a997757tb1yfrm9v8vbly</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3999462</id>
      <parentid>3999461</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-05T11:19:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3999462</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="545" sha1="l79t02nr5es15axh80qd7wj5455veu0" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#tag:inputbox|
	type = create
	prefix = Modulus:Harenarium/
	editintro = Formula:Novus harenarii submodulus creandus/monitus
	preload = Modulus:Harenarium
	placeholder = Scribe hic tuum nomen usoris
	buttonlabel = Parare
	summary = Prima adumbratio{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;P{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#if:{{{amplitudo|}}}|1|2}}|
	width {{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;=}} {{{amplitudo|}}}}}
	break = {{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#ifeq:{{{versus|}}}|plures|yes|no}}
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentatio}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>l79t02nr5es15axh80qd7wj5455veu0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3999489</id>
      <parentid>3999462</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-05T11:55:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>+‘|exemplar=’; +‘|suasio=’</comment>
      <origin>3999489</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="620" sha1="kenhj3bjh6p54f3vpyarwkmjmjjg8et" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#tag:inputbox|
	type = create
	prefix = Modulus:Harenarium/
	editintro = Formula:Novus harenarii submodulus creandus/monitus
	preload = {{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#if:{{{exemplar|}}}|{{{exemplar}}}|Modulus:Harenarium}}
	placeholder = {{{suasio|Scribe hic tuum nomen usoris}}}
	buttonlabel = Parare
	summary = Prima adumbratio{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;P{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#if:{{{amplitudo|}}}|1|2}}|
	width {{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;=}} {{{amplitudo|}}}}}
	break = {{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#ifeq:{{{versus|}}}|plures|yes|no}}
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentatio}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>kenhj3bjh6p54f3vpyarwkmjmjjg8et</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Modulus:Harenarium/doc</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>329862</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3999467</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-05T11:26:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Prima adumbratio</comment>
      <origin>3999467</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1851" sha1="5bvzmkmo9jvdwqwq4x9g6cqqin6bwi1" xml:space="preserve">{{Subpagina documentationis}}
{{Formula in nuntiis systematis adhibita
	| custodes = usores
	| r3999443 = Textus paginarum absentium
}}

'''Hic modulus nec in paginis neque in formulis adhibendus est''', sed potius duobus aliis muneribus fungitur:
# Quotienscumque novus modulus creatur, adhiberi potest eius [[Auxilium:Exemplaria|exemplar]].
# Submoduli huius moduli, formā &lt;code&gt;Modulus:Harenarium/NOMEN USORIS&lt;/code&gt; vel &lt;code&gt;Modulus:Harenarium/NOMEN USORIS/submodulus XXX&lt;/code&gt;), libere creantur ad [[Vicipaedia:Lua|Luam]] linguam experirendam vel ad novas functiones modulorum temptandas.

{| style=&quot;margin: 2em auto;&quot;
! style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | Novum harenarii submodulum creare
|-
| {{Novus harenarii submodulus creandus|amplitudo=41}}
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: x-small&quot; | (litterae capitaneae minusculaeque recto modo scribendae sunt)
|}

== De usu (vitando) ==
; Syntaxis communis
: &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;#invoke:harenarium|''nomen functionis''&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;

== De functionibus ==
Moduli functiones hic numerantur.

=== &lt;code&gt;de_bello_gallico&lt;/code&gt; ===
Descriptio functionis &lt;code&gt;de_bello_gallico&lt;/code&gt; hic scribenda est.

==== De usu ====
'''Vicitextus:'''

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:harenarium|de_bello_gallico
	| postilla = (Quarum unam incolunt Belgae.)
}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

'''Effectus:'''

{{#invoke:harenarium|de_bello_gallico
	| postilla = (Quarum unam incolunt Belgae.)
}}

{{Ast}}

'''Vicitextus:'''

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:harenarium|de_bello_gallico}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

'''Effectus:'''

{{#invoke:harenarium|de_bello_gallico}}

== Ulteriora si cupis ==
* [[Vicipaedia:Lua]]
* {{Nf|Novus harenarii submodulus creandus}}

