Lexicon philosophicum

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    <title>Lexicon philosophicum</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-30T03:05:59Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="22085" sha1="qm5l48njbtvf36xc4jktmi8yodna197" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;max-width:58em;margin:0 auto;padding:1.4em 1.6em;font-family:-apple-system,'Segoe UI',Roboto,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;color:var(--color-base,#202122);background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#faf8f2);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:2.25em;line-height:1.05;color:#a86a3d;letter-spacing:0.02em;&quot;&gt;Lexicon philosophicum&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-style:italic;font-size:1.05em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);margin-top:0.3em;&quot;&gt;Vocabula philosophica Latina, additis Graecorum nominibus&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;height:3px;background:#c08552;margin:0.85em 0 0 0;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0.9em 0 1.3em 0;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.05em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);&quot;&gt;[[#A|A]] · [[#B|B]] · [[#C|C]] · [[#D|D]] · [[#E|E]] · [[#F|F]] · [[#G|G]] · [[#H|H]] · [[#I|I]] · [[#L|L]] · [[#M|M]] · [[#N|N]] · [[#O|O]] · [[#P|P]] · [[#Q|Q]] · [[#R|R]] · [[#S|S]] · [[#T|T]] · [[#V|V]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;A&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;A&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/A priori|A priori]]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Abductio|Abductio]]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Abstractio|Abstractio]]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Accidens|Accidens]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;συμβεβηκός&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Alienatio|Alienatio]]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Anarchismus|Anarchismus]]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Anima|Anima]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ψυχή&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Animus|Animus]]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Appetitus|Appetitus]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ὁρμή&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Assensio|Assensio]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;συγκατάθεσις&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Attributum|Attributum]]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;B&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;B&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Beatitudo|Beatitudo]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;εὐδαιμονία&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Bonum|Bonum]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ἀγαθόν&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;C&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;C&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Causa|Causa]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;αἰτία&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Cognitio|Cognitio]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;γνῶσις&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Comprehensio|Comprehensio]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;κατάληψις&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Conscientia|Conscientia]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;συνείδησις&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Cupiditas|Cupiditas]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ἐπιθυμία&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;D&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;D&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Decorum|Decorum]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;πρέπον&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Definitio|Definitio]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ὁρισμός&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Deus|Deus]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;θεός&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Dialectica|Dialectica]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;διαλεκτική&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;E&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;E&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Elementum|Elementum]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;στοιχεῖον&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Empirismus|Empirismus]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ἐμπειρία&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Epistemologia|Epistemologia]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ἐπιστήμη&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Ens|Ens]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;τὸ ὄν&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Essentia|Essentia]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;οὐσία&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Existentia|Existentia]]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;F&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;F&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Fatum|Fatum]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;εἱμαρμένη&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Finis|Finis]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;τέλος&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Forma|Forma]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;μορφή&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;G&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;G&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Genus|Genus]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;γένος&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;H&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;H&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Honestum|Honestum]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;καλόν&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;I&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;I&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Idea|Idea]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ἰδέα&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Inconscientia|Inconscientia]]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Individuum|Individuum]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ἄτομον&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Intentionalitas|Intentionalitas]]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Iudicium|Iudicium]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;κρίσις&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Iustitia|Iustitia]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;δικαιοσύνη&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;L&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;L&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Locus|Locus]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;τόπος&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;M&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;M&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Materia|Materia]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ὕλη&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Memoria|Memoria]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;μνήμη&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Mens|Mens]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;νοῦς&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Motus|Motus]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;κίνησις&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Mundus|Mundus]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;κόσμος&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;N&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;N&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Natura|Natura]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;φύσις&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Necessitas|Necessitas]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ἀνάγκη&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Notio|Notio]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ἔννοια&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;O&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;O&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Officium|Officium]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;καθῆκον&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Opinio|Opinio]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;δόξα&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;P&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;P&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Perturbatio|Perturbatio]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;πάθος&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Praeposita|Praeposita]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;προηγμένα&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Principium|Principium]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ἀρχή&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Probabile|Probabile]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;πιθανόν&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Providentia|Providentia]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;πρόνοια&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Prudentia|Prudentia]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;φρόνησις&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;Q&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;Q&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Qualia|Qualia]]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Qualitas|Qualitas]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ποιότης&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Quantitas|Quantitas]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ποσότης&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;R&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;R&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Ratio|Ratio]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;λόγος&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Repraesentatio|Repraesentatio]]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;S&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;S&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Sapientia|Sapientia]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;σοφία&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Scientia|Scientia]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ἐπιστήμη&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Sensus|Sensus]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;αἴσθησις&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Species|Species]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;εἶδος&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Substantia|Substantia]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ὑπόστασις&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;T&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;T&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Tempus|Tempus]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;χρόνος&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;V&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;V&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 0.4em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Veritas|Veritas]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ἀλήθεια&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Virtus|Virtus]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ἀρετή&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Visum|Visum]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;φαντασία&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Universale|Universale]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;καθόλου&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Voluntas|Voluntas]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;βούλησις&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Voluptas|Voluptas]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ἡδονή&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:1.3em;padding-top:0.6em;border-top:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);font-family:Georgia,serif;font-style:italic;font-size:0.9em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);&quot;&gt;LIX vocabula&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
[[Categoria:Lexicon philosophicum|*]]
[[fr:Dictionnaire de philosophie]]</text>
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    <title>Lexicon philosophicum/Existentia</title>
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      <id>10848</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-30T03:27:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PandaMystique</username>
        <id>2967</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Paginam instituit, scribens '{{Lexicon|Existentia}} ==※ Existentia ※== '''Existentia''' est ipsum rei esse actu, id est rei actualitas qua res non in sola possibilitate aut cogitatione manet, sed in rerum natura ponitur. Itaque existentia ad quaestionem « an res sit » respondet, quemadmodum [[Lexicon philosophicum/Essentia|essentia]] ad quaestionem « quid sit ».  Vocabulum a verbo « existere » ductum est, id est « ex-sistere », foras stare seu emergere; apud antiquos non techni...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="10391" sha1="haho0rhnulcdr5td51aozvu9rp37l4i" xml:space="preserve">{{Lexicon|Existentia}}
==※ Existentia ※==
'''Existentia''' est ipsum rei esse actu, id est rei actualitas qua res non in sola possibilitate aut cogitatione manet, sed in rerum natura ponitur. Itaque existentia ad quaestionem « an res sit » respondet, quemadmodum [[Lexicon philosophicum/Essentia|essentia]] ad quaestionem « quid sit ».

