Vicipedia lfnwiki https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paje_xef MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.12 first-letter Media Spesial Discute Usor Usor Discute Vicipedia Vicipedia Discute Fix Fix Discute MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Model Model Discute Aida Aida Discute Categoria Categoria Discute TimedText TimedText talk Modulo Modulo Discute Event Event talk 0 619 43351 41956 2026-07-21T14:58:11Z CommonsDelinker 47 Replacing CoatDG.svg with [[File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Danilovgrad.svg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR2|Criterion 2]] (meaningless or ambiguous name)). 43351 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infocaxa pais |nom = Tsernagora<br />Црна Гора<br />''Crna Gora'' |bandera = Flag of Montenegro.svg |scermo = Coat of arms of Montenegro.svg |mapa = [[image:Europe-Montenegro.svg|307px]] |capital = [[Podgorica]] |lingua ofisial = [[Serbsce (lingua)|Serbsce]] e [[tsernogorsce]] |governa = Republica parlamental |xef de stato = Presidente Milo Đukanović |xef de governa = Ministro xef Zdravko Krivokapić |area = 13,812 |popla = 620,029 |densia = 45 |PIB = |mone = Euro |zona de ora = CET (UTC+1) |interede = .me |numero de telefon = +382 |loca = [[Image:Mj-map.png|307px]] }} '''Tsernagora''' (ance nomida '''Montenegro''': ambos sinifia "monte negra") es un stato en [[Europa|Europa]] sude. Lo ave un costa a la Mar Adriatica a la sude-ueste, e es bordada par Corvatsca a la ueste, Bosnia e Hersegovina a la norde-ueste, Serbia a la norde-este, Cosovo a la este e Xciperia a la sude-este. Sua capital e site la plu grande es Podgorica, e Cetinje es titulida la Capital Real Vea. En la sentenio 9, tre prinsias serbsce ia es locada en la teritorio de Tsernagora: Duklja, corespondente a aprosima la dui sude; Travunia, la ueste; e Rascia, la norde. En 1042, arconte Stefan Vojislav ia gida un revolta cual ia causa la autonomi de Duklja de la Impero Bizantian e la institui de la dinastia Vojislavljević. Pos pasa tra la controla de alga potias rejional e la Impero Osmanian en la sentenios seguente, lo ia deveni un parte de la Rena de Iugoslavia en 1918, cual ia es segueda par la Republica Federal Sosialiste de Iugoslavia en 1945. Pos la desintegra de Iugoslavia en 1992, la republicas Serbia e Tsernagora ia institui juntada un federa como la Republica Federal de Iugoslavia, an si sua state como la seguente legal de Iugoslavia ia es oposada par otra republicas pasada e negada par la Nasiones Unida. En 2003, lo ia renomi se Serbia e Tsernagora. Pos la resulta de un referendo a 21 maio 2006, Montenegro ia declara autonomia a 3 junio de acel anio. == Etimolojia == En lingua franca nova, la pais ave du nomes "Tsernagora" e "Montenegro". Ambos sinifia "monte negra". La parola "Montenegro" veni de la latina ''mons'' "monte" e ''nigra'' "black". Alga linguas cual tradui leteral esta nom es xcip Mali i Zi, elinica Μαυροβούνιο (Mavrovoúnio), jonguo "黑山" (Hēishān), turces Karadağ (e multe linguas turcica usante un varia de esta nom) e arabi الجبل الاسود (al-Jabbal al-Aswad). La linguas slavica (la lingua ofisial de la pais, tsernogorsce, es un lingua slavica) usa varias de la nom en la lingua de la pais (Crna Gora) e ance la nom prima usada en lingua franca nova "Tsernagora" veni de la nom ofisial. Otra esemplos de la varia fundida en la nom slavica es la nom en txesce Černá Hora, en rusce Черного́рия (Černogórija), en balgarsce Черна гора (Černa gora), e en polsce Czarnogóra (de sua forma literalleteral Czarna Góra). En la lingua mongol, la pais es nomida o Черногори (Chernogori, emprestada de rusce) o Монтенегро (Montenegro). La nom Crna Gora ia comensa indica la plu de la Montenegro presente sola en la sentenio 15. Orijinal, lo ia refere a sola un banda peti de tera governada par la Paštrovići, ma la nom ia es final usada per la montania plu vasta pos cuando la familia nobil Crnojević ia prende la potia en Zeta Alta. La rejion orijinal ia deveni conoseda como "Montenegro Vea" (Stara Crna Gora) en la sentenio 19 per distingui la rejion autonom e Brda ("montania"), un teritorio montenegrin visina e ocupada par osmanianes. Montenegro ia grandi plu a alga veses ante la sentenio 20, como resulta de geras contra la Impero Osmanian, cual ia vide la propri de Hersegovina Vea e partes de Metohija e Rascia sude. Sua fronteras ia cambia poca a pos, perdente Metohija e ganiante la Baia Kotor. La codigo ISO Alfa-2 per Montenegro es ME, e la codigo Alfa-3 es MNE. == Istoria == === Eda medieval e ariva de la slavicas === [[File:South-Eastern Europe, ca. 1090, by User-Hxseek.png|thumb|right|Anio 1080: la apico de la potia Dukljan.]] [[File:Doclea_Roman_city_Podgorica.jpg|thumb|left|La site de Doclea, un site roman e seja de la provinse roman tarda de Praevalitana.]] En la sentenio 9, tre prinsias serbsce ia es locada en la teritorio de Tsernagora: Duklja, corespondente a aprosima la dui sude; Travunia, la ueste; e Rascia, la norde. En 1042, arconte Stefan Vojislav ia gida un revolta cual ia causa la autonomi de Duklja de la Impero Bizantian e la institui de la dinastia Vojislavljević. En la desenios seguente, lo ia estende sua teritorio a Rascia e Bosnia visina, e ia deveni ance reconoseda como un rena. Sua potia ia comensa declina en la comensa de sentenio 12. Pos la mori de la Re Bodin (en 1101 o 1108), alga geras interna ia segue. Duklja ia ariva a sua apico su la fio de Vojislav, Mihailo (1046–81), e sua neto Constantino Bodin (1081–1101). En la sentenio 13, Zeta ia sustitui Deuklja cuando on ia refere a la rena. En la tarda de la sentenio 14, Tsernagora sude (Zeta) ia deveni governada par la familia nobil Balšić, pos la familia nobil Crnojević e, en la sentenio 15, Zeta ia es plu frecuente conoseda como ''Crna Gora'' (venezian: ''monte negro''). Car la nobiles ia luta per la trono, la rena ia debili, e en 1186, lo ia es concistada par Stefan Nemanja e ajuntada a la rena serbsce como un provinse nomida Zeta. Pos la colasa de la Impero Serbsce en la dui du de la sentenio 14, la familia la plu potiosa de Zeta, la familia Balšić, ia deveni monarcas de Zeta. En 1421, Zeta ia es ajuntada a la Despotia Serbsce, ma pos 1455, un otra familia nobil de Zeta, la familia Crnojević, ia deveni renores de la pais, cambiante lo a la monarcia libre ultima de la Balcanes ante la concista osmanian en 1496, e ia es ajuntada a ''sanjak'' de Shkodër. En la rena de la familia Crnojević, Zeta ia deveni conoseda su sua nom de oji – Montenegro. Tra un tempo corta, Tsernagora ia esiste como un ''sanjak'' autonom (1514–28); un otra varia de lo ia esiste denova entre 1597 e 1614. Ance la rejion de Hersegovina vea ia es un parte de la Sanjak de Hersegovina. === Luta contra la governa osmanian e bispia de metropoli === [[File:Устанак Црногораца.jpg|thumb|left|Gera osmanian-tsernagorsce (1876-78)|Revolta de tsernagorsces contra osmanianes.]] [[File:Jaroslav Czermak Rückkehr montenegrinischer Flüchtlinge 1877.jpg|thumb|right|Refujadas tsernagorsce en la gera osmanian-tsernagorsce.]] [[File:Battle of Vučji Do, Orao, 1877.jpg|thumb|right|Batalia de Vučji Do entre la armadas tsernagorsce e osmanian.]] Partes grande ia cade su controla de la Impero Osmanian de 1496 a 1878. En la sentenio 16, Tsernagora ia developa un forma unica de autonomia en la Impero Osmanian, permetente a la clanes tsernagorsce libria de alga restrinjes. An tal, la montenegrines no ia gusta la gida osmanian e ia rebela a multe veses en la sentenio 17, culminante en la defeta de la osmanianes en la Grande Gera Turces a fini de la sentenio. La stratejia militar tsernagorsce ia es simple ma produosa: si la osmanianes ta veni con 5000 soldatos, la tsernagorsces ta pote oposa los; si la osmanianes ta veni con plu soldatos ca la tsernagorsces pote oposa, la montenegrines ta arde tota, ta retira plu en la montanias e ta lasa ce la enemi mori de famia. Tsernagora ia es composada par teritorios controlada par clanes gerosa. Plu clanes ia ave un xef (''knez''), ci no ia pote ave la titulo sin demostra ce el es tan meritante como gidor como sua presedor. La asembla grande de clanes tsernagorsce (''Zbor'') ia reuni a cada anio en 12 julio en Cetinje, e cualce adulte de cualce clan ia pote partisipa. Partes de la teritorio ia es controlada par la Republica de Venezia e la Impero Franses Prima e Osteraic-Magiar, sua seguores. En 1515, Tsernagora ia deveni un teocratia gidada par la bispia de metropoli de Tsernagora e la Costa, cual ia flori pos cuando la Petrović-Njegoš de Cetinje ia deveni la prinses-bispos tradisional (de ci sua titulo ia es "''Vladika'' de Tsernagora"). An tal, la Republica Venezian ia introdui governores ci ia interfere en la politica montenegrin. La republica ia es segueda par la Impero Osteraices en 1797, e la governores ia es abolida par la Prinse-Bispo Petar 2 en 1832. Sua presedor Petar 1 ia contribui a la uni de Tsernagora con la Terenos Alta. === Prinsia de Tsernagora === [[File:Petar_II_Petrovic-2.JPG|thumb|right|[[Petar 2 Petrović-Njegoš]], ia es un [[Lista de gidores de Tsernagora|Prinse-Bispo]] (''vladika'') de Tsernagora, poesiste nasional e filosofiste.]] Su Nicolas 1, la prinsia ia es grandida a veses diversa en la geras tsernagorsce-turces e ia es reconoseda como nondependente en 1878. Su la gida de Nicolas 1, relatas diplomata ia es instituida con la Impero Osmanian. Estra scaramuxas en la frontera, la diplomatia ia gida 30 anios de pas entre la du statos asta la despone de Abdul Hamid 2. La capasia political de Abdul Hamid e Nicolas 1 ia ave un rol major en la relatas mutua amin. Lo ia segue la moderni de la stato, culminante con la clama de un constitui en 1905. An tal, lutas political ia emerji entre la Partito Poplal renante, ci ia suporta la democrati e uni con Serbia, e la Partio Poplal Vera, ci ia es monarciste. En esta periodo, un de la vinses tsernagorsce major su la osmanianes ia aveni en la batalia de Grahovac. La dux grande Mirko Petrović, frate major de Knjaz Danilo, ia gida un armada de 7500 persones e ia vinse 15 000 osmanianes en Grahovac a 1 maio 1858. La gloria de la vinse tsernagorsce ia es nonmortalida en cantas e leteratur de tota la slavicas sude, xef par la tsernagorsces en Vojvodina, alora un parte de Osteraic-Magiar. Esta ia forsa la Grande Potias a desinia ofisial la fronteras entre Tsernagora e la Impero Osmanian, reconosente par fato la nondepende tsernagorsce, cual ia es ance reconoseda par la Impero Osmanian en la Trata de Berlin en 1878. La constitui prima de Tsernagora ia es proclamada en 1855, conoseda como "Codigo Danilo". === Rena de Tsernagora (1910-1918) === [[File:Skadar_predaja_zastave.jpg|thumb|right|Bandera osmanian sededa a la re Nicola 1.]] [[File:Borbe kod Podgorice između crnogorskih pobunjenika i srpske vojske 1918..jpg|thumb|left|upright|Paje xef de la jornal italian ''La Tribuna Illustrata'' de 1919, con la titulo "Lutas sirca Podgorica entre la armada tsernagorsce e rebelas serbsce.]] En 1910, Tsernagora ia deveni un rena, e como resulta de la geras de la Balcanes en 1912 e 1913 (en cual la osmanianes ia perde tota la Balcanes), un frontera comun con Serbia ia es instituida, con ce Shköder ia es donada a la Xciperia nova emerjinte, an si la capital de Tsernagora, Podgorica, ia es la frontera vea de Xciperia e Iugoslavia. Tsernagora ia es entre la Aliadas en la Gera Mundal Prima (1914–18). De 1916 a otobre 1918, Tsernagora ia es ocupada par Osteraic-Magiar. En la ocupa, la Re Nicolas ia fuji de la pais, e la governa en esclui ia es organizada en Bordeaux. === Rena de Iugoslavia === En 1922, Tsernagora ia deveni la oblast de Cetinje en la Rena de Serbsces, Corvatsces e Slovenianes, con la ajunta de la areas costal ensircante Budva e la Baia de Kotor. En un restruturi en 1929, lo ia deveni un parte de la banato de Zeta en la Rena de Iugoslavia cual ia ariva a la rio Neretva. La neto de Nicolas, la re serbsce Alexander 1, ia domina la governa iugoslavian. La banato de Zeta ia es un de la nove banatos cual ia forma la rena; lo ia es formida par lo cual es oji Tsernagora e alga partes de Serbia, Corvatsca e Bosnia. === Gera Mundal Du === === Tsernagora en la Iugoslavia sosialiste === === Tsernagora en la Republica Federal de Iugoslavia === === Nondepende === == Jeografia == <gallery mode=packed> Zla Kolata.JPG|[[Zla Kolata]], la monte la plu alta de Tsernagora, en la frontera con Xciperia. Lovcen-008-p1010045.jpg|[[Lovćen]] Orjen.jpg|[[Orjen]] Durmitor - Bobotov kuk.jpg|[[Bobotov Kuk]] en la Monte Durmitor es la simbol de Tsernagora Pohori Zijovo - pustina porostla hustymi krovinami.jpg|La apicos de la Montes Komovi en la nebla </gallery> Internasional, Tsernagora ave fronteras con Corvatsca, Bosnia e Hersegovina, Serbia, Cosovo e Xciperia. Lo es locada entre la latitudes 41° e 44°N, e lonjitudes 18° e 21°E. Tsernagora varia de la apicos alta longo sua bordas con Serbia, Cosovo e Xciperia, un parte de la Carst de la Penisola Balcan ueste, a un plano costal streta cual es larga de sola 1,5 a 6 cilometres larga. La plano para en la norde, do la Monte Lovćen e la Monte Orjen tufa en la baieta de la Baia de Kotor. La rejion de Carst la plu grande de Tsernagora es locada en altias de 1000 m supra la mar, ma alga partes ateni 2000 m, como la Monte Orjen (1894 m), la masif la plu alta entre la cadenas de calcario costal. La vale de la Rio Zeta, con altia de 500 m, es la parte la plu basa. La montes de Tsernagora inclui alga de la tereno la plu ru en Europa, con un eleva promedia plu ca 2000 m. Un de la apicos la plu notable de la pais es Bobotov Kuk en la Montes Durmitor, cual ave un altia de 2522 m. Par causa de la clima iperumida en la parte ueste, la cadena montanial tsernagorsce ia es la parte la plu erodeda par jelo de la Penisola Balcan en la periodo glasial ultima. == Politica == [[File:%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B9 %D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86 %D0%B2 %D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5.jpg|thumb|left|200px|La Palasio Azul, abiteria de la Presidente de Tsernagora en Cetinje.]] La constitui de Tsernagora descrive la stato como un "stato ecolojial, democrata, munisipal de justia sosial, fundida en la rena de la Lege". Tsernagora es un republica autonom cual ia proclama sua constitui nova en 22 otobre 2007. La Presidente de Tsernagora es la xef de stato, direta elejeda a cada sincuple de anios. La Presidente representa la pais estra la pais, promove leges par proclama, clama a vota per la Parlamento, e proposa aspirores per ministro xef, presidente e judores de la Corte Constitual de la Parlamento. La Presidente proposa ance la clama a referendo a la Parlamento, amnestia la ofendes criminal prescriveda par la leje nasional, dona premios e fa otra debes, e es un membro de la Consilio de Defende Suprema. La abiteria ofisial de la Presidente es en Cetinje. La Governa de Tsernagora ave la potia de esecuta. La governa es gidada par la ministro xef, e es formida par la visministros prima como ance la ministros. La Parlamento de Tsernagora es un legeria de un salon. Lo aseta lejes, validi tratas, nomi la ministro xef, ministros e judores de tota la cortes, adota la bujeta, e fa otra debes como institui la constitui. Lo pote ance fa un vota de nonfida a la governa par majoria simple. Un representor es elejeda par 6000 votores. La parlamento ave 81 sejas, con 39 tenida par la Alia per un Tsernagora European pos la elejes parlamental de 2012. == Divides manejal == [[File:Municipalities of Montenegro.svg|thumb|right|350px|Munisipas de Tsernagora.]] Tsernagora es divideda en 23 munisipas (''opština'') e du munisipas urban, con du sudivides de la munisipa de Podgorica. Cada munisipa pote ave multe sites. Istorial, la teritorio de la pais ia es divideda en "nahije". {{Col-begin}}{{Col-3}} * [[File:CoatAN.jpg|x20px]] [[Andrijevica Municipality|Andrijevica]] * [[File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Bar.png|x20px]][[Bar Municipality|Bar]] * [[File:FinalniGrbBerane1.png|x20px]][[Berane Municipality|Berane]] * [[File:BijeloPoljeWeapon.png|x20px]][[Bijelo Polje Municipality|Bijelo Polje]] * [[File:Budva-grb.gif|x15px]][[Budva Municipality|Budva]] * [[File:Cetinje_Coat-of-Arms.svg|x20px]]'''[[Cetinje]]''' (Old Royal Capital ) * [[File:Coat of Arms of Danilovgrad.svg|x20px]][[Danilovgrad Municipality|Danilovgrad]] * [[Gusinje Municipality|Gusinje]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sluzbenilist.me/PravniAktDetalji.aspx?tag={5743743B-135D-4873-9523-5926335D7EC2} |title=Zakon o izmjenama i dopunama Zakona o teritorijalnoj organizaciji Crne Gore |trans-title=Amendments to the Territorial Organization of Montenegro Law |work=Službeni List Crne Gore |date=7 March 2014 |volume=2014 |number=12 |accessdate=21 June 2014}}</ref> {{Col-3}} * [[File:Coat_of_arms_of_Herceg_Novi.png|x35px]][[Herceg Novi Municipality|Herceg Novi]] * [[File:Kolasin_coat.gif|x30px]][[Kolašin Municipality|Kolašin]] * [[File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Kotor.png|x20px]][[Kotor Municipality|Kotor]] * [[File:Mojkovac_coa.png|x30px]][[Mojkovac Municipality|Mojkovac]] * [[File:Niksic Coat-of-Arms.svg|x20px]][[Nikšić Municipality|Nikšić]] * [[Petnjica Municipality|Petnjica]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sluzbenilist.me/PravniAktDetalji.aspx?tag={8DFCB9C7-402E-42D9-B11C-A48EFE552BED} |title=Zakon o izmjeni i dopuni Zakona o teritorijalnoj organizaciji Crne Gore |trans-title=Amendment to the Territorial Organization of Montenegro Law |work=Službeni List Crne Gore |date=11 June 2013 |volume=2013 |number=27 |accessdate=30 June 2014}}</ref> * [[File:PlavWeapon.png|x30px]][[Plav Municipality|Plav]] * [[File:Pluzine_coa.png|x20px]][[Plužine Municipality|Plužine]] {{Col-3}} * [[File:Pljevlja-grb.png|x20px]][[Pljevlja Municipality|Pljevlja]] * [[File:Podgorica_Coat_of_Arms.png|x20px]]'''[[Podgorica]]''' (Capital City) * [[File:Rozaje Coat of Arms.svg|x30px]][[Rožaje Municipality|Rožaje]] * [[File:Šavnik Montenegro COA.svg|x30px]][[Šavnik Municipality|Šavnik]] * [[File:MNE Tivat COA.svg|x30px]][[Tivat Municipality|Tivat]] * [[File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Ulcinj.svg|x20px]][[Ulcinj Municipality|Ulcinj]] * [[File:Grb-%C5%BDabljak.png|x20px]][[Žabljak Municipality|Žabljak]] {{Col-3}}{{Col-end}} == Economia == Clasida par la Banco Mundal como un pais de revenu media alta, Tsernagora es un membro de la NU, OTAN, la Organiza Mundal de Comersia, la Organiza per Securia e Coopera en Europa, la Consilio de Europa, la Acorda de Comersia Libre de Europa Sentral, e un membro fundinte de la Uni per la Mediteraneo. == Turisme == Tsernagora ave un costa depintin e un rejion montanial a norde. La pais ia es un loca conoseda par turistes en la desenio de 1980. An tal, la geras de Iugoslavia lutada en la paises visina en la desenio de 1990 ia descapasi la industria de turisme e ia dana la imaje de Tsernagora per anios. <gallery mode=packed> File:Budva_(1).jpg|[[Budva]] es un de la destinas xef per turistes File:Widok na Perast z zachodu 01.JPG|[[Perast]] en la Baia de Kotor File:Westlicher Teil des Skutarisee.JPG|[[Lago Skadar]] File:Sveti Stefan (07).jpg|[[Isola Sveti Stefan]] en [[Budva]]. File:Jaz beach 11.jpg|[[Plaia Jaz]] File:Twierdza Kanli Kula w Herceg Novi.jpg|Kanli Kula, [[Herceg Novi]] File:Plava_spilja_by_Klackalica.JPG|[[Cava Azul, Tsernagora|Blue Cave]] File:Durmitor - %C5%A0kr%C4%8Dko jezero.jpg|[[Durmitor]], Lago Škrčko File:Porto Montenegro.jpg|[[Porto Montenegro]], barceria per iates de luso File:Kanjon Tare (2006).jpg|[[Canion de la Rio Tara|Canion Tara]], la canion la plu profonda en Europa File:Ulcinj Old Town, August 2012.jpg|[[Ulcinj]] </gallery> == Demografia == === Strutur etnical === [[File:MontenegroEthnic2011.PNG|thumb|180px|left|Etnicos dominante en cada munisipa de Tsernagora, 2011.]] Longo la conta de abitores de 2003, Tsernagora ave 620 145 sitadanes. Si la metodolojia usada asta 1991 ta es adotada en la conta de abitores de 2003, Tsernagora ta ave 673 094 abitores rejistrada. La resultas de la conta de abitores de 2011 ia mostra ce Montenegro ave 620 029 sitadanes. Tsernagora es un stato multietnical en cual no grupo etnical ave un majoria. La grupos etnical xef inclui montenegrines e serbsces; otras es bosnianes, xcipes e corvatsces. La cuantia de montenegrines e serbsces flutua vasta entre la contas par causa de cambias de la modo en cual la popla persepi, esperia o eleje espresa sua identia e parteni etnical. == Area == La pais ave un area de sirca 14 026 cilometres cuadrida e, en la anio 2006, sirca 630 548 abitores. La linguas major es [[Serbsce (lingua)|serbsce]] e [[tsernagorsce]]. == Vide ance == * [[Rena de Tsernagora]] == Referes == <references/> {{Paises de Europa}} [[Categoria:Tsernagora]] [[Categoria:Paises de la Mar Mediteraneo]] mk9d5hbr37r9q50atmwxcki0dsf53wu 0 740 43348 36354 2026-07-21T08:57:53Z CommonsDelinker 47 Replacing Coat_of_arms_of_Samoa.svg with [[File:Public_Seal_of_Samoa.svg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR3|Criterion 3]] (obvious error) · Not a coat of arms, and one of many seals, so " 43348 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infocaxa pais |nom = Stato Autonom de Samoa<br />''Malo Saʻoloto Tutoʻatasi o Sāmoa''<br />''Independent State of Samoa'' |bandera = Flag of Samoa.svg |scermo = Public Seal of Samoa.svg |mapa = [[Image:Samoa on the globe (Polynesia centered).svg|307px]] |capital = [[Apia]] |lingua ofisial = [[Samoan (lingua)|Samoan]] e [[Engles (lingua)|engles]] |governa = |xef de stato = |xef de governa = [[Naomi Mata'afa]] |area = 2,842 |popla = 194,899 |densia = 66 |PIB = |mone = Tala (WST) |zona de ora = UTC+13:00 |interede = .ws |numero de telefon = +685 |loca = [[File:Samoa map 800px.png|307px]] }} '''Samoa''' es un pais en la [[Mar Pasifica]]. La area es sirca 2,842 cilometres cuadrida. La cuantia de popla, en la anio 2016, es sirca 194,899 persones. La site capital es [[Apia]]. La linguas major es [[Samoan (lingua)|samoan]] e [[Engles (lingua)|engles]]. == Istoria == La samoanes ia orijina de poplas austronesian ci ia estende de Asia sude-este entre la anios 2500 e 1500 aec. Studias sur la popla lapita, ci ia abita en la rejion mostra ce los ia viaja entre Samoa, Fiji e Tonga. La contatas con la europeanes ia comensa en la sentenio 18. La nederlandes Jakob Roggeveen ia es la prima european ci ia vide la isola. A pos, la esploror franses Louis Antoine de Bougainville ia ariva a la rejion. Sola a pos la anios 1830 ia comensa la visita de la misiones anglican e de mercatores. En esta epoca, la samoanes ia deveni conoseda per es savaje e volente, e ia ataca ferose la franses, brites, deutxes e americanes. Seguente Barbara A. West, la samoanes ia talia la testa de sua enemis per dona el a sua xefes, como demostra de coraje. La deutxes ia comensa comersia con la abitores de Upolu, en cuando la americanes ia comensa con la abitores de Tutuila e Manu'a, cual a pos ta formi Samoa american. == Politica == La constituida de 1960, es fundida sur la democratia parlamental brites, alterada per colie ance la abituas samoan. La governa moderna nasional de Samoa es refereda como ''Malo''. {{Paises de Oseania}} [[Category:Jeografia]] [[Category:Isolas de la Pasifica]] 5xdzumabd9vs8eyjwjf6emu1n3gx6lw 0 978 43345 39020 2026-07-21T08:39:38Z CommonsDelinker 47 Replacing Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg with [[File:Flag_of_Cape_Verde_(10-17).svg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR3|Criterion 3]] (obvious error) · Government standardized ratio is 2:3. For fu 43345 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Lingua2 |name = Portuges |color = lawngreen |nativename = Português |states = [[File:Flag of Mercosur.svg|30px]] [[Mercosur]]<br>[[File:Flag of the Organization of American States.svg|30px]] [[Organiza de Statos American]]<br>[[File:Logo of the Organization of Ibero-American States.svg|30px]] [[Organiza de Statos Ibero-American]]<br>[[File:Flag of the African Union.svg|30px]] [[Uni African]]<br>[[File:Bandera_UNASUR.svg|30px]] [[Uni de Statos de America Sude]]<br>[[File:Union Latine.svg|30px]] [[Uni Latine]]<br>[[File:Flag of Brazil.svg|30px]] [[Brasil]]<br>[[File:Flag of Portugal.svg|30px]] [[Portugal]]<br>[[File:Flag of Angola.svg|30px]] [[Angola]]<br>[[File:Flag of Mozambique.svg|30px]] [[Mosambic]]<br>[[File:Flag of Cape Verde (10-17).svg|30px]] [[Capo Verde]]<br>[[File:Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg|30px]] [[Gine Ecuatoral]]<br>[[File:Flag of Guinea-Bissau.svg|30px]] [[Gine-Bisau]]<br>[[File:Flag of São Tomé and Príncipe.svg|30px]] [[San Tome e Prinsipe]]<br>[[File:Flag of East Timor.svg|30px]] [[Timor Este]]<br>[[File:Flag of Macau.svg|30px]] [[Macau]] |region = |speakers = 250 milion |rank = |family = '''[[Linguas Indo-European|Indo-European]]'''<br/>&nbsp;'''[[Linguas italica|Italica]]'''<br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''[[Linguas romanica|Romanica]]'''<br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''[[Ibero-romanica|Ibero-romanica]]'''<br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''[[Galego-portuges|Galego-portuges]]'''<br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Portuges''' |nation = [[Angola|Angola]], [[Brasil|Brasil]], [[Capo Verde|Capo Verde]], [[Gine-Bisau|Gine-Bisau]], [[Macau|Macau]], [[Mosambic|Mosambic]], [[Gine Ecuatoral]], [[Portugal|Portugal]], [[San Tome e Prinsipe|San Tome e Prinsipe]], e [[Timor Este|Timor Este]] |agency = |iso1 = pt |iso2 = por |sil = |mapa = [[Image:Detailed SVG map of the Lusophone world.svg|frameless|center|upright=1.5]] |parolas_de_la_mapa = La areas do es parlada }} '''Portuges''' (''português'' o ''língua portuguesa'') es un [[Linguas romanica|lingua romanica]] (de la grupo [[Ibero-romanica|ibero-romanica]]) cual es la sola lingua ofisial de [[Angola|Angola]], [[Brasil|Brasil]], [[Capo Verde|Capo Verde]], [[Gine-Bisau|Gine-Bisau]], [[Mosambic|Mosambic]], [[Portugal|Portugal]] e [[San Tome e Prinsipe|San Tome e Prinsipe]]. Lo es un de la linguas ofisial de [[Gine Ecuatoral|Gine Ecuatoral]], [[Macau|Macau]] e [[Timor Este|Timor Este]]. Portuges e creoles portuges es ance parlada en la India Portuges antica: Goa, Damao, Diu, e Dadra e Nagar Haveli, en la Unia Indian aora e per multe comunias de migrantes ci parla portuges en partes variosa de la mundo. Papiamentu, un creol con influe portuges, es parlada en la Isolas ABC. Creol capoverdean es la creol portuges parlada la plu comun. La state de la lingua en [[Galisia|Galisia]] es controversal, consernante ce un parte de la sosia galisian e alga linguistes considera los parte de la sistem lingual [[Galego-portuges|galego-portuges]]. Portuges es un parte de la grupo [[Ibero-romanica|ibero-romanica]] cual ia evolui de alga dialetos de latina poplal en la Rena de Galisia medieval, e ia reteni alga fonolojia celta. Con plu ca 200 milion parlores nativa, portuges es la propre lingua ses de la plu popular en la mundo, la lingua european tre en termas de parlores nativa, e la lingua romanica du, sola suprapasada par la [[Espaniol (lingua)|espaniol]]. Lo es un lingua major de la emisfera sude. Lo es ance la lingua la plu parlada en [[America Sude|America Sude]] e la du en American latina, seguente espaniol. Lo es un lingua ofisial de la [[Uni European|Uni European]], Mercosur, la Organiza de la Statos American, la Comunia Economial de Statos de Africa Ueste, e la [[Uni African|Uni African]]. ==Fonolojia== Fonolojia portuges es simil a linguas como [[Franses (lingua)|franses]] (spesial de [[Québec|Québec]]), la linguas galo-italica, [[Ositan (lingua)|ositan]], [[Catalan (lingua)|catalan]] e franco-provensal; no como [[Espaniol (lingua)|espaniol]], cual es simil a [[Sarda (lingua)|sarda]] e dialetos italian sude. Alga descrive la fonolojia de portuges como un misca de espaniol, galo-romanica (pe franses) e la linguas de Italia norde (spesial [[Genoves|genoves]]), ma con un influe plu profonda celta. Lo ave un masima de nove vocales bocal, du semivocales e dudes-un consonantes, an si alga varias de la lingua ave min fonemes. Lo ave ance sinco vocales nasal, cual alga linguistes regarda como alofones de la vocales bocal. == Jeografia == Portuges es la lingua nativa de la majoria de brasileras e portugeses, e la 00.8% de la popla de San Tome e Prinsipe ia indica en la conta de abitores de 1991 ce sua lingua nativa ia es portuges. Cisa 75% de la popla de Angola parla portuges como lingua nativa, e 85% es plu o min fluente seguente la conta de abitores de 2007. Portuges ave ance parlores nativa en Gine-Bisau (30% de la