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{in harenario aut alibi||
&lt;!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --&gt;
[[Categoria:Moduli|{{PAGENAME}}]]
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>5bvzmkmo9jvdwqwq4x9g6cqqin6bwi1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Vicipaedia:Exemplaria communia/Modulus</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>329863</id>
    <redirect title="Modulus:Harenarium" />
    <revision>
      <id>3999468</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-05T11:27:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirectionem ad “[[Modulus:Harenarium]]” creavi</comment>
      <origin>3999468</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="57" sha1="lzfq77402kqgickduka46f5ic48gnku" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Modulus:Harenarium]]

{{De hac redirectione}}</text>
      <sha1>lzfq77402kqgickduka46f5ic48gnku</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cavalcans de Cavalcantibus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>329864</id>
    <redirect title="Cavalcans dei Cavalcanti" />
    <revision>
      <id>3999471</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-05T11:29:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-58674-06</username>
        <id>217304</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirigens ad [[Cavalcans dei Cavalcanti]]</comment>
      <origin>3999471</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="38" sha1="oo5j0ry4ri1iukx38x4yixxsbq8diok" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Cavalcans dei Cavalcanti]]</text>
      <sha1>oo5j0ry4ri1iukx38x4yixxsbq8diok</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Benedictus Josephus Labrus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>329865</id>
    <redirect title="Benedictus Iosephus Labre" />
    <revision>
      <id>3999475</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-05T11:35:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-58674-06</username>
        <id>217304</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirigens ad [[Benedictus Iosephus Labre]]</comment>
      <origin>3999475</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="39" sha1="6wczt0mk6r1eszvxtzt98t0p2q02n4t" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Benedictus Iosephus Labre]]</text>
      <sha1>6wczt0mk6r1eszvxtzt98t0p2q02n4t</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Formula:Novus harenarii submodulus creandus/monitus</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>329866</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3999479</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-05T11:40:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Prima adumbratio</comment>
      <origin>3999479</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1487" sha1="8ugwmmwmvr887c6hiricla3hahugc6f" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#ifexist:{{FULLPAGENAME}}
	| {{Capsa recensionis
		| titulus = Cave! Submodulus iam exsistit!
		| imago = Important2.svg
		| color = var(--background-color-content-removed, #ffe49c)
		| pigmentum = var(--background-color-warning-subtle, #fdf2d5)
		| 1 = Iam est submodulus “[[Modulus:Harenarium/{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]”! Si opus est, hic infra eum emendare potes.
	}}
	| {{#if:{{Prima littera maiuscula an minuscula an aliud|{{SUBPAGENAME}}||!}}
		| {{Capsa recensionis
			| titulus = Noli hanc recensionem divulgare!
			| imago = Stop hand nuvola.svg
			| color = var(--background-color-error, #f54739)
			| pigmentum = var(--background-color-error-subtle, #ffe9e5)
			| 1 = Nomina usorum primā litterā capitaneā scribenda sunt ({{*ie}} “{{ucfirst:{{SUBPAGENAME}}}}” non “{{SUBPAGENAME}}”). '''Abroga''' hanc recensionem et hic reveni nomine usoris correcto.
		}}
		| {{Capsa recensionis
			| titulus = Hac pagina divulgata, submodulus &amp;#123;&amp;#123;[[Modulus:Harenarium/{{SUBPAGENAME}}|&amp;#35;invoke:harenarium/{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]&amp;#125;&amp;#125; creabitur.
			| imago = Lua-Logo.svg
			| 1 = Submoduli harenarii, formā &lt;code&gt;Modulus:Harenarium/NOMEN USORIS&lt;/code&gt; vel &lt;code&gt;Modulus:Harenarium/NOMEN USORIS/submodulus XXX&lt;/code&gt;), libere creantur ad [[Vicipaedia:Lua|Luam]] linguam experirendam vel ad novas functiones modulorum temptandas.
		}}

	}}
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentatio monitus recensionis|Formula:Novus harenarii submodulus creandus}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>8ugwmmwmvr887c6hiricla3hahugc6f</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
</mediawiki>