Vocabulum a verbo « existere » ductum est, id est « ex-sistere », foras stare seu emergere; apud antiquos non technice usurpabatur, vim autem philosophicam propriam apud scriptores medii aevi et scholasticos accepit. Graeci enim uno nomine technico, quod Latinae existentiae responderet, diu carebant, plerumque verbo εἶναι vel postea vocabulo ὕπαρξις usurpato. Notandum praeterea « esse » dupliciter dici: uno modo copulative, ut cum dicimus « Socrates est albus », quo significatur aliquid alicui inesse; altero modo existentialiter, ut cum dicimus « Socrates est », quo res ipsa existere affirmatur. Quod posterius existentiae proximum est.

== Historia philosophica notionis ==

=== Existentia apud antiquos ===

Antiqui existentiam ab essentia non aperte distinxerunt, sed utramque vocabulo « esse » (τὸ εἶναι) complexi sunt. Parmenides quidem [[Lexicon philosophicum/Ens|id quod est]] esse, quod non est non esse pronuntiavit; Plato vero [[Lexicon philosophicum/Idea|ideas]] maxime esse, res autem sensibiles minus, statuit. Aristoteles tamen, etsi existentiam tamquam rei partem aut perfectionem essentiae superadditam non posuit (idem enim esse « hominem » et « hominem existentem » censuit), in « Analyticis » illam inter quaerendum distinctionem invexit: aliud enim esse quaerere « an res sit » (εἰ ἔστι), aliud « quid sit » (τί ἐστι).&lt;ref&gt;Aristoteles, ''Analytica posteriora'' II, 1-2; ''Metaphysica'' IV, 2.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Essentia et existentia apud mediae aetatis philosophos ===

Mediae aetatis philosophi existentiam ab essentia clarius secreverunt, eamque praecipuam fecerunt quaestionem. Avicenna existentiam essentiae velut superaddi docuit, ita ut essentia in se neque existens neque non existens sit, existentia vero ei velut ab extra adveniat; quam doctrinam posteriores ita interpretati sunt quasi existentia essentiae tamquam [[Lexicon philosophicum/Accidens|accidens]] quoddam accederet, quod tamen de accidente proprie dicto non est intellegendum. Thomas Aquinas autem existentiam, quam « esse » sive « actum essendi » appellat, non rem quandam esse statuit, sed ipsam actualitatem qua essentia actu est: esse enim est actus omnium actuum et perfectio omnium perfectionum. Ita in omni [[Lexicon philosophicum/Substantia|substantia]] creata essentiam et esse realiter distinguit: essentia enim se habet ut potentia, esse ut actus; in solo autem [[Lexicon philosophicum/Deus|Deo]] essentia et esse idem sunt, cuius essentia est ipsum esse subsistens. Quare creatura esse suum a Deo, prima omnium [[Lexicon philosophicum/Causa|causa]], accipit nec per se est.