popla) e la creol fundida sur portuges es comprendeda par totas. On no ave datos sur Capo Verde, ma casi tota la popla es bilingual, e la popla monolingual parla un creol fundida sur portuges. On ave comunias de migrores de lingua portuges en multe paises incluinte Andora (15.4%), Bermuda, Canada (400,275 persones en la conta de abitores de 2006), Franses (900,000 persones), Nion (400,000 persones), Jersi, Namibia (sirca 4–5% de la popla, xef refujadas de Angola a norde de la pais), Macau (0.6% o 12,000 persones), Suiz (196,000 persones en 2008), Venezuela (554,000) e Statos Unida (0.35% de la popla o 1,228,126 parlores). En alga partes de la pasada India portuges, pd Goa e Daman e Diu, la lingua es ancora parlada par 10 000 persones. En 2014, s 1500 studiantes ia es aprendente portuges en Goa. == Ance vide == * [[Linguas romanica]] {{Linguas romanica}} [[Categoria:Linguas romanica]] [[Categoria:Linguas de Portugal]] 3ry9s56w01i6j6zlljdhtt9i2nd3njt 0 1020 43357 41502 2026-07-23T05:08:27Z Maximiliaan Ronaldszoon 16404 43357 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infocaxa pais |nom = Rena Unida<br>''United Kingdom'' |bandera = Flag of the United Kingdom.svg |scermo = Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom (St. Edward's Crown).svg |mapa = [[image:Europe-UK.svg|290px]] |capital = [[London]] |lingua ofisial = [[Engles (lingua)|Engles]] |governa = Monarcia constitual parlamental |xef de stato = [[Andy Burnham]] |legeria = |salon alta = |salon basa = |area = 242 495 |popla = 65 110 000 |densia = 255,6/km2 |PIB = 2 549 000 milion |mone = Paund |zona de ora = GMT (UTC +0) |interede = .uk e .gb |numero de telefon = +44 |loca = [[Image:Grossbritannien administrativ.gif|290px]] }} La '''Rena Unida de Britan Grande e Er Norde''' es un pais en [[Europa]], composada de [[England]], [[Scotland]], [[Cimri]] e [[Er Norde]]. Sua area es sirca 244 820 cilometres cuadrida e, en la anio 2006, lo ia ave sirca 60 609 153 persones. La site capital es [[London]]. La major linguas es [[Engles (lingua)|engles]], [[Cimrica (lingua)|cimrica]], [[Gailica (lingua)|gailica scotes]] e [[Eres (lingua)|gailica eres]]. La Rena Unida es un monarcia constitual con un sistem parlamental de governa. Sua site capital e la plu grande es [[London]], un site global e sentro finansial con popla urban de 10 310 000 persones – numero cuatro de la poplas la plu grande de Europa. el monarca presente (de 8 Setembre 2022) es Re Charles III. La Rena Unida es vera un uni de cuatro paises, de cual cada ave alga autonomia: [[England]], [[Cimri]] (nomida "Wales" en engles), [[Scotland]] e [[Er Norde]]. La isolas prosima Man, Gernsi e Jersi no parteni a la Rena Unida, ma es dependes de la corona, e la governa brites es encargada per defende los e representa internasional los. == Simboles == La bandera de la Rena Unida es nomida la ''Union Jack'' o ''Union Flag''. Lo ia es creada en 1606 de la banderas de England e Scotia, e ia es cambiada en 1801 par ajunta la Bandera de San Patricio. Cimri no es representada en la bandera, car esta pais ia es concistada per England ante la crea de la Rena Unida. La imno nasional es "God Save the King" (Dio ta salva la re), con la parola "Re" cambiada a "Rea" cuando la monarca es un fem. == Governa == La Rena Unida es un monarcia constitual. Rea Charles III es la xef de stato de la Rena Unida, e ance la monarca de des-sinco otra paises autonom de la Comunia Brites. La monarca "ave la direto de es consultada, la direto de coraji e la direto de averti". La Constituida de la Rena Unida es noncodigida e es formida par un colie de fontes scriveda diferente. La Parlamento pote fa "reformis constitual" par aseta Atas de la Parlamento, e en esta modo lo ave la potia political de cambia o aboli cuasi cualce elemento scriveda o nonscriveda de la constitui. An tal, la Parlamento no pote aseta lejes cual un Parlamento futur no ta pote cambia. {{Paises de Europa}} [[Categoria:Rena Unida| ]] rfkk7u9ytcwp5cd757w6698ttnit75q 43358 43357 2026-07-23T05:09:17Z Maximiliaan Ronaldszoon 16404 Desfa revisa [[Special:Diff/43357|43357]] par [[Special:Contributions/Maximiliaan Ronaldszoon|Maximiliaan Ronaldszoon]] ([[User talk:Maximiliaan Ronaldszoon|discute]]) 43358 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infocaxa pais |nom = Rena Unida<br>''United Kingdom'' |bandera = Flag of the United Kingdom.svg |scermo = Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom (St. Edward's Crown).svg |mapa = [[image:Europe-UK.svg|290px]] |capital = [[London]] |lingua ofisial = [[Engles (lingua)|Engles]] |governa = Monarcia constitual parlamental |xef de stato = [[Charles 3]] |xef de governa = [[Andy Burnham]] |legeria = |salon alta = |salon basa = |area = 242 495 |popla = 65 110 000 |densia = 255,6/km2 |PIB = 2 549 000 milion |mone = Paund |zona de ora = GMT (UTC +0) |interede = .uk e .gb |numero de telefon = +44 |loca = [[Image:Grossbritannien administrativ.gif|290px]] }} La '''Rena Unida de Britan Grande e Er Norde''' es un pais en [[Europa]], composada de [[England]], [[Scotland]], [[Cimri]] e [[Er Norde]]. Sua area es sirca 244 820 cilometres cuadrida e, en la anio 2006, lo ia ave sirca 60 609 153 persones. La site capital es [[London]]. La major linguas es [[Engles (lingua)|engles]], [[Cimrica (lingua)|cimrica]], [[Gailica (lingua)|gailica scotes]] e [[Eres (lingua)|gailica eres]]. La Rena Unida es un monarcia constitual con un sistem parlamental de governa. Sua site capital e la plu grande es [[London]], un site global e sentro finansial con popla urban de 10 310 000 persones – numero cuatro de la poplas la plu grande de Europa. el monarca presente (de 8 Setembre 2022) es Re Charles III. La Rena Unida es vera un uni de cuatro paises, de cual cada ave alga autonomia: [[England]], [[Cimri]] (nomida "Wales" en engles), [[Scotland]] e [[Er Norde]]. La isolas prosima Man, Gernsi e Jersi no parteni a la Rena Unida, ma es dependes de la corona, e la governa brites es encargada per defende los e representa internasional los. == Simboles == La bandera de la Rena Unida es nomida la ''Union Jack'' o ''Union Flag''. Lo ia es creada en 1606 de la banderas de England e Scotia, e ia es cambiada en 1801 par ajunta la Bandera de San Patricio. Cimri no es representada en la bandera, car esta pais ia es concistada per England ante la crea de la Rena Unida. La imno nasional es "God Save the King" (Dio ta salva la re), con la parola "Re" cambiada a "Rea" cuando la monarca es un fem. == Governa == La Rena Unida es un monarcia constitual. Rea Charles III es la xef de stato de la Rena Unida, e ance la monarca de des-sinco otra paises autonom de la Comunia Brites. La monarca "ave la direto de es consultada, la direto de coraji e la direto de averti". La Constituida de la Rena Unida es noncodigida e es formida par un colie de fontes scriveda diferente. La Parlamento pote fa "reformis constitual" par aseta Atas de la Parlamento, e en esta modo lo ave la potia political de cambia o aboli cuasi cualce elemento scriveda o nonscriveda de la constitui. An tal, la Parlamento no pote aseta lejes cual un Parlamento futur no ta pote cambia. {{Paises de Europa}} [[Categoria:Rena Unida| ]] d1zhg5ghrzavfduo3p15yxi5rt1fr43 0 1098 43346 41838 2026-07-21T08:41:51Z CommonsDelinker 47 Replacing Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg with [[File:Flag_of_Cape_Verde_(10-17).svg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR3|Criterion 3]] (obvious error) · Government standardized ratio is 2:3. For fu 43346 wikitext text/x-wiki En elefen, la '''nomes de nasiones''' (e otra paises) e sua formas ajetival segue la formas la plu usada par o la popla nasional o la comunia internasional. La forma ajetival es ance usada como la nom de un person de la nasion, e en alga casos, la nom de un lingua. Per esemplo ''italian'' es la forma ajetival de ''Italia'', e ance la nom per persones de Italia e la nom de la lingua italian. En la plu de casos, cada nasion ave sola un nom e un forma ajetival, ma per alga casos, un nasion ave du formas. Esemplos inclui ''Xina''/''Jonguo'', ''Barat''/''India'', e ''Suomi''/''Finland''. Elefen reteni la nom nasional per respeta la popla de la nasion, e la nom internasional per aida la reconose. Elefen no sujesta ce on usa la un o la otra, ma sola ce on usa los en un modo coerente en un testo. La formas ajetival usa finis variosa. Elefen usa la fini cual es la plu simil a la fini nasional o internasional. La plu fini con '''-an''', '''-ian''', o '''-es''' – per esemplo: ''american'', ''canadian'', e ''nederlandes''. Multe fini con '''-i''' o '''-sce''' – per esemplo: ''afgani'', ''arabi'', ''rusce'', e ''svensce''. La ajetivo per nasiones muslim fini comun con '''-i''', e los de Europa norde e este fini comun con '''-sce'''. Alga ajetivos no difere de la nom o ave un forma plu corta ca la nom, e un cuantia peti ave finis unica – per esemplo: ''esti'', ''mongol'', ''cazac'', ''deutx'', ''brasilera'', e ''guatemalteca''. Ultima, on nesesa aprende individua los. La colona prima de la table seguente mostra la codigos de la nasiones par la norma internasional ISO 3166. La table inclui ance alga nomes cual no es ofisial nasiones. <div class="caxa-table"> {| | '''ISO''' || '''Elefen''' || '''Ajetivo''' || '''Engles''' || '''Bandera''' |- | AF || [[Afganistan|Afganistan]] || afgani || Afghanistan || [[Image:Flag of Afghanistan.svg|30px]] |- | HT || [[Aiti|Aiti]] || aitian ||Haiti || [[Image:Flag of Haiti.svg|30px]] |- | AE || [[Amirias Arabi Unida|Amirias Arabi Unida]] (AAU) || amirati || United Arab Emirates || [[Image:Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg|30px]] |- | AD || [[Andora|Andora]] || andoran || Andorra || [[Image:Flag of Andorra.svg|30px]] |- |AI || [[Anguila|Anguila]] || anguilan || Anguilla (Britain) || [[Image:Flag of Anguilla.svg|30px]] |- | AO || [[Angola|Angola]] || angolan || Angola || [[Image:Flag of Angola.svg|30px]] |- |AQ || [[Antartica|Antartica]] || antartica || Antarctica (international) || [[Image:Flag of Antarctica.svg|30px]] |- | AG || [[Antigua e Barbuda|Antigua e Barbuda]] || antiguan, barbudan || Antigua & Barbuda || [[Image:Flag of Antigua and Barbuda.svg|30px]] |- | AN || [[Antiles Nederlandes|Antiles Nederlandes]] || antilean || Netherlands Antilles || [[Image:Flag of the Netherlands Antilles.svg|30px]] |- | SA || [[Arabia Saudi|Arabia Saudi]] || saudi || Saudi Arabia || [[Image:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg|30px]] |- | AR || [[Arjentina|Arjentina]] || arjentina || Argentina || [[Image:Flag of Argentina.svg|30px]] |- | AW || [[Aruba|Aruba]] || aruban || Aruba || [[Image:Flag of Aruba.svg|30px]] |- | AU || [[Australia|Australia]] || australian || Australia || [[Image:Flag of Australia.svg|30px]] |- | AZ || [[Azerbaidjan|Azerbaidjan]] || azerbaidjani || Azerbaijan || [[Image:Flag of Azerbaijan.svg|30px]] |- | BS || [[Bahamas|Bahamas]] || bahaman || Bahamas || [[Image:Flag of the Bahamas.svg|30px]] |- | BG || [[Balgaria|Balgaria]] || balgarsce || Bulgaria || [[Image:Flag of Bulgaria.svg|30px]] |- | BD || [[Bangladex|Bangladex]] || bangla || Bangladesh || [[Image:Flag of Bangladesh.svg|30px]] |- | BH || [[Barain|Barain]] || baraini || Bahrain || [[Image:Flag of Bahrain.svg|30px]] |- | IN || [[Barat|Barat]] / India || barati / indian || India || [[Image:Flag of India.svg|30px]] |- | BB || [[Barbados|Barbados]] || barbadian || Barbados || [[Image:Flag of Barbados.svg|30px]] |- | PW || [[Belau|Belau]] || belau || Palau (independent nation) || [[Image:Flag of Palau.svg|30px]] |- | BZ || [[Beliz|Beliz]] || belizan || Belize || [[Image:Flag of Belize.svg|30px]] |- | BE || [[Beljia|Beljia]] || beljes || Belgium || [[Image:Flag of Belgium.svg|30px]] |- | BJ || [[Benin|Benin]] || benines || Benin || [[Image:Flag of Benin.svg|30px]] |- | BM || [[Bermuda|Bermuda]] || bermudan || Bermuda || [[Image:Flag of Bermuda.svg|30px]] |- | BY || [[Bielarus|Bielarus]] || bielarusce || Belarus || [[Image:Flag of Belarus.svg|30px]] |- | – || Bod / [[Tibet|Tibet]] || bod / tibetan || Tibet || [[Image:Flag of Tibet.svg|30px]] |- | BO || [[Bolivia|Bolivia]] || bolivian || Bolivia || [[Image:Flag of Bolivia.svg|30px]] |- | BA || [[Bosnia e Hersegovina|Bosnia e Hersegovina]] || bosnian || Bosnia & Herzegovina || [[Image:Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg|30px]] |- | BW || [[Botsuana|Botsuana]] || tsuana || Botswana || [[Image:Flag of Botswana.svg|30px]] |- | BR || [[Brasil|Brasil]] || brasilera || Brazil || [[Image:Flag of Brazil.svg|30px]] |- | – || [[Bres|Bres]] || bresonica || Brittany || [[Image:Flag of Brittany.svg|30px]] |- | BN || [[Brune|Brune]] || brune || Brunei || [[Image:Flag of Brunei.svg|30px]] |- | BF || [[Burcina Faso|Burcina Faso]] || burcinabe || Burkina Faso || [[Image:Flag of Burkina Faso.svg|30px]] |- | BI || [[Burundi|Burundi]] || burundes || Burundi || [[Image:Flag of Burundi.svg|30px]] |- | GL || Calalitnunat / [[Gronland|Gronland]] || calalit / gronlandes || Greenland || [[Image:Flag of Greenland.svg|30px]] |- | NC || [[Caledonia Nova|Caledonia Nova]] || caledonian || New Caledonia || [[Image:Flag of New Caledonia.svg|30px]] |- | CM || [[Camerun|Camerun]] || camerunes || Cameroon || [[Image:Flag of Cameroon.svg|30px]] |- | KH || [[Camputxa|Camputxa]] || camputxa || Cambodia || [[Image:Flag of Cambodia.svg|30px]] |- | CA || [[Canada|Canada]] || canadian || Canada || [[Image:Flag of Canada.svg|30px]] |- | CV || [[Capo Verde|Capo Verde]] || capoverdean || Cape Verde || [[Image:Flag of Cape Verde (10-17).svg|30px]] |- | KZ || [[Cazacstan|Cazacstan]] || cazac || Kazakhstan || [[Image:Flag of Kazakhstan.svg|30px]] |- | – || [[Catalunia|Catalunia]] || catalan || Catalonia || [[Image:Flag of Catalonia.svg|30px]] |- | QA || [[Catar|Catar]] || catari || Qatar || [[Image:Flag of Qatar.svg|30px]] |- | KE || [[Cenia|Cenia]] || cenian || Kenya || [[Image:Flag of Kenya.svg|30px]] |- | – || [[Cimri|Cimri]] || cimrica || Wales || [[Image:Flag of Wales.svg|30px]] |- | CY || [[Cipros|Cipros]] || ciprica || Cyprus || [[Image:Flag of Cyprus.svg|30px]] |- | KG || [[Cirgistan|Cirgistan]] || cirgiz || Kyrgyzstan || [[Image:Flag of Kyrgyzstan.svg|30px]] |- | KI || [[Ciribas|Ciribas]] || ciribati || Kiribati || [[Image:Flag of Kiribati.svg|30px]] |- | CO || [[Colombia|Colombia]] || colombian || Colombia || [[Image:Flag of Colombia.svg|30px]] |- | KM || [[Comori|Comori]] || comori || Comoros || [[Image:Flag of Comoros.svg|30px]] |- | CG || [[Congo|Congo]] || congoles || Republic of the Congo || [[Image:Flag of the Republic of the Congo.svg|30px]] |- | HR || [[Corvatsca|Corvatsca]] || corvatsce || Croatia || [[Image:Flag of Croatia.svg|30px]] |- | XK || [[Cosovo|Cosovo]] || cosovarian || Kosovo || [[Image:Flag of Kosovo.svg|30px]] |- | CI || [[Costa de Ivor|Costa de Ivor]] || ivorian || Ivory Coast || [[Image:Flag of Ivory Coast.svg|30px]] |- | CR || [[Costa Rica|Costa Rica]] || costarican || Costa Rica || [[Image:Flag of Costa Rica.svg|30px]] |- | – || [[Criti|Criti]] || critica || Crete || |- | KW || [[Cuait|Cuait]] || cuaiti || Kuwait || [[Image:Flag of Kuwait.svg|30px]] |- | CU || [[Cuba|Cuba]] || cuban || Cuba || [[Image:Flag of Cuba.svg|30px]] |- | – || [[Curdistan|Curdistan]] || curdi || Kurdistan || [[Image:Flag of Kurdistan.svg|30px]] |- | DK || [[Danmarc|Danmarc]] || dansce || Denmark || [[Image:Flag of Denmark.svg|30px]] |- | DE || [[Deutxland|Deutxland]] || deutx || Germany || [[Image:Flag of Germany.svg|30px]] |- | MV || Divehi / [[Maldives|Maldives]] || divehi || Maldives || [[Image:Flag of Maldives.svg|30px]] |- | DJ || [[Djibuti|Djibuti]] || djibuti ||Djibouti || [[Image:Flag of Djibouti.svg|30px]] |- | DM || [[Dominica|Dominica]] || dominican || Dominica || [[Image:Flag of Dominica.svg|30px]] |- | BT || Druciul / [[Butan|Butan]] || brug / butan || Bhutan || [[Image:Flag of Bhutan.svg|30px]] |- | EC || [[Ecuador|Ecuador]] || ecuadoran || Ecuador || [[Image:Flag of Ecuador.svg|30px]] |- | GR || [[Elas|Elas]] || elinica || Greece || [[Image:Flag of Greece.svg|30px]] |- | – || [[England|England]] || engles || England || [[Image:Flag of England.svg|30px]] |- | IE || [[Er|Er]] || eres || Ireland || [[Image:Flag of Ireland.svg|30px]] |- | ER || [[Ertra|Ertra]] || ertri || Eritrea || [[Image:Flag of Eritrea.svg|30px]] |- | ES || [[Espania|Espania]] || espaniol || Spain || [[Image:Flag of Spain.svg|30px]] |- | EE || [[Esti|Esti]] || esti || Estonia || [[Image:Flag of Estonia.svg|30px]] |- | – || [[Euscaleria|Euscaleria]] || euscara || Basque Country || [[Image:Flag of the Basque Country.svg|30px]] |- | – || [[Isolas Faro|Isolas Faro]] || faroisce || Faeroe Islands || [[Image:Flag of the Faroe Islands.svg|30px]] |- | PS || [[Filastin|Filastin]] (Teritorios Ocupada de) || filastini || Palestinian Territory, Occupied || [[Image:Flag of Palestine.svg|30px]] |- | FR || [[Frans|Frans]] || franses || France || [[Image:Flag of France.svg|30px]] |- | – || [[Frisland|Frisland]] || frisce || Friesland || [[Image:Frisian flag.svg|30px]] |- | GA || [[Gabon|Gabon]] || gabones || Gabon || [[Image:Flag of Gabon.svg|30px]] |- | – || [[Galisia|Galisia]] || galego || Galicia || [[Image:Flag of Galicia.svg|30px]] |- | GM || [[Gambia|Gambia]] || gambian || The Gambia || [[Image:Flag of The Gambia.svg|30px]] |- | GH || [[Gana|Gana]] || ganaian || Ghana || [[Image:Flag of Ghana.svg|30px]] |- | GG || [[Gernsi|Gernsi]] || gernsies || Guernsey (Britain) || [[Image:Flag of Guernsey.svg|30px]] |- | GN || [[Gine|Gine]] || ginean || Guinea || [[Image:Flag of Guinea.svg|30px]] |- | GW || [[Gine-Bisau|Gine-Bisau]] || || Guinea-Bissau || [[Image:Flag of Guinea-Bissau.svg|30px]] |- | GQ || [[Gine Ecuatoral|Gine Ecuatoral]] || || Equatorial Guinea || [[Image:Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg|30px]] |- | GD || [[Grenada|Grenada]] || grenadian || Grenada || [[Image:Flag of Grenada.svg|30px]] |- | GU || [[Guam|Guam]] || guamanian || Guam (SUA) || [[Image:Flag of Guam.svg|30px]] |- | GP || [[Guadelupe|Guadelupe]] || guadelupean || Guadeloupe (France) || [[Image:Flag of Guadeloupe.svg|30px]] |- | GT || [[Guatemala|Guatemala]] || guatemalteca || Guatemala || [[Image:Flag of Guatemala.svg|30px]] |- | GY || [[Guiana|Guiana]] || guianan || Guyana || [[Image:Flag of Guyana.svg|30px]] |- | GF || [[Guian Franses|Guian Franses]] || guianes || French Guiana || [[Image:Flag of French Guiana.svg|30px]] |- | AM || [[Haiastan|Haiastan]] / Armenia || haiaren / armenian || Armenia || [[Image:Flag of Armenia.svg|30px]] |- | HK || [[Hongkong|Hongkong]] || || Hong Kong || [[Image:Flag of Hong Kong.svg|30px]] |- | YE || [[Iaman|Iaman]] || iamani || Yemen || [[Image:Flag of Yemen.svg|30px]] |- | ID || [[Indonesia|Indonesia]] || indonesian || Indonesia || [[Image:Flag of Indonesia.svg|30px]] |- | IQ || [[Irac|Irac]] || iraci || Iraq || [[Image:Flag of Iraq.svg|30px]] |- | IR || [[Iran|Iran]] || irani || Iran || [[Image:Flag of Iran.svg|30px]] |- | IS || [[Island|Island]] || islansce || Iceland || [[Image:Flag of Iceland.svg|30px]] |- | BV || [[Isola Bouvet|Isola Bouvet]] || || Bouvet Island (Norway) || [[Image:Flag of Norway.svg|30px]] |- | CK || [[Isolas Cook|Isolas Cook]] || || Cook Islands (New Zealand)) || [[Image:Flag of the Cook Islands.svg|30px]] |- | HM || [[Isola Heard e Isolas Macdonald|Isola Heard e Isolas Macdonald]] || || Heard Island and McDonald Islands (Australia) || [[Image:Flag of Australia.svg|30px]] |- | IM || [[Isola Man|Isola Man]] || manes || Isle of Man (Britain) || [[Image:Flag of Isle of Man.svg|30px]] |- | CX || [[Isola Natal|Isola Natal]] || || Christmas Island (Australia) || [[Image:Flag of Christmas Island.svg|30px]] |- | NF || [[Isola Norfolk|Isola Norfolk]] || || Norfolk Island (Australia) || [[Image:Flag of Norfolk Island.svg|30px]] |- | PN || [[Isola Pitcairn|Isola Pitcairn]] || || Pitcairn Islands (Britain) || [[Image:Flag of the Pitcairn Islands.svg|30px]] |- | AX || [[Isolas Aland|Isolas Aland]] || || Åland Islands (Finland) || [[Image:Flag of Åland Islands.svg|30px]] |- | KY || [[Isolas Caiman|Isolas Caiman]] || || Cayman Islands (Britain) || [[Image:Flag of the Cayman Islands.svg|30px]] |- | CC || [[Isolas Cocos|Isolas Cocos]] || cocosian || Cocos (Keeling) Islands (Australia) || |- | FK || [[Isolas Falkland|Isolas Falkland]] (o Isolas Malvinas) || || Falkland Islands (Malvinas) (Britain) || [[Image:Flag of the Falkland Islands.svg|30px]] |- | || [[Isolas Galapagos|Isolas Galapagos]] || || Galápagos Islands || [[Image:Flag of the Galapagos Islands.svg|30px]] |- | MH || [[Isolas Majel|Isolas Majel]] || majel || Marshall Islands || [[Image:Flag of the Marshall Islands.svg|30px]] |- | MP || [[Isolas Mariana Norde|Isolas Mariana Norde]] || marianan || Northern Mariana Islands (USA) || [[Image:Flag of the Northern Mariana Islands.svg|30px]] |- | UM || [[Isolas Minor Distante SUA|Isolas Minor Distante SUA]] || || United States Minor Outlying Islands || [[Image:Flag of the United States.svg|30px]] |- | SB || [[Isolas Solomon|Isolas Solomon]] || solomones || Solomon Islands || [[Image:Flag of the Solomon Islands.svg|30px]] |- | TC || [[Turcs e Caicos|Isolas Turcs e Caicos]] || || Turks and Caicos Islands (Britain) || [[Image:Flag of the Turks and Caicos Islands.svg|30px]] |- | VG || [[Isolas Virjin Brites|Isolas Virjin Brites]] || || Virgin Islands, British || [[Image:Flag of the British Virgin Islands.svg|30px]] |- | VI || [[Isolas Virjin SUA|Isolas Virjin SUA]] || || Virgin Islands, United States || [[Image:Flag of the United States Virgin Islands.svg|30px]] |- | IL || [[Israel|Israel]] || israeli || Israel || [[Image:Flag of Israel.svg|30px]] |- | IT || [[Italia|Italia]] || italian || Italy || [[Image:Flag of Italy.svg|30px]] |- | ET || [[Itiopia|Itiopia]] || itiopian || Ethiopia || [[Image:Flag of Ethiopia.svg|30px]] |- | – || [[Iugoslavia|Iugoslavia]] || iugoslavian || Yugoslavia || [[Image:Flag of Yugoslavia.svg|30px]] |- | JM || [[Jamaica|Jamaica]] || jamaican || Jamaica || [[Image:Flag of Jamaica.svg|30px]] |- | DZ || [[Jazair|Jazair]] / Aljeria || jazairi / aljeri || Algeria || [[Image:Flag of Algeria.svg|30px]] |- | JE || [[Jersi|Jersi]] || jersies || Jersey (Britain) || [[Image:Flag of Jersey.svg|30px]] |- | GI || [[Jibraltar|Jibraltar]] || jibraltarian || Gibraltar (Britain) || [[Image:Flag of Gibraltar.svg|30px]] |- | CN || Jonguo / [[Xina|Xina]] || jonguo / xines || China || [[Image:Flag of China.svg|30px]] |- | GS || [[Jorjia Sude e Isolas Sandwich Sude|Jorjia Sude e Isolas Sandwich Sude]] || || South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (Britain) || [[Image:Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg|30px]] |- | LV || [[Latvia|Latvia]] || latvisce || Latvia || [[Image:Flag of Latvia.svg|30px]] |- | LA || [[Lau|Lau]] || lau || Laos || [[Image:Flag of Laos.svg|30px]] |- | LS || [[Lesoto|Lesoto]] || lesoto || Lesotho || [[Image:Flag of Lesotho.svg|30px]] |- | LR || [[Liberia|Liberia]] || liberian || Liberia || [[Image:Flag of Liberia.svg|30px]] |- | LY || [[Libia|Libia]] || libi || Libya || [[Image:Flag of Libya.svg|30px]] |- | LI || [[Lictenstain|Lictenstain]] || lictenstaines || Liechtenstein || [[Image:Flag of Liechtenstein.svg|30px]] |- | LT || [[Lietuva|Lietuva]] || lietuvisce || Lithuania || [[Image:Flag of Lithuania.svg|30px]] |- | LB || [[Lubnan|Lubnan]] || lubnani || Lebanon || [[Image:Flag of Lebanon.svg|30px]] |- | LU || [[Luxemburg|Luxemburg]] || luxemburges || Luxembourg || [[Image:Flag of Luxembourg.svg|30px]] |- | MO || [[Macau|Macau]] || macau || Macau / Macao || [[Image:Flag of Macau.svg|30px]] |- | MK || [[Macedonia|Macedonia]] || macedonsce || Macedonia || [[Image:Flag of Macedonia.svg|30px]] |- | MG || [[Madagasicara|Madagasicara]] || malagasi || Madagascar || [[Image:Flag of Madagascar.svg|30px]] |- | HU || [[Magiar|Magiar]] / Ungaria || magiar / ungarian || Hungary || [[Image:Flag of Hungary.svg|30px]] |- | MA || [[Magrib|Magrib]] / Maroco || magribi / marocan || Morocco || [[Image:Flag of Morocco.svg|30px]] |- | YT || [[Mahore|Mahore]] || mahores || Mayotte (France) || [[Image:Flag of Mayotte (local).svg|30px]] |- | MY || [[Malaisia|Malaisia]] || malaisian || Malaysia || [[Image:Flag of Malaysia.svg|30px]] |- | MW || [[Malaui|Malaui]] || malaui || Malawi || [[Image:Flag of Malawi.svg|30px]] |- | ML || [[Mali|Mali]] || malian || Mali || [[Image:Flag of Mali.svg|30px]] |- | MT || [[Malta|Malta]] || malti || Malta || [[Image:Flag of Malta.svg|30px]] |- | MQ || [[Martinic|Martinic]] || martinices || Martinique (France) || [[Image:Flag of Martinique.svg|30px]] |- | MU || [[Mauris|Mauris]] || maurisian || Mauritius || [[Image:Flag of Mauritius.svg|30px]] |- | MX || [[Mexico|Mexico]] || mexican || Mexico || [[Image:Flag of Mexico.svg|30px]] |- | MM || [[Mianmar|Mianmar]] / Burma || mianmar, burman || Burma || [[Image:Flag of Burma.svg|30px]] |- | FM || [[Statos Federada de Micronesia|Micronesia, Statos Federada de]] || micronesian || Federated States of Micronesia || [[Image:Flag of the Federated States of Micronesia.svg|30px]] |- | EG || [[Misre|Misre]] / Egipte || misri, egiptian || Egypt || [[Image:Flag of Egypt.svg|30px]] |- | MD || [[Moldova|Moldova]] || moldovan || Moldova || [[Image:Flag of Moldova.svg|30px]] |- | MC || [[Monaco|Monaco]] || monaces || Monaco || [[Image:Flag of Monaco.svg|30px]] |- | MN || [[Mongol|Mongol]] || mongol || Mongolia || [[Image:Flag of Mongolia.svg|30px]] |- | MS || [[Montserat|Montserat]] || montseratian || Montserrat (Britain) || [[Image:Flag of Montserrat.svg|30px]] |- | MZ || [[Mosambic|Mosambic]] || mosambican || Mozambique || [[Image:Flag of Mozambique.svg|30px]] |- | MR || [[Muritania|Muritania]] || muritani || Mauritania || [[Image:1959-2017 Flag of Mauritania.svg|30px]] |- | NA || [[Namibia|Namibia]] || namibian || Namibia || [[Image:Flag of Namibia.svg|30px]] |- | NR || [[Nauero|Nauero]] || nauero || Nauru || [[Image:Flag of Nauru.svg|30px]] |- | NL || [[Nederland|Nederland]] || nederlandes || Netherlands || [[Image:Flag of the Netherlands.svg|30px]] |- | NP || [[Nepal|Nepal]] || nepali || Nepal || [[Image:Flag of Nepal.svg|30px]] |- | NI || [[Nicaragua|Nicaragua]] || nicaraguan || Nicaragua || [[Image:Flag of Nicaragua.svg|30px]] |- | NE || [[Nijer|Nijer]] || nijerien || Niger || [[Image:Flag of Niger.svg|30px]] |- | NG || [[Nijeria|Nijeria]] || nijerian || Nigeria || [[Image:Flag of Nigeria.svg|30px]] |- | JP || [[Nion|Nion]] / Japan || nion / japanes || Japan || [[Image:Flag of Japan.svg|30px]] |- | NU || [[Niue|Niue]] || niue || Niue (New Zealand) || [[Image:Flag of Niue.svg|30px]] |- | NO || [[Noria|Noria]] || norsce || Norway || [[Image:Flag of Norway.svg|30px]] |- | HN || [[Onduras|Onduras]] || onduran || Honduras || [[Image:Flag of Honduras (2022–present).svg|30px]] |- | AT || [[Osteraic|Osteraic]] / Austria || osteraices / austrian || Austria || [[Image:Flag of Austria.svg|30px]] |- | PK || [[Pacistan|Pacistan]] || pacistani || Pakistan || [[Image:Flag of Pakistan.svg|30px]] |- | PA || [[Panama|Panama]] || panaman || Panama || [[Image:Flag of Panama.svg|30px]] |- | PG || [[Papua e Gine Nova|Papua e Gine Nova]] || papuan || Papua New Guinea || [[Image:Flag of Papua New Guinea.svg|30px]] |- | PY || [[Paraguai|Paraguai]] || paraguai || Paraguay || [[Image:Flag of Paraguay.svg|30px]] |- | PE || [[Peru|Peru]] || peruan || Peru || [[Image:Flag of Peru.svg|30px]] |- | PH || [[Pilipinas|Pilipinas]] || pilipina || Philippines || [[Image:Flag of the Philippines.svg|30px]] |- | PF || [[Polinesia Franses|Polinesia Franses]] || polinesian || French Polynesia || [[Image:Flag of French Polynesia.svg|30px]] |- | PL || [[Polsca|Polsca]] || polsce || Poland || [[Image:Flag of Poland.svg|30px]] |- | PT || [[Portugal|Portugal]] || portuges || Portugal || [[Image:Flag of Portugal.svg|30px]] |- | PR || [[Porto Rica|Porto Rica]] || portorican || Puerto Rico (USA) || [[Image:Flag of Puerto Rico.svg|30px]] |- | || [[Rapa Nui|Rapanui]] / Isola Pascua || rapanui || Easter Island / Rapa Nui || [[Image:Flag of Rapa Nui, Chile.svg|30px]] |- | GB || [[Rena Unida|Rena Unida]] / Britan || brites || United Kingdom || [[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|30px]] |- | CD || [[Republica Democratial de Congo|Republica Democratial de Congo]] || congan || Democratic Republic of the Congo || [[Image:Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg|30px]] |- | DO || [[Republica Dominican|Republica Dominican]] || dominican || Dominican Republic || [[Image:Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg|30px]] |- | RO || [[Romania|Romania]] || romanian || Romania || [[Image:Flag of Romania.svg|30px]] |- | RW || [[Ruanda|Ruanda]] || ruanda || Rwanda || [[Image:Flag of