De hac autem distinctione acriter disputatum est. Aegidius Romanus essentiam et existentiam ut res duas distingui voluit; Duns Scotus distinctionem realem, qualem Thomistae defendebant, recusavit, aliam tamen inter essentiam et existentiam distinctionem admittens; Suárez denique essentiam et existentiam re ipsa non distingui, sed ratione tantum, ea quidem in re fundata, differre contendit. Nominalistae autem, ut Ockham, essentiam et existentiam idem prorsus significare statuerunt.&lt;ref&gt;Avicenna, ''Liber de philosophia prima'' I, 5 et VIII, 4; Thomas Aquinas, ''De ente et essentia'', cap. 4; ''Summa theologiae'' I, q. 3, art. 4, et q. 4, art. 1; ''De potentia'' q. 7, art. 2; Aegidius Romanus, ''Theoremata de esse et essentia''; Franciscus Suárez, ''Disputationes metaphysicae'' XXXI.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Doctrinae recentiores ==

=== An existentia praedicatum sit ===

Recentiore aetate praecipua de existentia quaestio haec fuit: utrum existentia praedicatum quoddam reale sit, an non. Cartesius quidem existentiam tamquam perfectionem habuit, quae in Dei essentia contineatur; unde argumentum illud « ontologicum » (ab Anselmo iam excogitatum) repetivit, quo ex ipsa Dei idea, in qua existentia includatur, Deum [[Lexicon philosophicum/Necessitas|necessario]] existere concluditur. Suam praeterea ipsius existentiam ex eo quod [[Lexicon philosophicum/Mens|cogitat]] certissimam esse statuit (« cogito, ergo sum »). Leibnitius autem essentias sive res possibiles veluti ad existendum tendere existimavit, eam vero possibilium seriem, quam Deus optimam elegit, actu existere; hanc seriem [[Lexicon philosophicum/Mundus|mundum]] esse.&lt;ref&gt;Anselmus, ''Proslogion'' (c. 1078), cap. 2-4; Descartes, ''Meditationes'' (1641), V; Leibniz, ''Monadologia'' (1714), §§ 43-46.&lt;/ref&gt;

At Humius ideam existentiae nullam esse propriam docuit, quae ideae rei superaddatur: idem enim esse rem cogitare et eam ut existentem cogitare. Kantius denique illud pronuntiavit quod postea celeberrimum factum est: existentiam non esse praedicatum reale. Centum enim « thaleri » reales nihil plus continent quam centum possibiles; res enim existens nihil habet quod in eius [[Lexicon philosophicum/Notio|notione]] non iam contineatur. Esse igitur non rei notam addit, sed rem ipsam cum omnibus eius notis ponit. Quo argumento argumentum ontologicum evertit.&lt;ref&gt;Hume, ''A Treatise of Human Nature'' (1739-1740), I, 2, 6; Kant, ''Kritik der reinen Vernunft'' (1781), « Vom Unvermögen eines ontologischen Beweises » (A 592 / B 620 et sequentes).&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Existentia apud recentiores logicos ===

Recentiores logici, Kantium secuti, existentiam non [[Lexicon philosophicum/Individuum|rei singularis]] proprietatem, sed notionis affectionem esse statuerunt. Frege enim et Russell existentiam in eo poni docuerunt quod notio aliqua aliquo exemplo impleatur: « equos existere » nihil aliud esse quam notionem « equi » uno saltem exemplo impleri. Quare existentia non primo ordine de rebus, sed secundo ordine de notionibus praedicatur, eaque illo signo (« ∃ ») exprimitur quo logici « aliquid esse quod » significant. Meinong contra nonnulla obiecta, ut montem aureum vel quadratum rotundum, existentia quidem carere, certam tamen determinationem (quod « Sosein » vocant) habere docuit, ita ut quaedam sint quae, cum non existant, talia tamen vel talia sint. Quam sententiam Russell reiecit, existentiam per quantificationem rectius exprimi ratus. Quine denique quaestionem ipsam aliter proposuit: non enim tam quaerendum esse quae obiecta non existentia admittenda sint, quam quibus rebus sermo noster, dum aliquid esse affirmat, nos obstringat.&lt;ref&gt;Frege, ''Die Grundlagen der Arithmetik'' (1884), §§ 53-54; Meinong, « Über Gegenstandstheorie » (1904); Russell, « On Denoting » (1905); Quine, « On What There Is » (1948).&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Existentia apud existentialistas ===