Rwanda.svg|30px]] |- | RU || [[Rusia|Rusia]] || rusce || Russia || [[Image:Flag of Russia.svg|30px]] |- | GE || [[Sacartvelo|Sacartvelo]] / Jorjia || cartuli / jorjian || Georgia || [[Image:Flag of Georgia.svg|30px]] |- | EH || [[Sahara Ueste|Sahara Ueste]] || sahari || Western Sahara || [[Image:Flag of Western Sahara.svg|30px]] |- | SV || [[Salvador|Salvador]] || salvadoran || El Salvador || [[Image:Flag of El Salvador.svg|30px]] |- | – || [[Sami|Sami]] || sami || Lapland || [[File:Sami flag.svg|30px]] |- | AS || [[Samoa American|Samoa American]] || samoan || American Samoa || [[Image:Flag of American Samoa.svg|30px]] |- | WS || [[Samoa|Samoa]] || samoan || Samoa || [[Image:Flag of Samoa.svg|30px]] |- | BL || [[San Bartelemi|San Bartelemi]] || || Saint Barthélemy (France) || [[Image:Flag of Saint Barthelemy (local).svg|30px]] |- | KN || [[San Kitts e Nevis|San Kitts e Nevis]] || citian, nevisian || Saint Kitts and Nevis || [[Image:Flag of Saint Kitts and Nevis.svg|30px]] |- | SH || [[San Elena, Asension, e Tristan de Cunia|San Elena, Asension, e Tristan de Cunia]] || || Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha (Britain) || [[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|30px]] |- | LC || [[San Lusia|San Lusia]] || sanlusian || Saint Lucia || [[Image:Flag of Saint Lucia.svg|30px]] |- | SM || [[San Marino|San Marino]] || samarines || San Marino || [[Image:Flag of San Marino.svg|30px]] |- | MF || [[San Marten|San Marten]] (parte franses) || sanmartenes || Saint Martin (French part) || [[Image:Flag of France.png|30px]] |- | SX || [[San Marten|San Marten]] (parte nederlandes) || sanmartenes || Saint Martin (Dutch part) || [[File:Flag of Sint Maarten.svg|30px]] |- | PM || [[San Pier e Micelon|San Pier e Micelon]] || sanpieres, micelones || Saint Pierre and Miquelon (France) || [[Image:Flag of France.svg|30px]] |- | ST || [[San Tome e Prinsipe|San Tome e Prinsipe]] || santomense || Sao Tome and Principe || [[Image:Flag of Sao Tome and Principe.svg|30px]] |- | VC || [[San Vinsent e la Grenadines|San Vinsent e la Grenadines]] || vinsentian, grenadian || Saint Vincent and the Grenadines || [[Image:Flag of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.svg|30px]] |- | – || [[Scotland|Scotland]] || scotes || Scotland || [[Image:Flag of Scotland.svg|30px]] |- | SN || [[Senegal|Senegal]] || senegales || Senegal || [[Image:Flag of Senegal.svg|30px]] |- | CF || [[Sentrafrica|Sentrafrica]] / Republica de Africa Sentral (RAS) || sentrafrican || Central African Republic || [[Image:Flag of the Central African Republic.svg|30px]] |- | RS || [[Serbia|Serbia]] || serbsce || Serbia || [[Image:Flag of Serbia.svg|30px]] |- | SC || [[Sexeles|Sexeles]] || sexeles || Seychelles || [[Image:Flag of Seychelles.svg|30px]] |- | – || [[Sibir|Sibir]] || sibirsce || Siberia || [[Image:Flag of Siberia.svg|30px]] |- | SL || [[Siera Leon|Siera Leon]] || sieraleonian || Sierra Leone || [[Image:Flag of Sierra Leone.svg|30px]] |- | SG || [[Singapor|Singapor]] || singapor || Singapore || [[Image:Flag of Singapore.svg|30px]] |- | VA || [[Site Vatican|Site Vatican]] || vatican || Vatican City || [[Image:Flag of the Vatican City.svg|30px]] |- | SI || [[Slovenia|Slovenia]] || slovenian || Slovenia || [[Image:Flag of Slovenia.svg|30px]] |- | SK || [[Slovensco|Slovensco]] || slovensce || Slovakia || [[Image:Flag of Slovakia.svg|30px]] |- | SO || [[Somalia|Somalia]] || somali || Somalia || [[Image:Flag of Somalia.svg|30px]] |- | LK || [[Srilanca|Srilanca]] || srilanca || Sri Lanka || [[Image:Flag of Sri Lanka.svg|30px]] |- | US || [[Statos Unida de America|Statos Unida de America]] (SUA) || american || United States of America || [[Image:Flag of the United States.svg|30px]] |- | SZ || [[Suaziland|Suaziland]] || suazi || Swaziland || [[Image:Flag of Swaziland.svg|30px]] |- | ZA || [[Sudafrica|Sudafrica]] / Republica de Africa Sude (UAS) || sudafrican || Republic of South Africa || [[Image:Flag of South Africa.svg|30px]] |- | SD || [[Sudan|Sudan]] || sudani || Sudan || [[Image:Flag of Sudan.svg|30px]] |- | CH || [[Suiz|Suiz]] || suiz || Switzerland || [[Image:Flag of Switzerland.svg|30px]] |- | FI || [[Suomi|Suomi]] / Finland || suomi / fines || Finland || [[Image:Flag of Finland.svg|30px]] |- | SY || [[Suria|Suria]] || suri || Syria || [[Image:Flag of Syria.svg|30px]] |- | SR || [[Suriname|Suriname]] || sranan || Suriname || [[Image:Flag of Suriname.svg|30px]] |- | SJ || [[Svalbard e Jan Maien|Svalbard e Jan Maien]] || || Svalbard and Jan Mayen (Norway) || [[Image:Flag of Norway.svg|30px]] |- | SE || [[Sveria|Sveria]] || svensce || Sweden || [[Image:Flag of Sweden.svg|30px]] |- | TJ || [[Tadjicistan|Tadjicistan]] || tadjic || Tajikistan || [[Image:Flag of Tajikistan.svg|30px]] |- | || [[Tahiti|Tahiti]] || tahiti || Tahiti || [[Image:Flag of Tahiti.svg|30px]] |- | TH || [[Tai|Tai]] || tai || Thailand || [[Image:Flag of Thailand.svg|30px]] |- | TW || [[Taiuan|Taiuan]] || taiuan || Taiwan || [[Image:Flag of Taiwan.svg|30px]] |- | TZ || [[Tanzania|Tanzania]] || tanzanian || Tanzania || [[Image:Flag of Tanzania.svg|30px]] |- | KR || Tehan / [[Corea Sude|Corea Sude]] || hangugo / corean || South Korea || [[Image:Flag of South Korea.svg|30px]] |- | IO || [[Teratorio Brites de Mar Indian|Teritorio Brites de Mar Indian]] || || British Indian Ocean Territory || [[Image:Flag of British Indian Ocean Territory.svg|30px]] |- | TF || [[Teritorios Sude Franses|Teritorios Sude Franses]] || || French Southern and Antarctic Lands || [[Image:Flag of French Southern and Antarctic Lands.svg|30px]] |- | TK || [[Tocelau|Tocelau]] || tocelau || Tokelau (New Zealand) || [[Image:Flag of Tokelau.svg|30px]] |- | TG || [[Togo|Togo]] || togoles || Togo || [[Image:Flag of Togo (3-2).svg|30px]] |- | TO || [[Tonga|Tonga]] || tongan || Tonga || [[Image:Flag of Tonga.svg|30px]] |- | TT || [[Trinidad e Tobago|Trinidad e Tobago]] || trinidadian, tobagonian || Trinidad and Tobago || [[Image:Flag of Trinidad and Tobago.svg|30px]] |- | ME || [[Tsernagora|Tsernagora]] / Montenegro || tsernagorsce / montenegrin || Montenegro || [[Image:Flag of Montenegro.svg|30px]] |- | TN || [[Tunisia|Tunisia]] || tunisi || Tunisia || [[Image:Flag of Tunisia.svg|30px]] |- | TR || [[Turcia|Turcia]] || turces || Turkey || [[Image:Flag of Turkey.svg|30px]] |- | TM || [[Turcmenistan|Turcmenistan]] || turcmen || Turkmenistan || [[Image:Flag of Turkmenistan.svg|30px]] |- | TV || [[Tuvalu|Tuvalu]] || tuvalu || Tuvalu || [[Image:Flag of Tuvalu.svg|30px]] |- | TD || [[Txad|Txad]] || txadi || Chad || [[Image:Flag of Chad.svg|30px]] |- | CZ || [[Txesco|Txesco]] || txesce || Czechia || [[Image:Flag of Czechia.svg|30px]] |- | CL || [[Txile|Txile]] || txilan || Chile || [[Image:Flag of Chile.svg|30px]] |- | KP || Txoson / [[Corea Norde|Corea Norde]] || txoson, corean || North Korea || [[Image:Flag of North Korea.svg|30px]] |- | UA || [[Ucraina|Ucraina]] || ucrainsce || Ukraine || [[Image:Flag of Ukraine.svg|30px]] |- | UG || [[Uganda|Uganda]] || ugandan || Uganda || [[Image:Flag of Uganda.svg|30px]] |- | OM || [[Uman|Uman]] || umani || Oman || [[Image:Flag of Oman.svg|30px]] |- | – || [[Uni de Republicas Sosialiste Soviet|Uni de Republicas Sosialiste Soviet]] (URSS) || soviet || Union of Soviet Socialist Republics || [[Image:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|30px]] |- | JO || [[Urdun|Urdun]] / Jordan || urduni / jordani || Jordan || [[Image:Flag of Jordan.svg|30px]] |- | UY || [[Uruguai|Uruguai]] || uruguaia || Uruguay || [[Image:Flag of Uruguay.svg|30px]] |- | WF || [[Uvea e Futuna|Uvea e Futuna]] || uvea, futuna || Wallis and Futuna (France) || [[Image:Flag of Wallis and Futuna.svg|30px]] |- | UZ || [[Uzbecistan|Uzbecistan]] || uzbec || Uzbekistan || [[Image:Flag of Uzbekistan.svg|30px]] |- | VU || [[Vanuatu|Vanuatu]] || vanuatu || Vanuatu || [[Image:Flag of Vanuatu.svg|30px]] |- | VE || [[Venezuela|Venezuela]] || venezuelan || Venezuela || [[Image:Flag of Venezuela.svg|30px]] |- | VN || [[Vietnam|Vietnam]] || viet || Vietnam || [[Image:Flag of Vietnam.svg|30px]] |- | FJ || [[Viti|Viti]] / Fiji || viti / fijian || Fiji || [[Image:Flag of Fiji.svg|30px]] |- | AL || [[Xciperia|Xciperia]] / Albania || xcip / albanian || Albania || [[Image:Flag of Albania.svg|30px]] |- | ZM || [[Zambia|Zambia]] || zambian || Zambia || [[Image:Flag of Zambia.svg|30px]] |- | NZ || [[Zeland Nova|Zeland Nova]] || zelandes || New Zealand || [[Image:Flag of New Zealand.svg|30px]] |- | ZW || [[Zimbabue|Zimbabue]] || zimbabuean || Zimbabwe || [[Image:Flag of Zimbabwe.svg|30px]] |} </div> == Vide ance == * [[Banderas de nasiones|Banderas de nasiones]] {{Tera}} [[Category:Jeografia]] [[Category:Lista]] 61x6kkpz25cu5l26xlyci7ryxyrp0kt 0 1280 43343 43332 2026-07-21T03:21:14Z Elefentistenova 13358 43343 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Biografia | imaje = Spas vsederzhitel sinay (cropped1).jpg | descrive = La [[Cristo Pantocrator (Sinai)|Cristo Pantocrator]] de la [[Monceria de San Catalina de Monte Sinai]] a [[Monte Sinai]], sentenio 6 ec | nase = 6 a 4 aec, [[rena de Herod]], Impero Roman | mori = 30 o 33 ec, [[Ieruxalim]], [[Iudea]], Impero Roman | profesa = carpentor, predicor iudi }} '''Jesus''' (s 6 a 4 aec - 30 o 33 ec),{{efn|{{lang|grc|Ἰησοῦς}}, {{peti|romanida:}} {{transleteri|grc|Iēsoús}}, probable de {{langx|he|יֵשׁוּעַ|label=[[ivri (lingua)|ivri]] o [[arami (lingua)|arami]]}}, {{peti|romanida:}} {{transleteri|und|[[Yeshua|Yēšūaʿ]]}} }} ci on nomi ance '''Jesus Cristo''',{{efn|[[copta (lingua)|copta]]: {{lang|cop|Ⲓⲏⲥⲟⲩⲥ Ⲡⲓⲭ́ρⲓⲥτⲟⲥ}}; [[itiopica]]: {{lang|gez|መሲህ ኢየሱስ}}; [[coine|elinica]]: {{lang|grc|Ἰησοῦς Χριστός}}; [[ivri (lingua)|ivri]]: {{lang|hbo|ישוע המשיח}}; [[latina (lingua)|latina]]: {{lang|la|Iesus Christus}}; [[slavonica vea eglesal|slavonica]]: {{lang|cu|І҆исоу́съ Хрїсто́съ}}; [[siriaca clasica|siriaca]]: {{lang|syc|ܝܫܘܥ ܡܫܺܝܚܳܐ}}}}, '''Jesus de Nazaret''' e otra nomes e titulos variosa, ia es un predicor [[iudisme|iudi]] e [[Jesus en cristianisme|xef relijiosa]] de la sentenio prima en la provinse roman [[Iudea]].{{sfn|Vermes|1981|pp=20, 26, 27, 29}} El es la figur sentral de [[cristianisme]], la relijio la plu grande de la mundo. La plu de ramos de cristianisme regarda Jesus como la [[incarne (cristianism)|incarne]] de [[Dio la Fio]] e la [[Maxia]] o [[Cristo]] espetada. La [[Evanjelio]]s, spesial la cuatro Evanjelios canonal de la [[Atesta Nova]], conteni la naras de la vive de Jesus. De la [[Lumina]], rexerca academial ia produi vistas diversa sur la fidablia istorial de la Evanjelios e la grado a cual los refleta la Jesus istorial,{{sfn|Powell|1998|pp=168–173}}{{efn|Ehrman scrive: "La mundo academial comparti jeneral la idea ce la naras de la evanjelios no es intera esata ma remane importante per la verias relijiosa cual los atenta comunica, an si persones estra de lo no conose o crede lo tan vasta."<ref>Bart D. Ehrman. [http://www.thegreatcourses.com/courses/historical-jesus.html Historical Jesus. 'Prophet of the New Millennium']. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123155853/https://www.thegreatcourses.com/courses/historical-jesus.html |date=23 January 2019 |arcivo=1}} Course handbook, p. 10 (Lecture Three. V. B.), The Teaching Company, 2000, Lecture 24</ref><br />Sanders scrive: "La cristianes la plu temprana no ia scrive un nara de la vive de Jesus, ma plu esata los ia usa, e donce ia conserva, unias individua - pasajes corta sur sua parolas e atas. Plu tarda, autores e editores ia move e ordina esta unias. [...] Cristianes temprana ia revisa alga materias e ia crea otras."{{sfn|Sanders|1993|p=57}}}}{{Sfn|Bowman Jr.|Komoszewski|2019|p=22–23}}<ref>{{Cite journal|author-first1=Craig A. |author-last1=Evans|url=https://theologicalstudies.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/54.1.1.pdf|title=Life-of-Jesus Research and the Eclipse of Mythology|journal=Theological Studies |volume=54 |year=1993|pages= 13–14|quote=First, the New Testament Gospels are now viewed as useful, if not essentially reliable, historical sources. Gone is the extreme skepticism that for so many years dominated gospel research. Representative of many is the position of E. P. Sanders and Marcus Borg, who have concluded that it is possible to recover a fairly reliable picture of the historical Jesus.}}</ref> ma cuasi tota eruditas moderna de [[anticia clasica|anticia]] acorda ce Jesus ia esiste istorial.{{efn |name=exist|En un resenia de 2011 sur la state de eruditia moderna, [[Bart D. Ehrman]] ia scrive: "Sin duta el ia esiste, como cuasi cada erudita capas de la antica clasica, cristian o noncristian, acorda."{{sfn|Ehrman|2011|p=[https://archive.org/details/forged_ehrm_2011_000_10544376/page/n298 285]}} [[Richard A. Burridge]] declara: "Algas argumenta ce Jesus es mera un produida de la imajina de la Eglesa, e ce Jesus is esiste nunca. Me debe dise ce me conose no erudita criticante e respetable ci dise acel ancora."<ref>{{cite book |title=Jesus Now and Then |first1=Richard A. |last1=Burridge |first2=Graham |last2=Gould |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-8028-0977-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/jesusnowthen0000burr/page/34 34] |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans |url=https://archive.org/details/jesusnowthen0000burr/page/34}}</ref> [[Robert M. Price]] no crede ce Jesus ia esiste, ma el acorda ce esta perspetiva oposa la opinas de la majoria de eruditas. <ref>{{cite encyclopedia |first=Robert M. |last=Price |title=Jesus at the Vanishing Point |encyclopedia=The Historical Jesus: Five Views |editor-last1=Beilby |editor-last2=Eddy |year=2009 |publisher=InterVarsity |isbn=978-0-8308-7853-6 |editor-first=James K. |pages=55, 61 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O33P7xrFnLQC&pg=PA55 |editor2-first=Paul R. |access-date=14 August 2015 |archive-date=7 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907112540/https://books.google.com/books?id=O33P7xrFnLQC&pg=PA55 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[James D. G. Dunn]] nomi la teorias sur la nonesiste de Jesus "un tese intera mor".<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Paul's understanding of the death of Jesus |encyclopedia=Sacrifice and Redemption |first=Stephen W. |last=Sykes |year=2007 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-04460-8 |pages=35–36}}</ref> Longo [[Michael Grant]] (un clasiciste): "En anios resente [de 2004], 'no erudita seria ia osa proposa la nonesiste istorial de Jesus', o a la min vera poca ia fa lo, e los no ia susede refuta la indicas multe plu forte e vera abundante per la oposada."<ref>{{cite book |first=Michael |last=Grant |title=Jesus|publisher=Phoenix |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-684-14889-2 |page=200}}</ref> [[Robert E. Van Voorst]] declara ce eruditas biblial e istoristes clasica opina ce on ia refuta eficas la teorias sur la nonesiste de Jesus.{{sfn|Van Voorst|2000|p=16}} Scrivente en ''[[The Daily Beast]]'', [[Candida Moss]] e [[Joel Baden]] declara ce "on ave un consensa cuasi universal entre eruditas biblial – a la min la eruditas autentica – ce Jesus ia es, en fato, un om real."<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/so-called-biblical-scholar-says-jesus-a-made-up-myth |title=So-Called 'Biblical Scholar' Says Jesus a Made-Up Myth |newspaper=The Daily Beast |date=5 October 2014 |author-first2=Joel |author-last2=Baden |author-link1=Candida Moss|author-first1=Candida |author-last1=Moss |access-date=14 July 2021 |archive-date=5 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205210029/https://www.thedailybeast.com/so-called-biblical-scholar-says-jesus-a-made-up-myth |url-status=live}}</ref>}} Longo la tradision cristian, como la Evanjelios e la [[Atas de la Apostoles]] representa lo, sua jenitores ia [[sircoside de Jesus|sircoside Jesus]] a eda de oto dias e ia [[presenta de Jesus|presenta]] el a la [[Templo de Ieruxalim]] a 40 dias. [[Joan la Batizor]] ia [[batiza de Jesus|batiza]] el cuando el ia es un adulte joven, e, pos [[tenta de Jesus|40 dias e notes]] de juna en la tera savaje, el ia comensa sua servi publica. El ia es un ensenior vagante ci, longo la credes de sua seguores, ia posese autoria divin per interprete la lege iudi. Frecuente Jesus ia debate con otra iudis, la plu comun la [[fariseos]] e [[saduseos]], sur la modo la plu bon per segue Dio. El ia remedia maladas, ia ensenia par parabolas, e ia colie seguores, de ci el ia asinia 12 per es sua apostoles. Longo la naras de la Atesta Nova, la autoriosas ia aresta el en Ieruxalim e la [[Sanhedrin]] ia litiga el.{{sfn|Sanders|1993|p=11}} Los ia dona el a la autoriosas roman, e [[Pontio Pilato]], la prefeto roman de Iudea, ia comanda ce on [[crusi de Jesus|crusi]] el. En la [[teolojia cristian]], Cristo ia [[revive de Jesus|revive de la mores]] a la dia tre pos sua mori, e esta funda de crede ia developa a la [[cristianisme primitiva|Eglesa cristian temprana]], cual ia estende a un [[sperde de cristianisme|promove mundal]].{{sfn|Sanders|1993|pp=11, 14}} La teolojia cristian inclui la credes ce la [[Spirito Santa]] ia consepi Jesus, ce un virjin nomida [[Maria (madre de Jesus)|Maria]] ia [[nase virjinal de Jesus|pari]] el, ce el ia fa [[miracles de Jesus|miracles]], ia fundi la [[Eglesa]] cristian, ia mori par crusi como un sacrifia per espia pecas, ia revive de la mores a la dia tre, e ia [[asende de Jesus|asende]] a [[Sielo en cristianisme|Sielo]], de do el va reveni. Cristianes crede comun ce Jesus capasi ce la popla reconsilia con [[Dio en cristianisme|Dio]]. La [[Crede de Nisea]] afirma ce Jesus va [[judi final|judi la viventes e la mores]], o ante o pos lor [[revive universal|revive corpal]], un aveni cual [[escatolojia cristian]] asosia con la [[Ariva Du]] de Jesus. Multe ramos de cristianisme regarda Jesus como la incarne de Dio la Fio, la person du de la tre persones de la [[Trinia]]. A cada anio, tipal a 25 desembre, on selebra la nase de Jesus en Betlehem como [[natal]].{{efn|La plu de cristianes e [[alauistes]] selebra natal. Un parte de la eglesas de [[cristianes este|cristian este]] selebra natal a 25 desembre de [[calendario julian]]. Selebras natal comensa la [[vijila de natal]], tipal a 24 desembre.}} On onora sua [[crusi]] a [[venerdi santa]] e sua revive a soldi de [[pascua]]. La eda de calendario cual la mundo usa la plu vasta, en cual la anio presente es {{CURRENTYEAR}} [[eda comun|ec]], es fundida tradisional sur la data aprosima de la nase de Jesus. [[Iudisme]] tradisional rejeta la crede ce Jesus ia es la maxia espetada, afirmante ce el no ia reali la predises maxial, ce nun ia [[unje|unje legal]] el, e ce el ia es no divin no reviveda. Par contrasta, [[Jesus en islam|islam regarda Jesus]]{{efn|Frecuente nomida par sua nom curanal, {{transleteri|ar|ISO|[[Isa (nom)|ʿĪsā]]}}}} como la maxia e un [[profetas de islam|profeta]] de [[Dio en Islam|Dio]], ci Dio ia envia a la ivris e ci va reveni a Tera ante la [[Dia de Judi en Islam|Dia de Judi]]. [[Muslim]]es crede ce la virjin [[Maria en Islam|Maria]] ia pari Jesus, ma ce el ia es no Dio no la fio de Dio. La plu de muslimes no crede ce on ia mata o ia crusi el, ma ce Dio ia leva el a Sielo en cuando el ia es ancora vivente. {{efn|Alga muslimes medieval ia crede ce on ia crusi Jesus, como ance la membros de la promove moderna Ahmadiyya}} La credores de [[bahaisme]], [[durzi]] e [[rastafarisme]] venera ance Jesus. == Nom == Un person iudi en la tempo de Jesus ia ave tipal sola un nom, pos cual on ia ajunta a veses un espresa padral en la forma "fio de [nom de padre]", o la vila de orijina de la person.<!--<ref name="Britannica" />--> Donce, en la Atesta Nova, on nomi comun Jesus como "Jesus de [[Nazaret]]". La visinas de Jesus en Nazaret ia nomi el "la carpentor, la fio de [[Maria (madre de Jesus)|Maria]] e frate de [[Jacobo (frate de Jesus)|Jacobo]] e [[Josef (frate de Jesus)|Joses]] e [[Judas (frate de Jesus)|Judas]] e [[Simon (frate de Jesus)|Simon]]", "la fio de la carpentor", o "la fio de [[San Josef|Josef]]"; en la [[Evanjelio de Joan]], la disiplo [[Filipo la Apostol|Filipo]] refere a el como "Jesus, fio de Josef, de Nazaret". La nom Jesus es la transleteri (tra la latina ''Iesus'') de la [[elinica antica]] {{lang|grc|Ἰησοῦς}}, cual es la varia elinica de la nom [[ivri]] Joxua (יְהוֹשֻׁעַ‎ ''Yehoxua'').<ref>{{Cite web |title=Strong's Greek: 2424. Ἰησοῦς (Iésous) -- Jesus |url=https://biblehub.com/greek/2424.htm |access-date=2026-01-15 |website=biblehub.com |quote=''The Greek name corresponds to the Hebrew "Joshua."''}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Matthew 1 Benson Commentary |url=https://biblehub.com/commentaries/benson/matthew/1.htm |access-date=2026-01-15 |website=biblehub.com |quote=''The name Jesus, in Greek, answers to Joshua, or rather, Jehoshuah, in Hebrew, which signifies Jehovah shall save;''}}</ref> La nom ivri/[[arami (lingua)|arami]] ia es comun entre iudis judean a la tempo de la nase de Jesus,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Matthew 1 Barnes' Notes |url=https://biblehub.com/commentaries/barnes/matthew/1.htm |access-date=2026-01-15 |website=biblehub.com |quote=''It was a very common name among the Jews.''}}</ref> an si a acel periodo popla ia corti ja lo de יְהוֹשֻׁעַ‎ (''Yehoxua'') a יֵשׁוּעַ (''Yexua''); la corti ia aveni ja en libros biblial plu tarda como [[Nehemia]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=H3442 - yēšûaʿ - Strong's Hebrew Lexicon (KJV) |url=https://www.blueletterbible.org/kjv/gen/1/1/s_1001 |access-date=2026-01-15 |website=Blue Letter Bible |language=en |quote=''Gesenius' Hebrew-Chaldee Lexicon: יֵשׁוּעַ [Jeshua] a contracted form of the proper name יְהוֹשֻׁעַ‎ used in the later Hebrew ... proper name of other men, mentioned in the books of Chronicles, Ezra and Nehemiah''}}</ref> en cual on nomi [[Joxua]] como Yexua.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nehemiah 8:17 Hebrew Interlinear: ... for the sons of Israel had not done, from the days of '''Jeshua [יֵשׁוּעַ, Yeshua] son of Nun''' ... |url=https://biblehub.com/interlinear/nehemiah/8-17.htm |access-date=2026-01-15 |website=biblehub.com}}</ref> La nom sinifia "Dio salva" en ivri, leteral "[[Iaue]] salva",<ref>{{Cite web |title=Strong's Hebrew: 3091. יְהוֹשׁ֫וּעַ (Yehoshua) -- Joshua |url=https://biblehub.com/hebrew/3091.htm |access-date=2026-01-15 |website=biblehub.com |quote=''Both Joshua son of Nun and Jesus of Nazareth bear the name "Yahweh saves"''}}</ref> de la radis ישׁע (''y-š-ʿ,'' 'salva') e la nom יְשׁוּעָה (''yexuah'', 'salva'). La [[Evanjelio de Mateo]] afirma direta la sinifia etimolojial de la nom de Jesus en la predise de la anjel a Josef sur sua nase: "tu va nomi el Jesus (Ἰησοῦς), car el va salva sua popla de lor pecas". Comentores ia dona un sinifia teolojial a la fato ce [[Joxua]], la susedor de [[Moxe]], porta la mesma nom como Jesus en la elinica, ivri, e arami orijinal, car on trasa frecuente un paralel entre la du xefes e la etimolojia de lor nom compartida ('salva'): Joxua gida la iudis a en la Tera Prometeda, en cuando la teolojia cristian dise ce Jesus salva e iudis e noniudis de lor pecas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Matthew 1 Matthew Poole's Commentary |url=https://biblehub.com/commentaries/poole/matthew/1.htm |access-date=2026-01-15 |website=biblehub.com |quote=''Joshua had his name from the same word, because he was to be a temporal saviour to save the Jews, the whole body of the Jews, from the Canaanites their enemies. This Jesus was to save his people, all that should believe in his name, whether Jews or Gentiles, from their sins.''}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Matthew 1 Vincent's Word Studies |url=https://biblehub.com/commentaries/vws/matthew/1.htm |access-date=2026-01-15 |website=biblehub.com |quote=''Under Joshua the enemies of Israel were conquered, and the people established in the Promised Land. So Jesus leads his people in the fight with sin and temptation.''}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Matthew 1 Benson Commentary |url=https://biblehub.com/commentaries/benson/matthew/1.htm |access-date=2026-01-15 |website=biblehub.com |quote=''It was not without reason that the successor of Moses was called by this name; for, by subduing the Canaanites, and putting the tribes of Israel in possession of the promised land, he showed himself to be, under God, the Saviour of his people. But this name agrees much better to our Jesus, who both delivers his followers from much more dangerous enemies, and divides unto them a much more glorious inheritance.''}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Matthew 1 Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges |url=https://biblehub.com/commentaries/cambridge/matthew/1.htm |access-date=2026-01-15 |website=biblehub.com |quote=''Joshua who led the Israelites into the Promised Land, and Joshua or Jeshua, who was high priest at the time of the return from the Babylonish Captivity, are types of Jesus Christ in respect both of work and name.''}}</ref> === Jesus Cristo === De la sentenio prima, cristianes nomi comun Jesus como "Jesus Cristo".{{sfn|Doninger|1999|p=212}} La parola Cristo no es un nom individual ma ia es orijinal un titulo o posto ("la Cristo"), sinifiante "la [[Maxia]]".{{sfn|Pannenberg|1968|pp=30–31}}<ref>{{cite book |title=Theology of the New Testament |first=Rudolf K. |last=Bultmann |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-932792-93-5 |page=80 |publisher=Baylor University Press}}</ref> La terma deriva de la elinica {{lang|grc|[[wikt:Χριστός|Χριστός]]}} ({{transleteri|grc|Christos}}),<ref>{{CathEncy |wstitle= Origin of the Name of Jesus Christ |first=Anthony J. |last= Maas}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Heil |first=John P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i4u42_PsPNsC&pg=PA66 |title=Philippians: Let Us Rejoice in Being Conformed to Christ |publisher=Society of Biblical Literature |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-58983-482-8 |page=66 |access-date=14 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907173832/https://books.google.com/books?id=i4u42_PsPNsC&pg=PA66 |archive-date=7 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> un tradui prestada de la parola ivri {{lang|he|[[wikt:מָשִׁיחַ|משיח]]}} ({{transleteri|he|maxiakh}}), transleteri a elefen como ''maxia''.{{sfn|Vine|1940|pp=274–275}} La terma ivri sinifia "[[unjeda]]", de la verbo מָשַׁח (''maxaḥ''), "frota con olio, unje". En la [[Septuajinta]], la traduores ia usa la parola elinica χριστός (''christos''), sinifiante "unjeda",<ref>{{Cite web |title=χριστός Greek Word Study Tool|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=χριστός&la=greek#lexicon|access-date=2026-01-21|website=www.perseus.tufts.edu|quote=of persons, anointed}}</ref> de la verbo χρίω (''chrio''), "frota con olio, unje".<ref>{{Cite web |title=χρίω Greek Word Study Tool|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=χρίω&la=greek#lexicon|access-date=2026-01-21|website=www.perseus.tufts.edu|quote=Autenrieth: smear with oil, anoint, LSJ: rub, anoint with scented unguents or oil}}</ref> En iudisme biblial, pretes ia usa olio santa per unje persones e ojetos spesial santa como parte de lor indui relijiosa. Cristianes temprana ia nomi Jesus como "la Cristo" car los ia crede ce el es la Maxia de ci la ariva es prediseda en la [[Biblia ivri]] (Atesta Vea). En usa posbiblial, la popla ia comensa regarda ''Cristo'' como un nom — un parte de "Jesus Cristo". La parola ''[[cristian]]'', sinifiante un seguor de Cristo, es en usa de la sentenio prima.{{sfn|Mills|Bullard|1998|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=goq0VWw9rGIC&pg=PA142 142]}} == Vive e instruis en la Atesta Nova == === Evanjelios canonal === [[File:Dublin, Chester Beatty Ms Papyrus 45 BP I ff.13-14 Luke 11.50-12.12; 12.18-37; 12.42-13.1; 13.jpg|alt=Un manoscrito de papiro de cuatro pajes cual es laserada en multe locas.|thumb|Un [[papiro]] elinica de sentenio 3 de [[Evanjelio de Lucas]]]] La cuatro [[evanjelios canonal]] ([[Evanjelio de Mateo|Mateo]], [[Evanjelio de Marco|Marco]], [[Evanjelio de Lucas|Lucas]], e [[Evanjelio de Joan|Joan]]) es la fontes xef per la vive e mesaje de Jesus.<!-- <ref name="Britannica" /> --> Otra partes de la Atesta Nova inclui ance referes a episodios clavin en sua vive, como la [[Come Ultima]] en 1 Corintianes 11:23-26. [[Atas de la Apostoles]] refere a la servi temprana de Jesus e la previde de lo par [[Joan la Batizor]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Book of the Acts|series=New International Commentary on the New Testament|first=Frederick F. |last=Bruce |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-8028-2505-6 |page=362 |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans}}</ref>{{sfn|Rausch|2003|p=77}}{{sfn|Vermes|1981|pp=20, 26, 27, 29}} Atas 1:1-11 furni plu detalias sur la [[Asende de Jesus]] ca la evanjelios canonal.{{sfn|Evans|2003|pp=521–530}} En la leteras nondisputada de Paulo, cual el ia scrive plu temprana ca la evanjelios, el sita a alga veses la parolas o instruis de Jesus. Alga grupos cristian temprana ia ave descrives separada de la vive e instruis de Jesus cual la Atesta Nova no inclui. Estas inclui la [[Evanjelio de Tomas]], la [[Evanjelio de Petro]], la [[Evanjelio de Judas]], la [[Apocrifa de Jacobo]], e multe otra scrivedas apocrifa. La plu de eruditas conclui ce autores ia scrive esta testos plu tarda, e ce los es min istorial fidable ca la evanjelios canonal.{{sfn|Brown|1997|pp=835–840}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Evans |first1=C. A. |title=Exploring the Origins of the Bible |date=2008 |publisher=Baker |page=154}}</ref>{{sfn|Keener|2009|p=56}} ==== Autoria, data, e fidablia ==== La evanjelios canonal es cuatro naras, e la tradision atribui cada a un autor diferente. La eruditas regarda jeneral la autores de la evanjelios como usante nomes falsa. La tradision atribui los a la [[cuatro evanjelistes]], cada asosiada con Jesus o sua seguores prosima:{{sfn|Funk|Hoover|The Jesus Seminar|1993|p=3}} Marco a [[Joan Marco]], un acompanior de [[San Petro|Petro]];<!-- <ref name="May Metzger Mark" /> --> [[Mateo (apostol)|Mateo]] a un de la disiplos de Jesus;{{sfn|Funk|Hoover|The Jesus Seminar|1993|p=3}} [[Lucas (evanjeliste)|Lucas]] a un acompanior de [[Paulo (apostol)|Paulo]] notada en alga leteras;{{sfn|Funk|Hoover|The Jesus Seminar|1993|p=3}} e Joan a un otra de la disiplos de Jesus,{{sfn|Funk|Hoover|The Jesus Seminar|1993|p=3}} la "[[disiplo amada]]".{{sfn|Cross|Livingstone|2005|loc=John, St.}} Seguente la [[primia de Marco]], la evanjelio prima cual on ia scrive ia es la [[Evanjelio de Marco]] (60-75 ec), segueda par la Evanjelio de Mateo (65-85 ec), la Evanjelio de Lucas (65-95 ec), e la Evanjelio de Joan (75-100 ec).<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l2sloGWzzV8C&pg=PA58 |title=Can We Trust the Gospels?: Investigating the Reliability of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John |publisher=Crossway |year=2007 |page=58 |isbn=978-1-4335-1978-9 |first=Mark D. |last=Roberts |access-date=14 August 2015 |archive-date=7 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907174109/https://books.google.com/books?id=l2sloGWzzV8C&pg=PA58 |url-status=live}}</ref> La plu de eruditas acorda ce la autores de Mateo e Lucas ia usa Marco como un fonte per lor evanjelios. Car Mateo e Lucas comparti ance alga contenida no trovada en Marco, multe eruditas dedui ce los ia usa un [[fonte Q|fonte ipotesal Q]] en ajunta a Marco, en cuando un cuantia cresente suporta la [[ipotese de Farrer]] o la Posterioria Matean, en cual Mateo e Lucas ia usa direta lunlotra.<ref name=":022">{{Cite book |last=Runesson|first=Anders|title=Jesus, New Testament, Christian Origins|date=2021|publisher=Eerdmans|isbn=9780802868923}}</ref><ref name="TSP20222">{{Cite book |title=The Synoptic Problem 2022: Proceedings of the Loyola University Conference|publisher=Peeters Pub and Booksellers|year=2023|isbn=9789042950344|pages=5|editor-first1=Olegs|editor-last1=Andrejevs|editor-first2=Simon J. |editor-last2=Joseph|editor-first3=‎Edmondo|editor-last3=Lupieri|editor-first4=Joseph|editor-last4=Verhayden}}</ref>{{sfn|Licona|2010|pp=210–221}} Lucas e Mateo trata lor fontes plu conservante ca otra istoristes antica como [[Diodoro de Sisilia]], an si la paraleles e varias de la evanjelios sinotica es tipal de biografias istorial antica.<ref name="Kloppenborg 49–79">{{Cite journal |last=Kloppenborg|first=John|title=Variation in the Reproduction of the Double Tradition and an Oral Q?|journal=Ephemerides Theologicae Lovaniensis|volume=83|issue=1|pages=49–79}}</ref><ref name="Licona 2016 XIII-XIV">{{Cite book |last=Licona |first=Mike |title=Why are there Differences in the Gospels? What we can Learn from Ancient Biography |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2016 |isbn=978-0190264260 |pages=XIII-XIV}}</ref> Un aspeta importante de la studia de la evanjelios es la [[jenero leteratural]] a cual los parteni. La jenero "es un costum clavin cual gida e la composa e la interprete de scrivedas".<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Burridge|first1=R. A. |year=2006|chapter=Gospels|editor-first1=J. W. |editor-last1=Rogerson|editor-first2=Judith M. |editor-last2=Lieu|title=The Oxford Handbook of Biblical Studies|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=433}}</ref> Esce la autores de la evanjelios ia intende scrive novelas, mitos, istorias, o biografias ave un efeto sinifiante sur como on debe interprete lor obras. Alga studias ia sujesta ce on debe regarda la evanjelios como un forma de biografia antica.<ref>Talbert, C. H. (1977). ''What is a Gospel? The Genre of the Canonical Gospels''. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Fortress Press.</ref><ref>Wills, L. M. (1997). ''The Quest of the Historical Gospel: Mark, John and the Origins of the Gospel Genre''. London: Routledge. p. 10.</ref><ref>Burridge, R. A. (2004). ''What are the Gospels? A Comparison with Graeco-Roman Biography''. revised updated edn. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Eerdmans.</ref> An si criticistes esiste,<ref>e.g. Vines, M. E. (2002). ''The Problem of the Markan Genre: The Gospel of Mark and the Jewish Novel''. Atlanta, Georgia: Society of Biblical Literature. pp. 161–162.</ref> la vista ce la evanjelios es un tipo de biografia antica representa la acorda jeneral entre la eruditas oji.<ref>{{cite book |last=Stanton |first=Graham N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A7wNGMrAiD0C |title=Jesus and Gospel |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-521-00802-0 |page=192 |access-date=22 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226005236/https://books.google.com/books?id=A7wNGMrAiD0C |archive-date=26 February 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Rogerson |first1=J. W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eKZYMifS1fAC |title=The Oxford Handbook of Biblical Studies |last2=Lieu |first2=Judith M. |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-19-925425-5 |page=437 |access-date=22 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225204746/https://books.google.com/books?id=eKZYMifS1fAC |archive-date=25 December 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Consernante la esatia de la naras, la puntos de vista varia entre regarda los como descrives nonerante de la vive de Jesus,{{sfn|Grudem|1994|pp=90–91}} asta duta lor fidablia istorial a puntos diversa,{{sfn|Sanders|1993|p=3}} e asta regarda ce los furni multe poca informa istorial sur sua vive ultra la fatos fundal.{{sfn|Köstenberger|Kellum|Quarles|2009|pp=117–125}}{{sfn|Ehrman|1999|pp=22–23}} ==== Strutur e contenida comparativa ==== On nomi Mateo, Marco e Lucas la Evanjelios Sinotica, de la elinica {{lang|grc|σύν}} ({{transleteri|grc|syn}}, 'en junta') e {{lang|grc|ὄψις}} ({{transleteri|grc|opsis}}, 'vista'),<ref name="Haffner-2008" /><ref name="Scroggie-1995" /><ref>{{OED|synoptic}}</ref> car los es simil en contenida, ordina de nara, lingua e strutur de paragrafes, e on pote pone fasil los a lado de lunlotra per un compara sinotica.<ref name="Haffner-2008">{{cite book |title=New Testament Theology |first=Paul |last=Haffner |year=2008 |isbn=978-88-902268-0-9 |page=135 |publisher=Gracewing}}</ref><ref name="Scroggie-1995">{{cite book |title=A Guide to the Gospels |first=W. Graham |last=Scroggie |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-8254-9571-7 |page=128 |publisher=[[Kregel Publications]]}}</ref><ref>{{Britannica URL |title=Synoptic Gospels |url=topic/Synoptic-Gospels}}</ref> Eruditas acorda tipal ce lo es nonposible trova cualce relata leteratural direta entre la Evanjelios Sinotica e la Evanjelio de Joan.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Gospel of John |first1=Francis J. |last1=Moloney |first2=Daniel J. |last2=Harrington |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-8146-5806-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/gospelofjohn0004molo/page/3 3] |publisher=Liturgical Press |url=https://archive.org/details/gospelofjohn0004molo/page/3}}</ref> Multe avenis — como la batiza de Jesus, sua crusi, e la interatas con sua apostoles — apare en la Evanjelios Sinotica, ma avenis como la [[muta de Jesus|muta]] e la [[esorsi]] de demones{{sfn|Witherington|1997|p=113}} par Jesus no apare en Joan, cual difere ance sur otra temas, como la [[purga de la Templo]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Ladd |first=George E. |title=A Theology of the New Testament |year=1993 |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans |isbn=978-0-8028-0680-2 |page=251 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eIdkM00EdlAC&pg=PA251 |access-date=14 August 2015 |archive-date=7 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907103156/https://books.google.com/books?id=eIdkM00EdlAC&pg=PA251 |url-status=live}}</ref> La Sinoticas asentua aspetas diferente de Jesus. En Marco, Jesus es la [[Fio de Dio (cristianisme)|Fio de Dio]], de ci sua obras potiosa demostra la presentia de la [[Rena de Dio]].<ref name="May Metzger Mark" /> La autor portrae el como un faor nonfatigable de miracles e la servor de e Dio e umanas.<ref name="ThompsonPortraits">{{Cite book|editor-last1=Thompson|editor-first1=Frank Charles|title=The Thompson Chain-Reference Bible|publisher=Kirk Bride Bible Company & Zondervan Bible Publishers|year=1983|pages= 1563–1564}}</ref> Esta evanjelio corta rejistra un cuantia relativa peti de la parolas o instruis estendeda de Jesus.<ref name="May Metzger Mark" /> La Evanjelio de Mateo asentua ce Jesus es la reali de la vole de Dio como revelada en la Atesta Vea e la Senior de la Eglesa.<ref>{{Cite book|editor-last1=May|editor-first1=Herbert G. |editor-first2=Bruce M. |editor-last2=Metzger|title=The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocrypha|year=1977|chapter=Matthew|pages=1171–1212}}</ref> Lo presenta el como la "Fio de David", un "re", e la Maxia.<ref name="ThompsonPortraits" />{{sfn|McGrath|2006|pp=4–6}} Lucas presenta Jesus como la salvor divin-umana ci mostra compatia a la povres.<ref name="May Metzger Luke">{{Cite book|editor-last1=May|editor-first1=Herbert G. |editor-first2=Bruce M. |editor-last2=Metzger|title=The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocrypha|year=1977|chapter=Luke|pages=1240–1285}}</ref> La testo depinta el como la ami de pecores e escluidas, ci ia veni per xerca e salva la perdedas.<ref name="ThompsonPortraits" /> Esta evanjelio inclui parabolas bon conoseda, como la [[Bon Samaritan]] e la [[Fio Perosa]].<ref name="May Metzger Luke" /> La [[prologa de la Evanjelio de Joan]] identifia Jesus como un incarne de la Parola divin ([[Logos (cristianism)|Logos]]).<ref name="MayMetzgerJohn">{{Cite book|editor-last1=May|editor-first1=Herbert G. |editor-first2=Bruce M. |editor-last2=Metzger|title=The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocrypha|year=1977|chapter=John|pages=1286–1318}}</ref> Como la Parola, la testo descrive Jesus como eterna presente con Dio, ativa en tota la crea, e la fonte de la natur moral e spirital de umanas.<ref name="MayMetzgerJohn" /> En esta evanjelio, Joan portrae Jesus como no sola plu grande ca cualce profeta umana pasada, ma plu grande ca cualce profeta ta pote es: el no sola parla la Parola de Dio; el es la Parola de Dio.{{sfn|Harris|1985|pp=302–310}} En la Evanjelio de Joan, Jesus revela publica sua rol divin e on depinta el como la [[Pan de Vive]], la [[Lus de la Mundo]], la [[Vite Vera]], e plu. La autores de la Atesta Nova ia mostra jeneral poca interesa a fundi un cronolojia asoluta de la vive de Jesus o a sincroni la episodios de sua vive con la istoria secular de la eda.{{sfn|Rahner|2004|pp=730–731}} Como Joan 21:25 declara, la evanjelios no alega furni un lista completa de la avenis de la vive de Jesus.<ref>{{cite book |last=O'Collins |first=Gerald |title=Christology: A Biblical, Historical, and Systematic Study of Jesus |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-19-955787-5 |pages=1–3}}</ref> La autores ia scrive la naras xef como documentos teolojial en la contesto de [[cristianisme temprana]], considerante la linias de tempo como minor.<ref name="Wiarda75">{{cite book |title=Interpreting Gospel Narratives: Scenes, People, and Theology |first=Timothy |last=Wiarda |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-8054-4843-6 |pages=75–78 |publisher=B&H}}</ref> La evanjelios dedica sirca un tri de lor testo a la semana final de la vive de Jesus en [[Ieruxalim]], cual on nomi la [[Pasion (cristianisme)|Pasion]].<ref name="Turner613">{{cite book |title=Matthew |first=David L. |last=Turner |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-8010-2684-3 |page=613 |publisher=Baker}}</ref> Los no furni sufisinte detalias per sasia la esijes de istoristes moderna consernante datas esata, ma on pote estrae de los un imaje jeneral de la istoria de la vive de Jesus.{{sfn|Sanders|1993|p=3}} === Jenealojia e nase === {{Xef|Nase de Jesus}} Jesus ia es iudi,{{sfn|Vermes|1981|pp=20, 26, 27, 29}} e [[Maria (madre de Jesus)|Maria]], la sposa de [[San Josef|Josef]], ia pari el. La Evanjelios de Mateo e Lucas ofre du naras diferente de sua [[jenealojia]]. Mateo trasa la asendentes de Jesus a [[Abraham]] tra [[David]],{{sfn|Sanders|1993|pp=80–91}} en cuando Lucas trasa la asendentes de Jesus tra [[Adam]] a Dio.{{sfn|Brown|1978|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ML1mnUBwmhcC&pg=PA163 163]}} La listas es identica entre Abraham e David ma difere forte pos acel punto; Mateo ave 27 jeneras de David a Josef, en cuando Lucas ave 42, cuasi sin coaveni entre la nomes en la du listas. Eruditas ia proposa teorias variosa per esplica perce la du jenealojias es tan diferente. [[File:Gerard van Honthorst - Adoration of the Shepherds (1622).jpg|thumb|left|''Adora par la Pastores'' par [[Gerard van Honthorst]], 1622|alt=Un sena natal; omes e animales ensirca Maria e la Jesus nova naseda, ci es covreda en lus]] E Mateo e Lucas descrive la nase de Jesus, spesial ce un virjin nomida Maria ia pari el en [[Betlehem]] per reali la [[profeti|profetida]]. La nara de Lucas asentua la avenis ante la [[nase de Jesus Cristo|nase de Jesus]] e foca a Maria, en cuando lo de Mateo covre xef avenis pos la nase e foca a Josef.{{sfn|Mills|Bullard|1998|p=556}}<ref name="marsh37">{{cite book |title=Jesus and the Gospels |last=Marsh |first=Clive |author-last2=Moyise|author-first2= Steve |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-567-04073-2 |page=37 |publisher=Clark International |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ecHpPzDLkhcC&pg=PA37 |access-date=14 August 2015 |archive-date=7 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907095218/https://books.google.com/books?id=ecHpPzDLkhcC&pg=PA37 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Morris|1992|page=26}} Ambos naras declara ce Maria ia es prometeda a un om nomida Josef, ci ia es un desendente de la Re David e no ia es la padre biolojial de Jesus. Ambos suporta la dotrina de la [[nase virjin de Jesus]], longo cual la [[Spirito Santa]] ia consepi miraclosa Jesus en la utero de Maria cuando el ia es ancora un virjin.<ref name="Jeffrey">{{cite book |last=Jeffrey |first=David L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7R0IGTSvIVIC |title=A Dictionary of biblical tradition in English literature |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-85244-224-1 |pages=538–540 |access-date=8 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008221946/https://books.google.com/books?id=7R0IGTSvIVIC |archive-date=8 October 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Cox|Easley|2007|pp=30–37}}<ref>{{cite book |title=Who's Who in the New Testament |last=Brownrigg |first=Ronald |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-415-26036-7 |pages=96–100 |publisher=Taylor & Francis}}</ref> A la mesma tempo, on ave atestas, a la min en la ''Atas de la Apostoles'' par Lucas, ce persones ia pensa ce Jesus ia ave, como multe figures en anticia, un padria dual, car on declara ala ce el ia desende de la seme de David.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lincoln |first=Andrew T. |date=2013 |title=Luke and Jesus' Conception: A Case of Double Paternity? |journal=Journal of Biblical Literature |volume=132 |issue=3 |pages=639–658 |jstor=23487891 |issn=0021-9231}}</ref> Par aseta Jesus como sua propre fio, on comprende ce Josef dona a el la desende nesesada de David.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thesevernforum.org.uk/palette/lecture_lincoln_2015.pdf |last1=Lincoln|first1=Andrew T. |title=Conceiving Jesus: re-examining Jesus' conception in canon, Christology, and creed|publisher=The Severn Forum|date=5 March 2015|page= 4 |access-date=2 July 2019 |archive-date=10 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510100248/http://www.thesevernforum.org.uk/palette/lecture_lincoln_2015.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> Alga eruditas sujesta ce Jesus ia ave un erita levita de Maria, fundida sur sua relata de sangue con [[Elizabeth (madre de Joan la Batizor)|Elizabeth]].<ref>For example, {{citation |title=Carmen 18}}</ref> [[File:Bellini-circumcision-NG1455-fm.jpg|thumb|alt=74.9 × 102.2&nbsp;cm|''La sircoside'' par [[Giovanni Bellini]], sirca 1500. La obra depinta la [[sircoside de Jesus]].]] En Mateo, Josef es turbada car Maria, sua prometeda, es ensinta,<ref>[[Mateo 1:19]]–[[Mateo 1:20|20]].</ref> ma en la prima de la [[sonias de San Josef|cuatro sonias de Josef]], un anjel serti a el ce el no debe teme sposi Maria, car la Spirito Santa ia consepi sua enfante.<ref name="Talbert">{{cite book |title=Matthew |first=Charles H. |last=Talbert |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-8010-3192-2 |publisher=Baker |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tbmoR2j0-sgC |pages=29–30 |access-date=8 October 2020 |archive-date=8 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008221946/https://books.google.com/books?id=tbmoR2j0-sgC |url-status=live}}</ref> En Mateo 2:1-12, sajas o majos de la Este trae donadas a la Jesus joven como la Re de la Iudis. Los trova el en un casa en Betlehem. [[Herode la Grande]] oia sur la nase de Jesus e, volente mata el, [[masacra de la inosentes|comanda la mata de tota bebes mas]] en Betlehem e sua visineria. An tal, un anjel averti Josef en sua sonia du, e la familia [[fuji a Ejipte]], plu tarda reveninte e abitante en Nazaret.<ref name="Talbert" />{{sfn|Harris|1985|pp=272–285}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Schnackenburg |first=Rudolf |title=The Gospel of Matthew |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-8028-4438-5 |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pvR39Z9O01kC&pg=PA9 |pages=9–11 |access-date=14 August 2015 |archive-date=7 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907052207/https://books.google.com/books?id=pvR39Z9O01kC&pg=PA9 |url-status=live}}</ref> En Lucas 1:31-38, Maria aprende de la anjel [[Gabriel]] ce el va consepi e pari un enfante nomida Jesus tra la ata de la Spirito Santa.<ref name="marsh37" /><ref name="Jeffrey" /> Cuando Maria es a punto de pari, el e Josef viaja de Nazaret a la casa asendente de Josef en Betlehem per enscrive en la conta de abitores comandada par [[Cesar Augusto]]. Ala, Maria pari Jesus, e car los ia trova no sala en la otel, el pone la bebeta en un [[portafeno de natal|portafeno]]. Un [[anusia a la pastores|anjel anunsia la nase a un grupo de pastores]], ci vade a Betlehem per vide Jesus e a pos sperde la novas sirca la rejion. Lucas 2:21 raconta como Josef e Maria fa ce on [[sircoside de Jesus|sircoside lor bebe a la dia oto pos la nase]] e nomi el Jesus, como Gabriel ia comanda a Maria. Pos la [[presenta de Jesus a la Templo]], Josef, Maria, e Jesus reveni a Nazaret.<ref name="marsh37" /><ref name="Jeffrey" /> === Vive temprana, familia e profesa === [[File:William Holman Hunt - The Finding of the Saviour in the Temple - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|''[[Trova de la Salvor en la Templo]]'' par [[William Holman Hunt]], 1860|alt=Maria e Josef trova Jesus en la Templo]] La Evanjelios de Lucas e Mateo identifia la site de la enfantia de Jesus como Nazaret, un vila en [[Galilea]] en la [[Israel]] moderna, do el ia abita con sua familia. An si Josef apare en descrives de la enfantia de Jesus, la testos no nota el a pos.<ref>{{cite book |last=Perrotta |first=Louise B. |title=Saint Joseph: His Life and His Role in the Church Today |publisher=Our Sunday Visitor Publishing |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-87973-573-9 |pages=21, 110–112}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Reverend Archdeacon Kinane |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EmUhCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT138 |title=Saint Joseph: His Life, His Virtues, His Privileges, His Power |page=138 |chapter=Section VI – The perpetual virginity of St. Joseph |publisher=Aeterna Press|access-date=7 June 2021 |archive-date=9 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309230526/https://books.google.com/books?id=EmUhCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT138#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live}}</ref> La Evanjelios e otra fontes nota sua otra membros de familia, incluinte sua madre Maria; sua cuatro [[frates de Jesus|frates]], [[Jacobo (frate de Jesus)|Jacobo]], [[Josef (frate de Jesus)|Joses]] (o Josef), [[Judas (frate de Jesus)|Judas]], e [[Simon (frate de Jesus)|Simon]]; e sua sores nonomida.<ref>{{cite book |title=Zealot: The Life and Times of Jesus of Nazareth |last=Aslan |first=Reza |author-link=Reza Aslan |year=2013 |publisher=Random House |page=[https://archive.org/details/zealotlifetimeso00reza/page/756 36] |isbn=978-1-4000-6922-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/zealotlifetimeso00reza/page/756}}</ref> La [[Evanjelio de Jacobo]] nomi la avis madral de Jesus como Joachim e Ana.<ref>{{cite book |last=Brownrigg |first=Ronald |title=Who's Who in the New Testament |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JXqBAgAAQBAJ&q=joachim |page=194 |year=2003 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |isbn=978-1-134-50949-2 |access-date=31 March 2023 |archive-date=9 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309230540/https://books.google.com/books?id=JXqBAgAAQBAJ&q=joachim#v=snippet&q=joachim&f=false |url-status=live}}</ref> La Evanjelio de Lucas rejistra ce Maria ia es un relatada de Elizabeth, la madre de Joan la Batistor. Alga fontes contempora e estrabiblial regarda Jesus e Joan la Batistor como cusinos de grado du, fundida sur la crede ce Elizabeth ia es la fia de [[Sobe (sore de San Ana)|Sobe]], la sore de Ana.<ref>[[Patrologia Graeca|PG]] 97.1325.</ref><ref>[[Patrologia Graeca|PG]] 120.189.</ref><ref>[[Patrologia Graeca|PG]] 145.760 ([[Nicephorus Callistus]], ''Historia ecclesiastica'', 2.3).</ref> La Evanjelio de Marco reporta ce, a la comensa de sua servi, Jesus ave un conflita con sua visinas e familia.{{sfn|Harris|1985|pp=270–272}} La madre e frates de Jesus veni per prende el car la popla dise ce el es [[Sania mental de Jesus|loco]]. Jesus responde ce sua seguores es sua familia vera. En la Evanjelio de Joan, Jesus e sua madre atende un [[rituo de sposi en Cana]], do el fa sua miracle prima pos la solisita de sua madre. Plu tarda, el es presente a sua crusi, e Jesus espresa conserna per sua bonstate. En Marco 6:3 on nomi Jesus un {{lang|grc|τέκτων}} ({{transleteri|grc|tektōn}}), un terma cual on comprende tradisional como "carpentor" ma cual pote ance refere a fabricores de ojetos en materias diversa, incluinte construores.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Liddell |first1=Henry G. |last2=Scott |first2=Robert |title=An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon: The Seventh Edition of Liddell and Scott's Greek–English Lexicon |publisher=Clarendon Press |year=1889 |page=797}}</ref>{{sfn|Dickson|2008|pp=68–69}} Considerante la estende semantical larga de la terma e "la realia sosioistorial de un τέκτων comun nazaretan", Matthew K. Robinson, un prete e erudita, prefere tradui τέκτων como 'construor-artisan'.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Robinson |first1=Matthew K. |title="Is This Not the Τέκτων?": Revisiting Jesus's Vocation in Mark 6:3 |journal=Neotestamentica |date=2021 |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=431–445 |doi=10.1353/neo.2021.0038}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Matthew Robinson |url=https://www.theology.ox.ac.uk/people/matthew-robinson |publisher=[[University of Oxford]] |access-date=1 April 2025 |language=en}}</ref> La Evanjelios indica ce Jesus ia pote leje, parafrase e debate testos santa, ma esta no sinifia nesesada ce el ia reseta instrui formal de scrivistes.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2001 |title=Context, family and formation |encyclopedia=Cambridge companion to Jesus |publisher=Cambridge University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vSehrtQpcYcC&pg=PA14 |access-date=14 August 2015 |last=Evans |first=Craig A. |editor-last=Bockmuehl |editor-first=Markus N. A. |pages=14, 21 |isbn=978-0-521-79678-1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907175830/https://books.google.com/books?id=vSehrtQpcYcC&pg=PA14 |archive-date=7 September 2015 |url-status=live|doi=10.1017/CCOL0521792614.002}}</ref> La Evanjelio de Lucas reporta du viajas de Jesus e sua jenitores en Ieruxalim en sua enfantia. Los veni a la [[Templo en Ieruxalim]] per la [[presenta de Jesus]] como un bebe, acordante con la Lege iudi, do un om nomida Simeon profeti sur Jesus e Maria. Cuando Jesus, a la eda de des-du anios, perde se a un peregrina a Ieruxalim per pesah, sua jenitores [[trova en la Templo|trova el en la Templo]], sentante entre la instruores, escutante los e fante demandas, e la popla es stonada par sua comprende e respondes. Maria reproxa Jesus per perde se, a cual Jesus responde ce el debe "es en la casa de sua Padre". === Batiza e tenta === [[File:El bautismo de Jesús, por José Ferraz de Almeida Júnior.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|''[[Batiza de Jesus|La Batiza de Cristo]] par [[Joan la Batizor]]'', par [[Almeida Júnior]], 1895|alt=Jesus ia es batizada par Joan. La Spirito Santa en la forma de un pijon es a supra.]] La [[evanjelios sinotica]] descrive la [[batiza de Jesus]] en la [[Rio Urdun]] e la [[tenta de Jesus|tentas]] cual el ia fasa tra 40 dias en la [[Deserto Iudean]] como un prepara per sua servi publica.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sheen |first=Fulton J. |title=Life of Christ |year=2008 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-385-52699-9 |page=65 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KyqQKohpVR4C&pg=PA65 |access-date=14 August 2015 |archive-date=10 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910165309/https://books.google.com/books?id=KyqQKohpVR4C&pg=PA65 |url-status=live}}</ref> En cada de esta naras, informa sur Joan la Batizor presede la naras de la batiza de Jesus.{{sfn|Blomberg|2009|pp=224–229}}{{sfn|Köstenberger|Kellum|Quarles|2009|pp=141–143}}{{sfn|McGrath|2006|pp=16–22}} Los portrae Joan predicante la repenti per la pardona de pecas, corajinte carita a la povres, batizante persones en la rejion de la Rio Urdun sirca [[Perea]], e predisente la ariva de algun "plu potiosa" ca el.