Aliam prorsus viam saeculo vicesimo existentialistae inierunt, qui « existentiam » non de rebus communiter, sed de homine praecipue dixerunt. Iam Kierkegaard contra systema abstractum singulum hominem existentem, in suo cuiusque vitae actu positum, extulerat. Heidegger deinde hominem (« Dasein ») eo distingui docuit quod ei de suo ipsius esse agitur, eiusque esse non ut rei cuiusdam, sed ut « existentiae » intellegendum. Sartre denique in homine « existentiam essentiae praecedere » pronuntiavit: hominem enim nulla praedefinita [[Lexicon philosophicum/Natura|natura]] nasci, sed se ipsum suis actibus et electionibus efficere. Quo sensu « existentia » non iam id significat quod res sit, sed proprium illum hominis modum essendi, quo homo se ipsum efficit.&lt;ref&gt;Kierkegaard, ''Concluding Unscientific Postscript'' (1846); Heidegger, ''Sein und Zeit'' (1927), §§ 9 et 12; Sartre, ''L'existentialisme est un humanisme'' (1946).&lt;/ref&gt;

== Quaestiones philosophicae ==

Ex hac historia praecipuae quaedam quaestiones oriuntur.

Prima quaestio est an existentia praedicatum quoddam reale sit, quod rei addatur, an potius, ut Kantius voluit, sola rei positio.

Altera, utrum existentia ab essentia re ipsa differat, ut Thomae visum est, an sola ratione, ut Suárez.

Tertia, utrum existentia primo ordine de ipsis rebus dicatur, an secundo ordine de notionibus, prout sub eis aliquid cadit.

Quarta, an dari possint obiecta quae, cum non existant, esse tamen aliquod proprietatesque habeant, ut Meinong voluit.

Restat quaestio an praeter rerum existentiam sit proprius quidam hominis modus existendi, qui non iam datus est, sed agendo constituitur, ut existentialistae contendunt.

== Notae ==

&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==

=== Fontes antiqui et medii aevi ===

* Aristoteles, ''Analytica posteriora'', II; ''Metaphysica'', IV
* Avicenna, ''Liber de philosophia prima'' (Metaphysica), I et VIII
* Anselmus Cantuariensis, ''Proslogion'' (c. 1078)
* Thomas Aquinas, ''De ente et essentia''; ''Summa theologiae'', I, q. 3-4; ''De potentia'', q. 7
* Aegidius Romanus, ''Theoremata de esse et essentia''
* Ioannes Duns Scotus, ''Ordinatio'', II
* Franciscus Suárez, ''Disputationes metaphysicae'' (1597), XXXI

=== Fontes recentiores ===

* Descartes, René, ''Meditationes de prima philosophia'' (1641)
* Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, ''Monadologia'' (1714); ''De rerum originatione radicali'' (1697)
* Hume, David, ''A Treatise of Human Nature'' (1739-1740)
* Kant, Immanuel, ''Kritik der reinen Vernunft'' (1781)
* Frege, Gottlob, ''Die Grundlagen der Arithmetik'' (1884)
* Meinong, Alexius, « Über Gegenstandstheorie » (1904)
* Russell, Bertrand, « On Denoting » (1905)
* Heidegger, Martin, ''Sein und Zeit'' (1927)
* Sartre, Jean-Paul, ''L'existentialisme est un humanisme'' (1946)
* Quine, Willard Van Orman, « On What There Is » (1948)

=== Studia recentiora ===

* Gilson, Étienne, ''Being and Some Philosophers'', Toronto, Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1949
* Owens, Joseph, ''An Interpretation of Existence'', Milwaukee, Bruce Publishing, 1968
* Parsons, Terence, ''Nonexistent Objects'', New Haven, Yale University Press, 1980
* Williams, Christopher J. F., ''What Is Existence?'', Oxonii, Clarendon Press, 1981
* Macquarrie, John, ''Existentialism'', Londinii, Penguin Books, 1972

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