<ref>{{cite book |title=Eerdmans commentary on the Bible |first1=James D. G. |last1=Dunn |first2=John W. |last2=Rogerson |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-8028-3711-0 |page=1010 |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans}}</ref> [[File:Ary Scheffer - The Temptation of Christ (1854).jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.8|Jesus e la Diablo depintida en ''[[Tenta de Jesus|La tenta de Jesus]]'', par [[Ary Scheffer]], 1854]] En la Evanjelio de Marco, Joan la Batizor batiza Jesus, e cuando Jesus sorti de la acua el vide la Spirito Santa desendente a el como un pijon, e un vose veni de la sielo e declara el como la Fio de Dio. Esta es un de la du avenis descriveda en la Evanjelios en cual un vose de Sielo refere a Jesus como "Fio", e la otra es la Muta. A pos, la Spirito forsa el a en la tera savaje, do Satan tenta el. Pos la aresta de Joan, Jesus comensa sua servi en Galilea. En la Evanjelio de Mateo, cuando Jesus veni a Joan per reseta la batiza, Joan protesta, disente, "Me nesesa ce tu batiza me." Jesus instrui el a continua con la batiza "per reali tota la virtua". A pos, Mateo nara tre tentas spesifiada cual Satan ofre a Jesus en la tera savaje. En la Evanjelio de Lucas, la Spirito Santa desende en forma fisical como un pijon pos cuando Joan ia batiza ja tota la persones e en cuando Jesus prea. Plu tarda, Joan reconose nonesplicada Jesus par envia sua seguores per fa demandas sur el. Lucas descrive ance tre tentas cual Jesus ia esperia en la tera savaje ante el comensa sua servi en Galilea. La Evanjelio de Joan no nara la batiza e tenta de Jesus. En loca, Joan la Batizor atesta ce el ia vide la Spirito desende e resta sur Jesus. Joan proclama publica Jesus como la Ovea de Dio, e alga seguores de Joan deveni disiplos de Jesus. Ante cuando la autoriosas prisoni Joan, Jesus gida sua seguores per batiza, e los batiza plu persones ca Joan. === Servi publica === [[File:Bloch-SermonOnTheMount.jpg|thumb|''Sermon sur la Monte'', par [[Carl Bloch]], 1877, depinta [[Sermon sur la Monte|la parla importante de Jesus]].|alt=Jesus senta sur un monte, predicante a un fola]] La Sinoticas depinta du locas jeografial xef en la servi de Jesus. La prima aveni en Galilea, a norde de [[Iudea]], do Jesus gida un servi multe susedosa; la du aveni en Ieruxalim, do la autoriosas rejeta e mata el.<ref name="ISBEO">{{cite web |year=1939 |editor-last=Orr |editor-first=James |title=International Standard Bible Encyclopedia Online |url=http://www.internationalstandardbible.com/R/rabbi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817024703/http://www.internationalstandardbible.com/R/rabbi.html |archive-date=17 August 2016 |access-date=30 July 2016 |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans}}</ref> Frecuente nomida "rabi",<ref name="ISBEO" /> Jesus presenta sua mesaje par parla.<ref name="Dunn2013">{{cite book |last=Dunn |first=James D. G. |title=The Oral Gospel Tradition |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans |year=2013 |pages=290–291}}</ref> En esta naras, el proibi ce los ci reconose el como la maxia — incluinte persones ci el remedia e demones cual, como on dise, el esorsi — parla sur lo (vide Secreta Maxial).{{sfn|Harris|1985|pp=285–296}} Par contrasta, la Evanjelio de Joan portrae la servi de Jesus como aveninte xef en e sirca Ieruxalim en loca de en Galilea, e on proclama e reconose plu abrida sua natur divin.{{sfn|Harris|1985|pp=302–310}} Eruditas divide comun la servi de Jesus a grados variosa. La servi galilean comensa cuando Jesus reveni a Galilea de la [[Deserto Iudean]] pos resiste la tentas de [[Satan]]. A pos el predica tra Galilea, e en Mateo 4:18-20, sua disiplos prima — ci va formi plu tarda la nucleo de la Eglesa temprana — encontra el e comensa segue el.{{sfn|McGrath|2006|pp=16–22}}{{sfn|Redford|2007|pp=117–130}} Esta periodo inclui la Sermon sur la Monte, un de la parlas major de Jesus,{{sfn|Redford|2007|pp=117–130}}<ref>{{cite book |title=The Sermon on the mount: a theological investigation |first=Carl G. |last=Vaught |year=2001 |publisher=Baylor University Press |isbn=978-0-918954-76-3 |pages=xi–xiv}}</ref> como ance la [[calmi de la tempesta]], la [[nuri de la 5000]], [[Jesus pasea sur acua|pasea sur acua]], e otra miracles e parabolas diversa.{{sfn|Redford|2007|pp=143–160}} Lo conclui con la [[Confesa de Petro]] e la [[Muta]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Transfiguration, The |encyclopedia=The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Thought: Son of Man-Tremellius V11 |isbn=978-1-4286-3189-2 |publisher=Funk & Wagnalls |year=1909 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=js5-eDk13TcC&pg=PA493 |page=493 |last=Nash |first=Henry S. |editor-first=Samuel M. |editor-last=Jackson |access-date=14 August 2015 |archive-date=7 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907052036/https://books.google.com/books?id=js5-eDk13TcC&pg=PA493 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Barton132">{{cite book |last=Barton |first=Stephen C. |url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00bart_994 |title=The Cambridge Companion to the Gospels |date=23 November 2006 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-80766-1 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00bart_994/page/n138 132]–133 |url-access=limited}}</ref> En cuando Jesus viaja en dirije a Ieruxalim, en lo cual on nomi frecuente la servi perean, el reveni a la rejion do el ia es batizada, a sirca un tri de la distantia a su de la [[Mar de Galilea]] longo la Rio Urdun.{{sfn|Cox|Easley|2007|p=137}}{{sfn|Redford|2007|pp=211–229}} La fase final de sua servi, en Ieruxalim, comensa con sua entra vinsal a en la site a [[soldi de palmas]].{{sfn|Cox|Easley|2007|pp=155–170}} En la Evanjelios Sinotica, en acel semana Jesus [[Puri de la Templo|espulsa la intercambiores]] de la [[Templo Du]], e [[Tradi de Judas|Judas negosia per tradi]] el. Esta periodo culmina en la [[Come Ultima]] e, en la nara par Joan, la [[Parla de Adio]].{{sfn|Blomberg|2009|pp=224–229}}{{sfn|Cox|Easley|2007|pp=155–170}}{{sfn|Redford|2007|pp=257–274}} ==== Disiplos e seguores ==== [[File:Brooklyn Museum - The Exhortation to the Apostles (Recommandation aux apôtres) - James Tissot.jpg|thumb|''La recomenda a la apostoles'', par [[James Tissot]], portrae Jesus parlante a sua des-du disiplos.]] Prosima a la comensa de sua servi, Jesus asinia des-du apostoles. En Mateo e Marco, Jesus clama sua cuatro apostoles prima, ci es pexores, e la testo descrive ce los abandona direta lor redes per segue el. En Joan, la du apostoles prima de Jesus es a prima disiplos de Joan la Batizor; la Batizor vide Jesus e nomi el la Ovea de Dio, e la du, oiante esta, comensa segue Jesus.{{sfn|Brown|1988|pp=25–27}}{{sfn|Boring|Craddock|2004|pp=292–293}} En ajunta a la Des-du Apostoles, la introdui a la Sermon sur la Plano en Lucas identifia un grupo multe plu grande de persones como disiplos. En Lucas 10:1-16, Jesus envia [[setedes disiplos|70 o 72 de sua seguores]] en duples per prepara vilas per sua visitas futur; el instrui los a aseta ospitia, remedia maladas, e proclama la [[Rena de Dio]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=The Gospel According to Luke |encyclopedia=New Collegeville Bible Commentary: New Testament |publisher=Liturgical Press |year=2009 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sdooTRyPMCwC&pg=PA255 |page=255 |first=Michael F. |last=Patella |editor-first=Daniel |editor-last=Durken |isbn=978-0-8146-3260-4 |access-date=14 August 2015 |archive-date=10 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910044704/https://books.google.com/books?id=sdooTRyPMCwC&pg=PA255 |url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Instruis e miracles ==== [[File:Hoffman-ChristAndTheRichYoungRuler.jpg|thumb|''[[Jesus e la joven rica]]'' par [[Heinrich Hofmann (pintor)|Heinrich Hofmann]], 1889]] En la Sinoticas, Jesus ensenia multe — comun en parabolas{{sfn|Theissen|Merz|1998|pp=316–346}} — sur la Rena de Dio. Jesus parla ance sur la "Fio de Umana", un figur [[Apocalise|apocalisal]] ci va veni per colie la elejedas.<ref name="Britannica" /> Jesus clama la popla a repenti de lor pecas e dedica se intera a Dio.<ref name="Britannica">{{Britannica |id=303091 |title=Jesus Christ |first1=E.&nbsp;P. |last1=Sanders |first2=Jaroslav J. |last2=Pelikan}}</ref> El instrui sua seguores a obedi la [[lege iudi]], an si alga contemporas persepi ce el mesma ia rompe la lege, per esemplo en relata a la obedi a la sabat.<ref name="Britannica" /> Cuando on demanda de el cual es la comanda la plu grande, Jesus responde: "Tu va ama la Senior tua Dio con tota tua cor, e con tota tua spirito, e con tota tua mente... E la du es simil: 'Tu va ama tua visina como tu mesma.'" Otra instruis etical cual on atribui a Jesus inclui ama enemis, asteni de odia e desira sesal, ofre la otra jena, e pardona los ci ia peca contra on.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Stassen |first1=Glen H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LlMVrmA-b-4C |title=Kingdom Ethics: Following Jesus in Contemporary Context |last2=Gushee |first2=David P. |publisher=InterVarsity |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-8308-2668-1 |pages=102–103, 138–140, 197–198, 295–298 |access-date=14 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226062140/https://books.google.com/books?id=LlMVrmA-b-4C |archive-date=26 February 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> La Evanjelio de Joan presenta la instruis de Jesus no mera como sua propre predica ma como revela divin. Joan la Batizor, per esemplo, declara en Joan 3:34: "El ci Dio ia envia parla la parolas de Dio, car el dona la Spirito sin mesura." En Joan 7:16, Jesus dise, "Mea instrui no es de me ma de el ci ia envia me." El repete esta en Joan 14:10: "Tu no crede ce me es en la Padre e la Padre es en me? La parolas cual me dise a tu, me no dise de me mesma; ma la Padre ci abita en me fa sua obras."<ref name="Osborn-1993" /><ref>{{cite book |last=Köstenberger |first=Andreas J. |title=The missions of Jesus and the disciples according to the Fourth Gospel |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-8028-4255-8 |pages=108–109}}</ref> [[File:Pompeo Batoni 003.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.8|''[[Parabola de la Fio Perosa|La reveni de la fio perosa]]'' par [[Pompeo Batoni]], 1773]] Sirca 30 parabolas composa sirca un tri de la instruis rejistrada de Jesus.<ref name="Osborn-1993">{{cite book |first=Eric F. |last=Osborn |year=1993 |title=The emergence of Christian theology |url=https://archive.org/details/emergencechristi00osbo |url-access=limited |isbn=978-0-521-43078-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/emergencechristi00osbo/page/n115 98] |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=J. Dwight |last=Pentecost |year=1998 |title=The parables of Jesus: lessons in life from the Master Teacher |isbn=978-0-8254-9715-5 |page=10 |publisher=Kregel}}</ref> La parabolas apare e en sermones plu longa e a locas diversa en la nara.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Sermons of Jesus the Messiah |first=E. Keith |last=Howick |year=2003 |publisher=WindRiver |isbn=978-1-886249-02-8 |pages=7–9}}</ref> Los conteni comun simbolisme e relata tipal aspetas de la mundo fisical a realias spirital.<ref>{{cite book |first=Friedrich G. |last=Lisco |year=1850 |title=The Parables of Jesus |publisher=Daniels and Smith Publishers |pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_OoIuAAAAYAAJ/page/n12 9]–11 |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_OoIuAAAAYAAJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Ashton |last=Oxenden |year=1864 |title=The parables of our Lord? |publisher=William Macintosh Publishers |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_5bUCAAAAQAAJ/page/n15 6] |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_5bUCAAAAQAAJ}}</ref> Temas comun inclui la compatia e jenerosia de Dio, como ance la periles e resultas de peca.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dPdANFaNgagC&pg=448 |title=Interpreting the Parables |publisher=InterVarsity |year=2012 |page=448 |isbn=978-0-8308-3967-4 |first=Craig L. |last=Blomberg |access-date=14 August 2015 |archive-date=10 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910175429/https://books.google.com/books?id=dPdANFaNgagC&pg=448 |url-status=live}}</ref> Alga parabolas, como lo de la Fio Perosa, es relativa simple, en cuando otras, como la [[Parabola de la Seme Cresente|Seme Cresente]], es plu complicada, profonda, e difisil per interprete.<ref>{{cite web |first=Madeleine I. |last=Boucher |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/religion/jesus/parables.html |title=The Parables |website=Frontline|publisher=PBS |access-date=3 June 2013 |archive-date=10 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130810144100/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/religion/jesus/parables.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Cuando sua disiplos demanda perce el parla a la popla en parabolas, Jesus responde ce Dio ia permete ce la disiplos elejeda "sabe la secretas de la rena de sielo", no como la resta, ajuntante: "Car a el ci ave, on va dona plu e el va ave en abunda. Ma a el ci no ave, on va priva el an plu", e el continua par dise ce la plu de lor jenera ia developa "cores lente" e no es donce capas de comprende. [[File:Christ cleans leper man.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|''[[Jesus remediante la leprosa]]'', [[mosaica]] medieval de la [[Catedral de Monreale]], de sentenios 12 a 13|alt=Jesus, sua testas areolada, pone sua manos sur un leprosa, remediante el]] En la naras de evanjelio, Jesus dedica un parte major de sua servi a fa [[miracle]]s, spesial remedias.{{sfn|Green|McKnight |Marshall|1992|p=299}} On clasi comun esta miracles a du categorias xef: miracles de remedia e miracles natural.{{sfn|Twelftree|1999|p=350}}{{sfn|Levine|2006|p=4}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Charlesworth |first1=James H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YTIGy5t45WgC&pg=PT113 |title=The Historical Jesus: An Essential Guide |date=2008 |publisher=Abingdon Press |isbn=978-1-4267-2475-6 |page=113 |access-date=29 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008221947/https://books.google.com/books?id=YTIGy5t45WgC&pg=PT113 |archive-date=8 October 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> La miracles de remedia inclui la remedia de maladias fisical, [[esorsi]]s,{{sfn|Witherington|1997|p=113}}{{sfn|Theissen|Merz|1998|p=298}} e la revive de mores.{{sfn|Green|McKnight|Marshall|1992|p=300}}<ref name="Oxford Companion" /><ref>{{cite web |last=Tabor |first=James |date=22 March 2013 |title=What the Bible Says About Death, Afterlife, and the Future |url=https://clas-pages.uncc.edu/james-tabor/ancient-judaism/death-afterlife-future/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160823115040/https://clas-pages.uncc.edu/james-tabor/ancient-judaism/death-afterlife-future/ |archive-date=23 August 2016 |access-date=13 June 2015 |publisher=UNCC}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Hoekema |first=Anthony A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c2yT_7xw35sC |title=The Bible and the Future |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-85364-624-2 |pages=88–89 |access-date=8 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008221946/https://books.google.com/books?id=c2yT_7xw35sC |archive-date=8 October 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> La miracles natural demostra autoria supra la mundo natural e inclui [[muta acua a vino]], pasea sur acua, e calmi un tempesta, entre otras. Jesus atribui sua miracles a un fonte divin. Cuando oposores acusa el de espulsa demones par la potia de Belzebub, la prinse de demones, el responde ce el fa esta par la "Spirito de Dio" (Mateo 12:28) o la "dito de Dio", argumentante ce lo ta es nonlojical ce Satan dana sua propre rena; el ance demanda, si el esorsi par [[Belzebub]], "par ci vosa fios espulsa los?"<ref name="Britannica" /><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Js9nFESO0VAC&pg=PA100 |title=Zondervan King James Version Commentary: New Testament |last2=Mitchell |first2=Daniel R. |publisher=Zondervan |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-310-25150-7 |page=100 |first1=Edward E. |last1=Hindson |access-date=14 August 2015 |archive-date=10 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910171333/https://books.google.com/books?id=Js9nFESO0VAC&pg=PA100 |url-status=live}}</ref> En Mateo 12:31-32, el declara ance ce, an si Dio pote pardona tota spesies de peca, incluinte "insultas contra Dio" o "insultas contra la Fio de Umana", Dio va pardona nunca blasfema contra "La [[Spirito Santa]]", e los ci es culpable de lo porta permanente lor peca.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bible Gateway passage: Matthew 12:31-32 - New International Version|url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew%2012%3A31-32&version=NIV|website=Bible Gateway|access-date=2026-01-30|language=en}}</ref> En Joan, la testo descrive la miracles de Jesus como "sinias", fada per evidenti sua mision e identia.<ref name="Sign" />{{sfn|Ehrman|2009|page=[https://archive.org/details/jesusinterrupted00ehrm_0/page/84 84]}} En la Evanjelios Sinotica, cuando alga instruores de la lege e fariseos demanda de el un sinia miraclosa per validi sua autoria, Jesus refusa,<ref name="Sign">{{cite book |title=Introducing the New Testament: Its Literature and Theology |year=2001 |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans |isbn=978-0-8028-3717-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/introducingnewte00paul/page/198 198] |url=https://archive.org/details/introducingnewte00paul/page/198 |first1=Paul J. |last1=Achtemeier |first2=Joel B. |last2=Green |first3=Marianne M. |last3=Thompson}}</ref> disente ce Dio va dona no sinia a un jenera mal e dejenerada, con eseta de la sinia de la profeta [[Jona]]. En la Sinoticas, la folas responde tipal a sua miracles con stona e presa el per remedia lor maladas, ma en Joan, on depinta Jesus como min restrinjeda par la folas, ci responde frecuente a sua sinias con crede e fida.{{sfn|Twelftree|1999|p=236}} Un cualia comun a tota naras de miracles es ce Jesus fa los libre e no solisita o aseta paia.<ref>{{cite book |last=van der Loos |first=Hendrik |title=The Miracles Of Jesus |year=1965 |publisher=Brill |page=197 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n4geAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA197 |access-date=14 August 2015 |archive-date=10 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910165838/https://books.google.com/books?id=n4geAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA197 |url-status=live}}</ref> Frecuente la naras de miracles es entretexeda con instruis, e la miracles mesma porta comun un dimension instruinte.<ref>{{cite book |title=The words and works of Jesus Christ |first=J. Dwight |last=Pentecost |year=1981 |isbn=978-0-310-30940-6 |page=212 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bh3M_AfgXZAC&pg=PA212 |publisher=Zondervan |access-date=14 August 2015 |archive-date=10 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910063513/https://books.google.com/books?id=bh3M_AfgXZAC&pg=PA212 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Twelftree|1999 |p=95}} Multe asentua la importa de fida: en la [[remedia de des leprosas]] e la revive de la fia de Iairo, per esemplo, Jesus dise a la beneficadas ce lor fida es la causa de lor remedia.{{sfn|Donahue|Harrington |2002|p=182}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Lockyer |first=Herbert |year=1988 |title=All the Miracles of the Bible |isbn=978-0-310-28101-6 |page=235 |publisher=Zondervan}}</ref> En ''A Marginal Jew'', erudita [[John P. Meier]] argumenta ce "la tradisiones de miracles sur la servi publica de Jesus es ja atestada tan vasta en fontes diversa" ce cualce "fabrica intera par la eglesa temprana es, en modo pratical, nonposible". El fundi esta alega sur fontes leteratural como la Evanjelios de Mateo, Lucas, e Joan, como ance sur la scrivedas de la istoriste Josefo. Meier argumenta ce la "criterio de atestas multiple de fontes e formas" suporta la conclui ce Jesus ia fa "obras estracomun" cual sua contemporas ia regarda como miracles.<ref>{{Cite book |last=John Meier |url=http://archive.org/details/Marginal-Jew_vol-2_Meier_1994 |title=A Marginal Jew/Маргинальный еврей |date=November 1994}}</ref> Erudita [[Paul J. Achtemeier]] argumenta ce tal miracles no ia es unica a Jesus en la mundo antica e ce an atestores ia persepi los como ambigua. El nota ce probable Jesus ia fa atas cual on ia comprende como esorsis, cual "ia es asetada como realia par sua contemporas", ma ce on no debe vide estas como avente "valua demostrante consernante Jesus," car atestores ia pote alega ce el ia labora o con Satan o con Dio.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Achtemeier |first=Paul J. |date=1975 |title=Miracles and the Historical Jesus: A Study of Mark 9:14-29 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43714056 |journal=The Catholic Biblical Quarterly |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=471–491 |issn=0008-7912}}</ref> Erudita [[Gregory Sterling]] oserva ce, en la caso de la esorsis alegada fada par Jesus, "Per galileanes de la sentenio prima ci ia crede a la presentia personal de malia en forma de demones, la ata de Jesus ia es un validi de sua servi."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sterling |first=Gregory E. |date=1993 |title=Jesus as Exorcist: An Analysis of Matthew 17:14-20; Mark 9:14-29; Luke 9:37-43a |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43721315 |journal=The Catholic Biblical Quarterly |volume=55 |issue=3 |pages=467–493 |issn=0008-7912}}</ref> ==== Proclama, Muta, e Semana de Pasion ==== [[File:Transfigurationbloch.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|La [[Muta de Jesus]], depintida par [[Carl Bloch]], sentenio 19]] Aprosima a la media de cada de la tre Evanjelios Sinotica, la autores nara du avenis sinifiante: la Confesa de [[San Petro|Petro]] e la Muta de Jesus — cual la Evanjelio de Joan no nota.<ref name="Barton132" /><ref>{{cite book |title=The Christology of Mark's Gospel |url=https://archive.org/details/christologyofmar0000king |url-access=limited |first=Jack D. |last=Kingsbury |year=1983 |isbn=978-1-4514-1007-5 |publisher=Fortress Press |pages=[https://archive.org/details/christologyofmar0000king/page/91 91]–95}}</ref>{{sfn|Lee|2004|pp=21–30}}<ref name="Nobbs" />{{sfn|Cross|Livingstone|2005|loc=John, Gospel of}} En la Confesa de Petro, Petro declara a Jesus, "Tu es la Maxia, la Fio de la Dio vivente";<ref>{{cite book |last=Karris|first=Robert J.|title=The Collegeville Bible Commentary: New Testament|publisher=Liturgical Press|year=1992|isbn=978-0-8146-2211-7|pages=885–886}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Who do you say that I am? Essays on Christology|first1=Jack D.|last1=Kingsbury|first2=Mark A.|last2=Powell|first3=David R.|last3=Bauer|year=1999|isbn=978-0-664-25752-1|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|page=xvi}}</ref>{{sfn|Donahue|Harrington|2002|p=336}} Jesus afirma ce esta es un veria divin revelada.<ref>{{cite book |last=Yieh|first=John Y. H.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g0-NaraCrAoC|title=One teacher: Jesus' teaching role in Matthew's gospel|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|year=2004|isbn=978-3-11-018151-7|pages=240–241|access-date=8 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008221947/https://books.google.com/books?id=g0-NaraCrAoC|archive-date=8 October 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Pannenberg|1968|pp=53–54}} Pos esta confesa, Jesus comensa parla a sua disiplos sur sua sufri, mori, e revive prosiminte. En la Muta,{{sfn|Lee|2004|pp=21–30}}<ref name="Nobbs" /><ref name="Barton132" /> Jesus trae Petro e du otra apostoles a la culmina de un monte nonomida, do "el ia es mutada ante los, e sua fas ia brilia como la sol, e sua vestes ia deveni briliante blanca".{{sfn|Lee|2004|pp=72–76}} Un nube briliante covre los, e un vose de la nube proclama, "Esta es mea Fio, la Amada; con el me es multe plaseda; escuta a el."{{sfn|Lee|2004|pp=21–30}} La descrive de la semana final de la vive de Jesus — comun nomida la [[Semana de Pasion]] — ocupa aprosima un tri de la nara en la evanjelios canonal. Esta parte comensa con la entra vinsal de Jesus a Ieruxalim e conclui con sua crusi.{{sfn|Blomberg|2009|pp=224–229}}{{sfn|Cox|Easley|2007|pp=155–170}} ==== Fadas en Ieruxalim ==== [[File:Gérôme - L'entrée du Christ à Jérusalem - cadre.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Un depinta de la [[entra vinsal de Jesus a Ieruxalim|la entra ultima de Jesus a Ieruxalim]], par [[Jean-Léon Gérôme]], 1897|alt=Jesus, montante un asineta, viaja a Ieruxalim. Un fola grande bonveni el estra la murones.]] En la Evanjelios Sinotica, la semana final en Ieruxalim conclui la viaja tra Perea e Iudea cual Jesus ia comensa en Galilea.{{sfn|Cox|Easley|2007|pp=155–170}} Jesus entra a Ieruxalim montante un asino joven, evocante la motif de la asino de la Maxia de la [[Zecaria|Libro de Zecaria]], en cual la re umil de la Iudis ariva a la site en esta modo.<ref name="May Metzger Mark">{{Cite book|editor-last1=May|editor-first1=Herbert G. |editor-first2=Bruce M. |editor-last2=Metzger|title=The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocrypha|year= 1977|chapter=Mark|pages= 1213–1239}}</ref> En cuando el avansa, popla sperde capas e ramos peti de arbores (plumas de palma) sur la strada ante el e canta linias de Salmo 118:25-26.{{sfn|Boring|Craddock|2004|pp=256–258}}{{sfn|Majerník|Ponessa|Manhardt|2005|pp=133–134}}{{sfn|Evans|2003|pp=381–395}} Pos esta, Jesus espulsa la intercambiores de la Templo, acusante los de cambia lo a un asconderia de furores par lor comersia. La plu de eruditas acorda ce lo es multe probable ce Jesus ia fa alga cosa en la templo e ia nota sua destrui.<ref>{{cite book |last= Sanders |first= E.P. |author-link= E.P. Sanders |year= 1985 |title= Jesus and Judaism |publisher= Fortress Press |page= 61 |isbn= 978-0800620615|title-link=Jesus and Judaism}}</ref>{{sfn|Harris|1985|pp=285–296}} En Joan, la Purga de la Templo aveni a la comensa de la servi de Jesus en loca de a la fini.{{sfn|Harris|1985|pp=302–310}} Praticas antica de composa ia inclui tal deslocas e compresas cronolojial, e an biografistes fidable como [[Plutarco]] ia usa los.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vytlačilová |first=Magdalena |date=2023 |title=Jesus, the Gospels, and the Galilean Crisis by Tucker S. Ferda (review) |journal=Neotestamentica |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=197–202 |doi=10.1353/neo.2023.a938405}}</ref> Jesus ave conflitas con la veas iudi, per esemplo cuando los demanda sur sua autoria e cuando el critica los e nomi los ipocritas.{{sfn|Boring|Craddock|2004|pp=256–258}}{{sfn|Evans|2003|pp=381–395}} [[Judas Iscariot]], un de la des-du apostoles, fini un negosia secreta con la veas iudi, prometente tradi Jesus a los per 30 monetas de arjento.<ref>{{cite book |last=Lockyer |first=Herbert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Q7l-_UFHmYC |title=All the Apostles of the Bible |publisher=Zondervan |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-310-28011-8 |pages=106–111 |access-date=11 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229044027/https://books.google.com/books?id=-Q7l-_UFHmYC |archive-date=29 February 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Synoptic Gospels and the Book of Acts |first=Doremus A. |last=Hayes |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-313-53490-1 |page=88 |publisher=HardPress}}</ref> La Evanjelio de Joan raconta du otra festas en cual Jesus ia ensenia en Ieruxalim ante la Semana de Pasion.{{sfn|Harris|1985|pp=270–272}} En Betania, un vileta prosima a Ieruxalim, Jesus [[revive de Lazaro|revive Lazaro de la mores]]. Esta sinia potiosa{{sfn|Harris|1985|pp=302–310}} grandi la tensa con la autoriosas,{{sfn|Cox|Easley|2007|pp=155–170}} ci conspira per mata el.{{sfn|Harris|1985|pp=270–272}} [[Maria de Betania]] unje la pedes de Jesus, predisente sua entera.{{sfn|Funk|Hoover|The Jesus Seminar|1993|pp=401–470}} A pos, Jesus fa sua entra maxial a Ieruxalim.{{sfn|Harris|1985|pp=270–272}} La folas aclamante ci saluta Jesus cuando el entra a Ieruxalim grandi la enemia entre el e la xefes ofisial.{{sfn|Cox|Easley|2007|pp=155–170}} En Joan, Jesus ia purga ja la Templo Du en un visita a Ieruxalim en un pesah plu temprana. A pos, Joan raconta la Come Ultima de Jesus con sua disiplos.{{sfn|Harris|1985|pp=270–272}} ==== Come Ultima ==== [[File:Última Cena - Juan de Juanes.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|La [[Come Ultima]], depintida par [[Juan de Juanes]], sirca 1562|alt=Un depınta de la Come Ultıma. Jesus senta en la sentro, sua apostoles asemblada a ambos lados.]] La Come Ultima es la come final cual Jesus ia comparti con sua des-du apostoles en Ieruxalim ante sua crusi. Tota cuatro evanjelios canonal nota la Come Ultima; la Epistola Prima a la Corintianes par Paulo refere ance a lo.<ref name="Fahlbusch52">{{cite book |title=The Encyclopedia of Christianity |volume=4 |first=Erwin |last=Fahlbusch |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-8028-2416-5 |pages=53–56 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C5V7oyy69zgC&pg=PA53 |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans |access-date=14 August 2015 |archive-date=7 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907101720/https://books.google.com/books?id=C5V7oyy69zgC&pg=PA53 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Evans|2003|pp=465–477}}{{sfn|Cox|Easley|2007|pp=180–191}} En la come, Jesus predise ce un de sua apostoles va tradi el.{{sfn|Cox|Easley|2007|p=182}} An pos ce cada Apostol afirma ce el no va tradi el, Jesus repete ce la trador va es un de los ci es presente ala. Mateo 26:23-25 e Joan 13:26-27 identifia Judas como la trador.<ref name="Fahlbusch52" />{{sfn|Evans|2003|pp=465–477}}{{sfn|Cox|Easley|2007|p=182}} En la Sinoticas, Jesus prende pan, rompe lo, e dona lo a la disiplos, disente, "Esta es mea corpo, cual es donada per vos." A pos el fa ce los tota bevi de un copa, disente, "Esta copa cual es versada per vos es la alia nova en mea sangue."<ref name="Fahlbusch52" />{{sfn|Cross|Livingstone|2005|loc=Eucharist}} La rituo cristian de la [[Eucaristia]] es fundida sur esta avenis. An si la Evanjelio de Joan no inclui un descrive de la rituo de pan-e-vino en la Come Ultima, la plu de eruditas acorda ce Joan 6:22-59 (la [[Parla sur la Pan de Vive]]) ave un natur eucaristial e resona con la naras de institui en la Evanjelios Sinotica e en la scrivedas de Paulo sur la Come Ultima.{{sfn|Freedman|2000|p=792}} En tota cuatro evanjelios, Jesus predise ce Petro va nega conose el a tre veses ante la [[gal]] cria en la matina seguente.<ref name="Denial">{{cite book |title=Peter: apostle for the whole church |first=Pheme |last=Perkins |publisher=Fortress Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-1-4514-1598-8 |page=85}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Gospel according to Matthew |volume=1 |first=Johann P. |last=Lange |year=1865 |publisher=Scribner |page=499}}</ref> En Lucas e Joan, el fa la predise en la Come. En Mateo e Marco, el fa la predise pos la Come; Jesus predise ance ce tota sua disiplos va abandona el.{{sfn|Walvoord|Zuck|1983|pp=83–85}} La Evanjelio de Joan furni la sola nara de Jesus lavante la pedes de sua disiplos pos la come.{{sfn|Harris|1985|pp=272–285}} Joan inclui ance un sermon longa par Jesus, preparante sua disiplos (aora sin Judas) per sua parti. Capitoles 14-17 de la Evanjelio de Joan es conoseda como la [[Parla de Adio]] e es un fonte sinifiante de contenida cristolojial.<ref>{{cite book |last1=O'Day |first1=Gail R. |title=John |last2=Hylen |first2=Susan |publisher=Westminster John Knox Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-664-25260-1 |pages=142–168}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Ridderbos |first=Herman |title=The Gospel of John: A Theological Commentary|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-8028-0453-2 |pages=546–576}}</ref> ==== Angusa en la Jardin, tradi, e aresta ==== [[File:Caravaggio - The Taking of Christ restored.jpg|thumb|Un depinta de la [[besa de Judas]] e [[aresta de Jesus]], par [[Caravaggio]], sirca 1602|alt=Judas besa Jesus, e soldatos core per saisi esta.]] En la Sinoticas, Jesus e sua disiplos vade a la jardin [[Getsemani]], do Jesus prea per evita sua esperia difisil prosiminte. A pos Judas veni con un fola armada, enviada par la pretes xef, scrivistes e veas. El [[besa de Judas|besa Jesus]] per identifia el a la fola, cual aresta alora Jesus. En un atenta a para los, un disiplo nonomida de Jesus usa un spada per talia a via la orea de un om en la fola. Pos la aresta de Jesus, sua disiplos vade per asconde, e Petro, cuando demandada, nega a tre veses ce el conose Jesus. Pos la nega tre, Petro oia la gal cria e recorda la predise de Jesus sur sua nega. Alora Petro plora amarga.{{sfn|Walvoord|Zuck|1983|pp=83–85}}{{sfn|Harris|1985|pp=285–296}}<ref name="Denial" /> En Joan 18:1-11, Jesus no prea per evita sua crusi, car la evanjelio portrae el como apena tocada par tal debilia umana.{{sfn|Cross|Livingstone|2005|loc=Jesus}} La persones ci aresta el es soldatos roman e gardores de la Templo.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Michaels |first1=J. Ramsey |title=John |series=Understanding the Bible Commentary Series |date=2011 |publisher=Baker Books |page=187 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zGr-amBm4PUC&pg=PT187 |isbn=978-1-4412-3659-3 |access-date=7 September 2017 |archive-date=26 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226071102/https://books.google.com/books?id=zGr-amBm4PUC&pg=PT187 |url-status=live}}</ref> En loca de es tradida par un besa, Jesus proclama sua identia, e cuando el fa esta, la soldatos e ofisiales cade a la tera. La evanjelio identifia Petro como la disiplo ci ia usa la spada, e Jesus reproxa el per lo. ==== Litigas par la Sanhedrin, Herodes, e Pilato ==== Pos sua aresta, la fola prende Jesus tarda en la note a la casa privata de la prete xef, [[Caiafas]], ci la presedor de Pilato, la procurator roman [[Valerio Grato]], ia instala a ante.<ref>[[Josephus]] Antiquities 18.2.2.</ref> La [[Sanhedrin]] ia es un asembla judal iudi.{{sfn|Brown|1997|p=146}} La naras de evanjelio difere sur la detalias de la litigas.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Bromiley |editor-first1=Geoffrey W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yklDk6Vv0l4C&pg=PA1050 |title=International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: E–J |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-8028-3782-0 |pages=1050–1052 |access-date=14 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907182833/https://books.google.com/books?id=yklDk6Vv0l4C&pg=PA1050 |archive-date=7 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> En Mateo 26:57, Marco 14:53, e Lucas 22:54, la gardores prende Jesus a la casa de la prete xef, Caiafas, do persones burla e bate el a acel note. Temprana en la matina seguente, la pretes xef e scrivistes gida Jesus a en lor consilio.{{sfn|Evans|2003|pp=487–500}}{{sfn|Blomberg|2009|pp=396–400}}<ref name="Holman608">{{cite book |title=Holman Concise Bible Dictionary |publisher=B&H Publishing Group|lccn=97-22283|year=2011 |isbn=978-0-8054-9548-5 |pages=608–609}}</ref> Joan 18:12-14 declara ce la gardores prende Jesus a prima a Anas, la padre par sposi de Caiafas, e a pos a la prete xef.{{sfn|Evans|2003|pp=487–500}}{{sfn|Blomberg|2009|pp=396–400}}<ref name="Holman608" /> [[File:Ecce homo by Antonio Ciseri (1).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|''Ecce homo!'' la depinta de 1871 par [[Antonio Ciseri]] de [[Pontio Pilato]] presentante Jesus a la publica|alt=Un depinta de la litiga publica de Jesus]] En la litigas Jesus parla multe poca, presenta no defende, e dona respondes multe rara e nondireta a la demandas de la pretes, causante ce un ofisial palmi el. En Mateo 26:62, la asentia de responde de Jesus causa ce Caiafas demanda el, "Tu ave no responde?".{{sfn|Evans|2003|pp=487–500}}{{sfn|Blomberg|2009|pp=396–400}}<ref name="Holman608" /> En Marco 14:61, la prete xef demanda alora a Jesus, "Esce tu es la Maxia, la Fio de la Bon-Diseda?". Jesus responde, "Me es", e alora predise la ariva de la Fio de Umana.<ref name="Britannica" /> Esta provoca ce Caiafas lasera sua propre roba con coleria e acusa Jesus de blasfema. En Mateo e Lucas, la responde de Jesus es plu ambigua:<ref name="Britannica" />{{sfn|Evans|2003|p=495}} en Mateo 26:64, el responde, "Tu ia dise tal", e en Lucas 22:70 el dise, "Tu dise ce me es."{{sfn|Blomberg|2009|pp=396–398}}<ref>{{cite book |title=Luke's presentation of Jesus: a christology |first=Robert F. |last=O'Toole |year=2004 |isbn=978-88-7653-625-0 |page=166 |publisher=Editrice Pontificio Istituto Biblico|series=Subsidia Biblica}}</ref> La veas iudi prende Jesus a la Corte de Pilato e demanda a la governor roman, [[Pontio Pilato]], ce el judi e condena Jesus per alegas variosa: suverti la nasion, oposa la paia de tribui, alega es Cristo, un re, e alega es la fio de Dio.<ref name="Holman608" /> La usa de la parola "re" es sentral a la discute entre Jesus e Pilato. En Joan 18:36, Jesus declara, "Mea rena no es de esta mundo", ma el no nega sin ambiguia ce el es la Re de la Iudis.<ref>{{cite book |publisher=Twenty-Third Publications |title=The Names of Jesus |first=Stephen J. |last=Binz |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-58595-315-8 |pages=81–82}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Ironside |first=H. A. |title=John |publisher=Kregel |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-8254-9619-6 |page=454}}</ref> En Lucas 23:7-15, Pilato reali ce Jesus es galilean, e donce veni su la autoria de [[Herodes Antipas]], la tetrarca de Galilea e Perea.{{sfn|Niswonger|1992|p=172}}{{sfn|Majerník|Ponessa|Manhardt|2005|p=181}} Pilato envia Jesus a Herodes per litiga,{{sfn|Carter|2003|pp=120–121}} ma Jesus dise cuasi no cosa en responde a la demandas de Herodes. Herodes e sua soldatos burla Jesus, pone un roba custosa sur el per fa ce el aspeta como un re, e redona el a Pilato,{{sfn|Niswonger|1992|p=172}} ci clama alora en junta la veas iudi e anunsia ce el ia "no trova esta om culpable".{{sfn|Carter|2003|pp=120–121}} Oservante un costum de pesah de la tempo, Pilato permete la relasa de un prisonida elejeda par la fola. El dona a la popla un eleje entre Jesus e un omisidor nomida [[Barabas]] ({{lang|he|[[wikt:בר-אבא|בר-אבא]]}} o Bar-abbâ, "fio de la padre", de la nom comun Abba: 'padre'). Convinseda par la veas, la fola eleje relasa Barabas e crusi Jesus.{{sfn|Blomberg|2009|pp=400–401}} Pilato scrive un sinia en ivri, latina, e elinica cual dise "Jesus de Nazaret, la Re de la Iudis" (cortida como INRI en depintas) per es afisada a la crus de Jesus,{{sfn|Brown|1988|p=93}} e alora flajeli Jesus e envia el per es crusida. La soldatos pone un [[corona de spinas]] sur la testa de Jesus e burla el como la Re de la Iudis. Los bate e burla el ante prende el a [[Calvario]],<ref>{{cite book |title=The Passion of Jesus in the Gospel of Matthew |first=Donald |last=Senior |year=1985 |isbn=978-0-8146-5460-6 |publisher=Liturgical Press |page=124}}</ref> ance nomida Golgota, per crusi.{{sfn|Evans|2003|pp=487–500}}<ref name="Holman608" />{{sfn|Blomberg|2009|p=402}} ==== Crusi e entera ==== [[File:Cristo crucificado.jpg|alt=Un depinta de Jesus sur la crus.|thumb|La depinta de [[Diego Velázquez]] de la [[crusi de Jesus|crusi]], sirca 1632]] Tota cuatro evanjelios canonal descrive la crusi de Jesus. Pos la litigas, la gardores gida Jesus a Calvario en cuando el porta sua crus; on nomi la via cual el ia prende probable la Via Dolosa. La tre Evanjelios Sinotica indica ce [[Simon de Cirene]] aida el, forsada par la romanes a fa tal.{{sfn|Evans|2003|pp=509–520}}{{sfn|Köstenberger|Kellum|Quarles|2009|pp=211–214}} En Lucas 23:27-28, Jesus dise a la femes en la fola grande ci segue el ce los no debe plora per el ma per se mesma e lor enfantes.{{sfn|Evans|2003|pp=509–520}} A Calvario, un person ofre a Jesus un sponja empapada en un misca tipal ofreda per lejeri dole. Longo Mateo e Marco, el refusa lo.{{sfn|Evans|2003|pp=509–520}}{{sfn|Köstenberger|Kellum|Quarles|2009|pp=211–214}} Alora la soldatos crusi Jesus e lansa dados per sua vestes. Supra la testa de Jesus a la crus, on pone la enscrive multilingual par Pilato, "Jesus de Nazaret, la Re de la Iudis." Soldatos e pasores burla el sur lo. Soldatos crusi du furores condenada con Jesus. En Mateo e Marco, ambos furores burla Jesus. En Lucas, un de los reproxa Jesus, en cuando la otra defende el.{{sfn|Evans|2003|pp=509–520}}{{sfn|Doninger|1999|p=271}}{{sfn|Ehrman|2009|page=[https://archive.org/details/jesusinterrupted00ehrm_0/page/82 82]}} Jesus dise a la seguor: "oji tu va es con me en Paradiso." La cuatro evanjelios nota la presentia de un grupo de disiplos fema de Jesus a la crusi. En Joan, Jesus vide sua madre Maria e la disiplo amada e dise a el a cura el. En Joan 19:33-34, soldatos roman rompe la gamas de la du furores per aselera lor mori, ma no los de Jesus, car el es ja mor. En loca, un soldato perfora la lado de Jesus con un lansia, e sangue e acua flue a estra.{{sfn|Doninger|1999|p=271}} La Sinoticas reporta un periodo de oscuria, e la cortina pesosa en la Templo lasera cuando Jesus mori. En Mateo 27:51-54, un trematera abri tombas. En Mateo e Marco, asustada par la avenis, un [[senturion]] roman declara ce Jesus ia es la Fio de Dio.{{sfn|Evans|2003|pp=509–520}}{{sfn|Köstenberger|Kellum|Quarles|2009|pp=213–214}} A la mesma dia, [[Josef de Arimatea]], con la permete de Pilato e con la aida de [[Nicodemo]], sutrae la corpo de Jesus de la crus, envolve lo en un stofa limpa, e entera lo en un tomba nova escavada en roca.{{sfn|Evans|2003|pp=509–520}} En Mateo 27:62-66, a la dia seguente la pretes xef iudi demanda a Pilato per securi la tomba, e con la permete de Pilato la pretes pone selos sur la roca grande cual covre la entra.{{sfn|Evans|2003|pp=509–520}}{{sfn|Morris|1992|p=727}} === Revive e asende === [[File:Alexander Ivanov - Christ's Appearance to Mary Magdalene after the Resurrection - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|alt=Jesus aparente a Maria Magdalena pos sua [[Revive de Jesus|Revive]], depintida par [[Alexander Andreyevich Ivanov]].|''Apare de Jesus Cristo a Maria Magdalena'' par [[Alexander Andreyevich Ivanov]], 1835]] La Evanjelios no descrive la momento de la [[revive de Jesus]]. Los descrive la descovre de sua [[tomba vacua]] e alga apares de Jesus, con diferes clar en cada nara.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vermes |first=Geza |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1PYcnn9WxVcC |title=The Resurrection |publisher=Penguin |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-14-191263-9 |place=London |page=141 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-date=9 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309231513/https://books.google.com/books?id=1PYcnn9WxVcC |url-status=live}}</ref> En la cuatro Evanjelios, [[Maria Magdalena]] vade a la tomba a soldi matina, solitar o con un o plur otra femes.{{sfn|Harris|1985|pp=308–309}} La tomba es vacua, con la roca rolada a via, e on ave un o du anjeles, dependente de la naras. En la Sinoticas, un anjel dise a la femes ce Jesus no es asi e ce el ia revive. En Marco e Mateo, la anjel instrui ance ce los dise a la disiplos a encontra Jesus en Galilea. En Lucas, Petro visita la tomba pos cuando algun dise a el ce lo es vacua. En Joan, el vade ala con la disiplo amada. Mateo nota gardores roman a la tomba, ci reporta a la pretes de Ieruxalim lo cual ia aveni. La pretes soborna los afin los dise ce la disiplos ia fura la corpo de Jesus en la note. Poi la cuatro Evanjelios descrive apares diversa de Jesus en sua corpo reviveda. Jesus revela se prima a Maria Magdala en Marco 16:9 e Joan 20:14-17, con "la otra Maria" en Mateo 28:9, en cuando en Lucas la apare prima reportada es a du disiplos viajante a [[Emaus]]. Poi Jesus revela se a la des-un disiplos, en Ieruxalim o en Galilea. En Lucas 24:36-43, el come e mostra a los sua feris tocable per demostra ce el no es un spirito. El mostra ance los a Tomas per fini sua dutas, en Joan 20:24-29. En la Sinoticas, Jesus comanda la disiplos a sperde la mesaje de la evanjelio a tota nasiones,{{sfn|Harris|1985|pp=272–285}}{{sfn|Harris|1985|pp=297–301}} en cuando en Joan 21, el dise a Petro a cura sua oveas.{{sfn|Evans|2003|pp=521–530}}{{sfn|Cox|Easley|2007|pp=216–226}} Lucas 24:50-53, Atas 1:1-11, e 1 Timoteo 3:16 nota o descrive la asende de Jesus a Sielo. En la Atas de la Apostoles, 40 dias pos la Revive, cuando la disiplos regarda, "un potia ia leva el a supra, e un nube ia prende el a estra lor vide". 1 Petro 3:22 declara ce Jesus ia "entra a sielo e es a la destra de Dio".{{sfn|Evans|2003|pp=521–530}} La Atas de la Apostoles descrive alga apares de Jesus pos sua Asende. En Atas 7:55, Stefano regarda la sielo e vide "Jesus stante a la destra de Dio" apena ante sua mori.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bruce |first=Frederick F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2lN0ibbLOHEC&pg=PA210 |title=The Acts of the Apostles |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-8028-0966-7 |page=210 |access-date=8 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008222000/https://books.google.com/books?id=2lN0ibbLOHEC&pg=PA210 |archive-date=8 October 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> Sur la via a [[Dimaxco]], la Apostol Paulo converti a cristianisme pos vide un lus abliante e oia un vose disente, "Me es Jesus, ci tu persegue." En Atas 9:10-18, Jesus comanda Ananias de Dimaxco en un revela a remedia Paulo.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Johnson |first1=Luke T. |title=The Acts of the Apostles |last2=Harrington |first2=Daniel J. |publisher=Liturgical Press |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-8146-5807-9 |pages=164–167}}</ref> La [[Libro de Revela]] inclui un revela de Jesus consernante la dias final de Tera.<ref>{{CathEncy |wstitle=Apocalypse |last=Van den Biesen |first=Christian}}</ref> == Cristianisme temprana == [[File:Good shepherd 02b close slightly improved.jpg|thumb|Depinta de Jesus de la sentenio 3 de Jesus como la [[Bon Pastor]]]] Pos la vive de Jesus, sua seguores, como descriveda en la capitoles prima de la [[Atas de la Apostoles]], ia es tota iudis par nase o par converti, per cual la testo usa la terma biblial "[[proselite]]", e istoristes refere a los como cristianes iudi. La mesaje temprana de la Evanjelio ia es sperdeda par parla, probable en arami,{{sfn|Ehrman|2012|pp=87–90}} ma cuasi direta ance en elinica.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jaeger |first1=Werner |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kYfAUnFMhPMC&pg=PA108 |title=Early Christianity and Greek Paideia |date=1961 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-22052-2 |pages=6, 108–109 |access-date=26 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217042345/https://books.google.com/books?id=kYfAUnFMhPMC&pg=PA108 |archive-date=17 December 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> La Atas de la Apostoles e la [[Epistola a la Galatianes]] en la [[Atesta Nova]] rejistra ce la comunia cristian prima ia es sentrida en Ieruxalim e sua xefes ia inclui Petro, [[Jacobo (frate de Jesus)|Jacobo, la frate de Jesus]], e [[Joan (Apostol)| Joan la Apostol]]. Pos sua converti, Paulo la Apostol ia sperde la instruis de Jesus a comunias noniudi diversa tra la rejion este de la Mediteraneo. On dise ce la influe de Paulo sur la pensa cristian es plu sinifiosa ca lo de cualce otra autor de la Atesta Nova.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church |date=2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-280290-3 |editor1-last=Cross |editor1-first=F. L. |edition=3rd rev. |chapter=Paul}}</ref> A la fini de la sentenio prima, cristianisme ia comensa es interna e esterna reconoseda como un relijio separada de iudisme cual mesma ia es refinada e ia developa plu en la sentenios pos la destrui de la Templo Du.<ref>{{cite book |last=Cohen |first=Shaye J. D. |title=From the Maccabees to the Mishnah |publisher=Westminster John Knox Press |publication-place=Philadelphia |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-664-25017-1 |pages=224–225}}</ref> Sitas cuantiosa en la Atesta Nova e otra scrivedas cristian de la sentenios prima indica ce cristianes temprana ia usa e amira jeneral la Biblia ivri (la [[Tanakh]]) como un testo relijiosa, xef en la traduis elinica ([[Septuajinta]]) o arami ([[Targum]]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fee |first1=Gordon |author-link1=Gordon Fee |last2=Stuart |first2=Douglas |author-link2=Douglas Stuart (biblical scholar) |title=How to Read the Bible for All Its Worth: Fourth Edition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sGBtAgAAQBAJ |year=2014 |publisher=Zondervan |isbn=978-0-310-51783-2 |access-date=1 May 2018 |archive-date=26 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626225710/https://books.google.com/books?id=sGBtAgAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> Cristianes temprana ia scrive multe obras relijiosa, incluinte los incluida en la canon de la Atesta Nova. Autores ia scrive probable la testos canonal, cual ia deveni la fontes xef usada par istoristes per atenta comprende la Jesus istorial e testos santa en cristianisme, entre 50 e 120 ec.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ehrman |first=Bart D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xpoNAQAAMAAJ |title=The New Testament: A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-19-508481-8 |page=8 |quote=The New Testament contains twenty-seven books, written in Greek, by fifteen or sixteen different authors, who were addressing other Christian individuals or communities between the years 50 and 120 C.E. (see box 1.4). As we will see, it is difficult to know whether any of these books were written by Jesus' own disciples. |access-date=1 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416082406/https://books.google.com/books?id=xpoNAQAAMAAJ |archive-date=16 April 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> == Vistas istorial == Ante la [[Lumina]], eruditas ia regarda usual la Evanjelios como naras istorial esata, ma de alora eruditas ia emerje ci duta la fidablia de la Evanjelios e distingui entre la Jesus descriveda en la Evanjelios e la Jesus de istoria.{{sfn|Levine|2006|p=5}} De la sentenio 18, tre xercas erudita separada per la Jesus istorial ia aveni, cada con cualias distinguinte e fundida sur criterios de rexerca diferente, cual eruditas ia developa comun en la xerca cual ia aplica los.{{sfn|Witherington|1997|p=113}}{{sfn|Powell|1998|pp=19–23}} An si un acorda vasta erudita esiste sur la esiste de Jesus,{{efn|name=exist}} e un acorda fundal sur la contorno jeneral de sua vive,{{efn|[[Amy-Jill Levine]] writes: "There is a consensus of sorts on a basic outline of Jesus' life. Most scholars agree that Jesus was baptized by John, debated with fellow Jews on how best to live according to God's will, engaged in healings and exorcisms, taught in parables, gathered male and female followers in Galilee, went to Jerusalem, and was crucified by Roman soldiers during the governorship of Pontius Pilate."<ref>{{harvnb|Levine|2006|p=4}}</ref>}} la portraes de Jesus construida par eruditas diversa difere comun de lunlotra, e de la imaje portraeda en la naras de evanjelio.{{sfn|Theissen|Winter|2002|p=5}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Charlesworth |first1=James H. |last2=Pokorny |first2=Petr |title=Jesus Research |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans |place=Grand Rapids, Michigan |date=15 September 2009 |isbn=978-0-8028-6353-9 |pages=1–2}}</ref> Prosimis a la reconstrui istorial de la vive de Jesus ia varia de la prosimis "masimaliste" de la sentenio 19, en cual eruditas ia aseta la naras de evanjelio como atestas fidable a cada loca posible, a la prosimis "minimaliste" de la temprana de la sentenio 20, do los ia aseta cuasi no cosa sur Jesus como istorial.{{sfn|Keener|2012|p=163}} En la desenio de 1950, cuando la xerca du per la Jesus istorial ia aselera, la prosimis minimaliste ia desapare, e en la sentenio 21, minimalistes como [[Robert M. Price|Price]] es un minoria peti.{{sfn|Chilton|Evans|1998|p=27}}{{sfn|Evans|2012a|pp=4–5}} An si on no pote suporta istorial un crede en la natur nonerante de la Evanjelios, multe eruditas de la desenio de 1980 manteni ce, ultra la poca fatos regardada como istorial serta, alga otra elementos de la vive de Jesus es "istorial probable".{{sfn|Chilton|Evans|1998|p=27}}<ref>{{cite book |title=Jesus in Contemporary Scholarship |first=Marcus J. |last=Borg |year=1994 |isbn=978-1-56338-094-5 |publisher=Continuum |pages=[https://archive.org/details/jesusincontempor00borg/page/4 4–6] |url=https://archive.org/details/jesusincontempor00borg/page/4}}</ref>{{sfn|Theissen|Winter|2002|pp=142–143}} Rexerca erudita moderna sur la Jesus istorial foca donce a la identifia de la elementos la plu probable.{{sfn|Anderson|Just|Thatcher|2007|p=131}}{{sfn|Meier|2006|p=124}} === Iudea e Galilea en la sentenio prima === [[File:The Ministry of Jesus.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Iudea]], [[Galilea]] es sua visineria a la tempo de Jesus|alt=Mapa topografica de Filastin en la sentenio 1 cual asentua la locas mensionada en la evanjelios canonal.]] En 6 ec, Iudea, [[Idumea]], e [[Samaria]] ia es mutada de un stato-cliente de la [[Impero Roman]] a un provinse imperal, ance nomida Iudea. Un [[prefeto]] roman, no un renor-cliente, ia governa la tera. La prefeto ia governa de [[Cesarea Maritimal]], lasante ce la Prete Xef de Israel gida Ieruxalim.<ref name="horsley">{{Cite book |publisher=University of South Carolina Press |isbn=978-1-61117-293-5 |last=Horsley |first=Richard A. |title=Jesus and the politics of Roman Palestine |location=Columbia, SC |date=2014 |pages=26–53}}</ref> Con la eseta ce la prefeto ia veni a Ieruxalim en festas relijiosa, cuando zelo relijiosa e patriota ia inspira a veses turba o revoltas. [[Galilea]] con [[Perea]] ia es un stato-cliente herodian su la rena de [[Herodes Antipas]] de 4 aec.<ref name="horsley" /> Evidente Galilea ia es florinte, e povria ia es sufisinte limitada ce lo no ia menasa la ordina sosial.<ref name="Britannica" /> Filipo (m 34 ec), duifrate de Herodes Antipas, ia rena como Tetrarca an un otra stato-cliente herodian a norde e este de la mar de Galilea cual ia inclui Gaulanitis, Batanea, e Iturea; lo ia es xef noniudi.<ref>{{Cite book |edition=2 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-05438-6 |volume=10 |pages=737–781 |editor-first1=Alan K. |editor-last1=Bowman |editor-first2=Edward |editor-last2=Champlin |editor-first3=Andrew |editor-last3=Lintott |last=Goodman |first=Martin |title=The Cambridge Ancient History |chapter=Judaea |access-date=16 December 2024 |year=1996 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/CBO9781139054386A034/type/book_part}}</ref> A sude de esta a la riva este de la Urdun ia es la Decapoli; un colie de site-statos eliniste cual ia es clientes de la Impero Roman. A norde de Galilea ia es la sites de Tiro e Sidon cual ia es en la provinse roman de Suria. An si teras noniudi ia ensirca la teritorios xef iudi de Iudea e Galilea, lege e pratica roman ia permete ce iudis resta separada legal e cultural.<ref name="Britannica" /> Esta ia es la eda de [[Iudisme eliniste]], cual ia combina la tradision relijiosa iudi con elementos de la cultur eliniste. Asta la cade de la Impero Roman Ueste e la concistas muslim de la Mediteraneo Este, la sentros xef de Iudisme eliniste ia es [[Alexandria]] (Ejipte) e [[Antiocia]] (aora Turcia Sude), la du colonias elinica xef de la area de Asia Sude-Ueste e Africa Norde, ambos fundida a la fini de la sentenio 4 aec pos la concistas de [[Alexandro la Grande]]. Iudisme eliniste ia esiste ance en Ieruxalim en la Periodo de la Templo Du, do conflita ia aveni entre elinistes e tradisionalistes (a veses nomida iudistes). Traduores ia tradui la Biblia ivri de Ivri Biblial e Arami Biblial a la Elinica Iudi Coine; traduores ia crea ance la traduis Targum a arami en esta eda, ambos par causa de la declina de sabe de ivri.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Barr |first1=James |title=The Cambridge history of Judaism. Volume 2: The Hellenistic Age |date=1989 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-05512-3 |editor1-last=Davies |editor1-first=W. D. |pages=79–114 |chapter=Chapter 3 – Hebrew, Aramaic and Greek in the Hellenistic age |editor2-last=Finkelstein |editor2-first=Louis}}</ref> Iudis ia fundi lor fe e pratica relijiosa sur la [[Tora]], sinco libros de cual los ia dise ce Dio ia dona los a [[Moxe]]. La tre partitos relijiosa importante ia es la [[fariseos]], la [[esenios]], e la [[saduseos]]. En junta esta partitos ia representa sola un frato peti de la popla. La plu de iudis ia espeta un tempo cuando Dio ta libri los de lor renores pagan, cisa par gera contra la romanes.<ref name="Britannica" /> === Fontes === [[File:Flavius Josephus 1582 by Froben.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Un edita de 1582 de la obras de [[Josefo]], un iudi roman e istoriste ci ia refere a Jesus{{sfn|Blomberg|2009|pp=431–436}}]] Eruditas de la Atesta Nova fasa un defia enorme cuando los analise la Evanjelios canonal.{{sfn|Harris|1985|p=263}} La Evanjelios no es biografias en la sensa moderna, e la autores esplica la sinifia teolojial de Jesus e raconta sua servi publica ma omete multe detalias de sua vive.{{sfn|Harris|1985|p=263}} James Dunn ia argumenta ce transmete bocal ia conserva a prima la naras de sua instruis e vive, cual ia es la fonte de la Evanjelios scriveda.<ref name="Dunn2013" /> Eruditas regarda comun la Evanjelios como leteratur cual fundi se sur tradisiones bocal, predica cristian, e esejese de la Atesta Vea con la acorda ce los es un varia de biografia elinica-roman; simil a otra obras antica como la Memorias de Socrate par Xenofonte.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Gray |editor1-first=Patrick |title=The Cambridge Companion to the New Testament |date=2021 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781108437707 |pages=98-99}}</ref> La reportas de avenis supranatural asosiada con la mori e revive de Jesus fa ce la defia es an plu difisil.{{sfn|Harris|1985|p=263}} Eruditas regarda la Evanjelios como fontes de informa suminada car la scrivores ia es atentante glori Jesus.{{sfn|Sanders|1993|p=3}} Ed Sanders argumenta ce fontes testal survivente furni detalias plu fidable per la pensas de Jesus ca per la pensas de [[Alexandro la Grande]], car la testos discutente Jesus ia es scriveda plu prosima en tempo a la avenis a cual los refere. Obras de biografistes scriveda sur Alexandro la Grande en sua propre vive (ci ia vive 330 anios plu temprana) ia es tota perdeda, ma on conose los tra referes en biografias scriveda par autores plu tarda. An si la testos sur Jesus conteni ideas de e Jesus e sua seguores plu tarda, lo es posible distingui cual partes orijina de la vista propre de Jesus, e cual ia es ideas de sua seguores plu tarda.{{sfn|Sanders|1993|p=3}} Eruditas usa criterios diversa, como la criterio de atesta nondependente, la criterio de coere, e la criterio de noncontinua per judi la veria istorial de avenis.{{sfn|Rausch|2003|pp=36–37}} La veria istorial de un aveni depende ance de la fidablia de la fonte; serta, la Evanjelios es rejistras no nondependente e no coerente de la vive de Jesus. Eruditas regarda la Sinoticas, spesial Marco, la evanjelio scriveda la plu temprana, como la fontes de informa la plu fidable sur Jesus tra multe desenios.{{sfn|Sanders|1993|p=71}}{{sfn|Theissen|Merz|1998|pp=17–62}}<ref name="Britannica" /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Anderson |first1=Paul N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ryybidJYMAQC&pg=PA291 |title=John, Jesus, and History |last2=Just |first2=Felix |last3=Thatcher |first3=Tom |publisher=Society of Biblical Literature |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-58983-293-0 |volume=2 |page=291 |access-date=14 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910170334/https://books.google.com/books?id=ryybidJYMAQC&pg=PA291 |archive-date=10 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> Joan, la evanjelio scriveda la plu tarda, difere multe de la Evanjelios Sinotica, e on regarda lo como min fidable, an si alga eruditas regarda la evanjelio de Joan como avente plu fidablia ca los ia pensa a ante o a veses an plu fidable ca la sinoticas pos la xerca tre.{{sfn|Anderson|Just|Thatcher|2007|p=292}}<ref name="rout">{{cite book |title=The Routledge Encyclopedia of the Historical Jesus |date=2008 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780415880886 |page=283 |chapter=Historical Criticism}}</ref><ref name="john JH">{{cite book |title=The Jesus Handbook |date=2022 |publisher=William. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company |isbn=9780802876928 |pages=138–140}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Blomberg |first1=Craig |title=The Historical Reliability of John's Gospel: Issues and Commentary |date=2011 |publisher=IVP Academic |isbn=978-0830838714}}</ref> Alga eruditas (como la [[Seminar de Jesus]]) crede ce la [[Evanjelio de Tomas]] noncanonal ta pote es un atestor nondependente per multe de la parabolas e aforismes de Jesus. Per esemplo, Tomas confirma ce Jesus ia bondise la povres e ce esta diseda ia sirculi nondependente ante es combinada con disedas simil en la fonte Q.{{sfn|Funk|Hoover|The Jesus Seminar|1993|pp=471–532}} La majoria de eruditas es setica sur esta testo e crede ce on debe dati lo a la sentenio 2 ec.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Casey |first=Maurice |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lXK0auknD0YC |title=Jesus of Nazareth: An Independent Historian's Account of His Life and Teaching |date=30 December 2010 |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=978-0-567-64517-3 |access-date=18 May 2021 |archive-date=9 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309232056/https://books.google.com/books?id=lXK0auknD0YC |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ehrman |first=Bart D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xpoNAQAAMAAJ |title=The New Testament: A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings |date=1997 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-508481-8 |access-date=1 May 2018 |archive-date=9 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309231638/https://books.google.com/books?id=xpoNAQAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> Otra testos cristian noncanonal elejeda pote ance ave valua per rexerca sur la Jesus istorial.{{sfn|Theissen|Merz|1998|pp=17–62}} Fontes noncristian temprana cual atesta la esiste istorial de Jesus inclui la obras de la istoristes [[Josefo]] e [[Tasito]].{{efn|Tuckett writes: "All this does at least render highly implausible any far-fetched theories that even Jesus' very existence was a Christian invention. The fact that Jesus existed, that he was crucified under Pontius Pilate (for whatever reason) and that he had a band of followers who continued to support his cause, seems to be part of the bedrock of historical tradition. If nothing else, the non-Christian evidence can provide us with certainty on that score."<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |editor-last=Bockmuehl |editor-first=Markus N. A. |title=Sources and methods |first=Christopher |last=Tuckett |year=2001 |encyclopedia=Cambridge Companion to Jesus |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-79678-1 |pages=123–124}}</ref>}}{{sfn|Blomberg|2009|pp=431–436}}{{sfn|Van Voorst|2000|pp=39–53}} La erudita sur Josefo, [[Louis Feldman]], ia declara ce "poca persones ia duta la autenticia" de la refere de Josefo a Jesus en libro 20 de la Anticias de la Iudis, e sola un cuantia peti de eruditas disputa lo.{{sfn|Van Voorst|2000|p=83}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Maier |first=Paul L. |year=1995 |title=Josephus, the essential works: a condensation of Jewish antiquities and The Jewish war |isbn=978-0-8254-3260-6 |page=285 |publisher=Kregel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c2Tu1Yp3n0EC&pg=PA285 |access-date=14 August 2015 |archive-date=7 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907111405/https://books.google.com/books?id=c2Tu1Yp3n0EC&pg=PA285 |url-status=live}}</ref> Tasito ia refere a Cristo e sua esecuta par Pilato en libro 15 de sua obra Anales. Eruditas regarda jeneral la refere de Tasito a la esecuta de Jesus como e autentica e de valua istorial como un fonte roman nondependente.<ref>{{cite book |title=Jesus and His Contemporaries: Comparative Studies |first=Craig A. |last=Evans |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-391-04118-9 |page=42 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DRcQ2bkLxc8C&pg=PA42 |publisher=Brill |access-date=14 August 2015 |archive-date=10 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910175221/https://books.google.com/books?id=DRcQ2bkLxc8C&pg=PA42 |url-status=live}}</ref> Fontes noncristian es valuosa car los mostra ce an partitos neutra o enemin ia mostra nunca cualce duta ce Jesus ia esiste. Los presenta un imaje ru de Jesus cual es acordable con trovadas en la fontes cristian: ce Jesus ia es un ensenior, ia ave un reputa como faor de miracles, ia ave un frate Jacobo, e ia mori violente.{{sfn|Theissen|Merz|1998}} Arceolojia aida eruditas a comprende plu bon la mundo sosial de Jesus.{{sfn|Reed|2002|p=18}} Per esemplo, lo indica ce Capernaum, un site importante en la servi de Jesus, ia es povre e peti, an sin un foro o un agora.<ref name="Gowler">{{cite book |title=What are they saying about the historical Jesus? |first=David B. |last=Gowler |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-8091-4445-7 |publisher=Paulist Press |page=102}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Agoras and commercial structures |encyclopedia=Jesus and archaeology |editor-first=James H. |editor-last=Charlesworth |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-8028-4880-2 |page=127 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QoIS7VApH6cC&pg=PA127 |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans |access-date=14 August 2015 |archive-date=7 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907182047/https://books.google.com/books?id=QoIS7VApH6cC&pg=PA127 |url-status=live}}</ref> Esta descovre arceolojial resona bon con la vista erudita ce Jesus ia promove la comparti mutua entre la povres en acel area de Galilea.<ref name="Gowler" /> === Cronolojia === Jesus ia es un iudi galilean,{{sfn|Vermes|1981|pp=20, 26, 27, 29}} naseda sirca la comensa de la sentenio prima, ci ia mori en 30 o 33 ec en Iudea.{{sfn|Humphreys|Waddington|1992|p=340}} La acorda jeneral erudita es ce Jesus ia es un contempora de Joan la Batistor e ce la governor roman Pontio Pilato,{{sfn|Levine|2006|p=4}} ci ia ocupa ofisia de 26 a 36 ec, ia comanda ce on crusi el.{{sfn|Levine|2006|p=4}} La Evanjelios ofre alga indicas consernante la anio de la nase de Jesus. Mateo 2:1 asosia la nase de Jesus con la rena de Herodes la Grande, ci ia mori sirca 4 aec, e Lucas 1:5 nota ce Herodes ia es sur la trono pico ante la nase de Jesus,{{sfn|Maier|1989|pp=115–118}}{{sfn|Niswonger|1992|pp=121–122}} an si esta evanjelio asosia ance la nase con la Conta de Quirinius cual ia aveni a des anios plu tarda.{{sfn|Köstenberger|Kellum|Quarles|2009|pp=137–138}}{{sfn|Niswonger|1992|pp=122–124}} Lucas 3:23 declara ce Jesus ia ave "sirca tredes anios" a la comensa de sua servi, cual longo Atas 10:37-38 la servi de Joan la Batistor ia presede, cual Lucas 3:1-2 ia rejistra como comensante en la anio 15 de la rena de Tiberio (28 o 29 ec).{{sfn|Niswonger|1992|pp=121–122}}<ref name="Vermes-2010">{{cite book |first=Géza |last=Vermes |title=The Nativity: History and Legend |publisher=Random House Digital |year=2010 |pages=81–82 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9EiEU_Yz_kC&pg=PA81 |isbn=978-0-307-49918-9 |access-date=25 January 2016 |archive-date=3 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503100006/https://books.google.com/books?id=a9EiEU_Yz_kC&pg=PA81 |url-status=live}}</ref> Par ordina la naras de evanjelio longo datos istorial e usante otra metodos diversa, la plu de eruditas conclui un data de nase per Jesus entre 6 e 4 aec, ma alga persones proposa estimas cual inclui un estende plu larga.{{efn|Per esemplo, John P. Meier declara ce la anio de nase de Jesus es sirca 7/6 aec,{{sfn|Meier|1991|p=407}} ma Finegan prefere sirca 3/2 aec.<ref name=Finegan />}} Eruditas ia calcula la estende de datas per la servi de Jesus usante prosimis diversa.{{sfn|Köstenberger |Kellum|Quarles|2009|p=140}}{{sfn|Freedman|2000|p=249}} Un de estas aplica la refere en Lucas 3:1-2, Atas 10:37-38, e la datas de la rena de Tiberio, cual es bon conoseda, per dona un data de sirca 28-29 ec per la comensa de la servi de Jesus.{{sfn|Maier|1989|pp=120–121}} Un otra prosimi calcula un data sirca 27-29 ec par usa la declara sur la templo en Joan 2:13-20, cual afirma ce construores ia es construinte la templo en Ieruxalim en sua anio 46 a la comensa de la servi de Jesus,<ref>{{Citation |last=Josephus |title=Book XV |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Antiquities_of_the_Jews/Book_XV |work=The Antiquities of the Jews |access-date=24 July 2023 |archive-date=24 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724214731/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Antiquities_of_the_Jews/Book_XV |url-status=live}}.</ref> con la declara de Josefo ce Herodes la Grande ia comensa reconstrui la templo en la anio 18 de sua rena.{{sfn|Köstenberger|Kellum|Quarles|2009|p=140}}{{sfn|Maier|1989|p=123}} Un otra metodo usa la data de la mori de Joan la Batistor e la sposi de Herodes Antipas e Herodias, fundida sur la scrivedas de Josefo, e corelata lo con Mateo 14:4 e Marco 6:18.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2006 |title=Josephus on John the Baptist |encyclopedia=The Historical Jesus in Context |publisher=Princeton University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wMbEyeDSQQgC&pg=PA55 |access-date=25 January 2016 |last=Evans |first=Craig |editor-last1=Levine |editor-first=Amy-Jill |pages=55–58 |isbn=978-0-691-00992-6 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503120729/https://books.google.com/books?id=wMbEyeDSQQgC&pg=PA55 |archive-date=3 May 2016 |editor-last2=Allison |editor-first3=John D. |editor-last3=Crossan |editor2-first=Dale C. |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Herodias: at home in that fox's den |first=Florence M. |last=Gillman |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-8146-5108-7 |pages=25–30 |publisher=Liturgical Press}}</ref> Vidente ce la plu de eruditas dati la sposi de Herodes e Herodias a 28-35 ec, esta furni un data de sirca 28-29 ec.{{sfn|Freedman|2000|p=249}} Eruditas ia usa prosimis diversa per estima la anio de la crusi de Jesus. La plu de eruditas acorda ce el ia mori en 30 o 33 ec.{{sfn|Humphreys|Waddington |1992|p=340}}{{sfn|Köstenberger|Kellum|Quarles |2009|p=398}} La Evanjelios declara ce la aveni ia aveni en la prefetia de Pilato.{{sfn|Theissen|Merz|1998|pp=81–83}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Green |first=Joel B. |title=The gospel of Luke: New International Commentary on the New Testament Series |year=1997 |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans |isbn=978-0-8028-2315-1 |page=168 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wzRVN2S8cVgC |access-date=8 October 2020 |archive-date=25 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425204312/https://books.google.com/books?id=wzRVN2S8cVgC |url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Carter|2003|pp=44–45}} La data per la converti de Paulo (calculada como 33-36 ec) ata como un limita masima per la data de Crusi. On pote determina la datas per la converti e servi de Paulo par analise la epistolas paulal e la Atas de la Apostoles.{{sfn|Köstenberger|Kellum|Quarles|2009|pp=398–400}}<ref>{{cite book |first=Paul |last=Barnett |title=Jesus & the Rise of Early Christianity: A History of New Testament Times |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-8308-2699-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NlFYY_iVt9cC&pg=PA21 |publisher=InterVarsity |page=21 |access-date=25 January 2016 |archive-date=3 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503144441/https://books.google.com/books?id=NlFYY_iVt9cC&pg=PA21 |url-status=live}}</ref> Astronomistes ia atenta estima la data esata de la Crusi par analise move lunal e calcula datas istorial de [[pesah]], un festa fundida sur la calendario ivri lunisolal. La datas la plu vasta asetada derivada de esta metodo es 7 april 30 ec, e 3 april 33 ec (ambos julian).<ref>{{cite journal |last=Pratt |first=J. P. |year=1991 |title=Newton's Date for the Crucifixion |url=http://www.johnpratt.com/items/docs/newton.html |url-status=live |journal=Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society |volume=32 |pages=301–304 |bibcode=1991QJRAS..32..301P |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100116085454/http://johnpratt.com/items/docs/newton.html |archive-date=16 January 2010 |access-date=17 May 2013}}</ref> == Notas == {{notelist}} {{notelist|30em}} == Referes == {{reflist|colwidth=20em}} === Fontes === {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book |first=Douglas |last=Hare |title=Matthew |publisher=Westminster John Knox Press |language=en|year=1993 |isbn=978-0-664-23433-1}} * {{cite book |first=Craig L. |last=Blomberg |author-link=Craig Blomberg |title=Jesus and the Gospels: An Introduction and Survey |year=2009 |language=en|isbn=978-0-8054-4482-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U5rIPC1UgsgC |publisher=B&H |access-date=8 October 2020 |archive-date=8 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008222031/https://books.google.com/books?id=U5rIPC1UgsgC |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |title=The People's New Testament Commentary |first1=M. Eugene |last1=Boring |first2=Fred B. |last2=Craddock |author-link2=Fred Craddock |language=en|year=2004 |isbn=978-0-664-22754-8 |publisher=Westminster John Knox Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N0tLXRIiIe0C |access-date=14 August 2015 |archive-date=4 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104165219/http://books.google.com/books?id=N0tLXRIiIe0C |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |first=Raymond E. |last=Brown |title=The Birth of the Messiah: A Commentary on the Infancy Narratives in Matthew and Luke |year=1977 |language=en|isbn=978-0-385-05907-7 |publisher=Doubleday}} * {{cite book |title=Mary in the New Testament |first=Raymond E. |last=Brown |year=1978 |isbn=978-0-8091-2168-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ML1mnUBwmhcC |publisher=Paulist Press |access-date=14 August 2015 |archive-date=17 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140917011141/http://books.google.com/books?id=ML1mnUBwmhcC |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |title=The Gospel and Epistles of John: A Concise Commentary |first=Raymond E. |last=Brown |language=en|author-link=Raymond E. Brown |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-8146-1283-5 |publisher=Liturgical Press |url=https://archive.org/details/gospelepistleso00brow}} * {{cite book |last=Brown |first=Raymond E. |title=An Introduction to the New Testament |publisher=Doubleday |language=en|year=1997 |isbn=978-0-385-24767-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontone00brow_0}} * {{cite book |last=Carter |first=Warren |author-link=Warren Carter |title=Pontius Pilate: Portraits of a Roman Governor |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-8146-5113-1 |language=en|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mvhHcXKK0UEC |publisher=Liturgical Press |access-date=8 October 2020 |archive-date=8 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008222031/https://books.google.com/books?id=mvhHcXKK0UEC |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |title=Studying the Historical Jesus: Evaluations of the State of Current Research |first1=Bruce |last1=Chilton |author-link1=Bruce Chilton |first2=Craig A. |last2=Evans |author-link2=Craig A. Evans |year=1998 |isbn=978-90-04-11142-4 |publisher=Brill |language=en|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AJM9grxOjjMC |access-date=8 October 2020 |archive-date=4 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004084608/https://books.google.com/books?id=AJM9grxOjjMC |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |last=Bowman Jr. |first=Robert M. |title=Jesus, Skepticism & The Problem of History: Criteria and Context in the Study of Christian Origins |last2=Komoszewski |first2=J. Ed |date=2019 |language=en|publisher=Zondervan |isbn=978-0-310-53476-1 |editor1-last=Komoszewski |editor1-first=J. 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A. |editor-last2=Livingstone |title=The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fUqcAQAAQBAJ |isbn=978-0-19-280290-3 |access-date=8 October 2020 |archive-date=15 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515065637/https://books.google.com/books?id=fUqcAQAAQBAJ |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |first1=John D. |last1=Crossan |author-link1=John Dominic Crossan |first2=Richard G. |language=en |last2=Watts |title=Who Is Jesus?: Answers to Your Questions About the Historical Jesus |publisher=Westminster John Knox Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-664-25842-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/whoisjesusanswer00cros}} * {{cite book |last=De Smet |first=Daniel |year=2016 |chapter=Les racines docétistes de l'imamologie shi'ite |language=fr |editor1-last=Amir-Moezzi |editor1-first=Mohammad Ali |editor2-last=De Cillis |editor2-first=Maria |editor3-last=De Smet |editor3-first=Daniel |editor4-last=Mir-Kasimov |editor4-first=Orkhan |title=L'Ésotérisme shi'ite, ses racines et ses prolongements – Shi'i Esotericism: Its Roots and Developments |series=Bibliothèque de l'Ecole des Hautes Etudes, Sciences Religieuses |volume=177 |location=Turnhout |publisher=Brepols |pages=87–112 |doi=10.1484/M.BEHE-EB.4.01163 |isbn=978-2-503-56874-4}} * {{cite book |last=Dickson |first=John |author-link=John Dickson (author) |title=Jesus: A Short Life |publisher=Kregel Publications |year=2008 |language=en|isbn=978-0-8254-7802-4}} * {{cite book |last=Dillenberger |first=John |author-link=John Dillenberger |title=Images and Relics: Theological Perceptions and Visual Images in Sixteenth-Century Europe |language=en|publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-19-976146-3}} * {{cite book |first1=John R. |last1=Donahue |first2=Daniel J. |last2=Harrington |author-link2=Daniel J. Harrington |title=The Gospel of Mark |publisher=Liturgical Press |language=en|year=2002 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xZAIsUZOwSQC |isbn=978-0-8146-5804-8 |access-date=8 October 2020 |archive-date=3 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103010742/http://books.google.com/books?id=xZAIsUZOwSQC |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |last=Doninger |first=Wendy |year=1999 |title=Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions |publisher=Merriam-Webster |language=en|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440 |isbn=978-0-87779-044-0}} * {{cite book |first=James D. G. |last=Dunn |author-link=James Dunn (theologian) |title=Jesus Remembered |language=en|year=2003 |isbn=978-0-8028-3931-2 |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G4qpnvoautgC}} * {{cite book |last1=Eddy |first1=Paul R. |last2=Boyd |first2=Gregory A. |author-link2=Greg Boyd (theologian) |year=2007 |title=The Jesus Legend: A Case for the Historical Reliability of the Synoptic Jesus tradition |language=en|publisher=Baker |isbn=978-0-8010-3114-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U26_85NmwPUC |access-date=8 October 2020 |archive-date=8 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008222033/https://books.google.com/books?id=U26_85NmwPUC |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |title=Jesus: Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium |first=Bart |last=Ehrman |author-link=Bart D. Ehrman |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-19-983943-8 |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en|url=https://archive.org/details/jesusapocalyptic00ehrm |url-access=registration}} * {{cite book |title=Jesus, Interrupted: Revealing the Hidden Contradictions in the Bible (and Why We Don't Know About Them) |last=Ehrman |first=Bart D. |year=2009 |language=en|url=https://archive.org/details/jesusinterrupted00ehrm_0/ |publisher=HarperOne |isbn=978-0-06-117393-6}} * {{cite book |last=Ehrman |first=Bart D. |title=How Jesus Became God |publisher=HarperCollins |year=2014 |language=en|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dmspAgAAQBAJ |isbn=978-0-06-225219-7}} * {{cite book |first=Bart |last=Ehrman |year=2011 |title=Forged: Writing in the Name of God – Why the Bible's Authors Are Not Who We Think They Are |isbn=978-0-06-207863-6 |language=en|url=https://archive.org/details/forged_ehrm_2011_000_10544376 |url-access=registration |publisher=HarperCollins}} * {{cite book |last=Ehrman |first=Bart D. |title=Did Jesus Exist?: The Historical Argument for Jesus of Nazareth |year=2012 |publisher=HarperOne |isbn=978-0-06-208994-6 |language=en|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hf5Rj8EtsPkC |access-date=8 October 2020 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803200020/https://books.google.com/books?id=hf5Rj8EtsPkC |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |last=Evans |first=Craig A. |author-link=Craig A. Evans |year=2003 |title=The Bible Knowledge Background Commentary: Matthew–Luke |isbn=978-0-7814-3868-1 |language=en|publisher=Victor (Cook Communications Ministries)|url=https://archive.org/details/bibleknowledgeba00crai}} * {{cite book |first=Craig A. |last=Evans |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=87x8TqW6MJQC |title=Jesus and His World: The Archaeological Evidence |year=2012a |language=en|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press |isbn=978-0-664-23413-3 |access-date=8 October 2020 |archive-date=8 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008222033/https://books.google.com/books?id=87x8TqW6MJQC |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |last=Evans |first=Craig A. |title=Matthew (New Cambridge Bible Commentary) |date=2012b |language=en|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-01106-8}} * {{cite book |last=Finegan |first=Jack |title=Handbook of Biblical Chronology |year=1998 |publisher=Hendrickson Publishers |isbn=978-1-56563-143-4 |language=en|url=https://archive.org/details/handbookbiblical00fine |url-access=limited}} * {{cite book |first=David N. |last=Freedman |author-link=David Noel Freedman |title=Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible |year=2000 |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |language=en|isbn=978-0-8028-2400-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P9sYIRXZZ2MC |access-date=8 October 2020 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803133406/https://books.google.com/books?id=P9sYIRXZZ2MC |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |last=Friedmann |first=Yohanan |year=1989 |title=Prophecy Continuous: Aspects of Ahmadi Religious Thought and Its Medieval Background |location=Berkeley |language=en|publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-05772-2}} * {{cite book |first1=Robert W. |last1=Funk |first2=Roy W. |last2=Hoover |author3=The Jesus Seminar |author-link3=Jesus Seminar |title=The Five Gospels |language=en|publisher=Scribner |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-02-541949-0}} * {{cite book |first1=Joel B. |last1=Green |first2=Scot |last2=McKnight |first3=I. Howard |last3=Marshall |author-link1=Joel B. Green |author-link2=Scot McKnight |author-link3=I. Howard Marshall |title=Dictionary of Jesus and the Gospels |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ntwNm-tOogC |language=en|publisher=InterVarsity |year=1992 |page=442 |isbn=978-0-8308-1777-1 |access-date=8 October 2020 |archive-date=8 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008222034/https://books.google.com/books?id=9ntwNm-tOogC |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |title=Systematic Theology: An Introduction to Biblical Doctrine |last=Grudem |first=Wayne |author-link=Wayne Grudem |year=1994 |publisher=Zondervan |language=en|location=Grand Rapids, Michigan |isbn=978-0-310-28670-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/systematictheolo00grud_0}} * {{cite book |first=Stephen L. |last=Harris |language=en|title=Understanding the Bible |publisher=Mayfield |year=1985}} * {{cite book |last=Houlden |first=J. Leslie |title=Jesus: The Complete Guide |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-8264-8011-8 |publisher=Continuum |language=en|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ey8mZKV_jfkC |access-date=8 October 2020 |archive-date=8 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008222034/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ey8mZKV_jfkC |url-status=live}} * {{cite journal |last1=Humphreys |first1=Colin J. |last2=Waddington |first2=W. G. |date=1992 |language=en|url=https://legacy.tyndalehouse.com/tynbul/Library/TynBull_1992_43_2_06_Humphreys_DateChristsCrucifixion.pdf |title=The Jewish Calendar, a Lunar Eclipse and the Date of Christ's Crucifixion |journal=Tyndale Bulletin |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=331–151 |doi=10.53751/001c.30487 |s2cid=189519018 |access-date=21 April 2019 |archive-date=21 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421091510/https://legacy.tyndalehouse.com/tynbul/Library/TynBull_1992_43_2_06_Humphreys_DateChristsCrucifixion.pdf |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |last=Keener |first=Craig S. |title=The Gospel of Matthew: A Socio-Rhetorical Commentary |language=en|date=2009b |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans |isbn=978-0-8028-6498-7}} * {{cite book |last=Keener |first=Craig S. |title=The Historical Jesus of the Gospels |date=2009 |language=en|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans}} * {{cite book |last=Keener |first=Craig S. |title=The Historical Jesus of the Gospels |year=2012 |language=en|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans |isbn=978-0-8028-6292-1}} * {{cite book |first1=Andreas J. |last1=Köstenberger |first2=L. Scott |last2=Kellum |first3=Charles L. |last3=Quarles |title=The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament |language=en|year=2009 |isbn=978-0-8054-4365-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g-MG9sFLAz0C |publisher=B&H |access-date=8 October 2020 |archive-date=27 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727131059/https://books.google.com/books?id=g-MG9sFLAz0C |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |last=Lawson |first=Todd |year=2009 |title=The Crucifixion and the Qur'an: A Study in the History of Muslim Thought |language=en|location=Oxford |publisher=Oneworld |isbn=978-1-85168-635-3}} * {{cite book |title=Transfiguration |first=Dorothy A. |last=Lee |author-link=Dorothy Lee (theologian) |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-8264-7595-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cYWwEefwCegC |publisher=Continuum |language=en|access-date=8 October 2020 |archive-date=8 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008222034/https://books.google.com/books?id=cYWwEefwCegC |url-status=live}} * {{cite encyclopedia |title=Introduction |first=Amy-Jill |last=Levine |author-link=Amy-Jill Levine |encyclopedia=The Historical Jesus in Context |editor-last1=Levine |editor-last2=Allison |editor-first3=John D. |editor-last3=Crossan |language=en|publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-00992-6 |year=2006 |editor1-first=Amy-Jill |editor2-first=Dale C. |editor2-link=Dale Allison |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HIp_0N3uPPcC |access-date=8 October 2020 |archive-date=10 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410102712/http://books.google.com/books?id=HIp_0N3uPPcC |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |title=The Misunderstood Jew: The Church and the Scandal of the Jewish Jesus |first=Amy-Jill |last=Levine |author-link=Amy-Jill Levine |year=2007 |language=en|isbn=978-0-06-174811-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/TheMisunderstoodJewTheChurchAndTheScandalOfTheJewishJesus |publisher=HarperCollins}} * {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rv8xNoRBtxMC |title=The Resurrection of Jesus: A New Historiographical Approach |publisher=InterVarsity |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-8308-2719-0 |first=Michael R. |last=Licona |language=en|access-date=29 July 2015 |archive-date=18 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218101307/https://books.google.com/books?id=rv8xNoRBtxMC |url-status=live}} * {{cite encyclopedia |first=Paul L. |last=Maier |author-link=Paul L. Maier |title=The Date of the Nativity and Chronology of Jesus |encyclopedia=''Chronos'', ''Kairos'', ''Christos'': Nativity and Chronological Studies |editor-last1=Finegan |editor-first2=Jerry |editor-last2=Vardaman |editor-first3=Edwin M. |editor-last3=Yamauchi |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-931464-50-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UCBBY_O88uYC&pg=PA113 |publisher=Eisenbrauns |editor-first=Jack |editor1-link=Jack Finegan |editor3-link=Edwin M. Yamauchi |language=en|access-date=14 August 2015 |archive-date=7 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907110057/https://books.google.com/books?id=UCBBY_O88uYC&pg=PA113 |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |title=The Synoptics: Matthew, Mark, Luke |first1=Ján |last1=Majerník |first2=Joseph |last2=Ponessa |first3=Laurie W. |last3=Manhardt |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-931018-31-9 |language=en|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cqP5xHXGYPQC |publisher=Emmaus Road |access-date=8 October 2020 |archive-date=19 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819025434/https://books.google.com/books?id=cqP5xHXGYPQC |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v26doW8jIyYC&pg=PA4 |title=Christianity: An Introduction |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |last=McGrath |first=Alister E. |author-link=Alister McGrath |year=2006 |language=en|pages=4–6 |isbn=978-1-4051-0899-7 |access-date=14 August 2015 |archive-date=10 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910073956/https://books.google.com/books?id=v26doW8jIyYC&pg=PA4 |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |last=Meier |first=John P. |author-link=John P. Meier |title=A Marginal Jew: The Roots of the Problem and the Person |year=1991 |publisher=Yale University Press |language=en|isbn=978-0-300-14018-7}} * {{cite encyclopedia |last=Meier |first=John P. |title=How do we decide what comes from Jesus |encyclopedia=The Historical Jesus in Recent Research |editor-last1=Dunn |editor-last2=McKnight |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-57506-100-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=37uJRUF6btAC |editor1-first=James D. G. |publisher=Eisenbrauns |editor2-first=Scot |access-date=14 August 2015 |archive-date=8 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008222035/https://books.google.com/books?id=37uJRUF6btAC |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |last1=Melton |first1=J. Gordon |year=2010 |chapter=Ahmad, Mirza Ghulam Hazrat |editor1-last=Melton |editor1-first=J. Gordon |editor2-last=Baumann |editor2-first=Martin |title=Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices |language=en|volume=1 |pages=54–56 |edition=2nd |isbn=978-1-59884-203-6 |location=Santa Barbara |publisher=ABC-CLIO |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v2yiyLLOj88C&pg=PA55 |access-date=14 August 2015 |archive-date=21 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021175959/https://books.google.com/books?id=v2yiyLLOj88C&pg=PA55 |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |last1=Mills |first1=Watson E. |last2=Bullard |first2=Roger A. |year=1998 |title=Mercer Dictionary of the Bible |publisher=Mercer University Press |isbn=978-0-86554-373-7 |language=en|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=goq0VWw9rGIC |access-date=14 August 2015 |archive-date=18 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018095243/https://books.google.com/books?id=goq0VWw9rGIC |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |last=Morris |first=Leon |author-link=Leon Morris |year=1992 |title=The Gospel According to Matthew |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans |isbn=978-0-85111-338-8 |language=en|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-pwaSKcHyEEC |access-date=8 October 2020 |archive-date=2 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802002134/https://books.google.com/books?id=-pwaSKcHyEEC |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |last=Niswonger |first=Richard L. |title=New Testament History |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-310-31201-7 |language=en|publisher=Zondervan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uyAXaNnz9sUC}} * {{cite book |last=Pannenberg |first=Wolfhart |author-link=Wolfhart Pannenberg |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zWfvlpURwiIC |title=Jesus: God and Man |year=1968 |isbn=978-0-334-00783-8 |language=en|publisher=S. C. M. Press |access-date=8 October 2020 |archive-date=8 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008222035/https://books.google.com/books?id=zWfvlpURwiIC |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |last=Powell |first=Mark A. |author-link=Mark Allan Powell |title=Jesus as a Figure in History: How Modern Historians View the Man from Galilee |year=1998 |language=en|isbn=978-0-664-25703-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/jesusasfigureinh0000powe |url-access=registration |publisher=Westminster John Knox Press}} * {{cite book |last=Rahner |first=Karl |author-link=Karl Rahner |title=Encyclopedia of Theology: A Concise ''Sacramentum Mundi'' |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-86012-006-3 |publisher=Continuum |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WtnR-6_PlJAC |language=en|access-date=8 October 2020 |archive-date=27 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727115653/https://books.google.com/books?id=WtnR-6_PlJAC |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |title=Who Is Jesus? An Introduction to Christology |first=Thomas P. |last=Rausch |author-link=Thomas Rausch |language=en|year=2003 |publisher=Liturgical Press |isbn=978-0-8146-5078-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8OJCa6euw5gC |access-date=8 October 2020 |archive-date=8 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008222036/https://books.google.com/books?id=8OJCa6euw5gC |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |last=Redford |first=Douglas |title=The Life and Ministry of Jesus: The Gospels |year=2007 |language=en|isbn=978-0-7847-1900-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dDMQz5BVFbEC |publisher=Standard Publishing |access-date=8 October 2020 |archive-date=8 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008222036/https://books.google.com/books?id=dDMQz5BVFbEC |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |title=Archaeology and the Galilean Jesus: A Re-examination of the Evidence |first=Jonathan L. |last=Reed |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-56338-394-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xrav1ge-A_sC |language=en|publisher=Continuum |access-date=8 October 2020 |archive-date=4 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504050031/https://books.google.com/books?id=Xrav1ge-A_sC |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |last=Robinson |first=Neal |year=1991 |title=Christ in Islam and Christianity |location=Albany |language=en|publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-7914-0559-8}} * {{cite encyclopedia |last=Robinson |first=Neal |year=2005 |title=Jesus |editor1-last=McAuliffe |editor1-first=Jane Dammen |language=en|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān |publisher=Brill |doi=10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQCOM_00099}} * {{cite book |last=Sanders |first=E.&nbsp;P. |author-link=E. P. Sanders |title=The Historical Figure of Jesus |language=en|publisher=Allen Lane Penguin Press |year=1993 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lkbTL36ZgPIC |isbn=978-0-14-192822-7 |access-date=8 October 2020 |archive-date=18 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418040039/https://books.google.com/books?id=lkbTL36ZgPIC |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |last1=Theissen |first1=Gerd |author-link1=Gerd Theissen |last2=Merz |first2=Annette |author-link2=Annette Merz |year=1998 |title=The Historical Jesus: A Comprehensive Guide |isbn=978-1-4514-0863-8 |language=en|publisher=Fortress Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ZU97DQMH6UC |access-date=8 October 2020 |archive-date=5 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805091805/https://books.google.com/books?id=3ZU97DQMH6UC |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |title=The Quest for the Plausible Jesus: The Question of Criteria |first1=Gerd |last1=Theissen |first2=Dagmar |last2=Winter |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-664-22537-7 |publisher=Westminster John Knox Press |language=en|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qB5ulgKx4OUC |access-date=8 October 2020 |archive-date=8 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008222036/https://books.google.com/books?id=qB5ulgKx4OUC |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |first=Graham H. |last=Twelftree |author-link=Graham Twelftree |title=Jesus the Miracle Worker: A Historical & Theological Study |isbn=978-0-8308-1596-8 |language=en|url=https://archive.org/details/jesusmiraclework00grah/page/95 |year=1999 |publisher=InterVarsity |page=[https://archive.org/details/jesusmiraclework00grah/page/95 95]}} * {{cite book |last=Van Voorst |first=Robert E. |year=2000 |title=Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans |isbn=978-0-8028-4368-5 |language=en|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lwzliMSRGGkC |access-date=8 October 2020 |archive-date=19 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819143206/https://books.google.com/books?id=lwzliMSRGGkC |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |title=Expository Dictionary of New Testament Words |last=Vine |first=William E. |author-link=William Edwy Vine |orig-year=1940 |language=en|year=1985|publisher=Fleming H. Revell |isbn=978-0-916441-31-9|ref={{SfnRef|Vine|1940}} }} * {{cite book |title=Jesus the Jew: A Historian's Reading of the Gospels |last=Vermes |first=Geza |author-link1=Geza Vermes |year=1981 |publisher=First Fortress |location=Philadelphia |isbn=978-0-8006-1443-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RvSEK2HALnwC |access-date=8 October 2020 |archive-date=8 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008222037/https://books.google.com/books?id=RvSEK2HALnwC |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |title=The Bible Knowledge Commentary: New Testament |first1=John F. |last1=Walvoord |author-link1=John Walvoord |first2=Roy B. |last2=Zuck |year=1983 |language=en|isbn=978-0-88207-812-0 |publisher=David C. Cook |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DP4UiA4gQNMC |access-date=8 October 2020 |archive-date=8 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008222037/https://books.google.com/books?id=DP4UiA4gQNMC |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |title=The Jesus Quest: The Third Search for the Jew of Nazareth |first=Ben |last=Witherington |author-link=Ben Witherington III |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-8308-1544-9 |publisher=InterVarsity |language=en|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IE_T3Xh2fyUC |access-date=8 October 2020 |archive-date=8 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008222039/https://books.google.com/books?id=IE_T3Xh2fyUC |url-status=live}} {{refend}} [[Categoria:Jesus Cristo]] [[Categoria:Cristianisme]] daws88l7o5wh6ua437jsyyiq3fw46m9 0 1730 43347 36906 2026-07-21T08:44:20Z CommonsDelinker 47 Replacing Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg with [[File:Flag_of_Cape_Verde_(10-17).svg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR3|Criterion 3]] (obvious error) · Government standardized ratio is 2:3. For fu 43347 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infocaxa pais |nom = Republica de Capo Verde<br>''República de Cabo Verde'' |bandera = Flag of Cape Verde (10-17).svg |scermo = Coat of arms of Cape Verde.svg |mapa = [[Image:LocationCapeVerde.png]] |capital = [[Praia|Praia]] |lingua ofisial = [[Portuges (lingua)|Portuges]] e [[capoverdean]] |governa = Republica semipresidental unida |xef de stato = Carlos Veiga |xef de governa = Ulisses Correia e Silva |area = 4,033 |popla = 525,000 (2015) |densia = 123.7/km² |PIB = 3.649 bilion (2016) |mone = Escudo de Capo Verde |zona de ora = CVT (UTC-1) |interede = .cv |numero de telefon = +238 |loca = [[File:Topographic map of Cape Verde-en.svg|197px]] }} '''Capo Verde''' (en [[Portuges (lingua)|portuges]]: ''Cabo Verde'', pronunsiada [[Alfabeta Fonetical Internasional|[ˈkabu ˈveɾdɨ]]]), nomida ofisial la '''Republica de Capo Verde''', es un pais cual es composada de un arcipelago de des isolas volcanal en la sentro de la [[Mar Atlantica|Mar Atlantica]]. Lo inclui du grupos de isolas: [[Barlavento|Barlavento]] e [[Sotavento|Sotavento]]. Locada 570 cilometres a la ueste de la Penisola Capo Verde en [[Africa ueste|Africa ueste]], la isolas covre un area combinada de sirca 4 033 cilometres cuadrida. La cuantia de abitores, en la anio 2007, ia es sirca 423 613 persones. La site capital es [[Praia|Praia]]. La major linguas es [[Portuges (lingua)|portuges]] e [[Criolo capoverdean|criolo capoverdean]]. La arcipelago de Capo Verde ia es nonabitada asta la sentenio 15, cuando esplorores portuges ia descovre e coloni la isolas, e fundi la colonia european prima en la tropico. Locada ideal per la comersia atlantica de sclavos, la isolas deveni rica tra la sentenios 16 e 17; lo ia atrae mercatores, barcones privata e piratas. La fini de sclavia en la sentenio 19 ia causa declina economial e migra a estra la pais. Capo Verde ia regania gradal como un sentro importante de comersia e un visita per vias de carga. Pos la pais ia deveni un departe ultramar de [[Portugal|Portugal]] en 1951, la isolas ia continua ajita per autonomia, cual ia es ateni pasosa en 1975. De pos la temprana de la desenio de 1990, Capo Verde ia es un democratia representante stable, e permane un de la paises la plu developada e democrata en [[Africa|Africa]]. Par cause de un manca de recursos natural, la economia developante de Capo Verde es per la plu parte servi orientada, con un foca cresente sur turisme e investi esterna. La popla de Capo Verde, sirca 512 000 abitores, es per la plu parte un misca de erita european e african, e es per la plu parte catolica, cual refleta la lega de governa portuges. Un diaspora grande esiste tra la mundo, cual es pico plu multe ca la cuantia de abitores en la isolas. ==Etimolojia== La nom de la pais es derivada de Cap-Vert, en la costa [[Senegal|senegales]]. En 1444, esplorores portuges ia nomi la loca de orienta ''Cabo Verde'' ("Capo Verde"), un pico de anios ante los ia descovre la isolas. A 24 otobre 2013, la delega de la pais ia proclama a la [[Nasiones Unida|Nasiones Unida]] ce la nom ofisial debe no plu es traduida a en otra linguas. En loca de "Capo Verde", la identifia de "Republica de Cabo Verde" debe es usada. {{Africa}} [[Categoria:Capo Verde]] an4a3prkl3jwivjip8l7g8f0b5a19kg 0 2558 43344 43178 2026-07-21T03:31:20Z CommonsDelinker 47 Removing [[:c:File:50_centuries_of_world_history.jpg|50_centuries_of_world_history.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Infrogmation|Infrogmation]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:50 centuries of world history.jpg|]]. 43344 wikitext text/x-wiki La '''istoria de la mundo''' es la istoria de umania (o istoria umana), como determinada par arceolojia, antropolojia, jenetica, linguistica e otra disiplinas; e, per periodos pos la inventa de scrive, de la istoria rejistrada e de fontes e studias suordinada. 2agirjix520ig14s0shydhpw5akkyw4 10 7875 43353 43333 2026-07-22T12:14:57Z Flamme-Bleue 2866 43353 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox generic |name = Subdivides de Russia |title = [[Divides political de Rusia]] |state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} |bodyclass = hlist |group1 = [[Divides political de Rusia|Oblastes]] |list1 = [[Oblast de Amur|Amur]] · [[Oblast de Arhangelsc|Arhangelsc]] · [[Oblast de Astrahan|Astrahan]] · [[Oblast de Belgorod|Belgorod]] · [[Oblast de Briansc|Briansc]] · [[Oblast de Caliningrad|Caliningrad]] · [[Oblast de Caluga|Caluga]] · [[Oblast de Cemerovo|Cemerovo]] · [[Oblast de Cirov|Cirov]] · [[Oblast de Costroma|Costroma]] · [[Oblast de Curgan|Curgan]] · [[Oblast de Cursc|Cursc]] · [[Oblast de Iaroslavl|Iaroslavl]] · [[Oblast de Ircutsc|Ircutsc]] · [[Oblast de Ivanovo|Ivanovo]] · [[Oblast de Herson (Rusia)|Herson]]¹ · [[Oblast de Leningrad|Leningrad]] · [[Oblast de Lipetsc|Lipetsc]] · [[Oblast de Magadan|Magadan]] · [[Oblast de Moscva|Moscva]] · [[Oblast de Murmansc|Murmansc]] · [[Oblast de Nijni Novgorod|Nijni Novgorod]] · [[Oblast de Novgorod|Novgorod]] · [[Oblast de Novosibirsc|Novosibirsc]] · [[Oblast de Omsc|Omsc]] · [[Oblast de Orenburg|Orenburg]] · [[Oblast de Oriol|Oriol]] · [[Oblast de Penza|Penza]] · [[Oblast de Pscov|Pscov]] · [[Oblast de Rostov|Rostov]] · [[Oblast de Riazan|Riazan]] · [[Oblast de Sahalin|Sahalin]] · [[Oblast de Samara|Samara]] · [[Oblast de Saratov|Saratov]] · [[Oblast de Smolensc|Smolensc]] · [[Oblast de Sverdlovsc|Sverdlovsc]] · [[Oblast de Tambov|Tambov]] · [[Oblast de Tiumen|Tiumen]] · [[Oblast de Tomsc|Tomsc]] · [[Oblast de Tula|Tula]] · [[Oblast de Tver|Tver]] · [[Oblast de Txeliabinsc|Txeliabinsc]] · [[Oblast de Ulianovsc|Ulianovsc]] · [[Oblast de Vladimir|Vladimir]] · [[Oblast de Volgograd|Volgograd]] · [[Oblast de Vologda|Vologda]] · [[Oblast de Voronej|Voronej]] · [[Oblast de Zaporojie|Zaporojie]]¹ |group2 = [[Republicas de Russia|Republicas]] (24) |list2 = [[Republica de Adigeia|Adigeia]] · [[Republica de Altai|Altai]] · [[Republica de Baxcortostan|Baxcortostan]] · [[Republica de Buriatia|Buriatia]] · [[Cabardino-Balcaria]] · [[Republica de Calmicia|Calmicia]] · [[Caratxai-Txercesia]] · [[Republica de Carelia|Carelia]] · [[Republica de Comi|Comi]] · [[Republiсa de Crim|Crim]]¹ · [[Republica de Dagestan|Dagestan]] · [[Republica Poplal de Donetsc|Donetsc]]¹ · [[Inguxetia]] · [[Republica Poplal de Luhansc|Luhansc]]¹ · [[Republica de Hacasia|Hacasia]] · [[Republica de Mari El|Mari El]] · [[Republica de Mordovia|Mordovia]] · [[Osetia Norde – Alania]] · [[Republica de Saha|Saha]] · [[Republica de Tatarstan|Tatarstan]] · [[Tuva]] · [[Txetxnia]] · [[Txuvaxia]] · [[Udmurtia]] |group3 = [[Krais of Russia|Crais]] (9) |list3 = [[Crai de Altai|Altai]] · [[Crai de Camtxatca|Camtxatca]]· [[Crai de Crasnodar|Crasnodar]] · [[Crai de Crasnoiarsc|Crasnoiarsc]] · [[Crai de Habarovsc|Habarovsc]] · [[Crai de Perm|Perm]] · [[Crai Primorsci|Primorsci]] · [[Crai de Stavropol|Stavropol]] · [[Crai Zabaicalsci|Zabaicalsci]] |group4 = [[Ocruges autonom de Rusia|Ocruges autonom]] (4) |list4 = [[Ocrug autonom de Hanti-Mansi|Hanti-Mansi]]² · [[Ocrug autonom de Nenets|Nenets]]³ · [[Ocrug autonom de Iamalo-Nenets|Iamalo-Nenets]]² · [[Ocrug autonom de Txucotca|Txucotca]] |group5 = [[Federal cities of Russia|Cites federal]] (3) |list5 = [[Moscva]] · [[Sanct-Peterburg]] · [[Sevastopol]]¹ |group6 = [[Federal subjects of Russia#Types|Oblast autonom]] (1) |list6 = [[Oblast autonom de Ivri|Ivri]] |below = ¹Considerada par la plu parte de la comunia internasional como un parte de [[Ucraina]]. ²Suta la dirije de la governa de la [[oblast de Tiumen]]. ³Suta la dirije de la governa de la [[oblast de Arhangelsc]]. }} <noinclude> [[Categoria:Modeles]] </noinclude> 05o4cmq6qo3itpalymtxqjbkhshpszd 0 8043 43350 43341 2026-07-21T12:36:25Z Flamme-Bleue 2866 43350 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Flag of Primorsky Krai.svg|250px|right|thumb|La flag de la crai]] La '''Crai Primorsci''' es un rejion en [[Rusia]]. La crai ia es creada en la anio 1938. Lo borda la [[crai de Habarovsc]] e con li paises [[Xina]] e [[Corea]]. La crai Primorsci ave un area de 164 673 km². La popla es 1 273 488 persones, e la densia de popla es 10,93 persones/km². La sentro de la rejion es la site [[Vladivostoc]]. {{Divides political de Rusia}} [[Categoria:Crais de Rusia|Primorsci]] 4h3o6vvms35qxiph4d9fyxfqx10lhcj 0 8044 43349 2026-07-21T12:34:44Z Flamme-Bleue 2866 Paje creada con "[[File:Flag of Kamchatka Krai.svg|250px|right|thumb|La flag de la crai]] La '''Crai de Camtxatca''' es un rejion en [[Rusia]]. La crai ia es creada en la anio 1938. Lo borda la oblast de Magadan e la okrug autonom de Txucotca. La crai de Camtxatca ave un area de 464 275 km². La popla es 288 200 persones, e la densia de popla es 0,62 persones/km². La sentro de la rejion es la site [[Petropavlovsc-Camtxatsci]]. {{Divides political de Rusia}} Categoria:Crais de Rusia..." 43349 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Flag of Kamchatka Krai.svg|250px|right|thumb|La flag de la crai]] La '''Crai de Camtxatca''' es un rejion en [[Rusia]]. La crai ia es creada en la anio 1938. Lo borda la oblast de Magadan e la okrug autonom de Txucotca. La crai de Camtxatca ave un area de 464 275 km². La popla es 288 200 persones, e la densia de popla es 0,62 persones/km². La sentro de la rejion es la site [[Petropavlovsc-Camtxatsci]]. {{Divides political de Rusia}} [[Categoria:Crais de Rusia|Camtxatca]] 5c17200s3u8c9vl0a1z9c5l676sxzj0 43352 43349 2026-07-21T15:18:06Z Flamme-Bleue 2866 43352 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Flag of Kamchatka Krai.svg|250px|right|thumb|La flag de la crai]] La '''Crai de Camtxatca''' es un rejion en [[Rusia]]. La crai ia es creada en la anio 2007. Lo borda la [[oblast de Magadan]] e la [[okrug autonom de Txucotca]]. La crai de Camtxatca ave un area de 464 275 km². La popla es 288 200 persones, e la densia de popla es 0,62 persones/km². La sentro de la rejion es la site [[Petropavlovsc-Camtxatsci]]. {{Divides political de Rusia}} [[Categoria:Crais de Rusia|Camtxatca]] 3821miz7c8dp8w7464wa4tcy31fwyp6 0 8045 43354 2026-07-22T12:27:44Z Flamme-Bleue 2866 Paje creada con "[[File:Flag of Kamchatka Krai.svg|250px|right|thumb|La flag de la crai]] La '''ocrug autonom de Txucotca''' es un rejion en [[Rusia]]. La crai ia es creada en la anio 1930. Lo borda la [[oblast de Magadan]], la crai de Camtxatca e la republica de Saha. La crai de Camtxatca ave un area de 721 481 km². La popla es 47 778 persones, e la densia de popla es 0,07 persones/km². La sentro de la rejion es la site [[Anadir]]. {{Divides political de Rusia}} [[Categoria:Rusia]]" 43354 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Flag of Kamchatka Krai.svg|250px|right|thumb|La flag de la crai]] La '''ocrug autonom de Txucotca''' es un rejion en [[Rusia]]. La crai ia es creada en la anio 1930. Lo borda la [[oblast de Magadan]], la crai de Camtxatca e la republica de Saha. La crai de Camtxatca ave un area de 721 481 km². La popla es 47 778 persones, e la densia de popla es 0,07 persones/km². La sentro de la rejion es la site [[Anadir]]. {{Divides political de Rusia}} [[Categoria:Rusia]] duohdcvgl4lvp52cprfz74eqvknqdq4 43355 43354 2026-07-22T12:28:49Z Flamme-Bleue 2866 43355 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Flag of Chukotka.svg|250px|right|thumb|La flag de la ocrug]] La '''ocrug autonom de Txucotca''' es un rejion en [[Rusia]]. La crai ia es creada en la anio 1930. Lo borda la [[oblast de Magadan]], la crai de Camtxatca e la republica de Saha. La crai de Camtxatca ave un area de 721 481 km². La popla es 47 778 persones, e la densia de popla es 0,07 persones/km². La sentro de la rejion es la site [[Anadir]]. {{Divides political de Rusia}} [[Categoria:Rusia]] al2r9zmj8iuhg7nk49lk9z8mlwr08ox 43356 43355 2026-07-22T17:52:33Z Flamme-Bleue 2866 43356 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Flag of Chukotka.svg|250px|right|thumb|La flag de la ocrug]] La '''ocrug autonom de Txucotca''' es un rejion en [[Rusia]]. La ocrug ia es creada en la anio 1930. Lo borda la [[oblast de Magadan]], la [[crai de Camtxatca]] e la [[republica de Saha]]. La ocrug autonom de Txucotca ave un area de 721 481 km². La popla es 47 778 persones, e la densia de popla es 0,07 persones/km². La sentro de la rejion es la site [[Anadir]]. {{Divides political de Rusia}} [[Categoria:Rusia]] qhf7k7flqb7o0b1lgwyjlnpqfsr66ts 0 8046 43359 2026-07-23T05:15:02Z Maximiliaan Ronaldszoon 16404 Paje creada con "[[Fix:Official_portrait_of_Andy_Burnham_MP_2026_(cropped_3x4)_2.jpg|thumb|188x188px|Andy Burnham (2026)]] '''Andrew Murray Burnham''' (7 janero 1070 en Aintree, Lancashire) es la xef de governa de la [[Rena Unida]]. [[Categoria:Politicistes|Burnham, Andy]]" 43359 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fix:Official_portrait_of_Andy_Burnham_MP_2026_(cropped_3x4)_2.jpg|thumb|188x188px|Andy Burnham (2026)]] '''Andrew Murray Burnham''' (7 janero 1070 en Aintree, Lancashire) es la xef de governa de la [[Rena Unida]]. [[Categoria:Politicistes|Burnham, Andy]] 9xal8yc5a5tgp4x07c4oi754unjhrct 43360 43359 2026-07-23T05:16:22Z Maximiliaan Ronaldszoon 16404 43360 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fix:Official_portrait_of_Andy_Burnham_MP_2026_(cropped_3x4)_2.jpg|thumb|188x188px|Andy Burnham (2026)]] '''Andrew Murray Burnham''' (7 janero 1970 en Aintree, Lancashire) es la xef de governa de la [[Rena Unida]]. [[Categoria:Politicistes|Burnham, Andy]] ky5btce04hmgqrzjg539rtfotjlwltw